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United Kingdom industrial disputes and strikes (2022–present)

2026-05-12T16:55:49Z

Hiya singh: put up new article!

{{Short description|Labour disputes in the UK}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{United Kingdom cost of living crisis}}
{{Labor|expanded=rights|sp=uk}}

Since May–June 2022, a series of [[Strike action|labour strikes]] and industrial disputes have occurred in various industries of the United Kingdom's economy as workers walked out over pay and conditions. The strikes took place with rising inflation, and demands for pay increases that would keep pace with this inflation.

The strikes began on 15 June 2022 after members of the [[National Union of Rail, Maritime and Transport Workers]] (RMT) voted to strike over planned changes to their pay and working conditions. They were soon joined by other railway unions, and a series of one-day strikes halted trains in many parts of the British mainland. Train services operated at 20% of normal capacity on strike days. Public support for the strikes was organised through the [[Enough is Enough (campaign)|Enough is Enough!]] campaign.

With industrial action on the railways ongoing, trade union members working in other industries voted to take industrial action, including telecommunications, the postal service, legal profession and freight, as well as other areas of the transport sector.

==Transport==
===Rail transport===
{{main|2022–2024 United Kingdom railway strikes}}

====National Union of Rail, Maritime and Transport Workers====
[[File:Mick Lynch 2022 (uncropped).jpg|thumb|Mick Lynch at RMT solidarity strike rally at London Kings Cross, 25 June 2022]]
Following a ballot of [[National Union of Rail, Maritime and Transport Workers]] members over whether to take industrial action, it was announced on 24 May 2022 that they had voted in favour of strike action, paving the way for the UK's first national rail strike for three decades.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-61573206|title=Rail strike: RMT union votes for national action|work=[[BBC News]]|date=24 May 2022|accessdate=24 May 2022}}</ref> Workers at [[Abellio Greater Anglia]], [[Avanti West Coast]], [[c2c (1996–2025)|c2c]], [[Chiltern Railways]], [[CrossCountry]], [[East Midlands Railway]], [[Great Western Railway (train operating company)|Great Western]], [[London North Eastern Railway]], [[Northern Trains]], [[Southeastern (train operating company)|Southeastern]], [[South Western Railway (2017–2025)|South Western Railway]], [[TransPennine Express]] and [[West Midlands Trains]] voted to strike,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://inews.co.uk/news/strike-dates-this-week-when-train-tube-strikes-start-why-how-travel-affected-1695412|title=The dates of the train, Tube and bus strikes this week, and how services will be affected|date=20 June 2022|website=inews.co.uk|accessdate=24 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.expressandstar.com/news/transport/2022/06/20/when-are-the-rail-strikes-dates-and-lines-affected-in-the-black-country-and-staffordshire/|title=When are the rail strikes? Dates and lines affected in the Black Country and Staffordshire|first=David|last=Stubbings|website=www.expressandstar.com|date=20 June 2022 |accessdate=24 June 2022}}</ref> with 71% of those balloted taking part in the vote; of those 89% voting in favour of strike action and 11% against. The ballot at [[Thameslink, Southern and Great Northern]] did not support strike action but supported industrial action short of a strike. [[Mick Lynch (trade unionist)|Mick Lynch]], General Secretary of the RMT said the decision "sends a clear message that members want a decent pay rise, job security and no compulsory redundancies".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.itv.com/news/2022-05-24/railway-workers-vote-overwhelmingly-to-strike|title=Rail strike: RMT workers vote for biggest strike action in decades|date=25 May 2022|website=[[ITV News]]|accessdate=21 June 2022}}</ref> The action would see the largest outbreak of industrial action in the United Kingdom since 1989,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/thousands-of-rail-workers-to-walk-out-for-three-days-in-june-in-biggest-strike-since-1989-12629509|title=Thousands of rail workers to walk out for three days in June in biggest strike since 1989|last=Sillars|first=James|date=7 June 2022|website=[[Sky News]]|accessdate=21 June 2022}}</ref> and the first national strike involving the UK's railways since 1994, when signal workers walked out over a pay dispute with [[Railtrack]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/article/signallers-are-centre-of-attention-in-vote-over-national-rail-strike-0k0x53m5c|title=Signallers are centre of attention in vote over national rail strike|first=Robert|last=Lea|date=23 May 2022|access-date=21 June 2022|work=[[The Times]]}}</ref>

On 7 June, initial strike dates were announced for 21, 23 and 25 June, with rail employees at Network Rail and 13 train operators joining the action. It was also announced that the 21 June strike would coincide with a planned 24-hour strike to be held by workers on the London Underground.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gill |first=Oliver |date=7 June 2022 |title=Biggest rail strike in a generation to paralyse UK travel network |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2022/06/07/50000-rail-workers-go-strike-three-days-june/ |accessdate=21 June 2022}}</ref> The 21 June walkout involved 40,000 rail staff, as well as 10,000 workers from [[London Underground]].<ref>{{cite web |date=21 June 2022 |title=A day of national strike action |url=https://news.railbusinessdaily.com/strike-action-underway/ |work=Rail Business Daily |accessdate=24 June 2022}}</ref> Further strikes were subsequently called for 27 July,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2022/jul/22/rail-strike-of-over-40000-workers-across-britain-to-go-ahead-on-27-july|title=Rail strike of more than 40,000 workers across Britain to go ahead on 27 July|date=22 July 2022|website=the Guardian|accessdate=30 August 2022}}</ref> 18 and 20 August.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timeout.com/uk/news/everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-august-rail-strikes-082522|title=Everything you need to know about the August rail strikes|first=Chiara|last=Wilkinson|website=Time Out United Kingdom|accessdate=30 August 2022}}</ref> and 15 and 17 September.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-62757431|title=Train strikes: Rail workers to stage two days of fresh walkouts, RMT union says|work=BBC News |date=1 September 2022|accessdate=1 September 2022}}</ref> Following the [[death of Queen Elizabeth II]] on 8 September, the strikes scheduled for 15 and 17 September were suspended.<ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=https://inews.co.uk/news/train-strikes-rmt-suspended-planned-strikes-september-queen-death-1842328|title=RMT suspends rail strikes on September 15 and 17 following Queen's death|first=Ben|last=Gartside|date=8 September 2022|website=inews.co.uk|accessdate=8 September 2022}}</ref> On 20 September a strike was announced for 1 October.<ref name="auto2">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-62969423|title=Train strikes could impact the London Marathon|work=BBC News |date=20 September 2022|accessdate=20 September 2022}}</ref>

On 22 September, an RMT strike was announced for 8 October, which the union described as "effectively shutting down the railway network".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-62999136|title=Rail strikes: New date set for 40,000 workers to walk out|work=BBC News |date=22 September 2022|accessdate=22 September 2022}}</ref> As the 8 October strike approached, and with no further national strikes scheduled for after then, Mick Lynch announced that members would be balloted to determine if they wished to continue with the strikes.<ref name="auto3">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-63181575|title=Rail strikes: Passengers face disruption on 11th different day of action|work=BBC News |date=8 October 2022|accessdate=8 October 2022}}</ref> On 19 October, a further three strike days were announced for November, occurring on 3, 5, and 7 November.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-63307427|title=RMT union announces November rail strike dates|work=BBC News |date=19 October 2022|accessdate=23 October 2022}}</ref> On 4 November the RMT announced the strikes had been suspended and that they would enter into "a period of intensive negotiations" with Network Rail and the train operators. Network Rail announced that because of the strikes had been called off at the eleventh hour there would remain "severe disruption" to services the following day, as well as on 7 November.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-63510380|title=Train strikes: Series of walkouts from Saturday suspended|work=BBC News |date=4 November 2022|accessdate=4 November 2022}}</ref>

In Scotland, a separate strike was called for 10 October after the RMT rejected a 5% pay offer from ScotRail that was described as a "kick in the teeth".<ref name="auto3"/> An RMT strike involving staff at [[Avanti West Coast]] was held on 22 October, forcing the cancellation of a number of services throughout the day.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-63346438|title=Avanti West Coast rail services axed amid strike action|work=BBC News |date=22 October 2022|accessdate=23 October 2022}}</ref>

On 22 November, the RMT announced four 48-hour strikes in the run up to Christmas and early 2023, with strike action scheduled for 13–14 December, 16–17 December, 3–4 January and 6–7 January.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-63715658|title=Train strikes: Rail workers to strike in run-up to Christmas|work=BBC News |date=22 November 2022|accessdate=22 November 2022}}</ref> On 5 December, RMT staff working for Network Rail (roughly half of those involved in the dispute) announced a strike over Christmas, beginning at 6pm on Christmas Eve and continuing until 6am on 27 December.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-63867226|title=December train strikes: Extra walkouts planned over Christmas|work=BBC News |date=5 December 2022|accessdate=5 December 2022}}</ref>

On 10 February 2023, the RMT's executive committee rejected a pay deal described by the Rail Delivery Group and Network Rail as their "best and final" offer, and said they would seek further negotiations. Industry and the UK government had wanted the deal to be put to the RMT's members in a ballot.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-64600975|title=RMT union rejects latest offers in rail dispute|work=BBC News |date=10 February 2023|accessdate=10 February 2023}}</ref> On 16 February the RMT announced four new days of strikes during March and April, with the dates confirmed as 16, 18 and 30 March, and 1 April.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-64661647|title=Rail workers to stage more strikes in pay dispute|work=BBC News |date=16 February 2023|accessdate=16 February 2023}}</ref> On 7 March, [[RMT (trade union)|RMT]] staff working for [[Network Rail]] called off a strike planned for 16 March after being given a fresh pay offer.<ref>{{cite web|first=Katy |last=Austin |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-64883158 |title=RMT members suspend strike action at Network Rail |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=7 March 2023 |accessdate=7 March 2023}}</ref> On 22 March the strikes scheduled for 30 March and 1 April were called off following discussions with RMT representatives of train company staff and the Rail Delivery Group.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-64896128 |title=Rail strikes planned in March and April suspended |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=22 March 2023 |accessdate=22 March 2023}}</ref>

On 27 April 2023, and after the RMT rejected the latest pay offer from the Rail Delivery Group, a fresh strike was called for Saturday 13 May.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-65407844 |title=Rail strike on 13 May, day of Eurovision final |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=27 April 2023 |accessdate=27 April 2023}}</ref> On 4 May 2023, members of the RMT voted to renew the union's mandate to take strike action for a further six months.<ref>{{cite web|first1=Katy |last1=Austin |first2=Jemma |last2=Dempsey |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-65488640 |title=More train strikes likely after RMT votes for further action |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=4 May 2023 |accessdate=4 May 2023}}</ref> On 18 May, a further RMT strike was announced for 2 June.<ref>{{cite web|first1=Katy |last1=Austin |first2=Jemma |last2=Dempsey |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-65635420 |title=Train strikes: New RMT walkout means three strikes in four days |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=18 May 2023 |accessdate=18 May 2023}}</ref> On 22 June, three further days of strike action were announced for 20, 22 and 29 July.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-65986714 |title=Rail union announces three days of strikes in July |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=22 June 2023 |accessdate=22 June 2023}}</ref> On 11 August two days of weekend strike action were announced for Saturday 26 August and Saturday 2 September.<ref>{{cite web|first1=Noor |last1=Nanji |first2=Lora |last2=Jones |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-66479059 |title=Train strikes: RMT union announces new weekend walk-outs |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=11 August 2023 |accessdate=11 August 2023}}</ref>

On 19 October 2023, members of the RMT voted to stage a further six months of strike action.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-67162708 |title=RMT union votes for six more months of rail strikes |date=19 October 2023 |accessdate=19 October 2023 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC}}</ref> On 8 November, it was confirmed that members of the RMNT would vote on a revised pay offer and guarantee of job security that would end the strike action if accepted.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-67355478 |title=RMT members to vote on deal that could end rail strikes |date=8 November 2023 |accessdate=8 November 2023 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC}}</ref> On 30 November, RMT members voted to accept the pay deal from 14 train companies, ending their strike action.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-67577683 |title=RMT union votes to end rail strikes until at least spring|date=30 November 2023 |accessdate=30 November 2023 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC}}</ref>

====Associated Society of Locomotive Engineers and Firemen====
On 9 June, members of the [[Associated Society of Locomotive Engineers & Firemen]] (ASLEF) voted to strike in a separate dispute. The union, which represents train drivers, announced plans to hold strike action on 23 and 26 June and 13 and 14 July. The train operators affected were [[Abellio Greater Anglia]], [[Hull Trains]] and [[Tramlink]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://inews.co.uk/news/train-strike-rail-disruption-aslef-drivers-walkout-1677724|title=Rail strike disruption to last for nine days as Aslef drivers decide to join walk out|last=Wood|first=Poppy|date=9 June 2022|website=inews.co.uk|accessdate=21 June 2022}}</ref> ASLEF members staged a strike on 2 July, affecting 90% of train services operated by Abellio Greater Anglia.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2022/jul/02/train-drivers-strike-greater-anglia|title=Train drivers' strike to hit more than 90% of Greater Anglia services|date=2 July 2022|accessdate=2 July 2022|newspaper=The Guardian |last1=Media |first1=P. A. }}</ref>

On 11 July, members of the [[Associated Society of Locomotive Engineers and Firemen]] (ASLEF) at eight train operators voted to take strike action in a dispute over pay, while members of the [[Transport Salaried Staffs' Association]] (TSSA) at [[South Western Railway (2017–2025)|South Western Railway]] also voted to take industrial action.<ref name="auto">{{cite news |date=11 July 2022 |title=Train drivers vote for rail strikes over pay |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-62121258 |accessdate=11 July 2022}}</ref> On 14 July, ASLEF announced that train drivers at eight train companies – [[Arriva Rail London]], Chiltern Railways, Great Western Railway, LNER, Greater Anglia, Southeastern, Hull Trains and West Midlands Trains – would strike on 30 July, involving around 5,500 union members.<ref name="auto6">{{cite news |date=14 July 2022 |title=Train drivers to go on strike on 30 July |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-62166276 |accessdate=14 July 2022}}</ref> A second day of ASLEF strike action was subsequently staged on 13 August.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-62325025|title=Train strikes: Drivers to walk out over pay on 13 August|work=BBC News |date=27 July 2022|accessdate=30 August 2022}}</ref>

On 25 August, train drivers at Chiltern Railways, Northern Trains and TransPennine Express belonging to the ASLEF union voted to take strike action in a dispute over pay and conditions.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-62668997|title=Train drivers at three more operators vote to strike|work=BBC News |date=25 August 2022|accessdate=25 August 2022}}</ref>

On 31 August, ASLEF announced that train drivers from 12 train companies would strike on 15 September,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2022/aug/31/aslef-drivers-at-12-train-firms-go-on-strike-on-15-september|title=Train drivers from 12 firms to strike over pay in September, says Aslef union|date=31 August 2022|website=the Guardian|accessdate=31 August 2022}}</ref> but the strike was suspended following the [[death of Queen Elizabeth II]] on 8 September.<ref name="auto1"/> On 20 September a further two strikes were announced for 1 and 5 October.<ref name="auto2"/>

On 10 November, the ASLEF union announced that around 9,500 train divers at 12 train operators would strike on 26 November.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-63585602|title=Train drivers will strike again over pay|work=BBC News |date=10 November 2022|accessdate=10 November 2022}}</ref> On 20 December, ASLEF announced a 24-hour strike involving drivers at 15 train companies for 5 January 2023, falling in between two strikes announced by the RMT for January.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-64039480|title=Train drivers announce new January strike date|work=BBC News |date=20 December 2022|accessdate=20 December 2022}}</ref> On 17 January ASLEF announced a further two strikes, to be held on 1 and 3 February.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-64303591|title=Train drivers to go on strike in February|work=BBC News |date=17 January 2023|accessdate=18 January 2023}}</ref>

On 27 April 2023, and after a pay offer from the Rail Delivery Group was rejected, fresh strikes were announced for 12 May, 31 May and 3 June.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-65407844 |title=Rail strike on 13 May, day of Eurovision final – BBC News |publisher=Bbc.co.uk |date=2018-12-28 |accessdate=2023-04-27}}</ref> Following this, a six-day overtime ban was announced, involving train drivers at 16 train operators and beginning from Monday 3 July, threatening disruption to services.<ref>{{cite web|first=Katy |last=Austin |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-66059122 |title=Rail disruption warning due to six-day train drivers' overtime ban |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=2 July 2023 |accessdate=2 July 2023}}</ref> On 18 August, a strike was announced for Friday 1 September, followed by an overtime ban on Saturday 2 September.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-66544391 |title=Train strikes: Aslef drivers announce new date |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=18 August 2023 |accessdate=18 August 2023}}</ref> On 15 September, a further two strike days were announced for 30 September and 4 October.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Michael |last=Race |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-66817630 |title=Train drivers announce two more strike days |date=15 September 2023 |accessdate=15 September 2023 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC}}</ref> On 16 November, ASLEF announced new strike dates, with a rolling programme of strikes from 2 December to 8 December affecting different train companies on different days.<ref>{{Cite web |first1=Michael |last1=Race |first2=Katy |last2=Austin |first3=Daniel |last3=Thomas |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-67436365 |title=Train drivers announce new strikes in December |date=16 November 2023 |accessdate=16 November 2023 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC}}</ref>

On 15 January 2024, another week of strike action was announced by the [[ASLEF]] train drivers union, to run from Tuesday 30 January until Monday 5 February, with drivers from different companies striking on different days throughout the week.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-15 |title=New train strike dates announced by Aslef drivers' union |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-67978562 |access-date=2024-01-15 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> On 14 February, ASLEF announced that drivers at five train operators – Chiltern, c2c, East Midlands, Northern and TransPennine – had voted for a further six months of industrial action.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/train-drivers-at-five-companies-vote-to-continue-strike-action-for-another-six-months-says-aslef-13071430 |title=Train drivers at five companies vote to continue strike action for another six months – ASLEF |website=Sky News |date=14 February 2024 |accessdate=15 February 2024}}</ref>

On 14 August 2024, and following further negotiations with the [[Department for Transport]], ASLEF announced it would ballot its members on a revised pay offer.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Katy |last=Austin |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cp9rxdrj713o |title=Train strikes: Drivers' union 'on cusp of deal' |date=14 August 2024 |website=BBC News |publisher=BBC |accessdate=14 August 2024}}</ref> On 18 September, ASLEF announced that its members had accepted a pay deal of 15% from the UK government, ending two years of strike action in England, Wales and Scotland.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c0r8g244zggo |title=Train drivers accept pay deal to end strike action |date=18 September 2024 |website=BBC News |publisher=BBC |accessdate=18 September 2024}}</ref>

=====Avanti West Coast dispute=====
On 16 June, drivers at [[Avanti West Coast]] announced a one-day strike on 2 July over the terms of sick pay.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-65929029 |title=Avanti West Coast: Train drivers to strike over sick pay, Aslef says |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=22 June 2023 |accessdate=22 June 2023}}</ref> This strike was subsequently called off on 22 June after Avanti agreed to remove the policy regarding sick pay.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/planned-strike-train-drivers-avanti-27173461 |title=A planned strike by train drivers on Avanti West Coast has been called off |first=Damon |last=Wilkinson |date=22 June 2023 |website=Manchester Evening News |accessdate=22 June 2023}}</ref> A second six-day overtime ban commenced from Monday 17 July, with a third announced on that date to begin on Monday 31 July.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-61634959 |title=Train strikes: When are they and why are they taking place? |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=17 July 2023 |accessdate=17 July 2023}}</ref>

=====London North Eastern Railway=====
On 22 January 2024, a planned five-day strike by train drivers belonging to ASLEF at [[London North Eastern Railway|LNER]] beginning on 5 February was called off.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-68054064 |title=LNER train drivers call off five days of strikes |date=22 January 2024 |accessdate=22 January 2024 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC}}</ref>

On 16 August 2024, ASLEF announced that its members at [[London North Eastern Railway|LNER]] would stage strikes every weekend through September and October, as well as two in November, following what it describes as a break down in industrial relations and agreements.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Michael |last=Race |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cj9le7vdw91o |title=LNER train drivers to stage weekend strikes across three months |date=16 August 2024 |website=BBC News |publisher=BBC |accessdate=17 August 2024}}</ref> On 29 August, it was announced the strikes had been called off following last-minute talks between union and company officials.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Michael |last=Race |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cy4lwde3l73o |title=Weekend strikes by LNER train drivers called off |date=29 August 2024 |website=BBC News |publisher=BBC |accessdate=29 August 2024}}</ref>

=====ScotRail=====
Following a longstanding dispute between ASLEF and ScotRail, during which strike action was threatened, on 26 August 2024, the union announced it had suspended forthcoming strike action for ScotRail drivers following a new pay offer. ASLEF said it would ballot its members on the offer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/czjy04dwlkeo |title=Train driver strikes on hold after new ScotRail pay offer |date=26 August 2024 |website=BBC News |publisher=BBC |accessdate=26 August 2024}}</ref> On 25 September, ScotRail train drivers belonging to ASLEF voted to accept a 4.5% pay rise backdated to April, ending their dispute.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c1wndrg58gyo |title=ScotRail drivers accept deal to end long-running pay dispute |date=25 September 2024 |website=BBC News |publisher=BBC |accessdate=25 September 2024}}</ref>

====Transport Salaried Staffs' Association====
On 30 June, the [[Transport Salaried Staffs' Association]] (TSSA) confirmed its members at [[Avanti West Coast]] had voted overwhelmingly for strikes and action short of a strike, ostensibly over the same issues that had triggered the RMT dispute, with 86% voting for strike action and 91% voting for action short of a strike on a 91% turnout. The union said it also planned to ballot staff at Network Rail and other train companies who operate at stations along the [[West Coast Main Line]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.railbusinessdaily.com/tssa-members-vote-in-favour-of-strikes-at-avanti-west-coast/|title=TSSA members vote in favour of strikes at Avanti West Coast|date=30 June 2022|accessdate=30 August 2022}}</ref> On 11 July, TSSA members at [[South Western Railway (2017–2025)|South Western Railway]] also voted to take industrial action.<ref name="auto"/>

The TSSA joined the RMT on the 18 and 20 August strikes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rail union announces two days of strike action adding to planned disruption on network |url=https://news.sky.com/story/rail-union-announces-two-days-of-strike-action-adding-to-planned-disruption-on-network-12659096 |website=Sky News |accessdate=25 July 2022}}</ref>

On 31 August, another TSSA strike affecting TransPennine Express, West Midlands Trains, Avanti West Coast, c2c, CrossCountry, East Midlands Railway, Great Western Railway, LNER and Southeastern, as well as Network Rail, was announced for 26 September, when it would commence at midday.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/rail-strike-staff-at-nine-train-companies-to-stage-24-hour-walkout-in-september-tssa-union-says-12685829|title=Rail strike: Staff at nine train companies to stage 24-hour walkout in September, TSSA union says|website=Sky News|accessdate=31 August 2022}}</ref>

=====Merseyrail=====
On 22 June, it was reported that members of the [[Transport Salaried Staffs' Association]] (TSSA) had voted to accept a 7.1% pay rise following an ongoing dispute with [[Merseyrail]] which had led to strike action.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/uk/uk-rail-workers-around-liverpool-vote-accept-71-pay-deal-2022-06-22/|title=UK rail workers around Liverpool vote to accept 7.1% pay deal|newspaper=Reuters |date=22 June 2022|accessdate=22 June 2022|via=www.reuters.com}}</ref> Unlike the train operators involved in the national dispute, Merseyrail is a fully devolved [[Train operating company|Train Operating Company]] and therefore not required to consult the government on issues such as levels of pay and industrial disputes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/merseyrail-staff-vote-accept-71-24291585|title=Merseyrail staff vote to accept 7.1% pay deal|first=Liam|last=Thorp|date=22 June 2022|website=Liverpool Echo|accessdate=22 June 2022}}</ref> [[Manuel Cortes]], General Secretary of the TSSA, described the deal as "a sensible outcome to a reasonable offer".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-merseyside-61897563|title=Merseyrail staff accept "sensible" 7% pay offer|work=BBC News |date=22 June 2022|accessdate=22 June 2022}}</ref>

====London Underground====
On 24 June, members of the RMT working on the [[London Underground]] voted to continue with strike action for a further six months in an ongoing dispute over pensions and job cuts. The continued industrial action was supported by 90% of voting members on a 53% turnout.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2022/jun/24/london-underground-workers-vote-continue-strike-action|title=London Underground workers vote for more strike action|date=24 June 2022|website=the Guardian|accessdate=25 June 2022}}</ref> On 3 August RMT workers on the [[London Underground]] network, and [[London Overground]] trains served by [[Arriva Rail London]], announced a 24-hour strike for 19 August; workers at Arriva Rail London had rejected a 5% pay offer.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lbc.co.uk/news/london-faces-fresh-travel-misery-as-tube-and-overground-staff-to-walk-out-on-aug/|title=London faces fresh travel misery as Tube and Overground staff to walk out on August 19|website=LBC|accessdate=3 August 2022}}</ref> On 6 July 2023, RMT workers on the [[London Underground]] announced six days of strikes from Sunday 23 July to Friday 28 July.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-66127959 |title=Week of strikes to disrupt Tube services, RMT says |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=6 July 2023 |accessdate=6 July 2023}}</ref>

Strikes were planned on the [[London Underground]] between 23 and 28 July 2023, with the RMT set to walk out for six days, while members of Unite and ASLEF would strike on 26 and 28 July. On 21 July, it was announced the strikes had been called off following last minute talks between union representatives and [[Transport for London]].<ref>{{cite web |first=Liz |last=Jackson |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-66268545 |title=Tube strike: Unions call off action following talks |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=21 July 2023 |accessdate=21 July 2023}}</ref> Strikes involving around 3,000 RMT staff were planned for 4 and 6 October, but were cancelled on 3 October following "significant progress" in talks over pay and conditions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-66992446 |title=Tube strikes: London Underground walkouts cancelled |date=3 October 2023 |accessdate=3 October 2023 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC}}</ref>

On 5 January 2024, and following the breakdown of last minute talks with [[Transport for London]], London Underground staff belonging to the RMT began a week of strikes from that evening, which were scheduled to end on 12 January. The strikes would include the winding down of tube services from Sunday 7 January, an event which was expected to cause major travel disruption to commuters in London.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-67893747 |title=Tube strikes: London Underground walkouts to go ahead |date=5 January 2024 |accessdate=6 January 2024 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC}}</ref> On 7 January, the RMT announced the strike had been called off.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-07 |title=London Tube strikes called off as more pay talks planned |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-67907355 |access-date=2024-01-07 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref>

====Channel Tunnel====
On 21 December 2023, [[Eurostar]] were forced to cancel a number of services following a last-minute strike by staff at the [[Channel Tunnel]] operator, [[Getlink]]. Eurostar urged its customers not to travel as a result of the strike.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-67784709 |title=Eurostar trains suspended after 'last minute' strike |date=21 December 2023 |accessdate=21 December 2023 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC}}</ref>

===Air transport===
====Heathrow Airport====
On 23 June 2022, it was announced that 700 staff at [[Heathrow Airport]] who belong to the [[GMB (trade union)|GMB]] and [[Unite the Union|Unite]] unions had voted to hold strike action during the [[Summer vacation#United Kingdom|summer holidays]], when the number of overseas travellers was expected to be at pre-pandemic levels.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-61906236|title=British Airways Heathrow staff back summer strikes over pay|work=BBC News |date=23 June 2022|accessdate=23 June 2022}}</ref> On 7 July, the strike action was suspended, following further discussions between union representatives and British Airways, which had resulted in what the union described as a "vastly improved" pay offer.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-62076602|title=Heathrow BA strike suspended after new pay offer|work=BBC News |date=7 July 2022|accessdate=7 July 2022}}</ref>

On 7 June 2023, the Unite union announced that around 2,000 security officers at Heathrow Airport would stage 31 days of strikes between 24 June and 27 August.<ref>{{cite web|first=Faarea |last=Masud |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-65831998 |title=Heathrow security officers announce summer strikes |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=7 June 2023 |accessdate=7 June 2023}}</ref> But, on 12 June, it was announced that the first two days of that strike action had been called off after they received an improved pay offer.<ref>{{cite web|first1=Faarea |last1=Masud |first2=Katy |last2=Austin |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-65882032 |title=Heathrow workers call off first summer strikes |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=12 June 2023 |accessdate=12 June 2023}}</ref> On 23 June, the strikes were called off after staff voted to accept a pay increase worth between 15.5% and 17.5%.<ref>{{cite web|first=Faarea |last=Masud |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-66001392 |title=Heathrow security staff call off strikes |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=23 June 2023 |accessdate=23 June 2023}}</ref>

On 23 April 2024, the Unite union announced that 800 of its staff at Heathrow Airport would stage a strike from 7 to 13 May over outsourcing of jobs.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Thamayanthi |last=McAllister |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-68883893 |title=Heathrow Airport: Unite says 800 staff to strike in outsourcing row |date=23 April 2024 |accessdate=23 April 2024 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC}}</ref>

====UK Border Force====
On 7 December 2022, it was announced that UK [[Border Force]] staff at several UK airports and who belong to the [[Public and Commercial Services Union]] (PCS) would hold eight days of strike action over Christmas.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-63891100|title=Matt Hancock to stand down as MP amid local criticism|work=BBC News |date=7 December 2022|accessdate=7 December 2022}}</ref>

=====UK Border Force at Heathrow Airport=====
On 22 March, the [[Public and Commercial Services Union]] announced that its members working as UK Border Force employees at [[Heathrow Airport]] had voted to strike over shift patterns.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Jess |last=Warren |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-68642474 |title=Border Force at Heathrow Airport vote to strike |date=22 March 2024 |accessdate=22 March 2024 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC}}</ref> A four-day strike was subsequently called for 11 April, but on 5 April, PCS General Secretary [[Fran Heathcote]] announced it had been suspended to allow fresh talks with the Home Office to take place.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-68745474 |title=Border Force strike at Heathrow Airport suspended |date=5 April 2024 |accessdate=5 April 2024 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC}}</ref> On 16 August, the PCS union announced a four-day strike had been called from 31 August to 3 September, with a work-to-rule to follow until 22 September.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Simon |last=Calder |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/uk-border-force-heathrow-airport-strike-b2597431.html |title=UK Border Force staff at Heathrow to strike during homeward rush |date=16 August 2024 |website=The Independent |accessdate=17 August 2024}}</ref> The strike went ahead as scheduled.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Thomas |last=Mackintosh |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c93pek7n7pvo |title=Heathrow Airport: Hundreds of Border Force staff walk out |date=31 August 2024 |website=BBC News |publisher=BBC |accessdate=31 August 2024}}</ref>

====Loganair====
On 3 March 2023, [[Loganair]] announced it would suspend flights between [[Inverness Airport]] and some island airports for at least six weeks from 17 March because of industrial action scheduled to begin at [[Highlands and Islands Airports|Highland and Islands Airports Limited]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-highlands-islands-64837273 |title=Loganair suspends island flights amid Hial industrial action |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=3 March 2023 |accessdate=3 March 2023}}</ref>

====Gatwick Airport====
On 14 July 2023, Unite announced that around 1,000 workers at [[Gatwick Airport]] would stage eight days of strike action through July and August in a dispute over pay.<ref>{{cite web|first1=Tom |last1=Espiner |first2=Faarea |last2=Masud |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-66199180 |title=Gatwick Airport to be hit by strikes over summer holidays |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=14 July 2023 |accessdate=14 July 2023}}</ref>

====Virgin Atlantic====
On 6 August 2023, the [[British Airline Pilots' Association]] (BALPA) announced that in a recent vote, 96% of [[Virgin Atlantic]] pilots had supported a ballot on industrial action following concerns "serious concerns" about fatigue and their wellbeing.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-66421175 |title=Virgin Atlantic pilots consider strike over fatigue |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=6 August 2023 |accessdate=6 August 2023}}</ref>

===Buses===
{{See also|2021–2023 Stagecoach strikes}}
====Stagecoach Merseyside & South Lancashire====
On 1 July, it was confirmed that roughly 370 Unite members employed as bus drivers at [[Stagecoach Merseyside and South Lancashire]] would begin eight days of strike action from 4 July in a dispute over wages.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2022/jul/01/fresh-wave-of-strikes-to-hit-transport-and-other-services-across-uk|title=Fresh wave of strikes to hit transport and other services across UK|date=1 July 2022|website=the Guardian|accessdate=3 July 2022}}</ref> Around 1,600 Unite members working for [[London United Busways]] staged a 48-hour strike on 19 and 20 August, affecting bus routes in West and South West London, as well as parts of Surrey,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/london-bus-strike-are-buses-running-today-b2148322.html|title=When is the London bus strike and which routes are affected?|date=19 August 2022|website=The Independent|accessdate=20 August 2022}}</ref> and over 2,000 Unite members working for [[Arriva London]] are set to stage continuous strike action from 4 October, affecting bus routes in North, East and South London.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-62979925 |title=Arriva London bus drivers to take continuous strike action |publisher=BBC News |date=21 September 2022|access-date=23 September 2022}}</ref>

====Abellio London====
On 13 February 2023, a long-running dispute between the Unite union and [[Abellio London]], involving around 1,600 bus drivers in London was resolved when they accepted a deal that would mean drivers with two years' service being paid £18 an hour.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-64626372|title=London bus strikes: Abellio drivers accept pay rise|work=BBC News |date=13 February 2023|accessdate=13 February 2023}}</ref>

====National Express West Midlands====
On 2 March, members of the Unite union working for [[National Express West Midlands]] voted to strike, with strike action set to begin on 16 March. The industrial action would involve 3,000 bus drivers and affect 1,600 bus routes across the [[Birmingham]], [[Coventry]], [[Wolverhampton]] and other parts of the [[West Midlands (county)|West Midlands]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-birmingham-64826752 |title=National Express West Midlands drivers vote to strike |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=2 March 2023 |accessdate=2 March 2023}}</ref> On 13 March, the strike scheduled for 16 March was called off after they received a revised pay offer, which Unite said it would put to its members.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-birmingham-64945474 |title=National Express strike called off in West Midlands |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=13 March 2023 |accessdate=13 March 2023}}</ref> However, on 16 March, a fresh strike was called for Monday 20 March after Unite claimed National Express would not allow the drivers to vote on the pay offer.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.itv.com/news/central/2023-03-16/west-midlands-bus-strike-back-on-as-union-clashes-with-national-express |title=West Midlands bus strike back on after National Express accused of 'union busting' |publisher=ITV |work=ITV News |date=16 March 2023 |accessdate=16 March 2023}}</ref> The indefinite strike commenced on 20 March, affecting 93% of bus services in Birmingham. National Express operated a limited service to serve major hospitals in the area, and warned people not to travel by bus unless absolutely necessary.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.itv.com/news/central/2023-03-20/bus-passengers-face-chaos-as-national-express-drivers-begin-strike |title=Bus services at standstill as National Express West Midlands drivers begin indefinite strike action |publisher=ITV |work=ITV News |date=20 March 2023 |accessdate=21 March 2023}}</ref> On 23 March, it was reported that National Express had offered a revised pay rise worth 16.2%. The company also released a statement confirming Unite would recommend the increase to its members.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/news/national-express-offer-162-drivers-26543578|title=National Express offer 16.2% to drivers in new deal|first=Kate|last=Knowles|date=23 March 2023|website=BirminghamLive|accessdate=24 March 2023}}</ref> The ''[[Birmingham Mail]]'' reported that the strikes would continue over 24 and 25 March while Unite members were balloted on the new offer.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/news/midlands-news/national-express-buses-running-friday-26544266|title=Are National Express buses running on Friday?|first=Naomi|last=DeSouza|date=24 March 2023|website=BirminghamLive|accessdate=24 March 2023}}</ref> On 25 March, Unite members voted to accept the new pay offer ending the strike. National Express West Midlands said it would run a reduced service the next day, a Sunday, then would run services "as close to normal as possible" on Monday 27 March.<ref>{{cite web|first=Vanessa |last=Pearce |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-coventry-warwickshire-65076481 |title=West Midlands National Express bus drivers vote to accept 16.2% pay deal |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=25 March 2023 |accessdate=25 March 2023}}</ref>

====Stagecoach Warwickshire====
On 17 August 2023, it was reported that around 300 [[Stagecoach Midlands|Stagecoach drivers in Warwickshire]], a county where the company operates 87% of the bus routes, were set to begin open ended strike action after rejecting a pay offer worth 7.8% in the first year and 4.5% in the second, claiming it would be a pay cut in real terms. Discussions between union representatives and Stagecoach were ongoing.<ref>{{cite web|first=Caroline |last=Gall |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-coventry-warwickshire-66534584 |title=Warwickshire bus drivers set to strike in pay dispute |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=17 August 2023 |accessdate=3 September 2023}}</ref> On 1 September, Unite announced the bus drivers based at Stagecoach depots at Leamington, Rugby and Nuneaton would begin an indefinite strike from 5 September after rejecting a revised 14.3% pay offer. The strike would coincide with the first week of a new school term.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rugbyobserver.co.uk/news/bus-strikes-in-warwickshire-to-go-ahead-next-week-after-pay-offer-rejected-46127/ |title=Bus strikes in Warwickshire to go ahead next week after pay offer rejected |work=Rugby Observer |date=1 September 2023 |accessdate=3 September 2023}}</ref> On 4 September, and following last-minute talks between union representatives and Stagecoach, the planned strike action was suspended for a week to give Unite members time to consider a new pay offer.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Oprah |last=Flash |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-coventry-warwickshire-66711397 |title=Warwickshire Stagecoach bus strikes suspended amid new pay offer |date=4 September 2023 |accessdate=6 September 2023 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC}}</ref> The planned strike action was subsequently called off after union members voted to accept a new pay offer worth 12.4% over two years.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Oliver |last=Williams |url=https://www.warwickshireworld.com/news/people/strikes-for-hundreds-of-warwickshire-bus-drivers-are-cancelled-after-improved-pay-offer-is-accepted-4285931 |title=Strikes for hundreds of Warwickshire bus drivers are cancelled after improved pay offer is accepted |date=8 September 2023 |accessdate=8 October 2023 |publisher=Warwickshire World}}</ref>

====Go North East====
On 30 September 2023, [[Go North East]] bus drivers began [[strike action]] after last-minute talks over pay between the bus operator and [[Unite the Union|Unite]] ended without a resolution.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-tyne-66946249 |title=Go North East: Two weeks of bus strikes to go ahead in October |date=29 September 2023 |accessdate=8 October 2023 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC}}</ref>

===Freight===
On 5 August, the Unite union announced that 1,900 workers at [[Felixstowe Docks]], one of the UK's largest ports, would stage an eight-day strike from 21 August, after rejecting a 7% pay rise from the [[Felixstowe Dock and Railway Company]]. Unite described the pay offer as "significantly below" the rate of inflation.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-62440005|title=Felixstowe: Workers at key UK port to strike for eight days|work=BBC News |date=5 August 2022|accessdate=5 August 2022}}</ref> The strike represented the first such industrial action for three decades.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-suffolk-62608112|title=Felixstowe: Dock workers strike for first time in 30 years|work=BBC News |date=21 August 2022|accessdate=21 August 2022}}</ref>

Over 70 lorry drivers and shunters represented by Unite and employed at a depot of the dairy company [[Müller (company)|Müller]] in Stonehouse, Gloucestershire took strike action between 25 and 27 August and 1–3 September after the company imposed changes to employees' rosters that would result in working at least one day every weekend, after the company had signed an agreement with Unite six months previously committing to no roster changes.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-somerset-62673302|title=Gloucestershire's Muller dairy staff go on strike over rotas|work=BBC News |date=26 August 2022|accessdate=22 November 2022}}</ref> The drivers undertook a further 11 day strike from 25 October, and Unite has said that more strikes will be scheduled if the roster changes are not rescinded.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-somerset-63326988|title=Stonehouse: Müller lorry drivers strike over rota changes|work=BBC News |date=20 October 2022|accessdate=22 November 2022}}</ref>

===Trains and buses===
====Translink====
On 22 November 2023, the GMB, Unite and SIPTU trade unions, who represent workers at Northern Ireland's [[Translink (Northern Ireland)|Translink]] bus and rail services, called a one day strike for 1 December.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-67480879 |title=Northern Ireland buses and trains to halt in 24-hour December strike |date=22 November 2023 |accessdate=22 November 2023 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC}}</ref> On 6 December, three more strike days involving Translink bus and train staff were announced for 15, 16 and 22 December.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-67637719 |title=Translink: Further NI bus and train strike dates announced |date=6 December 2023 |accessdate=6 December 2023 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC}}</ref> A one-day transport strike was held in Northern Ireland on 1 February 2024, affecting bus and train services.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-68155418 |title=NI strikes: Bus and train workers strike again despite Stormont progress |date=1 February 2024 |accessdate=1 February 2024 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC}}</ref> On 22 February, Unite, GMB and Siptu called a three-day strike for 27, 28 and 29 February.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Rebekah |last=Wilson |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-68356986 |title=Bus and train strikes: Unions notify Translink of more action |date=21 February 2024 |accessdate=21 February 2024 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC}}</ref> On 25 February, the unions confirmed the strike had been suspended following the receipt of a renewed pay offer, which would be put to their members in a ballot.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-68398267 |title=Translink: Bus and rail strikes suspended after latest pay offer |date=25 February 2024 |accessdate=25 February 2024 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC}}</ref> On 12 March, Unite, GMB and Siptu announced that their members had "decisively voted to reject" the pay offer from Translink, which was worth 5%, together with a one-off payment of £1,500 for the 2023–24 financial year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-68538978 |title=Translink: Bus and train workers reject pay offer |date=12 March 2024 |accessdate=12 March 2024 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC}}</ref> On 15 March, the trade unions agreed to re-enter talks with Translink over their pay dispute.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-68574706 |title=Translink: Bus and rail unions to re-enter pay talks |date=15 March 2024 |accessdate=15 March 2024 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC}}</ref>

===Trams===
====Edinburgh tram network====
On 14 August, Unite announced that staff working on [[Edinburgh Trams|Edinburgh's tram network]] had voted to take strike action over a lack of toilet breaks for staff on late running services, something they argued had led to health problems. The 160 staff included drivers, ticket collectors and controllers, with 90% of those taking part in the ballot choosing to strike.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cn0214ewwvpo |title=Edinburgh Trams staff back strike action over lack of toilet breaks |date=14 August 2024 |website=BBC News |publisher=BBC |accessdate=14 August 2024}}</ref>

==Barristers==
{{main|2022 British barristers' industrial action}}
[[File:Shaun Wallace addresses the rally supporting barristers' industrial action outside the Supreme Court, London, 11 July 2022.jpg|thumb|Barrister and TV personality [[Shaun Wallace]] addresses a rally supporting the [[2022 British barristers' industrial action|barristers' industrial action]] outside the [[Supreme Court of the United Kingdom|Supreme Court]], London, 11 July 2022]]
On 27 June, members of the [[Criminal Bar Association]] in [[England and Wales]] began [[2022 British barristers' industrial action|four weeks of industrial action]] after rejecting a 15% pay raise. The government planned the raise to begin October 2022;<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fouzder |first1=Monidipa |title=Legal aid strike action 'totally unwarranted' now – Raab |url=https://www.lawgazette.co.uk/news/legal-aid-strike-action-totally-unwarranted-now-raab/5111868.article |access-date=17 April 2022 |work=Law Gazette |date=15 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref> the CBA said the proposal only amounted to 9 percent pay increase and was insufficient to retain barristers.<ref name=week>{{cite news |title=Legal aid: why barristers are on strike |url=https://www.theweek.co.uk/news/law/956394/legal-aid-why-barristers-are-on-strike |date=11 April 2022 |access-date=17 April 2022 |work=The Week UK |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Legal aid uplift for criminal barristers not enough to stop strike |url=https://www.scottishlegal.com/articles/legal-aid-uplift-for-criminal-barristers-not-enough-to-stop-strike |date=17 March 2022 |access-date=17 April 2022 |work=Scottish Legal News |language=en}}</ref><ref name="guardian">{{cite news |title=Criminal barristers vote for industrial action over legal aid funding |url=https://www.theguardian.com/law/2022/mar/14/criminal-barristers-england-wales-industrial-action-legal-aid-funding |access-date=17 April 2022 |work=[[The Guardian]] |first=Haroon |last=Siddique |date=15 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref> The walkout disrupted 90% of proceedings at the [[Old Bailey]] as barristers demanded a 25% increase.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-61946038|title=Barristers walk out of courts in strike over pay|date=27 June 2022|accessdate=27 June 2022|work=BBC News}}</ref> This came after two decades of cuts to and freezes of [[legal aid]] rates in addition to a 28% decrease in real wages of barristers,<ref name="bbc">{{cite news |title=Thousands of barristers take action over legal aid |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-61062627 |access-date=17 April 2022 |work=BBC News |date=11 April 2022}}</ref><ref name=week/> whose average salary for the first three years was £12,200.<ref name=itv>{{cite news |title=Why are criminal barristers on strike and what is no returns action? |url=https://www.itv.com/news/2022-04-11/why-are-criminal-barristers-on-strike-and-what-is-no-returns-action |access-date=17 April 2022 |work=ITV News |date=11 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

On 22 August, it was announced that barristers had voted to strike indefinitely from 5 September, with 79.9% of those voting on the issue in favour of the plans.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-62629776|title=Criminal barristers in England and Wales vote to go on all-out strike|date=22 August 2022|accessdate=22 August 2022|work=BBC News}}</ref> On 10 October, the Criminal Bar Association announced that barristers in England and Wales had voted to end their industrial action, after accepting a pay deal worth 15% from the government, with 57% of those entitled to vote doing so.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-63198892|title=Criminal barristers vote to end strike over pay|date=10 October 2022|accessdate=10 October 2022|work=BBC News}}</ref>

On 29 October 2023, the [[Bar of Northern Ireland]] announced a one-day barristers' strike on 17 November over what it described as "wholly unreasonable delays" in barristers receiving legal aid payments. The industrial action will include around 200 barristers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-67257469 |title=NI barristers set date for strike action over pay |date=29 October 2023 |accessdate=29 October 2023 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC}}</ref>

==Postal service==
{{main|2022–2023 United Kingdom postal workers' strikes}}
On 27 June, it was announced that members of the [[Communication Workers Union (United Kingdom)|Communication Workers Union]] (CWU) at 114 [[Crown Post Office]]s, the largest branches typically on a [[high street]] or [[city centre]], would walk out on 11 July in an ongoing dispute over pay. It would be the third time the union had staged industrial action during 2022, after members rejected a 3% pay rise and a £500 lump sum.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-61957004|title=Post Office workers to strike over pay|work=BBC News |date=27 June 2022|accessdate=27 June 2022}}</ref>

On 29 June, [[Royal Mail]] managers belonging to the [[Unite union]] voted to take industrial action in a dispute over redundancies and a redeployment programme to bring in what they described as "worsening terms and conditions"; the vote for strike action was 86% in the UK mainland and 89% in Northern Ireland.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2022/jun/29/royal-mail-managers-vote-strike-jobs-dispute-unite-union|title=Royal Mail managers vote to strike over jobs dispute|date=29 June 2022|website=the Guardian|accessdate=30 June 2022}}</ref> On 19 July, Royal Mail workers belonging to the Communication Workers Union voted to take strike action; the stoppage would involve roughly 115,000 staff members.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-62219565|title=Royal Mail workers to go on strike over pay|work=BBC News |date=19 July 2022|accessdate=19 July 2022}}</ref> The first of four one day Royal Mail strikes was held on 26 August, with further industrial action planned for 31 August, and 8 and 9 September.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-62672783|title=Royal Mail strike: 115,000 postal workers begin strike|work=BBC News |date=26 August 2022}}</ref> The 9 September strike was suspended following the [[death of Queen Elizabeth II]] the previous day.<ref name="auto1"/>

On 28 September, the Communication Workers Union announced a further 19 days of strikes through October and November 2022, with industrial action targeted to affect peak periods of postal service usage, including [[Black Friday (shopping)|Black Friday]] and [[Cyber Monday]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/uk/royal-mail-workers-strike-new-dates-october-november-communication-workers-union-b1028587.html|title=Royal Mail workers to strike for 19 more days in October and November|first=Michael|last=Howie|date=28 September 2022|website=Evening Standard|accessdate=4 October 2022}}</ref> On 30 October, the CWU announced they had called off strikes for the next two weeks following a legal letter sent to them by Royal Mail, but said the strike action would continue on 12 November.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-63446176|title=Royal Mail staff call off planned strike action|work=BBC News |date=30 October 2022|accessdate=30 October 2022}}</ref> On 31 October, the CWU announced plans to meet the following day to discuss further strike action after rejecting a 7% pay deal over two years that was subject to postal workers agreeing to changes such as Sunday working and start times. The CWU accused Royal Mail of "imposing change not negotiating".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-63459389|title=Union calls for more Royal Mail strikes after new pay offer|work=BBC News |date=31 October 2022|accessdate=1 November 2022}}</ref>

On 15 April 2023, it was reported that the Communication Workers Union had reached an agreement in principle with [[Royal Mail]] to end the strikes.<ref>{{cite web|first=Jasmine |last=Andersson |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-65286195 |title=Royal Mail and Communication Workers Union reach agreement on pay |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=15 April 2023 |accessdate=17 April 2023}}</ref> On 21 April, CWU leaders recommended members accept the pay offer, worth 10% over the next three years.<ref>{{cite web|first=Jemma |last=Dempsey |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-65346232 |title=Royal Mail pay offer accepted by Communication Workers Union leaders |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=21 April 2023 |accessdate=21 April 2023}}</ref>

On 11 July 2023, the CWU announced that its 115,000 members had voted overwhelmingly to accept a three-year deal from Royal Mail, ending their dispute.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-66170432 |title=Royal Mail workers end long-running row over pay |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=11 July 2023 |accessdate=11 July 2023}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
{{main|2022–2024 National Health Service strikes}}
In summer 2022 the government announced below inflation pay rises which lead to a series of strike ballots by health unions.<ref name="guardian30/10/2022"/>

In November 2022, James Smith of the [[London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine]], Ryan Essex of the [[University of Greenwich]] and Rita Issa of [[University College London]] wrote in ''[[The Lancet]]'' that there was no clear evidence of rising patient morbidity or mortality during periods of strike action. Minimum service level agreements for healthcare typically ensured the most urgent services continued. One of many results of health underfunding was lower pay, which lead to staff leaving and further weakened the health system. It was argued short-term disruption was undertaken to achieve greater long-term collective benefit. It was further argued that health professionals have a duty to draw attention to, protest against, and resist actions that harm collective health. The authors called for solidarity between different health care unions.<ref name="lancet11/11/2022">[https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(22)02308-X/fulltext On the politics and ethics of strike action by health professionals] ''[[The Lancet]]''</ref>

===Doctors===
====Doctors in England====
=====Junior doctors=====
On 28 June, [[General practitioner|GP]]s at the Annual General Meeting of the [[British Medical Association]] voted to take industrial action over new contracts requiring them to work on weekday evenings and Saturdays.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lbc.co.uk/news/gps-vote-for-strike-over-contract-with-saturday-working/|title=GPs vote for industrial action over Saturday working after doctors demand 30% pay hike|website=LBC|accessdate=28 June 2022}}</ref>

On 30 August, and following an emergency meeting of its members, the [[British Medical Association]] announced plans to ballot junior doctors on industrial action.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cityam.com/junior-doctors-threaten-ballot-to-strike-over-nhs-paltry-pay/|title=Junior doctors threaten ballot to strike over NHS 'paltry' pay|date=31 August 2022|website=CityAM|accessdate=3 September 2022}}</ref>

On 20 February 2023, junior doctors in England voted to strike in their ongoing dispute for a 26% pay rise, and announced they would stage a 72-hour walkout. The [[British Medical Association]] maintained junior doctors' pay was cut by 26% since 2008 after inflation was considered.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-64653488 |title=Junior doctors vote for strikes in England |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=20 February 2023 |accessdate=20 February 2023}}</ref> On 24 February, the British Medical Association announced that junior doctors in England would begin a three-day strike on 13 March.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-64758661 |title=Junior doctors to strike in England on 13 to 15 March |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=24 February 2023 |accessdate=24 February 2023}}</ref> On 4 March it was reported that senior consultants covering for junior doctors during the strike were demanding £158 pre hour, rising to £282 per hour at night, three times their usual pay.<ref>{{cite web|first=Nick |last=Triggle |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-64827246 |title=Consultants want up to £262 an hour to cover strike days for junior doctors |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=4 March 2023 |accessdate=4 March 2023}}</ref>

On 23 March, the British Medical Association announced that junior doctors in England would stage a four-day strike from 11 to 15 April in their continued quest for a 35% pay rise.<ref>{{cite web|first=Nick |last=Triggle |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-65052816 |title=Four-day junior doctor strike set for April |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=23 March 2023 |accessdate=23 March 2023}}</ref> The strike began as scheduled on 11 April.<ref>{{cite web|first1=Nadeem |last1=Badshah |first2=Tobi |last2=Thomas |url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2023/apr/11/junior-doctors-in-england-begin-four-day-strike-over-pay |title=Junior doctors in England begin four-day strike over pay |work=The Guardian |date=11 April 2023 |accessdate=11 April 2023}}</ref> Figures subsequently released by [[NHS England]] indicated that 196,000 hospital appointments were cancelled as a result of the strike.<ref>{{cite web|first=Nick |last=Triggle |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-65305035 |title=Junior doctor strike led to 196,000 cancellations |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=17 April 2023 |accessdate=17 April 2023}}</ref>

On 22 May 2023, and after the latest round of talks with the government ended without resolution, the BMA announced that junior doctors would stage another 72-hour strike, scheduled to begin on 14 June.<ref>{{cite web|first1=Jim |last1=Reed |first2=Natasha |last2=Preskey |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-65673576 |title=Junior doctors in England to strike for three days in June |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=22 May 2023 |accessdate=22 May 2023}}</ref>

On 23 June 2023, junior doctors in England announced that they would be taking part in further strike action over pay between 13 July and 18 July, their longest strike so far.<ref>{{cite news |title= Junior doctors to hold longest strike yet in July |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-65998528 |publisher=BBC |work=BBC News |date=23 June 2023 |accessdate=23 June 2023}}</ref> As that strike began, the UK government announced a pay increase for NHS doctors of 6%, together with a £1,250 uplift payment. The increase was below the 35% being sought by doctors, but Prime Minister [[Rishi Sunak]] urged them to "do the right thing" by calling off the strikes.<ref>{{cite web|first=Michelle |last=Roberts |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-66162538 |title=Pay rise announced as junior doctors strike in England |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=13 July 2023 |accessdate=14 July 2023}}</ref> Junior doctors in England began another four day strike on 11 August, their fifth walkout.<ref>{{cite web|first=Nick |last=Triggle |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-66463694 |title=We can't take any more, says NHS as doctors strike |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=11 August 2023 |accessdate=11 August 2023}}</ref>

On 27 June 2023, the BMA announced that senior consultants in England would begin strike action after 86% of those who took part in a ballot voted to take strike action; a previously announced 48-hour strike would go ahead from 21 July.<ref>{{cite web|first=Nick |last=Triggle |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-65992178 |title=Senior doctors back strike action in England |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=27 June 2023 |accessdate=27 June 2023}}</ref> On 17 July, a further two strike days were announced for 24 and 25 August.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-66217770 |title=NHS consultant strikes: BMA announces two more walkouts |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=17 July 2023 |accessdate=17 July 2023}}</ref> On 8 August, a further two days of strike action was announced for 19 and 20 September.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-66433405 |title=Senior doctors plan 48-hour strike for September in England |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=8 August 2023 |accessdate=8 August 2023}}</ref> On 31 August, and after junior doctors in England voted to continue strike action (with 98% of ballot responders voting in favour), the British Medical Association announced that junior doctors and consultants would stage co-ordinated strikes going forward.<ref>{{cite web|first=Nick |last=Triggle |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-66674058 |title=Junior doctors and consultants to strike together in England |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=31 August 2023 |accessdate=31 August 2023}}</ref>

On 29 August 2023, figures released by NHS England indicated that almost one million appointments had been lost since the beginning of the industrial action.<ref>{{cite web|first=Nick |last=Triggle |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-66653017 |title=Close to 1m NHS appointments lost to strikes |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=29 August 2023 |accessdate=29 August 2023}}</ref> On 14 September Prime Minister [[Rishi Sunak]] blamed striking doctors for the government's failure to reduce hospital waiting lists in England, saying it would be difficult to meet the government's promised target of reducing waiting lists by March 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Nick |last=Triggle |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-66807935 |title=Target to cut hospital waiting list in doubt – PM |date=14 September 2023 |accessdate=14 September 2023 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC}}</ref> Doctors in England began a 72-hour strike as their dispute over pay and conditions continued.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Nick |last=Triggle |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-66952241 |title=72-hour doctor strike to cause extreme disruption |date=1 October 2023 |accessdate=2 October 2023 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC}}</ref>

On 20 October 2023, the BMA announced that [[Specialist, Associate Specialist and Specialty Doctors|specialist doctors]] in England had voted overwhelmingly to take strike action of pay, but said they would enter into talks with the UK government.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-67177954 |title=Specialist doctors in England to hold pay talks with government |date=20 October 2023 |accessdate=20 October 2023 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC}}</ref> It was also announced that junior doctors in England would hold talks with the government.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-67177954 |title=Junior and specialist doctors in England to hold strike talks with government |date=20 October 2023 |accessdate=20 October 2023 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC}}</ref>

On 5 December 2023, the BMA announced that junior doctors in England would stage further strike action after rejecting the latest pay offer, with a three day strike scheduled to begin on 20 December and a six day strike scheduled to begin on 3 January 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Nick |last=Triggle |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-67626218 |title=Junior doctors plan nine days of strikes, after talks collapse |date=5 December 2023 |accessdate=5 December 2023 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC}}</ref> The three-day strike commenced at 7am on 20 December.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Nick |last=Triggle |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-67763603 |title=Disruption warning as junior doctor strikes return |date=20 December 2023 |accessdate=20 December 2023 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC}}</ref> Thousands of junior doctors began the six-day walkout, the longest strike in [[NHS]] history, on 3 January 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-67867273 |title=The longest-ever NHS strike: What you need to know as junior doctors walk out |date=3 January 2024 |accessdate=3 January 2024 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC}}</ref> On 9 February, another strike was announced for 24 February, which was scheduled to last until 28 February.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Aurelia |last=Foster |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-68250536 |title=Junior doctors to strike over five days, BMA says |date=9 February 2024 |accessdate=9 February 2024 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC}}</ref> The strike, which commenced at 7.00am on 24 February, was the tenth to be staged by junior doctors during their dispute.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Nick |last=Triggle |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-68360735 |title=Junior doctors strike for 10th time over pay dispute |date=24 February 2024 |accessdate=24 February 2024 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC}}</ref> On 20 March, junior doctors in England voted in favour of continuing their industrial action for a further six months, with 98% of the 62% of respondents voting to continue the dispute.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Nick |last=Triggle |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-68615821 |title=Junior doctors vote to continue strike action |date=20 March 2024 |accessdate=20 March 2024 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC}}</ref> On 29 May, the BMA announces that junior doctors in England would stage a five-day strike from 27 June, ahead of [[2024 United Kingdom general election|that year's general election]].<ref>{{Cite web |first=Nick |last=Triggle |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-69072640 |title=Junior doctors call five-day strike just before election |date=29 May 2024 |accessdate=29 May 2024 |publisher=BBC |work=BBC News}}</ref> On 27 June,, junior doctors in England began the strike, their eleventh since their pay dispute began.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Nick |last=Triggle |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cmmm23n9761o |title=Junior doctors begin 11th strike in England |date=27 June 2024 |website=BBC News |publisher=BBC |accessdate=28 June 2024}}</ref> On 9 July, and a few days after [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] won the [[2024 United Kingdom general election|2024 general election]], new Health Secretary [[Wes Streeting]] began talks with junior doctors in England aimed at ending their pay dispute.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Michelle |last=Roberts |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ckvgql945y5o |title=Junior doctors: Streeting begins talks to avert more strikes |date=9 July 2024 |website=BBC News |publisher=BBC |accessdate=9 July 2024}}</ref> On 29 July, the UK government and the [[British Medical Association]] (BMA) reached agreement on an improved pay deal for junior doctors in England worth 22% on average over two years, which the BMA said it would put to its members.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cjqe82lk5g5o |title=Junior doctors offered 22% pay rise in deal to end strike action |date=29 July 2024 |website=BBC News |accessdate=29 July 2024}}</ref> On 16 September, junior doctors in England accepted the government's offer of a 22% pay rise over two years, ending their long-running dispute.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cy5yy13ng33o |title=Junior doctors accept 22% pay rise to end strikes|date=16 September 2024 |website=BBC News |publisher=BBC |accessdate=16 September 2024}}</ref>

=====Senior consultants=====
On 25 January 2024, the BMA announced that senior consultants in England had voted by 51% to reject the UK government's latest pay offer, worth an extra 4.5%. The offer was rejected on a 66% turnout.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Nick |last=Triggle |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-68098189 |title=NHS consultants reject latest pay offer |date=25 January 2024 |accessdate=25 January 2024 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC}}</ref> On 5 March, the [[British Medical Association]] and the [[Hospital Consultants and Specialists Association]] provisionally gave their backing to an improved pay offer for senior consultants in England and announced they would ballot members to see if they were willing to accept.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Nick |last=Triggle |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-68479402 |title=Unions back improved NHS senior doctor pay offer |date=5 March 2024 |accessdate=5 March 2024 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC}}</ref> On 5 April, it was announced that senior consultants belonging to the British Medical Association (BMA) and the Hospital Consultants and Specialists Association (HCSA) had voted to accept a pay offer from the UK government worth almost 20% for 2023–24, thus ending their dispute.<ref>{{Cite web |first1=Nick |last1=Triggle |first2=Aurelia |last2=Foster |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-68735677 |title=Consultants end pay dispute with government in England |date=5 April 2024 |accessdate=5 April 2024 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC}}</ref> On 18 June, it was announced that [[Specialist, Associate Specialist and Specialty Doctors|speciality and associate specialist (SAS) doctors]] in England had voted to accept a pay offer from the government, ending their pay dispute.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cyjjkd2w2exo |title=Senior doctors accept pay deal in England |date=18 June 2024 |website=BBC News |publisher=BBC |accessdate=18 June 2024}}</ref>

=====GPs=====
On 1 August 2024, it was announced that GPs in England had voted to take industrial action by working-to-rule over a lack of funding and a decline in care, which could see GP appointments capped at 25 per day.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Nick |last=Triggle |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c72vp774rp3o |title=GPs could cap appointments in work-to-rule |date=1 August 2024 |website=BBC News |publisher=BBC |accessdate=1 August 2024}}</ref>

====Doctors in Northern Ireland====
On 8 January 2024, the junior doctors' union, the [[Northern Ireland Junior Doctor Committee]], announced a ballot of its members on industrial action over pay, which is significantly lower than that for junior doctors in England, Scotland and the Republic of Ireland.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Marie-Louise |last=Connolly |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-67892255 |title=Junior doctors in NI balloted for first time over pay |date=8 January 2024 |accessdate=8 January 2024 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC}}</ref> On 19 February 2024, the Committee announced that junior doctors in Northern Ireland had voted to take industrial action, with a 24-hour strike scheduled to take place on 6–7 March.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Finn |last=Purdy |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-68336173 |title=Junior doctors in NI vote for strike action over pay |date=19 February 2024 |accessdate=20 February 2024 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC}}</ref> The strike, the first to be staged by junior doctors in Northern Ireland, began at 7am on 6 March.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-68479873 |title=Junior doctors in Northern Ireland strike over pay |date=6 March 2024 |accessdate=7 March 2024 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC}}</ref> On 2 May, two further 48-hour strikes were announced for 22–24 May and 6–8 June after talks between junior doctors and the Department of Health broke down.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Darren |last=Beattie |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-68942613 |title=Junior doctors in Northern Ireland to stage further walkouts |date=2 May 2024 |accessdate=2 May 2024 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC}}</ref> On 6 June, junior doctors in Northern Ireland began a 48-hour strike, commencing at 7am.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Aileen |last=Moynagh |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c9ww774ykero |title=Junior doctors strike coincides with launch of new IT system |date=6 June 2024 |website=BBC News |publisher=BBC |accessdate=6 June 2024}}</ref>

====Doctors in Scotland====
On 5 May 2023, junior doctors in Scotland voted to stage a three-day strike over their demand for a 23.5% above inflation pay increase from the Scottish Government. Of those who voted, 97% were in favour of the strike action.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-65498856 |title=Scottish junior doctors vote in favour of 72-hour strike |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=5 May 2023 |accessdate=5 May 2023}}</ref> On 22 May, the Scottish Government offered them a 14.5% pay rise. BMA Scotland said it would put the offer to its members.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-65670192 |title=Junior doctors in Scotland offered 14.5% pay rise |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=22 May 2023 |accessdate=22 May 2023}}</ref> After that offer was rejected by members of BMA Scotland, on 13 June 2023 the union announced that junior doctors in Scotland would stage a three-day strike from 12 to 15 July.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-65892937 |title=Junior doctors in Scotland to strike after rejecting pay offer |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=13 June 2023 |accessdate=14 June 2023}}</ref> On 7 July, the strike was called off while it consulted its members on a revised 12.4% pay offer for 2023–24.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-66136659 |title=Junior doctors call off strike after new pay offer |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=7 July 2023 |accessdate=7 July 2023}}</ref> On 16 August, the BMA announced that junior doctors in Scotland had voted to accept a pay offer from the Scottish Government worth 4.5% for 2022–23 and 12.4% for 2023–24.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-66524465 |title=Junior doctors in Scotland accept new pay offer |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=16 August 2023 |accessdate=16 August 2023}}</ref>

On 29 November 2024, GP leaders in Scotland voted in favour of a motion to ballot workers on industrial action over pay, following what they described as "years of disinvestment in general practice".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c9ql8zw0eelo |title=GP leaders vote to ballot staff on strike action |date=29 November 2024 |website=BBC News |publisher=BBC |accessdate=29 November 2024}}</ref>

====Doctors in Wales====
On 4 August 2023, doctors belonging to BMA Cymru rejected a 5% pay offer from the Welsh Government, describing it as the "worst offer in the UK".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-66399552 |title=NHS Wales: Doctors reject Welsh government 5% pay offer |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=4 August 2023 |accessdate=4 August 2023}}</ref> On 18 December, and after 98% of the 65% who responded to a ballot voted to take industrial action, a three-day strike was announced for January 2024, beginning on 15 January.<ref>{{Cite web |first1=Jenny |last1=Rees |first2=Catriona |last2=Aitken |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-67752312 |title=NHS Wales: Junior doctors to go on three-day strike |date=18 December 2023 |accessdate=18 December 2023 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC}}</ref> Ahead of the strike, which would take place in midwinter, NHS officials expressed their concern it would coincide with one of the most difficult weeks of the year for the NHS.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Ben |last=Price |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-67961151 |title=Wales NHS pressure fears over junior doctors' strike |date=13 January 2024 |accessdate=13 January 2024 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC}}</ref> On 21 February, junior doctors in Wales began another 72-hour strike.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Paul |last=Pigott |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-68356746 |title=Wales junior doctor strike: Thousands begin three-day walkout |date=21 February 2024 |accessdate=21 February 2024 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC}}</ref> On 25 March, junior doctors in Wales began a four-day strike, their longest to date.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Ben |last=Price |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c4nv9yxv03do |title=Junior doctors' strike Wales: Longest walkout begins |date=24 March 2024 |website=BBC News |publisher=BBC |accessdate=25 March 2024}}</ref>

On 1 March 2024, consultants and specialist doctors in Wales voted to take strike action over pay.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Jenny |last=Rees |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-68471892 |title=NHS Wales: Consultants and specialist doctors to strike |date=4 March 2024 |accessdate=5 March 2024 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC}}</ref> A two-day strike was subsequently announced to begin on 16 April. However, on 9 April the strike was suspended following "constructive talks" and a "significant" pay offer from the Welsh Government.<ref>{{Cite web |first1=Jenny |last1=Rees |first2=Paul |last2=Pigott |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-68766553 |title=NHS Wales: Doctors call off strike after significant proposal |date=9 April 2024 |accessdate=9 April 2024 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC}}</ref>

On 7 June 2024, doctors leaders recommended doctors in Wales accept the latest pay offer, which the Welsh Government said was in line with that offered to doctors in Scotland. Subject to the offer being accepted, junior doctors would receive an additional 7.4%, taking the total to 12.4% for 2023-24, while there would also be the potential for an additional 10.1% for some senior consultants.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Jenny |last=Rees |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c9rrxw4kd3do |title=Doctors strikes: BMA Wales encourages members to accept new offer |date=7 June 2024 |website=BBC News |publisher=BBC |accessdate=7 June 2024}}</ref> On 28 June, the British Medical Association confirmed that junior doctors, consultants and specialist doctors in Wales had voted to accept the revised pay offer, worth an extra 7.4%, giving them a total increase of 12.4% for the 2023–24 financial year, and ending their dispute with the Welsh Government.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Jenny |last=Rees |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cmm2nml6dz1o |title=NHS Wales: Doctors accept new pay offer after calling off strike |date=28 June 2024 |website=BBC News |publisher=BBC |accessdate=28 June 2024}}</ref>

===Nurses===
====Nurses in England and Wales====
On 6 October 2022, the [[Royal College of Nursing]] announced plans to ballot its 300,000 members on strike action, the first time it had done so in its 106-year history. The RCN also said it would recommend its members voted in favour of industrial action.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2022/oct/06/nurses-across-uk-to-vote-in-first-ever-rcn-strike-ballot-over-pay|title=Nurses across UK to vote in first ever RCN strike ballot over pay|date=6 October 2022|website=the Guardian|accessdate=7 October 2022}}</ref> In solidarity with the RCN ballot, [[Unison (trade union)|Unison]] announced that they would concurrently ballot their NHS workers for industrial action, with the ballot opening on 27 October.<ref>{{cite web |title=It's now up to the government to avoid strikes in NHS by putting pay right, says UNISON |url=https://www.unison.org.uk/news/2022/10/its-now-up-to-the-government-to-avoid-strikes-in-nhs-by-putting-pay-right-says-unison/ |website=Unison |access-date=25 October 2022 |date=7 October 2022}}</ref>

On 9 November, the Royal College of Nursing announced that it had achieved a mandate to strike in the majority of NHS trusts.<ref>{{cite web |date=2022-11-09 |title=Nursing staff vote to strike in the majority of NHS employers across the UK {{!}} Royal College of Nursing |url=https://www.rcn.org.uk/news-and-events/Press-Releases/nursing-staff-vote-to-strike-in-the-majority-of-nhs-employers-across-the-uk |access-date=2022-11-17 |website=The Royal College of Nursing |language=en}}</ref> On 17 November, the RCN warned the [[Secretary of State for Health and Social Care]], [[Steve Barclay]], that the Government had five days to open formal negotiations, or strikes would be announced for December 2022.<ref>{{cite web |date=2022-11-17 |title=RCN says government remains unprepared to support members with five days to go {{!}} News {{!}} Royal College of Nursing |url=https://www.rcn.org.uk/news-and-events/news/rcn-says-government-remains-unprepared-to-support-members-with-five-days-to-go-171122 |access-date=2022-11-17 |website=The Royal College of Nursing |language=en}}</ref> The RCN later confirmed that strikes would commence on 15 and 20 December.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-11-25 |title=Nurses to strike for two days before Christmas |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-63746334 |access-date=2022-11-25}}</ref> Following further failed negotiations, the union's members went on strike again on the 18 and 19 January 2023, in more hospitals than the December 2022 strikes.<ref>{{cite web |title=NHS pay dispute: January strike dates and locations announced {{!}} News {{!}} Royal College of Nursing |url=https://www.rcn.org.uk/news-and-events/news/uk-nhs-pay-dispute-january-strike-dates-and-locations-announced-231222 |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=The Royal College of Nursing |date=23 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref> On 16 January 2023, the Royal College of Nursing announced a further two strike days for England and Wales on 6 and 7 February, which are set to be the biggest so far.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-64254262|title=Nurses strike: New dates as union escalates dispute|work=BBC News |date=16 January 2023|accessdate=16 January 2023}}</ref>

On 16 February, the Royal College of Nursing announced a 48-hour strike to begin on 1 March, which it said would be the biggest in England so far, with half of hospital, mental health and community services affected.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-64668779|title=Nurses to stage 48-hour strike as dispute escalates|work=BBC News |date=16 February 2023|accessdate=16 February 2023}}</ref> However, on 21 February, it was announced the strike had been called off to allow the Royal College of Nursing and [[Department of Health and Social Care]] to enter into renewed negotiations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-64722953 |title=Nurses in England to suspend 48-hour strike |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=21 February 2023 |accessdate=21 February 2023}}</ref> But, on 14 April, and after rejecting a pay deal, the Royal College of Nursing announced that nurses in England would stage a 48-hour strike from 8pm on 30 April to 8pm on 2 May.<ref>{{cite web|first1=Philippa |last1=Roxby |first2=Michelle |last2=Roberts |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-65275362 |title=RCN nurses to strike on May bank holiday in England as pay offer rejected |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=14 April 2023 |accessdate=14 April 2023}}</ref> During an appearance on the 16 April edition of [[BBC One]]'s political programme ''[[Sunday with Laura Kuenssberg]]'', [[Pat Cullen]], the General Secretary of the Royal College of Nursing, suggested any new strike action could last until the end of the year, and urged the government to resume negotiations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-65291267 |title=Nurses' strikes could continue till Christmas, warns RCN union leader |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=16 April 2023 |accessdate=16 April 2023}}</ref>

On 21 April, [[NHS Employers]] said it had received legal advice that the timing of the strike may be unlawful because it would fall outside the six-month period that began when RCN members voted to strike, and they had therefore written to [[Steve Barclay]], the [[Secretary of State for Health]], requesting that he seek advice on the matter. The RCN strike ballot closed on 2 November 2022, so there was concern any strike action on or after 2 May 2023 would mean the RCN would not be protected by trade union laws. When it emerged the following day that Barclay was considering whether to take the RCN to court, Cullen described the prospect as "cruel" and "unacceptable", and accused the government of wishing to punish the RCN for not accepting the pay offer.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-65341234 |title=Court may need to decide if nurses' strike is legal |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=21 April 2023 |accessdate=21 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Heather |last=Sharp |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-65341234 |title=Barclay treating nurses as criminals over strike challenge – union boss |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=22 April 2023 |accessdate=22 April 2023}}</ref> On 27 April, [[Mr Justice Linden]] ruled that the strike was partially unlawful, prompting the RCN to cut it short by a day, and meaning it would now end on 1 May. The RCN were also ordered to pay the case's legal costs. Barclay said it was "regrettable" the government had been required to go to court, but Cullen described the decision as "the darkest day" of the dispute so far.<ref>{{cite web |first1=Nick |last1=Triggle |first2=Sophie |last2=Hutchinson |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-65380385 |title=Nurses' strike in England to be cut short after court ruling |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=27 April 2023 |accessdate=27 April 2023}}</ref> A shortened, 28-hour strike began at 8pm on 30 April, and was scheduled to end at midnight the following day. The RCN said that during the strike nurses could be called in to provide minimal support in trauma and intensive care settings.<ref>{{cite web|first=Charley |last=Adams |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-65443943 |title=Nurses' strike: 28-hour strike over pay under way |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=30 April 2023 |accessdate=30 April 2023}}</ref> On 1 May, NHS England said that around half of hospital, mental health and community services were affected.<ref>{{cite web|first1=Charley |last1=Adams |first2=Nick |last2=Triggle |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-65443943 |title=Nurses out on strike in half of England's NHS |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=1 May 2023 |accessdate=1 May 2023}}</ref> On 27 June, it was announced that nurses in England would not continue their strike action after a Royal College of Nursing ballot failed to garner enough votes to achieve a mandate. The majority of the 43% who voted favoured continued strike action, but this was below the 50% turnout required under trade union regulations.<ref>{{cite web|first=Nick |last=Triggle |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-65992176 |title=England nurse strikes end as vote turnout too low |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=27 June 2023 |accessdate=27 June 2023}}</ref>

With the majority of health unions (apart from the RCN) having accepted the 5% pay offer by mid-May, the Department of Health was reported to have said the offer would be the final one made by the government. This prompted Cullen to urge the government to reopen negotiations and to make a double digit offer.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-65586766 |title=Pat Cullen: Nursing union calls for double-digit pay rise to restart talks |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=14 May 2023 |accessdate=14 May 2023}}</ref>

On 1 September 2023, members of the Royal College of Nursing in Wales voted to accept a 5% pay rise from the Welsh Government, along with a one-off payment of between £900 and £1,190, ending the nursing strikes in Wales.<ref>{{cite web|first=Adrian |last=Browne |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-politics-66617120 |title=NHS Wales nurses end strike and accept pay and conditions offer |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=1 September 2023 |accessdate=1 September 2023}}</ref>

On 23 September, the [[Royal College of Nursing]] announced that nurses in England had rejected the offer of a 5.5% pay increase from the UK government.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/nurses-reject-governments-55-pay-rise-offer-13220618 |title=Nurses reject government's 5.5% pay rise offer |website=Sky News |date=23 September 2024 |accessdate=25 September 2024}}</ref>

====Nurses in Scotland====
On 21 December, the Royal College of Nursing in Scotland rejected a 7.5% pay deal, and announced that strike dates would be confirmed in January 2023.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-64052327|title=Nurses in Scotland to strike after rejecting pay deal from NHS|work=BBC News |date=21 December 2022|accessdate=13 January 2023}}</ref> On 23 December, Scottish Health Secretary [[Humza Yousaf]] confirmed he would resume talks with trade unions in a bid to avoid strike action taking place in the [[Scottish National Health Service]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-64068058|title=More talks in bid to avert NHS strikes in Scotland|work=BBC News |date=23 December 2022|accessdate=13 January 2023}}</ref> On 13 January 2023, the GMB and RCN unions announced strikes in Scotland would be put on hold while negotiations were held on a pay deal.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-64266800|title=Scottish NHS strikes on hold while pay offer negotiated|work=BBC News |date=13 January 2023|accessdate=13 January 2023}}</ref>

On 17 February 2023, the Royal College of Nursing recommended its members accept a new pay offer of 6.5%. The offer from the Scottish Government also included changes to conditions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-64683823 |title=Nursing union urges Scottish members to accept pay offer |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=17 February 2023 |accessdate=17 February 2023}}</ref>

====Nurses in Northern Ireland====
On 6 January 2024, the [[Royal College of Nursing]] announced that nurses in Northern Ireland would stage a one-day strike on 18 January over pay.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Marie-Louise |last=Connolly |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-67892516 |title=Northern Ireland nurses to strike on 18 January |date=5 January 2024 |accessdate=6 January 2024 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC}}</ref>

===Ambulance workers===
====Ambulance workers in England====
On 6 December, ambulance workers belonging to the GMB, Unison and Unite announced two one-day strikes on 21 and 28 December; the strikes would affect non-life-threatening calls.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-63873505|title=Ambulance staff to strike on 21 December|work=BBC News |date=6 December 2022|accessdate=6 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/live/2022/dec/21/nhs-ambulance-workers-strike-england-wales-latest-news-updates?page=with:block-63a309058f083d29b407d45f|title=Thousands of ambulance workers strike as unions accuse Steve Barclay of 'blatant lie' – as it happened|newspaper=The Guardian |date=21 December 2022|accessdate=10 June 2023|via=www.guardian.co.uk |last1=Badshah |first1=Nadeem |last2=Hall |first2=Rachel |last3=Rawlinson |first3=Kevin |last4=Rawlinson (Earlier) |first4=Kevin }}</ref> On 18 January 2023, a further four strike days were announced, including 6 February, which would coincide with a walkout by nurses, creating the largest strike within the NHS so far.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-64308935|title=Ambulance staff and nurses to strike on same day|work=BBC News |date=17 January 2023|accessdate=18 January 2023}}</ref>

On 3 March 2023, the GMB and Unison unions called off ambulance strikes in England scheduled for 6 and 8 March after the UK government agreed to reopen talks on pay for the 2022–23 and 2023–24 financial years.<ref>{{cite web|first=Jim |last=Reed |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-64839818 |title=Two unions suspend ambulance strikes in England as talks reopen |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=3 March 2023 |accessdate=3 March 2023}}</ref> Unite said their strikes would still go ahead after they refused to join any talks, citing unreasonable conditions from the government for their decision.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bucks.radio/news/local-news/unite-ambulance-strikes-to-go-ahead/|title=Unite ambulance strikes to go ahead|website=Bucks Radio|date=3 March 2023|accessdate=4 March 2023}}</ref> However, on 5 March, Unite announced it had called off the strikes to enter into discussions with the government.<ref>{{cite web|first=Nick |last=Edser |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-64857174 |title=Ambulance strikes: Unite union suspends action in England – BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=5 March 2023 |accessdate=5 March 2023}}</ref>

====Ambulance workers in Wales====
On 20 February 2023, three days of strikes involving almost half of ambulance workers in Wales began, with members of the [[GMB (trade union)|GMB]] union walking out on 20 February, and members of the [[Unite (union)|Unite]] union walking out on 21 and 22 February.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-64702120 |title=Ambulance strike: Wales workers strike again over pay and conditions |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=21 February 2023 |accessdate=21 February 2023}}</ref> On 21 February, ambulance workers belonging to the [[Unite (union)|Unite]] union called two further strikes for 6 and 10 March.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-64725144 |title=Ambulance strike: 'No end in sight' as Unite calls new walkouts |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=21 February 2023 |accessdate=21 February 2023}}</ref> On 3 March, the Unite and GMB unions called off a planned strike by the [[Welsh Ambulance Service]] scheduled for Monday 6 March after "significant progress" in talks with the Welsh Government.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-64841198 |title=Welsh Ambulance strikes: Unions call off Monday's action |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=3 March 2023 |accessdate=3 March 2023}}</ref> On 8 March, members of the Welsh Ambulance Service belonging to the Unite union called off a strike scheduled for Friday 10 March following "progress" with officials from the Welsh Government.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-64895340 |title=Ambulance strikes: Wales walkout suspended, says Unite |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=8 March 2023 |accessdate=8 March 2023}}</ref>

===Royal College of Midwives===
On 13 September 2023, and following a long standing dispute, the [[Royal College of Midwives]] announced a 24-hour strike in Northern Ireland for 22 September. The union also said its members would claim payment for any overtime worked in the week after the strike. Strike action had been threatened earlier in 2023, but paused as negotiations continued.<ref name="auto4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-66800681 |title=Royal College of Midwives announces strike in Northern Ireland |date=13 September 2023 |accessdate=13 September 2023 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC}}</ref> On 19 December, the Royal College of Midwives announced a one day strike for midwives and maternity support workers on 18 January 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-67763748 |title=Nipsa members will join 'biggest ever strike' in new year |date=19 December 2023 |accessdate=19 December 2023 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC}}</ref>

===NHS staff===
====NHS staff in England====
On 16 March 2023, NHS staff in England, including nurses and ambulance staff, were offered a 5% pay rise from April, along with a one-off payment of £1,655 to cover backdated pay. The offer did not include doctors, who are on a different contract. Union leaders said they would recommend their members accept the offer.<ref>{{cite web|first=Nick |last=Triggle |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-64977269 |title=NHS 5% pay offer may end bitter dispute in England |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=16 March 2023 |accessdate=16 March 2023}}</ref> On 14 April, [[UNISON]] confirmed its members working for the NHS had voted unanimously to accept the 5% pay offer from the UK government.<ref>{{cite web|first=Daniel |last=Keane |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/uk/nhs-unison-strike-government-pay-accept-b1074242.html |title=NHS workers in Unison vote to accept government pay offer |publisher=Evening Standard |date=14 April 2023 |accessdate=14 April 2023}}</ref>

On 26 April 2023, the [[Royal College of Midwives]] announced that its members had voted to accept the government's pay offer for NHS workers in England.<ref>{{cite web|first=Rachel |last=Russell |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-65406736 |title=NHS strikes: Midwives in England accept NHS pay offer |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=26 April 2023 |accessdate=26 April 2023}}</ref> On 28 April, members of the Unite union, mostly ambulance workers and junior healthcare staff, rejected the UK government's 5% pay offer. Around half of the 55% who voted chose to reject it.<ref>{{cite web|first1=Smitha |last1=Mundasad |first2=Nick |last2=Triggle |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-65425285 |title=Unite union votes to reject NHS pay offer |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=28 April 2023 |accessdate=28 April 2023}}</ref> On the same day, the pay offer was backed by members of the GMB union.<ref>{{cite web|first1=Nick |last1=Triggle |first2=Smitha |last2=Mundasad |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-65425285 |title=NHS 5% pay rise heading for majority union backing |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=28 April 2023 |accessdate=28 April 2023}}</ref> On 2 May, the 5% pay increase for the one million NHS staff in England was signed off at a meeting between the UK government and representatives from 14 trade unions; all NHS employees apart from doctors and dentists were represented at the meeting.<ref>{{cite web |first=Nick |last=Triggle |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-65458663 |title=NHS pay deal signed off for one million staff |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=2 May 2023 |accessdate=2 May 2023}}</ref>

====NHS staff in Wales====
On 12 May 2023, NHS workers in Wales belonging to the [[Unison (trade union)|Unison]] trade union voted to accept a 5% pay increase from the Welsh Government along with a one-off payment worth between £900 and £1,190.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-65574633 |title=NHS Strikes: Unison NHS Wales staff vote to accept pay offer |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=12 May 2023 |accessdate=12 May 2023}}</ref>

====HSC staff in Northern Ireland====
Health and social care staff belonging to Unite, Unison and the [[Northern Ireland Public Service Alliance]] (Nipsa) began a 48-hour strike on 21 September 2023. The industrial action involved some nurses, ambulance workers and hospital support staff.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Aileen |last=Moynagh |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-66873721 |title=Strike action: Thousands of health workers walk out over pay |date=21 September 2023 |accessdate=21 September 2023 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC}}</ref> They were joined by members of the [[Royal College of Midwives]] on 22 September, who staged a 24-hour strike over a long-running dispute.<ref name="auto4"/>

==Telecommunications==
{{main|2022 BT Group strikes}}
On 30 June, CWU members working for [[BT Group]] voted to take industrial action over pay, with strike action expected to involve around 40,000 of the company's frontline workers, mostly engineering and call centre staff, and would be BT's first nationwide industrial action since 1987.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2022/jun/30/bt-staff-vote-for-first-national-strike-in-35-years|title=BT staff vote for first national strike in 35 years|date=30 June 2022|website=the Guardian|accessdate=30 June 2022}}</ref> [[2022 BT Group strikes|Two days of strike action]] were subsequently announced for 29 July and 1 August,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-62184802|title=BT strike: Thousands of workers to take action for two days|work=BBC News |date=15 July 2022|accessdate=15 July 2022}}</ref> and went ahead as scheduled.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2022/aug/01/bt-and-openreach-workers-stage-second-strike-over-pay|title=BT and Openreach workers stage second strike over pay|first=P. A.|last=Media|date=1 August 2022|website=the Guardian|accessdate=7 August 2022}}</ref> Another two-day strike was held on 30 and 31 August.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-62730169|title=Royal Mail and BT strikes see 150,000 workers walk out|work=BBC News |date=31 August 2022|accessdate=31 August 2022}}</ref>

On 28 November, it was reported that BT bosses had reached an agreement with union bosses that would give workers earning less than £50,000 a year an annual pay increase worth 16%, or £1,500.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-63785421|title=BT and unions agree pay rise of up to 16% to stop more strikes|work=BBC News |date=28 November 2022|accessdate=28 November 2022}}</ref>

==Education==
In summer 2022, the government announced below inflation pay rises, which lead to a series of strike ballots by education unions.<ref name="guardian30/10/2022"/>

===Schools===
====Schools in England====
On 19 June, ''[[The Observer]]'' reported that the [[National Education Union]] would ballot its 450,000 members on industrial action if teachers did not receive a pay rise close to the rate of inflation, while it was also reported that [[Unison (trade union)|Unison]] had warned of industrial action among medical staff if they were not offered a pay rise.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/uk-news/teachers-nurses-rail-workers-strikes-24269283|title=Teachers and nurses may join rail workers in next stage of strikes|first1=Aletha|last1=Adu|first2=Sonia|last2=Sharma|date=20 June 2022|website=ChronicleLive|accessdate=21 June 2022}}</ref>

On 14 October, the UK's two largest teaching unions, the [[National Education Union]] and [[National Association of Schoolmasters and Union of Women Teachers]] (NASUWT) announced plans to ballot their members on strike action after receiving the offer of a 3.5% pay rise from the [[Department for Education]]. Both unions have demanded a 12% pay rise to keep pace with the level of inflation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2022/oct/14/teachers-to-vote-on-strike-action-over-pay-across-great-britain|title=Teachers to vote on strike action over pay across Great Britain|date=14 October 2022|website=the Guardian|accessdate=23 October 2022}}</ref> On 12 January 2023, the NASUWT announced that despite nine out of ten members who voted opting for industrial action, members working in state funded schools would not be striking due to a 42% turnout; 8% less than the 50% turnout ratio required by the government.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://schoolsweek.co.uk/nasuwt-teacher-strike-ballot-fails-to-meet-turnout-threshold/|title=NASUWT teacher strike ballot fails to meet turnout threshold|date=12 January 2023|website=schoolsweek.co.uk|accessdate=16 January 2023}}</ref> On 16 January the National Education Union announced that its members had voted to strike, and confirmed that seven days of strike action would be held in February and March; three national strikes in England and Wales would be held on 1 and 15 February, and 15 March, as well as four days on which regional strike action would take place.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/education-64265029|title=Teachers from NEU union to strike in England and Wales|work=BBC News |date=16 January 2023|accessdate=16 January 2023}}</ref> The UK government made a renewed pay offer to teachers in England following discussions and which would be put to a ballot, but on 27 March, the National Education Union urged teachers to reject the offer, raising the prospect of further strikes.<ref>{{cite web|first=Vanessa |last=Clarke |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-65037422 |title=Teachers' strikes: NEU urges teachers to reject new pay deal |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=27 March 2023 |accessdate=27 March 2023}}</ref> [[Gillian Keegan]], the [[Secretary of State for Education]], said the deal, with a £1,000 one-off payment for 2022–23 and a 4.3 pay rise for 2023–24, would be the government's final offer.<ref>{{cite web|first=Vanessa |last=Clarke |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-65098959 |title=Teachers' strikes: Keegan says pay deal is final offer |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=28 March 2023 |accessdate=28 March 2023}}</ref> On 3 April, the NEU announced two further strike dates on 27 April and 2 May, stating that the offer was unacceptable, not fully funded, and did not address the shortage of teachers.<ref>{{cite web|first=Vanessa |last=Clarke |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-65037421 |title=More strikes planned as teachers reject pay offer |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=3 April 2023 |accessdate=3 April 2023}}</ref> The pay offer was also subsequently rejected by the [[National Association of Head Teachers]] (NAHT) and the [[Association of School and College Leaders]] (ASCL).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://educationbusinessuk.net/news/04042023/ascl-members-reject-government%E2%80%99s-pay-offer |title=ASCL members reject government's pay offer |publisher=Education Business |date=4 April 2023 |accessdate=8 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://educationbusinessuk.net/news/05042023/naht-becomes-third-union-reject-government-pay-offer#:~:text=NAHT%20has%20become%20the%20third,teachers%20and%20leaders%20next%20year |title=NAHT becomes third union to reject government pay offer |publisher=Education Business |date=5 April 2023 |accessdate=8 April 2023}}</ref> On 8 April, the [[NASUWT]] announced it would ballot its members on strike action after 87% of those who voted rejected the government's pay offer for teachers in England, which the union said failed to address concerns over pay and conditions.<ref>{{cite web|first=Emma |last=Harrison |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-65220950 |title=Fourth teaching union NASUWT rejects pay offer |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=8 April 2023 |accessdate=8 April 2023}}</ref>

On 28 April 2023, four teaching unions in England – the National Education Union, [[NASUWT]], [[National Association of Head Teachers]] and the [[Association of School and College Leaders]] – announced plans to co-ordinate strike action, something that BBC News reported could lead to schools being completely shut down later in the year. At the time of the announcement, only the National Education Union had the mandate to strike, but the other unions confirmed they would ballot their members on whether to take strike action.<ref>{{cite web|first=Hazel |last=Shearing |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-65425235 |title=Teacher strikes: Unions team up in England pay dispute |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=28 April 2023 |accessdate=28 April 2023}}</ref> A day of strike action was held by the National Education Union on 2 May 2023 throughout England, with data from the Department for Education suggesting it had impacted more schools than on previous occasions.<ref>{{cite web|first1=Vanessa |last1=Clarke |first2=Alice |last2=Evans |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-65457164 |title=Teacher strikes: More schools than ever unable to fully open in England |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=3 May 2023 |accessdate=3 May 2023}}</ref>

On 17 June 2023, the National Education Union announced a national strike in England on 5 and 7 July.<ref>{{cite web|first=Vanessa |last=Clarke |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-65634825 |title=Teachers in England to strike for two days in July, NEU announces |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=17 June 2023 |accessdate=17 June 2023}}</ref>

On 12 July 2023, members of the [[NASUWT]] teaching union in England voted to stage strike action over pay, with 85.5% of members voting to do so on a 51.9% turnout.<ref>{{cite web|first=Alice |last=Evans |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-66174906 |title=Teacher strikes: NASUWT members vote for strike action |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=12 July 2023 |accessdate=12 July 2023}}</ref> But on 13 July, the UK government proposed a 6.5% pay rise for teachers in England, with the leaders of all four major teaching unions expressing support for the increase, meaning strikes by teachers in England would be likely to end.<ref>{{cite web|first1=Hazel |last1=Shearing |first2=Nathan |last2=Standley |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-66192118 |title=Teacher strikes likely to end in England |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=13 July 2023 |accessdate=13 July 2023}}</ref> On 21 July, it was announced that members of the [[Association of School and College Leaders]], which represents headteachers in England, had voted to accept the 6.5% pay rise, with 87% of those who took part in the ballot voting to accept the offer.<ref>{{cite web|first=Hazel |last=Shearing |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-66266910 |title=Head teachers accept England pay rise |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=21 July 2023 |accessdate=21 July 2023}}</ref> On 31 July, the National Education Union announced that its members had voted to accept the 6.5% pay increase, with 86% of those eligible to vote backing the offer. Education Secretary [[Gillian Keegan]] described the announcement as "good news" for teachers, parents and schoolchildren.<ref>{{cite web |first=Nathan |last=Standley |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-66360677 |title=NEU teacher strikes end as members in England accept pay deal |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=31 July 2023 |accessdate=31 July 2023}}</ref>

====Schools in Northern Ireland====
On 23 November 2023, the Unite union announced that school support staff in Northern Ireland would stage a strike over pay on 1 December.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-67514179 |title=Northern Ireland schools' staff in to strike next Friday |date=23 November 2023 |accessdate=23 November 2023 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC}}</ref> Nipsa and Unite scheduled strike action for school support staff on 3 and 4 June 2024, but announced the suspension of the strikes on 1 June.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/clmmz852g17o |title=NI education: Unions suspend school support worker strike |date=1 June 2024 |website=BBC News |publisher=BBC |accessdate=2 June 2024}}</ref>

On 20 March, members of three teaching unions – NASUWT, INTO and NAHT – voted to accept a pay offer proposed by Education Minister [[Paul Givan]] that included increasing the starting salary of a teacher from £24,000 to £30,000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-68621304 |title=Education: Three NI teaching unions vote to accept pay offer |date=20 March 2024 |accessdate=20 March 2024 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC}}</ref>

====Schools in Scotland====
In Scotland, non-teaching staff in 11 council areas were scheduled to stage a three-day strike in early September, but this was called off after the Unison, Unite and GMB unions agreed a pay deal.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-62766520|title=Unions call off Scottish school and bin strikes|work=BBC News |date=2 September 2022|accessdate=2 September 2022}}</ref>

On 10 November, the [[Educational Institute of Scotland]] (EIS), Scotland's largest Teaching Union voted overwhelmingly in favour of strike action after receiving a pay offer of 5%.<ref>{{cite web |title=Members of Scotland's largest teaching union vote to strike over pay dispute |url=https://www.thenational.scot/news/21828738.eis-union-members-vote-strike-rejecting-5-pay-offer/ |access-date=2022-11-10 |website=The National |date=16 September 2022 |language=en}}</ref> 96% of members voted yes to strike action on a turnout of 71%.<ref>{{cite web |last=Scotland |first=The Educational Institute of |title=EIS statutory ballot result delivers overwhelming mandate for teacher strike over pay |url=https://www.eis.org.uk/Latest-news/statutoryballotresult |access-date=2022-11-10 |website=www.eis.org.uk}}</ref> The first strike action was scheduled for 24 November.<ref>{{cite web |last=Scotland |first=The Educational Institute of |title=EIS to call Teachers out on Strike Action on 24 November |url=https://www.eis.org.uk/Latest-news/strikedayannounced |access-date=2022-11-10 |website=www.eis.org.uk}}</ref> On 22 November, a revised 6.85% pay offer was rejected by the EIS, meaning the industrial action would go ahead.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-63715723|title=Teachers' strike in Scotland to go ahead as new pay offer rejected|work=BBC News |date=22 November 2022|accessdate=22 November 2022}}</ref> In January 2023, the EIS announced a further 22 days of strike action.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-64270691|title=Scottish teachers announce 22 more days of strikes|work=BBC News |date=13 January 2023|accessdate=16 January 2023}}</ref> This commenced with 16 days of "rolling" strike action, whereby each day would see teachers in two local authorities striking; Glasgow and East Lothian were the first two areas to be affected.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-64282976|title=Scottish teachers begin 16-day wave of rolling strikes|work=BBC News |date=15 January 2023|accessdate=16 January 2023}}</ref>

Members of the [[Scottish Secondary Teachers' Association]] (SSTA) were scheduled to stage a strike in February 2023, but after they voted to accept a new pay offer from the Scottish Government, it was announce on 25 February that they had suspended the strike action scheduled for the following week.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-64767208 |title=SSTA teaching union agrees to postpone strike action |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=25 February 2023 |accessdate=25 February 2023}}</ref> On 3 March, the [[Educational Institute of Scotland]] and other teaching unions called off a planned 20 days of rolling strikes scheduled to begin on 13 March after receiving an improved pay offer from the Scottish Government, worth 14.6% over 28 months. The proposals were then put to a ballot.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-64841722 |title=Scottish teachers call off strikes after pay offer |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=3 March 2023 |accessdate=3 March 2023}}</ref> On 4 March, the [[NASUWT]] said it would ballot its members on the offer.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-64849892 |title=Union to ballot teachers on 'paltry' new pay offer |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=4 March 2023 |accessdate=4 March 2023}}</ref> On 10 March, members of the Educational Institute of Scotland voted to accept the pay deal, thus bringing their strike action to an end.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-64906111 |title=EIS teaching union backs pay deal to end school strikes |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=10 March 2023 |accessdate=10 March 2023}}</ref> On 14 March, members of the [[NASUWT]] narrowly voted to accept the pay offer, ending the prospect of further strike action in schools in Scotland.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-64952272 |title=Members of NASUWT teaching union narrowly accept pay offer |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=14 March 2023 |accessdate=14 March 2023}}</ref>

On 7 August 2023, the Unite union announced that its members working in education and early years in ten council areas had voted to take rolling industrial action over pay after rejecting a pay offer worth 99p an hour, raising their hourly rate to £11.84. The strike action would involve employees including janitors, cleaners, caterers, classroom assistants and administrative staff.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-66411340 |title=Education staff could strike in September – union |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=7 August 2023 |accessdate=7 August 2023}}</ref>

On 17 August, GMB Scotland announced that non-teaching staff in ten Scottish council areas would stage two days of strike action on 13 and 14 September.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-66532163 |title=School staff to strike in 10 Scottish council areas |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=17 August 2023 |accessdate=17 August 2023}}</ref> On 25 August, members of Unison in 24 of Scotland's 32 council areas voted to take industrial action after rejecting a 5.5% pay offer. The strike action would affect catering, cleaning, pupil support, administration and janitorial staff in schools and early years centres.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-66620204 |title=School staff to strike in 24 Scottish council areas |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=25 August 2023 |accessdate=25 August 2023}}</ref> On 14 September, a fresh offer from [[Cosla]] that would see workers receive an extra £1,929 by 1 January 2024 was rejected by Unison and the GMB.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-66808309 |title=Two unions reject latest school workers pay offer |date=14 September 2023 |accessdate=14 September 2023 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC}}</ref> On 21 September, Unison confirmed strikes would take place on 26, 27 and 28 September in 24 council areas.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-66874881 |title=Scottish school strikes to go ahead as union rejects pay deal |date=21 September 2023 |accessdate=21 September 2023 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC}}</ref> Last minute talks over the weekend preceding these dates also failed to bring about a resolution.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-66906216 |title=School strikes: No new pay offer despite weekend talks |date=24 September 2023 |accessdate=24 September 2023 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC}}</ref>

On 1 November 2023, UNISON announced that non-teaching staff at schools in [[Dundee|Dundee City]], [[Stirling]], [[Clackmannanshire]], [[Angus, Scotland|Angus]] and [[Perth and Kinross]] would strike on 15 November, with further dates to be confirmed later.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-67284138 |title=More schools to shut in Scotland as further Unison strikes confirmed |date=1 November 2023 |accessdate=1 November 2023 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC}}</ref> On 3 November, Unison suspended further strike action after receiving a revised pay offer from the Scottish Government, which it planned to putto its members.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-67304460|title=School strikes suspended after new council pay offer|date=2 November 2023|via=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref>

====Schools in Wales====
On 10 March, members of the [[National Education Union]] in Wales called off two strikes planned for 15 and 16 March after receiving a new pay offer from the Welsh Government.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-64918704 |title=Teacher strike dates called off after new Welsh government offer |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=10 March 2023 |accessdate=10 March 2023}}</ref> On 23 March, they voted to accept the pay offer, worth 8%, ending their industrial dispute.<ref>{{cite web|first=Ban |last=Price |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-politics-65055888 |title=Teachers in Wales accept new pay offer ending dispute |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=23 March 2023 |accessdate=23 March 2023}}</ref>

===Universities===
{{main|2018–2023 United Kingdom higher education strikes}}
On 24 October, the UK's largest higher education union, the [[University and College Union|UCU]] voted in favour of strike action in a national ballot.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tribunemag.co.uk/2022/10/how-the-ucu-beat-the-anti-union-laws|title=How the UCU Beat the Anti-Union Laws
|date=24 October 2022|website=Tribune|accessdate=31 October 2022}}</ref> On 8 November, the UCU announced three days of strike action on 24, 25 and 30 November.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/education-63561041|title=University staff to go on strike this month|work=BBC News |date=8 November 2022|accessdate=8 November 2022}}</ref> On 12 January 2023, a further 18 days of strike action were announced through February and March, and were expected to affect 150 universities in the UK.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/education-64253904|title=University staff plan 18 new days of strikes|work=BBC News |date=12 January 2023|accessdate=12 January 2023}}</ref> On 17 February, the University and College Union announced that seven days of strikes planned for February and March had been called off after "significant progress" was made in discussions with their employers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-64684450 |title=University strikes: UCU action paused over seven days |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=17 February 2023 |accessdate=17 February 2023}}</ref> On 14 August, the UCU announced that strikes would continue into the new term in September after talks between the union and employers broke down.<ref>{{cite web|first=Nathan |last=Standley |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-66504806 |title=More university strike days planned for September |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=14 August 2023 |accessdate=14 August 2023}}</ref>

On 26 June 2023, UCU members at [[Stirling University]] announced a three-day strike beginning from the following day, after claiming their wages had been cut by 50% to taking part in a UK-wide marking boycott taking place at 145 universities and that began in April 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-tayside-central-66020409 |title=Stirling lecturers to walk out after pay docked in marking boycott |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=26 June 2023 |accessdate=26 June 2023}}</ref> Another strike was due to commence on 11 September, with staff striking on weekdays for three weeks.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-tayside-central-66769982 |title=Stirling University staff to strike after pay docked in marking boycott |date=10 September 2023 |accessdate=10 September 2023 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC}}</ref>

==Refuse workers==
===Birmingham===
{{main|2025–2026 Birmingham bin strike}}

===Edinburgh===
{{main|2022 Scotland bin strikes}}
On 18 August, and following a pay dispute with the [[Convention of Scottish Local Authorities]] (COSLA), refuse workers belonging to the Unison, Unite and [[GMB (trade union)|GMB]] trade unions launched industrial action in Edinburgh. The 12-day strike began as the city played host to the 2022 [[Edinburgh Festival]] and led [[Public Health Scotland]] to issue a public health warning because of uncollected rubbish in urban areas. The walkout ended at 04:59 on 30 August. On 29 August, the three trade unions involved in the dispute announced plans for a second strike.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 August 2022 |title=Public health warning as bin strikes continue |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-62701045 |access-date=29 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-edinburgh-east-fife-62716318|title=Edinburgh bin workers clear up after 12-day strike|work=BBC News |date=30 August 2022|accessdate=30 August 2022}}</ref>

On 1 September, [[First Minister of Scotland]] [[Nicola Sturgeon]] met with council leaders and trade union leaders to resolve the dispute.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 September 2022 |title=Nicola Sturgeon to hold talks over council strikes |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-62741752 |access-date=1 September 2022}}</ref> On 2 September, the strikes were called off by the three unions involved after a 10% pay deal was agreed upon.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 September 2022 |title=Unions call off Scottish school and bin strikes |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-62766520 |access-date=2 September 2022}}</ref>

===Cardiff===
On 4 September 2023, refuse workers at [[Cardiff City Council]] belonging to the Unite union began a strike, affecting the collection of hygiene and garden waste. On 22 November, Unite confirmed the strike would end on 26 November, but said it may stage further industrial action.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Ted |last=Peskett |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-67501028|title=Cardiff bin strike to end but more disruption possible |date=22 November 2023 |accessdate=22 November 2023 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC}}</ref> A second, four-week strike commenced on 28 December, forcing Cardiff City Council to cancel the collection and recycling of [[Christmas tree]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-67840551 |title=Cardiff Christmas tree collections cancelled amid strike |date=29 December 2023 |accessdate=29 December 2023 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC}}</ref>

===Scotland===
After rejecting a pay offer in May 2024, it was announced on 2 July that waste and recycling staff belonging to Unite in half of Scotland's councils had voted to strike.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cye09k856ndo |title=Half of Scotland's councils set for bin strikes |date=2 July 2024 |website=BBC News |publisher=BBC |accessdate=2 July 2024}}</ref> On 17 July, it was announced that members of Unison at 14 Scottish council areas, including Glasgow, Perth and Kinross and Dumfries and Galloway, had voted to take industrial action after describing a pay offer from [[Cosla]] as "inadequate".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cqv5ql72p89o |title=Bin strikes to hit most councils after third union vote |date=17 July 2024 |website=BBC News |publisher=BBC |accessdate=17 July 2024}}</ref> On 19 July, Unison rejected the latest offer from Cosla aimed at preventing strikes by refuse collectors, which was worth 3.2%.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c0jq4n41382o |title=Union rejects council pay offer aimed at avoiding bin strikes |date=19 July 2024 |website=BBC News |publisher=BBC |accessdate=19 July 2024}}</ref> On 22 July, Unite and the GMB also rejected Cosla's pay offer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cn09e5pdg4vo |title=Unions reject deal to avert waste worker strikes |date=21 July 2024 |website=BBC News |publisher=BBC |accessdate=22 July 2024}}</ref> On 30 July, Unison confirms that strike action would take place from 14 to 22 August.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cv2gyj8z04mo |title=Union confirms dates for bin strikes across Scotland |date=30 July 2024 |website=BBC News |publisher=BBC |accessdate=30 July 2024}}</ref> On 31 July, the Unite and GMB unions announced eight days of strike action for refuse workers beginning on 14 August, which would include those working for [[Edinburgh City Council]] and occur during the [[Edinburgh Festival]].<ref>{{Cite web |first=Angus |last=Cochrane |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cprqg944w02o |title=Bin collectors confirm Edinburgh Festival strikes |date=31 July 2024 |website=BBC News |accessdate=31 July 2024}}</ref> On 8 August, Cosla puts forward a new offer of a 3.6% increase for all grades of refuse workers in a bid to prevent strikes in 26 of Scotland's 32 council areas. The offer would represent a rise of £1,292 for the lowest paid, equivalent to a 5.63% increase.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Jamie |last=McIvor |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c0qezqzzzpyo |title=New pay offer tabled in hope of avoiding bin strikes |date=8 August 2024 |website=BBC News |publisher=BBC |accessdate=10 August 2024}}</ref> On 12 August, Unison, Unite and the GMB suspended their planned strikes following the new offer from Cosla.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cly8nkj5449o |title=Unions call off bin worker strike after new pay offer |date=12 August 2024 |website=BBC News |publisher=BBC |accessdate=12 August 2024}}</ref> On 3 September, Unison announced that 86% of those who voted on the pay increase had chosen to reject it.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cn9lp9zrne4o |title=Unison members reject latest council pay offer |date=3 September 2024 |website=BBC News |publisher=BBC |accessdate=3 September 2024}}</ref>

==Firefighters==
On 30 January 2023, it was confirmed that members of the [[Fire Brigades Union]] (FBU) had voted to take strike action over pay following a ballot earlier in the month in which 80% of those who had voted had favoured strike action. The FBU said it would not announce any strike dates until it had spoken with its members.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-64457843|title=UK firefighters vote to strike in row over pay|work=BBC News |date=30 January 2023|accessdate=30 January 2023}}</ref> On 9 February, it was announced that industrial action by firefighters had been called off after the pay offer was revised.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/firefighter-strike-2023-fbu-cancelled-b2278770.html|title=Strikes by firefighters called off after 'insulting' pay offer is revised|date=9 February 2023|website=The Independent|accessdate=9 February 2023}}</ref>

==Others==
===PCS strikes===
On 29 November, members of the [[Public and Commercial Services Union]] (PCS) announced a series of rolling strikes from 13 December to 16 January 2023. The strikes will involve driving examiners and rural payment officers at 250 sites.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-63800593|title=Driving examiners across UK to stage strikes over pay|work=BBC News |date=29 November 2022|accessdate=29 November 2022}}</ref> As of January 2023, the PCS had announced over 120 government departments which had voted for strike action.<ref>{{cite web |title=List of government departments where PCS members have reached the 50% threshold and voted for strike action |url=https://www.pcs.org.uk/campaigns/pcs-pay-pensions-jobs-campaign/pcs-national-industrial-action-ballot-results-2022/list |website=[[Public and Commercial Services Union]] |access-date=3 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103165315/https://www.pcs.org.uk/campaigns/pcs-pay-pensions-jobs-campaign/pcs-national-industrial-action-ballot-results-2022/list |archive-date=3 January 2023}}</ref> On 11 January the PCS announced that around 100,000 civil servants at 124 government departments would hold a one-day strike on 1 February.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-64241382|title=100,000 civil servants to strike on 1 February|work=BBC News |date=11 January 2023|accessdate=11 January 2023}}</ref> On 27 March 2023, another strike was called by the PCS for 28 April, involving around 130,000 civil servants.<ref>{{cite web|first=Jemma |last=Dempsey |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-65091905 |title=Civil servants to strike in April |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=27 March 2023 |accessdate=27 March 2023}}</ref>

On 11 June 2023, staff at the [[Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency]] (DVLA) in Swansea belonging to the PCS union began a 15-day strike.<ref>{{cite web|first=Rhiannon |last=Wilkins |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cq5g74595gvo |title=Strikes: DVLA workers in Swansea walk out over pay |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=11 June 2023 |accessdate=11 June 2023}}</ref>

===Prospect strikes===
Following a government offer of a 4.5% pay rise for civil servants (with an extra 0.5% for lower paid employees), the [[Prospect (trade union)|Prospect trade union]] announced on 14 April 2023 that two strikes would be staged on 10 May and 7 June.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-65255135 |title=Prince Harry to attend coronation without Meghan |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=14 April 2023 |accessdate=14 April 2023}}</ref> On 26 May, the union announced it had paused further strike action after the UK government had offered to engage in "meaningful talks" over pay.<ref>{{cite web|first=Becky |last=Morton |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-65724799 |title=Civil servants call off planned strike over pay |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=26 May 2023 |accessdate=26 May 2023}}</ref>

===Environment Agency===
On 14 April 2023, several thousand workers with the [[Environment Agency]] belonging to the UNISON trade union began a three-day strike over pay and conditions.<ref>{{cite web|first=Esme |last=Stallard |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-65244157 |title=Environment Agency workers strike over pay |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=14 April 2023 |accessdate=14 April 2023}}</ref>

===Passport Office===
On 3 April 2023, members of the [[Public and Commercial Services Union]] working at the [[Passport Office]] began a five-week strike over pay and conditions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/passport-office-workers-strike-five-week-walkout-begins-today-in-row-over-pay-and-pensions-12848615 |title=Passport Office workers strike: Five-week walkout begins today in row over pay and pensions |work=Sky News |publisher=Sky UK |date=3 April 2023 |accessdate=3 April 2023}}</ref>

===Financial Conduct Authority===
On 4 May, members of [[Unite the Union|Unite]] embarked on historic strike action at the [[Financial Conduct Authority]] (FCA) in London and Edinburgh the first such action since the inception of the regulator. It followed a vote in April 2022 when 75% of FCA staff with Unite memberships voted in favour of the action against the regulator over disputes around changes to pay and conditions as well as the FCA's refusal to recognise Unite. The FCA rejected all approaches to engage in discussions with employee representatives and attempts by the union to reach a settlement.<ref>{{cite web |title=Historic strike action begins by staff at Financial Conduct Authority in London and Edinburgh |url=https://www.unitetheunion.org/news-events/news/2022/may/historic-strike-action-begins-by-staff-at-financial-conduct-authority-in-london-and-edinburgh/https%3a%2f%2fwww.unitetheunion.org%2fnews-events%2fnews%2f2022%2fmay%2fhistoric-strike-action-begins-by-staff-at-financial-conduct-authority-in-london-and-edinburgh%2f |access-date=2022-12-10 |website=www.unitetheunion.org |language=en}}</ref>

A May 2022 decision by the [[Central Arbitration Committee]] ruled that Unite's statutory recognition application was not admissible, as it did not have enough support from the workforce.<ref name="2023-fca-writes-to-parliament" />

A second wave of strike action took place on 9 June and 10 June with significant political support from the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] front bench including [[Rachel Reeves]] the Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer, [[Angela Rayner]] the Shadow Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and [[Tulip Siddiq]] the Shadow [[HM Treasury|Treasury]] Minister.<ref>{{cite web |title=Staff at FCA prepare for second wave of strike action as FoI requests exposes a "deep crisis" |url=https://www.unitetheunion.org/news-events/news/2022/june/staff-at-fca-prepare-for-second-wave-of-strike-action-as-foi-requests-exposes-a-deep-crisis/https%3a%2f%2fwww.unitetheunion.org%2fnews-events%2fnews%2f2022%2fjune%2fstaff-at-fca-prepare-for-second-wave-of-strike-action-as-foi-requests-exposes-a-deep-crisis%2f |access-date=2022-12-10 |website=www.unitetheunion.org |language=en}}</ref>

A third wave of two-day strike action planned for July 2022 was paused, after Unite announced it was exploring options with the regulator to secure a route to union recognition. However, this was not to materialise, and on 7 December, Unite called on the FCA to have a staff-led action plan, which includes recognising the union, changes to performance and health benefit contributions scaled to pay.<ref>{{cite web |last=FCA |first=Unite at |date=2022-12-04 |title=FCA Action plan |url=https://unitethefca.org/fca-action-plan/ |access-date=2022-12-10 |website=Unite. The union for staff at the FCA |language=en-GB}}</ref>

On 8 March 2023, the new FCA Chair, [[Ashley Alder]], and FCA CEO [[Nikhil Rathi]], appeared before a [[Treasury Committee]], hearing where [[Emma Hardy]] MP told the FCA to stop blocking information about trade unions internally, including FCA employees' ability to share links to the Unite union's website.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hickey |first=Sally |date=8 March 2023 |title=FCA told to stop blocking employees' access to Unite |url=https://www.ftadviser.com/fca/2023/03/08/fca-told-to-stop-blocking-employees-access-to-unite/ |access-date=8 March 2023 |website=FT Adviser}}</ref>

In April 2023, in a follow-up letter to the House of Commons [[Treasury Select Committee]] after its 8 March 2023 evidence session the FCA said that it had, in December 2022 after the Arbitration Committee ruling, invited Unite and the [[FDA (trade union)|FDA]] to each take a seat on the FCA's Staff Consultative Committee (SCC), while it worked on enhanced staff-engagement arrangements.<ref name="2023-fca-writes-to-parliament">{{cite web |title=Re: Work of the Financial Conduct Authority session on 8 March 2023 |url=https://committees.parliament.uk/publications/39182/documents/192716/default/ |date=20 April 2023 |publisher=UK Parliament (Treasury Committee) |access-date=2026-02-22 |format=PDF}}</ref> FCA Board minutes from February 2024 also recorded that the Board had received a letter from Unite on pay and engagement through the SCC.<ref>{{cite web |title=FCA Board Minutes 29 February 2024 |url=https://www.fca.org.uk/publication/minutes/fca-board-minutes-29-february-2024.pdf |date=29 February 2024 |publisher=Financial Conduct Authority |access-date=2026-02-22 |format=PDF}}</ref> In the same period, Unite publicly criticised the FCA's 2024 pay offer as inadequate relative to inflation and living costs, while the regulator disputed aspects of the claim and said the number of staff below the [[Joseph Rowntree Foundation]]'s minimum income standard was limited and largely comprised apprentices.<ref>{{cite news |title=FCA pay levels 'could force its staff to rely on hardship fund' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2024/feb/25/fca-pay-levels-could-force-staff-rely-hardship-fund |date=25 February 2024 |work=The Guardian |access-date=2026-02-22}}</ref>

In July 2025, Unite warned that it could consider industrial action if the FCA increased mandatory office attendance beyond the then 40% threshold, citing morale, retention, and equality impacts.<ref>{{cite news |title=FCA staff threaten industrial action over three-days-a-week office policy |url=https://www.cityam.com/fca-staff-threaten-industrial-action-over-three-days-a-week-office-policy/ |date=16 July 2025 |work=City A.M. |access-date=2026-02-22}}</ref> In January 2026, media reported that the FCA had informed staff of a revised hybrid-working policy requiring most employees to spend at least 50% of their time in FCA offices (with directors and executive directors expected to be in the office 60% of the time) from September 2026.<ref>{{cite news |title=FCA braced for backlash over move to increase office attendance |url=https://news.sky.com/story/fca-braced-for-backlash-over-move-to-increase-office-attendance-13496602 |date=20 January 2026 |work=Sky News |access-date=2026-02-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=FCA accelerates return to office for employees |url=https://www.personneltoday.com/hr/fca-accelerates-return-to-office-for-employees/ |date=22 January 2026 |website=Personnel Today |access-date=2026-02-22}}</ref>

===Broadcasting===
====BBC Local Radio====
On 19 January 2023, and following the announcement of cuts to [[BBC Local Radio]], it was announced that members of the [[National Union of Journalists]] would hold a consultative ballot on whether to take strike action over the proposed changes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://radiotoday.co.uk/2023/01/19/bbc-journalists-to-vote-on-strike-action-over-local-radio-plans/|title=BBC journalists to vote on strike action over local radio plans|date=19 January 2023|accessdate=19 January 2023}}</ref> On 31 January, the NUJ reported that a consultative ballot had favoured strike action, with industrial action potentially beginning on the week of 13 March.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://radiotoday.co.uk/2023/01/31/nuj-moves-to-formal-ballot-on-strike-action-at-local-bbc-radio/|title=NUJ moves to formal ballot on strike action at Local BBC Radio|date=31 January 2023|accessdate=31 January 2023}}</ref> On 28 February, members of the National Union of Journalists working for the BBC regional service in England voted to take strike action over planned cuts to BBC Local Radio. A 24-hour strike was scheduled for 15 March to coincide with [[2023 United Kingdom budget|Budget Day]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-64799941 |title=BBC local staff to strike on Budget day over radio cuts |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=28 February 2023 |accessdate=28 February 2023}}</ref> The strike went ahead as scheduled, beginning at 11am and requiring a syndicated programme to air in some areas rather than the usual local programming.<ref>{{cite web|last=Martin |first=Roy |url=https://radiotoday.co.uk/2023/03/1000-journalists-ready-to-start-local-bbc-radio-strike/ |title=1000 journalists ready to start Local BBC Radio strike at 11am |publisher=Radio Today |date=15 March 2023 |accessdate=16 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Martin |first=Roy |url=https://radiotoday.co.uk/2023/03/local-bbc-radio-output-disrupted-as-industrial-action-starts/ |title=Local BBC Radio output disrupted as industrial action starts |publisher=Radio Today |date=15 March 2023 |accessdate=16 March 2023}}</ref>

After the latest BBC concessions were rejected, on 16 May 2023, it was confirmed that members of the National Union of Journalists at BBC Local Radio would stage a 48-hour strike over proposed changes to the service on 7 and 8 June.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-65608774 |title=BBC journalists in England to strike over local radio cuts |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=16 May 2023 |accessdate=16 May 2023}}</ref> On 14 November, it was confirmed that members of the [[National Union of Journalists]] had voted to end their dispute over changes to BBC Local Radio, with 70% of the 55% turnout accepting a deal with BBC management.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://radiotoday.co.uk/2023/11/bbc-journalists-vote-to-accept-bbc-offer-over-local-content/ |title=BBC journalists vote to accept BBC offer over local content |publisher=Radio Today |date=14 November 2023 |accessdate=14 November 2023}}</ref>

====BBC Northern Ireland====
On 9 March 2023, the [[National Union of Journalists]] announced plans to hold a strike ballot among staff at Northern Ireland's [[BBC Radio Foyle]] following a management decision to implement schedule changes, which included replacing the two hour morning programme with a 30-minute version. Union officials had been negotiating with management over the proposed changes, but the talks had ended a few days earlier, on 6 March, when it was decided the changes would go ahead.<ref>{{cite web|last=Martin |first=Roy |url=https://radiotoday.co.uk/2023/03/nuj-ballots-for-industrial-action-as-radio-foyle-discussions-breakdown/ |title=NUJ ballots for industrial action as Radio Foyle discussions breakdown |publisher=Radio Today |date=9 March 2023 |accessdate=10 March 2023}}</ref> On 31 March, a second strike was called for 4 May to coincide with the [[2023 United Kingdom local elections|2023 local elections]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Martin |first=Roy |url=https://radiotoday.co.uk/2023/03/bbc-local-radio-journalists-in-england-to-strike-on-election-day/ |title=BBC local radio journalists in England to strike on election day |publisher=Radio Today |date=31 March 2023 |accessdate=1 April 2023}}</ref> On 27 April, that strike was called off following talks between the NUJ and the BBC. The NUJ said it would ballot its members on a new pay offer.<ref>{{cite web|last=Martin |first=Roy |url=https://radiotoday.co.uk/2023/04/bbc-local-radio-strike-suspended-and-mp-blasts-bbc-management/ |title=BBC local radio strike suspended and MP blasts BBC management |publisher=Radio Today |date=27 April 2023 |accessdate=27 April 2023}}</ref>

On 12 May 2023, members of the National Union of Journalists at [[BBC Radio Foyle]] announced a 24-hour strike over planned changes to the service, with the strike set to commence at 12.15am on 19 May.<ref>{{cite web|last=Martin |first=Roy |url=https://radiotoday.co.uk/2023/05/bbc-northern-ireland-nuj-members-plan-24-hour-walk-out/ |title=BBC Northern Ireland NUJ members plan 24 hour walk out |publisher=Radio Today |date=12 May 2023 |accessdate=13 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://radiotoday.co.uk/2023/05/bbc-journalists-in-northern-ireland-to-strike-on-election-results-day/ |title=BBC journalists in Northern Ireland to strike on election results day |publisher=Radio Today |date=18 May 2023 |accessdate=18 May 2023}}</ref>

===Distribution===
On 25 January 2023, the first ever strike by UK employees of [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]] took place, with 300 staff at a warehouse in [[Coventry]] staging a one-day walk out, in a dispute over pay and conditions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-64384287|title=Amazon strikes: Workers claim their toilet breaks are timed|date=25 January 2023|accessdate=25 January 2023|work=BBC News}}</ref> On 13 February, the GMB union announced a further series of strikes at the distribution centre during February and March. The GMB wants workers to be paid £15 per hour rather than the current £10.50. Amazon does not recognise the union, and so has refused to enter into negotiations with its representatives.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-coventry-warwickshire-64624787|title=Amazon: Unionised Coventry workers announce strike escalation|work=BBC News |date=13 February 2023|accessdate=13 February 2023}}</ref> On 16 April, around 600 Amazon workers based at Coventry and belonging to the [[GMB (trade union)|GMB]] trade union began a three-day strike over pay.<ref>{{cite web|first=Maisie |last=Olah |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-coventry-warwickshire-65291801 |title=Amazon strike: Hundreds of workers in Coventry walk out in pay dispute |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=16 April 2023 |accessdate=16 April 2023}}</ref>

On 14 June 2023, the GMB confirmed workers at Amazon in Coventry had voted for a further six months of industrial action.<ref>{{cite web|first=Oprah |last=Flash |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-coventry-warwickshire-65908005 |title=Amazon staff vote for six months of strikes |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=14 June 2023 |accessdate=14 June 2023}}</ref> Another strike was held on 24 November to coincide with [[Black Friday (shopping)|Black Friday]]. On this occasion, Amazon workers in Coventry were joined by colleagues in Europe and the United States. Amazon said the strike would not affect customers' deliveries.<ref>{{Cite web |first1=Caroline |last1=Gall |first2=Alex |last2=McIntyre |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-coventry-warwickshire-67512859 |title=Black Friday: Amazon staff in Coventry strike |date=24 November 2023 |accessdate=24 November 2023 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC}}</ref>

===Rugby union===
In January 2023, discussions between the [[Welsh Rugby Players Association]] and the [[Professional Rugby Board]] commenced after a long-running dispute over pay and the terms on which players in Wales could represent the [[Wales national rugby union team]]. On 16 February, it was reported the national team were considering strike action on 25 February, the date of a scheduled [[2023 Six Nations Championship|Six Nations Championship]] match against [[England national rugby union team|England]]. [[Alun Wyn Jones]] a member of the team, said that striking would be a "last resort" but that it was "hard to deny" it as a possibility. [[Warren Gatland]], Wales's head coach, said that he would not support his players going on strike.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/rugby-union/64646539|title=Welsh rugby union players consider strike action|work=BBC Sport |accessdate=16 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/rugby-union/64662366|title=Wales strike for England game is 'last option'|work=BBC Sport |accessdate=16 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/six-nations-wales-v-england-match-to-go-ahead-despite-welsh-player-unrest-12816559 |title=Six Nations: Wales v England match to go ahead despite Welsh player unrest |work=Sky News |publisher=News.sky.com |date=22 February 2023 |accessdate=25 February 2023}}</ref> Gatland was scheduled to name the line up of the Wales team for the game at midday on 21 February, but the announcement was delayed as the threat of strike action continued.<ref>{{cite web|first=Nick |last=Purewal |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/sport/rugby/wales-england-six-nations-team-strike-b1061957.html |title=Six Nations: Wales delay team announcement for England clash ahead of crunch strike talks |work=London Evening Standard |date=21 February 2023 |accessdate=21 February 2023}}</ref> On 22 February, an agreement was reached between players and the [[Welsh Rugby Union]] (WRU), confirming that the fixture would go ahead,<ref>{{cite web |title=Wales v England match is on as players agree to take the field amid dispute |url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/sport/rugby/rugby-news/live-welsh-rugby-wru-strike-26299019 |website=Wales Online |date=22 February 2023 |access-date=23 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Wales reach agreement with board over contract dispute, Wales vs England goes ahead |url=https://www.skysports.com/rugby-union/news/32461/12816956/wales-reach-agreement-with-board-over-contract-dispute-wales-vs-england-goes-ahead |website=Sky Sports |access-date=23 February 2023}}</ref> and the Welsh team was announced the following day.<ref>{{cite web |title=The England team to play Wales in full as call made on Marcus Smith |url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/sport/rugby/rugby-news/england-team-play-wales-full-26309452 |website=Wales Online |date=23 February 2023 |access-date=23 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Wales name team for England fixture |url=https://www.wru.wales/2023/02/wales-name-team-for-england-fixture/ |website=Welsh Rugby Union |date=23 February 2023 |access-date=23 February 2023}}</ref>

===Offshore workers===
On 7 April 2023, the Scottish branch of the [[Unite the Union|Unite]] union announced that around 1,300 offshore workers would stage a 48-hour strike from 24 April over pay, affecting production at dozens of North Sea oil and gas platforms.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-business-65211645 |title=North Sea strikes by 1,300 offshore workers to go ahead |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=7 April 2023 |accessdate=7 April 2023}}</ref>

===Rosyth Dockyard===
On 7 April 2023, around 100 workers at [[Rosyth Dockyard]] belonging to Unite voted to strike between 17 April and 10 July in a disagreement with their employers, Kafaer, over pay. Union bosses said the stoppage could cause "significant delays" to Royal frigates during the strike.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-edinburgh-east-fife-65213646 |title=Union warns of frigate delay in Rosyth dockyard strike |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=7 April 2023 |accessdate=7 April 2023}}</ref>

===Welsh Government===
On 17 April 2023, employees of the [[Welsh Government]] and [[Natural Resources Wales]] belonging to the [[Prospect (trade union)|Prospect]] union announced plans to strike on 11 May and 7 June over pay.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-65301058 |title=Strikes: Welsh government workers to walk out over pay |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=17 April 2023 |accessdate=17 April 2023}}</ref>

===Music festivals===
On 21 June 2023, the Doune the Rabbit Hole festival, scheduled to take place in [[Stirling]] on 21 July, was cancelled after [[BECTU]] called for a boycott.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-tayside-central-65976470 |title=Doune the Rabbit Hole music festival cancelled after union boycott |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=21 June 2023 |accessdate=21 June 2023}}</ref>

===NIPSA===
On 2 July 2023, Carmen Gates, the General Secretary of the [[Northern Ireland Public Service Alliance]], told the BBC's ''[[Sunday Politics]]'' programme that civil servants in Northern Ireland were considering a general strike in September after being offered an annual £552 pay increase, which had left them feeling "insulted and angry" and "very badly treated by the secretary of state".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-66080452 |title=Civil servants consider September strike over 'insulting' pay offer |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=2 July 2023 |accessdate=2 July 2023}}</ref>

On 18 December 2023, approximately 50 health system warehouse workers belonging to the Nipsa union began a five-day strike over pay and safe staffing levels.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-67744520 |title=Northern Ireland health service warehouse workers strike |date=18 December 2023 |accessdate=18 December 2023 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC}}</ref>

===Scottish Water===
On 1 September, both Unite and Unison confirmed their members at [[Scottish Water]] had voted in favour of taking industrial action over pay. The unions said that Scottish Water had tried to set out a pay offer without consulting or negotiating with them. Unite said that 92% of those who voted were in favour of taking strike action, while Unison said 82% of their members who voted favoured taking action.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-business-66683949 |title=Scottish Water staff back strike action amid pay dispute |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=1 September 2023 |accessdate=1 September 2023}}</ref> On 10 November, around 500 employees of Scottish Water belonging to the GMB, Unite and Unison trade unions, began a four day strike over a pay dispute. A spokesman for the workers said they had been "driven to strike action" by Scottish Water's refusal to settle the pay dispute.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-scotland-business-67378715 |title=Scottish Water workers 'driven to strike action', says union |date=10 November 2023 |accessdate=10 November 2023 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC}}</ref>

===Council workers in Wales===
On 4 September, council workers in Cardiff, Wrexham and Gwynedd belonging to the Unite union began strike action over pay. The strikes began in Cardiff and Wrexham on 4 September, and were due to finish on 17 September, while those in Gwynedd walked out for a week beginning 11 September.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-politics-66580659 | title=Workers to strike at Cardiff, Wrexham and Gwynedd councils | work=BBC News | publisher=BBC | date=24 August 2023 }}</ref> On 12 September, Unite announced that workers in Cardiff and Wrexham would strike for an additional three weeks from 25 September to 15 October.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-66789855 | title=Council strikes in Wales to be extended by three weeks | work=BBC News | publisher=BBC | date=12 September 2023 }}</ref>

===Gritters in Northern Ireland===
On 15 January 2024, road [[gritter]]s belonging to the GMB and Unite unions announced a week-long strike from Thursday 18 January, coinciding with a period of cold weather and snow in Northern Ireland.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-67982103 |title=Snow and ice: NI road gritters to take week-long strike action |date=15 January 2024 |accessdate=15 January 2024 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC}}</ref>

===Public sector in Northern Ireland===
On 18 January 2024, around 100,000 public sector workers in Northern Ireland staged a one-day strike, affecting services such as public transport, education and healthcare. Demonstrations also took place in [[Belfast]], [[Derry]], [[Omagh]] and [[Enniskillen]] in what was described by BBC News as Northern Ireland's largest strike for 50 years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-67981000 |title=Strikes: Thousands attend rallies in major strike over pay |date=18 January 2024 |accessdate=18 January 2024 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC}}</ref>

===Food delivery app drivers===
On 12 February 2024, it was reported that drivers working for [[food delivery app]]s such as [[Deliveroo]], [[Just Eat]] and [[Uber Eats]] would stage a five-hour strike on 14 February over pay and conditions. BBC News reported the strike would involve around 3,000 drivers.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Jemma |last=Dempsey |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-68274158 |title=Deliveroo and Uber Eats riders strike on Valentine's Day |date=12 February 2024 |accessdate=12 February 2024 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC}}</ref> On 14 February, and ahead of that evening's strike, a group calling itself Delivery Jobs UK warned that drivers would strike every Friday and on holidays if their concerns were not addressed, with around 4,000 drivers reported to be involved.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Sarah |last=Taaffe |url=https://news.sky.com/story/deliveroo-just-eat-uber-eats-strikes-set-to-hit-fridays-and-holidays-drivers-warn-13071472 |title=Deliveroo, Just Eat, Uber Eats strikes set to hit Fridays and holidays, drivers warn |website=Sky News |date=15 February 2024 |accessdate=17 February 2024}}</ref>

In September 2024, ''The Guardian'' reported that Deliveroo riders claim they were still being paid below a minimum pay floor (£12 per hour plus vehicle expenses) agreed with the GMB union in May, when factoring in wait times and lack of demand.<ref>{{cite news |title=Deliveroo accused of paying drivers below agreed minimum of £12 an hour |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/article/2024/sep/07/deliveroo-accused-of-paying-drivers-below-agreed-minimum-of-12-an-hour |date=7 September 2024 |work=The Guardian |access-date=2026-02-22}}</ref>

In April 2024, the UK government announced Deliveroo, Just Eat, and Uber Eats had agreed to strengthen [[Right to Work laws in the UK|right-to-work]] checks for delivery riders, after enforcement activity found significant levels of illegal working on delivery platforms and ministers argued this could suppress wages and facilitate exploitation.<ref>{{cite news |title=Deliveroo, Just Eat and Uber Eats agree to tackle illegal working in UK |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/uk/uk-announces-extra-checks-by-deliveroo-just-eat-uber-eats-cut-illegal-working-2024-04-30/ |date=30 April 2024 |work=Reuters |access-date=2026-02-22}}</ref> Further strengthening of these verification mechanisms were announced in July 2025.<ref>{{cite web |title=Delivery firms to bolster rider security checks to stop illegal working |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/delivery-firms-to-bolster-rider-security-checks-to-stop-illegal-working |date=30 June 2025 |publisher=Home Office |access-date=2026-02-22}}</ref> ''Reuters'' later reported that a week-long enforcement operation (20 to 27 July 2025) involved 1,780 checks and 280 arrests for illegal working as delivery riders, and that the government said targeted operations in sectors including food delivery contributed to a year-on-year increase in illegal-working arrests in the 12 months to September 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title=UK arrests 280 in crackdown on illegal delivery riders |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/uk/uk-arrests-280-crackdown-illegal-delivery-riders-2025-08-08/ |date=8 August 2025 |work=Reuters |access-date=2026-02-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=UK targets food delivery and car washes in illegal working crackdown |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/uk/uk-targets-food-delivery-car-washes-illegal-working-crackdown-2025-10-28/ |date=28 October 2025 |work=Reuters |access-date=2026-02-22}}</ref>

===Trade union employees===
On 21 March 2024, it was reported that staff at the GMB had voted to strike over claims the organisation had failed to act on a report compiled by [[Karon Monaghan]] [[King's Counsel|KC]], which described the trade union as "institutionally sexist".<ref>{{Cite web |first=Leila |last=Nathoo |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-68631376 |title=GMB union staff to strike over alleged sexual harassment failures |date=21 March 2024 |accessdate=21 March 2024 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC}}</ref> A strike was subsequently scheduled for 8 April, but on 6 April the strike was called off.<ref>{{Cite web |first1=Leila |last1=Nathoo |first2=Iain |last2=Watson |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-68747038 |title=GMB union staff call off strike over alleged sexual harassment failures |date=6 April 2024 |accessdate=6 April 2024 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC}}</ref>

===Office for National Statistics===
On 5 April 2024, the PCS union announced that members working for the [[Office for National Statistics]] had voted to strike over plans requiring them to return to the office for at least 40% of the time after they worked from home during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom|COVID-19 pandemic]]. The ballot saw a 50% turnout, with 70% of those who voted choosing to take industrial action.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Kate |last=Whannel |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-68744433 |title=Office for National Statistics staff vote to strike over return to office |date=5 April 2024 |accessdate=5 April 2024 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC}}</ref>

===Steelworkers===
On 11 April 2024, steelworkers belonging to the Unite union voted to take industrial action over [[Tata Steel]]'s UK restructuring plans, which would see the loss of 3,000 jobs at its Port Talbot and Llanwern sites.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Huw |last=Thomas |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cmldy3wwvlro |title=Port Talbot: Tata steelworkers back industrial action |date=11 April 2024 |website=BBC News |publisher=BBC |accessdate=11 April 2024}}</ref> On 9 May, members of [[Community (trade union)|Community]], the UK's largest steelworkers' trade union, vote to take industrial action over Tata Steel's plans for restructuring, with 85% of those who voted in favour of industrial action.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Huw |last=Thomas |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c0w0y60v3rno |title=Tata Steel: Community members back strike action |date=9 May 2024 |website=BBC News |publisher=BBC |accessdate=9 May 2024}}</ref> On 30 May, [[Unite the Union|Unite]] announced plans to begin industrial action on 18 June.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Felicity |last=Evans |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c3ggde9vx2po |title=Tata: Unite to start Port Talbot and Llanwern industrial action |date=30 May 2024 |website=BBC News |publisher=BBC |accessdate=30 May 2024}}</ref> On 21 June, Unite announced that 1,500 steelworkers at Tata Steel would begin an indefinite strike in July.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Oliver |last=Slow |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cjeexwzdrepo |title=Tata Steel workers call first strike for 40 years |date=21 June 2024 |website=BBC News |publisher=BBC |accessdate=22 June 2024}}</ref> On 27 June, Tata Steel warned it was taking steps to cease operations at much of the Port Talbot plant by 7 July if the strike was to go ahead.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Mark |last=Palmer |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/crg7rz7mlmno |title=Tata steel: Strike could shut much of Port Talbot plant early |date=27 June 2024 |website=BBC News |publisher=BBC |accessdate=28 June 2024}}</ref> On 1 July, Unite called off the strike action scheduled to begin at the [[Port Talbot Steelworks]] on 8 July so that further discussions could take place over the future of the plant.<ref>{{Cite web |first1=Simon |last1=Jack |first2=Faarea |last2=Masud |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cv2g5j8vv5wo |title=Port Talbot: Unite union calls off strike action |date=1 July 2024 |website=BBC News |publisher=BBC |accessdate=1 July 2024}}</ref>

===Distillery staff===
On 20 June 2024, the [[GMB (trade union)|GMB]] announced a series of strikes for staff at three facilities belonging to [[Whyte & Mackay]] beginning on 24 June after staff at the whisky distillery rejected the company's latest pay offer. A one-day strike was scheduled for 24 June, followed by 11 days of strikes in July, and two weeks of stoppages in August.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cz55zyyrdg2o |title=Whyte & Mackay whisky distillery staff to strike in pay dispute |date=20 June 2024 |website=BBC News |publisher=BBC |accessdate=20 June 2024}}</ref>

== Commentary ==
=== Bank of England ===
On 9 February 2023, [[Andrew Bailey (banker)|Andrew Bailey]], the governor of the [[Bank of England]] said that as it was the view of the bank that inflation would "fall very rapidly" during the year, and that this should be taken into account by public sector workers when asking for pay rises. The bank's prediction is that it will drop from 10.5% to 4% by the end of the year.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Giles |first=Chris |date=9 February 2023 |title=Public sector pay deals should take falling inflation 'into account', says Bank of England |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/5bac63a0-6c13-485b-998b-d197c3c6f12c}}</ref> Bailey maintained he thought headline inflation was improving, it had fallen. Bailey added "but we need to see more evidence that this will take effect."<ref>[https://www.cnbc.com/2023/02/09/bank-of-england-governor-bailey-says-expected-drop-in-inflation-should-factor-into-pay-demands.html Bank of England chief says pay raise negotiations should factor in falling inflation] ''[[CNBC]]''</ref>

=== Institute for Fiscal Studies ===
Also in February 2023, the [[Institute for Fiscal Studies]] (IFS) said that it anticipated the government would borrow roughly £30bn less in 2023 than it had predicted in November 2022. £6bn would probably be spent on a fuel duty freeze, but borrowing would still be almost £25bn lower than previously anticipated. The IFS added that the gap between public and private sector pay had widened a great deal during the recent rise in inflation and "it is difficult... to see an end to public sector pay disputes that does not involve the Treasury providing some extra cash to departments" The IFS also said a 5.5% increase in pay throughout the public sector would match the [[Consumer price index]] and would cost around £5bn, this was small compared to the recent underspend. The IFS added "Most obviously, the impact of injecting £5bn into an economy with an annual GDP well in excess of £2,000bn would surely be modest."<ref>[https://news.sky.com/story/stronger-public-finances-weaken-governments-stance-on-pay-ifs-says-ahead-of-budget-12821612 Stronger public finances weaken government's stance on pay, IFS says ahead of budget] ''[[Sky News]]''</ref> [[Paul Johnson (economist)|Paul Johnson]] of the IFS said fears raising public sector pay would fuel inflation were exaggerated. The IFS said increasing the current 3.5% average pay offer to 5.5% could cost less than £5bn rather than the £28bn Hunt suggested.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2023/feb/28/cancelling-fuel-duty-freeze-could-pay-for-public-sector-pay-rise-says-ifs Cancelling fuel duty freeze could pay for public sector pay rise, says IFS] ''[[The Guardian]]''</ref>

=== Journalists ===
[[Martin Wolf]] of the ''[[Financial Times]]'' maintained in December 2022 that since 2010 real average pay rose 5.5% in the private sector till September 2022, but fell 5.9% in the public sector. This adversely affected recruitment and retention of staff as well as causing strikes. Wolf said the government should keep public sector pay comparable with private sector pay particularly where there are noteworthy recruitment and retention issues.<ref>[https://www.ft.com/content/ca81509b-e929-487f-8975-49d75dc4f78d The UK government's policy on public sector pay is foolish] ''[[Financial Times]]''</ref>

In November 2022 James Smith of the [[London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine]], Ryan Essex of the [[University of Greenwich]] and Rita Issa of [[University College London]] wrote in ''[[The Lancet]]'' that pay had not risen in a way that compensated for a worsening cost of living crisis and this clearly motivated strike action. Public sector workers stated their demands while there was under-investment in essential public services and their workforce. Private sector workers made pay demands while there was high corporate profit.<ref name="lancet11/11/2022"/>

=== Trades Union Congress ===
The [[Trades Union Congress|TUC]] said in October 2022 that almost two million public sector workers "could be close" to leaving due to "poor pay", this could cause crisis in the UK public services. Also in October 2022, the TUC stated millions of key workers helped the UK manage the worst of the Covid pandemic, but had the prospect of another year of "pay misery" due to the government, as the cost of living rose. [[Frances O'Grady]] former TUC general secretary, stated that many were "at breaking point" due to low pay, unmanagable workloads and "lack of recognition". The TUC referred to [[YouGov]] research, which found one third of the public sector workers surveyed were either considering leaving or had already taken steps to do so. The TUC feared this could amount to 1.8 million people nationwide. O'Grady stated following years of severe pay cuts, nurses, teachers, refuse workers and millions of other public servants experienced their living standards severely reduced. The TUC stated the 2022 low pay awards came after a decade of pay cuts for key public sector workers. Living costs were increasingly burdensome, which the [[October 2022 United Kingdom government crisis]] by [[Liz Truss]] worsened. The TUC maintained real pay was falling in the public sector and large parts of the private sector. O'Grady stated the government would be at fault if there were large scale public sector strike action during the months following October 2022. O'Grady stated the government were holding public sector pay down but allowing bankers unlimited bonuses.<ref name="guardian30/10/2022">[https://www.theguardian.com/society/2022/oct/30/nearly-2m-public-sector-workers-close-to-quitting-over-pay-says-tuc Nearly 2m public sector workers close to quitting over pay, says TUC] ''[[The Guardian]]''</ref>

Following a January 2023 tax receipt that was higher than forecast by the [[Office for Budget Responsibility]] (OBR), the government had a £5.4bn revenue surplus for the month. In February 2022, the TUC urged chancellor [[Jeremy Hunt]] to use the revenue to offer higher pay rises to public sector workers to end strike deadlock. [[Paul Nowak (trade unionist)|Paul Nowak]] of the TUC said this showed the government could break the deadlock on strikes. Nowak said that without what he considered "a fair pay settlement" staffing shortages harming schools, hospitals and other frontline services would worsen. Hunt said public finances were under pressure, and that he would prioritise reducing debt and reducing debt interest payments. Ruth Gregory of [[Capital Economics]] stated that Hunt had the opportunity to introduce "tax cuts and/or spending rises".<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/business/2023/feb/21/uk-budget-surplus-income-tax-jeremy-hunt-budget Hunt faces calls for bigger public sector pay rises after surprise budget surplus] ''[[The Guardian]]''</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

{{Portalbar|Organized labour|United Kingdom}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:United Kingdom industrial disputes and strikes, 2022-2023}}
[[Category:2022 labor disputes and strikes]]
[[Category:2023 labor disputes and strikes]]
[[Category:2022 in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:2023 in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Labour disputes in the United Kingdom|Industrial disputes and strikes]]
[[Category:General strikes in the United Kingdom|Industrial disputes and strikes]]
[[Category:British trade unions history|Industrial disputes and strikes]]
[[Category:Economic history of the United Kingdom|Industrial disputes and strikes]]
[[Category:Premiership of Boris Johnson]]
[[Category:Premiership of Liz Truss]]
[[Category:Premiership of Rishi Sunak]]
[[Category:Premiership of Keir Starmer]]
[[Category:Boris Johnson controversies]]
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Sonam Lama (politician)

2026-05-08T18:05:27Z

Hiya singh: redirect

#REDIRECT [[Sonam Lama (West Bengal politician)]]

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Vanga kingdom

2026-05-07T22:34:06Z

Hiya singh: created first stub initial version

{{Short description|Ancient kingdom in Bengal}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox Former Country
| conventional_long_name = Vaṅga
| common_name = Vanga
| era = [[Iron Age in India|Iron Age]]
| status =
| year_start = c. 1100 BCE
| year_end = c. 340 BCE
| p1 = Vedic Period
| s1 = Nanda Empire
| s2 = Samatata
| image_map = Mahajanapadas (c. 500 BCE).png
| image_map_caption = Vanga and erstwhile neighbors among the [[Mahajanapadas]]
| government_type = [[Monarchy]]
| leader1 = Samudrasena
| year_leader1 = c. 6th century BCE
| leader2 = Chadrasena
| year_leader2 = c. 3rd century BCE
| title_leader = [[Maharaja]]
| religion = [[Vedic Hinduism]]
| today = [[Bangladesh]] [[West Bengal]]
}}
{{History of Bengal}}
'''Vaṅga''' was an ancient kingdom and geopolitical division within the [[Ganges Delta]] in the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760|url=https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft067n99v9&chunk.id=ch01&toc.depth=1&toc.id=ch01&brand=ucpress|access-date=2021-06-14 |website=publishing.cdlib.org}}</ref> The kingdom is one of the namesakes of the [[Bengal]] region.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/West-Bengal#ref486986|title=West Bengal | History, Culture, Map, Capital, & Population|date=11 February 2024 }}</ref> It was located in eastern and southern Bengal. Vanga features prominently in the epics and tales of [[ancient India]] as well as in the history of [[Sri Lanka]].

Vanga was probably the centre of the [[Gangaridai]] Empire mentioned by numerous [[Greco-Roman]] writers. The exact capital of ancient Vanga kingdom could not be identified.

After the rule of the [[Gupta Empire]], ancient Bengal was divided into two independent kingdoms – [[Gauda kingdom|Gauda]] and Vanga.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Majumdar |first=R. C. |editor1-last=Majumdar |editor1-first=R. C. |editor2-last=Dasgupta |editor2-first=K. K. |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12720/page/n222/mode/1up |title=A Comprehensive History of India |chapter=Eastern India in the Sixth Cenlury A.D. |year=1960 |volume=3, part 1 |publisher=People's Publishing House |page=200}}</ref> [[Kotalipara Upazila|Kotalipara]], an ancient fortified city of independent Vanga kingdom, present-day in [[Gopalganj District, Bangladesh|Gopalganj district]] of [[Dhaka division]], emerged as the centre of administration of Vanga kings after [[Gupta kingdom|Gupta period]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Kotalipara|title=Kotalipara|last=Sultana|first=Jesmin|publisher=[[Banglapedia]]|access-date=29 November 2024}}</ref>

Vanga was probably the centre of the [[Gangaridai]] Empire mentioned by numerous [[Greco-Roman]] writers. Indian and Greco-Roman writers referred to the region's [[war elephants]]. In Indian history, Vanga is notable for its strong [[navy]]. There are numerous references to Vanga in the Hindu epic ''[[Mahabharata]]'', which is one of the two major [[Sanskrit]] epics of India. The other epic, the ''[[Ramayana]]'', mentions the kingdom as an ally of [[Ayodhya (legendary city)|Ayodhya]].
For the presence of continuous archeological proof from Pre-Mauryan to Pala-Sena period [[Chandraketugarh]] is considered as a major city of Vanga kingdom.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianvagabond.com/2021/02/05/chandraketugarh-forgotten-bengal-empire/?amp=1|title=Chandraketugarh}}</ref> According to ancient [[Jain texts]], [[Tamralipta]] was the capital of Vanga kingdom.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Tamluk|title=Tamluk|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|access-date=31 March 2024}}</ref>

==History==
The Vanga kingdom emerged in the lower Ganges delta during the [[Northern Black Polished Ware]] Period. It controlled many of the islands of the delta with its naval fleet and embarked on overseas exploration. Ancient Indian records refer to Vanga as a hub of sailors. In the 5th century BCE, the Vanga king [[Sinhabahu]]'s son [[prince Vijaya]] sailed across the [[Bay of Bengal]] and established a kingdom in what is now [[Sri Lanka]].<ref name="Bhaṭṭācārya2008">{{cite book|author=Malaẏaśaṅkara Bhaṭṭācārya|title=Glimpses of Buddhist Bengal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FmFTAAAAYAAJ|year=2008|publisher=Indian Institute of Oriental Studies & Research|isbn=978-81-901371-7-1}}</ref> The religious traditions of the kingdom included [[Vedic Hinduism]], [[Jainism]] and [[Buddhism]].

[[File:Vanga coin (400-300 BCE).jpg|thumb|left|upright|Vanga coin (400-300 BCE)]]
Vanga is recorded as an administrative unit in the ''[[Arthashastra]]'' written by [[Kautilya]]. It is described as a notable [[naval]] power by [[Kalidasa]]. There are also records of subdivisions within Vanga, including "Upa Vanga" (minor Vanga) which corresponds to [[Jessore District|Jessore]] and forested areas corresponding to the [[Sundarbans]] and "Anuttara Vanga" (southern Vanga), denoting present-day the area of [[Barisal Division|Barisal]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Vanga|title = Vanga – Banglapedia}}</ref>

[[File:The Consecration Of King Sinhala-Prince Vijaya (Detail From The Ajanta Mural Of Cave No 17).jpg|thumb|The coronation of Vanga prince Vijaya as king of Lanka island. Mural in the [[Ajanta Caves]], western India]]
The rulers of the Vanga kingdom remain mostly unknown. After the 2nd century BCE, the territory became part of successive Indian empires, including [[Mauryan Empire|Mauryans]], [[Gupta Empire|Guptas]], [[Shashanka]]'s reign, [[Khadga dynasty|Khadgas]], [[Pala Empire|Palas]], [[Chandra Dynasty|Chandras]], [[Sena Dynasty|Senas]] and [[Deva dynasty|Devas]]. The term ''Vangala'' was often used to refer to the territory. For example, an inscription of the [[South Indian]] [[Chola dynasty]] referred to the region as ''Vangaladesha'' during a war with the [[Chandra dynasty]] of eastern Bengal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Chandra_Dynasty,_The|title = Chandra Dynasty, the – Banglapedia}}</ref> After the Muslim conquest of Bengal, the region was referred to as ''Bangalah'', which may have evolved from ancient name ''Vangala''. The names are the precursors of the modern terms ''Banga'' and ''Bangla''.

== Prince Vijaya ==
{{See also|Prince Vijaya}}
[[Prince Vijaya]] was made the [[prince regent]] by his father, but he and his band of followers became notorious for their violent deeds. After their repeated complaints failed to stop him, prominent citizens demanded that Vijaya be put to death. King Sinhabahu then expelled Vijaya and his 700 followers from the kingdom. Prince Vijaya landed on the island of Lanka, present day [[Sri Lanka]] and established the [[Kingdom of Tambapanni]].<ref>J.P. Mittal. [https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/History_of_Ancient_India_A_New_Version/rrh4tY3v2A4C?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Kingdom+of+Thambapanni&pg=PA405&printsec=frontcover#q=Kingdom%20of%20Thambapanni History of Ancient India (A New Version)]. (2006). India: Atlantic. p405</ref> Prince Vijaya's dynasty ([[House of Vijaya]]) would later go on to rule the [[Kingdom of Anuradhapura]] and Sri Lanka for around 500 years.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

Prince Vijaya's party of several hundred landed in [[Sri Lanka]], were split on the journey. The men, women and children were on separate ships. Vijaya and his followers landed at a place called Supparaka; the women landed at a place called Mahiladipaka present day ([[Maldives]]), and the children landed at a place called [[Nagadipa|Naggadipa]]. Vijaya eventually made it to the island of Lanka.

== Settlements ==
The Vanga Kingdom was known for its superior naval fleets and naval supremacy. According to the Mahabarata the Vanga Kingdom also colonised territory outside of mainland India. This can be observed with the supposed Vanga settlements in the island of Mahiladipaka in the [[Maldives]] and [[Prince Vijaya|Prince Vijaya's]] conquests of Lanka.

There has also been instances of Vanga settlements in [[Southeast Asia]]. Most notably in [[Champa]] ([[Vietnam]]), where a settlement was founded in [[Cochinchina]]. The settlement was named after a native Bengali name.<ref>{{Cite news |last=The |first=Modern Review |title=The Modern Review Volume 12 |url=https://archive.org/details/ModernReview/1912_v12_july-dec/page/110/mode/2up?q=bengal |pages=111–112}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bangladesh (People's Republic of Bangladesh) Pax Gaea World Post Human Rights Report |url=http://www.paxgaea.com/HRBangladesh.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213190256/https://themuslimtime.online/bangladesh-resilience-a-journey-of-resilience/https://themuslimtime.online/bangladesh-resilience-a-journey-of-resilience/HRBangladesh.html |archive-date=13 December 2013 |access-date=9 January 2025 |website=Paxgaea.com}}</ref>

==Geography==
The core region of Vanga lay between the [[Padma River|Padma]]-[[Meghna River|Meghna]] river system in the east and the [[Hooghly River|Bhagirathi-Hooghly]] river system in the west.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Vanga|title = Vanga – Banglapedia}}</ref> In the east, it encompassed the modern Bangladeshi [[Khulna Division]] excluding pre-1947 Jessore District i.e. Upa Vanga which is in Paschim (West) Vanga <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Ganges-Padma_River_System|title = Ganges-Padma River System – Banglapedia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/coverage/cultural-icon-2072|title = Cultural icon| date=14 October 2010 }}</ref> and [[Barisal division]] as well as the [[Dhaka division]]. Vanga also included the eastern area of [[Old Brahmaputra River|Old Brahmaputra]], denoting present-day [[Sylhet Division]] and eastern [[Mymensingh Division]] of Bangladesh. In the west, it included [[Presidency division]] of West Bengal and may have extended to [[Burdwan division]] and [[Medinipur division]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.13287/page/n58/mode/1up|title=History of Ancient Bengal|year=1971|page=8|last=Majumder|first=R.C|access-date=2 December 2024}}</ref> Its neighbors included [[Pundravardhana]] in the north; and [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]], [[Anga]] and [[Suhma]] in the west.

The Vanga kingdom encompassed the many islands of the Ganges delta and the Sundarbans mangrove forest.

==Archaeology==
[[Chandraketugarh]], [[Tamralipta]] and [[Wari-Bateshwar ruins]] are the major archaeological sites of Vanga Kingdom.

== References in the Mahabharata ==

[[File:Kurukshetra Angkor Wat 0859.jpg|thumb|Scenes from the [[Kurukshetra War]] of the [[Mahabharata]] shown in [[Angkor Wat]], Cambodia]]
[[File:WestBengalSealofShip.png|thumb|Terracotta seal of a ship found in [[Chandraketugarh]], West Bengal, India]]

At (6:9), [[Anga kingdom|Anga]], Vanga, and Kalinga were mentioned as close kingdoms in Bharata Varsha (Ancient India). All regions of [[sacred waters]] and all other holy palaces there were in Vanga and Kalinga, [[Arjuna]] visited all of them, during his pilgrimage lasting for 12 years throughout [[History of India|ancient India]].<ref>(Mbh 1:217) {{full citation needed|date=February 2019}}</ref>

The founders of [[Anga kingdom|Angas]], Vangas, [[Kalinga (Mahabharata)|Kalingas]], [[Pundra kingdom|Pundras]] and Suhmas shared a common ancestry. They were all adopted sons of a king named Vali (Bali), born by a sage named Gautama Dirghatamas, who lived in [[Magadha kingdom|Magadha]] close to the city of Girivraja.<ref>(1:104) {{full citation needed|date=February 2019}}</ref><ref>(2:21) {{full citation needed|date=February 2019}}</ref>
Other texts say that, because king Bali had no descendants, this deputed rishi Dirghatamaas to give birth of the children through [[Niyoga]] and thus five sons were born from the womb of the wife of Bali.

===Other expeditions to Vanga===
The [[Kasmira kingdom|Kashmiras]], the [[Darada kingdom|Daradas]], the [[Kunti kingdom|Kuntis]], the Kshudrakas, the [[Malava kingdom|Malavas]], the [[Anga]]s, the [[Vangas]], the [[Kalinga (Mahabharata)|Kalingas]], the [[Videha kingdom|Videhas]], the Tamraliptakas, the Rakshovahas, the Vitahotras, the [[Trigarta kingdom|Trigartas]], the Martikavatas were all vanquished by [[Bhargava Rama]] (7:68).

[[Karna]] captured the Angas, and the Vangas, and the Kalingas, and the Mandikas, and the Magadhas. the Karkakhandas; and also included with them the Avasiras, Yodhyas, and the Ahikshatras (3:252).

The Angas, the Vangas, the Kalingas, the Magadhas, the [[Kasi kingdom|Kasis]], the [[Kosala kingdom|Kosalas]], the [[Vatsa kingdom|Vatsyas]], the Gargyas, the [[Karusha kingdom|Karushas]] and the Paundras were mentioned to be vanquished by [[Krishna in the Mahābhārata|Vasudeva Krishna]] (7:11).

Arjuna defeated the countries of the Vangas, the Pundras, and the Kosalas (14:82) in his military campaign after [[Kurukshetra War]].

===Tributes to Yudhishthira===
The kings of Anga, Vanga and Pundra were mentioned as attending the court of [[Yudhishthira]] at (2:4). The Vangas, Angas, Paundras, [[Odra kingdom|Odras]], [[Chola kingdom|Cholas]], [[Dravida kingdom|Dravidas]] and [[Andhra kingdom|Andhrakas]] were mentioned to be giving tribute to Yudhishthira (3:51). The Angas, the Vangas, the Punras, the Sanavatyas, and the Gayas—these good and well-born [[Kshatriya]]s distributed into regular clans and trained to the use of arms, brought tribute unto king Yudhishthira by hundreds and thousands. The Vangas, the Kalingas, the Magadhas, the Tamraliptas, the Supundrakas, the Dauvalikas, the Sagarakas, the Patrornas, the Saisavas, and innumerable Karnapravaranas, were found waiting at the gate (2:51).

===Vangas in Kurukshetra War===
''Vanga army was skilled in handling [[war elephants]]. They sided with the [[Kauravas]].''

Vangas sided with [[Duryodhana]] in the Kurukshetra War (8:17) along with the Kalingas. They are mentioned as part of the [[Kaurava]] army at (7:158). Many foremost of combatants skilled in elephant-fight, belonging to the Easterners, the Southerners, the Angas, the Vangas, the Pundras, the Magadhas, the Tamraliptakas, the Mekalas, the Koshalas, the [[Madra kingdom|Madras]], the [[Dasarna kingdom|Dasharnas]], the Nishadas united with the Kalingas (8:22). [[Satyaki]], pierced the vitals of the elephant belonging to the king of the Vangas (8:22).

''[[Bhagadatta]] was mentioned as the ruler of the Pragjyotisha kingdom that took part in the Kurukshetra War.''

Behind Duryodhana proceeded the ruler of the Vangas, with ten thousand elephants, huge as hills, and each with juice trickling down (6:92). The ruler of the Vangas (Bhagadatta) mounting upon an elephant huge as a hill, drove towards the Rakshasa, [[Ghatotkacha]]. On the field of battle, with the mighty elephant of great speed, Bhagadatta placed himself in the very front of Duryodhana's car. With that elephant he completely shrouded the car of thy son. Beholding then the way (to Duryodhana's car) thus covered by the intelligent king of the Vangas, the eyes of Ghatotkacha became red in anger. He ruled that huge dart, before upraised, at that elephant. Struck with that dart hurled from the arms of Ghatotkacha, that elephant, covered with blood and in great agony, fell down and died. The mighty king of the Vangas, however, quickly jumping down from that elephant, alighted on the ground (6:93).

===Rulers of Vanga===
At (2:29) two rulers Samudrasena and Chadrasena were mentioned. It is not clear if they were rulers of Vanga kingdom. Karna is mentioned as the ruler of Anga and Vanga at (2:43). Paundraka Vasudeva, an ally of [[Jarasandha]] and enemy of Vasudeva Krishna is mentioned as king of Vanga, Pundra and the Kiratas at (2:14). Bhagadatta is mentioned as the ruler of Vanga at (8:22).

Probably all these rulers had a stake in the territory of Vanga. All of them were mentioned as ruling the neighbouring kingdoms of Vanga, in other passages in Mahabharata. Bhagadatta was the ruler of [[Pragjyotisha kingdom]] to the north of Vanga. Paundraka Vasudeva ruled Pundra kingdom to the east of Vanga and Karna ruled Anga kingdom to the west of Vanga.

===Other references===
Kings of Kalinga and Vanga were mentioned as attending the self choice ceremony of the [[Panchala kingdom (Mahabharata)|Panchala]] princess, along with Vasudeva the king of Pundra.<ref>(1:189) (2:33) {{full citation needed|date=February 2019}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Kingdoms of Ancient India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
* [[Mahabharata]] of [[Krishna Dwaipayana Vyasa]], translated to English by Kisari Mohan Ganguli

==External links==
{{Tribes and kingdoms of the Mahabharata}}
{{West Bengal}}

[[Category:Kingdoms in the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Indo-Aryan peoples]]
[[Category:Ancient Bengal]]

Marzi (TV series)

2026-05-04T22:57:12Z

Hiya singh: put up basic article basic info!

{{short description|2020 Indian Hindi-language web-series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox television
| num_seasons = 1
| genre = [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]]
| developer = Ding Entertainment Viacom 18 Studios
| writer = Radhika Anand
| director = Anil Senior
| creative_director = Akshaye Sharma.
| starring = [[Rajeev Khandelwal]] [[Aahana Kumra]] Suhaas Ahuja [[Vivek Mushran]] [[Rajeev Siddhartha]] [[Pavleen Gujral]] Abhay verma
| theme_music_composer = [[Sharad Joshi]].
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| image =
| producer = Sukesh Motwani Mautik Tolia Vishwankar Pathania
| num_episodes = 6
| location =
| editor = Praveen Kathikuloth
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 40-45 minutes
| company = [[Viacom 18]]
| network = [[Voot]]
| released = {{Start date|2020|03|03|df=y}}
}}
'''''Marzi''''' is a 2020 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[crime thriller]] series that aired on [[Voot]]. The story is based on the novel ''Liar'', written by Jack and Harry Williams.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhasin |first=Shriya |date=2020-10-18 |title=Marzi earns Aahana Kumra 'best actress' at the nationals of Asian Academy Creative Awards |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities/marzi-earns-aahana-kumra-best-actress-at-the-nationals-of-asian-academy-creative-awards-657875 |access-date=2022-09-07 |website=www.indiatvnews.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=TellyTale |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2020/show-time/tellytale-tellytale-2020-10-18.html |access-date=2022-09-07 |website=The Pioneer |language=en}}</ref> The series stars [[Rajeev Khandelwal]] and [[Aahana Kumra]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hymavathi |first=Ravali |date=2020-10-16 |title=Aahana Kumra Bags Best Actress (India) At ‘Asian Academy Creative Awards’ For The Movie ‘Marzi’ |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/bollywood/aahana-kumra-bags-best-actress-india-at-asian-academy-creative-awards-for-the-movie-marzi-651395 |access-date=2022-09-07 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> The show is directed by Anil Senior.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/marzi-review-aahana-kumra-rajeev-khandelwals-voot-show-favours-forced-twists-over-a-nuanced-take-on-consent-8235011.html|title=Marzi review: Aahana Kumra, Rajeev Khandelwal's Voot Select show favours forced twists over a nuanced take on consent|website=FIRSTPOST|language=en|access-date=2020-04-08}}</ref> The six-episode series aired on [[Voot]] on 3 March 2020.

== Plot ==

The story is set amidst the picturesque locales of [[Shimla]] wherein Sameera Chauhan (Aahana Kumra), a cheerful school teacher is all set to give love a shot again after an ugly breakup with her fiancé Nitin (Rajeev Siddhartha). She agrees to go on a dinner date with the charming and respectable surgeon Anurag Saraswat (Rajeev Khandelwal) but which soon turns out to be a nightmare for her. Sameera wakes up to find out that she is sexually assaulted and is convinced that Anurag is the culprit.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/marzi-first-impression-engaging-thriller-ahaana-kumra-rajeev-khandelwal-6300692/|title=Marzi first impression: An engaging thriller owned by Rajeev Khandelwal and Aahana Kumra|newspaper=The Indian Express|first=Arushi|last=Jain|date=7 March 2020|language=en|access-date=2020-10-12}}</ref>

== Cast ==

* [[Rajeev Khandelwal]] as Anurag Saraswat
* [[Aahana Kumra]] as Sameera Chauhan
* [[Vivek Mushran]] as Subodh
* [[Rajeev Siddhartha]] as Nitin
* Suhaas Ahuja as Shaan
* [[Shivani Tanksale]] as Isha
* Abhay verma as Ayaan
* Amit Jairath as Dinesh
* [[Pavleen Gujral]] as Rashmi

==Episodes==

{{Episode table|total_width= |overall=5 |title=22 |director=15 |writer=21 |airdate=15 |background=251e35|episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = His Truth Vs. Her Truth
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = Anil Senior
|WrittenBy = Radhika Anand
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|03|03|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 251e35
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title =Old Habits Die Hard
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = Anil Senior
|WrittenBy = Radhika Anand
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|03|03|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 251e35
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title =Lies, Lies and More Lies
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = Anil Senior
|WrittenBy = Radhika Anand
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|03|03|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 251e35
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title =The Doctor Of Deceit
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = Anil Senior
|WrittenBy = Radhika Anand
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|03|03|df=yes}}
|LineColor = 251e35
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title =Nothing To Lose!
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = Anil Senior
|WrittenBy = Radhika Anand
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|03|03|df=yes}}
|LineColor = 251e35
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title =The Collision Course
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = Anil Senior
|WrittenBy = Radhika Anand
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|03|03|df=yes}}
|LineColor = 251e35
}}
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=10305992}}

[[Category:Indian web series]]
[[Category:2020 web series debuts]]
[[Category:2020 web series endings]]
[[Category:Indian television series based on British television series]]

India League

2026-04-21T23:47:28Z

Hiya singh: Info!

{{short description|Indian nationalist organisation}}
{{for|the think tank that initially used the same name|1928 Institute}}
[[File:Senate committee hears British expert. Washington, D.C., April 6. Appearing before the Senate Judiciary Subcommittee this morning, Dr. Harold J. Laskil noted British political scientist, LCCN2016873325.tif|thumb|Harold Laski, dominant LSE Fabian professor and president of the India League]]
[[File:Bertrand Russell photo (cropped2).jpg|thumb|[[Bertrand Russell]], president of the India League, frequent patron, host, and intellectual cover for events]]

The '''India League''' was an England-based organisation established by [[V. K. Krishna Menon|Krishna Menon]] in 1928.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Ramesh|first=Jairam |title=A chequered brilliance : the many lives of V.K. Krishna Menon|date=2019|isbn=978-0-670-09232-1 |publisher=Viking by Penguin Random House India |location=Haryana, India |oclc=1138886625}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |title=India in Britain : South Asian networks and connections, 1858-1950 |date=2013 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |first=Susheila |last=Nasta |isbn=978-0-230-39271-7 |location=New York |oclc=802321049}}</ref> It campaigned for the full independence and self-governance of [[British India]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Nasta|first=Susheila|author-link=Susheila Nasta|title=The India League|publisher=Open University|url=https://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/india-league}}</ref> It has been described as "the principal organisation promoting Indian nationalism in pre-war Britain".<ref>{{cite journal|last=McGarr|first=Paul M.|title="India's Rasputin"? V. K. Krishna Menon and Anglo–American Misperceptions of Indian Foreign Policymaking, 1947–1964|journal=Diplomacy & Statecraft|volume=22|issue=2|year=2011|doi=10.1080/09592296.2011.576536|pages=239–260|s2cid=154740401 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

==History==
The India League emerged from the Commonwealth of India League, which was established in 1922 and itself emerged from the Home Rule for India League, established in 1916. When Menon became joint secretary of the Commonwealth of India League, he rejected its previous objective of [[dominion]] status for India and instead set the goal of full independence. During the 1930s, the organisation expanded and established branches in cities across Britain.<ref name=":0"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bowman |first1=Jack |title=The Early Political Thought and Publishing Career of V. K. Krishna Menon, 1928–1938 |journal=The Historical Journal |date=June 2023 |volume=66 |issue=3 |page=641-665 |doi=10.1017/S0018246X23000031 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/historical-journal/article/early-political-thought-and-publishing-career-of-v-k-krishna-menon-19281938/4A6475720FD5D59992443CA3BB9F0D76?utm_campaign=shareaholic&utm_medium=copy_link&utm_source=bookmark|doi-access=free }}</ref>

In 1930s, Menon along with other contributors had created a 554-page report on the situation in India.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bowman |first1=Jack |title=The Early Political Thought and Publishing Career of V. K. Krishna Menon, 1928–1938 |journal=The Historical Journal |date=June 2023 |volume=66 |issue=3 |page=641-665 |doi=10.1017/S0018246X23000031 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/historical-journal/article/early-political-thought-and-publishing-career-of-v-k-krishna-menon-19281938/4A6475720FD5D59992443CA3BB9F0D76?utm_campaign=shareaholic&utm_medium=copy_link&utm_source=bookmark|doi-access=free }}</ref> The report was banned in India.<ref name="Rana 2022">{{cite book | last=Rana | first=K.S. | title=Churchill and India: Manipulation or Betrayal? | publisher=Taylor & Francis | year=2022 |page=65| isbn=978-1-000-72827-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iGWFEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT65}}</ref> In 1931, [[Mahatma Gandhi]] praised the efforts of the Indian League for its "hurricane propaganda on the danger to world peace of a rebellious India in bondage".<ref name="Kiran Mahadevan 2000 p. ">{{cite book | last1=Kiran | first1=R.N. | last2=Mahadevan | first2=K. | title=V.K. Krishna Menon, Man of the Century | publisher=B.R. Publishing Corporation | year=2000 | isbn=978-81-7646-145-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GSJuAAAAMAAJ| pages=5–6}}</ref>

Members of the League were largely drawn from the British elite, such as [[Edwina Mountbatten, Countess Mountbatten of Burma]], [[Bertrand Russell]], [[Harold Laski]], [[Stafford Cripps|Sir Stafford Cripps]], [[Henry Brailsford]], [[Leonard Matters]], and [[Michael Foot]], although a branch was established in the East End of London in the early 1940s, in order to attract more supporters from the South Asian community there.<ref name=":0"/> According to historian Nicholas Owen, British audiences were reluctant to believe accounts of colonial repression and social conditions in India given by Indians, and so the League sent a British delegation to India to validate its arguments, resulting in the publication in 1933 of ''The Condition of India''.<ref>{{cite journal|title="Facts Are Sacred": The ''Manchester Guardian'' and Colonial Violence, 1930–1932|first=Nicholas|last=Owen|journal=The Journal of Modern History|volume=84|issue=3|year=2012|pages=643–678|doi=10.1086/666052|s2cid=147411268 }}</ref> Historian Jack Bowman has shown how this report changed how the India League was viewed, partly due to the inclusion of Labour Party MPs in the delegation that was sent to India to report for ''The Condition of India''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bowman |first1=Jack |title=The Early Political Thought and Publishing Career of V. K. Krishna Menon, 1928–1938 |journal=The Historical Journal |date=June 2023 |volume=66 |issue=3 |page=641-665 |doi=10.1017/S0018246X23000031 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/historical-journal/article/early-political-thought-and-publishing-career-of-v-k-krishna-menon-19281938/4A6475720FD5D59992443CA3BB9F0D76?utm_campaign=shareaholic&utm_medium=copy_link&utm_source=bookmark|doi-access=free }}</ref>

In 1944, Menon reported that total membership of the league stood approximately at 1,400 members, and that 70 trade and 118 unions and other organisations are affiliated with the league.<ref name="Volckmann 1963 p. ">{{cite book | last=Volckmann | first=R.W. | title=Krishna Menon: a Political Biography | publisher=University of California | year=1963 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tVJKAQAAMAAJ | page=26}}</ref>

The organisation continued to operate after India's independence in 1947 and while it focused mainly on India, "the League was internationalist in its outlook throughout, perceiving India's struggle for freedom as part of a larger struggle against imperialism and capitalism".<ref name=":0"/> Following Indian independence, the organisation focused on fostering relations between the UK and India and supporting Indian immigrants in the UK. It held regular meetings at the [[India Club, London]]. Latterly, its public presence faded.<ref name=Sherwood>{{Cite news|last=Sherwood|first=Harriet|date=9 August 2020|title=From resisting the Raj to helping with Covid: India League reborn for the 21st century|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/aug/09/from-resisting-the-raj-to-helping-with-covid-india-league-reborn-for-the-21st-century|accessdate=20 March 2023}}</ref>

In 1947 it was reported that the minimum subscription to the India League was five shillings. Branches could be established by groups of five or more people, subject to the approval of the League's executive committee. Branches were required to pay £2 6 shillings per year to the executive committee.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Associations in foreign countries interested in India: The India League, London|journal=India Quarterly|volume=3|issue=1|page=86|year=1947|jstor=45067427}}</ref>
[[File:Women at War 1939-1945 TR1553.jpg|thumb|[[Edwina Mountbatten, Countess Mountbatten of Burma]] - early friend and patron of the India League]]

== Other members ==
* [[Aneurin Bevan]]
* [[Fenner Brockway]]
* [[H. N. Brailsford]]
* [[Leonard Matters]]
* [[Ellen Wilkinson]]
* [[Monica Whately]]
* [[Bhicoo Batlivala]]
* [[Shyamji Krishna Varma]]
* [[Bhikaiji Cama]]
* [[Harold Laski]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Arni, Abhimanyu. ''[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-global-history/article/another-road-to-midnight-the-india-league-and-the-anticolonial-idea-of-a-constituent-assembly-193247/4BE2C7AE90617566426B173B015C663D#article Another Road to Midnight: The India League and the anticolonial idea of a Constituent Assembly 1932-47].'' Journal of Global History
* Barot, Rohit. [https://archive.org/details/bha070 ''Bristol and the Indian Independence Movement'']. (Bristol Historical Association pamphlets, no. 70, 1988), 19 pp.
* Bowman, Jack. "The Early Political Thought and Publishing Career of V. K. Krishna Menon, 1928–1938" ''The Historical Journal'' 66 (2023): 641–65. [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/historical-journal/article/early-political-thought-and-publishing-career-of-v-k-krishna-menon-19281938/4A6475720FD5D59992443CA3BB9F0D76?utm_campaign=shareaholic&utm_medium=copy_link&utm_source=bookmark online]
* {{cite journal |last=McGarr|first=Paul M. |title='A Serious Menace to Security': British Intelligence, V. K. Krishna Menon and the Indian High Commission in London, 1947–52|journal=The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History|volume=38|issue=3|pages=441–469|year=2010|doi=10.1080/03086534.2010.503397|s2cid=159690638 |url=https://nottingham-repository.worktribe.com/file/1012866/1/McGarrmenace.pdf }}
* {{cite journal |author=Meston |title=Condition of India: Being the Report of the Delegation sent to India by the India League Delegation |location=London |publisher=Essential News |journal=International Affairs |volume=13 |issue=5, September-October 1934 |pages=711–712 |url=https://doi.org/10.2307/2602910 |date=1 September 1934 |doi=10.2307/2602910 |jstor=2602910 |url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite journal |last=Moscovitch|first=Brant |title='Against the Biggest Buccaneering Enterprise in Living History': Krishna Menon and the Colonial Response to International Crisis|journal=South Asian Review|volume=41|issue=3–4|pages=243–254|year=2020|doi=10.1080/02759527.2020.1798196|s2cid=225418610 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Sadasivan|first=C. |title=The Nehru-Menon partnership|journal=The Round Table|volume=76|issue=301| pages=59–63|year=1987|doi=10.1080/00358538708453792}}

[[Category:1928 establishments in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Revolutionary movement for Indian independence]]
[[Category:British Indian history]]
[[Category:Indian diaspora in the United Kingdom]]

Rajpal Singh Baliyan

2026-04-20T09:18:26Z

Hiya singh: starting a biography!

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1951)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Rajpal Singh Baliyan
| native_name =
| honorific_suffix =
| image = File:Rajpal Baliyan 1.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| constituency =
| office = Leader, [[Rashtriya Lok Dal|RLD]] in [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 29 March 2022
| term_end =
| predecessor =
| successor2 = [[Yograj Singh (politician)|Yograj Singh]]
| office1 = [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| predecessor1 = [[Umesh Malik]]
| successor1 =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1951|07|01}}
| birth_place = [[Muzaffarnagar, Uttar Pradesh]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| birth_name =
| party = [[Rashtriya Lok Dal]]
| other_party = [[National Democratic Alliance]] (2024–present)
| relations =
| children = Anil Baliyan
| occupation =
| profession = [[Agriculturist]] & politician
| cabinet =
| committees =
| portfolio =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website =
| footnotes =
| blank1 =
| data1 =
| blank2 =
| term_start1 = 10 March 2022
| term_start2 = 17 October 1996
| term_end2 = 13 May 2007
| predecessor2 = [[Sudhir Kumar Baliyan]]
| constituency2 = [[Khatauli Assembly constituency|Khatauli]]
| constituency1 = [[Budhana (Assembly constituency)|Budhana]]
}}

'''Rajpal Singh Baliyan''' is an Indian politician and member of the [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]]. Baliyan represented [[Budhana (Assembly constituency)]] constituency of [[Uttar Pradesh]] and is a member of [[Rashtriya Lok Dal]].<ref name="Profile">{{cite news|title=Profile|publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] website|access-date=16 Jun 2015|url=http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/pdfs/members_profile/10.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304090004/http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/pdfs/members_profile/10.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=" All MLAs from Assembly Constituency ">{{cite news|title= All MLAs from Assembly Constituency |publisher=Elections.in|access-date=16 Jun 2015|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/shamli.html}}</ref><ref name=" 2007 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 2007 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=16 Jun 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_UTTAR_PRADESH.pdf}}</ref>
<ref name=" 2012 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 2012 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=16 Jun 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf}}</ref>

==Political career==

Rajpal Baliyan was a close aide of farmer leader [[Mahendra Singh Tikait]] and senior leader of [[Bharatiya Kisan Union]] in his early days.

Rajpal Baliyan was first elected as [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from [[Khatauli Assembly constituency]] in 1996 with the support of [[Bharatiya Kisan Union]] defeating incumbent minister [[Sudhir Kumar Baliyan]] of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] by 37,790 votes. He was re-elected from the same seat in next election of 2002 defeating Pramod Tyagi of [[Samajwadi Party]] by 28,171 votes.

In the 2007 election, he lost from [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] candidate [[Yograj Singh (politician)|Yograj Singh]] by 16,021 votes. After 5 years in 2012, he again lost from [[Nawazish Alam Khan]] of [[Samajwadi Party]] by 10,000 votes. In 2017 election party chief [[Ajit Singh (politician, born 1939)|Ajit Singh]] denied a ticket to him but he again got a ticket from the [[Budhana Assembly constituency]] in 2022. He won by huge margin this time defeating BJP's firebrand leader [[Umesh Malik]] by 28,310 votes.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1997–2002]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2002–2007]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Lok Dal politicians]]
{{improve categories|date=January 2022}}

Kokernag Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:49:55Z

Hiya singh: Put Up!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = [[Kokernag]]
| mla = [[Zafar Ali Khatana]]
| party = [[Jammu and Kashmir National Conference]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| district = [[Pulwama district|Pulwama]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Anantnag-Rajouri Lok Sabha constituency|Anantnag-Rajouri]]
| established = 1977
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 42
| reservation = ST
}}

'''Kokernag Assembly constituency''' is one of the 90 constituencies in the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], a northern [[Union Territory]] of [[India]]. Kokernag is also part of [[Anantnag-Rajouri Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12211-delimitation-of-constituencies-in-jammu-kashmir-assamarunachal-pradesh-manipur-and-nagaland-notification-dated-06032020/ |title=Delimitation of Constituencies in Jammu-Kashmir, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur and Nagaland - Notification dated 06.03.2020 - Delimitation - Election Commission of India |newspaper=eci.gov.in |accessdate=2021-06-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13193-delimitation-of-constituencies-in-jammu-kashmir-notification-dated-03032021/ |title=Delimitation of Constituencies in Jammu-Kashmir - Notification dated 03.03.2021 - Presidential Orders/ Delimitation Commission Orders |website=Election Commission of India |date= 3 March 2021 |accessdate= 2021-06-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sitting and previous MLAs from Kokernag Assembly Constituency|url=https://www.elections.in/jammu-and-kashmir/assembly-constituencies/kokernag.html|access-date=2021-06-27|website=Elections.in}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Election
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1977 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| [[Malik Ghulam Ud Din]]
| {{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1983 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| [[Malik Ghulam Ud Din]]
|-
| [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
| [[Peerzada Mohammad Syed]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| [[Syed Abdul Rashid]]
| {{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}}
|-
| [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
| [[Peerzada Mohammad Syed]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| [[Peerzada Mohammad Syed]]
|-
| [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| [[Abdul Rahim Rather (born 1957)|Abdul Rahim Rather]]
| {{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party}}
|-
| 2024<ref name="J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 - Kokernag">{{cite news|last1=Election Commission of India|title=J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 - Kokernag|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0842.htm|accessdate=17 October 2024|date=8 October 2024}}</ref>
| [[Zafar Ali Khatana]]
| {{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Kokernag<ref>{{cite news|last1=Election Commission of India|title=J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 - Bandipora|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|access-date=10 October 2024|date=8 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241010072117/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|archive-date=10 October 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Zafar Ali Khatana]] |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Conference |votes=17,949 |percentage=31.23% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Haroon Rashid Khatana |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=11,787 |percentage=20.51% |change={{decrease}}21.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gulzar Ahmad Khatana |party=Independent politician |votes=8,066 |percentage=14.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anwar Jaan |party=Independent politician |votes=6,977 |percentage=12.14% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Roshan Hussain Khan Gojar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,173 |percentage=7.26% |change={{increase}}4.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr Ishfaq Ahmed Chodhary |party=Independent politician |votes=3,007 |percentage=5.23% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bashir Ahmad Khari |party=Independent politician |votes=1,628 |percentage=2.83% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=1,561 |percentage=2.72% |change={{increase}}1.05 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,162 |percentage=10.72% |change= {{increase}}2.76 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=57,477 |percentage=62.97% |change= {{decrease}}3.16 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 91,280 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.13 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu and Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |swing= {{decrease}}11.07 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Kokernag<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Jammu & Kashmir 2014 - Jammu & Kashmir - Election Commission of India |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613150235/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-date=2019-06-13 |access-date= |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Abdul Rahim Rather (born 1957)|Abdul Rahim Rather]] |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=24,284 |percentage=42.30% |change={{increase}}23.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Peerzada Mohammad Syed]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=19,713 |percentage=34.33% |change={{increase}}7.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Nabi Bhat |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=8,248 |percentage=14.37% |change={{decrease}}9.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khurshid Ahmad Malik |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,842 |percentage=3.21% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Hassan Khanday |party=Independent politician |votes=1,131 |percentage=1.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammad Yousuf Ganie |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party |votes=790 |percentage=1.38% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Javaid Ahmad Rather |party=All Jammu and Kashmir Republican Party |votes=451 |percentage=0.79% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=956 |percentage=1.67% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,571 |percentage=7.96% |change= {{increase}}5.42 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=57,415 |percentage=66.13% |change= {{decrease}}4.22 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 86,825 |ref = |change= {{increase}}22.09 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}15.54 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Kokernag<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225073739/https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-date=25 December 2024|access-date=25 December 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Peerzada Mohammad Syed]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=13,384 |percentage=26.75% |change={{decrease}}11.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Nabi Bhat |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=12,114 |percentage=24.21% |change={{increase}}13.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sehar Iqbal |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=9,223 |percentage=18.43% |change={{decrease}}14.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Salam Reshi |party=Jammu & Kashmir Democratic Party Nationalist |votes=5,858 |percentage=11.71% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Rahim Rather |party=Independent politician |votes=2,714 |percentage=5.42% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Rasool Malik |party=Jammu and Kashmir Awami National Conference |votes=1,352 |percentage=2.70% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bashir Ahmad Ahanger |party=People's Democratic Front (Jammu and Kashmir) |votes=978 |percentage=1.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,270 |percentage=2.54% |change= {{decrease}}2.41 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=50,030 |percentage=70.35% |change= {{increase}}55.08 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 71,118 |ref = |change= {{increase}}23.16 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}11.31 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2002 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Kokernag<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127192246/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Peerzada Mohammad Syed]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,356 |percentage=38.06% |change={{increase}}22.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Rasool Malik |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=2,920 |percentage=33.12% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Syed Abdul Rashid |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=925 |percentage=10.49% |change={{decrease}}39.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Showket Hussain Wani |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=579 |percentage=6.57% |change={{increase}}3.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Peerzada Abdul Hameed |party=Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes=401 |percentage=4.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Iqbal Wani |party=Independent politician |votes=252 |percentage=2.86% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Fayaz Ahmed Wani |party=Independent politician |votes=247 |percentage=2.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=436 |percentage=4.94% |change= {{decrease}}26.85 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,817 |percentage=15.27% |change= {{decrease}}23.77 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 57,743 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}1.69 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{decrease}}11.82 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Kokernag<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1996 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117084805/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Syed Abdul Rashid |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=11,436 |percentage=49.88% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Rashid Rather |party=Jammu and Kashmir Awami League |votes=4,145 |percentage=18.08% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Peerzada Mohammad Syed]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,575 |percentage=15.59% |change={{decrease}}65.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Peerzada Abdul Hameed |party=Janata Dal |votes=1,930 |percentage=8.42% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yousuf |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party |votes=810 |percentage=3.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Mohmad Tantray |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=601 |percentage=2.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Yasin Hadi |party=All India Indira Congress (Tiwari) |votes=431 |percentage=1.88% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,291 |percentage=31.80% |change= {{decrease}}35.53 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=22,928 |percentage=39.03% |change= {{decrease}}47.73 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 58,733 |ref = |change= {{increase}}44.88 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}31.04 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1987 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Kokernag<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1987 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReport_jk_87.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114084427/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReport_jk_87.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Peerzada Mohammad Syed]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=28,463 |percentage=80.92% |change={{increase}}41.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Abdulla Sheikh |party=Independent politician |votes=4,778 |percentage=13.58% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Nabi Bhat |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=1,349 |percentage=3.84% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rashid Khan |party=Independent politician |votes=500 |percentage=1.42% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=23,685 |percentage=67.33% |change= {{increase}}46.12 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=35,176 |percentage=87.95% |change= {{increase}}9.86 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 40,540 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.43 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{increase}}20.31 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Kokernag<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport_JK_1983.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117082124/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport_JK_1983.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Malik Ghulam Ud Din |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=17,112 |percentage=60.61% |change={{decrease}}4.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Peer Hissam Ud Din |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,123 |percentage=39.39% |change={{increase}}15.85 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,989 |percentage=21.21% |change= {{decrease}}20.76 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=28,235 |percentage=80.20% |change= {{increase}}6.51 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 36,711 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.00 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Kokernag<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport_JK_77.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117081946/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport_JK_77.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Malik Ghulam Ud Din |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=14,854 |percentage=65.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Peer Hissam Ud Din |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,339 |percentage=23.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chaudri Mohammed Shafi |party=Janata Party |votes=2,479 |percentage=10.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,515 |percentage=41.97% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=22,672 |percentage=74.91% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 32,202 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==

* [[Kokernag]]
* [[List of constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{coord|33.58|75.32|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Anantnag district]]
[[Category:Politics of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1977]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir]]

Biju festival

2026-04-16T04:38:19Z

Hiya singh: New A Info

{{Short description|New Year festival of Chakma people}}
{{EngvarB|date=June 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox holiday
| holiday_name = Bizhu
| type = Buddhist
| image = Ful Biju-Chengi river-Khagrachori-Biplob Rahman.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Chakmas observing the Bizu festival at Khagrachhari
| official_name = Bizu
| nickname =
| observedby = [[Chakma people]]
| litcolor =
| longtype =
| significance = Chakma New Year
| begins =
| ends =
| date = 12–14 April
| scheduling =
| duration =
| frequency = Annual
| celebrations =
| observances =
| relatedto = [[South and Southeast Asian solar New Year]]
}}
{{Chakma Sidebar|expanded = culture}}
The '''Biju''' festival is celebrated by the [[Chakma people]] in Bangladesh and India, as the traditional New Year's Day which falls around 12–14 April.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ফুল ভাসিয়ে বিজু উৎসব শুরু, নতুন বছরে সুখ-শান্তির প্রত্যাশা {{!}} The Daily Star |url=https://bangla.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news-3915731 |access-date=2026-04-16 |website=bangla.thedailystar.net |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-12 |title=Biju, Bishu festivals begin in Bandarban with flower offerings in river |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/biju-bishu-festivals-begin-bandarban-flower-offerings-river-1409556 |access-date=2026-04-16 |website=The Business Standard |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2026-04-12 |title=Three-Day Biju Festival Begins to Welcome the New Year |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/videos/tbs-today/three-day-biju-festival-begins-welcome-new-year-1409581 |access-date=2026-04-16 |website=The Business Standard |language=en}}</ref>

== Bizhu ==
Bizhu is a three-day-long festival that commemorates the commencement of a new year for the Chakmas and is their most important festival.<ref name=":0" /> Bizhu marks the [[Chaitra]]-[[sankranti]], which is the last day of the [[Bengali calendar]], and the festivities span a period of three days starting on the day of the Chaitra-sankranti. It is thought that the festival lasted for a full fortnight in earlier times. Bizhu has close links to the practice of [[jhum cultivation]] among the Chakmas and is believed to have originated as a festival to propitiate the earth for a bounteous harvest following the first rains of the agricultural season. In recent years, the festival has lost some of its agrarian linkages and has become a social event for the Chakmas. The rituals associated with Bizhu too have been simplified over time.<ref name="tripurainspire">{{cite web|title=Chakmas – Festivals and Dances|url=http://tripurainspire.com/Fairsnfest/Chakma.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130630120813/http://tripurainspire.com/Fairsnfest/Chakma.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 June 2013|access-date=10 April 2013}}</ref><ref name="news.oneindia">{{cite news|title=Chakmas celebrate Bizhu festival in Tripura|url=http://news.oneindia.in/2008/04/14/chakmas-celebrate-bizhu-festival-tripura-1208161860.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130702103947/http://news.oneindia.in/2008/04/14/chakmas-celebrate-bizhu-festival-tripura-1208161860.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 July 2013|access-date=10 April 2013|date=14 April 2008}}</ref>

The festivities begin on the first day, also known as the ''Phool Bizhu'', when Chakma households are cleaned out and decked with flowers. In the evening special prayers are made to the [[Buddha]] and lamps lit at the Chakmas' houses and [[Buddhist temple]]s. The next day, ''Mul Bizhu'', is a time for socialising as people visit others in their village, participate in traditional games and cook special curries and sweets for the day. According to Chakma belief, a person dying on the day of ''Mul Bizhu'' goes to [[heaven]].<ref name="tripurainspire" /> The ''Mul Bizhu'' ends with a performance of the Bizhu dance. The last day, ''Gojjepojje din'' is set aside for the performance of various religious and social activities.<ref name="news.oneindia" /><ref>{{cite book|last=Minahan|first=James B.|title=Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia|year=2012|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=Santa Barbara|page=113|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fOQkpcVcd9AC&q=Bizhu+dance&pg=PA113|isbn=9781598846607}}</ref>

== Attire ==
[[File:Ethnic_cultural_harmony_in_Bangladesh.jpg|thumb|Chakma girls in Pinon Hadi during the Festival]]
The women wear [[Pinon hadi|''pinon'' and ''hadi'']] and deck themselves in silver ornaments while the men wear a [[headgear]] called ''khabang'' and a ''[[dhoti]]'' and jacket.<ref name="tripurainspire" />

== Dance ==
Bizhu dance is a dance performed by the [[Chakma people]] on their new year.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-02 |title=ক্ষুদ্র নৃগোষ্ঠীর সামাজিক উৎসব: পাহাড়ি সংস্কৃতির অনন্য রূপ |url=https://www.ajkerpatrika.com/op-ed/column/ajpz4rfrov7zj |access-date=2026-04-16 |website=www.ajkerpatrika.com |language=bn}}</ref>

The Bizhu dance is a group dance with participants aligning themselves in a square or circular pattern. The Chakmas dress up in their traditional attire when participating in it. It is thought to have originally been a devotional offering performed within the precincts of the Chakmas' temples. The dance is unlike other dance forms in that it is marked by abrupt pauses during its performance. In recent years it has enjoyed a surge in popularity owing to its appealing rhythm and easy tunes. Through the Bizhu dance, the Chakmas bid adieu to the departing year and usher in the new year.<ref name="tripurainspire" /><ref name="ezccindia">{{cite web|title=Tripura – Bizhu Dance|url=http://ezccindia.org/tripura.html|publisher=East Zone Cultural Centre|access-date=10 April 2013|archive-date=10 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130610072130/http://ezccindia.org/tripura.html|url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Folk Dances of India – Bizhu dance|url=http://www.univresults.in/nczcc/htm/bizhu.htm|access-date=10 April 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029202637/http://www.univresults.in/nczcc/htm/bizhu.htm|archive-date=29 October 2013}}</ref>

=== Musical accompaniments ===
The dance draws some of its charm by virtue of the music that accompanies it. Flutes and drums accompanying the dance set its rhythm. The ''[[dhol]]'', ''baajhi'', ''khenggarang'' and ''dhuduk'' accompany the dance. Of these, the ''khenggarang'' and ''dhuduk'' are crafted from [[bamboo]] while the ''dhol'' is a percussion instrument and the ''baajhi'' a flute.<ref name="tripurainspire" /><ref name="ezccindia" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Chakmas – Bizhu Dance|url=http://ttaadc.nic.in/folkCultureofTripura.pdf|publisher=Information Cultural Affairs & Tourism Department, Tripura|access-date=10 April 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402002735/http://www.ttaadc.nic.in/folkCultureofTripura.pdf|archive-date=2 April 2013}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{New Year by Calendar}}

[[Category:New Year celebrations]]
[[Category:April observances]]
[[Category:Folk festivals in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Cultural festivals in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Annual events in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Festivals in India]]
[[Category:New Year in India]]
[[Category:Festivals in Mizoram]]
[[Category:Festivals in Tripura]]

Handwara Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:20:51Z

Hiya singh: Stub!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Jammu and Kashmir legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Handwara
|type= SLA
| constituency_no = 5
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|mla = [[Sajad Gani Lone]]
|party = [[Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|state = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|district = [[Kupwara district|Kupwara]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Baramulla (Lok Sabha constituency)|Baramulla]]
|established = 1962
|electors = number of electors at last election. Add a ref
|reservation =
}}
'''Handwara Assembly constituency''' is one of the 90 constituencies in the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] a north state of [[India]]. [[Handwara]] is also part of [[Baramulla (Lok Sabha constituency)|Baramulla Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>[http://www.elections.in/jammu-and-kashmir/assembly-constituencies/handwara.html Sitting and previous MLAs from Handwara Assembly Constituency]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceojammukashmir.nic.in/Constituencies.html |title=Assembly Constituencies - Corresponding Districts and Parliamentary Constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Jammu and Kashmir |accessdate=2019-06-11 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081231174529/http://ceojammukashmir.nic.in/Constituencies.html |archivedate=2008-12-31 }}</ref>

==Member of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1962 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Abdul Gani Mir
| {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
|[[1967 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|rowspan="3"| [[Abdul Gani Lone]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1972 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
|[[1977 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1983 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
|rowspan="3" |Chowdary Mohmad Ramzan
| {{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|-
|[[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
|[[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|Ghulam Mohi-Ud-Din Sofi
| {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
|[[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|Chowdary Mohmad Ramzan
| {{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|-
|[[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|rowspan="2" | [[Sajad Gani Lone]]<ref name=election2014>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |title=Jammu & Kashmir 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Handwara<ref>{{cite news|last1=Election Commission of India|title=J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 - Bandipora|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|access-date=10 October 2024|date=8 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241010072117/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|archive-date=10 October 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sajjad Gani Lone]] |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference |votes=29,812 |percentage=40.78% |change={{decrease}}2.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chowdary Mohammed Ramzan |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Conference |votes=29,150 |percentage=39.88% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Majid Banday |party=Independent politician |votes=7,639 |percentage=10.45% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gauhar Azad Mir |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=2,010 |percentage=2.75% |change={{decrease}}11.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Mohammad Mir |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,750 |percentage=2.39% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Zahid Mushtaq Sheikh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,218 |percentage=1.67% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=1,253 |percentage=1.71% |change={{increase}}0.57 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=662 |percentage=0.91% |change= {{decrease}}7.07 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=73,100 |percentage=74.29% |change= {{decrease}}1.26 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 98,404 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.36 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference |loser=Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference |swing= {{decrease}}2.40 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Handwara<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Jammu & Kashmir 2014 - Jammu & Kashmir - Election Commission of India |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613150235/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-date=2019-06-13 |access-date= |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sajjad Gani Lone]] |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference |votes=29,355 |percentage=43.19% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chowdary Mohammed Ramzan |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=23,932 |percentage=35.21% |change={{decrease}}13.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Mohi-Ud-Din Sofi |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=9,849 |percentage=14.49% |change={{increase}}8.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Yaseen Bhat |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,119 |percentage=1.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Rahman Tantry |party=Independent politician |votes=747 |percentage=1.10% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sajjad Ahmad Pir |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=492 |percentage=0.72% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=776 |percentage=1.14% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,423 |percentage=7.98% |change= {{decrease}}12.12 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=67,974 |percentage=75.54% |change= {{decrease}}0.04 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 89,983 |ref = |change= {{increase}}17.91 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{decrease}}5.20 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Handwara<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225073739/https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-date=25 December 2024|access-date=25 December 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Chowdary Mohammed Ramzan |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=27,907 |percentage=48.38% |change={{increase}}10.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Mohi-Ud-Din Sofi |party=Independent politician |votes=16,317 |percentage=28.29% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Yaseen Bhat |party=Independent politician |votes=4,825 |percentage=8.37% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Mohammed Mir |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=3,471 |percentage=6.02% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Shafi Dar |party=Jammu and Kashmir Awami National Conference |votes=1,562 |percentage=2.71% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pawan Kumar |party=Jammu & Kashmir National United Front |votes=883 |percentage=1.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Nabi Shah |party=Independent politician |votes=731 |percentage=1.27% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,590 |percentage=20.09% |change= {{increase}}11.01 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=57,678 |percentage=75.58% |change= {{increase}}24.10 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 76,316 |ref = |change= {{increase}}19.14 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}1.72 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2002 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Handwara<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127192246/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Mohi-Ud-Din Sofi |party=Independent politician |votes=15,389 |percentage=46.67% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chowdary Mohammed Ramzan |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=12,392 |percentage=37.58% |change={{decrease}}29.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bashir Ahmad Bara |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=1,463 |percentage=4.44% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Mohi-Ud-Din Wani |party=Independent politician |votes=1,092 |percentage=3.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Aman - Ullah Khan |party=Independent politician |votes=849 |percentage=2.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ali Mohammed Dar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=619 |percentage=1.88% |change={{decrease}}16.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Rashid Khan |party=Independent politician |votes=414 |percentage=1.26% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,997 |percentage=9.09% |change= {{decrease}}39.22 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=32,976 |percentage=51.48% |change= {{increase}}20.51 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 64,056 |ref = |change= {{increase}}20.99 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{decrease}}20.05 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Handwara<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1996 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117084805/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Ramzan Chowdry |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=10,937 |percentage=66.71% |change={{increase}}19.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ali Mohammed Dar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,017 |percentage=18.40% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Nabi Peer |party=Janata Dal |votes=1,467 |percentage=8.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Taja Begum |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party |votes=973 |percentage=5.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,920 |percentage=48.31% |change= {{increase}}45.25 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=16,394 |percentage=34.82% |change= {{decrease}}47.79 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 52,943 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}4.19 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{increase}}19.78 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1987 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Handwara<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1987 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReport_jk_87.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114084427/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReport_jk_87.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Chowdary Mohammed Ramzan |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=20,423 |percentage=46.93% |change={{increase}}1.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Abdul Ghani Lone]] |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference|votes=19,093 |percentage=43.88% |change={{decrease}}1.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nazir Ahmed Bhat |party=Independent politician |votes=2,438 |percentage=5.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohmed-Rustum Bhat |party=Independent politician |votes=574 |percentage=1.32% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Mohmad Dar |party=Independent politician |votes=462 |percentage=1.06% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Mohmad Mochi |party=Independent politician |votes=306 |percentage=0.70% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,330 |percentage=3.06% |change= {{increase}}3.03 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=43,516 |percentage=82.19% |change= {{increase}}4.84 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 55,258 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.70 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{increase}}1.45 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Handwara<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport_JK_1983.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117082124/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport_JK_1983.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Chowdary Mohammed Ramzan |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=17,575 |percentage=45.48% |change={{increase}}0.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Abdul Ghani Lone]] |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference |votes=17,565 |percentage=45.46% |change={{increase}}0.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Rasool |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,658 |percentage=4.29% |change={{increase}}2.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Nabi |party=Jamaat-e-Islami |votes=1,209 |percentage=3.13% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sheikh Abdul Rahman |party=Independent politician |votes=481 |percentage=1.24% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10 |percentage=0.03% |change= {{decrease}}7.03 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=38,641 |percentage=76.85% |change= {{decrease}}7.47 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 52,280 |ref = |change= {{increase}}29.45 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}6.30 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Handwara<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport_JK_77.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117081946/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport_JK_77.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Abdul Ghani Lone]] |party=Janata Party |votes=17,021 |percentage=51.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sharif Ud Din |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=14,702 |percentage=44.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sheikh Abdul Rahman |party=Independent politician |votes=575 |percentage=1.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Rasool War |party=Indian National Congress |votes=571 |percentage=1.74% |change={{decrease}}86.68 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,319 |percentage=7.06% |change= {{decrease}}69.77 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=32,869 |percentage=83.41% |change= {{decrease}}3.51 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 40,387 |ref = |change= {{increase}}24.80 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}36.63 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Handwara<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_JK_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083027/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_JK_72.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Abdul Ghani Lone]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,291 |percentage=88.41% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sharif Ud Din |party=Independent politician |votes=3,183 |percentage=11.59% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=21,108 |percentage=76.83% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=27,474 |percentage=86.10% |change= {{increase}}84.90 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 32,362 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.37 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Handwara<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report_Jk_1967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006052138/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report_Jk_1967.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link| |candidate=[[Abdul Ghani Lone]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=28,800 |percentage= |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 28,800 |ref = |change= {{increase}}21.80 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Handwara<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_JK_1962.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006183842/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_JK_1962.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Gani Mir |party=Independent politician |votes=11,429 |percentage=60.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Qadir Massala |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=7,422 |percentage=39.37% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,007 |percentage=21.26% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=18,851 |percentage=79.77% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 23,645 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==

* [[Handwara]]
* [[Kupwara district]]
* [[List of constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]

==References==

{{reflist}}

{{coord|34.402|74.281|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Kupwara district]]
[[Category:Politics of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir]]

Dindori, Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:25:12Z

Hiya singh: New Post

{{Short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Dindori
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 104
| map_image = 104-Dindori, Madhya Pradesh.svg
| mla = [[Omkar Singh Markam]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = Dulichand Uraiti
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Dindori district|Dindori]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Mandla Lok Sabha constituency|Mandla]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = ST
}}

'''[[Dindori, Madhya Pradesh|Dindori]]''' Assembly constituency is one of the 230 [[Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]]. It is part of [[Dindori District]], and a segment of [[Mandla (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name="constlist">{{cite web|title=List of Assembly Constituencies|url=http://eci.nic.in/archive/se98/background/S12/ListACs-MP.html|website=eci.nic.in|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Election
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|rowspan=2|[[1952 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]]{{efn|2-member constituency}}
|Dwarikaprasad Anantram<ref name="electionMP1951">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3727-madhya-pradesh-1951/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2021-12-31}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=6}}
|-
|Roopsingh Umraosingh<ref name="electionMP1951"/>
|-
| [[1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| Dwarikaprasad Anantram<ref name=election1957>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3728-madhya-pradesh-1957/ |title=Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election -1957 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Basorisingh<ref name=election1962>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3729-madhya-pradesh-1962/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| S. Lal<ref name=election1967>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3730-madhya-pradesh-1967/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Sunderlal Ureti<ref name=election1972>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3731-madhya-pradesh-1972/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| Moti Singh Sandhya<ref name=election1977>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3732-madhya-pradesh-1977/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<ref name=election1980>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3733-madhya-pradesh-1980/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" | Dharam Singh Masram
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)|dab=y}}
|-
| [[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<ref name=election1985>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3734-madhya-pradesh-1985/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| Jehar Singh<ref name=election1990>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3735-madhya-pradesh-1990/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| Nanhe Singh<ref name=election1993>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3736-madhya-pradesh-1993/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=22 December 2021}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
| Jehar Singh<ref name=election1998>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3737-madhya-pradesh-1998/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=22 December 2021}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
| Dulichand Uraiti<ref name=election2003>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3738-madhya-pradesh-2003/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2003 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=22 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3739-madhya-pradesh-2008/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=22 December 2021}}</ref>
| rowspan="4" | [[Omkar Singh Markam]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3740-madhya-pradesh-2013/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=22 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name=election2018 name="election2018">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}
{{noteslist}}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Dindori<ref name="election2023">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/madhya-pradesh-assembly-polls-2023/story/madhya-pradesh-election-bjp-second-candidate-list-shivraj-singh-chouhan-2440421-2023-09-25|title=3 Union ministers feature in BJP's second list for Madhya Pradesh polls|work=India Today|accessdate=25 September 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Omkar Markam|Omkar Singh Markam]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:93946}}
|percentage = 45.11
|change = -0.69
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Pankaj Tekam
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:81681}}
|percentage = 39.22
|change = +10.68
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Rudesh Paraste
|votes = {{formatnum:18194}}
|percentage = 8.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Gondwana Ganatantra Party
|candidate = Charan Singh Dhurve
|votes = {{formatnum:5179}}
|percentage = 2.49
|change = -12.74
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Shakti Chetna Party
|candidate = Chandrasingh Kushram
|votes = {{formatnum:2622}}
|percentage = 1.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:4186}}
|percentage = 2.01
|change = -0.65
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:12265}}
|percentage = 5.89
|change = -11.37
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:208241}}
|percentage = 84.16
|change = +4.22
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Dindori<ref name=election2018/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Omkar Markam|Omkar Singh Markam]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:85039}}
|percentage = 45.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Jay Singh Maravi
|votes = {{formatnum:52989}}
|percentage = 28.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Gondwana Ganatantra Party
|candidate = Ganga Singh Patta
|votes = {{formatnum:28274}}
|percentage = 15.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bhartiya Shakti Chetna Party
|candidate = Bhudeshwar Banwasi
|votes = {{formatnum:7341}}
|percentage = 3.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Shiv Sena
|candidate = Sunaram Nawasiya
|votes = {{formatnum:2376}}
|percentage = 1.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Pankaj Kumar Patta
|votes = {{formatnum:1930}}
|percentage = 1.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:4940}}
|percentage = 2.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:32050}}
|percentage = 17.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:185666}}
|percentage = 79.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Dindori, Madhya Pradesh]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coord|22.94|81.08|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Dindori district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]

Chhatna Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:20:53Z

Hiya singh: New A Details

{{Short description|Assembly constituency in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Chhatna
| type = SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Chhatna.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Chhatna Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Satyanarayan Mukhopadhyay]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Bankura district|Bankura]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bankura Lok Sabha constituency|Bankura]]
| constituency_no = 248
| established = 1951
| electors = 194,663
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

'''Chhatna Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Bankura district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the Delimitation Commission, No. 248 Chhatna Assembly constituency is composed of the following: [[Chhatna (community development block)|Chhatna]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]]; Veduasol, Brahmandiha, Hatgram, Indpur and Raghunathpur [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Indpur (community development block)|Indpur]] community development block.<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web|url=http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |title=Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 |accessdate=2011-04-03 |publisher=Government of West Bengal |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918130255/http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |archivedate=2010-09-18 }}</ref>

Chhatna Assembly constituency is part of No. 36 [[Bankura (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=delimitation/>
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Election
! Member
! colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| Subhasis Batabyal
| {{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|-
| [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| Dhirendra Nath Layek
| {{Full party name with color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}
|-
| [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| Satyanarayan Mukhopadhyay
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==

===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Chhatna}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Swapan Kumar Mandal
|party = Trinamool Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Satyanarayan Mukhopadhyay]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Rajib Kar
|party = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate =
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Chhatna}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Satyanarayan Mukhopadhyay
|votes = 90,233
|percentage = 45.84
|change = +38.42
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Subhasis Batabyal
|votes = 83,069
|percentage = 42.20
|change = +2.42
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|candidate = Falguni Mukherjee
|votes = 9,700
|percentage = 4.93
|change = -36.20
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 3,514
|percentage = 1.79
|change = -2.52
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Rabindranath Bouri
|votes = 2,866
|percentage = 1.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Dinanath Chatterjee
|votes = 2,602
|percentage = 1.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Mukti Party
|candidate = Dinabandhu Bauri
|votes = 1,838
|percentage = 0.93
|change = +0.11
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Abir Chandra Mandal
|votes = 1,227
|percentage = 0.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Sadananda Mandal
|votes = 978
|percentage = 0.50
|change = -1.26
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Anath Bauri
|votes = 809
|percentage = 0.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 7,164
|percentage = 3.64
|change = +2.30
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 196,836
|percentage = 84.52
|change = +3.58
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2016]]: Chhatna}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|candidate = Dhirendra Nath Layek
|votes = 73,648
|percentage = 41.13
|change = +0.58
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Subhasis Batabyal
|votes = 71,231
|percentage = 39.78
|change = -5.80
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Swapan Mukherjee
|votes = 13,287
|percentage = 7.42
|change = +4.69
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 7,709
|percentage = 4.31
|change = +4.31
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Bankim Mishra
|votes = 3,339
|percentage = 1.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Sadananda Mandal
|votes = 3,145
|percentage = 1.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Manik Bouri
|votes = 1,661
|percentage = 0.93
|change = -0.09
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jharkhand Mukti Morcha
|candidate = Satyaban Bauri
|votes = 1,585
|percentage = 0.89
|change = -0.79
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Mukti Party
|candidate = Uttam Kundu
|votes = 1,476
|percentage = 0.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = Ramnibas Baskey
|votes = 1,152
|percentage = 0.64
|change = -0.66
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jharkhand Disom Party
|candidate = Panmani Besra
|votes = 835
|percentage = 0.47
|change = -0.97
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 2,417
|percentage = 1.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,79,069
|percentage = 80.94
|change = +1.67
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|loser = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal state assembly election]]: Chhatna<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=248| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120526072243/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=248| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 26 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Chhatna | publisher = Empowering India |accessdate = 2011-05-06 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_5th_phase.pdf |title=West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work=Chhatna |publisher=Election Commission of India |accessdate=2011-05-06 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912030706/http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_5th_phase.pdf |archivedate=2011-09-12 }}</ref> }}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Subhasis Batabyal
|votes = 70,340
|percentage = 45.58
|change = +5.21#
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|candidate = Anath Bandhu Mondal
|votes = 62,576
|percentage = 40.55
|change = -11.49
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Madan Layek
|votes = 6,156
|percentage = 3.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Rabindranath Mandal
|votes = 4,221
|percentage = 2.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jharkhand Mukti Morcha
|candidate = Kanai Banerjee
|votes = 2,597
|percentage = 1.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jharkhand Disom Party
|candidate = Dhaneswar Hansda
|votes = 2,224
|percentage = 1.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = Avijit Hansda
|votes = 2,016
|percentage = 1.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Bharati Mudi
|votes = 1,709
|percentage = 1.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Jagadananda Roy
|votes = 1,579
|percentage = 1.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)
|candidate = Soumendra Mukherjee
|votes = 89
|percentage = 0.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 7,764
|percentage = 5.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 154,316
|percentage = 79.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|swing = +16.70#
}}
{{Election box end}}
.# Swing calculated on Congress+Trinamool Congress vote percentages taken together in 2006.

===1977-2006===
In the [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006 state assembly elections]], Anath Bandhu Mondal of [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP]] won the Chhatna assembly seat defeating his nearest rival Mahasweta Mondal of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]]. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. Subhas Goswami of RSP won the seat six times in a row defeating Swapan Mondal of Trinamool Congress/[[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in 2001 and 1996, Santi Singha of Congress in 1991, Tapan Banerjee of Congress in 1987, Arun Patra of Congress in 1982 and Kamalakanta Hembram of Congress in 1977.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp248.htm |title = 248 - Chhatna Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|accessdate = 2011-04-03 }}</ref>

===1951-1972===
Kamalakanta Hembram of Congress won in 1972 and 1971. Sudarson Singh of [[Samyukta Socialist Party|SSP]] won in 1969. J.Koley of Congress won in 1967. Kamalakanta Hembram of Congress won in [[1952 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]]. Chhatna had a dual seat in 1957. Dhirendranath Chattopadhyay and Kamalakanta Hembram, both of Congress won in [[1957 West Bengal state assembly election|1957]]. Probodh Chandra Dutta of [[Hindu Mahasabha]] and Kamalakanta Hembram of Congress both won in [[1952 West Bengal state assembly election|independent India’s first election in 1951]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/electionstatistics.asp | title = Statistical Reports of Assembly Elections | accessdate = 2011-04-03 | work = General Election Results and Statistics | publisher = Election Commission of India | url-status = dead | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp | archivedate = 2010-10-05 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Bankura topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Bankura district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]

Vijay Pal

2026-04-13T22:27:40Z

Hiya singh: created some entry from scratch

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1971)}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Vijay Pal
| office = [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| image =
| constituency = [[Hapur Assembly constituency|Hapur]]
| term_start = March 2017
| governor = [[Anandiben Patel]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Yogi Adityanath]]
| birth_date = 25 May 1971
| birth_place = Kheda Kalan
| parents = Harish Chand
| occupation = Businessman
}}

'''Vijay Pal''' (born 25 May 1971) is an Indian [[politician]] from the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-21 |title=कचहरी की भूमि को लेकर विधायक विजयपाल आढ़ती मुख्यमंत्री योगी आदित्यनाथ से मिले {{!}} Latest News, Hindi News, Breaking News In Hindi - Khabarwala24.com |url=https://www.khabarwala24.com/mla-vijaypal-met-chief-minister-yogi-adityanath-regarding-the-court-land/#google_vignette |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=www.khabarwala24.com |language=en-US}}</ref> He is a two time member of from [[Hapur Assembly constituency|Hapur]] constituency<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Hapur, Uttar Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2022 LIVE Updates: BJP retains Hapur seat, Vijaypal (Aadhti) wins with 60787 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/hapur-uttar-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2022-live-updates-1923088-2022-03-09 |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> in the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] representing [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=UP Election Result 2022: हापुड़ सदर सीट पर भाजपा प्रत्‍याशी विजयपाल आढ़ती जीते,देखें जश्‍न की तस्‍वीरें - BJP candidate Vijaypal Arhatti is winner in Hapur Sadar seat see the latest pictures of the celebration |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/hapur-city-bjp-candidate-vijaypal-arhatti-is-winner-in-hapur-sadar-seat-see-the-latest-pictures-of-the-celebration-22532824.html |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2022/ConstituencywiseS2459.htm?ac=59 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003074854/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2022/ConstituencywiseS2459.htm?ac=59 |archive-date=2022-10-03 |access-date=2024-12-20 |website=results.eci.gov.in |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Early life ==
Vijay Pal<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-13 |title=Hapur विधायक विजयपाल आढ़ती ने 2.28 करोड़ की सड़क परियोजनाओं का किया लोकार्पण {{!}} Khabarwala24.com |url=https://www.khabarwala24.com/uttar-pradesh/hapur/hapur-mla-vijaypal-aadhati-inaugurated-road-projects-worth-2-28-crores/82720/ |access-date=2025-06-22 |language=en-GB}}</ref> is from Hapur, Hapur district, Uttar Pradesh. He is the son of Harish Chand. He passed Class 10 in 1987 after his schooling at SSV Inter College, Hapur, Ghaziabad.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vijay Pal(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- HAPUR(HAPUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/uttarpradesh2017/candidate.php?candidate_id=192 |access-date=2024-12-20 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Vijay Pal first became an MLA winning the 2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election representing Bharatiya Janata Party from Hapur Assembly constituency.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hapur Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Vijaypal (Aadhti) of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/hapur-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-4850045.html |access-date=2024-12-20 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> He retained his seat in the 2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election. He polled 97,862 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Gajraj Singh of Rashtriya Lok Dal, by a margin of 7,034 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Hapur, Uttar Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2022 LIVE Updates: BJP retains Hapur seat, Vijaypal (Aadhti) wins with 60787 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/hapur-uttar-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2022-live-updates-1923088-2022-03-09 |access-date=2024-12-20 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Hapur Election Result: हापुड़ सीट पर बीजेपी के विजयपाल जीते, रालोद के गजराज सिंह को दी शिकस्‍त |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/uttar-pradesh/hapur-hapur-assembly-seat-result-live-update-bjp-vijaypal-wins-over-rld-sp-alliance-gajraj-singh-bhawna-valmiki-manish-kumar-singh-dlpg-4037793.html |access-date=2024-12-20 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Hapur, Uttar Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2022 Live Updates: Vijaypal (Aadhti) ने Hapur विधानसभा सीट पर फिर लहराया परचम |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/story/hapur-assembly-election-results-2022-live-updates-uttar-pradesh-vidhan-sabha-chunav-result-winner-loser-news-in-hindi-1425660-2022-03-10 |access-date=2024-12-20 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref>

== Posts held ==
{| class="wikitable"

|-
! # !! From !! To !! Position
|-
| 1 || March 2017 || [[Incumbent]] || [[Member of the Legislative Assembly|Member of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vijay Pal}}
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Foxconn and unions

2026-04-12T20:35:00Z

Hiya singh: New New Info

{{Short description|Trade unions at Foxconn facilities}}
[[Foxconn]] is the largest private employer in China with 1.4 million employees. With over a million members, '''Foxconn Trade Union''' is the world's largest [[trade union]] and also a [[company union]] dominated by management. It was established in 2006 in [[Shenzhen]], China.

Similar to the situation in China, Foxconn has signed [[Collective agreement|collective agreements]] with [[Business unionism|managerial friendly trade unions]] in India. In contrast, Foxconn has signed [[Collective agreement|collective agreements]] with [[Union democracy|democratic trade unions]] in Brazil; in the Czech Republic, it inherited an existing union when it took over a former [[Tesla a.s.|Tesla]] plant.

== China ==
{{Infobox union
| name = Foxconn Trade Union
| formation = 2006
| native_name = 富士康科技集团工会联合会
| native_name_lang = zh
| logo = Foxconn Trade Union logo.png
| founding_location = [[Foxconn City]]
| headquarters = [[Shenzhen]]
| location = [[China]]
| membership = 1,000,000+
| owner = Foxconn
| leader_name = Cheng Peng
| affiliations = [[All China Federation of Trade Unions|ACFTU]]
| website = http://hhfox.com/portal.php
}}
In the summer of 2006, British, Chinese and US press reported poor working conditions in an [[iPod]] factory operated by Foxconn.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2006-08-30 |title=Apple works to resolve dispute over iPod factory - Technology - International Herald Tribune |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/30/technology/30iht-apple.2644616.html |url-status=live |access-date=2021-09-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908214445/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/30/technology/30iht-apple.2644616.html |archive-date=2021-09-08 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] promised to investigate, while Foxconn responded by suing two of the [[Mainland China|mainland]] journalists involved. Foxconn later dropped their lawsuit.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2006 |title=Foxconn Defamation Lawsuit Withdrawn |url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/2006/Sep/179964.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908214445/http://www.china.org.cn/english/2006/Sep/179964.htm |archive-date=2021-09-08 |access-date=2021-09-08 |website=[[China Internet Information Center]]}}</ref> In response to media pressure and local interventions by [[Shenzhen]] municipal state officials, Foxconn promised to form a union.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Chan |first=Jenny |date=2013 |title=A Suicide Survivor: The Life of a Chinese Worker |journal=New Technology, Work and Employment |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=84–99 |doi=10.1111/NTWE.12007 |s2cid=154463838}}</ref> However, nothing materialized by November 2006. On the last day of that year, the Shenzhen branch of the [[All-China Federation of Trade Unions]] took the unusual step of establishing Foxconn's first union, initially with 118 members from the 240,000 workers at the [[Longhua Science and Technology Park]] facility. In March 2007, Foxconn CEO [[Terry Gou]]'s special personal assistant, Chen Peng,{{Refn|Sources use conflicting pronouns/titles for Chen Peng. Chen Peng is a woman according to the Financial Times and researcher Jenny Chan. She also goes by Peggy in the English language.|group=lower-alpha}} was elected as its first chair.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Foxconn Holds First Union Meeting |url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/BAT/205194.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908214444/http://www.china.org.cn/english/BAT/205194.htm |archive-date=2021-09-08 |access-date=2021-09-08 |website=[[China Internet Information Center]]}}</ref> Despite being the largest 'unionized' company in the world, with 90% of Foxconn's 1.4 million workforce registered; the Foxconn Federation of Labour Unions ({{Lang-zh|c=富士康科技集团工会联合会}}), more commonly known as the Foxconn Trade Union ({{Lang-zh|c=富士康工会}}) is a [[company union]] dominated by management rather than workers.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last1=Hille |first1=Kathrin |last2=Jacob |first2=Rahul |date=3 February 2013 |title=Foxconn plans Chinese union vote |url=https://www.ft.com/content/48091254-6c3e-11e2-b774-00144feab49a |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908214445/https://www.ft.com/content/48091254-6c3e-11e2-b774-00144feab49a |archive-date=2021-09-08 |access-date=2021-09-08 |website=[[Financial Times]]}}</ref>
{{Main|Foxconn suicides}}
[[Foxconn]] again made global headlines in 2010, when over a [[Foxconn suicides|dozen workers committed suicide]] due to strenuous working conditions. Apple responded by bringing in the [[Fair Labor Association]], a US based [[Non-governmental organization|NGO]] as external auditor from 2012 to 2016.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Chan |first=Jenny |date=September 2017 |title=Betrayed: NO Democratic, Representative Trade Union for Foxconn Workers in China |url=http://sacom.hk/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/2017-Betrayed_NO-Democratic_Representative-Trade-Union-for-Foxconn-Workers-in-China.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908214446/http://sacom.hk/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/2017-Betrayed_NO-Democratic_Representative-Trade-Union-for-Foxconn-Workers-in-China.pdf |archive-date=2021-09-08 |access-date=2021-09-08 |website=[[Students and Scholars Against Corporate Misbehaviour]]}}</ref> One of the Association's findings was that the Foxconn Trade Union failed to adequately represent workers.<ref name=":3" /> The [[Economic Policy Institute]] criticized the FLA report for giving Apple and Foxconn 'undue' credit, despite ongoing issues including forced [[overtime]] and the continued use of [[Child labour|underage labour]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Polishing Apple: Fair Labor Association gives Foxconn and Apple undue credit for labor rights progress |url=https://www.epi.org/publication/bp352-polishing-apple-fla-foxconn-labor-rights/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829002257/https://www.epi.org/publication/bp352-polishing-apple-fla-foxconn-labor-rights/ |archive-date=2021-08-29 |access-date=2021-08-28 |website=Economic Policy Institute |language=en-US}}</ref> Foxconn promised in 2013 with the help of the Fair Labor Association to prepare genuine [[Union democracy|representative union elections]] through an anonymous voting process to elect up to 18,000 new union committees.<ref name=":3" />

In a 2017 [[Students and Scholars Against Corporate Misbehaviour]] (SACOM) report, Jenny Chan criticized the limited worker participation inside the Foxconn Trade Union and the lack of awareness or involvement of workers in the first democratic union elections held in early 2015.<ref name=":4" />

== Brazil ==
Foxconn do Brasil (Foxconn Brazil) opened its first plant in 2007 in [[Jundiaí]], Brazil to manufacture parts for [[Dell]], [[Hewlett-Packard|HP]] and [[Motorola]]. Workers are represented by the Brazilian Metalworkers' Union ({{Langx|pt-BR|[[Confederação Nacional dos Trabalhadores Metalúrgicos]]|label=}}; CNTM), an affiliate of [[IndustriALL Global Union|IndustriALL]].<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Chen |first=Michelle |date=April 17, 2012 |title=Apple's Two Faces: Power Gaps Between Brazil and China Foxconn Workers |url=https://inthesetimes.com/article/apples-two-faces-power-gaps-between-brazil-and-china-foxconn-workers |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829002257/https://inthesetimes.com/article/apples-two-faces-power-gaps-between-brazil-and-china-foxconn-workers |archive-date=2021-08-29 |access-date=2021-08-29 |website=[[In These Times (publication)|In These Times]] |language=en}}</ref>

In contrast to [[China–India relations|China]], at the start of the 2010s workers in Brazil had higher wages, stronger [[Consolidation of Labor Laws|labour protection]] and nearly double the minimum wage. In 2012, by the time Foxconn Brazil opened a second plant, also in Jundiaí, which focused exclusively on [[List of Apple products|Apple products]], CNTM already had experience organizing Foxconn workers at the first plant.<ref name=":02" /> After a 5-day [[Strike action|strike]] in 2014 involving 3,700 workers, Foxconn made a [[collective agreement]] with the union to match their salaries with the higher paid, non-Apple contracted Foxconn workers. A prior strike happened in 2013 for similar demands.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-09-29 |title=Victory for Foxconn workers in Brazil |url=https://www.industriall-union.org/victory-for-foxconn-workers-in-brazil |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=[[IndustriALL]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Czech Republic==
Foxconn CZ s.r.o. (Foxconn Czech Republic) acquired what remained of the former state owned [[Tesla (Czechoslovak company)|Tesla]] plants in both [[Pardubice]] and [[Kutná Hora]], Czech Republic. As a result, it also inherited the prior existing trade union of OS KOVO,<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Čaněk |first=Marek |title=Flexible workforces and low profit margins : electronics assembly between Europe and China |date=2016 |publisher=[[European Trade Union Institute]] |isbn=978-2-87452-400-4 |editor-last=Drahokoupil |editor-first=Jan |location=Brussels |chapter=Building the European centre in Czechia: Foxconn's local integration in regional and global labour markets |oclc=952668624 |editor-last2=Andrijasevic |editor-first2=Rutvica |editor-last3=Sacchetto |editor-first3=Davi |chapter-url=https://www.etui.org/sites/default/files/Chapter%204_2.pdf}}</ref> the metal workers affiliate of [[Czech-Moravian Confederation of Trade Unions|ČMKOS]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Czechia Trade Unions |url=https://www.worker-participation.eu/National-Industrial-Relations/Countries/Czech-Republic/Trade-Unions |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526082656/https://www.worker-participation.eu/National-Industrial-Relations/Countries/Czech-Republic/Trade-Unions |archive-date=2022-05-26 |access-date=2022-05-24 |website=Worker Participation |publisher=[[European Trade Union Institute]]}}</ref> Foxconn Czech Republic currently pays the salary of one [[Union representative|trade union representative]], while the union, using funds from property it inherited, pays for an economist.<ref name=":0" />

The trade union and Foxconn Czech Republic negotiated their first [[collective agreement]] in 2000, with its first wage increase in 2002, with all future collective agreements including wage increases.<ref name=":0" />

== India ==
Foxconn India Ltd (Foxconn India) opened in [[Sriperumbudur]], 50 kilometers from [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]] in 2006, primarily to provide parts for [[Nokia|Nokia India]]. The factory was located inside the Nokia [[List of special economic zones in India|Special Economic Zone]]. Between 2010 and 2013, there was a dispute between three competing trade unions to represent the 2,000 Foxconn workers. Foxconn India initially recognized Foxconn India Thozhilalar Munnetra Sangam (FITMS) affiliated to [[Labour Progressive Federation]] of the ruling [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] party, signing a [[Collective agreement|wage pact]] with them. In October 2010, some 1,200 workers belong to the Foxconn India Employees Union Foxconn ({{Langx|ta|India Thozhilalar Sangam; FIST}}), affiliated to [[Centre of Indian Trade Unions|CITU]] of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPM]]. FIST started mobilizing in 2010, after a [[gas leak]] affected some 200 workers. According to FIST, most DMK workers transferred to FIST as a result. When [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]] party came into power in 2013, Foxconn India made a wage pact with their respective union Panchalai Anna Thozhilalar Sangam, which was valid until 2016.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sivaramakrishnan |first=Vidhya |title=Foxconn moves Supreme Court over multi-way fight for trade union recognition |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/electronics/foxconn-moves-supreme-court-over-multi-way-fight-for-trade-union-recognition/articleshow/27258107.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2022-05-20 |work=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref>

None of the Apple contract facilities are unionized {{As of|2023|lc=y}}, but there was an unsuccessful attempt in 2021 by 30 workers in Chennai who were subsequently fired.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Christopher |first=Nilesh |date=2023-06-01 |title=Apple and Foxconn lobbied India to relax its labor laws. Unions are fighting back |url=https://restofworld.org/2023/india-labor-laws-apple-manufacturing/ |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=[[Rest of World]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Apple Inc. and unions]]
* [[IBM and unions]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

== References ==
{{reference}}

== External links ==
* [http://hhfox.com/portal.php Official website: Foxconn Trade Union] (in Chinese)
* [https://user-kovofox.webnode.cz/ Official website: Foxconn OS Kovo] (in Czech)

{{Multinational unions}}
{{Foxconn}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Foxconn]]
[[Category:Tech sector trade unions]]
[[Category:Video game trade unions]]
[[Category:Labor relations by company|Foxconn]]
[[Category:Labor relations in China]]
[[Category:Labour relations in India]]
[[Category:Labor in the Czech Republic]]
[[Category:Labour disputes in Brazil]]
[[Category:Brazil–China relations]]

Maharana of Mewar Charitable Foundation

2026-04-11T23:30:16Z

Hiya singh: put up a stub first draft

{{short description|Indian charitable trust}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{infobox organization
| name = Maharana of Mewar Charitable Foundation
| formation = {{start date and age|1969|10|20}}
| full_name = The Maharana of Mewar Charitable Foundation (MMCF), Udaipur
| mapframe = no
| abbreviation = MMCF
| nickname = Eternal Mewar
| founder = [[Bhagwat Singh of Mewar|Bhagwat Singh Mewar]]
| headquarters = [[City Palace, Udaipur]]
| location = [[Udaipur]], India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.576|73.683|region:IN-RJ|display=inline}}
| leader_name = [[Lakshyaraj Singh Mewar]]
| website = https://www.eternalmewar.in/
}}
'''Maharana of Mewar Charitable Foundation''' (also known as '''Eternal Mewar'''; commonly abbreviated '''MMCF''') is a charitable trust.
==Background==
[[Bhagwat Singh of Mewar|Bhagwat Singh Mewar]] was a patron of numerous trusts throughout his lifetime.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=C. L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WHgo_xlOqaQC |title=Ruling Elites of Rajasthan: A Changing Profile |date=1993 |publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=978-81-85880-13-6 |pages=93–96 |language=en}}</ref> On 20 October 1969, he founded the MMCF by providing a substantial endowment and donating key sections of the [[City Palace, Udaipur|City Palace]] in [[Udaipur]] for its establishment.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web| title=50 years of Maharana of Mewar charitable foundation | url=https://www.eternalmewar.in/documents/50-Years-of-MMCF-Book-Online.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516070504/http://www.eternalmewar.in/documents/50-Years-of-MMCF-Book-Online.pdf | archive-date=2021-05-16}}</ref> In his will and testament of 1984, he reconstituted the institution of the [[Maharana]] for the MMCF, so that the office of [[Maharana]] shall continue in perpetuity.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khera |first=Dipti |url=https://archive.org/details/jagmandironlakep0000kher/ |title=Jagmandir on Lake Pichola |date=2002 |publisher=New Delhi : Penguin Enterprise |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-670-04923-3 |pages=11,26,34,38–41,157}}</ref> After his death, his son [[Arvind Singh Mewar]] was appointed Chairman and Managing Trustee of the MMCF.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maharana Pratap descendant Arvind Singh Mewar dies at 81 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/maharana-pratap-descendant-arvind-singh-mewar-dies-at-81-3448702 |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> Following the death of [[Arvind Singh Mewar]] on 16 March 2025, his son, [[Lakshyaraj Singh Mewar]], now functions as the Managing Trustee of the trust.<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2025-03-17 |title=Maharana Pratap descendant Arvind Singh Mewar dies at 81 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/rajasthan/maharana-pratap-descendant-arvind-singh-mewar-dies-at-81/article69339170.ece |access-date=2025-12-29 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhandari |first=Prakash |date=2024-12-01 |title=People cheer battle between huzoor and hukum for the ‘throne’ |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/national/people-cheer-battle-between-huzoor-and-hukum-for-the-throne |access-date=2025-12-29 |website=National Herald |language=en}}</ref>

==Awards==
Each year, the MMCF confers a series of awards for social service, scholarship, art, and economic initiative.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Freitag |first=Jason |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kiewCQAAQBAJ |title=Serving Empire, Serving Nation: James Tod and the Rajputs of Rajasthan |date=2009-07-31 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-474-2938-8 |pages=1–2 |language=en}}</ref> These awards are traditionally presented to residents of [[Udaipur]] as well as to individuals from across [[India]].<ref name=":0" /> They are named after figures who hold importance in the history of [[Kingdom of Mewar|Mewar]].<ref name=":0" /> These awards are:<ref name=":1" />
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Name
!Instituted in
!Notes
|-
|Colonel James Tod Award
|1982-83
|Named after [[James Tod]]. This award is presented to a foreign national who, like [[James Tod|Tod]], has contributed to a deeper understanding of the spirit and values of Mewar through work of lasting significance.
|-
|Haldighati Award
|1986-87
|Haldighati refers to the [[Battle of Haldighati]]. This award is presented to an individual whose work holds lasting value in awakening society, particularly through journalism or other forms of media.
|-
|Hakim Khan Sur Award
|1996-97
|Named after [[Hakim Khan Suri]]. This award honour work of permanent value for the cause of national integration.
|-
|Maharana Udai Singh Award
|1997-98
|Named after [[Udai Singh II]]. This award honors work that helps protect and improve the environment.
|-
|Panna Dhai Award
|1980-81
|
|-
|Maharishi Harit Rashi Award
|1981-82
|
|-
|Maharana Mewar Award
|1980-81
|
|-
|Maharana Kumbha Award
|1983-84
|
|-
|Maharana Sajjan Singh Award
|1981-82
|
|-
|Dagar Gharana Award
|1986-87
|
|-
|Rana Punja Award
|1983-84
|
|-
|Aravali Award
|1983-84
|
|-
|Best Police Station of Rajasthan
|2007-08
|
|-
|Bhamashah Award
|1980-81
|Named after [[Bhamashah]]. This award honors students who achieve the highest percentage and top position among all universities in [[Rajasthan]].
|-
|Maharana Raj Singh Award
|1980-81
|
|-
|Maharana Fateh Singh Award
|1996-97
|
|-
|Maharana Arvind Singh Mewar Award
|2025-26
|Named after [[Arvind Singh Mewar]].
|}

==Recipients==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Date
!Venue
!Award Name
!Recipient(s)
!Reference(s)
|-
| rowspan="17" |15 March 2026
| rowspan="17" |[[City Palace, Udaipur]]
|Colonel James Tod Award
|Molly Emma Aitken
| rowspan="17" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sanwari |first=Razia |date=2026-03-16 |title=42nd Maharana Mewar Foundation Awards in Udaipur |url=https://udaipurtimes.com/events/mmcf-42nd-awards-in-udaipur/cid18373037.htm |access-date=2026-03-26 |website=udaipurtimes.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Haldighati Award
|Kamlesh Kishore Singh
|-
|Hakim Khan Sur Award
|Rizwan Malik
|-
|Maharana Udai Singh Award
|[[M. Yoganathan|Marimuthu Yoganathan]]
|-
|Panna Dhai Award
|Crew of [[Jet Airways]] flight 9W 569
|-
|Maharana Arvind Singh Mewar Award
|Puneet Chhatwal
|-
|Maharishi Harit Rashi Award
|Vedamurti Devavrat Mahesh Rekhe
|-
| rowspan="2" |Maharana Mewar Award
|[[K. Prithika Yashini]]
|-
|Bhuvnesh Jain
|-
|Maharana Mewar Special Award
|Rajesh Vaishnav
|-
|Maharana Kumbha Award
|Tarun Kumar Dadhich
|-
|Maharana Sajjan Singh Award
|Ajay Rawat
|-
|Dagar Gharana Award
|[[Hariprasad Chaurasia]]
|-
|Rana Punja Award
|Dimple Chandat
|-
| rowspan="2" |Aravali Award
|Ram Ratan Jat
|-
|Avani Lekhara
|-
|Best Police Station of Rajasthan
|Suratgarh City Police Station
|}

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Artist gopal prasad sharma awarded by maharana sajjan singh award from arvind singh mewar.jpg|[[Arvind Singh Mewar]] presents the Maharana Sajjan Singh Award to [[Gopal Prasad Sharma]].
</gallery>

==References==
<references />
[[Category:Udaipur]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Mewar]]
[[Category:Sisodia dynasty]]
[[Category:1969 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Awards honoring children or youth]]
[[Category:Academic awards]]
[[Category:Indian literary awards]]

Otha Votu Muthaiya

2026-04-05T06:21:51Z

Hiya singh: starting a entry

{{short description|2025 Indian political comedy film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Otha Votu Muthaiya.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Sai Rajagopal
| producer = Sai Rajagopal
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Goundamani]]
*[[Yogi Babu]]
}}
| cinematography = S. A. Kathavarayan
| editing = S. P. Raja Sethupathi Noel
| music = [[Siddharth Vipin]]
| studio = Cine Craft Production Kutti Story Pictures
| distributor = Buvanesh Chinnaswamy
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2025|2|14}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Otha Votu Muthaiya''''' ({{Translation|'One Vote' Muthaiya}}) is a 2025 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Political comedy|political comedy film]] written and directed by Sai Rajagopal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=கவுண்டமணி நடிக்கும் 'ஒத்த ஓட்டு முத்தையா' படத்தின் இசை மற்றும் முன்னோட்டம் வெளியீடு |url=https://www.virakesari.lk/article/205901 |access-date=2025-02-11 |website=Virakesari.lk |language=en}}</ref> The film stars [[Goundamani]] and [[Yogi Babu]] in the lead roles, alongside [[Rajendran]] and [[Santhana Bharathi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-04 |title="ஒத்த ஓட்டு முத்தையா" குடும்பத்தோடு பார்க்க வேண்டிய படம் - கவுண்டமணி |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/otha-ottu-muthaiya-is-a-film-to-watch-with-the-family-goundamani-1142415 |access-date=2025-02-11 |website=[[Dina Thanthi]] |language=ta}}</ref> The film was produced by Raviraja ME under the banner of Cine Craft Production and Kutti Story Pictures.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-08 |title=மீண்டும் கவுண்டமணி, திரைச்செய்தி செய்திகள் - தமிழ் முரசு Cinema News in Tamil, Tamil Murasu |url=https://www.tamilmurasu.com.sg/cinema/goundamani-returns?ref=related_article |access-date=2025-02-11 |website=Tamil Murasu |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-08 |title=ஒத்த ஓட்டு முத்தையா |url=https://www.dinamani.com/weekly-supplements/sunday-kondattam/2025/Feb/08/muthaiah |access-date=2025-02-11 |website=Dinamani |language=ta}}</ref>

''Otha Votu Muthaiya'' released in theatres on 14 February 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-09 |title=First look of Goundamani's political drama Oththa Votu Muthaiya out |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/cinema/first-look-of-goundamanis-political-drama-oththa-votu-muthaiya-out-789361 |access-date=2025-02-11 |website=www.dtnext.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=இந்த வாரம் வெளியாகும் ஒத்த ஓட்டு முத்தையா |url=https://www.thinaboomi.com/2025/02/10/243914.html |access-date=2025-02-11 |website=தின பூமி |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-06 |title=கவுண்டமணி நடித்த ஒத்த ஓட்டு முத்தையா படத்தின் டிரெயிலர் வெளியானது {{!}} The trailer of Goundamani's Otha Votu Muthaiya movie has been released. |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/the-trailer-of-goundamanis-otha-votu-muthaiya-movie-has-been-released-759407 |access-date=2025-02-11 |website=[[Maalai Malar]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Plot ==
After losing a political party election by a single vote, a dedicated member is denied another chance. He takes matters into his own hands by running independently and emerges victorious. Muthaiya is a respectable member of a political party who hopes to marry off his three sisters to three eligible brothers. While challenges are mounting in his political career, what does life have in store for Muthaiya?

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Goundamani]] as Muthaiya
* [[Yogi Babu]] as Egmore
* Sai Dhanyaa
* Satish Mohan
* [[Rajendran]] as Sithappa
* [[Santhana Bharathi]] as Minister
* [[Chitra Lakshmanan]] as Periyappa
* [[Singamuthu]] as Kopparasaamy
* [[Bayilvan Ranganathan]] as Police Inspector
* [[Sendrayan]]
* [[Ravi Mariya]] as Sai Krishna
* [[O. A. K. Sundar]] as Saravana Pandiyan
* [[Vaiyapuri]]
* [[Ganeshkar]]
* [[Karthick Singa]] as Guna
* [[Anu Mohan (Tamil actor)|Anu Mohan]] as Personal income tax officer
* [[Kottachi]]
* [[TSR Srinivasan]]
* [[Cool Suresh]]
* [[Scissor Manohar]] as Broker Narayana
* [[Muthukaalai]] as Sangaralingam
* [[Kadhal Sukumar]] as Ilangumaran
* [[Bonda Mani]] as Farmer
* Hima Bindu as Shalini
* Anbu Mayilsamy as Sathya
* Bijesh
}}

== Production ==
The film is directed by Sai Rajagopal<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-23 |title=Goundamani returns to acting with 'Oththa Votu Muthaiya' - The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/goundamani-returns-to-acting-with-oththa-votu-muthaiya/article67118858.ece |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523210958/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/goundamani-returns-to-acting-with-oththa-votu-muthaiya/article67118858.ece |archive-date=2024-05-23 |access-date=2025-02-11 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> who already worked with [[Goundamani]] over 70 films<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-27 |title=Goundamani, Yogi Babu to share screen space for the first time |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/goundamani-yogi-babu-to-share-screen-space-for-the-first-time/articleshow/102163223.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801062724/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/goundamani-yogi-babu-to-share-screen-space-for-the-first-time/articleshow/102163223.cms |archive-date=2023-08-01 |access-date=2025-02-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and the shooting of the film was wrapped up in February 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-19 |title=Goundamani's 'Otha Votu Muthaiya' shooting wrapped up |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/goundamanis-otha-votu-muthaiya-shooting-wrapped-up/articleshow/107815381.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926061451/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/goundamanis-otha-votu-muthaiya-shooting-wrapped-up/articleshow/107815381.cms |archive-date=2024-09-26 |access-date=2025-02-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The technical team consists of S. A. Kathavarayan as the cinematographer, S. P. Raja Sethupathi and Noel as the editor, [[Siddharth Vipin]] as the music composer and Buvanesh Chinnaswamy as creative producer.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-02-06 |title=Otha Votu Muthaiya Trailer: This Goundamani starrer satirises current political incidents |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Feb/06/otha-votu-muthaiya-trailer-this-goundamani-starrer-satirises-current-political-incidents |access-date=2025-02-11 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-05 |title=கவுண்டமணி நடிக்கும் 'ஒத்த ஓட்டு முத்தையா' படத்தின் இசை மற்றும் ட்ரெய்லர் வெளியீடு! |url=https://zeenews.india.com/tamil/movies/goundamani-starrer-oththa-votu-muthaiya-movie-trailer-and-audio-launch-559512 |access-date=2025-02-11 |website=Zee Hindustan Tamil |language=ta}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 3:34
| title1 = Mangiska Kangiska
| lyrics1 = [[Snehan]]
| extra1 = Mookkuthi Murugani
| length1 = 3:34
| title2 =
| length2 =
| lyrics2 =
| extra2 =
| title3 =
| length3 =
| lyrics3 =
| extra3 =
| title4 =
| length4 =
| lyrics4 =
| extra4 =
| title5 =
| length5 =
| lyrics5 =
| extra5 =
}}

== Critical response ==
Roopa Radhakrishnan of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 1.5/5 stars and wrote "''Otha Votu Muthaiya'' isn't a film where you have to fish for answers or expect a logical flow in what's happening. With that said, to the film's credit, it also doesn't pretend to be anything more than that."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Otha Votu Muthaiya Movie Review : A tiresome movie with outdated storytelling and ludicrous characters |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/otha-votu-muthaiya/movie-review/118247455.cms |access-date=2025-02-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> ''[[Dinamalar]]'' rated 2.25 out of 5.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ஒத்த ஓட்டு முத்தையா - விமர்சனம் {2.25/5} : ஒத்த ஓட்டு முத்தையா - டெபாசிட் இல்லை - Otha votu muthaiya |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/movie-review/3538/Otha-votu-muthaiya/ |access-date=2025-02-17 |website=cinema.dinamalar.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=tt28490390}}

[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Siddharth Vipin]]
[[Category:Indian political satire films]]
[[Category:2025 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Dharmendra Singh (politician)

2026-04-04T20:25:10Z

Hiya singh: New Bio

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Dharmendra Singh
| office = [[Legislative council|Member]] of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]]
| constituency = ''elected by legislative assembly members''
| term_start = 6 May 2024
| term_end =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| profession = [[Politician]]
}}

'''Dharmendra Singh ''' is an Indian politician currently serving as the [[Legislative council|Member]] of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]] and affiliated with [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/india/bjp-announces-list-of-candidates-for-mlc-elections-in-uttar-pradesh-and-bihar-check-names-10138986|title=BJP Announces List Of Candidates For MLC Elections In Uttar Pradesh And Bihar|website=English Jagran}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/up-bjp-announces-seven-candidates-for-legislative-council-election-keeps-focus-on-core-social-base/article67932405.ece|title=BJP announces seven candidates for Legislative Council election in Uttar Pradesh, keeps focus on core social base|first=Mayank|last=Kumar|date=9 March 2024|newspaper=The Hindu|accessdate=1 August 2024}}</ref><ref name=IT1>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/mlc-election-bjp-candidate-list-bihar-uttar-pradesh-legislative-council-polls-2512745-2024-03-09|title=BJP announces its candidates for Bihar, UP Legislative Council elections|date=9 March 2024|website=India Today}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Dharmendra}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Members of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{UttarPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Jalgaon Assembly constituency

2026-04-04T17:28:10Z

Hiya singh: Put Up

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Jalgaon
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1962
| abolished = 2008<ref>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
| electors = 280,778
| mla = [[Suresh Jain|Sureshkumar Bhikamchand Jain]]
| party = {{Party index link|Nationalist Congress Party}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
Jalgaon Assembly constituency was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]].
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|-
| [[1952 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Kashirao Patil || {{Full party name with color|Sarvodaya Karnataka Paksha}}
|-
| [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || Sadashiv Bhalerao || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || [[Pratibha Patil]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || T. T. Salunkhe
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Madhukar Atmaram Patil
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || [[Ishwarlal Jain|Ishwarlal Shankarlal Jain]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || rowspan=6 | [[Suresh Jain|Sureshkumar Bhikamchand Jain]]
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian Congress (Socialist)}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha}}
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1996 elections in India#Maharashtra|1996 By-election]] || {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2002 elections in India#Maharashtra|2002 By-election]] || rowspan=2| [[Suresh Jain|Sureshkumar Bhikamchand Jain]] || {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
| colspan="4" |{{Center|''2008 onwards : See [[Jalgaon City Assembly constituency|Jalgaon City]], [[Jalgaon Rural Assembly constituency|Jalgaon Rural]]''}}
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2004===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Jalgaon}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Suresh Jain|Sureshkumar Bhikamchand Jain]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 73,987 |percentage = 47.90% |change={{increase}}0.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Prof. Sonawane Chandrakant Baliram |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 68,099 |percentage = 44.09% |change={{decrease}}1.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Subhash S. Sonawane |party=Independent politician |votes = 5,255 |percentage = 3.40% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sonawane Babalu Dagadu |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,238 |percentage = 1.45% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shaikh Salim Isamoddin |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,716 |percentage = 1.11% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,888 |percentage = 3.81% |change= {{increase}}1.72 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 154,452 |percentage = 55.01% |change= {{increase}}8.05 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 154,450}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 280,778|ref = |change= {{increase}}7.91 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{increase}}0.56 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly By-election 2002===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2002 elections in India#Maharashtra|2002 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Jalgaon<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/ByeElection/ByeMay2002/index.htm |title=Bye-Election Results - Election Commission of India |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=J.S.K.Bhikamchand |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 57,857 |percentage = 47.35% |change={{increase}}42.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=S.C.Baliram |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 55,305 |percentage = 45.26% |change={{decrease}}1.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Patil Narendra Bhaskarrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 5,879 |percentage = 4.81% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=She. Amin.She Yasin |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,921 |percentage = 1.57% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kolhe Ashok Pundalik |party=Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 1,234 |percentage = 1.01% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,552 |percentage = 2.09% |change= {{decrease}}14.47 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 122,196 |percentage = 46.96% |change= {{decrease}}11.88 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 122,196}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 260,197|ref = |change= {{increase}}11.78 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{increase}}0.65 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Jalgaon<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Suresh Jain|Sureshkumar Bhikamchand Jain]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 63,964 |percentage = 46.70% |change={{decrease}}14.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr. Arjun Ganpat Bhangale |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 41,280 |percentage = 30.14% |change={{decrease}}8.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sonawane Bhilabhau Gotu |party=Independent politician |votes = 24,263 |percentage = 17.71% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sonawane Kashinath Ragho Alias Dr. K. R. Sonawane |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 6,327 |percentage = 4.62% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 22,684 |percentage = 16.56% |change= {{decrease}}6.51 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 144,263 |percentage = 61.97% |change= {{increase}}5.99 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 136,972}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 232,778|ref = |change= {{increase}}2.96 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{decrease}}14.84 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly By-election 1996===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1996 elections in India#Maharashtra|1996 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Jalgaon<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/ByeElection/ByeNov1996/index.htm |title=Key Statistics - Bye Elections - 1996 |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Suresh Jain|Sureshkumar Bhikamchand Jain]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 73,532 |percentage = 61.54% |change={{increase}}50.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ravindra Pralhadrao Patil |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 45,964 |percentage = 38.46% |change={{decrease}}9.80 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 27,568 |percentage = 23.07% |change= {{decrease}}0.96 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 121,605 |percentage = 53.79% |change= {{decrease}}15.36 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 119,496}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 226,085|ref = |change= {{decrease}}3.55 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}13.27 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Jalgaon<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Suresh Jain|Sureshkumar Bhikamchand Jain]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 77,172 |percentage = 48.26% |change={{increase}}18.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr. Arjun Ganpat Bhangale |party=Independent politician |votes = 38,743 |percentage = 24.23% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dhekale Sadashivrao Ganpatrao |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 18,419 |percentage = 11.52% |change={{decrease}}4.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Subhash Tarachand Agarwal |party=Independent politician |votes = 10,577 |percentage = 6.62% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Prof. Shekhar Madhukar Sonalkar |party=Janata Dal |votes = 4,651 |percentage = 2.91% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhalerao Sadashiv Narayan |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,911 |percentage = 1.20% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Adv. Sonawane Suresh Anandrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,911 |percentage = 1.20% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 38,429 |percentage = 24.03% |change= {{increase}}3.75 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 163,938 |percentage = 69.94% |change= {{increase}}8.18 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 159,894}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 234,399|ref = |change= {{increase}}15.23 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha |swing= {{decrease}}2.15 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Jalgaon<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Suresh Jain|Sureshkumar Bhikamchand Jain]] |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha |votes = 61,562 |percentage = 50.41% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Ishwarlal Jain|Ishwarlal Shankarlal Jain]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 36,792 |percentage = 30.13% |change={{decrease}}10.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jagtap Prakash Daulat |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 19,710 |percentage = 16.14% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Patil P. E. Tatya |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,169 |percentage = 0.96% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ale Hemant Shankar |party=Independent politician |votes = 864 |percentage = 0.71% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 24,770 |percentage = 20.28% |change= {{increase}}6.77 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 124,393 |percentage = 61.15% |change= {{increase}}1.77 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 122,122}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 203,424|ref = |change= {{increase}}35.65 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha |loser = Indian Congress (Socialist) |swing= {{decrease}}4.10 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1985===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Jalgaon<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Suresh Jain|Sureshkumar Bhikamchand Jain]] |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes = 47,629 |percentage = 54.51% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Choudhari Ramesh Pandit |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 35,819 |percentage = 41.00% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhalerao Sadashiv Narayan |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 2,315 |percentage = 2.65% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ghade Rajaram Asaram |party=Independent politician |votes = 855 |percentage = 0.98% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,810 |percentage = 13.52% |change= {{decrease}}20.19 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 89,076 |percentage = 59.40% |change= {{increase}}1.99 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 87,374}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 149,963|ref = |change= {{increase}}14.34 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian Congress (Socialist) |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing= {{decrease}}4.87 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Jalgaon<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Suresh Jain|Sureshkumar Bhikamchand Jain]] |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 43,827 |percentage = 59.38% |change={{increase}}19.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chaudhari Tukaram Shripat |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 18,946 |percentage = 25.67% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gajanan Pannalal Joshi |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 9,380 |percentage = 12.71% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sapkale Gorkhnath Daulat |party=Independent politician |votes = 452 |percentage = 0.61% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 24,881 |percentage = 33.71% |change= {{increase}}23.78 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 75,314 |percentage = 57.42% |change= {{decrease}}8.41 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 73,808}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 131,157|ref = |change= {{increase}}13.60 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing= {{increase}}19.07 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Jalgaon<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Ishwarlal Jain|Ishwarlal Shankarlal Jain]] |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 30,099 |percentage = 40.31% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shikh Mo. Ismail Ibrahim |party=Janata Party |votes = 22,684 |percentage = 30.38% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sonawane Sitaram Totaram |party=Independent politician |votes = 8,453 |percentage = 11.32% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Patil Kashinath Dodhu |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 8,372 |percentage = 11.21% |change={{decrease}}34.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhalerao Sadashiv Narayan |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 4,609 |percentage = 6.17% |change={{decrease}}33.00 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,415 |percentage = 9.93% |change= {{increase}}3.74 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 77,007 |percentage = 66.70% |change= {{increase}}11.09 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 74,677}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 115,451|ref = |change= {{increase}}19.99 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}5.06 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Jalgaon<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Madhukar Atmaram Patil |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 23,392 |percentage = 45.36% |change={{increase}}6.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhalerao Sadashiv Narayan |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 20,199 |percentage = 39.17% |change={{increase}}4.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nikam Raghunath Jayawantrao |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 7,144 |percentage = 13.85% |change={{decrease}}7.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Heman Shankar Kale |party=Independent politician |votes = 527 |percentage = 1.02% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,193 |percentage = 6.19% |change= {{increase}}1.93 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 53,619 |percentage = 55.73% |change= {{decrease}}3.83 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 51,565}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 96,214|ref = |change= {{increase}}15.58 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}6.57 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Jalgaon<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=T. T. Salunkhe |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 18,543 |percentage = 38.80% |change={{decrease}}16.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhalerao Sadashiv Narayan |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 16,506 |percentage = 34.53% |change={{increase}}11.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=P. K. Zare |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 10,410 |percentage = 21.78% |change={{increase}}4.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=S. H. Rayasoni |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes = 1,789 |percentage = 3.74% |change={{decrease}}0.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=N. T. Joshi |party=Independent politician |votes = 390 |percentage = 0.82% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,037 |percentage = 4.26% |change= {{decrease}}28.12 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 53,806 |percentage = 64.64% |change= {{increase}}4.38 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 47,797}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 83,241|ref = |change= {{increase}}24.55 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}16.28 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1962===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Jalgaon<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Pratibha Narayanrao Patil |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 19,524 |percentage = 55.07% |change={{increase}}10.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhalerao Sadashiv Narayan |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 8,043 |percentage = 22.69% |change={{decrease}}32.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Keshavrao Tryambakrao Bhoite |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 6,226 |percentage = 17.56% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dulichand Lalchand Joshi |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes = 1,658 |percentage = 4.68% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,481 |percentage = 32.39% |change= {{increase}}21.57 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 39,092 |percentage = 58.49% |change= {{decrease}}10.17 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 35,451}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 66,834|ref = |change= {{increase}}6.86 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Communist Party of India |swing= {{decrease}}0.33 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1957===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Jalgaon<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Bhalerao Sadashiv Narayan |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 21,905 |percentage = 55.41% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mahajan Yadav Shivram |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 17,630 |percentage = 44.59% |change={{increase}}4.76 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,275 |percentage = 10.81% |change= {{increase}}2.03 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 39,535 |percentage = 63.21% |change= {{increase}}2.15 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 39,535}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 62,545|ref = |change= {{increase}}29.09 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Communist Party of India |loser = Sarvodaya Karnataka Paksha |swing= {{increase}}6.79 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1952===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1952 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Jalgaon<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatisticalReports_51_MP.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221154/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatisticalReports_51_MP.pdf|archive-date=3 March 2016|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Kashirao Patil |party=Sarvodaya Karnataka Paksha |votes = 14,384 |percentage = 48.62% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Narayan Vithuji Bochare |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 11,784 |percentage = 39.83% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Namdeo Chimnaji Tapre |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,418 |percentage = 11.55% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,600 |percentage = 8.79% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 29,586 |percentage = 61.06% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 29,586}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 48,451|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Sarvodaya Karnataka Paksha |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]
{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

Dalel Singh (ruler)

2026-04-02T09:26:41Z

Hiya singh: New A Bio

{{short description|Maharao Raja of Bundi (1730-1749)}}
{{infobox royalty
| title = [[Maharao Raja]]
| succession = [[Maharao Raja]] of [[Bundi State|Bundi]]
| reign = {{circa|1730}} – {{circa|1749}}
| predecessor = [[Budh Singh]]
| successor = Umaid Singh
| spouse = {{ubl|Krishna Kanwar|Sringar Kanwar}}
| father = Salim Singh
}}
'''Dalel Singh''' was the [[Maharao Raja]] of [[Bundi State|Bundi]] from 1730 to 1749.
==Early life and family==
Dalel Singh was born to Salim Singh of Kharwar.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Soszynski |first=Henry |title=BUNDI |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/b/bundi.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703190306/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/b/bundi.html |archive-date=2017-07-03 |access-date=2026-03-31 |website=members.iinet.net.au}}</ref> He had an older brother, Pratap Singh.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_Jaipur/O0oPIo9TXKcC |title=A History of Jaipur: C. 1503-1938 |date=1984 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-0333-5 |pages=194 |language=en}}</ref> He married, among others, Krishna Kanwar, a daughter of [[Sawai Jai Singh|Jai Singh II]], and Sringar Kanwar, a daughter of the [[Rao (title)|Rao]] of [[Uniara Jagir|Uniara]].<ref name=":0" /> His marriage to Jai’s daughter was done on the understanding that his son from her would succeed to his title, rank and dignity as the [[Maharao|Maharao Raja]] of [[Bundi State|Bundi]] in due course of time.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rajasthan (India) |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Rajasthan_district_Gazetteers_Bundi/oU1uAAAAMAAJ |title=Rajasthan [district Gazetteers].: Bundi |date=1964 |publisher=Printed at Government Central Press |pages=46 |language=en}}</ref>

== Reign ==
After Jai Singh had removed [[Budh Singh]] from the throne of [[Bundi State|Bundi]] in 1730, he nominated Dalel as Budh’s successor on that throne.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Encyclopaedia_Indica_Jai_Singh_Mughals_a/_gEwAQAAIAAJ |title=Encyclopaedia Indica: Jai Singh, Mughals and Marathas |date=1999 |publisher=Anmol Publications |isbn=978-81-7041-859-7 |pages=220–221 |language=en}}</ref> He then called Dalel’s father, Salim Singh, to come and take Bundi in his possession, and told him that the [[Rājyābhiṣeka|rajyaabhishek]] of Dalel would be performed in due course of time.<ref name=":1" /> Jai then, using influence on the [[Mughal Emperor]], sought a [[firman]] from him that recognised Dalel as the new ruler of Bundi.<ref name=":1" /> When the Emperor granted it, he had Salim Singh install Dalel on the throne.<ref name=":1" /> He continued to reign until 1749, when Umaid Singh captured Bundi, removed him from the throne and installed himself.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Dhoundiyal |first=B. n |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.147239 |title=Gazetteer Of India Rajasthan Bundi |date=1964 |pages=45–46}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.02572 |title=The Hind Rajasthani : an annual of the native states of India |date=1896 |publisher=Times, Ahmedabad |pages=316}}</ref> During the time Dalel reigned over Bundi, his state was nothing more than a fiefdom under [[Kingdom of Amber|Jaipur]], and he had to regularly attend the [[Dussehra]] [[Durbar (court)|durbar]] of the [[Maharaja]] of [[Kingdom of Amber|Jaipur]].<ref name=":2" />

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Year of death unknown]]
[[Category:Maharajas of Bundi State]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian monarchs]]

Kumaradasa

2026-03-27T13:46:28Z

Hiya singh: Bio

{{short description|Sanskrit poet}}
'''Kumāradāsa''' is the author of a [[Sanskrit]] ''Mahākāvya'' called the ''Jānakī-haraṇa'' or Jānakī's abduction. ''Jānakī'' is another name of [[Sita]], wife of [[Rama]]. Sita was abducted by [[Ravana]] when she along with the Rama, exiled from his kingdom, and [[Lakshmana]] was living in a forest which incident is taken from [[Ramayana]] ('Rama's Journey'), the great [[Hindu]] [[Epic (genre)|epic]] written by [[Valmiki]].

The [[Sinhalese language|Sinhalese]] translation of his work, ''Jānakī-haraṇa'', gave credence to the belief that Kumāradāsa was King [[Kumara Dhatusena of Anuradhapura|Kumāradhātusena]] (513-522 A.D.) of [[Sri Lanka]] but most scholars do not make any such identification even though the poet at the end of his poem says that his father, Mānita, a commander of the rearguard of the Sinhalese King Kumāramaṇi, died in battle on the day he was born and that his maternal uncles, Megha and Agrabodhi, brought him up. [[Rajashekhara (Sanskrit poet)|Rajasekhara]], who lived around 900 A.D., in his ''Kāvyamīmāmsā'' refers to the poet as born blind - मेधाविरुद्रकुमारदासादयः जात्यन्धाः. There is also a tradition that this poem was written by [[Kalidasa]]. Kumāradāsa came after Kalidasa and lived around 500 A.D., later than [[Bharavi|Bhāravi]] but before [[Magha (poet)|Māgha]]. While writing ''Jānakī-haraṇa'', he certainly had before him ''[[Raghuvaṃśa]]'' of Kalidasa.<ref>{{cite book|title=Janakiharana of Kumaradasa: A Study|author=C.R. Swaminathan(ed. V. Raghavan)|date=December 2000|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|pages=19–30|isbn=9788120809758|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cbqo4PshqQcC&dq=janakiharana&pg=PR21}}</ref> Another legend recounts that Kālidāsa visits his friend Kumāradāsa, the king of Ceylon (modern day Lanka) and is murdered by a courtesan and overwhelmed with grief, Kumāradāsa also threw himself to the funeral pyre of Kālidāsa.<ref name=academi>{{cite web |title=About Kalidasa |url=http://www.kalidasaakademi.nic.in/About_Kalidasa/about_kalidasa.html |publisher=Kalidasa Academi |access-date=30 December 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728012216/http://www.kalidasaakademi.nic.in/About_Kalidasa/about_kalidasa.html |archive-date=28 July 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

In his "Survey of Sanskrit Literature", about Kumāradāsa and ''Jānakī-haraṇa'' (20 Cantos), which poem the poet is believed to have written during his stay in [[Kanchipuram]] where he lived,<ref>{{cite web|title=The Sunday Times March 25, 2012 - Plus-Letters to the Editor|url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/120325/Plus/plus_03.html|quote=It is time we revived the ancient fraternal ties..}}</ref> C. Kunhan Raja Ph.D. says:

:"In language, in the metres that he adopts, in the descriptions, in the entire technique of the epic, the influence which Kālidāsa must have exerted on the poet is quite plain…….he is quite original in his presentation of the theme…..He must have been a great scholar and grammarian…. he is never pedantic in his use of the language. He ranks as among the best poets, and in tradition, he is brought into an equal position with Kālidāsa and ''Raghuvaṃśa''."<ref>{{cite book|title=Survey of Sanskrit Literature 1962 Ed.|author= C. Kunhan Raja Ph.D.|year= 1962|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan|page=135|isbn= 9780842600286|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hutjAAAAMAAJ}}</ref>

A verse in the Subhāṣita-ratna-kośa refers to Kumāradāsa's Jānakī-haraṇa:
{{Verse translation|
{{lang|sa-Latn|jānakī-haraṇaṃ kartuṃ
raghuvaṃśe puraḥsthite /
kaviḥ kumāradāso vā
rāvaṇo vā yadi kṣamaḥ //}}
|
To have produced an Abduction of Sita,
When the Dynasty of Raghu was present before him —
One must have been Kumāradāsa
or else been Rāvaṇa.}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Sanskrit poets]]
[[Category:Epic poets]]
[[Category:Kalidasa]]

Bhanumaan Janaka

2026-03-13T23:01:55Z

Hiya singh: put up basic data with sources

{{Short description|King of Videha or Mithila}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Bhanumaan Janaka
| title = King of Mithila
| predecessor = Shreedhwaja Janaka
| successor = Shatadhyumn
| regnal name = Videha Raaj
| house = Janaka Dynasty
| father = Shreedhwaja Janaka
| religion = [[Sanatana]] [[Hinduism]]
| dynasty = [[Janaka]]
}}
'''Bhanumaan Janaka''' ([[Sanskrit]]: भानुमान जनक) was the king of [[Videha]] in the ancient [[Indian subcontinent|Indian Subcontinent]]. He ruled the kingdom of ''Mithila'' after the king [[Janaka|Shreedhwaja Janaka]] in [[Ramayana]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Vinay |first=Dr |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=In7x5ifTRJ0C&q=%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95 |title=Vishnu Puran |date=2021-01-15 |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd. |isbn=978-81-7182-208-9 |language=hi}}</ref> According to the texts [[Vishnu Purana]] and [[Garuda Purana]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=अवस्थी |first=अवधबिहारी लाल |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U4QcAAAAMAAJ |title=गरुड़ पुराण: एक अध्ययन |date=1968 |publisher=Kailāśa Prakāśana |pages=58 |language=hi}}</ref> ''Bhanumaan'' was the son of the king Shreedhwaja Janaka.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jha |first=Sanu Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FexxEAAAQBAJ&q=%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95 |title=Swarnim Mithila: Mithila varnan (hindi) Dharmik, Aitihasik darshan |date=2022-05-31 |publisher=OrangeBooks Publication |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Menon |first=Padmini |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SKO1gwzJdiIC |title=पुराण संदर्भ कोश: पुराणों में प्रयुक्त विशिष्ट शब्दों की व्याख्या |date=1969 |publisher=Granthama |language=hi}}</ref> The name of the son of King Bhanumaan Janaka was ''Shatadhyumn''.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ZMkN_e4YPcC&q=%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95 |title=Bhāshā vishṇu purāṇa |date=1883 |publisher=Navalakiśora |pages=171 |language=hi}}</ref>

== Description ==
In the texts [[Vishnu Purana]] and [[Garuda Purana]], the king ''Bhanumaan Janaka'' is mentioned as the son of the king [[Janaka|Shreedhwaja Janaka]]. But according to the other text [[Bhagavata Purana]] and [[Vayu Purana]], the king Bhanumaan Janaka is mentioned as the son of ''[[Keshidhwaja Janaka|Kesidhwaja]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2022-09-02 |title=The Description of the Race of Nimi [Chapter 13] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-bhagavata-purana/d/doc1128852.html |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2018-12-24 |title=Bhanumat, Bhānumān, Bhanuman, Bhānuman, Bhānumat: 8 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/bhanumat |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> The king Kesidhwaja was the son of the king ''Kritadhwaja'' and also the descendant of the [[Nimi (king)|King Nimi]] and [[King Mithi|Mithi]].

== References ==
<references />{{Hinduism-stub}}

[[Category:Mithila (region)]]
[[Category:Videha]]
[[Category:Kings of Videha]]
[[Category:Puranas]]

Kothha

2026-03-13T10:28:48Z

Hiya singh: Put Up

{{Short description|Indian Bengali television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Kothha.jpg
| producer = Nitesh Sharma Nandini Sharma
| last_aired = {{End date|2025|10|06|df=y}}
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2023|12|15}}
| network = [[Star Jalsha]]
| company = Bangla Talkies
| runtime = 22 minutes
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| cinematography = Deepak Jha
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| editor = Ayan Ray Dibakar Ray
| executive_producer = Rumpa Deb (Bangla Talkies) Samajita, Arpita & Akash (Star Jalsha)
| num_episodes = 662
| num_seasons =
| language = Bengali
| country = India
| open_theme =
| voices =
| composer = Indradeep Dasgupta
| starring = Susmita Dey [[Saheb Bhattacharya]]
| creative_director = Saswati Ghosh Dishani Sen Priyanka Biswas
| director = Suman Das Pavel Ghosh
| screenplay = Sadip Bhattacharya
| story = Sadip Bhattacharya
| writer = '''Dialogues''' Poushali Ghosh Dostidar
| genre = [[Drama]] [[Romance film|Romance]] [[Comedy]]
}}

'''''Kothha''''' is an Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]] language [[romantic drama]] television series that premiered from 15 December 2023 on [[Star Jalsha]]. It went off air on 6 October 2025. It starred Sushmita Dey and [[Saheb Bhattacharya]] in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-21 |title=এক গাছ-প্রেমী, আরেক রান্না পাগল, আসছে 'কথা'! জলসায় সুস্মিতা-সাহেবের লাভস্টোরি |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/star-jalsha-shares-their-new-serial-kathas-promo-featuring-sushmita-dey-and-saheb-bhattacharya-31700544668766.html |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=Hindustan Times Bangla |language=bn}}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-16 |title=Kothha Exclusive: কথা-AV'র টানটান রসায়নেই TRP তালিকায় কেল্লাফতে! 'সাহেবদাকে পেয়ে আমি লাকি', বলেছেন সুস্মিতা |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/exclusive-sushmita-dey-reacts-as-kothha-become-bengal-topper-has-all-praise-for-co-star-saheb-bhattacharya-31715870201423.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519103942/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/exclusive-sushmita-dey-reacts-as-kothha-become-bengal-topper-has-all-praise-for-co-star-saheb-bhattacharya-31715870201423.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 May 2024 |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=Hindustan Times Bangla |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-06 |title=Katha Serial (Kotha) Star Jalsha Channel |url=https://indiantvinfo.com/katha-serial-star-jalsha-actors/ |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=Indiantvinfo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-29 |title=Star Jalsha Serial : কথা-এভি-র কেমিস্ট্রি জমে ক্ষীর! চ্যানেল টপার কথা |url=https://eisamay.com/videos/entertainment/star-jalsha-kotha-cast-saheb-bhattacharya-susmita-dey-exclusive-interview-watch-video/110125308.cms |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=Eisamay|language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-06 |title=Kotha (Star Jalsha) Actors, Cast, Story, Wiki & More |url=https://tellybong.com/kotha/ |access-date=2024-12-27 | website=Tellybong}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-28 |title=টিআরপিতে জায়গা বদল 'কথা'র! নেপথ্যে কি বাস্তবের প্রেম? কথা-এভির রোম্যান্স জায়গা পেল না প্রথম চারে |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/why-star-jalsha-bengali-serial-kothha-s-position-change-in-trp-list-ent-116228 |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=Aajkaal | language=bn}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The story revolves around girl named Kothha (Kathakali), a student of botany, who loves gardening. On the other hand the hero AV is a chef. It is to be seen how they fall in love with each other.

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* Susmita Dey as Kothhakali Guha (nee Basu) a.k.a. Kothha / Gobordebi, AV's wife, Chiki's biological mother, Muffin's adoptive mother, a student of botany who loves gardening.
** As Buli (in disguise) - a street-smart girl who wants to open a cosmetic shop.
* [[Saheb Bhattacharya]] as Agnibha "Agni" Guha a.k.a. AV / Panchokmoshai, Kothha's husband, Chiki's biological father, Muffin's adoptive father, a chef.

=== Recurring ===
* Megha Daw as Mandavi Banerjee a.k.a. Mandy, AV's friend and obsessive lover
* Sumanta Mukherjee as Shashibhushan "Shashi" Guha, Phonibhushan's younger brother, Renu's husband, patriarch of the Guha family
* [[Tanuka Chatterjee]] as Renuka "Renu" Guha; Shashibhushan's wife, matriarch of the Guha family
* Arijit Chowdhury as Samir Kumar Guha -Shashi and Renu's elder son, AV's father
* Moyna Banerjee as Sanchita Guha, Samir's wife, Shashi and Renu's elder daughter-in-law, AV's mother
* Priyam as Mihir Kumar Guha - Shashi and Renu's middle son
* Arpita Mukherjee as Chitra Guha - Mihir's wife, Shashi and Renu's middle daughter-in-law
* Antaraa Pakira Nandi as Lekha Sarkar (nee Guha), Shashi and Renu's only daughter, Mrinmoy Sarkar's widow
* Siddhartha Ghosh as Timir Kumar Guha - Shashi and Renu's youngest son
* Indrakshi Nag as Nupur Guha, Timir's wife, Shashi and Renu's youngest daughter-in-law
* Rob Dey as Ankit Guha a.k.a. Akki - Mihir and Chitra's son, Juni's husband, Chiki's adoptive father.
* Diya Mukherjee as Ujjaini Guha (nee Mitra) a.k.a. Juni - Arun and Tapati's daughter, Kotha's cousin, Prantik's ex-wife; Ankit's wife, Chiki's adoptive mother.
* Priyanka Banerjee as Arna Guha a.k.a. Annie, Mihir and Chitra's daughter
* Arindya Banerjee as Inspector Prattay Sarkar a.k.a. Pratty, Lekha's son
* Raima Sengupta as Rituparna a.k.a. Ritu - Kotha and Juni's college friend, Prattay's love interest and later, wife
* Olivia Malakar as Priyanjali Sarkar a.k.a. Pri, Lekha's daughter
* Sourav Chatterjee as Niladri Mitra a.k.a. Nilu / Harry (in disguise) - Kotha and Juni's maternal cousin brother, Pri's husband
* Debnath Chattopadhyay as Arun Mitra - Juni's father, Kotha's maternal uncle
* Shreyasee Samanta as Tapati Mitra - Arun's wife, Juni's mother
* Samir Biswas as Phonibhushan Guha - Shashibhushan's elder brother, Lekha, Samir, Mihir and Timir's elder paternal uncle
* [[Anamika Saha]] as Phonibhushan's wife, Lekha, Samir, Mihir and Timir's elder paternal aunt,
* Anirban Bhattacharya as Joydeb Biswas - owner of Biswas Group of Companies, Prantik's father, Shashibhushan's arch rival
* Sayantan Shaan Sarkar as Prantik Biswas - Joydeb's son, Juni's ex-husband, Kotha & AV's arch rival
* Kaushik Bhattacharya as Aashish Roy a.k.a. Roy Babu - Kotha and AV's client, Sanchita's adoptive brother.
* Bipul Patra as Pramith Biswas a.k.a. Pramith Sharma - Joydeb's son, Prantik's brother
* Shweta Mishra as Richa Basu - Roy Babu's client from Singapore who wants to take over AV's cafe, Kothha's step sister.
* [[Kaushik Chakraborty]] as Basu-guruji, an international terrorist, Kothha and Richa's father.
* Sreenika Ghoshal as Basundhara "Muffin" Guha, Kothha and Agnibha's adopted daughter.
* Sreyansha Das as Rupkatha "Chiki" Guha, Kothha and Agnibha's biological daughter, Juni and Ankit's adopted daughter.
* Trishan Ghosh as Rayan, Chiki and Muffin's school friend.
* Sritama Bhattacharya as Laali, Chiki and Muffin's Nanny, Chitra's aid.

== Adaptations ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Language !! Title !! Channel !! First aired !! Last aired !! Notes
|-
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]] || ''Kothha'' || [[Star Jalsha]] || 15 December 2023 || 6 October 2025 || Original
|-
| [[Hindi]] || ''[[Kabhi Neem Neem Kabhi Shahad Shahad]]'' || [[StarPlus]] || 6 June 2025 || 22 September 2025 || Remake
<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |title=After Kumkum Bhagya, Abrar Qazi lands the lead role in 'Kabhi Neem Neem Kabhi Shehed Shehed' |work=The Times of India |date=12 June 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/after-kumkum-bhagya-abrar-qazi-lands-the-lead-role-in-kabhi-neem-neem-kabhi-shehed-shehed/articleshow/119378792.cms}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/shows/kothha/1260159726 ''Kothha''] at [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
* {{IMDb title|tt32281885}}

[[Category:Bengali-language television programming in India]]
[[Category:2023 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Star Jalsha original programming]]
[[Category:2025 Indian television series endings]]

Nadikar

2026-03-08T17:49:26Z

Hiya singh: put up the stub initial version

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Nadikar
| image = Nadikar.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Lal Jr.]]
| producer = Naveen Yerneni Y. Ravi Shankar Allan Antony Anoop Venugopal
| writer = Suvin S. Somasekharan
| starring = [[Tovino Thomas]] [[Divya Pillai]] [[Balu Varghese]] [[Suresh Krishna (actor)|Suresh Krishna]] [[Soubin Shahir]] [[Shine Tom Chacko]] [[Indrans]] [[Anoop Menon]] [[Bhavana (actress)|Bhavana]]
| music = Yakzan Gary Pereira [[Neha Nair]]
| cinematography = Alby
| editing = Ratheesh Raj
| studio = Godspeed Cinema [[Mythri Movie Makers]]
| distributor = Aan Mega Media
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2024|05|03}}
| runtime = 140 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = {{INR|40 crore}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 January 2024 |title=Tovino Thomas-starrer Nadikar Thilagam renamed as Nadikar after backlash from Sivaji Ganesan fans |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/tovino-thomas-nadikar-thilagam-renamed-as-nadikar-after-backlash-from-sivaji-ganesan-fans-9125791/ |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>
| gross ={{estimation}}{{INR|5.39 crore}}<ref>{{Cite web |title='നടികര്‍' പ്രേക്ഷക പ്രീതി നേടിയോ?: ടൊവിനോ ചിത്രത്തിന്‍റെ ആദ്യദിന കളക്ഷന്‍ ഇങ്ങനെ |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment/box-office/nadikar-box-office-collection-day-1-tovino-thomas-movie-get-good-start-vvk-scyc7e |date=4 May 2024 |website=AsianetNews |language=ml}}</ref>
}}

'''''Nadikar''''' ({{Translation|Actor}}) is a 2024 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[comedy drama film|comedy drama]] film directed by [[Lal Jr.]] and written by Suvin S. Somasekharan.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=24 January 2024 |title=Tovino Thomas' 'Nadikar Thilakam' gets a new title; details inside |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/tovino-thomas-nadikar-thilakam-gets-a-new-title/articleshow/107103375.cms |access-date=17 March 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Jointly produced by Godspeed Cinema and [[Mythri Movie Makers]], the film stars [[Tovino Thomas]], [[Divya Pillai]], [[Soubin Shahir]], [[Balu Varghese]], [[Suresh Krishna (actor)|Suresh Krishna]], and [[Bhavana (actress)|Bhavana]]. The film follows the life of a superstar film actor who is going through a rough patch.

The film was released in theatres on 3 May 2024.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Nadikar Movie Review: Tovino Thomas and Bhavana light up the screen despite less engaging storyline |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/reviews/nadikar-movie-review-tovino-thomas-and-bhavana-light-up-the-screen-despite-less-engaging-storyline-1301874 |date=3 May 2024 |website=PinkVilla |language=en}}</ref> The film received mixed-to-negative reviews from critics and was a [[box office bomb]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=R |first1=Manoj Kumar |title=Nadikar OTT release date confirmed: When, where to stream this Tovino Thomas starrer |url=https://www.desimartini.com/movies/celebrities/nadikar-ott-release-date-confirmed-when-where-to-stream-this-tovino-thomas-starrer/e44f58d001278/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240606102405/https://www.desimartini.com/movies/celebrities/nadikar-ott-release-date-confirmed-when-where-to-stream-this-tovino-thomas-starrer/e44f58d001278/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 June 2024 |access-date=21 September 2024 |date=6 June 2024 |website=[[Desimartini]]}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

== Plot ==
{{long plot|date=September 2024}} 
David Padikkal is a popular actor in the Malayalam film industry. He always has his manager Paily Kuruvilangad and his make-up man-cum-driver Lenin by his side. All of his previous films have been superhits and as a result, he lives off a superstar status in the industry. David is shown to be a very irresponsible and arrogant person, always partying with girls, and not showing up to shoot locations on time. Due to the same reasons, his last three films have flopped and the crew of his next film which is directed by [[Dhyan Sreenivasan]] aren't confident about the output of the film. Dhyan tries calling David but he doesn't pick the call as he is busy partying.

One day, David comes home and finds a script of a film in which he is supposed to star and is directed by Koshy, an acclaimed director who is very strict on-set. David goes to set the next day and acts with his co-actor Chandradas. Koshy lashes out on David due to his inability to communicate expressions on-screen during the shot and abuses him. An angry David storms out of the set and while going away in his car, injures one of the crew members of the film. This causes significant damage to David's image, so David, Lenin and Paily decide to leave to Dubai and stay there until the issue cools down. Koshy's film is eventually shelved.

After returning from Dubai, Paily suggests that David meet Bala, an acting coach, to help in pointing out his weak areas in acting and improve them so that his films can fare better. They meet Bala, who agrees to help David. The next day, Bala meets David in his caravan and tries to tell him how to perform his role, but David, who is intoxicated due to substance abuse, tells Bala that he can do it on his own and sends him out. During the shot, David is unable to act properly due to being intoxicated but when Bala goes to help him, David tells him to go away as he doesn't want anyone to know that he has hired an acting coach as it will damage his public image. He also tells his crew members that Bala is the driver that had driven the car the day he had injured the crew member on director Koshy's set, in order to hide the same fact. Later, after the shot is over, David cancels his contract with Bala in frustration and sends him back. David then calls his ex-girlfriend and former co-star Ann Bava and tells her that his career is declining. Ann tells him to stop going behind girls and using drugs and tells him to focus on his acting career instead. She also tells him to stop considering himself a superstar and consider himself an actor instead and listen to what the other crew members tell him to do.

After his call with Ann, David realizes his mistake and decides to get Bala back. Bala agrees to help him once again. Then, Bala helps David on the set of his films and his acting significantly improves. Then, at a press conference, David tells his fans that his films have been flopping lately and asks them about which one of his performances they think is his best to date. He realizes that they don't have an answer as none of his performances have been impactful in reality. Bala also tells David to forget about his superstar status and identity and start treating himself as an actor.

As the days go by, David gets a chance to act in a film directed by his mentor, S. Sasi. David goes to act in the film, but as the shoot progresses, a few locals come to the set and start creating a commotion. In the process, they attack the director and some other crew members. Shoot is called off for the day. Later, as they are sitting in their room, a drunk David yells at Bala and Lenin due to the frustration of all his films flopping and verbally abuses both of them. A heartbroken Bala cuts off all ties with David and leaves. Lenin also feels dejected due to David shouting at him and considers his love towards Lenin to be fake. Meanwhile, David starts to feel guilty about shouting at Bala and doesn't eat anything for a few days. Also, his guilt due to abusing Bala and the pain of his mother leaving him in his childhood surfacing back, he delivers one of his best performances in an emotional sequence new film. He tells Paily that he's done making bad films and that he wants a hit film somehow.

David then decides to mend things up with both Koshy and Bala. He goes to Koshy's house and apologizes for his behavior on Koshy's set earlier. That night, he decides to patch up with Ann and goes to her house with a cake. But as he opens a cake to cut it with her, he gets a call from one of his fans, who informs him that he is about to commit suicide due to love failure. David rushes to save his life. He reaches there and sees that the person hasn't jumped yet, but due to the excitement of seeing David, the person accidentally slips from the bridge and falls underwater. David also jumps underwater to save the person's life but that person ends up saving David's life instead due to the latter's inability to swim underwater. David then takes the person to his house and gives him a place to stay.

The next night, David goes to Bala's house to apologize to him. Bala tells him that he never had any grudge against David and treats him with a biriyani. David then tells Bala that he wants the latter to come back with him, to which Bala replies that there is no point in him coming back as his job with David is complete and he doesn't need anyone's help now. A few days later, David resumes shoot on director Koshy's film and nails the first shot, which impresses Koshy. The film ends with David telling Bala that their mission is accomplished.

== Cast ==
{{castlist|
* [[Tovino Thomas]] as David Padikkal
* [[Divya Pillai]] as Stella Padikkal
* [[Bhavana (actress)|Bhavana]] as Ann Bava
* [[Soubin Shahir]] as Bala
* [[Balu Varghese]] as Lenin
* [[Suresh Krishna (actor)|Suresh Krishna]] as Paily Kuravilangad
* [[Anoop Menon]] as Chandradas a.k.a. 'Kuttan'
* Devika Gopal Nair
* [[Parvathi T.|Maala Parvathy]]
* [[Althaf Salim]]
* [[Madhupal]] as S. Sasi, director
* [[Ranjith (director)|Ranjith]] as Koshy, a film director
* Shaun Xavier as Director Shaunraj
* [[Dinesh Prabhakar]]
* [[Khalid Rahman]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 February 2024 |title='Nadikar,' starring Tovino Thomas and Soubin Shahir, gets a release date |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nadikar-starring-tovino-thomas-and-soubin-shahir-gets-a-release-date/article67810826.ece |access-date=18 October 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* [[Major Ravi]]
* [[Abhiram Radhakrishnan]]
* [[Abu Salim (actor)|Abu Salim]] as Zachariah, a stunt master
*[[Sminu Sijo]] as Bala's mother
* Aiswarya Suresh as Nancy, Ann's cousin
*[[Rajith Kumar]] as Security
; Cameo Appearance
* [[Lal (actor)|Lal]] as David's co-actor in the film "Love Jawan"
* [[Dhyan Sreenivasan]] as himself
* [[Ganapathi S. Poduval|Ganapathy]] as David's friend
* [[Shine Tom Chacko]] as himself
* [[Indrans]] as David's co-actor in a film
* [[Manikuttan]] as David's co-actor in a film
* [[Vijay Babu (actor, born 1976)|Vijay Babu]] as himself
* [[Chandu Salim Kumar]] as Manoj; David's fan
* [[Sushin Shyam]] as himself in the song "Kireedam"
* [[Chidambaram S Poduval]] as himself in the song "Kireedam"}}

== Production ==
Originally titled ''Nadikar Thilakam'', the title of the film was officially changed to ''Nadikar'' in January 2024 at the request of fans of Tamil actor [[Sivaji Ganesan|Shivaji Ganeshan]] who is known by that moniker. An event was conducted on 23 January 2024 to announce the name change and was attended by [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu Ganeshan]], the son of Ganeshan.<ref name=":2" />

Filming commenced on 11 July 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tovino Thomas-starrer Nadikar Thilakam shoot begins |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/tovino-thomas-starrer-nadikar-thilakam-shoot-begins/cid/1951252 |access-date=17 March 2024 |website=The Telegraph (India) |language=en}}</ref> It was shot across 30 locations in [[Kochi]], [[Munnar]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Dubai]] and [[Kashmir]], lasting 110 days.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 January 2024 |title=Tovino Thomas wraps up the shoot of 'Nadikar Thilakam', says, "In our journey, we encountered unexpected challenges" |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/tovino-thomas-wraps-up-the-shoot-of-nadikar-thilakam-says-in-our-journey-we-encountered-unexpected-challenges/articleshow/106594939.cms |access-date=17 March 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Release ==
=== Theatrical ===
''Nadikar'' was released on 3 May 2024.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=4 February 2024 |title='Nadikar,' starring Tovino Thomas and Soubin Shahir, gets a release date |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nadikar-starring-tovino-thomas-and-soubin-shahir-gets-a-release-date/article67810826.ece |access-date=17 March 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== Home media ===
After its theatrical release on 3 May 2024, ''Nadikar'' was initially reported to premiere on [[Netflix]] around 27 June 2024, in Malayalam, Tamil, Telugu, and Kannada languages. Later Netflix withdrawn from the film.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nadikar OTT release date: When, where to watch Tovino Thomas, Bhavana's Malayalam film online |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/nadikar-ott-release-date-when-where-to-watch-tovino-thomas-bhavana-malayalam-film-online/6f0daf7c8d925 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |date=3 July 2025 |access-date=3 July 2025}}</ref>

In July 2025, [[Saina Play]] later acquires the film and it starts to stream on 8 August 2025, ending the long await.<ref>{{cite web |title='നടികർ' ഒടിടിയിൽ; ടൊവിനോ ചിത്രത്തിന് ഇനി കാണാവുന്നത് ഇവിടെയാണ് |url=https://www.reporterlive.com/amp/entertainment/entertainment-news/2025/07/02/tovino-thomas-film-nadikar-coming-soon-on-ott |website=Reporter Live |language=ml |date=2 July 2025 |access-date=3 July 2025}}</ref> While, [[Lionsgate Play]] and [[Amazon Prime Video]] also acquires the film and it later streamed on 24 October 2025 prior to Saina Play's OTT release.<ref>{{cite web|title=South Indian Movies Streaming This Week: Lokah, They Call Him OG, Nadikar & More|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/south-indian-movies-streaming-this-week-lokah-they-call-him-og-nadikar-more-1017383|work=Thehansindia|accessdate=24 October 2025}}</ref>

==Reception==
Arjun Menon of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' rated 2.5/5 stars and observed, "The film's focus lies in humanising a larger-than-life star and breaking down his celebrity, aimed at a simplistic takedown of the 'superstar' myth."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nadikar Review: Tovino Thomas Aces |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/review/nadikar-review/20240506.htm |date=6 May 2024 |website=Rediff}}{{rating|2.5|5}}</ref>

==Box office==
This film was a [[Box-office disaster]], only grossing {{INR}}5 crore against a budget of {{INR}}40 crore.<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|15816336|Nadikar}}
*[https://sainaplay.com/movie/nadikar/rpippmylrbpl Nadikar] at [[Saina Play]]

[[Category:2024 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kochi]]
[[Category:Films shot in Munnar]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Dubai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]

Priya (1978 film)

2026-03-04T09:08:15Z

Hiya singh: Updated formatting and improved readability

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Priya 1978.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster in Tamil
| director = [[S. P. Muthuraman]]
| screenplay = [[Panchu Arunachalam]]
| story = [[Sujatha (writer)|Sujatha]]
| producer = S. P. Tamilarasi
| starring = [[Rajinikanth]] [[Sridevi]] [[Ambareesh]] Aznah Hamid
| cinematography = Babu
| editing = R. Vittal
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = S. P. T Films
| released = {{Film date|1978|12|22|Tamil|1979|01|12|Kannada|df=y}}
| runtime = 148 minutes (Tamil)
| country = India
| language = Tamil Kannada
}}

'''''Priya''''' is an Indian [[thriller film]] directed by [[S. P. Muthuraman]], starring [[Rajinikanth filmography|Rajinikanth]], [[Sridevi]] (as the title character), [[Ambareesh]], and Aznah Hamid. It was [[Multiple-language version|simultaneously made]] in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Kannada]] languages.{{Sfn |Nayak |2019 |p=34}} The film shares its title with a novel by [[Sujatha (writer)|Sujatha]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Bala |date=21 August 2023 |title=எழுத்தாளர் சுஜாதாவின் இத்தனை நாவல்கள் திரைப்படமாகி இருக்கிறதா? ரஜினி, கமல் நடித்த அனுபவங்கள்..! |trans-title=Have so many novels by writer Sujatha been made into films? Rajini and Kamal's acting experiences..! |url=https://tamilminutes.com/sujatha-novel-turn-as-tamil-cinema/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004142625/https://tamilminutes.com/sujatha-novel-turn-as-tamil-cinema/ |archive-date=4 October 2023 |access-date=9 April 2024 |website=Tamil Minutes |language=ta}}</ref> but actually adapts from multiple works by the writer including the aforementioned novel.{{sfn |Ramachandran |2014 |p=87}} The Tamil version was released on 22 December 1978, and the Kannada version on 12 January 1979.<ref>{{Cite web |title=சூப்பர் ஸ்டார் ரஜினிகாந்த் – ஒரு சரித்திரம் {{!}} சூப்பர் ஸ்டாரின் திரைக்காவியங்களின் பட்டியல்கள் |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/globalmusic/rajini02.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622114535/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/globalmusic/rajini02.asp |archive-date=22 June 2022 |access-date=5 July 2022 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=ta}}</ref> It was dubbed and released in Telugu as ''Ajeyudu'' which released on 10 March 1979 and was also dubbed in [[Hindi]] as ''Love in Singapore'' in 1983.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ajeyudu |url=https://indiancine.ma/BJQT/info |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230206021638/https://indiancine.ma/BJQT/info |archive-date=6 February 2023 |access-date=14 September 2021 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> The soundtrack of this film is recorded using [[stereophonic sound]] technology for the first time in [[Tamil cinema]]. It was Sridevi's only Kannada film as a lead actress as well as Rajinikanth's penultimate Kannada film as a lead actor.{{Sfn |Nayak |2019 |p=39}}{{Sfn |Nayak |2019 |p=259}}

== Plot ==
[[Ganesh–Vasanth|Ganesh]] is a lawyer who specialises in saving kidnapped people without paying any ransom. He is also a parttime stage actor. Priya is a [[movie star]] who is exploited by her producer Janardhan and her uncle Kaalimuthu. Janardhan has such control over Priya's financial and personal affairs that he refuses to let her marry her boyfriend Bharath. Before she flies off to Singapore for a film shoot, Priya seeks the help of lawyer Ganesh to escape from Janardhan.

Ganesh goes to Singapore as Priya's guardian. Circumstances force him to act in Priya's film. He also falls in love with a [[Tamil Malaysians|Malay-Tamil]] girl named Subadhra. Ganesh faces several challenges from Kaalimuthu's and Jaanardhan's henchmen but manages to keep Priya safe.

Priya eventually gets kidnapped and police find her dead body the next day. Ganesh questions Janardhan who accepts kidnapping Priya,but says she escaped from his clutches. Kaalimuthu says a similar story. A random person approaches Ganesh and says he has some information about Priya. He then takes the blindfolded Ganesh and Bharath to a house, and they are shocked to see Priya alive there. Kidnappers demand $1 million and release just Ganesh.

Ganesh returns to the house using audio clues he heard on his previous trip. He sings a cryptic song on the streets that Priya recognizes and reveals her location. Ganesh fights all the bad guys, reunites Priya and Bharath, and returns to India with Subadhra.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Rajinikanth]] as [[Ganesh–Vasanth|Ganesh]]{{sfn |Ramachandran |2014 |p=87}}
*[[Sridevi]] as Priya{{sfn |Ramachandran |2014 |p=88}}
*Singapore Aznah as Subadhra{{sfn |Ramachandran |2014 |p=88}}
*[[Ambareesh]] as Bharath{{sfn |Ramachandran |2014 |p=88}}
*[[Major Sundarrajan]] / [[K. S. Ashwath]] as Janardhan{{sfn |Ramachandran |2014 |p=88}}
*[[Thengai Srinivasan]] as a film director
*[[Shivaram]]
*[[K. Natraj]]
*[[Thideer Kannaiah]] as Vasanth
}}

== Production ==
''Priya'' was adapted from the novel of the same name by Sujatha. The film's screenplay and dialogues were written by Panchu Arunachalam.<ref name="anna">{{Cite news |date=16 July 1978 |title=வெளிநாட்டு நடிகர்கள் நடிக்கும் பிரியா |trans-title=''Priya'', starring foreign actors |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_2_16/3.jp2/full/1000%2C1389/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250503025932/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_2_16/3.jp2/full/1000,1389/0/default.jpg |archive-date=2025-05-03 |access-date=2025-05-24 |work=Anna |pages=3 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The film was produced by his brother Subbu.<ref name="kalki" /> Rajinikanth portrayed the detective Ganesh created by Sujatha for his novels for which he received {{INRConvert|110000|year=1978}} for acting in the film while Ambareesh played the role based on Ganesh's partner Vasanth.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 July 2023 |title=When Rajinikanth undervalued himself and charged Rs 30,000 salary per film |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/when-rajinikanth-undervalued-himself-and-charged-rs-30000-salary-per-film/f6f59ed374435 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705040534/https://www.ottplay.com/news/when-rajinikanth-undervalued-himself-and-charged-rs-30000-salary-per-film/f6f59ed374435 |archive-date=5 July 2023 |access-date=9 July 2023 |website=[[OTTPlay]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=முத்துராமன் |first=எஸ். பி |author-link=S. P. Muthuraman |date=10 February 2008 |title=ரஜினியோடு நடிக்க கமல் தயக்கம்! |trans-title=Kamal's reluctance to act with Rajini! |url=https://archive.org/download/kalki2008-02-10/kalki2008-02-10.pdf |access-date=21 July 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=55–57 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

The film was made as a bilingual both in Tamil and Kannada. Since the novel was set in Singapore, S. P. Muthuraman planned to shoot the film in there, Kuala Lumpur and Hong Kong and was careful of shooting it within the budget and after finalising the script, Muthuraman along with Subbu and cinematographer Babu went on a recce to these places and finalise the locations and fixed all the necessary places to shoot.<ref name="kalki">{{Cite magazine |last=முத்துராமன் |first=எஸ். பி. |author-link=S. P. Muthuraman |date=27 January 2008 |title=நான்... ரஜினி... பிரியா... |trans-title=Me... Rajini... Priya... |url=https://archive.org/download/kalki2008-01-27/kalki2008-01-27.pdf |access-date=21 July 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=51–53 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> The filming [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]] within a month.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Darshan |first=Navein |date=27 August 2023 |title=SP Muthuraman: Rajini is a perfectionist, Kamal Haasan is a Sakalakala Vallavan |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/interviews/2023/Aug/27/sp-muthuraman-rajini-is-a-perfectionist-kamal-haasan-is-a-sakalakala-vallavan-47019.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409135706/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/interviews/2023/Aug/27/sp-muthuraman-rajini-is-a-perfectionist-kamal-haasan-is-a-sakalakala-vallavan-47019.html |archive-date=9 April 2024 |access-date=9 April 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ilaiyaraaja – Priya (45-RPM) |url=https://musiccircle.co.in/product/ilaiyaraaja-priya-45-rpm/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705050314/https://musiccircle.co.in/product/ilaiyaraaja-priya-45-rpm/ |archive-date=5 July 2022 |access-date=5 July 2022 |website=MusicCircle}}</ref> It was recorded using [[stereophonic sound]] technology for the first time in [[Tamil cinema]] using eight tracks.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2013 |title='பிரியா' படத்தில் இளையராஜா இசை: இந்தி இசை அமைப்பாளர் சலீல் சவுத்ரி பாராட்டு |trans-title=Ilaiyaraaja's music in the film ''Priya'': Hindi music composer Salil Chowdhury's praise |url=http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2013/03/30233025/Priya-in-the-film-Music-Music.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304064543/http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2013/03/30233025/Priya-in-the-film-Music-Music.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=3 February 2017 |website=[[Maalai Malar]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref name="ka">{{Cite magazine |last=சலன் |date=4 February 1979 |title=முதல் சாதனைகள் |trans-title=First achievements |url=https://archive.org/download/kalki1979-02-04/kalki1979-02-04.pdf |access-date=10 April 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=56–59 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> Ilaiyaraaja revealed he wanted to use this technology in ''[[Annakili]]'' (1976); however since he was a debutant, sound engineers did not encourage him that time. When Ilaiyaraaja came to know that [[K. J. Yesudas]] had equipments for stereophonic technology, he acquired them.<ref name="ka" /> The ''[[pallavi]]'' of the song "Akarai Cheemai Azhaginile" is based on the song "[[Kites (song)|Kites]]" by [[Simon Dupree and the Big Sound]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shekar |first=Anjana |date=5 March 2021 |title=Tamil film music and plagiarism: What fans feel about recurring issue |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tamil-film-music-and-plagiarism-what-fans-feel-about-recurring-issue-144703 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705054330/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tamil-film-music-and-plagiarism-what-fans-feel-about-recurring-issue-144703 |archive-date=5 July 2022 |access-date=5 July 2022 |website=[[The News Minute]] |language=en}}</ref> The song "Hey Paadal Ondru" is set in the [[Carnatic raga]] known as [[Kapi (raga)|Kapi]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=7 December 2012 |title=Notes that intrigue |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/Notes-that-intrigue/article15616721.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118235754/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/Notes-that-intrigue/article15616721.ece |archive-date=18 January 2021 |access-date=30 August 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Tamil track list<ref>{{Cite web |title=Priya — EP |url=https://music.apple.com/ph/album/priya-ep/1531093388 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705050314/https://music.apple.com/ph/album/priya-ep/1531093388 |archive-date=5 July 2022 |access-date=5 July 2022 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref>
| all_lyrics = [[Panchu Arunachalam]]
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Ye Paadal Ondru
| length1 = 4:32
| extra1 = [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[S. Janaki]]
| title2 = Akarai Cheemai Azhaginile
| length2 = 4:21
| extra2 = K. J. Yesudas
| title3 = Darling Darling
| length3 = 4:39
| extra3 = [[P. Susheela]]
| title4 = En Uyir Nee Thaane
| length4 = 4:51
| extra4 = K. J. Yesudas, [[Jency Anthony]]
| title5 = Sri Ramanin Sri Deviye
| length5 = 4:02
| extra5 = K. J. Yesudas
| total_length = 22:25
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Kannada track list<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 1978 |title=Priya (Kannada) |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/priya-kannada/LbA6nPxN7Wk_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705050316/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/priya-kannada/LbA6nPxN7Wk_ |archive-date=5 July 2022 |access-date=5 July 2022 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref>
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Kavithe Neenu
| length1 = 4:32
| extra1 = [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[S. Janaki]]
| title2 = Sagaradacheya
| length2 = 4:21
| extra2 = K. J. Yesudas
| title3 = Darling Darling
| length3 = 4:39
| extra3 = S. Janaki
| title4 = Nannali Neenagi
| length4 = 4:51
| extra4 = K. J. Yesudas, S. Janaki
| title5 = Thangaaliye
| length5 = 4:02
| extra5 = K. J. Yesudas
| total_length = 22:25
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Telugu track list
| all_lyrics = [[Rajasri (writer)|Rajasri]]
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Darling Darling
| extra1 = [[P. Susheela]]
| length1 = 4:35
| title2 = Sree Raamuni Sreedevive
| extra2 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length2 = 4:02
| title3 = Nee Pedavula Lona
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[S. Janaki]]
| length3 = 4:23
| title4 = Chakkani Prakruthi Andaalu
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam & Chorus
| length4 = 4:21
| total_length = 17:21
}}

== Reception ==
Kousikan of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' found ''Priya'' to be entirely different from Sujatha's novel but praised the locations and cinematography.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=கெளசிகன் |date=7 January 1979 |title=ப்ரியா |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1979/jan/07-01-1979/p11.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220825074944/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1979/jan/07-01-1979/p11.jpg |archive-date=25 August 2022 |access-date=4 January 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=11 |language=ta}}</ref> Naagai Dharuman of ''Anna'' praised the acting of the cast except for Rajinikanth, while also praising cinematography, music and direction.<ref>{{Cite news |last=தருமன் |first=நாகை |date=31 December 1978 |title=ப்ரியா |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_3_76/3.jp2/full/1000,1425/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250518104833/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_3_76/3.jp2/full/1000,1425/0/default.jpg |archive-date=18 May 2025 |access-date=18 May 2025 |work=Anna |pages=3 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref> Another Tamil weekly wrote, "if this is what Panju wanted to do to Sujatha's novel he needn't have opted it for it at all". Responding to the criticism, Arunachalam said the original novel had dialogues between two characters over 40 pages and audience would not have patience if it was faithfully presented onscreen, so he made changes keeping the "very ordinary filmgoer in mind".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishnaswamy |first=N. |date=15 August 1987 |title=Panju Arunachalam turns director; 'Criminal waste of time and film by these new directors irks me' |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19870815&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=4 January 2023 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=35 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Nevertheless, as ''[[Rediff.com]]'' noted in 2009, "the main characters were completely unrecognisable", prompting Sujatha to "complain vociferously about his characters being mauled".<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 March 2009 |title=Cinematic masterpieces from a master-storyteller |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2009/mar/20slide2-writer-sujatha-and-films.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409141529/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2009/mar/20slide2-writer-sujatha-and-films.htm |archive-date=9 April 2024 |access-date=10 April 2024 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |at=slide 2}}</ref>

== Allegations ==
The footage of the famous car chase sequence from the [[Steve McQueen]] film ''[[Bullitt]]'' was edited and spliced into the climax scene of this film; however, the allegations that ensued was that it was done so without permission.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 May 2016 |title=High Five |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/readers-write-in-with-their-top-five-of-their-favorite-films/article8570163.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302181457/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/readers-write-in-with-their-top-five-of-their-favorite-films/article8570163.ece |archive-date=2 March 2021 |access-date=30 August 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Nayak |first=Satyarth |author-link=Satyarth Nayak |title=Sridevi: The Eternal Screen Goddess |title-link=Sridevi: The Eternal Screen Goddess |publisher=[[Penguin Random House]] |year=2019 |isbn=9789353056780 |location=India}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |author-link=Naman Ramachandran |title=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |title-link=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-14-342111-5 |location=New Delhi |orig-date=2012}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{S. P. Muthuraman}}
{{Sujatha}}

[[Category:1978 films]]
[[Category:1978 Indian films]]
[[Category:1978 multilingual films]]
[[Category:1978 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1978 thriller films]]
[[Category:1979 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Films about actors]]
[[Category:Films about lawyers]]
[[Category:Films based on multiple works]]
[[Category:Films based on Tamil novels]]
[[Category:Films directed by S. P. Muthuraman]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Films set in Singapore]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hong Kong]]
[[Category:Films shot in Malaysia]]
[[Category:Films shot in Singapore]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Panchu Arunachalam]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language thriller films]]

Sampoorna Ramayana

2026-03-04T04:00:07Z

Hiya singh: created basic pg w/ refs

{{for|films with similar names|Sampoorna Ramayana (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sampoorna Ramayana
| image = Sampoorna Ramayana.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Babubhai Mistry]]
| producer = [[Homi Wadia]] (Basant Pictures)
| writer = C.K. Mast (dialogue)
| screenplay = Vishwanath Pande
| story = Narottam Vyas Madhur
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Ramayana]]''|[[Valmiki]]}}
| starring = [[Mahipal (actor)|Mahipal]] [[Anita Guha]]
| music = [[Vasant Desai]] [[Bharat Vyas]] (Lyrics)
| cinematography = Aga Hasham
| editing = Kamlakar
| studio = Basant Pictures, Wadia Brothers
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1961}}
| runtime = 183 min.
| country = India
| language = Hindi

}}

'''''Sampoorna Ramayana''''' ({{Translation|The Complete Ramayana}}) is a 1961 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Hindu mythological film]] directed by [[Babubhai Mistry]], based on the Hindu epic ''[[Ramayana]]'' by [[Valmiki]], starring [[Mahipal (actor)|Mahipal]] and [[Anita Guha]] as [[Rama]] and [[Sita]] respectively. The film was a box office hit,<ref>{{cite book |title=Ancient India's Myths and Beliefs|author=Charles Phillips |author2=Michael Kerrigan |author3=David Gould |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group |year=2011|isbn=978-1448859900 |page=136 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p3-RkE-Xxa0C&q=sampoorna+ramayana+1961&pg=PA136 }}</ref> and became a milestone in the history of [[Hindu mythology]].<ref>[[#Wa|Watkins, p. 89]]</ref> It was the second significant Hindi film based on Rama, after [[Vijay Bhatt]]'s hugely popular ''[[Ram Rajya (1943 film)|Ram Rajya]]'' (1943). Babubhai, known for his special effects throughout his career, made extensive use of effects to enhance dramatics.<ref>[[#Ba|Bakker, p. 96]]</ref> The film also made lead actor Anita Guha, who played the role of Sita, a household name. Lata Mangeshkar sang two of the most top-class semi-classical songs in this movie, namely "San Sanan, Sanan, Sanana, Ja Re O Pawan" and "Badalon Barso Nayan Ki Or Se", which are still very popular.<ref>{{cite news |title=Anita Guha dead |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/009200706201550.htm |work=The Hindu |date=20 June 2007 }}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Mahipal (actor)|Mahipal]] as [[Rama]]
* [[Anita Guha]] as [[Sita|Seeta]]
* [[B. M. Vyas]] as [[Ravana]]
* [[Sulochana Latkar]] as [[Kaikeyi]]
* [[Lalita Pawar]] as [[Manthara]]
* [[Helen (actress)|Helen]] as [[Surpanakha]]
* Manhar Desai|Pal Sharma as [[Hanuman]]
* [[Achala Sachdev]] as [[Kaushalya]]
* [[Krishna Kumari (actress)|Krishna Kumari]]
*Raj Kumar
* Anand Kumar
*Uma Dutt
*Badri Prasad
* Paul Sharma
* Sushil Kumar
* [[Gopi Krishna (dancer)|Gopi Krishna]] as dancer

==Soundtrack==
The film's music was by [[Vasant Desai]] and the lyrics were by [[Bharat Vyas]].
*
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Track # !! Song !! Singer(s)
|-
| 1 || "Baadalon Barso Nain Ki Kor Se" || [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| 2 || "Bolo Sabhi Jai Ram" || [[Mahendra Kapoor]]
|-
| 3 || "Mere Jeewan Ki Parnakuti Mein"|| Lata Mangeshkar
|-
| 4 || "Baar Baar Bagiya Mein Koyal Na Bole" || [[Asha Bhonsle]]
|-
| 5 || "Dharti Kyon Veeprit Hui" || [[Manna Dey]], Lata Mangeshkar
|-
| 6 || "Dole Re Dole Re Pren Hamko Mila Vardan" || [[Mohammed Rafi]], Lata Mangeshkar
|-
| 7 || "Ham Ramchandra Ki Chandrakala Mein Bhi" || Lata Mangeshkar, Asha Bhonsle
|-
| 8 || "Jaa Re O Pavan Door Desh Le Jaa" || Lata Mangeshkar
|-
| 9 || "More Ram Kab Aaogye" || Lata Mangeshkar
|-
|10 || "Ghar Aaye Bhagwan"||Mohammed Rafi, Lata Mangeshkar
|-
|11 || "San sanan jare o pawan" || Lata Mangeshkar
|}

==Remakes==
It was remade in 1981 from Sita's perspective as Ramayan - Katha Shri Ram Ki by Girish Manukant, starring Manhar Desai, Ranjeet Raj, Anjana.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Sources ==
* {{cite book |title=Teaching Religion and Film|author=Gregory J Watkins|publisher=Oxford University Press |year= 2008|isbn=978-0195335989 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vPl2tS1xDPMC&q=Babubhai+Mistry&pg=PA89 |ref=Wa }}
* {{cite book |title=The Challenge of the Silver Screen: An Analysis of the Cinematic Portraits of Jesus, Rama, Buddha and Muhammad|author= Freek L. Bakker|publisher=BRILL|year=2009|isbn=978-9004168619 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4KNSp-uEO18C&q=babubhai+mistri&pg=PA96 |ref= Ba}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0242840}}

[[Category:1961 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1961 Indian films]]
[[Category:1961 films]]
[[Category:Films based on the Ramayana]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vasant Desai]]
[[Category:Films directed by Babubhai Mistry]]

Nater Guru

2026-03-04T03:43:19Z

Hiya singh: brief rework article as per guidelines and improved wording per sources

{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Nater Guru
| image = Nater Guru.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Haranath Chakraborty]]
| writer = [[Samaresh Basu]]
| starring = [[Jeet (Actor)|Jeet]] [[Koel Mallick|Koel]] [[Ranjit Mallick]] [[Moushmi Chatterjee]]
| producer = Shinjini Movies
| distributor = [[Eskay Movies]]
| cinematography = V. Prabhakar
| editing = Swapan Guha
| released = {{Film date|2003|03|14|df=y}}
| country = [[India]]
| budget =
| gross =
| runtime = 145 minutes
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| music = [[S. P. Venkatesh]]
}}

'''''Nater Guru''''' (English: ''The main culprit'') is a 2003 Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language [[Comedy drama|comedy-drama film]] directed by [[Haranath Chakraborty]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bdlove24.in/category/171/Nater%20Guru%202003.html|title=Bengali Cinema – Nater Guru|last=Sengupta|first=Sujit|access-date=1 July 2016|archive-date=5 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105165223/http://bdlove24.in/category/171/Nater%2520Guru%25202003.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Based on [[Samaresh Basu]]'s famous novel of the same name, the film stars [[Ranjit Mallick]], [[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]], [[Moushumi Chatterjee]] and [[Koel Mallick]] in her debut.<ref>{{cite news |title=Koel Mallick: প্রথম ছবির শ্যুটিংয়ে মেকআপ রুমে লুকিয়ে কোয়েল! কে এসে বার করেছিলেন তাঁকে? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/how-was-koel-mallicks-experience-on-the-first-day-of-her-first-film-naater-guru-dgtl/cid/1357592 |access-date=22 March 2025 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=20 July 2022 |language=bn}}</ref>

''Nater Guru'' revolves around four main leads — Shashi Bhushan, a bookie in [[Kolkata Race Course|Kolkata race course]] who always gets defeated in the challenges; Sulochona, Shashi's wife, who keeps herself mutually separated from her husband becoming bored of his involvement in race course; Manisha, their daughter who gets troubled when her mother wants to meet her love interest, Durgadas; and Rabi, a mechanic who is hired to be the false Durgadas in front of Sulochona, by the advice of Shashi's adviser.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sengupta |first1=Reshmi |title=It takes two to Tolly tango |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/it-takes-two-to-tolly-tango/cid/1278067 |access-date=3 March 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=5 September 2005}}</ref>

The soundtrack and background score of the film was composed by [[S. P. Venkatesh]], while the cinematography was by V. Prabhakar with editing by Swapan Guha. It was a super hit at the box office, with a successful run consisting of 165 days.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mitra |first=Aindrila |date=24 April 2003 |title=Koel's on a Tolly high with Nater Guru-Calcutta Times-Cities-The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/calcutta-times/koels-on-a-tolly-high-with-nater-guru/articleshow/44312101.cms |accessdate=31 October 2008 |publisher=indiatimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=4 March 2006 |title=The Telegraph – Calcutta : Weekend |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060304/asp/weekend/story_5895999.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203131737/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060304/asp/weekend/story_5895999.asp |archive-date=3 February 2013 |accessdate=31 October 2008 |publisher=The Telegraph |location=Calcutta, India}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
Shashi and Sulochona are an estranged couple who are mutually separated from each other but not divorced legally. The separation is out of misunderstandings, egoism and preconceived notions from both sides. After 15 years, Sulochona is a business tycoon while Shashibushan is a worthless race course bookie. Their only daughter Manisha is a dancer, and resides with her mother. Sulochana suffers a heart attack and Manisha unable to get help turns to her father. The father-daughter combo decide that the ailing Sulochona can't be given any stress or anxiety. Hence they carry a stealth operation. They decide to hire Shashi's friend and ally Rabi Maitra and present him as Durgadas.

Rabi is required by Manisha to give proxy whenever necessary. He becomes regular. But the two often quarrel and fight over irrelevant issues. Rabi gets insulted by the behaviour of Manisha. Rabi touches Sulochona's feet as Durgadas and brings forth his singing prowess. The music actually heals Sulochona and she is able to walk again. Sulochona loves Rabi. Meanwhile, Sulachona accidentally unravels Rabi's originality. Suluchona admires Rabi's honesty and self-esteem. Rabi's honesty and simplicity makes Manisha fall in love with him. Durgadas creates trouble. But with Shashi's cooperation the lovers reunite. Shashi and Sulochona rediscover their long lost love and the couple get reunited.

==Cast==
* [[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]] as Rabindranath Maitra {{aka}} Rabi
** Anshu Bach as child Rabi<ref>{{cite news |last1=ঘোষ |first1=দেবারতি |title=জিতের মুখের সঙ্গে মিল, অডিশন না দিয়েই ‘নাটের গুরু’-তে সুযোগ অংশুর |url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/cinema/nater-guru-bandhan-famed-anshu-bach-cameback-in-bengali-film-industry-know-about-actor/102772063.cms |access-date=22 March 2025 |work=[[Ei Samay]] |date=16 August 2023 |language=bn}}</ref>
* [[Koel Mallick|Koel]] as Manisha Mukherjee {{aka}} Mani
* [[Ranjit Mallick]] as Shashi Bhushan Mukherjee, Mani's father
* [[Moushmi Chatterjee]] as Sulochona Mukherjee, Mani's mother
* [[Kanchan Mullick]] as Rabi's Friend
* [[Nimu Bhowmik]] as child Rabi's caretaker
* Koushik Bhattacharya as Durgadas
* Ashok Mukhopadhyay
* Pushpita Mukherjee
* Sachin Mullick

==Soundtrack==

The album is composed by [[S. P. Venkatesh]] for Nater Guru. All the lyrics hve been written by Gautam Susmit.

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 35:56
| title1 = Chirodini Adhare Kete
| extra1 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]]
| length1 = 5:33
| title2 = Janina Ki Gaibo Ami
| extra2 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]]
| length2 = 5:37
| title3 = Ami Sukonna Noi Ononna
| extra3 = [[Swarnalatha|SwaranLata]]
| length3 = 6:08
| title4 = Bol Maa Tara Jitbo
| extra4 = Prabhakar
| length4 = 0:35
| title5 = Eito Esechi Tomari
| extra5 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[Anuradha Sriram]]
| length5 = 5:55
| title6 = Paglire Tor Gerakole
| extra6 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]]
| length6 = 4:24
| title7 = Thak Thak Baba Thak
| extra7 = Mano, Anuradha Sriram
| length7 = 4:44
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|1409116}}

{{Haranath Chakraborty}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nater Guru}}
[[Category:2003 films]]
[[Category:2003 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2003 romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films based on works by Samaresh Basu]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. P. Venkatesh]]
[[Category:Films directed by Haranath Chakraborty]]
[[Category:Bengali films remade in other languages]]

Muddula Krishnayya

2026-03-03T22:01:03Z

Hiya singh: put up the pg v1!

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Muddula Krishnayya
| image = Muddula Krishnaiah.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| writer = Ganesh Patro {{small|(dialogues)}}
| story = Bhargav Arts Unit
| screenplay = Kodi Ramakrishna
| producer = [[S.Gopal Reddy]]
| director = [[Kodi Ramakrishna]]
| starring = [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]] [[Vijayashanti]] [[Radha (actress)|Radha]]
| music = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
| cinematography = P. Lakshman
| editing = K. Satyam
| studio = Bhargav Art Productions
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1986|2|28}}<ref>{{cite tweet|number=1101074169926574080|user=baraju_SuperHit|title=33 Years for Natasimha #NBK's Blockbuster #MuddulaKrishnayya (28/02/1986) Music by KV Mahadevanసురుచిర సుందరవేని… |date=28 February 2019}}</ref>
| runtime = 133 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Muddula Krishnayya''''' is a 1986 [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language film produced by S.Gopal Reddy under the Bhargav Art Productions banner<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmiclub.com/movie/muddula-krishnaiah-1986-telugu-movie |title=Muddula Krishnaiah (Banner) |work=Filmiclub}}</ref> and directed by [[Kodi Ramakrishna]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/muddula-krishnaiah-telugu-movie/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007150916/https://spicyonion.com/title/muddula-krishnaiah-telugu-movie/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=7 October 2018 |title=Muddula Krishnaiah (Direction) |work=Spicy Onion}}</ref> It stars [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]], [[Vijayashanti]], [[Radha (actress)|Radha]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gomolo.com/mudhdhula-krishnaiah-movie/17480 |title=Muddula Krishnaiah (Cast & Crew) |work=gomolo.com |access-date=4 June 2017 |archive-date=6 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006235000/http://www.gomolo.com/mudhdhula-krishnaiah-movie/17480 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and music composed by [[K. V. Mahadevan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.knowyourfilms.com/film/Muddula-Krishnaiah/10810 |title=Muddula Krishnaiah (Review) |work=Know Your Films}}</ref><ref name="nthwall">{{cite web |url=http://www.nthwall.com/te/Muddula-Krishnaiah-2015/8291802016 |title=Muddula Krishnaiah(1986) |publisher=Nth Wall |access-date=28 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150207084720/http://www.nthwall.com/te/Muddula-Krishnaiah-2015/8291802016 |archive-date=7 February 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Plot==
The film begins in a village where a supercilious woman, Mangalagiri Ramanamma, rides over the public. Krishnayya, an audacious nephew to Ramanamma's henpeck husband, Appa Rao, bars her violations. Radha, the vainglorious daughter of Ramanamma, follows in her mother's footsteps. After a series of conflicts, Radha crushes Krishnayya. Aware of this, Appa Rao schemes to reunite their bonds. He tells Ramanamma that the only way to bend Krishnayya is to unite him with Radha. After which, she, too, concurs and keeps a few constraints. Krishnayya also gains the proposal with causes. Currently, Appa Rao, by hook, handles the two and performs the nuptials. Soon after, Krishnayya orders Radha to accompany him, which Ramanamma hinders. As it happens, Radha indicates the alike and rift arises between the couple. Forthwith, reaching home, Krishnayya spots a strange, pretty lady, Shanti, therein, claiming herself as his distant relative and showing excessive secretiveness.

The following day, the village is startled by seeing Shanti comparing well-nigh to Krishnayya's wife, who begrudges Ramanamma & Radha. Likewise, Krishnayya poses intimacy with Shanti to magnify their envy. Hence, they make various attempts to discard Shanti, but in vain. After a while, Ramanamma detects Shanti as a famous film star and informs her men, who land to retrieve her forcibly. Then, Krishnayya obstructs their way, seeks actuality, and reveals that she is his childhood blossom best friend. Right after her parents' death, her aunt adopts and molds her into an actress. Plus, she returned at the time of Krishnayya's wedding and screened the conflict she made in the play. Now, Krishnayya decides to espouse Shanti, which Radha also accepts. Thus, Shanti affirms Radha is reformed, quits the village, and says goodbye to Krishnayya. At last, Ramanamma admits one's error. Finally, the movie ends on a happy note with the reunion of Krishnayya & Radha.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Nandamuri Balakrishna]] as Krishnayya
*[[Vijayashanti]] as Vijaya
*[[Radha (actress)|Radha]] as Radha
*[[Gollapudi Maruti Rao]] as Appa Rao
*[[S. Varalakshmi]] as Mangalagiri Ramanamma
*K. K. Sarma
*Telephone Satyanarayana
*[[Omakuchi Narasimhan|Juttu Narasimham]]
*Dham as Priest
*[[Kalpana Rai]]
*[[Y. Vijaya]]
*[[Nirmalamma]]
}}

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Muddula Krishnayya
| type = film
| artist = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1987
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 25:22
| label = SEA Records
| producer = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
| prev_title = Maa Pallelo Gopaludu
| prev_year = 1985
| next_title = [[Seetarama Kalyalam]]
| next_year = 1986
}}

Music composed by [[K. V. Mahadevan]]. Lyrics were written by [[C. Narayana Reddy]]. Music released on SEA Records Audio Company.
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!S. No.!!Song title !!Singers !!length
|-
|1
|"Ongolu Gittha" (M)
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
|3:54
|-
|2
|"Em Cheyanu"
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[S. Janaki]]
|4:03
|-
|3
|"Krishnaiah Dhookaadu"
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
|5:24
|-
|4
|"Idhigo Chettu Chaatuga"
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[S. Janaki]]
|4:36
|-
|5
|"Ongolu Gittha" (F)
|P. Susheela
|4:07
|-
|6
|"Suruchira Sundharaveni"
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Susheela
|3:52
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{Kodi Ramakrishna}}

[[Category:1986 Indian films]]
[[Category:1986 drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Kodi Ramakrishna]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. V. Mahadevan]]
[[Category:1986 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]

{{1980s-Telugu-film-stub}}

Mrugashira

2026-03-03T21:29:24Z

Hiya singh: put up new stub w/ refs!

{{Short description|2015 Kannada language film}}
{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mrugashira
| image =
| caption =
| director = Srivatsa
| producer = Sarvamangala Channappa
| writer = Srivatsa
| screenplay =
| story =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*[[Prajwal Devaraj]]
*Manasa Himavarsha
*[[Ananth Nag]]
*Avinash
*[[Tabla Nani]]
*[[Pannaga Bharana]]
*[[Sadhu Kokila]]
}}
| narrator =
| music = [[Ravi Basrur]]
| cinematography = Srinivas Ramaiah
| editing = Vinod Manohar
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2015|05|15}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Mrugashira''''' is a 2015 Indian [[Kannada]]-language film directed by Srivatsa, starring [[Prajwal Devaraj]], Manasa Himavarsha, [[Ananth Nag]], [[Tabla Nani]], [[Pannaga Bharana]] and [[Sadhu Kokila]] in lead roles.

==Cast==
* [[Prajwal Devaraj]] as Prajwal
* Manasa Himavarsha
* [[Ananth Nag]]
* [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]]
* [[Tabla Nani]]
* [[Pannaga Bharana]]
* [[Sadhu Kokila]]

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Mrugashira
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Ravi Basrur]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2015
| recorded = 2015
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 16:18
| language = Kannada
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Ekka Saka]]
| prev_year = 2015
| year = 2015
| next_title = [[Ring Master (2015 film)|Ring Master]]
| next_year = 2015
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
|{{YouTube|ruJ6zbAyKtc| Mrugashira - Full Album}}
}}
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 16:18
| title1 = Pade Pade Kaano Hambala
| extra1 = [[Haricharan]], [[Anuradha Bhat]]
| length1 = 4:32
| lyrics1 = Ravi Basrur
| title2 = Oota Maadro
| extra2 = [[Arjun Janya]]
| lyrics2 = [[Yogaraj Bhat]]
| length2 = 4:05
| title3 = Yello Kulithiruve Sri Rama
| extra3 = Hari
| length3 = 3:15
| lyrics3 = Thyag Raj, Ravi Basrur
| title4 = Ee Urudha Para Urudha
| extra4 = Jai Sriram
| length4 = 3:11
| lyrics4 = Ashok Neelavar
| title5 = Kadala Magala - Bit
| extra5 = [[Ravi Basrur]]
| length5 = 1:15
| lyrics5 = Ravi Basrur
}}

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===

[[The Hindu]] wrote "Ananth Nag plays the role of an ancestral priest featuring predominantly in a cameo song at the beginning of the film. However, the song too is rather ludicrous for its use of background dancers dressed as several Hanumans. Sadhu Kokila is introduced in the film apparently for comic relief, but his jokes about how he got a transgender pregnant are cringe-worthy and offensive. Mrugashira is bizarre to say the least".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/a-bizarre-saga/article7213923.ece|title=A bizarre saga|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=16 May 2015 |access-date=16 May 2015}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' scored the film at 2 out of 5 stars and says "Ananth Nag and Avinash have limited roles and do justice to what's offered to them. What is commendable in the film, though, is the cinematography. The locations look grand. But, that's where the praise ends".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/Mrugashira/movie-review/47307446.cms|title=MRUGASHIRA MOVIE REVIEW|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=16 May 2015}}</ref> [[Bangalore Mirror]] wrote "Prajwal is improving as an actor with each film but the same does not go for his films. Attention to detail was probably never on the minds of those who made this film. The film has too much fantasy but with neither the budget nor the skill to create the make-believe. The only fun you can have fun is at the film’s expense".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/prajwal-devraj-manasa-pannaga-bharana-tabala-nani-avinash-anant-nag/articleshow/47300160.cms?|title=Movie Review: Mrughashira|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|access-date=15 May 2015}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2015 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2015 Indian films]]
[[Category:2015 films]]

Kheralu

2026-03-01T23:54:55Z

Hiya singh: minor edit

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kheralu
| official_name = Kheralu
| settlement_type = Town
| pushpin_map = India Gujarat#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| mapframe = no
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Gujarat, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.88|N|72.62|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[List of Countries|Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Gujarat]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mehsana district|Mehsana]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[North Gujarat]]
| seat_type = Legislative Assembly Seat
| seat = [[Kheralu Assembly constituency]]
| government_type = [[Municipal council (India)]]
| governing_body = Kheralu Nagarpalika
| unit_pref = Metric
| elevation_ft = 488
| elevation_m = 149
| population_total = 21843
| population_as_of = 2011
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 384325
| registration_plate = GJ 02
}}
'''Kheralu''' is a small town and a taluka in [[Mehsana district]] in [[Gujarat]].

== History ==
A bodhisattva sculpture from 3rd-4th century CE was discovered in Kheralu.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CtDLDAAAQBAJ&q=kheralu+bodhisattva&pg=PA136|title=The Archaeology of Sacred Spaces: The temple in western India, 2nd century BCE–8th century CE|last1=Mishra|first1=Susan Verma|last2=Ray|first2=Himanshu Prabha|date=2016-08-05|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317193746|language=en}}</ref> Kheralu was home to a community of Humbada Jains in the 15th-16th centuries CE.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.soas.ac.uk/jainastudies/newsletter/file75030.pdf|title=CoJS Newsletter • March 2012 • Issue 7|date=March 2012|work=Center of Jaina Studies Newsletters, SOAS, London|access-date=27 July 2018|archive-date=21 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421135405/https://www.soas.ac.uk/jainastudies/newsletter/file75030.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Geography==
Kheralu is located at {{Coord|23.88|N|72.62|E|}}.<ref>[https://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/09/Kheralu.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Kheralu]</ref> It has an average elevation of 149 metres (489 feet).

The river [[Rupen River|Rupen]] flows through the taluka of Kheralu. Originating from the hills of Taranga in Kheralu, it eventually flows into the [[Little Rann of Kutch]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JycbAAAAIAAJ&q=kheralu+visnagar|title=Gujarat State Gazetteers: Mehsana District|last=(India)|first=Gujarat|date=1975|publisher=Directorate of Government Print., Stationery and Publications, Gujarat State|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://guj-nwrws.gujarat.gov.in/showpage.aspx?contentid=1994&lang=english|title=Rupen {{!}} River Basins {{!}} The Region {{!}} Narmada (Gujarat State)|last=Narmada|website=guj-nwrws.gujarat.gov.in|access-date=2018-07-27}}</ref>

==Demographics==
The Kheralu Municipality has a population of 21,843, including 11,312 males and 10,531 females, as per the 2011 Census of India. Literacy rate of Kheralu city is 82.64 % higher than state average of 78.03 %. In Kheralu, Male literacy is around 90.48 % while female literacy rate is 74.35 %.

== Education ==

=== Colleges ===

* Government Science College Kheralu
* The K.N.S.B.L. Arts and Commerce College Kheralu
* S.D. Chaudhary Science College Kheralu
* N.S. Desai B.ed. College Kheralu

* I.T.I. Kheralu

=== Higher-secondary schools ===

* Municipal Highschool
* Girls Highschool
* M.G.J. Patel Secondary & Higher Secondary School

=== Secondary schools ===

* Municipal Highschool
* Girls Highschool
* M.G.J. Patel Secondary & Higher Secondary School

=== Pre-primary and primary schools ===

* Municipal Highschool (Primary)
* Girls Highschool (Primary)
* Kumarshala No.1
* Kumarshala No.2
* Kumarshala No.3
* Kanyashala No.1
* Kanyashala No.2
* Shree Sarasvati Shishumandir
* Sanskar Vidhyalay
* Tapovan International School
* M&G Desai Prathamik Vidhyamandir

== Health ==
List of Hospital in Kheralu:
* Civil Hospital
* Alka Multispeciality Hospital
* Vrundavan Multispeciality Hospital
* Vibrant Hospital
* Anand Hospital
* Shraddha Women's Hospital
* Jatan Children's Hospital
* Prarthana Hospital
* Vishwa Emergency and General Hospital

== Finance ==
List of Banks in Kheralu:
* State Bank of India
* Bank of Baroda
* Bank of India
* Punjab National Bank
* HDFC Bank
* ICICI Bank
* IDFC First Bank
* Bandhan Bank
* Gujarat Gramin Bank
* The Kheralu Nagarik Sahakari Bank Ltd
* The Mahesana Urban Co-operative Bank
* The Mahesana District Co-operative Bank

== Notable people ==

* Jignesh Kaviraj, a famous gujarati singer
* Vadnagar is the nearest town(10km), which is birthplace of Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]]

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Cities and towns in Mehsana district]]

{{Mehasana}}

{{Mehsana-geo-stub}}

2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election

2026-02-27T11:45:33Z

Hiya singh: minor edit

{{short description|2020 state assembly election in Delhi}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election
| country = India
| type = legislative
| previous_election = 2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election
| previous_year = 2015
| election_date = 8 February 2020
| next_election = 2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election
| next_year = 2025
| seats_for_election = All 70 seats in the [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]]
| majority_seats = 36
| turnout = 62.82% ({{decrease}} 4.65%)
|outgoing_members = 6th Delhi Assembly#List of members
| elected_members = 7th Delhi Assembly#Members of Legislative Assembly
| opinion_polls = 2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election#Opinion Polls
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=CM Arvind Kejriwal Official Portrait.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=0|oTop=15}}
| leader1 = [[Arvind Kejriwal]]
| party1 = Aam Aadmi Party
| leaders_seat1 = [[New Delhi (Delhi Assembly constituency)|New Delhi]]
| last_election1 = 67
| seats1 = '''62'''
| seat_change1 = {{decrease}} 5
| popular_vote1 = '''4,974,592'''
| percentage1 = '''53.57%'''
| swing1 = {{decrease}} 0.71
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Manoj tiwari ji(cropped).jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=10|oTop=0}}
| image2_size = 120px
| leader2 = [[Manoj Tiwari (Delhi politician)|Manoj Tiwari]]
| party2 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| leaders_seat2 = ''Did not contest''
| last_election2 = 3
| seats2 = 8
| seat_change2 = {{increase}} 5
| popular_vote2 = 3,692,552
| percentage2 = 39.77%
| swing2 = {{increase}} 6.57%
| map_image = [[File:2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly Election Result Map.svg|300px]]
| map2_image = India Delhi Legislative Assembly Election 2020.svg
| map2_caption = Structure of the [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]] after the election
| map2_size = 300px
| title = [[Chief Minister of Delhi|Chief Minister]]
| before_election = [[Arvind Kejriwal]]
| before_party = Aam Aadmi Party
| after_election = [[Arvind Kejriwal]]
| after_party = Aam Aadmi Party
| next_mps =
| ongoing = No
}}
{{Arvind Kejriwal series}}

'''Legislative Assembly elections''' were held in [[Delhi]] on 8 February 2020 to elect 70 members of the [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]]. Voters turnout was recorded at 62.82%,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://zeenews.india.com/assembly-elections/62-59-turnout-in-delhi-assembly-elections-says-ec-after-kejriwal-questions-delay-2262741.html |title=62-59-turnout-in-delhi-assembly-elections-says-ec-after-kejriwal-questions-delay |date=9 February 2020 |website=zeenews.india.com }}</ref> a decline of 4.65% from the previous [[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|assembly election in Delhi]] but 2.2% more than the [[2019 Indian general election in Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/a-lot-at-stake-than-just-seven-seats-in-delhi/articleshow/69278117.cms|title=A lot at stake than just seven seats in Delhi|date=11 May 2019|newspaper=The Economic Times|access-date=21 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/hopeful-of-ls-win-tiwari-urges-cadre-to-gear-up-for-2020-polls/article27131722.ece|title=Hopeful of LS win, Tiwari urges cadre to gear up for 2020 polls|author=Staff Reporter|date=15 May 2019|via=www.thehindu.com|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> The term of the assembly elected in 2015 expired on 22 February 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsnation.in/election/lok-sabha-election-2019/lok-sabha-polls-over-start-working-for-2020-assembly-polls-without-rest-delhi-bjp-chief-manoj-tiwari-article-224197.html|title=Lok Sabha elections over, start working for 2020 Assembly polls without rest: Delhi BJP chief Manoj Tiwari- News Nation|date=15 May 2019|website=www.newsnation.in|access-date=21 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220133711/https://www.newsnation.in/election/lok-sabha-election-2019/lok-sabha-polls-over-start-working-for-2020-assembly-polls-without-rest-delhi-bjp-chief-manoj-tiwari-article-224197.html|archive-date=20 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2019/may/15/lok-sabha-election-over-bjp-to-focus-on-next-years-delhi-polls-1977123.html|title=Lok Sabha election over, BJP to focus on next year's Delhi polls|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> The [[Aam Aadmi Party]], led by [[Arvind Kejriwal]] won 62 seats to claim an absolute majority in the elections.

== Background ==

The [[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|previous Assembly elections]] were held in February 2015. After the election, the [[Aam Aadmi Party]] formed the state government, with [[Arvind Kejriwal]] becoming [[Chief Minister of Delhi|Chief Minister]].

== Schedule ==

The election schedule was announced by the [[Election Commission of India]] on 6 January 2020 at 3:35 PM IST.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/delhi-elections-dates-2020-live-election-commission-to-announce-dates-of-delhi-polls-today/liveblog/73119849.cms|title=Delhi Election Date 2020 announced: Delhi elections 2020 to be held on Feb 8; Results on Feb 11|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-01-06}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Poll event
! Schedule
|-
| Notification date
| 14 January 2020
|-
| Last date for filing nomination
| 21 January 2020
|-
| Scrutiny of nomination
| 22 January 2020
|-
| Last date for withdrawal of nomination
| 24 January 2020
|-
| Date of poll
| 8 February 2020
|-
| Date of counting of Votes
| 11 February 2020
|}

== Parties and alliances ==
Source<ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/delhi-assembly-polls-2020/story/delhi-elections-668-candidates-in-fray-maximum-from-kejriwal-s-new-delhi-constituency-1639945-2020-01-24 Delhi election – 668 candidates in fray] ''www.indiatoday.in''</ref><ref>[https://m.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-polls-bsp-to-fight-on-all-seats-sp-may-support-kejriwal/story-XdQkcpMqJdJ91TAhM7UKvM_amp.html BSP to fight on all seats in Delhi election.] ''The Hindustan Times''</ref>
{| class="wikitable" width="50%" style="text-align:center;
| colspan="6" {{Party color cell|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
| colspan="6" | '''[[Aam Aadmi Party]]'''<ref>[https://www.news18.com/news/india/delhi-assembly-elections-2020-live-updates-poll-schedule-arvind-kejriwal-aap-manoj-tiwari-bjp-congress-2457123.html AAP releases list of 70 Candidates for Delhi Assembly election] ''www.news18.com''</ref><ref>[https://www.placementstore.com/delhi-election-result/ 2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly Election Results] ''www.placementstore.com''</ref>
|-
! colspan="2" | Party
! Flag
! Symbol
! Leader
! Seats
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| [[File:Aam Aadmi Party flag (2).svg|50px]]
| [[File:AAP Symbol.png|50px]]
| [[Arvind Kejriwal]]
| 70
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable" width="50%" style="text-align:center;
| colspan="6" {{Party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
|-
| colspan="6" | '''[[National Democratic Alliance]]'''<ref>[https://www.firstpost.com/politics/delhi-assembly-election-bjp-releases-2nd-list-after-sad-turns-down-alliance-with-saffron-party-over-opinion-on-caa-jdu-ljp-given-three-seats-7933921.html BJP leaves 3 seats for JDU and LJP] ''The First Post''</ref>
|-
! colspan="2" | Party
! Flag
! Symbol
! Leader
! Seats
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[File:BJP Flag.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|50px]]
|
| 67
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=yes}}
| [[File:JanataDalUnitedFlag.PNG|50px]]
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Arrow.svg|50px]]
|
| 2
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party}}
| [[File:Lok Janshakti Party Flag.svg|50px]]
|
|
| 1 + 4
|-
!colspan="5"| Total
!70
|}
{| class="wikitable" width="50%" style="text-align:center;
| colspan="6" {{Party color cell|United Progressive Alliance}}
|-
| colspan="6" | '''[[United Progressive Alliance]]'''<ref>[https://dimpledhiman.com/har-chhatravratti-scholarship/] ''NDTV India''</ref>
|-
! colspan="2" | Party
! Flag
! Symbol
! Leader
! Seats
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Hand INC.svg|50px]]
|
| 66
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
| [[File:RJD Flag.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Hurricane Lamp.png|50px]]
|
|4
|-
!colspan="5"| Total
!70
|}

==List of Candidates==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="text-align:center;"
|+ List Of Candidates
! colspan="2" | Constituency
! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}" |[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA+]]
! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
|-
! No.
! Name
! colspan="2" | Party ||Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party ||Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party ||Candidate
|-
|-
! 1
| [[Narela, Delhi Assembly constituency|Narela]]
| {{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| [[Sharad Chauhan]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Neeldaman Khatri]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Siddharth Kundu
|-
! 2
| [[Burari Assembly constituency|Burari]]
| {{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| [[Sanjeev Jha]]
| {{party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
| Shailendra Kumar
| {{party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
| Pramod Tyagi
|-
! 3
| [[Timarpur Assembly constituency|Timarpur]]
| {{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| [[Dilip Pandey]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Surinder Pal Singh (Bittoo)
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Amar Lata Sangwan
|-
! 4
| [[Adarsh Nagar, Delhi Assembly constituency|Adarsh Nagar]]
| {{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| [[Pawan Kumar Sharma]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Raj Kumar Bhatia]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Mukesh Kumar Goel
|-
! 5
| [[Badli, Delhi Assembly constituency|Badli]]
| {{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| [[Ajesh Yadav]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Vijay Kumar Bhagat
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Devender Yadav]]
|-
! 6
| [[Rithala Assembly constituency|Rithala]]
| {{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| [[Mohinder Goyal]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Manish Chaudhary
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Pradeep Kumar Pandey
|-
! 7
| [[Bawana Assembly constituency|Bawana (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| [[Jai Bhagwan (politician)|Jai Bhagwan]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Ravinder Kumar
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Surender Kumar
|-
! 8
| [[Mundka Assembly constituency|Mundka]]
| {{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| [[Dharampal Lakra]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Azad Singh
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Naresh Kumar
|-
! 9
| [[Kirari Assembly constituency|Kirari]]
| {{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| [[Rituraj Govind]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Anil Jha Vats]]
| {{party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
| Md Riyazuddin Khan
|-
! 10
| [[Sultanpur Majra Assembly constituency|Sultanpur Majra (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| [[Mukesh Kumar Ahlawat]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Ram Chander Chawriya
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Jai Kishan]]
|-
! 11
| [[Nangloi Jat Assembly constituency|Nangloi Jat]]
| {{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| [[Raghuvinder Shokeen]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Suman Lata
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Mandeep Singh
|-
! 12
| [[Mangol Puri Assembly constituency|Mangol Puri (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| [[Rakhi Birla]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Karam Singh Karma
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Rajesh Lilothia]]
|-
! 13
| [[Rohini Assembly constituency|Rohini]]
| {{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| Rajesh Nama Bansiwala
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Vijender Gupta]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Sumesh Gupta
|-
! 14
| [[Shalimar Bagh Assembly constituency|Shalimar Bagh]]
| {{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| [[Bandana Kumari]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Rekha Gupta]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| J S Nayol
|-
! 15
| [[Shakur Basti Assembly constituency|Shakur Basti]]
| {{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| [[Satyendra Kumar Jain]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[S. C. Vats]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Dev Raj Arora
|-
|-
! 16
| [[Tri Nagar Assembly constituency|Tri Nagar]]
| {{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| [[Preeti Tomar]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Tilak Ram Gupta]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Kamal Kant Sharma
|-
! 17
| [[Wazirpur Assembly constituency|Wazirpur]]
| {{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| [[Rajesh Gupta]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Mahander Nagpal]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Harikishan Jindal
|-
! 18
| [[Model Town Assembly constituency|Model Town]]
| {{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| [[Akhilesh Pati Tripathi]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Kapil Mishra]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Akanksha Ola
|-
! 19
| [[Sadar Bazar Assembly constituency|Sadar Bazar]]
| {{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| [[Som Dutt]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Jai Parkash
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Satbir Sharma
|-
! 20
| [[Chandni Chowk Assembly constituency|Chandni Chowk]]
| {{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| [[Parlad Singh Sawhney]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Suman Kumar Gupta
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Alka Lamba]]
|-
! 21
| [[Matia Mahal Assembly constituency|Matia Mahal]]
| {{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| [[Shoaib Iqbal]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Ravinder Gupta
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Mirza Javed Ali
|-
! 22
| [[Ballimaran Assembly constituency|Ballimaran]]
| {{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| [[Imran Hussain (Indian politician)|Imran Hussain]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Lata
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Haroon Yusuf]]
|-
! 23
| [[Karol Bagh Assembly constituency|Karol Bagh (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| [[Vishesh Ravi]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Yogender Chandoliya]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Gourav Kumar
|-
! 24
| [[Patel Nagar Assembly constituency|Patel Nagar (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| [[Raaj Kumar Anand]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Pravesh Ratn]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Krishna Tirath]]
|-
! 25
| [[Moti Nagar Assembly constituency|Moti Nagar]]
| {{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| [[Shiv Charan Goel]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Subhash Sachdeva]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Ramesh Popli
|-
! 26
| [[Madipur Assembly constituency|Madipur (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| Girish Soni
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Kailash Gangwal]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Jai Prakash Panwar
|-
! 27
| [[Rajouri Garden Assembly constituency|Rajouri Garden]]
| {{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| [[Dhanwati Chandela]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Ramesh Khanna
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Amandeep Singh Sudan
|-
! 28
| [[Hari Nagar Assembly constituency|Hari Nagar]]
| {{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| [[Raj Kumari Dhillon]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Tajinder Pal Singh Bagga
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Surinder Kumar Setia
|-
! 29
| [[Tilak Nagar Assembly constituency|Tilak Nagar]]
| {{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| [[Jarnail Singh (politician, born 1981)|Jarnail Singh]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Rajiv Babbar
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Raminder Singh
|-
! 30
| [[Janakpuri Assembly constituency|Janakpuri]]
| {{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| [[Rajesh Rishi]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Ashish Sood]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Radhika Khera
|-
! 31
| [[Vikaspuri Assembly constituency|Vikaspuri]]
| {{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| [[Mahinder Yadav]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Sanjay Singh
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Mukesh Sharma
|-
! 32
| [[Uttam Nagar Assembly constituency|Uttam Nagar]]
| {{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| [[Naresh Balyan]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Krishan Gahlot
| {{party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
| Shakti Kumar Bishnoi
|-
! 33
| [[Dwarka, Delhi Assembly constituency|Dwarka]]
| {{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| [[Vinay Mishra]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Parduymn Rajput]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Adarsh Shastri]]
|-
! 34
| [[Matiala Assembly constituency|Matiala]]
| {{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| [[Gulab Singh Yadav]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Rajesh Gahlot]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Sumesh Shokeen
|-
! 35
| [[Najafgarh Assembly constituency|Najafgarh]]
| {{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| [[Kailash Gahlot]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Ajeet Singh Kharkhari]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Sahab Singh
|-
! 36
| [[Bijwasan Assembly constituency|Bijwasan]]
| {{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| [[Bhupinder Singh Joon]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Sat Prakash Rana]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Parveen Rana
|-
! 37
| [[Palam Assembly constituency|Palam]]
| {{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| [[Bhavna Gaur]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Vijay Pandit
| {{party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
| Nirmal Kumar Singh
|-
! 38
| [[Delhi Cantt Assembly constituency|Delhi Cantt]]
| {{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| [[Virender Singh Kadian]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Manish Singh
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Sandeep Tanwar
|-
! 39
| [[Rajinder Nagar Assembly constituency|Rajinder Nagar]]
| {{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| [[Raghav Chadha]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[R. P. Singh (politician)|R. P. Singh]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Rocky Tuseed
|-
! 40
| [[New Delhi Assembly constituency|New Delhi]]
| {{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| [[Arvind Kejriwal]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Sunil Kumar Yadav
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Romesh Sabharwal
|-
! 41
| [[Jangpura Assembly constituency|Jangpura]]
| {{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| [[Praveen Kumar (Delhi politician)|Praveen Kumar]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Impreet Singh Bakshi
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Tarvinder Singh Marwah]]
|-
! 42
| [[Kasturba Nagar Assembly constituency|Kasturba Nagar]]
| {{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| [[Madan Lal (politician)|Madan Lal]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Ravinder Choudhry
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Abhishek Dutt
|-
! 43
| [[Malviya Nagar, Delhi Assembly constituency|Malviya Nagar]]
| {{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| [[Somnath Bharti]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Shailender Singh
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Neetu Verma Soin
|-
! 44
| [[R K Puram Assembly constituency|R K Puram]]
| {{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| [[Parmila Tokas]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Anil Kumar Sharma (Delhi politician)|Anil Kumar Sharma]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Priyanka Singh
|-
! 45
| [[Mehrauli Assembly constituency|Mehrauli]]
| {{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| [[Naresh Yadav]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Kusum Khatri
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| A. A. Mahender Chaudhary
|-
! 46
| [[Chhatarpur, Delhi Assembly constituency|Chhatarpur]]
| {{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| [[Kartar Singh Tanwar]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Brahm Singh Tanwar]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Satish Lohia
|-
! 47
| [[Deoli, Delhi Assembly constituency|Deoli (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| [[Prakash Jarwal]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Arvind Kumar
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Arvinder Singh Lovely (Deoli MLA)|Arvinder Singh Lovely]]
|-
! 48
| [[Ambedkar Nagar Assembly constituency|Ambedkar Nagar (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| [[Ajay Dutt]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Khushiram Chunar
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Yaduraj Choudhary
|-
! 49
| [[Sangam Vihar Assembly constituency|Sangam Vihar]]
| {{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| [[Dinesh Mohaniya]]
| {{party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
| Shiv Charan Lal Gupta
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Poonam Azad
|-
! 50
| [[Greater Kailash Assembly constituency|Greater Kailash]]
| {{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| [[Saurabh Bhardwaj]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Shikha Roy]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Sukhbir Singh Panwar
|-
! 51
| [[Kalkaji Assembly constituency|Kalkaji]]
| {{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| [[Atishi Marlena]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Dharambir Singh
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Shivani Chopra
|-
! 52
| [[Tughlakabad Assembly constituency|Tughlakabad]]
| {{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| [[Sahi Ram]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Vikram Bidhuri
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Shubham Sharma
|-
! 53
| [[Badarpur, Delhi Assembly constituency|Badarpur]]
| {{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| [[Ram Singh Netaji]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Ramvir Singh Bidhuri]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Pramod Kumar Yadav
|-
! 54
| [[Okhla Assembly constituency|Okhla]]
| {{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| [[Amanatullah Khan]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Braham Singh
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Parvez Hashmi]]
|-
! 55
| [[Trilokpuri Assembly constituency|Trilokpuri (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| [[Rohit Kumar Mehraulia]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Kiran Vaidya
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Vijay Kumar
|-
! 56
| [[Kondli Assembly constituency|Kondli (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| [[Kuldeep Kumar]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Raj Kumar
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Amrish Singh Gautam]]
|-
! 57
| [[Patparganj Assembly constituency|Patparganj]]
| {{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| [[Manish Sisodia]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Ravinder Singh Negi]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Laxman Rawat
|-
! 58
| [[Laxmi Nagar Assembly constituency|Laxmi Nagar]]
| {{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| [[Nitin Tyagi]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Abhay Verma (politician)|Abhay Verma]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Hari Dutt Sharma
|-
! 59
| [[Vishwas Nagar Assembly constituency|Vishwas Nagar]]
| {{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| Deepak Singla
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Om Prakash Sharma (Delhi politician)|Om Prakash Sharma]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Gurcharan Singh
|-
! 60
| [[Krishna Nagar Assembly constituency|Krishna Nagar]]
| {{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| [[S. K. Bagga]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Anil Goyal]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Ashok Kumar Walia]]
|-
! 61
| [[Gandhi Nagar, Delhi Assembly constituency|Gandhi Nagar]]
| {{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| Naveen Chaudhary
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Anil Kumar Bajpai]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Arvinder Singh Lovely]]
|-
! 62
| [[Shahdara Assembly constituency|Shahdara]]
| {{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| [[Ram Niwas Goel]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Sanjay Goyal]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Dr. Narender Nath
|-
! 63
| [[Seemapuri Assembly constituency|Seemapuri (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| [[Rajendra Pal Gautam]]
| {{party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party}}
| Sant Lal
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Veer Singh Dhingan]]
|-
! 64
| [[Rohtas Nagar Assembly constituency|Rohtas Nagar]]
| {{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| [[Sarita Singh]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Jitender Mahajan]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Vipin Sharma
|-
! 65
| [[Seelampur Assembly constituency|Seelampur]]
| {{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| [[Abdul Rehman (Indian politician)|Abdul Rehman]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Kaushal Kumar Mishra
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Mateen Ahmed]]
|-
! 66
| [[Ghonda Assembly constituency|Ghonda]]
| {{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| [[Shri Dutt Sharma]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Ajay Mahawar]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Bhisham Sharma
|-
! 67
| [[Babarpur Assembly constituency|Babarpur]]
| {{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| [[Gopal Rai]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Naresh Gaur]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Anveeksha Jain
|-
! 68
| [[Gokalpur Assembly constituency|Gokalpur (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| [[Surendra Kumar]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Ranjeet Singh
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| S. P. Singh
|-
! 69
| [[Mustafabad Assembly constituency|Mustafabad]]
| {{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| [[Haji Yunus]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Jagdish Pradhan]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Ali Mehdi
|-
! 70
| [[Karawal Nagar Assembly constituency|Karawal Nagar]]
| {{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| [[Durgesh Pathak]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Mohan Singh Bisht]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Arbind Singh
|-
|}

NOTE: The [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] has endorsed [[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]] candidate from [[Seemapuri Assembly constituency|Seema Puri (63) (SC)]]. However, the [[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]] has also fielded candidates in the following Assembly Constituencies—[[Kirari Assembly constituency|Kirari (9)]], [[Bijwasan Assembly constituency|Bijwasan (36)]], [[Laxmi Nagar Assembly constituency|Laxmi Nagar (58)]], and [[Mustafabad Assembly constituency|Mustafabad (69)]]—who were not endorsed by the [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] alliance.

== Manifestos ==

=== Aam Aadmi Party ===
The Aam Aadmi Party released a 10-point guarantee card on 19 January 2020.<ref name="AAP manifesto">{{Cite web |url=https://aamaadmiparty.org/manifesto2020/ |title=Manifesto 2020 – Aam Aadmi Party |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205053757/https://aamaadmiparty.org/manifesto2020/ |archive-date=2020-02-05}} [https://archive.org/details/aapmanifesto2020compressed Alt URL]</ref><ref name="AAP Guarantee Card">{{cite news |author=Staff Reporter |title=CM launches 'Guarantee Card' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/delhi-assembly/cm-launches-guarantee-card/article30602609.ece |access-date=12 February 2020 |work=The Hindu |date=20 January 2020 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

* Jan Lokpal Bill
* Doorstep delivery of ration
* Pollution free Delhi
* 24 hour piped water
* Garbage free and debris free streets
* Pucca houses for slum-dwellers
* Free bus rides to students
* Underground cables to every household
* World class roads
* Legal protection of street vendors

=== Bharatiya Janata Party ===

The [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] released its manifesto on 31 January 2020 with the following key points.<ref>{{Cite web |title=OpenCity - Urban Data Portal |url=https://opencity.in/ |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=opencity.in |language=en}}</ref>

* Housing for all by 2022
* Digitalization of government documents and e-libraries in courts
* Loans for women entrepreneurs
* 1000 crore fund for startup and innovation fund
* Special hostels for students and working professionals from the Northeast
* Resolve Jal Jeevan
* Redevelopment of Old Delhi and Chandni Chowk area
* Empowerment of transgenders
* Free sanitary napkins for women
* Special buses for college students
* Modification of existing infrastructure for divyang
* Double decker DTC buses and increase of frequency
* 24-hour helplines and self-defence training in schools for women
* 5% reservation for ex-servicemen in jobs and DDA flats
* Community centres for residential colonies

=== Indian National Congress ===

The Indian National Congress released its manifesto on 2 February 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/delhi-assembly-polls-2020/story/delhi-polls-congress-manifesto-unemployment-allowance-cashback-schemes-free-electricity-up-to-300-units-1642605-2020-02-02|title=Delhi polls: Congress promises unemployment allowance, cashback schemes, free electricity up to 300 units|last1=Press Trust of India New|date=February 2, 2020|website=India Today}}</ref> with 9 key points:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://congresswalidilli.com/index-eng.html|title=Dilli Manifesto|access-date=5 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205061226/https://congresswalidilli.com/index-eng.html|archive-date=5 February 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref>

* Strong Lokpal
* Bhagidari
* Yuva Swabhiman Yojna – Unemployment Allowances
* Yaari Startup Incubation Funds
* Homi Bhabha Research Fund
* 25% of budget spent on fighting pollution and improving transport
* Environment Ambassadors
* Jal Sanrakshan Board
* Rice Stubble to Energy Funds
* Bringing non-polluting industries back to Delhi

== Surveys and polls ==
=== Opinion Polls ===
{| class="wikitable collapsible sortable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |Publishing Date
! rowspan="2" |Polling Agency
| bgcolor="{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| style="background:gray;" |
! rowspan="2" |Lead
|-
! width="70" |[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
! width="70" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
! width="70" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
! width="70" rowspan="1" | Others
|-
| 2 February 2020
| Patriotic Voter <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sites.google.com/view/patvot/surveys/delhi-2020|title=delhi20 - DELHI SCURVY 2020|website=sites.google.com}}</ref>
| 58
| 11
| 1
| 0
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''47''' {{small|(10.6%)}}

|-
| rowspan="2" |5 January 2020
| [[News 24 (India)|News 24]]<ref>{{cite web|url =https://twitter.com/manakgupta/status/1225049414634336256|title = @AamAadmiParty = 48–53 seats @BJP4Delhi = 15–20 seats @INCDelhi = 0–2 seats #News24DelhiPoll @news24tvchannel|date = 5 February 2020}}</ref>
| 48–53
| 15–20
| 0–2
| 0
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''28–38'''
|-
| [[TV9 Bharatvarsh]]<ref>{{cite web|url =https://www.tv9bharatvarsh.com/india/delhi-assembly-election-opinion-poll-tv9-bharatvarsh-167963.html|title = @AamAadmiParty = 20 seats @BJP4Delhi = 48 seats @INCDelhi = 0–2 seats #TV9BharatDelhiPoll @tv9bharattvchannel|date = 5 January 2020}}</ref>
| 48–60
| 10–20
| 0–2
| 0
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''28–50'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |6 January 2020
| [[ABP News]] – [[CVoter]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/news/abp-cvoter-opinion-poll-delhi-assembly-elections-clean-sweep-for-aap-arvind-kejriwal-cm-choice-1137756|title=ABP-CVoter Opinion Poll: Clean Sweep For AAP In Delhi, Kejriwal Remains First Choice As CM|date=2020-01-06|website=news.abplive.com|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-06}}</ref>
| 59 {{small|(53%)}}
| 8 {{small|(26%)}}
| 3 {{small|(4.6%)}}
| 0 {{small|(16%)}}
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''51''' {{small|(27%)}}
|-
| [[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]] – [[CVoter]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/ianscvoter-delhi-tracker-shows-aap-on-winning-track/1701920|title=IANS/C-Voter Delhi tracker shows AAP on winning track|website=www.outlookindia.com/|access-date=2020-01-09}}</ref>
| 53–64
| 03–13
| 0–6
| 0-0
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''41–61''' 
|-
| 25 January 2020
| [[NewsX|Newsx]]-Polstrat<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsx.com/national/newsx-polstrat-delhi-elections-2020-opinion-poll-delhi-happy-with-arvind-kejriwal-govt-s-work-in-education-health-pollution-jobs-corruption-sectors-still-challenges.html|title=NewsX-Polstrat Delhi Elections 2020 Opinion Poll: Delhi happy with Arvind Kejriwal govt.'s work in education, health; pollution, jobs, corruption sectors still challenges|date=2020-01-25|website=NewsX|language=en|access-date=2020-01-26}}</ref>
| 53–56
| 12–15
| 2–4
| 0-0
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''38–44''' 
|-
| 3 February 2020
| [https://www.timesnownews.com/delhi/article/times-now-ipsos-opinion-poll-kejriwal-set-to-return-as-cm-and-4-other-takeaways/549039 Times Now – IPSOS]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/delhi/article/times-now-ipsos-opinion-poll-kejriwal-set-to-return-as-cm-and-4-other-takeaways/549039|title=Times Now – IPSOS Opinion Poll: Kejriwal set to return as CM, and 4 other takeaways|website=www.timesnownews.com|language=en|access-date=2020-02-03}}</ref>
| 54–60 {{small|(52%)}}
| 10–14 {{small|(34%)}}
| 0–2 {{small|(4%)}}
| 0 {{small|(10%)}}
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''40–50''' {{small|(18%)}}
|-
| 4 February 2020
| Graphnile<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/Graphnile/status/1224788210435293184|title=pic.twitter.com/110fuYqFHa|date=2020-02-04|website=@Graphnile|access-date=2020-02-04}}</ref>
| 56
| 12
| 0–2
| 0
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''44''' 
|-
| 5 February 2020
| [[ABP News]] – [[CVoter]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/news/india/delhi-election-2020-abp-cvoter-opinion-poll-kejriwal-led-aap-shaheen-bagh-bjp-issue-1154278|title=ABP-CVoter Opinion Poll |quote= Delhi Wants Kejriwal-Led AAP Govt Back, Shaheen Bagh Issue 'Boosting' BJP's Prospect|date=2020-02-05|website=news.abplive.com|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-05}}</ref>
| 42–56 {{small|(45.6%)}}
| 10–24 {{small|(37.1%)}}
| 0–2 {{small|(4.4%)}}
| 0 {{small|(12.9%)}}
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''18–46''' {{small|(8.6%)}}
|}

=== Exit Polls ===
The [[Exit Poll|exit poll]]s were announced by agencies after the poll ends on 8 February 2020.<ref>[https://www.elections.in/delhi/exit-poll.html Delhi election Exit Poll] ''www.elections.in''</ref> The exit polls were conducted on all 70 seats of Delhi Legislative Assembly and data was collected up to 4:00 PM. The voting ended at 6:00 PM officially.

{| class="wikitable collapsible sortable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |Publishing Date
! rowspan="2" |Polling Agency
| bgcolor="{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| style="background:gray;" |
! rowspan="2" |Lead
|-
! width="70" |[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
! width="70" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP+]]
! width="70" |[[Indian National Congress|INC+]]
! width="70" rowspan="1" | Others
|-
| rowspan="9" | 8 February 2020
| Jan Ki Baat
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''55'''
| 15
| 0
| 0
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''40'''
|-
| India Today-Axis My India
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''59-68'''
| 2–11
| 0
| 0
|style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''48–66'''
|-
| Patriotic Voter
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''59'''
| 10
| 1
| 0
|style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''48'''
|-
| Times Now
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''47'''
| 23
| 0
| 0
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''24'''
|-
| News X-Neta
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''55'''
| 14
| 1
| 0
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''41'''
|-
| India News Nation
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''55'''
| 14
| 1
| 0
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''41'''
|-
| Spick Media<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/Spick_Media/status/1226129154371969029|title=Spick Media Exit Poll – Delhi Assembly Election 2020 – AAP: 43 – 55 seats BJP: 12 – 21 Seats Congress: 0 – 3 Seats Others: 00 Seats – # DelhiElection #DelhiPolls2020 #DelhiAssemblyPolls #ExitPolls #AAP #BJP #Congress #SpickMedia #Delhipic.twitter.com/Lb6zLVjUXx|date=2020-02-08|website=@Spick_Media|language=en|access-date=2020-02-08}}</ref>

| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''43-55'''
| 12 – 21
| 00–03
| 0
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''31–34'''
|-
| [[ABP News]] – [[CVoter]]
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''51-65'''
| 3–17

| 0–2
| 0
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''30–58'''
|-
| Hamari Yojana<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hamariyojana.com/2020/02/after-cold-voting-from-people-of-delhi.html?m=1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913044435/https://www.hamariyojana.com/2020/02/after-cold-voting-from-people-of-delhi.html?m=1|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 September 2020|title=Delhi Election 2020 accurate Exit poll – Hamari Yojana|website=www.hamariyojana.com|access-date=2020-02-08}}</ref>
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''55-60'''
| 10 – 15
| 00
| 00
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''40–50'''
|-
|}

== Results ==
{| style="width:42%; text-align:center;"
|- style="color:white;"
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}; width:78.6%;" | '''62'''
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:black;5.38%;" | '''8'''
|-
| {{color|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}|'''AAP'''}}
| {{color|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|'''BJP'''}}
|}

{{Pie chart
|caption = '''Vote Share of different parties in the election.'''
|other = yes
|value1 = 53.57
|label1 = [[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
|color1 = {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|value2 = 38.51
|label2 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|color2 = {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|value3 = 4.26
|label3 = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|color3 = {{party color|Indian National Congress}}
|value4 = 0.91
|label4 = [[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]]
|color4 = {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|value5 = 0.71
|label5 = [[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|color5 = {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|value6 = 0.35
|label6 = [[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|color6 = {{party color|Lok Janshakti Party}}
|value7 = 0.04
|label7 = [[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|color7 = {{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|value8 = 0.46
|label8 = [[None of the above (India)|NOTA]]
|color8 = lightgreen
}}

=== Results by Party ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!colspan="4" rowspan="2"|Alliance/ Party
!colspan="3"|Popular vote
! colspan="4" |Seats
|-
!Votes
!%
!±[[Percentage point|pp]]
!Contested
!Won
!'''+/−'''
!%
|-
|{{Party color cell|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |[[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| style="text-align:center;" |4,974,592
| style="text-align:center;" |53.57
| style="text-align:center;" |{{decrease}} 0.73
| style="text-align:center;" |70
| style="text-align:center;" |62<ref name="Delhi Assembly Elections 2020: AAP sweeps Delhi with 62 seats">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |first1= |date=11 February 2020 |title=Delhi Assembly Elections 2020: AAP sweeps Delhi with 62 seats |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/delhi-assembly/delhi-assembly-elections-2020-aap-sweeps-delhi-with-62-seats/article30790189.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241215180424/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/delhi-assembly/delhi-assembly-elections-2020-aap-sweeps-delhi-with-62-seats/article30790189.ece |archive-date=15 December 2024 |access-date=15 December 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;" |{{decrease}} 5
|88.57
|-
|rowspan="4" {{Party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
! rowspan="4" |[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| style="text-align:center;" |3,575,529
| style="text-align:center;" |38.51
| style="text-align:center;" |{{increase}} 6.21
| style="text-align:center;" |67
| style="text-align:center;" |8
| style="text-align:center;" |{{increase}} 5
| style="text-align:center;" |11.43
|-
|{{Party color cell|Janata Dal (United)}}
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Janata Dal (United)]]
| style="text-align:center;" |84,263
| style="text-align:center;" |0.91
| style="text-align:center;" |{{increase}} 0.91
| style="text-align:center;" |2
| style="text-align:center;" |0
| style="text-align:center;" |0
| style="text-align:center;" |0
|-
|{{Party color cell|Lok Janshakti Party}}
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Lok Janshakti Party]]
| style="text-align:center;" |32,760
| style="text-align:center;" |0.35
| style="text-align:center;" |{{increase}} 0.35
| style="text-align:center;" |1
| style="text-align:center;" |0
| style="text-align:center;" |0
| style="text-align:center;" |0
|-
| colspan="2" style="background:#efede5; text-align:center;" |Total
| style="background:#efede5; text-align:center;" |3,692,552
| style="background:#efede5; text-align:center;" |39.77
| style="background:#efede5; text-align:center;" |{{increase}}7.47
| style="background:#efede5; text-align:center;" |70
| style="background:#efede5; text-align:center;" |8
| style="background:#efede5; text-align:center;" |{{increase}} 5
| style="background:#efede5; text-align:center;" | 11.43
|-
|rowspan="3" {{Party color cell|United Progressive Alliance}}
! rowspan="3" |[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Indian National Congress]]
| style="text-align:center;" |395,958
| style="text-align:center;" |4.26
| style="text-align:center;" |{{decrease}} 5.44
| style="text-align:center;" |66
| style="text-align:center;" |0
| style="text-align:center;" |{{nochange}}
| style="text-align:center;" |0
|-
|{{Party color cell|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| style="text-align:center;" |3,463
| style="text-align:center;" |0.04
| style="text-align:center;" |{{increase}} 0.04
| style="text-align:center;" |4
| style="text-align:center;" |0
| style="text-align:center;" |{{nochange}}
| style="text-align:center;" |0
|-
| colspan="2" style="background:#e5efed; text-align:center;" |Total
| style="background:#e5efed; text-align:center;" |399,421
| style="background:#e5efed; text-align:center;" |4.30
| style="background:#e5efed; text-align:center;" |{{decrease}}5.40
| style="background:#e5efed; text-align:center;" |70
| style="background:#e5efed; text-align:center;" |0
| style="background:#e5efed; text-align:center;" |{{nochange}}
| style="background:#e5efed; text-align:center;" | 0
|-
|{{Party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| style="text-align:center;" |66,141
| style="text-align:center;" |0.71
| style="text-align:center;" |{{decrease}} 0.59
| style="text-align:center;" |70
| style="text-align:center;" |0
| style="text-align:center;" |{{nochange}}
| style="text-align:center;" |0
|-
|{{Party color cell|Independent (politician)}}
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |Others
| style="text-align:center;" |109,552
| style="text-align:center;" |1.19
| style="text-align:center;" |{{increase}}0.19
| style="text-align:center;" |388
| style="text-align:center;" |0
| style="text-align:center;" |0
| style="text-align:center;" |0
|-
| bgcolor="Black" |
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |[[None of the above (India)|NOTA]]
| style="text-align:center;" |43,109
| style="text-align:center;" |0.46
| style="text-align:center;" |{{increase}}0.06
! colspan="4" style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |
|-
! colspan="11" |
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center;" |'''Total'''
| style="text-align:center;" |'''9,285,798'''
| style="text-align:center;" |'''100.00'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''{{nochange}}'''
| style="text-align:center;" |'''668'''
| style="text-align:center;" |'''70'''
| style="text-align:center;" |'''{{nochange}}'''
| style="text-align:center;" |'''100'''
|-
! colspan="11" |
|-
| colspan="4" |Valid votes
| style="text-align:right;" |9,285,798
| style="text-align:right;" |99.89
! colspan="5" rowspan="5" |
|-
| colspan="4" |Invalid votes
| style="text-align:right;" |9,995
| style="text-align:right;" |0.11
|-
| colspan="4" |'''Votes cast / turnout'''
| style="text-align:right;" |'''9,295,793'''
| style="text-align:right;" |'''62.82'''
|-
| colspan="4" |Abstentions
| style="text-align:right;" |5,502,197
| style="text-align:right;" |37.18
|-
| colspan="4" |'''Registered voters'''
| style="text-align:right;" |'''14,797,990'''
! colspan="1" |
|-
|}

=== Results by districts ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!District
!Seats
| bgcolor="{{Party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''AAP'''
| bgcolor="{{Party color|National Democratic Alliance}}" |'''BJP'''
| bgcolor="{{Party color|United Progressive Alliance }}" |'''INC'''
| bgcolor="{{Party color|Other}}" |'''Others'''
|-
![[North Delhi district|North Delhi]]
!8
|style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}} ; color:white;"|7
|1
|0
|0
|-
![[Central Delhi district|Central Delhi]]
!7
|style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}} ; color:white;"|7
|0
|0
|0
|-
![[North West Delhi district|North West Delhi]]
!7
|style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}} ; color:white;"|7
|0
|0
|0
|-
![[West Delhi district|West Delhi]]
!7
|style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}} ; color:white;"|7
|0
|0
|0
|-
![[New Delhi district|New Delhi]]
!6
|style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}} ; color:white;"|6
|0
|0
|0
|-
![[South West Delhi district|South West Delhi]]
!7
|style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}} ; color:white;"|7
|0
|0
|0
|-
![[South East Delhi district|South East Delhi]]
!7
|style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}} ; color:white;"|6
|1
|0
|0
|-
![[South Delhi district|South Delhi]]
!5
|style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}} ; color:white;"|5
|0
|0
|0
|-
![[East Delhi district|East Delhi]]
!6
|style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}} ; color:white;"|4
|2
|0
|0
|-
![[Shahdara district|Shahdara]]
!5
|style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}} ; color:white;"|3
|2
|0
|0
|-
![[North East Delhi district|North East Delhi]]
!5
|style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}} ; color:white;"|3
|2
|0
|0
|-
! Total
!70
!62
!8
!0
!0
|}

=== Results by constituency ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" |Assembly Constituency
! rowspan="2" |Turnout (%)
! colspan="5" |Winner
! colspan="5" |Runner-up
! rowspan="2" |Margin
|-
! #
! Name
! Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
! Votes
!'''%'''
! Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
! Votes
!'''%'''
|-
| colspan="14" align="center" style="background-color: grey;" |[[North Delhi district|'''North Delhi District''']]
|-
| 1
| [[Narela (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Narela]]
| 65.34
| [[Sharad Chauhan]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"|
| AAP
| 86262
| 52.06
| Neel Daman Khatri
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| BJP
| 68833
| 41.54
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''17429'''
|-
| colspan="14" align="center" style="background-color: grey;" |[[Central Delhi district|'''Central Delhi District''']]
|-
| 2
| [[Burari (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Burari]]
| 61.48
| [[Sanjeev Jha]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"|
| AAP
| 139598
| 62.81
| Shailendra Kumar
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}"|
| JD(U)
| 51440
| 23.14
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"| '''88158'''
|-
| 3
| [[Timarpur (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Timarpur]]
| 60.93
| [[Dilip Pandey]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"|
| AAP
| 71432
| 57.6
| Surinder Pal Singh
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| BJP
| 47288
| 38.13
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''24144'''
|-
| colspan="14" align="center" style="background-color: grey;" |[[North Delhi district|'''North Delhi District''']]
|-
| 4
| [[Adarsh Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Adarsh Nagar]]
| 59.86
| [[Pawan Kumar Sharma]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"|
| AAP
| 46892
| 45.2
| [[Raj Kumar Bhatia]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| BJP
| 45303
| 43.66
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''1589'''
|-
| 5
| [[Badli (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Badli]]
| 63.61
| [[Ajesh Yadav]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"|
| AAP
| 69357
| 49.67
| Vijay Kumar Bhagat
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| BJP
| 40234
| 28.81
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"| '''29123'''
|-
|colspan="14" align="center" style="background-color: grey;" |[[North West Delhi district|'''North West Delhi District''']]
|-
| 6
| [[Rithala (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Rithala]]
| 59.80
| [[Mohinder Goyal]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"|
| AAP
| 87940
| 52.63
| Manish Chaudhary
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| BJP
| 74067
| 44.33
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''13873'''
|-
| colspan="14" align="center" style="background-color: grey;" |[[North Delhi district|'''North Delhi District''']]
|-
| 7
| [[Bawana (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Bawana(SC)]]
| 61.97
| [[Jai Bhagwan (politician)|Jai Bhagwan]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"|
| AAP
| 95715
| 48.38
| Ravinder Kumar
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| BJP
| 84189
| 42.55
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"| '''11526'''
|-
| colspan="14" align="center" style="background-color: grey;" |[[North West Delhi district|'''North West Delhi District''']]
|-
| 8
| [[Mundka (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Mundka]]
| 59.44
| [[Dharampal Lakra]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"|
| AAP
| 90293
| 53.78
| Azad Singh
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| BJP
| 71135
| 42.37
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''19158'''
|-
| 9
| [[Kirari (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Kirari]]
| 63.36
| [[Rituraj Govind]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"|
| AAP
| 86312
| 49.77
| [[Anil Jha Vats]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| BJP
| 80551
| 46.51
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''5654'''
|-
| 10
| [[Sultan Pur Majra (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Sultanpur Majra(SC)]]
| 63.88
| [[Mukesh Kumar Ahlawat]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"|
| AAP
| 74573
| 66.51
| Ram Chander Chawriya
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| BJP
| 26521
| 23.65
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''48052'''
|-
| colspan="14" align="center" style="background-color: grey;" |[[West Delhi district|'''West Delhi District''']]
|-
| 11
| [[Nangloi Jat (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Nangloi Jat]]
| 56.80
| [[Raghuvinder Shokeen]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"|
| AAP
| 74444
| 49.21
| Suman Lata
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| BJP
| 62820
| 41.53
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''11624'''
|-
|colspan="14" align="center" style="background-color: grey;" |[[North West Delhi district|'''North West Delhi District''']]
|-
| 12
| [[Mangol Puri (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Mangol Puri(SC)]]
| 66.48
| [[Rakhi Birla]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"|
| AAP
| 74154
| 58.53
| Karam Singh Karma
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| BJP
| 44038
| 34.76
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''30116'''
|-
| colspan="14" align="center" style="background-color: grey;" |[[North Delhi district|'''North Delhi District''']]
|-
| 13
| [[Rohini (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Rohini]]
| 63.31
| [[Vijender Gupta]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| BJP
| 62174
| 53.67
| Rajesh Nama 'Bansiwala'
| bgcolor="{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"|
| AAP
| 49526
| 42.75
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |'''12648'''
|-
| colspan="14" align="center" style="background-color: grey;" |[[North West Delhi district|'''North West Delhi District''']]
|-
| 14
| [[Shalimar Bagh (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Shalimar Bagh]]
| 61.80
| [[Bandana Kumari]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"|
| AAP
| 57707
| 49.41
| [[Rekha Gupta]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| BJP
| 54267
| 46.46
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''3440'''
|-
| colspan="14" align="center" style="background-color: grey;" |[[North Delhi district|'''North Delhi District''']]
|-
| 15
| [[Shakur Basti (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Shakur Basti]]
| 67.87
| [[Satyendra Kumar Jain]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"|
| AAP
| 51165
| 51.6
| [[S. C. Vats]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| BJP
| 43573
| 43.94
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''7592'''
|-
|colspan="14" align="center" style="background-color: grey;" |[[North West Delhi district|'''North West Delhi District''']]
|-
| 16
| [[Tri Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Tri Nagar]]
| 66.55
| [[Preeti Tomar]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"|
| AAP
| 58504
| 52.38
| [[Tilak Ram Gupta]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| BJP
| 47794
| 42.79
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''10710'''
|-
| colspan="14" align="center" style="background-color: grey;" |[[North Delhi district|'''North Delhi District''']]
|-
| 17
| [[Wazirpur (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Wazirpur]]
| 60.50
| [[Rajesh Gupta]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"|
| AAP
| 57331
| 52.64
| Dr. Mahender Nagpal
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| BJP
| 45641
| 41.91
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''11690'''
|-
| 18
| [[Model Town (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Model Town]]
| 59.54
| [[Akhilesh Pati Tripathi]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"|
| AAP
| 52665
| 52.58
| [[Kapil Mishra]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| BJP
| 41532
| 41.46
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''11133'''
|-
| colspan="14" align="center" style="background-color: grey;" |[[Central Delhi district|'''Central Delhi District''']]
|-
| 19
| [[Sadar Bazar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Sadar Bazar]]
| 66.80
| [[Som Dutt]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"|
| AAP
| 68790
| 55.71
| Jai Parkash
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| BJP
| 43146
| 34.94
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''25644'''
|-
| 20
| [[Chandni Chowk (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Chandni Chowk]]
| 61.43
| [[Parlad Singh Sawhney]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"|
| AAP
| 50891
| 65.92
| Suman Kumar Gupta
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| BJP
| 21307
| 27.6
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"| '''29584'''
|-
| 21
| [[Matia Mahal (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Matia Mahal]]
| 70.43
| [[Shoaib Iqbal]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"|
| AAP
| 67282
| 75.96
| Ravinder Gupta
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| BJP
| 17041
| 19.24
|style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''50241'''
|-
| 22
| [[Ballimaran (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Ballimaran]]
| 71.64
| [[Imran Hussain (Indian politician)|Imran Hussain]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"|
| AAP
| 65644
| 64.65
| Lata
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| BJP
| 29472
| 29.03
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''36172'''
|-
| 23
| [[Karol Bagh (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Karol Bagh(SC)]]
| 61.16
| [[Vishesh Ravi]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"|
| AAP
| 67494
| 62.23
| [[Yogender Chandoliya]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| BJP
| 35734
| 32.95
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''31760'''
|-
| colspan="14" align="center" style="background-color: grey;" |[[New Delhi district|'''New Delhi District''']]
|-
| 24
| [[Patel Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Patel Nagar(SC)]]
| 61.00
| [[Raaj Kumar Anand]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"|
| AAP
| 73463
| 60.81
| [[Pravesh Ratn]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| BJP
| 42528
| 35.2
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''30935'''
|-
| colspan="14" align="center" style="background-color: grey;" |[[West Delhi district|'''West Delhi District''']]
|-
| 25
| [[Moti Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Moti Nagar]]
| 61.94
| [[Shiv Charan Goel]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"|
| AAP
| 60622
| 53.83
| Subhash Sachdeva
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| BJP
| 46550
| 41.34
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''14072'''
|-
| 26
| [[Madipur (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Madipur(SC)]]
| 65.79
| [[Girish Soni]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"|
| AAP
| 64440
| 56
| Kailash Sankla
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| BJP
| 41721
| 36.26
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''22719'''
|-
| 27
| [[Rajouri Garden (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Rajouri Garden]]
| 62.01
| [[Dhanwati Chandela]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"|
| AAP
| 62212
| 55.7
| Ramesh Khanna
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| BJP
| 39420
| 35.13
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''22972'''
|-
| 28
| [[Hari Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Hari Nagar]]
| 61.86
| [[Raj Kumari Dhillon]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"|
| AAP
| 58087
| 53.67
| Tajinder Pal Singh Bagga
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| BJP
| 37956
| 35.07
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"| '''20131'''
|-
| 29
| [[Tilak Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Tilak Nagar]]
| 63.96
| [[Jarnail Singh (born 1981)|Jarnail Singh]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"|
| AAP
| 62436
| 62.2
| Rajiv Babbar
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| BJP
| 34407
| 34.28
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''28029'''
|-
| 30
| [[Janakpuri (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Janakpuri]]
| 65.85
| [[Rajesh Rishi]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"|
| AAP
| 67968
| 54.43
| [[Ashish Sood]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| BJP
| 53051
| 42.48
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''14917'''
|-
| colspan="14" align="center" style="background-color: grey;" |[[South West Delhi district|'''South West Delhi District''']]
|-
| 31
| [[Vikaspuri (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Vikaspuri]]
| 59.49
| [[Mahinder Yadav]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"|
| AAP
| 133898
| 55.95
| Sanjay Singh
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| BJP
| 91840
| 38.38
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''42058'''
|-
| 32
| [[Uttam Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Uttam Nagar]]
| 64.12
| [[Naresh Balyan]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"|
| AAP
| 99622
| 54.57
| Krishan Gahlot
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| BJP
| 79863
| 43.75
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''19759'''
|-
| 33
| [[Dwarka (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Dwarka]]
| 62.21
| [[Vinay Mishra]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"|
| AAP
| 71003
| 52.08
| [[Parduymn Rajput]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| BJP
| 56616
| 41.53
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''14387'''
|-
| 34
| [[Matiala (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Matiala]]
| 61.56
| [[Gulab Singh (Delhi politician)|Gulab Singh]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"|
| AAP
| 139010
| 53.2
| Rajesh Gahlot
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| BJP
| 110935
| 42.45
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"| '''28075'''
|-
| 35
| [[Najafgarh (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Najafgarh]]
| 64.93
| [[Kailash Gahlot]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"|
| AAP
| 81507
| 49.86
| Ajeet Singh Kharkhari
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| BJP
| 75276
| 46.05
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''6231'''
|-
| 36
| [[Bijwasan (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Bijwasan]]
| 62.04
| [[Bhupinder Singh Joon]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"|
| AAP
| 57271
| 45.83
| Sat Prakash Rana
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| BJP
| 56203
| 45.22
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''753'''
|-
| 37
| [[Palam (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Palam]]
| 63.37
| [[Bhavna Gaur]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"|
| AAP
| 92775
| 59.15
| Vijay Pandit
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| BJP
| 60010
| 38.26
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''32765'''
|-
| colspan="14" align="center" style="background-color: grey;" |[[New Delhi district|'''New Delhi District''']]
|-
| 38
| [[Delhi Cantt (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Delhi Cantonment]]
| 45.48
| [[Virender Singh Kadian]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"|
| AAP
| 28971
| 49.17
| Manish Singh
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| BJP
| 18381
| 31.19
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''10590'''
|-
| 39
| [[Rajinder Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Rajinder Nagar]]
| 58.50
| [[Raghav Chadha]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"|
| AAP
| 59135
| 57.06
| [[R. P. Singh (politician)|Sardar R. P. Singh]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| BJP
| 39077
| 37.7
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''20058'''
|-
| 40
| [[New Delhi (Delhi Assembly constituency)|New Delhi]]
| 52.45
| [[Arvind Kejriwal]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"|
| AAP
| 46578
| 61.1
| Sunil Kumar Yadav
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| BJP
| 25061
| 32.75
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''21697'''
|-
| colspan="14" align="center" style="background-color: grey;" |[[South East Delhi district|'''South East Delhi District''']]
|-
| 41
| [[Jangpura (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Jangpura]]
| 60.66
| [[Praveen Kumar (Delhi politician)|Praveen Kumar]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"|
| AAP
| 45133
| 50.88
| Impreet Singh Bakshi
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| BJP
| 29070
| 32.77
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''16063'''
|-
| 42
| [[Kasturba Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Kasturba Nagar]]
| 59.87
| [[Madan Lal (politician)|Madan Lal]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"|
| AAP
| 37100
| 40.45
| Ravinder Choudhry
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| BJP
| 33935
| 37
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''3165'''
|-
| colspan="14" align="center" style="background-color: grey;" |[[South Delhi district|'''South Delhi District''']]
|-
| 43
| [[Malviya Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Malviya Nagar]]
| 58.92
| [[Somnath Bharti]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"|
| AAP
| 52043
| 57.97
| Shailender Singh
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| BJP
| 33899
| 37.76
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''18144'''
|-
| colspan="14" align="center" style="background-color: grey;" |[[New Delhi district|'''New Delhi District''']]
|-
| 44
| [[R K Puram (Delhi Assembly constituency)|R K Puram]]
| 57.02
| [[Pramila Tokas]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"|
| AAP
| 47208
| 52.45
| [[Anil Kumar Sharma (Delhi politician)|Anil Kumar Sharma]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| BJP
| 36839
| 40.93
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''10369'''
|-
| colspan="14" align="center" style="background-color: grey;" |[[South Delhi district|'''South Delhi District''']]
|-
| 45
| [[Mehrauli (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Mehrauli]]
| 56.68
| [[Naresh Yadav]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"|
| AAP
| 62417
| 54.27
| Kusum Khatri
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| BJP
| 44256
| 38.48
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''18161'''
|-
| 46
| [[Chhatarpur (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Chhatarpur]]
| 64.59
| [[Kartar Singh Tanwar]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"|
| AAP
| 69411
| 49.13
| Brahm Singh Tanwar
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| BJP
| 65691
| 46.5
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''3720'''
|-
| 47
| [[Deoli (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Deoli(SC)]]
| 63.53
| [[Prakash Jarwal]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"|
| AAP
| 92575
| 61.59
| Arvind Kumar
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| BJP
| 52402
| 34.86
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''40173'''
|-
| 48
| [[Ambedkar Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Ambedkar Nagar(SC)]]
| 64.29
| [[Ajay Dutt]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"|
| AAP
| 62871
|62.25
| Khushiram Chunar
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| BJP
| 34544
|34.2
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" | '''28327'''
|-
| colspan="14" align="center" style="background-color: grey;" |[[South East Delhi district|'''South East Delhi District''']]
|-
| 49
| [[Sangam Vihar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Sangam Vihar]]
| 62.20
| [[Dinesh Mohaniya]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"|
| AAP
| 75345
| 64.58
| Shiv Charan Lal Gupta
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}"|
| JD(U)
| 32823
| 28.13
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''42522'''
|-
| colspan="14" align="center" style="background-color: grey;" |[[New Delhi district|'''New Delhi District''']]
|-
| 50
| [[Greater Kailash (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Greater Kailash]]
| 60.12
| [[Saurabh Bhardwaj]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"|
| AAP
| 60372
| 55.62
| [[Shikha Roy]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| BJP
| 43563
| 40.13
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''16809'''
|-
| colspan="14" align="center" style="background-color: grey;" |[[South East Delhi district|'''South East Delhi District''']]
|-
| 51
| [[Kalkaji (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Kalkaji]]
| 57.51
| [[Atishi Marlena]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"|
| AAP
| 55897
| 52.28
| Dharambir Singh
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| BJP
| 44504
| 41.63
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''11393'''
|-
| 52
| [[Tughlakabad (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Tughlakabad]]
| 60.84
| [[Sahiram]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"|
| AAP
| 58905
| 54.51
| Vikram Bidhuri
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| BJP
| 45147
| 41.77
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''13758'''
|-
| 53
| [[Badarpur, Delhi Assembly constituency|Badarpur]]
| 59.57
| [[Ramvir Singh Bidhuri]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| BJP
| 90082
| 47.05
| [[Ram Singh Netaji]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"|
| AAP
| 86363
| 45.11
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |'''3719'''
|-
| 54
| [[Okhla (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Okhla]]
| 58.97
| [[Amanatullah Khan]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"|
| AAP
| 130367
| 66.03
| Braham Singh
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| BJP
| 58540
| 29.65
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"| '''71827'''
|-
| colspan="14" align="center" style="background-color: grey;" |[[East Delhi district|'''East Delhi District''']]
|-
| 55
| [[Trilokpuri (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Trilokpuri(SC)]]
| 66.67
| [[Rohit Kumar Mehraulia]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"|
| AAP
| 69947
| 52.36
| Kiran
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| BJP
| 57461
| 43.01
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''12486'''
|-
| 56
| [[Kondli (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Kondli(SC)]]
| 67.30
| [[Kuldeep Kumar (Delhi politician)|Kuldeep Kumar]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"|
| AAP
| 68348
| 53.11
| Raj Kumar
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| BJP
| 50441
| 39.2
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''17907'''
|-
| 57
| [[Patparganj (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Patparganj]]
| 61.52
| [[Manish Sisodia]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"|
| AAP
| 70163
| 49.33
| [[Ravinder Singh Negi]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| BJP
| 66956
| 47.07
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''3207'''
|-
| 58
| [[Laxmi Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Laxmi Nagar]]
| 61.74
| [[Abhay Verma]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| BJP
| 65735
| 48.04
| [[Nitin Tyagi]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"|
| AAP
| 64855
| 47.4
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |'''880'''
|-
| colspan="14" align="center" style="background-color: grey;" |[[Shahdara district|'''Shahdara District''']]
|-
| 59
| [[Vishwas Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Vishwas Nagar]]
| 62.65
| [[Om Prakash Sharma (Delhi politician)|Om Prakash Sharma]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| BJP
| 65830
| 52.57
| Deepak Singla
| bgcolor="{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"|
| AAP
| 49373
| 39.42
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| '''16457'''
|-
| colspan="14" align="center" style="background-color: grey;" |[[East Delhi district|'''East Delhi District''']]
|-
| 60
| [[Krishna Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Krishna Nagar]]
| 67.60
| [[S.K. Bagga]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"|
| AAP
| 72111
| 49.1
| [[Anil Goyal]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| BJP
| 68116
| 46.38
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''3995'''
|-
| 61
| [[Gandhi Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Gandhi Nagar]]
| 62.69
| [[Anil Kumar Bajpai]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| BJP
| 48824
|42.64
|Naveen Chaudhary
| bgcolor="{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"|
| AAP
|42745
|37.33
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| '''6079'''
|-
| colspan="14" align="center" style="background-color: grey;" |[[Shahdara district|'''Shahdara District''']]
|-
| 62
| [[Shahdara (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Shahdara]]
| 66.22
| [[Ram Niwas Goel]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"|
| AAP
| 62103
| 49.53
| Sanjay Goyal
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| BJP
| 56809
| 45.31
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''5294'''
|-
| 63
| [[Seemapuri (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Seemapuri(SC)]]
| 68.48
| [[Rajendra Pal Gautam]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"|
| AAP
| 88392
| 65.82
| Sant Lal
| bgcolor="{{party color|Lok Janshakti Party}}"|
| LJP
| 32284
| 24.04
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''56108'''
|-
| 64
| [[Rohtas Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Rohtas Nagar]]
| 67.83
| [[Jitender Mahajan]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| BJP
| 73873
| 51.94
| [[Sarita Singh]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"|
| AAP
| 60632
| 42.63
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |'''13241'''
|-
| colspan="14" align="center" style="background-color: grey;" |[[North East Delhi district|'''North East Delhi District''']]
|-
| 65
| [[Seelampur (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Seelampur]]
| 71.42
| [[Abdul Rehman (MLA Delhi)|Abdul Rehman]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"|
| AAP
| 72694
| 56.05
| Kaushal Kumar Mishra
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| BJP
| 35774
| 27.58
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''36920'''
|-
| 66
| [[Ghonda (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Ghonda]]
| 63.94
| [[Ajay Mahawar]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| BJP
| 81797
| 57.55
| [[Shri Dutt Sharma]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"|
| AAP
| 53427
|[[37.5°C no Namida|37.59]]
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| '''28370'''
|-
| colspan="14" align="center" style="background-color: grey;" |[[Shahdara district|'''Shahdara District''']]
|-
| 67
| [[Babarpur (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Babarpur]]
| 65.77
| [[Gopal Rai]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"|
| AAP
| 84776
|59.39
| Naresh Gaur
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| BJP
| 51714
|36.23
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''33062'''
|-
| colspan="14" align="center" style="background-color: grey;" |[[North East Delhi district|'''North East Delhi District''']]
|-
| 68
| [[Gokalpur (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Gokalpur(SC)]]
| 70.92
| [[Surendra Kumar]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"|
| AAP
| 88452
| 53.22
| Ranjeet Singh
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| BJP
| 68964
| 41.5
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''19488'''
|-
| 69
| [[Mustafabad (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Mustafabad]]
| 70.75
| [[Haji Yunus]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"|
| AAP
| 98850
| 53.2
| [[Jagdish Pradhan]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| BJP
| 78146
| 42.06
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''20704'''
|-
| 70
| [[Karawal Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Karawal Nagar]]
| 67.55
| [[Mohan Singh Bisht]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| BJP
| 96721
| 50.59
| [[Durgesh Pathak]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"|
| AAP
| 88498
| 46.29
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |'''8223'''
|}

==Aftermath==
[[Third Kejriwal ministry]] of the Delhi government was formed on 16 February 2020, led by Kejriwal as Delhi's chief minister for a third time at [[Ramlila Maidan]].<ref name="Oath 2020">{{cite news |title=Arvind Kejriwal sworn in as Delhi chief minister at Ramlila Maidan |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/arvind-kejriwal-sworn-in-as-delhi-chief-minister-at-ramlila-maidan/cid/1745742 |date= 16 February 2020 |access-date=28 May 2022 |work=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>

== Bypolls (2020–2025) ==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!Date
!S.No
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
!colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
|23 June 2022
!39
|[[Rajinder Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Rajinder Nagar]]
|[[Raghav Chadha]]
| {{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|[[Durgesh Pathak]]
| {{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|}

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|Politics}}

* [[2020 elections in India]]
* [[2019 Indian general election in Delhi]]
* [[2017 Municipal Corporation of Delhi election]]

== External links ==
* {{citation |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1AYZGAWIxv-RGZdREfqVGii43_z2XKCN4/view | title=Aam Aadmi Party Delhi assembly election 2020 MANIFESTO}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Delhi elections}}

[[Category:State Assembly elections in Delhi]]
[[Category:2020 State Assembly elections in India|Delhi]]
[[Category:2020s in Delhi]]

Road movie

2026-02-23T20:22:43Z

Hiya singh: improve page and improved wording

{{essay-like|date=December 2025}}
{{Short description|Film genre in which the main characters embark on a road trip}}
{{Other uses}}
[[File:Detour.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Edgar G. Ulmer]]’s ''[[Detour (1945 film)|Detour]]'' (1945), a film noir about a musician travelling from New York City to Hollywood who sees a nation absorbed by greed.<ref name="salles2007">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/11/magazine/11roadtrip-t.html |title=Notes for a Theory of the Road Movie |last=Salles |first=Walter |date=11 November 2007 |website=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=25 August 2018 }}</ref>]]
A '''road movie''' is a [[film genre|genre of film]] in which the main characters leave home on a [[road trip]], typically altering the perspective from their everyday lives.<ref>{{cite book | last=Danesi | first=Marcel | year=2008 | title=Dictionary of Media and Communications | publisher=M.E. Sharpe | page=256 | isbn=978-0-7656-8098-3 }}</ref> Road movies often depict travel in the [[hinterlands]], with the films exploring the theme of alienation and examining the tensions and issues of the cultural identity of a nation or historical period; this is all often enmeshed in a mood of actual or potential menace, lawlessness, and violence,<ref>Cohan, Steven and Hark, Ina Rae. "Introduction". ''The Road Movie Book''. Eds. Cohan, Steven and Hark, Ina Rae. Routledge, 2002. p. 1</ref> a "distinctly [[existentialism|existential]] air"<ref name="autogenerated6">Cohan, Steven and Hark, Ina Rae. "Introduction". ''The Road Movie Book''. Eds. Cohan, Steven and Hark, Ina Rae. Routledge, 2002. p. 1 and 6</ref> and is populated by restless, "frustrated, often desperate characters".<ref name="autogenerated1">Laderman, David. ''Driving Visions: Exploring the Road Movie''. University of Texas Press, 2010. Ch. 1</ref> The setting includes not just the close confines of the car as it moves on highways and roads, but also booths in diners and rooms in roadside motels, all of which helps to create intimacy and tension between the characters.<ref name="autogenerated8">Cohan, Steven and Hark, Ina Rae. "Introduction". ''The Road Movie Book''. Eds. Cohan, Steven and Hark, Ina Rae. Routledge, 2002. p. 8</ref> Road movies tend to focus on the theme of masculinity (with the man often going through some type of crisis), some type of rebellion, [[car culture]], and self-discovery.<ref name="autogenerated2">Archer, Neil. ''THE FRENCH ROAD MOVIE: Space, Mobility, Identity''. Berghahn Books. p. 2</ref> The core theme of road movies is "rebellion against conservative social norms".<ref name="autogenerated1"/>

There are two main narratives: the quest and the outlaw chase.<ref name="auto">{{cite web |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/road-movies |title=Road Movies |author= |website=www.encyclopedia.com |publisher=Schirmer Encyclopedia of Film |access-date=13 September 2018 }}</ref> In the quest-style film, the story meanders as the characters make discoveries (e.g., ''[[Two-Lane Blacktop]]'' from 1971).<ref name="auto"/> In outlaw road movies, in which the characters are fleeing from law enforcement, there is usually more sex and violence (e.g., ''[[Natural Born Killers]]'' from 1994).<ref name="auto"/> Road films tend to focus more on characters' internal conflicts and transformations, based on their feelings as they experience new realities on their trip, rather than on the dramatic movement-based sequences that predominate in [[action film]]s.<ref name="salles2007" /> Road movies do not typically use the standard three-act structure used in mainstream films; instead, an "open-ended, rambling plot structure" is used.<ref name="autogenerated1" />

The road movie keeps its characters "on the move", and as such the "car, the [[tracking shot]], [and] wide and wild open space" are important iconography elements, similar to a [[Western movie]].<ref name="autogenerated335">Hayward, Susan. "Road movie" in ''Cinema Studies: The Key Concepts'' (Third Edition). Routledge, 2006. p. 335-336</ref> As well, the road movie is similar to a Western in that road films are also about a "frontiersmanship" and about the codes of discovery (often self-discovery).<ref name="autogenerated335" /> Road movies often use the [[Diegetic music|music from the car stereo, which the characters are listening to]], as the soundtrack<ref>Archer, Neil. ''THE FRENCH ROAD MOVIE: Space, Mobility, Identity''. Berghahn Books. p. 20</ref> and in 1960s and 1970s road movies, rock music is often used (e.g., ''[[Easy Rider]]'' from 1969 used a rock soundtrack <ref>Archer, Neil. ''The Road Movie: In Search of Meaning''. Columbia University Press, 2016. p. 25</ref> of songs from [[Jimi Hendrix]], [[The Byrds]] and [[Steppenwolf (band)|Steppenwolf]]).

While early road movies from the 1930s focused on couples,<ref name="autogenerated8" /> in post-World War II films, usually the travellers are male buddies,<ref name="autogenerated6" /> although in some cases, women are depicted on the road, either as temporary companions, or more rarely, as the protagonist couple (e.g., ''[[Thelma & Louise]]'' from 1991).<ref name="autogenerated335" /> The genre can also be parodied, or have protagonists that depart from the typical heterosexual couple or buddy paradigm, as with ''[[The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert]]'' (1994), which depicts a group of [[drag queen]]s who tour the Australian desert.<ref name="autogenerated335" /> Other examples of the increasing diversity of the drivers shown in 1990s and subsequent decades' road films are ''[[The Living End (film)|The Living End]]'' (1992), about two gay, HIV-positive men on a road trip; ''[[To Wong Foo, Thanks for Everything! Julie Newmar]]'' (1995), which is about drag queens, and ''[[Smoke Signals (film)|Smoke Signals]]'' (1998), which is about two Indigenous men.<ref name="auto"/> While rare, there are some road movies about large groups on the road (''[[Get on the Bus]]'' from 1996) and lone drivers (''[[Vanishing Point (1971 film)|Vanishing Point]]'' from 1971).

== Genre and production elements ==
The road movie has been called an elusive and ambiguous film genre.<ref name="autogenerated2" /> Timothy Corrigan states that road movies are a "knowingly impure" genre as they have "overdetermined and built-in genre-blending tendencies".<ref name="Orgeron, Devin 2007. p. 3">Orgeron, Devin. ''Road Movies: From Muybridge and Méliès to Lynch and Kiarostami''. Springer, 2007. p. 3</ref> Devin Orgeron states that road movies, despite their literal focus on car trips, are "about the [history of] the cinema, about the culture of the image", with road movies created with a mixture of Classical Hollywood film genres.<ref name="Orgeron, Devin 2007. p. 3"/> The road movie genre developed from a "constellation of “solid” modernity, combining locomotion and media-motion" to get "away from the sedentarising forces of modernity and produc[e] contingency".<ref>Moser, Walter. "Présentation. Le road movie : un genre issu d’une constellation moderne de locomotion et de médiamotion." Cinémas, volume 18, number 2-3, printemps 2008, p. 7–30. doi:10.7202/018415ar</ref>

Road movies are blended with other genres to create a number of subgenres, including: road horror (e.g., ''[[Near Dark]]'' from 1987); road comedies (e.g., ''[[Flirting with Disaster (film)|Flirting with Disaster]]'' from 1996); road racing films (e.g., ''[[Death Race 2000]]'' from 1975) and rock concert tour films (e.g., ''[[Almost Famous]]'' from 2000).<ref name="auto"/> [[Film noir]] road movies include ''[[Detour (1945 film)|Detour]]'' (1945), ''[[Desperate (film)|Desperate]]'', ''[[The Devil Thumbs a Ride]]'' (1947) and ''[[The Hitch-Hiker]]'' (1953), all of which "establish fear and suspense around hitchhiking", and the outlaw-themed film noirs ''[[They Live by Night]]'' (1948) and ''[[Gun Crazy]]''.<ref name="auto"/> Film noir-influenced road films continued in the [[neo noir]] era, with ''[[The Hitcher (1986 film)|The Hitcher]]'' (1986), ''[[Delusion (1991 film)|Delusion]]'' (1991), ''[[Red Rock West]]'' (1992), and ''[[Joy Ride (2001 film)|Joy Ride]]'' (2001).<ref name="auto"/>

Even though road movies are a significant and popular genre, it is an "overlooked strain of film history".<ref name="autogenerated1"/> Major genre studies often do not examine road movies, and there has been little analysis of what qualifies as a road movie.<ref name="autogenerated2002">Cohan, Steven and Hark, Ina Rae. "Introduction". ''The Road Movie Book''. Eds. Cohan, Steven and Hark, Ina Rae. Routledge, 2002. p. 2</ref>

== Country or region of production ==
=== United States ===
The road movie is mostly associated with the United States, as it focuses on "peculiarly American dreams, tensions and anxieties".<ref name="autogenerated2002" /> US road movies examine the tension between the two foundational myths of American culture, which are individualism and populism, which leads to some road films depicting the open road as a "utopian fantasy" with a homogenous culture while others show it as a "dystopian nightmare" of extreme cultural differences.<ref name="autogenerated4">Cohan, Steven and Hark, Ina Rae. "Introduction". ''The Road Movie Book''. Eds. Cohan, Steven and Hark, Ina Rae. Routledge, 2002. p. 3</ref> US road movies depict the wide open, vast spaces of the highways as symbolizing the "scale and notionally utopian" opportunities to move up upwards and outwards in life.<ref>Archer, Neil. ''THE FRENCH ROAD MOVIE: Space, Mobility, Identity''. Berghahn Books. p. 6</ref>
[[File:Claudette Colbert and Clark Gable in It Happened One Night film trailer.jpg|thumb|right|200px|''[[It Happened One Night]]'' (1934) is about a rich woman who learns about regular Americans when she travels the highway system by car.]]
In American road movies, the road is an "alternative space" where the characters, now set apart from conventional society, can experience transformation.<ref>Cohan, Steven and Hark, Ina Rae. "Introduction". ''The Road Movie Book''. Eds. Cohan, Steven and Hark, Ina Rae. Routledge, 2002. p. 5</ref> For example, in ''[[It Happened One Night]]'' (1934), a wealthy woman who goes on the road is liberated from her elite background and marriage to an immoral husband when she meets and experiences hospitality from regular, good-hearted Americans who she never would have met in her previous life, with middle America depicted as a utopia of "real community".<ref>Cohan, Steven and Hark, Ina Rae. "Introduction". ''The Road Movie Book''. Eds. Cohan, Steven and Hark, Ina Rae. Routledge, 2002. p. 5-6</ref> The scenes in road movies tend to elicit longing for a mythic past.<ref>Orgeron, Devin. ''Road Movies: From Muybridge and Méliès to Lynch and Kiarostami''. Springer, 2007. p. 5</ref>

American road movies have tended to be a white genre, with [[Spike Lee]]'s ''[[Get on the Bus]]'' (1996) being a notable exception, as its main characters are African-American men on a bus travelling to the [[Million Man March]] (the film depicts the historic role of buses in the American civil rights movement).<ref>Archer, Neil. ''The Road Movie: In Search of Meaning''. Columbia University Press, 2016. p. 18</ref> Asian-American filmmakers have used the road movie to examine the role and treatment of Asian-Americans in the United States; examples include [[Wayne Wang]]'s ''[[Chan Is Missing]]'' (1982), about a taxi driver trying to find about the Hollywood detective character [[Charlie Chan]], and [[Abraham Lincoln Lim|Abraham Lim]]'s ''[[Roads and Bridges]]'' (2001), about an Asian-American prisoner who is sentenced to clean up garbage along a Midwestern highway.<ref name="Swirski, Peter 2007, p. 28">Swirski, Peter. ''All Roads Lead to the American City''. Hong Kong University Press, 2007, p. 28</ref>

=== Australia ===
Australia's vast open spaces and concentrated population have made the road movie a key genre in that country, with films such as [[George Miller (director)|George Miller]]'s influential ''[[Mad Max]]'' film series, which were rooted in an Australian tradition for films with "[[dystopian]] and [[film noir|noir]] themes with the destructive power of cars and the country’s [[Outback|harsh, sparsely populated land mass]]".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/lists/10-great-dystopian-australian-road-movies |title=10 great dystopian Australian road movies|last=Nette |first=Andrew |date=7 April 2017 |website=www.bfi.org.uk |publisher=British Film Institute |access-date=21 August 2018 |quote=Australia’s sheer size and relatively concentrated population means much of its cinema has either taken the form of road movies or contains aspects of the road film genre.}}</ref> Australian road movies have been described as having a dystopian or gothic tone, as the road the characters travel on is often a "dead end", with the journey being more about "inward-looking" exploration than reaching the intended location.<ref name="Khoo, Olivia p. 93-106">Khoo, Olivia; Smaill, Belinda; Yue, Audrey. "The Global Back of Beyond: Ethics and the Australian Road Movie". In ''Transnational Australian Cinema: Ethics in the Asian Diasporas'', p. 93-106. Lexington Books, 2013</ref> In Australia, road movies have been called a "complex metaphor" which refers to the country's history, current situation, and to anxieties about the future.<ref name="Khoo, Olivia p. 93-106"/>
The ''Mad Max'' series, including the [[Mad Max (film)|first film]] and its sequels ''[[Mad Max 2]]'', ''[[Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome]]'', ''[[Mad Max: Fury Road]]'' and ''[[Furiosa: A Mad Max Saga]]'' "have become canonical for their dystopic reinvention of the outback as a post-human wasteland where survival depends upon manic driving skills".<ref name="auto"/>
[[File:Mother Fish.jpg|thumb|left|200px|The 2010 film ''[[Mother Fish]]'', which depicts travel over water, has been called a "No Road"-style road film, as it uses the road movie journey narrative without using roads as a setting.<ref name="Khoo, Olivia p. 93-106"/>]]
Other Australian road movies include [[Peter Weir]]'s ''[[The Cars That Ate Paris]]'' (1974), about a small town where the inhabitants cause road accidents to salvage the vehicles; the biker film ''[[Stone (1974 film)|Stone]]'' (1974) by [[Sandy Harbutt]], about a biker gang who witness a political cover-up murder; The (1981) thriller ''[[Roadgames]]'' by [[Richard Franklin (director)|Richard Franklin]], about a truck driver who tracks down a serial killer in the Australian outback; ''[[Dead-end Drive-in]]'' (1986) by [[Brian Trenchard-Smith]], about a dystopian future where drive-in theatres are turned into detention centres; ''[[Metal Skin]]'' (1994) by Geoffrey Wright about a street racer; and ''[[Kiss or Kill (1997 film)|Kiss or Kill]]'' (1997) by [[Bill Bennett]], a film noir-style road movie.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/lists/10-great-dystopian-australian-road-movies |title=10 great dystopian Australian road movies|last=Nette |first=Andrew |date=7 April 2017 |website=www.bfi.org.uk |publisher=British Film Institute |access-date=21 August 2018 }}</ref>

''[[The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert]]'' (1994) has been called a "watershed gay road movie that addresses diversity in Australia".<ref name="auto"/>'' [[Walkabout (film)|Walkabout]]'' (1971), ''[[Backroads (1977 film)|Backroads]]'' (1977), and ''[[Rabbit-Proof Fence]]'' (2002) use a depiction of travelling through the Australian outback to address the issue of relations between white and Indigenous people.<ref name="auto"/>

In 2005, Fiona Probyn described a subgenre of road movies about Indigenous Australians that she called "No Road" movies, in that they typically do not show a vehicle travelling on an asphalt road; instead, these films depict travel on a trail, often with Indigenous trackers being shown using their tracking abilities to discern hard-to-detect clues on the trail.<ref name="Khoo, Olivia p. 93-106"/> With the increasing depiction of racial minorities in Australian road movies, the "No Road" subgenre has also been associated with Asian-Australian films that depict travel using routes other than roads (e.g., the 2010 film ''[[Mother Fish]]'', which depicts travel over water as it tells the story of the [[boat people]] refugees).<ref name="Khoo, Olivia p. 93-106"/> The iconography of car crashes in many Australian road movies (particularly the Mad Max series) has been called a symbol of white-Indigenous violence, a rupture point in the narrative which erases and forgets the history of this violence.<ref name="Khoo, Olivia p. 93-106"/>

=== Canada ===
Canada also has huge expanses of territory, which make the road movie also common in that country, where the genre is used to examine "themes of alienation and isolation in relation to an expansive, almost foreboding landscape of seemingly endless space", and explore how Canadian identity differs from the "less humble and self-conscious neighbours to the south", in United States.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://exclaim.ca/film/article/im_yours-directed_by_leonard_farlinger |title=I'm Yours: Leonard Farlinger |last=Bell |first=Robert |date=6 September 2011 |website=exclaim.ca |publisher=Exclaim |access-date=21 August 2018 }}</ref> Canadian road films include [[Donald Shebib]]'s ''[[Goin' Down the Road]]'' (1970), three [[Bruce McDonald (director)|Bruce McDonald]] films (''[[Roadkill (1989 film)|Roadkill]]'' (1989), ''[[Highway 61 (film)|Highway 61]]'' (1991), and ''[[Hard Core Logo]]'' (1996), a mockumentary about a punk rock band's road tour), [[Malcolm Ingram]]'s ''[[Tail Lights Fade]]'' (1999) and [[Gary Burns (director)|Gary Burns]]' ''[[The Suburbanators]]'' (1995). [[David Cronenberg]]'s ''[[Crash (1996 film)|Crash]]'' (1996) depicted drivers who get "perverse sexual arousal through the car crash experience", a subject matter which led to [[Ted Turner]] lobbying against the film being shown in US theatres.<ref name="auto"/>

Asian-Canadian filmmakers have made road films about the experience of Canadians of Asian origin, such as [[Ann Marie Fleming]]'s ''[[The Magical Life of Long Tak Sam]]'', which is about her search for her "Chinese grandfather, an itinerant magician and acrobat".<ref name="Swirski, Peter 2007, p. 28"/> Other Asian-Canadian road movies look at their relatives experiences during the 1940s internment of Japanese Canadians by the Canadian government (e.g., [[Lise Yasui]]'s ''[[Family Gathering]]'' (1988), [[Rea Tajiri]]'s ''[[History and Memory]]'' (1991) and [[Janet Tanaka]]'s ''[[Memories from the Department of Amnesia]]'' (1991).<ref name="Swirski, Peter 2007, p. 28"/>

=== Europe ===
European filmmakers of road movies appropriate the conventions established by American directors, while at the same time reformulating these approaches, by de-emphasizing the speed of the driver on the road, increasing the amount of introspection (often on themes such as national identity), and depicting the road trip as a search on the part of the characters.<ref>Oliete-Aldea, Elena; Oria, Beatriz; and Tarancón Juan A. ''Global Genres, Local Films: The Transnational Dimension of Spanish Cinema''. Bloomsbury Publishing USA, 2015. p. 147-8</ref>

The German filmmaker [[Wim Wenders]] explored the American themes of road movies through his European reference point in his [[Road Movie trilogy]] in the mid-1970s. They include ''[[Alice in the Cities]]'' (1974), ''[[The Wrong Move]]'' (1975), and ''[[Kings of the Road]]'' (1976).<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=http://www.newyorker.com/culture/richard-brody/where-wim-wenders-went-wrong |title=Where Wim Wenders Went Wrong |last=Brody |first=Richard |date=3 September 2015 |access-date=7 June 2016 |magazine=[[The New Yorker]]}}</ref><ref name="Guardian">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/filmblog/2015/mar/04/wim-wenders-retrospective-five-to-watch-one-to-miss |title=Wim Wenders retrospective: five to watch, and one to miss |access-date=7 June 2016 |work=[[The Guardian]]|date=4 March 2015 |last1=Pulver |first1=Andrew }}</ref> All three films were shot by cinematographer [[Robby Müller]] and mostly take place in [[West Germany]]. ''Kings of the Road'' includes stillness, which is unusual for road movies, and quietness (except for the rock soundtrack).<ref>Orgeron, Devin. ''Road Movies: From Muybridge and Méliès to Lynch and Kiarostami''. Springer, 2007. p. 140-147</ref> Other road movies by Wenders include ''[[Paris, Texas (film)|Paris, Texas]]'' and ''[[Until the End of the World]]''.<ref name="autogenerated10">Cohen, Steven and Hark, Ina Rae. "Introduction". ''The Road Movie Book''. Eds. Cohan, Steven and Hark, Ina Rae. Routledge, 2002. p. 10</ref> Wender's road movies "filter nomadic excursions through a pensive Germanic lens" and depict "somber drifters coming to terms with their internal scars".<ref name="auto"/>

France has a road movie tradition than stretches from [[Bertrand Blier]]'s ''[[Les Valseuses]]'' (1973) and [[Agnès Varda]]'s ''[[Sans toit ni loi]]'' (about a homeless woman) to 1990s films such as ''[[Merci la vie]]'' (1991) and [[Virginie Despentes]] and [[Coralie Trinh Thi]]'s ''[[Baise-moi]]'' (a controversial film about two women revenging a rape), to 2000s films such as [[Laurent Cantet]]'s ''[[Time Out (2001 film)|L'emploi du temps]]'' (2001) and [[Cédric Kahn]]'s ''[[Feux rouges]]'' (2004).<ref>Archer, Neil. ''THE FRENCH ROAD MOVIE: Space, Mobility, Identity''. Berghahn Books. p. 1</ref> While French road movies share the US road movie's focus on the theme of individual freedom, French movies also balance this value with equality and fraternity, according to the French Republican model of liberty-equality-fraternity.<ref>Archer, Neil. ''THE FRENCH ROAD MOVIE: Space, Mobility, Identity''. Berghahn Books. p. 18-19</ref>

Neil Archer states that French and other Francophone (e.g., Belgium, Switzerland) road films focus on "displacement and identity", notably in regards to maghrebin immigrants and young people (e.g., [[Yamina Benguigui]]'s ''[[Inch'Allah Dimanche]]'' (2001), [[Ismaël Ferroukhi]]'s ''[[The Daughter of Keltoum|La Fille de Keltoum]]'' (2001) and [[Tony Gatlif]]'s ''[[Exils]]'' (2004).<ref name="autogenerated5">Archer, Neil. ''THE FRENCH ROAD MOVIE: Space, Mobility, Identity''. Berghahn Books. p. 3</ref> More broadly, European films are tending to use imagery of border-crossing and focusing on "marginal identities and economic migration", which can be seen in [[Lukas Moodysson]]'s ''[[Lilja 4-ever]]'' (2002), Michael Winterbottom's ''[[In This World]]'' (2002) and [[Ulrich Seidl]]'s ''[[Import/Export]]'' (2007).<ref name="autogenerated5" /> European road movies also examine [[post-colonialism]], "disclocation, memory and identity".<ref name="autogenerated5" />

Road movies from Spain have a strong American influence, with the films incorporating the road movie-comedy genre hybrid made popular in US films such as [[Peter Farrelly]]'s ''[[Dumb and Dumber]]'' (1994). Spanish films including ''[[The Stolen Years (1998 film)|Los años bárbaros]]'', ''[[Carretera y manta]]'', ''[[Trileros]]'', ''[[Al final del Camino]]'', and ''[[Airbag (film)|Airbag]]'', which has been called the "most successful Spanish road movie of all time".<ref>Eraso, Carmen Indurain. "The Transnational Dimension of Contemporary Spanish Road Movies" in ''Global Genres, Local Films: The Transnational Dimension of Spanish Cinema''. Oliete-Aldea, Elena; Oria, Beatriz; and Tarancón Juan A, eds. Bloomsbury Publishing USA, 2015. p. 144</ref> ''Airbag'', along with ''[[Slam (2003 film)|Slam]]'' (2003), ''[[El mundo alrededor]]'' (2006) and ''[[Los managers]]'', are examples of Spanish road films that, like US movies such as ''[[Road Trip (2000 film)|Road Trip]]'', uses the "road movie genre as a narrative framework for...gross-out sex comedy".<ref>Eraso, Carmen Indurain. "The Transnational Dimension of Contemporary Spanish Road Movies" in ''Global Genres, Local Films: The Transnational Dimension of Spanish Cinema''. Oliete-Aldea, Elena; Oria, Beatriz; and Tarancón Juan A, eds. Bloomsbury Publishing USA, 2015. p. 145</ref> The director of ''Airbag'', [[Juanma Bajo Ulloa]], states that he aimed to make fun of the road movie genre as established in North America, while still using the metamorphosis through road trip narrative that is popular in the genre (in this case, the main male character rejects his upper class girlfriend in favour of a prostitute he meets on the road).<ref name="Eraso, Carmen Indurain 2015. p. 145-6">Eraso, Carmen Indurain. "The Transnational Dimension of Contemporary Spanish Road Movies" in ''Global Genres, Local Films: The Transnational Dimension of Spanish Cinema''. Oliete-Aldea, Elena; Oria, Beatriz; and Tarancón Juan A, eds. Bloomsbury Publishing USA, 2015. p. 145-6</ref> ''Airbag'' also uses Spanish equivalents to the stock road movie setting and iconography, depicting "deserts, casinos and road clubs" and use the road movie action sequences (chases, car explosions, and crashes) that remind the viewer of similar work by [[Tony Scott]] and [[Oliver Stone]].<ref name="Eraso, Carmen Indurain 2015. p. 145-6"/>

A second subtype of Spanish road movies is more influenced by the female road movies from the US, such as [[Martin Scorsese]]'s ''[[Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore]]'' (1974), [[Jonathan Demme]]'s ''[[Crazy Mama]]'' (1975), [[Ridley Scott]]'s ''[[Thelma & Louise]]'' (1991), and [[Herbert Ross]]' ''[[Boys on the Side]]'' (1995), in that they show a "less traditional" and more "visible, innovative, introspective, and realistic" type of woman onscreen.<ref>Eraso, Carmen Indurain. "The Transnational Dimension of Contemporary Spanish Road Movies" in ''Global Genres, Local Films: The Transnational Dimension of Spanish Cinema''. Oliete-Aldea, Elena; Oria, Beatriz; and Tarancón Juan A, eds. Bloomsbury Publishing USA, 2015. p. 148</ref> Spanish road movies about women include ''[[Hola, ¿estás sola?]]'', ''[[Lisbon (1999 film)|Lisboa]]'', ''[[Fugitivas]]'', ''[[Return to Hansala|Retorno a Hansala]]'', and ''[[Sin Dejar Huella]]'' address social issues about women, such as the "injustice and mistreatment" that women experience under "authoritarian patriarchal order."<ref>Eraso, Carmen Indurain. "The Transnational Dimension of Contemporary Spanish Road Movies" in ''Global Genres, Local Films: The Transnational Dimension of Spanish Cinema''. Oliete-Aldea, Elena; Oria, Beatriz; and Tarancón Juan A, eds.Bloomsbury Publishing USA, 2015. p. 148</ref> ''Fugitivas'' depicts an American road movie genre convention: the "disintegration of the family and the community" and the "journey of transformation", as it depicts two fugitives on the run, whose distrust fades as the two women learn to trust each other from their adventures on the road.<ref>Eraso, Carmen Indurain. "The Transnational Dimension of Contemporary Spanish Road Movies" in ''Global Genres, Local Films: The Transnational Dimension of Spanish Cinema''. Oliete-Aldea, Elena; Oria, Beatriz; and Tarancón Juan A, eds.Bloomsbury Publishing USA, 2015. p. 149 and 153</ref> The images in the film are blend of homage to US road movie conventions (gas stations, billboards) and "recognizable Spanish types", such as the "embittered drunkard".<ref>Eraso, Carmen Indurain. "The Transnational Dimension of Contemporary Spanish Road Movies" in ''Global Genres, Local Films: The Transnational Dimension of Spanish Cinema''. Oliete-Aldea, Elena; Oria, Beatriz; and Tarancón Juan A, eds. Bloomsbury Publishing USA, 2015. p. 152</ref>

Other European road films include [[Ingmar Bergman]]'s ''[[Wild Strawberries (film)|Wild Strawberries]]'' (1957), about an old professor travelling the roads of Sweden and picking up hitchhikers and [[Jean-Luc Godard]]'s ''[[Pierrot le fou]]'' (1965) about law-breaking lovers escaping on the road. Both of these films, as well as [[Roberto Rossellini]]'s ''[[Voyage in Italy]]'' (1953) and Godard's ''[[Weekend (1967 film)|Weekend]]'' (1967) have more "existential sensibility" or pauses for "philosophical digressions of a European bent", as compared with American road films.<ref name="auto"/> ''[[Three Men and a Leg]]'' (1997) features several sketches from filmmakers and producers' [[Aldo, Giovanni & Giacomo]]'s previous comedy productions overlaid with the rest of the movie's road-trip and [[romantic comedy]] atmosphere.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rooney |first=David |date=1998-01-12 |title=Three Men and a Leg |url=https://variety.com/1998/film/reviews/three-men-and-a-leg-1200452609/ |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> Other European road films include [[Chris Petit]]'s ''[[Radio On]]'' (1979), a Wim Wenders-influenced film set on the M4 motorway; [[Aki Kaurismäki]]'s ''[[Leningrad Cowboys Go America]]'' ( 1989), about a fictional Russian rock band which travels to the US; and [[Theo Angelopoulos]]' ''[[Landscape in the Mist]]'', about a road trip from Greece to Germany.

=== Latin America ===
Road movies made in Latin America are similar in feel to European road films.<ref name="auto"/> Latin American road movies are usually about a cast of characters, rather than a couple or single person, and the films explore the differences between urban and rural regions and between north and south.<ref name="auto"/> [[Luis Buñuel]]'s ''[[Mexican Bus Ride|Subida al Cielo]]'' (''Mexican Bus Ride'', 1951), is about a poor rural person's trip into a big city to help his mother, who is dying. The road trip on this film is shown as a "carnivalesque pilgrimage" or "travelling circus", an approach also used in ''[[Bye Bye Brazil]]'' (1979, Brazil), ''[[Guantanamera]]'' (1995, Cuba), and ''[[Central do Brasil]]'' (''Central Station'', 1998, Brazil).<ref name="auto"/> Some Latin American road movies are also set in the era of conquest, such as ''[[Cabeza de Vaca]]'' (1991, Mexico). Movies about outlaws escaping from justice include ''[[Profundo Carmesí]]'' (''Deep Crimson'', 1996, Mexico) and ''El Camino'' (''The Road'', 2000, Argentina).<ref name="auto"/> ''[[Y tu mamá también]]'' (''And Your Mother Too'', 2001, Mexico) is about two young male buddies who have sexual adventures on the road.<ref name="auto"/>

=== Countries of the former USSR ===
Movies involving road movie genre while being rejected by mainstream media, gained huge popularity in Russian ''art cinema'' and surrounding post-Soviet cultures, slowly building their way into international film festivals. Well-known examples are ''[[My Joy]]'' (2010), ''[[Bimmer (film)|Bimmer]]'' (2003), ''[[The Major (film)|Major]]'' (2013), and ''[[How Vitka Chesnok Took Lyokha Shtyr to the Home for Invalids]]'' (2017). Some other movies incorporate a large portion of road movie style, for example ''[[Morphine (film)|Morphine]]'' (2008), ''[[Leviathan (2014 film)|Leviathan]]'' (2014), ''[[Cargo 200 (film)|Cargo 200]]'' (2007), ''[[Donbass (film)|Donbass]]'' (2018).

With themes ranging from crime, corruption and power to history, addiction and existence, road movies became an independent part of cinematic landscape. From the strong flow of existentialism, to the [[black comedy]] style, the road movie experienced a new revival. Most precious are pieces from [[Sergei Loznitsa]], in his early work ''[[My Joy]]'' (2010) he used black noir style to tell the story of people falling together with destruction of governments after the fall of the Soviet Union. In his later work ''[[Donbass (film)|Donbass]]'' (2018), he takes an opposing style, turning to black comedy and satire to underline actual war tragedies in the [[Russo-Ukrainian War]].

===India===

Indian screens saw a series of road movies with experimental filmmaker [[Ram Gopal Varma]]'s works such as ''[[Kshana Kshanam]]''. [[Rachel Dwyer]], a reader in ''world cinema'' at the [[University of London]]-Department of South Asia, marked Varma's contribution into the new-age [[film noir]].<ref name="The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum">{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20071216/spectrum/main11.htm|title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum|work=tribuneindia.com}}</ref><ref name="dwyer">{{cite news| title = Behind The Scenes| author = Rachel Dwyer| work = Outlook Magazine| date = 30 May 2005| access-date = 18 August 2010| url = http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?227527}}</ref> The film received critical reception at the [[Ann Arbor Film Festival]], which led to a series of genre-benders like [[Mani Ratnam]]'s ''[[Thiruda Thiruda]]'', and Varma's ''[[Daud (film)|Daud]]'', ''[[Anaganaga Oka Roju]]'' and ''[[Road (2002 film)|Road]]''.<ref name="India Today">{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/up-front/story/20120528-edouard-waintrop-on-the-new-indian-cinema-758464-2012-05-18 |title=Edouard Waintrop on the New Indian Cinema : UP Front – India Today |work=India Today |date=18 May 2012 |access-date=27 September 2012}}</ref> Subsequently 21st century [[bollywood]] movies witnessed a surge of motion-pictures such as ''[[Road, Movie]]'', nominated for the [[Tokyo International Film Festival#Tokyo Sakura Grand Prix winners|Tokyo Sakura Grand Prix Award]], the [[Tribeca Film Festival]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tiff.net/filmsandschedules/films/roadmovie |title=Road, Movie |publisher=Toronto International Film Festival |access-date=21 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091225085059/http://www.tiff.net/filmsandschedules/films/roadmovie |archive-date=25 December 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://ibnlive.in.com/news/road-movie-set-to-premier-in-toronto-on-friday/101639-8.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090923015119/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/road-movie-set-to-premier-in-toronto-on-friday/101639-8.html |url-status= dead |archive-date= 23 September 2009 |title= Road Movie set to premier in Toronto on Friday |date= 18 September 2009 |work=CNN-IBN |access-date=21 January 2010}}</ref> and the Generation 14plus at the [[60th Berlin International Film Festival]] in 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.aol.in/bollywood-story/road-movie-selected-as-berlin-festival-opener/749486 |title= ROAD, MOVIE selected as Berlin Festival opener |author= Bollywood Trade News Network |date= 14 January 2010 |publisher= AOL Bollywood |access-date=21 January 2010}}</ref> ''[[Liar's Dice (film)|Liars Dice]]'' explores the story of a young mother from a remote village who, going in search of her missing husband, goes missing, the film examines the human cost of migration to cities and the exploitation of migrant workers. It was [[List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film|India's Official Entry]] for the [[Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film|Best Foreign Language Film]] for the [[87th Academy Awards]].<ref>
{{cite web | title = Geethu Mohandas' 'Liar's Dice' is India's official entry to the Oscars|work=CNN-IBN| url = http://ibnlive.in.com/news/geethu-mohandas-liars-dice-is-indias-official-entry-to-the-oscars/501199-8-66.html| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140924102713/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/geethu-mohandas-liars-dice-is-indias-official-entry-to-the-oscars/501199-8-66.html| url-status = dead| archive-date = 24 September 2014|date=23 September 2014| access-date = 2014-10-19 }}</ref><ref name="IndiaHWR">{{cite web |url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/oscars-india-selects-liars-dice-734967 |title=Oscars: India Selects 'Liar's Dice' for Foreign-Language Category |access-date=23 September 2014 |work=Hollywood Reporter|date=23 September 2014 }}</ref> It won special prize at [[Sofia International Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dearcinema.com/news/liars-dice-wins-special-jury-award-sofia-international-film-festival/1922|title=Liar's Dice wins Special Jury award at Sofia International Film Festival|work=DearCinema.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140321145527/http://dearcinema.com/news/liars-dice-wins-special-jury-award-sofia-international-film-festival/1922|archive-date=21 March 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/top-10-small-budget-independent-films-set-to-release-in-2015/15898169|title=Top 10 small-budget independent films set to release in 2015|date=9 January 2015|work=mid-day}}</ref> In [[Karwaan]], the protagonist is forced to set out on a road trip from [[Bengaluru]] to [[Kochi]] after he loses his father in an accident, but the body delivered to him is of the mother of a woman in another state.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/karwaan-29584.html|title=Movie Review: Karwaan|work=filmfare.com|access-date=2018-08-05|language=en}}</ref>

Ryan Gilbey of ''[[The Guardian]]'' was broadly positive about [[Zoya Akhtar]]'s ''[[Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara]]''; he wrote, "It's still playing to full houses, and you can see why. Slick it may be. But tourist board employees representing the various [[Spain|Spanish]] cities flattered in the movie are not the only ones who will come out grinning", and that he found the movie "stubbornly un-macho" for a buddy film.<ref name="guardianreview">{{Cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/filmblog/2011/aug/02/ryan-gilbey-bollywood-contract |title=Ryan Gilbey's Bollywood contract: Hindi heroes pack a soft and hard punch |last=Ryan Gilbey |date=2 August 2011 |website=[[The Guardian]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930184910/http://www.theguardian.com/film/filmblog/2011/aug/02/ryan-gilbey-bollywood-contract |archive-date=30 September 2013 |access-date=2 August 2011}}</ref> ''[[Piku]]'' tells the story of the short-tempered Piku Banerjee ([[Deepika Padukone]]), her grumpy, aging father Bhashkor ([[Amitabh Bachchan]]) and Rana Chaudhary ([[Irrfan Khan]]), who is stuck between the father-daughter duo, as they embark on a journey from [[Delhi]] to [[Kolkata]].<ref>{{cite news|title='Piku' trailer to be released with 'Detective Byomkesh Bakshy!'|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/piku-trailer-to-be-released-with-detective-byomkesh-bakshy/16070186|access-date=18 March 2015|issue=Mid-Day.com|publisher=[[Mid-Day]]}}</ref> In [[Nagesh Kukunoor]]'s children's film ''[[Dhanak]]'' a blind kid and his sister set off alone on a 300 km journey traversing testing Indian terrain from [[Jaislamer]] to [[Jodhpur]], the film won the ''Crystal Bear Grand Prix'' for Best Children's Film, and Special Mention for the Best Feature Film by The Children's Jury for Generation Kplus at the [[65th Berlin International Film Festival]]<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.berlinale.de/en/archive/jahresarchive/2015/02_programm_2015/02_filmdatenblatt_2015_201504112.html|title=Dhanak | Rainbow | Regenbogen|website=www.berlinale.de}}</ref> ''[[Finding Fanny]]'' is based on a road trip set in [[Goa]] and follows the journey of five dysfunctional friends who set out on a road trip in search of Fanny.<ref name="ibtimes">{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/articles/466617/20130510/arjun-kapoor-deepika-padukone-homi-adadjania-finding.htm|title=Deepika Padukone, Arjun Kapoor Team Up for English Film|date=10 May 2013|work=[[International Business Times]]|access-date=28 June 2013}}</ref> ''[[The Good Road]]'' is told in a [[Hyperlink cinema|hyperlink format]], where several stories are intertwined, with the center of the action being a highway in the rural lands of [[Gujarat]] near a town in [[Kutch]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/gujarati-film-the-good-road-to-represent-india-at-the-oscars/423659-8-66.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130923044315/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/gujarati-film-the-good-road-to-represent-india-at-the-oscars/423659-8-66.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 September 2013|title=News18.com: CNN News18 Latest News, Breaking News India, Current News Headlines|website=News18|access-date=27 October 2017}}</ref>

===Africa===
Several road movies have been produced in [[Africa]], including ''[[Cocorico! Monsieur Poulet]]'' (1977, [[Niger]]); ''[[The Train of Salt and Sugar]]'' (2016, [[Mozambique]]); ''Hayat'' (2016, [[Morocco]]); Touki Bouki (1973, Senegal) and ''Borders'' (2017, [[Burkina Faso]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/film/2020/oct/01/20-best-african-films-ranked|title=20 best African films – ranked!|date=October 1, 2020|website=the Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://moroccancinema.exeter.ac.uk/en/2017/09/the-african-road-movies-of-khouribga/|title=The African road movies of Khouribga | Transnational Moroccan Cinema|first=Stefanie Elvire Van De|last=Peer|date=29 September 2017 }}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Stagecoach-1939.jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[John Ford]]'s 1939 Western ''[[Stagecoach (1939 film)|Stagecoach]]'' has been called a proto-road movie.]]
The genre has its roots in spoken and written tales of epic journeys, such as the ''[[Odyssey]]''<ref name="autogenerated1" /> and the ''[[Aeneid]]''. The road film is a standard plot employed by [[screenwriter]]s. It is a type of [[bildungsroman]], a story in which the hero changes, grows or improves over the course of the story. It focuses more on the journey rather than the goal. David Laderman lists other literary influences on the road movie, such as ''[[Don Quixote]]'' (1615), which uses a description of a journey to create social satire; ''[[The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn]]'' (1884), a story about a journey down the Mississippi River that is full of social commentary; ''[[Heart of Darkness]]'' (1902), about a journey down a river in the Belgian Congo to search for a rogue colonial trader; and ''[[Women in Love]]'' (1920), which describes "travel and mobility" while also providing social commentary about the woes of industrialization.<ref name="autogenerated1"/> Laderman states that ''Women in Love'' particularly lays the groundwork for the future road films, as it showed a couple who rebelled against social norms by leaving their familiar location and going on an aimless, meandering journey.<ref name="autogenerated1"/>

Steinbeck's novel ''[[The Grapes of Wrath]]'' (1939) depicts a family that struggles to survive on the road during the Great Depression, a book that has been called "America's best-known proletarian road saga".<ref name="autogenerated1"/> The movie version of the novel, made a year later, depicts the hungry, weary family's travel on [[U.S. Route 66|Route 66]] using "montage sequences, reflected images of the road on windshields and mirrors", and shots taken from the driver's point of view to create a sense of movement and place.<ref name="Archer, Neil 2016. p. 15">Archer, Neil. ''The Road Movie: In Search of Meaning''. Columbia University Press, 2016. p. 15</ref> Even though Henry Miller's ''[[The Air-Conditioned Nightmare]]'' (1947) is not a fictional work, it captures the mood of frustration, restlessness and aimlessness that became prevalent in the road movie.<ref name="autogenerated1"/> In the book, which describe's Miller's cross-country journey across the United States, he criticizes the nation's descent into materialism.<ref name="autogenerated1"/>

Western films such as [[John Ford]]'s ''[[Stagecoach (1939 film)|Stagecoach]]'' (1939) have been called "proto-road movies".<ref name="autogenerated7">Archer, Neil. ''THE FRENCH ROAD MOVIE: Space, Mobility, Identity''. Berghahn Books. p. 5</ref> In the film, an unusual group of travellers, including a banker, prostitute, escaped prisoner and a military officer's wife, move through the dangerous desert trails.<ref>Archer, Neil. ''The Road Movie: In Search of Meaning''. Columbia University Press, 2016. p. 16</ref> Even though the travellers are so unlike each other, the mutual danger they must face in travelling through [[Geronimo]]'s Apache territory requires them to work together to create a "utopia of...community".<ref name="Archer, Neil 2016. p. 15"/> The difference between older stories about wandering characters and the road movie is technological: with road movies, the hero travels by car, motorcycle, bus or train, making road movies a representation of modernity's advantages and social ills.<ref name="autogenerated4" /> The on-the-road plot was used at the birth of American cinema but blossomed in the years after [[World War II]], reflecting a boom in automobile production and the growth of youth culture. Early road movies have been criticized by some [[Progressivism in the United States|progressives]] for their "casual misogyny", "fear of otherness", and for not examining issues such as power, privilege, and gender<ref name="autogenerated7" /> and for mostly showing white people.<ref>Archer, Neil. ''The Road Movie: In Search of Meaning''. Columbia University Press, 2016. p. 18-19</ref>

[[File:Grapes of Wrath, The - (Original Trailer) - 10.png|thumb|right|''[[The Grapes of Wrath]]'' (1940) is about an entire family on the road.]]
The road movie of the pre-WW II era was changed by the publication of [[Jack Kerouac]]'s ''[[On the Road]]'' in 1957, as it sketched out the future for the road movie and provided its "master narrative" of exploration, questing, and journeying. The book includes many descriptions of driving in cars. It also depicted the character Sal Paradise, a middle class college student who goes on the road to seek material for his writing career, a bounded journey with a clear start and finish which differs from the open ended wandering of previous films, with characters making chance encounters with other drivers who influence where one travels or ends up.<ref>Cohan, Steven and Hark, Ina Rae. "Introduction". ''The Road Movie Book''. Eds. Cohan, Steven and Hark, Ina Rae. Routledge, 2002. p. 6-7</ref> To contrast the intellectual Sal character, Kerouac has the juvenile delinquent Dean, a wild, fast-driving character who represents the idea that the road provides liberation.<ref>Cohan, Steven and Hark, Ina Rae. "Introduction". ''The Road Movie Book''. Eds. Cohan, Steven and Hark, Ina Rae. Routledge, 2002. p. 7</ref>

By depicting a movie character who was marginalized and who could not be incorporated into mainstream American culture, Kerouac opened the way for road movies to depict a more diverse range of characters, rather than just heterosexual couples (e.g., ''It Happened One Night''), groups on the move (e.g., ''The Grapes of Wrath''), notably the pair of male buddies.<ref>Cohan, Steven and Hark, Ina Rae. "Introduction". ''The Road Movie Book''. Eds. Cohan, Steven and Hark, Ina Rae. Routledge, 2002. p. 7-8</ref> ''On the Road'' and another novel published in the same era, [[Vladimir Nabokov]]'s novel ''[[Lolita]]'' (1955), have been called "two monumental road novels that rip back and forth across American with a subversive erotic charge."<ref name="auto"/>

In the 1950s, there were "wholesome" road comedies such as [[Bob Hope]] and [[Bing Crosby]]'s ''[[Road to Bali]]'' (1952), [[Vincente Minnelli]]'s ''[[The Long, Long Trailer]]'' (1954) and the [[Dean Martin]] and [[Jerry Lewis]] film ''[[Hollywood or Bust]]'' (1956).<ref name="auto"/> There were not many 1950s road films, but "postwar youth culture" was depicted in ''[[The Wild One]]'' (1953) and ''[[Rebel Without a Cause]]'' (1955).<ref name="auto"/>

Timothy Corrigan states that post-WW II, the genre of road films became more codified, with features solidifying such as the use of characters experiencing "amnesia, hallucinations and theatrical crisis".<ref name="autogenerated1"/> David Laderman states that road movies have a modernist aesthetic approach, as they focus on "rebellion, social criticism, and liberating thrills", which shows "disillusionment" with mainstream political and aesthetic norms.<ref name="autogenerated1"/> Awareness of the "road picture" as a separate genre came only in the 1960s with ''[[Bonnie and Clyde (film)|Bonnie and Clyde]]''{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}} and ''[[Easy Rider]]''.<ref>{{cite news|last=Cowen|first=Nick|title=Wheels On Film: Easy Rider|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/wheelsonfilm/4839143/Wheels-On-Film-Easy-Rider.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/wheelsonfilm/4839143/Wheels-On-Film-Easy-Rider.html |archive-date=2022-01-12 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=22 July 2013|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=26 Feb 2009|author2=Hari Patience}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Road movies were an important genre in the late 1960s and 1970s era of the [[New Hollywood]], with films such as [[Terrence Malick]]'s ''[[Badlands (film)|Badlands]]'' and [[Richard Sarafian]]'s ''[[Vanishing Point (1971 film)|Vanishing Point]]'' (1971) showing an influence from ''Bonnie and Clyde''.<ref>Archer, Neil. ''THE FRENCH ROAD MOVIE: Space, Mobility, Identity''. Berghahn Books. p. 8</ref>

There may have been influences from French cinema in the creation of ''Bonnie and Clyde''; [[David Newman (composer)|David Newman]] and [[Robert Benton]] have stated that they were influenced by [[Jean-Luc Godard]]'s ''[[A bout de souffle]]'' (1960) and [[François Truffaut]]'s ''[[Tirez sur la pianiste]]'' (1960).<ref name="autogenerated13">Archer, Neil. ''THE FRENCH ROAD MOVIE: Space, Mobility, Identity''. Berghahn Books. p. 13</ref> More generally, Devin Orgeron states that American road movies were based on post-WW II European cinema's own take on the American road film approach, showing a mutual influence between US and European filmmakers in this genre.<ref name="autogenerated13" />

The addition of violence to the sexual tension of road movies in the late 1960s and in subsequent decades can be seen as a way to create more excitement and "frisson".<ref name="autogenerated8" /> From the 1930s to 1960s, merely showing a man and woman on a road trip was exciting for audience, as all the motel stays and closeness had implied, yet deferred, consummation of the sexual attraction between the characters (sex could not be depicted due to the [[Motion Picture Production Code]]).<ref name="autogenerated8" /> With ''Bonnie and Clyde'' (1967) and ''Natural Born Killers'' (1994), the heterosexual couple are united by their involvement in murder; as well, with jail hanging over their heads, there can be no return to domestic life at the end of the film.<ref>Cohan, Steven and Hark, Ina Rae. "Introduction". ''The Road Movie Book''. Eds. Cohan, Steven and Hark, Ina Rae. Routledge, 2002. p. 9</ref>

There have been three historical eras of the "outlaw-rebel" road movie: the post-WW II [[film noir]] era (e.g., ''[[Detour (1945 film)|Detour]]''), the late 1960s era which was rocked by the Vietnam War (''Easy Rider'' and ''Bonnie and Clyde''), and the post-Reagan era of the 1990s, when the "masculinist heroics of the Gulf War gave way to closer scrutiny" (''[[My Own Private Idaho]]'', ''[[Thelma & Louise]]'' and ''[[Natural Born Killers]]'').<ref>Cohen, Steven and Hark, Ina Rae. "Introduction". ''The Road Movie Book''. Eds. Cohan, Steven and Hark, Ina Rae. Routledge, 2002. p. 2</ref> In the 1970s, there were low-budget outlaw films depicting chases, such as ''[[Eddie Macon's Run]]''.<ref name="autogenerated10" /> In the 1980s, there were rural Southern road movies such as ''[[Smokey and the Bandit]]'' and the ''[[The Cannonball Run|Cannonball Run]]'' chase films of 1981 and 1984.<ref name="autogenerated10" /> The outlaw couple movie was reinvented in the 1990s with a postmodernist take in films such as ''[[Wild at Heart (film)|Wild at Heart]]'', ''[[Kalifornia]]'' and ''[[True Romance]]''.<ref>Cohen, Steven and Hark, Ina Rae. "Introduction". ''The Road Movie Book''. Eds. Cohan, Steven and Hark, Ina Rae. Routledge, 2002. p. 14</ref>

While the first road movies described the discovery of new territories or pushing the boundaries of a nation, which was a core message of early Western films in the United States, road movies were later used to show how national identities were changing, such as which [[Edgar G. Ulmer]]’s ''Detour'' (1945), a film noir about a musician travelling from New York City to Hollywood who sees a nation absorbed by greed, or [[Dennis Hopper]]’s ''Easy Rider'', which showed how American society was transformed by the social and cultural trends of the late 1960s.<ref name="salles2007" /> The New Hollywood era films made use of the new film technologies in the road movie genre, such as "fast film stock" and lightweight cameras, as well as incorporating filmmaking approaches from European cinema, such as "elliptical narrative structure and self-reflexive devices, elusive development of alienated characters; bold traveling shots and montage sequences.<ref name="autogenerated1" />

Road movies have been called a post-WW II genre, as they track key post-war cultural trends, such as the breakup of the traditional family structure, in which male roles were destabilized; there is focus on menacing events which impact the characters who are on the move; there is an association between the character and the mode of transportation being used (e.g., a car or motorcycle), with the car symbolizing the self in the modern culture; and there is usually a focus on men, with women typically being excluded, creating a "male escapist fantasy linking masculinity to technology".<ref name="autogenerated2002" /> Despite these examples of the post-WW II aspects of road movies, Cohan and Hark argue that road movies go back to the 1930s.<ref>Cohan, Steven and Hark, Ina Rae. "Introduction". ''The Road Movie Book''. Eds. Cohen, Steven and Hark, Ina Rae. Routledge, 2002. p. 1</ref>

In the 2000s, a new crop of road movies was produced, including [[Vincent Gallo]]'s ''[[Brown Bunny]]'' (2003), [[Alexander Payne]]'s ''[[Sideways]]'' (2004), [[Jim Jarmusch]]'s ''[[Broken Flowers]]'' (2005) and [[Kelly Reichardt]]'s ''[[Old Joy]]'' (2006) and scholars are taking more interest in examining the genre.<ref>Orgeron, Devin. ''Road Movies: From Muybridge and Méliès to Lynch and Kiarostami''. Springer, 2007. p. 8</ref> The British Film Institute highlights ten post-2000 road films that show that "[t]here’s still plenty of gas left in the road movie genre".<ref name="Lunn">{{cite web |url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/lists/10-great-road-movies-21st-century |title=10 great road movies of the 21st century |last=Lunn |first=Oliver |date=23 January 2018 |website=www.bfi.org.uk |publisher=BFI |access-date=13 October 2018 }}</ref> The BFI's top 10 include [[Andrea Arnold]]’s ''[[American Honey (film)|American Honey]]'' (2016), which used "mostly non-professional actors"; [[Alfonso Cuarón]]'s ''[[Y tu mamá también]]'' (2001), about Mexican teens on the road; The Brown Bunny (2003), which garnered publicity for its "infamous fellatio scene"; [[Walter Salles]]' ''[[The Motorcycle Diaries (film)|The Motorcycle Diaries]]'' (2004), about Che Guevera's epic motorcycle trip; [[Mark Duplass]] and [[Jay Duplass]]' ''[[The Puffy Chair]]'' (2005), the "first [[mumblecore]] road movie"; ''[[Broken Flowers]]'' (2005); [[Jonathan Dayton]] and [[Valerie Faris]]' ''[[Little Miss Sunshine]]'' (2006), about a family's trip in a VW camper van; ''Old Joy'' (2006); [[Alexander Payne]]'s ''[[Nebraska (film)|Nebraska]]'' (2013), which depicts a father and son on a road trip; [[Steven Knight]]'s ''[[Locke (film)|Locke]]'' (2013), about a construction executive taking stressful calls on a road trip; and [[Jafar Panahi]]'s ''[[Taxi Tehran]]'' (2015), about a cab driver ferrying strange passengers around the city.<ref name="Lunn"/>
Timothy Corrigan has called the postmodern road movie a "borderless refuse bin" of "[[mise en abyme]]" reflection, reflecting a modern audience that is not able to think of a "naturalized history".<ref name="autogenerated1"/> Atkinson calls contemporary road movies an "ideogram of human desire and a last-ditch search for self" designed for an audience that was raised watching TV, particularly open-ended serial programs.<ref name="autogenerated1"/>

== Movies of this genre ==
{{More citations needed section|date=April 2017}}
''Note, that the Country column is the country of origin and/or financing, and does not necessarily represent the country or countries depicted in each film.''

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center"
|-
!Title !!Year !!<abbr title="...of origin/financing, _not_ the trip">Country</abbr>!! Distribution
|-
|''A French Holiday'' || 2018 || [[United Kingdom]], [[United States]], [[France]] || [[Sony Pictures Releasing]]
|-
|''[[A Perfect World]]'' || 1993 || rowspan=3| United States || [[Warner Bros.]]
|-
|''[[Adventures in Babysitting]]'' || 1987 || [[Buena Vista Pictures]]
|-
|''[[The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1939 film)|The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn]]'' || 1939 || [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]]
|-
|nowrap data-sort-value="Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert"|''[[The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert|The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert]]'' || 1994 || [[Australia]] || [[Gramercy Pictures]]
|-
|''[[Alice in the Cities]]'' || 1974 || [[West Germany]] || Bauer International
|-
|''[[Aloha, Bobby and Rose]]'' || 1975 || United States || [[Columbia Pictures]]
|-
|''[[Alvin and the Chipmunks: The Road Chip|Alvin and the Chipmunks: The Road Chip]]'' || 2015 || United States || [[20th Century Fox]]
|-
|''[[Ameerika Suvi]]'' (''American Summer'') || 2016 ||[[Estonia]] ||
|-
|''[[American Honey (film)|American Honey]]''|| 2016 || United States ||[[A24]]
|-
|''[[Are We There Yet? (film)|Are We There Yet?]]'' || 2005 || United States, [[Canada]] || Columbia Pictures
|-
|''[[As Crazy as It Gets]]'' || 2015 || [[Nigeria]] ||
|-
|''[[As Good as It Gets]]'' || 1997 || rowspan=2 | United States || [[TriStar Pictures]]
|-
|''[[Badlands (film)|Badlands]]'' || 1973 || [[Warner Bros.]]
|-
|''[[Basilicata Coast to Coast]]''
|2010
|Italy
|
|-
|''[[Beavis and Butt-Head Do America]]'' || 1996
|United States|| [[Paramount Pictures]]
|-
|[[Bimmer (film)|''Bimmer'']] || 2003 || [[Russia]] ||
|-
|''[[Black Sheep (1996 film)|Black Sheep]]'' || 1996 || rowspan="9" | United States || [[Paramount Pictures]]
|-
|''[[The Blue Bird (1940 film)|The Blue Bird]]''|| 1940 || [[20th Century Fox]]
|-
|''[[The Blues Brothers (film)|The Blues Brothers]]'' || 1980 || [[Universal Pictures]]
|-
|''[[Bones and All]]''<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ide |first1=Wendy |title=Bones and All review – an elegant lovers-on-the-run road movie, with cannibals |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2022/nov/26/bones-and-all-review-an-elegant-lovers-on-the-run-road-movie-with-cannibals |website=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=9 May 2025}}</ref> || 2022 || [[Frenesy Film Company]]
|-
|''[[Bonnie and Clyde (film)|Bonnie and Clyde]]'' || 1967 || rowspan=2| [[Warner Bros.]]
|-
|''[[Boys on the Side]]'' || 1995
|-
|''[[Breakdown (1997 film)|Breakdown]]''|| 1997 || [[Paramount Pictures]]
|-
|''[[The Bride Came C.O.D.]]'' || 1941|| rowspan=2| [[Warner Bros.]]
|-
|''[[The Bucket List]]'' || 2007
|-
|''[[Burn Burn Burn (film)|Burn Burn Burn]]'' || 2015 || United Kingdom || Verve Pictures
|-
|''[[Cactus (2008 film)|Cactus]]'' || 2008 || Australia || [[Hoyts|Hoyts Distribution]]
|-
|''[[The Cannonball Run]]''|| 1981 || United States, [[Hong Kong]] || [[20th Century Fox]]
|-
|''Charlie''|| 2015 || [[India]] || RFT Films
|-
|''[[Children Who Chase Lost Voices]]'' || 2011 || [[Japan]] || [[Media Factory]]
|-
|''[[College Road Trip]]'' || 2008 ||United States || [[Walt Disney Pictures]]
|-
|''[[Come as You Are (2011 film)|Come as You Are]]'' (aka ''Hasta la Vista'') || 2011 || [[Belgium]] || Eureka Entertainment
|-
|''[[Cop Car (film)|Cop Car]]'' || 2015 || rowspan=5 | United States || [[Universal Home Entertainment]]
|-
|''[[Coupe de Ville (film)|Coupe de Ville]]'' || 1990 || [[Warner Bros.]]
|-
|''[[Crossroads (2002 film)|Crossroads]]'' || 2002 || [[Paramount Pictures]]
|-
|''[[Death Proof]]'' || 2007 || [[Dimension Films]]
|-
|''[[Detroit Rock City (film)|Detroit Rock City]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=The Delightful Deviance of Detroit Rock City |url=https://crookedmarquee.com/the-delightful-deviance-of-detroit-rock-city/#google_vignette |access-date=17 March 2025}}</ref> || 1999 || Base-12 Productions
|-
|''[[Dhanak]]'' || 2016 || India ||
|-
|''[[Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul (film)|Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul]]'' || 2017 || rowspan=6| United States || [[20th Century Fox]]
|-
|''[[Dirty Girl (2010 film)|Dirty Girl]]'' || 2010 || [[The Weinstein Company]]
|-
|''[[Dirty Mary, Crazy Larry]]'' || 1974 || [[20th Century Fox]]
|-
|'' [[Don't Make Me Go (film)|Don’t Make Me Go]]'' || 2022 || Amazon Studios
|-
|''[[The Doom Generation]]'' || 1995 || [[Trimark Pictures]]
|-
|''[[Drive-Away Dolls]]'' || 2024 || [[Focus Features]]
|-
|''[[Drive My Car (film)|Drive My Car]]'' || 2021 || Japan || Bitters End (Japan)
|-
|''[[Due Date (2010 film)|Due Date]]'' || 2010 || rowspan=5| United States || [[Warner Bros.]]
|-
|''[[Duel (1971 film)|Duel]]'' || 1971 || [[Universal Pictures]]
|-
|''[[Dumb and Dumber]]'' || 1994 || [[New Line Cinema]]
|-
|''[[Dumb and Dumber To]]'' || 2014 || [[Universal Pictures]]
|-
|''[[Easy Rider]]'' || 1969 || [[Sony Pictures Releasing]]
|-
|''[[Ed, Edd n Eddy's Big Picture Show]]'' || 2009 || United States, Canada || [[Warner Bros. Television]]
|-
|''[[Egghead & Twinkie]]'' || 2023 || United States || CanBeDone Films
|-
|''[[EuroTrip]]'' || 2004 || United States, [[Czech Republic]] || [[DreamWorks Pictures]]
|-
|''[[Eyjafjallajökull (film)|Eyjafjallajökull]]'' || 2013 || France ||
|-
|''[[Fanboys (film)|Fanboys]]'' || 2009 || rowspan=3| United States || [[The Weinstein Company]]
|-
|''[[Fandango (1985 film)|Fandango]]'' || 1985 || [[Warner Bros.]]
|-
|''[[The Fundamentals of Caring]]'' || 2016 || [[Netflix]]
|-
|''[[Gamyam]]'' || 2008 || India ||
|-
|''[[Gabby's Dollhouse: The Movie]]'' || 2025 || rowspan=3 | United States || [[Universal Pictures]] {{small|(via [[DreamWorks Animation]])}}
|-
|''[[Get on the Bus]]'' || 1996 || [[Sony Pictures Releasing]]
|-
|''[[God Bless America (film)|God Bless America]]'' || 2011 || [[Magnolia Pictures]]
|-
|''[[Goin' Down the Road]]'' || 1970 || Canada || Chevron Pictures
|-
|''[[Goodbye Berlin]]'' || 2016 || [[Germany]] || [[StudioCanal]]
|-
|''[[Goodbye Pork Pie]]'' || 1981 || [[New Zealand]] ||
|-
|''[[A Goofy Movie]]'' || 1995 || rowspan=2 | United States || [[Buena Vista Pictures]]
|-
|''[[The Grapes of Wrath (film)|The Grapes of Wrath]]'' || 1940 || [[20th Century Fox]]
|-
|''[[Grave of the Fireflies]]'' || 1988 || Japan || [[Toho]]
|-
|''[[Green Book (film)|Green Book]]'' || 2018 || rowspan=2 | United States || [[Participant Media]]
|-
|''[[The Guilt Trip (film)|The Guilt Trip]]'' || 2012 || [[Paramount Pictures]]
|-
|''[[Gypsy (2019 film)|Gypsy]]'' || 2019 || India || Olympia Pictures
|-
|''[[Hacksaw (film)|Hacksaw]]''
|2020
| rowspan="3" |United States
|Midnight Releasing
|-
|''[[Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle]]'' || 2004 || [[New Line Cinema]]
|-
|''Have Dreams, Will Travel'' || 2007
|-
|''[[Heavy Trip]]''<ref>{{cite web |last1=Young |first1=Deborah |title='Heavy Trip' ('Hevi Reissu'): Film Review |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-reviews/heavy-trip-1114565/ |website=[[Hollywood Reporter]] |access-date=17 March 2025}}</ref> || 2018 || rowspan=2 |Finland || Making Movies
|-
|''[[Heavier Trip]]''<ref>{{cite web |last1=Orozco |first1=Matthew |title="HEAVIER TRIP" (2024) Is A Raucous Sequel That Will Have You Headbanging For More! (REVIEW) |url=https://www.macabredaily.com/articles/heavier-trip-2024-is-a-raucous-sequel-that-will-have-you-headbanging-for-more-review |access-date=17 March 2025}}</ref> || 2024 || Heimathafen Film
|-
|''[[The Hills Have Eyes (1977 film)|The Hills Have Eyes]]'' || 1977 || United States || Vanguard
|-
|''[[The Hitcher (1986 film)|The Hitcher]]'' || 1986
|United States|| [[TriStar Pictures]]
|-
|''[[Hitch-Hike (film)|Hitch-Hike]]''|| 1977
|[[Italy]]||
|-
|''[[Huckleberry Finn (1931 film)|Huckleberry Finn]]'' || 1931
|United States|| [[Paramount Pictures]]
|-
|''[[Il Sorpasso]]'' || 1962 || Italy
|-
|''[[In America (film)|In America]]'' || 2002 || [[Ireland]], United Kingdom, United States || [[Fox Searchlight Pictures]]
|-
|''[[Interstate 60 (film)|Interstate 60]]'' || 2002 || United States, Canada || [[Samuel Goldwyn Films]]
|-
|''[[Into the Night (1985 film)|Into the Night]]'' || 1985 || rowspan=4 | United States || [[Universal Pictures]]
|-
|''[[Into the Wild (film)|Into the Wild]]'' || 2007 || [[Paramount Vantage]]
|-
|''[[It Happened One Night]]'' || 1934 || [[Columbia Pictures]]
|-
|''[[It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World]]'' || 1963 || [[United Artists]]
|-
|''[[Kanni Thaai]]'' || 1965 || India ||
|-
|''[[Karachi se Lahore]]'' || 2015 || [[Pakistan]] || [[IMGC Global Entertainment]]
|-
|''[[Kingpin (1996 film)|Kingpin]]'' || 1996 || United States || [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]]
|-
|''[[Kings of the Road]]'' || 1976 || [[West Germany]] || [[Axiom Films]]
|-
|''[[Knockin' on Heaven's Door (1997 film)|Knockin' on Heaven's Door]]'' || 1997 || [[Germany]] || [[Buena Vista International]]
|-
|''[[Kodachrome (film)|Kodachrome]]'' || 2017 || United States || Netflix
|-
|''[[Kshana Kshanam]]''|| 1991 || India || Durga Arts
|-
|''[[Lahore Se Aagey]]'' || 2016 || Pakistan || [[ARY Films]]
|-
|''[[The Last Detail]]'' || 1973 || United States || [[Columbia Pictures]]
|-
|''[[Leningrad Cowboys Go America]]'' || 1989 || [[Finland]], [[Sweden]] || [[Finnkino]]
|-
|''[[The Little Bear Movie]]'' || 2001 || Canada, United States || [[Paramount Home Video]]
|-
|''[[Little Miss Sunshine]]'' || 2006 || rowspan=2 | United States || [[Fox Searchlight Pictures]]
|-
|''[[The Living End (film)|The Living End]]''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/04/03/movies/review-film-festival-the-living-end-footloose-frenzied-and-hiv-positive.html|title=Review/Film Festival: The Living End; Footloose, Frenzied and H.I.V.-Positive|first=Janet|last=Maslin|date=April 3, 1992|work=The New York Times}}</ref> || 1992 || [[Cineplex Odeon Films]]
|-
|''[[Logan (film)|Logan]]'' || 2017 || United States || [[20th Century Fox]]
|-
|''[[Loev]]'' || rowspan=2| 2015 || India || [[Netflix]]
|-
|''[[Looney Tunes: Rabbits Run]]'' || rowspan=2| United States || [[Warner Home Video]]
|-
|''[[Lost in America]]'' || 1985 || [[Warner Bros.]]
|-
|''[[M Cream]]'' || 2014 || India || All Rights Entertainment
|-
|''[[Mad Max]]'' || 1979 || rowspan=2| Australia || rowspan=3| [[Warner Bros.]]
|-
|''[[Mad Max 2]]'' || 1981
|-
|''[[Mad Max: Fury Road]]'' || 2015 || Australia, United States
|-
|''[[Made in U.S.A. (1987 film)|Made In U.S.A.]]'' || 1985 || rowspan=2| United States || [[Tri-Star Pictures]]
|-
|''[[Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted]]'' || 2012 || [[Paramount Pictures]]
|-
|''[[Madeline: Lost in Paris]]'' || 1999 || rowspan=7| United States || [[Walt Disney Home Video]]
|-
|''[[Magic Trip (2011 film)|Magic Trip]]'' || 2011 || [[Magnolia Pictures]]
|-
|''[[Midnight Run (film)|Midnight Run]]'' || 1988 || [[Universal Pictures]]
|-
|''[[Midnight Special (film)|Midnight Special]]'' || 2016 || [[Warner Bros. Pictures]]
|-
|''[[The Mitchells vs. the Machines]]'' || 2021 || [[Netflix]]
|-
|''[[Moana (2016 film)|Moana]]'' || 2016 || [[Walt Disney Animation Studios]]
|-
|''[[Motorama (film)|Motorama]]'' || 1991 || Two Moon Releasing
|-
|''[[The Motorcycle Diaries (film)|The Motorcycle Diaries]]'' || 2004 || [[Argentina]], United States, [[Chile]], [[Peru]], [[Brazil]], United Kingdom, Germany, France || [[Buena Vista International]] (ARG) [[Pathé]] (UK) [[Focus Features]] (USA)
|-
|''Mourning'' (aka ''Soog'' or ''Soug'', سوگ) || 2011 || [[Iran]] ||
|-
|''[[The Muppet Movie]]'' || 1979 || United States, United Kingdom || [[Associated Film Distribution]]
|-
|''[[My Own Private Idaho]]'' || 1991 || rowspan=5| United States || [[Fine Line Features]]
|-
|''[[National Lampoon's European Vacation]]'' || 1985 || rowspan=3| [[Warner Bros.]]
|-
|''[[National Lampoon's Vacation]]'' || 1983
|-
|''[[Natural Born Killers]]'' || 1994
|-
|''[[Nebraska (film)|Nebraska]]'' || 2013 || [[Paramount Vantage]]
|-
|''[[Neelakasham Pachakadal Chuvanna Bhoomi]]'' || 2013 || India || E4 Entertainment & PJ Entertainments Europe
|-
|''[[O Brother, Where Art Thou?]]'' || 2000 || United States, United Kingdom, France || [[Buena Vista Pictures Distribution]] (North America) 
[[Universal Pictures]] (International)
|-
|''[[Old Joy]]''
|| 2006 || United States || Film Science
|-
|''[[Olave Mandara]]''
|| 2011 || India || Alliance Picturesv.
|-
|''[[On the Road (2012 film)|On the Road]]'' || 2012 || United States, United Kingdom, France, Brazil, Canada || [[IFC Films]]
|-
|''[[Onward (film)|Onward]]'' || 2020 || rowspan=3| United States || [[Pixar|Pixar Animation Studios]]
|-
|''[[Paper Moon (film)|Paper Moon]]'' || 1973 || [[Paramount Pictures]]
|-
|''[[Paper Towns (film)|Paper Towns]]'' || 2015 || [[20th Century Fox]]
|-
|''[[The Parade (film)|The Parade]]'' || 2011 || [[Serbia]] || [[Filmstar]]
|-
|''[[Paris, Texas (film)|Paris, Texas]]'' || 1984 || West Germany, France || [[20th Century Fox]]
|-
|''[[Paul (2011 film)|Paul]]'' || 2011 || rowspan=3 | United States || [[Universal Pictures]]
|-
|''[[Pee-wee's Big Adventure]]'' || 1985 || [[Warner Bros.]]
|-
|''[[Pee-wee's Big Holiday]]'' || 2016 || [[Netflix]]
|-
|''[[Pierrot le Fou]]'' || 1965 ||France || Société Nouvelle de Cinématographie
|-
|''[[Piku]]'' || 2015 || India || [[Yash Raj Films]]
|-
|''[[Plan B (2021 film)|Plan B]]'' || 2021 || United States || [[Hulu]]
|-
|''[[Planes, Trains and Automobiles]]'' || 1987 || rowspan=4| United States || rowspan=2| [[Paramount Pictures]]
|-
|''[[Professor Beware]]'' || 1938
|-
|''[[Quiz Lady]]'' || 2023 || [[Hulu]]
|-
|''[[Rain Man]]'' || 1988 || [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer#MGM/UA Communications|MGM/UA Communications Company]]
|-
|''[[The Road (2009 film)|The Road]]'' || 2009 || United States || [[Dimension Films]]
|-
|''[[Road, Movie]]'' ({{langx|hi|रोड, मूवी}}) || 2009 || India || [[Madman Entertainment]] [[Tribeca Film]]
|-
|''[[Road to Morocco]]'' || 1942 || United States || [[Paramount Pictures]]
|-
|''[[Road to Yesterday (film)|Road to Yesterday]]'' || 2015 || Nigeria || FilmOne Distribution
|-
|''[[Road Trip (2000 film)|Road Trip]]'' || 2000 || rowspan=2| United States || [[DreamWorks Pictures]] [[The Montecito Picture Company]]
|-
|''[[The Road Within]]'' || 2014 || [[Well Go USA Entertainment]]
|-
|''[[Rock-A-Doodle]]'' || 1992 || United States, United Kingdom, Ireland || The Samuel Goldwyn Company (USA) The Rank Organisation (UK)
|-
|''[[The Rover (2014 film)|The Rover]]'' || 2014 || Australia || [[Village Roadshow]] [[A24]]
|-
|''[[The Rugrats Movie]]'' || 1998 || United States || rowspan=2| [[Paramount Pictures]] [[Nickelodeon Movies]]
|-
|''[[Rugrats in Paris: The Movie]]'' || 2000 || United States, Germany
|-
|''[[RV (film)|RV]]'' || 2006 || rowspan="4" | United States || [[Columbia Pictures]]
|-
|[[Sacramento (film)|''Sacramento'']]
|2024
|[[Vertical (film company)|Vertical]]
|-
|[[Scarecrow (1973 film)|''Scarecrow'']]
|1973
|[[Warner Bros.]]
|-
|''[[Sideways]]'' || 2004 || [[Fox Searchlight Pictures]]
|-
|''[[Smoke Signals (film)|Smoke Signals]]'' || 1998 || United States, Canada || [[Miramax]]
|-
|''[[Smokey and the Bandit]]'' || 1977 || rowspan=3| United States || [[Universal Pictures]]
|-
|''[[The Spongebob SquarePants Movie]]'' || 2004 || rowspan=2| [[Paramount Pictures]]
|-
|''[[The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge on the Run]]'' || 2020
|-
|''[[Spike Island (film)|Spike Island]]''<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Trey |title=Spike Island style |url=https://www.dazeddigital.com/artsandculture/article/16426/1/spike-island-style |website=[[Dazed]] |access-date=17 March 2025}}</ref> || 2012 || United Kingdom || [[Revolver Entertainment]]
|-
|''[[Stagecoach (1939 film)|Stagecoach]]'' || 1939 || rowspan=2| United States || [[United Artists]]
|-
|''[[Stagecoach (1966 film)|Stagecoach]]'' || 1966 ||[[20th Century Fox]]
|-
|''[[The Straight Story]]'' || 1999 || United States, United Kingdom, France || [[Buena Vista Pictures]]
|-
|''[[The Sugarland Express]]'' || 1974 || rowspan=3 | United States || [[Universal Pictures]]
|-
|''[[The Sunchaser]]'' || 1996 || [[Warner Bros.]]
|-
|''[[The Sure Thing]]'' || 1985 || [[Embassy Pictures]]
|-
|''[[Taxi Driver: Oko Ashewo]]'' || 2015 || Nigeria || FilmOne Distributions
|-
|''[[Thelma & Louise]]'' || 1991 || United States || [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]]
|-
|''[[These Final Hours]]'' || 2013 || Australia || [[Roadshow Films]]
|-
|''[[Things Are Tough All Over]]'' || 1982 || rowspan="10" | United States|| [[Columbia Pictures]]
|-
|''[[Three for the Road (1987 film)|Three for the Road]]'' || 1987 || New Century-Vista
|-
|''[[To Grandmother's House We Go]]'' || 1992 || [[Warner Bros. Television]]
|-
|''[[Tommy Boy]]'' || 1995 || Paramount Pictures
|-
|''[[Transamerica (film)|Transamerica]]''
|2005
|[[The Weinstein Company]] [[IFC Films]]
|-
|''[[Two-Lane Blacktop]]'' || 1971 || [[Universal Pictures]]
|-
|''[[Uncle Frank (film)|Uncle Frank]]'' || 2020 || Amazon Studios
|-
|''[[Uncle Peckerhead]]''
|2020
|[[Epic Pictures Group]]
|-
|''[[The Unknown Country]]'' || 2022 || [[Music Box Films]]
|-
|''[[Unpregnant]]'' || 2020 || [[HBO Max]]
|-
|''[[Until the End of the World]]'' || 1991 || Germany, France, Australia, United States || [[Warner Bros.]]
|-
|''[[Vacation (2015 film)|Vacation]]'' || 2015 || rowspan=5| United States || [[Warner Bros. Pictures]]
|-
|''[[Vanishing Point (1971 film)|Vanishing Point]]'' || 1971 || [[20th Century Fox]]
|-
|''[[We're the Millers]]'' || 2013 || [[Warner Bros. Pictures]]
|-
|''[[Wild at Heart (1990 film)|Wild at Heart]]'' || 1990 || [[The Samuel Goldwyn Company]]
|-
|''[[Wild Hogs]]'' || 2007 || [[Touchstone Pictures]]
|-
|''[[Wild Strawberries (film)|Wild Strawberries]]'' || 1957 || Sweden || [[AB Svensk Filmindustri]]
|-
|''[[The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)|The Wizard of Oz]]'' || 1939 || United States || [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]]
|-
|''[[Wolf Creek (film)|Wolf Creek]]'' || 2005 ||Australia || Roadshow Entertainment
|-
|''[[Wristcutters: A Love Story]]'' || 2006 || United States || Autonomous Films
|-
|''[[Y Tu Mamá También]]'' || 2001 || [[Mexico]] || [[20th Century Fox]] (Mexico) [[IFC Films]] (North America)
|-
|''[[Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara]]'' || 2011 || India || [[Eros International]]
|-
|}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Film}}
*[[Monomyth]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
*Atkinson, Michael. "Crossing the frontiers." ''Sight & Sound'' vol IV number 1 (Jan 1994); p 14–17
*Dargis, Manohla. "Roads to freedom." (history and analysis of road movies ) ''Sight and Sound'' July 1991 vol 1 number 3 p. 14
* {{cite news |last1=Dyer |first1=Geoff |title=Full speed ahead: the enduring appeal of the road movie |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2022/jul/10/buckle-up-for-a-new-generation-of-road-movies-geoff-dyer |access-date=12 July 2022 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=10 July 2022 |language=en}}
*Ireland, Brian. "American Highways: Recurring Images and Themes of the Road Genre." ''The Journal of American Culture'' 26:4 (December 2003) p. 474-484
*Laderman, David. ''Driving visions : exploring the road movie''. Austin : University of Texas Press, 2002.
*Lang, Robert. "My own private Idaho and the new new queer road movies." New York : Columbia University Press, c2002.
*Mazierska, Ewa and Rascaroli, Laura. ''Crossing New Europe. Postmodern Travel and the European Road Movie''. London, Wallflower, 2006.
*Morris, Christopher. "The Reflexivity of the Road Film." ''Film Criticism'' vol. 28 no. 1 (Fall 2003) p. 24-52
*Orgeron, Devin. ''Road movies : from Muybridge and Méliès to Lynch and Kiarostami''. New York : Palgrave Macmillan, 2008.
*Lie, Nadia. (2017). [https://www.palgrave.com/de/book/9783319435534#reviews ''The Latin American (Counter-) Road Movie and Ambivalent Modernity'']. New York: Palgrave-Macmillan. {{ISBN|978-3-319-43553-4}} This book offers a critical survey of the Latin American road film genre through an analysis covering over 160 films.
*Luckman, Susan. "Road Movies, National Myths and the Threat of the Road: The Shifting Transformative Space of the Road in Australian Film." ''International Journal of the Humanities''; 2010, Vol. 8 Issue 1, p. 113–125.
*Mills, Katie. "Road Film Rising: Hells Angels, Merry Pranksters, and Easy Rider." ''The road story and the rebel : moving through film, fiction, and television''. Carbondale : Southern Illinois University Press, 2006.
*{{cite book |title=The Road Movie Book |editor1-first=Steven |editor1-last=Cohan |editor2-first=Ina Rae |editor2-last=Hark |publisher=Routledge |date=1997 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iNiJAgAAQBAJ |isbn=978-0-415-14937-2 |oclc=36458232 }} This book collects 16 essays on road movies.
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/MRC/roadmovies.html Road Movie Filmography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000817211213/http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/MRC/roadmovies.html |date=2000-08-17 }} at [[University of California, Berkeley]]

{{Film genres}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Film genres]]
[[Category:Road movies| ]]
[[Category:Transport films]]

Bay of Bengal

2026-02-12T07:14:31Z

Hiya singh: Revised and enhanced article content

{{Short description|Northeastern part of the Indian Ocean}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox body of water
| name = Bay of Bengal
| image = Bay of Bengal map.png
| caption = A map of the Bay of Bengal
| alt = A map of the Bay of Bengal
| image_bathymetry =
| caption_bathymetry = TSM
| location = South Asia and Southeast Asia
| coords = {{coord|15|N|88|E|type:waterbody_scale:10000000|display=inline,title}}
| type = Bay
| inflow = Indian Ocean
| outflow =
| catchment =
| basin_countries = [[Bangladesh]] [[India]] [[Indonesia]] [[Myanmar]] [[Sri Lanka]]
| length = {{convert|2090|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| width = {{convert|1610|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| area = {{convert|26,00,000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| depth = {{convert|2600|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| max-depth = {{convert|4694|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| other_name = 
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position = bottom
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 3
| reference = World Atlas,<ref name=world/> [[The Asiatic Society]], [[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]<ref name=asiatic/>
}}

The '''Bay of Bengal''' forms the northeastern part of the [[Indian Ocean]], located between the [[Indian subcontinent]] and the [[Mainland Southeast Asia|Indochinese peninsula]], south of the [[Bengal]] region. Spread across an area of {{cvt|2,600,000|km2}}, it is bordered by many of the [[Countries of the Bay of Bengal|countries]] in South Asia and Southeast Asia.

Geopolitically, the bay is bound by mainland [[India]] on the west and northwest, [[Bangladesh]] in the north, [[Myanmar]] in the northeast and the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] of India in the east. Its southern limit is a line between [[Sangaman Kanda]] in [[Sri Lanka]], and the northwesternmost point of [[Sumatra]] in [[Indonesia]].<ref name=world>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldatlas.com/aatlas/infopage/baybengal.htm|title=Map of Bay of Benglal- World Seas, Bay of Bengal Map Location – World Atlas|date=4 February 2021|access-date=18 November 2011|archive-date=3 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703043447/http://www.worldatlas.com/aatlas/infopage/baybengal.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=asiatic>{{cite book |last=Chowdhury |first=Sifatul Quader |year=2012 |chapter=Bay of Bengal |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bay_of_Bengal |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=[[Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh]] |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]] |access-date=11 November 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304211339/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bay_of_Bengal |url-status=live }}</ref>

Major river systems of the Indian subcontinent such as the [[Ganges]], [[Brahmaputra]], [[Irrawaddy River|Irrawaddy]], [[Godavari]], [[Krishna River|Krishna]], [[Mahanadi]], and [[Kaveri]] flow into the Bay of Bengal. The coast consist of many beaches including some of the world's longest natural beaches, such as [[Cox's Bazar Beach|Cox's Bazar]] and [[Marina Beach|Marina]], and varied ecosytems such as the [[Sundarbans]], the largest [[mangrove forest]] in the world.

== Background ==
=== Extent ===
{{anchor| Extent}}
The [[International Hydrographic Organization]] defines the limits of the Bay of Bengal as follows:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://iho.int/uploads/user/pubs/standards/s-23/S-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf |title=Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition |year=1953 |publisher=International Hydrographic Organization |access-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008191433/http://www.iho.int/iho_pubs/standard/S-23/S-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf |archive-date=8 October 2011}}</ref>

::''On the east:'' A line running from [[Cape Negrais]] (16°03'N) in [[Burma]] through the larger islands of the [[Andaman Islands|Andaman]] group, in such a way that all the narrow waters between the islands lie Eastward of the line and are excluded from the Bay of Bengal, as far as a point in [[Little Andaman]] Island in latitude 10°48'N, longitude 92°24'E and thence along the Southwest limit of the [[Burma Sea]] [A line running from ''"[[Point Raja|Oedjong Raja]]"'' <nowiki>[</nowiki>''"Ujung Raja" or "Point Raja"''] ({{coord|5|32|N|95|12|E|display=inline}}) in [[Sumatra]] to [[Breueh Island|Poeloe Bras]] (Breuëh) and on through the Western Islands of the [[Nicobar Islands|Nicobar]] Group to Sandy Point in Little Andaman Island, in such a way that all the narrow waters appertain to the Burma Sea].

::''On the south:'' [[Adam's Bridge]] (between India and Ceylon) and from the Southern extreme of [[Dondra Head]] (South point of Ceylon) to the North point of [[Poeloe Bras]] ({{coord|5|44|N|95|04|E|display=inline}}).

Note: Oedjong means "[[Cape (geography)|cape]]" in [[Dutch language|Dutch]] on maps of the [[Dutch East Indies|Netherlands East Indies]] (Indonesia).<ref name=oedjong1>[https://books.google.com/books?id=OIAsAAAAIAAJ&dq=Oedjong+meaning&pg=PA115 Glossary of Terms Appearing on Maps of the Netherlands East Indies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327155602/https://books.google.com/books?id=OIAsAAAAIAAJ&dq=Oedjong+meaning&pg=PA115 |date=27 March 2023 }}, United States Army Map Service, page 115.</ref>

=== Etymology ===
The bay gets its name from the [[History of Bengal|historical Bengal]] region (modern-day [[Bangladesh]] and the Indian states of [[West Bengal]], [[Tripura]] and the [[Barak Valley]] of Southern [[Assam]]). In Ancient Indian [[Shastra|scriptures]], this water body may have been referred to as Mahodadhi.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dey |first1=Nundo Lal |title=Geographical Dictionary of Ancient and Mediæval India |year=1927 |publisher=Luzac & Co. |page=120 |edition=2nd |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.277143/page/120/mode/1up}}</ref> Ancient Romans called it ''Sinus Gangeticus'' or ''Gangeticus Sinus'' whilst Ancient Greeks called it in {{langx|grc|Κόλπος Γαγγητικός}}, meaning "Gulf of the Ganges",<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854), GANGE´TICUS SINUS |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0064:entry=gangeticus-sinus-geo |access-date=2023-10-06 |website=www.perseus.tufts.edu |archive-date=20 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020164547/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0064:entry=gangeticus-sinus-geo |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Gangetĭcus Sinus |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0062:entry=gangeticus-sinus-harpers |access-date=2023-10-06 |website=www.perseus.tufts.edu |archive-date=20 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020164559/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0062:entry=gangeticus-sinus-harpers |url-status=live}}</ref> and old European maps continued to use this name.<ref>[[commons:File:1794 Anville Map of the Ancient World - Geographicus - AncientWorld-anville-1794.jpg|1794, Orbis Veteribus Notus by Jean Baptiste Bourguignon d'Anville]]</ref>

=== History ===

[[File:Andaman ross is.jpg|thumb|Ross Island, in the [[Andaman Islands|Andamans]], was one of the main naval bases of India during [[World War II]].]]
The Bay of Bengal was historically known by several names reflecting the significant maritime kingdoms that bordered it. In the region corresponding to modern [[Odisha]] and parts of [[Andhra Pradesh]], it was widely referred to as Kalinga Sagar (Kalinga Sea), derived from the ancient kingdom of [[Kalinga (region)|Kalinga]].<ref>{{citation |title=Maritime Trade of Ancient Kalinga |url=http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2011/Nov/engpdf/39-41.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414084418/http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2011/Nov/engpdf/39-41.pdf |archive-date=2021-04-14 |url-status=live |publisher=Orissa Review |page=41 |last=Mohanty |first=PC |date=November 2011}}</ref><ref name="reemerge">{{cite journal | last=Agarwala | first=Nitin | title=The Re-Emergence of the Bay of Bengal | journal=The Journal of Territorial and Maritime Studies | publisher=McFarland & Company | volume=7 | issue=2 | year=2020 | issn=2288-6834 | jstor=jtms.7.2.49 | pages=49–73 | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/jtms.7.2.49 }}</ref>

In ancient [[Classical India]], the Bay of Bengal was known as Vaṅgasāgara ([[Vanga Kingdom|Vanga]] Sea).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.70002/page/n109/mode/1up|year=1949|page=57|first=B.ch|last=Chhabra|title=Epigraphia Indica}}</ref> Another name used mainly in ancient [[Tamil literature]] was Vanga Kadal ([[Vanga kingdom|Vanga]] Sea or Ocean).

[[Northern Circars]] occupied the western coast of the Bay of Bengal and is now considered to be India's [[Odisha]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]] state. [[Chola dynasty]] (9th century to 12th century) when ruled by [[Rajaraja Chola I]] and [[Rajendra Chola I]] occupied and controlled the Bay of Bengal with [[Chola Navy]] [[Medieval Cholas|circa AD 1014]], the Bay of Bengal was also called the Chola Sea or Chola Lake.<ref name="reemerge"/>

The [[Kakatiya dynasty]] reached the western coastline of the Bay of Bengal between the [[Godavari]] and the [[Krishna River]]. [[Kushan Empire|Kushanas]] about the middle of the [[History of India#Early classical period (c. 200 BCE – c. 320 CE)|1st century AD]] invaded northern India perhaps extending as far as the Bay of Bengal. [[Chandragupta Maurya]] extended the [[Military history of India#Maurya Empire|Maurya Dynasty]] across northern India to the Bay of Bengal. [[Diamond Harbour|Hajipur]] was a stronghold for Portuguese Pirates. In the 16th century, the Portuguese built trading posts in the north of the Bay of Bengal at Chittagong (Porto Grande) and [[Saptagram|Satgaon]] (Porto Pequeno).<ref>[http://www.colonialvoyage.com/bengal.html The Portuguese in Bengal. History of Ugolim (Hoogli), Meliapore ...] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070203140122/http://www.colonialvoyage.com/bengal.html |date=3 February 2007 }} URL accessed 21 January 2007</ref>

The earliest sign of Muslims in the region came from the textile trade routes where one targeted the east Arabian Sea influencing migration of Arabs and Persians and another to the west causing Buddhist Bengalis to culturally mix with Islam.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Eaton |first=Richard M. |title=The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |year=1993 |url=https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft067n99v9&chunk.id=ch01&toc.depth=1&toc.id=ch01&brand=ucpress |access-date=6 December 2022 |archive-date=6 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206124202/https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft067n99v9&chunk.id=ch01&toc.depth=1&toc.id=ch01&brand=ucpress |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Historic sites ====
[[File:Shore Temple on Bay of Bengal.jpg|thumb|right|The Shore Temple, a UNESCO World Heritage Site on the shore of the Bay of Bengal]]
In alphabetical order:
* [[Antarvedi]] is a popular place of worship Southern India, in [[Konaseema district]] of Andhra Pradesh devoted to Sri Lakshmi [[Narasimha]] Swamy Temple. This is the place where one of the distributaries of [[Godavari River]] meets the Bay of Bengal.<ref>{{cite news |last=Chakravorty |first=Sohini |date=5 January 2012 |title=In the lap of Godavari, all the time to sit and stare |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/in-the-lap-of-godavari-all-the-time-to-sit-and-stare/article2777546.ece |work=The Hindu |access-date=10 December 2021 |archive-date=10 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210134909/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/in-the-lap-of-godavari-all-the-time-to-sit-and-stare/article2777546.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Arikamedu]] is an archaeological site in Southern India, in Kakkayanthope, Ariyankuppam Commune, Puducherry. It is 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) from the capital, Pondicherry of the Indian territory of Puducherry
* British penal colony: [[Cellular Jail]] or "Black Waters" built in 1896 on [[Ross island (Andaman)|Ross Island]], a part of the Andaman Island Chain. As early as 1858, this island was used as a British penal colony for political prisoners facing life imprisonment.<ref name="ACJ.org">{{cite web |url=http://www.andamancellularjail.org/History.htm##Link2 |title=History of Andaman Cellular Jail: Recapture of Andaman Islands to keep Political Prisoners |website=AndamanCellularJail.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070113111037/http://www.andamancellularjail.org/History.htm |archive-date=13 January 2007 |url-status=usurped |access-date=6 August 2010}}</ref>{{better source needed|reason=Citation is a website with none of the characteristics of a reliable source; there must be more scholarly sources for this.|date=November 2016}}
* Buddhist heritage sites of [[Pavurallakonda]], [[Thotlakonda]] and [[Bavikonda]] lie along the coast of Bay of Bengal at [[Visakhapatnam]] in India.
* [[Konark]] is the home of the [[Konark Sun Temple|Sun Temple]] or Black Pagoda. This Brahman sanctuary was built of black granite mid-1200 AD and has been declared a [[World Heritage Site]].
* [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Jagannath Temple]] at [[Puri]] is one of the four sacred places in Hindu pilgrimage along with Puri beach on the banks of Bay of Bengal. Mahodadhi was named after Lord [[Jagannath]].
* [[Ramanathaswamy Temple]] is at Dhanushkodi, where the Bay of Bengal and the Gulf of Mannar come together.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ramayana.com/holy_places.htm |title=Ramayana |date=16 August 2005 |website=Ramayana.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050816184403/http://ramayana.com/holy_places.htm |archive-date=16 August 2005 }}</ref>
* [[Seven Pagodas of Mahabalipuram]] is the name for [[Mahabalipuram]]. Mahabalipuram's [[Shore Temple]], a [[World Heritage Site]] was constructed in the 8th century AD and myth has it that six other temples were built here.
* Sri Vaisakheswara Swamy temple lies two kilometers from the Visakhapatnam coast under the Bay of Bengal's sea bed. Spokespeople from [[Andhra University]] Centre for [[Marine Archaeology]] say the temple may be opposite the Coastal Battery.<ref>[http://www.morien-institute.org/uwnews2006a.html Morien Institute – underwater discoveries news archive, January–June 2006, "Sri Vaisakheswara still lies underwater"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060414161444/http://www.morien-institute.org/uwnews2006a.html |date=14 April 2006 }}; accessed 22 January 2007</ref>
* [[Vivekanandar Illam]] was constructed in 1842 by the American "Ice King" [[Frederic Tudor]] to store and market ice year round. In 1897, [[Swami Vivekananda]]'s famous lectures were recorded here at Castle Kernan. The site is an exhibition devoted to Swami Vivekananda and his legacy.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

==== Marine archaeology ====
[[Maritime archaeology]] or marine archaeology is the study of how ancient peoples interacted with the sea and waterways. A specialized branch, [[archaeology of shipwrecks]], studies the salvaged artifacts of ancient ships. Stone anchors, amphorae shards, elephant tusks, hippopotamus teeth, ceramic pottery, a rare wood mast and lead ingots are examples which may survive submerged for centuries for archaeologists to discover, study, and place their salvaged findings into the timeline of history. Coral reefs, tsunamis, cyclones, mangrove swamps, battles, and a criss-cross of sea routes in a high trading area combined with piracy have all contributed to shipwrecks in the Bay of Bengal.<ref>[http://drs.nio.org/drs/bitstream/2264/30/3/Man_Environ_29_28.pdf Marine Archaeology in India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124065933/http://drs.nio.org/drs/bitstream/2264/30/3/Man_Environ_29_28.pdf |date=24 January 2013 }} URL accessed 22 January 2007</ref>

==== Shipwrecks and important shipping incidences ====
In chronological order:
* 1778 to 1783: The [[Naval operations in the American Revolutionary War]] or American War of Independence ranged as far as the Bay of Bengal.
* {{Circa|1816}}: ''Mornington'' ship burned in the Bay of Bengal.<ref>[http://www.theshipslist.com/ships/Wrecks/wrecks1816-1818.shtml Shipwrecks 1816–1818] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508104612/https://www.theshipslist.com/ships/Wrecks/wrecks1816-1818.shtml |date=8 May 2021 }} URL accessed 10 January 2015</ref>
* 1850: American clipper brig ''Eagle'' is supposed to have sunk in the Bay of Bengal.<ref>[http://www.maritimeheritage.org/ships/wrecks.html The Maritime Heritage Project: Gold Rush Ships, Passengers, Captains] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827195721/http://maritimeheritage.org/ships/wrecks.html |date=27 August 2013 }} URL accessed 23 January 2007</ref>
* American Baptist missionary [[Adoniram Judson]] died 12 April 1850 and was buried at sea in the Bay of Bengal.
* 1855: The Bark "Incredible" struck on a sunken rock in the Bay of Bengal.<ref>[http://www.islandregister.com/shippingnotes.html Shipping Notes from the 1800s – P.E.I.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130830031404/http://www.islandregister.com/shippingnotes.html |date=30 August 2013 }} URL accessed 23 January 2007</ref>
* 1865: a gale dismasted the [[Star of India (ship)|''Euterpe'']] while traversing the Bay of Bengal typhoon.
* 1875: ''Veleda'' - 76 m (250 ft) long and 15 m (50 ft) wide. It is part of a current salvage operation.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060517192506/http://diving-industry.com/news/2006/05/06/sunken-ship-possibly-older-than-titanic-discovered/ Diving-News.com » Wrecks] URL accessed 23 January 2007</ref>
* 1914: September 10 - SS Indus: A [[steamship]] that was captured and scuttled by [[SMS Emden|SMS ''Emden'']].
* 1942: [[Japanese cruiser Yura|Japanese cruiser ''Yura'']] of the Second Expeditionary Fleet, Malay Force, attacked merchant ships in the Bay of Bengal.
** [[List of shipwrecks in the Indian Ocean#Bay of Bengal|April 7 - SS ''Selma City:'' Attacked by Japanese bombers in the Bay of Bengal, about 25 miles (40 km) offshore from Vizagapatam, India.]]
** [[List of shipwrecks in the Indian Ocean#Bay of Bengal|April 9 - HMS Hermes: The world's first purpose-built aircraft carrier, which sunk after receiving 40 direct hits from 70 Mitsubishi A6M Zero fighter/bombers off the coast of Sri Lanka.]]
* 1971: December 3 – [[Pakistan Navy]] submarine [[PNS Ghazi|PNS ''Ghazi'']] sunk under mysterious circumstances, near [[Visakhapatnam]], in the Bay of Bengal.

== Significance ==


=== Economic importance ===
{{See also | Countries of the Bay of Bengal }}
One of the first trading ventures along the Bay of Bengal was The Company of Merchants of London Trading into the East Indies, more commonly referred to as the [[British East India Company]]. [[Gopalpur-on-Sea]] was one of their main trading centers. Other trading companies along the Bay of Bengal shorelines were the [[English East India Company]] and the [[John Law's Company|French East India Company]].<ref>[http://nabataea.net/bengal.html Nabataea: Trade on the Bay of Bengal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130822221651/http://nabataea.net/bengal.html |date=22 August 2013 }} URL accessed 21 January 2007</ref>

[[BIMSTEC]] (Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation) supports free trade internationally around the Bay of Bengal between [[Bangladesh]], [[Bhutan]], India, Myanmar, [[Nepal]], Sri Lanka, and [[Thailand]].

The [[Sethusamudram Shipping Canal Project]] is a new venture proposed which would create a channel for a shipping route to link the [[Gulf of Mannar]] with the Bay of Bengal. This would connect India from east to west without the necessity of going around Sri Lanka.

Thoni and catamaran fishing boats of fishing villages thrive along the Bay of Bengal shorelines. Fishermen can catch between 26 and 44 species of marine fish.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://dspace.jdvu.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/20383/1/Acc.%20No.%20DC%20129.pdf |title = Environmental assessment of coastal water at Bakkhali |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226082556/http://dspace.jdvu.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/20383/1/Acc.%20No.%20DC%20129.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2015 }}</ref> In one year, the average catch is two million tons of fish from the Bay of Bengal alone.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://na.nefsc.noaa.gov/lme/text/lme34.htm |title=LME 34 Bay of Bengal |website=NOAA |access-date=21 January 2007 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20030418122740/http://na.nefsc.noaa.gov/lme/text/lme34.htm |archive-date=18 April 2003}}</ref> Approximately 31% of the world's coastal fishermen live and work on the bay.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=The Bay of Bengal: New bay dawning |url=https://www.economist.com/news/asia/21576721-harbours-eastern-lobe-indian-ocean-could-transform-economic-geography-asia-new |magazine=The Economist |date=27 April 2013 |access-date=24 August 2017 |archive-date=9 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109023046/https://www.economist.com/news/asia/21576721-harbours-eastern-lobe-indian-ocean-could-transform-economic-geography-asia-new |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Geostrategic importance ===
{{See also|Eastern South Asia}}
The Bay of Bengal is centrally located in South and Southeast Asia. It lies at the center of two huge economic blocks, the [[SAARC]] and [[ASEAN]]. It influences China's southern landlocked region in the north and major sea ports of Bangladesh and India. China, India, and Bangladesh have forged naval cooperation agreements with Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia to increase cooperation in checking terrorism in the high seas.<ref name="atimes.com">{{cite news |last=Berlin |first=Donald L. |date=25 January 2005 |title=The emerging Bay of Bengal |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/GA25Df05.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050129213059/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/GA25Df05.html |url-status=unfit |archive-date=29 January 2005 |newspaper=[[Asia Times Online]]}}</ref> The Bay of Bengal's connection of South Asia to East Asia has aided in Bangladesh's efficiency of distributing natural gas to the Asia Pacific.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Positioning the Bay of Bengal in the Great Game of the Indo-Pacific Fulcrum |language=en-US |work=Air University (AU) |url=https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/JIPA/Display/Article/2980896/positioning-the-bay-of-bengal-in-the-great-game-of-the-indo-pacific-fulcrum/ |access-date=2022-11-15 |archive-date=15 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115050846/https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/JIPA/Display/Article/2980896/positioning-the-bay-of-bengal-in-the-great-game-of-the-indo-pacific-fulcrum/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Malabar 07-2 exercise.jpg|thumb|Image of United States ships participating in the [[Malabar 2007]] naval exercise. Aegis cruisers from the navies of Japan and Australia, and logistical support ships from Singapore and India in the Bay of Bengal took part.]]
Its outlying islands (the Andaman and Nicobar Islands) and, most importantly, major ports such as [[Chittagong Port|Chittagong]], [[Mongla Port|Mongla]], [[Port of Payra|Payra]], [[Paradip Port|Paradip]], [[Kolkata Port|Kolkata]], [[Chennai Port|Chennai]], [[Visakhapatnam Port|Visakhapatnam]], and [[Tuticorin Port|Tuticorin]], along its coast with the Bay of Bengal added to its importance.<ref>{{cite news |last=Arpi |first=Claude |date=26 December 2006 |title=1971 War: How the US tried to corner India |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2006/dec/26claude.htm |work=Rediff.com |access-date=8 August 2008 |archive-date=28 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828172624/http://www.rediff.com/news/2006/dec/26claude.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

China has made efforts to project influence into the region through tie-ups with Myanmar and Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Burma Project -Burma Debate |url=http://www.burmadebate.org/archives/spring01strategic.html |access-date=10 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090918024323/http://www.burmadebate.org/archives/spring01strategic.html |archive-date=18 September 2009 }}</ref> The United States has held major exercises with Bangladesh, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand and recently India.<ref name="globalpolitician.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.globalpolitician.com/23382-india |title=India's Largest Naval War Game in Bay of Bengal |website=Global Politician |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015000845/http://www.globalpolitician.com/23382-india |archive-date=15 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Parameswaran |first=Prashanth |date=7 May 2015 |title=US Eyes Expanded Military Exercises with ASEAN Navies |url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/05/us-eyes-expanded-military-exercises-with-asean-navies/ |journal=The Diplomat |access-date=11 November 2015 |archive-date=29 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929124644/https://thediplomat.com/2015/05/us-eyes-expanded-military-exercises-with-asean-navies/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Miglani |first=Sanjeev |date=22 July 2015 |title=India, Japan, U.S. plan naval exercises in tightening of ties in Indian Ocean |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-military-exercises-idUSKCN0PW1EB20150722 |work=Reuters |access-date=11 November 2015 |archive-date=4 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151204083652/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/07/22/us-india-military-exercises-idUSKCN0PW1EB20150722 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Gady |first=Franz-Stefan |date=13 October 2015 |title=Confirmed: Japan Will Permanently Join US-India Naval Exercises |url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/10/confirmed-japan-will-permanently-join-us-india-naval-exercises/ |journal=The Diplomat |access-date=11 November 2015 |archive-date=29 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929174140/https://thediplomat.com/2015/10/confirmed-japan-will-permanently-join-us-india-naval-exercises/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The largest ever [[Military exercise|wargame]] in Bay of Bengal, known as Malabar 2007, was held in 2007 and naval warships from the United States, India, Singapore, Japan and Australia took part.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-09-20 |title=The battle is on |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30192939.ece |access-date=2025-07-10 |website=Frontline |language=en}}</ref>

Large deposits of natural gas in the areas within Bangladesh's sea zone incited a serious urgency by India and Myanmar into a territorial dispute.<ref name="atimes.com" /> Disputes over rights of some oil and gas blocks have caused brief diplomatic spats between Myanmar and India with Bangladesh.

The disputed [[maritime boundary]] between Bangladesh and Myanmar resulted in military tensions in 2008 and 2009. The maritime dispute between Bangladesh and Myanmar settled in 2012 through the judgement of ITLOS.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://amti.csis.org/the-bangladeshmyanmar-maritime-dispute-lessons-for-peaceful-resolution/ |title=The Bangladesh/Myanmar Maritime Dispute: Lessons for Peaceful Resolution |website=Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative |date=19 October 2015 |access-date=28 December 2022 |archive-date=28 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228054218/https://amti.csis.org/the-bangladeshmyanmar-maritime-dispute-lessons-for-peaceful-resolution/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2014, the dispute between India and Bangladesh was also settled in which the UN tribunal awarded Bangladesh 19,467 km2 of the 25,602 km2 sea area of the Bay of Bengal.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bangladesh-wins-maritime-dispute-with-india/article6191797.ece |title=Bangladesh wins maritime dispute with India |work=The Hindu |access-date=28 December 2022 |archive-date=28 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228054218/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bangladesh-wins-maritime-dispute-with-india/article6191797.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Religious importance ===
[[File:Samudra arati.jpg|thumb|Samudra arati or worship of the sea by disciples of the Govardhan Matha at Puri]]
The Bay of Bengal in the stretch of [[Pancha Tirtha, Puri|Swargadwar]], the gateway to heaven in [[Sanskrit]], in the Indian town of [[Puri]] is considered holy by [[Hindus]].<ref name="DeccanHerald-06Mar16"/><ref>{{cite news |work=[[Kalinga TV]] |date=6 May 2024 |title=Odisha: History of Swargadwar in Puri, is it really the gateway to heaven? |url=https://kalingatv.com/features/odisha-history-of-swargadwar-in-puri-is-it-really-the-gateway-to-heaven/ |author=Himanshu }}</ref>

The Samudra [[arati]] is a daily tradition started by the present [[Shankaracharya]] of Puri 9 years ago to honour the [[sacred sea]].<ref name="DeccanHerald-06Mar16">{{cite news |last=Sahu |first=Monideepa |date=6 March 2016 |title=The great fire |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/532849/fire.html |newspaper=Deccan Herald |access-date=6 March 2016 |archive-date=6 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306214139/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/532849/fire.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The daily practise includes prayer and fire offering to the sea at Swargadwar in Puri by disciples of the [[Govardhana matha]] of the Shankaracharya.<ref name="DeccanHerald-06Mar16"/><ref>{{citation |url=https://bhubaneswartourism.in/govardhana-matha-puri |title=Govardhana Matha Puri (Timings, History, Entry Fee, Images, Aarti, Location & Phone) |work=Bhubaneswar Tourism, a division of Holidays DNA |date=2025 }}</ref> On Paush Purnima of every year the Shankaracharya himself comes out to offer prayers to the sea.<ref>{{citation |url=https://historyofodisha.in/panchatirtha-of-puri/ |work=History of Odisha |title=Panchatirtha of Puri |date=13 July 2017 |first1=Brajabandhu |last1=Mahanta }}</ref>

== Key features ==


=== Beaches ===
[[File:Sundarbans 09.jpg|thumb|The [[Sunderbans]] bordering the Bay of Bengal is the largest single block of tidal [[halophyte|halophytic]] [[mangrove]] forest in the world.<ref name="Bpedia">{{cite book |last=Siddiqui |first=Neaz Ahmad |year=2012 |chapter=Sundarbans, The |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Sundarbans,_The |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]] |access-date=11 November 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304200506/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Sundarbans,_The |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
[[File:Cox's Bazar boats.jpg|thumb|[[Cox's Bazar]], the longest stretch of beach in the world<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/travel/the-worlds-longest-beach/2007/01/31/1169919381993.html | work=The Sydney Morning Herald | title=World's longest beach hidden in Bangladesh | date=31 January 2007 | access-date=8 August 2008 | archive-date=30 January 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170130234542/http://www.smh.com.au/news/travel/the-worlds-longest-beach/2007/01/31/1169919381993.html | url-status=live }}</ref>]]

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
|-
!Sea Beach !! Location
|-
|[[Cox's Bazar]], [[Chittagong]] || rowspan="8" | {{BAN}}
|-
|[[Kuakata]], [[Barisal|Barishal]]
|-
|[[St. Martin's Island]]
|-
|[[Sonadia]], Chittagong
|-
|[[Nijhum Dwip]], Noakhali
|-
|[[Inani Beach]], Chittagong
|-
|[[Teknaf]], Chittagong
|-
|[[Patenga]], Chittagong
|-
|[[Bakkhali]], [[West Bengal]]|| rowspan="31" | {{IND}}
|-
|[[Digha]], West Bengal
|-
|[[Mandarmani|Mandarmoni]], West Bengal
|-
|[[Tajpur, West Bengal|Tajpur]], West Bengal
|-
|[[Shankarpur]], West Bengal
|-
|[[Talasari Beach|Talasari]], Odisha
|-
|[[Chandipur, Odisha]]
|-
|[[Gahirmatha Beach]], Odisha
|-
|[[Astaranga]], Odisha
|-
|[[Chandrabhaga Beach]], [[Konark]], Odisha
|-
|[[Puri]], Odisha
|-
|[[Gopalpur, Odisha]]
|-
|[[Baruva Beach|Baruva]], Andhra Pradesh
|-
|[[Bheemili Beach|Bheemili]], Andhra Pradesh
|-
|[[RK Beach]], [[Visakhapatnam]]
|-
|[[Rushikonda Beach|Rushikonda]], [[Visakhapatnam]]
|-
|[[Yarada Beach|Yarada]], [[Visakhapatnam]]
|-
|Perupalem Beach
|-
|[[Manginapudi Beach]], [[Machilipatnam]], Andhra Pradesh
|-
|[[Mypadu Beach]], [[Nellore]], Andhra Pradesh
|-
|[[Marina Beach]], [[Chennai]], Tamil Nadu
|-
|[[Edward Elliot's Beach]], [[Chennai]], Tamil Nadu
|-
|[[Mamallapuram|Mahabalipuram]], Tamil Nadu
|-
|[[Nagapattinam]], Tamil Nadu
|-
|[[Silver Beach (India)|Silver Beach]], [[Cuddalore]], Tamil Nadu
|-
|[[Thoothukudi|Tuticorin]] Beach, Tamil Nadu
|-
|[[Rameswaram]] Beach, Tamil Nadu
|-
|[[Velankanni]] Beach, Tamil Nadu
|-
|Serenity Beach, [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]]
|-
|[[Promenade Beach]], [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]]
|-
|[[Havelock Island|Radhanagar Beach]], [[Andaman & Nicobar Islands]]
|-
|Ulee Lheue beach|| rowspan="2" | {{IDN}}
|-
|Alur Nunang Beach
|-
|[[Ngapali]]|| rowspan="4" |{{MYA}}
|-
|[[Ngwesaung]]
|-
|[[Chaungtha, Pathein]]
|-
|[[Sittwe]]
|-
|[[Casuarina Beach]], [[Jaffna]]|| rowspan="3" | {{SRI}}
|-
|[[Trincomalee]]
|-
|Navaladi Beach, [[Batticaloa]]
|}

===Channels===
{{see also|Coastal_India#Channels|l1=Channels in Bay of Bengal, Laccadive Sea, and Arabian Sea}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Channels, Passages, and Straits in the Bay of Bengal
|-
! scope="col" | Name
! scope="col" | Jurisdiction
! scope="col" | Depth (m)
! scope="col" | Breadth (m)
! scope="col" | Location and Comments
! scope="col" | Citation
|-
| Alexandra Channel
| Myanmar
| Navigable for large vessels (generally deep)
| ~10,000
| Separates Great Coco Island from Little Coco Island.
| <ref name=csp1>{{cite web|url=https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=12551|title=World Oil Transit Chokepoints|publisher=U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)|access-date=2025-07-02}}</ref>
|-
| Coco Channel
| Myanmar (north), India (south)
| Navigable for various vessels
| ~18,000
| Separates Coco Islands (Myanmar) from Landfall Island and North Andaman Island (India).
| rowspan="2" | <ref name=csp2>{{cite book|url=https://msi.nga.mil/Publications/SD/pub173/Pub173bk.pdf|title=Sailing Directions (Enroute), Pub. 173: India and the Bay of Bengal|publisher=United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency|date=2017|pages=275|access-date=2025-07-02}}</ref>
|-
| Cleugh Passage
| rowspan="15" | India
| Navigable
| ~5,000
| Separates Landfall Island and East Island from North Andaman Island.
|-
| Austin Strait
| Limited navigability for larger vessels
| Narrow
| Separates North Andaman Island from Middle Andaman Island.
| rowspan="6" | <ref name=csp4>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle= Andaman Islands |volume= 1 |pages= 955-958| date-1911 |short=1}}</ref>
|-
| Interview Passage
| Navigable for smaller vessels
| Very narrow
| Separates Interview Island from Middle Andaman Island, off the west coast.
|-
| Homfray's Strait
| Navigable
| Varies
| Separates Middle Andaman Island from Baratang Island and northern South Andaman Island; Elphinstone Harbour is located here.
|-
| Diligent Strait
| Navigable (wide and safe)
| Wide
| Separates Ritchie's Archipelago from Baratang Island and South Andaman Island.
|-
| Middle (or Andaman) Strait
| Limited navigability for larger vessels
| rowspan="2" | Narrow
| Separates Baratang Island from South Andaman Island.
|-
| Kwangtung Strait
| rowspan="2" | Navigable
| Intersects Ritchie's Archipelago.
|-
| Fusilier Channel
| rowspan="3" | Not specified
| Located to the south of Neil Island (Shaheed Dweep) in Ritchie's Archipelago.
| <ref name=csp10>{{cite web|url=https://www.geodoi.ac.cn/WebEn/HTML_INFO.aspx?Id=25e623eb-1aaa-4617-a5d6-25e7fbfc7e86|title=Andaman Islands, India|publisher=Global Change Research Data Publishing & Repository|access-date=2025-07-02}}</ref>
|-
| Macpherson Strait
| Navigable by ocean-going vessels
| Separates South Andaman Island from Rutland Island.
| rowspan="2" | <ref name="csp4" />
|-
| Manners Strait
| Navigable (main commercial highway)
| Lies within Duncan Passage, separating Cinque Islands from Rutland Island.
|-
| [[Duncan Passage]]
| Navigable
| ~48,000
| Separates Rutland Island (Andaman Islands) from Little Andaman Island.
| <ref name=csp13>{{cite book|url=https://msi.nga.mil/Publications/SD/pub173/Pub173bk.pdf|title=Sailing Directions (Enroute), Pub. 173: India and the Bay of Bengal|publisher=United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency|date=2017|pages=288|access-date=2025-07-02}}</ref>
|-
| Ten Degree Channel
| Min. 7.3
| ~150,000
| Separates the Andaman Islands from the Nicobar Islands; a major international shipping route.
| <ref name=csp14>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/8-9-and-10-degree-channel-1614095548-1|title=8, 9, 10 Degree Channels: All you need to know|date=23 February 2021 |publisher=Jagran Josh|access-date=2025-07-02}}</ref>
|-
| Revelto Channel
| rowspan="3" | Navigable
| Not specified
| Located within the Nicobar Islands, separating Little Nicobar Island from Great Nicobar Island.
| rowspan="3" | <ref name="csp10" />
|-
| Sombrero Channel
| ~50,000
| Separates Little Nicobar Island and Southern Group from Central Group of Nicobar Islands.
|-
| Saint George's Channel
| Not specified
| Separates Great Nicobar Island from Little Nicobar Island.
|-
| Great Channel
| India (north), Indonesia (south)
| Very deep (major international shipping lane)
| ~163,000
| Separates Great Nicobar Island (India) from Sumatra (Indonesia); also known as the Six Degree Channel.
| <ref name="csp1" />
|-
| Palk Strait
| India (west), Sri Lanka (east)
| Max. 35
| ~64,000 to 137,000
| Connects Palk Bay (part of Bay of Bengal) with the Gulf of Mannar; contains Adam's Bridge, limiting large ship transit.
| <ref name=csp19>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Palk-Strait|title=Palk Strait|publisher=Britannica|access-date=2025-07-02}}</ref>
|}

=== Islands ===
[[File:Havelock Island, Ethereal mangrove tree, Andaman Islands.jpg|thumb|[[Havelock Island]], Andaman Islands]]
The islands in the bay are numerous, including the [[Andaman Islands]] and [[Nicobar Islands]] of India. The Cheduba group of islands, in the north-east, off the Burmese coast, are remarkable for a chain of mud volcanoes, which are occasionally active.<ref name=EB1911/>

[[Great Andaman]] is the main archipelago or island group of the Andaman Islands, whereas [[Ritchie's Archipelago]] consists of smaller islands. Only 37, or 6.5%, of the 572 islands and islets of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands are inhabited.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070930024520/http://www.and.nic.in/port-blair.htm The long stretch of sand glistening like silver dust] URL accessed 10 January 2015</ref>

=== Rivers ===
Many major rivers of [[List of major rivers of India|India]] and [[List of rivers of Bangladesh|Bangladesh]] flow west to east before draining into the Bay of Bengal. The [[Ganges|Ganga]] is the northernmost of these rivers. Its main channel enters and flows through Bangladesh, where it is known as the [[Padma River]], before joining the [[Meghna River]]. However, the [[Brahmaputra River]] flows from east to west in [[Assam]] before turning south and entering Bangladesh where it is called the [[Jamuna River]]. This joins the Padma whereupon the Padma joins the [[Meghna River]] that finally drains into Bay of Bengal. The [[Sundarbans]] is a mangrove forest in the southern part of the [[Ganges Delta|Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta]] which lies in the Indian state of West Bengal and in Bangladesh. The Brahmaputra at {{convert|2948|km|mi|abbr=on}} is the 15th [[List of rivers by length|longest River]] in the world. It originates in [[Tibet]]. The [[Hooghly River]], another channel of the [[Ganga]] that flows through [[Kolkata]] drains into Bay of Bengal at [[Sagar Island|Sagar]] in West Bengal, India.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

The Ganga–Brahmaputra-Barak rivers deposit nearly 1000 million tons of [[sediment]] every year. The sediment from these three rivers form the Bengal Delta and the [[submarine fan]], a vast structure that extends from [[Bengal]] to south of the Equator, is up to {{convert|16.5|km}} thick, and contains at least 1,130 trillion tonnes of sediment, which has accumulated over the last 17 million years at an average rate of 665 million tons per annum.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/apr252003/1041.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040520081514/http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/apr252003/1041.pdf |archive-date=2004-05-20 |url-status=live |title=A sediment budget for the Padma-Meghna-Jamuna catchment |first=Robert |last=Wasson |year=2003 |journal=Current Science |volume=84 |issue=8 |pages=1041–1047}}</ref> The fan has buried organic carbon at a rate of nearly 1.1 trillion mol/yr (13.2 million t/yr) since the early [[Miocene]] period. The three rivers currently contribute nearly 8% of the [[total organic carbon]] (TOC) deposited in the world's oceans. Due to high TOC accumulation in the deep sea bed of the Bay of Bengal, the area is rich in oil and natural gas and [[gas hydrate]] reserves. Bangladesh can [[Land reclamation|reclaim land]] substantially and economically gain from the sea area by constructing sea [[Levee|dikes]], bunds, [[causeways]] and by trapping the sediment from its rivers.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

Further southwest of [[Bengal]], the [[Mahanadi River|Mahanadi]], [[Godavari River|Godavari]], [[Krishna River|Krishna]] and [[Kaveri River]]s also flow from west to east across [[Deccan Plateau]] in Peninsular India and drain into the Bay of Bengal forming [[River delta|delta]]s. Many small rivers also drain directly into the Bay of Bengal forming [[Estuary|estuaries]]; the shortest of them is the [[Cooum River]] at {{convert|64|km|mi|abbr=on}}.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

While Myanmar's [[Irrawaddy River]] flows into the [[Andaman Sea]], sediment from the river is found in the eastern Bay of Bengal.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Liu, J.P. |author2=Kuehl, S.A. |author3=Pierce, A.C. |author4=Williams, J. |author5=Blair, N.E. |author6=Harris, C. |author7=Aung, D.W. |author8=Aye, Y.Y. |year=2020|title=Fate of Ayeyarwady and Thanlwin Rivers Sediments in the Andaman Sea and Bay of Bengal.|journal=Marine Geology|doi=10.1016/j.margeo.2020.106137|doi-access=free|volume=423|article-number=106137 |bibcode=2020MGeol.42306137L }}</ref>

=== Seaports ===
[[File:VizagPort.jpg|thumb|The city of [[Visakhapatnam]] in India is a major port of the Bay of Bengal.]]
Indian ports on the bay include [[Paradip Port]], [[Port of Kolkata|Kolkata Port]], [[Haldia Port]], [[Chennai Port]], [[Visakhapatnam Port]], [[Kakinada Port]], [[Pondicherry Port]], [[Dhamra Port]], and [[Gopalpur-on-Sea]]. Bangladeshi ports on the Bay are [[Port of Chittagong|Chittagong]], [[Port of Mongla|Mongla]], [[Payra Port]]. Sri Lankan ports include [[Jaffna]], [[Kankesanthurai]], [[Batticaloa]], and [[Trincomalee]].{{citation needed|date=December 2022}} Myanmar's main sea port includes Akyab (Sittwe).<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Balakrishna |first=Suri |date=July 26, 1999 |title=Bay of Bengal |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Bay-of-Bengal |access-date=20 November 2022 |encyclopedia=Britannica |archive-date=30 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430100547/https://www.britannica.com/place/Bay-of-Bengal |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Oceanography ==
=== Geology ===


==== Lithosphere and plate tectonics ====
The [[lithosphere]] of the earth is broken up into what are called [[Plate tectonics|tectonic plates]]. Underneath the Bay of Bengal, which is part of the great [[Indo-Australian Plate]] and is slowly moving north east. This plate meets the [[Burma Plate|Burma Microplate]] at the [[Sunda Trench]]. The [[Nicobar Islands]] and the [[Andaman Islands]] are part of the Burma Microplate. The India Plate subducts beneath the Burma Plate at the Sunda Trench or Java Trench. Here, the pressure of the two plates on each other increase pressure and temperature resulting in the formation of volcanoes such as the [[List of volcanoes in Myanmar|volcanoes in Myanmar]], and a [[volcanic arc]] called the [[Sunda Arc]]. The [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami|Sumatra-Andaman earthquake and Asian tsunami]] was a result of the pressure at this zone causing a [[submarine earthquake]] which then resulted in a destructive tsunami.<ref>[http://www.idiom.com/~garcia/tsunami.html Tsunami] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927031947/http://www.idiom.com/~garcia/tsunami.html |date=27 September 2007 }} URL access 21 January 2007</ref>

==== Marine geology ====

[[File:Bay of Bengal and Beach from Tenneti park.jpg|thumb|Bay of Bengal near [[Tenneti Park]], [[Visakhapatnam]]]]
A zone 50 m wide extending from the island of Sri Lanka and the Coromandel coast to the head of the bay, and thence southwards through a strip embracing the Andaman and Nicobar islands, is bounded by the 100 fathom line of sea bottom; some 50 m. beyond this lies the 500-fathom limit. Opposite the mouth of the Ganges, however, the intervals between these depths are very much extended by deltaic influence.<ref name=EB1911>{{EB1911|wstitle=Bengal, Bay of|inline=1}}</ref>

[[Swatch of No Ground]] is a 14 km-wide deep sea canyon of the Bay of Bengal. The deepest recorded area of this valley is about 1340 m.<ref>[http://drs.nio.org/drs/bitstream/2264/449/1/J_Indian_Geophys_Union_4_185.pdf Morphological features in the Bay of Bengal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614214602/http://drs.nio.org/drs/bitstream/2264/449/1/J_Indian_Geophys_Union_4_185.pdf |date=14 June 2007 }} URL accessed 21 January 2007</ref> The submarine canyon is part of the [[Bengal Fan]], the largest submarine fan in the world.<ref name=mpgCurray>{{cite journal|last=Curray|first=Joseph R.|author2=Frans J. Emmel|author3=David G. Moore|title=The Bengal Fan: morphology, geometry, stratigraphy, history and processes|journal=[[Marine and Petroleum Geology]]|date=December 2002|volume=19|issue=10|pages=1191–1223|doi=10.1016/S0264-8172(03)00035-7|publisher=Elsevier Science Ltd|bibcode=2002MarPG..19.1191C }}</ref><ref name="whoi-bf-mar2000">{{cite web|last=France-Lanord|first=Christian|title=Summary on the Bengal Fan: An introduction to a drilling proposal|url=http://www.whoi.edu/pclift/BengalSummary.pdf|publisher=Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution|author2=Volkhard Spiess|author3=Peter Molnar|author4=Joseph R. Curray|date=March 2000|access-date=16 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005095805/http://www.whoi.edu/pclift/BengalSummary.pdf|archive-date=5 October 2011}}</ref>

==== Submarine fans ====
Submarine fan is also known as [[abyssal fan]]. Bay of Bengal fan, known as '''Bengal Fan''', also known as the '''Ganges Fan''' is world's largest abyssal fan, also known as deep-sea fans, underwater deltas, and submarine fans. The fan is about {{convert|3000|km|mi|abbr=on}} long, {{convert|1430|km|mi|abbr=on}} wide with a maximum thickness of {{convert|16.5|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Shanmugam, G. | title=Submarine fans: A critical retrospective (1950–2015) | year=2016 | journal=Journal of Palaeogeography | volume=5 | issue=2 | pages=110–184 | doi=10.1016/j.jop.2015.08.011 | bibcode=2016JPalG...5..110S | doi-access=free }}</ref> The fan resulted from the uplift and erosion of the [[Himalayas]] and the [[Tibetan Plateau]] produced by the collision between the [[Indian Plate]] and the [[Eurasian Plate]]. Most of the sediment is supplied by the [[Ganges]] and [[Brahmaputra]] rivers which supply the Lower [[Meghna River|Meghna]] [[Ganges Delta|delta]] in Bangladesh and the [[Hooghly River|Hoogly]] delta in [[West Bengal]] (India). Several other large rivers in Bangladesh and India provide smaller contributions.<ref name=mpgCurray/> [[Turbidity current]]s have transported the sediment through a series of [[submarine canyons]], some of which are more than {{convert|2400|km}} in length, to be deposited in the Bay of Bengal up to 30 degrees [[latitude]] from where it began. To date, the oldest sediments recovered from the Bengal fan are from [[Early Miocene]] age.<ref name=mpgCochran>{{cite journal|last=Cochran|first=J.R.|author2=Stow, D.A.V.|editor2-first=D.A.V|editor2-last=Stow|editor1-first=J.R|editor1-last=Cochran|title=116 Initial Reports Table of Contents|journal=Proc. ODP, Init. Repts.|year=1989|volume=116|doi=10.2973/odp.proc.ir.116.1989|publisher=Ocean Drilling Program College Station, TX |display-authors=etal|series=Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program}}</ref> Their mineralogical and geochemical characteristics allow to identify their Himalayan origin and demonstrate that the [[Himalaya]] was already a major mountain range 20 million years ago.<ref name=mpgFrance-Lanord>{{cite journal|last=France-Lanord|first=Christian|author2=Derry L.|author3=Michard A.|title=Evolution of the Himalaya since Miocene time: isotopic and sedimentological evidence from the Bengal Fan|journal=Geological Society Special Publication|year=1993|volume=74|issue=1|pages=603–621|doi=10.1144/GSL.SP.1993.074.01.40|bibcode=1993GSLSP..74..603F|s2cid=85506590|url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02153142/file/Oxford%202.0%20complete%20rev.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200312191351/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02153142/file/Oxford%202.0%20complete%20rev.pdf |archive-date=2020-03-12 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The fan completely covers the floor of the Bay of Bengal. It is bordered to the west by the continental slope of eastern India, to the north by the continental slope of Bangladesh and to east by the northern part of [[Sunda Trench]] off Myanmar and the [[Andaman Islands]], the [[accretionary wedge]] associated with [[subduction]] of the [[Indo-Australian Plate]] beneath the [[Sunda Plate]] and continues along the west side of the [[Ninety East Ridge]]. The Nicobar Fan, another lobe of the fan, lies east of the Ninety East Ridge.<ref name=sepm92>{{cite book|title=SEPM Special Publication, No. 92. External Controls on Deep-Water Depositional Systems|year=2009|publisher=SEPM ([[Society for Sedimentary Geology]])|isbn=978-1-56576-136-0|pages=107–131|author=Tilmann Schwenk|author2=Volkhard Spiess|chapter=Architecture and Stratigraphy of the Bengal Fan as Response to Tectonic and Climate Revealed from High-Resolution Seismic Data}}</ref><ref name="whoi-bf-mar2000"/>

The fan is now being explored as a possible source of [[fossil fuels]] for the surrounding [[developing nation]]s.

The fan was first identified by bathymetric survey in the sixties by Bruce C. Heezen and Marie Tharp which identified the abyssal cone and canyon structures. It was delineated and named by Joseph Curray and David Moore following a geological and geophysical survey in 1968.<ref name="whoi-bf-mar2000"/><ref name=curray1971>{{cite journal|last=Curray|first=Joseph R.|author2=David G. Moore|title=Growth of the Bengal Deep-Sea Fan and Denudation in the Himalayas|journal=Geological Society of America Bulletin|date=March 1971|volume=82|issue=3|pages=563–572|doi=10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[563:GOTBDF]2.0.CO;2|bibcode=1971GSAB...82..563C}}</ref>

=== Oceanographic chemistry ===

[[Coastal]] regions bordering the Bay of Bengal are rich in minerals. Sri Lanka, [[Sri Lanka|Serendib]], or ''Ratna – Dweepa'' which means Gem Island. [[Amethyst]], [[beryl]], [[ruby]], [[sapphire]], [[topaz]], and [[garnet]] are just some of the [[gems of Sri Lanka]]. Garnet and other precious gems are also found in abundance in the [[states of India|Indian states]] of [[Odisha]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aringthing.com/promise_rings.htm|title=Promise Rings in white gold, yellow gold, rose gold, unique rings. by A Ring Thing|access-date=8 August 2008|archive-date=11 August 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080811054214/http://aringthing.com/promise_rings.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> A 2014 study found that as a result of ocean acidification, there was reduced shell thickness of marine animals and breaking strength compared to normal shells. The study also showed that the pH in Bay of Bengal fell to 7.75 compared in 1994 when it averaged 7.95.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Rashid |first1=Towhida |last2=Hoque |first2=Sirajul |last3=Akter |first3=Firoza |date=2 June 2013 |title=Ocean Acidification in the Bay of Bengal |url=https://www.academia.edu/11130762 |website=Academia |page=6 |access-date=6 December 2022 |archive-date=22 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422115815/https://www.academia.edu/11130762 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Oceanographic climate ===

From January to October, the current is northward flowing, and the clockwise circulation pattern is called the "East Indian Current". The Bay of Bengal [[Climate of India|monsoon]] moves in a northwest direction striking the Nicobar Islands, and the Andaman Islands first end of May, then coast of [[Mainland India]] by end of June.

The remainder of the year, the counterclockwise current is southwestward flowing, and the circulation pattern is called the East Indian Winter Jet. September and December see very active weather, season varsha (or monsoon), in the Bay of Bengal producing severe cyclones which affect eastern India. Several efforts have been initiated to cope with [[storm surge]].<ref>[http://stommel.tamu.edu/~baum/paleo/ocean/node3.html Glossary of Physical Oceanography Ba-Bm] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071018134105/http://stommel.tamu.edu/~baum/paleo/ocean/node3.html |date=18 October 2007 }} URL accessed 21 January 2007</ref>

=== Marine biology, flora and fauna ===

[[File:Spinnarc.JPG|thumb|A [[spinner dolphin]] in Bay of Bengal]]
[[File:Tachypleus gigas.JPG|thumb|''[[Tachypleus gigas]]'' in [[Odisha]]]]
The Bay of Bengal is full of biological diversity, diverging amongst [[coral reefs]], [[estuaries]], fish spawning and nursery areas, and [[mangroves]]. The Bay of Bengal is one of the World's 64 [[Marine ecoregion|largest marine]] [[Marine ecosystem|ecosystems]].

''[[Kerilia jerdonii]]'' is a sea snake of the Bay of Bengal. Glory of Bengal cone (''[[Conus bengalensis]]'') is just one of the seashells which can be photographed along beaches of the Bay of Bengal.<ref>[http://www.oceanlight.com/lightbox.php?lr=Bay_of_Bengal Phillip Colla Natural History Photography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040902010121/http://www.oceanlight.com/lightbox.php?lr=Bay_of_Bengal |date=2 September 2004 }} URL accessed 21 January 2007</ref> An [[Endangered Species Act|endangered species]], the [[olive ridley sea turtle]] can survive because of the nesting grounds made available at the Gahirmatha Marine Wildlife Sanctuary, [[Gahirmatha Beach]], [[Odisha]], India. [[Marlin]], [[barracuda]], [[skipjack tuna]] (''Katsuwonus pelamis''), [[yellowfin tuna]], [[Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin]] (''Sousa chinensis''), and [[Bryde's whale]] (''Balaenoptera edeni'') are a few of the marine animals. Bay of Bengal hogfish (''[[Bodianus neilli]]'') is a type of [[wrasse]] which live in turbid lagoon reefs or shallow coastal reefs. Schools of dolphins can be seen, whether they are the [[bottlenose dolphin]] (''Tursiops truncatus''), [[pantropical spotted dolphin]] (''Stenella attenuata'') or the [[spinner dolphin]] (''S. longirostris''). [[Tuna]] and dolphins usually reside in the same waters. In shallower and warmer coastal waters the [[Irrawaddy dolphin]] (''Orcaella brevirostris'') can be found.<ref>{{cite news|last=Haider |first=Mashida R. |date=5 January 2005 |title=Naturalist |url=http://www.newagebd.com/2005/jan/05/nature.html |newspaper=New Age |location=Dhaka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101130180306/http://www.newagebd.com/2005/jan/05/nature.html |archive-date=30 November 2010 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.cms.int/reports/small_cetaceans/data/S_attenuata/s_attenuata.htm CMS: Stenella attenuata, Pantropical spotted dolphin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070203023201/http://www.cms.int/reports/small_cetaceans/data/S_attenuata/s_attenuata.htm |date=3 February 2007 }} URL accessed 21 January 2007</ref>

The [[Great Nicobar Biosphere Reserve]] provides sanctuary to many animals some of which include the [[saltwater crocodile]] (''Crocodylus porosus''), [[leatherback sea turtle]] (''Dermochelys coriacea''), and [[Amboina box turtle|Malayan box turtle]] (''Cuora amboinensis kamaroma'') to name a few.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Great Nicobar Biosphere Reserve |url=https://indianculture.gov.in/node/2540083 |website=India Culture |access-date=20 November 2022 |archive-date=6 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206130759/https://indianculture.gov.in/node/2540083 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Another endangered species [[Bengal tiger|royal Bengal tiger]] is supported by [[Sundarbans National Park|Sundarbans]] a large estuarine delta that holds a mangrove area in the [[Ganges Delta|Ganges River Delta]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20040830122811/http://www.emecs.or.jp/guidebook/eng/pdf/17bengal.pdf 17 Bay of Bengal] URL accessed 21 January 2007</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://zipcodezoo.com/Animals/B/Bodianus_neilli.asp |title=Bodianus neilli (Bay of Bengal Hogfish) |website=Zipcode Zoo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080530132428/http://zipcodezoo.com/Animals/B/Bodianus_neilli.asp |archive-date=30 May 2008 |access-date=21 January 2007}}</ref>

== Transboundary issues ==

{{more citations needed |date=July 2020}}
A transboundary issue is defined as an environmental problem in which either the cause of the problem and/or its impact is separated by a national boundary; or the problem contributes to a global environmental problem and finding regional solutions is considered to be a global environmental benefit. The eight Bay of Bengal countries have (2012) identified three major transboundary problems (or areas of concern) affecting the health of the Bay, that they can work on together. With the support of the Bay Of Bengal Large Marine Ecosystem Project (BOBLME), the eight countries are now (2012) developing responses to these issues and their causes, for future implementation as the Strategic Action Programme.

=== Ecological degradation ===


==== Fisheries overexploitation ====
[[File:Bay of Bengal 2.jpg|thumb|250px|Some small fishing boats are catching fish & sell them in local coastal markets.]]
[[Fisheries]] production in the Bay of Bengal is 6,000,000 tonnes per year, more than 7% of the world's catch. The major transboundary issues relating to shared fisheries are: a decline in the overall availability of fish resources; changes in species composition of catches; the high proportion of juvenile fish in the catch; and changes in [[marine biodiversity]], especially through loss of vulnerable and [[endangered species]]. The transboundary nature of these issues are: that many [[fish stocks]] are shared between BOBLME countries through the transboundary migration of fish, or [[Ichthyoplankton|larvae]]. Fishing overlaps national jurisdictions, both legally and illegally – overcapacity and [[overfishing]] in one location forces a migration of fishers and vessels to other locations. All countries (to a greater or lesser degree) are experiencing difficulties in implementing [[fisheries management]], especially the [[ecosystem approach to fisheries]]. Bay of Bengal countries contribute significantly to the global problem of loss of [[vulnerable species|vulnerable]] and endangered species. The main causes of the issues are: open access to fishing grounds; government emphasis on increasing fish catches; inappropriate government subsidies provided to fishers; increasing fishing effort, especially from [[Fishing trawler|trawlers]] and [[purse seiners]]; high consumer demand for fish, including for seed and [[fishmeal]] for [[aquaculture]]; ineffective fisheries management; and illegal and destructive fishing.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

==== Marine habitats degradation ====
The Bay of Bengal is an area of high biodiversity, with many endangered and vulnerable species. The major transboundary issues relating to habitats are: the loss and degradation of [[mangrove]] habitats; [[Environmental issues with coral reefs|degradation of coral reefs]]; and the loss of, and damage to, [[seagrasses]]. The transboundary nature of these major issues are: that all three critical habitats occur in all BOBLME countries. [[Coastal development hazards|Coastal development]] for several varying uses of the land and sea are common in all BOBLME countries. Trade in products from all the habitats is transboundary in nature. [[Climate change]] impacts are shared by all BOBLME countries. The main causes of the issues are: [[food security]] needs of the coastal poor; lack of [[Coastal management|coastal development plans]]; increasing trade in products from coastal habitats; coastal development and industrialization; ineffective [[marine protected area]]s and lack of enforcement; upstream development that affects water-flow; [[Nonpoint source pollution|intensive upstream agricultural practices]]; and increasing tourism.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

=== Environmental degradation ===


==== Environmental hazards ====
The [[Asian brown cloud]], a layer of air pollution that covers much of South Asia and the Indian Ocean every year between January and March, and possibly also during earlier and later months, hangs over the Bay of Bengal. It is considered to be a combination of vehicle exhaust, smoke from cooking fires, and industrial discharges.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards/shownh.php3?img_id=13341 |title=EO Natural Hazards: Smog over the Bay of Bengal |website=NASA Earth Observatory |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071026204458/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards/shownh.php3?img_id=13341 |archive-date=26 October 2007 |access-date=21 January 2007}}</ref> Because of this cloud, satellites attempting to track [[ocean acidification]] and other ocean health indicators in the Bay have difficulty obtaining accurate measurements.<ref>[https://www.firstpost.com/tech/science/ocean-acidification-in-bay-of-bengal-is-now-being-monitored-by-global-satellite-network-7787131.html Ocean acidification in Bay of Bengal is now being monitored] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929090907/https://www.firstpost.com/tech/science/ocean-acidification-in-bay-of-bengal-is-now-being-monitored-by-global-satellite-network-7787131.html |date=29 September 2021 }}. ''[[Firstpost]]''. 16 December 2019.</ref>

==== Pollution and water quality ====
The major transboundary issues relating to [[marine pollution|pollution]] and [[water quality]] are: sewage-borne pathogens and organic load; solid waste/marine litter; increasing nutrient inputs; oil pollution; persistent organic pollutants ([[Persistent organic pollutant|POPs]]) and persistent toxic substances (PTSs); sedimentation; and heavy metals. The transboundary nature of these issues are: discharge of untreated/partially treated [[sewage]] being a common problem. Sewage and organic discharges from the [[Ganges]]-[[Brahmaputra]]-[[Meghna]] River are likely to be transboundary. Plastics and derelict fishing gear can be transported long distances across national boundaries. Around 4 million tonnes of [[microplastics]] are estimated to come from India and Bangladesh travelling into Sundurban and subsequently the Bay of Bengal.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kumar |first1=Rakesh |last2=Sinha |first2=Rama |last3=Refat |first3=Md |last4=Rakib |first4=Jahan |last5=Padha |first5=Shaveta |last6=Ivy |first6=Nishita |last7=Bhattacharya |first7=Sayan |last8=Dhar |first8=Anjali |last9=Sharma |first9=Prabhakar |title=Microplastics pollution load in Sundarban delta of Bay of Bengal |doi=10.1016/j.hazadv.2022.100099 |journal=Journal of Hazardous Materials Advances |year=2022 |volume=7 |article-number=100099 |s2cid=249072350 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2022JHzMA...700099K }}</ref> High nutrient discharges from rivers could intensify largescale hypoxia. Atmospheric transport of nutrients is inherently transboundary. Differences between countries with regard to regulation and enforcement of shipping discharges may drive discharges across boundaries.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gupta |first1=R.Sen |last2=Kureishy |first2=Tariq W. |date=September 1981 |title=Present state of oil pollution in the northern Indian Ocean |doi=10.1016/0025-326X(81)90079-5 |journal=Marine Pollution Bulletin |volume=12 |issue=9 |pages=295–301 |bibcode=1981MarPB..12..295S}}</ref> [[Tarball (oil)|Tar balls]] are transported long distances. POPs/PTSs and [[Mercury (element)|mercury]], including organo-mercury, undergo long-range transport. [[Sedimentation]] and most heavy metal contamination tend to be localized and lack a strong transboundary dimension.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gong |first1=Chenglin |last2=Wang |first2=Haiqiang |last3=Shao |first3=Dali |last4=Wang |first4=Hongping |last5=Qi |first5=Kun |last6=Xu |first6=Xiaoyong |date=1 July 2022 |title=How did the world's largest submarine fan in the Bay of Bengal grow and evolve at the subfan scale? |doi=10.1306/02072219107 |journal=AAPG Bulletin |volume=106 |issue=7 |pages=1431–1451 |bibcode=2022BAAPG.106.1431G |s2cid=250063994}}</ref> The main causes of the issues are: increasing coastal population density and urbanization; higher consumption, resulting in more waste generated per person; insufficient funds allocated to waste management; migration of industry into BOBLME countries; and proliferation of small industries.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}} A pertinent issue is the rapid growth of the shrimp culture industry which requires use of antibiotics and chemicals for export-quality food safety but pollutes the Bay of Bengal.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rashid |first1=Towhida |last2=Hoque |first2=Sirajul |last3=Akter |first3=Sharmin |date=28 November 2014 |title=Pollution in the Bay of Bengal: Impact on Marine Ecosystem |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273346214 |journal=Journal of Marine Science |pages=55–63 |via=Scientific Research Publishing Inc.}}</ref>

=== Tropical storms and cyclones ===
{{main|Tropical cyclones in the Bay of Bengal}}

[[File:Sidr 2007-11-14 0445Z.jpg|thumb|right|[[Cyclone Sidr]] at its peak near Bangladesh]]
A tropical storm with rotating winds blowing at speeds of {{convert|119|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} is called a [[cyclone]] when they originate over the Bay of Bengal, and called a [[hurricane]] in the Atlantic.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nationalgeographic.com/features/04/forcesofnature/resources/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090402110639/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/features/04/forcesofnature/resources/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 April 2009 |title=Forces of Nature—Natural Disaster Fast Facts |website=National Geographic |access-date=30 August 2016}}</ref> Between 100,000 and 500,000 residents of Bangladesh were killed because of the [[1970 Bhola cyclone]].
* 2023: [[Cyclone Mocha|Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm Mocha]]
* 2021: [[Cyclone Yaas|Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Yaas]]
* 2020: [[Cyclone Nivar|Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Nivar]]
* 2020: [[Cyclone Amphan|Super Cyclonic Storm Amphan]]
* 2019: [[Cyclone Bulbul|Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Bulbul]]
* 2019: [[Cyclone Fani|Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm Fani]]
* 2018: [[Cyclone Gaja|Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Gaja]]
* 2018: [[Cyclone Titli]]
* 2017: [[Cyclone Mora|Severe Cyclonic Storm Mora]]
* 2017: [[Cyclone Maarutha]]
* 2016: [[Cyclone Vardah|Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Vardah]]
* 2016: [[2016 North Indian Ocean cyclone season#Cyclone Nada|Cyclone Nada]]
* 2016: [[2016 North Indian Ocean cyclone season#Cyclone Kyant|Cyclone Kyant]]
* 2016: [[Cyclone Roanu]]
* 2015: [[Cyclone Komen]]
* 2014: [[Cyclone Hudhud|Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Hudhud]]
* 2013: [[Cyclone Phailin|Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Phailin]]
* 2013: [[Cyclone Viyaru]]
* 2012: [[Cyclone Nilam]]
* 2011: [[Cyclone Thane|Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Thane]]
* 2010: [[Cyclone Giri|Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Giri]]
* 2009: [[Cyclone Aila|Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Aila]]
* 2008: [[Cyclone Nargis|Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Nargis]]
* 2007: [[Cyclone Sidr|Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Sidr]]
* 2006: [[Cyclone Mala|Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Mala]]
* 1999: [[1999 Odisha cyclone|Odisha Super Cyclonic Storm 05B]]
* 1996: Konaseema Cyclone
* 1991: [[1991 Bangladesh cyclone|Super Cyclonic Storm 02B]]
* 1989: November [[Typhoon Gay (1989)|Typhoon Gay]]
* 1985: May Tropical Storm One (1B)
* 1982: April Cyclone One (1B)
* 1982: May Tropical Storm Two (2B)
* 1982: October Tropical Storm Three (3B)
* 1981: December Cyclone Three (3B)
* 1980: October Tropical Storm One (1B)
* 1980: December Unknown Storm Four (4B)
* 1980: December Tropical Storm Five (5B)
* 1977: [[1977 Andhra Pradesh cyclone|Andhra Pradesh Cyclone]] (6B)
* 1971: [[1971 Odisha cyclone|Odisha cyclone]]
* 1970: [[1970 Bhola cyclone|Bhola cyclone]]
* The [[1864 Calcutta Cyclone]]: caused a storm surge of 40 feet. Barometer 28.025 inches of mercury. 50,000 direct deaths and 30,000 from disease.<ref name="Tannehill">{{cite book |last=Tannehill |first=Ivan Ray |date=1969 |orig-date=First published 1945 |title=Hurricanes: Their Nature and History: Particularly Those of the West Indies and the Southern Coasts of the United States |edition=6th |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=schxAAAAMAAJ&q=bengal&pg=PA38 |publisher=Princeton University Press|pages=38–40|isbn=978-0-8371-2316-5 }}</ref>
* The [[Backergunge cyclone of 1876]]: 10 to 30 or 40 feet storm surge. 100,000 direct deaths and 100,000 indirect from disease.<ref name="Tannehill" />
* The [[Pre-1890 North Indian Ocean cyclone seasons|False Point cyclone of 1885]]: 22 feet of storm surge. Barometer 27.135 inches of mercury.<ref name="Tannehill" />

== See also ==
{{Portal|Oceans}}
* [[History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia]]
* [[Maritime Silk Road]]
* [[Arabian Sea]]
* [[Bangladesh and the Indo-Pacific Strategy]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* [http://www.nbr.org/publications/element.aspx?id=449 The Maritime Boundary Dispute Between Bangladesh and Myanmar: Motivations, Potential Solutions, and Implications] by Jared Bissinger (''Asia Policy'', July 2010) published by [[National Bureau of Asian Research]]

== External links ==
* {{wiktionary-inline|Bay of Bengal}}
* {{Commons category-inline|Bay of Bengal}}
* [http://www.india-seminar.com/2000/487/487%20suryanarayan.htm 487 V. Suryanarayan, Prospects for a Bay of Bengal Community]
* [https://www.britannica.com/place/Arabian-Sea Arabian Sea: depth contours and undersea features – Map/Still – Britannica Concise]
* [http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Bengal-B.html Bay of Bengal in Encyclopedia]
* [http://www.boblme.org/ Bay of Bengal Large Marine Ecosystem Project]

{{List of seas}}
{{Waters of South Asia}}
{{Geography of Sri Lanka}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bay of Bengal}}
[[Category:Bay of Bengal| ]]
[[Category:Marginal seas of the Indian Ocean]]
[[Category:Bays of Asia]]
[[Category:Maritime archaeology]]
[[Category:Bangladesh–India border]]
[[Category:Bangladesh–Myanmar border]]
[[Category:Bays of India]]
[[Category:Bodies of water of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Bays of Indonesia]]
[[Category:Bodies of water of Myanmar]]
[[Category:Bodies of water of Sri Lanka]]

Preet Kaur Nayak

2026-02-10T02:33:11Z

Hiya singh: starting new details!

{{short description|Indian television actress (born 1983)}}
{{notability|Biographies|date=February 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Preet Kaur Nayak
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| other_names = Preet Kaur Madhan, Preet Kaur
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1983|09|03|df=yes}}
| birth_place =
| occupation = Actress
| years active = 2009–present
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Vishal Nayak]]|2011}}
| children = 1
}}

'''Preet Kaur Nayak''' (born 3 September 1983) is an Indian television actress. She worked in serials like [[Sabki Laadli Bebo]], [[Ram Milaayi Jodi]], [[Fear Files: Darr Ki Sacchi Tasvirein]], [[Savdhaan India]] and [[Chakravartin Ashoka Samrat]] as Queen Subrasi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/television/preet-kaur-nayak-reveals-upcoming-twist-imlie-1503031446.html|title=Preet Kaur Nayak reveals the upcoming twist on 'Imlie'|website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |date=18 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2022/imlie-preet-kaur-nayak-call-aditya-imlie-jodi-irreplaceable-but-when-aryan-entered-magic-was-created-333104.html|title=Imlie: Preet Kaur Nayak Says Aditya-Imlie Jodi Irreplaceable, But When Aryan Entered Magic Was Created|date=16 April 2022|website=filmibeat.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/on-international-tv-shows-you-dont-see-only-the-lead-actor-mouthing-long-dialogues-all-characters-get-equal-opportunity-preet-kaur-nayak/articleshow/87946293.cms|title=On international TV shows, you don't see only the lead actor mouthing long dialogues, all characters get equal opportunity: Preet Kaur Nayak - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=27 November 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/preet-kaur-husband-vishal-nayak-in-fear-files/articleshow/20210694.cms|title=Preet Kaur & husband Vishal Nayak in Fear Files - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=22 May 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ankita-karanvir-sara-rubina-to-groove-in-sapne-suhane-/articleshow/18063164.cms|title=Ankita, Karanvir, Sara, Rubina to groove in Sapne Suhane... - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=17 January 2013 }}</ref> Preet also worked in a film [[Yeh Jo Mohabbat Hai]] in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-news/first-look-yeh-jo-mohabbat-hai/|title=First Look: Yeh Jo Mohabbat Hai}}</ref>

==Filmography==

===Television===
* [[Sabki Laadli Bebo]] as Geet Malhotra
* [[Ram Milaayi Jodi]] as Sweety
* [[Tum Dena Saath Mera (Life OK)|Tum Dena Saath Mera]] as Riya Oberoi
* [[Mrs. Kaushik Ki Paanch Bahuein]] as Ria Kaushik
* [[Fear Files: Darr Ki Sacchi Tasvirein]]
* [[Savdhaan India]] as Sujata
* [[Chakravartin Ashoka Samrat]] as Queen Subrasi
* [[Dil Deke Dekho (TV series)|Dil Deke Dekho]] as Simran Chopra
* [[Mayavi Maling]] as Queen Dharini
* [[Vikram Betaal Ki Rahasya Gatha]] as [[Renuka]]
* [[Muskaan (TV series)|Muskaan]] as Tara
* [[Jag Janani Maa Vaishno Devi - Kahani Mata Rani Ki]] as Kadika
* [[Imlie]] as Rupali Tripathi
* ''[[Kumkum Bhagya]]'' as Deepika Vikrant Malhotra
* [[Binddii]] as Advocate Damini Thakur

===Films===
* [[Yeh Jo Mohabbat Hai]] (2012)
* [[Apni Boli Apna Des]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=A settled married life was something she truly desired: Preet Kaur Nayak on Pratyusha Banerjee |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/a-settled-married-life-was-something-she-truly-desired-preet-kaur-nayak-on-pratyusha-banerjee/articleshow/99164646.cms |website=The Times of India|date=April 2023 }}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web |title=Preet Kaur Madhan to Replace Devanshi Vyas in Dangal TV show 'Pyar ki Luka Chuppi' |url=https://www.indiaforums.com/article/preet-kaur-madhan-to-replace-devanshi-vyas-in-dangal-tv-show-pyar-ki-luka-chuppi_167349?ri=3&rv=10483 |website=India Forums}}</ref>

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|6308378}}
*{{Facebook|preetkaurnayak}}
*{{Instagram|preetkaurnayak}}
*[https://twitter.com/preetknayak Preet Kaur Nayak] on [[Twitter]]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kaur Madhan, Preet}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]

{{India-tv-actor-stub}}

Tarakeshwara

2026-01-28T10:45:20Z

Hiya singh: created some stub w/ sources

{{short description|Form of the Hindu god Shiva in his role as a psychopomp}}
{{other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
'''Tarakeshwara''' or '''Tarakeshvara''' ({{langx|sa|तारकेश्वर}}, ''Tārakeśvara''; [[Hindi]]: ''Tārkeśvar'') is a form of the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] [[Hindu pantheon|god]] [[Shiva]] in his role as a [[psychopomp]], a ferryman or deliverer of the soul into [[moksha|freedom from rebirth]] (''moksha'').{{sfnp|Bjorg|2014|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=b0WRBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT27 27]}}
__NOTOC__

[[Category:Liminal deities]]
[[Category:Liminal gods]]

==Temples==
* [[Manikarnika Ghat]], [[Benares]]
* [[Tarakeshwara Temple|Hangal]], [[Karnataka]]
* [[Taraknath Temple]], [[West Bengal]]

The temples are connected to the "Taraka", the "ferryboat [[mantra]]"{{sfnp|Bowker|1991|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=B2HgZ325ANUC&pg=PA165 165]}} or "mantra of the crossing"{{sfnp|Eck|1982|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=2LgO6TJhFDwC&pg=PT440 440–1]}} believed to guide the spirit of the dying to ''moksha''.{{sfnp|Eck|1982|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=2LgO6TJhFDwC&pg=PT330 330]}} One Shivite form of the prayer is ''Om Sri Rama Jaya Rama Jaya Jaya Rama'' ("''[[Om]]'', Victory to God with his ''[[shakti]]'', victory, victory to God"), supposedly taught by Shiva to his wife [[Parvati]].{{sfnp|Keshavadas|1976|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3XIatVGyjmQC&pg=PA15 15–17]}}{{sfnp|Ashley-Farrand|1999|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zbKv3Jk-3YQC&pg=PA148 148]}} Another is ''Rām-Rāmāya Namaḥ'', taught by [[Yajnavalkya]] to [[Bharadvaja]] in the [[Ramottaratapaniya Upanishad|Ramottaratapaniya]] [[Upanishad]].{{sfnp|Jackson|1994|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=CZBnppBQgOsC&pg=PA76 76, n. 4]}}{{refn|group=n|There are still other forms which vary according to sect and the god of the devotee.{{sfnp|Dhavamony|1982|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=DD0w_IMFA8gC&pg=PA413 413]}}}} Supposedly, one dying in the temple at Benares hears Shiva himself reciting one of these mantras.{{sfnp|Eck|1982|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=2LgO6TJhFDwC&pg=PT441 441]}}

==See also==
* [[Shaivism]]
* [[Moksha]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=n}}

==References==
===Citations===
{{reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
* {{citation |last=Ashley-Farrand |first=Thomas |title=Healing Mantras |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zbKv3Jk-3YQC&pg=PP1 |publisher=Ballantine Wellspring for Random House |location=New York |date=1999 |isbn=9780307556615 }}.
* {{citation |author=Bjorg Bjarnadottir |ref={{harvid|Bjorg|2014}} |date=2014 |isbn=978-1-4828-4051-3 |publisher=Partridge India |title=Transfer in Kashi and the River of Time }}.
* {{citation |last=Bowker |first=John Westerdale |authorlink=John Bowker (theologian) |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=1991 |isbn=0-521-39117-2 |location=[[Cambridge, England|Cambridge]] |title=The Meanings of Death |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B2HgZ325ANUC&pg=PP1 }}.
* {{citation |last=Dhavamony |first=Mariasusai |series=''Documenta Missionalia'', No. 15 |title=Classical Hinduism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DD0w_IMFA8gC&pg=PP1 |location=Rome |publisher=Gregorian University Press |date=1982 |isbn=9788876524820 }}.
* {{citation |last=Eck |first=Diana L. |title=Banaras: City of Light |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf |location=New York |date=1982 |isbn=978-0-307-83295-5 }}.
* {{citation |last=Jackson |first=William Joseph |title=Tyāgarāja and the Renewal of Tradition: Translations and Reflections |date=1994 |publisher=Motilal Bandarsidass |isbn=81-208-1146-1 |location=Delhi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CZBnppBQgOsC&pg=PP1 }}.
* {{citation |last=Keshavadas |first=Sadguru Sant |title=Ramayana at a Glance |publisher=Motilal Bandarsidass |location=Delhi |date=1976 |isbn=81-208-0545-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3XIatVGyjmQC&pg=PP1 }}.

[[Category:Forms of Shiva]]
[[Category:Psychopomps]]

{{Hindu-deity-stub}}

Charu Roy

2026-01-22T13:18:35Z

Hiya singh: New A Post

{{Short description|Indian film director and actor}}

{{More citations needed|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Charu Roy
| image = Charu Roy, and Seeta Devi in the 1929 film, Prapancha Pasha (A Throw of Dice), directed by Franz Osten.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = 6 September 1890<ref name="wikidata">{{cite web |title=Charu Roy – Wikidata |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22212814 |publisher=Wikidata |access-date=21 November 2025}}</ref>
| birth_place = Berhampore, Bengal Presidency, [[British India]]
| death_date = 28 September 1971<ref name="wikidata"/>
| death_place = Calcutta, West Bengal, India
| occupation = Film director, actor, painter
| years_active = (लगभग) 1920s–1930s (silent & early sound)
| known_for = Bangalee (1936), [[Shiraz (film)|Shiraz]] (1928)<ref name="guardian">{{cite web |last=Bradshaw |first=Peter |title=Shiraz: A Romance of India review – 90-year-old epic stands test of time |website=The Guardian |date=February 2018 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2018/feb/01/shiraz-a-romance-of-india-review |access-date=21 November 2025}}</ref>
}}

'''Charu Roy''' (6 September 1890 – 28 September 1971) was an [[List of Indian film directors|Indian film director]], actor, painter, and cultural figure active during the silent and early sound eras of Indian (especially Bengali) cinema.<ref name="bfi">{{cite web |title=Charu Roy |website=British Film Institute |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/ |access-date=21 November 2025}}</ref>

Born in Berhampore (now in West Bengal), Roy studied geology and graduated from Presidency College, Calcutta. He was also a painter, cartoonist, and writer, deeply involved in the Bengal School of Art.

== Career ==
Roy worked as an actor, director, costume designer, and art director. As actor, he acted in the silent film [[Shiraz (film)|Shiraz]] (1928) playing Prince Khurram (later Emperor Shah Jahan).<ref name="movienation">{{cite web |last=Moore |first=Roger |title=Silent Film Review: "Shiraz: A Romance of India (1928)" |website=Movie Nation |date=9 August 2020 |url=https://rogersmovienation.com/2020/08/09/silent-film-review-shiraz-a-romance-of-india-1928/ |access-date=21 November 2025}}</ref><ref name="filmreviewdaily">{{cite web |last=Stimpson |first=Mansel |title=Shiraz: A Romance of India |website=Film Review Daily |url=https://www.filmreviewdaily.com/all-reviews/shiraz-a-romance-of-india |access-date=21 November 2025}}</ref>

As director: He directed many films, including Bigraha, Kuhu-o-Keka, Bangalee (1936), and Pathik (1939).<ref name="book">{{cite book |last=Rajadhyaksha |first=Ashish |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |page=174}}</ref>

Beyond cinema, Roy was a painter trained in the Kalighat style and contributed to Bengali modern art. He was also a cartoonist for prominent Bengali publications.
==Personal life==
He married Maya Roy in 1919, and they had at least one son, Mukul.
Later in life, he continued his artistic work despite financial challenges, and passed away in Calcutta in 1971.

==Filmography==

=== As director ===

* Loves of a Mughal Prince (1928)
* Bigraha (1930)
* Swami (1931)
* Chorekanta (1931)
* Rajnati Basantsena
* Diljani (1935)
* Daku Ka Ladka (1935)
* Kuhu-o-Keka (1936)
* Graher Pher (1936)
* Bangalee (1936)
* Pathik (1939)<ref name="indiancine">{{cite web |title=Charu Roy Filmography |website=IndianCine.ma |url=https://indiancine.ma |access-date=21 November 2025}}</ref>

=== As actor ===

* [[Shiraz (film)|Shiraz film]] (1928)<ref>{{cite web |title=Restoring the romance of India |website=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/restoring-the-romance-of-india/article19966860.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208155602/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/restoring-the-romance-of-india/article19966860.ece |archive-date=8 December 2022 |access-date=21 November 2025 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[A Throw of Dice]] (1929)
* Loves of a Moghul Prince (1928)

==Legacy ==
Charu Roy is remembered as a pioneer in blending visual art with early Indian cinema. His film Bangalee is noted for its realist portrayal of middle-class Bengali life.<ref name="jstor">{{cite journal |last=Datta |first=Rahul |title=Early Masters of Indian Silent Cinema |journal=Journal of South Asian Film History |year=2011 |pages=45–52}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1890 births]]
[[Category:1971 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian film directors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Bengali artists]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Roy, Charu}}

Khejarla

2026-01-12T01:09:08Z

Hiya singh: Put Up

{{Short description|Village in Rajasthan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Khejarla
| native_name = Khejadla
| native_name_lang = Marwadi
| settlement_type = Village
| subdivision_type = Gram Panchayat
| subdivision_name = Khejarla
| subdivision_type1 = Tehsil
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Rajasthan|District]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type4 = Country
| subdivision_type5 = [[List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Assembly constituency]]
| subdivision_type6 = [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituency]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bilara]]
| subdivision_name2 = Jodhpur Rural
| subdivision_name3 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_name4 = {{flag|india}}
| subdivision_name5 = [[Bilara Assembly constituency]]
| subdivision_name6 = [[Pali Lok Sabha constituency|Pali parliamentary constituency]]
| blank1_name_sec1 = Official language
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Hindi]]
| blank_info_sec1 = [[Marwari language|Marwadi]]
| blank_name_sec1 = Vernacular language
| registration_plate = RJ-19 / RJ-54
| postal_code_type = Pin Code
| postal_code = 342601
| government_type = [[Gram Panchayat]]
| leader_title = Sarpanch (Village head)
| leader_name = Mahendra
| area_code = 02930
| area_code_type = Telephone Code
| blank_name_sec2 = Assembly MLA
| blank_info_sec2 = Heera Ram Meghwal
| blank1_name_sec2 = Parliament MP
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[P. P. Choudhary]]
| postal2_code_type = Post office
| postal2_code = Khejarla
| length_km = 5
| width_km = 7
| area_total_ha = 3781
| population_total = 7472
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rural = 7472
| image_skyline = Bhesad Mata Temple.jpg
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-point = none
| coordinates = {{coord|26|19|48|N|73|40|55|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map = Rajasthan#India#World
| elevation_m = 302
| iso_code = RJ-IN
| demographics_type1 = Transport Connectivity
| demographics1_title1 = [[List of railway stations in India|Nearby Railway Station]]
| demographics1_info1 = Bhawi Railway Station
| demographics1_title2 = [[List of airports in Rajasthan|Nearest Airport]]
| demographics1_info2 = [[Jodhpur Airport]]
| demographics_type2 = Crops
| demographics2_title1 = [[Kharif crop|Kharif]]
| demographics2_info1 = Bajra, Maije, Jawar, Groundnut
| demographics2_title2 = [[Rabi crop|Rabi]]
| demographics2_info2 = Barley, Wheat, Gram, Pulses, Mustard
| extinct_title = Nearby City
| extinct_date = [[Bilara]], [[Pipar]] and [[Borunda]]
| image_caption = Bhesad Mata Mandir, Khejarla
}}
'''Khejarla''' is a village in [[Bilara]] Tehsil of [[Jodhpur district|Jodhpur]] District.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhopalgarh Tehsil Map |url=https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/map/ac_maps//AM126.pdf |website=Rajasthan E-governance}}</ref> It has its own [[gram panchayat]], and is a hotspot of tourists and [[Rajasthani people|Rajasthani]] culture.There are is an ancient fort and an old temple which is known as the [[Bhesad Mata Temple]]. The fort, currently operated as a hotel, was constructed in 1611 A.D. by Maharaja Gopal Das Ji.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Khejarla Fort Jodhpur – Must Visit Heritage Attraction in Jodhpur, Rajasthan |url=https://www.tourmyindia.com/states/rajasthan/khejarla-fort-jodhpur.html |access-date=2023-11-15 |website=www.tourmyindia.com}}</ref> Most of the local population of the village is engaged in [[Subsistence agriculture|subsistence farming]]. The village's terrain is rich in limestone and marble. Major nearby cities include [[Bilara]], [[Pipar City|Pipar]] and [[Borunda]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=पोर्टल, राजस्थान सरकार |url=https://jodhpur.rajasthan.gov.in/jankalyan-category-and-entry-type/42/48/79 |access-date=2023-10-17 |website=jodhpur.rajasthan.gov.in}}</ref>

== Festivals ==
During [[Navaratri|Navratri]] days, a fair is organized in which a huge crowd gathers. This fair has been held for many years. People come to this fair from long distances to have darshan of [[Bhesad Mata Temple|Bhesad Mata]].

== Khejarla fort ==
{{Infobox historic site
| name = Khejarla Fort
| image = Khejarla Fort.jpg
| coordinates = {{coord|26|19|41|N|73|40|52|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline}}
| caption = Fort Khejarla front view
| location = Khejarla, [[Bilara]], [[Jodhpur]]
| elevation = 302
| area = 3 Acre
| visitors_num = 780
| visitors_year = 2023
| formed = 1611 A.D.
| founded = Maharajah Gopal Das Ji
| website = {{URL | 1=https://jodhpurfortkhejarla.com/ | 2=www.jodhpurfortkhejarla.com}}
}}
'''Khejarla Fort''' is an ancient fort and heritage site<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tourism Department of Rajasthan Government |url=https://www.tourism.rajasthan.gov.in/jodhpur.html}}</ref> which is located in Khejarla village of [[Bilara]] tehsil of [[Jodhpur]] district in [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Heritage Hotel in Jodhpur, Fort Khejarla Jodhpur |url=https://jodhpurfortkhejarla.com/ |access-date=2023-11-15 |language=en-US}}</ref> This Fort was constructed in 1611 A.D. by Maharaja Gopal Das Ji. This fort is witness of old cultue of rajasthan and its locality.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Khejarla Fort Jodhpur - Fort Khejarla History Rooms Tariff Images |url=https://www.rajasthandirect.com/tourism/forts-and-monuments/khejarla-fort-jodhpur |access-date=2023-11-15 |website=Rajasthan Direct}}</ref> This fort is attraction for foreigners who visits rajasthan. This fort is made from jodhpuri red sand stone.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Khejarla Fort Jodhpur – Must Visit Heritage Attraction in Jodhpur, Rajasthan |url=https://www.tourmyindia.com/states/rajasthan/khejarla-fort-jodhpur.html |access-date=2023-11-15 |website=www.tourmyindia.com}}</ref> Currently this fort is maintained by Thakur Dileep Singh.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guru |first=Shubha|title=Fort Khejarla |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/jodhpur/fort-khejarla/ps53722413.cms |access-date=2023-11-15 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-12 |title=Khejarla Fort Jodhpur History In Hindi {{!}} खेजड़ला फोर्ट के बारे में जानकारी |url=https://historyofindia1.com/khejarla-fort-jodhpur-history-in-hindi/ |access-date=2025-05-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912100606/https://historyofindia1.com/khejarla-fort-jodhpur-history-in-hindi/ |archive-date=2022-09-12}}</ref>

== Agriculture ==
The local agriculture largely depends on rain, with few farmers using a [[tube well]] due to the low [[water level]]. Villagers prefer farming during the months of June and July. Crops used in Khejarla include [[Millet]], [[Cumin]], [[Mustard plant|Mustard]], [[Wheat]], and [[Moong]].

== Colony ==
Colonies of this village include:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Khejarla Village Population - Bilara - Jodhpur, Rajasthan |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/85754-khejarla-rajasthan.html |access-date=2023-10-17 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>
{{plainlist|
* New Bus Stand
* Kumharo ka baas
* Jaato ka baas
* old bus Stand
}}

== Schools and hospitals ==
In Khejarla, there are several state owned schools as well as [[private school]]s and hospitals.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9NYgAQAAMAAJ&q=khejarla+village |title=Indian Journal of Zoology |date=1973 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Schools ===
These schools are RBSE affiliated.{{plainlist|
* Government Senior Secondary School, Khejarla
* Sumer School, Khejarla
* Tagore School, Khejarla
* Dayanand saraswati School, Khejarla
}}

=== Hospitals ===
State owned and private hospitals are spread throughout the village, although for major treatment they are depend on nearby major cities like [[Bilara]] and [[Pipar City|Piper]].{{plainlist|
* Government hospital
* Ashok Medical
* Jaato ka baas
* old bus Stand
}}

== Nearby villages ==
Khejarla as a gram panchayat covers the following villages under its administration:
{{plainlist|* Ghanamangra
* [[Ghodawat]]
* Ransigaon
* Birawas
* Hariyada
* Roonkiya
* Chirdhani
* [[Raniwal (Rajasthan)|Raniwal]]
* Pichiyak
* Khariya Mithapur
* Khariya Aanawas
* Jhurli
* Ber Kalan
* Prithvipura
* Garniya
* Bhavi
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Jodhpur district}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Villages in Jodhpur district]]

Sushil Kumar Singh (politician)

2026-01-04T22:09:25Z

Hiya singh: revised

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1963)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sushil Kumar Singh
| office = Former [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member]] of the [[India Parliament]] for [[Aurangabad (Bihar Lok Sabha constituency)|Aurangabad, Bihar]]
| image = File:Sushil Kumar Singh.jpg
| caption =
| constituency = [[Aurangabad (Bihar Lok Sabha constituency)|Aurangabad, Bihar]]
| predecessor = [[Nikhil Kumar (governor)|Nikhil Kumar]]
| successor = [[Abhay Kushwaha]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1963|06|27}}
| birth_place = [[Aurangabad, Bihar]]
| otherparty = [[Janata Dal United]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Arti Singh|1987}}
| alma_mater = [[Anugrah Narayan College]]
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| image_size = 250
| term_start = 2009
| term_end = 2024
| children = 3 (2 sons, 1 daughter)
}}

'''Sushil Kumar Singh''' (born 27 June 1963) is an Indian politician and former [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] in the 16th Lok Sabha from [[Aurangabad (Bihar) (Lok Sabha constituency)|Aurangabad Lok Sabha constituency]] in Bihar. He has been elected as a Member of Parliament in the 12th Lok Sabha<ref>[http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/lok12/biodata/12bi40.htm Parliament of India]</ref> and the 15th Lok Sabha.<ref>[http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/Biography.aspx?mpsno=3928 Lok Sabha]</ref> He is a member of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], which is ruling party in the [[Parliament of India|Indian Parliament]]. He was a member of the Standing committee on Coal and Steel, Committee on Public Undertakings and Committee on Petitions.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=3928 |title = Members : Lok Sabha}}</ref> and Consultative Committee of Ministry of Road, Transport and Highways in the 17th Lok Sabha.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://mpa.gov.in/about-us/consultative-committee/compositions-of-committees/23 | title=Compositions of Committees | Ministry OF Parliamentary Affairs, Government of India }}</ref> He joined [[Bhartiya Janata Party]] on 7 March 2014 in presence of [[Rajnath Singh]]. Earlier he was associated with Janata Dal (United), the ruling party in the state of Bihar.

In [[2024 Indian general election]], he lost the [[Aurangabad, Bihar Lok Sabha constituency]] to the RJD leader Abhay Kumar Sinha with margin of 79111 votes.

== Early life ==
He was born in [[Aurangabad district, Bihar|Aurangabad]] to Ramnaresh Singh (Lutan singh) and Pushpalata Singh. He completed his early schooling from Gate School (A N High School), Aurangabad, and then enrolled at [[Banaras Hindu University]] for his pre-University studies. He graduated in political science from [[Anugrah Narayan College]], [[Patna]], [[Magadh University]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/members/former_Biography.aspx?mpsno=3928 |title=Lok Sabha |website=164.100.47.132 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407073808/http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/members/former_Biography.aspx?mpsno=3928 |archive-date=2014-04-07}} </ref>

== Election results ==
{{Election box begin|title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Aurangabad, Bihar]]<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2014/33%20-%20Constituency%20wise%20detailed%20result.pdf | title=General Election of India 2014, Constituencywise detail result|publisher=Election Commission of India |accessdate=2015-09-23 |page=80}}</ref><ref name=web-arch-turnout>{{cite web|title=Parliamentary Constituency wise Turnout for General Election - 2014 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm |publisher=ECI New Delhi |accessdate=2015-09-23 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606003137/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm |archivedate=6 June 2014 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Sushil Kumar Singh|votes=307941|percentage=39.16|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Nikhil Kumar (governor)|Nikhil Kumar]]|votes=241594|percentage=30.72|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Janata Dal (United)|candidate=[[Bagi Kumar Verma]]|votes=136137|percentage=17.31|change=|}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=17454|percentage=2.22%|change=|}}

{{Election box majority|votes=66,347|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=786274|percentage=51.19|change=|}}
{{Election box gain with party link||winner=Bharatiya Janata Party|loser=Janata Dal (United)|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{16th LS members from Bihar}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Sushil Kumar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Bihar]]
[[Category:India MPs 1998–1999]]
[[Category:India MPs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:People from Aurangabad district, Bihar]]
[[Category:India MPs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Janata Dal (United) politicians]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:Samata Party politicians]]
[[Category:India MPs 2019–2024]]
{{17th LS members from Bihar}}

[[Category:Indian Hindus]]

{{Bihar-BJP-politician-stub}}

Nandita Patkar

2025-12-24T09:48:58Z

Hiya singh: put up initial details added tags

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nandita Patkar
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1982|03|16|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Pune, Maharashtra]], India
| spouse =
| relatives =
| yearsactive = 2014–present
| occupation = [[Actress]]
}}

'''Nandita Patkar''' (born 16 March 1982)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-03-19 |title=Nandita celebrates the spindle's birthday |url=https://www.lokmat.com/fashion/nandita-celebrates-spindles-birthday/ |access-date= |website=LOKMAT |language=mr}}</ref> is an Indian actress, who appears in [[Marathi language|Marathi]] movies. She has appeared in [[List of Marathi cinema actresses|Marathi]] films and TV serials. Her first film was ''[[Elizabeth Ekadashi]]'' released in 2014. For Her Performance in the film she received Nomination at [[Filmfare Awards Marathi]] in the category of [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Marathi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-04-03 |title=Here's why Marathi cinema is doing better than Bollywood |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/article/here-s-why-marathi-cinema-is-doing-better-than-bollywood-16111160 |access-date= |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Nandita was born on 16 March 1982 in [[Pune|Pune, Maharashtra]]. She completed her bachelor's degree at [[D. G. Ruparel College of Arts, Science and Commerce]].

== Career ==
Nandita started her career as [[Radio personality|RJ]] in [[All India Radio]] for Marathi programmes. She also worked as voice artist in various educational projects. After that, she joined theatre.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-03-09 |title=Did you know Nandita Patkar was a radio jockey before she ventured into acting? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/did-you-know/did-you-know-nandita-patkar-was-a-radio-jockey-before-she-ventured-into-acting/articleshow/81411965.cms?from=mdr |access-date= |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Nandita was made her first debut in the with film ''[[Elizabeth Ekadashi]]'' in 2014. She has made a significant mark in the Marathi film industry with roles in notable films like ''[[Khari Biscuit]]'', ''Baba'', ''[[Lalbaugchi Rani]]'' and ''Daaravtha''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-07-21 |title=Nandita is excited about her next outing Baba |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/nandita-is-excited-about-her-next-outing-baba/articleshow/70320206.cms?from=mdr |access-date= |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Renowned for her lead role as Laxmi in [[Zee Marathi|Zee Marathi's]] ''[[Majhe Pati Saubhagyawati]]'' and her contribution to [[Colors Marathi|Colors Marathi's]] ''[[Tu Majha Saangaati]]''. Alongside her film career, Nandita has also showcased her talent in theatre productions, including performances in ''Baya Daar Ughad, Aranya Kiran, Amchya Hi’ch Prakaran'' and ''Var Khali Don Paay''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-01-24 |title=Amchya Hicha Prakaran's 150th show soon |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/theatre/amchya-hicha-prakarans-150th-show-soon/articleshow/67670604.cms?from=mdr |access-date= |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

She is the Recipient of [[Zee Chitra Gaurav Puraskar for Best Supporting Actress]] for film ''Khari Biscuit''.

She has appeared in the Marathi serial ''[[Sahkutumb Sahparivar]]'' on [[Star Pravah]], where she played the character of Sarita.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-05 |title=upcoming marathi serial Sahakutumba sahaparivar sunil barve nandita patker work in lead role , Entertainment Marathi News - Hindustan Times Marathi |url=https://marathi.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/story-upcoming-marathi-serial-sahakutumba-sahaparivar-sunil-barve-nandita-patker-work-in-lead-role-1830297.html |access-date= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305071442/https://marathi.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/story-upcoming-marathi-serial-sahakutumba-sahaparivar-sunil-barve-nandita-patker-work-in-lead-role-1830297.html |archive-date=5 March 2021 }}</ref> Now, she appears in film ''[[Panchak]]'' as Kaveri.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= 26 October 2023|title=Madhuri Dixit produces her first Marathi film 'Panchak' |url=https://punemirror.com/entertainment/MarathiEntertainment/madhuri-dixit-produces-her-first-marathi-film-panchak/cid1698315929.htm |access-date= |website=punemirror.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Ref.
|-
|2014
|''[[Elizabeth Ekadashi]]''
|Dnyanesh's mother
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2015
|''Pashbandh''
|
|
|-
|''Daaravtha''
|Vatsala Borkar
|
|-
|''[[Rangaa Patangaa]]''
|Noor
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2016
|''[[Lalbaugchi Rani]]''
|Paaro
|
|-
|''Kachru Mazha Bappa''
|Khirani
|
|-
|2018
|''[[Ani... Dr. Kashinath Ghanekar]]''
|Dr. Irawati Ghanekar
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
|''Baba''
|Anandi
|
|-
|''Khari Biscuit''
|Mai
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
|''Butter Chicken''
|Suman
|
|-
|''[[Baalbhaarti]]''
|Sunita Desai
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-25 |title=Maharashtra Chief Minister Shri Eknath Shinde Praises Marathi Movie 'Baalbharti' - The Live Nagpur |url=https://thelivenagpur.com/2022/11/25/maharashtra-chief-minister-shri-eknath%ef%bf%bcshinde-praises-marathi-movie-baalbharti/ |access-date=2024-01-05 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''[[Panchak]]''
|Kaveri
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Web |first=Statesman |date=2024-01-02 |title=Madhuri Dixit produces Marathi film 'Panchak', hits theaters Jan 5 |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/madhuri-dixit-produces-marathi-film-panchak-hits-theaters-jan-5-1503255478.html |access-date= |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|''Samsara''
|Doctor
|
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Ref.
|-
|2015-2016
|''[[Majhe Pati Saubhagyawati]]''
|Laxmi Malvankar
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-09-26 |title=Nandita Patkar and Vaibhav Mangle Majhe Pati Saubhagyawati |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/majhe-pati-saubhagyawati-serial-on-zee-marathi-1144499/ |access-date= |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|2020-2023
|''[[Sahkutumb Sahparivar]]''
|Sarita More
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=उत्तम केमिस्ट्री असली की ते सीन्स खूप खरे वाटतात: नंदिता पाटकर |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/television-news/nandita-patkar-interview-for-upcoming-tv-show-sahakutumb-sahaparivar/articleshow/74212602.cms |access-date= |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name| id=6917491}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patkar, Nandita}}
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Pune]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Marathi actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi television]]

Cnemaspis maculicollis

2025-12-16T04:00:14Z

Hiya singh: New New Data

{{Short description|Species of lizard}}
{{speciesbox
| genus = Cnemaspis
| species = maculicollis
| authority = Cyria, Johny, Umesh, & Palot, 2018
| synonyms =
}}
'''''Cnemaspis maculicollis''''' is a species of [[gecko]] found in [[India]].<ref name="The Reptile Database">{{cite web|url=http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Cnemaspis&species=maculicollis&search_param=%28%28search%3D%27Cnemaspis+maculicollis%27%29%29|title=Cnemaspis maculicollis|website=The Reptile Database|accessdate=2018-12-17}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q63375194}}

[[Category:Endemic reptiles of India]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 2018]]

{{gecko-stub}}

Mamda mandal

2025-12-13T06:03:36Z

Hiya singh: put up some info w/ sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mamda
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = telugu
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Telangana#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in telangana, India
| coordinates = {{coord|19.1000|N|78.5333|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[nirmaldistrict|Nirmal]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 4.5
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 348
| population_total = 6000
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 504310
| registration_plate = TS-18
| website = {{URL|telangana.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Mamda''' is a [[Subdivisions of India|Mandal]] in [[Nirmal district]] in the state of [[Telangana]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://panchayat.gov.in/adminreps/viewpansumr.asp?selstate=0219000000&pno=1&ptype=B
|title=Mandals in Adilabad district
|publisher=Panchayat Informatics Division
|accessdate=2007-02-28
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070327185343/http://panchayat.gov.in/adminreps/viewpansumr.asp?selstate=0219000000&pno=1&ptype=B
|archivedate=2007-03-27
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> It is one of the largest villages in the district. It has deccan grameena bank and it is situated on the banks of village lake. The village climate remains cool and pleasant due to nearby mountains full of trees. Mamda has famous hanuman temple and newly constructed Sri Venkateshvara temple which lord's idol inaugurated by our honourable minister shri [[Allola Indrakaran Reddy]]. It is 19 km from [[Nirmal]].

==Demographics==
{{update|section|date=February 2012}}
According to [[Indian census]], 2001, the demographic details of Mamda mandal is as follows:<ref>[http://www.ourvillageindia.org/Place.aspx?PID=3637 Mamda mandal at Our Village India.org]</ref>
* Total Population: 28,921 in 6,185 Households.
* Male Population: 14,059 and Female Population: 14,862
* Children Under 6-years of age: 4,448 (Boys - 2,251 and Girls - 2,197)
* Total Literates: 9,655

==Villages==
The villages in Mamda mandal include: Ananthpet, Rayadhari, Dimmadurthy, Gayadpalle, Kamalkot, Kishanraopet, Koratikal, Mamda, Naldurthy,
New Sangvi, Parimandal, Ponkal, Potharam and Tandra.

== References ==
{{reflist}}{{Nirmal district}}
[[Category:Mandal headquarters in Nirmal district]]
[[Category:Villages in Nirmal district]]

Brahmani River (Dwarka)

2025-12-09T23:46:22Z

Hiya singh: New Place

{{For|river of same name in Orissa|Brahmani river}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Brahmani River
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| name_other =
| name_etymology =

| image = File:Brahmani River.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = Brahmani River
| map =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_size =
| pushpin_map_caption=

| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[India]]
| subdivision_type2 = State
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jharkhand]], [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
| subdivision_type4 =
| subdivision_name4 =
| subdivision_type5 = Cities
| subdivision_name5 = [[Dumka]], [[Rampurhat]]

| length =
| width_min =
| width_avg =
| width_max =
| depth_min =
| depth_avg =
| depth_max =
| discharge1_location= [[Dwarka River]]
| discharge1_min =
| discharge1_avg =
| discharge1_max =

| source1 =
| source1_location = [[Kathikund]], [[Dumka]], [[Santhal Parganas]]
| source1_coordinates=
| source1_elevation =
| mouth =
| mouth_location =
| mouth_coordinates =
| mouth_elevation =
| progression =
| river_system =
| basin_size =
| tributaries_left =
| tributaries_right =
| custom_label =
| custom_data =
| extra =
}}

The '''Brahmani River''' is a tributary of the [[Dwarka River]].

==Course==
The Brahmani originates in the [[Santhal Parganas]] in [[Jharkhand]] and then flows through [[Birbhum district]], bisecting [[Rampurhat subdivision]]. It finally flows through [[Murshidabad district]], where it joins the Dwarka River.<ref>O’Malley, L.S.S., ICS, ''Birbhum'', ''Bengal District Gazetteers'', p. 5, 1995 reprint, Government of West Bengal</ref>

It is a hill stream with beds full of pebbles and yellow clay.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://murshidabad.gov.in/people.htm |title=Murshidabad |access-date=2009-08-19 |publisher=District administration |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090305203942/http://murshidabad.gov.in/people.htm |archive-date=2009-03-05 }}</ref>

==Baidhara barrage==
Baidhara [[barrage (dam)|barrage]] on the Brahmani has a capacity of {{convert|440|acre-ft|m3|order=flip|lk=out}},<ref>{{cite web | url =http://wbplan.gov.in/htm/HumanDev/docs/DHDR_Birbhum/CHP-5.pdf | title =Poverty and Vulnerability | access-date =2010-06-15 | work =Vulnerability due to flood | publisher =Human Development Report: Birbhum | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20100807000051/http://wbplan.gov.in/htm/humandev/docs/DHDR_Birbhum/CHP-5.pdf | archive-date =2010-08-07 | url-status =dead }}</ref>

==Gallery==
{{wide image|Brahmani River panaromic view.jpg|1000px|align-cap=center|Brahmani River panoramic view}}

==See also==
*[[Santhal Parganas]]
*[[List of rivers of India]]

{{Portal bar|India|Environment|Rivers|Ecology}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Hydrography of Jharkhand}}
{{Rivers in and around Bengal}}

{{Coord|24.2775500|N|87.8339300|E|source:yahoomap_region:IN-WB|format=dms|display=title}}

[[Category:Rivers of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Rivers of West Bengal]]

{{WestBengal-geo-stub}}
{{India-river-stub}}

New Jalpaiguri–Malda Town Express

2025-12-07T02:11:45Z

Hiya singh:

{{Short description|Train belonging to Indian Railways}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = New Jalpaiguri - Malda Town Express.
| image = Ministry of Railways India.svg
| caption =
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Express]]
| locale = [[West Bengal]], [[Bihar]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2020|11|02}}
| last =
| operator = [[Eastern Railway zone]]
| ridership =
| start = {{rws|New Jalpaiguri Junction}}
| stops = 24
| end = {{rws|Malda Town }}
| distance = {{convert|235|km|0|abbr=on}}
| frequency = Daily
| class = General unreserved Second sitting
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = No
| observation =
| entertainment =
| baggage =
| other facilities =
| stock = Standard [[Indian Railways]] Coaches
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 15710 / 15709
| speed = {{convert|46|km/h|0|abbr=on}}
| map =
| map_state =
}}
The 15709 / 10 '''New Jalpaiguri Malda Town Express'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=New Jalpaiguri Malda Town Express Express|url=http://amp.indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-new-jalpaiguri-malda-town-express-15710/14043/444/441|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref> is an [[Superfast Express trains in India|Express]] train belonging to [[Indian Railways]] [[Eastern Railway zone]] that runs between {{rws|New Jalpaiguri Junction}} and {{rws|Malda Town }} of [[West Bengal]] in India.<ref> {{Cite web|title=RESTORATION OF MALDA TOWN - NEW JALPAIGURI EXPRESS|url=https://er.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=4594&did=164337331259022979547F7D707D86A9926717E388026|website=indianrailways.gov.in}} </ref>

It operates as train number 15709 from {{rws|New Jalpaiguri Junction}} to {{rws|Malda Town }} and as train number 15710 in the reverse direction serving the state of [[West Bengal]] and [[Bihar]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=New Jalpaiguri Malda Town Express|url=https://runningstatus.in/status/15709|website=runningstatus in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=New Jalpaiguri Malda Town train Express |url=https://www.trainman.in/running-status/15709|website=www.trainman.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title =New Jalpaiguri Malda Town Express Train|url=https://railenquiry.in/mobile/|website=railenquiry.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=New Jalpaiguri Malda Express Train|url=https://www.gettraininfo.com/train/15709-295882|website=gettraininfo.com}}</ref>

==Route==
#'''[[New Jalpaiguri Junction railway station|New Jalpaiguri (Siliguri)]] (Starts)'''
# {{rws|Rangapani}}
# {{rws|Chattarhat}}
# {{rws|Dumdangi}}
# {{rws|Tin Mile Hat}}
# {{rws|Mangurjan}}
# {{rws|Aluabari Road Junction}}
# '''{{rws|Kishanganj}}'''
# {{rws|Kanki}}
# {{rws|Surja Kamal}}
# {{rws|Dalkhola}}
# {{rws|Telta}}
# {{rws|Sudhani}}
# '''{{rws|Barsoi Junction}}'''
# {{rws|Mukuria}}
# {{rws|Azamnagar Road}}
# {{rws|Khurial}}
# {{rws|Kumedpur}}
# {{rws|Harischandrapur}}
# {{rws|Bhaluka Road}}
# {{rws|Samsi}}
# {{rws|Kumarganj}}
# {{rws|Eklakhi}}
# {{rws|Adina}}
# {{rws|Old Malda Junction}}
# '''{{rws|Malda Town}} (Ends)'''

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Transport in Jalpaiguri]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Northeast Frontier Railway zone]]
[[Category:Transport in Maldah]]
[[Category:Transport in Siliguri]]

Biruduraju Ramaraju

2025-12-02T04:36:46Z

Hiya singh: New A Pg

{{Short description|Indian folklorist}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox writer
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| name = Biruduraju Ramaraju
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| birth_date = {{Birth date|1925|4|16|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Warangal district]], [[Hyderabad State]] (now [[Telangana]]), India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2010|2|8|1925|4|16|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Andhra Pradesh (1956–2014)|Andhra Pradesh]] (now [[Telangana]]), India
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'''Biruduraju Ramaraju''' (16 April 1925 – 8 February 2010) was an Indian writer, scholar and professor best known for his study of [[Telugu language|Telugu-language]] folklore.

Ramaraju had also been active in [[Hindutva|Hindu nationalist]] organizations. He was one of the main members of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS) in 1974. He became the Andhra Pradesh state President for the [[Vishva Hindu Parishad]] in 1980's and led the Ram Janmbhoomi Movement in 1984.
[[File:Meeting at Vishva Hindu Parishad, presided by Andhra Pradesh President, Biruduraju Rama Raju with vice- president G. Pulla Reddy.jpg|thumb|Meeting at Vishva Hindu Parishad, presided by Andhra Pradesh President, Biruduraju Ramaraju with vice- president G. Pulla Reddy at the organization.]]

==Life and career==
Ramaraju was born in a family of wealthy zamindars (landlords) in a remote village named Devunuru located in present-day [[Telangana]], India on 16 April 1925.<ref name="TNM">{{cite web|access-date=2022-05-03|title=Forgotten Telugu literary hero and Osmania's first PhD: Biruduraju Rama Raju|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/forgotten-telugu-literary-hero-and-osmania-s-first-phd-biruduraju-rama-raju-31044|date=12 July 2015|website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref><ref name="AB">{{cite news|access-date=2022-05-04|title=తెలుగు జానపద గేయ సాహిత్యం ( బిరుదురాజు రామరాజు )|trans-title=Telugu folk song literature ( Biruduraju Ramaraju )|language=te|url=http://www.andhrabhoomi.net/content/vinamarugaina-348|work=[[Andhra Bhoomi]]|author=Gumma Sambasiva Rao}}</ref> He was able to complete his primary education in the village, but had to walk 14 km to [[Madikonda]], near [[Hanamkonda]] and now a part of the district centre of [[Warangal]], for his secondary schooling.<ref name="TH">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/Bridging-the-language-divide/article16366695.ece|title= Bridging the language divide |date=April 14, 2010|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> During the 1940s, Ramaraju got involved in politics, dabbling in the [[Arya Samaj]] and the [[Andhra Mahasabha]] as well as participating in the [[Indian independence movement]], culminating in his imprisonment for three months in 1947 for his participation in one of Gandhi's [[satyagraha]]s.<ref name="TH"/><ref name="TNIE">{{cite news|access-date=2022-05-04|title=CP Brown Academy award for folkore veteran|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2009/jun/09/cp-brown-academy-award-for-folkore-veteran-55972.html|work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> Although he wished to attend the [[London School of Economics]], his father's death later that year meant he had to stay home and take care of his family instead, but he was still determined to study his academic interests and decided to complete his higher education in-state.<ref name="TNM"/>

He studied up to the graduate level in [[Nizam College]] before joining [[Osmania University]] for his post-graduate studies, which he finished in 1951.<ref name="TH"/> In 1952 Ramaraju decided to study folklore and graduated with a PhD in Telugu folklore in 1956, being the first holder of a doctorate in Telugu language and literature at Osmania as well as reportedly the first holder of a PhD in folklore in all of South India, despite the disdain that other scholars and the university administration had for folk arts as a field of study.<ref name="TNM"/><ref name="TH"/> Despite winning a seat in parliament during the 1952 elections as a member of the [[Indian National Congress]], Ramaraju refused to take it up in order to continue with his folklore studies.

<ref name="TNM"/> "Telugu Janapada Geya Sahityamu" (Telugu Folk Song Literature), his doctoral dissertation, was first published in the late 1950s and later republished multiple times due to its importance, being considered the "Bible" of Telugu folklore studies.<ref name="TNM"/><ref name="AB"/> After seeing the poor state of [[palm-leaf manuscript]] preservation through an encounter he had with a priest in 1953, Ramaraju decided to research and collect them, travelling throughout the country to do so. He would get a Master of Arts and another PhD in Sanskrit during this process; his thesis, published as a book titled ''Contribution of Andhras to Sanskrit Literature'', which publicized the contribution of Telugu people to Telugu and Sanskrit literature in that period.<ref name="TNM"/><ref name="TH"/> He also became the first person to document the saints of Andhra Pradesh after seeing no recognition for them by previous scholars.<ref name="TNM"/> Additionally, he was also proficient in Urdu and edited an Urdu-Telugu dictionary, and also translated works by [[Sarat Chandra Chatterjee]] and [[Premchand]] into Telugu for the first time.<ref name="TNM"/><ref>{{cite web|access-date=2022-05-04|title=Highly Decorated Personalities|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Commoner/2017-12-16/Highly-Decorated-Personalities/345771|date=16 December 2017|website=[[The Hans India]]}}</ref> Ramaraju later become a professor at the Department of Telugu at Osmania, and would also serve as a visiting professor at over fifty universities in the country as well as given opportunities to travel abroad as part of cultural exchange projects.<ref name="TNM"/> In his later career, he would become dean of the department, publish numerous researcher papers and encyclopedia articles, and give talks on the radio before his retirement.<ref name="TNIE"/> In 1995, the Indian government granted him the title of [[National Research Professor]].<ref name="TNM"/>

Ramaraju died at his home in Hyderabad on 8 February 2010. [[Kakatiya University]] Telugu Department held a meeting to eulogize him, and his collection was donated to C P Brown Memorial Library in Kadapa.<ref name="TNM"/><ref name="TH"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=బిరుదురాజు రామరాజు |trans-title=Biruduraju Ramaraju |language=te |url=https://www.osmania.ac.in/telugu/eminents/biruduraju-ramaraju.pdf |publisher=[[Osmania University]] |access-date=4 May 2022 }}

[[Category:Indian folklorists]]
[[Category:1925 births]]
[[Category:2010 deaths]]

Vishvakarma

2025-11-30T08:30:25Z

Hiya singh: minor improve details for consistency additionally and updated info for accuracy

{{Short description|Hindu architect of the gods}}
{{about|the Hindu god|the Indian caste|Vishwakarma (caste)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| image = 058 Visvakarman, 13c, Lopburi (34865435730).jpg
| name = Vishvakarma
| affiliation = [[Deva (Hinduism)|Deva]]
| deity_of = Architect of the [[Deva (Hinduism)|devas]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/vishvakarma | title=Vishvakarma, Viśhwakarmā, Viśhwakarma, Vishwakarman, Viśhwakarman, Vishwa-karman: 26 definitions | date=19 December 2011 }}</ref>
| abode = [[Svarga]]
| mantra = Om Viśvakarmane Namaḥ
| weapon = [[Weighing scale|Scale]], [[kamandalu]], book, [[hammer]] and [[chisel]]
| consort = [[Ghritachi]]
| caption = A bronze sculpture of Vishvakarma from [[Lopburi]], [[Thailand]], 13th century at [[Bangkok National Museum]]
| mount = {{ubl|[[Goose]] | [[Elephant]]}}
| children = Manu, Maya, Tvashta, Shilpi, Daivajna and [[Sanjna]], [[Trisiras|Vishvarupa]], Barhismati, Chitrangada, [[Nala (Ramayana)|Nala]]
| parents = Prabhasa [[Vasu]] (father) Yogasiddha or Angirasi (mother)
}}
{{Hinduism}}
'''Vishvakarma''' or '''Vishvakarman''' ({{langx|sa|विश्वकर्मा|lit=all maker}}, {{IAST3|Viśvakarmā}}) is a craftsman deity and the divine architect of the [[Deva (Hinduism)|devas]] in contemporary [[Hinduism]]. In the early texts, the craftsman deity was known as [[Tvastar]] and the word "Vishvakarma" was originally used as an epithet for any powerful deity. However, in many later traditions, Vishvakarma became the name of the craftsman god.<ref name = Anc>{{Cite book|last1=Coulter|first1=Charles Russell|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VWxekbhM1yEC&q=visvakarma&pg=PT1134|title=Encyclopedia of Ancient Deities|last2=Turner|first2=Patricia|date=2013-07-04|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-96397-2|language=en}}</ref>

Vishvakarma crafted all of the chariots of the devas and weapons including the ''[[Vajra]]'' of the god [[Indra]].<ref>Coomaraswamy (1979), p. 79.</ref> Vishvakarma was related to the sun god [[Surya]] through his daughter [[Sanjna]]. According to the legend, when Sanjna left her house due to Surya's energy, Vishvakarma reduced the energy and created various other weapons using it. Vishvakarma also built various cities like [[Lanka]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarga 2 {{!}} Sundara Kanda - Ramayana |url=https://siva.sh/ramayana/sundara-kanda/2/20 |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=siva.sh |language=en}}</ref> [[Dvārakā|Dvaraka]], and [[Indraprastha]].<ref name="Anc" /> According to the epic ''[[Ramayana]]'', the ''[[vanara]]'' (forest-man or monkey) [[Nala (Ramayana)|Nala]] was the son of Vishvakarma, created to aid the avatar [[Rama]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarga 17 {{!}} Bala Kanda - Ramayana |url=https://siva.sh/ramayana/bala-kanda/17/12 |access-date=2023-12-05 |website=siva.sh |language=en}}</ref>

==Literature and legends==
===Vedas===
[[File:Vishwakarmaji.png|thumb|left|200px|Vishvakarma as depicted in modern times]]
{{See also|Tvastar}}

The term Visvakarman was originally used as an epithet for any supreme god<ref>{{cite web|title=Vishvakarman {{!}} Hindu mythology|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Vishvakarman|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> and as an attribute of [[Indra]] and the [[Surya|Sun]]. The name Visvakarman occurs five times in the tenth book of the Rigveda. The two hymns of the Rigveda identify Visvakarman as all-seeing, and having eyes, faces, arms and feet on every side and he also has wings. [[Brahma]], the god of creation, who is four-faced and four-armed resembles him in these aspects. He is represented as being the source of all prosperity, swift in his thoughts and titled a seer, priest, and lord of speech.<ref>{{cite book|last=Macdonell|first=Arthur Anthony|title=Vedic Mythology|date=1898|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-8-12081-113-3|url={{googlebooks|b7Meabtj8mcC|page=41|plainurl=y}}|page=41|language=en}}</ref>

According to some parts of the ''[[Rigveda]]'', Vishvakarma was the personification of ultimate reality, the abstract creative power inherent in deities, living and non-living being in this universe.<ref>{{cite web|title=Vishvakarman|website=[[Oxford Reference]]|url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803120038316|language=en}}</ref> He is considered to be the fifth monotheistic God concept: He is both The Architect and The Divine Engineer of The Universe from before the advent of time.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sprochi|first=Amanda K.|editor-last=Melton|editor-first=J. Gordon|title=Religious Celebrations: L-Z|date=2011|location=Santa Barbara, CA|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-205-0|url={{googlebooks|KDU30Ae4S4cC|page=908|plainurl=y}}|page=908|language=en}}</ref>

The later parts of the Rigveda reveal efforts to find a satisfactory answer to the mysteries regarding the origin of the Architect, the creation hymns present in these parts of the Rigveda mention individual creator gods as opposed to the collection of gods and their chiefs ([[Indra]], [[Varuna]], [[Agni]], etc.) creating the architecture.<ref>{{cite book|last=Dhavamony|first=Mariasusai|title=Classical Hinduism|date=1982|publisher=Gregorian Biblical BookShop|isbn=978-8-87652-482-0|url={{googlebooks|DD0w_IMFA8gC|page=48|plainurl=y}}|page=48|language=en}}</ref>

In the [[historical Vedic religion]], the role of Vishvakarma as the builder of gods is attributed to Tvastar.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VWxekbhM1yEC&q=visvakarma&pg=PT1134|title = Encyclopedia of Ancient Deities|isbn = 9781135963972|last1 = Coulter|first1 = Charles Russell|last2 = Turner|first2 = Patricia|date = 4 July 2013| publisher=Routledge }}</ref> Vedic Vishvakarman is identified with [[Prajapati]] rather than ''Tvaṣṭṛ''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Monier-Williams|first=Monier|title=A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: Etymologically and Philologically Arranged with Special Reference to Cognate Indo-European Languages|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1899|pages=994}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Macdonell|first=Arthur Anthony|title=Vedic Mythology|year=1897|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=118}}</ref> In later mythology, Vishvakarman is sometimes identified with ''Tvaṣṭṛ'' and is a craftsman deity.<ref name=":0">[[Monier-Williams]] (1899) p. 994.</ref>

=== Epics & Puranas ===
In [[Vishnu Purana]], Vishwakarma is identified as the son of Prabhasa, one of the eight [[Vasu]]s and his wife Varastri, the sister of [[Brihaspati]]. In [[Mahabharata]], he is named as the chief architect, constructing the celestial [[Durbar (court)|courts]] of the [[Guardians of the directions|dikpalas]] in Swarga, as well as cities like [[Dwarka]]. In [[Ramayana]], the city of [[Lanka]] is described as his creation, with its architect [[Nala (Ramayana)|Nala]] being identified as his incarnation. He is also credited with construction of the [[vajra]] out of [[Dadhichi]]'s bones and the [[Vimana|Pushpaka vimana]]. One of his daughters, [[Sanjna|Samjna]] was married to Surya, but she fled away after being unable to bear Surya's rays. So Vishwakarma chiseled out 1/8th of Surya's sunshine, and with that he created various weapons such as the [[Sudarshana Chakra|Sudarshan Chakra]] and the [[trishula]]. He is also credited with the creation of the [[apsara]] called [[Tilottama]]. In [[Skanda Purana]], he is the sculptor who constructs the wooden image of [[Jagannath]] enshrined in [[Puri]].

In the [[Brahma Vaivarta Purana|Brahmavaivarta Purana]], Vishwakarma & [[Ghritachi]] are described to be the originator of the following artisan caste groups - florists ([[Mali caste|Mali]] in North India & [[Malakar]] in Bengal), conchshell workers (Shankhari in Bengal), [[Tanti|weavers]], [[Sunar|goldsmiths]], [[Tamrakar|coppersmiths]], ironsmiths ([[Panchal]] in Punjab, [[Lohar (caste)|Lohar]] in North India, [[Karmakar]] in Bengal), carpenters ([[Tarkhan (Punjab)|Tarkhan]] in Punjab, [[Khati]] in North India, [[Suthar]] in West India, [[Sutradhar (caste)|Sutradhar]] in Bengal), stonemasons ([[Sompura Salat]] in Gujarat, [[Mistri (term)|Mistri]] in North India, Maharana in Odisha), [[Kumhar|potters]] and painters ([[Chitrakar]] in Nepal, [[Patua]] in Bengal), whose skills are credited to him.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ब्रह्मवैवर्तपुराणम्/खण्डः १ (ब्रह्मखण्डः)/अध्यायः १० - विकिस्रोतः |url=https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%A7_(%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%83)/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A6 |access-date=2025-09-19 |website=sa.wikisource.org |language=sa}}</ref> Five of these groups - carpenters, blacksmiths, goldsmiths, coppersmiths & stonemasons - are collectively called [[Vishwakarma community|Viswakarma]] in South India.

=== Shilpasastra ===
Vishwakarma is attributed as the author [[Shilpa Shastras|shillpasastra]] texts like ''Vishwakarmaprakasha'', ''[[Aparajitaprccha|Aparajitapriccha]], Jayapriccha, Vastu samgraha'', ''Kshirarnava'' and many more. The North Indian style of architecture is named after him, with the [[Dravidian architecture|South Indian one]] being named after his [[Asura]] counterpart [[Mayasura|Maya]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2022-02-05 |title=(v,11) Vāstu in the Śilpa-texts |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/vastu-shastra-indian-architecture/d/doc1085216.html |access-date=2025-09-20 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>

==Iconography==
{{multiple image
| image1 = Cambogia, vishvakarman, l'architetto divino, periodo angkor, xiii secolo ca.jpg
| image2 = Biswakarma (crop).jpg
| image3 =
| align = right
| total_width = 350
| footer = Two different depictions of Vishvakarma – Cambodia and Bengal
}}

Vishvakarma's iconography varies drastically from one region to another, though all picture him with creation tools. In the most popular depiction, he is depicted as an aged and wise man, with [[Chaturbhuja|four arms]]. He has white beard and is accompanied by his vahana, ''[[hamsa (bird)|hamsa]]'' (goose or swan), which scholars believe that these suggest his association with the creator god [[Brahma]]. Usually, he is seated on a throne and his sons standing near him. This form of Vishvakarma is mainly found in the Western and North Western parts of India.<ref name="Vishva1">{{Cite book|last1=Jacobsen|first1=Knut A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sPmADwAAQBAJ&q=vishwakarman&pg=PT36|title=Religion and Technology in India: Spaces, Practices and Authorities|last2=Myrvold|first2=Kristina|date=2019-01-15|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-351-20477-4|language=en}}</ref>

Contradictory to the above account, the [[murtis]] of Vishvakarma in the eastern parts of India depict him as a young muscular man. He has a black moustache and is not accompanied by his sons. An elephant is his vahana, suggesting his association with [[Indra]] or [[Brihaspati]].<ref name="Vishva1" />

== Family ==
Parentage of Vishvakarma differs in many other texts. In the [[Nirukta]] and [[Brahmana]]s he is stated to be the son of Bhuvana. In the [[Mahabharata]] and [[Harivamsa|Harivamsha]], he is the son of [[Vasu]] Prabhāsa and Yoga-siddhā. In the [[Puranas]], he is the son of Vāstu or sometimes, [[Brahma]]. Vishvakarma is the father of three daughters named Barhishmati, [[Sanjna|Samjna]] and Chitrangada, as well as five sons.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9v1OAQAAIAAJ&q=vishwakarma+Chitrangada|title=The Sacred Scriptures of India|date=2009|publisher=Anmol Publications|isbn=978-81-261-3630-8|language=en}}</ref> In [[Vamana Purana]], Vishvakarma is presented as the husband of the celestial nymph [[Ghritachi]].<ref name=":1" /> When identified with Tvastar, Vishvakarma is also described to be the father of a son named [[Trisiras|Vishvarupa]].<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Debroy|first1=Bibek|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jXoRAQAAIAAJ&q=vishvakarma+vishvarupa|title=The Holy Puranas|last2=Debroy|first2=Dipavali|date=2002|publisher=B.R. Publishing Corporation|isbn=978-81-7646-299-0|language=en}}</ref>
{{clear left}}

==Vishvakarma Puja==
[[File:Jinjia Temple.jpg|thumb|Vishvakarma Temple in [[Jinja, Uganda|Jinja]], [[Uganda]]]]
[[File:Machilipatnam Vishwakarma Temple 9.jpg|thumb|Vishvakarma Temple at Machilipatnam, Andhra Pradesh]]

Among those who celebrate Vishwakarma's birthday, it is celebrated on two days under different names:
* ''[[Vishvakarma Puja]]:'' This occasion is observed by adherents on the 17/18 September of every year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.calendarlabs.com/holidays/hindu/vishwakarma-puja.php|title=Vishwakarma Puja in 2025 | Calendar Labs|website=www.calendarlabs.com|access-date=7 January 2025}}</ref>
* ''[[Rishi Panchami]]:'' Those who celebrate this day believe that Vishvakarma did not have a birthday like the mortals but only a commemoration day in which his five children (supposedly five ''rishis'') came together to declare their solidarity and pray to their illustrious father. This day follows the rules of the [[Hindu calendar]] and changes with every year. The five groups among the [[Vishwakarma (caste)|Vishvakarma community]] also celebrate this as an auspicious day in commemoration of their patron god at present.<ref>Achary, Subramanian Matathinkal (1995).</ref>

==See also==
*[[Vishwakarma Day|Vishvakarma Puja]]
*[[Vishwakarma (caste)|Vishvakarma (caste)]]
*[[Shilpa Shastras]]
*[[Mayasura]]
*[[Great Architect of the Universe]]
*[[Vishwakarmas]]
*''[[The Poem of Angkor Wat]]''
*[[Panchal]]

==Bibliography==
* Achary, Subramanian Matathinkal (1995): ''Visvakarmajar Rigvedathil'', Sawraj Printing and Publishing Company, Aluva.
* Coomaraswamy, Ananda K. [[Ananda Coomaraswamy]] (1979): ''Medieval Sinhalese Art'', Pantheon Books Inc., New York.
* [[Monier-Williams]] (1899)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/cgi-bin/serveimg.pl?file=/scans/MWScan/MWScanjpg/mw0994-vizvavyApti.jpg|title=Cologne Scan|website=www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de|access-date=7 January 2025}}</ref>
* Pattanaik, Devdutt [[Devdutt Pattanaik]] (2009): ''7 Secrets from Hindu Calendar Art''. Westland, India. {{ISBN|978-81-89975-67-8}}.
* Padhi, Bibhu & Padhi, Minakshi [[Bibhu Padhi]] (1998): ''Indian Philosophy and Religion: A Reader's Guide'' (3rd ed.). D.K. Printworld. {{ISBN|978-8-12460-116-7}}.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Dr G Gnanananda, "Vishvakarma Darshana-Vishawakarma Volume-1 (2008), "Sanskriti Sahithya Pratisthana, Bangalore Publications"
* Dr G Gnanananda, "Vishvakarma Darshana-Hiranyagarbha Volume-2 (2009), "Sanskriti Sahithya Pratisthana, Bangalore Publications"
* Dr G Gnanananda, "Vishvakarma Darshana-Rhubugalu Volume-3 (2010), "Sanskriti Sahithya Pratisthana, Bangalore Publications"
* {{cite book|last=Raina|first=M. K.|year=1999|contribution=The Divine Creativity: The Mythical Paradigm and Lord Visvakarma|editor-last=Stein|editor-first=M. I.|title=Creativity's Global Correspondents – 1999|publisher=Winslow Press|place=Florida|pages=75–82|url=http://www.amcreativityassoc.org/ACA%20Press/Global%20Correspondents/Global_1999.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070226165221/http://www.amcreativityassoc.org/ACA%20Press/Global%20Correspondents/Global_1999.pdf|archive-date=26 February 2007}}

==External links==
{{Commons category-inline}}
* [https://www.vishwakarmasamaj.com Vishvakarma Samaj] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203085738/https://www.vishwakarmasamaj.com/ |date=3 December 2022 }}

{{Hinduism_footer small}}
{{HinduMythology}}
{{Worship in Hinduism}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vishwakarma}}
[[Category:Creator gods]]
[[Category:Hindu gods]]
[[Category:Buddhist gods]]
[[Category:Rigvedic deities]]
[[Category:Smithing gods]]
[[Category:Characters in the Mahabharata]]

Jiyyammavalasa

2025-11-24T05:09:54Z

Hiya singh: typo fix

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
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| native_name =
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| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Parvathipuram Manyam district|Parvathipuram Manyam]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| demographics1_title2 = Other
| demographics1_info2 = Telugu
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 535526
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 08963 227XXX
| registration_plate_type = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|Vehicle Registration]]
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India|AP35 (Former)]] AP39 (from 30 January 2019)<ref>{{cite news |title=New ‘AP 39’ code to register vehicles in Andhra Pradesh launched |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2019/jan/31/new-ap-39-code-to-register-vehicles-in-state-launched-1932417.html |accessdate=9 June 2019 |work=The New Indian Express |date=31 January 2019 |location=Vijayawada |archive-date=28 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728113337/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2019/jan/31/new-ap-39-code-to-register-vehicles-in-state-launched-1932417.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Parvathipuram, Andhra Pradesh
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = Araku
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = Kurupam
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Jiyyammavalasa''' is a village in [[Parvathipuram Manyam district]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Mandal wise list of villages in Vizianagaram district |url=http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/vizianagaram.pdf|website=Chief Commissioner of Land Administration|publisher=National Informatics Centre|accessdate=23 December 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214094218/http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/vizianagaram.pdf|archivedate=14 December 2014|format=PDF}}</ref>

It is located about 78 km from [[Vizianagaram]] city.

==Demography==
Jiyyammavalasa mandal had a population of 105,625 in 2008. Males constituted 27,887 and females 27,738 of the population. The average literacy rate was 51%. The male literacy rate was 64% and that of females 37%.
The big villages in this mandal are Jiyyammavalasa, Chinamerangi. The main corp is Paddy.

There are 58 revenue villages and 31 panchayats in Jiyyammavalasa mandal. This is one of the good places to live in any season.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|18|49|07|N|83|34|47|E|region:IN_type:city_source:kolossus-tewiki|display=title}}

[[Category:Villages in Parvathipuram Manyam district]]

David Rubin (writer)

2025-10-17T04:37:49Z

Hiya singh: New Post

{{short description|American novelist (1924–2008)}}
{{Fan POV|date=March 2022}}
{{infobox writer
|name=David Rubin
|birth_name=David George Rubin
|birth_date={{birth date|1924|3|27}}
|birth_place=[[Willimantic, Connecticut]], U.S.
|death_date={{death date and age|2008|2|2|1924|3|27}}
|occupation={{flatlist|
*Novelist
*translator
}}
|education=[[University of Connecticut]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]]) [[Brown University]] ([[Master of Arts|MA]]) [[Columbia University]] ([[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]])
|awards=[[Authors' Club Best First Novel Award]] (1963)
|parents=Max George Rubin Angel Couchon
}}
'''David George Rubin''' (March 27, 1924 – February 2, 2008) was an [[Americans|American]] novelist and translator. He is most well known for his translations of the Indian novelist and essayist [[Premchand|Munshi Premchand]] and the Indian poet and novelist [[Suryakant Tripathi 'Nirala']]. Rubin served in [[World War II]] as a cryptographer. He spent a large portion of his career at [[Sarah Lawrence College]]. His first novel, ''The Greater Darkness'', published in 1963, won the [[Authors' Club First Novel Award|British Authors’ Club]] award for that year's best first novel. Rubin died on February 2, 2008, from a stroke. He was 83 years old.<ref>[http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/mar/11david.htm Novelist David Rubin dead]</ref> A large portion of his estate was donated to charities, and his body of work is currently being digitally archived and published in e-books.{{When|date=March 2022}}<ref>[http://www.davidrubinsindia.com David Rubin's India]</ref>

== Biography ==

Rubin was born on March 27, 1924, in [[Willimantic, Connecticut]], to a [[French-Canadian]] mother, Angel Couchon, and Max George Rubin. His father served as an administrator at the [[Mansfield Training School and Hospital]] in Mansfield, Connecticut. Rubin was raised in a bilingual household; his parents spoke French and English. He was also raised with two religions, most notably Catholicism {{Citation needed|reason=source(s) needed for both assertions|date=March 2022}}. He did not remain religious, though conflicts of faith, mysticism, and reason played an important part in much of his fiction.

During [[World War II]] between 1943 and 1946, Rubin served in the North African theater of operations. Stationed in the Azores, he helped decode Nazi U-boat messages. After returning from service, Rubin continued his education at the [[University of Connecticut]] (BA, 1947), Brown (MA, 1948) and Columbia (PhD in Comparative Literature, 1954).

His involvement with music, also significant throughout his novels, was fostered by his study of the violin at seven. Later in life, the classical guitar became his instrument of choice. His first published writing consisted of articles on music, in ''The Music Review'' (UK), ''Chord'', and ''Discord'', as well as classical music liner notes for Vox, Epic, RCA Victor, and Mercury. He began his teaching career at the Eastman School of Music at the University of Rochester in 1952.

Rubin's tenured teaching position was at Sarah Lawrence College in the Department of Literature where he worked from 1964 to 1984. During this period he also worked at Columbia University in the Department of Middle East Languages and Cultures. Rubin taught literature in India at [[Allahabad University]] (1958–59) and the [[University of Rajasthan]], Jaipur (1963–64), on Fulbright grants. Rubin would later secure grants from the Guggenheim Foundation, the National Endowment for the Arts, and the American Institute of Indian Studies, returning several times to India and Nepal for research. His experiences abroad informed much of his writing; even when his novels were set in America, Indian philosophy, characters, and mysticism worked their way into the plots.

Rubin was one of the foremost experts on 20th century North Indian literature in the United States. In 1969, he published ''Premchand: Selected Stories'', which was later republished by Oxford University Press as ''Widows, Wives and Other Heroines'' in 1998. In 1976, Rubin published ''A Season on the Earth: Selected Poems of Nirala''. In 1986, Rubin published ''After the Raj: British Novels of India since 1947''. In this critical work he takes to task writers such as [[Paul Scott (novelist)|Paul Scott]], [[Ruth Prawer Jhabvala|Ruth Jhabvala]], [[John Masters]], [[J. G. Farrell]], and [[Kamala Markandaya]] for their portrayals of Indian characters and culture. Rubin felt that the writers’ inability to construct or convey multidimensional Indian characters helped stoke cultural biases that enabled the British to continue extracting wealth from India with impunity, long after the continent was freed from colonial rule in 1947.

Besides his love for the languages and cultures of India, Rubin collected many bronze statues during his travels. A number of them are now in the collection of the [[Brooklyn Museum]] and the [[Peabody Essex Museum]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}}

== Recognition ==

His first novel, ''The Greater Darkness'', published in 1963, won the British Authors’ Club award for that year's best first novel. His writings are archived at the Howard Gotlieb Archival Research Center<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://hgar-srv3.bu.edu/collections/collection?id=122691 |title=David Rubin at the Howard Gotlieb Archival Research Center |access-date=2016-09-19 |archive-date=2018-12-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181227040616/http://hgar-srv3.bu.edu/collections/collection?id=122691 |url-status=dead }}</ref> at Boston University.

''The Greater Darkness'' was favorably reviewed by a number of publications, including the ''NY Times'', which states that it is a “fine and engrossing Indian first novel.”<ref>{{Cite news|last=Hitrec|first=Joseph|title=Tenants of 10 Victoria Road, Gauhar|date=16 June 1963|newspaper=The New York Times|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1963/06/16/89928587.html?pageNumber=228|pages=27}}</ref> The ''Columbia Spectator'' noted that in ''The Greater Darkness'' Rubin's writing is “comparable to the writing of a major symphony by an unknown composer.”<ref>[http://spectatorarchive.library.columbia.edu/cgi-bin/columbia?a=d&d=cs19631101-02.2.3&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN------# Columbia Spectator review of The Greater Darkness]</ref> The ''Saturday Review'' says of this novel, “The author’s descriptions of the beauty of the Taj Mahal and the horror of a stampede and a mass drowning at a holy festival are gripping, and his considerable knowledge of Indian music is put to good use.”<ref>Saturday Review review of The Greater Darkness, 1963-08-03</ref>

Rubin's two novellas, which were packaged together as ''Enough of this Lovemaking / Love in the Melon Season'', were favorably reviewed by the ''NY Times'', which called them “an entrancing diagram of erotic crosscurrents in an Indian pension.”<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.davidrubinsindia.com/reviews/ |title=NY Times review of Enough of this Lovemaking |access-date=2016-09-19 |archive-date=2016-11-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128202458/http://www.davidrubinsindia.com/reviews/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

''Cassio and the Life Divine'' was said by the ''[[Kansas City Star]]'' to be “a handsomely written and richly varied novel of romantic intellectual wandering among the contradictions of modern India.”<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.davidrubinsindia.com/reviews/ |title=Kansas City Star review of Cassio and the Life Divine |access-date=2016-09-19 |archive-date=2016-11-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128202458/http://www.davidrubinsindia.com/reviews/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The ''Cleveland Press'' proclaimed that “David Rubin’s novel is not, thank God, another tea-party meeting of East and West. It’s an exhilarating collision.”<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.davidrubinsindia.com/reviews/ |title=Cleveland Press review of Cassio and the Life Divine |access-date=2016-09-19 |archive-date=2016-11-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128202458/http://www.davidrubinsindia.com/reviews/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The ''Christian Science Monitor'' called Cassio “a good, highly entertaining novel,”<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.davidrubinsindia.com/reviews/ |title=Christian Science Monitor review of Cassio and the Life Divine |access-date=2016-09-19 |archive-date=2016-11-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128202458/http://www.davidrubinsindia.com/reviews/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> while ''Publishers Weekly'' dubbed it a “bright, highly unusual novel.”<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.davidrubinsindia.com/reviews/ |title=Publishers Weekly review of Cassio and the Life Divine |access-date=2016-09-19 |archive-date=2016-11-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128202458/http://www.davidrubinsindia.com/reviews/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Not all reviewers were charmed with Rubin. In a 1965 ''Kirkus'' review of ''Cassio'' the publication noted that the book is, “Inexcusably prolix, egotistical, and ponderous."<ref>[https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/david-rubin-2/cassio-and-the-life-divine/ Kirkus review of Cassio and the Life Divine]</ref> Of Rubin's novel, ''Enough of this Lovemaking'', ''Kirkus'' stated, “It would make a guru-vy satire if Mr. Rubin wasn’t so serious. But by the unfortunate lotus, he is.”<ref>[https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/david-rubin-3/enough-of-this-lovemaking/ Kirkus review of Enough of this Lovemaking]</ref>

== Bibliography ==

=== Translations ===

* ''The World of Premchand'' (Indiana University Press, 1969)
* ''A Season on the Earth: Selected Poems of Nirala'' (Columbia University Press, 1977)
* ''Nepali Visions, Nepali Dreams: The Poetry of Laxmiprasad Devkota'' (Columbia University Press, 1980)
* ''Nirmala: A Novel by Premchand'' (Vision Books, 1988; reprinted as ''The Second Wife'', Orient Paperbacks, 2006)
* ''Deliverance and Other Stories by Premchand'' (Penguin, 1988)
* ''The Return of Sarasvati: Four Hindi Poets'' (Oxford University Press, 1993)
* ''The Fire Sacrifice'' (Havan, by Susham Bedi—Heinemann, 1993)
* ''Opening Moves'' (Pahla Parav, by Shrilal Shukla—Penguin, 1993)
* ''The Return of Sarasvati: Translations of the Poetry of Prasad, Nirala, Pant, and Mahadevi'' (South Asia Regional Studies, University of Pennsylvania, 1993)
* ''Widows, Wives and Other Heroines: Twelve Stories by Premchand'' (Oxford University Press, 1998)
* ''The World of Premchand'' (Revised and Expanded Edition, Oxford University Press, 2001)
* ''A Season on the Earth: Selected Poems of Nirala'' (Revised Edition, Oxford University Press, 2003)
* ''Of Love and War: A Chhayavad Anthology'' (Oxford University Press, 2005)
* ''The Illustrated Premchand: Selected Short Stories'' (Oxford University Press, 2006)
* ''The Fire Sacrifice'' (Havan, by Susham Bedi, Books India International, 2006) (This edition, by National Publishers, New Delhi, is pirated, unauthorized, and illegal, sold with no remuneration to the translator.)
* ''Portrait of Mira'' (Lautna, by Susham Bedi, Books India International, 2006) (This edition, by National Publishers, New Delhi, is an unedited first draft, pirated, unauthorized, and illegal, sold with no remuneration to the translator.)

=== Fiction ===

* ''The Greater Darkness'' (Farrar, Straus & Company in the US, Longmans in UK, 1963)
* ''Cassio and the Life Divine'' (Farrar, Straus & Giroux in the US, Macmillan in UK, 1966)
* ''Enough of This Lovemaking / Love in the Melon Season'' (Simon & Schuster, 1970)
* ''So Late into the Night'' (The David Rubin Collection, 2014)
* ''The Astrologer’s Circle'' (The David Rubin Collection, 2015)
* ''The Mountain King'' (The David Rubin Collection, 2015)
* ''The Golden American'' (The David Rubin Collection, 2016)
* ''The Jacaranda'' (The David Rubin Collection, 2016)
* ''Sanderson’s Breakaway'' (David Rubin Archives, 2016)
* ''Traveling Light'' (The David Rubin Collection, 2016)
* ''Vienna Blood'' (The David Rubin Collection, 2016)

=== Criticism ===

* ''After the Raj: British Novels of India since 1947'' (University Press of New England, 1986)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rubin, David}}
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[[Category:20th-century American novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century American philanthropists]]
[[Category:20th-century American translators]]
[[Category:21st-century American academics]]
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[[Category:21st-century American male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century American mathematicians]]
[[Category:21st-century American novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century American philanthropists]]
[[Category:21st-century American translators]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Allahabad]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Academics from Connecticut]]
[[Category:American cryptographers]]
[[Category:American expatriates in India]]
[[Category:American expatriates in Nepal]]
[[Category:20th-century American male journalists]]
[[Category:American male novelists]]
[[Category:American art collectors]]
[[Category:American people of French-Canadian descent]]
[[Category:American people of World War II]]
[[Category:American writers about music]]
[[Category:Columbia University alumni]]
[[Category:Columbia University faculty]]
[[Category:Eastman School of Music faculty]]
[[Category:Hindi–English translators]]
[[Category:Journalists from Connecticut]]
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[[Category:Novelists from Connecticut]]
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[[Category:People from Willimantic, Connecticut]]
[[Category:Sarah Lawrence College faculty]]
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[[Category:21st-century American male journalists]]

Brihan Maharashtra Sugar Syndicate Ltd.

2025-10-14T03:33:47Z

Hiya singh: New New Pg

{{Short description|Indian sugar company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Brihan Maharashtra Sugar Syndicate Ltd.
| logo =
| type = [[Limited Company|Limited]]
| ISIN = {{ISIN|sl=n|pl=y|INE109V01017}}
| genre =
| fate =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| foundation = {{start date and age|21 September 1934}}
| founder = [[Chandrashekhar Agashe]]
| defunct =
| hq_location_city = [[Shaniwar Peth, Pune]], [[Maharashtra]]
| hq_location_country = [[India]]
| location =
| locations =
| area_served = [[Maharashtra]]
| key_people = [[Ashutosh Agashe]] ([[managing director]])
| industry = [[Sugar]], [[liquor]], [[metal]] [[printing]], [[ayurvedic]] products, [[health care]] products, [[real estate]]
| products =
| services =
| revenue = {{Unbulleted list|[[Indian rupee|IN₹]]21,086,127 (2022)}}
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| aum =
| assets =
| equity = {{Unbulleted list|[[Indian rupee|IN₹]]50,000,000 [[Authorised capital]]|[[Indian rupee|IN₹]]22,719,600 [[Share capital]]}}
| equity_year = 2021
| owner =
| num_employees =
| parent = Brihans Group
| divisions =
| subsid = [[Brihans Natural Products|Brihans Natural Products Ltd.]]
| traded_as =
| homepage = {{URL|thebmssltd.com}}
| footnotes = <ref name="Bloomberg">{{cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=51734397 |title=Company Overview of The Brihan Maharashtra Sugar Syndicate Limited |website=[[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]] |access-date=13 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114004803/https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=51734397 |archive-date=14 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Brihan Maharashtra Sugar Syndicate Ltd. Company Profile |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/company/the-brihan-maharashtra-sugar-syndicate-ltd/U15424PN1934PLC002169 |website=[[The Economic Times]] |access-date=18 February 2024 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250221194047/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/company/the-brihan-maharashtra-sugar-syndicate-ltd/U15424PN1934PLC002169 |archive-date=21 February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Brihan Maharashtra Sugar Syndicate Ltd. Company Profile |url=https://tracxn.com/a/d/legalentity/2A7ufBzssa0AFtne7Hwz34lsd1imwlYBlV5DaUSoMxo/thebrihanmaharashtrasugarsyndicateltd |website=Tracxn |access-date=18 February 2024 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127123443/https://tracxn.com/login?redirecturl=%2Fa%2Fd%2Flegalentity%2F2A7ufBzssa0AFtne7Hwz34lsd1imwlYBlV5DaUSoMxo%2Fthebrihanmaharashtrasugarsyndicateltd |archive-date=27 November 2024}}</ref>
}}

The '''Brihan Maharashtra Sugar Syndicate Ltd.''' is an Indian [[sugar]] company headquartered in [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], India. Established on 21 September 1934, it is one of the [[List of oldest companies in India|oldest continuously operating companies in India]], and is the [[namesake]] of the [[Brihan Maharashtra College of Commerce]].

Founded by [[Chandrashekhar Agashe]] as a [[limited liability company]] through [[crowdfunding]], the syndicate was initially supported by [[sugar]] manufacturing policies of the [[Bombay Presidency]] and by some [[princely state]]s of the [[Deccan States Agency]] between 1934 and 1938, with its first factory being operational by 1939. During the [[Second World War]], the syndicate planting [[food crops]] as demanded by the [[British Raj]]. Following [[Indian independence movement|Indian independence]] in 1947 and up until Agashe's death in 1956, the syndicate received [[criticism]] from its [[Competition|competitors]] for its [[business administration]] and Agashe personally for his [[management style]].

Beginning in the 1950s, the syndicate was managed in a [[decentralised]] system until the maturity of Agashe's [[heir]]s [[Panditrao Agashe|Jagdish]] and [[Dnyaneshwar Agashe]], and lost significant portions of its [[agricultural land]] to the [[socialist]] [[land]] [[nationalisation]] policies of the [[Government of India|Indian government]] in the 1960s. In the 1970s, the syndicate was one of the first companies to manufacture [[Indian-made foreign liquor]] after the [[Government of Maharashtra]] repealed [[prohibition]], until it sold its liquor manufacturing arm to [[Radico Khaitan]] in 2013. Operating as a [[cooperative]] since 1988, the syndicate has also ventured into manufacturing [[veterinary medicine]], [[health care|health care products]], and [[Ayurveda|Ayurvedic]] [[skincare products]] directly or under its [[subsidiary|subsidiaries]] since the 1990s.

==History==
===Under Chandrashekhar Agashe: 1934–1956 ===
In 1933, the [[Governor of Bombay]], [[Michael Knatchbull, 5th Baron Brabourne|The Lord Brabourne]] promoted the production of indigenous [[sugar]], having had increased the [[import tax]] on the commodity shipping in from [[Mauritius]].{{sfn|Karandikar|1992|pp=15–16}} This enabled [[Chandrashekhar Agashe]] to found the Brihan Maharashtra Sugar Syndicate Ltd. on 21 September 1934,{{sfn|Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute|1955|page=382}} as a [[limited liability company]] after two years of [[crowdfunding]] campaigns,{{sfn|Agashe|Agashe|2006|p=62}} with funds collected from amongst the [[Marathi people|Maharashtrian]] [[middle class]]es.{{sfn|Advani|1982|page=83}} The syndicate was headquartered in [[Pune]].{{sfn|Sugar Technologists Association of India|1973}}

Between 1934 and 1936, Agashe envisioned opening a factory branch of the Syndicate in his hometown of [[Bhor]], and began cultivating 2,000 acres of land for the plantation of [[Sugarcane|sugar cane]]. In 1935, he began employing tenanted farmers of the local gentry and independent farmers as producers or transportation workers of the sugar cane for the syndicate in the village of Bhorgaon. By 1936, he had licensed or purchase 12,000 acres of farm land to support the syndicate, being lauded for reviving the local economy and consequently receiving further land grants from bankers in [[Akluj]] and several politicians in the [[Bhor State]].{{Sfn|Karandikar|1992|pp=19–20, 22, 23–25}}

After Agashe established the syndicate's headquarters at the [[Commonwealth realm|Commonwealth]] Building on Laxmi Road, the [[Mahratta Chamber of Commerce, Industries and Agriculture]] declared the sale of 300,000 shares of the syndicate, with the first share going at Rs. 25 in January 1935.{{Sfn|Karandikar|1992|pp=27–28}} Between 1935 and 1937, Agashe toured several states and [[jagir]]s within the [[Deccan States Agency]], promoting the syndicate at several village [[gram panchayat]]s.{{Sfn|Karandikar|1992|pp=19–20, 22, 23–25}} In July 1937, C. E. Aitken, the [[superintending engineer]] of the Deccan Irrigation Circle raised concerns about the syndicate's factory to [[G. T. H. Bracken|Sir Geoffrey Thomas Hirst Bracken]], reporting that the syndicate had [[Sanctions (law)|sanction]]s, although they had the machinery, and were practicing the [[Sugar panning|open pan]] system of sugar cultivation and were growing from their own seeds.{{sfn|Bracken|1938|page=42}} By 1937, the syndicate's factory produced 35 [[hundredweight]]s of sugar.{{sfn|Bracken|1939|page=447}}

In November 1937, Agashe ordered sugar cane processing machinery from [[Škoda Works]] in [[Czechoslovakia]] before the outbreak of [[World War II]]. Following [[Adolf Hitler]]'s rise to power and the [[German occupation of Czechoslovakia]], Agashe considered retracting his order, but received the ordered machinery before the [[Reichswerke Hermann Göring]] took over Škoda.{{Sfn|Karandikar|1992|p=33}} He began construction for the first factory in April 1938, and finally established the syndicate's first sugar cane processing factory in the village of Bhorgaon in March 1939,{{Sfn|Karandikar|1992|pp=36–39}} further purchasing an estate and the surrounding lands as a means to look after his own sugar plantations,{{Sfn|Karandikar|1992|pp=17–18}} with the syndicate's principal factory soon producing 150,000 sacs of sugar per annum by 1940,{{Sfn|Bapat|Bapat|2007|p=604}} selling the sugar under the trademark ''Shree'', with the village [[Panchayati raj|panchayat]] renaming the town [[Shreepur, Maharashtra|Shreepur]].{{Sfn|Karandikar|1992|pp=36–39}}

In 1943, Agashe's donation to the [[Deccan Education Society]] led to the establishment of the [[Brihan Maharashtra College of Commerce]] in Pune, named after the syndicate.{{sfn|Oturkar|1951|pages=56, 76–78}} That same year, the [[Bombay Presidency]] decreed the plantation of [[food crops]] as mandatory for private sugar manufacturers to support [[British Army|British troops]] during [[World War II]]. Agashe formed a [[Trade union|farmers union]] so as to not disrupt the syndicate's sugar processing and at the same time meet the food demands of the [[British Raj]], although this move was unpopular with the farmers due to low [[profitability]].{{Sfn|Karandikar|1992|pp=40–42}}

After [[Indian Independence Act 1947|Indian independence]] in 1947, Agashe was able to expand the syndicate's production to 1000 tonnes of sugar cane processed per annum by 1950.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Agashe |first1=Chandrashekhar |author1-link=Chandrashekhar Agashe |title=कारखाना सुरु होता यामुळे जाहिरातीने भेट घ्यावी लागत होती |trans-title=The factory was operational, and so I greet you through this advertisement |work=[[Kesari (Marathi newspaper)|Kesari]] |date=30 May 1950 |location=[[Poona]] |language=mr}}</ref> In 1950, the [[University of Bombay]] surveyed the syndicate's [[Labour movement|labour conditions]].{{sfn|Deodhar|1950|pages=18, 337, 580}} By 1953, there was strong opposition to Agashe's role as the managing director of the syndicate from his critics, with the syndicate involved in several allegations of duping shareholders and depositors in the early 1950s.<ref>Multiple sources:{{Bulleted list|{{cite news |last1=Agashe |first1=Chandrashekhar |author1-link=Chandrashekhar Agashe |title=भाग गेला, शीन गेला. अवघा झाला आनंद. |trans-title=The part went, the lustre went. It was just joy. |work=[[Kesari (Marathi newspaper)|Kesari]] |date=1 February 1952 |location=[[Poona]] |language=mr}}|{{cite news |last1=Agashe |first1=Chandrashekhar |author1-link=Chandrashekhar Agashe |title="अगा उपायबळे पांगू. पहाड ठाकी." — ज्ञानेश्वरी ८-८१ |trans-title="Efforts should not be made to weaken a grand mountain" – [[Dnyaneshwari]] 8–81 |work=[[Kesari (Marathi newspaper)|Kesari]] |date=2 August 1953 |location=[[Poona]] |language=mr}}|{{cite news |last1=Agashe |first1=Chandrashekhar |author1-link=Chandrashekhar Agashe |title=शिक्षण किंवा आरोग्यसंस्थांना व्यक्तिशः : देणगी मिल्ने ह्याला कालावधि लागतो |trans-title=It takes time for individual donations to be received by education or healthcare organisations |work=[[Kesari (Marathi newspaper)|Kesari]] |date=3 November 1953 |location=[[Poona]] |language=mr}}}}</ref> Agashe, in response, published a 400-page report criticizing his detractors of corruption and factionalism based on evidence that his critics were backed by his competitor [[Karamshi Jethabhai Somaiya]], who had previously shown interest in purchasing the syndicate.<ref>Multiple sources:{{Bulleted list|{{Harvnb|Karandikar|1992|pp=63–70, 84–87}}.|{{cite news |last1=Agashe |first1=Chandrashekhar |author1-link=Chandrashekhar Agashe |title="भक्ता नारायण नुपेक्षी सर्वथा. कृपावंत ऐसे कळों आले." – तुकाराममहाराज |trans-title="The devotee of [[Narayana]] anticipates absolutely. The gracious ones came to such a conclusion." – [[Tukaram]] |work=[[Kesari (Marathi newspaper)|Kesari]] |date=3 June 1955 |location=[[Poona]] |language=mr}}|{{cite news |last1=Agashe |first1=Chandrashekhar |author1-link=Chandrashekhar Agashe |title=सिंहगड म्हणजे मूर्तिमंत Lion-heart महाराष्ट्र |trans-title=[[Sinhagad]] is the embodiment of a lion-heart [[Maharashtra]] |work=[[Kesari (Marathi newspaper)|Kesari]] |date=11 January 1955 |location=[[Poona]] |language=mr}}}}</ref>

In 1954, the syndicate advertised in the publication of the [[Mahatma Phule Museum]], where Agashe was on the board.{{sfn|Lord Reay Maharashtra Industrial Museum|1954|page=28}} In July 1955, the syndicate was among the several other sugar factories that filed appeals with the Labour Appellate Tribunal, Bombay, to settle matters between it and the [[worker's union]]s regarding the high rate the court had decreed for the sugar factories' to pay towards the [[provident fund]]s of its employees.{{sfn|Limaye|Vaze|1955|page=iii: 258}} Agashe died in June 1956.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com//Gallery.aspx?id=09_06_2017_006_030&type=A&eid=31835 |title=पुण्यस्मरण |trans-title=Remembrance |date=9 June 2017 |work=[[Maharashtra Times]] |access-date=27 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019163600/http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com//Gallery.aspx?id=09_06_2017_006_030&type=A&eid=31835 |archive-date=19 October 2017 |url-status=dead |language=mr}}</ref> He was survived in business by his sons [[Panditrao Agashe]] and [[Dnyaneshwar Agashe]].{{sfnm|1a1=Bapat|1a2=Bapat|1y=2007|1pp=603–604|2a1=Agashe|2a2=Agashe|2y=2006|2p=62|2loc=आगाशे, ज्ञानेश्वर; आगाशे पंडितराव}}

===Under S. L. Limaye, K. V. Champhekar and G. S. Valimbe: 1956–1970 ===
Agashe left the syndicate in a strong position.{{sfn|Bapat|Bapat|2007|pages=603–604}} With a [[Decentralization|decentralised]] management, S. L. Limaye took over as [[chairman]] of the [[board of directors]] of the company, serving from 1957 till 1990,{{sfnm|1a1=Karandikar|1y=1992|1pp=124-126|2a1=Agashe|2y=1990|2p=1}} while K. V. Champhekar took over as [[managing director]] of the company from 1957 to 1962,{{sfn|Limaye|1963|page=2}} followed by G. S. Valimbe from 1963 to 1969,{{sfn|Limaye|1971|page=1}} until Agashe's sons Panditrao and Dnyaneshwar became joint managing directors in July 1970.{{sfnm|1a1=Bapat|1a2=Bapat|1y=2007|1pp=603–604|2a1=Limaye|2y=1971|2p=1}}

The several senior managers of the company aided [[Panditrao Agashe]], given his considerable youth when he joined the board of directors in 1957.{{sfnm|1a1=Karandikar|1y=1992|1p=125|2a1=Limaye|2y=1959|2p=17}} By 1958, the syndicate also maintained a permanent office in [[Solapur]] and [[Shreepur, Maharashtra]],{{sfn|Indian Labour Bureau|1958|page=113}} with the syndicate celebrating its [[silver jubilee]] in 1959.{{sfn|Deccan Sugar Factories Association|1967|pages=126–128}} Between 1958 and 1966, the syndicate financially aided several farming communities around the [[Malshiras]] [[taluka]], including those regions affected by the [[Panshet dam]] flood in 1961.{{sfn|Karandikar|1992|page=126}}

The later half of the 1960s saw the syndicate battle the [[Government of Maharashtra]]'s [[Socialism in India|socialist]] land acquisition schemes, which they ultimately lost, relinquishing several thousand acres of syndicate owned land to the [[Government of India]].{{sfn|Karandikar|1992|page=127}} Between 1961 and 1963, the syndicate had also decreased its [[trade credit]] percentage of [[Liability (financial accounting)|liabilities]] with the Bank of Maharashtra.{{sfn|Patwardhan|1966|page=323}} In 1964, the syndicate had employment disputes regarding the reduction of staff in its [[civil engineering]] department.{{sfn|Government of Maharashtra|1964|pages=3597, 3820}} By 1966, Panditrao's brother [[Dnyaneshwar Agashe]] joined him on the board of directors of the syndicate,{{sfnm|1a1=Kothari & Sons|1y=1978|1p=37|2a1=Limaye|2y=1967|2p=1}} with both the brothers becoming [[managing director|joint managing directors]] in July 1970.{{sfnm|1a1=Karandikar|1y=1992|1p=124|2a1=Kothari & Sons|2y=1969|2pp=XII, 1686}}

=== Under Panditrao Agashe and Dnyaneshwar Agashe: 1970–2009 ===
Beginning in the 1970s, under Panditrao and Dnyaneshwar Agashe, the syndicate manufactured [[liquor]] in [[Shreepur, Maharashtra]],{{sfn|Government of Maharashtra|1977|pages=393, 820}} specialising in [[whisky]] production under its several flagship brands.<ref>Multiple sources:{{Bulleted list|{{cite web |url=http://www.whiskyportal.com/distillery.asp?DistilleryID=1435&DistilleryName=Brihan+Maharashtra+Sugar+Syndicate+Ltd. |title=Brihan Maharashtra Sugar Syndicate Ltd. |website=The Whisky Portal |access-date=13 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071108150715/http://www.whiskyportal.com/distillery.asp?DistilleryID=1435&DistilleryName=Brihan+Maharashtra+Sugar+Syndicate+Ltd%2E |archive-date=8 November 2007}}|{{cite web |title=Brima Sagar Distillery Biogas Plant |url=https://www.clarke-energy.com/2014/brima-sagar-distillery-biogas-plant-2/ |website=[[Clarke Energy]] |access-date=14 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131231908/https://www.clarke-energy.com/2014/brima-sagar-distillery-biogas-plant-2/ |archive-date=31 January 2022}}|{{Cite web |url=http://www.rumportal.com/distillery/brihan-maharashtra-sugar-syndicate-ltd/ |title=Brihan Maharashtra Sugar Syndicate Ltd. – distillery profile |website=The Rum Portal |access-date=3 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103170306/http://www.rumportal.com/distillery/brihan-maharashtra-sugar-syndicate-ltd/ |archive-date=3 January 2017 |url-status=dead}}}}</ref> The syndicate was one of the first companies to produce a range of government-approved liquors after the [[Maharashtra]] state [[prohibition]],<ref name="Business India" /> called [[Indian-made foreign liquor]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Radico Khaitan to buy Brihans's IMFL brands |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Search&Key=TOIPU/2005/10/04/13/Ar01301.xml&CollName=TOI_PUNE_ARCHIVE&DOCID=314911&Keyword=%28%28%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3EBrihan%3Cphrase%3E%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3EMaharashtra%3Cphrase%3E%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3ESugar%3Cphrase%3E%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3ESyndicate%29%29&skin=pastissues2&AppName=2&ViewMode=GIF |url-access=subscription |access-date=9 October 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=4 October 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212193244/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Search&Key=TOIPU/2005/10/04/13/Ar01301.xml&CollName=TOI_PUNE_ARCHIVE&DOCID=314911&Keyword=%28%28%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3EBrihan%3Cphrase%3E%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3EMaharashtra%3Cphrase%3E%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3ESugar%3Cphrase%3E%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3ESyndicate%29%29&skin=pastissues2&AppName=2&ViewMode=GIF |archive-date=12 December 2017}}</ref> In 1978, Panditrao retired as joint managing director leaving Dnyaneshwar as the sole managing director.{{sfn|Limaye|1979|page=ii}}

By the early 1980s, the syndicate also briefly engaged in the business of metal printing.<ref name="Bloomberg" /> In October 1980, the syndicate was surveyed on its impact on Maharashtra's [[rural economy]] by the [[Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics]].{{sfn|Tupe|1980|page=12}} Under Dnyaneshwar, the company launched a [[brandy]] in partnership with [[Camus Cognac]].<ref name="Business India" /> In 1984, the company sponsored a sports tournament in [[Dadar]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Brihan's sponsor Dadar tourney |url=https://solo.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/permalink/44OXF_INST/ao2p7t/cdi_proquest_hnp_750807442 |access-date=18 February 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=6 April 1984 |page=10 |via=[[Bodleian Libraries]] |url-access=subscription}}</ref> In 1986, the company sponsored a [[Squash (sport)|squash]] tournament.<ref>{{cite news |title=Brihans to sponsor squash tournament |url=https://solo.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/permalink/44OXF_INST/ao2p7t/cdi_proquest_hnp_750698036 |access-date=18 February 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=14 November 1986 |location=[[Mumbai]] |page=12 |via=[[Bodleian Libraries]] |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127130148/https://solo.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/discovery/fulldisplay?context=PC&vid=44OXF_INST:SOLO&search_scope=MyInst_and_CI&tab=Everything&docid=cdi_proquest_hnp_750698036 |archive-date=27 November 2024}}</ref> In 1988, the company shifted to being a [[cooperative]].{{sfn|Mulani|2014|page=196}} By 1989, the syndicate was considered a leading manufacturer of alcohol in the country.{{sfn|Institute of Defence Management|1989|loc=Brands - CSD Index}}

In 1990, Dnyaneshwar took over as chairman of the board of directors for the syndicate upon the death of S. L. Limaye,{{sfn|Agashe|1990|page=1}} a position he would serve until his death in January 2009.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/friends-recall-royal-agashe-despite-taint/ |title=Friends recall royal Agashe despite taint |last=Kelkar |first=Siddhart |date=4 January 2009 |location=[[Pune]] |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=9 October 2022 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150420094702/http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/friends-recall-royal-agashe-despite-taint/ |archive-date=20 April 2015}}</ref> In 1991, a test plant developed from research funded by the [[United States Agency for International Development]] was installed at the syndicate which controlled pollution during the manufacturing of industrial alcohol.{{sfn|Beckman|1991|pages=12–13}} That same year, Dnyaneshwar's son [[Mandar Agashe]] joined the syndicate's board of directors,{{sfn|Agashe|1992|page=1}} going on to become a joint managing director with his father by 1994.{{sfn|Agashe|1995|page=2}} Dnyaneshwar's younger son, [[Ashutosh Agashe]], was appointed to the board of directors in 1996.{{sfnm|1a1=Barve|1a2=Vartak|1a3=Belvalkar|1y=2002|1pp=1–2|2a1=Agashe|2y=1997|2p=2}}

By 1998, the syndicate began marketing [[Ayurveda|ayurvedic]] medicines, [[Health care|health care products]], and bulk raw materials.<ref name="Bloomberg" /> It was also involved in the manufacturing of [[food products]] and [[veterinary medicine]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Brihan Maharashtra Sugar Syndicate Ltd. – Company details |url=https://www.zaubacorp.com/company/THE-BRIHAN-MAHARASHTRA-SUGAR-SYNDICATE-LTD/U15424PN1934PLC002169 |website=ZaubaCorp.com |date=11 July 2021 |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127192440/https://www.zaubacorp.com/company/THE-BRIHAN-MAHARASHTRA-SUGAR-SYNDICATE-LTD/U15424PN1934PLC002169 |archive-date=27 November 2024}}</ref> That same year, the syndicate hosted cricket tournaments in Pune.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rain hampers Brihans Cup proceedings |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/rain-hampers-brihans-cup-proceedings/ |access-date=17 August 2022 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=28 September 1998 |language=en |location=[[Pune]] |agency=[[Indian Express Limited|Express News Service]] |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817124028/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/rain-hampers-brihans-cup-proceedings/ |archive-date=17 August 2022}}</ref> In 1999, Mandar resigned as joint managing director,{{sfn|Limaye|1999|page=3}} going on to found the syndicate's [[subsidiary]] company [[Brihans Natural Products|Brihans Natural Products Ltd.]] in 2000.<ref name="Business India">{{cite journal |last=Seshan |first=Sekhar |title=A New High |journal=[[Business India]] |date=5–18 January 2004 |pages=62–70 |issue=674–679 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qbBIAAAAYAAJ |access-date=16 February 2024 |publisher=A. H. Advani |issn=0254-5268 |oclc=4525594 |lccn=78914172 |via=[[University of Virginia]]}}</ref> The syndicate began promoting ayurvedic [[skincare products]] made by Brihans Natural Products Ltd.<ref>{{cite news |title=Quadrant, Pune, wins Brihans Natural's Clean Comb |url=http://www.afaqs.com/news/story/2911_Quadrant-Pune-wins-Brihans-Naturals-Clean-Comb |work=Agency FAQs |location=[[Mumbai]] |date=11 July 2001 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215032642/http://www.afaqs.com/news/story/2911_Quadrant-Pune-wins-Brihans-Naturals-Clean-Comb |archive-date=15 February 2017}}</ref> That same year, Ashutosh was appointed as joint managing director.{{Sfn|Limaye|2001|page=1}}

By 2002, the syndicate also manufactured alcohol-based chemicals.{{sfn|Panda|2002|page=279}} In 2005, the syndicate entered a partnership with Howling Wolves Wine Group of [[Australia]] which planned to set up a [[Winemaking|wine production]] base in India.<ref>Multiple sources:{{Bulleted list|{{cite news |last1=Athale |first1=Gouri |title=Brihans group, Australian wine co to sign JV soon |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Search&Key=ETPU/2007/04/06/10/Ar01001.xml&CollName=ET_PUNE_ARCHIVE_2007&DOCID=20577&Keyword=%28%28%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3EBrihan%3Cphrase%3E%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3EMaharashtra%3Cphrase%3E%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3ESugar%3Cphrase%3E%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3ESyndicate%29%29&skin=pastissues2&AppName=2&ViewMode=GIF |url-access=subscription |access-date=9 October 2022 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=6 April 2007 |location=[[Pune]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212193040/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Search&Key=ETPU/2007/04/06/10/Ar01001.xml&CollName=ET_PUNE_ARCHIVE_2007&DOCID=20577&Keyword=%28%28%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3EBrihan%3Cphrase%3E%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3EMaharashtra%3Cphrase%3E%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3ESugar%3Cphrase%3E%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3ESyndicate%29%29&skin=pastissues2&AppName=2&ViewMode=GIF |archive-date=12 December 2017}}|{{cite news |last1=Athale |first1=Gouri |title=Venkateshwara Hatcheries to enter wine business |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Search&Key=ETPU/2005/07/05/6/Ar00601.xml&CollName=ET_PUNE_ARCHIVE&DOCID=68495&Keyword=%28%28%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3EBrihan%3Cphrase%3E%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3EMaharashtra%3Cphrase%3E%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3ESugar%3Cphrase%3E%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3ESyndicate%29%29&skin=pastissues2&AppName=2&ViewMode=GIF |url-access=subscription |access-date=9 October 2022 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=5 July 2005 |location=[[Pune]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212193043/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Search&Key=ETPU/2005/07/05/6/Ar00601.xml&CollName=ET_PUNE_ARCHIVE&DOCID=68495&Keyword=%28%28%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3EBrihan%3Cphrase%3E%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3EMaharashtra%3Cphrase%3E%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3ESugar%3Cphrase%3E%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3ESyndicate%29%29&skin=pastissues2&AppName=2&ViewMode=GIF |archive-date=12 December 2017}}|{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-marketing/howling-wolves-ties-up-with-bmss-to-market-wines/article2179135.ece |title=Howling Wolves ties up with BMSS to market wines |work=[[The Hindu]] |agency=[[Business Line]] |date=1 June 2005 |location=[[Pune]] |access-date=19 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712094204/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-marketing/Howling-Wolves-ties-up-with-BMSS-to-market-wines/article20278032.ece |archive-date=12 July 2021}}}}</ref> The partnership was made with Baumgarten & Walia Ltd., a wholly owned [[subsidiary]] of the syndicate.<ref>{{cite news |title=Now, Australian wine for India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/now-australian-wine-for-india/articleshow/1127011.cms |access-date=17 August 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]] |location=[[Pune]] |agency=[[Times News Network]] |date=30 May 2005 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817122035/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/now-australian-wine-for-india/articleshow/1127011.cms |archive-date=17 August 2022}}</ref> That same year, [[Radico Khaitan]] signed an agreement with the syndicate for acquisition of their liquor brands Brihans Napoleon Brandy, Brihans Premium Whisky, Brihans Grape Brandy, Tropicana White Rum, Calcutta Dry Gin, Lord Nelson Rum and Red Russian Vodka in line with their domestic growth plan.<ref>Multiple sources:{{Bulleted list|{{cite news |title=Radico acquires eight brands from Brihans |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Search&Key=TOIM/2005/09/30/17/Ar01705.xml&CollName=TOI_MUMBAI_ARCHIVE&DOCID=560501&Keyword=%28%28%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3EBrihan%3Cphrase%3E%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3EMaharashtra%3Cphrase%3E%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3ESugar%3Cphrase%3E%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3ESyndicate%29%29&skin=pastissues2&AppName=2&ViewMode=GIF |url-access=subscription |access-date=9 October 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=30 September 2005}}{{dead link|date=April 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}|{{Cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/radico-khaitan-plans-rs-85-cr-grain-distillery-105102201049_1.html |title=Radico Khaitan plans Rs 85 cr grain distillery |last=Unnikrishnan |first=C. H. |date=22 October 2005 |location=[[Mumbai]] |work=[[Business Standard]] |access-date=14 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140309054615/http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/radico-khaitan-plans-rs-85-cr-grain-distillery-105102201049_1.html |archive-date=9 March 2014}}|{{cite news |last1=Kurian |first1=Boby |title=Radico buys Brihans brands for Rs 35 crore |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/461499429 |url-access=subscription |access-date=9 October 2022 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=30 September 2005 |location=[[Washington, D. C.]] |id={{ProQuest|461499429}} |agency=[[Tribune Content Agency]]}}}}</ref>

Between 2004 and 2009, the syndicate allegedly faced difficulties in hiring workers for its [[Growing season|growing]] and [[Harvest|harvesting season]]s at its factory, as backlash for the controversial elections at the [[Board of Control of Cricket in India]] in 2004 involving Agashe and [[Sharad Pawar]], whose [[Nationalist Congress Party]] controlled the [[Government of Maharashtra]] at the time.<ref>Multiple sources:{{Bulleted list|{{cite news |url=http://blogs.hindustantimes.com/singly-political/2010/04/16/its-tharoor’s-cricket-versus-pawar’s/ |title=Its Tharoor's cricket versus Pawar's |work=[[The Hindustan Times]] |first=Sujata |last=Anandan |date=16 April 2010 |access-date=17 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917203809/http://blogs.hindustantimes.com/singly-political/2010/04/16/its-tharoor%E2%80%99s-cricket-versus-pawar%E2%80%99s/ |archive-date=17 September 2016 |url-status=dead}}|{{Cite news |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20100427/edit.htm#8 |title=INDIAN POLITICIANS' LEAGUE: The gentlemen's game |last=Khanna |first=Ruchika |date=27 April 2010 |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |access-date=17 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241212160947/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20100427/edit.htm#8 |archive-date=12 December 2024}}|{{Cite news |date=4 January 2009 |title=Before the chill, Pawar was his buddy. |work=[[Daily News & Analysis]]}}}}</ref>

===Under Ashutosh Agashe: 2009–present ===
In 2009, upon Dnyaneshwar Agashe's death, [[Ashutosh Agashe]] was appointed chairman and managing director of the syndicate.{{sfn|Limaye|2009|page=1}} In 2013, the syndicate sold its liquor manufacturing arm to [[Radico Khaitan]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Radico Khaitan to acquire Brihan's IMFL brands |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/radico-khaitan-to-acquire-brihan-s-imfl-brands-105100300008_1.html |work=[[Business Standard]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |date=25 January 2013 |location=[[Mumbai]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114142055/https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/radico-khaitan-to-acquire-brihan-s-imfl-brands-105100300008_1.html |archive-date=14 January 2022}}</ref> In 2014, the syndicate was involved in a dispute concerning the [[trademark]] 'Tango' with the Brihan Karan Sugar Syndicate Private Limited (BKSSPL).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-bombay-high-court-relief-to-tango-country-liquor-maker-1990103 |title=Bombay high court relief to Tango country liquor maker |date=21 May 2014 |first=Urvi |last=Mahajani |work=[[Daily News & Analysis]] |location=[[Mumbai]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521081116/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-bombay-high-court-relief-to-tango-country-liquor-maker-1990103 |archive-date=21 May 2014}}</ref>

In May 2021, during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]], Ashutosh and the syndicate donated [[oxygen concentrator]]s to hospitals in [[Shreepur, Maharashtra]].<ref>{{cite news |title=आशुतोष आगाशे श्रीपूरकरांच्या मदतीला धावले |trans-title=Ashutosh Agashe rushed to aid Shreepurkars |date=9 May 2021 |work=[[Tarun Bharat]] |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=आशुतोष आगाशे यांच्या कडून श्री. सेवा हॉस्पिटलला ऑक्सिजन कंसन्ट्रेटर |trans-title=Oxygen concentrators gifted to Shree Seva Hospital by Ashutosh Agashe |date=12 May 2021 |work=[[Surajya]] |language=mr}}</ref> In 2022, the syndicate commissioned [[Nandan Phadnis]] to do the [[English language|English]] to [[Marathi (language)|Marathi]] [[translation]]s of Chandrashekhar Agashe's 1992 [[biography]] authored by [[Shakuntala Karandikar]], and Dnyaneshwar Agashe's 2002 [[festschrift]]. Both translated works were published by the syndicate on the [[Birthday|birth anniversaries]] of their respective subjects that same year.{{sfnm|1a1=Karandikar|1y=2022|1at=[[Title page|Title]] and [[Recto and verso|verso page]]|2a1=Belvalkar|2a2=Vartak|2a3=Barve|2y=2022|2at=[[Title page|Title]] and [[Recto and verso|verso page]]}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
*{{cite book |last1=Agashe |first1=Chandrashekhar |author1-link=Chandrashekhar Agashe |editor1-last=Agashe |editor1-first=Aditya |title=Selected Writings |date=21 October 2022 |publisher=[[Brihan Maharashtra Sugar Syndicate|Brihans Group]] |location=[[London]], [[Dublin]] |isbn=9798987233429 |edition=[[Limited edition|Limited]] [[First edition|first]] |url=https://catalogue.nli.ie/Record/vtls000896788 |access-date=22 March 2023|language=en, mr |lccn=2023544612 |oclc=1368249725 |via=[[National Library of Ireland]]}}
*{{cite book |last1=Agashe |first1=Trupti |last2=Agashe |first2=Gopal. |editor1-last=Wad |editor1-first=Mugdha |title=आगाशे कुलवृत्तांत |trans-title=Genealogy of the Agashe Family |chapter=मांगदरी घराणा |trans-chapter=The House of Mangdari |date=2006 |publisher=Surbhi Graphics |location=[[Hyderabad]] |type=[[Kulavruttanta]] |edition=2nd |language=mr |isbn=978-1-5323-4500-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IahqswEACAAJ |via=[[Google Books]]}}
*{{cite book |last1=Bapat |first1=Seema |last2=Bapat |first2=Sadanand |title=बापट कुलवृत्तांत|trans-title=Genealogy of the Bapat Family |date=2007 |location=[[Pune]] |edition=3rd |language=mr |chapter=नारिंग्रे – कल्याण – जुन्नर घराणा |trans-chapter=The House of Naringre – Kalyan – Junnar |type=[[Kulavruttanta]]}}
*{{cite book |editor-last1=Barve |editor-first1=Ramesh |editor-last2=Vartak |editor-first2=Taraprakash |editor-last3=Belvalkar |editor-first3=Sharchandra |date=17 April 2002 |title=पुत्र विश्वस्ताचा : गौरव ग्रंथ : ज्ञानेश्वर आगाशे षष्ट्यब्दीपूर्ती निमित्त |trans-title=Putra Viśvastācā : A Festschrift : In honour of Dnyaneshwar Agashe's 60th Birth Anniversary |type=[[Festschrift]] |url=https://solo.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/permalink/44OXF_INST/2d0ceh/alma990211048440107026 |access-date=22 May 2025 |language=mr |edition=1st |location=[[Pune]]| publisher=Jñāneśvara Āgāśe Gaurava Samitī |isbn=978-1-5323-4594-4 |lccn=2017322864 |oclc=992168227 |via=[[University of Oxford]]}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Beckman |first1=Robert |title=Technology projects target Indian firms |journal=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |date=September 1991 |volume=13 |issue=8 |pages=12–13 |publisher=[[United States Agency for International Development]] |location=[[Columbia University]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NkVvhpqt37AC |access-date=14 May 2025 |via=[[Cornell University]] |issn=2334-5187 |lccn=sn91023343 |oclc=2261367}}
*{{Cite book |title=Putra Vishwastacha: A Festschrift to Dnyaneshwar Agashe |publisher=[[Brihan Maharashtra Sugar Syndicate Ltd.|The Brihan Maharashtra Sugar Syndicate Ltd.]] |date=17 April 2022 |isbn=9780578292250 |oclc=1325123469 |lccn=2021276707 |edition=2nd |location=[[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]] |language=English |editor-last=Belvalkar |editor-first=Sharatchandra |editor-last2=Vartak |editor-first2=Taraprakash |editor-last3=Barve |editor-first3=Ramesh |others=Compiled by Agashe, Aditya |translator-last=Phadnis |translator-first=Nandan |translator-link=Nandan Phadnis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pm5rEAAAQBAJ |via=[[Google Books]]}}
*{{cite book |editor1-last=Bracken |editor1-first=Sir Geoffrey |editor1-link=G. T. H. Bracken |title=Oral Evidence recorded during enquiry on the Sugar Industry: Local Government, Associations, Chambers of Commerce, Individual firms and persons |date=1938 |publisher=[[Directorate of Revenue Intelligence|Indian Tariff Board]] |location=[[Delhi]] |volume=V |hdl=10973/24154 |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10973/24154 |access-date=19 February 2024 |url-access=subscription |via=[[Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics]]}}
*{{cite book |editor1-last=Bracken |editor1-first=Sir Geoffrey |editor1-link=G. T. H. Bracken |title=Written Evidence recorded during the enquiry into the Sugar Industry: Replies received from the Local Governments and Indian States |date=1939 |publisher=[[Directorate of Revenue Intelligence|Indian Tariff Board]] |location=[[Delhi]] |volume=III-A |hdl=10973/24151 |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10973/24151 |access-date=19 February 2024 |url-access=subscription |via=[[Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics]]}}
*{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0LkiAQAAMAAJ |title=Business India |ref={{SfnRef|Advani|1982}} |publisher=A. H. Advani |date=1982 |via=[[Northwestern University]] |language=en |volume=108-116 |oclc=4525594 |lccn=78914172 |issn=0254-5268}}
*{{cite book |title=Defence Management |volume=16 |date=1989 |ref={{SfnRef|Institute of Defence Management|1989}} |publisher=[[Military academies in India|Institute of Defence Management]] |location=[[Secunderabad]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7HRV_In-xMkC |access-date=14 January 2022 |language=en |via=[[University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign]] |oclc=3443903 |lccn=76913327}}
*{{cite book |last=Karandikar |first=Shakuntala |author-link=Shakuntala Karandikar |date=1992 |title=विश्वस्त |trans-title=Viśvasta |url=https://solo.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/permalink/44OXF_INST/2d0ceh/alma990211048410107026 |access-date=22 May 2025 |language=mr |edition=1st |location=[[Pune]] |publisher=Śrī Prakāśana |isbn=9781532345012 |lccn=2017322865 |oclc=992168228 |via=[[University of Oxford]]}}
*{{cite book |title=Vishwasta – The Trustee: The Life of Industrialist Chandrashekhar Agashe |last=Karandikar |first=Shakuntala |author-link=Shakuntala Karandikar |publisher=[[Brihan Maharashtra Sugar Syndicate Ltd.|The Brihan Maharashtra Sugar Syndicate Ltd.]] |isbn=9780578355863 |edition=2nd |language=English |editor-last=Agashe |editor-first=Aditya |publication-place=[[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]] |translator-last=Phadnis |translator-first=Nandan |translator-link=Nandan Phadnis |date=14 February 2022 |oclc=1310118266 |lccn=2021276641 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B6NaEAAAQBAJ |access-date=11 May 2025 |via=[[Google Books]]}}
*{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dGcjAQAAMAAJ |title=Kothari's Economic and Industrial Guide of India |date=1978 |language=en |ref={{SfnRef|Kothari & Sons|1978}} |publisher=Kothari & Sons |via=[[University of Michigan]] |access-date=9 October 2022 |oclc=1784174 |lccn=72904460}}
*{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N5YjAQAAMAAJ |access-date=9 October 2022 |title=Kothari's Economic Guide and Investors' Handbook of India |date=1969 |ref={{SfnRef|Kothari & Sons|1969}} |publisher=Kothari & Sons |language=en |via=[[University of Michigan]] |oclc=1773664 |lccn=sa63000226}}
*{{cite book |publisher=[[Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)|Indian Labour Bureau]] |title=Large Industrial Establishments in India |date=1958 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GSvoAAAAMAAJ |language=en |via=[[University of Michigan]] |access-date=9 October 2022 |oclc=1774594 |lccn=54021640 |ref={{SfnRef|Indian Labour Bureau|1958}}}}
*{{cite book |last1=Limaye |first1=P. M. |last2=Vaze |first2=S. G. |chapter=Labour Appellate Tribunal: Contribution to the Provident Fund |url=https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10973/49184/GIPE-035537-22.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y |access-date=19 February 2024 |title=The Indian Civil Liberties Bulletin |issue=70 |publisher=Servants of India Society |date=July 1955 |location=[[Poona]] |editor-last=Kakade |editor-first=R. G. |via=[[Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240629111257/https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10973/49184/GIPE-035537-22.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y |archive-date=29 June 2024}}
*{{cite book |title=Maharashtra State Gazetteers: Solapur |date=1977 |ref={{SfnRef|Government of Maharashtra|1977}} |publisher=[[Government of Maharashtra|Director of Government Printing, Stationery and Publications, Maharashtra State]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jJ5hAAAAIAAJ |access-date=14 January 2022 |language=en |via=[[University of California]] |oclc=77864804 |lccn=sa64006876}}
*{{cite book |last1=Mulani |first1=Sikandar S. |title=Socio Economic Development in Solapur District |isbn=978-1-312-37394-5 |date=2014 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6On_BgAAQBAJ |via=[[Google Books]] |access-date=14 January 2022 |language=en}}
*{{cite book |title=Museum Education |date=1954 |publisher=Tata Day Publications |location=[[Poona]] |url=https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10973/34178/GIPE-040701.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y |access-date=19 February 2024 |ref={{SfnRef|Lord Reay Maharashtra Industrial Museum|1954}} |via=[[Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219121929/https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10973/34178/GIPE-040701.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y |archive-date=19 February 2024}}
*{{cite book |title=Poona: Look and Outlook |editor-first=R. V. |editor-last=Oturkar |date=1951 |publisher=[[Pune Municipal Corporation]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JD1LAAAAIAAJ |language=en |via=[[University of California]] |access-date=9 October 2022 |oclc=1324027 |lccn=74173050}}
*{{cite book |last1=Panda |first1=H. |title=Handbook On Chemical Industries (Alcohol Based) |date=7 February 2002 |publisher=Asia Pacific Business Press Inc. |isbn=978-81-7833-067-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D7aiCwAAQBAJ |access-date=14 January 2022 |via=[[Google Books]] |language=en |oclc=191026377}}
*{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1HBjAAAAMAAJ |access-date=11 May 2025 |chapter=Shri Chandrashekhar Govind Agashe |title=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute |ref={{SfnRef|Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute|1955}} |publisher=[[Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute]] |volume=36 |date=1955 |issue=3/4 |page=382 |jstor=44082979 |oclc=6988270115 |lccn=25006272 |via=[[University of Michigan]]}}
*{{cite book |title=Silver Jubilee Souvenir |date=1967 |ref={{SfnRef|Deccan Sugar Factories Association|1967}} |publisher=[[State Bank of Mysore|Bank of Mysore]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fjZXAAAAMAAJ |language=en |access-date=9 October 2022 |via=[[University of Michigan]] |oclc=474783 |lccn=sa68013088}}
*{{cite book |title=The Maharashtra Government Gazette |publisher=[[Government of Maharashtra]] |date=1964 |ref={{SfnRef|Government of Maharashtra|1964}} |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z8YPAQAAIAAJ |access-date=14 January 2022 |language=en |via=[[University of California]] |oclc=1257791636 |lccn=sf95095974}}
*{{cite book |title=Year Book & Directory of Indian Sugar Factories |date=1973 |ref={{SfnRef|Sugar Technologists Association of India|1973}} |publisher=[[Sugar Technologists Association of India]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q6M3AQAAIAAJ |language=en |via=[[University of California]] |access-date=9 October 2022 |oclc=11961862 |lccn=sa63001259}}

=== Academic theses ===
*{{Cite thesis |title=Labour in the Sugar Industry of the Bombay-Deccan |last=Deodhar |first=L. D. |date=1950 |access-date=19 February 2024 |url-access=subscription |degree=[[Ph.D.]] |publisher=[[University of Bombay]] |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10973/44888 |place=[[Poona]] |hdl=10973/44888 |via=[[Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250222142755/http://hdl.handle.net/10973/44888 |archive-date=22 February 2025}}
*{{Cite thesis |title=The Growth of Bank of Maharashtra Limited in its Area of Operation |last=Patwardhan |first=M. V. |date=February 1966 |degree=[[Ph.D.]] |publisher=[[University of Poona]] |place=[[Poona]] |url=https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10973/45098/GIPE-114677-Contents.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y |hdl=10973/45098 |access-date=14 May 2025 |url-access=subscription |via=[[Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250514185344/https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10973/45098/GIPE-114677-Contents.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y |archive-date=14 May 2025}}
*{{Cite thesis |title=Impact of Sugar Factories on the Rural Economy: A Case Study |last=Tupe |first=S. D. |date=23 October 1980 |access-date=19 February 2024 |degree=[[Ph.D.]] |publisher=[[Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics]] |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10973/44913 |place=[[Pune]] |hdl=10973/44913 |url-access=subscription}}

=== Business reports ===
*{{Cite report |title=Director's Report of the Brihan Maharashtra Sugar Syndicate |date=14 August 1990 |last=Agashe |first=D. C. |author-link=Dnyaneshwar Agashe |location=[[Pune]] |lang=mr, en}}
*{{Cite report |title=Director's Report of the Brihan Maharashtra Sugar Syndicate |date=3 October 1992 |last=Agashe |first=D. C. |author-link=Dnyaneshwar Agashe |location=[[Pune]]}}
*{{Cite report |title=Director's Report of the Brihan Maharashtra Sugar Syndicate |date=9 August 1995 |last=Agashe |first=D. C. |author-link=Dnyaneshwar Agashe |location=[[Pune]]}}
*{{Cite report |title=Director's Report of the Brihan Maharashtra Sugar Syndicate |date=8 August 1997 |last=Agashe |first=D. C. |author-link=Dnyaneshwar Agashe |location=[[Pune]]}}
*{{Cite report |title=Director's Report of the Brihan Maharashtra Sugar Syndicate |date=2 February 1959 |last=Limaye |first=S. L. |location=[[Poona]]}}
*{{Cite report |title=Director's Report of the Brihan Maharashtra Sugar Syndicate |date=2 November 1963 |last=Limaye |first=S. L. |location=[[Poona]]}}
*{{Cite report |title=Director's Report of the Brihan Maharashtra Sugar Syndicate |date=16 November 1967 |last=Limaye |first=S. L. |location=[[Poona]]}}
*{{Cite report |title=Director's Report of the Brihan Maharashtra Sugar Syndicate |date=24 October 1971 |last=Limaye |first=S. L. |location=[[Poona]]}}
*{{Cite report |title=Director's Report of the Brihan Maharashtra Sugar Syndicate |date=5 November 1979 |last=Limaye |first=S. L. |location=[[Pune]]}}
*{{Cite report |title=Director's Report of the Brihan Maharashtra Sugar Syndicate |date=2 August 1999 |last=Limaye |first=Y. D. |location=[[Pune]]}}
*{{Cite report |title=Director's Report of the Brihan Maharashtra Sugar Syndicate |date=23 August 2001 |last=Limaye |first=Y. D. |location=[[Pune]]}}
*{{Cite report |title=Director's Report of the Brihan Maharashtra Sugar Syndicate |date=3 August 2009 |last=Limaye |first=Y. D. |location=[[Pune]]}}
{{Refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
*{{cite book |title=Financial Trends in the Sugar Industry |date=1957 |publisher=Association of Indian Trade and Industry |location=[[Bombay]] |page=44 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vcxwAAAAIAAJ |access-date=14 May 2025 |language=en |via=[[University of California]] |oclc=13349583}}
*{{cite book |title=List of Factories and Other Large Industries in India |date=1958 |location=[[New Delhi]] |publisher=[[Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)|Indian Labour Bureau]] |page=113 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GSvoAAAAMAAJ |access-date=14 May 2025 |language=en |via=[[University of Michigan]] |lccn=54021640 |oclc=1774594}}
*{{cite book |title=Major Companies of Asia and Australasia: South Asia |date=2007 |edition=4th |publisher=Graham & Whiteside |location=[[London]] |isbn=978-1-86099-489-0 |page=102 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O9i3AAAAIAAJ |access-date=14 May 2025 |language=en |via=[[University of California]] |lccn=2007249003 |oclc=76945965}}
*{{cite book |editor-last=Palmer |editor-first=Mona |title=Sugar Y Azúcar Yearbook : Directory of Cane Sugar Mills |date=1967 |publisher=Mona Palmer |location=[[New York City|New York]] |page=37 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WoInAQAAMAAJ |access-date=14 May 2025 |language=en, es |via=[[Northwestern University]] |lccn=sf86091849 |oclc=8085390}}
*{{cite book |last1=Reed |first1=Stanley |author1-link=Stanley Reed (British politician) |title=The Times of India Directory and Year Book including Who's Who |date=1983 |publisher=[[Bennett, Coleman & Company]] |page=668 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eUzjAAAAMAAJ |access-date=14 May 2025 |language=en |via=[[University of Michigan]] |issn=0082-4445 |lccn=a19000014 |oclc=1767517}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
*{{Official website|https://www.thebmssltd.com/}}
*{{Crunchbase|brihan-maharashtra-sugar-syndicate|Brihan Maharashtra Sugar Syndicate|organization}}

{{Subject bar|d=Q28171804|auto=1|portal1=India|portal2=Asia|portal3=Company|portal4=Business}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Brihan Maharashtra Sugar Syndicate}}
[[Category:Indian brands]]
[[Category:Sugar companies of India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Pune]]
[[Category:Food and drink companies established in 1934]]
[[Category:Privately held companies of India]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1934]]

Pravara River

2025-09-26T21:03:43Z

Hiya singh: formatting fix

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Pravara
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| name_other =
| name_etymology =

| image = Umbrella falls bhandardara.jpg
| image_size = 300
| image_caption = Umbrella falls on Pravara river
| map =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_size =
| pushpin_map_caption=

| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[India]]
| subdivision_type2 = State
| subdivision_name2 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
| subdivision_type4 = District
| subdivision_name4 = [[Ahmednagar]]
| subdivision_type5 = Cities
| subdivision_name5 = [[Sangamner]], [[Nevasa]]

| length_km = 208
| width_min =
| width_avg =
| width_max =
| depth_min =
| depth_avg =
| depth_max =
| discharge1_location=
| discharge1_min =
| discharge1_avg =
| discharge1_max =

| source1 = [[Western Ghats|Sahayadris]]
| source1_location = [[Ahmednagar]], Nahik Subdivision, [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| source1_coordinates= {{coord|19|31|45|N|73|45|5|E|display=inline}}
| source1_elevation = {{convert|750|m|abbr=on}}
| mouth = [[Godavari River]]
| mouth_location = Pravara Sangam, [[Ahmednagar]], Nahik Subdivision, [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| mouth_coordinates = {{coord|19|37|00|N|75|01|00|E|display=inline,title}}
| mouth_elevation = {{convert|531|m|abbr=on}}
| progression =
| river_system =
| basin_size_km2 = 6537
| tributaries_left = [[Waki River, India|Waki]], [[Mahalungi River|Mahalungi]]
| tributaries_right = [[Mula river, Ahmednagar|Mula]]
| custom_label =
| custom_data =
| extra =
}}

The '''Pravara''' is the smallest of the major tributaries of [[Godavari]] river located in [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. Among the Godavari's 7 major tributaries, the Pravara is the only tributary which originates in the [[Western Ghats]] akin to the Godavari. Also, it is the only major tributary of [[Godavari]] to have both its source and confluence located within the same district - [[Ahmednagar]].

== Etymology ==
As per Indian Vedas,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.anandvanresorts.com/bhandardara-hill-station-history.html|title=Did You Know - Anandvan Resort - Bhandardara}}</ref> Sage Agastya meditated by consuming only water and air for a long tenure. Due to his incredible devotion, Lord [[Shiva]] appeared, blessed him, and left a stream of Ganga that came to be known as the Pravara River.

== Origin ==
The Pravara rises on the eastern slopes of the [[Western Ghats|Sahayadris]] between Kulang and Ratangad mountains in the [[Ahmednagar District]] of [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ahmednagar.gov.in/html_docs/geography__of_ahmednagar_distric.htm|title=Geography of Ahmednagar District|access-date=10 April 2016}}</ref>

== Course ==
Close to its origin the river flows into the town of [[Bhandardara]]. Here, the [[Bhandardara Dam]] is constructed across the river forming the Arthur Lake. The gates of the dam are periodically opened, to allow drownstream flow of the Pravara, giving rise to the Umbrella Falls. From hereon the river takes an east ward course and 58 km downstream, reaches another city- [[Sangamner]], where the river Mahalungi converges with it. This is the second largest city within the Ahmednagar District. Continuing eastwards, the river is joined by another tributary, this time on its right bank: River Mula. The river then, reaches the town of [[Nevasa]] and flows 12 km to the east where it finally empties itself into the [[Godavari]] River at Pravara Sangam<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.tageo.com/index-e-in-v-16-d-m2926741.htm |title=PRAVARA SANGAM MAHARASHTRA INDIA Geography Population Map cities coordinates location - Tageo.com |author= Cyrille Korsakoff, Tina Kuo Shi Wen |website= www.tageo.com}}</ref> located {{cvt|208|km}} from its source of origin.

== Tributaries ==
In its short run, the river acquires water from two main tributaries : Mahalungi and Mula.
*''Mahalungi'' : It rises on the southern and eastern slopes of Patta and Aundha. After the course of three miles ({{cvt|3|mi|km |disp=out}}), it passes east into the [[Sinnar taluka]] of [[Nashik]]. It reenters [[Ahmednagar]], after taking a bend towards south, it ends at [[Sangamner]], where it converges with Pravara at its left-bank.
*''Mula'' : This river rises on the eastern slopes of the [[Western Ghats|Sahayadris]] between [[Ratangad]] and Harichandragad. For the first twenty miles, it flows parallel to Pravara, draining the southernmost or Kotul valley of [[Akole taluka]]. Passing the town of Kotul it takes a bend to Baleshvar. It then crosses through Sangamner, Parner. The Dam Mula is constructed across the river at Baragaon Nandur. The river drains into Pravara just before the town [[Nevasa]].
*''Adhala'' : It originates in north of Akole on the Slopes of Patta and Mahakali. Merges with the Pravara 3 km (2 miles) west of [[Sangamner]].

== Dams ==
* [[Bhandardara Dam]]
* [[Nilwande Dam]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Godavari basin}}
{{Hydrography of Maharashtra}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Rivers of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Tributaries of the Godavari River]]

Fragrances and Flavours Association of India

2025-09-22T16:38:13Z

Hiya singh: New Article

{{Short description|Indian industry association}}
{{Primary sources|date=March 2023}}

The '''Fragrances and Flavours Association of India (FAFAI)''' is a [[Statute|statutory]] body that was formed in 1948 for developing [[company|industries]] engaged in the [[Manufacturing|manufacture]] of [[Aroma compound|Fragrances]] and [[Flavoring|Flavours]].

== History ==
The Fragrances and Flavours Association of India was formed as apex body in 1948 primarily aimed for the growth and development of industries engaged in manufacturing of various products relating to various Fragrances and Flavours.<ref name="ff4">{{cite press release |title=State sees potential in fragrance sector |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/state-sees-potential-in-fragrance-sector/articleshow/95842375.cms |access-date=15 February 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=29 November 2022}}</ref>

As of 2023, Rishabh C Kothari is the president of the association.<ref name="ff2">{{cite press release |title=FAFAI to organize 25th International Convention and Expo in Feb'23 at Kolkata |url=https://www.indianchemicalnews.com/general/fafai-to-organize-25th-international-convention-and-expo-in-feb23-at-kolkata-14489 |access-date=15 February 2023 |publisher=indianchemicalnews.com |date=17 August 2022}}</ref><ref name="ff3" />

== Members ==
The FAFAI covers around 1000 enterprises which operates as small, medium and large units and are considered as ancillary to Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG).<ref name="ff3">{{cite press release |title=FAFAI releases first edition of Indian Fragrances and Flavours Ref List |url=http://www.fnbnews.com/Top-News/fafai-releasees-first-edition-of-indian-fragrances-and-flavours-ref-list-60778 |access-date=13 March 2023 |publisher=FNB News |date=28 August 2020}}</ref>

== Raw material recommendation ==

The Fragrances and Flavours Association of India has prepared a list of more than 9000 ingredients the use of which are considered safe in manufacture of products related to various Fragrances and Flavours in India.<ref name="ff3" />

== Contribution to economy ==

The contribution of revenue from industries engaged in manufacturing of Fragrances and Flavours is estimated at around $500 million.<ref name="ff8">{{cite press release |title=Indian Fragrances and Flavours Industry fears losing its competitive advantage in the global markets; seeks relief |url=https://www.hotelierindia.com/business/10861-indian-fragrances-and-flavours-industry-fears-losing-its-competitive-advantage-in-the-global-markets-seeks-relief |access-date=15 February 2023 |publisher=hotelierindia.com |date=12 May 2020}}</ref>

== Challenges ==

The industries engaged in the manufacturing of Fragrances and Flavours are facing the challenges of China due to challenges in logistics and raw material cost.<ref name="ff8" />

== See also ==

* [[Economy of India]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.fafai.org/ Official site]


[[Category:Professional associations based in India]]

Saptapadii

2025-09-16T13:24:41Z

Hiya singh:

{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Saptapadii
| image = Saptapadii poster.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = Niranjan Thade
| producer = [[Amitabh Bachchan]]
| writer = Chandrakant Shah [[Kaajal Oza Vaidya]] Niranjan Thade
| starring = [[Manav Gohil]] [[Swaroop Sampat]] [[Sanika raghawa]]
| music = [[Rajat Dholakia]] and Piyush Kanojia
| cinematography = Navneet Misser
| editing = Rajesh Parmar Prashant Naik
| studio = [[Amitabh Bachchan Corporation]]
| distributor = Different Strokes Communications Pvt. Ltd. (Dr. Devdatt Kapadia)
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2013|2|1}}
| runtime = 105 minutes
| country = India
| language = Gujarati
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Saptapadii''''' is 2013 Gujarati film produced by [[Amitabh Bachchan Corporation]] starring [[Manav Gohil]], and [[Swaroop Sampat]] in leading roles. ''Saptapadii'' is the story of a contemporary Gujarati (Indian) woman who risks her comfortably settled married life of 20 years to do what she believes in. Saptapadii had been released in theatres across India on 1 February 2013, and had a record-breaking run of 12 weeks. In addition to the financial success, the critical success is also evident from the fact that it has been selected into 7 film festivals in 5 countries, notably winning a Special Mention for the Green Rose at the Jaipur International Film Festival. It is also being described as the turning point in Gujarati Cinema.<ref>{{cite web |title=AB Corp's Gujarati film 'Saptapadii' a hit, Big B elated |url=http://in.movies.yahoo.com/news/ab-corps-gujarati-film-saptapadii-hit-big-b-110824317.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024022200/http://in.movies.yahoo.com/news/ab-corps-gujarati-film-saptapadii-hit-big-b-110824317.html |archive-date=2013-10-24 |website=in.movies.yahoo.com}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The story revolves around a couple Siddharth and Swati Sanghvi. Both are in their late 40s. Life takes a turn for the couple during a visit to Saputara, to celebrate their 20th anniversary, where Swati meets a 9-year-old child. Being an expert in treating traumatised kids, she recognises the symptoms in this child. Swati takes the onus of bringing the child out of trauma. Eventually it is revealed that the child is a victim of a terror attack and has lost both his parents in it. The film is about how the child changes the couple’s lives.<ref>{{cite web |title=AB Corp's Gujarati film is set to hit |url=http://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/article/3/2012060220120602022952518a62b5490/AB-Corp%E2%80%99s-Gujarati-film-is-set-to-hit-.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120609023104/http://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/article/3/2012060220120602022952518a62b5490/AB-Corp%E2%80%99s-Gujarati-film-is-set-to-hit-.html |archive-date=2012-06-09 |website=ahmedabadmirror.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=AB Corp Set To Produce Its First Gujarati Movie |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=VE9JQS8yMDEyLzA2LzExI0FyMDAxMDM=&Mode=HTML&Locale=english-skin-custom |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304062636/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=VE9JQS8yMDEyLzA2LzExI0FyMDAxMDM=&Mode=HTML&Locale=english-skin-custom |archive-date=2016-03-04 |website=epaper.timesofindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Saptapadii on Dhollywoodinfo.com |url=http://www.dhollywoodinfo.com/2013/01/saptapadii.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130203223903/http://www.dhollywoodinfo.com/2013/01/saptapadii.html |archive-date=2013-02-03 |website=dhollywoodinfo.com}}</ref>

== Cast ==
*[[Manav Gohil]] as Siddharth Sanghvi
*[[Swaroop Sampat]] as Swati Sanghvi
*Heet Samani as Mohsin
*Shailee Shah as Shreya
*Utkarsh Mazumdar as Dr. Patrawala
*Homi Wadia as Commissioner of Police, Special Branch
*Vihaan Choudhary as Rohan
*The Children of Primary School, Saputara
*Sanika raghawa as priya

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|2370852|Saptapadii}}
* {{rotten-tomatoes|saptapadii|Saptapadii}}

[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Gujarat]]
[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:2010s Gujarati-language films]]

BillDesk

2025-09-01T09:15:44Z

Hiya singh: New A Article

{{Short description|Indian online payment gateway company}}
{{Notability|1=Companies|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox company
| name = BillDesk
| logo = BillDesk.svg
| logo_size =
| type = [[Private company|Private]]
| foundation = {{Start date and age|2000}}
| location = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| area_served = India
| founder = {{ubl|M.N. Srinivasu| Ajay Kaushal| Karthik Ganapathy}}
| industry = [[Finance]]
| services = [[Payment platform]] [[E-commerce payment system]] [[Bill (payment)|Bill payment]]
| parent = IndiaIdeas.com Ltd<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharan |first1=Gunja |title=PayU India Submits Revised Merger Notification To CCI For $4.7 Bn BillDesk Deal |url=https://inc42.com/buzz/payu-india-submits-revised-merger-notification-to-cci-on-proposed-4-7-bn-billdesk-buyout-deal/ |access-date=13 October 2022 |work=Inc42 Media |date=26 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Indiaideas Com Ltd |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/0200330D:IN |access-date=13 October 2022 |work=Bloomberg}}</ref>
| revenue = {{increase}} {{INRconvert|2124|c}} (FY 2021)<ref name="fy21"/>
| net_income = {{increase}} {{INRconvert|245|c}} (FY 2021)<ref name="fy21">{{cite news |last1=Manchanda |first1=Gaurav Tyagi & Kunal |title=Billdesk's income crosses Rs 2,100 Cr in FY21, profit grows to Rs 246 Cr |url=https://entrackr.com/2022/02/billdesk-income-crosses-rs-2100-cr-in-fy21-profit-grows-to-rs-246-cr/ |access-date=13 October 2022 |work=Entrackr |date=21 February 2022}}</ref>
| subsid = {{ubl|Loylty Rewardz<ref>{{cite news |title=BillDesk: The Payments Pioneer |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/work-in-progress/billdesk-the-payments-pioneer/48439/1 |access-date=10 February 2023 |work=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref>|Jocata<ref>{{cite news |title=BillDesk acquires fintech payment product |url=https://www.vccircle.com/exclusive-billdesk-acquires-fintech-payment-product |access-date=10 February 2023 |work=VCCircle}}</ref>}}
| website = {{URL|https://www.billdesk.com/}}
| num_employees = 800+
}}
'''BillDesk''' is an Indian online [[payment gateway]] company based in [[Mumbai]]. The company provides an online payment platform for its clients which enables banking and merchant website transactions.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Laskar |first1=Anirudh |title=BillDesk plans to sell-off business for $2.5 billion |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/billdesk-plans-to-sell-off-business-for-2-5-billion-11593943069999.html |access-date=22 November 2021 |work=mint |date=5 July 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
BillDesk was founded by Indian entrepreneurs M.N. Srinivasu, Ajay Kaushal and Karthik Ganapathy in 2000.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://tech.firstpost.com/news-analysis/billdesk-to-boost-mobile-billing-in-india-1486.html|title=BillDesk To Boost Mobile Billing In India – Tech2|date=2006-09-04|newspaper=Tech2|language=en-US|access-date=2016-10-12|archive-date=2016-12-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220074836/http://tech.firstpost.com/news-analysis/billdesk-to-boost-mobile-billing-in-india-1486.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The three previously worked at American accounting firm [[Arthur Andersen]] LLP.<ref name=gadgetsnow>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gadgetsnow.com/tech-news/BillDesk-to-raise-200-million-at-1-billion-value/articleshow/49588808.cms|title=BillDesk to raise $200 million at $1 billion value {{!}} Gadgets Now|website=Gadget Now|access-date=2016-10-12}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Infibeam|Infibeam Avenues]]
* [[e-commerce in India]]
*[[Payment and settlement systems in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.billdesk.com/}}

{{Digital payment providers}}
{{FinTech in India}}

[[Category:Financial services companies established in 2000]]
[[Category:Internet properties established in 2000]]
[[Category:Online payments]]
[[Category:Payment service providers]]
[[Category:Mobile payments in India]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2000]]