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Kedar Prasad Gupta

2026-05-08T17:20:10Z

Hindutashravi: Made A Details More To Come

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Kedar Prasad Gupta
| office = Minister of Tourism [[Government of Bihar]]
| term_start = 07 May 2026
| 1blankname = [[Chief Minister of Bihar|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata = [[Samrat Choudhary]]
| predecessor = [[Samrat Choudhary]]
| successor =
| office3 = [[List of ministers of panchayati raj of Bihar|Minister of Panchayat Raj]] [[Government of Bihar]]
|image= File:Kedargupta (1) (1).jpg
| term_start3 = 15 March 2024
| term_end3 = 20 November 2025
| 1blankname3 = [[Chief Minister of Bihar|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata3 = [[Nitish Kumar]]
| predecessor3 = [[Samrat Choudhary]]
| successor3 = [[Deepak Prakash]]
| office1 = Member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 2022
| predecessor1 = [[Anil Kumar Sahani|Anil Sahani]]
| constituency1 = [[Kurhani Assembly constituency|Kurhani]]
| term_start2 = 2015
| term_end2 = 2020
| predecessor2 = [[Manoj Singh Kushwaha|Manoj Kushwaha]]
| successor2 = [[Anil Kumar Sahani|Anil Sahani]]
| constituency2 = [[Kurhani Assembly constituency|Kurhani]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1963|6|3}}
| birth_place = [[Muzaffarpur]], [[Bihar]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse = Vimla Gupta
| father = Ramavtar Sah
| children = 3 sons, 1 daughter
| education = [[Master of Arts|M. A.]] (Hindi)
| source = https://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/pdf/member_profile/93.pdf
}}

'''Kedar Prasad Gupta''' (born 1964) is an Indian politician from '''[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]'''. He is currently serving as the '''Tourism Minister''' in the '''[[Government of Bihar]]'''. He previously served as '''Minister of Panchayat Raj''' in the '''[[Government of Bihar]]'''. He won<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 November 2025 |title=KEDAR PRASAD GUPTA (Winner) |url=https://www.myneta.info/Bihar2025/candidate.php?candidate_id=291 |website=MyNeta.info}}</ref> the [[Kurhani Assembly constituency]] of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] on 2025 with [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bhartiya Janta Party (BJP)]] Symbol and he was also elected from same constituency 8 December 2022 in the by-election. He had earlier represented [[Kurhani Assembly constituency|Kurhani]] in the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] from 2015-20.<ref>{{Cite news | date=8 December 2022 |title=Bihar Assembly bypoll: BJP wins Kurhani Assembly seat defeating JD(U) by 3,645 votes |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/bihars-kurhani-assembly-constituency-bypoll-results/article66237664.ece |access-date=8 December 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2022 |title=Kurhani By Election Result: BJP के केदार प्रसाद गुप्ता बने कुढ़नी के किंग, 3632 वोटों से मिली जीत |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/bihar/muzaffarpur-kurhani-by-election-result-bjp-kedar-prasad-gupta-win-kurhani-seat-defeated-manoj-kushwaha-5020013.html |access-date=8 December 2022 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kurhani By Election Result: कुढ़नी में चूक गई जेडीयू, हारते-हारते जीत ही गई बीजेपी; केदार गुप्ता ने मनोज कुशवाहा को 3645 वोटों से हराया |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/story-kurhani-by-election-result-2022-bjp-kedar-prasad-gupta-defeated-jdu-manoj-kushwaha-7460660.html |access-date=8 December 2022 |website=Hindustan |language=hindi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kedar Prasad Gupta(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- KURHANI : BYE ELECTION ON 05-12-2022(MUZAFFARPUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/Bihar2020/candidate.php?candidate_id=13705 |access-date=8 December 2022 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> He belongs to the [[Kandu|Kanu Halwai]] caste of Bihar.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gupta, Kedar Prasad}}
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Bihar]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2020–2025]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2015–2020]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:People from Muzaffarpur district]]
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2025–2030]]

M. Bhojarajan

2026-05-07T14:18:29Z

Hindutashravi:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = M. Bhojarajan
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 6 May 2026
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Udagamandalam Assembly constituency|Udhagamandalam]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| predecessor = [[R. Ganesh (politician)|R. Ganesh]]
| successor =
| father = R. Muthaiah
| education = [[Madras Law College]] (L.L.B) [[Madras Medical College]] (Diploma in Criminology) [[Government Arts College, Ooty]] (B.A)
| occupation = Agricultural planter, businessman, Advocate<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhojarajan.M(Bharatiya Janata Party):Constituency- UDAGAMANDALAM(NILGIRIS) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/TamilNadu2026/candidate.php?candidate_id=1298 |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>
}}

'''M. Bhojarajan''' (born 1946) is an Indian politician from [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] who is a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He is the sole Tamil Nadu BJP member to be elected to [[17th Tamil Nadu Assembly]] from [[Udagamandalam Assembly constituency]] in [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026 election]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Charan |first=N. Sai |date=4 May 2026 |title=BJP reduced to one seat in Tamil Nadu Assembly, top leaders defeated |url= https://www.thehindu.com/elections/tamil-nadu-assembly/bjp-reduced-to-one-seat-in-tamil-nadu-assembly-top-leaders-defeated/article70939492.ece |website=[[The Hindu]]|access-date= 7 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-04 |title=Udhagamandalam election results 2026: BJP's Bhojarajan M wins with 48,488 votes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/udhagamandalam-election-results-2026/articleshow/130681846.cms |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> He had earlier contested in same constituency in [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021 election]], but lost to [[R. Ganesh (politician)|R. Ganesh]] of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] by 5,348 votes.<ref name="2021UdagRes"/>

== Elections contested ==
{{transcluded section|source=Udagamandalam Assembly constituency}}
{{trim|{{#section-h:Udagamandalam Assembly constituency|2026}}}}

{{transcluded section|source=Udagamandalam Assembly constituency}}
{{trim|{{#section-h:Udagamandalam Assembly constituency|2021}}}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhojarajan, Muthaiah}}
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2026–2031]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{TamilNadu-BJP-politician-stub}}
{{TamilNadu-politician-stub}}

Local government in Bihar

2026-05-05T23:17:52Z

Hindutashravi: started first post basic info

{{Short description|Governance in the state of Bihar}}
{{infobox government
| government_name = Administration in Bihar
| image = [[Image:Seal of Bihar.svg|250px]]
| caption = Seal of Bihar
| division_type = [[Seat of government|Seat of Government]]
| division = [[Patna]]
| leader_type = [[Govjihlernor (India)|Governor]]
| leader_title = [[Shri Arif Mohammed Khan ]]
| leader_type2 = [[Chief minister (India)|Chief Minister]]
| leader_title2 = [[Nitish Kumar]]
| legislature_label = [[State legislative assemblies of India|Assembly]]
| legislature = {{ubl|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]|}}
| speaker_label = [[List of current Indian legislative speakers and chairmen|Speaker]]
| speaker = [[Nand Kishore Yadav]]
| members_in_assembly_label = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Members in Assembly]]
| members_in_assembly = 243
| legislative_council_label = [[State legislative councils of India|Council]]
| legislative_council = Bihar Legislative Council
| chairman_label = [[List of current Indian legislative speakers and chairmen|Chairman]]
| chairman = [[Awadhesh Narain Singh]]
| members_in_council_label = [[Member of the Legislative Council (India)|Members in Council]]
| members_in_council = 75
| branch4 = [[Judiciary of India|Judiciary]]
| court_name = [[High courts of India|High Court]]
| court = Patna High Court
| chief_justice_label = [[List of current Indian chief justices|Chief Justice]]
| chief_justice = Justice [[K. Vinod Chandran]]
}}
[[Bihar]] is a [[States of India|state]] situated in [[Eastern India]]. It is neighbored by [[West Bengal]] to the east, [[Uttar Pradesh]] to the west, [[Jharkhand]] to the south and [[Nepal]] to the north.

==History==
{{multiple image
| perrow = 2
| total_width = 270
| caption_align = center
| align = right
| image1 = BengalPartition1905 Map.png
| caption1 = [[Bihar]] as part of [[Bengal Presidency]] (1776–1912)[Note 1]
| image2 = Bihar and Orissa province.jpg
| caption2 = [[Bihar and Orissa Province]] (1912–1936)
| image3 = Bihār. 7-69. LOC gm70003327.jpg
| caption3 = [[Bihar Province]] (Pre-independence ) [[Bihar Jharkhand bifurcation|Bihar State]] (Post-independence ) 1936–2000
| image4 = Bihar locator map.svg
| caption4 = [[Bihar]] after [[Bihar Jharkhand bifurcation]] post 2011
| header = Recent History of Administrative of structure [[Bihar]]
| header_background = Silver
| footer = '''[Note 1] ''' ''': '''1905 map of [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
| footer_background = Silver
}}

[[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]], [[Anga]] and [[Vajjika League]] of Mithila, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 600 BCE.

=== Bengal Presidency ===
Before 1905, Bihar was a part of [[British East India Company]]'s [[Bengal Presidency]]. In 1905 the Bengal Presidency was divided and created two new provinces: East Bengal and West Bengal. Until then Bihar was part of West Bengal. Again West Bengal and East Bengal reunited in 1911 but the people of Bihar and Orrisa demanded a separate province based on language rather than religion. In 1912 Bihar and Orissa Province was created separating from Bengal Presidency. In 1936, Bihar and Orrisa Province divided into two new provinces: Bihar Province and Orissa Province.

===Bihar and Orissa Province===
Following [[Divisions of Bihar|Divisions]] were included in Bihar and Orissa Province when it separated from [[Bengal Presidency]] in 1912:

*[[Bhagalpur Division]] (districts of Bhagalpur, Munger (Monghyr), Purnea and the Santhal Parganas)
*[[Patna Division]] (Gaya, Patna and Shahabad)
*[[Tirhut Division]] (Champaran, Darbhanga, Muaffarpur and Saran)
*[[Chota Nagpur Division]] (Hazaribagh, Manbhum, Palamau, Ranchi and Singhbhum)
*[[Orissa Division]] (Angul, Balasore, Cuttack, Puri and Sambatpur)

On 1 April 1936 Bihar and Orissa Province was divided into two new provinces: Bihar Province and [[Orissa Province]]

=== Bihar Province ===
In 1936, Bihar became a separate province including part of [[Jharkhand]].

After the independence of India in 1951, Bihar including Jharkhand had 18 divisions, and had 55 districts in 1991.

===Bihar===
In 2000, Bihar again divided into two states: the current Bihar and Jharkhand. In 2001 Bihar had a total of 38 districts.

== Administrative structure ==

=== Structure ===
{| class="wikitable floatright"
|+ [[Administrative division]]s
|-
! [[Divisions of Bihar|Divisions]]
| 9
|-
! [[List of districts of Bihar|Districts]]
| 38
|-
! [[Subdivisions of Bihar|Subdivisions]]
| 101
|-
! [[List of cities in Bihar by population|Cities and towns]]
| 261
|-
! [[Blocks in Bihar|Blocks]]
| 534
|-
! [[Lists of villages in Bihar|Villages]]
| 45,103
|-
! [[Panchayati raj|Panchayat]]s
| 8,058
|-
! [[Police Districts]]
| 43
|-
! [[Police station|Police Stations]]
| 1064
|}
{{Administrative structure of Bihar}}

===Divisions and Districts===
{{Further|Divisions of Bihar|List of districts of Bihar}}
There are 38 districts in Bihar, grouped into 9 divisions —[[Patna Division|Patna]], [[Tirhut Division|Tirhut]], [[Saran Division|Saran]], [[Darbhanga Division|Darbhanga]], [[Kosi Division|Kosi]], [[Purnia Division|Purnia]], [[Bhagalpur Division|Bhagalpur]], [[Munger Division|Munger]] and [[Magadh Division|Magadh]] —are as listed below.{{Divisions and Districts of Bihar}}

===Sub-divisions===
{{Further|Subdivisions of Bihar}}
Sub-divisions (Anumandal) in Bihar are like [[sub-district]]s. There are 101 subdivisions in Bihar.

===Blocks===
The Indian state of Bihar is divided into 534 CD Block called [[Community development block in India|blocks]].<ref name="state profile">{{cite web|title=State Profile|url=http://www.gov.bih.nic.in/Profile/default.htm|publisher=[[Government of Bihar]]|access-date=6 July 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706135323/http://gov.bih.nic.in/Profile/default.htm|archive-date=6 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://dse.bih.nic.in/BSS%20contact.pdf|title=534 Bihar Blocks list|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828192803/http://dse.bih.nic.in/BSS%20contact.pdf|archive-date=2017-08-28}}</ref>

==== List of Blocks in Bihar ====
{| class="wikitable" style="float:left; margin-right:1em"
! District !! Block
|-
| [[Gaya district|Gaya]] || [[Gurua]]
|-
| [[Gaya district|Gaya]] || [[Konch (community development block)|Konch]]
|-
| [[Gaya district|Gaya]] || [[Manpur, Bihar|Manpur]]
|-
| [[Gaya district|Gaya]] || [[Paraiya]]
|-
| [[Gaya district|Gaya]] || [[BankeBazar (community development block)|BankeBazar]]
|-
| [[Gaya district|Gaya]] || [[Imamganj (community development block)|Imamganj]]
|-
| [[Gaya district|Gaya]] || [[Dumariya (community development block)|Dumariya]]
|-
| [[Gaya district|Gaya]] || [[Barachatti (community development block)|Barachatti]]
|-
| [[Gaya district|Gaya]] || [[wazirganj (community development block)|wazirganj]]
|-
| [[Gaya district|Gaya]] || [[Sherghati (community development block)|Sherghati]]
|-
| [[Gaya district|Gaya]] || [[Tekari (community development block)|Tekari]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="float:left; margin-right:1em"
! District !! Block
|-
| [[Nawada district|Nawada]]|| [[Akbarpur (community development block)|Akbarpur]]
|-
| [[Nawada district|Nawada]]|| [[Govindpur, Bihar|Govindpur]]
|-
| [[Nawada district|Nawada]]|| [[Hisua]]
|-
| [[Nawada district|Nawada]]|| [[Kashichak]]
|-
| [[Nawada district|Nawada]]|| [[Kawakole|Kawakol]]
|-
| [[Nawada district|Nawada]]|| [[Meskaur]]
|-
| [[Nawada district|Nawada]]|| [[Nardiganj]]
|-
| [[Nawada district|Nawada]]|| [[Narhat]]
|-
| [[Nawada district|Nawada]]|| [[Nawada]]
|-
| [[Nawada district|Nawada]]|| [[Pakri Barawan|Pakribarawan]]
|-
| [[Nawada district|Nawada]]|| [[Rajauli]]
|-
|[[Nawada district|Nawada]]
|Roh
|-
|[[Nawada district|Nawada]]
|[[Sirdala]]
|-
|[[Nawada district|Nawada]]
|[[Warisaliganj]]
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="float:left; margin-right:1em"
! District !! Block
|-
| [[Bhagalpur district|Bhagalpur]]|| [[Bihpur]]
|-
| [[Bhagalpur district|Bhagalpur]]|| [[Gopalpur (community development block)|Gopalpur]]
|-
| [[Bhagalpur district|Bhagalpur]]|| [[Naugachhia Block|Naugachhia]]
|-
| [[Bhagalpur district|Bhagalpur]]|| [[Ismailpur (community development block)|Ismailpur]]
|-
| [[Bhagalpur district|Bhagalpur]]|| [[Rangrachowk]]
|-
| [[Bhagalpur district|Bhagalpur]]|| [[Narayanpur, Bhagalpur|Narayanpur]]
|-
| [[Bhagalpur district|Bhagalpur]]|| [[Sabour (community development block)|Sabour]]
|-
| [[Bhagalpur district|Bhagalpur]]|| [[Sanhaula]]
|-
| [[Bhagalpur district|Bhagalpur]]|| [[Goradih]]
|-
| [[Bhagalpur district|Bhagalpur]]|| [[Kharik, Bhagalpur|Kharik]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="float:left; margin-right:1em"
! District !! Block
|-
| [[Siwan district|Siwan]] || [[Andar, Siwan|Andar]]
|-
| [[Siwan district|Siwan]] || [[Barharia]]
|-
| [[Siwan district|Siwan]] || [[Basantpur, Siwan|Basantpur]]
|-
| [[Siwan district|Siwan]] || [[Bhagwanpur Hat]]
|-
| [[Siwan district|Siwan]] || [[Darauli]]
|-
| [[Siwan district|Siwan]] || [[Daraundha]]
|-
| [[Siwan district|Siwan]] || [[Goriakothi]]
|-
| [[Siwan district|Siwan]] || [[Guthani]]
|-
| [[Siwan district|Siwan]] || [[Hasanpura]]
|-
| [[Siwan district|Siwan]] || [[Hussainganj, Siwan]]
|-
| [[Siwan district|Siwan]] || [[Lakri Nabiganj]]
|-
| [[Siwan district|Siwan]] || [[Maharajganj (community development block)|Maharajganj]]
|-
| [[Siwan district|Siwan]] || [[Mairwa (community development block)|Mairwa]]
|-
| [[Siwan district|Siwan]] || [[Nautan]]
|-
| [[Siwan district|Siwan]] || [[Panchrukhi]]
|-
| [[Siwan district|Siwan]] || [[Raghunathpur, Siwan]]
|-
| [[Siwan district|Siwan]] || [[Siswan]]
|-
| [[Siwan district|Siwan]] || [[Siwan (community development block)|Siwan]]
|-
| [[Siwan district|Siwan]] || [[Ziradei]]
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="float:left; margin-right:1em"
! District !! Block
|-
| [[Vaishali district|Vaishali]] || [[Bhagwanpur (community development block)|Bhagwanpur]]
|-
| [[Vaishali district|Vaishali]] || [[Bidupur]]
|-
| [[Vaishali district|Vaishali]] || [[Chehrakala]]
|-
| [[Vaishali district|Vaishali]] || [[Desari]]
|-
| [[Vaishali district|Vaishali]] || [[Goraul]]
|-
| [[Vaishali district|Vaishali]] || [[Hajipur (community development block)|Hajipur]]
|-
| [[Vaishali district|Vaishali]] || [[Jandaha]]
|-
| [[Vaishali district|Vaishali]] || [[Lalganj (community development block)|Lalganj]]
|-
| [[Vaishali district|Vaishali]] || [[Mahnar]]
|-
| [[Vaishali district|Vaishali]] || [[Mahua (community development block)|Mahua]]
|-
| [[Vaishali district|Vaishali]] || [[Patedhi Belsar]]
|-
| [[Vaishali district|Vaishali]] || [[Patepur]]
|-
| [[Vaishali district|Vaishali]] || [[Raghopur, Vaishali]]
|-
| [[Vaishali district|Vaishali]] || [[Rajapakar]]
|-
| [[Vaishali district|Vaishali]] || [[Sahdei Buzurg]]
|-
| [[Vaishali district|Vaishali]] || [[Vaishali (community development block)|Vaishali]]
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!District
!Block
|-
|[[Madhepura district|Madhepura]]
|[[Alamnagar]]
|-
|[[Madhepura district|Madhepura]]
|[[Bihariganj (community development block)|Bihariganj]]
|-
|[[Madhepura district|Madhepura]]
|[[Chousa]]
|-
|[[Madhepura district|Madhepura]]
|[[Gamhariya (community development block)|Gamhariya]]
|-
|[[Madhepura district|Madhepura]]
|[[Ghelardh (community development block)|Ghelardh]]
|-
|[[Madhepura district|Madhepura]]
|[[Gwalpara]]
|-
|[[Madhepura district|Madhepura]]
|[[Kumarkhand (community development block)|Kumarkhand]]
|-
|[[Madhepura district|Madhepura]]
|[[Madhepura (community development block)|Madhepura]]
|-
|[[Madhepura district|Madhepura]]
|[[Murliganj (community development block)|Murliganj]]
|-
|[[Madhepura district|Madhepura]]
|[[Puraini (community development block)|Puraini]]
|-
|[[Madhepura district|Madhepura]]
|[[Shankarpur (community development block)|Shankarpur]]
|-
|[[Madhepura district|Madhepura]]
|[[Singheshwar (community development block)|Singheshwar]]
|-
|[[Madhepura district|Madhepura]]
|[[Udakishunganj (community development block)|Udakishunganj]]
|}

===Urban Local Government===
{{Further|List of urban local bodies in Bihar}}

==== Municipal Bodies ====
As per Census 2011, Bihar is the second least urbanised state in the country, with a rate of urbanisation of 11.3%, as compared to the national rate of 31.16%.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ranjan|first=Sagarika|date=8 February 2016|title=The challenge of urbanizing Bihar|url=http://www.governancetoday.co.in/the-challenge-of-urbanizing-bihar/|access-date=24 August 2020|website=Governance Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Provisional Population Totals: Urban Agglomerations and Cities|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/india2/1.%20data%20highlight.pdf|access-date=24 August 2020|website=Census India}}</ref> The state has 139 StatutoryTowns and 60 Census Towns.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Provisional Population Totals: Bihar|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/bihar/Provisional%20Population%20Totals%202011-Bihar.pdf|access-date=24 August 2020|website=Census India}}</ref>

For the administration of the urban areas, Bihar has 264 Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) consisting of 19 [[Municipal Corporation (India)|municipal corporations]], 89 [[nagar parishad]]s (city councils), and 156 [[nagar panchayat]]s (town councils).<ref>{{cite web|title=Bihar Civic elections likely in May 2017|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1170330/jsp/bihar/story_143389.jsp#.WNziu7lMTcs|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331031251/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1170330/jsp/bihar/story_143389.jsp#.WNziu7lMTcs|archive-date=31 March 2017|access-date=30 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Pandey|first=Ashutosh Kumar|date=20 March 2017|title=बिहार : नगर विकास एवं आवास विभाग की पहल, पुनर्गठन से नगर परिषदों की बढ़ जायेगी संख्या|language=hi|trans-title=Bihar: Initiatives of the Department of Urban Development and Housing, will increase the number of city councils by restructuring|newspaper=[[Prabhat Khabar]]|url=http://www.prabhatkhabar.com/news/patna/reorganization-will-increase-the-number-of-city-councils/956843.html|url-status=live|access-date=19 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324174135/http://www.prabhatkhabar.com/news/patna/reorganization-will-increase-the-number-of-city-councils/956843.html|archive-date=24 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=पहली बार कोई महिला बनेगी पटना नगर निगम की मेयर|trans-title=For the first time, a woman will become the mayor of Patna Municipal Corporation|url=http://www.prabhatkhabar.com/news/patna/story/954291.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324175018/http://www.prabhatkhabar.com/news/patna/story/954291.html|archive-date=24 March 2017|access-date=24 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Ward delimitation begins in Chhapra|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/ward-delimitation-begins-in-chhapra/articleshow/57299170.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227073049/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/ward-delimitation-begins-in-chhapra/articleshow/57299170.cms|archive-date=27 February 2017|access-date=24 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=14 February 2017|title=छपरा को निगम बख्तियारपुर को मिला नगर परिषद का दर्जा|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/BIH-PAT-HMU-MAT-latest-patna-news-020501-2002341-NOR.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324181148/http://www.bhaskar.com/news/BIH-PAT-HMU-MAT-latest-patna-news-020501-2002341-NOR.html|archive-date=24 March 2017|access-date=24 March 2017}}</ref> Bihar has one municipal act to establish and govern all municipalities in the state: Bihar Municipal Act, 2007.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Bihar Municipal Act, 2007|url=http://urban.bih.nic.in/Acts/AR-01-29-03-2007.pdf|access-date=24 August 2020|website=Urban Development and Housing Department, Government of Bihar}}</ref>

As per a 2017 report by the [[Comptroller and Auditor General of India]], Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) in Bihar carry out 12 out of 18 functions, and the remaining 6 are carried out by Bihar state government departments.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Report of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India on Local Bodies for the year ended March 2016|url=https://cag.gov.in/sites/default/files/audit_report_files/Report_No.4_of_2017_-_Local_Bodies_Government_of_Bihar.pdf|access-date=24 August 2020|website=Comptroller and Auditor General of India}}</ref> The Fifth Bihar State Finance Commission report states that the ULB funds are ‘grossly inadequate for their assigned functions, they are unable to utilize even that’.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Final Report for 2015-20 of the Fifth State Finance Commission Bihar|url=http://finance.bih.nic.in/Documents/5th-SFC-Volume-I.pdf|access-date=24 August 2020|website=Finance Department, Government of Bihar}}</ref>

The Bihar Municipal Act, 2007 creates the following categories of urban areas based on their population. All three types of urban areas must have at least 75% of their population engaged in non-agricultural work.<ref name=":0" />
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="3" |'''Types of Urban Areas according to the Bihar Municipal Act, 2007'''
|-
|'''Type'''
|'''Population Criteria'''
|'''Type of Local Body'''
|-
|City
|Larger urban area: 2 lakh or more
|[[Municipal Corporation (India)|Municipal Corporation]]
|-
|Town
|Medium urban area: 40 thousand or more but less than 2 lakh
|[[Municipal Council (India)|Municipal Council]]
|-
|Small Town or Transitional Area
|12 thousand and more

but less than 40 thousand
|[[Nagar panchayat|Nagar Panchayat]]
|}
Further, depending on the population size, the Act prescribes the minimum and maximum number of councillors/wards allowed within each type of local government.
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="4" |'''Minimum and Maximum number of Councillors/Wards Allowed according to the Bihar Municipal Act, 2007'''
|-
|'''Population Range'''
|'''Minimum'''
|'''Incremental Number'''
|'''Maximum'''
|-
| colspan="4" |'''Municipal Corporations'''
|-
|Above 10 lakh
|67
|One additional Councillor for every 75,000 above 10

lakh
|75
|-
|Above 5 lakh up to 10 lakh
|57
|One additional Councillor for every 50,000 above 5

lakh
|67
|-
|Above 2 lakh up to 5 lakh
|45
|One additional Councillor for every 25,000 above 2

lakh
|57
|-
| colspan="4" |'''Municipal Council'''
|-
|Class 'A' Municipal Council
|42
|One additional Councillor for every 15,000 above

1,50,000
|45
|-
|Class 'B' Municipal Council
|37
|One additional Councillor for every 10,000 above 1

lakh
|42
|-
|Class 'C' Municipal Council
|25
|One additional Councillor for every 5,000 above

40, 000
|37
|-
| colspan="4" |'''Nagar Panchayat'''
|-
|Nagar Panchayat
|10
|One additional Member for every 2,000 above 12,000
|25
|}
The Act mentions the following key positions as well as committees for ULBs:
{| class="wikitable"
! Elected Officials
! Administrative Officials
! Committees
|-
|Councillor, Chief Councillor, Deputy Chief Councillor
|Municipal Commissioner, Controller of Municipal Finances and Accounts, Municipal Internal Auditor, Chief Municipal Engineer, Municipal Architect and Town Planner, Chief Municipal Health Officer, Municipal Law Officer, Municipal Secretary, three Additional Municipal commissioners

Such number of Joint Municipal Commissioners or Deputy Municipal Commissioners or Deputy Chief Municipal Engineers as the Empowered Standing Committee may, from time to time, determine,
|Empowered Standing Committee, Joint Committee, Municipal Accounts Committee, Subject Committee, Ward Committee, Wards Committee
|}

====Ward Committees====
Bihar Municipal Act, 2007 mandates the establishment of Ward Committees through the Bihar Urban Local Body (Community Participation) Rules, 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bihar Urban Local Body (Community Participation) Rules, 2013|url=http://www.bareactslive.com/BIH/bh543.htm|access-date=24 August 2020|website=Bare Acts Live}}</ref> Section 31 of the Bihar Municipal Act, 2007 mandates the establishment of Ward Committees for each ward of a municipality.<ref name=":0" /> The ward level elected councillor would be the chairperson of their respective Ward Committee. Up to 10 representatives from the civil society belonging to the ward would be nominated into the committee by the ULB.

Even though the creation of ward committees is mandated in municipalities, they have not been formed in Bihar.<ref>{{Cite web|title=National Consultation on Urban Governance: Key Findings from 21 States|url=https://www.praja.org/praja_docs/praja_downloads/National%20Consultation%20On%20Urban%20Governance-%20Key%20Finding%20From%2021%20States.pdf|access-date=24 August 2020|website=Praja}}</ref>

==Government==
{{Main|Government of Bihar}}
Like other [[States and territories of India|states in India]], the head of state of Bihar is the [[Governor]], appointed by the [[President of India]] on the advice of the [[Government of India|central government]]. His or her post is largely ceremonial. The [[Chief Minister]] is the head of government and is vested with most of the executive powers. [[Patna]] is the [[Capital (political)|capital]] of Bihar.

The [[Patna High Court]], located in Patna, has jurisdiction over the whole state. The present legislative structure of Bihar is [[bicameral]]. The [[Legislative]] houses are the [[Bihar Vidhan Sabha]] ([[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]) and [[Bihar Vidhan Parishad]] ([[Bihar Legislative Council]]). Their normal term is five years, unless dissolved earlier.

=== Legislature ===
{{main|Bihar Vidhan Parishad|Bihar Vidhan Sabha}}
{{See also|Vidhan Parishad|Vidhan Sabha}}

Bihar is one of the six states where bicameral legislature exists. Other [[States and territories of India|states]] are [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Karnataka]], [[Maharashtra Vidhan Parishad|Maharashtra]], [[Telangana]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]]. The [[Vidhan Parishad]] serves as the upper house and [[Vidhan Sabha]] serves as the lower house of a bicameral legislature. The current strength of the [[Bihar Vidhan Parishad]] is '''75''' (63 Elected + 12 Nominated) is a permanent body. The current strength of the [[Bihar Vidhan Sabha]] is 243 and is not a permanent body which means it is subject to dissolution.

=== Judiciary ===
{{See also|Judiciary of India}}

==== High court ====
{{See also|High courts of India}}
The [[Patna High Court]] ({{langx|hi|पटना उच्च न्यायालय}}) is the [[High Courts of India|High Court]] of the [[Indian state|state]] of [[Bihar]] and was established on 9 February 1916 and later affiliated under the [[Government of India Act 1915]]. The [[Patna High Court]] is the principle civil courts in [[Bihar]]. However, a high court exercises its original civil and criminal jurisdiction only if the subordinate courts are not authorized by law to try such matters for lack of pecuniary, territorial jurisdiction. High courts may also enjoy original jurisdiction in certain matters, if so designated especially in a state or federal law. The [[Patna High Court]] has 53 Judges which includes 40 permanent and 13 additional judges.

====City Courts====
{{Empty section|date=February 2011}}

==See also==
*[[Administration in India]]
*[[Government of Bihar]]
*[[Divisions of Bihar]]
*[[Districts in Bihar]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130518065509/http://bihar.nic.in/ Official government website]
{{Government of India by state or territory}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Administration In Bihar}}
[[Category:Government of Bihar]]

Islam in South Asia

2026-05-03T21:41:00Z

Hindutashravi: Made Some Article Basic Info

{{short description|Overview of Islam in the subcontinent}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox religious group
|group = Muslims in South Asia
|image = South Asia UN.png
|caption = United Nations [[Cartography|cartographic]] map of South Asia
|population = {{Circa|652.8 million}} (2023) (35% of the population) {{increase}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/07/29/politics/muslims-moment-khan/index.html|title=The moment American Muslims were waiting for|editor-last=Burke|editor-first=Daniel Burke|website=CNN Religion|date=29 July 2016|access-date=13 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312235900/http://www.cnn.com/2016/07/29/politics/muslims-moment-khan/index.html|archive-date=12 March 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Pechilis |first1=Karen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kaubzRxh-U0C |title=South Asian Religions: Tradition and Today |last2=Raj |first2=Selva J. |date=2013 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-415-44851-2 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kaubzRxh-U0C&pg=PA193 193] |access-date=18 June 2023 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024331/https://books.google.com/books?id=kaubzRxh-U0C |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="UN WPP 2019 2">{{Cite web|title=Overall total population|url=https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx|access-date=16 July 2019|publisher=United Nations|format=xlsx|archive-date=18 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218054922/https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx|url-status=live}}</ref>
|region1 = {{flag|Pakistan}}
|pop1 = 243,530,000 (2024)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/pakistan/#people-and-society|title=Population|quote=238,181,034 (July 2021 est.)|access-date=2021-07-14|work=[[The World Factbook]]|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|year=2021|archive-date=10 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110014011/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/pakistan/#people-and-society|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|region2 = {{flag|India}}
|pop2 = 200,000,000 (2021)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Diamant |first=Jeff |title=The countries with the 10 largest Christian populations and the 10 largest Muslim populations |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2019/04/01/the-countries-with-the-10-largest-christian-populations-and-the-10-largest-muslim-populations/ |access-date=2023-07-07 |website=Pew Research Center |date=April 2019 |language=en-US |archive-date=12 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012081759/https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2019/04/01/the-countries-with-the-10-largest-christian-populations-and-the-10-largest-muslim-populations/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|region3 = {{flag|Bangladesh}}
|pop3 = 150,400,000 (2022)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-27 |title=Census 2022: Bangladesh population now 165 million |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2022/07/27/bangladeshs-population-size-now-1651-million |access-date=2023-07-07 |website=www.dhakatribune.com |language=en |archive-date=27 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727073234/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2022/07/27/bangladeshs-population-size-now-1651-million |url-status=live }}</ref>

|region4 = {{flag|Afghanistan}}
|pop4 = 41,128,771 (2022)<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Bank Open Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/ |access-date=2023-07-07 |website=World Bank Open Data |archive-date=26 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526025607/https://data.worldbank.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Afghanistan|access-date=8 October 2022}}</ref>

|region5 = {{flag|Sri Lanka}}
|pop5 = 2,337,380 (2024)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.statistics.gov.lk//Resource/en/Population/CPH_2024/Population_Preliminary_Report.pdf|date=30 October 2025 |publisher=The Department of Census and Statistics, Sri Lanka |access-date=30 October 2025 |title=BASIC POPULATION INFORMATION by Districts and Divisional Secretary Divisions}}</ref>
|region6 = {{flag|Nepal}}
|pop6 = 1,483,066 (2021)<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Kathmandu Post {{!}} Read online latest news and articles from Nepal |url=http://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/01/27/nepal-s-population-is-29-777-670 |access-date=2023-07-07 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English |archive-date=8 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708131631/https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/01/27/nepal-s-population-is-29-777-670 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|region7 = {{flag|Maldives}}
|pop7 = 560,000 (2021){{UN_Population|ref}}
|region8 = {{flag|Bhutan}}
|pop8 = 1,500 (2010)<ref name="pew2010">[http://www.pewforum.org/files/2012/12/globalReligion-tables.pdf Pew Research Center - Global Religious Landscape 2010 - religious composition by country] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130805151827/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2012/12/globalReligion-tables.pdf |date=5 August 2013 }}.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pew-Templeton Global Religious Futures Project - Research and data from Pew Research Center |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/topic/religion/religious-demographics/pew-templeton-global-religious-futures-project/ |access-date=2023-07-07 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US |archive-date=5 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205195540/https://www.pewresearch.org/topic/religion/religious-demographics/pew-templeton-global-religious-futures-project/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| langs = [[Arabic]] ([[Sacred language|Sacred]]),<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Al-Jallad |first=Ahmad |title=Polygenesis in the Arabic Dialects |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics |url=http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-arabic-language-and-linguistics/polygenesis-in-the-arabic-dialects-EALL_SIM_000030?s.num=1&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopedia-of-arabic-language-and-linguistics&s.q=neo-arabic |date=30 May 2011 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004177024 |doi=10.1163/1570-6699_eall_EALL_SIM_000030 |access-date=23 January 2019 |archive-date=15 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815234348/http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-arabic-language-and-linguistics/polygenesis-in-the-arabic-dialects-EALL_SIM_000030?s.num=1&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopedia-of-arabic-language-and-linguistics&s.q=neo-arabic |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[languages of South Asia]]{{sfn|Talbot|Singh|2009|loc=p. 27, footnote 3}}
|rels=
}}
{{Islam}}
[[Islam]] is the second-largest religion in [[South Asia]] after [[Hinduism]], with more than 650 million [[Muslims]] living there, forming about one-third of the region's population. Islam first spread along the coastal regions of the [[Indian subcontinent]] and [[Sri Lanka]], almost as soon as it started in the [[Arabian Peninsula]], as the Arab traders brought it to South Asia. South Asia has the [[Islam by country#Continents|largest population]] of Muslims in the world, with about one-third of all Muslims living here.<ref name="auto1">
{{Cite book |last1=Pechilis |first1=Karen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kaubzRxh-U0C&dq=what+percent+of+muslims+live+in+south+asia&pg=PA193 |title=South Asian Religions: Tradition and Today |last2=Raj |first2=Selva J. |date=1 January 2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-44851-2}}
</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/muslims/pf_15-04-02_projectionstables74/|title=10 Countries With the Largest Muslim Populations, 2010 and 2050|date=2 April 2015|website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project|access-date=7 February 2017|archive-date=7 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207115222/http://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/muslims/pf_15-04-02_projectionstables74/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Islam is the dominant religion in half of the South Asian countries (Pakistan, Maldives, Bangladesh and Afghanistan). It is the [[Islam in India|second largest]] religion in India and [[South Asia#Religions|third largest]] in Sri Lanka and [[Nepal]].

On the Indian subcontinent, Islam first appeared in the southwestern tip of the peninsula, in today's [[Kerala]] state. Arabs traded with [[Malabar (Northern Kerala)|Malabar]] even before the birth of [[Prophet Muhammad]]. Native legends say that a group of [[Sahaba]], under [[Malik Bin Deenar|Malik Ibn Deenar]], arrived on the [[Malabar Coast]] and preached Islam. Local kings who converted to [[Islam]] existed in places such as the [[Western Coastal Plains]] as early as the 7th century. According to that legend, [[Cheraman Juma Masjid|the first mosque of India]] was built by the mandate of the last King of [[Chera Perumals of Makotai]], who accepted Islam and received the name ''Tajudheen'' during the lifetime of the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]] (c. 570–632).<ref name="BT">{{cite web
| publisher=Bahrain tribune
|url=http://www.bahraintribune.com/ArticleDetail.asp?CategoryId=4&ArticleId=49332
| title=World's second oldest mosque is in India
| access-date=9 August 2006
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060706220818/http://www.bahraintribune.com/ArticleDetail.asp?CategoryId=4&ArticleId=49332  |archive-date = 6 July 2006}}</ref><ref name=Fihrist>Ibn Nadim, "Fihrist", 1037</ref><ref>{{Cite web| url=http://malikdeenarmasjid.com/history.html#content| title=History| publisher=Malik Deenar Grand Juma Masjid| accessdate=18 November 2011| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113222932/http://malikdeenarmasjid.com/history.html#content| archive-date=13 January 2012| url-status=dead}}</ref> On a similar note, [[Malabar Muslims]] on the western coast also claim that they converted to Islam in Muhammad's lifetime. According to ''[[Qissat Shakarwati Farmad]]'', the ''[[Masjids]]'' at Kodungallur, [[Kollam]], [[Madayi]], [[Barkur]], [[Mangalore]], [[Kasaragod]], [[Kannur]], [[Dharmadam]], [[Koyilandy|Panthalayini]], and [[Chaliyam]], were built during the era of Malik Dinar, and they are among the oldest ''Masjid''s (mosques) in the Indian Subcontinent.<ref name="auto2">Prange, Sebastian R. ''Monsoon Islam: Trade and Faith on the Medieval Malabar Coast.'' Cambridge University Press, 2018. 98.</ref><ref name="Kumar 2012, P 444">Kumar(Gujarati Magazine), Ahmadabad, July 2012, P 444</ref> {{Sfn|Metcalf|2009|p=1}} Historicaly, the Barwada Mosque in [[Ghogha]], Gujarat built before 623 CE, [[Cheraman Juma Mosque]] (629 CE) in [[Methala]], Kerala and [[Palaiya Jumma Palli]] (630 CE) in [[Kilakarai]], Tamil Nadu are three of [[List of mosques in India|the first mosques in South Asia]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Oldest-Indian-mosque-Trail-leads-to-Gujarat/articleshow/55270285.cms|title=Oldest Indian mosque: Trail leads to Gujarat|date=5 November 2016|work=The Times of India|access-date=28 July 2019|archive-date=16 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116041920/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Oldest-Indian-mosque-Trail-leads-to-Gujarat/articleshow/55270285.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/indias-oldest-mosque-and-growing-irrelevance-of-muslim-vote-in-gujarat/articleshow/61985802.cms|title=Oldest Indian mosque: Trail leads to Gujarat|website=The Times of India|date=6 November 2016|access-date=17 May 2019|archive-date=9 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209035951/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/indias-oldest-mosque-and-growing-irrelevance-of-muslim-vote-in-gujarat/articleshow/61985802.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gujaratexpert.com/blog/muslim-religious-places-in-gujarat/|title=Top 11 Famous Muslim Religious Places in Gujarat|last=Sharma|first=Indu|date=22 March 2018|website=Gujarat Travel Blog|access-date=28 July 2019|archive-date=24 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424045506/http://www.gujaratexpert.com/blog/muslim-religious-places-in-gujarat/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Prof.Mehboob Desai,''Masjit during the time of Prophet Nabi Muhammed Sale Allahu Alayhi Wasalam, Divy Bhasakar, Gujarati News Paper, Thursday, column 'Rahe Roshan',24 May, page 4''</ref><ref name="Kumar 2012, P 444"/>

The first incursion occurred through sea by Caliph [[Umar]]'s governor of [[Bahrain]], Usman ibn Abu al-Aas, who sent his brother Hakam ibn Abu al-Aas to raid and [[reconnoitre]] the [[Makran]] region<ref>Al Baldiah wal nahaiyah vol: 7 page 141</ref> around 636 CE or 643 AD long before any [[Rashidun army|Arab army]] reached the frontier of India by land. Al-Hakim ibn Jabalah al-Abdi, who attacked Makran in the year 649 AD, was an early partisan of [[Ali ibn Abu Talib]].<ref name="MacLean, Derryl N. 1989 pp. 126">MacLean, Derryl N. (1989), Religion and Society in Arab Sind, pp. 126, BRILL, {{ISBN|90-04-08551-3}}</ref> During the caliphate of Ali, many [[Hindu]] [[Jats]] of Sindh had come under the influence of [[Shi'ism]]<ref>S. A. A. Rizvi, "A socio-intellectual History of Isna Ashari Shi'is in India", Volo. 1, pp. 138, Mar'ifat Publishing House, Canberra (1986).</ref> and some even participated in the [[Battle of Camel]] and died fighting for Ali.<ref name="MacLean, Derryl N. 1989 pp. 126" /> According to popular tradition, Islam was brought to [[Lakshadweep]] islands, situated just to the west of Malabar Coast, by [[Sheikh Ubaidullah|Ubaidullah]] in 661 CE.

==Origins==
{{main|Muhammad in Islam|Rashidun Caliphate|Spread of Islam}}

Islamic influence first came to be felt in the Indian subcontinent during the early 7th century with the advent of [[Arab]] traders. Arab traders used to visit the [[Malabar region]] to trade even before Islam had been established in Arabia. Unlike the coasts of Malabar, the northwestern coasts were not as receptive to the Middle Eastern arrivals. Hindu merchants in [[Sindh]] and [[Gujarat]] perceived the Arab merchants to be competitors.

[[File:Periplous of the Erythraean Sea.svg|thumbnail|Names, routes and locations of the ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]'' (1st century CE)]]
[[File:Cheraman jumamasjid.JPG|thumb|right|250px|[[Cheraman Juma Masjid|Cheraman Perumal Juma Masjid]] on the Malabar Coast, probably the first Mosque in India]]
Trade relations have existed between Arabia and the [[Indian subcontinent]] since ancient times. Even in the [[Pre-Islamic Arabia|pre-Islamic era]], Arab traders used to visit the [[Konkan]]-[[Gujarat]] coast and [[Malabar Coast]], which linked them with the ports of [[Southeast Asia]]. Newly Islamised Arabs were Islam's first contact with India. Historians Elliot and Dowson say in their book ''[[The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians]]'', that the first ship bearing Muslim travellers was seen on the Indian coast as early as 630 CE. H. G. Rawlinson in his book ''Ancient and Medieval History of India''<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QY3fPAAACAAJ |title=Ancient and Medieval History of India|last=Rawlinson|first=H. G.|date=2001-01-01|publisher=Bharatiya Kala Prakashan|isbn=9788186050798 |language=en}}</ref> claims that the first [[Arab Muslims]] settled on the Indian coast in the last part of the 7th century CE. This fact is corroborated by J. Sturrock in his ''Madras District Manuals''<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GkNJnwEACAAJ |title=Madras District Manuals: South Canara|date=1894|publisher=Superintendent, Government Press|language=en}}</ref> and by Haridas Bhattacharya in ''Cultural Heritage of India Vol. IV''.<ref>{{ISBN|8187332050}} Cultural Heritage of India Vol. IV</ref> With the rise of Islam, Arabs emerged as a significant cultural force on the global stage. Through their extensive trade and commerce networks, Arab merchants and traders became key ambassadors of the faith, shared its teachings wherever they traveled.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.jaihoon.com/456.htm|title=Genesis and Growth of the Mappila Community {{!}} JAIHOON.COM|date=2009-11-03|work=JAIHOON.COM|access-date=2017-07-28|language=en-US|archive-date=22 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922115327/http://www.jaihoon.com/456.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

According to popular tradition, [[Islam]] was brought to [[Lakshadweep]] islands, situated just to the west of [[Malabar Coast]], by [[Sheikh Ubaidullah|Ubaidullah]] in 661 CE. His grave is believed to be located on the island of [[Andrott]].<ref>{{cite web|title=History|url=http://lakshadweep.nic.in/KL_History.html|publisher=lakshadweep.nic.in|access-date=1 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514235511/http://lakshadweep.nic.in/KL_History.html|archive-date=14 May 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> According to [[Malabar Muslims|Kerala Muslim]] tradition, the [[Masjid Zeenath Baksh]] at [[Mangalore]] is one of the oldest mosques in the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.karnataka.com/mangalore/zeenath-baksh-masjid/|title=Zeenath Baksh Masjid {{!}} Zeenath Baksh Masjid Mangalore {{!}} Zeenath Baksh Masjid History|date=2017-12-02|work=Karnataka.com|access-date=2018-06-30|language=en-US}}</ref> According to the [[Legend of Cheraman Perumals]], the first Indian mosque was built in 624 CE at [[Kodungallur]] in present-day [[Kerala]] with the mandate of the last the ruler (the Cheraman Perumal) of [[Chera dynasty]], who converted to Islam during the lifetime of the [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]] (c. 570–632).<ref name="SimpsonKresse2008">{{cite book |author1=Edward Simpson|author2=Kai Kresse|title=Struggling with History: Islam and Cosmopolitanism in the Western Indian Ocean|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w0qHKA7zEaEC&pg=PA333|access-date=24 July 2012 |year=2008|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-70024-5|pages=333}}</ref><ref name="Kupferschmidt1987">{{cite book|author=Uri M. Kupferschmidt|title=The Supreme Muslim Council: Islam Under the British Mandate for Palestine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ChEVAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA458|access-date=25 July 2012|year=1987|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-07929-8|pages=458–459}}</ref><ref name="Raṇṭattāṇi2007">{{cite book|author=Husain Raṇṭattāṇi|title=Mappila Muslims: A Study on Society and Anti Colonial Struggles |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xlb5BrabQd8C&pg=PA179|access-date=25 July 2012|year=2007|publisher=Other Books|isbn=978-81-903887-8-8|pages=179–}}</ref> According to ''[[Qissat Shakarwati Farmad]]'', the [[Mosque|''Masjids'']] at [[Kodungallur]], [[Kollam]], [[Madayi]], [[Barkur]], [[Mangalore]], [[Kasaragod]], [[Kannur]], [[Dharmadam]], [[Koyilandy|Panthalayini]], and [[Chaliyam]], were built during the era of [[Malik Dinar]], and they are among the oldest ''Masjid''s in the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref name="auto2"/> It is believed that [[Malik Dinar]] died at [[Thalangara]] in [[Kasaragod]] town.<ref name="ch">Pg 58, Cultural heritage of [[Kerala]]: an introduction, A. Sreedhara Menon, East-West Publications, 1978</ref>

The first Indian [[mosque]], [[Cheraman Juma Mosque]], is thought to have been built in 629 CE by [[Malik Deenar]]<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Cheraman-Juma-Masjid-A-1000-year-old-lamp-burns-in-this-mosque/articleshow/47486911.cms |title=Cheraman Juma Masjid: A 1,000-year-old lamp burns in this mosque|work=[[The Times of India]] |date=31 May 2015 |access-date=28 July 2017}}</ref> although some historians say the first mosque was in [[Gujarat]] in between 610 and 623 CE.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Oldest-Indian-mosque-Trail-leads-to-Gujarat/articleshow/55270285.cms |title=Oldest Indian mosque: Trail leads to Gujarat |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=6 November 2016 |access-date=28 July 2017}}</ref> In [[Malabar region|Malabar]], the [[Malabar Muslims|Mappila]]s may have been the first community to convert to Islam.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC&pg=PA506|title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania |last=West|first=Barbara A.|date=2010-05-19|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=9781438119137|language=en}}</ref>

Historical evidence shows that Arabs and Muslims interacted with Indians from the early days of Islam and possibly before the arrival of Islam in Arab regions. Arab traders transmitted the [[Hindu–Arabic numeral system|numeral system developed by Indians]] to the Middle East and Europe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hindu-Arabic-numerals|title=Hindu-Arabic numerals | History & Facts | Britannica|date=9 October 2024|website=www.britannica.com}}</ref>

Commercial intercourse between Arabia and India had gone on from time immemorial, with for example the sale of dates and aromatic herbs by Arabs traders who came to Indian shores every spring with the advent of the [[monsoon]] breeze. People living on the western coast of India were as familiar with the annual coming of Arab traders as they were with the flocks of monsoon birds; they were as ancient a phenomenon as the monsoon itself. However, whereas monsoon birds flew back to Africa after a sojourn of few months, not all traders returned to their homes in the desert; many married Indian women and settled in India.<ref name="A history of the Sikhs-p20">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-nsGAQAAIAAJ|title=A history of the Sikhs|last=Singh|first=Khushwant|date=1963|publisher=Princeton University Press|pages=20|language=en}}</ref>

The advent of [[Muhammad]] (569–632 CE) transformed the previously [[Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia|idolatrous]] and fragmented Arabs into a nation unified by faith and driven by a shared commitment to spreading the message of Islam. Arab merchant seamen, who had long brought goods like dates to South India, now introduced the new religion, which found a warm reception in the region. [[South India]]n communities welcomed the construction of mosques and facilitated cultural integration, including intermarriage between Arabs and local women. This led to the formation of a distinct Indian-Arabian Muslim community. By the early 9th century, Muslim missionaries in Malabar achieved a significant milestone when they inspired the conversion of the local king to Islam.<ref name="A history of the Sikhs-p20" />

According to historian Derryl N. Maclean, early connections between Sindh (in present-day Pakistan) and the [[Shia Islam|Shia]] supporters of Ali can be traced to Hakim ibn Jabalah al-Abdi. A [[Companions of the Prophet|companion of Muhammad]], Hakim traveled through Sind to [[Makran]] in 649 CE, reporting on the region to the Caliph. A devoted supporter of Ali, Hakim died in the [[Battle of the Camel]] alongside Sindhi [[Jats]].<ref>M. Ishaq, "Hakim Bin Jabala - An Heroic Personality of Early Islam", Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society, pp. 145-50, (April 1955).</ref> He was also a poet and few couplets of his poem in praise of [[Ali|Ali ibn Abu Talib]] have survived, as reported in Chachnama.<ref>Derryl N. Maclean, "''Religion and Society in Arab Sind''", p. 126, BRILL, (1989) {{ISBN|90-04-08551-3}}.</ref>{{efn|Hakim ibn Jabalah al-Abdi's poem in praise of Ali ibn Abu Talib: {{Blockquote|text=({{langx|ar|ليس الرزيه بالدينار نفقدة

ان الرزيه فقد العلم والحكم

وأن أشرف من اودي الزمان به

أهل العفاف و أهل الجود والكريم
<ref>چچ نامہ، سندھی ادبی بورڈ، صفحہ 102، جامشورو، (2018)</ref>
}}

"Oh Ali, owing to your alliance (with the prophet) you are truly of high birth, and your example is great, and you are wise and excellent, and your advent has made your age an age of generosity and kindness and brotherly love".<ref>Mirza Kalichbeg Fredunbeg, "The Chachnama", p. 43, The Commissioner's Press, Karachi (1900).</ref>}}}}

During Ali's leadership, numerous Jats in Sind embraced Islam,<ref>Ibn Athir, Vol. 3, pp. 45–46, 381, as cited in: S. A. N. Rezavi, "''The Shia Muslims''", in History of Science, Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization, Vol. 2, Part. 2: "Religious Movements and Institutions in Medieval India", Chapter 13, Oxford University Press (2006).</ref> influenced by the efforts of figures like Harith ibn Murrah al-Abdi and Sayfi ibn Fil' al-Shaybani, officers in Ali’s army. In 658 CE, they led campaigns against Sindhi [[Banditry|bandits]], pursuing them as far as Al-Qiqan (modern-day [[Quetta]]).<ref>Ibn Sa'd, 8:346. The raid is noted by Baâdhurî, "fatooh al-Baldan" p. 432, and Ibn Khayyât, Ta'rîkh, 1:173, 183–84, as cited in: Derryl N. Maclean, "''Religion and Society in Arab Sind''", p. 126, BRILL, (1989) {{ISBN|90-04-08551-3}}.</ref>

==Conversions==
{{main|Islamic missionary activity#In South Asia}}

The Islamic ambitions of the [[sultans]] and [[Mughal dynasty|Mughals]] had concentrated in expanding Muslim power and looting, not in seeking converts. Evidence of the absence of systematic programs for conversion is the reason for the concentration of South Asia's Muslim populations outside the main core of the Muslim polities{{Sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2002|p=6}} in the [[Northeastern South Asia|northeast]] and northwest regions of the subcontinent, which were on the peripheries of Muslim states.{{Sfn|Eaton|1993|p=115}}

The Sufis did not preach egalitarianism, but played an important role in integrating agricultural settlements with the larger contemporary cultures. In areas where Sufis received grants and supervised clearing of forestry, they had the role of mediating with worldly and divine authority. [[Richard M. Eaton]] has described the significance of this in the context of [[West Punjab]] and [[East Bengal]], the two main areas to develop Muslim majorities.{{Sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2002|p=7}} The 1947 [[Partition of India|partition]] was eventually made possible because of the concentration of Muslim majorities in northwest and northeast India.{{Sfn|Talbot|Singh|2009|p=27}} The overwhelming majority of the subcontinent's Muslims live in regions which became Pakistan in 1947.{{Sfn|Eaton|1993|p=119}}

These nominal conversions to Islam, brought about by regional Muslim polities, were followed by [[Islamic modernism|reforms]], especially after the 17th century, in which Muslims integrated with the larger Muslim world. Improved transport services in the nineteenth century brought Muslim masses into contact with Mecca, which facilitated reformist movements stressing [[Quranic literalism]] and making people aware of the differences between Islamic commands and their actual practices.{{Sfn|Eaton|1985|p=121}}

Islamic reformist movements, such as the [[Faraizi movement]], in the nineteenth century rural Bengal aimed to remove indigenous folk practices from Bengali Islam and commit the population exclusively to Allah and Muhammad.{{Sfn|Eaton|1993|p=282}} Politically the reform aspect of conversion, emphasizing exclusiveness, continued with the [[Pakistan movement]] for a separate Muslim state{{Sfn|Eaton|1985|p=121}} and a cultural aspect was the assumption of [[Arab culture]].{{Sfn|Eaton|1985|p=122}}

==Demographics==
{{main|Islam by country}}
{{Expand section|expand on topics
* Ethnic groups of each country
* Minor presence of other sects|date=April 2025}}{{bar box
|title= Muslim Percentage by Country
|titlebar=#ddd
|left1='''Country'''
|right1='''Percent'''
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent| {{flag|Maldives}}<ref name=EmoryLaw>{{cite web |url=http://www.law.emory.edu/ifl/legal/maldives.htm |title=Maldives |publisher=Law.emory.edu |date=21 February 1920 |access-date=23 August 2010 |archive-date=11 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130211221153/http://www.law.emory.edu/ifl/legal/maldives.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[http://countrystudies.us/maldives/7.htm Maldives – Religion] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114182245/http://countrystudies.us/maldives/7.htm |date=14 November 2020 }}, ''countrystudies.us''</ref> |green|100}}
{{bar percent| {{flag|Afghanistan}}<ref name="AfgCIA">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/afghanistan/ |title=CIA – The World Factbook – Afghanistan |publisher=Cia.gov |access-date=27 March 2012 |archive-date=4 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210104184342/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/afghanistan/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |green|99.9}}
{{bar percent| {{flag|Pakistan}}<ref name="PakCIA">[http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/statistics/other_tables/pop_by_religion.pdf Population by religions] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060617205811/http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/statistics/other_tables/pop_by_religion.pdf |date=17 June 2006}}, [[Statistics Division of the Government of Pakistan]]</ref> |green|96.5}}
{{bar percent| {{flag|Bangladesh}}<ref name="pewforum.org">{{Cite news|url=http://www.pewforum.org/interactives/muslim-population-graphic/#/Bangladesh|title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population|date=15 January 2011|work=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project|access-date=24 May 2017|archive-date=24 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170524215707/http://www.pewforum.org/interactives/muslim-population-graphic/#/Bangladesh|url-status=live}}</ref> |green|91.04}}
{{bar percent| {{flag|India}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/ |title=Indian Census |publisher=Censusindia.gov.in |access-date=23 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070514045222/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/ |archive-date=14 May 2007}}</ref> |#0FFF50|14.12}}
{{bar percent| {{flag|Sri Lanka}}<ref name="SriCIA">{{cite web|url=http://www.statistics.gov.lk/census2001/population/ds_div/t001b.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070513050552/http://www.statistics.gov.lk/census2001/population/ds_div/t001b.htm |archive-date=13 May 2007 |title=Table 1 |date=13 May 2007 |access-date=23 August 2010}}</ref> |#0FFF50|10.7}}
{{bar percent| {{flag|Nepal}}<ref name="cia.gov">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nepal/|title=The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency|website=cia.gov|access-date=24 May 2017|archive-date=9 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109075733/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nepal/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |#0FFF50|5.1}}
{{bar percent| {{flag|Bhutan}} |#0FFF50|0.2}}
}}
Pakistan, Bangladesh, Afghanistan, and the Maldives are Muslim-majority countries. Pakistan, which later split into Pakistan and Bangladesh in [[Bangladesh Liberation War|1971]], emerging as the primary [[Muslim-majority countries]] in the region.{{citation needed|date=August 2025}} Muslim population in India is 14.12%, which still makes it the largest Muslim population outside the Muslim-majority countries.{{Sfn|Metcalf|2009|p=xvii–xviii}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Islam|Asia}}
{{Islam by country}}
*[[History of Islam]]
*[[Islam by country]]
*[[Islam in Southeast Asia]]
*[[Islam in Central Asia]]
'''By Country'''
*[[Islam in India]]
*[[Islam in Pakistan]]
*[[Islam in Bangladesh]]
*[[Islam in Afghanistan]]
*[[Islam in Sri Lanka]]
*[[Islam in the Maldives]]
*[[Islam in Nepal]]
*[[Islam in Bhutan]]
'''Related to Muslim community'''
*[[Bengali Muslims]]
*[[Chaand Raat]]
*[[Abdullah Shah Ghazi]]
*[[Ali al-Hujwiri]]
*[[Abu Tawwama]]
*[['Abd al-Haqq al-Dehlawi]]
*[[ʽAbd al-Qadir Badayuni]]
*[[Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent]]
*[[Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent]]
*[[Caste system among South Asian Muslims]]
*[[Muslim nationalism in South Asia]]

{{Clear}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
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* {{citation |last=Levesque |first=Julien |title=Debates on Muslim Caste in North India and Pakistan |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02697381 |year=2020 |publisher=HAL |access-date=5 November 2022 |archive-date=1 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001180338/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02697381 |url-status=live }}
* {{citation |last1=Maddison |first1=Angus |author-link=Angus Maddison |title=Contours of the World Economy 1–2030 AD: Essays in Macro-Economic History |url=https://archive.org/details/contoursofworlde0000madd |url-access=registration |year=2007 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-3138-8 }}
* {{citation |last1=Metcalf |first1=Barbara D. |last2=Metcalf |first2=Thomas R. |title=A Concise History of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jGCBNTDv7acC |year=2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-63974-3 }}
* {{citation |last1=Metcalf |first1=Barbara D. |title=Islam in South Asia in Practice |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pR0LzVCpfw8C |year=2009 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-3138-8 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia |author1=Muzaffar Alam |author1-link=Muzaffar Alam |author2=Phillip B. Calkins |title=India |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/India/The-early-Turkish-sultans#ref46904 |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |article=North India under Muslim hegemony, c. 1200–1526 |access-date=17 January 2019 |archive-date=14 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190814161923/https://www.britannica.com/place/India/The-early-Turkish-sultans#ref46904 |url-status=live }}
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* {{citation |last1=Talbot |first1=Ian |last2=Singh |first2=Gurharpal |title=The Partition of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=utKmPQAACAAJ |year=2009 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-85661-4 |access-date=26 December 2018 |archive-date=29 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329121607/https://books.google.com/books?id=utKmPQAACAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{citation |last1=Talbot |first1=Ian |title=A History of Modern South Asia: Politics, States, Diasporas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sXsmCwAAQBAJ |year=2016 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-21659-2 |access-date=26 December 2018 |archive-date=28 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328155236/https://books.google.com/books?id=sXsmCwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
{{refend}}

{{Asia in topic|Islam in}}
{{South Asian topics}}
{{Islam topics}}

[[Category:Islam in South Asia| ]]

St. Xavier's College, Patna

2026-05-01T14:17:42Z

Hindutashravi: Creating The Post First Draft.

{{Short description|College in Bihar, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox university
| name = St. Xavier's College of management and technology
| native_name =
| image = Emblem-SXCMT-2-951x1024.png
| image_size = 200px
| image_alt =
| caption =
| latin_name =
| motto = '''Pravahito Gyan Ganga Pravah''' ([[Sanskrit]])
| motto_lang = Sanskrit
| mottoeng = Let the streams of Gyan (knowledge) [[Ganga]] keep on flowing
| established = {{Start date and age| 2009 }}
| closed =
| type = Private
| religious_affiliation = [[Jesuit]] ([[Roman Catholic]])
| endowment =
| budget =
| officer_in_charge =
| chairman =
| chancellor =
| president =
| vice-president =
| superintendent =
| provost =
| vice_chancellor =
| rector = Fr Joseph Sebastian SJ
| principal = Fr (Dr) Martin Poras SJ <ref>{{cite web | url=https://sxcpatna.edu.in/management/ | title=Management }}</ref>
| dean =
| director =
| head_label =
| head =
| academic_staff =
| students =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| other =
| coor =
| campus = Urban
| former_names =
| location = XTTI Campus, Digha, [[Patna]], 800 011 [[Bihar]], India
| colours =
| athletics_affiliations =
| other_name = SXC Patna
| mascot =
| academic_affiliations = [[Aryabhatta Knowledge University]] [[Patliputra University]]
| website = {{url|www.sxcpatna.edu.in}}
| logo =
| footnotes =
}}

'''St. Xavier's College of Management and technology, Patna''' (SXCMT Patna or SXC) is an undergraduate college of [[Arts]], [[Information technology|IT]] and [[Commerce]] under [[Aryabhatta Knowledge University]], [[Patna]]<ref>{{cite news | url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-08-25/patna/41445366_1_naac-accreditation-higher-education-regulations-b-n-college | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130829071458/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-08-25/patna/41445366_1_naac-accreditation-higher-education-regulations-b-n-college | url-status=dead | archive-date=29 August 2013 | newspaper=[[The Times of India]] | title=Universities told to apply for NAAC accreditation | access-date=25 August 2013}}</ref> in [[Patna, Bihar]], India. Founded in 2009, it is named after [[St. Francis Xavier]], a [[Spanish people|Spanish]] [[Jesuit]] [[saint]] of the 16th century and missionary to India. It is a co-educational, self-financed, [[Catholic]] minority institution, operated by the Patna Province of the [[Society of Jesus]]. On November 9, 2022 NACC acceredited with CGPA of 2.90 on four point scale at B++ Grade in first cycle.

==History==
The [[Jesuits]] first came to [[Patna]] in 1919, and in early 1930 were approached to set up a school in the city of Patna.<ref name="history">{{citation |date=December 2012 |title=history|url=http://www.stxavierspatna.com/index.php/history/|periodical=Sxspatna}}</ref> Fr. Loesch, assisted by Fr. [[Marshall D. Moran]], opened a Cambridge school to serve Patna and Bihar. Later, in 1940, [[St. Xavier's High School, Patna]] was built at [[Gandhi Maidan Marg]]. Then in 2009 the Jesuits founded St. Xavier's College, Patna. Classes began at a temporary location opposite [[St. Michael's High School, Patna|St. Michael's High School]], Digha. In June 2011 the college moved to its permanent location on a sprawling, 36- acre campus at XTTI on Digha Ashiana Road.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sxcpatna.edu.in/AOurCollege.aspx | title=Our College | publisher=SXC Patna}}</ref>

==Authority==
The college was founded in [[Patna]] in 2009 with its first principal Fr. T. Nishant, [[Society of Jesus|S.J.]] and he is still the principal.

Other present authorities are
*Rector Fr. Joseph Sebastian , [[Society of Jesus|S.J.]]
*Principal Fr. Dr. Martin Poras, [[Society of Jesus|S.J.]]
*Vice Principal Fr.Sushil Bilung,SJ
*Administrator Fr. Jeevan Prakash Isahak, [[Society of Jesus|S.J.]]
*Controller of Examinations Fr. Dr. Alphonse Sebastian, [[Society of Jesus|S.J.]]
*Finance officer Fr. Alphonse Crasta, [[Society of Jesus|S.J.]]
*Library Director Fr. Sherry George,SJ
{{further|St._Xavier's_High_School,_Patna#Authority}}

==Academics==
[[File:FranciscusXavier.jpg|thumb|Francis Xavier, the namesake of the college]]
St. Xavier's College, Patna, offers three-year undergraduate degree courses, such as [[Bachelor of Arts]] (B.A. Hons.) English and Economics and [[Bachelor of Commerce]] (B.Com.) from [[Magadh University]], and [[Bachelor of Business Administration]] (B.B.A.) and Computer Application (B.C.A.)<ref>{{cite news | url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-07/news/33081771_1_freshers-first-year-bba-student-student-leaders | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130829080107/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-07/news/33081771_1_freshers-first-year-bba-student-student-leaders | url-status=dead | archive-date=29 August 2013 | newspaper=[[The Times of India]] | title=Patna: Freshers hailed at St Xavier's College | access-date=7 August 2012}}</ref> from [[Aryabhatta Knowledge University]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.eduhelp.in/institute/College/3945-St%20Xavier%27s%20College%20of%20Management%20&%20Technology | title=St.Xavier's College of Management & Technology (SXCMT) | publisher=eduhelp.in}}</ref> Besides mid-term tests, students are evaluated through at least two examinations at the end of each term. Failure in these examinations disqualifies them from the annual University examinations.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sxcpatna.edu.in/SExamination.aspx | title=Examination | publisher=SXC Patna}}</ref>

==Clubs and societies==
These are the famous clubs and Societies of students at St. Xavier's College Patna campus.
*Bihar aicuf(Media Person : Sushant kumar)
*Xavir's Coding club
*Xavier's Music club
*Xavier's Sports club
*Xavier's Dance club
*Xavier's Theatre club
*Xavier's Poetry club
*Xavier's social Awareness club
*YFI- Youth For Free India
*Xavier's Placement Cell
*Xavier's public address club and many more such clubs and societies are there in SXC Patna where students take membership and work under

==Emblem==
The college emblem contains the motto '''Pravahito Gyan Ganga Pravah''' ([[Sanskrit]]): "Let the streams of Gyan (knowledge) Ganga keep on flowing." The college is situated beside the river [[Ganga]] and like the flowing river would ensure that the streams of Gyan keep on flowing and liberating people, building bridges of understanding. The Sun with the letters IHS (first three letters for [[Jesus]] in Greek) is a symbol for the [[Society of Jesus]]. The emblem within the emblem, containing crown and crescent moon, is the coat of arms of the noble family of its patron, [[St. Francis Xavier]].

==Sister institutions==
The sister institutions of St. Xavier's College in Patna are<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Feast-of-St-Ignatius-of-Loyola-today/articleshow/21496589.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233703/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-31/patna/40914613_1_feast-day-special-prayers-loyola-high-school | url-status=live | archive-date=30 December 2013 | newspaper=[[The Times of India]] | title=Feast of St Ignatius of Loyola today | access-date=31 July 2013}}</ref>
*[[St. Xavier's High School, Patna]]
*[[St. Michael's High School, Patna]]
*[[St. Xavier's College of Education]]

==See also==
* [[List of Jesuit sites]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.sxcpatna.edu.in official website]

{{Jesuit Colleges in India}}

{{coord|25.6451|85.1012|type:edu_region:IN-BR|display=title}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Xavier's College, Patna}}
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2009]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Patna]]
[[Category:Jesuit universities and colleges in India]]
[[Category:2009 establishments in Bihar]]

Archeparchy of Kottayam

2026-05-01T11:34:20Z

Hindutashravi: Added A Page And Citations.

{{Short description|Syro-Malabar Catholic ecclesiastical jurisdiction for the Knanaya faithful in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox diocese
| jurisdiction = Archeparchy
| name = Kottayam
| latin = ܐܪܟܝܕܝܘܩܝܐ ܕܟܘܬܝܡ
| local = കോട്ടയം അതിരൂപത
| image =
| image_size =
| image_alt = Christ the King Cathedral, Kottayam
| caption = Christ the King Knanaya Catholic Cathedral, Kottayam
| coat = Coat-kottayam-archdiocese-colour.jpg
| coat_size = 200px
| coat_alt =
| flag = 
| flag_size =
| flag_alt =

| country = India
| territory = India (Personal jurisdiction over the Southists (Knanaya) in the proper territory of Syro-Malabar Church subject to the [[List of major archbishops of the Syro-Malabar Church|Major Archbishop]])
| province = Kottayam
| metropolitan = Kottayam
| archdeaconries =
| deaneries =
| subdivisions = 14 Foranes
| headquarters = Archbishop's House, Kottayam
| coordinates = 

| area_km2 =
| area_sqmi = 
| area_footnotes =
| population =
| population_as_of = 2023
| catholics = 190,985
| catholics_percent =
| parishes = 144
| churches = 153

| congregations = 11
| schools = 146

| denomination = [[Catholic Church]]
| sui_iuris_church = [[Syro-Malabar Church]]
| rite = [[East Syriac Rite]] with a minority [[West Syriac Rite]]
| established = {{start date and age|1911}}
| dissolved =
| cathedral = [[Christ the King Cathedral, Kottayam]]
| cocathedral =
| patron = [[Sacred Heart of Jesus]] and [[Pope St. Pius X]]
| patron_title = Patrons
| priests = 363
| language = Malayalam
| calendar =
| music =

| parent_church =
| pope = {{Incumbent pope}} 
| patriarch =
| major_archbishop = [[Raphael Thattil]]
| bishop =
| bishop_title =
| metro_archbishop = [[Mathew Moolakkatt]]
| vicar_general = Fr. Thomas Animootill
| episcopal_vicar = Fr. Michael Vettikatt
| coadjutor =
| auxiliary_bishops = {{ubl | [[Joseph Pandarasseril]] | [[Gheevarghese Aprem]]}}
| archdeacons = 
| emeritus_bishops = 

| map =
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =

| website = {{URL|https://kottayamad.org}}
| footnotes =
| founded =
}}

The '''Archeparchy of Kottayam''' is a [[Knanaya]] metropolitan [[archeparchy]] of the [[Syro-Malabar Church|Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]] in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.syromalabarchurch.in/syro-malabar-church-diocese.php|title=Eparchial Sees in the Syro-Malabar Church}}</ref> The archeparchy is exclusively for Knanaya faithful who claim to be the descendants of Syriac Judeo-Christians (early East Syriac Christians) who migrated from South [[Mesopotamia]] to [[Kodungallur]] ([[Muziris]]) in South India in 4th century A.D.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Vellian|first=Fr. Jacob|title=Knanite Community History and Culture|publisher=Syrian Church Series, Vol. XVII.|year=2001|location=Kottayam|pages=1}}</ref>

==History of the archeparchy==

===Community formation===

Traditional belief is that [[Thomas the Apostle|St. Thomas]], one of the 12 apostles of Jesus, had introduced Christianity in the Malabar coast in South India.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Podipara CMI|first=Placid J.|title=The Thomas Christians|publisher=St. Paul Publications|year=1970|location=Bombay|pages=15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Mundadan CMI|first=A Mathias|title=Sixteenth Century Traditions of St. Thomas Christians|publisher=Dharmaram College|year=1970|location=Bangalore|pages=2–6}}</ref> His port of entry was Kodungalloor,<ref name="britannica.com">{{Cite web|title=Thomas Christians {{!}} History & Tradition|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Thomas-Christians|access-date=2021-04-14|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> formerly known as [[Muziris]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=History of Christianity in India: Seven Churches established by St. Thomas in Kerala India|url=https://www.swindia.us/seven-churches-established-by-st-thomas-in-kerala-india/|access-date=2021-04-14|website=Soul Winners India|language=en-US}}</ref> Trade relations between the [[Middle East]] and the [[Malabar Coast|Malabar coast]] might have favored the arrival of St. Thomas to Kodungallur. The presence of Jews in the South West India from the 6th century B.C. also might have been another attraction for St. Thomas to arrive at Muziris so he could introduce Jesus and his teachings starting with the Jews here.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kodungallur : The Cradle of Christianity In India 2000|url=http://www.indianchristianity.com/html/Books12.htm|access-date=2021-04-14|website=www.indianchristianity.com}}</ref>

Another Thomas, a rich and influential merchant from South [[Mesopotamia]], had trade relations in the fourth century with the Malabar coast. He was a Christian from the Chaldean church. He made acquaintance with the local Christians in Kodungalloor, who were descendants of the Christian converts from St. Thomas, the Apostle.<ref>Mundadan CMI, A Mathias (1970). ''Sixteenth Century Traditions of St. Thomas Christians''. Bangalore: Dharmaram College. pp. 88-104.</ref> The Christian community at Kodungalloor sought the help of Merchant Thomas to get clergy to lead their church, as they were weakening because of the lack of clergy.<ref>Kollaparambil, Jacob (1992). ''The Babylonian Origin of the Southists among the St Thomas Christians''. Roma: Pont. Institutum Studiorum Orientalium. p. 65-66. {{ISBN|88-7210-289-8}}.</ref>

Thomas reported the need of the Christians in Kodungalloor to his church leaders in South Mesopotamia. The Catholicos took the matter seriously. There is a tradition that Urha Yausef was inspired by God to support the Christians in the Malabar coast.<ref>Kollaparambil, Jacob (1992). ''The Babylonian Origin of the Southists among the St Thomas Christians''. Roma: Pont. Institutum Studiorum Orientalium. p. 66. {{ISBN|88-7210-289-8}}.</ref><ref>Mundadan CMI, A.M. (1986). ''"What the Leadership of Thomas Cana (and the People who possibly came with him) gave to the Early Christian Community in India," Symposium on Knanites''. Kottayam: Diocese of Kottayam. pp. v.</ref> The church authorities came up with the idea of sending a bishop and some clergy along with some families to migrate in Kodungalloor so the clergy also would feel comfortable in the foreign land. Thomas of Kynai, being influential, could get permission from Cheraman Perumal, the king of Kodungallur. The king might have welcomed the new migrants to keep better trade relations with the Middle East and to import the material and technical resources of the immigrants. The fertility and favorable conditions of Kodungalloor might have attracted the families in South Mesopotamia to migrate to the Malabar coast.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}

Bishop Urha Mar Yausef, four priests, and several deacons volunteered to migrate to Malabar coast to offer their missionary service to the St. Thomas Christian community in the Malabar coast. Along with them, around 400 people<ref name="britannica.com"/> belonging to 72 [[Jewish Christians|Jewish-Christian]] families from seven clans also came under the leadership of Kynai Thomman.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Podipara CMI|first=Placid J.|title=The Thomas Christians|publisher=St. Paul Publications|year=1970|location=Bombay|pages=63–64}}</ref><ref>Kollaparambil, Jacob (1992). ''The Babylonian Origin of the Southists among the St Thomas Christians''. Roma: Pont. Institutum Studiorum Orientalium. p. 109. {{ISBN|88-7210-289-8}}.</ref> The Knanaya community believes that the families selected were 72 to represent the same number of disciples of Jesus and seven clans to remind them of the seven sacraments Jesus instituted in the church. The migration, according to tradition, happened in 345 A.D.<ref name="kottayamad.org">{{Cite web|date=2012-10-11|title=Knanaya History {{!}} THE ARCHEPARCHY OF KOTTAYAM {{!}} Leading the Knanaya Community|url=https://kottayamad.org/knanaya-history/|access-date=2021-04-14|language=en-US}}</ref>
Considering their distinctiveness including their culture, language, customs, food, and dress from the natives, the migrants preferred to live as a colony without having marital relations with others.<ref name="kottayamad.org"/><ref>Vellian, Fr. Jacob (2001). ''Knanite Community History and Culture''. Kottayam: Syrian Church Series, Vol. XVII. p. 26.</ref> King Cheraman Perumal assigned them a vacant land in the southern part of his palace for the new settlers. Since they inhabited the Southern region of the Kingdom, they were known as Southists while other Christians were known as Northists to distinguish both groups. The first written record of the epithet Knanaya used in reference to the community dates to the 1800s. Translations of Thomas' epithet Canaanite as "Cananeo" are recorded in 17th century source work. Archbishop of Kodungallur-Angamaly, Francis Roz, refers to the Southist as the "Thomas Cananeo Party" in his documents dated to 1603/1604.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kollaparambil|first=Jacob|title=The Babylonian Origin of the Southists among the St Thomas Christians|publisher=Pont. Institutum Studiorum Orientalium|year=1992|isbn=88-7210-289-8|location=Roma|pages=134}}</ref> Honoring the new migrants and their leader Kynai Thomas, the king offered 72 privileges for the Christians acknowledging them as higher class people in his kingdom.<ref>Kollaparambil, Jacob (1992). ''The Babylonian Origin of the Southists among the St Thomas Christians''. Roma: Pont. Institutum Studiorum Orientalium. p. 68. {{ISBN|88-7210-289-8}}.</ref> The privileges were documented on copper plates known as [[Thomas of Cana copper plates]].{{sfn|Karukaparambil|2005|pp=460–461}}{{sfn|Vellian|1990|pp=25–26}}{{sfn|Swiderski|1988b|p=52}} The plates were present in Kerala during the time of the Portuguese colonization in the early 17th century, but were lost during Portuguese rule.{{sfn|Swiderski|1988b|pp=65–66}}{{sfn|Weil|1982|pp=175–196}} Portuguese Archbishop [[Francisco Ros]] notes in his 1604 account ''M.S. ADD 9853'' that the plates were taken to Portugal by Franciscans.{{sfn|Kollaparambil|2015|pp=148–149}} The Knanaites invoke the plates as evidence of their descent from Kynai Thoma's mission.{{sfn|Swiderski|1988b|pp=66–67}}

Bishop Urha Yausef might have popularized the Syriac Chaldean liturgy developed by [[Liturgy of Addai and Mari|Addai and Mari]] of the Chaldean church. Under his leadership the migrants established three churches in honor of St. Thomas, St. Mary, and St. Kuriakose. The bishop, along with other clergy, was serving the Northists and Southists at the same time for which they came to India.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Mundadan CMI|first=A.M.|title="What the Leadership of Thomas Cana (and the People who possibly came with him) gave to the Early Christian Community in India," Symposium on Knanites.|publisher=Diocese of Kottayam|year=1986|location=Kottayam|pages=vi}}</ref> According to the traditional song, the Catholicos of the East had promised the migrants that he would send bishops to succeed Urha Yausef to continue the pastoral service for the Christians in Malabar. Thus, the bishops from the Chaldean church continued to succeed one another in serving the St. Thomas Christians in Kerala until the end of the 16th century<ref>{{Cite book|last=Podipara SJ|first=Placid J.|title=The Thomas Christians|publisher=St. Paul Publications|year=1970|location=Bombay|pages=26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Archeparchy of Kottayam Directory 2017|publisher=The Archeparchy of Kottyam|year=2017|location=Kottayam|pages=31}}</ref> when the missionaries from Europe took over the pastoral leadership along with the European colonization.<ref name=":3" />

=== Dispersion from Kodungallur ===

The Southists had to leave their settlement in Kodungalloor because of the destruction of their colony during the war between the [[Kingdom of Cochin]] and [[Zamorin of Calicut]] in the 16th century.<ref>{{cite book|title=Jornada of D. Alexis Menezis: A Portuguese Account of Sixteenth Century Malabar|year=2003|author-link=Pius Malekandathil|author= Pius Malekandathil|publisher= LRC Publications|pages=19–20}}</ref> The community migrated to cities, mainly of river banks, like Udayamperoor ([[Udayamperoor|Diamper]]), [[Kaduthuruthy]], Chungam ([[Thodupuzha]]), [[Kottayam]], and [[Kallissery]].<ref>Vellian, Fr Jacob (2001). ''Knanite Community, History and Culture''. Kottayam: Syrian Church Serives, VOL. XVII. pp. 2.</ref> Road transportation was less at that time and the means of transportation was by water like lakes, canals, and rivers.

The Northists and Southists in Malabar lived in harmony under the pastoral leadership of bishop from the Chaldean church and using the same Chaldean liturgy in the Syriac language.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Podipara CMI|first=Placid J.|title=The Thomas Christians|publisher=St. Paul Publications|year=1970|location=Bombay|pages=73–74}}</ref> The bishop from Edessa was assisted for temporal administration by an Archdeacon who was a local priest.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Podipara CMI|first=Placid J|title=The Thomas Christians|publisher=St. Paul Publications|year=1970|location=Bombay|pages=95}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Kollaparambil|first=Jacob|title=The Archdeacon of All-India, A Historcio-Juridical Study|publisher=Pontificia Universitas Lateranensis|year=1966|location=Rome|pages=60–73}}</ref>

Situation began to change when the European missionaries came to Malabar along with the colonial rule and mandate from the Pope for missionary service. The [[Synod of Diamper]] held from 20 to 26 June 1599 paved the way for revolt of Syrian Christians of Malabar against the Portuguese Jesuit missionaries because of the forceful changes they introduced in the form of worship and governance different from what had been practiced before. Pope assigned Francisco Ros, a Latin prelate as the bishop for the Syrians in Malabar avoiding the arrival of bishops from the Chaldean church. The Latinization of the Syrian church was the main cause of the objection.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

The revolt against the Latin bishop came to a climax on 3 January 1653 with the [[Coonan Cross Oath]] of the Syrians at [[Mattancherry]] near Kochi.<ref name="britannica.com"/> This protest against the [[Portuguese Padroado]] at the time of Archbishop Garcia S.J. resulted in the division of the Syrian Christians including the Knanaites based on their allegiance to the ecclesiastical authorities. [[Kadavil Chandy]] Kathanar from [[Kaduthuruthy]] parish and [[Anjilimoottil Itty Thommen Kathanar|Anjilimoottil Itty Thomman Kathanar]] from [[Kallissery]] parish were among the major leaders of the revolt who were from the Southists. Though many compromised with the Portuguese archbishop after the revolt, the others made [[Thoma I|Archdeacon Thomas]] Parambil their "bishop" with the imposition of hands by 12 priests at Alangad.<ref name=":52">{{Cite book|last=Kollaparambil|first=Rev. Jacob|title=The St. Thomas Christians' Revolution in 1653|publisher=The Catholic Bishop's House|year=1981|location=Kottayam|pages=iii -iv}}</ref> The dissident group welcomed a Jacobite Bishop [[Gregorios Abdal Jaleel|Gregorios]] of Jerusalem in 1665 and followed his teachings. That led to the emergence and growth of the Jacobite faction among the Syrians<ref name=":52" /> while two third remained as Catholics under the Catholic Bishop [[Parambil Chandy]], who was supported by Kadavil Chandy Kathanar and Vengūr Givargis Kathanar. Then on, the Catholics and Jacobites of the Southists remained separate from each other and from the Northists with their own churches or section within a common church and served by Southist priests.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Vellian|first=Fr Jacob|title=Knanite Community, History and Culture|publisher=Syrian Church Serives, VOL. XVII|year=2001|location=Kottayam|pages=2–3}}</ref> This article focuses on the Southist Catholics who later became members of the Archeparchy of Kottayam.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

=== Vicariate of Kottayam ===

While administering the Syrian churches, the European missionaries established Latin churches also in Malabar. Churches of Latin and Syrian rites were under the Archdiocese of Verapoly. The co-adjutor bishop was in charge of the Syrians.<ref>Makil, Mathew (2001). ''കോട്ടയം മിസത്തിന്റെ സ്ഥാപന ചരിത്രം''. Kottayam: Bishop Makil Foundation, p.34.</ref> On 20 May 1887, [[Pope Leo XIII|Pope Leo XII]] separated the Syrians from the Archdiocese of Verapoly by establishing the Vicariate of Kottayam including Northists and Southists and the Vicariate of Trichur. Pope appointed Dr. [[Charles Lavigne]] as the Vicar Apostolic of Kottayam and Dr. Adolf Medlycott as the Vicar Apostolic of Trichur. ("Quod Jam Pridem").<ref name="Syro Malabar Church Chronology">{{Cite web|title=Syro Malabar Church Chronology|url=http://www.syromalabarchurch.in/syro-malabar-church-cronology.php|access-date=2021-04-14|website=www.syromalabarchurch.in}}</ref> While establishing the Vicariate of Kottayam common for Southists and Northists, the Holy See ordered Bishop Charles Lavinge to appoint a separate vicar general for the Knanaites.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Archeparchy of Kottayam Directory 2017|publisher=The Archeparchy of Kottayam|year=2017|location=Kottayam|pages=31–32}}</ref> Thus, Bishop Lavinge appointed a Knanaya priest Fr. Mathew Makil as vicar general for the Knanaya Catholics. The seat of Kottayam Vicariate was moved to Changanacherry on 16 September 1890.<ref name="Syro Malabar Church Chronology"/> Bishop Charles Lavigne established eight foranes for the Northists, and Kottayam and Kaduthuruthy foranes for the Southists on 10 October 1891.<ref name=":4">Moolakkatt, Archbishop Mathew (2006), ''"കോട്ടയം അതിരൂപത: ഉത്ഭവവും വളർച്ചയും" സുവർണ്ണസ്മൃതി, Golden Jubilee Souvenir,'' Changanacherry: Archeparchy of Changanacherry, pp. 390.</ref> With the permission of Bishop Charles Lavinge, Vicar General Fr. Mathew Makil started Sisters of the Visitation of the Blessed Virgin Mary (SVM) for Knanaya women at Kaipuzha on 24 June 1892.<ref>{{Cite book|last=SVM|first=Sr. Merin|title=എസ്.വി.എം. ചരിത്രവഴികളിലൂടെ|publisher=Visitation Congregation|year=2018|location=Kottayam|pages=36}}</ref>

Pope Leo XIII reconstituted the Vicariates of Changanacherry and Trichur by adding the Vicariate of Ernakulam with territories from Vicariates of Changanacherry and Thrissur on 28 July 1896. Pope appointed indigenous bishops for these vicariates. Aloysius Pazheparambil was appointed for Ernakulam and John Menacherry for Thrissur. The Knanaya Vicar General, Mathew Makil was appointed as the head of Changanacherry Vicariate that consisted of Southists and Northists ("Quae Rei Sacrae").<ref name="Syro Malabar Church Chronology"/> The episcopal consecration of the three bishops were held at Kandy in Sri Lanka on 25 October 1896.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web|date=2015-11-06|title=Bishop Mar Mathew Makil {{!}} THE ARCHEPARCHY OF KOTTAYAM {{!}} Leading the Knanaya Community|url=https://kottayamad.org/bishop-mar-mathew-makil/|access-date=2021-04-14|language=en-US}}</ref>

In 1896, the Vicariate of Changanacherry consisted of 100 to109 thousand Northists with 133 parishes and 256 priests.<ref>Moolakkatt, Mar Mathew (2009). ''The Book of Decrees of Mar Mathew Makil''. Bangalore: Syrian Churches Series XXI. p.xi.</ref> The Knanaites in the vicariate at the same time were a minority of less than 10% with 14,000 to 20,000 members, 12 parishes, and 21 priests.<ref>Moolakkatt, Mar Mathew (2009). ''The Book of Decrees of Mar Mathew Makil''. Bangalore: Syrian Churches Series XXI. p.x.</ref> Since the Northists and Southists had no communal relationship, a bishop from the minority community was naturally unacceptable for the majority community.

The Southists were worried that they would be divided under different vicariates. In 1896, when the Vicariate of Ernakulam was established 1,500 Southists came under that vicariate where as 12,500 were under the Vicariate of Changanacherry.<ref>Moolakkatt, Mar Mathew (2009). ''The Book of Decrees of Mar Mathew Makil''. Bangalore: Syrian Churches Series XXI, p. 34.</ref> They were also concerned about their fate under a Northist bishop after the term of Makil. So, both Norhists and Southists desired to have their own vicariates. The bishops governing the three Syrian Vicariates were convinced that such an arrangement would be the best solution for the issues of the time.

Considering the unanimous request of the three Syrian bishops under the leadership of the Vicar Apostolic of Changanacherry Mathew Makil, Pope Pius X established the new Vicariate of Kottayam on 29 August 1911 exclusively for the Southists (Pro Gente Sudhistica) by the Apostolic letter "In Universi Christiani." All the Southists belonging to the vicariates of Changanacherry and Ernakulam were brought under this reconstituted Vicariate of Kottayam. Pope appointed Mathew Makil as the head of the new vicariate.<ref name="ReferenceB">{{Cite web|date=2012-10-11|title=History of the Archdiocese {{!}} THE ARCHEPARCHY OF KOTTAYAM {{!}} Leading the Knanaya Community|url=https://kottayamad.org/history-of-the-archdiocese/|access-date=2021-04-14|language=en-US}}</ref>

Bishop Mathew Makil expired on 26 January 1914 at Kottayam.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> He was buried at St. George Church, Edacat.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-07-19|title=St George Knanaya Catholic Forane Church, Edacatt {{!}} THE ARCHEPARCHY OF KOTTAYAM {{!}} Leading the Knanaya Community|url=https://kottayamad.org/st-george-forane-church-edacatt/|access-date=2021-04-14|language=en-US}}</ref>

Pope Pius X appointed Fr. [[Alexander Chulaparambil|Alexander Choolaparambil]] as the Vicar Apostolic of Kottayam on 16 July 1914.<ref name="ReferenceC">{{Cite web|date=2012-10-11|title=Expired Bishops {{!}} THE ARCHEPARCHY OF KOTTAYAM {{!}} Leading the Knanaya Community|url=https://kottayamad.org/expired-bishops/|access-date=2021-04-14|language=en-US}}</ref> His consecration was held in Kandy, Sri Lanka on 1 November 1914.<ref>''Mar Alexander Choolaparambil''. Kottayam. 1970. p. 68.</ref> Choolaparambil established the Eparchial Society of the Oblates of the Sacred Heart (OSH) at S.H. Mount, Kottayam on 29 January 1921.<ref name="Syro Malabar Church Chronology"/>

=== Syro-Malankara Rite ===
Since the Koonan Cross Oath on 3 January 1653, the Knanaya Community was divided as Catholic and Jacobite. That was painful for the community. Attempts were made for the reunification of the Knanaya Jacobites, who were one third of the community, to the Knanaya Catholic section. It got momentum under the leadership of Alexander Choolaparambil.

One hindrance was the diversity of the liturgical rite because the Jacobites follow the [[West Syriac Rite|Syro-Antiochian rite]] and the Catholics use the Syro-Malabar (Chaldean) rite. The Knanaya Orthodox who were willing to join the Catholic church preferred to continue the Antiochian liturgy. So, Alexander Choolaparambil took initiative to apply to the Holy See for permission to use the Antiochian Syrian Rite for those who reunite with the Catholic church. The Holy See granted this permission on 5 July 1921.<ref>''ക്നാനായ മലങ്കര കത്തോലിക്ക സമൂഹം''. Archdiocese of Kottayam. 2009. p. 48.</ref><ref>Vellian, Fr Jacob (2001). ''Knanite Community, History and Culture''. Kottayam: Syrian Church Serives, VOL. XVII. pp. 4.</ref> That facilitated the reunion of many Knanaya Jacobites to the Catholic Vicariate of Kottayam. Others still remain as Jacobites under the [[Malankara Syriac Knanaya Archdiocese|Knanaya Orthodox Archdiocese of Chingavanam]].

The Archeparchy of Kottayam has the privilege to have two liturgical rites in the same Archeparchy. At present 15 parishes of the Archeparchy belong to the Syro-Malankara rite served mainly by Syro-Malankara Knanaya priests. These churches are organised as one forane headed by a vicar general from the same rite.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-12-02|title=Malankara Forane {{!}} THE ARCHEPARCHY OF KOTTAYAM {{!}} Leading the Knanaya Community|url=https://kottayamad.org/malankara-forane/|access-date=2021-04-14|language=en-US}}</ref> At the request of the Archbishop of Kottayam Mathew Moolakkatt, and with the recommendation of the Synod of Bishops of the Syro-Malabar and Syro-Malankara churches, the Holy See appointed Syro-Malankara Vicar General Fr. George Kurisummoottil, as the Auxiliary Bishop of the Archeparchy of Kottayam on 29 August 2020 with the name Geevarghese Mar Aprem.<ref name="ccbi.in">{{Cite web|title=Fr. George Kurisummoottil Appointed Auxiliary Bishop of Kottayam – CCBI|date=29 August 2020 |url=https://ccbi.in/fr-george-kurisummoottil-appointed-auxiliary-bishop-of-kottayam/|access-date=2021-04-14|language=en-US}}</ref> Thus, the Archeparchy of Kottayam has two auxiliary bishops of two liturgical rites which is unusual in a diocese.

=== Kottayam Diocese ===
Pope Pius XI elevated the Vicariate Apostolic of Kottayam to an eparchy on 21 December 1923 and appointed Alexander Choolaparambil as its bishop.<ref name="ReferenceB"/> He established many churches and schools in the diocese including [[Christ the King Cathedral, Kottayam]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-07-19|title=Christ the King Cathedral, Kottayam {{!}} THE ARCHEPARCHY OF KOTTAYAM {{!}} Leading the Knanaya Community|url=https://kottayamad.org/christ-the-king-cathedral-kottayam/|access-date=2021-04-14|language=en-US}}</ref> He was pioneer in the reunion of Knanaya Jacobites to Catholic faith, getting permission from the Holy See to use the Syro-Malankara Rite, and in leading the migration to virgin land in Northern Malabar during the economically difficult time of the World War II.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Vellian|first=Fr. Jacob|title=The Knanite Community, History and Culture|publisher=Syrian Church Series Vol. XVII|year=2001|location=Kottayam|pages=10–11}}</ref> With the permission from Bishop Alexander Choolaparambil, Fr. Thomas Poothathil who had special concern for the poor, especially differently abled children and women, founded Sisters of St Joseph Congregation (SJC) at Kaipuzha on 3 July 1928.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-12-01|title=SJC Congregation {{!}} THE ARCHEPARCHY OF KOTTAYAM {{!}} Leading the Knanaya Community|url=https://kottayamad.org/sjc-congregation/|access-date=2021-04-14|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Jose SJC|first=Sr. Mary|title="ച്രിത്രത്താളിൽ നിറഞ്ഞുനില്‌ക്കുന്ന സെന്റ് ജോസഫ്സ് കോൺഗ്രിഗേഷൻ" Platinum Jubilee Souvenir 1928-2003.|publisher=St. Joseph's Congregation|year=2003|location=Kottayam|pages=13}}</ref>

Pope Pius XII appointed [[Thomas Tharayil (bishop of Kottayam)|Thomas Tharayil]] as co-adjutor bishop of Kottayam on 9 June 1945.<ref>Tharayil, Fr. Jose (2001). ''Mar Thomas Tharayil''. Alwaye: Fr. Jose Tharayil. p. 49.</ref> His Episcopal Consecration was held at Christ the King Cathedral by Alexander Choolaparambil on 7 October 1945.<ref>Tharayil, Fr. Jose (2009). ''Mar Thomas Tharayil''. Alwaye: Fr. Jose Tharayl. p. 73.</ref> When Choolaparambil died at the Bishop's House in Kottayam on 8 January 1951, Coadjutor Bishop Thomas Tharayil took charge as Bishop of Kottayam.<ref name="ReferenceC"/> Bishop Choolaparambil was buried at Christ the King Cathedral Kottayam.

The territorial limits of the Syro-Malabar Church was extended on 29 April 1955.<ref>Vellian, Fr Jacob (2001). ''Knanite Community, History and Culture''. Kottayam: Syrian Church Serives, VOL. XVII. pp. 3.</ref> With the directive of [[Pope Pius XII]], the Oriental Congregation extended the jurisdiction of the Eparchy of Kottayam also to the then extended territory of the Syro-Malabar Church by its decree 1812/48 (Quae Suddistica Gens)<ref name=":0" /> Pope Pius XII elevated the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Changanacherry|Diocese of Changanacherry]] as an archdiocese and made Kottayam and Pala at its [[suffragan diocese]]s ("Regnum Caelorum") on 26 July 1956.<ref name=":0" /> Besides establishing new churches, Bishop Thomas Tharayil gave importance to education of the people and established schools and colleges. He also founded Caritas Secular Institute at Thellakom, Kottayam on 9 June 1961 for women.<ref>Tharayil, Fr. Jose (2009). ''Mar Thomas Tharayil''. Alwaye: Fr. Jose Tharayl. p. 218.</ref>

[[Pope Paul VI]] appointed [[Kuriakose Kunnacherry]] as the Co-adjutor Bishop of Kottayam on 9 December 1967.<ref name=":1" /> His Episcopal Consecration was held at Sacred Heart Mount, Kottayam by the Prefect of the Oriental Congregation on 24 February 1968.<ref>''"ഭക്തിനിർഭരവും വർണ്ണശബളവുമായ മെത്രാൻ സ്ഥാനാഭിഷേകം," ജൂബിലി സ്മൃതി''. Kottayam: KCYL. 1993. p. 151.</ref> When Thomas Tharayil retired on 5 May 1974, Co-adjutor Bishop Kuriakose Kunnacherry took charge as the Bishop of Kottayam.<ref name=":1" /> Thomas Tharayil died at the Chaplain's quarters of [[Caritas Hospital]] on 26 July 1975.<ref>Tharayil, Fr. Jose (2009). ''Mar Thomas Tharayil''. Alwaye: Fr. Jose Tharayl. p. 276.</ref> He was buried at Christ the King Cathedral, Kottayam.

Considering the missionary zeal of Knanaya youth, Kunnacherry took initiative to establish Missionary Society of St. Pius X.<ref>Mavelil, Fr. Mathew (2011). ''"വി. പത്താം പീയൂസിന്റെ മിഷനറി സൊസൈറ്റി: സ്ഥാപനവും പിന്നിട്ട് നാൾവഴികളും," 25 Years Through the Footsteps of Jesus''. Kottayam: Missionary Society of St. Pius X. p. 8.</ref> Many priests volunteered to become its initial members. They were supported by Missionary Association of priests and lay people. The missionary society was established on 6 January 1985.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mavelil|first=Fr. Mathew|title="വി. പത്താം പീയൂസിന്റെ മിഷനറി സൊസൈറ്റി: സ്ഥാപനവും പിന്നിട്ട നാൾവഴികളും," Silver Jubilee Souvenir|publisher=Missionary Society of St. Pius X|year=2011|location=Kottayam|pages=7–8}}</ref> Pope John Paul II blessed the foundation stone for the seminary of the Missionary Society on 8 February 1986 after the beatification ceremony of Blessed Kuriakose Elias Chavara and Blessed Alphonsa at Kottayam. The pope visited Bishop's house and Christ the King Cathedral at Kottayam on the same day.<ref>''“മാർപാപ്പായുടെ കോട്ടയം സന്ദർശനം,” കോട്ടയം രൂപത പ്ലാറ്റിനം ജൂബിലി സ്മരണിക 1911-1986''. Kottayam: Diocese of Kottayam. 1986. pp. 397–404</ref>

Pope John Paul II appointed [[Mathew Moolakkatt]] as the Auxiliary Bishop of Kottayam on 28 December 1998.<ref name=":2" /> [[Pope John Paul II]] officiated the Episcopal Consecration of Mathew Moolakkatt along with other bishops at [[St. Peter's Basilica|St. Peters Basilica]] in [[Vatican City]] on 6 January 1999.<ref name=":2" /> Mathew Moolakkatt as the Co-adjutor of the Diocese of Kottayam on 15 August 2003.<ref>''"Metropolitan Archbishop Mar Mathew Moolakkatt," Directory 2017''. Kottayam: Archeparchy of Kottayam. 2017. p. 3.</ref>
Pope John Paul 11 made a sovereign decision on 23 December 2003, that the status quo (pro gente suddistica) of the Eparchy of Kottayam must be maintained and left it to the Bishops' Synod of the Syro-Malabar church to decide on the desired enhancement of the juridical status of the Eparchy of Kottayam.<ref name="ReferenceB"/>

=== Archeparchy of Kottayam ===
On 21 March 2005, the [[Congregation for the Oriental Churches]] issued a letter of no-objection to the decision of the Syro-Malabar Bishop's synod to elevate the Eparchy of Kottayam as an Archeparchy. Accordingly, on 9 May 2005 the Major Archbishop [[Varkey Vithayathil|Varkey Cardinal Vithayathil]] issued the decree, "The Eparchy of Kottayam," elevating the Eparchy of Kottayam to the rank of a metropolitan see, and another decree "God our loving father," appointing Kuriakose Kunnacherry as its first metropolitan.<ref name="Syro Malabar Church Chronology"/> On 3 June 2005, the feast of the Most Sacred Heart of Jesus, the Major Archbishop canonically erected the Metropolitan See of Kottayam and ordained and enthroned Kuriakose Kunnacherry as the Metropolitan of Kottayam.<ref name="ReferenceB"/> At the retirement of Archbishop Kuriakose Kunnacherry, Co-adjutor Bishop Mathew Moolakkatt took over as the Metropolitan of the Archdiocese of Kottayam on 14 January 2006.<ref name="ReferenceB"/>

Joseph Pandarasseril was appointed as the Auxiliary Bishop of Kottayam Archdiocese on 21 September 2006.<ref name="ReferenceD">{{Cite web|date=2012-10-11|title=Auxiliary Bishops of Kottayam {{!}} THE ARCHEPARCHY OF KOTTAYAM {{!}} Leading the Knanaya Community|url=https://kottayamad.org/auxiliary-bishop-of-kottayam/|access-date=2021-04-14|language=en-US}}</ref> His episcopal consecration was held on 28 October 2006 at Christ the King Cathedral, Kottayam by Kuriakose Kunnacherry.<ref name="ReferenceB"/>

The Knanaya Catholic community is blessed to have two holy men in the process of sainthood. Former Vicar Apostolic of Kottayam Mathew Makil and Rev. Fr. Thomas Poothathil the founder of St. Joseph's Congregation, were declared Servants of God at Christ the King Cathedral, Kottayam on 26 January 2009.<ref name="ReferenceE">{{Cite web|date=2012-10-11|title=Servants of God {{!}} THE ARCHEPARCHY OF KOTTAYAM {{!}} Leading the Knanaya Community|url=https://kottayamad.org/servants-of-god/|access-date=2021-04-14|language=en-US}}</ref>

Kuriakose Kunnacherry, the first Archeparchy of Kottayam died on 14 June 2017 at Thellakom, Kottayam.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Jaikrishnan Nair|date=14 June 2017|title=Kottayam Archdiocese: Archdiocese Mar Kuriakose Kunnacherry, first archbishop of Kottayam passes away {{!}} Kozhikode News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/archdiocese-mar-kuriakose-kunnacherry-first-archbishop-of-kottayam-passes-away/articleshow/59147002.cms|access-date=2021-04-14|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> He was buried at Christ the King Cathedral beside the tomb of former bishops Alexander Choolaparambil and Thomas Tharayil.

The Archeparchy of Kottayam has a Syro-Malankara section who are descendants of the reunited Knanaya Jacobites. The Holy See blessed them by appointing Fr. George Kurisummoottil as the Auxiliary Bishop of Kottayam on 29 August 2020.<ref name="ccbi.in"/> Fr. George who is of Syro-Malankara rite and vicar general of the Syro-Malankara faithful of the Archeparchy of Kottayam received his Ramban ordination on 7 November 2020 in preparation for his consecration as Auxiliary Bishop of Kottayam. Major Archbishop of [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Church|Syro-Malankara Church]] Moran Mor Cardinal Baselios Cleemis officiated the service at St. Theresa's Knanaya Malankara Catholic Church, Ranni.<ref name="ReferenceD"/> The consecration of Fr. George, with the name Geevarghese Mor Aprem, was held at Christ the King Cathedral by Archbishop of Thiruvalla Thomas Mar Koorilos, along with Archbishop Mar Mathew Moolakkatt and Mar Joseph Pandarasseril on 14 November 2020.<ref name="ReferenceD"/>

== Bishops and archbishops ==

* [[Mathew Makil]] (1911–1914)
* [[Alexander Choolaparampil]] (1914–1951)
* [[Thomas Tharayil (bishop of Kottayam)|Thomas Tharayil]] (1951–1974)
* [[Kuriakose Kunnacherry]] (1974–2006)
* [[Mathew Moolakkattu]] (2006–present)
'''Auxiliary Bishops'''
* Thomas Tharayil (1945-1951)
* Kuriakose Kunnacherry (1968-1974)
* Mathew Moolakkattu (1999-2006)
* [[Joseph Pandarasseril]] (2006–present)
* [[Gheevarghese Aprem|Gheevarghese Mar Aprem]] (2020–present)

== Servants of God and Venerables ==

With the permission from the Holy See, two holy men from the Archeparchy are selected for the process of sainthood. As an initial step, they were declared as Servants of God at Christ the King Cathedral, Kottayam on 26 January 2009.<ref name="ReferenceE"/>

* Venerable Bishop [[Mathew Makil]]<ref name="CCBI2">{{Cite web|title=Saints & Blessed – CCBI|url=https://ccbi.in/saints-blessed/|access-date=17 October 2019}}</ref>
* [[Servant of God]] Rev. Fr. Thomas Poothathil<ref name="CCBI2" />

== Pastoral structure ==
The following is an overview of the structural arrangement of the Archeparchy of Kottayam to offer pastoral service for the people.

=== General statistics ===

* Total Knanaya Catholics: 190,985 faithful and 39,984 families
* Within the Archeparchy: 132,332 faithful and 26,832 families
* Outside the Archeparchy: 58,653 faithful and 13,152 families
* Regions and Foranes: Two Regions (Kottayam and Malabar) and 14 Foranes
* Foranes of Kottayam Region: Edacat, Kaduthuruthy, Piravom, Uzhavoor, Kaipuzha, Kidangoor, Chunkom, Padamugham, Malankara
* Foranes of Malabar Region: Rajapuram, Madampam, Perikkalloor, Changaleri, Bangalore
* Parishes and Station Churches: 153
* Wayside Chapels:485
* Diocesan Priests: 148, Religious Priests serving in the diocese: 215
* Seminarians: Major Seminarians - 71, Minor Seminarians - 169, Minor Seminaries - 4

=== Pastoral institutions ===

The Archeparchy of Kottayam has four pastoral centers and one retreat center in different locations of the Archeparchy. Their names, year of establishment and location are as follows:

# Chaithanya Pastoral Centre (1977), Thellakom, Kottayam Dt.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chaithanya Home|url=https://www.chaithanya.in/|access-date=2021-04-15|website=www.chaithanya.in}}</ref>
# Barmariam Pastoral Centre (1983), Sreekandapuram, Kannoor Dt.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-11-13|title=Sreepuram Pastoral Centre {{!}} THE ARCHEPARCHY OF KOTTAYAM {{!}} Leading the Knanaya Community|url=https://kottayamad.org/sreepuram-pastoral-centre/|access-date=2021-04-15|language=en-US}}</ref>
# Pavana Pastoral Centre (2004), Mananthavady, Wayanad<ref>{{Cite book|title=കോട്ടയം അതിരൂപത ശതാബ്ദി സ്മരണിക 1911-2011|publisher=Archeparchy of Kottayam|year=2012|location=Kottayam|pages=130–131}}</ref>
# Malkanaya Pastoral Centre (2010), Othara, Thiruvalla<ref>''കോട്ടയം അതിരൂപത ശതാബ്ദി സ്മരണിക 1911-2011''. Kottayam: Archeparchy of Kottayam. 2012. pp. 131–132.</ref>
# Thuvanisa Prayer House and Retreat Centre (1982), Kothanalloor, Kottayam Dt.<ref>''കോട്ടയം അതിരൂപത ശതാബ്ദി സ്മരണിക 1911-2011''. Kottayam: Archeparchy of Kottayam. 2012. pp. 134.</ref>

=== Religious communities ===
'''For Men'''
# Oblates of the Sacred Heart (OSH), Established in 1921, Houses 6, Priests 102
# Vallambrosan Benedictine Order (OSB) Established in 1988, Houses 6, Priests 40
# [[Order of Friars Minor]] (OFM Cap.) Houses 5, Priests 9
# Salasians of Don Bosco (SDB) Houses 2, Members 6

'''For Women'''

# Visitation Congregation (SVM) Established in 1892, Convents 95, Members 558
# St. Joseph's Congregation (SJC) Established in 1928, Convents 65, Members 388
# Caritas Secular Institute. Established in 1961, Houses 18, Members 120
# Little Daughters of St. John Gualbert. Started in the Archeparchy in 1981, Convents 16, Members 80<ref>''കോട്ടയം അതിരൂപത ശതാബ്ദി സ്മരണിക 1911-2011''. Kottayam: Archeparchy of Kottayam. 2012. pp. 281-282.</ref>
# Daughters of the Most Precious Blood. Started in the Archeparchy in 1989 Convents 6, Members 40<ref>''കോട്ടയം അതിരൂപത ശതാബ്ദി സ്മരണിക 1911-2011''. Kottayam: Archeparchy of Kottayam. 2012. pp. 282-283.</ref>
# Sisters of Our Lady of Providence. Started in the Archeparchy in 1990 Convent 1, Members 3<ref>''കോട്ടയം അതിരൂപത ശതാബ്ദി സ്മരണിക 1911-2011''. Kottayam: Archeparchy of Kottayam. 2012. pp. 284.</ref>

== Pious associations ==
The following are the lay associations with units in parishes of the Archeparchy:

* St. Vincent de Paul Society - 113
* Legion of Mary - 79
* Cherupushpa Mission League - 116
* Knanaya Catholic Youth League (KCYL) - 115
* Holy Childhood - 87
* Secular Franciscan Order - 12
* Knanaya Catholic Congress (KCC) - 134
* Knanaya Catholic Women Association (KCWA) - 135
* Missionary Association of Knanaya Laity - 13
* Darsana Samooham - 11
* Forty & Twelve hours adoration -149

== Public service ==

=== Social service ===
The Archeparchy provides philanthropic service to all people who are in need of service, regardless of faith or ethnicity, through the local social service units and self-help groups established in association with all parishes and coordinated through three regional social service societies.

# Kottayam Social Service Society (1964), Thellakom, Kottayam Dt.<ref name="ksss.in">{{Cite web|title=Kottayam Social Service Society - Kottayam Social Service Society|url=https://www.ksss.in/|access-date=2021-04-15|language=en-US}}</ref>
# Malabar Social Service Society (1992), Pallikunnu P.O., Kannur Dt.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-06-22|title=Home|url=https://masss.org/|access-date=2021-04-15|website=MASSS.ORG|language=en-US}}</ref>
# Greenvalley Development Society (2010), Thadiyampad, Idukki Dt.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Diocese Activities and Organizations of Kottayam Archdiocese|url=https://www.ucanews.com/directory/social-welfare/india-kottayam/148/|access-date=2021-04-15|website=www.ucanews.com}}</ref>

The support includes developmental, community based rehabilitation, welfare, and emergency aid programs. The societies organize and coordinate self-help groups, animation programs, micro-credit unions, job-oriented training, income generation programs, agricultural promotion,<ref name="ksss.in"/> run day-care centers for the deaf-blind,<ref>{{Cite web|title=SAMARITAN CENTRE|url=https://mutholathnagar.com/samaritan.html|access-date=2021-04-15|website=mutholathnagar.com}}</ref> and for the differently abled.<ref>{{Cite web|title=AGAPE CENTRE|url=https://mutholathnagar.com/agape.html|access-date=2021-04-15|website=mutholathnagar.com}}</ref>

* Day Care Centre - 1
* Home for Children - 1
* Homes for the aged - 7
* Training centre for deaf-blind - 1
* Training center for differently abled - 1
* Homes for the disabled - 4
* Homes for the mentally challenged - 9

=== Education ===
:''Source:''<ref name="Kottayam 2017. p. 321">''The Archeparchy of Kottayam Directory 2017''. Kottayam: The Archeparchy of Kottyam. 2017. p. 321.</ref>

* Colleges - 4
* Higher Secondary Schools - 16
* High Schools - 21
* Upper Primary Schools - 39
* Lower Primary Schools - 66
* Nursery (Pre) Schools - 87
* Boarding Houses - 6
* Hostels - 21

=== Job-oriented training ===
Source:<ref name="Kottayam 2017. p. 321"/>

* Industrial Training Centre (ITC) - 1
* Polytechnic for girls - 1
* Industrial Schools - 38
* College / School of Nursing - 3
* College of Pharmacy - 1
* Multi Health Workers School - 1

=== Health ===
:''Source:''<ref>''The Archeparchy of Kottayam Directory 2017''. Kottayam: The Archeparchy of Kottyam. 2017. p. 321-322.</ref>

* Hospitals - 6
* Hospice - 1
* Dispensaries - 5

=== Media ===

* Fortnightly: Apna Des<ref>{{Cite web|title=Official online daily of Knanaya Catholic Archdiocese of Kottayam|url=https://apnades.in/|access-date=2021-04-15|website=Official online daily of Knanaya Catholic Archdiocese of Kottayam|language=en-US}}</ref>
* Sacred Heart Monthly (തിരുഹൃദയ മാസിക)<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-11-13|title=Downloads {{!}} THE ARCHEPARCHY OF KOTTAYAM {{!}} Leading the Knanaya Community|url=https://kottayamad.org/downloads/|access-date=2021-04-15|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Missionary service ==
Though Archeparchy of Kottayam is exclusively for Knanaya Catholics, the Archeparchy promotes vocation to missionary dioceses and religious congregations all over the world. There are more priests, religious sisters and brothers serving outside the Archeparchy than the number of priests and nuns serving in the Archeparchy. According to the statistics of 2017, when there are 244 diocesan and religious priests serving the Archeparchy, the number of Knanaya Catholic priests in the missions is 412 and missionary brothers 136. While there are 1,096 sisters belonging to the religious congregations of the Eparchy are serving in the Archeparchy and outside, 1,108 Knanaya Catholic Missionary Sisters are members of missionary congregations outside the Archeparchy.

* Apostolic Nuncio: 1
* Missionary Bishops: 2
* Missionary Priests: 478
* Missionary Brothers: 116
* Missionary Sisters: 1,144

=== Missionary prelates ===
The following are the Apostolic Nuncio, missionary archbishops and bishops who have served or serving in the Latin Archdioceses and dioceses:
# [[Abraham Viruthakulangara]] (1977 - +2018)
# George Palliparambil (2005 – present)
# [[James Thoppil]] (2011 – present)
# [[Simon Kaipuram]] (2014 - +2019)
# [[Kurian Mathew Vayalunkal|Kurain Mathew Vayalunkal]] (Apostolic Nuncio) (2016–present)
# Thomas Thenatt ( 2016 - +2018)

(+ indicates the end of service and the year of death)

== Knanaya in diaspora ==
Knanaya who have migrated from South Mesopotamia to South West India in 345 AD, kept migrating later to Northern part of Kerala, outside Kerala state in India, and other countries all over the world. Out of 190,985 Knanaya Catholics, 58,653 are now living outside the juridical boundary of the Archeparchy of Kottayam.<ref name=":51">{{Cite book|last=Mutholath|first=Abraham|title=പ്രവാസി ക്നാനായ സഭാശുശ്രൂഷയിലെ വെല്ലുവിളികൾ|publisher=Knanaya Region|year=2020|location=Chicago, IL|pages=21}}</ref> According to familywise statistics, out of 39,984 Knanaya Catholic families, 13,152 are settled outside the jurisdiction of the Archeparchy.<ref name=":51" /> The Knanites in diaspora established Knanaya associations, chaplaincy, missions, and parishes wherever possible under the Latin hierarchy and later under Syro-Malabar dioceses. They keep in touch with the Archeparchy of Kottayam and receive service of priests sent by the Archbishop of Kottayam. The following are details of such Knanaya Catholic Associations and pastoral arrangements of Knanaya Catholics in diaspora.

=== Diaspora in India ===
'''[[New Delhi]]:'''The first diaspora Knanaya organization was the Delhi Knanaya Society established in 1975. There are around 600 Knanaya Catholic families and 400 youth in New Delhi area.<ref name=":51" /> [[Pope Benedict XVI|Pope Benedict XV]]I established the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Faridabad|Syro-Malabar Diocese of Faridabad]] with [[Kuriakose Bharanikulangara]] as Archbishop on 6 March 2012 for Syro-Malabar Catholics of Delhi, Haryana, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir and districts of Ghaziabad and GautamBuddh Nagar (Naida) of Uttar Pradesh.<ref name=":46">{{Cite web|title=Welcome to faridabad church|url=https://faridabaddiocese.in/brief-history|access-date=2021-04-13|website=faridabaddiocese.in}}</ref> So, the Knanaya Catholics in New Delhi area also came under this diocese. Archbishop Kuriakose Bharanikulangara established Knanaya Chaplaincy in the territory of his diocese for the pastoral care of the members of Delhi Knanaya Catholic Mission effective 22 March 2020. Fr. Chackochan Vandankuzhiyil and Fr. Joseph Vellapallikuzhiyil were appointed as the first Knanaya Chaplains.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-23|title=Establishment of Knanaya Chaplaincy In the Eparchy of Faridabad|url=https://apnades.in/establishment-knanaya-chaplaincy-eparchy-faridabad/|access-date=2021-04-13|website=Official online daily of Knanaya Catholic Archdiocese of Kottayam|language=en-US}}</ref>

'''[[Mumbai]]''': Knanaya Catholic Society of Bombay was established in 1989. Around 120 Knanaya Catholic families and 300 youth live in Mumbai area. Knanaya Bhavan was established in Mumbai in 1998 with the financial support of the Diocese of Kottayam Pope John Paul II established the Eparchy of Kalyan on 30 April 1988 with [[Paul Chittilapilly|Paul Chittilappilly]] as the first bishop for the Syro-Malabar Catholics with jurisdiction over 15 civil districts of Maharashtra with territorial co-extension with five Latin dioceses: the Archdiocese of Bombay, the Dioceses of Vasai, Poona, Nashik and Sindhudurg.<ref>{{Cite web|title=History of Kalyan Diocese {{!}} Kalyan Diocese {{!}} About Kalyan Diocese {{!}} Diocese Of Kalyan|url=https://kalyandiocese.com/about/history/|access-date=2021-04-14|language=en-US}}</ref>

'''Other Cities in India''': There are around 15 Knanaya Catholic families and 160 youth in Indore, 10 families and 25 youth in Jaipur, 30 families and 45 youth in Bhopal, and 40 families and 90 youth in Chennai. Other cities like Ahmadabad, Mangalore, and Calcutta also have Knanaya Catholic families and youth living for work or studies. Altogether there are around 1,000 Knanaya Catholic Families and 1,020 youth live in India outside the juridical territory of the Archeparchy of Kottayam. They have periodic get together and religious services under the auspices of local Knanaya Catholic associations. The director of diaspora ministry of the Archeparchy of Kottayam coordinate them in the national level.<ref>Mutholath, Abraham (2020). ''പ്രവാസി ക്നാനായ സഭാശുശ്രൂഷയിലെ വെല്ലുവിളികൾ''. Chicago, IL: Knanaya Region. p. 6.</ref>

=== United States ===
The Knanaya Catholics who migrated to the United States in the 1960s and later got organized as Knanaya Catholic Associations. There are 21 such organizations under the umbrella organization, Knanaya Catholic Congress of North America (KCCNA).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sub Organisations|url=https://kccna.com/associations/|access-date=2021-04-14|website=Knanaya Catholic Congress Of North America}}</ref> With the support of Bishop Kuriakose Kunnacherry who sent priests from his diocese, the Latin bishops in the major cities of the United States started Knanaya Catholic Missions. The first mission was established in Chicago on 28 October 1983 with Fr. Jacob Chollampel as the director.<ref name="HISTORY OF KNANAYA REGION">{{Cite web|title=HISTORY OF KNANAYA REGION|url=https://knanayaregion.us/history.html|access-date=2021-04-14|website=knanayaregion.us}}</ref> The nine Knanaya Catholic Missions established by the Latin dioceses of the US before the establishment of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of St. Thomas of Chicago|Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Chicago]] in 2001 are: Chicago (1983), Brooklyn, NY (1993), Westchester and Bronx, NY (1993), Houston (1994), Dallas (1996), Newark, New Jersey (1996), Rockland, NY (1996), Philadelphia (1999), and San Jose (2000).

Pope John Paul II established the St. Thomas Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Chicago in the US with Bishop [[Jacob Angadiath]] as its first bishop on 13 March 2001.<ref name=":45">{{Cite book|title="A Diocese is Born," Diocesan Bulletin|publisher=St. Thomas Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Chicago|year=2001|location=Chicago|pages=7}}</ref> Hence, all the Knanaya Catholics and Knanaya Catholic Missions in the US came under this diocese. Jacob Angadiath appointed Fr. Abraham Mutholath on 3 October 2001 as the Syncellus (Vicar General) of the Eparchy with special charge of Knanaya Catholics.<ref name="HISTORY OF KNANAYA REGION"/> When Jacob Angadiath structured the diocese as seven regions, one of them was for Knanaya Catholics. Angadiath inaugurated the [[Knanaya Region]] on 30 April 2006 and appointed Vicar General as the first region director.

Fr. Abraham Mutholath motivated the Knanaya Catholics all over United States to establish new Knanaya missions and to buy churches for the missions so that they can grow as parishes. The first Knanaya Catholic church of the diaspora Knanaites was established in Chicago on 3 September 2006 under the leadership of Vicar General Fr. Abraham Mutholath.<ref>{{Cite web|title=CHURCH HISTORY|url=https://shkcparish.us/history.html|access-date=2021-04-14|website=shkcparish.us}}</ref> Eventually Knanaya Catholic parishes and missions were established in more cities. Many of them have rectories, Knanaya cemeteries, and convents. There are 14 churches and 8 missions under the Knanaya Region that are served by 16 priests from the Archeparchy of Kottayam. They are structured under five foranes that were established on 28 February 2015.<ref name="HISTORY OF KNANAYA REGION"/> Around 35,000 Knanaya Catholics live in the US.<ref name="Mutholath, Abraham 2020 p. 21">Mutholath, Abraham (2020). ''പ്രവാസി ക്നാനായ സഭാശുശ്രൂഷയിലെ വെല്ലുവിളികൾ''. Chicago, IL: Knanaya Region. p. 21.</ref> Bishop Angadiath appointed Fr. Thomas Mulavanal as the vicar general and Knanaya Region director on 8 February 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|title=CHRONOLOGY|url=https://knanayaregion.us/chronology.html|access-date=2021-04-14|website=knanayaregion.us}}</ref>

=== Other countries ===
'''Canada''': Jacob Angadiath was the Apostolic Visitor of Canada from his inception as bishop of the St. Thomas Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Chicago on 13 March 2001. So the Knanaya Catholics in Canada were under his pastoral care until the establishment of the Eparchy of Mississauga for the Syro-Malabar faithful in Canada on 6 August 2015 with [[:pl:Jose Kalluvelil|Jose Kalluvelil]] as its exarch.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Syro Malabar Mississauga, Canada|url=http://www.syromalabarchurch.in/diocese_details.php?id=11335|access-date=2021-04-14|website=www.syromalabarchurch.in}}</ref> At the recommendation of Jacob Angadiath, the first Knanaya Catholic Mission in Canada was established by the Archdiocese of Toronto in 2014 with Fr. George Parayil as the director. [[:pl:Jose Kalluvelil|Jose Kalluvelil]] established Knanaya Catholic Directorate of Canada on 18 February 2018 and appointed Fr. Pathrose Champakkara as its director. The bishop appointed Fr. Pathrose Champakkara as Vicar General of the diocese on 22 September 2019. Around 252 Knanaya Catholic families live in Toronto and other cities of Canada and they have one parish and two missions served by two Knanaya Catholic priests.<ref name="Mutholath, Abraham 2020 p. 19">Mutholath, Abraham (2020). ''പ്രവാസി ക്നാനായ സഭാശുശ്രൂഷയിലെ വെല്ലുവിളികൾ''. Chicago, IL: Knanaya Region. p. 19.</ref>

'''Europe''': Pope Francis established the Syro-Malabar Eparchy of Great Britain (for England, Scotland & Wales), with its see in Preston and [[Joseph Srampickal]] as the bishop on 28 July 2016.<ref name=":49">{{Cite web|title=Syro Malabar Eparchy of Great Britain|url=http://www.eparchyofgreatbritain.org/home/inner/23|access-date=2021-04-09|website=www.eparchyofgreatbritain.org}}</ref> Around 1,700 Knanaya Catholic families in UK came under this eparchy. Bishop Srampickal appointed Fr. Saji Malayilputhenpurayil as the Vicar General in charge of the Knanaya Catholics. The community has four missions served by eight Knanaya Catholic priests.<ref name="Mutholath, Abraham 2020 p. 19"/>

Pope Francis appointed Stephen Chirappanath as the Apostolic Visitor for the Syro-Malabar faithful in Europe on 28 July 2016. Knanaya Catholics in Europe came under his pastoral guidance.<ref name=":50">{{Cite web|title=Apostolic Visitation in Europe|url=http://www.smceurope.org/welcome/inner/MQ==|access-date=2021-04-09|website=www.smceurope.org}}</ref> The countries and the numbers of Knanaya Catholic families are: Italy - 650, Ireland - 160, Malta - 140, Germany - 125, Switzerland - 90, Austria - 55, and France - 30. Catholic priests from the Archeparchy of Kottayam are taking care of their pastoral needs.<ref name="Mutholath, Abraham 2020 p. 21"/>

'''[[Oceania]]''': Pope established the Syro-Malabar Eparchy of St. Thomas, the Apostle, Melbourne, Australia on 11 January 2014 with [[Bosco Puthur]] as its first bishop and the Apostolic Visitor to New Zealand. Knanaya Catholics in Australia and New Zealand came under this diocese.<ref name=":47">{{Cite web|title=Syro Malabar Church Chronology|url=http://www.syromalabarchurch.in/syro-malabar-church-cronology.php|access-date=2021-04-07|website=www.syromalabarchurch.in}}</ref> There are around 1,060 Knanaya Catholic families in Australia, 120 in New Zealand, 20 in Singapore and 200 bachelors. Knanaya Catholics have one parish and two missions in Australia served by three priests from the Archeparchy of Kottayam.<ref>Mutholath, Abraham (2020). ''പ്രവാസി ക്നാനായ സഭാശുശ്രൂഷയിലെ വെല്ലുവിളികൾ''. Chicago, IL: Knanaya Region. p. 20.</ref>

'''[[Middle East]]:''' Though there are Knanaya Catholics from the Archeparchy of Kottayam living in different parts of the Middle East, the exact number is not available. There are around 500 people in Kuwait itself.<ref name="Mutholath, Abraham 2020 p. 21"/>

== Timeline ==

=== Before the vicariate ===

* 345: Knanaya Migration to Kodungallur from South Mesopotamia under the leadership of [[Thomas of Cana|Thomas of Kynai]] along with bishop Uraha Yausef, four priests, few deacons and 72 families.<ref name=":47"/>
* 345 – 1599: Knanaites (Suddists) and non-Knanaites (Northists) under the pastoral governance of bishops from the [[Chaldean Catholic Church|Chaldean church]].<ref name="ReferenceF">{{Cite web|date=2012-10-11|title=History of the Archdiocese {{!}} THE ARCHEPARCHY OF KOTTAYAM {{!}} Leading the Knanaya Community|url=https://kottayamad.org/history-of-the-archdiocese/|access-date=2021-04-07|language=en-US}}</ref>
* 1599 June 20–26: [[Synod of Diamper]].[http://www.syromalabarchurch.in/syro-malabar-church-cronology.php]
* 1599 November 5: [[Francisco Ros]]. was nominated as the first Latin Bishop of Syrians.<ref name=":47"/>
* 1653 January 3: [[Coonan Cross Oath]] of the Syrians at [[Mattancherry]], near [[Kochi]] against the Portuguese Padroado at the time of Archbishop Garcia S.J. that resulted in the division of the Syrians including the Knanaites.<ref name="keralatourism.org">{{Cite web|title=Coonan Cross Oath or the Koonan Kurishu Sathyam {{!}} Evolution of Christianity {{!}} Kerala Tourism|url=https://www.keralatourism.org/christianity/koonan-kurishu-sathyam/14|access-date=2021-04-08|website=Christianity|language=en}}</ref>
* 1653 May 22: "Episcopal ordination" of the [[Thoma I|Archdeacon Thomas]] at Alangad by 12 St. Thomas Christian priests.<ref name="keralatourism.org"/>
* 1665-71: Spread of [[Jacobite Syrian Christian Church|Jacobite Faith]] by Gregorios in Malabar.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Syrian Connections {{!}}|url=https://mosc.in/the_church/hisrory/connection-with-the-syrian-churches|access-date=2021-04-08|website=mosc.in}}</ref>
* 1877 November 15: The Syrians in the Archdiocese of Verapoly were brought under the pastoral leadership of Dr. Marcelinus Santa Thresia OCD, the Co-adjutor Bishop of Verapoly.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Syro Malabar Church Chronology|url=http://www.syromalabarchurch.in/syro-malabar-church-cronology.php|access-date=2021-04-24|website=www.syromalabarchurch.in}}</ref>
* 1887 May 20: [[Pope Leo XIII]] separated the Syrian Catholics from the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Verapoly|Archdiocese of Verapoly]] and established two independent Vicariates of Kottayam (including Northists and Suddists) and Thrichur directly under the Holy See. [[Charles Lavigne]] was appointed as the Vicar Apostolic of Kottayam and Adolf Medlycott as the Vicar Apostolic of Thrichur. ("Quod Jam Pridem").<ref name="syromalabarchurch.in">{{Cite web|title=Syro Malabar Church Chronology|url=http://www.syromalabarchurch.in/syro-malabar-church-cronology.php|access-date=2021-04-08|website=www.syromalabarchurch.in}}</ref>
* 1890 September 16: Seat of Kottayam Vicariate was moved to [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Changanassery|Changanacherry]].<ref name="syromalabarchurch.in"/>
* 1891 October 10: Bishop Charles Lavigne established eight foranes for the Northists, and Kottayam and Kaduthuruthy foranes for the Southists.<ref name=":4" />
* 1892 June 24: Establishment of Sisters of the Visitation of the Blessed Virgin Mary (SVM) at Kaipuzha, Kottayam.<ref>{{Cite book|last=SVM|first=Sr. Merin|title="എസ്.വി.എം. ചരിത്രവഴികളിലൂടെ," Smruthi|publisher=Visitation Congregation, Kottayam|year=2018|location=Kottayam|pages=35}}</ref>
* 1896 July 28: Pope Leo XIII reconstituted the Vicariates of Changanacherry and Trichur by adding the Vicariate of Ernakulam with territories from Vicariates of Changanacherry and Thrissur. The new bishops were Aloysius Pazheparambil (Ernakulam), Mathew Makil (Changanacherry), and John Menachery (Thrissur). ("Quae Rei Sacrae").<ref name=":47"/>
* 1896 October 25: Episcopal Consecration of Mathew Makil, Aloysious Pazheparambil, and John Menachery at Kandy in Sri Lanka.<ref name="ReferenceG">{{Cite web|date=2015-11-06|title=Bishop Mar Mathew Makil {{!}} THE ARCHEPARCHY OF KOTTAYAM {{!}} Leading the Knanaya Community|url=https://kottayamad.org/bishop-mar-mathew-makil/|access-date=2021-04-08|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Vicariate ===

* 1911 August 29: Pope Pius X reestablished Kottayam Vicariate for the Knanaya (Suddists) Community of the Syrians (Pro Gente Sudhistica) who belonged to Changanacherry and Ernakulam vicariates ("In Universi Christiani") and appointed Mathew Makil as its first bishop.<ref name="ReferenceF"/>
* 1914 January 26: Death of Mathew Makil at Kottayam.<ref name="ReferenceG"/>
* 1914 July 16: Pope Pius X appointed Alexander Choolaparambil as the Vicar Apostolic of Kottayam.<ref name="ReferenceH">{{Cite web|date=2012-10-11|title=Expired Bishops {{!}} THE ARCHEPARCHY OF KOTTAYAM {{!}} Leading the Knanaya Community|url=https://kottayamad.org/expired-bishops/|access-date=2021-04-08|language=en-US}}</ref>
* 1914 November 1: Episcopal consecration of the Bishop Alexander Choolaparambil in Kandy, Sri Lanka.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Mar Alexander Choolaparambil|year=1970|location=Kottayam|pages=68}}</ref>
* 1921 January 29: Establishment of the Eparchial Society of the Oblates of the Sacred Heart (OSH) at S.H. Mount, Kottayam.<ref name=":47"/>
* 1921 July 5: Holy See allowed to use the Syro-Malankara liturgical rite for Knanaya Jacobites who were reunited with the Catholic Church.<ref>{{Cite book|title=ക്നാനായ മലങ്കര കത്തോലിക്ക സമൂഹം|publisher=Archdiocese of Kottayam|year=2009|pages=48}}</ref>

=== Diocese ===

* 1923 December 21: Pope Pius XI elevated Kottayam vicariate as a diocese ("Romani Pondifices") and appointed Alexander Choolaparambil as its bishop.<ref name="ReferenceF"/>
* 1928 July 3: Foundation of Sisters of St Joseph Congregation (SJC) at Kottayam.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-12-01|title=SJC Congregation {{!}} THE ARCHEPARCHY OF KOTTAYAM {{!}} Leading the Knanaya Community|url=https://kottayamad.org/sjc-congregation/|access-date=2021-04-07|language=en-US}}</ref>
* 1945 June 9: Pope Pius XII appointed Thomas Tharayil as co-adjutor bishop of Kottayam.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Tharayil|first=Fr. Jose|title=Mar Thomas Tharayil|publisher=Fr. Jose Tharayil|year=2001|location=Alwaye|pages=49}}</ref>
* 1945 October 7: Episcopal Consecration of Thomas Tharayil at Christ the King Cathedral by Alexander Choolaparambil.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Tharayil|first=Fr. Jose|title=Mar Thomas Tharayil|publisher=Fr. Jose Tharayl|year=2009|location=Alwaye|pages=73}}</ref>
* 1951 January 8: Death of Alexander Choolaparambil at the Bishop's House in Kottayam. Coadjutor Bishop Thomas Tharayil took charge as Bishop of Kottayam.<ref name="ReferenceH"/>
* 1955 April 29: The personal jurisdiction of the Bishop of Kottayam was extended to the juridical territory of the Syro-Malabar church by a Decree of the Oriental Congregation 1812/48 as per the direction of Pope Pius XII. (Quae Suddistica Gens)<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title="ക്നാനായ കുടിയേറ്റവും കോട്ടയം രൂപതയും," കോട്ടയം രൂപത പ്ലാറ്റിനം ജൂബിലി സ്മരണിക 1911 - 1986|publisher=Diocese of Kottayam|year=1986|location=Kottayam|pages=45}}</ref>
* 1956 July 26: Pope Pius XII elevated the Diocese of Changanacherry as an archdiocese and made Kottayam and Pala at its suffragan dioceses ("Regnum Caelorum").<ref name=":0" />
* 1961 June 9: Establishment of Caritas Secular Institute at Thellakom, Kottayam.<ref>Tharayil, Fr. Jose (2009). ''Mar Thomas Tharayil''. Alwaye: Fr. Jose Tharayl. p. 218.</ref>
* 1967 December 9: Pope Paul VI appointed Kuriakose Kunnacherry as the Co-adjutor bishop of Kottayam.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Poothrukkayil|first=Fr. Jose|title="ബഹുവിധ പ്രതിഭയായ മാർ കുന്നശ്ശേരി," ജൂബിലി സ്മൃതി|publisher=KCYL|year=1993|location=Kottayam|pages=21}}</ref>
* 1968 February 24: Episcopal Consecration of Kuriakose Kunnacherry at Sacred Heart Mount, Kottayam by the Prefect of the Oriental Congregation.<ref>{{Cite book|title="ഭക്തിനിർഭരവും വർണ്ണശബളവുമായ മെത്രാൻ സ്ഥാനാഭിഷേകം," ജൂബിലി സ്മൃതി|publisher=KCYL|year=1993|location=Kottayam|pages=151}}</ref>
* 1974 May 5: Thomas Tharayil retired. Co-adjutor Bishop Kuriakose Kunnacherry took charge as the Bishop of Kottayam.<ref name=":1" />
* 1975 July 26: Death of Thomas Tharayil at the Chaplain's quarters of Caritas Hospital.<ref>Tharayil, Fr. Jose (2009). ''Mar Thomas Tharayil''. Alwaye: Fr. Jose Tharayl. p. 276.</ref>
* 1977 July 13:Episcopal Ordination of [[Abraham Viruthakulangara]] as bishop of the New Diocese of Khandwa in Bhopal. He was the first Knanaya Missionary bishop.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Former Bishops – Khandwa Diocese|url=https://www.khandwadiocese.org/the-diocese/former-bishops/|access-date=2021-04-09|website=www.khandwadiocese.org}}</ref>
* 1985 January 6: Establishment of the Missionary Society of St. Pius X.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mavelil|first=Fr. Mathew|title="വി. പത്താം പീയൂസിന്റെ മിഷനറി സൊസൈറ്റി: സ്ഥാപനവും പിന്നിട്ട് നാൾവഴികളും," 25 Years Through the Footsteps of Jesus|publisher=Missionary Society of St. Pius X|year=2011|location=Kottayam|pages=8}}</ref>
* 1986 February 8: Pope John Paul II visited Bishop's house and Christ the King Cathedral at Kottayam after the beatification ceremony of Blessed Kuriakose Elias Chavara and Blessed Alphonsa.<ref>''“മാർപാപ്പായുടെ കോട്ടയം സന്ദർശനം,” കോട്ടയം രൂപത പ്ലാറ്റിനം ജൂബിലി സ്മരണിക 1911-1986''. Kottayam: Diocese of Kottayam. 1986. pp. 397–404</ref>
* 1998 December 28: Pope John Paul II appointed Mathew Moolakkatt as the Auxiliary bishop of Kottayam.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Kottoor|first=Rev. Dr. Thomas|title=മാർ മാത്യു മൂലക്കാട്ട് പ്രതിക്ഷകൾ നല്‌കുന്ന ഇടയൻ|publisher=Archeparchy of Kottyam|year=2011|location=Kottayam|pages=36}}</ref>
* 1999 January 6: Episcopal Consecration of Mathew Moolakkatt at Vatican by Pope John Paul II.<ref name=":2" />
* 2001 March 13: Pope John Paul II established the St. Thomas Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Chicago in the US with Bishop Jacob Angadiath as its first bishop. All the Knanaya Catholics and their missions in the US came under this diocese.<ref name=":45"/>
* 2003 August 15: Appointment of Mathew Moolakkatt as the Co-adjutor of the Diocese of Kottayam.<ref>{{Cite book|title="Metropolitan Archbishop Mar Mathew Moolakkatt," Directory 2017|publisher=Archeparchy of Kottayam|year=2017|location=Kottayam|pages=3}}</ref>

=== Archdiocese ===

* 2005 May 9: Eparchy of Kottayam was made Archeparchy and [[Kuriakose Kunnacherry]] was elevated as the Archbishop of Kottayam by [[Varkey Vithayathil]] with the approval of the Holy See.<ref name=":47"/>
* 2005 June 3: Kuriakose Kunnacherry's official elevation as the Archbishop of Kottayam by Major Archbishop Cardinal Varkey Vithayathil.<ref name="ReferenceF"/>
* 2005 December 7: George Palliparambil from Mrala parish was appointed as the bishop of Miao in Arunachal Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-06-10|title=History|url=http://www.miaodiocese.com/history/|access-date=2021-04-09|website=Miao Diocese|language=en-US}}</ref>
* 2006 January 14: [[Mathew Moolakkatt]] took charge as the Archbishop of Kottayam.<ref name="ReferenceF"/>
* 2006 September 21: Appointment of Joseph Pandarasseril as the auxiliary bishop of Kottayam Archdiocese.<ref name="ReferenceI">{{Cite web|date=2012-10-11|title=Auxiliary Bishops of Kottayam {{!}} THE ARCHEPARCHY OF KOTTAYAM {{!}} Leading the Knanaya Community|url=https://kottayamad.org/auxiliary-bishop-of-kottayam/|access-date=2021-04-09|language=en-US}}</ref>
* 2006 October 28: Episcopal consecration of Joseph Pandarasseril by Kuriakose Kunnacherry.<ref name="ReferenceF"/>
* 2009 January 26: Declaration of the Servants of God [[Matthew Makil|Mathew Makil]] and Rev. Fr. Thomas Poothathil at Christ the King Cathedral, Kottayam.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-10-11|title=Servants of God {{!}} THE ARCHEPARCHY OF KOTTAYAM {{!}} Leading the Knanaya Community|url=https://kottayamad.org/servants-of-god/|access-date=2021-04-07|language=en-US}}</ref>
* 2011 September 8: Episcopal consecration of [[James Thoppil]] from Arunoottimangalam parish. He took charge as the bishop of Kohima, Nagaland.<ref>{{Cite web|title=KOHIMA DIOCESE|url=https://www.kohimadiocese.org/|access-date=2021-04-09|website=www.kohimadiocese.org}}</ref>
* 2012 March 6: Establishment of the Syro-Malabar Diocese of Faridabad.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Welcome to faridabad church|url=https://faridabaddiocese.in/brief-history|access-date=2021-04-09|website=faridabaddiocese.in}}</ref>
* 2014 January 30: Episcopal consecration of Simon Kaipuram from Kannamkara parish as bishop of Balasore.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Welcome to Balasore Diocese, Orissa, INDIA|url=http://www.balasorediocese.org/our_bishop.html|access-date=2021-04-09|website=www.balasorediocese.org}}</ref>
* 2014 January 11: Announcement of the erection of the Syro-Malabar Eparchy of St. Thomas, the Apostle, Melbourne, Australia and the appointment of Bishop [[Bosco Puthur]] as its first bishop and the Apostolic Visitor to New Zealand. Knanaya Catholics in Australia and New Zealand came under this diocese.<ref name=":47"/>
* 2015 August 6:Establishment of the Apostolic exarch of Canada with [[:pl:Jose Kalluvelil|Jose Kalluvelil]] as bishop with See at [[Mississauga]]. Knanaya Catholics in Canada came under this exarchate.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Syro Malabar Mississauga, Canada|url=http://www.syromalabarchurch.in/diocese_details.php?id=11335|access-date=2021-04-09|website=www.syromalabarchurch.in}}</ref>
* 2016 May 3: Appointment of [[Kurian Mathew Vayalunkal]] from Neendoor parish as the [[Nuncio|Apostolic nuncio]] to [[Papua New Guinea]] and [[Solomon Islands]].<ref name="ReferenceJ">{{Cite web|date=2012-10-11|title=Bishops from Archeparchy {{!}} THE ARCHEPARCHY OF KOTTAYAM {{!}} Leading the Knanaya Community|url=https://kottayamad.org/bishops-from-archeparchy/|access-date=2021-04-09|language=en-US}}</ref>
* 2016 July 25: Episcopal consecration of nuncio for [[Holy See]] Mathew (Biju) Vayalumkal at Christ the King Cathedral.<ref name="ReferenceJ"/>
* 2016 July 28: Pope Francis established the Syro-Malabar Eparchy of Great Britain (for England, Scotland & Wales), with its see in Preston and [[Joseph Srampickal]] as the bishop.<ref name=":49"/> Knanaya Catholics in UK came under his pastoral jurisdiction.
* 2016 July 28: Mar. Stephen Chirappanath was appointed as the Apostolic Visitor for the Syro-Malabar faithful in Europe. Knanaya Catholics in Europe came under his pastoral guidance.<ref name=":50"/>
* 2016 October 18: Appointment of [[Thomas Thennatt]] from Koodalloor parish as Bishop of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Gwalior|Gwalior]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Diocese of Gwalior, India|url=https://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/gwal0.htm|access-date=2021-04-09|website=GCatholic}}</ref>
* 2017 June 14: Death of Archbishop Kuriakose Kunnacherry.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Jaikrishnan Nair|date=14 June 2017|title=Kottayam Archdiocese: Archdiocese Mar Kuriakose Kunnacherry, first archbishop of Kottayam passes away {{!}} Kozhikode News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/archdiocese-mar-kuriakose-kunnacherry-first-archbishop-of-kottayam-passes-away/articleshow/59147002.cms|access-date=2021-04-09|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
* 2017 October 9: Syro-Malabar church received the right for evangelization and pastoral service all over India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Eastern rite rejoices in right to administer across India - UCA News|url=https://www.ucanews.com/news/eastern-rite-rejoices-in-right-to-administer-across-india/80501|access-date=2021-04-09|website=ucanews.com|language=en}}</ref>
* 2018 April 19: Death of Abraham Viruthakulangara, Archbishop of Nagpur.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Former Bishops and Archbishops|url=https://nagpurarchdiocese.org/former_archbishops.aspx|access-date=2021-04-09|website=nagpurarchdiocese.org}}</ref>
* 2018 December 14: Death of Thomas Thenatt, bishop of [[Gwalior]], Bhopal.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-10-11|title=Expired Bishops {{!}} THE ARCHEPARCHY OF KOTTAYAM {{!}} Leading the Knanaya Community|url=https://kottayamad.org/expired-bishops/|access-date=2021-04-09|language=en-US}}</ref>
* 2019 April 22: Death of Simon Kaipuram, Bishop of Balasore.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Welcome to Balasore Diocese, Orissa, INDIA|url=http://www.balasorediocese.org/|access-date=2021-04-09|website=www.balasorediocese.org}}</ref>
* 2020 August 29: Announcement of Fr. George Kurisummoottil as the Auxiliary Bishop of Kottayam.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fr. George Kurisummoottil Appointed Auxiliary Bishop of Kottayam – CCBI|date=29 August 2020 |url=https://ccbi.in/fr-george-kurisummoottil-appointed-auxiliary-bishop-of-kottayam/|access-date=2021-04-09|language=en-US}}</ref>
* 2020 November 7: Ramban ordination of Bishop elect Fr. George Kurisummoottil in preparation for his consecration as Auxiliary Bishop of Kottayam.<ref name="ReferenceI"/> Major Archbishop of Syro-Malankara Church Moran Mor Baselius Clemius officiated the service at St. Theresa's Knanaya Catholic Church, Ranni.
* 2020 November 14: Consecration of Auxiliary Bishop Gevarghese Mor Aprem at Christ the King Cathedral by Archbishop of Thiruvalla Thomas Curilos, along with Archbishop Mathew Moolakkatt and Joseph Pandarasseril.<ref name="ReferenceI"/>

== Uniqueness of the archeparchy ==
# It is exclusively for Knanaya Catholics,<ref>Archeparchy of Kottayam, Directory 2017, The Archeparchial Curia, 2017, p. 31</ref> an [[Ethnic group|ethnic community]] that has special customs and traditions since 345 AD.[https://kottayamad.org/who-are-knanaya-catholics/]
# It has Syro-Malabar and Syro-Malankara Rites within one Archeparchy under one Archbishop.[https://kottayamad.org/malankara-forane/]
# It has Syro-Malabar and Syro-Malankara bishops within one Archdiocese.[https://kottayamad.org/auxiliary-bishop-of-kottayam/]
# The metropolitan of the archdiocese has personal jurisdiction on all the Knanaya Catholics within the proper territory of the Syro-Malabar church.
# This Archdiocese has parishes, convents, and diocesan institutions all over the proper territory of the Syro-Malabar Church.[https://kottayamad.org/knanaya-parishes/][https://kottayamad.org/convents/][https://kottayamad.org/institutions-in-general/]
# The Knanaya Catholics who live all over the world consider the Archbishop of Kottayam as their tribal chief.[https://knanayaregion.us/]
# The Archbishop of Kottayam provides priests from the archdiocese to take care of the pastoral needs of all the Knanaya Missions and Parishes outside the proper territory of the Archdiocese (Syro-Malabar Church).[https://kottayamad.org/knanaya-missions-in-usa/]

==See also==
* [[Malankara Syriac Knanaya Archdiocese]]
* [[Knanaya Region]]
* [[Knanaya]]
* [[:ml:ക്നാനായ|ക്നാനായ]] on [[Malayalam]] Wikipedia.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* Choolaparambil, Mar Alexander (Ed), (1925) ''Pastoral Letters, കാലം ചെയ്ത ഡോക്ടർ ലവീഞ്ഞ്, ഡോക്ടർ മാക്കീൽ എന്നീ വന്ദ്യ പിതാക്കന്മാർ തങ്ങളുടെ ഭരണകാലത്തു പ്രസിദ്ധപ്പെടുത്തിയിട്ടുള്ളത്''. Kottayam: The Catholic Diocese of Kottayam.
* {{cite book|last1=Baum|first1=Wilhelm|author-link1=Wilhelm Baum (historian)|last2=Winkler|first2=Dietmar W.|title=The Church of the East: A Concise History|year=2003|location=London-New York|publisher=Routledge-Curzon|isbn=978-1-134-43019-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CnSCAgAAQBAJ |ref={{sfnRef|Baum & Winkler|2003}}}}
* {{cite book|first=Robert |last=Frykenberg|title=Christianity in India: From Beginnings to the Present|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-957583-1|date=2010}}
* {{cite book | last=Karukaparambil |first= George|year=2005|title= Marganitha Kynanaitha: Knanaya Pearl |publisher= Deepika Book House|asin= B076GCH274 }}
* {{cite book|last=Kochadampallil|first=Mathew|year=2019|title=Southist Vicariate of Kottayam|publisher=Media House Delhi|isbn=978-93-87298-66-8}}
* Kollaparambil, Jacob (1966). ''The Archdeacon of All-India, A Historcio-Juridical Study''. Rome: Pontificia Universitas Lateranensis.
* {{cite book |last= Kollaparambil|first= Jacob|date= 1992|title= The Babylonian origin of the Southists among the St. Thomas Christians|publisher= Pontifical Oriental Institute |isbn=88-7210-289-8 }}
* Kollaparambil, Rev. Jacob (1981). ''The St. Thomas Christians' Revolution in 1653''. Kottayam: The Catholic Bishop's House.
* {{cite book | last=Kollaparambil |first= Jacob|year=2015|title= Sources of the Syro Malabar Law|publisher= Oriental Institute of Religious Studies India|isbn= 9789382762287 }}
* Kottayam'','' The Archeparchy (2017). ''The Archeparchy of Kottayam Directory 2017''.
* Makil, Mathew (2001). ''കോട്ടയം മിസത്തിന്റെ സ്ഥാപന ചരിത്രം''. Kottayam: Bishop Makil Foundation.
* {{cite book|last=Malekandathil|first=Pius|title=Jornada of D. Alexis Menezes: A Portuguese Account of the Sixteenth Century Malabar|year=2003|publisher=LRC Publications|isbn=81-88979-00-7}}
* Moolakkatt, Archbishop Mathew (2006), ''"കോട്ടയം അതിരൂപത: ഉത്ഭവവും വളർച്ചയും" സുവർണ്ണസ്മൃതി, Golden Jubilee Souvenir,'' Changanacherry: Archeparchy of Changanacherry, pp. 389–392.
* Moolakkatt, Mar Mathew (2009). ''The Book of Decrees of Mar Mathew Makil''. Bangalore: Syrian Churches Series XXI.
* Mundadan CMI, A Mathias (1970). ''Sixteenth Century Traditions of St. Thomas Christians''. Bangalore: Dharmaram College.
* Mundadan CMI, A.M. (1986). ''"What the Leadership of Thomas Cana (and the People who possibly came with him) gave to the Early Christian Community in India," Symposium on Knanites''. Kottayam: Diocese of Kottayam.
* Mutholath, Fr. Abraham (Ed.) (1986). ''കോട്ടയം രൂപത പ്ലാറ്റിനം ജൂബിലി സ്മരണിക 1911-1986''. Kottayam: Diocese of Kottayam.
* Mutholath, Fr. Abraham (2020). ''പ്രവാസി ക്നാനായ സഭാശുശ്രൂഷയിലെ വെല്ലുവിളികൾ''. Chicago, IL: Knanaya Region.
* {{Cite book |title= A History of Christianity in India: The Beginnings to AD 1707 |last= Neill|first= Stephen|author-link= Stephen Neill|year= 2004 |publisher= Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-54885-3 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=RH4VPgB__GQC|access-date=8 June 2012 }}
* Podipara CMI, Placid J. (1970). ''The Thomas Christians''. Bombay: St. Paul Publications.
* {{cite book | last=Podipara |first= Placid|year=1971|title= The Varthamanappusthakam|publisher= Pontifical Oriental Institute|isbn=978-81-264-5152-4 }}
* {{cite journal |last1= Swiderski |first1= Richard Michael |year= 1988 |title= Northists and Southists: A Folklore of Kerala Christians |journal= Asian Folklore Studies |volume= 47 |issue= 1 |pages= 73–92 |publisher= [[Nanzan University]] |doi= 10.2307/1178253 |jstor= 1178253 |ref={{sfnRef|Swiderski|1988a}}}}
* {{cite book |title= Blood Weddings: The Knanaya Christians of Kerala|last= Swiderski |first= Richard Michael |year= 1988 |publisher= New Era |location= Madras |isbn=978-0-8364-2454-6 |access-date=8 June 2012|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wUIaAAAAIAAJ |ref={{sfnRef|Swiderski|1988b}}}}
* {{cite book|last=Thodathil|first=James|year=2005|title=Antiquity and Identity of the Knanaya Community|publisher=Knanaya Clergy Association|asin=B000M1CEDI}}
* Vellian, Fr. Jacob (2001). ''Knanite Community History and Culture''. Kottayam: Syrian Church Series, Vol. XVII.
* {{cite book | last=Vellian |first= Jacob|year=1986|title= Symposium on Knanites|series= Syrian Church Series |volume=12|publisher= Jyothi Book House|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=3PIMGwAACAAJ }}
* {{cite book | last=Vellian |first= Jacob|year=1990|title= Crown, Veil, Cross: Marriage Rights |series= Syrian Church Series |volume=15 |publisher= Anita Printers|oclc= 311292786 }}
* {{cite journal |last1= Weil|first1= Shalva |year=1982 |title=Symmetry between Christians and Jews in India: The Cananite Christians and Cochin Jews in Kerala |journal= Contributions to Indian Sociology|volume= 16|issue= 2|pages= 175–196|doi=10.1177/006996678201600202 |s2cid= 143053857 }}
* ''"ക്നാനായ കുടിയേറ്റവും കോട്ടയം രൂപതയും," കോട്ടയം രൂപത പ്ലാറ്റിനം ജൂബിലി സ്മരണിക 1911 - 1986''. Kottayam: Diocese of Kottayam. 1986.
* ''കോട്ടയം അതിരൂപത ശതാബ്ദി സ്മരണിക 1911-2011''. Kottayam: Archeparchy of Kottayam. 2012.

==External links==
* [https://www.kottayamad.org/ Archeparchy of Kottayam]
* [https://www.knanayology.org/ Knanayology]
* [https://apnades.in/ Apna Des Fortnightly]
* [https://knanayaregion.us/ Knanaya Catholic Region, USA]
* [http://www.syromalabarchurch.in/ Syro-Malabar Church]
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dkosm.html Archeparchy of Kottayam] at [[Catholic-Hierarchy.org]]
* [https://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/kott2.htm GCatholic.org]

{{Christianity in Kerala}}

{{coord missing|Kerala}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1911 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Archdiocese of Kottayam]]
[[Category:Christian organizations established in 1911|Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Kottayam]]
[[Category:Eastern Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 20th century]]
[[Category:Eastern Catholic dioceses in India]]
[[Category:Syro-Malabar Catholic dioceses]]
[[Category:Churches in Kottayam district]]

Pongalur

2026-05-01T01:13:50Z

Hindutashravi: Added a page

{{Short description|Town in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pongalur
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| area_footnotes = 10°58'14.7"N 77°22'10.7"E
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 305
| population_total = 11688 <ref>{{Cite web |title=3332 PART B DCHB TIRUPPUR |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3332_PART_B_DCHB_TIRUPPUR.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308151203/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3332_PART_B_DCHB_TIRUPPUR.pdf |archive-date=2022-03-08}}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| governing_body = Pongalur block
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Indian English|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 641667
| area_code_type = [[STD Code]]
| area_code = 04258
| registration_plate =
| website = {{URL|https://tiruppur.nic.in/directory/pongalur2/}}
| footnotes =
| unit_pref = Metric
| government_type = [[Town Panchayat]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://findmygov.in/or/tamil-nadu/tiruppur/pongalur-block/pongalur | title=Find My Government }}</ref>
| other_name =
| subdivision_type = Country
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|10|58|14.7|N|77|22|10.7|E}}
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| named_for =
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[South India|Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kongu Nadu]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Tiruppur district|Tiruppur]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[Taluk]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Palladam taluk|Palladam]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| official_name = Pongaloor
}}
'''Pongalur''' is a small town located in [[Palladam taluk|Palladam Taluk]] of [[Tiruppur district]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pongalur {{!}} Tiruppur District, Government of Tamil Nadu {{!}} Textile City {{!}} India |url=https://tiruppur.nic.in/directory/pongalur-2/ |access-date=2022-06-02 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pongalur Pin Code {{!}} Postal Code (Zip Code) of Pongalur, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/pincode/tamil-nadu/coimbatore/pongalur |access-date=2022-06-02 |website=www.indiatvnews.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pongalur: Latest News, Videos and Photos of Pongalur {{!}} Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/pongalur |access-date=2022-06-02 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> It is located along the [[National Highway 81 (India)|Coimbatore - Trichy National highway]] and headquarters the [[Pongalur block]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=PONGALUR Village in TIRUPPUR {{!}} eTamilNadu.org |url=http://www.etamilnadu.org/pongalur-village-12567.html |access-date=2022-06-02 |website=www.etamilnadu.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Village Panchayats {{!}} Tiruppur District, Government of Tamil Nadu {{!}} Textile City {{!}} India |url=https://tiruppur.nic.in/administrative-setup/development/village-panchayats/ |access-date=2022-06-02 |language=en-US}}</ref> It is located 10 km from [[Palladam]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pongalur to Palladam |url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Pongalur,+Tamil+Nadu/Palladam,+Tamil+Nadu/@10.9831604,77.2924689,13z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x3ba9af5b674da36b:0x9e7d5fe1e5e1cad8!2m2!1d77.3697672!2d10.9729427!1m5!1m1!1s0x3ba9a95673dd8dfb:0x6effc31a8745d016!2m2!1d77.2852097!2d10.9955767!3e0 |access-date=2022-06-02 |website=Pongalur to Palladam |language=en}}</ref> 22 km from [[Kangeyam]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pongalur to Kangeyam |url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Pongalur,+Tamil+Nadu/Kangeyam,+Tamil+Nadu/@10.98469,77.3955166,12z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x3ba9af5b674da36b:0x9e7d5fe1e5e1cad8!2m2!1d77.3697672!2d10.9729427!1m5!1m1!1s0x3ba99f585df32af3:0x890a9d4c243ef9e8!2m2!1d77.5626379!2d11.0016341!3e0 |access-date=2022-06-02 |website=Pongalur to Kangeyam |language=en}}</ref> 35 km from [[Dharapuram]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pongalur to Dharapuram Bus Stand |url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Pongalur,+Tamil+Nadu/Dharapuram+Bus+Stand,+Anna+Nagar,+Dharapuram,+Tamil+Nadu/@10.8531812,77.3038236,11z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x3ba9af5b674da36b:0x9e7d5fe1e5e1cad8!2m2!1d77.3697672!2d10.9729427!1m5!1m1!1s0x3ba9bf822f8db4e9:0xc9c7894efae53690!2m2!1d77.518263!2d10.733381!3e0 |access-date=2022-06-02 |website=Pongalur to Dharapuram Bus Stand |language=en}}</ref> and 20 km from district headquarter [[Tiruppur]] and 50 km from [[Coimbatore]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Pongalur to Coimbatore |url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Pongalur,+Tamil+Nadu/Coimbatore,+Tamil+Nadu/@11.0626489,77.022701,11z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x3ba9af5b674da36b:0x9e7d5fe1e5e1cad8!2m2!1d77.3697672!2d10.9729427!1m5!1m1!1s0x3ba859af2f971cb5:0x2fc1c81e183ed282!2m2!1d76.9558321!2d11.0168445!3e0 |access-date=2022-06-02 |website=Pongalur to Coimbatore |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pongalur to Tiruppur |url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Pongalur,+Tamil+Nadu/Tiruppur,+Tamil+Nadu/@11.0382561,77.3105085,12z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x3ba9af5b674da36b:0x9e7d5fe1e5e1cad8!2m2!1d77.3697672!2d10.9729427!1m5!1m1!1s0x3ba907b0424d75b9:0x4750551698a91687!2m2!1d77.3410656!2d11.1085242!3e0 |access-date=2022-06-02 |website=Pongalur to Tiruppur |language=en}}</ref> It is known for its famous Varadharaja perumal Temple.<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Temples {{!}} Tiruppur District, Government of Tamil Nadu {{!}} Textile City {{!}} India |url=https://tiruppur.nic.in/tourism/places-of-interest/temples/ |access-date=2022-06-02 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Administration and politics ==
Pongalur was a part of Coimbatore district and now [[Tiruppur district]]. Kundadam comes under [[Palladam taluk]], [[Tiruppur district]] and headquarters of [[Pongalur block]].<ref>{{cite web |title=List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies |url=http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090206012938/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf |archive-date=2009-02-06 |access-date=2008-10-11 |work=Tamil Nadu |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref> It falls under[[Pongalur Assembly constituency]] and [[Tiruppur Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Election commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/Result2021/ConstituencywiseS22101.htm?ac=101 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320103427/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/member_list.pdf |archive-date=2012-03-20 |publisher=Electro Commission of India}}</ref>

[[Kongu Vellalars]] are the dominant community in this area.
[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]], [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] and [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] are the major political parties in this area.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-22 |title="பாஜக தன் தனித்துவத்தை நிரூபித்துவிட்டது"- அண்ணாமலை பெருமிதம்! |url=https://www.nakkheeran.in/24-by-7-news/thamizhagam/bharatiya-janata-party-has-proved-its-uniqueness-annamalai-proud |access-date=2022-04-14 |website=nakkheeran |language=en}}</ref> This town also houses a police station.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kundadam Police Station {{!}} Tiruppur District, Government of Tamil Nadu {{!}} Textile City {{!}} India |url=https://tiruppur.nic.in/public-utility/kundadam-police-station/ |access-date=2022-04-15 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author=Staff Reporter |date=2021-12-29 |title=Minister inaugurates several projects in Palladam, Pongalur |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/minister-inaugurates-several-projects-in-palladam-pongalur/article38065353.ece |access-date=2022-06-02 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Avinashi]]
* [[Dharapuram]]
* [[Palladam]]
* [[Uthiyur]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Tiruppur district]]

{{Tirupur-geo-stub}}

List of female chief justices in India

2026-04-27T11:56:49Z

Hindutashravi: started initial data first draft

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}

This is a list of women who have served as chief justices of the [[high courts of India]], arranged in chronological order.

The first woman to be appointed as the chief justice of an Indian high court was [[Leila Seth]], who assumed office at the [[Himachal Pradesh High Court]] on 5 August 1991. The [[Kerala High Court]] and the [[Madras High Court]] have each had the highest number of female chief justices, with three appointments each.

[[Manjula Chellur]] served as the chief justice of three different high courts and holds the record for the longest combined tenure among female chief justices, exceeding five years. In contrast, [[Sonia Gokani]] had the shortest tenure, serving for just nine days.

Till 10 January 2026, there have been 19 women chief justices across 14 high courts. At present, two women serve as chief justices among the 25 high courts chief justices in India.

==List of female chief justices==
;Key
{{legend inline|1 = #EEFFE1}} Incumbent

{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header" style="text-align:center" width="92%"
|-
! scope="col" | No.
! Portrait
! scope="col" | Name
! scope="col" | Date of appointment
! scope="col" | Date of retirement
! Tenure
! High Court
! Note
|-
! 1
| [[File:Leila Seth (cropped).jpg|border|center|100x100px]]
| [[Leila Seth]]
| {{dts|1991|8|5|format=dmy}}
| {{dts|1992|10|20|format=dmy}}
| {{age in years and days|1991|8|5|1992|10|20}}
| [[Himachal Pradesh High Court]]
| First female chief justice of a high court in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/on-this-day/5th-august-1991-justice-leila-seth-becomes-the-first-indian-woman-chief-justice-of-a-state-high-court|title=5th August 1991: Justice Leila Seth Becomes the First Indian Woman Chief Justice of a state High Court|last=|first=|date=5 August 2013|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref>
|-
! 2
| [[File:Blank.svg|100x100px]]
| [[Kanta Kumari Bhatnagar]]
| {{dts|1992|6|15|format=dmy}}
| {{dts|1992|11|14|format=dmy}}
| {{age in years and days|1992|6|15|1992|11|14}}
| [[Madras High Court]]
| First female chief justice of the Madras High Court.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/former-madras-cj-passes-away/article2358322.ece|title=Former Madras CJ passes away|date=15 August 2011|work=The Hindu|access-date=30 July 2017|language=en}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2"| 3
| rowspan="2"| [[File:Blank.svg|100x100px]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Sujata Manohar]]
| {{dts|1994|1|15|format=dmy}}
| {{dts|1994|4|20|format=dmy}}
| {{age in years and days|1994|1|15|1994|4|20}}
| [[Bombay High Court]]
| rowspan="2"| First female chief justice of the Bombay High Court and the Kerala High Court. Later elevated as a judge to the [[Supreme Court of India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/cjshow.php?auth=amdldGlkPTI3JnBhZ2Vubz0z|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705021957/http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/cjshow.php?auth=amdldGlkPTI3JnBhZ2Vubz0z|title=Official Website of High Court of Bombay|archivedate=5 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
| {{dts|1994|4|21|format=dmy}}
| {{dts|1994|11|7|format=dmy}}
| {{age in years and days|1994|4|21|1994|11|7}}
| [[Kerala High Court]]
|-
! 4
| [[File:Blank.svg|100x100px]]
| [[K. K. Usha]]
| {{dts|2001|2|25|format=dmy}}
| {{dts|2001|7|3|format=dmy}}
| {{age in years and days|2001|2|25|2001|7|3}}
|[[Kerala High Court]]
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.keralawomen.gov.in/view_page.php?type=11&id=264|work=Kerala Women|title=Chief Justice KK Usha|accessdate=20 April 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305003038/http://keralawomen.gov.in/view_page.php?type=11&id=264|archive-date=5 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
! 5
| [[File:Blank.svg|100x100px]]
| [[Gyan Sudha Misra]]
| {{dts|2008|7|13|format=dmy}}
| {{dts|2010|4|30|format=dmy}}
| {{age in years and days|2008|7|13|2010|4|30}}
| [[Jharkhand High Court]]
| First female chief justice of the Jharkhand High Court. Later elevated as a judge to the [[Supreme Court of India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://jharkhandhighcourt.nic.in/Gyan_Sudha.html|title=JharkhandHighCourt|access-date=15 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005070008/http://jharkhandhighcourt.nic.in/Gyan_Sudha.html|archive-date=5 October 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! 6
| [[File:Blank.svg|100x100px]]
| [[Rekha Doshit]]
| {{dts|2010|6|21|format=dmy}}
| {{dts|2014|12|12|format=dmy}}
| {{age in years and days|2010|6|21|2014|12|12}}
| [[Patna High Court]]
| First female chief justice of the Patna High Court.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/06/17/stories/2010061755301200.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619074038/http://www.hindu.com/2010/06/17/stories/2010061755301200.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=19 June 2010 | title=Woman Chief Justice for Patna High Court | date=17 June 2010 | work=[[The Hindu]] | accessdate=11 March 2014}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="3"| 7
| rowspan="3"| [[File:Blank.svg|100x100px]]
| rowspan="3"| [[Manjula Chellur]]
| {{dts|2012|9|26|format=dmy}}
| {{dts|2014|8|1|format=dmy}}
| {{age in years and days|2012|9|25|2014|8|1}}
| [[Kerala High Court]]
| rowspan="3"| First female chief justice of the Calcutta High Court.<ref>{{cite news|title=Manjula Chellur to become first woman Chief Justice of Calcutta High Court; Assumes office on August 5|url=http://barandbench.com/content/212/manjula-chellur-become-first-woman-chief-justice-calcutta#.U9Cws0AjCUU|access-date=24 July 2014|work=Bar and Bench|agency=B&B News Network|date=23 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724071226/http://barandbench.com/content/212/manjula-chellur-become-first-woman-chief-justice-calcutta#.U9Cx90AjDpA|archive-date=24 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{dts|2014|8|6|format=dmy}}
| {{dts|2016|8|21|format=dmy}}
| {{age in years and days|2014|8|6|2016|8|21}}
| [[Calcutta High Court]]
|-
| {{dts|2016|8|22|format=dmy}}
| {{dts|2017|12|4|format=dmy}}
| {{age in years and days|2016|8|22|2017|12|4}}
| [[Bombay High Court]]
|-
! 8
| [[File:Blank.svg|100x100px]]
| [[T. Meena Kumari]]
| {{dts|2013|3|23|format=dmy}}
| {{dts|2013|8|3|format=dmy}}
| {{age in years and days|2013|3|23|2013|8|3}}
| [[Meghalaya High Court]]
| First chief justice of the Meghalaya High Court.<ref>{{cite news|author=PTI |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/meena-kumari-sworn-in-as-first-chief-justice-of-meghalaya-hc/article4541504.ece |title=Meena Kumari sworn in as first chief justice of Meghalaya HC |newspaper=The Hindu |date=23 March 2013 |access-date=21 January 2014}}</ref>
|-
! 9
| [[File:Justice R. Banumathi.jpg|100px]]
| [[R. Banumathi]]
| {{dts|2013|11|16|format=dmy}}
| {{dts|2014|8|12|format=dmy}}
| {{age in years and days|2013|11|16|2014|8|12}}
| [[Jharkhand High Court]]
| Later elevated as a judge to the Supreme Court of India.<ref>http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/judges/sjud/rbanumathi.htm R. Banumatji, profile</ref>
|-
! 10
| [[File:Blank.svg|100x100px]]
| [[G. Rohini|Gorla Rohini]]
| {{dts|2014|4|21|format=dmy}}
| {{dts|2017|4|13|format=dmy}}
| {{age in years and days|2014|4|21|2017|4|13}}
| [[Delhi High Court]]
| First female chief justice of the Delhi High Court.<ref>{{cite news|date=22 April 2014|title=Delhi gets its first woman Chief Justice|work=The Hindu|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/delhi-gets-its-first-woman-chief-justice/article5936279.ece|accessdate=23 April 2014}}</ref>
|-
! 11
| [[File:Justice Indira Banerjee.jpg|100px]]
| [[Indira Banerjee]]
| {{dts|2017|4|5|format=dmy}}
| {{dts|2018|8|6|format=dmy}}
| {{age in years and days|2017|4|5|2018|8|6}}
| [[Madras High Court]]
| Later elevated as a judge to the Supreme Court of India.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/indira-banerjee-appointed-chief-justice-of-tamilnadu-high-court/article17751238.ece|title=Indira Banerjee appointed Chief Justice of Madras High Court|newspaper=The Hindu|date=31 March 2017 }}</ref>
|-
! 12
| [[File:Blank.svg|100x100px]]
| [[Abhilasha Kumari]]
| {{dts|2018|2|9|format=dmy}}
| {{dts|2018|2|22|format=dmy}}
| {{age in years and days|2018|2|9|2018|2|22}}
| [[Manipur High Court]]
| First female chief justice of the Manipur High Court.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/justice-abhilasha-kumari-is-manipur-hc-s-first-woman-chief-justice/story-1MdcD0Pu0N2YEcNakPsG4O.html|title=Justice Abhilasha Kumari is Manipur HC's first woman chief justice|last=Samom|first=Shobhapati|date=9 February 2018|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=17 September 2018|language=en}}</ref>
|-
! 13
| [[File:Blank.svg|100x100px]]
| [[Gita Mittal]]
| {{dts|2018|8|11|format=dmy}}
| {{dts|2020|12|8|format=dmy}}
| {{age in years and days|2018|8|11|2020|12|8}}
| [[High Court of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh|Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh High Court]]
| First female chief justice of the Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh High Court.<ref>{{Cite news|date=4 August 2018|title=Justice Geeta Mittal is 1st woman judge of J&K HC; Justice Menon to head Delhi HC|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/justice-geeta-mittal-is-1st-woman-judge-of-jk-hc-justice-menon-to-head-delhi-hc/articleshow/65268850.cms?from=mdr|access-date=25 June 2020}}</ref>
|-
! 14
| [[File:Blank.svg|100x100px]]
| [[Vijaya Tahilramani]]
| {{dts|2018|8|12|format=dmy}}
| {{dts|2019|9|6|format=dmy}}
| {{age in years and days|2018|8|12|2019|9|6}}
| [[Madras High Court]]
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Justice VK Tahilramani Appointed As Chief Justice Of Madras High Court |url=https://www.livelaw.in/justice-vk-tahilramani-appointed-as-chief-justice-of-madras-high-court-read-notification/ |access-date=6 August 2018 |website=Live Law |date=4 August 2018 }}</ref>
|-
! 15
| [[File:Justice Hima Kohli.jpg|100px]]
| [[Hima Kohli]]
| {{dts|2021|1|7|format=dmy}}
| {{dts|2021|8|30|format=dmy}}
| {{age in years and days|2021|1|7|2021|8|30}}
| [[Telangana High Court]]
| First female chief justice of the Telangana High Court. Later elevated as a judge to the Supreme Court of India.<ref>{{Cite web|date=7 January 2021|title=Justice Hima Kohli takes charge as 1st woman CJ of Telangana high court|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/telangana/justice-hima-kohli-takes-charge-as-1st-woman-cj-of-telangana-high-court/story-1f6CWmFexKCpqqznoHVcMK.html|access-date=7 January 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>
|-
! 16
| [[File:Blank.svg|100x100px]]
| [[Sonia Gokani]]
| {{dts|2023|2|16|format=dmy}}
| {{dts|2023|2|25|format=dmy}}
| {{age in years and days|2023|2|16|2023|2|25}}
| [[Gujarat High Court]]
| First female chief justice of the Gujarat High Court.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gujarathighcourt.nic.in/cjjfull?jid=437|title=High Court of Gujarat|website=gujarathighcourt.nic.in|language=en|access-date=30 September 2018}}</ref>
|-scope=row style="background:#EEFFE1"
! 17
| [[File:Blank.svg|100x100px]]
| [[Sunita Agarwal]]
| {{dts|2023|7|23|format=dmy}}
| Incumbent
| {{age in years and days|2023|7|23}}
| [[Gujarat High Court]]
| <ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Hon'ble Mrs. Justice Sunita Agarwal|url=http://allahabadhighcourt.in/service/judgeDetail.jsp?id=174|access-date=|website=Allahabad High Court}}</ref>
|-
! 18
| [[File:Blank.svg|100x100px]]
| [[Ritu Bahri]]
| {{dts|2024|2|4|format=dmy}}
| {{dts|2024|10|10|format=dmy}}
| {{age in years and days|2024|2|4|2024|10|10}}
| [[Uttarakhand High Court]]
| First female chief justice of the Uttarakhand High Court.<ref>{{cite web|title=Justice Ritu Bahri becomes first woman chief justice of Uttarakhand high court|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/dehradun-news/justice-ritu-bahri-becomes-first-woman-chief-justice-of-uttarakhand-high-court-101707048415828.html|website=Hindustan Times|date=4 February 2024}}</ref>
|-scope=row style="background:#EEFFE1"
! 19
| [[File:Blank.svg|100x100px]]
| [[Revati Mohite Dere|Revati Prashant Mohite Dere]]
| {{dts|2026|1|10|format=dmy}}
| Incumbent
| {{age in years and days|2026|1|10}}
| [[Meghalaya High Court]]
| <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bench |first=Bar & |date=2026-01-01 |title=Centre clears appointment of Bombay HC Justice Revati Mohite Dere as Meghalaya High Court Chief Justice |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/centre-clears-appointment-of-bombay-hc-justice-revati-mohite-dere-as-meghalaya-high-court-chief-justice |access-date=2026-01-01 |website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news |language=en}}</ref>
|-scope=row style="background:#EEFFE1"
! 20
| [[File:Blank.svg|100x100px]]
| [[Lisa Gill]]
| {{dts|2026|4|25|format=dmy}}
| Incumbent
| {{age in years and days|2026|4|25}}
| [[Andhra Pradesh High Court|Andhra Pradesh]]
| First Female Chief Justice of Andhra Pradesh High Court.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hindu |first=The |date=2026-04-23 |title= Lisa Gill appointed Chief Justice of A.P. High Court |url= https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/lisa-gill-appointed-chief-justice-of-ap-high-court/article70898594 |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
* [[List of female governors in India]]
* [[List of female lieutenant governors and administrators in India]]
* [[List of female chief ministers in India]]
* [[List of female deputy chief ministers in India]]
* [[List of female legislative speakers and chairpersons in India]]
* [[List of female opposition leaders in India]]
* [[List of current Indian chief justices]]
* [[List of chief justices of India]]
* [[List of sitting judges of the Supreme Court of India]]
* [[List of former judges of the Supreme Court of India]]
* [[List of female judges of the Supreme Court of India]]
* [[List of sitting judges of the high courts of India]]
* [[List of first women lawyers and judges in Asia]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Judiciary of India]]
[[Category:Indian women judges|*List]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian judges|High courts of India, Female]]
[[Category:Lists of women by occupation and nationality]]

Nelavala Vijayasree

2026-04-24T13:27:10Z

Hindutashravi: Added page

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Nelavala Vijayasree
| office = Member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2024
| predecessor = [[Sanjeevaiah Kiliveti]]
| constituency = [[Sullurpeta Assembly constituency|Sullurpeta]]
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| birth_date =
}}
'''Nelavala Vijayasree''' (born 1987) is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. She is an MLA from [[Sullurpeta Assembly constituency|Sullurpeta Assembly Constituency]] which is reserved for SC community in [[Tirupati district|Tirupati District]]. She won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] representing [[Telugu Desam Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Sullurpeta, Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: TDP's Nelavala Vijayasree wins Sullurpeta with 111048 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/sullurpeta-andhra-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-2548319-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Vijayasree is from Nellore. She completed MBBS in 2022 from Narayana Medical College, Nellore which is affiliated with [[Dr. NTR University of Health Sciences|Dr. YSR University Of Health Sciences]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nelavala Vijayasree(TDP):Constituency- SULLURPETA (SC)(NELLORE) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/AndhraPradesh2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=235 |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Nelavala Vijayasree, TDP Candidate from Sullurpeta Assembly Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey, Winning or Losing - News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/andhra-pradesh/nelavala-vijayasree-assembly-candidate-s01aed2008a121e2024c002/ |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Vijayasree won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Sullurpeta Assembly constituency|Sullurpeta Assembly Constituency]] representing [[Telugu Desam Party]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2024-05-08 |title=Andhra Pradesh Assembly elections 2024: Complete list of NDA candidates - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/politics/andhra-pradesh-assembly-elections-2024-complete-list-of-nda-candidates-19408374.htm/ |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref> She polled 1,11,048 votes and defeated [[Kiliveti Sanjeevaiah]] of [[YSR Congress Party]] by a margin of 29,115 votes.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sullurpeta (SC) Constituency Election Results 2024: Sullurpeta (SC) Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/andhra-pradesh/constituency-show/sullurpeta |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vijayasree, Nelavala}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:People from Tirupati]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:Women members of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

Sandeep Singh (shooter)

2026-04-24T12:12:40Z

Hindutashravi: Creating A Bio More To Come

{{Short description|Indian sport shooter}}
'''Sandeep Singh''' (born 20 January 1996) is an Indian [[sport shooter]] from [[Punjab]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=ISSF - International Shooting Sport Federation - issf-sports.org |url=https://www.issf-sports.org/athletes/athlete.ashx?personissfid=SHINDM2001199601 |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=www.issf-sports.org |archive-date=2024-06-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619220916/https://www.issf-sports.org/athletes/athlete.ashx?personissfid=SHINDM2001199601 |url-status=live }}</ref> He competes in the 10m air rifle discipline. He qualified for the [[India at the 2024 Summer Olympics|2024 Summer Olympics]] in Paris in both the individual [[ISSF 10 meter air rifle|10m air rifle]] and mixed events.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Selvaraj |first=Jonathan |date=2024-05-18 |title=From Siachen to Paris 2024: Unwilling shooter Sandeep realises Olympic dream through 'picture-perfect' journey |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/shooting/from-siachen-to-paris-2024-games-sandeep-singh-shooter-secures-olympics-spot-shooting-selection-trials/article68191357.ece |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Singh was born in Behbal Khurd village, near [[Faridkot, India|Faridkot]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-28 |title=Paris Olympics: At selection trials, rookie Sandeep Singh gives world champion a scare, showcasing India's depth in rifle shooting |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/paris-olympics-at-selection-trials-rookie-sandeep-singh-gives-world-champion-a-scare-showcasing-indias-depth-in-rifle-shooting-9294491/ |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=2024-06-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619220916/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/paris-olympics-at-selection-trials-rookie-sandeep-singh-gives-world-champion-a-scare-showcasing-indias-depth-in-rifle-shooting-9294491/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He began as a cross-country athlete as he wanted to appear for the army recruitment test. His father, Baljinder Singh is a labourer. He is a naib subedar in the Indian Army. He joined the Sikh Light Infantry in 2014 as a sepoy.<ref name=":1" />

== Career ==
Singh caught the eye with high scores in 2023. He was part of the Indian mixed team in the Rio de Janeiro World Cup in September 2023, where he was ranked 5th. In 2024, he took part in the World Cup events at Cairo, Munich and Granada. He also took part in the Asian Championships at Jakarta.<ref name=":0" />

He qualified for the Paris Olympics at the Indian Olympic selection trials held at the Madhya Pradesh shooting range in Bhopal in May 2024 and stood first. He beat Olympic quota winner [[Arjun Babuta]] and [[Rudrankksh Patil|Rudranksh Patil]], a world champion. Both of them had an additional point but could not beat the scores of Singh.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-31 |title=Sandeep Singh is currently India's best 10m air rifle shooter - so why the * next to his name? |url=https://www.espn.in/shooting/story/_/id/40249872/sandeep-singh-shooter-olympics-india-best-10m-air-rifle-shooter-best-bet-paris |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=ESPN |language=en |archive-date=2024-06-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619220916/https://www.espn.in/shooting/story/_/id/40249872/sandeep-singh-shooter-olympics-india-best-10m-air-rifle-shooter-best-bet-paris |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bose |first=Shuvaditya |date=2024-05-31 |title=Shooter Sandeep Singh – Once With Army in Siachen Glacier, Now at Olympics Pier |url=https://www.thequint.com/sports/shooter-sandeep-singh-once-indian-army-in-siachen-glacier-now-on-the-verge-2024-paris-olympics |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=TheQuint |language=en |archive-date=2024-06-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619220916/https://www.thequint.com/sports/shooter-sandeep-singh-once-indian-army-in-siachen-glacier-now-on-the-verge-2024-paris-olympics |url-status=live }}</ref> In the Olympic 10m air rifle event, he shot 629.3 and finished 12th in the qualification round and could not advance further. Even in the 10m air rifle team event, along with [[Elavenil Valarivan]], he finished 12th and were eliminated.<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2024-07-27 |title=Paris Olympics: Indian shooters eliminated in qualification of 10m air rifle mixed event |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/olympics/paris-olympics-indian-shooters-eliminated-in-qualification-of-10m-air-rifle-mixed-event/article68453110.ece |access-date=2025-05-15 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 July 2024 |title=Paris Olympics 2024: India's Arjun-Ramita, Sandeep-Elavenil eliminated in qualification of 10m air rifle mixed event |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/olympics/paris-olympics-2024-indias-arjun-ramita-sandeep-elavenil-eliminated-in-qualification-of-10m-air-rifle-mixed-event-101722068181383.html |access-date=15 May 2025 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{ISSF|SHINDM2001199601}}
* {{Olympics.com|sandeep-singh-x8756}}
* [https://olympics.com/en/paris-2024/athlete/sandeep-singh_1539720 Sandeep Singh] at the [[Paris 2024 Summer Olympics]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Sandeep}}
[[Category:1996 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male sport shooters]]
[[Category:ISSF pistol shooters]]
[[Category:Sport shooters from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Shooters at the 2024 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Olympic shooters for India]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

N. Indrasena Reddy

2026-04-20T05:22:48Z

Hindutashravi: started first entry from scratch

{{short description|20th Governor of Tripura (born 1949)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = N. Indrasena Reddy
| image = Indrasena Reddy.jpg
| caption = Reddy in 2024
| order =
| office = [[Governor of Tripura]]
| 1blankname = [[Chief Minister of Tripura|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata = [[Manik Saha]]
| predecessor = [[Satyadev Narayan Arya]]
| successor =
| office1 = [[Governor of Mizoram]] (acting)
| term_start1 = 30 Sep 2024
| term_end1 = 9 Oct 2024
| predecessor1 = [[Kambhampati Hari Babu]]
| successor1 = [[Kambhampati Hari Babu]]
| 1blankname1 = [[Chief Minister of Mizoram|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata1 = [[Lalduhoma]]
| term_start = 26 October 2023
| office2 = 8th [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Andhra Pradesh|President of Bharatiya Janata Party, Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start2 = 2003
| term_end2 = 2007
| 1blankname2 = National President
| 1namedata2 = * [[Venkaiah Naidu]]
* [[L.K. Advani]]
* [[Rajnath Singh]]
| predecessor2 = C. Ramachandra Reddy
| successor2 = [[Bandaru Dattatreya]]
| office3 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start3 = 1999
| term_end3 = 2004
| predecessor3 = Malreddy Ranga Reddy
| successor3 = Malreddy Ranga Reddy
| constituency3 = [[Malakpet Assembly constituency|Malakpet]]
| term_start4 = 1983
| term_end4 = 1989
| predecessor4 = Kandala Prabhakar Reddy
| successor4 = P. Sudhir Kumar
| constituency4 = [[Malakpet Assembly constituency|Malakpet]]
| birth_name = Nallu Indrasena Reddy
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1953|01|01|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Rangareddy district|Rangareddy]], [[Hyderabad State (1948–1956)|Hyderabad State]], India (present-day [[Telangana]])
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| children =
| spouse =
| source =
}}

'''Nallu Indrasena Reddy''' is an Indian [[politician]] from [[Telangana]]. He is the 20th [[List of governors of Tripura|Governor of Tripura]] from 2023. He is an ex national secretary of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2012}} He was earlier president of the United state unit of the party.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121021041442/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-08-02/hyderabad/27205649_1_nomination-papers-mere-formality-n-indrasena-reddy Indrasena Reddy to be Andhra BJP president], The Times Of India</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20050113231109/http://www.hindu.com/2002/12/11/stories/2002121103530400.htm BJP sees Pak. hand in `attack' on Indrasena Reddy]</ref> Indrasena Reddy was elected as MLA 3 times first in 1983 at the age of 30, in 1985 from [[Malakpet (Assembly constituency)|Malakpet]] in Hyderabad and he was elected again in 1999.

Indra Sena Reddy has been appointed Tripura governor on 18 October 2023.<ref name="Raghubar Das appointed Governor of Odisha, Indrasena Reddy Nallu of Tripura">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |date=18 October 2023 |title=Raghubar Das appointed Governor of Odisha, Indrasena Reddy Nallu of Tripura |language=en-IN |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/raghubar-das-appointed-governor-of-odisha-indrasena-reddy-nallu-of-tripura/article67435714.ece |access-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018182658/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/raghubar-das-appointed-governor-of-odisha-indrasena-reddy-nallu-of-tripura/article67435714.ece |archive-date=18 October 2023}}</ref> He was sworn in as the 20th [[Governor of Tripura]] at Raj Bhawan on 26 October 2023.<ref name="Indra Sena Reddy Nallu takes oath as Tripura Governor">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |title=Indra Sena Reddy Nallu takes oath as Tripura Governor |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/indra-sena-reddy-nallu-takes-oath-as-tripura-governor/article67460993.ece |access-date=27 October 2023 |date=26 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027140506/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/indra-sena-reddy-nallu-takes-oath-as-tripura-governor/article67460993.ece |archive-date=27 October 2023 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Political career ==
* 1983: Member of Legislative Assembly.
* 1985: Member of Legislative Assembly.
* 1999: Member of Legislative Assembly.
* 1999: BJP Floor Leader.
* 2003: BJP Andhra Pradesh President.
* 2014: National secretary for BJP
* 2020: Special Invitee for National Committee.

=== Electoral history ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{S-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Satyadev Narayan Arya]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of governors of Tripura|Governor of Tripura]]|years=26 October 2023 – Present}}
{{s-inc}}
|-
{{S-end}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.indrasenareddy.org/}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reddy, Indrasena}}
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1983–1985]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1985–1989]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:Politicians from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Telangana]]
[[Category:Governors of Tripura]]

{{Telangana-BJP-politician-stub}}

List of Maurya emperors

2026-04-06T22:54:16Z

Hindutashravi: started the data more to come

{{short description|none}}
{{pp-sock|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox former monarchy
| border = imperial
| royal_title = [[Chakravarti (Sanskrit term)|Chakravarti]]
| realm = the [[Maurya Empire]]
| coatofarms =
| coatofarmscaption =
| image = Ashoka's visit to the Ramagrama stupa Sanchi Stupa 1 Southern gateway.jpg
| image_size = 280px
| caption = '''Longest reign''' '''[[Ashoka the Great]]''' 268 BCE{{spaced ndash}}232 BCE
| image2 =
| caption2 =
| first_monarch = [[Chandragupta Maurya]]
| last_monarch = [[Brihadratha Maurya]]
| style = [[Devanampriya]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9_48AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA42 | title=The Cambridge Shorter History of India }}</ref>
| residence ={{plainlist|
*[[Pataliputra]] (322–185 BCE)}}
| appointer = [[Line of hereditary succession|Hereditary]]
| began = [[Conquest of the Nanda Empire|322 BCE]]
| ended = [[Brihadratha Maurya|185 BCE]]
| pretender = [[Mauryas of Puri]]<ref name="HAI">"Konkan was given in charge of a Maurya family. A grant of the Maurya prince Suketuvarman, who ruled in this period, has been discovered in the Thānā district of North Konkan." {{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/jEqi_literay-and-historical-studies-in-indology-of-dr.-vasudev-vishnu-mirashi-mlbd-varanasi|page=128|title=Literary And Historical Studies In Indology Of Dr. Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi MLBD Varanasi|last=MLBD Varanasi}}</ref><ref name="CORPUS">"A stone inscription from Vada in the north of the Thana District mentions a Maurya king named Suketuvarman ruling in Konkan." {{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.367473|title=Corpus Inscriptionium Indicarum Vol Iv Part 1|page=75|last=Vasudev Vishnu Mirshi|date=1955|publisher=Government Epigraphist For India, Ootacamund|language=Multilingual}}</ref><ref name="INSCRIPTION">"We have discussed above about the Saka era. From the point of view of its early history as well as for the history of the later Mauryas of Konkana the Vala (or Vada) inscription of Suketuvarman, dated Saka 322, is one of utmost importance. The inscription was actually found at the place of this name in the Thane District of Maharashtra though wrongly attributed to Vala in the Saurashtra region of Gujarat. It aims at registering the installation of the deity Koțiśvara by one Simhadatta, son of Anankiparadatta in the Saka year 322, and some grants to the divinity by one Isuprakki, the Vallabha-Talavara of the Maurya Dharma- mahārāja Suketuvarman of the Bhojas. The inscription adds one more name to the list of the Mauryas of Konkaņa." {{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.29982|page=32|title=puratattva: Bulletin of the Indian archaeological society number 25 1994-95|last=Dikshit|first=K. N.|date=1995|publisher=Indian Archaeological Society, New Delhi}}</ref>, [[Mori Rajputs]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Shukla|first=Dinesh Chandra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w_oJAQAAIAAJ|title=Early History of Rajasthan|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Prakashan|year=1978|location=Delhi|pages=185–186|language=en|quote=In the seventh century or in the beginning of the eighth century, the Mauryas, evidently the same as the Mori Rajputs, had a strong principality in S.E. Rajasthan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Sharma|first=Dasharatha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W1dXAAAAMAAJ&q=Mauryas|title=Rajasthan Through the Ages: From the earliest times to 1316 A.D|publisher=Rajasthan State Archives|year=1966|pages=226–228|language=en}}</ref> }}
The [[Maurya Empire]] (c. 322–185 BCE) was an [[Outline of ancient India|ancient Indian]] empire. The [[empire]] was founded by
[[Chandragupta Maurya]] in 322 BCE and lasted until 185 BCE. The Mauryan Empire was the first pan-Indian empire. At its height, the empire covered most of the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sastri |first1=Kallidaikurichi Aiyah Nilakanta |title=Age of the Nandas and Mauryas |date=1988 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=9788120804661 |page=208 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YoAwor58utYC&pg=PA208 |language=en}}</ref> The Mauryan Emperor was the monarchical head of state and wielded absolute rule over the empire.
Chandragupta's chief [[Amatya|minister]] [[Chanakya]], sometimes called [[Kautilya]], advised Chandragupta Maurya and contributed to the empire's legacy.<ref name=kistler>{{cite book |last1=Kistler |first1=John M. |title=War Elephants |date=2007 |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |isbn=978-0803260047 |page=67 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-5RHK4Ol15QC&pg=PA64 |access-date=16 August 2019}}</ref> [[Bindusara]], Chandragupta's son, assumed the throne around 297 BCE. He kept the empire running smoothly while maintaining its lands.<ref name="VAS_Asoka">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/stream/asokabuddhistemp00smitiala#page/18/mode/2up |title=Asoka, the Buddhist emperor of India |author=Vincent Arthur Smith |year=1920 |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxford |isbn=9788120613034 |pages=18–19 }}</ref> Bindusara's son, [[Ashoka]],<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Yale University Press| isbn = 978-0-300-27490-5| last = Olivelle| first = Patrick| title = Ashoka: Portrait of a Philosopher King.| location = New Haven| date = 2024}}</ref> was the third leader of the Mauryan Empire. Ashoka left his mark on history by erecting [[Edicts of Ashoka|large stone pillars inscribed with edicts]] that he issued. After Ashoka's death, his family continued to reign, but the empire began to break apart. The last of the Mauryas, [[Brihadratha Maurya|Brihadratha]], was assassinated by his [[Senapati]], [[Pushyamitra Shunga]] who went on to found the [[Shunga Empire]] in 185 BCE.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Archaeology of Early Historic South Asia: The Emergence of Cities and States|last1=Allchin|first1=F. R.|last2=Erdosy|first2=George|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1995|location=Cambridge|pages=306}}</ref>
[[File:Maurya Empire, c.250 BCE 2.png|thumb|Maurya Empire at its greatest expansion, c. 250 BCE]]

== List of emperors ==
;Rulers-
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan=2 | Ruler!!Reign!!Notes
|-
|[[Chandragupta Maurya]] (𑀙𑀦𑁆𑀤𑁆𑀭𑀕𑀼𑀧𑁆𑀢𑀸 𑀫𑀸𑀉𑀭𑁆𑀬𑀸)|| |[[File:Chandragupt maurya Birla mandir 6 dec 2009 (31).JPG|100px]] ||322–297 BCE|| Founder of the Maurya Empire.
|-
|[[Bindusara]] (𑀩𑀺𑀦𑁆𑀤𑀼𑀲𑀸𑀭𑀸)||[[File:I42 1karshapana Maurya Bindusara MACW4165 1ar (8486583162).jpg|100px]] ||297–273 BCE||Known for his foreign diplomacy and crushed of [[Vidarbha]] revolt.
|-
|[[Ashoka]] (𑀅𑀰𑁄𑀓𑀸)||[[File:Ashoka's visit to the Ramagrama stupa Sanchi Stupa 1 Southern gateway.jpg|100px]] ||268–232 BCE||Greatest emperor of dynasty. His son [[Kunala]] was blinded and died before his father. Ashoka was succeeded by his grandson. Also known for [[Kalinga War]] victory.
|-
|[[Dasharatha Maurya]] (𑀤𑀰𑀭𑀣 𑀫𑀸𑀉𑀭𑁆𑀬𑀸)||[[File:Dasaratha Maurya inscription on entrance of Vadathika cave.jpg|100px]] ||232–224 BCE||Grandson of Ashoka.
|-
|[[Samprati]] (𑀲𑀫𑁆𑀧𑁆𑀭𑀢𑀻)||[[File:Emperor Samprati Maurya.jpg|100px]]||224–215 BCE||Brother of Dasharatha.
|-
|[[Shalishuka]] (𑀰𑀸𑀮𑀻𑀰𑀼𑀓𑀸)||[[File:Mauryan Empire. temp. Salisuka or later. Circa 207-194 BC.jpg|100px]]||215–202 BCE||
|-
|[[Devavarman (Maurya)|Devavarman]] (𑀤𑁂𑀯𑀯𑀭𑁆𑀫𑀦𑁆)|| ||202–195 BCE||
|-
|[[Shatadhanvan]] (𑀰𑀢𑀥𑀦𑁆𑀯𑀦𑁆)|| ||195–187 BCE|| The Mauryan Empire had shrunk by the time of his reign
|-
|[[Brihadratha Maurya|Brihadratha]] (𑀩𑁆𑀭𑀺𑀳𑀤𑁆𑀭𑀣𑀸)|| ||187–184 BCE|| Assassinated and overthrown by his [[Senapati|General]] [[Pushyamitra Shunga]] in 185 BCE.
|}

== Family tree ==
{{Chart top|width=100%|collapsed=yes|Family tree of Maurya Emperors}}
{{Tree chart/start|align=center|style=font-size:95%}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Chandragupta Maurya|Chandragupta Maurya]]''' (1) r. 324/1-297 BCE|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Bindusara|Bindusara Amitraghata]]''' (2) r. 297-273 BCE|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Ashoka|Ashoka the Great]]''' (3) r. 268-232 BCE|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | |A02 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01=Tivala|
A02=[[Kunala]]}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | |A02 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Dasharatha Maurya|Dasharatha]]''' (4) r. 232-224 BCE|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700|
A02='''[[Samprati]]''' (5) r. 224-215 BCE|boxstyle_A02=border-color:#FFD700}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Shalishuka]]''' (6) r. 215-202 BCE|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Devavarman (Maurya)|Devavarman]]''' (7) r. 202-195 BCE|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Shatadhanvan]]''' (8) r. 195-187 BCE|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Brihadratha Maurya|Brihadratha]]''' (9) r. 187-185 BCE|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}
{{Tree chart/end}}
{{Chart bottom}}

== See also ==
*[[Magadha]]
*[[History of India]]
*[[List of largest empires]]
*[[List of Gupta emperors]]
*[[List of Indian monarchs]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Mauryan dynasty]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian monarchs|M]]

Bhonsle (clan)

2026-04-06T16:02:37Z

Hindutashravi: Added Basic Article From Scratch

{{short description|Maratha clan}}
{{About|the clan|Royal House|House of Bhonsle (Royal House)|the film|Bhonsle (film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox tribe
| name = Bhonsle
| type = [[Maratha]] clan
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| ethnicity = Deccan-Marathi
| location = [[Maharashtra]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| descended =
| population =
| demonym =
| branches =
| language = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| surnames =
}}
The '''Bhonsle''' (or '''Bhonsale''', '''Bhosale''', '''Bhosle''')<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=51caAAAAYAAJ&q=bhonsla|title=Coinage of the Bhonsla Rajas of Nagpur|first=Prashant P.|last=Kulkarni|date=6 June 1990|publisher=Indian Coin Society}}</ref> are a prominent group within the [[Maratha clan system]] of India.

==History==
=== Earliest members ===
The earliest accepted members of the Bhonsles are Mudhoji Bhonsle and his kin Rupaji Bhonsle, who were the village headman (pāṭīl) of [[Hingani]] — this branch has been since known as Hinganikar Bhonsles.<ref name=":3">{{Cite thesis|last=Vendell|first=Dominic|title=Scribes and the Vocation of Politics in the Maratha Empire, 1708-1818|date=2018|publisher=Columbia University}}</ref> A branch seem to have split soon, who went on to claim an ancestral right to the post of district steward (deśmukhī) of Kadewalit: Suryaji Bhonsle during the reign of [[Malik Ahmad Nizam Shah I|Ahmad Nizam Shah I]] (early 1490s), and his son Sharafji Bhonsle during the conquest of the region by [[Daniyal Mirza]] (1599).<ref name=":3" />{{Efn|The precise familial relation between Mudhoji/Rupali and Suryaji is unclear.}}{{Efn|Stewart Gordon and other scholars deem the "deśmukhī" to have served as a 'hinge' between the local populace and the imperial authority which frequently changed. Without their loyalty, commanding authority in newly conquered territories was difficult.}} This branch has been since known as Kadewalit Bhonsles.<ref name=":3" />

The next significant Bhonsle was probably [[Maloji Bhosale]] from the Hinganikar branch.<ref name="varma-saberwal" /> He was the great-grandson of one Kheloji (c. 1490).<ref name="varma-saberwal" />

=== Origins ===
In the opinion of [[Jadunath Sarkar]] and other scholars, Bhonsles were predominantly Deccani tiller-plainsmen from the [[Shudra]] caste; they were part of the Marathas/Kunbis, an amorphous class-group.<ref name="Jaffrelot2006">{{cite book|author=Christophe Jaffrelot|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zEWTSAe-KkQC&pg=PA39|title=Dr Ambedkar and Untouchability: Analysing and Fighting Caste|publisher=Permanent Black|year=2006|isbn=978-81-7824-156-2|pages=39|quote=Obviously, Ambedkar had in mind the Brahmin's refusal to recognize Shivaji as a Kshatriya. His theory, which is based on scant historical evidence, doubtless echoed this episode in Maharashtra's history, whereas in fact Shivaji, a Maratha-Kunbi, was a Shudra. Nevertheless, he had won power and so expected the Brahmins to confirm his new status by writing for him an adequate genealogy. This process recalls that of Sanskritisation, but sociologists refer to such emulation of Kshatriyas by Shudras as ' Kshatriyaisation ' and describe it as a variant of Sanskritisation.}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name="Eraly2000">{{cite book|author=Abraham Eraly|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=04ellRQx4nMC&pg=PA435|title=Emperors of the Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Mughals|publisher=Penguin Books India|year=2000|isbn=978-0-14-100143-2|pages=435}}</ref><ref name="Sarkar1992">{{cite book|author=Jadunath Sarkar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WYFrgILWbIgC&pg=PA158|title=Shivaji and His Times|publisher=Orient Longman|year=1992|isbn=978-81-250-1347-1|pages=158}}</ref>{{efn|[[Susan Bayly]] and Eraly however emphasize that the Marathas were located outside the peripheries of [[Brahmin]]ism and people thereof did not form any rigid caste.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Bayly|first=Susan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HbAjKR_iHogC|title=Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age|date=2001-02-22|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521798426|pages=57–59|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Eraly2000" />}} Scholars have however disagreed about the agricultural status of Bhosles.<ref name="varma-saberwal" /> [[Rosalind O'Hanlon]] notes that the historical evolution of castes grouped under the Maratha-Kunbis is sketchy.<ref>{{Citation|title=Religion and society under early British rule|date=1985|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/caste-conflict-and-ideology/religion-and-society-under-early-british-rule/6F2FEF92844891F34F5950AACFE048D2|work=Caste, Conflict and Ideology: Mahatma Jotirao Phule and Low Caste Protest in Nineteenth-Century Western India|pages=13–14|editor-last=O'Hanlon|editor-first=Rosalind|series=Cambridge South Asian Studies|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-52308-0|access-date=2021-07-12}}</ref> [[Ananya Vajpeyi]] rejects the designation of Shudra, since the category has remained in a state of flux across centuries; she instead notes them to be a Marathi lineage, who enjoyed "reasonably high" social status as landholders and warlords, being in the service of Deccan Sultanate or Mughals.<ref name="varma-saberwal" />{{Efn|Vajpeyi however notes that the Bhonsles almost-certainly never featured in the traditional list of 96 families, which allegedly composed the Maratha identity.}}

According to [[Ramchandra Chintaman Dhere|R. C. Dhere's]] interpretation of local oral history and ethnography, Bhonsles descend from the [[Hoysala]]s and [[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty|Yadavas of Devagiri]], who were cow-herding [[Gavli]] sovereigns.<ref name="varma-saberwal">{{Cite book|last=Vajpeyi|first=Ananya|title=Traditions in Motion: Religion and Society in History|date=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195669152|editor-last1=Varma|editor-first1=Supriya|pages=239–268|language=en|chapter=Excavating Identity through Tradition: Who was Shivaji?|editor-last2=Saberwal|editor-first2=Satish}}{{pb}}Edited version of {{Cite thesis|last=Ananya|first=Vajpeyi|title=Politics of complicity, poetics of contempt: A history of the Śūdra in Maharashtra, 1650–1950 CE|date=August 2004|publisher=University of Chicago|chapter=Making a Śūdra King: The Royal Consecration of Shivaji|page=155-226}}</ref><ref name="Feldhaus" />{{Efn|This was published in "Sikhar Singanapurca Sri Sambhu Mahadev" (2002) for the first time.}}{{Efn|The caste-status of these Yadavas and whether they were a part of Bahminical hiearchy is disputed.}} In early thirteenth century, "Baliyeppa Gopati Sirsat", a Hoysala cousin of [[Simhana]] migrated from [[Gadag district|Gadag]] to [[Satara district|Satara]] along with his pastoral herd and kul-devta; the Sambhu Mahadev was thus installed at a hill-top in Singhnapur.<ref name="varma-saberwal" />{{Efn|The Hoysalas as well as the Yadavas were competing feudatories of the Chalukyas with battles being as much common as matrimonial alliances.<ref name="varma-saberwal" /> The migration was prob. motivated by pervasive droughts in the region and an opportunity to seek out some independence for himself.<ref name="varma-saberwal" />}}{{efn|The shrine continues to serve as one of the most significant Shaivite shrine in modern Maharashtra.<ref name="Feldhaus">{{Citation|last=Feldhaus|first=Anne|title=The Pilgrimage to Śiṅgṇāpūr|date=2003|work=Connected Places: Region, Pilgrimage, and Geographical Imagination in India|pages=45–87|editor-last=Feldhaus|editor-first=Anne|series=Religion/Culture/Critique|place=New York|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan US|language=en|doi=10.1057/9781403981349_3|isbn=978-1-4039-8134-9|access-date=}}</ref>}} Historical records indicate that this shrine received extensive patronage from Maloji onwards.<ref name="varma-saberwal" />{{Efn|Texts produced under patronage of Shahaji make explicit connection between the Bhosales and Balip. Also, the "samadhi" (memorial) of Sambhaji, Shivaji, and Shahuji neighbor the shrine.{{pb}}However, for a span of about 250 years — from Balip to Kheloji — the history of the shrine is not clear.}} Further, there exists a branch of the Bhosles named "Sirsat Bhosles" and Bhosle (or "Bhosale") is linguistically similar to "Hoysala".<ref name="varma-saberwal" /> [[Madhukar Keshav Dhavalikar|M. K. Dhavalikar]] found the work to convincingly explain the foundation of the Bhosle clan (as well as Sambhu Mahadev cult).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dhavalikar|first=M. K.|date=2000|title=Review of SHIKHAR SHINGANAPURCHA SRI SHAMBHU MAHADEV (In Marathi)|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42936646|journal=Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute|volume=60/61|pages=507–508|jstor=42936646|issn=0045-9801}}</ref> Vajpeyi too advocates that Dhere's theory be probed in greater detail — "[f]rom pastoralist big men to warlords on horseback, is not an impossible distance to cover in two to three centuries."<ref name="varma-saberwal" />

==== Shivaji and his claim of Rajput origin ====
By 1670s, [[Shivaji]] had acquired extensive territory and wealth from his campaigns.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> But, lacking a formal crown, he had no operational legitimacy to rule his ''de facto'' domain and technically, remained subject to his Mughal (or Deccan Sultanate) overlords; in the hierarchy of power, Shivaji's position remained similar to fellow Maratha chieftains.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="varma-saberwal" /><ref name=":1">{{Citation|last=Gordon|first=Stewart|title=Shivaji (1630–80) and the Maratha polity|date=1993|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/marathas-16001818/shivaji-163080-and-the-maratha-polity/77CF65447181F279BA73A6A5D6B1E048|work=The Marathas 1600–1818|pages=86–87|series=The New Cambridge History of India|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-26883-7|access-date=2021-06-26}}</ref>{{efn|Most of the great Maratha Jahagirdar families in the service of Adilshahi strongly opposed Shivaji in his early years. These included families such as the Ghadge, More, Mohite, Ghorpade, Shirke, and Nimbalkar.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Daniel Jasper |date=2003 |title=Commemorating the 'golden age' of Shivaji in Maharashtra, India, and the development of Maharashtrian public politics |journal=Journal of Political and Military Sociology |volume=31 |issue=2 |page=215 |jstor=45293740 |s2cid=152003918}}</ref>}} Also, he was often opposed by the orthodox Brahmin community of Maharashtra.<ref name="varma-saberwal" /> A coronation sanctioned by the Brahmins was thus planned, in a bid to proclaim sovereignty and legitimize his rule.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name="BaviskarAttwood2013" />

On proposing the Brahmins of his court to have him proclaimed as the rightful king, a controversy erupted: the regnal status was reserved for those belonging to the [[kshatriya]] [[Varna (Hinduism)|varna]].<ref name="Gandhi1999">{{cite book|author=Rajmohan Gandhi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OVqP54UEe4QC&pg=PA110|title=Revenge and Reconciliation|publisher=Penguin Books India|year=1999|isbn=978-0-14-029045-5|pages=110–}}</ref><ref name="Allison2011" /> Not only was there a fundamental dispute among scholars on whether any true Kshatriya survived in the Kali Yuga,{{Efn|Madhav Deshpande notes that one of the oldest texts in support of such a viewpoint was drafted by Kamalakara Bhatta, a paternal uncle of Gaga Bhatta.{{pb}}However, he was hardly a radical (unlike Nagesbhatta, to whom even the Rajputs were Shudras) and allowed expiatory rites for the rare "fallen" Kshatriya-Shudras, provided he did not exceed the upanayana age-limit of 22 years. In his judgement, he was following his father Ramkrsna Bhatta as well as grandfather Narayana Bhatta.}} having been all destroyed by [[Parashurama]] but also Shivaji's grandfather was a tiller-headman, Shivaji did not wear the sacred thread, and his marriage was not in accordance with the Kshatriya customs.<ref name=":1" /><ref name="BaviskarAttwood2013" /><ref name="Deshpande" /> Thus, the Brahmins had him categorised as a [[shudra]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name="BaviskarAttwood2013">{{cite book|author1=Baviskar|first=B. S.|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jVQtBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA395|title=Inside-Outside: Two Views of Social Change in Rural India|last2=Attwood|first2=D. W.|date=30 October 2013|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-81-321-1865-7|pages=395|chapter=Caste Barriers to Initiative and Innovation}}</ref>

Compelled to postpone his coronation, Shivaji had his secretary Balaji Avji Chitnis sent to the Sisodiya Rajputs of Mewar for inspection of the royal genealogies; Avji returned with a favorable finding — Shahji turned out to be a descendant of Chacho Sisodiya, a half-Rajput uncle of [[Mokal Singh]].<ref name="varma-saberwal" />{{Efn|Chacho was born of a Khati concubine and in contemporary times, was pejoratively referred to as a ''khātanvālā.''<ref name="Kothiyal">{{Cite book|last=Kothiyal|first=Tanuja|title=Nomadic Narratives: A History of Mobility and Identity in the Great Indian Desert|date=2016-03-14|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-316-67389-8|language=en|p=103–104}}</ref> People like Chacho were categorized into separate caste-groups at the lower end of the hierarchy—even unfit for inter-dining with—, and excluded from Rajput ''ganayats''.<ref name="Kothiyal" />}} Gaga Bhatt, a famed Brahmin of [[Varanasi|Banaras]],{{Efn|Gaga Bhatt was a preeminent legal scholar, whose scholarship focused on the relative status of different varnas across different regions. Shivaji was already in contact with him since 1664, when he was asked to adjudicate upon whether the Saraswat Brahmins (then, Syenavis) were indeed Brahmins.<ref name="Deshpande">{{Cite journal|last=Deshpande|first=Madhav M.|date=2010|title=Kṣatriyas in the Kali Age? Gāgābhaṭṭa & His Opponents|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24665176|journal=Indo-Iranian Journal|volume=53|issue=2|pages=95–120|issn=0019-7246}}</ref> It is very plausible that the idea of coronation was Bhatt's suggestion — during the previous encounter, he had already proclaimed Shivaji to have been born into a "pure royal family".<ref name="Deshpande" />}} was then hired to ratify Chitnis' find, and the Bhonsles were now permitted to stake a claim to Kshatriya caste.<ref name=":2" /><ref name="varma-saberwal" /><ref name="Allison2011">{{cite book|last=Busch|first=Allison|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dl0sbzehWvAC&pg=PA191|title=Poetry of Kings: The Classical Hindi Literature of Mughal India|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2011|isbn=978-0-19-976592-8|pages=190–191}}</ref>{{efn|[[Susan Bayly]] views the episode to reflect fluidity in the caste system.<ref name=":2"/>}} The coronation would be re-executed in June 1674 but only after going through a long list of preludes.<ref name="varma-saberwal" />{{efn|Contemporary Dutch East India Company archives<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sen|first=Surendra Nath|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12955/page/n281/mode/2up|title=Foreign Biographies of Shivaji|publisher=K. P. Bagchi & Company, [[Indian Council of Historical Research]]|year=1958|edition=2|location=Calcutta|pages=265–267}}</ref> indicate that even then, Shivaji's upgradation of status was only accepted by Brahmins after he had promised them to not rule tyrannically anymore.<ref name=":2" />}}

Led by Bhatt, who employed traditional Hindu imagery in an unprecedented scale, the first phase had Shivaji penance for having lived as a Maratha despite being a Kshatriya.<ref name="varma-saberwal" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name="Keay2011">{{cite book|author=John Keay|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0IquM4BrJ4YC&pg=PT565|title=India: A History|date=12 April 2011|publisher=Atlantic|isbn=978-0-8021-9550-0|pages=565}}</ref> Then came the sacred thread ceremony ('maunjibandhanam') followed by remarriage according to Rajput customs ('mantra-vivah') and a sequence of Vedic rituals before the eventual coronation ('abhisheka') — a public spectacle of enormous expense that heralded the rebirth of Shivaji as a Kshatriya king.<ref name="varma-saberwal" />{{Efn|The expense was huge enough to impose a coronation tax on his subjects for the next few years.}} Panegyrics composed by court-poets during these spans (and afterward) reinforced onto the public memory that Shivaji (and the Bhonsles) indeed belonged from the Sisodiyas.<ref name="varma-saberwal" /><ref name="Allison2011" />

However, the Kshatriyization was not unanimous; a section of Brahmins continued to deny the Kshatriya status.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rao|first=Anupama|url=https://california.degruyter.com/view/title/555234|title=The Caste Question: Dalits and the Politics of Modern India|date=2009-10-13|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-94337-7|pages=42|chapter=Caste Radicalism And The Making Of A New Political Subject|doi=10.1525/9780520943377-006|s2cid=201912448}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> Brahmins of the Peshwa period rejected Bhatt's acceptance of Shivaji's claims and blamed the non-dharmic coronation for all ills that plagued Shivaji and his heirs—in tune with the general Brahminical sentiment to categorize all Marathas as Shudras, carte-blanche; there have been even claims that Bhatt was excommunicated by Maratha Brahmins for his role in the coronation of Shivaji!<ref name="Deshpande" /> Interestingly, all claims to Rajput ancestry had largely vanished from the family's subsequent projections of identity.<ref name="varma-saberwal" />

====Accuracy====
Vajpeyi notes the "veridical status" of Chitnis' finds to be not determinable to "historical certainty" — the links were tenuous at best and inventive at worst.<ref name="varma-saberwal" /> According to some claims, [[Shivaji]] was a Rajput of the [[Sisodia dynasty|Sisodia Rajput clan]] while other claims say that he was a [[Kunbi|Kunbi Maratha]] and the sole purpose of the lineage claim as a Rajput was to guarantee Shivaji's consecration as a [[Kshatriya]], in a tactic that had clear parallels to [[Rajputisation]].<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name="varma-saberwal" />{{efn|She however cautions that the summary rejection of Shivaji's ancestry claims in contemporary historiographical literature often stemmed from a Brahminical anti-Maratha perspective, imbibed from the Peshwas.<ref name="varma-saberwal" />}} Jadunath Sarkar deemed that the genealogy was cleverly fabricated by Balaji Awji and after some reluctance accepted by Gaga Bhatt, who in turn was "rewarded with a huge fee". [[Vishwanath Kashinath Rajwade|V. K. Rajwade]], Dhere, [[Allison Busch]], [[John Keay]] and [[Audrey Truschke]] also agree with Sarkar about the fabrication.<ref name="Sarkar1992" /><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Krshnaji Ananta Sabhasada|url=https://archive.org/details/sivachhatrapatib00krshrich|title=Siva Chhatrapati : being a translation of Sabhasad Bakhar with extracts from Chitnis and Sivadigvijya, with notes|last2=Sen|first2=Surendra Nath|date=1920|publisher=Calcutta : University of Calcutta|pages=260, 261}}</ref><ref name="Keay2011" /><ref name="Allison2011" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Truschke|first=Audrey|title=The Language of History: Sanskrit Narratives of Indo-Muslim Rule|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2021|isbn=9780231551953|pages=183–184|language=en|chapter=Rajput and Maratha Kingships}}</ref> [[Govind Sakharam Sardesai|G. S. Sardesai]] notes that the descent is "not authentically proved".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sardesai|first=G. S.|title=New History of the Marathas|publisher=Phoenic Publications|year=1946|volume=1|pages=46|chapter=Shahji: The Rising Sun}}</ref>{{Efn|Sardesai noted that the claims were supported by some 'firman's in possession of the Raja of Mudhol but many scholars [unidentified] considered them to be forged.}} [[Stewart N. Gordon]] does not pass any judgement but notes Bhatt to be a "creative Brahmin".<ref name="varma-saberwal" /><ref name=":1" />{{Efn|Gordon however points out that Shivaji might have "thought of himself as a Rajput" since long back. He evidences a letter (1656) sent by Shahji to Adil Shah II where they had boasted of Rajput pride and another letter (18 July 1666) from Parkaldas (an officer under Jai Singh) to Kalyandas, where three Rajput chieftains are noted to be admiring of Shivaji as a great Rajput with all the "characteristic qualities".{{pb}} Vajpeyi interprets the former use to signify an exalted royal status rather than any connection with the Rajput clans. A. Sievler deems the latter translation to be dubious; Mehendale comments that "Rajput" simply meant a Kshatriya in the context. In another contemporary source—a letter from Jai Singh himself to his Prime Minister—, we see Shivaji being regarded to belong from a low caste (and pedigree), who was not even fit for inter-dining with Rajputs.}} [[André Wink]] deems that the Sisodia genealogical claim is destined to remain disputed forever.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Kruijtzer|first=Gijs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yTTJa0usl80C|title=Xenophobia in Seventeenth-century India|date=2009|publisher=Leiden University Press|isbn=9789087280680|pages=143|language=en}}</ref>{{Efn|In a footnote, Wink mentions of two letters before the coronation ceremony, where Shivaji had referred to himself as a Rajput.}}

=== Princely States ===
[[Satara State]], [[Kolhapur State]], [[Thanjavur Maratha kingdom|Thanjavur State]], [[Nagpur State]],<ref name="google1">{{cite book|title=The Dublin Review|author1=Nicholas Patrick Wiseman|date=1836|issue=v. 01, pg. 283|publisher=William Spooner|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oX_1lzEOtN4C&dq=kolhapur+bhonsla+dynasty+house&pg=PA283|accessdate=2015-01-11}}</ref> [[Akkalkot State]],<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|last=Kulkarni|first=Sumitra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SYOSHaZnBy8C&pg=PA44|title=The Satara Raj, 1818-1848: A Study in History, Administration, and Culture|publisher=Mittal Publications|year=1995|isbn=9788170995814}}</ref> [[Sawantwadi State]]<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=6 June 2001|title=Portuguese Studies Review|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y_4jAQAAIAAJ&q=sawantwadi+bhonsle+clan+rulers|publisher=International Conference Group on Portugal}}</ref> and [[Barshi]]<ref name="akola.nic.in">{{cite web|title=The Gazetteers Department|url=http://akola.nic.in/gazetteers/maharashtra/places_Barshi%20Takli.html|work=akola.nic.in}}</ref> were amongst the prominent states ruled by the Bhonsles.

==See also==

*[[List of Maratha dynasties and states]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Maratha Empire}}

[[Category:Maratha clans]]
[[Category:Marathi-language surnames]]
[[Category:Hindu dynasties]]

Calls for autonomy in Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh

2026-03-30T07:51:53Z

Hindutashravi: Put up basic article first draft

{{cleanup-reorganize|date=March 2026}}
{{orphan|date=March 2026}}
Following the [[revocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir]], the former [[state of Jammu and Kashmir]] was bifurcated into the [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|union territory of Jammu and Kashmir]] and the [[Ladakh|union territory of Ladakh]]. Following the bifurcation, calls in Jammu and Kashmir began for the restoration of its statehood,<ref>{{Cite web|last=|date=2021-10-23|title=J&K statehood will be restored after delimitation and polls: Amit Shah|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/jk-statehood-will-be-restored-after-delimitation-and-polls-amit-shah-11634995565299.html|access-date=2021-10-26|website=Livemint|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Kar|first=Sharmita|date=2021-10-23|editor-last=Ghosh|editor-first=Poulomi|title=Delimitation will happen, J&K statehood to be restored: Amit Shah in Srinagar|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/delimitation-will-happen-j-k-statehood-to-be-restored-amit-shah-in-srinagar-101634995181277.html|access-date=2021-10-26|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> while Ladakh saw demands for a union territory with legislator in the following months.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Zargar|first=Safwat|date=7 August 2021|title=After two years of disagreement, Ladakh's Kargil and Leh regions now united in demand for statehood|url=https://scroll.in/article/1002265/after-two-years-of-disagreement-ladakhs-kargil-and-leh-regions-now-united-in-demand-for-statehood|access-date=2021-10-26|website=Scroll.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Ganai|first=Naseer|date=28 August 2021|title=Ladakh Leaders Meet MoS Defence, Seek Restoration Of Statehood|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-ladakh-leaders-meet-mos-defence-seek-restoration-of-statehood/392967|access-date=2021-10-26|website=Outlook India|language=en}}</ref>

== Background ==

Historically, Ladakh was the main place for the calls for more autonomy following India's independence in 1947, a movement emerged in Ladakh to "free Ladakh from Kashmir".<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=van Beek |first=Martijn |date=2000 |title=Beyond Identity Fetishism: "Communal" Conflict in Ladakh and the Limits of Autonomy |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/656621 |journal=Cultural Anthropology |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=525–569 |doi=10.1525/can.2000.15.4.525 |issn=0886-7356 |jstor=656621|doi-access=free }}</ref> Leh's Buddhist leadership largely defined its politics through a sense of antagonism towards Kashmir.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |title=Ladakhi Politics since the Formation of Union Territory |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/370691469 |journal=[[Economic & Political Weekly]] |volume=8 |issue=18 |pages=5 |via=ResearchGate}}</ref> Early demands for separation and direct rule under the Indian Union or amalgamation with Hindu-majority areas of Jammu were articulated by organizations like the Young Men’s Buddhist Association (YMBA) and the Ladakh Buddhist Association (LBA) to Maharaja Hari Singh and later to Jawaharlal Nehru. <ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Autonomy in J& K The Forgotten Identities of Ladakh |url=https://old.satp.org/satporgtp/publication/faultlines/volume6/Fault6-NavnitaCB-F.htm |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=old.satp.org}}</ref>Nehru, declined these demands to avoid weakening India's stance on Kashmir in the UN Security Council.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Venkataraghavan Subha |date=2021-10-29 |title=Untitled Story |url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/ideas/why-ladakh-demanded-autonomy-since-india-s-independence-111635480768700.html |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2023-12-14 |title=After Article 370 verdict, Centre and Ladakh need to be on the same page |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/after-article-370-verdict-centre-and-ladakh-need-to-be-on-the-same-page-9067304/ |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3" />

The political system in Kashmir was perceived by many Ladakhi's as fundamentally communalist, influencing their strategies.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal |title=Contemporary Ladakh Identifying the "Other" in Buddhist-Muslim Transformative Relations |url=https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/168060/IB235-LadakhFiles-SumeraShafi-BuddhistMuslims.pdf |journal=[[Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies]] |pages=8 |via=files.ethz.ch}}</ref> Ladakhi leaders, both Muslim and Buddhist, felt discriminated against by the state government.<ref name=":1" /> The Gajendragadkar Commission of Inquiry (1968) officially recognized that J&K was composed of three separate homogeneous regions: Jammu, Kashmir, and Ladakh.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book |last1=P. B. Gajendragadkar |first1=Chairman |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.csl.1802 |title=Report of Jammu and Kashmir Commission of Inquiry, 1968 |last2=Shankar Prasada |first2=Member |last3=Badr - ud - Din Tyabji |first3=Member |last4=B. P. Bagchi |first4=Member |date=1968 |publisher=Jammu, Government Press}}</ref>

In 1979, Ladakh was split into two districts: Leh (predominantly Buddhist) and Kargil (predominantly Muslim), a move seen by some as an attempt to divide the population along religious lines and weaken the Buddhist movement.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2024-03-06 |title=Statehood to Ladakh will be a step towards slavery of Buddhists |url=https://indiandefencereview.com/statehood-to-ladakh-will-be-a-step-towards-slavery-of-buddhists/ |access-date=2025-09-06 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Venkataraghavan Subha |date=2021-10-29 |title=Untitled Story |url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/ideas/why-ladakh-demanded-autonomy-since-india-s-independence-111635480768700.html |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Union Territory status for Ladakh: Understanding the politics – Asia Dialogue |url=https://theasiadialogue.com/2019/09/19/union-territory-status-for-ladakh-understanding-the-politics/ |access-date=2025-09-06 |language=en-GB}}</ref>This led to distinct political alignments, with Leh's Buddhist-based identity politics often diverging from Kargil's Muslim-based politics.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

The late 1980s saw a renewed and at times violent agitation for Union Territory (UT) status, launched by the Ladakh People’s Movement for Union Territory Status (LPMUTS), which accused the Kashmir government of treating Ladakhis as "third-rate citizens". <ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":7" />This period also saw a "social boycott" of Kashmiri Muslims, and later all Muslims, which severely impacted inter-communal relations. Following the 1989 agitation, a significant portion of Ladakh's population was granted Scheduled Tribe (ST) status, and Autonomous Hill Development Councils (LAHDCs) were established for Leh (1995) and later Kargil (2003) as an interim measure, though the demand for UT status persisted.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

The abrogation of Article 370 in August 2019 by the Narendra Modi Government led to the reorganization of J&K into two Union Territories: Jammu and Kashmir (with a legislature) and Ladakh (without a legislature).<ref name=":8">{{Cite news |last= |first= |date= |title=Ladakh protesters seek Statehood and constitutional safeguards |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ladakh-protests-for-constitutional-safeguards-and-statehood/article67808478.ece |access-date=2025-09-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=}}</ref><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6" />This move was largely celebrated in Leh, where leaders had long sought separation from Kashmir.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":6" />However, in Kargil, the decision was met with despondency and protests, with leaders observing it as a "black day" and initially identifying with Kashmir-based sentiments.<ref name=":5" />

The creation of Ladakh as a UT without a legislature meant that political representation was significantly reduced, with only a single Member of Parliament (MP) representing the region.<ref name=":2" />This centralization of power, with administration largely in the hands of bureaucrats and the Lieutenant Governor led to a sense of political disempowerment and alienation.<ref name="indianexpress_7675082">{{Cite web |date=2023-01-31 |title=Explained: What is the Sixth Schedule, and can Ladakh be included under it? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/ladakh-sixth-schedule-constitution-explained-7675082/ |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" />

== Demands from Political Institutions ==
Many [[Legislative assembly|legislative assemblies]] and [[Autonomous administrative divisions of India|AHDCs]] of the within the former [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] raised support for more autonomy:

=== Jammu and Kashmir ===
The Jammu and Kashmir legislative assembly passed a [[non-binding resolution]] November 2024. Introduced by the [[Jammu and Kashmir National Conference]]-led government under [[Omar Abdullah]], and supported by several mainstream political parties, including the [[Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party]], it sought the restoration of partial autonomy granted under [[Article 370 of the Constitution of India|Article 370]], which was [[Revocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir|revoked]] by the government of India in August 2019.<ref name="d815">{{cite web |date=6 November 2024 |title=Kashmir assembly passes resolution asking India to restore special status |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/11/6/indian-kashmir-assembly-issues-resolution-demanding-restoration-of-autonomy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241118003004/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/11/6/indian-kashmir-assembly-issues-resolution-demanding-restoration-of-autonomy |archive-date=18 November 2024 |access-date=19 November 2024 |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref><ref name="t395">{{cite web |date=17 November 2024 |title=As J&K Assembly Roars for Resolution, Can Restoring Article 370 Heal the Region? |url=https://thewire.in/rights/as-jk-assembly-roars-for-resolution-can-restoring-article-370-heal-the-region |access-date=19 November 2024 |website=The Wire}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Constitution of India (English version) Article-19 from Page 40 (last 6 lines) to Page 42 (11th line) |url=https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s380537a945c7aaa788ccfcdf1b99b5d8f/uploads/2024/07/20240716890312078.pdf}}</ref>
[[File:Page 3 extract from the first legislative assembly of the union territory of Jammu and Kashmir.jpg|thumb|Page 3 extract from the first legislative assembly of the union territory of Jammu and Kashmir (1st Session)]]
The resolution, raised by [[Incumbent]] [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|JKNC]] [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] [[List of current Indian deputy chief ministers|DCM]] [[Surinder Kumar Choudhary|Mr. Surinder Kumar Choudhary]], states:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly Secretariat Srinagar/Jammu Page-3 |url=https://cms.neva.gov.in/NeVA/JK/FileStructure//Notices/21fa0131-e9df-4a74-b6e2-131033025947.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127030855/https://cms.neva.gov.in/NeVA/JK/FileStructure//Notices/21fa0131-e9df-4a74-b6e2-131033025947.pdf |archive-date=27 Nov 2024}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>
{{quote|1. That this Legislative Assembly reaffirms the importance of the special status and constitutional guarantees, which safeguarded the identity, culture, and rights of the people of Jammu and Kashmir, and expresses concern over their unilateral removal.

2. This Assembly calls upon the Government of India to initiate dialogue with elected representatives of the people of Jammu and Kashmir for the restoration of special status, constitutional guarantees, and to work out constitutional mechanisms for restoring these provisions.

3. This Assembly emphasizes that any process for restoration must safeguard both national unity and the legitimate aspirations of the people of Jammu and Kashmir.}}

=== Ladakh ===
The [[Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Kargil]] passed a resolution [[Engineer poncho tashi]] , [[executive councilor for tourism]] and [[Zanskar affairs]], moved the resolution and councilor [[Syed Abas Rizvi]] seconded the resolution.

The four-point resolution was passed after 21 out of 26 councilors signed it some of the resolution read:<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kargil hill council passes resolution for Ladakh's statehood, jobs for locals, special status |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/kargil-hill-council-passes-resolution-for-ladakhs-statehood-jobs-for-locals-special-status/article66187239.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206020816/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/kargil-hill-council-passes-resolution-for-ladakhs-statehood-jobs-for-locals-special-status/article66187239.ece |archive-date=2022-12-06 |access-date=2025-09-06 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-25 |title=LAHDC-Kargil passes resolution seeking statehood for Ladakh |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/lahdckargil-passes-resolution-seeking-statehood-for-ladakh-101669397165231.html |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

{{quote|"After the reorganisation of the state of J&K, there has been a greater resentment among the general masses of Ladakh regarding the representation of the public in the government. lt has given rise to apprehensions among the public with regards to safeguard of land, job, culture and ecology. There is need of providing full-fledged statehood to Ladakh UT keeping in view of its strategic importance, unique culture, and population,"
_____________________________________________________________
“The protections provided regarding land, culture, jobs, and ecology were no more there. Hence, it has been unanimously agreed across all strata of Ladakh that only the sixth schedule of the Constitution can ensure due protection.”}}

== Demands from non-governmental organizations in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and [[Ladakh]] ==

=== Ladakh ===
Ladakhi leaders and organizations have consistently sought the restoration of democracy and broader constitutional safeguards. In early 2023, a delegation from Ladakh met Union Minister of State for Home Affairs, Nityanand Rai, to press demands for statehood and inclusion under the Sixth Schedule of the Constitution.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2023-06-19 |title=Delegation from Ladakh presses for statehood, special status during meeting with MoS Home |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ladakh-delegation-meets-mos-home-nityanand-rai-statehood-special-status-jammu-and-kashmir-2394980-2023-06-19}}</ref> Subsequent talks have continued, with the Leh Apex Body (LAB) and Kargil Democratic Alliance (KDA) leading the four-point agenda: statehood, Sixth Schedule protections, job reservations, and separate Lok Sabha constituencies.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-17 |title=Ladakh leaders demand statehood, Sixth Schedule status in next round of talks with Centre |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Jul/17/ladakh-leaders-demand-statehood-sixth-schedule-status-in-next-round-of-talks-with-centre}}</ref> The Union government introduced several regulatory changes such as a 15-year domicile policy, expanded job reservations, multiple official languages, and seats reserved for women in hill councils, but leaders assert that the core demands of statehood and Sixth Schedule status remain unresolved.<ref>{{Cite web |last=The Wire |date=2025-06-02 |title='Issue of Statehood and Sixth Schedule Unresolved': Ladakh Leaders as Union Govt Notifies New Rules |url=https://m.thewire.in/article/politics/issue-of-statehood-and-sixth-schedule-unresolved-ladakh-leaders-as-union-govt-notifies-new-rules}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=HT |date=2025-06-04 |title=Ladakh: Statehood issue yet to be addressed, say Kargil leaders |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/ladakh-statehood-issue-yet-to-be-addressed-say-kargil-leaders-101748978923818.html}}</ref> Activists including Sonam Wangchuk and civil society groups have maintained advocacy through protests, hunger strikes, and marches, drawing attention to Ladakh’s strategic importance and the erosion of autonomy since 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |date= |title=Indian activist's hunger strike for Ladakh autonomy draws thousands of supporters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/indian-activists-hunger-strike-ladakh-autonomy-draws-thousands-supporters-2024-03-23}}</ref> in August 2025, local bodies in Kargil launched a three-day hunger strike demanding statehood for Ladakh and its inclusion under the Sixth Schedule.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-09 |title=Kargil, Ladakh bodies begin three-day protest |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/kargil-ladakh-bodies-begin-three-day-protest/articleshow/123209546.cms}}</ref>These developments indicate persistent agitation for constitutional recognition, though no concrete timeline or commitment for statehood or legislative restoration has been formalized by the central government as of August 2025.

On 1 September 2025 the [[eh Apex Body]] (LAB) and the [[Kargil Democratic Alliance]] (KDA) had a joint resolution as follows<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N4svsSUpIn8 |title=Apex Body–KDA joint resolution: MHA cannot dictate committee composition at 0:56 (Hindi original audio) |date=2025-09-01 |last=Reach Ladakh |access-date=2025-09-06 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

{{quote|Joint Resolution adopted by Apex Body Leh and Kargil Democratic Alliance
Dated 1st September 2025.

An important joint meeting of the Apex Body Leh and Kargil Democratic Alliance was convened on the first day of September 2025. After due consideration and mutual discussion the meeting unanimously resolved it as follows:

First: Agenda for dialogue with the Ministry of Home Affairs.
The Ministry of Home Affairs shall place statehood and constitutional safeguards under Sixth Schedule as the principal agenda in the forthcoming meeting with the Apex Body Leh and Kargil Democratic Alliance.

Second: Autonomy in internal composition.
That it is further resolved that the Ministry of Home Affairs shall not dictate, interfere with, or prescribe the composition of the Apex Body Leh and Kargil Democratic Alliance’s High-Powered Committee as well as sub-committees.

(Signatures: Apex Body members and Kargil Democratic Alliance.)}}

== Positions of political parties within India ==
The [[Government of Jammu and Kashmir|Omar-led Government]] initially expressed support for the restoration of statehood and passed another resolution in the J&K Cabinet to that effect.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-18 |title=Omar Abdullah's J&K Cabinet passes resolution to restore statehood; PDP, BJP react |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/jammu-kashmir/jammu-kashmir-news-omar-abdullah-cabinet-passes-resolution-for-statehood-in-jk/articleshow/114337761.cms |access-date=2025-08-24 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=J&K-DIPR |url=https://dipr.jk.gov.in/Prnv?n=10585 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250428131155/https://dipr.jk.gov.in/Prnv?n=10585 |archive-date=2025-04-28 |access-date=2025-08-24 |website=dipr.jk.gov.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2024-10-16 |title=Omar Abdullah optimistic about early restoration of statehood to J-K |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/Oct/16/omar-abdullah-optimistic-about-early-restoration-of-statehood-to-j-k |access-date=2025-08-24 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Some political observers and leaders including the [[Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir|Chief minister]] expressed hope that it would be restored within a year,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Geelani |first=Syed Rizwan |date=2025-01-02 |title='One year enough for GoI': CM Omar Abdullah on restoration of Statehood to Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/latest-news/one-year-enough-for-goi-cm-omar-abdullah-on-restoration-of-statehood-to-jammu-and-kashmir/ |access-date=2025-08-24 |website=Greater Kashmir |language=en-US}}</ref> but after several months without any indication from the central government, expectations of early restoration began to decline. the [[Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir|chief minister]] [[Omar Abdullah]] then launched a door-to-door signature campaign for statehood, which drew criticism from opposition parties.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jameel |first=Yusuf |date=2025-08-15 |title=Omar Abdullah To Launch Door-To-Door Signature Campaign For Statehood |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/omar-abdullah-to-launch-door-to-door-signature-campaign-for-statehood-1897739 |access-date=2025-08-24 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-16 |title=Losing hope on statehood… This dual system built for failure': In first I-Day speech, Omar takes on Centre |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/omar-abdullah-jammu-and-kashmir-statehood-independence-day-speech-10191116/ |access-date=2025-08-24 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Following the introduction of the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganization (Amendment) Bill, 2025, commentators noted that the likelihood of statehood being restored in the near future had significantly diminished.<ref>{{Cite news |title=THE JAMMU AND KASHMIR REORGANISATION (AMENDMENT) BILL, 2025 |url=https://desikaanoon.in/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/Jammu_And_Kashmir_Reorganisation_Amendment_Bill_2025.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pbwWj3ApAQA |title=Omar Abdullah: "Hopes of Statehood Restoration Dashed" |date=2025-08-22 |last=OTV News English |access-date=2025-08-24 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

Support from other state and national parties were noticed they are the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]],[[Janata Dal (United)]],[[DMK alliance|DMK]],[[Rashtriya Janata Dal]],[[Communist Party of India|Left]],[[Trinamool Congress]], [[Nationalist Congress Party (Ajit Pawar faction)|Nationalist Congress Party]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=Article 370 revoked: Which political parties supported the bill, which opposed it |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/jammu-and-kashmir-article-370-revoked-political-parties-support-oppose-1577561-2019-08-05}}</ref>

== Judicial and Central Governmental Responses ==

=== Judicial ===
* On 11 December 2023, the [[Supreme Court of India]] upheld the abrogation of Articles 370 and 35A, while also directing the union government to restore the statehood "as soon as possible" for the state of Jammu and Kashmir and hold legislative assembly elections no later than September 2024.<ref>{{cite news |date=11 December 2023 |title=Live Updates: Supreme Court Backs Centre On Scrapping Of Jammu & Kashmir Special Status |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/article-370-verdict-live-updates-supreme-court-verdict-on-validity-of-scrapping-article-370-in-jammu-and-kashmir-today-4652207 |access-date=11 December 2023 |work=NDTV}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Bhakto |first=Anando |date=11 December 2023 |title=Jammu and Kashmir: Supreme Court upholds abrogation of Article 370 in landmark decision |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/news/jammu-kashmir-supreme-court-upholds-abrogation-of-article-370-in-landmark-decision/article67627243.ece |access-date=22 June 2024 |work=Frontline}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA ORIGINAL WRIT / APPELLATE JURISDICTION (page 342 last lines) |url=https://webapi.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2019/29796/29796_2019_1_1501_49019_Judgement_11-Dec-2023.pdf}}</ref>

* The Supreme Court upheld the creation of the Union Territory of Ladakh, referencing Article 3(a) read with explanation of the constitution, which permits the formation of a Union Territory by separating territory from any State.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=Writ Petition (Civil) No. 1099 of 2019 page 342 503. |url=https://webapi.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2019/29796/29796_2019_1_1501_49019_Judgement_11-Dec-2023.pdf}}</ref>

=== Central Governmental ===
* The Union of India assured the Supreme Court that statehood would be restored to Jammu and Kashmir.<ref name=":9">{{Cite news |title=IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA ORIGINAL WRIT / APPELLATE JURISDICTION (page 342 "The Solicitor General submitted that") |url=https://webapi.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2019/29796/29796_2019_1_1501_49019_Judgement_11-Dec-2023.pdf}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite news |title=Writ Petition (Civil) No. 1099 of 2019 "It was submitted that the Hon'ble" |url=https://webapi.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2019/29796/29796_2019_1_1501_49019_Judgement_11-Dec-2023.pdf}}</ref>
* The Union of India confirmed that the status of the Union Territory of Ladakh will not be affected by the restoration of statehood to Jammu and Kashmir.<ref name=":0" />
* The Central government has engaged in talks with Ladakhi leaders and formed a high-powered committee to address their concerns.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rashid |first=Hakeem Irfan |date=2024-03-07 |title=BJP kept Ladakh for sale, will continue protest fast and march towards border: Sonam Wangchuk |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bjp-kept-ladakh-for-sale-will-continue-protest-fast-and-march-towards-border-sonam-wangchuk/articleshow/108276623.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-09-06 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref name="indianexpress_7675082"/><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sumeda |date=2024-02-14 |title=Explained {{!}} Why has Ladakh turned to mass protests in freezing temperatures |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ladakh-protests-meeting-cold-statehood-sixth-schedule-explainer-kargil-demands-shutdown/article67824047.ece |access-date=2025-09-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>However, it has shown hesitation in granting full statehood or direct inclusion under the Sixth Schedule, sometimes offering "Sixth Schedule-like" protections instead.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ladakh's Demand of Sixth Schedule |url=https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ladakh-s-demand-of-sixth-schedule |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=Drishti IAS |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":5" /> Talks were ongoing between both parties but collapsed after the government arrested prominent leader [[Sonam Wangchuk]] under the [[National Security Act (India)|NSA]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ladakh Talks Collapse: Leh, Kargil Groups Boycott Centre Dialogue |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/ladakh/ladakh-statehood-row-talks-with-centre-collapse-after-boycott-by-leh-apex-body-and-kargil-democratic-alliance-3748440 |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Politics of the Kashmir conflict]]
[[Category:2010s in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:2020s in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:2010s in Indian politics]]
[[Category:2020s in Indian politics]]

Simri Bakhtiyarpur

2026-03-27T07:42:35Z

Hindutashravi: Creating A Data Nd Citations

{{Short description|Town in Bihar}}

{{Use Indian English |date = November 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Simri Bakhtiyarpur
| official_name =
| nickname =
| map_alt = Simri Bakhtiyarpur
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = Hanuman Mandir Near S Bakhtiyarpur.jpg
| image_alt = Temple near S Bakhtiyarpur
| pushpin_map = India Bihar
| pushpin_label_position = right
| mapframe = No
| mapframe-wikidata = Yes
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.88|N|86.6|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Bihar Government Banner.png}} [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts in India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Saharsa district|Saharsa]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 31
| population_total = 280582
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]
| demographics1_title2 =
| demographics1_info2 =
| demographics1_title3 = Regional
| demographics1_info3 = [[Maithili language|Maithili]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 852127<ref>{{cite web | url=https://pincode.net.in/BIHAR/SAHARSA/S/SIMRI_BAKHTIARPUR | title=Pin Code: SIMRI BAKHTIARPUR, SAHARSA, BIHAR, India, Pincode.net.in }}</ref>
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code =
| registration_plate = BR-19<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.coverfox.com/rto/bihar/ | title=RTO Bihar: List of Cities with Bihar Transport Department Code }}</ref>
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Roads in India|Major highway]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[National Highway 231 (India)|NH 231]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 =
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Simri Bakhtiarpur Assembly constituency]]
| website =
| iso_code =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Simri Bakhtiyarpur''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|ɪ|m|r|i| |b|ɑː|k|ˈ|t|iː|j|ɑː|r|p|ʊ|r}}; [[ISO 15919|ISO]]: {{transliteration|hi|ISO|Simrī Bakhtiyārpur}}; {{IPA|hi|sɪmri bəkʰt̪ijaːrpʊr|lang|Simri-Bakhtiyarpur.ogg}}; abbr. '''SB Pur''') is a town in the [[Saharsa district]] of [[Bihar]], India. It lies to the south of Saharsa town and serves as the headquarters of the [[Simri Bakhtiyarpur subdivision]]. The town is located at {{coord|25|43|0|N|86|35|0|E|display=inline}} and has an average elevation of 31 metres above mean sea level.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Simri Bakhtiyarpur assembly |url=https://chanakyya.com/Assembly-Details/Bihar/Simri_Bakhtiarpur |journal=Chankya Assembly Details}}</ref>

== Economy==
[[File:Rice cultivation near S Bakhtiyarpur.jpg|alt=Balutola (SB Pur)|thumb|Balutola Village Near Simri Bakhtiyarpur Rice Cultivation]]
The economy of '''Simri-Bakhtiyarpur''' is primarily '''[[agricultural]]''', with Makhana farming playing a key role due to its growing demand in domestic and international markets. This contributes significantly to local income and employment. Additionally, small-scale factories in the region support the economy by processing agricultural products, creating further job opportunities and adding value to local produce.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-19 |title=Bihar hooch tragedy: Liquor ban is the biggest corruption of Nitish Kumar's rule, says Tejashwi Yadav |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bihar-hooch-tragedy-liquor-ban-is-the-biggest-corruption-of-nitish-kumars-rule-says-tejashwi-yadav/articleshow/114369876.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-11-04 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ghosal |first=Sutanuka |date=2024-06-11 |title=Transformative agricultural technologies could accelerate sustainable development in Bihar, finds Cornell University study |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/transformative-agricultural-technologies-could-accelerate-sustainable-development-in-bihar-finds-cornell-university-study/articleshow/110903141.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-11-04 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-27 |title=Budget and Bihar: Changing its image from crime-ridden to growing and developed |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/budget-and-bihar-changing-its-image-from-crime-ridden-to-growing-and-developed-9478744/ |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2024-08-28 |title=Cabinet nod for setting up 12 industrial cities to boost manufacturing; outlay ₹28,602 crore |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/cabinet-nod-for-setting-up-12-industrial-cities-to-boost-manufacturing-outlay-28602-crore/article68576416.ece |access-date=2024-11-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Transport==
[[File:Simri Bakhtiyarpur railway station front view.jpg|thumb|Simri Bakhtiyarpur railway station]]
The [[National Highway 231]] passes through the town, providing direct access to major cities in Bihar and neighboring states. The '''[[Simri Bakhtiyarpur Railway Station]]''' further enhances connectivity, linking the region to key destinations across India. These transport networks contribute significantly to the movement of goods and people, supporting both local commerce and tourism.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-23 |title=Bihar gets its first dry port: What is it, how it can help the state |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/bihar-dry-port-what-is-it-how-it-can-help-9635067/ |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhaskar |first=Dainik |title=Chunav Loksabha |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/khagaria/news/voting-started-in-khagaria-lok-sabha-election-2024-third-phase-132981456.html |work=Dainik Bhaskar}}</ref>

== College==

* DC College Simri Bakhtiyarpur<ref>{{Cite web |title=D.C INTER COLLEGE SIMRI BAKHTIYARPUR - Simri District Saharsa (Bihar) |url=https://schools.org.in/saharsa/10120800110/d-c-inter-college-simri-bakhtiyarpur.html |access-date=2024-11-03 |website=schools.org.in}}</ref>
* +2 High School Simri Bakhtiyarpur<ref>{{Cite web |title=HIGH SCHOOL - Simri District Saharsa (Bihar) |url=https://schools.org.in/saharsa/10120800108/high-school.html |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=schools.org.in}}</ref>
* Project Girl School Simri Bakhtiyarpur<ref>{{Cite web |title=PROJECT GIRLS HIGH SCHOOL - Simri District Saharsa (Bihar) |url=https://schools.org.in/saharsa/10120800109/project-girls-high-school.html |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=schools.org.in}}</ref>

== Notable people ==
* [[Mehboob Ali Kaiser]], politician
* [[Dinesh Chandra Yadav (Indian politician)]], Member of the Lok Sabha
* [[Yusuf Salahuddin]], Politician
*[[Zafar Alam (Bihar politician)]], Bihar Politician

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Blocks in Saharsa district]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in kosi Region]]

Kabaddi

2026-03-25T04:14:37Z

Hindutashravi: corrected structure for accuracy and cleaned formatting for clarity

{{Short description|Contact team sport popular in South Asia}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox sport
| name = Kabaddi
| image = Iran men's national kabaddi team 13970602000432636707284535394012 98208.jpg
| caption = Kabaddi being played at the [[2018 Asian Games]]
| union = [[International Kabaddi Federation]] [[World Kabaddi]]
| nickname = Kai Pidi, Sadugudu, Kaudi, Pakaada, Ha-du-du, Bhavatik, Saadukuda, Hu-Tu-Tu, Himoshika
| region = [[Indian subcontinent]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2021 |url=https://www.sportsadda.com/kabaddi/features/kabaddi-history-origins-india-evolutions-pkl-world-cup-asian-games |title=Kabaddi: The origin, history and evolution of the sport |access-date=27 January 2022 |website=sportsadda.com |language=en}}</ref>
| clubs =
| contact = [[Contact sport#Full-contact|Full]]
| team = 7 (players per side form a team)
| mgender = No, competitions are separate for male and female
| category = [[Team sport]], [[Contact sport]]
| equipment = No
| venue = Kabaddi court
| olympic = [[Demonstration sport]]: [[1936 Summer Olympics|1936 Olympics]]
| glossary = [[Glossary of kabaddi terms]]
| world = [[Kabaddi World Cup (International Kabaddi Federation)|Kabaddi World Cup (IKF)]] [[Kabaddi World Cup (World Kabaddi)]] [[Kabaddi World Cup (circle style)]]
}}

'''Kabaddi''' ({{IPAc-en|k|ə|ˈ|b|æ|d|i}},<ref>{{cite LPD|3}}</ref> {{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ʌ|b|ə|d|i}})<ref>[https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/pronunciation/english/kabaddi kabaddi] Cambridge Dictionary</ref> is a [[contact sport|contact]] [[team sport]] played between two teams of seven players. It is one of the [[traditional games of India|traditional games of South Asia]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |last=Sudevan |first=Praveen |date=2022-10-27 |title=How Pro Kabaddi made kabaddi the most-watched sport in India after cricket |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/how-pro-kabaddi-made-kabaddi-the-most-watched-sport-in-india-after-cricket/article66052306.ece |access-date=2023-12-05 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In the game, a raider enters the opposing half of the court to tag the defenders and attempt to return within 30 seconds without being tackled. Points are awarded for successful tags, while defenders earn a point for tackling the raider. Tagged or tackled players are temporarily out but can re-enter when their team scores. Raids alternate between teams throughout the game.

It is popular in South Asia and nearby [[Asian countries]]. Although accounts of kabaddi are found in [[History of India|ancient India]], the game was popularised as a [[Competition|competitive sport]] in the 20th century. It is the [[national sport]] of [[Bangladesh]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Bangladesh |url=https://ocasia.org/noc/countries/4-ban-bangladesh.html |website=Olympic Council of Asia}}</ref> It is the third most popular and viewed sport in India after [[cricket]] and [[football]].<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=6 October 2022 |title=The rise and rise of kabaddi, an Indian sport |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |url=https://www.economist.com/culture/2022/10/06/the-rise-and-rise-of-kabaddi-an-ancient-indian-sport |issn=0013-0613 |access-date=2023-12-05}}</ref> It is the state game of the [[States and union territories of India|Indian states]] of [[Punjab]], [[Bihar]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Haryana]], [[Karnataka]], [[Kerala]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Odisha]], [[Andra Pradesh]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Telangana]], and [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://sportycious.com/introduction-kabaddi-history-rules-information-91452 |title=Kabaddi Introduction, Rules, Information, History & Competitions |last=siddharth |date=31 December 2016 |website=Sportycious |language=en-US |access-date=28 January 2020 |archive-date=14 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814165951/https://sportycious.com/introduction-kabaddi-history-rules-information-91452 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

There are two major forms: "[[Punjabi kabaddi]]", also called "circle style", consists of the traditional forms of the sport that are played outdoors on a circular field, and the "standard/rectangular style", which is played indoors on a rectangular court, and is played in major professional leagues and international competitions such as the [[Asian Games]].

== Name ==
This game is known by numerous names in different parts of the Indian subcontinent, such as: ''kabaddi ''or ''cheduguda'' in [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]]; ''kabaddi'' in [[Maharashtra]], [[Karnataka]] and [[Kerala]]; ''kabaddi'', ''komonti'' or ''ha-gu-da'' in [[West Bengal]] and [[Bangladesh]]; ''baibalaa'' in [[Maldives]], ''kauddi-kauddi'' in [[Sindh]], ''kabaddi'' in the [[Punjab region]]; ''hu-tu-tu'' in [[Western India]], ''ha-do-do'' in [[East India|Eastern India]]; ''chadakudu'' in [[South India]]; ''kapardi'' in [[Nepal]]; ''kabadi'' or ''sadugudu'' in [[Tamil Nadu]]; and ''chakgudu'' in [[Sri Lanka]].<ref name="yogems.com">{{cite web |title=Kabaddi {{!}} Kabbadi Rules {{!}} How to play Kabbadi {{!}} Kabbadi Players |website=YoGems |url=https://www.yogems.com/yopedia/the-pulsating-game-of-kabaddi/ |access-date=24 January 2021 |date=29 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922211106/https://www.yogems.com/yopedia/the-pulsating-game-of-kabaddi/ |archive-date=22 September 2020}}</ref>

=== Etymology ===
The raider is required to execute each raid on a single breath; in order to prove that they are not inhaling, they are required to repeatedly chant the word "kabaddi", in a process referred to as a cant.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shannon |first=Kris |date=2024-02-14 |title=The dummies guide to Pro Kabaddi |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/sport/kris-shannons-world-of-sport-the-dummies-guide-to-pro-kabaddi/DXGI3A5NLXDWNDMOLUCYEGMWQY/ |access-date=2024-02-14 |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |language=en-NZ}}</ref><ref name=":4" />{{Efn|In modern variants of kabaddi, such as the [[Pro Kabaddi League]], raids are limited to a duration of 30 seconds.}} The term kabaddi is from a [[Tamil language|Tamil word]] composed of "Kai" and "Pidi", meaning "to hold hands".<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-10-04 |title=Nurtured in rural Tamil Nadu, kabaddi players make a mark at World Cup |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/nurtured-in-rural-tamil-nadu-kabaddi-players-make-a-mark-at-world-cup/articleshow/54666386.cms |access-date=2024-02-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=November 2024}}

==History==
[[File:Stamp of India - 1990 - Colnect 164148 - Kabaddi.jpeg|left|thumb|A commemorative stamp depicting kabaddi's first appearance in the Asian Games in [[1990 Asian Games|1990]]]]

=== Ancient era ===

[[Ronojoy Sen]] speculates in his book ''Nation At Play'' that kabaddi originated during the [[Vedic period]] (between 1500 BC and 500 BC).<ref name=":5" /> There are accounts of both [[The Buddha|Siddhartha Gautama]] and [[Krishna|Lord Krishna]] having played an ancient form of the sport.<ref name=":2" /><ref name="Sen2015" /><ref name="Dhaka Tribune">{{cite news |last=Hoque |first=Shishir |date=14 December 2016 |title=A tale of kabaddi, Bangladesh's national sport |work=[[Dhaka Tribune]] |url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/sport/other-sports/2016/12/15/tale-kabaddi-bangladeshs-national-sport/ |access-date=31 July 2017}}</ref>

According to the sport's origins, kabaddi is a sport developed centered on [[Jallikattu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title='ஜல்லிக்கட்டு' ஆன 'சல்லிக்கட்டு'... தொன்மையும்‌ வரலாறும்‌ - ஒரு பார்வை |url=https://www.puthiyathalaimurai.com/newsview/90987/History-of-Jallikattu |access-date=17 January 2023 |website=www.puthiyathalaimurai.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |script-title=ta:ஈராயிரம் ஆண்டுகளைக் கடந்து தமிழர் வாழ்வில் அங்கமாக திகழும் ஜல்லிக்கட்டு - வரலாறு என்ன? |url=https://tamil.news18.com/news/tamil-nadu/jallikkattu-2022-jallikkattu-in-the-tamils-life-history-skd-665141.html |access-date=17 January 2023 |work=News18 |date=13 January 2022 |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Kabbadi - Pro Kabbadi League Success Story & Song - Star India |url=https://www.disneystar.com/our-stories/game-on-india/ |access-date=1 November 2022 |website=www.disneystar.com |language=en}}</ref> A player going to the opposition is treated like a bull. It is like taming a bull without touching it, as it is mentioned in [[Sangam Literature]] that the game called Sadugudu was practised since ages.

There are also accounts of kabaddi having been played in [[Iran]] 2,000 years ago.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schwartz |first=David Asa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8N_EEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA186 |title=Modern Sports around the World: History, Geography, and Sociology |date=2021-06-14 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=978-1-4408-6880-1 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Vaidya |first=Jaideep |date=2017-09-06 |title=From 'zouuu zouuu' to 'kabaddi kabaddi': Tracking Iran's journey to becoming India's biggest rival |url=https://scroll.in/field/849722/from-zouuu-zouuu-to-kabaddi-kabaddi-tracking-irans-journey-to-becoming-indias-biggest-rival |access-date=2023-08-24 |work=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Modern era ===
[[File:Iran women's national kabaddi team 1397060223024478215137374.jpg|thumb|The Iranian women's team won the [[Kabaddi at the 2018 Asian Games – Women|2018 Asian Games kabaddi final]] against India, showcasing the rise of the sport outside of South Asia.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-08-24 |title=Asian Games 2018: India's defeat reflects Kabaddi's globalisation, says coach L Srinivas Reddy |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/asian-games/asian-games-2018-indias-defeat-reflects-kabaddis-globalisation-says-coach-l-srinivas-reddy-5323564/ |access-date=2024-08-26 |work=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>]]
Modern kabaddi is a synthesis of the game played in various forms under different names in the Indian subcontinent.<ref>{{cite book |last=Chaudhary |first=Vivek |title=Kabaddi by Nature |year=2018 |isbn=978-93-82622-28-4 |publisher=Palimpsest Publishers |location=New Delhi |oclc=1065964564}}</ref> India has been first credited with having helped to popularise kabaddi as a competitive sport, with the first organised competitions occurring in the 1920s,<ref name="khelnow.com">{{cite web |last=Jha |first=Tarkesh |title=Kabaddi: Origin, rules and the Pro Kabaddi League |url=https://khelnow.com/kabaddi/kabaddi-rules-history-pkl |access-date=24 January 2021 |website=Khel Now}}</ref> their introduction to the programme of the [[National Games of India]] in 1938, the establishment of the All-India Kabaddi Federation in 1950,<ref name="khelnow.com"/> and it being played as a [[demonstration sport]] at the [[1951 Asian Games|inaugural 1951 Asian Games]] in New Delhi. These developments helped to formalise the sport, which had traditionally been played on muddy surfaces in villages,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shukla |first=Kaushal |date=2019-10-16 |title=From mud to mat: How kabaddi went from India's indigenous game to multi-faceted professional sport |url=https://scroll.in/field/940355/from-mud-to-mat-how-kabaddi-went-from-indias-indigenous-game-to-multi-faceted-professional-sport |access-date=2024-01-29 |work=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-15 |title=From Raiding on Clay to Raiding on Mats: E Prasad Rao Explains How Kabaddi Has Evolved Over the Years |url=https://www.news18.com/sports/e-prasad-rao-kabaddi-evolution-raiding-on-clay-to-raiding-on-mats-pro-kabaddi-league-8086075.html |access-date=2024-01-29 |work=News18 |language=en}}</ref> for legitimate international competition.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Sengupta |first=Debdatta |date=22 October 2016 |title=The kabaddi question - whose game is it anyway? |language=en |work=ESPN.com |url=http://www.espn.com/kabaddi/story/_/id/17854768/the-kabaddi-question-game-anyway |access-date=20 August 2018}}</ref><ref name="Sen2015">{{cite book |first=Ronojoy |last=Sen |title=Nation at Play: A History of Sport in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O5mACgAAQBAJ |date=27 October 2015 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-53993-7}}</ref><ref name="Dhaka Tribune"/>

The first framework of rules for the sport was [[Sports in Maharashtra#Indigenous sports under British rule|prepared]] in [[Maharashtra]] in the 1920s, with [[English sports]] serving as a model for this formalisation.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Love |first1=Adam |last2=Dzikus |first2=Lars |date=2020-02-26 |title=How India came to love cricket, favored sport of its colonial British rulers |url=http://theconversation.com/how-india-came-to-love-cricket-favored-sport-of-its-colonial-british-rulers-132302 |access-date=2024-02-07 |website=The Conversation |language=en-US}}</ref> One of the earliest modern tournaments of the sport, the All India Kabaddi Tournament in 1923, was played according to these amended rules.<ref name=":5" /> After being demonstrated again at the [[1982 Asian Games]] in Delhi, kabaddi was added to the Asian Games programme beginning in 1990.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Chaudhary |first=Amit |date=3 August 2014 |title=Kabaddi goes international |language=en |work=Daily Pioneer |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/sunday-edition/sunday-pioneer/sports-feature/kabaddi-goes-international.html |access-date=23 August 2018}}</ref>

The advent of the [[Pro Kabaddi League]] (PKL) in 2014 revolutionised the standard style of the sport, with various rule changes being made; for example, whereas previously raids had no time limit other than the breathing capacity of the raider,{{Efn|The only way for a raid to end in pre-PKL kabaddi without the raider escaping or being captured in the defensive team's half of the field was if the raider failed to hold his breath.}} the PKL rules introduced the concept of a standard 30-second time limit for every raid.<ref name=":4" />

==Variations==
{{Main|Variations of kabaddi}}

===Standard style===
[[File:A Kabaddi match at 2006 Asian Games.jpg|thumb|A kabaddi court at the [[2006 Asian Games]]]]
In the international team version of kabaddi, two teams of seven members each occupy opposite halves of a court of {{convert|10|x|13|m|ft}} in the case of men and {{convert|8|x|12|m|ft}} in the case of women.<ref name="khelnow.com"/> Each has five supplementary players held in reserve for substitution.<ref name="khelnow.com"/> The game is played with 20-minute halves with a 5-minute halftime break during which the teams exchange sides.<ref name="khelnow.com"/> During each play, known as a "raid", a player from the attacking side, known as the "raider", runs into the opposing team's side of the court and attempts to tag as many of the seven defending players as possible. The raider must cross the baulk line into the defending team's territory, and then return to their half of the field without being tackled. (If an attacker touches a defender and has not yet reached the baulk line, they do not need to reach the baulk line to score points and may return to their half of the court.)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.prokabaddi.com/prokabaddi-rules |title=Pro Kabaddi Rules |website=prokabaddi.com |access-date=2 June 2019 |archive-date=9 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200709212325/https://www.prokabaddi.com/prokabaddi-rules |url-status=dead }}</ref> While raiding, the raider must loudly chant ''kabaddi'', confirming to referees that the raid is completed on a single breath without inhaling. Each raid has a 30-second time limit.<ref name="kabaddiikf">{{cite web |title=Rules of Kabaddi |url=http://kabaddiikf.com/RULES_Regularikf.doc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070523/http://kabaddiikf.com/RULES_Regularikf.doc |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=26 August 2014 |website=[[International Kabaddi Federation]]}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=5 October 2016 |title=Kabaddi World Cup 2016: A handy guide to the format, rules and how the sport works |language=en-US |work=Firstpost |url=http://www.firstpost.com/sports/kabaddi-world-cup-2016-a-handy-guide-to-the-format-rules-and-how-the-sport-works-3034132.html |access-date=29 October 2017}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Sengupta |first=Debdatta |date=27 July 2017 |title=Kabaddi 101: Raid, defend, revive, repeat |work=ESPN.com |url=http://www.espn.com/kabaddi/story/_/id/20169474/all-need-know-pro-kabaddi-league-2017 |access-date=29 October 2017}}</ref><ref name="indianexpress-everything">{{Cite news |last=Chandhok |first=Suhail |date=30 January 2016 |title=Everything you need to know about Kabaddi |work=The Indian Express |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/blogs/sports-blogs/everything-you-need-to-know-about-kabaddi/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=29 October 2017}}</ref>

A point is scored for each defender tagged; tags can be made with any part of the raider's body by touching any part of the defender's body.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Move Over IPL, Pro-Kabaddi is Here to Stay |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2014/oct/04/move-over-ipl-pro-kabaddi-is-here-to-stay-668022.html |access-date=2023-10-15 |work=The New Indian Express |date=4 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=How to play Kabaddi? Defending rules |url=http://www.kabaddiadda.com/articles/how-play-kabaddi-defending-rules |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=Kabaddi Adda |language=en}}</ref> If the raider steps beyond the bonus line marked in the defending team's territory when there are six or more players, they earn an additional point known as a bonus point (the bonus point is only scored if the raider's trailing foot is in the air while they step over the line).<ref name=":4">[https://olympics.com/en/news/kabaddi-rules-regulations-how-to-play Kabaddi: How to play India's 4000-year-old indigenous sport] https://olympics.com/ Utathya Nag</ref> If the raider is successfully stopped (tackled), the opposing team earns a point instead. All players tagged or tackled are taken out of the game, but one is "revived" for each point a team scores from a subsequent tag or tackle. However, bonus points do not revive players. In addition, players who step out of the boundary are out. However, the boundary of the field can vary mid-raid; there are two strips on either side of the court known as "lobby areas" which only become part of the field of play in raids where the raider touches an opponent.<ref name=":4" />

A raid where no points are scored by the raider is referred to as an "empty raid". By contrast, a play where the raider scores three or more points is referred to as a "super raid". If a team gets all seven players on the opposing team out ("All Out"), they earn two additional points and then all the opposition players are placed back in the game.<ref name="kabaddiikf" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name="indianexpress-everything" />

In the event of a tie, [[PKL]] rules stipulate (for playoff matches) that each team is to perform five raids on the other team, with no time limits involved, no players being dismissed or revived, and the baulk line being simultaneously treated as a bonus line.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PKL 9 playoffs tie-breakers: What happens if a match is tied? |url=https://khelnow.com/pkl/2022-12-pkl-9-playoffs-qualification-scenarios-tie-breakers-rules-golden-raid |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=Khel Now |language=en}}</ref>

===Styles of Indian kabaddi===
[[File:Kabaddi Match (Bhimber).jpg|thumb|right|A circle kabaddi match being played in [[Bhimber]]]]
There are four major forms of Indian kabaddi recognised by some amateur federation.<ref name="yogems.com"/>
*In Sanjeevani Kabaddi, one player is revived against one player of the opposite team who is out. The game is played over 40 minutes with a five-minute break between halves. There are seven players on each side and the team that outs all the players on the opponent's side scores four extra points.
*In Gaminee style, seven players play on each side and a player put out has to remain out until all his team members are out. The team that is successful in outing all the players of the opponent's side secures a point. The game continues until five or seven such points are secured and has no fixed time duration.
*[[Punjabi Kabaddi|Punjabi kabaddi]] is a variation that is played on a circular pitch of a diameter of {{convert|22|m}}.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite book |title=Kissa 2 Kabaddi da |year=2014 |publisher=Sarwan Singh Sangam Publications |isbn=978-93-83654-65-9}}</ref>

=== Beach kabaddi ===
The Beach kabaddi variant is played in two 15-minute halves by two teams of four players who are not allowed to wear shoes and is played on levelled ground of sand either on seas shore or river banks.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-10-05 |title=Beach Kabaddi held in Urmia |url=https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/428189/Beach-Kabaddi-held-in-Urmia |access-date=2023-10-17 |work=Tehran Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-03-29 |title=Unsung champs of sand: India's women's beach kabaddi team |url=https://www.espn.in/kabaddi/story/_/id/19028715/unsung-champions-sand-india-women-beach-kabaddi-team |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=ESPN |language=en}}</ref> It is played at an international level in competitions such as the [[Beach kabaddi at the Asian Beach Games|Asian Beach Games]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-12 |title=Diversity of Sport Drives Asian Beach Games Program -- On the Scene |url=https://www.infobae.com/aroundtherings/articles/2021/07/12/diversity-of-sport-drives-asian-beach-games-program-on-the-scene/ |access-date=2023-10-17 |website=infobae |language=es-ES}}</ref>

=== Indoor kabaddi ===
The Indoor kabaddi variant is played in two 15-minute halves by two teams of five players and is a shorter variant of standard style kabaddi. It is played at an international level in competitions such as the [[Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=AKFI Kabaddi Rules 2017 |url=https://gosportsindia.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Kabaddi-Rules.pdf |website=gosportsindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aimag2013.org/en/schedule/bySport/?SportCode=KA |title=Indoor Kabaddi Competition Schedule |work=aimag2013.org |publisher=Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games 2013 |access-date=3 July 2013 |archive-date=2 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702183538/http://www.aimag2013.org/en/schedule/bySport/?SportCode=KA |url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Governance ==

=== International kabaddi organisations ===
An international governing body called the [[International Kabaddi Federation]] (IKF) has been established for the sport.

Another kabaddi organisation named the World Kabaddi Federation was founded in 2003 and formally incorporated in 2005.<ref>{{cite web |title=World Kabaddi Federation, The World Governing Body of Kabaddi |url=http://worldkabaddi.org/ |access-date=24 January 2021 |website=worldkabaddi.org}}</ref>

A different organisation called [[World Kabaddi]] was founded in 2018. It held its own [[2019 Kabaddi World Cup|Kabaddi World Cup competition in 2019]] in [[Malacca]], Malaysia, followed by its [[2025 Kabaddi World Cup (World Kabaddi)|2025 Kabaddi World Cup]] event in March 2025 in [[West Midlands (region)|West Midlands, England]].

==Major competitions==

=== International competitions ===

==== IKF Kabaddi World Cup ====
{{Main|Kabaddi World Cup (International Kabaddi Federation)}}

The Kabaddi World Cup is an outdoor international standard style kabaddi competition conducted by the IKF, contested by national teams.

In 2024, it announced a plan to hold a [[2025 Kabaddi World Cup (International Kabaddi Federation)|2025 Kabaddi World Cup]] in India in January 2025. The IKF men's competition has been previously contested in 2004, 2007 and 2016. All three of these tournaments were held in India and were won by India, and all had Iran as runner-up. To clinch the title in 2016, India defeated Iran by 38–29 in the final of the championship game.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/kabaddi/kabaddi-world-cup-2016-india-beat-iran-to-clinch-title-1477782 |title=India beat Iran to clinch title |work=sports.ndtv.com |date=22 October 2016 |access-date=22 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=23 October 2016 |title=India win Kabaddi World Cup |work=Hindustan Times |agency=PTI |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/other-sports/india-win-2016-kabaddi-world-cup-title-after-defeating-iran-38-28-in-the-final/story-DhQXIkJVqNDHXAyekomq1N.html |access-date=23 October 2016}}</ref>

The IKF has also held one women's World Cup event. It was held in 2012 in India. It was also won by India.

==== Junior Kabaddi World Cup ====
{{Main|Junior Kabaddi World Cup}}

The inaugural Kabaddi World Cup organised by the IKF was held in [[Kish Island]], Iran, 11–14 November 2019. It featured 13 teams.<ref>{{cite news |date=23 June 2018 |title=Iran beats Thailand |url=https://en.irna.ir/news/83551158/Iran-beat-Thailand-in-1st-Junior-World-Kabaddi-Championship |access-date=23 June 2018 |work=en.irna.ir}}</ref> Iran won the tournament by defeating Kenya in the final, 42–22. Team India did not participate in this tournament.<ref>{{cite news |last=Singh |first=Navneet |date=28 July 2020 |title=Team India did not participate |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/other-sports/kabaddi-hit-by-protracted-court-battles/story-Ka74LelE6mqXO13AXAnNwM.html |access-date=28 July 2020 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

==== Asian Games ====
{{Main|Kabaddi at the Asian Games}}

[[File:Kabaddi-japan-2015-10-4.webm|thumb|(video) Kabaddi being played in Japan, 2015]]
Kabaddi was played as a [[demonstration sport|demonstration event]] at the [[1951 Asian Games|First Asian Games]] in 1951,<ref name=":2" /><ref name="Sen2015" /><ref name="Dhaka Tribune" /> and again in 1982,<ref name=":3" /> before becoming a medal event for the first time in 1990.<ref name=":3" />

The [[India national kabaddi team|Indian national team]] won every men's and women's kabaddi competition in the Asian Games from 2002 through 2014. At the [[2018 Asian Games]], [[Iran national kabaddi team|Iran]] became the first country other than India to win [[gold medal]]s in kabaddi, with India's men's team winning bronze, and India's women's team being beaten by Iran to win silver.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 August 2018 |title=India's golden run ended |work=[[India Today]] |agency=Reuters inputs |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/asian-games-2018/story/india-kabaddi-lose-to-iran-asian-games-2018-1322869-2018-08-25 |access-date=25 August 2018}}</ref>

==== Asian Kabaddi Championship ====
{{Main|Asian Kabaddi Championship}}

[[Kabaddi Asia Cup|AKC]]'s tenth season was played in [[Gorgan]], Iran, in 2017 in which India won its tenth gold by defeating Pakistan in the finals.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 November 2017 |title=Asian Kabaddi Championship 2017: Ajay Thakur-inspired India thump Pakistan in final to win men's title |url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/asian-kabaddi-championship-2017-ajay-thakur-inspired-india-thump-pakistan-in-final-to-win-mens-title-4228729.html |access-date=14 May 2020 |work=Firstpost}}</ref>

==== South Asian Games ====
{{Excerpt|Kabaddi at the South Asian Games}}

==== European Kabaddi Championship ====
The first edition of European Kabaddi Championship was held in [[Scotland]] in 2019. The final match was between [[Poland national kabaddi team|Poland]] and [[Netherlands|Holland]], with Poland winning 47–27.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Poland wins European Kabaddi Championships |url=https://www.thefirstnews.com/article/poland-wins-european-kabaddi-championships-8133 |access-date=3 June 2021 |work=The First News |language=en}}</ref> The second edition was held in [[Cyprus]] in 2021 and organised by the World Kabaddi Federation. Poland retained their title by beating hosts Cyprus in the final, 29–15.<ref>{{cite web |date=31 October 2021 |title=Live Blog: Day 2 European Kabaddi Championships |url=http://www.theworldkabaddi.org/blog/live-blog-day-2-european-kabaddi-championships/ |access-date=31 October 2021}}</ref> Italy was set to host the third edition in 2022,<ref>{{cite web |date=8 February 2022 |title=Italy to host the third edition of European Kabaddi Championships |url=http://www.theworldkabaddi.org/events/italy-to-host-the-third-edition-of-european-kabaddi-championships/ |access-date=8 February 2022 |website=theworldkabaddi.org}}</ref> but it was delayed due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Europe|COVID-19 pandemic]], eventually happening in 2023. Poland beat England in the final to retain their title.<ref>{{cite web |date=2023-07-09 |title=6th European Kabaddi Championship Italy 2023 |url=https://www.englandkabaddi.co.uk/news/6th-european-kabaddi-championship-italy-2023 |access-date=7 October 2023 |website=England Kabaddi |language=en}}</ref>

==== Kabaddi Masters ====
{{main|2018 Dubai Kabaddi Masters}}

The inaugural edition of the Kabaddi Masters was held in [[Dubai]], 22–30 June 2018. It was the first kabaddi tournament to be held in the [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]]. It featured 6 teams. India won the tournament by defeating Iran in the final with a scoreline of 44–26, with the Indian Defense outperforming the Iran Defense.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kabaddi Masters Dubai 2018 - Match 15 - INDIA vs IRAN |url=http://www.kabaddiadda.com/dubai-kabaddi-masters-2018/match15-india-vs-iran |access-date=8 August 2019 |website=Kabaddi Adda |language=en}}</ref>

=== Domestic competitions ===

==== Pro Kabaddi League ====
{{Main|Pro Kabaddi League}}

[[File:919-9198627 the-league-will-continue-its-existing-format-and.png|thumb|The PKL logo]]
The [[Pro Kabaddi League]] was established in 2014.<ref>{{cite web |title=About PKL - VIVO Pro Kabaddi |url=https://www.prokabaddi.com/about-prokabaddi |access-date=24 January 2021 |website=vivo Pro Kabaddi League 2019 {{!}} Schedule, Live Scores, News, Team, Player list and more |language=en}}</ref> The league modeled its business upon that of the [[Indian Premier League]] of [[Twenty20]] [[cricket]], with a large focus on marketing, the backing of local broadcaster [[Star Sports (Indian TV network)|Star Sports]].<ref name="bbc-kabaddiipl">{{cite news |last=Atkinson |first=Simon |date=7 August 2014 |title=Kabaddi gets the IPL treatment |publisher=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-28660432 |access-date=22 October 2016}}</ref> The Pro Kabaddi League quickly became a ratings success on Indian television; the [[2014 Pro Kabaddi League season|2014 season]] was watched by at least 435 million viewers over the course of the season, and the inaugural championship match was seen by 98.6 million viewers.<ref name="thehindu-pklratings">{{cite news |date=15 September 2014 |title=Pro Kabaddi league viewership second only to IPL |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/pro-kabaddi-league-viewership-second-only-to-ipl/article6413148.ece |access-date=22 October 2016}}</ref><ref name="guardian-kabaddiwc">{{cite news |last=Khawaja |first=Jemayel |date=10 October 2016 |title=Simple, visceral, fun: why the ancient sport of kabaddi is enjoying a resurgence |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/10/kabaddi-world-cup-india-resurgence |access-date=21 October 2016}}</ref>

[[Bengal Warriors]], [[Bengaluru Bulls]], [[Patna Pirates]], [[Tamil Thalaivas]], [[UP Yoddhas]], [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujrat Giants]], [[Haryana Steelers]], [[Puneri Paltan]], [[U Mumba]], [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]], [[Dabang Delhi|Dabang Delhi KC]], and [[Telugu Titans]] are the 12 teams that play in the Pro Kabaddi League.

The organisers of the [[Pro Kabaddi League]] change the sport's rules and its presentation to make it more suitable for a television audience. All players in the league must be strictly under {{convert|85|kg|lb|abbr=on}} in weight. When the raider scores 10 or more raid points in a single match, it is called a super 10, and they earn an extra point. If the defender successfully manages to tackle the five raiders in a single game, it is a high 5, and the team will be awarded one extra point.[https://prokabaddiarena.com/pro-kabaddi-rules-and-regulations-while-raiding-and-defending/]

Additional rules are used in the Pro Kabaddi League to encourage scoring: when a defensive side has three or fewer players remaining, tackles are worth two points instead of one. Furthermore, if a team performs two empty raids in a row, the next raider must score a point ("do-or-die raid"), or else they will be declared out and the opposing team will score a point.<ref name="kabaddiikf" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name="indianexpress-everything" />

==== Indo International Premier Kabaddi League ====
The inaugural edition of the IIPKL was on 13 May 2019 at [[Pune]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indo International Premier Kabaddi League Grand Opening |url=http://www.iipkl.com/press-releases/indo-international-premier-kabaddi-league-grand-opening |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813080553/http://www.iipkl.com/press-releases/indo-international-premier-kabaddi-league-grand-opening |archive-date=13 August 2020 |access-date=8 August 2019 |website=IIPKL}}</ref> The title for the inaugural season was won by the Bangalore Rhinos.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kabaddiadda.com/news/bangalore-rhinos-become-champions-indo-international-premier-kabaddi-league |title=Bangalore Rhinos become Champions in the Indo International Premier Kabaddi League |website=Kabaddi Adda |access-date=8 August 2019}}</ref>

==== Super Kabaddi League ====
{{Main|Super Kabaddi League}}

In May 2018, the [[Super Kabaddi League]] was first held in Pakistan, as part of a larger push to promote renewed interest in the sport in Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Safi |first=Alam Zeb |date=25 November 2018 |title=The importance of professional leagues |language=en-US |work=The News on Sunday |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/566768-importance-professional-leagues#:~:text=Sports%20leagues%20are%20very,sports%20success%20of%20that%20nation. |access-date=19 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Patwardhan |first=Deepti |date=26 June 2018 |title=Beleaguered no more: Kabaddi gains popularity in Pakistan |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/other/2018/jun/26/beleaguered-no-more-kabaddi-gains-popularity-in-pakistan-1833688.html |access-date=19 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/923696/kabaddi-league-pakistanis-axed-from-roster-2/ |title=Kabaddi league: Pakistanis axed from roster |date=21 July 2015 |work=The Express Tribune |language=en-US |access-date=19 December 2018}}</ref>

==== Yuva Kabaddi Series ====
{{Main category|Yuva Kabaddi Series}}
Yuva Kabaddi Series (YKS) is a franchise-based junior-category kabaddi tournament in India.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-27 |title=Visually impaired players showcase brilliant kabaddi skills at Yuva Kabaddi Series' exhibition match |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/visually-impaired-players-showcase-brilliant-kabaddi-skills-at-yuva-kabaddi-series-exhibition-match/articleshow/104763075.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-11-01 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> It is for players who are under 23 years old and below {{Convert|80|kg|abbr=on}}.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |date=2023-10-15 |title=Ashu Malik Among 18 Yuva Kabaddi Series Players Rule The Roast At Pro Kabaddi League 10 Auction |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/sports/ashu-malik-among-18-yuva-kabaddi-series-players-rule-the-roast-at-pro-kabaddi-league-10-auction-10107402 |access-date=2023-10-20 |website=English Jagran |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Yuva Kabaddi Series: Visually impaired players showcase kabaddi skills at exhibition match |work=MyKhel |url=https://www.mykhel.com/kabaddi/yuva-kabaddi-series-visually-impaired-players-showcase-kabaddi-skills-at-exhibition-match-241719.html}}</ref> The inaugural Yuva Kabaddi Series was conducted in Jaipur in June 2022,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yuva Kabaddi Series SE 2022 Full Match Schedule, Highlights, Live Score and More |url=http://www.kabaddiadda.com/tournament/107-yuva-kabaddi-series-se-2022/schedule |access-date=16 June 2023 |website=Kabaddi Adda |language=en}}</ref> and was broadcast on OTT platform [[FanCode]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Ashu Malik along with 17 other Yuva Kabaddi Series players found buyers in PKL 10 auction |url=https://khelnow.com/kabaddi/2023-10-pkl-10-auction-yuva-kabaddi-series-players-sold |access-date=2023-10-20 |website=Khel Now |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2023-10-06 |title=DD Sports to telecast fast-paced action of Yuva Kabaddi Series 2023 |url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/sports/dd-sports-to-telecast-fast-paced-action-of-yuva-kabaddi-series-2023-231006 |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=www.indiantelevision.com |language=en}}</ref> It is the second-largest kabaddi tournament in India, and the largest tournament in India in terms of number of matches played per year.{{citation needed|date=February 2025}}

Four seasonal editions are held every year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yuva Kabaddi Series set for dazzling return with power packed Monsoon edition in 2023 |url=http://www.kabaddiadda.com/articles/yuva-kabaddi-series-set-dazzling-return-power-packed-monsoon-edition-2023 |access-date=2023-10-20 |website=Kabaddi Adda |language=en}}</ref> Three tournaments were conducted in 2022: Summer Edition in Jaipur, Monsoon Edition at Ranchi,<ref>{{Cite web |last=The SportsGrail |date=10 September 2022 |title=Yuva Kabaddi Series Monsoon Edition 2022 Schedule, Date, Time, Teams List, Points Table, Venue, Squads Players List, Live Streaming |url=https://thesportsgrail.com/yuva-kabaddi-series-monsoon-edition-2022-schedule-date-time-teams-list-points-table-venue-squads-players-list-live-streaming/ |access-date=16 June 2023 |website=The SportsGrail |language=en}}</ref> and Winter Edition at Pondicherry; and two in 2023: the KMP YKS in Maharashtra<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2023 |title=Ahmednagar District Periyar Panthers Clinched The Title Of Yuva Kabaddi Series Inter District Youth League 2023 |url=https://khelkabaddi.in/ahmednagar-district-periyar-panthers-clinched-the-title-of-yuva-kabaddi-series-inter-district-youth-league-2023/ |access-date=16 June 2023 |website=Khel Kabaddi |language=en-US}}</ref> (which was won by Ahmednagar) and Summer Edition Mysore.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2023 |title=Yuva Kabaddi Series Summer Edition 2023 points table: Know the latest standings |url=https://www.sportsadda.com/kabaddi/news/yuva-kabaddi-series-summer-edition-2023-latest-points-table-standings |access-date=16 June 2023 |website=SportsAdda |language=en}}</ref> For the first time in the history of Indian kabaddi, players from the [[Northeast India|North East]] will be playing in a tournament of this stature.

Each edition is contested over several rounds, with teams eliminated in each round, and the Summit Round acting as the playoffs of the tournament and leading to the final.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yuva Kabaddi Series is a good experiment for the sport of Kabaddi |url=http://www.kabaddiadda.com/articles/yuva-kabaddi-series-good-experiment-sport-kabaddi |access-date=2023-10-20 |website=Kabaddi Adda |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Everything you need to know about Yuva Kabaddi Series |url=http://www.kabaddiadda.com/news/everything-you-need-know-about-yuva-kabaddi-series |access-date=2023-10-20 |website=Kabaddi Adda |language=en}}</ref> Several players who started off in YKS have gone on to play at higher levels of kabaddi competition, such as the Pro Kabaddi League (through the New Young Player initiative)<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Yuva Kabaddi Series 2023 is scheduled to commence on September 24th |url=https://khelnow.com/kabaddi/2023-09-yuva-kabaddi-series-2023-start-date |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=Khel Now |language=English}}</ref> and the Junior Kabaddi World Cup.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Industry |first=Biz |date=2023-09-26 |title=CARS24 Drives Support for Young Kabaddi Talent as Title Sponsor for Yuva Kabaddi Series 2023 |url=https://www.bizindustry.in/post/cars24-drives-support-for-young-kabaddi-talent-as-title-sponsor-for-yuva-kabaddi-series-2023 |access-date=2023-10-20 |website=Biz Industry |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Ashu Malik among 18 Yuva Kabaddi Series players signed by franchises during PKL auction |work=ANI |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/others/ashu-malik-among-18-yuva-kabaddi-series-players-signed-by-franchises-during-pkl-auction20231013193636/}}</ref>

Yuva Kabaddi Series was founded by [[U Mumba|uMumba]] CEO Suhail Chandhok and Vikas Kumar Gautam.<ref>{{Cite press release |date=10 March 2023 |title=PKL 2023: U Mumba appoints sports commentator Suhail Chandok as new CEO ahead of Pro Kabaddi League 2023 - Check Out |url=https://www.insidesport.in/pkl-2023-u-mumba-appoints-sports-commentator-suhail-chandok-as-new-ceo-ahead-of-pro-kabaddi-league-2023-check-out/,%20https://www.insidesport.in/pkl-2023-u-mumba-appoints-sports-commentator-suhail-chandok-as-new-ceo-ahead-of-pro-kabaddi-league-2023-check-out/ |access-date=16 June 2023 |website=www.insidesport.in |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Popularity==
{{More citations needed section|date=April 2021}}

=== Indian subcontinent ===
[[File:Kabaddi on the beach (16062994543).jpg|thumb|[[Beach kabaddi]] being played on the coast of [[Gujarat]]]]
Kabaddi is a popular sport in the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=dirango |date=7 September 2018 |title=Pro Kabaddi League Drives Surge in Interest for India's Fastest-Growing Sport |url=https://nielsensports.com/pro-kabaddi-league-drives-surge-interest-indias-fastest-growing-sport/ |access-date=16 June 2023 |website=Nielsen Sports |language=en-US}}</ref> The governing federation for [[kabaddi in India]] is the Amateur Kabaddi Federation of India (AKFI), which was founded in 1973 and compiled a standard set of rules. Kabaddi is the second-most popular sport in India, with the [[Pro Kabaddi League]] being watched by hundreds of millions of people each year.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sudevan |first=Praveen |date=2022-10-27 |title=How Pro Kabaddi made kabaddi the most-watched sport in India after cricket |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/how-pro-kabaddi-made-kabaddi-the-most-watched-sport-in-india-after-cricket/article66052306.ece |access-date=2023-10-18 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The governing body for kabaddi in Pakistan is Pakistan Kabaddi Federation.

In [[Bangladesh]], Kabaddi is known with a different name called "Ha-du-du". Ha-du-du has no definite rules and is played with different rules in different areas. Kabaddi is the [[national sport]] of Bangladesh, given official status in 1972.<ref name="bpedia">{{cite book |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |first=Gofran |last=Faroqi |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Kabadi |chapter=Kabadi |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> The Amateur Kabaddi Federation of Bangladesh was formed in 1973.

==== Nepal ====
Kabaddi is among the national sports of Nepal.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tower |first=Nikole |date=1 October 2018 |title=Ancient game of Kabaddi is India's fastest-growing sport |url=https://live-global-sport-matter.ws.asu.edu/culture/2018/10/01/ancient-game-kabaddi-india-fastest-growing-sport/ |access-date=10 April 2025 |website=Global Sport Matters |publisher=Arizona State University}}</ref> Kabaddi is played and taught in most primary schools beginning in about the third grade in most Nepali schools.

From 2025, [[Nepal Kabaddi League]] has begun as the fourth sports franchise league ever been established after Cricket, Football and Volleyball. It is the benchmark in the history of sports in Nepal which has been organised by Astrionix Management.

The inaugural season features top international players from [[Thailand]], [[Kenya]], [[Bangladesh]] and [[Sri Lanka]].

The women's national Kabaddi team of Nepal won the [https://kathmandupost.com/sports/2023/10/06/nepal-women-s-kabaddi-team-bag-bronze-at-asian-games historic bronze medal]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nepal women's kabaddi team bag bronze at Asian Games |url=https://kathmandupost.com/sports/2023/10/06/nepal-women-s-kabaddi-team-bag-bronze-at-asian-games |access-date=2025-01-19 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref> in the 19th Asian Games.

=== Internationally ===
Kabaddi was also played by the [[British Army]] for fun, to keep fit and as an enticement to recruit soldiers from the British Asian community. Kabaddi was brought [[Kabaddi in the United Kingdom|to the United Kingdom]] by its [[South Asians in the United Kingdom|South Asian diaspora]] ([[Bangladeshi diaspora|Bangladeshi]], [[Indian diaspora|Indian]], [[Pakistani diaspora|Pakistani]], [[Nepali diaspora|Nepali]] and [[Sri Lankan diaspora|Sri Lankan]] immigrants).<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kabaddi gaining popularity in Britain |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/kabaddi-gaining-popularity-in-britain-400415 |access-date=2024-09-19 |work=NDTV}}</ref>

In the 21st century, South Korea is one of the fastest-rising nations in international kabaddi, having beaten India in the opening match of the [[2016 Kabaddi World Cup (International Kabaddi Federation)|2016 Kabaddi World Cup]].<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2016-10-20 |title=Grassroots initiatives, self-belief reasons behind rise of Korea |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/other/2016/Oct/20/grassroots-initiatives-self-belief-reasons-behind-rise-of-korea-1529876.html |access-date=2024-09-19 |work=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Sports}}
* [[Tag (game)]]
** [[Kho kho]]
** [[Punjabi kabaddi|Punjabi (circle-style) kabaddi]]
** [[Capture the flag]]
* [[Jallikattu]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite book |last= |first= |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c79aDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT634 |title=Limca Book of Records: India at Her Best |date=2018 |publisher=Hachette India |isbn=978-93-5195-240-4 |chapter=Kabaddi}}

==External links==

{{commons category}}
* [http://worldkabaddi.org/ World Kabaddi Federation]
* {{Official website|http://www.asiankabaddi.org|Asian Amateur Kabaddi Federation official website}}
* {{Official website|http://www.indiankabaddi.org|Amateur Kabaddi Federation of India (AKFI) official website}}
* [https://www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2010/09/20/nyregion/20200920KABBADI.html "A Game Called Kabbadi"], slideshow by ''[[The New York Times]]''
* {{Official website|https://meragarh.com/2022/12/23/kabaddi-game-rules/ official website}}

{{International Kabaddi}}
{{Indian martial arts}}
{{Team Sport}}
{{Symbols of Bangladesh}}
{{Pakistan topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Kabaddi| ]]
[[Category:Traditional sports of India]]
[[Category:Traditional sports of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Sports originating in India]]
[[Category:Sports originating in South Asia]]
[[Category:National symbols of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Traditional sports of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Traditional sports of Iran]]
[[Category:Team sports]]
[[Category:Tag variants]]
[[Category:Indian inventions]]

Peninsular River System

2026-03-16T10:56:56Z

Hindutashravi: Added new location

{{Short description|River system in India}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2022}}
The '''Peninsular River System''' is an [[List of major rivers of India|Indian River System]]. It is one of two types of Indian River System, along with the Himalayan River System. The Peninsular River System's major rivers are the [[Godavari River]], [[Kaveri]] (or Cauvery), [[Krishna River]], [[Mahanadi River]], [[Narmada River]], and [[Tapti River|Tapi River]] (or Tapti).<ref>{{cite web |title=Peninsular River System Of India {{!}} Map, Rivers |url=https://www.riversofindia.com/2022/05/peninsular-river-system-of-india-map.html |access-date=2022-05-27 |website=riversofindia.com}}</ref>

The rivers mainly drain in the rural area of India. The rivers have both religious and cultural significance to Indian people. The Peninsular Rivers are mostly fed by the rainfall. During the summer, their discharge is significantly less. Some of their confluents indeed get dehydrated, purely to be regenerated in the monsoon. The catchment region of the Godavari River in the peninsula is the biggest in India, covering a territory of around 10% of the whole country.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Rivers of India]]

Aircel-Maxis case

2026-03-09T06:29:19Z

Hindutashravi: Added Some Data More To Come.

{{Short description|Indian corruption and money-laundering case}}
{{Financial risk types}}

The '''Aircel–Maxis case''' (also referred to as the '''Aircel-Maxis scandal''') is an Indian corruption and money-laundering investigation stemming from the 2006 acquisition of the Indian telecom operator [[Aircel]] by Malaysia-based [[Maxis Communications]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maxis buys Aircel for $1.08 bn |url=https://www.rediff.com/business/report/maxis/20051230.htm |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref> The case involves allegations of coercion in the sale of Aircel, quid pro quo favours extended by then-Telecom Minister [[Dayanidhi Maran]], irregularities in [[Foreign Investment Promotion Board]] approval by then-Finance Minister [[P. Chidambaram]], and associated money-laundering claims.

== Background ==
Aircel was incorporated in 1999 by businessman [[Chinnakannan Sivasankaran]] as a mobile network operatng company mainly serving [[Tamil Nadu]] (at first excluding [[Chennai]]) and quickly became a leading operator there. By the mid-2000s, it had expanded to other Indian states, including [[Odisha]], [[Assam]], and parts of the [[Northeast India]]. This was a time when India’s telecom sector was growing fast after market reforms, with rising demand for mobile services.

In late 2005, Sivasankaran agreed to sell control of Aircel. On 31 December 2005, [[Malaysia]]’s Maxis Communications, owned by [[Ananda Krishnan|T. Ananda Krishnan]], signed a deal to buy a majority stake in the company. Reports said Sivasankaran received about $800 million. Maxis first bought 74%, which was the foreign investment limit in telecom then. The remaining shares were held by Indian partners, including entities linked to the [[Apollo Hospitals Group]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=What is Aircel-Maxis case |url=https://www.business-standard.com/about/what-is-aircel-maxis-case |access-date=4 March 2026 |work=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref>

The deal was carried out through several companies, including holding firms based in [[Mauritius]]. In early 2006, more investments were made such as a Maxis-linked company bought 26% of Aircel for over ₹1,200 crore in January which almost completed the control of Aircel. However, the deal required approval from India’s [[Foreign Investment Promotion Board]], which was under the [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]] at the time.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhatia |first=Jai |last2=Rao Palepu |first2=Advait |title=Aircel-Maxis: Did Chidambaram Subvert the Foreign Investment Promotion Board? |url=https://thewire.in/business/aircel-maxis-did-chidambaram-subvert-the-foreign-investment-promotion-board |access-date=2026-03-04 |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref>

Although the sale happened during a telecom boom, it later came under scrutiny because of the [[2G spectrum case|2G spectrum allocation case]] in 2008. Aircel was one of the companies that received 2G spectrum after the takeover.

== Allegations ==
On 6 June 2011, Sivasankaran filed a complaint with the Central Bureau of Investigation.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2014-09-11 |title=Aircel-Maxis case: A timeline |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Aircel-Maxis-case-A-timeline/article14103260.ece |access-date=2026-02-28 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He claimed he had been pressured, particularly by then-Telecom Minister Dayanidhi Maran, to sell his stake to Maxis instead of exploring other options like an [[initial public offering]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2011-06-06 |title=Forced to sell stake to Maxis: ex-Aircel owner |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/forced-to-sell-stake-to-maxis-exaircel-owner/article2082593.ece |access-date=2026-02-28 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Sivasankaran also alleged that brothers Dayanidhi and [[Kalanithi Maran]] received [[kickbacks]] in the form of investments by the Maxis group through the Astro network in [[Sun TV Network]], owned by the Maran family.<ref name="CBI books Maran brothers in Aircel-Maxis deal, raids premises">{{cite web |date=10 October 2011 |title=CBI books Maran brothers in Aircel-Maxis deal, raids premises |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_cbi-books-maran-brothers-in-aircel-maxis-deal-raids-premises_1596962 |access-date=4 March 2026 |publisher=DNA India}}</ref> In the wake of the allegations, Maran resigned on 7 July.<ref name="Dayanidhi Maran resigns from Union Cabinet">{{cite news |date=8 July 2011 |title=Dayanidhi Maran resigns from Union Cabinet |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Dayanidhi-Maran-resigns-from-Union-Cabinet/articleshow/9143074.cms |access-date=4 March 2026 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> This led to investigations into the foreign investment approval process and possible irregularities, including alleged benefits to businesses linked to the Maran family.<ref name=":0" />

== Investigation ==
On 10 October, the CBI registered a case and raided properties owned by the Marans. CBI sources said that although no evidence of coercion was found in the Aircel sale, they found substantial evidence that Maran had favoured the company's takeover by Maxis and deliberately delayed Sivasankar's files.<ref name="CBI books Maran brothers in Aircel-Maxis deal, raids premises" /> On 8 February 2012, the Enforcement Directorate registered a money-laundering case against the Maran brothers<ref name="ibnlive.in.com">{{cite news |title=2G Scam: Swamy moves SC challenging court order on Chidambaram |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/2g-swamy-moves-sc-challenging-court-order-on-pc/232946-37-64.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225062215/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/2g-swamy-moves-sc-challenging-court-order-on-pc/232946-37-64.html |archive-date=2012-02-25 |newspaper=IBN Live}}</ref> for allegedly receiving illegal compensation of about {{INR}} 5.5 billion in the Aircel-Maxis deal.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{cite news |title=2G scam: ED registers money laundering case against Marans |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/2G-scam-ED-registers-money-laundering-case-against-Marans/articleshow/11804094.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=4 March 2026}}</ref>

During the CBI probe Sivasankaran said that the Maran brothers had forced him to sell his 74% share in Aircel to Maxis by threatening his life, giving the CBI a list of over 10 witnesses.<ref name=":1" /> In September 2012, the CBI said it finished its Indian investigation and was awaiting the response to a [[letter rogatory]] sent to Malaysia and a questionnaire from T. Ananda Krishnan before filing a chargesheet.<ref name="Probe over, CBI soon to file chargesheet against Marans">{{cite news |date=11 September 2012 |title=Probe over, CBI soon to file chargesheet against Marans |url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/nation/93896-probe-over-cbi-soon-to-file-chargesheet-against-marans.html |access-date=4 March 2026 |newspaper=The Daily Pioneer}}</ref> On 29 August 2014, the CBI filed a [[chargesheet]] against Dayanidhi Maran, his brother Kalanithi Maran, Malaysian businessman [[Ananda Krishnan|T Ananda Krishnan]], Malaysian national Augustus Ralph Marshall, six others and four firms — Sun Direct TV Pvt Ltd, Maxis Communication Berhad, Astro All Asia Network PLC and South Asia Entertainment Holding Ltd as accused in the case.<ref name="Court Reserves Order on CBI's Chargesheet">{{cite news |title=Court Reserves Order on CBI's Chargesheet |url=http://www.businessworld.in/news/business/telecom/aircel-maxis-case-court-reserves-order-on-cbi-s-chargesheet/1572226/page-1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150508225752/http://businessworld.in/news/business/telecom/aircel-maxis-case-court-reserves-order-on-cbi-s-chargesheet/1572226/page-1.html |archive-date=8 May 2015 |access-date=4 March 2026}}</ref> On 29 October 2014, special CBI judge OP Saini said that he found enough evidence to proceed with the prosecution and hence summoned former telecom minister Dayanidhi Maran and others as accused.<ref name="Court summons Maran brothers">{{cite news |title=Court summons Maran brothers |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/dayanidhi-maran-summoned-as-accused-in-aircel-maxis-deal-case/article1-1280049.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029074941/http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/dayanidhi-maran-summoned-as-accused-in-aircel-maxis-deal-case/article1-1280049.aspx |archive-date=29 October 2014 |access-date=4 March 2026}}</ref> Based on the CBI chargesheet, the [[Enforcement Directorate]] on 1 April 2015, attached Maran brothers' properties worth Rs 7,420 million.<ref name="ED attaches Rs 742 crore assets of Marans">{{cite news |title=ED attaches Rs 742 crore assets of Marans |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-04-02/news/60756525_1_kalanithi-maran-maxis-communication-15-14-crore |access-date=4 March 2026}}{{dead link|date=March 2026}}</ref>

Subramanian Swamy alleged that in 2006 a company controlled by [[Karti Chidambaram]], the son of [[Minister of Finance (India)|Minister of Finance]] [[P. Chidambaram]], received a five-percent share of Aircel to get part of {{INR}}40 billion paid by [[Maxis Communications]] for the 74-percent share of Aircel. According to Swamy, Chidambaram withheld [[Foreign Investment Promotion Board]] clearance of the deal until his son received the five-percent share in Siva's company.<ref name="Govt’s defence of Chidambaram rings hollow">{{cite news |date=8 May 2012 |title=Govt's defence of Chidambaram rings hollow |url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/home/online-channel/360-todays-newspaper/63605-govts-defence-of-chidambaram-rings-hollow.html |access-date=4 March 2026 |work=The Pioneer}}</ref> The issue was raised a number of times in [[Indian Parliament|Parliament]] by the opposition, which demanded Chidambaram's resignation.<ref name="Aircel-Maxis Deal: Parliament Disrupted Over PC's Role">{{cite news |date=8 May 2012 |title=Aircel-Maxis Deal: Parliament Disrupted Over PC's Role |url=http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=761922&commentid=49662#49662 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110022112/http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=761922&commentid=49662#49662 |archive-date=10 November 2013 |access-date=4 March 2026 |work=Outlook India}}</ref> Although he and the government denied the allegations,<ref name="Aircel-Maxis Deal: PC Dismisses Charges as Reckless">{{cite news |date=10 May 2012 |title=Aircel-Maxis Deal: PC Dismisses Charges as Reckless |url=http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=762153 |access-date=4 March 2026 |work=Outlook India}}{{dead link|date=March 2026}}</ref> ''[[The Pioneer (newspaper)|The Pioneer]]'' and ''[[India Today]]'' reported the existence of documents showing that Chidambaram delayed approval of the [[foreign direct investment]] proposal by about seven months.<ref name="Govt’s defence of Chidambaram rings hollow" /><ref name="Document shows Chidambaram delayed Aircel-Maxis deal by 7 months">{{cite news |date=8 May 2012 |title=Document shows Chidambaram delayed Aircel-Maxis deal by 7 months |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/document-shows-chidambaram-delayed-aircel-maxis-deal-101532-2012-05-07 |access-date=4 March 2026 |work=India Today}}</ref><ref name="Govt trapped in own web of deceit">{{cite news |date=9 May 2012 |title=Govt trapped in own web of deceit |url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/home/online-channel/360-todays-newspaper/63884-govt-trapped-in-own-web-of-deceit.html |access-date=4 March 2026 |work=The Pioneer}}</ref>

In July 2018, the CBI named Chidambaram and his son as accused in its supplementary [[charge sheet]]. The charge sheet named 16 other co-accused, including former finance secretaries Ashok Chawla, Ashok Jha, former Aircel CEO V. Srinivasanand, Maxis owners Krishnan and Ralph Marshal.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Aditi |date=19 July 2018 |title=Aircel-Maxis case: CBI files charge sheet against Chidambaram, son |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/ZdCfZnJb97NgNa7Qu4IbGP/Aircel-Maxis-case-CBI-files-charge-sheet-against-Chidambara.html |access-date=4 March 2026 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Further reading ==
*{{Cite book |last1=Waraich |first1=Sushmita Biswal |url=https://sk.sagepub.com/cases/aircel-the-rise-and-fall-of-an-indian-telecom-company |title=Aircel: The Rise and Fall of an Indian Telecom Company |last2=Chaturvedi |first2=Ajay |date=January 3, 2022 |publisher=SAGE Publications |series=SAGE Business Cases Originals |doi=10.4135/9781529790023 |access-date=}}
*{{Cite journal |last=Aggrawal |first=Artee |year=2019 |title=Aircel Crisis: Disruptive Competition or Corruption– What Next? |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/2319714519855835 |journal=FIIB Business Review |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=186–191 |doi=10.1177/2319714519855835 |access-date=|url-access=subscription }}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Finance fraud]]
[[Category:Corporate scandals]]
[[Category:Financial scandals]]

List of Tamil films of 2001

2026-03-07T05:26:11Z

Hindutashravi: Content refined for better accuracy

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
This is a list of [[Tamil language]] films released in India during 2001.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/english%20Films/2001.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110531005841/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/english%20Films/2001.asp|url-status=usurped|archive-date=31 May 2011|title=2001–ல் வெளியான படப்பட்டியல் – தயாரிப்பாளர்கள்| Lakshman Sruthi – 100% Manual Orchestra ||website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/entertainment/filmplus/tfilm.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030814214837/http://www.chennaionline.com/entertainment/filmplus/tfilm.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 August 2003|title=Looking back at 2001 – Tamil film industry|date=14 August 2003}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=Tamil Nadu Home Page -- Movie Reviews | url=http://www.cs.utk.edu/~siddhart/tamilnadu/MOVIES/HINDU/chrono.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031203015706/http://www.cs.utk.edu/~siddhart/tamilnadu/MOVIES/HINDU/chrono.html | archive-date=2003-12-03 | access-date=2025-08-08}}</ref>

== Box office collection ==
The following is the [[list of highest-grossing Tamil films|list of highest-grossing Tamil cinema films]] released in 2001.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#ccc;"|'''#'''
| Implies that the film is multilingual and the gross collection figure includes the worldwide collection of the other simultaneously filmed version.
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto; margin:auto;"
|+The Highest Worldwide Gross of 2001
|-
! Rank
! Title
! Production company
! Worldwide gross
|-
!1
|''[[Dheena]]''
|Vijayam Cine Combines
| align:right; background:#ccc;"|{{INR|25 crore}} '''#'''
|-
!2
|''[[Friends (2001 film)| Friends]]''
|Swargachitra
| align="right" |{{INR|20-25 crore}}
|-
!3
|''[[Aalavandhaan]]''{{efn-lg|The film was simultaneously shot in Tamil and Hindi, with the latter version titled '''''Abhay''''', with three different actors in supporting roles}}
|V Creations
| style="text-align:right; background:#ccc;"|{{INR|22 crore}} '''#'''
|-
!4
|''[[Citizen (film)| Citizen]]''
|NIC Arts
|align="right" |{{INR|19 crore}}
|-
!5
|''[[Thavasi]]''
|GJ Cinema
|align="right" |{{INR|17.50 crore}}
|-
!6
|''[[Badri (2001 film)| Badri]]''
|Sri Venkateswara Art Films
|align="right" |{{INR|16.60 crore}}
|-
!7
|''[[Narasimha]]''
|Captain Cine Creations
|align="right" |{{INR|16.45 crore}}
|-
!8
|''[[Shahjahan (film)| Shahjahan]]''
|[[Super Good Films]]
|align="right" |{{INR|16.20 crore}}
|-
!9
|''[[Poovellam Un Vaasam]]''
|Oscar Films
|align="right" |{{INR|16.15 crore}}
|-
!10
|''[[Minnale]]''
|Cee (I) TV Entertainment
|align="right" |{{INR|12.75 crore}}
|-

|}

==List of Tamil films==
===January – March===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2" | Opening
! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Studio !! Ref
|-
| rowspan="7" valign="center" align="center" style="background:#FFA07A; textcolor:#000;" | '''J A N'''
| rowspan="6" align="center" | '''14'''
| ''[[Dheena]]'' || [[A. R. Murugadoss]] || [[Ajith Kumar]], [[Suresh Gopi]], [[Laila Mehdin|Laila]] || Vijayam Cine Combines ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov97.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030819035227/http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov97.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 August 2003|title=Film: Deena|date=19 August 2003}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Friends (2001 film)|Friends]]'' || [[Siddique (director)|Siddique]] || [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]], [[Suriya]], [[Devayani (actress)|Devayani]], [[Vijayalakshmi (Kannada actress)|Vijayalakshmi]], [[Vadivelu]]|| [[Swargachitra Appachan|Swargachitra]] ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov95.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030819034736/http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov95.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 August 2003|title=Film: Friends|date=19 August 2003}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Looty]]'' || [[Sakthi Paramesh|Parameshwar]] || [[Sathyaraj]], [[Roja (actress)|Roja]], [[Mumtaj]], [[Vadivelu]], [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]]|| [[Evergreen Movie International]] ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov93.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031003111519/http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov93.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 October 2003|title=Film: Looty|date=3 October 2003}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Nageswari]]'' || [[Rama Narayanan]] || [[Ramya Krishnan]], [[Karan (actor)|Karan]], [[Prithviraj (Tamil actor)|Prithviraj]], [[Vadivelu]], [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] || [[Thenandal Studio Limited|Sri Thenandal Films]] ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov94.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030630225710/http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov94.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 June 2003|title=Film: Nageshwari|date=30 June 2003}}</ref>
|-
| ''Pullanalum Pondatti'' || Adade Manohar || Adade Manohar, Viji || Jai Santoshi Maa Arts ||
|-
| ''[[Vaanchinathan]]'' || [[Shaji Kailas]] || [[Vijayakanth]], [[Sakshi Shivanand]], [[Ramya Krishnan]] || [[Roja Combines]] ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov98.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030819035301/http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov98.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 August 2003|title=Film: Vanchinathan|date=19 August 2003}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" align="center" | '''29'''
| ''[[Nila Kaalam]]'' || [[Gandhi Krishna]] || Master Dinesh, [[Udayaraj|Master Udayaraj]], Baby Ranjini, [[Roja (actress)|Roja]] || [[Media Dreams]] ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov99.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030819035709/http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov99.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 August 2003|title=Film: Nilakaalam|date=19 August 2003}}</ref>
|- February!
| rowspan="7" valign="center" align="center" style="background:#D8BFD8; textcolor:#000;" | '''F E B'''
|-
| rowspan="1" align="center" | '''2'''
| ''[[Minnale]]'' || [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]] || [[R. Madhavan]], [[Reemma Sen]], [[Abbas (actor)|Abbas]], [[Nagesh]]
|| [[Sunanda Murali Manohar|Cee I TV Entertainments]] ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov101.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030819040303/http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov101.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 August 2003|title=Film: Minnale|date=19 August 2003}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center" | '''9'''
| ''[[Engalukkum Kaalam Varum (2001 film)|Engalukkum Kaalam Varum]]'' || Bala Rooban || [[J. Livingston|Livingston]], [[Kausalya (actress)|Kausalya]], [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]], [[Vadivelu]] || [[Anbalaya Films]] ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov103.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030805150000/http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov103.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 August 2003|title=Film: Engalukkum Kaalam Varum|date=5 August 2003}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ullam Kollai Poguthae]]'' || [[Sundar C.]] || [[Prabhu Deva]], [[Anjala Zhaveri]], [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]] || [[Lakshmi Movie Makers]] ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov102.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030819035950/http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov102.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 August 2003|title=Film: Ullam Kollai Poguthe|date=19 August 2003}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" align="center" | '''16'''
| ''[[Piriyadha Varam Vendum]]'' || [[Kamal (director)|Kamal]] || [[Prashanth]], [[Shalini (actress)|Shalini]], [[Jomol]] || Nekhela Enterprises ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov106.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030626214041/http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov106.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 June 2003|title=Piriyada Varam Vendum|date=26 June 2003}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Rishi (2001 film)|Rishi]]'' || [[Sundar C.]] || [[R. Sarathkumar|Sarath Kumar]], [[Meena (actress)|Meena]], [[Sanghavi]] || [[Panchu Arunachalam|P. A. Art Productions]] ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov105.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030805025228/http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov105.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 August 2003|title=Film: Rishi|date=5 August 2003}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Thaalikaatha Kaaliamman]]'' || Somasundar || [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]], [[Kausalya (actress)|Kausalya]], [[Sanghavi]] || Sunar Theatres ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov104.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030805085721/http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov104.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 August 2003|title=Thaali Kaatha Kaliamman|date=5 August 2003}}</ref>
|- March!
| rowspan="5" valign="center" align="center" style="background:#98FB98; textcolor:#000;" | '''M A R'''
| rowspan="2" align="center" | '''7'''
| ''[[En Purushan Kuzhandhai Maadhiri]]'' || [[S. P. Rajkumar]] || [[J. Livingston|Livingston]], [[Devayani (actress)|Devayani]], [[Vindhya (actress)|Vindhya]] || RR Movie Makers ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov108.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030630223511/http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov108.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 June 2003|title=Enn Purushan Kuzhanthai Mathiri|date=30 June 2003}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ninaikkatha Naalillai]]'' || A. L. Raja || [[R. Parthiban]], [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]], [[Devayani (actress)|Devayani]], [[Kaveri (actress)|Kaveri]] || [[K. Rajan (producer)|KRP Productions]] ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov107.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030819040845/http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov107.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 August 2003|title=Ninaikkada Naalillai|date=19 August 2003}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" align="center" | '''16'''
| ''[[Paarvai Ondre Podhume]]'' || [[Murali Krishna (director)|Murali Krishna]] || [[Kunal (actor)|Kunal]], [[Monal (actress)|Monal]], [[Karan (actor)|Karan]] || Amudha Movie Makers ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov109.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030819035327/http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov109.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 August 2003|title=Paarvai Ondre Pothume|date=19 August 2003}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center" | '''30'''
| ''[[Natchatra Kadhal]]'' || Nayakam || Ajay, [[Bhavana (Kannada actress)|Bhavana]], Subbalakshmi, Ashok Rao || NRI Films International ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov112.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030819034529/http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov112.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 August 2003|title=Natchatra Kadhal|date=19 August 2003}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Vinnukum Mannukum]]'' || [[Rajakumaran (director)|Rajakumaran]] || [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]], [[R. Sarathkumar|Sarathkumar]], [[Devayani (actress)|Devayani]], [[Khushbu]] || [[Super Good Films]] ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov110.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030819034455/http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov110.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 August 2003|title=Vinnukkum Mannukkum|date=19 August 2003}}</ref>
|}

===April – June===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2" | Opening
! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Studio !! Ref
|- April!
| rowspan="5" valign="center" align="center" style="background:#FFDEAD; textcolor:#000;" | '''A P R'''
| rowspan="1" align="center" | '''12'''
| ''[[Badri (2001 film)|Badri]]'' || [[P. A. Arun Prasad]] || [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]], [[Bhoomika Chawla|Bhoomika]], [[Monal (actress)|Monal]] || Sri Venkateswara Art Films ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov115.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030819040918/http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov115.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 August 2003|title=Bhadri|date=19 August 2003}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" align="center" | '''13'''
| ''[[Dumm Dumm Dumm]]'' || [[Azhagam Perumal]] || [[R. Madhavan]], [[Jyothika]], [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]], [[Kalpana (Malayalam actress)|Kalpana]] || [[Madras Talkies]] ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov114.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030819034945/http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov114.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 August 2003|title=Dumm Dumm Dumm|date=19 August 2003}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Little John (film)|Little John]]'' || [[Singeetham Srinivasa Rao]] || [[Bentley Mitchum]], [[Jyothika]], [[Prakash Raj]] || [[Media Dreams]] ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov113.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030819034838/http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov113.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 August 2003|title=Little John|date=19 August 2003}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Seerivarum Kaalai]]'' || [[Ramarajan]] || [[Ramarajan]], [[Abitha]] || Kanna Cine Arts ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov117.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030819035017/http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov117.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 August 2003|title=Seeri Varum Kaalai|date=19 August 2003}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Sri Raja Rajeshwari]]'' || [[Bharathi Kannan]] || [[Ramki (actor)|Ramki]], [[Ramya Krishnan]], [[Sanghavi]], [[Bhanupriya]] || [[Thenandal Studio Limited|Sri Thenandal Films]] ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov116.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030819035338/http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov116.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 August 2003|title=Sri Rajarajeswari|date=19 August 2003}}</ref>
|- May!
| rowspan="6" valign="center" align="center" style="background:#edafaf; textcolor:#000;" | '''M A Y'''
| rowspan="1" align="center" | '''11'''
| ''[[En Iniya Pon Nilavae]]'' || [[Balu Mahendra]] || [[Pandiarajan]], [[Mounika (actress)|Mounika]] || SDR Movies ||
|-
| rowspan="3" align="center" | '''18'''
| ''[[Asathal]]'' || [[P. Vasu]] || [[Sathyaraj]], [[Ramya Krishnan]], [[Vadivelu]] || Maala Creations ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov122.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030629002916/http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov122.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 June 2003|title=Asathal|date=29 June 2003}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Middle Class Madhavan]]'' || [[T. P. Gajendran]] || [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]], [[Abhirami (actress, born 1983)|Abhirami]], [[Manivannan]], [[Vadivelu]], [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] || [[K. R. Gangadharan|KRG Movies]] ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov123.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030819040425/http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov123.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 August 2003|title=Middle class Madhavan|date=19 August 2003}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Sigamani Ramamani]]'' || [[Visu]] || [[Visu]], [[S. V. Sekhar]], [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] || [[Raj Television Network|Raj Co]] ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov120.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030819040303/http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov120.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 August 2003|title=Sighamani Ramamani|date=19 August 2003}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center" | '''25'''
| ''[[Aanandham]]'' || [[N. Lingusamy]] || [[Mammootty]], [[Murali (Tamil actor)|Murali]], [[Devayani (actress)|Devayani]], [[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]], [[Abbas (actor)|Abbas]], [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]] || [[Super Good Films]] ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov124.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030819041109/http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov124.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 August 2003|title=Anandam|date=19 August 2003}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Sonnal Thaan Kaadhala]]'' || [[T. Rajendar]] || [[T. Rajendar]], [[Murali (Tamil actor)|Murali]], [[Roja Selvamani|Roja]] || [[T. Rajendar|Simbu Cine Arts]] ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov121.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030819040407/http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov121.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 August 2003|title=Sonnal thaan kadhala|date=19 August 2003}}</ref>
|- June!
| rowspan="5" valign="center" align="center" style="background:#d9c1b0; textcolor:#000;" | '''J U N'''
| rowspan="3" align="center" | '''8'''
| ''[[Citizen (film)|Citizen]]'' || [[Saravana Subbiah]] || [[Ajith Kumar]], [[Vasundhara Das]], [[Meena (actress)|Meena]], [[Nagma]] || [[S. S. Chakravarthy|NIC Arts]] ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov125.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030819041248/http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov125.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 August 2003|title=Citizen|date=19 August 2003}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Krishna Krishna]]'' || [[S. V. Sekhar]] || [[S. V. Sekhar]], [[Sukanya (actress)|Sukanya]], [[Ramesh Khanna]] || [[Media Dreams]] ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov126.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030819040950/http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov126.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 August 2003|title=Krishna Krishna|date=19 August 2003}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kunguma Pottu Gounder]]'' || [[Suraj (director)|G. Sai Suresh]] || [[Sathyaraj]], [[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]], [[Kausalya (actress)|Kausalya]], [[Goundamani]] || Ganga Gowri Productions ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov128.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030609053019/http://chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov128.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 June 2003|title=Kunguma Pottu Gounder|date=9 June 2003}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" align="center" | '''22'''
| ''[[Love Channel]]'' || R. S. Kumaresan || Eashwar, [[Monica (actress)|Monika]] || Akshayaa Movies || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tamilstar.com/reviews/love/ |title=Tamil Star - Movie Review |website=www.tamilstar.com |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030422005337/http://www.tamilstar.com/reviews/love/ |archive-date=22 April 2003 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" align="center" | '''29'''
| ''[[Dosth (2001 Tamil film)|Dosth]]'' || [[S. A. Chandrasekhar]] || [[R. Sarathkumar|Sarath Kumar]], [[Abhirami (actress, born 1983)|Abhirami]], [[Raghuvaran]], [[Prakash Raj]] || [[Lakshmi Movie Makers]] || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/7A5E352CAE2CE568E5256ACD0015D365?OpenDocument |title=Film Review: Dost - the Hindu |website=www.cscsarchive.org:8081 |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120813141551/http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/7A5E352CAE2CE568E5256ACD0015D365?OpenDocument |archive-date=13 August 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|}

===July – September===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2" | Opening
! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Studio !! Ref
|- July!
| rowspan="7" valign="center" align="center" style="background:#d0f0c0; textcolor:#000;" | '''J U L'''
| rowspan="1" align="center" | '''6'''
| ''[[Lovely (2001 film)|Lovely]]'' || [[Shakti Chidambaram]] || [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]], [[Malavika (Tamil actress)|Malavika]], [[Monal (actress)|Monal]] || [[Evergreen Film International]] || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/A2A30C4E41AD8BAAE5256AD1001B70DE?OpenDocument |title=Film Review: Lovely - the Hindu |website=www.cscsarchive.org:8081 |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120813141822/http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/A2A30C4E41AD8BAAE5256AD1001B70DE?OpenDocument |archive-date=13 August 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center" | '''13'''
| ''[[Dhill]]'' || [[Dharani (director)|Dharani]] || [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]], [[Laila Mehdin|Laila]], [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] || [[Tatineni Rama Rao|Lakshmi Productions]] ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov133.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030819034634/http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov133.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 August 2003|title=Dhill|date=19 August 2003}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Narasimha (2001 film)|Narasimha]]'' || [[Thirupathisamy]] || [[Vijayakanth]], [[Isha Koppikar]], [[Ramya Krishnan]] || [[Vijayakanth|Captain Cine Creations]] ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov132.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030819041021/http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov132.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 August 2003|title=Narasimha|date=19 August 2003}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" align="center" | '''20'''
| ''[[Poove Pen Poove]]'' || K. Purushothaman || [[Ishaq Hussaini]], [[Abitha]] || GVS Films ||
|-
| rowspan="3" align="center" | '''27'''
| ''[[Star (2001 film)|Star]]'' || [[Praveen Gandhi]] || [[Prashanth]], [[Jyothika]], [[Raghuvaran]] || Sri Subajothi Movies || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/08B79646119C3FC2E5256B59001A2CCD |title=Star: A multi-starrer flop - the New Indian Express |website=www.cscsarchive.org:8081 |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725214637/http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/08B79646119C3FC2E5256B59001A2CCD |archive-date=25 July 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Super Kudumbam]]'' || [[R. K. Kalaimani]] || [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]], [[Roja Selvamani|Roja]], [[Prathyusha]] || Mahalakshmi Films ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov135.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030819035017/http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov135.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 August 2003|title=Super Kudumbam|date=19 August 2003}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kalakalappu (2001 film)|Kalakalappu]]'' || Vishwa || [[Napoleon (actor)|Napoleon]], [[Jaya Seal]], [[Vijayalakshmi (Kannada actress)|Vijayalakshmi]] ||Kalaignar Kalaikoodam ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov134.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030819035155/http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov134.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 August 2003|title=Kalakalappu|date=19 August 2003}}</ref>
|- August!
| rowspan="6" valign="center" align="center" style="background:#C2B280; textcolor:#000;" | '''A U G'''
| rowspan="1" align="center" | '''3'''
| ''[[Kanna Unnai Thedukiren]]'' || Jeeva Selvaraj || [[Sathyan Sivakumar|Sathyan]], [[Suvalakshmi]], [[Anju Aravind]] || Iswarya Films International || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://cinematoday3.itgo.com/Reviews%20Kanna%20Unna%20Thedugiren.htm|title=Fast facts about Kanna Unnai Thedugiren|access-date=8 January 2024|work=Cinematoday3itgo|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108101107/http://cinematoday3.itgo.com/Reviews%20Kanna%20Unna%20Thedugiren.htm|archive-date=8 January 2024}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center" | '''10'''
| ''[[Kutty (2001 film)|Kutty]]'' || [[Janaki Vishwanathan]]|| [[P. Shwetha]], [[Ramesh Aravind]], [[Easwari Rao]] || Sruthika Foundations ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov137.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030819041206/http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov137.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 August 2003|title=Kutti|date=19 August 2003}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Viswanathan Ramamoorthy (film)|Viswanathan Ramamoorthy]]'' || [[Rama Narayanan]] || [[Ramki (actor)|Ramki]], [[Roja Selvamani|Roja]], [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]], [[Vindhya (actress)|Vindhya]] || [[Thenandal Studio Limited|Sri Thenandal Films]] ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov138.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030819035410/http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov138.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 August 2003|title=Viswanathan Ramamurthy|date=19 August 2003}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" align="center" | '''17'''
| ''[[Poovellam Un Vasam]]'' || [[Ezhil]] || [[Ajith Kumar]], [[Jyothika]], [[Sivakumar]], [[Nagesh]] || [[Viswanathan Ravichandran|Oscar Films]] ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov140.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030819041141/http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov140.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 August 2003|title=Poovellam unn Vasam|date=19 August 2003}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" align="center" | '''24'''
| ''[[Vedham]]'' || [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]] || [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]], [[Vineeth]], [[Sakshi Shivanand]], [[Divya Unni]] || [[Sree Raam Films International]] ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov139.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030819040458/http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov139.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 August 2003|title=Vedham|date=19 August 2003}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" align="center" | '''31'''
| ''[[Samudhiram]]'' || [[K. S. Ravikumar]] || [[R. Sarathkumar|Sarath Kumar]], [[Murali (Tamil actor)|Murali]], [[Abhirami (actress, born 1983)|Abhirami]], [[Manoj Bharathiraja|Manoj]], [[Sindhu Menon]], [[Monal (actress)|Monal]] || [[Super Good Films]] ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov141.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030819041236/http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov141.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 August 2003|title=Samudhram|date=19 August 2003}}</ref>
|- September!
| rowspan="7" valign="center" align="center" style="background:#F5DEB3; textcolor:#000;" | '''S E P'''
| rowspan="1" align="center" | '''7'''
| ''[[Chocklet]]'' || [[A. Venkatesh (director)|A.Venkatesh]] || [[Prashanth]], Jaya Re, [[Mumtaj]] || [[R. Madhesh|Movie Magic]] ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov142.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030626224037/http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov142.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 June 2003|title=Chocolet|date=26 June 2003}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" align="center" | '''14'''
| ''[[Alli Thandha Vaanam]]'' || Sridhar Prasad || [[Prabhu Deva]], [[Laila Mehdin|Laila]], [[Murali (Tamil actor)|Murali]] || [[Roja Combines]] || <ref>{{Cite web|title=Subash Awards : Film Review: ''Alli Thantha Vaanam'' |url=http://www.geocities.com/subashworld/2001/25allithantha.htm |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5kmXKdI2f?url=http://www.geocities.com/subashworld/2001/25allithantha.htm |archive-date=25 October 2009 |url-status=dead |df=dmy }}</ref>

|-
| ''[[Maayan (film)|Maayan]]'' || [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] || [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]], [[Roja Selvamani|Roja]], [[Ranjitha]] || Ganaa Film Makers ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov143.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030819040527/http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov143.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 August 2003|title=Maayan|date=19 August 2003}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Veettoda Mappillai]]'' || [[V. Sekhar]] || [[Napoleon (actor)|Napoleon]], [[Roja Selvamani|Roja]] || [[V. Sekhar|Thiruvalluvar Kalaikoodam]] ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov144.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030626224738/http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov144.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 June 2003|title=Veettoda Mappilai|date=26 June 2003}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" align="center" | '''21'''
| ''[[Pandavar Bhoomi]]'' || [[Cheran (director)|Cheran]] || [[Arun Vijay]], [[Shamitha Shreekumar|Shamitha]], [[Rajkiran]] || [[Media Dreams]] ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov145.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030819040532/http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov145.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 August 2003|title=Pandavar Bhoomi|date=19 August 2003}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center" | '''28'''
| ''[[12B]]'' || [[Jeeva (director)|Jeeva]] || [[Shaam (actor)|Shaam]], [[Simran (actress)|Simran]], [[Jyothika]] || [[Vikram Singh (producer)|Film Works]] ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov147.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030819041714/http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov147.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 August 2003|title=12B|date=19 August 2003}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kabadi Kabadi (2001 film)|Kabadi Kabadi]]'' || [[Pandiarajan]] || [[Pandiarajan]], [[Sangeetha (actress)|Sangeetha]] || [[Poornima Bhagyaraj|Saranya Cine Creations]] ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov146.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030819041213/http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov146.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 August 2003|title=Kabadie Kabadie|date=19 August 2003}}</ref>
|}

===October – December===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2" | Opening
! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Studio !! Ref
|- October!
| rowspan="2" valign="center" align="center" style="background:#FFB7C5; textcolor:#000;" | '''O C T'''
| rowspan="1" align="center" | '''5'''
| ''[[Mitta Miraasu]]'' || [[Kalanjiyam]] || [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]], [[Roja Selvamani]], [[Napoleon (actor)|Napoleon]], [[Mumtaj]] || Udhayam International Films ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov148.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030819041309/http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov148.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 August 2003|title=Mitta Mirasu|date=19 August 2003}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" align="center" | '''12'''
| ''[[Asokavanam (2001 film)|Asokavanam]]'' || [[Thakkali Srinivasan]] || [[J. Livingston|Livingston]], [[Rajashree (actress)|Rajashri]], [[Sriman (actor)|Sriman]] || Housefull Pictures ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov149.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030819034832/http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov149.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 August 2003|title=Ashokavanam|date=19 August 2003}}</ref>
|- November!
| rowspan="9" valign="center" align="center" style="background:#ACE1AF; textcolor:#000;" | '''N O V'''
| rowspan="8" align="center" | '''14'''
| ''[[Aalavandhan]]'' || [[Suresh Krishna (director)|Suresh Krishna]] || [[Kamal Haasan]], [[Raveena Tandon]], [[Manisha Koirala]] || [[S. Thanu|V Creations]] ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov154.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030819040606/http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov154.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 August 2003|title=Aalavandan|date=19 August 2003}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Aandan Adimai]]'' || [[Manivannan]] || [[Sathyaraj]], [[Suvalakshmi]], [[Divya Unni]] || KDK International Films ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov152.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030626230416/http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov152.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 June 2003|title=Andaan Adimai|date=26 June 2003}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kaatrukkenna Veli]]'' || [[Pugazhendhi Thangaraj]] || [[Sujitha]], [[Sriman (actor)|Sriman]], [[Khushbu]], [[C. Arunpandian]] || Thaai Movie Makers ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov158.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030819040636/http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov158.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 August 2003|title=Kaatrukkenna Veli|date=19 August 2003}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Manadhai Thirudivittai]]'' || R. D. Narayanamurthy || [[Prabhu Deva]], [[Kausalya (actress)|Kausalya]], [[Gayatri Jayaraman]] || [[K. R. Gangadharan|KRG Movies]] ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov151.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030819034559/http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov151.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 August 2003|title=Manathai Thirudi Vittai|date=19 August 2003}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Nandhaa]]'' || [[Bala (director)|Bala]] || [[Suriya]], [[Laila Mehdin|Laila]], [[Rajkiran]] || Aparajith Films ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov153.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030626231256/http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov153.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 June 2003|title=Nandha|date=26 June 2003}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Paarthale Paravasam]]'' || [[K. Balachandar]] || [[R. Madhavan]], [[Simran (actress)|Simran]], [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]], [[Lawrence Raghavendra]] || [[Kavithalayaa Productions]] ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov155.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030819041246/http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov155.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 August 2003|title=Parthale Paravasam|date=19 August 2003}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Shahjahan (film)|Shahjahan]]'' || Ravi || [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]], [[Richa Pallod]] || [[Super Good Films]] ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov157.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030609035031/http://chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov157.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 June 2003|title=Shahjahan|date=9 June 2003}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Thavasi]]'' || [[Director Udayasankar|Udayasankar]] || [[Vijayakanth]], [[Soundarya]], [[Jayasudha]], [[Prathyusha]] || GJ Cinema ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov156.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030819041344/http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov156.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 August 2003|title=Thavasi|date=19 August 2003}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" align="center" | '''30'''
| ''[[Ponnana Neram]]'' || Raviraj || [[Ramarajan]], [[Prathyusha]] || Alamelu Pictures ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov159.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030819041322/http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov159.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 August 2003|title=Ponnana Neram|date=19 August 2003}}</ref>
|-
|- December!
| rowspan="7" valign="center" align="center" style="background:#B8860B; textcolor:#000;" | '''D E C'''
| rowspan="1" align="center" | '''7'''
| ''[[Azhagana Naatkal]]'' || [[Sundar C.]] || [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]], [[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]], [[Mumtaj]] || Gowthami Arts ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov160.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030819041419/http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov160.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 August 2003|title=Azhagana Naalgal|date=19 August 2003}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" align="center" | '''14'''
| ''[[Kadal Pookkal]]'' || [[Bharathiraja]] || [[Murali (Tamil actor)|Murali]], [[Manoj Bharathiraja]], [[Sindhu Menon]], [[Prathyusha]], [[Uma (actress)|Uma]] || [[Sivasakthi Movie Makers]] ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov119.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030819035801/http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov119.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 August 2003|title=Kadal Pookal|date=19 August 2003}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kasi (film)|Kasi]]'' || [[Vinayan]] || [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]], [[Kavya Madhavan]], [[Kaveri (actress)|Kaveri]] || [[M. Mani|Sunitha Productions]] ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov161.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030609035604/http://chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov161.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 June 2003|title=Kasi|date=9 June 2003}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kottai Mariamman]]'' || [[Rama Narayanan]] || [[Karan (actor)|Karan]], [[Devayani (actress)|Devayani]], [[Roja Selvamani|Roja]] || Shyaamala Art Pictures ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov164.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030819040709/http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov164.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 August 2003|title=Koattai Maariamman|date=19 August 2003}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Love Marriage (2001 film)|Love Marriage]]'' || [[K. Subash]] || [[Vikram Krishna]], Ranjana || [[Vikram Krishna|GK Entertainments]] ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov163.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030819040319/http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov163.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 August 2003|title=Love Marriage|date=19 August 2003}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Majunu]]'' || [[Ravichandran (Tamil film director)|Ravichandran]] || [[Prashanth]], [[Rinke Khanna]], [[Rati Agnihotri]], [[Sonu Sood]] || [[Sunanda Murali Manohar|Cee I TV Entertainments]] ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov162.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030819040601/http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov162.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 August 2003|title=Majnu|date=19 August 2003}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" align="center" | '''21'''
| ''[[Vadagupatti Maapillai]]'' || [[V. C. Guhanathan]] || [[Hamsavardhan]], [[Reshma (Tamil actress)|Reshma]], [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]], [[Vadivelu]] || Chitramala Combines ||
|}

;Other releases
The following films also released in 2001, though the release date remains unknown.<ref name="auto"/>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Title!! Director !! Cast !! Studio || Ref
|-
| ''Maname Mayangathe'' || Shapeer Kumar || Padmaja, Hema, Meenu || Welcome Films || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0iBMDVXkShE |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/0iBMDVXkShE |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|title=Maname Mayangathe|date=15 January 2015 |via=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
|-
| ''Theerpugal Maatrapadalaam'' || M. K. Arunthavaraj || [[Babu Ganesh]], [[Vichithra]] || Aum Devalayaa Cine Creations ||
|}

==Dubbed films==
The following films were notable dubbed films also released in 2001.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Opening
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Title
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Director(s)
! scope="col" colspan="2"| Original film
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Cast
! scope="col" rowspan="2" class="unsortable"| {{tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Language
|-
| 14 January || ''Paapa'' || [[Kodi Ramakrishna]] || ''[[Devi Putrudu]]'' || Telugu|| [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]], [[Soundarya]], [[Anjala Zaveri]] ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov96.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030819035216/http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov96.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 August 2003|title=Film: Paapa|date=19 August 2003}}</ref>
|-
| 14 January || ''Unnai Thedi Varuven'' || K. V. Raju ||''No. 1'' ||Kannada||[[Ramkumar]], [[Vijayalakshmi (Kannada actress)|Vijayalakshmi]] ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov100.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030819040814/http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov100.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 August 2003|title=Film: Unnai Thedi Varuven|date=19 August 2003}}</ref>
|-
| 14 April || ''Kuzhanthayum Deivamum'' ||[[Kodi Ramakrishna]] ||''Devullu'' ||Telugu||[[Babloo Prithviraj]], [[Manthra (actress)|Manthra]] ||<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov111.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030819034308/http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov111.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 August 2003|title=Vaan Vilangu (Aliens)|date=19 August 2003}}</ref>
|-
| 8 June || ''Chithiram'' ||[[Teja (director)|Teja]] ||''[[Chitram]]'' ||Telugu||[[Uday Kiran]], [[Reemma Sen]] ||<ref name="auto1"/>
|-
| 26 October || ''Samrat Asoka'' ||[[Santhosh Sivan]] || ''[[Aśoka (film)|Asoka]]'' ||Hindi||[[Shah Rukh Khan|Shahrukh Khan]], [[Ajith Kumar]], [[Kareena Kapoor]] ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov150.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030819034518/http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov150.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 August 2003|title=Asoka|date=19 August 2003}}</ref>
|}

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
|-
! rowspan="1" style="width:20px;"| Category/Organization !! rowspan="1" style="width:200px;"| [[Cinema Express Awards]] 14 October 2001<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/oct/15meera.htm | title=Meena wins award for best actress | date=15 October 2001 | publisher=Rediff | access-date=18 July 2019 }}</ref> !! rowspan="1" style="width:200px;"| Dinakaran Cinema Awards 22 April 2002<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dinakaran.com:80/cinema/english/awards/2002/mar/dinaaw.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020410181413/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/awards/2002/mar/dinaaw.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 April 2002|title=dinaawa|date=10 April 2002|access-date=27 September 2020}}</ref> !! rowspan="1" style="width:200px;"| [[49th Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards South]] 20 April 2002<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dinakaran.com:80/cinema/english/awards/2002/april/14-04-02.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020823222436/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/awards/2002/april/14-04-02.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 August 2002|title=14-04-02|date=23 August 2002|access-date=27 September 2020}}</ref> !! rowspan="1" style="width:200px;"| [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]] 30 September 2004<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/six-film-artistes-win-awards/article27676271.ece|title=Six film artistes win awards|first=Our Special|last=Correspondent|date=1 October 2004|work=The Hindu}}</ref>
|-
| Best Film || ''[[Aanandham]]'' || ''[[Aanandham]]'' || ''[[Aanandham]]'' || ''[[Virumbugiren]]'' (2002)
|-
| Best Director || [[K. S. Ravikumar]] ''[[Thenali]]'' (2000) || [[Bala (director)|Bala]] ''[[Nandhaa]]'' || [[Cheran (director)|Cheran]] ''[[Pandavar Bhoomi]]'' || [[Susi Ganesan]] ''[[Virumbugiren]]'' (2002)
|-
| Best Actor || [[Ajith Kumar]] ''[[Citizen (film)|Citizen]]'' || [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] ''[[Kasi (film)|Kasi]]'' || [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] ''[[Kasi (film)|Kasi]]'' || [[Suriya]] ''[[Nandhaa]]''
|-
| Best Actress || [[Meena (actress)|Meena]] ''[[Rhythm (2000 film)|Rhythm]]'' (2000) || [[Laila (actress)|Laila]] ''[[Dhill]]'' / ''[[Nandhaa]]'' || [[Laila (actress)|Laila]] ''[[Nandhaa]]'' || [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]] ''[[Virumbugiren]]'' (2002)
|-
| Best Music Director || || [[Harris Jayaraj]] ''[[Minnale]]'' || [[Harris Jayaraj]] ''[[Minnale]]'' || [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]] ''[[Dhill]]'', ''[[Thavasi]]'', ''[[Poovellam Un Vasam]]''
|}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=lower-greek}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian film list}}
{{2001 films}}
{{Films by country}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tamil Films Of 2001}}
[[Category:Lists of Tamil films by year|2001]]
[[Category:Lists of 2001 films by language]]
[[Category:2001 in Indian cinema|Films, Tamil]]
[[Category:2001 Tamil-language films| ]]

Ladwa State

2026-03-07T03:25:04Z

Hindutashravi: Made First Article And Citations

{{Short description|Sikh kingdom}}

{{Infobox former country
| image_map = Detail of the main, continuous tract of territory of Ladwa State from a map created by the British East India Company of the Malwa region of Punjab showing the various polities, borders, and settlements of the area, ca.1829–1835.jpg
| map_caption = Detail of the main, continuous tract of territory of Ladwa State from a map created by the British East India Company, ca.1829–1835 (not including its exclaves viewable on the full-map)
| capital = [[Ladwa]]
| year_end = 1846
| year_start = 1763
| today = [[Haryana]], [[India]]
}}

'''Ladwa State''' was a [[Sikhs|Sikh]] kingdom.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Shah |first=Muhammad |title=The First Punjab War: Shah Mohammed's Jangnamah |publisher=Singh Brothers |year=2001 |isbn=9788172052287 |pages=266 |translator-last=Nijhawan |translator-first=P. K.}}</ref> It was one of the [[Cis-Sutlej states]].<ref name=":0" /> The state is notable for being one of the few Sikh polities south of the Sutlej that actively sided with the [[Sikh Empire]] against the British.

== History ==

=== Establishment and rule by Gurdit Singh ===
In the [[Power vacuum|power-vacuum]] that formed in the aftermath of the [[History of Sirhind|fall of Sirhind]] and the downfall of the [[Maratha Confederacy|Marathas]] in the region due to the [[Third Battle of Panipat]], the Sikhs were an ascending force in the area.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Suresh K. |title=Haryana: Past and Present |publisher=Mittal Publications |year=2006 |isbn=9788183240468 |pages=132–33 |chapter=History of Karnal: The Sikh Rule}}</ref> In circa 1763, Gurdit Singh seized the localities of [[Ladwa]] and Shamgarh.<ref name=":1" /> Gurdit Singh would later wrest control of the territories of [[George Thomas (soldier)|George Thomas]].<ref name=":1" /> During the reign of Gurdit Singh, Ladwa State and its dependencies had an annual revenue of 204,700 rupees.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Hasrat |first=Bikrama Jit |title=Life and Times of Ranjit Singh: A Saga of Benevolent Despotism |publisher=V.V. Research Institute Book Agency |year=1977 |pages=88}}</ref> Gurdit Singh of Ladwa joined forces with the other Sikh chiefs of the region, such as Sher Singh of Buria, Roy Singh of Jagadhri, Mehtab Singh of Thanesar, Jodh Singh of Kalsia, and Karam Singh Shahidi, to launch raids into British-controlled territory.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Hasrat |first=Bikrama Jit |title=Anglo-Sikh Relations, 1799-1849: A Reappraisal of the Rise and Fall of the Sikhs |publisher=V. V. Research Institute Book Agency |year=1968 |pages=43–47}}</ref> In 1804, Colonel Burn routed the Sikh forces of Ladwa State and Thanesar State.<ref name=":1" /> In the following year in 1805, British forced marched upon the fortress of [[Karnal]], capturing it from Gurdit Singh of Ladwa.<ref name=":1" /> Gurdit Singh of Ladwa and Bhanga Singh of Thanesar had supported the Marathas, thus the British took measures to punish them.<ref name=":3" />

=== Under Ajit Singh and annexation ===
[[File:Detail of a painting of Ajit Singh of Ladwa State, from the Tazkirat Al-Umara of James Skinner, ca.1836.jpg|thumb|Detail of a painting of Ajit Singh of Ladwa State, from the Tazkirat Al-Umara of James Skinner, ca.1836]]
Ajit Singh of Ladwa was of an anti-British disposition and had cordial relations with [[Ranjit Singh]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Mittal |first=Satish Chandra |title=Haryana: A Historical Perspective |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors |year=1986 |pages=41 |chapter=Revolt of Ajit Singh of Ladwa 1845–46}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite book |title=Proceedings - Punjab History Conference |publisher=Publication Bureau, Punjab University |year=1966 |volume=1 |location=Patiala |pages=112–14}}</ref> The Sikh Empire's court chronicler, [[Sohan Lal Suri]], mentions in his ''Umdat-ut-Tawarikh'' that Ajit Singh of Ladwa had made plans to visit Lahore in November.{{Efn|Umdat-ut-Tawarikh, part V, page 259|group=note}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Atwal |first=Priya |title=Royals and Rebels: The Rise and Fall of the Sikh Empire |date=15 January 2021 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780197566947 |pages=236}}</ref> By 1845, the British grew increasingly irritated by Ajit Singh and placed him under surveillance at [[Saharanpur|Sahranpur]], declaring him a "rebel".<ref name=":4" /> The British charged Ajit Singh of Ladwa with corruption and mismanagement, suggesting that he should be removed.<ref name=":4" /> Ajit Singh escaped his confinement and teamed-up with [[Ranjodh Singh Majithia]] during the [[First Anglo-Sikh War]], with both crossing the Sutlej at Phillaur with a force of 8,000 men and 70 guns.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Khushwant |title=A History of the Sikhs: 1839-1964 |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1966 |series=A History of the Sikhs |volume=2 |pages=51}}</ref> Their joint-force took control over [[Fatehgarh Sahib|Fatehgarh]], [[Dharamkot, Moga|Dharamkot]], Gangarana, and [[Baddowal]].<ref name=":6" /> Ladwa State was one of the only Cis-Sutlej states that actively sided with the Lahore State against the British during the First Anglo-Sikh War.<ref name=":0" /> The joint forces of the states of Ladwa and Lahore burnt a portion of the Ludhiana cantonment.<ref name=":4" /> In the aftermath, the British marched upon Karnal and annexed the polity in 1846.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bal |first=Sarjit Singh |title=A Brief History of the Modern Punjab |publisher=Lyall Book Depot |year=1974 |pages=3}}</ref><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pasha |first=Mustapha Kamal |title=Colonial Political Economy: Recruitment and Underdevelopment in the Punjab |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1998 |isbn=9780195777628 |pages=158}}</ref> The reason the British annexed the state was due to pro-Lahore activities during the war.<ref name=":5" />

== List of rulers ==
{| class="wikitable"
!{{Abbr|No.|Number}}
!Name
{{small|(Birth–Death)}}
!Portrait
! class="unsortable" |Reign
!Ref.
|-
|1.
|Gurdit Singh
|
|1763–?
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|2.
|Ajit Singh
|[[File:Ajit Singh of Ladwa.jpg|179x179px]]
|?–1846
|<ref name=":0" />
|}

== Gallery ==
<gallery widths="300" heights="240">
File:Map of the protected Sikh states exhibiting the possessions of the petty chiefs and independent Jagirdars in the Punjab, by G. R. Clerk, 1841 (cropped) Ladwa North Enclaves.jpg|Ladwa State northern exclaves, in the [[Ludhiana district|Ludhiana District]] near [[Sahnewal|Sanewal]] & [[Baddowal|Buddowal]] enclave.
File:Map of the protected Sikh states exhibiting the possessions of the petty chiefs and independent Jagirdars in the Punjab, copy from 1843 (F.4-6) (cropped) Ladwa enclaves.jpg|Ladwa State northern exclaves, in the [[Ludhiana district|Ludhiana District]] near [[Sahnewal|Sanewal]] & [[Baddowal|Buddowal]] enclave with details of village.
File:Map of the protected Sikh states exhibiting the possessions of the petty chiefs and independent Jagirdars in the Punjab, copy from 1843 (F.4-7).jpg|'''1843 Map of the Cis-sutlej states Including Ladwa state'''
File:Map of the protected Sikh states exhibiting the possessions of the petty chiefs and independent Jagirdars in the Punjab, copy from 1843 (F.4-6).jpg|'''1843 Map of the Cis-sutlej states Including Ladwa state with village level details'''
</gallery>

== See also ==

* [[Cis-Sutlej states]]
* [[Treaty of Amritsar (1809)]]
* [[Ferozepore (jagir)]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1763 establishments in India]]
[[Category:1846 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:History of Sikhism]]
[[Category:Sikhism in India]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1846]]

1983 (film)

2026-03-06T21:09:47Z

Hindutashravi: slightly cleanup page for clarity and corrected details

{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = 1983
| image = 1983_malayalam_film.jpg
| caption = Theatrical poster
| alt =
| director = [[Abrid Shine]]
| producer = [[T. R. Shamsudheen]]
| story = [[Abrid Shine]]
| screenplay = [[Abrid Shine]] [[Bipin Chandran]]
| starring = [[Nivin Pauly]] [[Anoop Menon]] [[Nikki Galrani]] [[Srinda Arhaan]]
| music = [[Gopi Sunder]]
| cinematography = Pradeesh M. Varma
| editing = Manoj
| studio = Shams Films
| distributor = LJ Films (India) / PJ Entertainments & Tricolor Entertainments.
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2014|01|31}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = ₹3.25 crore
| gross = ₹20 crore
}}

'''''1983''''' is a 2014 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[coming-of-age film|coming-of-age]] [[sports film]] directed by fashion photographer [[Abrid Shine]], who wrote the story and co-wrote the script with [[Bipin Chandran]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/nivin-pauly-and-anoop-menon-in-1983-news-malayalam-ncntvWbhhja.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130216110129/http://www.sify.com/movies/nivin-pauly-and-anoop-menon-in-1983-news-malayalam-ncntvWbhhja.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 February 2013 |title=Nivin Pauly and Anoop Menon in 1983 |website=[[Sify]] |date=13 February 2013 |access-date=5 July 2013}}</ref><ref name="thehindu1983">{{cite news|first=Vijay |last=George |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/on-location-1983-for-the-love-of-the-game/article4880369.ece |title=On location: 1983 — For the love of the game |work=The Hindu|date=4 July 2013 |access-date=5 July 2013}}</ref> The film, produced under the banner of Shams Films, stars [[Nivin Pauly]] in the lead role. [[Anoop Menon]], [[Nikki Galrani]], [[Joy Mathew]], [[Srinda Arhaan]], Jacob Gregory, [[Saiju Kurup]], Binoy Antony, Shine Tom Chacko, Dinesh, Sui Joseph, [[Neeraj Madhav]] and Sanju, make up the rest of the cast. Pradeesh Varma cranked the camera and the music director was [[Gopi Sunder]],<ref name="thehindu1983"/> for which he received the [[62nd National Film Awards]] for [[National Film Award for Best Music Direction|Best Background Score]].<ref>{{cite news|title=National Film Awards (Malayalam): Twitterati Congratulate Gopi Sunder, Sidhartha Siva and Jayaraj [Photos]|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/national-film-awards-malayalam-twitterati-congratulate-gopi-sunder-sidhartha-siva-jayaraj-627136|agency=[[International Business Times]]|date=24 March 2015|first=Anu|last=James}}</ref>

The film is a family drama that revolves around [[cricket]]. It centers on Rameshan ([[Nivin Pauly]]) and his memories from 1983 when [[1983 Cricket World Cup|India won its first World Cup]] under [[Kapil Dev]].<ref name="thehindu1983"/><ref name="indiatimes1">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/malayalam/news-and-interviews/Mwood-gears-up-for-more-sports-movies/articleshow/18529625.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202221455/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-17/news-and-interviews/37133495_1_nivin-kunchacko-boban-parvathy |url-status=live |archive-date=2 February 2014 |title=M'wood gears up for more sports movies |date=17 February 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=5 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=5 July 2013 |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130703/entertainment-mollywood/article/non-stop-%E2%80%981983%E2%80%99 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130807045325/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130703/entertainment-mollywood/article/non-stop-%E2%80%981983%E2%80%99 |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 August 2013 |title=Non-stop from '1983' |work=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=5 July 2013}}</ref> ''1983'', which is also a tribute to cricketer [[Sachin Tendulkar]], was released on 31 January and was the first success film of 2014. All the songs composed by Gopi Sunder became popular and one of them, "Olanjali Kuruvi", was a chartbuster.<ref name=ibtimes>{{cite news|title=Malayalam Cinema: Top 5 Debutant Directors of 2014|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/malayalam-cinema-top-5-debutant-directors-2014-618812|agency=[[International Business Times]]|author=Nicy|date=31 December 2014}}</ref>

The film received three [[2014 Kerala State Film Awards|Kerala State Film Award]]s including [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Debut Director|Best Debut Director]] for Abride Shine, [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] for Nivin Pauly and [[Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Actor|Second Best Actor]] for [[Anoop Menon]].<ref name="award">{{cite web|author=Kerala Chalachitra Academy|title=State Film Award 2014|url=http://www.keralafilm.com/index.php/kca-updates/318-state-film-award-2014|publisher=Keralafilm.com|access-date=10 August 2015|date=10 August 2015}}</ref> It is widely regarded as one of the best movies during the [[New Wave (Malayalam film movement)|Malayalam New Wave]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Nagarajan|first=Saraswathy|date=2019-12-19|title=The 25 best Malayalam films of the decade: 'Premam', 'Maheshinte Prathikaram', 'Kumbalangi Nights' and more|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-25-best-malayalam-films-of-the-decade-premam-maheshinte-prathikaram-kumbalangi-nights-and-more/article30349548.ece|access-date=2021-07-11|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Plot==
In a remote village in [[Kerala]] named Brahmamangalam, the people have a passion for [[cricket]]. From India winning their first [[1983 Cricket World Cup|Cricket World Cup in 1983]], to present times, the story follows the father-son relationship of two generations. As a teenager Rameshan is passionate about cricket and performs well in his academics. His father wants his son to become an engineer one day. Rameshan is in love with Manjula, who is studying in the same school. He is part of a local cricket team, formed by his close friends, and wins many local tournaments with his above par performance in batting. However, with time his academic results turn very poor and he even fails his 12th Board exams. Even if he fails in his academics, his love for the game remains the same and his father continues to protest against this. His love interest, Manjula, is very good at her studies and joins another college for higher education.

Rameshan joins his father in running an electrical workshop and lives a modest life. His love for game continues all this while. Eventually, he loses his lover who marries an Indian-American. A depressed Rameshan is encouraged by his friends and family to marry a girl from the same village. His wife, Susheela, is ignorant about cricket to such an extent that she doesn't know [[Sachin Tendulkar]]. Rameshan is blessed with his son, Kannan, who shows an interest in cricket at a very young age. Rameshan still plays cricket and starts coaching his son. Rameshan wants his son to become a cricketer. He takes his son to a former state cricket player Vijay Menon's sports academy. Rameshan faces many financial problems to support his son's coaching. His wife helps him against his mother's wishes. After some days unfortunately Vijay wants to go to Chennai, as he was called by his senior coach Chandrakant and he wants Vijay to be with him to take responsibility of his cricket coaching club. For a better future for Kannan, Vijay advises Rameshan to join the cricket academy of his friend. But Kannan could get the selection in order to join the academy. But he fails to get the selection as the ball strikes on the back tail and he gets injured.

Rameshan's father and son play a vital role in his life and eventually his father gives him his support to pursue his love for cricket. At the end, Rameshan, with the help of his father, makes a bowling machine to help his son play pace. After many ups and downs, and motivation from Vijay, Kannan gets selected for the Under-14 district team. Like how he loved the cricket now his son also loves cricket. The movie ends with Rameshan talking about wanting to see his son wearing India's jersey.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Nivin Pauly]] as Rameshan
* [[Anoop Menon]] as Vijay Menon, cricket coach
* Bhagath Abrid as Kannan, Son of Rameshan
* [[Srinda Arhaan]] as Susheela, wife of Rameshan
* [[Nikki Galrani]] as Manjula Sasidharan, ex-lover of Rameshan
* [[Joy Mathew]] as Gopi Aashaan, father of Rameshan
* [[Seema G. Nair]] as Rameshan's mother
*[[Binoy Antony]] as Basheer
* [[Saiju Kurup]] as Pappan
* [[Dinesh Prabhakar]] as Ambrose Saji
* [[Sanju Sivram]] as Babukuttan
* [[Neeraj Madhav]] as Prahaladan a.k.a. Vilakkoothi
* Kalabhavan Prajod as Mantle Jerry
* [[Jacob Gregory]] as Sachin (extended cameo)
* [[Joju George]] as David, cricket coach
* [[Nandhana Varma]] as Young Manjula Sasidharan
* [[Ambika Mohan]] as Manjula's Mother (cameo appearance)
* [[Arun Cherukavil|Arun]] as Manjula's Husband (cameo appearance)
* [[Valsala Menon]]
* [[Gokulan (actor)|Gokulan]] as Kuttan
* Sajan Palluruthy as commentator
* Jiya Irani as Minnal Freddy
* Priyanka as Beautician (cameo appearance)
* [[Chembil Ashokan]] as Tea Shop Owner (cameo appearance)
{{colend}}

==Production==
The film started its shoot in May 2013 in [[Ernakulam]], produced by Shamsudheen under the banner of Shams films.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nowrunning.com/malayalam/1983-started-its-shoot/71290/story.htm |title='1983' started its shoot |publisher=Nowrunning.com |date=27 May 2013 |accessdate=5 July 2013}}</ref> The movie distribution was done by LJ Films, owned by director [[Lal Jose]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/article/101700.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140101145558/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/article/101700.html |url-status= dead |archive-date= 1 January 2014 |title=Lal Jose to distribute 1983 |work=indiaglitz.com |year=2014 }}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = 1983
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Gopi Sunder]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2014
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]
| label = [[Manorama Music]]
| producer = [[Gopi Sunder]]
| prev_title = [[Salala Mobiles]]
| prev_year = 2014
| next_title = [[Happy Journey (2014 Malayalam film)|Happy Journey]]
| next_year = 2014
}}

{{Track listing

| extra_column = Artist(s)

| all_lyrics = Santhosh Varma except where noted
| all_music = [[Gopi Sundar]]

| title1 = Olanajali Kuruvi
| lyrics1 = Hari Narayanan
| extra1 = [[P. Jayachandran]], [[Vani Jairam]]
| length1 = {{Duration|4:48}}

| title2 = Thalavettam Kanumba
| extra2 = Gopi Sundar, Nivas
| length2 = {{Duration|3:20}}

| title3 = Nenjile Nenjile
| extra3 = Gopi Sundar, [[Shankar Mahadevan]], Aleetta Dennis
| length3 = {{Duration|4:50}}

| title4 = Olakkam Choodumaayi
| extra4 = Nivas, Aleetta Dennis
| length4 = {{Duration|4:52}}

}}

==Reception==
Entertainment site oneindia gave the film 3.5/5 stars and said "''1983'' is a thoroughly enjoyable entertainer which pleases your heart throughout. For almost all generations, it's a nostalgic revisit to those childhood memories, where you had played cricket with your friends, a tennis ball, wickets of stick, and a bat carved from leaf stalk".<ref>{{cite news|title=1983 Movie Review – A Real Entertainer!|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/reviews/2014/1983-movie-review-131045.html|work=OneIndia|date=31 January 2014|access-date=31 January 2014|archive-date=21 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140721180516/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/malayalam/reviews/2014/1983-movie-review-131045.html|url-status=live}}{{Rating|3.5|5}}</ref>

''[[International Business Times|IBTimes]]'' ranked [[Abrid Shine]] first in its list of the top 5 debutant Malayalam directors of 2014.<ref name=ibtimes/>

== Box office ==
It was one of the biggest commercial successes of 2014 in Malayalam.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/intl/uk/yearly/?yr=2014&sort=gross&order=DESC&pagenum=4&p=.htm|title=United Kingdom and Ireland and Malta Yearly Box Office|work=[[Box Office Mojo]]|date=30 December 2014}}</ref>

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col"| Award
! scope="col"| Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
! scope="col"| Category
! scope="col"| Recipient(s)
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="3"| [[Asianet Film Awards]]
| rowspan="3"| [[17th Asianet Film Awards|11 January 2015]]
| Best Character Actor
| [[Anoop Menon]]
| {{won}}
| rowspan="3"| <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/17th-asianet-film-awards-mammootty-manju-warrier-win-best-actor-awards-photoswinners-list-620099|title=17th Asianet Film Awards|website=International Business Times|date=12 January 2015|access-date=12 April 2020}}</ref>
|-
| Best New Face Award
| [[Nikki Galrani]]
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Music Director
| [[Gopi Sundar]]
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="4"| [[Asiavision Awards]]
| rowspan="4"| 14 November 2014
| Best Debut Director
| [[Abrid Shine]]
| {{won}}
| rowspan="4"| <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/asiavision-awards-2014-aishwarya-rai-dhanush-kajol-mammootty-manju-warrier-be-honoured-612940|title=Asiavision Awards 2014|website=International Business Times|date=3 November 2014|access-date=12 April 2020}}</ref>
|-
| Star of The Year – Male
| [[Nivin Pauly]]
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Music Director
| [[Gopi Sundar]]
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Playback Singer – Female
| [[Vani Jairam]] ("Olanajali Kuruvi")
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="7"| [[Filmfare Awards South]]
| rowspan="7"| [[62nd Filmfare Awards South|26 June 2015]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Malayalam|Best Film – Malayalam]]
| ''1983''
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="7"| <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/62nd-filmfare-awards-south-2015-dulquer-salmaan-nivin-pauly-mammootty-biju-menon-suresh-gopi-634657|title=62nd Filmfare Awards South 2015|website=International Business Times|date=4 June 2015|access-date=11 April 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-62nd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-9643.html|title=Winners of 62nd Britannia Filmfare Awards South|website=Filmfare|date=27 June 2015|access-date=11 April 2020}}</ref>
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Malayalam|Best Director – Malayalam]]
| [[Abrid Shine]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Malayalam|Best Actor – Malayalam]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Nivin Pauly]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor – Malayalam|Critics Best Actor – Malayalam]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut – South|Best Female Debut – Malayalam]]
| [[Nikki Galrani]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist – Malayalam|Best Lyricist – Malayalam]]
| [[B.K.Harinarayanan]] ("Olanajali Kuruvi")
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Malayalam|Best Female Playback Singer – Malayalam]]
| [[Vani Jairam]] ("Olanajali Kuruvi")
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="3"| [[Kerala State Film Awards]]
| rowspan="3"| [[45th Kerala State Film Awards|10 August 2015]]
| [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Debut Director|Best Debut Director]]
| [[Abrid Shine]]
| {{won}}
| rowspan="3"| <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/kerala-state-awards-2014-announced-nivin-pauly-nazriya-nazim-bangalore-days-emerge-victorious-642318|title=Kerala State Film Awards 2014|website=International Business Times|date=10 August 2015|access-date=11 April 2020}}</ref>
|-
| [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
| [[Nivin Pauly]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Actor|Best Character Role - Male]]
| [[Anoop Menon]]
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row"| [[National Film Awards]]
| [[62nd National Film Awards|3 May 2015]]
| [[National Film Award for Best Music Direction|Best Music Direction]] ({{small|[[Background music|Background Score]]}})
| [[Gopi Sundar]]
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2015/mar/24/complete-list-of-the-62nd-national-film-awards-732858.html|title=Complete List of The 62nd National Film Awards|website=The New Indian Express|date=24 March 2015|access-date=12 April 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="6"| [[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| rowspan="6"| [[4th South Indian International Movie Awards|6—7 August 2015]]
| Best Debut Director – Malayalam
| [[Abrid Shine]]
| {{won}}
| rowspan="6"| <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/siima-2015-malayalam-nominations-mammootty-fahadh-faasil-nivin-pauly-prithviraj-dulquer-636069|title=SIIMA 2015 Malayalam Nominations|website=International Business Times|date=16 June 2015|access-date=11 April 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://siima.in/2015/winners.html|title=SIIMA 2015 Malayalam Winners|website=South Indian International Movie Awards|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=17 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517085848/http://siima.in/2015/winners.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Actor – Malayalam|Best Actor – Malayalam]]
| [[Nivin Pauly]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Female Debut – Malayalam|Best Female Debut – Malayalam]]
| [[Nikki Galrani]]
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Actress in a Supporting Role – Malayalam
| [[Srinda Arhaan]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Lyricist – Malayalam|Best Lyricist – Malayalam]]
| [[B.K.Harinarayanan]] ("Olanajali Kuruvi")
| {{won}}
|-
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Malayalam|Best Male Playback Singer – Malayalam]]
| [[P. Jayachandran]] ("Olanajali Kuruvi")
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="5"| [[Vanitha Film Awards]]
| rowspan="5"| 15 February 2015
| Best Film
| ''1983''
| {{won}}
| rowspan="5"| <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/vanithasarah-film-awards-1983-mammootty-manju-warrier-emerge-victorious-winners-list-623226|title=Vanitha–Cera Film Awards|website=International Business Times|date=12 February 2015|access-date=12 April 2020}}</ref>
|-
| Most Popular Actor
| [[Nivin Pauly]]
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Supporting Actress
| [[Srindaa|Srinda Arhaan]]
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Newcomer Actress
| [[Nikki Galrani]]
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Lyricist
| [[B.K.Harinarayanan]] ("Olanajali Kuruvi")
| {{won}}
|-
|}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|3506970}}

[[Category:Films about cricket in India]]
[[Category:2014 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:2014 Indian films]]
[[Category:2014 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Gopi Sundar]]
[[Category:1983 Cricket World Cup]]
[[Category:Films directed by Abrid Shine]]

South Bihar Power Distribution Company Limited

2026-03-06T03:03:51Z

Hindutashravi: Entry

{{Short description|Power Distribution Company in Bihar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox company
| name = South Bihar Power Distribution Company Limited
| logo = SBPDCL logo.gif
| type = [[Public sector|Government owned]]
| foundation = November 01, 2012 (Carved out of [[Bihar State Power Holding Company Limited|BSPHCL]])
| location = [[Patna]], Bihar, India
| key_people = Mahendra Kumar ([[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]),
[[Managing Director]]
| area_served = 17 [[Districts of Bihar|districts of south Bihar]] {{collapsible list |Patna |Nalanda |Gaya |Bhagalpur|Lakhisarai
|Jehanabad |Aurangabad |Buxar |Bhojpur
|Rohtas |Arwal |Munger
|Banka |Nawada |Sheikhpura| Jamui |Kaimur}}
| industry = [[Electricity distribution]]
| products = [[Electricity]]
| revenue =
| num_employees =
| parent = [[Government of Bihar]]
| homepage = {{url|sbpdcl.co.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''South Bihar Power Distribution Company Limited''' (SBPDCL) is a [[Government-owned corporation|public sector undertaking]] (PSU) controlled by the [[Government of Bihar]], in [[India]]. It was formed on 1 November 2012 under section 14 of the Electricity Act of 2003, and is the successor to the erstwhile [[Bihar State Electricity Board]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/bseb-unbundled-5-companies-come-into-being-from-today-112110100407_1.html | title=BSEB unbundled, 5 companies come into being from today | publisher=Business Standard | work=PTI | date=1 November 2012 | accessdate=11 June 2016}}</ref>

==Infrastructure==
SBPDCL has an infrastructure facility in its operating area with 512 power system stabilizers, 705 power transformers, 139 33 kV feeders, 825 11 kV feeders and around 29,668 distribution transformers of various capacities.<ref name="glance">{{cite web | url=http://www.sbpdcl.in/AtGlance.aspx?GL=2&PL=2 | title=SBPDCL- At a glance | publisher=sbpdcl.in | accessdate=11 June 2016}}</ref>

==Network==
SBPDCL encompasses an area of 17 districts of southern Bihar further divided into 36 divisions viz., [[Ara, Bihar|Ara]], [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]], [[Banka, Bihar|Banka]], [[Bankipore]], [[Barbigha]], [[Barh]], [[Barahiya]], [[Bhabua]], [[Bihar Sharif]], [[Bikramganj]], [[Bakhtiyarpur]], [[Buxar]], Dakbungalow, [[Daudnagar]], [[Dehri]], [[Dumraon]], [[Fatuha]], [[Gaya district]], [[Gulzarbagh]], [[Hilsa, Bihar|Hilsa]], [[Jehanabad]], [[Jamalpur, Bihar|Jamalpur]], [[Jamui]], [[Jhajha]], [[Kankarbagh]]-II (Ram Krishna Nagar), [[Lakhisarai]], [[Makhdumpur]], [[Maner]], [[Masaurhi]], [[Mokama]], [[Munger]], [[Naugachia]], [[Nawada]], [[Patliputra colony|Patliputra]], [[Patna City]], [[Rajendra Nagar, Patna]], [[Rajgir]], [[Sasaram]], [[Sheikhpura]], [[Sherghati]], [[Sultanganj]], [[Warisaliganj]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://bijlibill.com/sbpdcl-bill-check-payment/ | title=Online Electricity Bill Payment System | publisher=bijlibill.com/ | accessdate=16 September 2023}}</ref> Catering to the power requirements of around 1.8 million consumers in 2012.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sbpdcl.in/MessagefromMD.aspx?GL=2&PL=3 | title=Message from MD | publisher=sbpdcl.in | accessdate=20 August 2016}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Energy}}
* [[Bihar State Power Holding Company Limited]]
* [[North Bihar Power Distribution Company Limited]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{State agencies of Bihar}}
{{Power stations of Bihar}}

[[Category:Electric power distribution network operators in India]]
[[Category:Energy in Bihar]]
[[Category:State agencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:State electricity agencies of India]]
[[Category:2012 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 2012]]
[[Category:Nitish Kumar]]

Avargal

2026-03-04T04:45:08Z

Hindutashravi: Added Initial Page And Citations.

{{Short description|1977 film by K. Balachander}}
{{For|the 2017 film formerly titled with this name|Richie (film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Avargal
| image = Avargal poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[K. Balachander]]
| writer = K. Balachander
| producer = P. R. Govindarajan J. Duraisamy
| starring = [[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]] [[Kamal Haasan]] [[Rajinikanth]] [[Ravikumar (actor)|Ravikumar]]
| cinematography = [[B. S. Lokanath]]
| editing = N. R. Kittu
| music = [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
| studio = Kalakendra Movies
| released = {{Film date|1977|02|25|df=y}}
| runtime = 167 minutes{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=430}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Avargal''''' ({{IPA|ta|aʋaɾɡaɭ|pron}} {{translation|They}}) is a 1977 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic drama film]] written and directed by [[K. Balachander]]. The film stars [[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]], [[Kamal Haasan]], [[Rajinikanth]] and [[Ravikumar (actor)|Ravikumar]]. A [[Love triangle|triangular love story]], it revolves around a woman who is caught between the man she fell in love with and her former sadistic husband who is supposedly reformed and wants to get back together with her.

''Avargal'' was released on 25 February 1977. Although the film was a commercial failure, Sujatha won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil]], and the film qualified for the [[Indian Panorama]]. Balachander later remade the film in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Idi Katha Kaadu]]'' (1979), with Haasan reprising his role.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2020 |title=Kamal Haasan and Chiranjeevi worked together in a Telugu film for the first time in Idi Katha Kaadu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/did-you-know/kamal-haasan-and-chiranjeevi-worked-together-in-a-telugu-film-for-the-first-time-in-idi-katha-kaadu/articleshow/75788095.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203104939/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/did-you-know/kamal-haasan-and-chiranjeevi-worked-together-in-a-telugu-film-for-the-first-time-in-idi-katha-kaadu/articleshow/75788095.cms |archive-date=3 December 2021 |access-date=3 December 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Anu is a dancer in love with Bharani, a flautist. After her father is transferred to [[Mumbai|Bombay]], she slowly loses touch with Bharani, who does not respond to her letters. When her father falls ill, his colleague Ramanathan supports them. When Ramanathan offers to marry Anu, she is in a fix. She seeks time to decide and writes one last letter to Bharani, and upon receiving no reply, she marries Ramanathan. Soon after, her father dies.

After marriage, Ramanathan reveals his true personality; chauvinistic, sadistic, and possessive. Not wanting to be identified as a dancer's husband, he forces her to give up dancing. Ramanathan suspects Anu's character and expresses doubts regarding the paternity of their newborn son. Unable to take further abuse, and also for the well-being of her son, she divorces Ramanathan, refuses [[alimony]], and returns to [[Chennai|Madras]] to start a new independent life.

In Madras, Anu gets supportive friends at her office, particularly a widower named Janardhan "Johnny," who frequently "[[Ventriloquism|talks]]" through his puppet, Junior. As Anu struggles to find a house, he offers his own flat and moves to his outhouse. Despite loving Anu, he lacks the courage to tell her. Bharani, Johnny's neighbour, visits and is surprised to see Anu. She learns that none of her letters have reached Bharani, since they were intercepted by his mentally-ill sister. Bharani saw the letters only after his sister died. By then, it was too late, as Anu had already married Ramanathan. Heartbroken, Bharani remained single.

Ramanathan's estranged mother, Leelavathi, realises Anu is her daughter-in-law. She regrets her son's behaviour; exploiting her anonymity, she obtains work as Anu's maid. Anu renews her relationship with Bharani. Leelavathi also supports Anu's decisions and advises her to move ahead in life. They decide to marry and a date is fixed for a civil wedding.

Ramanathan comes to Madras as Anu's boss, seemingly repentant and wanting to redress his wrongs. He does not reveal that he is Anu's ex-husband to Bharani, who reveals his plans to marry Anu. Johnny learns about Anu and Bharani's love; though disappointed, he continues to support Anu. Leelavathi convinces Anu to discard her ''[[mangala sutra]]'' and marry Bharani. However, on the scheduled day, Anu falls ill and does not turn up at the marriage registrar's office. Bharani comes to her house, where he is disappointed to see Ramanathan taking care of Anu. Three men — Ramanathan, Bharani and Johnny — vy for her.

Ramanathan seeks forgiveness and expresses his desire to re-marry Anu. When Anu's colleague Rajathi, who knows Leelavathi, visits Anu, she is stunned to see Leelavathi employed as her maid. Despite Leelavathi's earlier pleas not to reveal her identity, Rajathi does so out of frustration. Shocked, Anu seeks Leelavathi's forgiveness. She goes to meet Johnny to seek his advice. Johnny finally courageously reveals his love for Anu through Junior. Anu expresses her inability to accept his love, but seeks his continued support as a friend. Noticing Anu's predicament and Ramanathan's continued involvement in her life, Bharani decides to move away from her and goes abroad for his musical programmes.

Ramanathan's reformed behaviour and Leelavathi's sacrifices make Anu agree to become Ramanathan's wife once again. When she reaches his home, Leelavathi reveals that Ramanathan has not really changed; he had staged this drama to stop her marriage to Bharani. When another woman shows up with her child claiming to be Ramanathan's wife, Anu realises Ramanathan's hidden agenda. Anu rushes to meet Bharani, but is too late by then, as Ramanathan has convinced Bharani to marry his rich fan Gayathri, and the engagement takes place.

Anu confronts Ramanathan; he reveals that he could not tolerate his ex-wife living happily; hence, he ensured that all her dreams were shattered. Anu quits her job and plans to leave Madras. Johnny makes all arrangements for her travel to [[Thiruvananthapuram|Trivandrum]], her destination. When the train leaves, Anu is shocked to see Leelavathi also on board. Leelavathi says this is the only way she can find solace for the sins of her son. Anu and Leelavathi embrace.

== Cast ==
* [[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]] as Anu{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=58}}
* [[Kamal Haasan]] as Janardhan (Johnny){{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|pp=58–59}}
* [[Rajinikanth]] as Ramanathan{{sfn|Ramachandran|2012|p=34}}
* [[Ravikumar (actor)|Ravikumar]] as Bharani{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=430}}
* [[Leelavathi (actress)|Leelavathi]] as Leelavathi{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=430}}
* [[Kumari Padmini]] as Rajathi{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|p=241}}
* [[Kutty Padmini]] as Gayathri{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|p=242}}

== Production ==
Kamal Haasan learnt the art of [[ventriloquism]] to portray his character perfectly.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 November 2000 |title=Kamal, as we know him |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/nov/08kamal.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221192756/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/nov/08kamal.htm |archive-date=21 December 2014 |access-date=14 December 2013 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 November 2003 |title=Kamal's best! |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/nov/07kamal2.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214144534/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/nov/07kamal2.htm |archive-date=14 December 2013 |access-date=14 December 2013 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> Both Haasan and [[Raghuram]] worked as choreographers for the film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 October 2014 |title=Enriching cinema, Kamal style |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/enriching-cinema-kamal-style/article6508117.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150115090729/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/enriching-cinema-kamal-style/article6508117.ece |archive-date=15 January 2015 |access-date=11 September 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The song "Junior Junior" was picturised on Haasan's character using a puppet named Junior.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gowalla |first=Reema |date=3 January 2017 |title=Bengaluru turns the spotlight on puppetry |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/bengaluru-turns-the-spotlight-on-puppetry/articleshow/56293384.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716061230/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/bengaluru-turns-the-spotlight-on-puppetry/articleshow/56293384.cms |archive-date=16 July 2018 |access-date=16 July 2018 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> While not shooting his scenes, Rajinikanth would watch Haasan acting and learn from it to improve his own acting.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 November 2018 |title=HBD Ulaganayagan: When Rajini was asked to learn acting from Kamal |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2018/11/07/kamal-haasan-birthday-special-rajinikanth-speech.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240409125946/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2018/11/07/kamal-haasan-birthday-special-rajinikanth-speech.html |archive-date=9 April 2024 |access-date=9 April 2024 |work=[[Onmanorama]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[M. S. Viswanathan]] and lyrics were written by [[Kannadasan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Avargal (1977) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=T0000583 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140816205842/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=T0000583 |archive-date=16 August 2014 |access-date=12 July 2018 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Avargal Tamil Film EP Vinyl Record by M S Viswanathan |url=https://mossymart.com/product/avargal-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-m-s-viswanathan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610093628/https://mossymart.com/product/avargal-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-m-s-viswanathan/ |archive-date=10 June 2021 |access-date=10 June 2021 |website=Mossymart}}</ref> Viswanathan composed the song "Angum Ingum" within 15 minutes.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=18 April 2008 |title=The passion showed |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/the-passion-showed/article1433960.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20191021144858/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/The-passion-showed/article15398369.ece |archive-date=21 October 2019 |access-date=11 September 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The song is set in the [[Carnatic raga]] known as [[Sankarabharanam (raga)|Sankarabharanam]],{{sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=124}} while "Kaatrukkenna Veli" is set in Bala Nandhini.{{sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=138}} Songs like "Kaatrukkenna Veli", "Junior" and "Angum Ingum" attained popularity.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 May 2011 |title=The Very Best of K Balachander |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-ten-pathbreaking-films-by-k-balachander/20110502.htm#4 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229043352/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-ten-pathbreaking-films-by-k-balachander/20110502.htm#4 |archive-date=29 December 2014 |access-date=14 December 2013 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singers !! Length
|-
| "Angum Ingum" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]|| 3:31
|-
| "Gangaiyile Neer" || [[S. Janaki]] || 1:53
|-
| "Ippadiyor Thalattu" || S. Janaki || 4:14
|-
| "Junior Junior" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Sadan || 6:01
|-
| "Kaatrukkenna Veli" || S. Janaki || 4:15
|}
== Release and reception ==
''Avargal'' was released on 25 February 1977.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 February 2017 |title='அவர்கள்' நம்மோடுதான் இருக்கிறார்கள்! – 'அவர்கள்' 40: ஆண்டுகள் நிறைவு |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/218862-40.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009064528/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/218862-40.html |archive-date=9 October 2019 |access-date=9 October 2019 |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref> The magazine ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'', in a review dated 13 March 1977, appreciated the film, mentioned that it was a different attempt, and that though the film was narrated with many flashbacks, with Balachander's touches they were not a burden to follow.{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|p=242}} Kanthan of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' appreciated the cast performances, particularly Sujatha's, but felt Ravikumar could have been more polished. He also appreciated Balachander's writing and direction.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=காந்தன் |date=20 March 1977 |title=அவர்கள் |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1977/mar/20-03-1977/p71.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220728065738/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1977/mar/20-03-1977/p71.jpg |archive-date=28 July 2022 |access-date=28 July 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=71 |language=ta}}</ref> Although the film was a commercial failure,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ilangovan |first=R. |date=12 October 2013 |title=The KB school |url=http://www.frontline.in/arts-and-culture/cinema/the-kb-school/article5184972.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214094529/http://www.frontline.in/arts-and-culture/cinema/the-kb-school/article5184972.ece |archive-date=14 December 2013 |access-date=14 December 2013 |website=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]}}</ref> Sujatha won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil]],<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015069813841;view=1up;seq=486 |title=The Times of India Directory and Year Book Including Who's who |publisher=[[The Times Group|Bennett Coleman & Co. Ltd]] |year=1984 |pages=234}}</ref> and the film qualified for the [[Indian Panorama]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ray |first=Bibekananda |title=Conscience of the Race: India's Offbeat Cinema |publisher=[[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]] |year=2005 |isbn=9788123012988 |editor-last=Joshi |editor-first=Naveen |pages=120}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Cinema 1977–78 |url=https://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/144_IPCatalogue1977-78.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610093919/https://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/144_IPCatalogue1977-78.pdf |archive-date=10 June 2021 |access-date=10 June 2021 |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
''Avargal'' had a reputation of being one of the most sensitive films on women's lib,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Aravind |first=C V |date=6 August 2011 |title=Overshadowed brilliance |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/181847/overshadowed-brilliance.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214150849/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/181847/overshadowed-brilliance.html |archive-date=14 December 2013 |access-date=14 December 2013 |work=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref> and is widely regarded as one of the finest that Balachander had directed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 December 2014 |title=K Balachander's finest films |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/k-balachanders-finest-films/20141224.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924145655/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/k-balachanders-finest-films/20141224.htm |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=11 September 2015 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> In 2014, [[Baradwaj Rangan]] while analysing the dominance of female characters in Balachander's films, included ''Avargal'' as one among them.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=24 December 2014 |title=A ladies' man |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/tribute-to-k-balachander-by-baradwaj-rangan/article6722637.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225123025/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/tribute-to-k-balachander-by-baradwaj-rangan/article6722637.ece |archive-date=25 December 2014 |access-date=11 September 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Clips from ''Avargal'' were screened along with clips from other films such as ''[[Server Sundaram]]'' (1964), ''[[Iru Kodugal]]'' (1969), ''[[Arangetram (1973 film)|Arangetram]]'' (1973), ''[[Aval Oru Thodar Kathai]]'' (1974) and ''[[Azhagan]]'' (1991) at a function held in Balachander's honour at [[Tiruchirappalli]] in January 2015,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=G. |date=22 January 2015 |title=Rich tributes paid to Balachander |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/rich-tributes-paid-to-balachander/article6810307.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502054539/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/rich-tributes-paid-to-balachander/article6810307.ece |archive-date=2 May 2015 |access-date=2 May 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> a month after his death.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 December 2014 |title=K Balachander: The man who gave us Rajinikanth, Kamal Hassan dies |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/k-balachander-the-man-who-gave-us-rajinikanth-kamal-hassan-dies/articleshow/45622244.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326020550/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/k-balachander-the-man-who-gave-us-rajinikanth-kamal-hassan-dies/articleshow/45622244.cms |archive-date=26 March 2016 |access-date=2 May 2015 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India]]}}</ref>

In 2007, [[Rediff.com]] wrote, "''Avargal'' was considered a progressive and radical film by the seventies' standard. Rajnikanth gave a classic performance projecting a combination of two contrasting facets of villainy – both openly sadistic and wily. He actually outdid himself as the wily scheming man".<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 May 2007 |title=Rajnikath, the villain |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/may/21slid4.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214144424/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/may/21slid4.htm |archive-date=14 December 2013 |access-date=14 December 2013 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> In 2011, after Balachander had been given the [[Dadasaheb Phalke Award]], Rediff named it one of Balachander's best and wrote, "''Avargal'' is yet another film that portrayed a strong female protagonist".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 May 2011 |title=The Very Best of K Balachander |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-ten-pathbreaking-films-by-k-balachander/20110502.htm#4 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229043352/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-ten-pathbreaking-films-by-k-balachander/20110502.htm#4 |archive-date=29 December 2014 |access-date=11 September 2015 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> Writing for ''[[The Hindu]]'' in 2011, S. Shiva Kumar said, "I emerged highly impressed. The characterisation was fascinating and the acting underplayed to perfection. There's the sadistic husband played to perfection by Rajnikant, the wife who walks out portrayed by Sujatha whose eloquent eyes mirrored pain even when she smiled and Kamal who mesmerised as a Malayali ventriloquist, silently admires Sujatha".<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 May 2011 |title=A life of achievements |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2011/05/06/stories/2011050651110400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216140424/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2011/05/06/stories/2011050651110400.htm |archive-date=16 December 2013 |access-date=14 December 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Malathi Rangarajan of ''The Hindu'' wrote, "Avargal is yet another film in which Sujatha scored a ton, despite the powerful presence of Rajinikanth, Kamal Haasan and Ravikumar" and also praised Rajni's performance as "one of his best till date".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=7 March 2014 |title=Women of Steel |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/women-of-steel/article5760715.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410221025/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/women-of-steel/article5760715.ece |archive-date=10 April 2017 |access-date=11 September 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
*{{Cite book |last=Dhananjayan |first=G. |author-link=G. Dhananjayan |title=Pride of Tamil Cinema: 1931–2013 |title-link=Pride of Tamil Cinema |publisher=Blue Ocean Publishers |year=2014 |oclc=898765509}}
*{{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |author-link1=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |author-link2=Paul Willemen |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] and [[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |orig-date=1994}}
*{{Cite book |title=Rajinikanth 12.12.12: A Birthday Special |publisher=[[The Hindu|Kasturi & Sons Ltd]] |year=2012 |editor-last=Ramachandran |editor-first=Naman |editor-link=Naman Ramachandran}}
*{{Cite book |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |author-link=Naman Ramachandran |title=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |title-link=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-14-342111-5 |location=New Delhi |orig-date=2012}}
*{{Cite book |last=Sundararaman |title=Raga Chintamani: A Guide to Carnatic Ragas Through Tamil Film Music |publisher=Pichhamal Chintamani |year=2007 |edition=2nd |location=Chennai |oclc=295034757 |orig-date=2005}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0154181}}
{{K. Balachander}}

[[Category:1970s feminist films]]
[[Category:1977 Indian films]]
[[Category:1977 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1977 films]]
[[Category:1977 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films about women in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Balachander]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. S. Viswanathan]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by K. Balachander]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian feminist films]]
[[Category:Indian nonlinear narrative films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

{{Improve categories|date=July 2024}}

Antara Mali

2026-02-28T06:57:57Z

Hindutashravi: formatting fix

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{infobox person
| name = Antara Mali
| image = File:Antara Mali pic.jpg
| caption = Mali at wedding function in 2026
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1979|05|11|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| occupation = Actress
| yearsactive = 1998–2005, 2010
| spouse = {{Marriage|Che Kurrien|2009}}
| children = 1
| family = [[Jagdish Mali]] (Father)
| website =
}}
'''Antara Mali''' is a former Indian actress, director, and screenwriter, who predominantly worked in [[Hindi films]], and has also acted in a [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] and [[Telugu films]].

==Early and personal life==
Antara Mali was born in Mumbai to a well known Indian photographer [[Jagdish Mali]].{{citation needed|date=September 2022}} She is married to Che Kurrien, the editor of [[GQ (magazine)|''GQ'' magazine]] since 12 June 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-06-16 |title=Antara Mali ties knot with editor of GQ magazine |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/antara-mali-ties-knot-with-editor-of-gq-magazine/ |access-date=2023-11-09 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Mali's father had a history of diabetes and other illness. On being contacted after he was reported found disoriented in the streets, Antara Mali claimed that she was not in a position to take responsibility for her parent as she was soon to become a mother.<ref>[http://www.mumbaimirror.com/article/30/201301172013011700555775389e400fc/%E2%80%98We-don%E2%80%99t-need-anybody%E2%80%99s-help%E2%80%99.html] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120013459/http://www.mumbaimirror.com/article/30/201301172013011700555775389e400fc/%E2%80%98We-don%E2%80%99t-need-anybody%E2%80%99s-help%E2%80%99.html|date=20 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=VICKEY LALWANI |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Man-who-immortalised-Rekha-rescued-from-streets/articleshow/18042711.cms |title=Man who immortalised Rekha rescued from streets |date=16 January 2013 |access-date=13 May 2013 |archive-date=11 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411210548/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Man-who-immortalised-Rekha-rescued-from-streets/articleshow/18042711.cms?referral=PM |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/my-father-is-not-mentally-ill-says-antara-about-jagdish-mali/316244-8-66.html |title=My father is not mentally ill, says Antara about Jagdish Mali- Bollywood- IBNLive |access-date=19 January 2013 |archive-date=20 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120082000/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/my-father-is-not-mentally-ill-says-antara-about-jagdish-mali/316244-8-66.html |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Tabloid/I-am-fit-and-fine-Jagdish-Mali/Article1-997586.aspx |title=I am fit and fine: Jagdish Mali |work=Hindustan Times |date=21 January 2013 |accessdate=13 May 2013 |archive-date=8 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408043927/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Tabloid/I-am-fit-and-fine-Jagdish-Mali/Article1-997586.aspx |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Tabloid/Jagdish-Mali-s-family-plans-legal-action-against-Mink-Brar/Article1-995501.aspx |title=Jagdish Mali's family plans legal action against Mink Brar |work=Hindustan Times |date=20 January 2013 |accessdate=13 May 2013 |archive-date=16 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130416223515/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Tabloid/Jagdish-Mali-s-family-plans-legal-action-against-Mink-Brar/Article1-995501.aspx |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Mali gave birth to a baby girl at the Breach Candy hospital in Mumbai and refuses to share her personal life in public.{{citation needed|date=September 2022}}

==Career==
Antara Mali made her acting debut in the [[1998 in film|1998 film]] ''[[Dhoondte Reh Jaaoge! (1998 film)|Dhoondte Reh Jaaoge!]]''. The film, however, flopped. The next year was released her film ''[[Prema Katha]]'' directed by [[Ram Gopal Varma]]. Afterwards, Varma became Mali's frequent collaborator appearing in several of his films such as ''[[Mast (film)|Mast]]'' (1999), ''[[Road (2002 film)|Road]]'' (2002), ''[[Company (2002 film)|Company]]'' (2002) and ''[[Darna Mana Hai]]'' (2003). Although Mali's performances were praised by critics, most of them did not do well at the box office. Mali paid her tribute to [[Madhuri Dixit]] by playing an aspiring actress inspired by Madhuri in the 2003 film ''[[Main Madhuri Dixit Banna Chahti Hoon]]''. She received a [[Filmfare]] nomination for the Best Actress in a Supporting Role for ''[[Company (2002 film)|Company]]''.<ref>{{cite web |author=Kunal M Shah, TNN |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Antara-Mali-goes-bald/articleshow/6209104.cms |title=Antara Mali goes bald |date=24 July 2010 |access-date=13 May 2013 |archive-date=27 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120527143525/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-07-24/news-interviews/28282907_1_antara-mali-brand-new-avatar-film |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live}}</ref>

She discontinued her acting career in 2005 after her last film ''[[Mr Ya Miss]]'' (which she had also written and directed) was received poorly and critically panned.

In 2010, she made a comeback to films with ''[[...And Once Again]]'' directed by [[Amol Palekar]] and since then has once again not been active in films.

==Filmography==

===Actor===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
| 1998 || ''[[Dhoondte Reh Jaaoge! (1998 film)|Dhoondte Reh Jaaoge!]]'' || Renu || [[Hindi]]||Debut film
|-
| rowspan="2"| 1999 || ''[[Prema Katha]]'' || Divya || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || Nominated-[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu]]
|-
| ''[[Mast (film)|Mast]]'' || Nisha || Hindi ||
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Ayyappantamma Neyyappam Chuttu]]'' || Latha || [[Malayalam]] ||
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Khiladi 420]]'' || Monica D'Souza Chaudhary || rowspan="10" | Hindi ||
|-
| 2001 || ''Urf Professor''|| Bindiya Chamkegi Choodi Khankegi / Maya Kapoor ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2002 || ''[[Company (2002 film)|Company]]'' || Kannu || Nominated - [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress]]
|-
| ''[[Road (2002 film)|Road]]'' || Lakshmikant ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2003 || ''[[Darna Mana Hai]]'' || Anjali Deshmukh ||Story segment: On The Way
|-
| ''[[Main Madhuri Dixit Banna Chahti Hoon]]'' || Chutki || Nominated - Zee Cine Award for Best Actress
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2004 || ''[[Gayab]]'' || Mohini ||
|-
| ''[[Naach]]'' || Rewati ||
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Mr Ya Miss]]'' || Sanjana Patel || Also director and writer
|-
| 2010 || ''[[...And Once Again]]'' || Savitri ||
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=0539507|name=Antara Mali}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mali, Antara}}
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]

{{India-film-actor-1970s-stub}}

Vivek Paul

2026-02-17T15:13:34Z

Hindutashravi: Creating New Info First Draft.

{{Short description|Indian-American business executive}}
{{Infobox person
| name =
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Vivek Paul
| birth_date = 1958
| birth_place = New Delhi, India
| citizenship = American<ref name=NNDB/>
| education = {{plainlist|
*[[BITS Pilani]] ([[Bachelor of Technology|B. E.]])
*[[University of Massachusetts Amherst]] ([[Master of Business Administration|MBA]])
}}
| occupation =
| spouse =
| children = 3
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
'''Vivek Paul''' (born 1958)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=598616&privcapId=117521268|title=Vivek Paul: Executive Profile & Biography - Bloomberg|website=www.bloomberg.com|access-date=2018-02-03}}</ref> is an [[Indian-American]] business executive and entrepreneur. He served as the vice-chairman of [[Wipro]] and CEO of its flagship business, Wipro Technologies. He also worked as a senior executive at [[General Electric]], private equity investor at [[TPG Inc.|TPG]], and a strategy consultant at [[Bain & Company|Bain]].<ref name="NNDB" /> He is the founder of KineticGlue, a tech startup that was successfully sold to BMC. He has served on several boards, including the [[California Chamber of Commerce]], [[Electronic Arts]], [[Freedom House]], and on the advisory council of the [[Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vivek Paul |url=https://freedomhouse.org/expert/vivek-paul |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=Freedom House |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2012-03-15 |title=Vivek Paul |url=https://www.ea.com/news/vivek-paul |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=Electronic Arts Inc. |language=en}}</ref>

Dataquest India did a [https://www.dqindia.com/indian-it-s-most-powerful-women/ survey of Indian IT's Most Powerful Women], and eight out of the ten had been direct reports of Mr. Paul at some point in their careers. Eleven of Paul's direct reports from Wipro and GE went on to become public company CEO's.

== Early life ==
Vivek Paul was born in New Delhi, [[India]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=6 September 2004 |title=Vivek Paul defends BPO; decries job losses |url=https://www.rediff.com/money/report/bpo/20040906.htm |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=[[Rediff]] |language=en}}</ref> He did schooling in [[Bombay Scottish School, Mahim|Bombay Scottish]] and [[St. Columba's School, Delhi|St. Columba's School]], [[New Delhi]].<ref name=NNDB>{{Cite web |title=Vivek Paul |url=https://www.nndb.com/people/068/000168561/ |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=[[NNDB]]}}</ref> He received Bachelor of Engineering degree from [[BITS Pilani]] and MBA from [[University of Massachusetts Amherst]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 2006 |title=In conversation with Vivek Paul - Sandpaper: The BITSAA Magazine |url=http://sandpaper.bitsaa.org/archives/links/SandpaperSpring2006/07_business/paul.htm |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=BITSAA International}}</ref><ref name=NNDB />

== Career ==
Paul began his business career as an analyst in international finance and M&A at [[PepsiCo]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2004 |title=Sandpaper - People in the News |url=https://sandpaper.bitsaa.org/archives/links/SandpaperSpring2004/people/top20ceos.html |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=BITSAA International}}</ref>

Paul worked in strategy consulting at [[Bain & Company|Bain & Co]]. for four years

=== GE ===
In 1990, Paul was part of the founding team of WiproGE Medical Systems. He became its CEO in 1993.<ref name=":1" /><ref name="NNDB" /> The joint venture started as a sales and service arm, went on to manufacturing, and then design and build of medical equipment, becoming India's largest exporter of high value electronics goods. Paul was then asked to lead GE's worldwide [[CT scan]]ner business.<ref name=":2" /><ref name="NNDB" /> Paul reorganized operations across its China, Japan and US operations, and launched GE as the first major multi-detector CT provider, with the launch of the Lightspeed in 1999..{{citation needed|date=January 2018}} The work in complex product development became a foundation of "Design For Six Sigma".<ref name="Currency">{{Cite book |last1=Harry |first1=Mikel |title=Six sigma: the breakthrough management strategy revolutionizing the world's top corporations |last2=Schroeder |first2=Richard |date=2005 |publisher=Currency |isbn=978-0-385-49438-0 |edition=1. Currency paperback |location=New York}}</ref> In one of the books about Jack Welch, Paul was cited as top five All Star CEOs from GE.

=== Wipro ===
In 1999, Paul was asked to become vice chairman of Wipro and CEO of its outsourcing unit. Wipro was a $150-million company when Vivek Paul took over, and it had all the tendencies of a small, traditional company. Paul has been credited with creating a global business and for much of Wipro's growth into a multibillion-dollar company.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2005-07-01 |title=You read it here first: Vivek Paul quits Wipro |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/you-read-it-here-first-vivek-paul-quits-wipro/articleshow/1156928.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-04-26 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> On 19 October 2000, Wipro was listed on the New York Stock Exchange. Paul was recognized as a Global Business Influential by [[Time (magazine)|TIME]] in 2004, as among the best global managers by [[Bloomberg Businessweek|BusinessWeek]] in 2004, and among the world's most respected CEO's by [[Barron's]] in 2005.

=== TPG Capital ===
In June 2005, Paul joined [[private equity]] firm, [[TPG Capital]], as an investing partner spanning various fund classes, from buyout to Asia to [[venture capital]]. He went on to be a founding partner of TPG Growth, a fund focused on growth capital for midsize companies.<ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_/ai_n14706488 Texas Pacific Group Names Vivek Paul as Partner; Executive Will Focus on Technology and Life Sciences Investments at Venture Arm of Texas Pacific Group]. Business Wire, 30 June 2005</ref> He resigned from TPG in December 2008.

=== Kinetic Glue ===
Founded KineticGlue, a cloud-based enterprise social media application in 2008.<ref>[http://www.kineticglue.com/site/live Best Enterprise Collaboration Software] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130620044649/http://www.kineticglue.com/site/live |date=2013-06-20 }}.</ref> Sold company to BMC in 2013.

=== Stanford ===
Paul co-founded the Microbiome Alliance at Stanford, and was the driving force behind the first Microbiome Symposium at Stanford in 2014. The ninth annual Stanford Microbiome Symposium was held in September 2022, at which time Paul announced the end of his involvement with that effort. Paul also co-chaired the [[Biodesign]] program of 2014–2015.

=== Electronic Arts ===
Paul served on the board of [[Electronic Arts]] from 2005 to 2019, and was chair of its CEO selection committee in 2013.

Paul has served on the advisory council of the [[Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco]], on the board of the California Chamber of Commerce, on the board of the U.S.-India Business Council, and on the Senate of BITS Pilani.<ref name="NNDB" />

== Acknowledgments ==
* Ranked among the best managers in the world by [[Bloomberg Businessweek|BusinessWeek]] in 2003.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20040202061104/http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/toc/04_02/B38650402best.htm The Best & Worst Managers Of The Year]. Business Week, 12 January 2004</ref>
* Among the top global business influentials by [[Time (magazine)|Time]] magazine in 2004.<ref>[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2004/12/14/stories/2004121402030500.htm Vivek Paul among TIME/CNN's Global Business Influentials]</ref>
* Among the top 30 most respected global CEOs by [[Barron's]] in 2005.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2005/apr/18wipro.htm|title = Vivek Paul amid world's most respected CEOs}}</ref>
* Among the top 5 CEO's by Jack Welch in his book [https://www.amazon.com/Jack-Welch-Es-Leadership-Organization/dp/0071457801/ref=sr_1_1?crid=U135EQ2RP8A0&dib=eyJ2IjoiMSJ9.bWU2FwTlGNMyy-FVGKO2Xfqq0kcmr7GW1h2fqI2s5nX0gkERkNgKmwt6-LjdYXpqlJHEAQt5mOqMCKc_1rlB5ecTUXx3UkoxZmcJJ7k50e7ILaNZPPFJvyyoqHsSrl15MULvh-u2cPux-4BzmI9lDMHG2zIyoYZ8DFpDLs-V8P20GkEEzPI0qz2ibGIY_bRtKIzgItoOnLURVegzaaO1O1Gx9ewPXJm4mQvYT2aR-nA.4fmfpWuukSHfdor1Qx6i14RPk4TWvpGiQAnRg-Y0KhI&dib_tag=se&keywords=4+e%27s+of+leadership&qid=1745299706&s=books&sprefix=4+e%27s+of+leadership%2Cstripbooks%2C145&sr=1-1 4E's of Leadership] in 2005
* Design for Six Sigma pioneer by Mikel Harry in his book, [https://a.co/d/gQzX4ZW Six Sigma] in 2006

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{TPG Inc.}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Paul, Vivek}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:American businesspeople]]
[[Category:21st-century American engineers]]
[[Category:Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani alumni]]
[[Category:TPG Capital people]]
[[Category:Private equity and venture capital investors]]
[[Category:Isenberg School of Management alumni]]
[[Category:St. Columba's School, Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Bain & Company employees]]

John Riber

2026-02-07T23:07:07Z

Hindutashravi: Made Basic Biography V1

{{short description|Indian filmmaker}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = John Riber
| other_names =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_name = John Riber
| birth_place = [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates = 
| alma_mater =
| education =
| height =
| years_active = 1979–present
| known_for =
| spouse = Louise Riber
| children =
| awards =
| father =
| mother =
| relatives =
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
| occupation = Director, Producer, Film lab technician, Cameraman, Editor, Scriptwriter, Producer
}}

'''John Riber''' is an [[Indian people|Indian]]-born [[Zimbabwe]]an filmmaker and producer.<ref>{{Cite web |title=John Riber |url=https://mubi.com/cast/john-riber |access-date=2021-10-09 |website=MUBI |language=en-US}}</ref> He is best known for directing the 2000 Zimbabwean comedy drama ''Yellow Card''.<ref name="Riber">{{Cite web |title=Yellow Card by John Riber @ Brooklyn Film Festival |url=https://www.brooklynfilmfestival.org/film-detail?fid=20 |access-date=2021-10-09 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Films by John Riber |url=https://www.trigon-film.org/en/directors/John_Riber |access-date=2021-10-09 |website=trigon-film.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Films directed by John Riber |url=https://letterboxd.com/director/john-riber/ |access-date=2021-10-09 |website=letterboxd.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
He was born and raised in India. In 1977, he completed university film studies in the United States. John along with his wife Louise Riber started making films in the development arena since 1979, particularly in Bangladesh and in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 23, 2014 |title=Riber, John |website=African Film Festival, Inc. |url=https://africanfilmny.org/directors/john-riber/ |access-date=2021-10-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> Then in 1987, they moved to Zimbabwe and established Media for Development Trust (MFD), one of Africa's leading production and distribution houses.<ref name="Riber" /> The first film directed by John and Louise after moving to Zimbabwe is ''Consequences''. The film won numerous festival awards and became a commercial hit. In 2000, he directed the comedy drama film ''Yellow Card'' starring [[Leroy Gopal]] and Kasamba Mkumba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1999-11-30 |title=Arts & Entertainment/Cinema-Zimbabwe: New Film To Be Seen By More Than 50m In Africa |url=http://www.ipsnews.net/1999/11/arts-entertainment-cinema-zimbabwe-new-film-to-be-seen-by-more-than-50m-in-africa/ |access-date=2021-10-09 |website=Inter Press Service}}</ref> The film received mixed reviews from critics and later screened at several film festivals such as [[Carthage Film Festival]], [[Zanzibar International Film Festival]], Southern African Film Festival in October and at [[Panafrican Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou]] (Fespaco).<ref name="leap" />

With that success, the duo made many popular Zimbabwean feature films such as ''Neria'', ''More Time'' and ''Everyone's Child''. The theme of most of the films and soap operas are based on reproductive health issues in Africa.<ref name="leap">{{Cite web |title=Yellow Card's great leap |url=http://www.yellow-card.com/production.htm |access-date=2021-10-09 |website=www.yellow-card.com}}</ref>

==Filmography==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Genre !! Ref.
|-
| 1991 || ''Neria'' || Producer, Cinematographer, Script editor || Film||
|-
| 1993 || ''More Time'' || Producer, writer || Film||
|-
| 1996 || ''Everyone's Child'' || Producer, writer || Film||
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Yellow Card (2000)|Yellow Card]]'' || Director, writer, Producer || Film||
|-
| 2002 || ''Shanda'' || Director || Film||
|-
| 2009 || ''Mwamba Ngoma'' || Producer || Documentary||
|-
| 2011 || ''Chumo'' || Producer, writer || Short film||
|-
| 2012 || ''Siri ya Mtungi'' || Producer|| TV series||
|-
| 2014 || ''Mdundiko'' || Producer || Film||
|-
| 2015 || ''Dar Noir'' || Producer|| Film||
|-
| 2017 || ''Tunu: The Gift'' || Executive producer || Film||
|-
| 2018 || ''Fatuma'' || Producer|| Film||
|-
| 2018 || ''Bahasha'' || Producer || Film||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Str len|https://www.ipsnews.net/1999/11/arts-entertainment-cinema-zimbabwe-new-film-to-be-seen-by-more-than-50m-in-africa/#google_vignette}}==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0722952}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Riber, John}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Zimbabwean film directors]]
[[Category:Indian film directors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Gurdwara Patthar Sahib

2026-02-07T00:05:35Z

Hindutashravi: Put up a pg first draft.

{{Short description|Gurudwaras in Ladakh, India}}
{{Infobox religious building
| name = Gurudwara Pathar Sahib
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = Pathar sahib Gurudwara 1.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Ladakh
| map_size = 250
| map_caption = Location in Ladakh, India
| coordinates =
| religious_affiliation = Sikhism
| location = Leh district, Ladakh, India
| consecration_year =
| functional_status = Active
| architecture_type =
| founded_by =
| groundbreaking =
| completed =
}}

'''Gurdwara Pathar Sahib''' (sometimes spelled ''Pathar Saheb'' or ''Pathar Sahib'') is a Sikh gurdwara located near [[Leh]] in the union territory of [[Ladakh]], India. The shrine is built around a large boulder (''pathar'') associated with traditions connecting the site to [[Guru Nanak|Guru Nanak Dev]] Ji, and it is a frequently visited religious and tourist site on the Srinagar–Leh/Leh–Kargil route. <ref>{{cite web |title=Visit the Historic Gurudwara Pathar Sahib in Leh |url=https://www.incredibleindia.gov.in/en/ladakh/leh/gurudwara-pathar-sahib |publisher=Incredible India (Ministry of Tourism, Government of India)}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Gurudwara Pathar Sahib |url=https://www.jktdc.co.in/Gurudwara-Pathar-Sahib.aspx |publisher=Jammu & Kashmir Tourism Development Corporation}}</ref>

==Location and access==
Gurudwara Pathar Sahib lies on the Srinagar–Leh highway (Leh–Kargil road), roughly 20–25 km from Leh city, at high altitude on the cold desert plateau of Ladakh. It is accessible by road from Leh and is commonly visited by travellers en route to or from Leh.<ref>{{cite book |title=Prabuddha Bharata: Or Awakened India |date=2000 |publisher=Swami Smaranananda |page=551 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sabha |first1=India Parliament Lok |title=Parliamentary Debates, House of the People: Official Report |date=9 August 2010 |publisher=Parliament Secretariat |page=1 |language=en}}</ref>

==History and legend==
[[File:Patharsahib Gurudwara at Leh built and maintained by Indian Army.jpg|thumb|Boulder at the shrine]]
The history of Gurdwara Pathar Sahib dates back to 1517 CE, when [[Guru Nanak]] is believed to have visited Ladakh during his journey from [[Sikkim]], [[Nepal]], and [[Tibet]] to [[Punjab]] via [[Srinagar]]. According to local folklore, a demon living in the area attempted to kill Guru Nanak by rolling a large boulder (''pathar'') down a hill while he was meditating.<ref>{{cite book |title=Indian Railways |date=2004 |publisher=Railway Board |page=43 |language=en}}</ref> The rock is said to have softened upon touching Guru Nanak, leaving the impression of his body while he remained unharmed. When the demon struck the stone with his foot, his footprint also became embedded in it. Realizing Guru Nanak’s spiritual power, the demon repented and was forgiven.<ref>{{cite book |title=Yojana |date=2005 |publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting |page=42 |language=en}}</ref>

For centuries, the sacred rock was preserved and venerated by [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] Lamas, who referred to Guru Nanak as "Lama Nanak" or "Guru Gompka Maharaj."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cheema |first1=Colonel Daljeet Sigh |title=All One Must Know About The Sikh Faith |date=5 June 2023 |publisher=Abhishek Publications |isbn=978-93-5652-230-5 |page=30 |language=en}}</ref> In the 1970s, during the construction of the Leh–Nimmu road, the boulder resurfaced when efforts to remove it were unsuccessful. Following reports of dreams and local testimonies linking the stone with Guru Nanak, the [[Indian Army]] preserved the site and constructed the present-day Gurdwara around it. <ref>{{cite web |title=Visit the Historic Gurudwara Pathar Sahib in Leh |url=https://www.incredibleindia.gov.in/en/ladakh/leh/gurudwara-pathar-sahib |publisher=Incredible India (Ministry of Tourism, Government of India)}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

==Management and maintenance==
[[File:Gurudwara Pathar Sahib-3.jpg|thumb|]]
The shrine is maintained by Indian Army as per the Sikh Rehat Maryada or the code of conduct and conventions for Sikhism. The shrine also hosts Langar daily. <ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Gurudwara Pathar Sahib, Leh: A Symbol of 'Unity in Diversity' |url=https://hillpost.in/2023/08/gurudwara-pathar-sahib-leh-a-symbol-of-unity-in-diversity/120933/ |publisher=Hill Post |date=7 August 2023}}</ref>

==Recent events==
Visits by public officials and coverage in regional news outlets have highlighted the gurudwara's cultural significance and its role in Ladakh's religious landscape. For example, the Lieutenant Governor of Ladakh paid obeisance at the gurudwara during an official visit in September 2025. <ref>{{cite web |title=Ladakh Lieutenant Governor Visits Gurudwara Pathar Sahib |url=https://voiceofladakh.in/2025/09/ladakh-lieutenant-governor-visits-gurudwara-pathar-sahib/ |publisher=Voice of Ladakh |date=7 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=LG Kavinder, First Lady pay obeisance at Gurudwara Pathar Sahib |url=https://statetimes.in/lg-kavinder-first-lady-pay-obeisance-at-gurudwara-pathar-sahib/ |publisher=State Times |date=7 September 2025}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Sikhism in India]]
* [[Tourism in Ladakh]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Ladakh-stub}}

{{coord missing|India}}

[[Category:Gurdwaras in India]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Ladakh]]

Ranjit Kaur

2026-02-06T13:50:37Z

Hindutashravi: Added details

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Ranjit Kaur
| image = Ranjit kaur.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| image_size =
| landscape = yes
| birth_name =
| alias =
| birth_date = {{birth based on age as of date|66|2015|7|4}}<ref name="toi"/>
| birth_place =
| origin =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| genre = [[Folk music of Punjab|Folk]], [[Film music|filmi]]
| occupation = Singer, playback singer, actor
| instrument = Tumbi, Harmonium, Tabla
| years_active = 
| label = [[Saregama|His Master's Voice]]
| associated_acts =
| website = 
}}
'''Ranjit Kaur''' (also spelled as '''Ranjeet Kaur''')<ref name="toi">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Ludhiana-administration-to-help-ailing-singer-Bibi-Ranjit-Kaur/articleshow/47932001.cms|title=Ludhiana administration to help ailing singer Bibi Ranjit Kaur | Chandigarh News - Times of India}}</ref> is an Indian singer working in [[Punjabi music]] and [[Punjabi cinema|films]].<ref name=aj>{{cite news |title=ਨਿਊਜ਼ੀਲੈਂਡ 'ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਕਲਚਰਲ ਫੈਸਟੀਵਲ-2011' ਵਿਚ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਗਾਇਕਾਂ ਵੱਲੋਂ ਰੌਣਕਾਂ |url=http://www.ajitjalandhar.com/20110822/rashtri.php |newspaper=Ajit |date=22 August 2011|access-date=16 June 2012}}</ref><ref name=apn>{{cite news |title=ਨਿਊਜ਼ੀਲੈਂਡ 'ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਕਲਚਰਲ ਫੈਸਟੀਵਲ-2011' ਵਿਚ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਗਾਇਕਾਂ ਵੱਲੋਂ ਰੌਣਕਾਂ |url=http://www.americanpunjabinews.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3266:----2011-----&catid=16&Itemid=50 |newspaper=AmericanPunjabiNews |date=22 August 2011 |access-date=16 June 2012 |archive-date=8 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208094851/http://www.americanpunjabinews.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3266:----2011-----&catid=16&Itemid=50 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=pt>{{cite news |title=ਕਾਲਜ ਵਿੱਚ ਤੀਆਂ ਮਨਾਈਆਂ |url=http://punjabitribuneonline.com/2011/08/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%9C-%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%9A-%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%82-%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%82/ |newspaper=Punjabi Tribune |date=11 August 2011 |access-date=16 June 2012}}</ref> She is known for her duets with [[Muhammad Sadiq (singer)|Muhammad Sadiq]].<ref name=ti>{{cite news |title=A song on their lips, aprayer in their hearts |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2012/20120111/main6.htm |newspaper=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |date=11 January 2012 |location=Chandigarh |access-date=16 June 2012}}</ref> She did many Punjabi films as a playback singer and some as a side-actress.

==See also==
*[[Jogi (Panjabi MC song)|"Jogi" (Panjabi MC song)]], a remix version of her song with Muhammad Sadiq "Na Dil De Pardesi Nu"

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kaur, Ranjit}}
[[Category:1940s births]]
[[Category:Date of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language singers]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian women folk singers]]
[[Category:Indian folk singers]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:His Master's Voice artists]]
[[Category:Actresses in Punjabi cinema]]
[[Category:Tabla players]]
[[Category:Tumbi players]]
[[Category:Harmonium players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women musicians]]
[[Category:Filmi singers]]

{{India-singer-stub}}

Tibeto-Kanauri languages

2026-01-21T05:56:04Z

Hindutashravi: quick update

{{Short description|Proposed language group}}
{{Infobox language family
| name = Tibeto-Kanauri
| altname = Bodic, Bodish–Himalayish Western Tibeto-Burman
| region = [[Nepal]], [[Tibet]], [[Northeast India]] and other neighboring areas
| familycolor = Sino-Tibetan
| fam2 = [[Tibeto-Burman]]
| child1 = [[Bodish languages|Bodish]]
| child2 = [[West Himalayish languages|West Himalayish]]
| child3 = [[Tamangic languages|Tamangic]]
| child4 = [[Gongduk language|Gongduk]]
| glotto = bodi1256
| glottorefname = Bodic
| acceptance = proposed
}}

The '''Tibeto-Kanauri languages''', also called '''Bodic''', '''Bodish–Himalayish''', and '''Western Tibeto-Burman''', are a proposed intermediate level of classification of the [[Sino-Tibetan languages]], centered on the [[Tibetic languages]] and the [[Kinnauri language|Kinnauri dialect cluster]]. The conception of the relationship, or if it is even a valid group, varies between researchers.

==Conceptions of Tibeto-Kanauri==
{{Css Image Crop
|Image = SinoTibetanTree.svg
|bSize = 800
|cWidth = 300
|cHeight = 215
|oTop = 190
|oLeft = 493
|Location = right
|Description = Western Tibeto-Burman languages, largely following Thurgood and La Polla (2003).<ref name=Thurgood>{{cite book|last1=Thurgood |first1=Graham |last2=LaPolla |first2=Randy J. (ed.s) |year=2003 |title=Sino-Tibetan Languages |location=[[London]] |publisher=[[Routledge]] |ISBN=0-7007-1129-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5MeWSTQ7F44C}}</ref>
}}
Benedict (1972) originally posited the Tibeto-Kanauri {{sm|aka}} Bodish–Himalayish relationship, but had a more expansive conception of Himalayish than generally found today, including [[Qiangic languages|Qiangic]], [[Magaric languages|Magaric]], and [[Lepcha language|Lepcha]]. Within Benedict's conception, Tibeto-Kanauri is one of seven linguistic nuclei, or centers of gravity along a spectrum, within [[Tibeto-Burman languages]]. The center-most nucleus identified by Benedict is the [[Jingpho language]] (including perhaps the [[Kachin–Luic languages|Kachin–Luic]] and [[Tamangic languages]]); other peripheral nuclei besides Tibeto-Kanauri include the [[Kiranti languages]] (Bahing–Vayu and perhaps the [[Newar language]]); the [[Tani languages]]; the [[Bodo–Garo languages]] and perhaps the [[Konyak languages]]); the [[Kukish languages]] (Kuki–Naga plus perhaps the [[Karbi language]], the [[Meitei language]] and the [[Mru language]]); and the [[Burmish languages]] ([[Lolo-Burmese languages]], perhaps also the [[Nung language (Sino-Tibetan)|Nung language]] and [[Taron people|Trung]]).<ref name=Benedict72>{{cite book|title=Sino-Tibetan: a Conspectus |volume=2 |series=Princeton-Cambridge Studies in Chinese Linguistics |first=Paul K. |last=Benedict |publisher=CUP Archive |year=1972 |pages=4–11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sww9AAAAIAAJ}}</ref>

Matisoff (1978, 2003) largely follows Benedict's scheme, stressing the teleological value of identifying related characteristics over mapping detailed family trees in the study of [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]] and [[Sino-Tibetan languages]]. Matisoff includes Bodish and West Himalayish with the [[Lepcha language]] as a third branch. He unites these at a higher level with [[Mahakiranti languages|Mahakiranti]] as ''Himalayish.''<ref name=Matisoff78>{{cite book|title=Variational semantics in Tibeto-Burman: The "Organic" Approach to Linguistic Comparison |volume=6 |series=Occasional papers, Wolfenden Society on Tibeto-Burman Linguistics |first=James A. |last=Matisoff |publisher=Institute for the Study of Human Issues |year=1978 |isbn=0-915980-85-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UWuuAAAAIAAJ}}</ref><ref name=Matisoff03>{{cite book|title=Handbook of Proto-Tibeto-Burman: System and Philosophy of Sino-Tibetan Reconstruction |volume=135 |series=University of California Publications in Linguistics |first=James A. |last=Matisoff |publisher=University of California Press |year=2003 |isbn=0-520-09843-9 |pages=1–9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3g8VZcAfETcC}}</ref>

Van Driem (2001) notes that the [[Bodish languages|Bodish]], [[West Himalayish languages|West Himalayish]], and [[Tamangic languages|Tamangic]] languages (but not Benedict's other families) appear to have a common origin.<ref name=vanDriem2001>{{cite book|title=Languages of the Himalayas: an Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region: Containing an Introduction to the Symbiotic Theory of Language |volume=10 |series=Handbuch der Orientalistik. Zweite Abteilung, Indien |first=George |last=van Driem |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|BRILL]] |year=2001 |isbn=90-04-10390-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fiavPYCz4dYC}}</ref>

Bradley (1997) takes much the same approach but words things differently: he incorporates Bodish, [[Tshangla language|Tshangla]], and ''West Himalayan'' as constituting a single branch, which thus becomes close to Tibeto-Kanauri. This and his other branch containing both ''Central Himalayan'' and [[Kiranti languages|Kiranti]] constitute his Bodic family.<ref name=Bradley1994>{{cite book|title=Tibeto-Burman Languages of the Himalayas |issue=14 |series=Occasional Papers in South-East Asian linguistics |first=David |last=Bradley |publisher=Dept. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, [[Australian National University]] |year=1997 |isbn=0-85883-456-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YTESAAAAYAAJ}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite conference |title=The subgrouping of Tibeto-Burman |first=David |last=Bradley |book-title=Medieval Tibeto-Burman languages: proceedings of a symposium held in Leiden, June 26, 2000, at the 9th Seminar of the International Association of Tibetan Studies |series=Brill's Tibetan studies library |volume=1 |editor=Christopher I. Beckwith |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|BRILL]] |year=2002 |pages=73–112 |isbn=978-90-04-12424-0 }}
*{{cite book|title=Research on Tibeto-Burman languages |volume=14 |series=Trends in Linguistics |first=Austin |last=Hale |chapter=Review of Research |pages=30–49 ''passim'' |publisher=[[Walter de Gruyter]] |year=1982 |isbn=978-90-279-3379-9 }}
*{{cite book|title=Annual Review of South Asian Languages and Linguistics: 2009 |volume=222 |series=Trends in Linguistics, Studies and Monographs |first=Rajendra |last=Singh |publisher=[[Walter de Gruyter]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-3-11-022559-4 |pages=154–161 }}

{{Bodic languages}}
{{Sino-Tibetan branches}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Bodish languages|*]]

Chanda Kochhar

2026-01-21T02:20:45Z

Hindutashravi: rework details to improve readability additionally and improved wording for accuracy

{{Short description|Indian businesswoman (born 1961)}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Chanda Kochhar
| image = Chanda Kochhar at the India Economic Summit 2009 cropped.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| birth_name = Chanda Advani
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1961|11|17}}
| birth_place = [[Jodhpur]], [[Rajasthan]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| alma_mater = [[Jai Hind College]] [[Jamnalal Bajaj Institute of Management Studies]]
| occupation =
| spouse = Deepak Kochhar
| children = 2
}}
'''Chanda Kochhar''' ({{née}} '''Advani''', born 17 November 1961) is an Indian banker. She was the MD and CEO of [[ICICI Bank]] from 2009 to 2018<ref>{{cite web |title=Executive Director's Profile |url=https://www.icicibank.com/aboutus/board-of-directors-chanda-kochhar.page |website=ICICI Bank |access-date=22 June 2018 |archive-date=22 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622140425/https://www.icicibank.com/aboutus/board-of-directors-chanda-kochhar.page |url-status=dead }}</ref> She resigned from her positions in 2018 due a case of conflict of interest.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chanda Kochhar steps down as ICICI Bank MD and CEO - The Week |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/biz-tech/2018/10/04/chanda-kochhar-steps-down-icici-bank-md-ceo.html |website=theweek.in |access-date=28 November 2021 |archive-date=28 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128111155/https://www.theweek.in/news/biz-tech/2018/10/04/chanda-kochhar-steps-down-icici-bank-md-ceo.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Subsequently, she was fired by ICICI Bank, a decision which was later upheld by the [[Supreme Court of India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Chanda Kochhar Loses Supreme Court Case Against Being Fired As ICICI CEO |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/setback-for-chanda-kochhar-supreme-court-rejects-appeal-against-her-sacking-as-icici-banks-ceo-and-md-2332464 |website=ndtv.com |access-date=28 November 2021 |archive-date=28 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128111154/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/setback-for-chanda-kochhar-supreme-court-rejects-appeal-against-her-sacking-as-icici-banks-ceo-and-md-2332464 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Kochhar is facing allegations of [[money laundering]] charges in India.<ref>{{cite web |title=ICICI-Videocon loan case: ED submits draft charges {{!}} Mumbai News |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/icici-videocon-loan-case-ed-submits-draft-charges-7469269/ |website=indianexpress.com |date=25 August 2021 |access-date=28 November 2021}}</ref> She has been arrested by [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] in December 2022, in a case linked to alleged loan fraud charges.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ex-ICICI Bank CEO Chanda Kochhar, Husband Arrested In Loan Fraud Case |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ex-icici-bank-ceo-chanda-kochhar-husband-arrested-in-loan-fraud-case-3633726 |website=ndtv.com |date=23 December 2022 |access-date=23 December 2022 |archive-date=23 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221223160455/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ex-icici-bank-ceo-chanda-kochhar-husband-arrested-in-loan-fraud-case-3633726 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2019, the case has been filed for giving [[ICICI-Videocon loan scam|high-value loans to]] [[Videocon Group|Videocon]] with conspiracy during 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Dec 27, 2022 |title=Videocon's Dhoot held in ICICI Bank Rs 1,700 crore loan fraud case - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/icici-bank-videocon-case-chanda-deepak-kochhar-v-n-dhoot-sent-to-cbi-custody-till-december-28/articleshow/96520520.cms |access-date=2022-12-27 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=27 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227121241/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/icici-bank-videocon-case-chanda-deepak-kochhar-v-n-dhoot-sent-to-cbi-custody-till-december-28/articleshow/96520520.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Kochhar was born in [[Jodhpur]], [[Rajasthan]], in a Hindu [[Sindhis in India|Sindhi]] family. She studied at St. Angela Sophia School in [[Jaipur]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Saurabh |date=2012-10-22 |title=Chanda Kochhar visits MNIT after 4 decades |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/chanda-kochhar-visits-mnit-after-4-decades/articleshow/16907784.cms |access-date=2024-11-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> She moved to [[Mumbai]], where she joined [[Jai Hind College]] and earned a bachelor of commerce degree from [[University of Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-03-18 |title=University of Mumbai: From celebrities to politicians, here’s a list of famous alumni |url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/education-gallery/mu-ac-in-university-of-mumbai-mu-a-look-at-famous-alumni-over-160-years-4574804/4/ |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

After completing graduation in 1982, she studied cost accountancy at the [[Institute of Cost Accountants of India]] and obtained a master of management studies degree at the [[University of Mumbai]] from the [[Jamnalal Bajaj Institute of Management Studies]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Moneycontrol News |date=31 January 2019 |title=Chanda Kochhar: A look at the career and controversial exit of ICICI Bank CEO and MD |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/photos/business/chanda-kochhar-a-look-at-the-career-and-controversial-exit-of-icici-bank-ceo-and-md-2606201-2.html |access-date=27 November 2024 |website=Moneycontrol}}</ref> She received the Wockhardt Gold Medal for Excellence in Management Studies as well as the J. N. Bose Gold Medal in Cost Accountancy.<ref name = "ICICI"/>

==Career==

===1984–1993===
In 1984, Kochhar joined the ICICI<ref>ICICI was merged into its daughter project ICICI Bank in 2002.</ref> as a management trainee. During her early year at ICICI, she handled project appraisal and monitoring and evaluated projects in industries such as textile, paper and cement.<ref name = "ICICI"/>

===1993–2009===
Kochhar was instrumental in establishing [[ICICI Bank]] during the 1990s.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Express Web Desk |date=2018-03-29 |title=Who is Chanda Kochhar? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/who-is/who-is-chanda-kochhar-5115639/ |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> In 1993, Kochhar was appointed as one of the core team members who were assigned the responsibility of setting up the bank. She was promoted to assistant general manager (AGM) in 1994 and then to deputy general manager (DGM) in 1996.<ref name=":2" />

In 1996, Kochhar was heading the newly formed Infrastructure Industry Group of [[ICICI Bank]], which was formed to build industry expertise in the [[Electric power industry|power]], [[Telecommunications|telecom]] and [[Transport industry|transportation]] industries.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jaiswar |first=Pooja |date=2018-10-04 |title=Chanda Kochhar exits ICICI Bank! From shedding sweat to establishing a top brand to being trapped in controversies |url=https://www.zeebiz.com/companies/news-chanda-kochhar-exits-icici-bank-from-shedding-sweat-to-establishing-a-top-brand-to-being-trapped-in-controversies-65925 |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=Zee Business |language=en}}</ref>

In 1998, she was promoted as the General Manager (GM) and headed ICICI Bank's major client group, which handled relationships with ICICI's top 200 clients. In 1999, she also handled the strategy and e-commerce divisions of ICICI Bank.<ref name=":3" />

Under Kochhar's leadership, ICICI Bank started building the nascent retail business in 2000 focusing largely on technology, innovation, process engineering and expansion of distribution and scale. In April 2001, she took over as executive director.<ref name="ICICI" />

In 2006, Kochhar was appointed as deputy managing director of ICICI Bank. In 2006–07, Kochhar handled the international and corporate businesses of the bank. From 2007 to 2009, she was the bank's chief financial officer (CFO) and joint managing director.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/forbes-india-chanda-kochhars-success-story/98938-7.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090812080736/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/forbes-india-chanda-kochhars-success-story/98938-7.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2009-08-12|title=Chanda Kochhar's Success Story}}</ref>

===2009 to 2018===
In 2009 Kochhar was appointed as managing director and chief executive officer of the bank and was responsible for the bank's diverse operations in [[India]] and overseas.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=December 19, 2008|title=Chanda Kochhar appointed ICICI Bank CEO from May '09|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/chanda-kochhar-appointed-icici-bank-ceo-from-may-09/articleshow/3860832.cms|access-date=2021-05-06|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=6 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506170602/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/chanda-kochhar-appointed-icici-bank-ceo-from-may-09/articleshow/3860832.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> She also chaired the boards of most of the bank's subsidiaries, which included among the leading private sector [[ICICI Prudential Life Insurance|life]] and [[ICICI Lombard|general insurance]] companies in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ICICI’s Chanda Kochhar gets ‘Woodrow Wilson Award’, becomes first Indian woman to receive it. Here’s how she is nailing it in the finance world |url=https://www.businessinsider.in/icicis-chanda-kochhar-gets-woodrow-wilson-award-becomes-first-indian-woman-to-receive-it-heres-how-she-is-nailing-it-in-the-finance-world/articleshow/58643192.cms |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=Business Insider |language=en}}</ref>

Kochhar is a member of the India–Russia Business Leaders Forum and the US-India CEO Forum.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiaconferenceatharvard.com/2016/speakers/chanda-kochchar/|title=Chanda Kochhar - India Conference at Harvard|access-date=28 March 2016|archive-date=6 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106234628/http://indiaconferenceatharvard.com/2016/speakers/chanda-kochchar/|url-status=usurped}}</ref> Between 2015 and 2016, she was the president of the [[International Monetary Conference]], an organization that organizes annual meetings that bring together chief executives from around 70 of the world's largest financial institutions spanning 30 countries, along with representatives from government institutions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=Woodrow Wilson Awards Dinner |url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/woodrow-wilson-awards-dinner |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=Wilson Center |language=en}}</ref> She is the deputy chairman of the Indian Banks Association. She is on the boards of the [[National Institute of Securities Markets]] and [[Institute of International Finance]]. Kochhar has been a member of the Prime Minister's Council on Trade & Industry, the Board of Trade and High-Level Committee on Financing Infrastructure. She was co-chair of the [[World Economic Forum]]'s Annual Meeting in 2011.

Kochhar received an honorary doctorate from [[Carleton University]], [[Canada]] in 2014,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chanda Kochhar Gets Honorary Degree from Canadian University|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/chanda-kochhar-gets-honorary-degree-from-canadian-university-681417|access-date=2021-05-06|website=NDTV.com|archive-date=6 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506170602/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/chanda-kochhar-gets-honorary-degree-from-canadian-university-681417|url-status=live}}</ref> in recognition of her pioneering work in the financial sector, effective leadership in a time of economic crisis and support for engaged business practices. She was conferred with the [[Padma Bhushan]], one of India's highest civilian honours, in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Latest News: India News {{!}} Latest Business News {{!}} BSE {{!}} IPO News|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/|access-date=2021-05-06|website=Moneycontrol|archive-date=13 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513225108/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Acting on a 2016 allegation of a shareholder of Videocon Group over a possible conflict of interest of Kochhar, ICICI Bank's board reviewed its credit approval process and found them strong and cleared Kochhar of the allegations. On 4 October 2018 she was forced to step down from her position as managing director and CEO of ICICI Bank, following a fresh complaint from an anonymous [[whistleblower]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/rbi-probed-icici-banks-loan-to-videocon-in-2016/article23417013.ece|title=RBI probed ICICI Bank's loan to Videocon in 2016|date=2018-04-03|work=The Hindu|access-date=7 April 2018|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109025731/https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/rbi-probed-icici-banks-loan-to-videocon-in-2016/article23417013.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/business-others/complaint-by-icici-bank-insider-forced-board-to-probe-chanda-kochhar-5200866/|title=Complaint by ICICI insider forced board to probe Chanda Kochhar|date=2018-06-02|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-09-09|archive-date=30 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130030421/https://indianexpress.com/article/business/business-others/complaint-by-icici-bank-insider-forced-board-to-probe-chanda-kochhar-5200866/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/RXmCRXYMacR2AUrJNVXIQK/ICICI-Bank-chairman-backs-Chanda-Kochhar-again-questions-ti.html|title=ICICI Bank chairman backs Chanda Kochhar again, questions timing of charges|date=2018-04-05|work=Livemint}}</ref> After an enquiry concluded that she had violated the bank's code of conduct regarding [[conflict of interest]] and due disclosure or recusal requirements, she was [[Termination of employment|terminated]] from service.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Full Text: ICICI Bank Statement On Srikrishna Enquiry Report On Chanda Kochhar|url=https://www.bqprime.com/business/full-text-of-icici-bank-statement-on-srikrishna-enquiry-report-on-chanda-kochhar?src=also_read|access-date=2023-06-27|website=BQ Prime by Bloomberg|date=January 2019|language=en|archive-date=27 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627120616/https://www.bqprime.com/business/full-text-of-icici-bank-statement-on-srikrishna-enquiry-report-on-chanda-kochhar?src=also_read|url-status=live}}</ref> She tried to contest the termination by going to [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] but it denied to oppose the petition contesting the High Court order which dismissed it.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Roy|first=Debayan|title="You decided to go out on your own", Supreme Court refuses to interfere with Bombay High Court order upholding termination of Chanda Kochhar|url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/chanda-kochhar-termination-supreme-court-refuses-to-interfere-bombay-high-court-order|access-date=2022-01-07|website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news|date=December 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

==Recognition==
Under Kochhar's leadership, ICICI Bank won the "Best Retail Bank in India" award in 2001, 2003, 2004 and 2005 and "Excellence in Retail Banking Award" in 2002; both awards were given by ''The Asian Banker''. Kochhar personally was awarded "Retail Banker of the Year 2004 ([[Asia-Pacific|Asia-Pacific region]])" by the ''Asian Banker'', "Business Woman of the Year 2005" by ''[[The Economic Times]]'' and "Rising Star Award" for Global Awards 2006 by ''Retail Banker International''. Kochhar has also consistently figured in ''Fortune'''s list of "Most Powerful Women in Business" since 2005.<ref name = "ICICI"/> She climbed up the list debuting with the 47th position in 2005, moving up 10 spots to 37 in 2006 and then to 33 in 2007.<ref name="cnn">{{cite news | url=https://money.cnn.com/popups/2006/fortune/mostpowerfulwomen_intl/37.html | publisher=[[CNN]] | title=37. Chanda Kochhar | access-date=28 April 2010 | archive-date=6 June 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606062629/http://money.cnn.com/popups/2006/fortune/mostpowerfulwomen_intl/37.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://money.cnn.com/galleries/2007/fortune/0709/gallery.women_intl.fortune/33.html | publisher=[[CNN]] | title=33.Chanda Kochhar | access-date=28 April 2010}}</ref> In the 2008 list, Kochhar features at the 25th spot.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://money.cnn.com/galleries/2008/fortune/0809/gallery.women_intl.fortune/25.html | publisher=[[CNN]] | access-date=28 April 2010 | title=International Power 50 | date=29 September 2008 | archive-date=19 February 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100219213330/http://money.cnn.com/galleries/2008/fortune/0809/gallery.women_intl.fortune/25.html | url-status=live }}</ref> In 2009, she debuted at number 20 in the Forbes "World's 100 Most Powerful Women list". She is the second Indian in the list behind the [[Indian National Congress]] party chief [[Sonia Gandhi]] at number 13.<ref name = "Forbes">{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/2009/11/power-women-09_Chanda-Kochhar_37UK.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090822101223/http://www.forbes.com/lists/2009/11/power-women-09_Chanda-Kochhar_37UK.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 August 2009|title=The 100 Most Powerful Women|work=[[Forbes]]|access-date=20 August 2009|date=19 August 2009|author = Naazneen Karmali}}</ref> In 2010, she fell to number 92 in the Forbes list, but in 2011 bounced back to 43.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/wealth/power-women/list|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101008201657/http://www.forbes.com/wealth/power-women/list|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 October 2010|title=World's 100 Most Powerful Women list|date=9 September 2010|access-date=14 September 2011|work=[[Forbes]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/wealth/power-women#p_5_s_arank|title=World's 100 Most Powerful Women list|date=August 2011|access-date=14 September 2011|work=Forbes|archive-date=12 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912211404/http://www.forbes.com/wealth/power-women#p_5_s_arank|url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2014, she ranks at #43.<ref name=Forbes14>{{cite news|title=The World's 100 Most Powerful Women|url=https://www.forbes.com/power-women/list/#tab:overall|work=[[Forbes]]|access-date=25 June 2014|archive-date=20 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920073036/https://www.forbes.com/power-women/list/#tab:overall|url-status=live}}</ref> And in 2015 she climbed up to #35 again.<ref name="forbes">{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/chanda-kochhar/?list=power-women|website=Forbes|title=Chanda Kochhar Forbes 100 in 2015|access-date=11 November 2017|archive-date=12 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171112023902/https://www.forbes.com/profile/chanda-kochhar/?list=power-women|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2017, she was ranked at # 32 and she ranked the highest among the 5 Indian woman who made it on the list.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/power-women/list/#tab:overall|title=World's Most Powerful Women|work=Forbes|access-date=2018-03-20|archive-date=20 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920073036/https://www.forbes.com/power-women/list/#tab:overall|url-status=live}}</ref>

Kochhar has also consistently figured in [[Fortune (magazine)|''Fortune'']]'s list of "Most Powerful Women in Business" since 2005. In 2009, she debuted at number 20 in the [[Forbes]] "World's 100 Most Powerful Women list",<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.forbes.com/lists/2009/11/power-women-09_The-100-Most-Powerful-Women_Rank.html | title = The 100 Most Powerful Women | work = [[Forbes]] | date = 19 August 2009 | access-date = 25 August 2017 | archive-date = 22 August 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090822075655/http://www.forbes.com/lists/2009/11/power-women-09_The-100-Most-Powerful-Women_Rank.html | url-status = live }}</ref> and climbed to the 10th spot in 2010.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Indra-Nooyi-Chanda-Kochhar-among-most-powerful-biz-women-Fortune/articleshow/6652988.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120926144943/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-09-29/india-business/28259001_1_patricia-woertz-pepsico-ceo-indra-nooyi-ceo-chanda-kochhar|url-status=live|archive-date=26 September 2012|title=Indra Nooyi, Chanda Kochhar among most powerful biz women: Fortune|date=29 September 2010|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=14 September 2011}}</ref> In 2011, she featured in ''[[Business Today (business magazine)|Business Today]]'''s list of the "Most Powerful Women – Hall of Fame".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://businesstoday.intoday.in/story/most-powerful-women-in-indian-business-2011/1/18330.html|title=The most powerful women in Indian business|year=2011|work=[[Business Today (business magazine)|Business Today]]|access-date=14 September 2011|archive-date=6 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106234606/https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/special/most-powerful-women-in-indian-business-2011/story/18330.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2011, she also featured in the [[50 Most Influential (Bloomberg Markets ranking)|"50 Most Influential People in Global Finance" List]] of ''[[Bloomberg Markets]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://topics.bloomberg.com/the-50-most-influential-people-in-global-finance/|title=The 50 Most Influential People in Global Finance|work=[[Bloomberg Markets]]|access-date=14 September 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120716235136/http://topics.bloomberg.com/the-50-most-influential-people-in-global-finance/|archive-date=16 July 2012}}</ref> Chanda Kochhar was awarded with ASSOCHAM Ladies League Mumbai Women of the Decade Achievers Award on 2 January 2014.<ref>{{cite web|title=Director's Profile: Mrs. Chanda Kochhar, MD & CEO|publisher=ICICI Bank|url=http://www.icicibank.com/aboutus/board-of-directors-chanda-kochhar.html|access-date=23 March 2012|archive-date=8 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308185527/http://www.icicibank.com/aboutus/board-of-directors-chanda-kochhar.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2011, Kochhar was awarded the third highest civilian award the [[Padma Bhushan]] and the "ABLF Woman of Power Award (India)" at the Asian Business Leadership Forum Awards.<ref>{{cite news|title=From trainee to Padma Bhushan to forced leave: The rise and fall of Chanda Kochhar|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/banking/from-trainee-to-padma-bhushan-to-forced-leave-the-rise-and-fall-of-chanda-kochhar/articleshow/64647717.cms|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=20 June 2018 |access-date=20 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=ABLF Awards 2011 Winners|url=https://www.forbes.com/power-women/list/|publisher=Asian Business Leadership Forum Awards|access-date=1 March 2012|archive-date=20 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920073036/https://www.forbes.com/power-women/list/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Kochhar was ranked as the most powerful businesswoman in India in Forbes' list of 'The World's 100 Most Powerful Women 2013'.<ref>{{cite web|title=The World's 100 Most Powerful Women 2013'|url=http://www.ablfawards.com/ablf-winners.php|work=[[Forbes]]|date=May 2013}}{{Dead link|date=June 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Kochhar was also featured in the Power List 2013 of 25 most powerful women in India by India Today, for the third year in a row.<ref>{{cite web|title=Fortune names ICICI's Chanda Kochhar as most-powerful Indian woman in business|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/business/india/story/fortune-magazine-icici-bank-md-and-ceo-chanda-kochhar-121566-2012-11-15|work=India Today|date=16 November 2012|access-date=29 May 2013|archive-date=6 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106234622/https://www.indiatoday.in/business/india/story/fortune-magazine-icici-bank-md-and-ceo-chanda-kochhar-121566-2012-11-16|url-status=live}}</ref>

Kochhar was selected in ''Time'' magazine's list of the 100 Most Influential People in the World 2015.<ref>{{cite web|title=The 100 Most Influential People|date=15 April 2015|url=http://time.com/3822610/chanda-kochhar-2015-time-100/|access-date=16 April 2015|archive-date=6 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106234554/http://time.com/3822610/chanda-kochhar-2015-time-100/%20/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2015, she was ranked first in the Fortune List of 100 Most Powerful Women in Asia Pacific.<ref>{{cite web|title=The 100 Most Influential People|url=http://www.rediff.com/business/report/pix-4-indians-top-fortunes-most-powerful-women-list/20150914.htm|access-date=28 September 2015|archive-date=6 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106234626/http://www.rediff.com/business/report/pix-4-indians-top-fortunes-most-powerful-women-list/20150914.htm%20|url-status=live}}</ref>

Kochhar ranked 40th on India Today's 'High and Mighty Power List 2016' in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|title=High and Mighty rankings|date=10 March 2016|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20160321-india-today-high-and-mighty-rankings-2016-power-people-list-828586-2016-03-09|access-date=10 March 2016|archive-date=6 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106234559/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20160321-india-today-high-and-mighty-rankings-2016-power-people-list-828586-2016-03-10|url-status=live}}</ref> In the same year, she was 22nd in the Forbes Asia's '50 Power Businesswomen List 2016'.<ref>{{cite web|title=Forbes Honors 50 Power Businesswomen in Asia|website=[[Forbes]]|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbespr/2016/04/07/forbes-honors-50-power-businesswomen-in-asia-2/|access-date=7 April 2016|archive-date=9 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161209141126/http://www.forbes.com/sites/forbespr/2016/04/07/forbes-honors-50-power-businesswomen-in-asia-2/|url-status=live}}</ref> She was also listed in Forbes list of 'The World's Most Powerful Women in Finance 2016' at number 10.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/pictures/573f6eaf4bbe6f6361856094/chanda-kochhar/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171006163749/https://www.forbes.com/pictures/573f6eaf4bbe6f6361856094/chanda-kochhar/|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 October 2017|title=The World's Most Powerful Women In Finance 2016|website=[[Forbes]]}}</ref>

In 2017, Kochhar was featured in Business World magazine's 'BW's Most Influential Women' list as an evergreen woman leader. In May of the same year, she received the [[Woodrow Wilson Awards|Woodrow Wilson Award]] for Global Corporate Citizenship from the [[Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars|Woodrow Wilson Centre]] located in [[Washington, D.C.]], US. She is the first leader to receive an award in this category.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ms. Chanda Kochhar, Managing Director & CEO|url=https://www.icicibank.com/aboutus/board-of-directors-chanda-kochhar.page|publisher=ICICI Bank|access-date=10 July 2017|archive-date=22 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622140425/https://www.icicibank.com/aboutus/board-of-directors-chanda-kochhar.page|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the same year, Kochhar was ranked 5th in Fortune's list of 'Most Powerful Women in business outside the U.S.'.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://fortune.com/most-powerful-women-international/chanda-kochhar-5/|title=Most Powerful Women International|website=Fortune|access-date=6 October 2017|archive-date=22 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180322234851/http://fortune.com/most-powerful-women-international/chanda-kochhar-5/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Lending controversies==
Kochhar allegedly favoured [[Videocon Group]] [[ICICI-Videocon loan scam|in lending practices]] under influence of Deepak Kochhar and his close aide Sunil Bhuta.<ref>{{cite news |title=ICICI Bank to probe charges against CEO Chanda Kochhar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/icici-bank-to-hold-probe-into-charges-against-ceo-chanda-kochhar/articleshow/64384774.cms |access-date=31 May 2018 |work=The Times of India |archive-date=30 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180530173759/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/icici-bank-to-hold-probe-into-charges-against-ceo-chanda-kochhar/articleshow/64384774.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=ICICI Bank To Probe Allegations Against CEO Chanda Kochhar |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/videocon-case-icici-bank-to-probe-allegations-against-ceo-chanda-kochhar-1859990 |access-date=31 May 2018 |agency=Reuters |publisher=NDTV}}</ref> ICICI Bank said it has decided to institute an independent enquiry into the allegations.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shukla |first1=Saloni |title=ICICI Bank okays external investigation into charges against CEO Chanda Kochhar |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/banking/independent-probe-into-icici-banks-whistblower-complaint/articleshow/64384340.cms |access-date=31 May 2018 |agency=ET |archive-date=20 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720084901/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/banking/independent-probe-into-icici-banks-whistblower-complaint/articleshow/64384340.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> On 29 March 2018, the [[The Indian Express|Indian Express]] first reported that Videocon group promoter [[Venugopal Dhoot]] provided crores of rupees allegedly to NuPower Renewables Pvt Ltd (NRPL), a firm he had set up with Chanda Kochhar's husband Deepak Kochhar and two relatives six months after the Videocon group got ₹3,250 crore as loan from ICICI Bank in 2012.

He allegedly transferred proprietorship of the company to a trust owned by Deepak Kochhar for ₹9 lakh, six months after he received the loan from ICICI Bank. The Videocon account was declared an NPA (Non-performing Assets) or a bad loan in 2017 according to the report. "The Income Tax department is also probing the acquisition of the swanky family residence of Chanda Kochhar, the CEO and MD of ICICI Bank, in South Mumbai by her husband Deepak Kochhar in a complex transaction involving firms linked to Videocon Group", reported the Indian Express.

The Indian Express also reported similar transactions and favourable loans granted by Kochhar allegedly to the [[Essar Group]], which was also later classified as NPAs. Chanda Kochhar subsequently quit ICICI bank following these allegations and is currently being investigated.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/more-conflict-of-interest-mumbai-house-of-chanda-kochhars-has-videocon-connection-icici-bank-5226372/|title=More conflict of interest? Mumbai house of Kochhars has Videocon connection|date=21 June 2018|website=The Indian Express|access-date=30 January 2019|archive-date=8 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190108060740/https://indianexpress.com/article/business/more-conflict-of-interest-mumbai-house-of-chanda-kochhars-has-videocon-connection-icici-bank-5226372/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/business-others/complaint-by-icici-bank-insider-forced-board-to-probe-chanda-kochhar-5200866/|title=Complaint by ICICI insider forced board to probe Chanda Kochhar|date=2 June 2018|website=The Indian Express|access-date=30 January 2019|archive-date=30 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130030421/https://indianexpress.com/article/business/business-others/complaint-by-icici-bank-insider-forced-board-to-probe-chanda-kochhar-5200866/|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 24 January 2019, Chanda, her husband Deepak, and industrialist Venugopal Dhoot were named in a CBI FIR for cheating and defrauding ICICI Bank to the tune of ₹1,730 crore. The [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI) detailed the modus operandi and charged them with offences punishable under Section 120B (conspiracy) and 420 (cheating) of IPC, section 7 (taking gratification) and 13(2) (criminal misconduct) read with 13(1)(d) (pecuniary advantage) of the Prevention of Corruption Act.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://in.finance.yahoo.com/news/cbi-fir-deconstructs-former-ceo-052833257.html| title=CBI FIR Deconstructs How Former CEO Chanda Kochhar Allegedly Defrauded ICICI Bank| date=25 January 2019| access-date=25 January 2019| archive-date=25 January 2019| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125131006/https://in.finance.yahoo.com/news/cbi-fir-deconstructs-former-ceo-052833257.html| url-status=live}}</ref>

Following CBI action, the [[Enforcement Directorate]] (ED) lodged a case of money laundering against Chanda Kochhar in connection with loans disbursed by bank to the Videocon Group which later turned into NPAs.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/cbi-action-ed-files-pmla-223738945.html| title= After CBI action, ED files PMLA case against Chanda Kochhar| date=3 February 2019}}</ref> There are several public complaints sent to the [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]], particular to the Union [[Minister of Finance (India)|Finance Minister]] suggesting to withdraw esteemed civilian awards such as [[Padma Shri]] and [[Padma Bhushan]] awarded to Chanda by the [[Government of India|Union Government of India]]. The Enforcement Directorate attached the properties of Chanda Kochhar and her family in connection with the money laundering case on 10 January 2020. The book value of the attached assets was ₹78 crore according to ED.<ref>{{cite news| url = https://in.finance.yahoo.com/news/ed-attaches-rs-78-crore-105849131.html| title = ED Attaches Rs 78 Cr Assets of Former ICICI Bank CEO Chanda Kochhar in Money Laundering Case| date = 10 January 2020| access-date = 10 January 2020| archive-date = 10 January 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200110120958/https://in.finance.yahoo.com/news/ed-attaches-rs-78-crore-105849131.html| url-status = live}}</ref> Chanda Kochhar was granted bail by the special PMLA court in February following her appearance before the court and honouring the summons issued against her. She has never been arrested in the case. The ED on 24 August 2021, Tuesday, submitted draft charges against Chanda Kochhar, her businessman-husband and other accused in a special PMLA court in connection with a money laundering case.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/ed-submits-draft-charges-against-chanda-kochhar-other-accused-in-money-laundering-case/articleshow/85598481.cms| title=ED submits draft charges against Chanda Kochhar, other accused in money laundering case| date=24 August 2021| access-date=17 October 2021| archive-date=17 October 2021| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017130010/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/ed-submits-draft-charges-against-chanda-kochhar-other-accused-in-money-laundering-case/articleshow/85598481.cms| url-status=live}}</ref> The Securities Appellate Tribunal (SAT) provided interim relief to Chanda Kochhar, against an order by markets regulator [[Securities and Exchange Board of India]] (SEBI) on 14 June 2022, for not supplying the requisite documents to Kochhar. SAT directed Kochhar to file a fresh application before SEBI indicating the documents being sought for inspection.<ref>{{cite news |title=Chanda Kochhar gets interim relief from SAT |newspaper=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/chanda-kochhar-gets-interim-relief-from-sat/articleshow/92267920.cms |date=17 June 2022}}</ref>

Chanda Kochhar and her husband [[Deepak Kochhar]] have been arrested by [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] on Friday, 23 December 2022, in a case linked to alleged loan fraud charges.<ref>{{cite web |title=CBI arrests ICICI ex-CEO Chanda Kochhar, husband in Videocon loan fraud case |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/cbi-arrests-icici-ex-ceo-chanda-kochhar-husband-in-loan-fraud-case-101671811715681.html |website=hindustantimes.com |date=23 December 2022 |access-date=23 December 2022}}</ref>

Chanda Kochhar, her husband, and Videocon Group's promoter, V N Dhoot, were charged with corruption in the Rs 3,250 crore loan fraud scam, in CBI's 11,000-page chargesheet lodged in late March 2023. On 26 June 2023 CBI said that Chanda Kochhar had conspired with the other accused and sanctioned credit facilities to the firms of the Videocon Group, which were ineligible for such loans. On 26 August 2009, a Rupee Term Loan (RTL) of Rs 300 crore was sanctioned to Videocon International Electronics Limited (VIEL) by the ICICI Bank. Out of the Rs 300 crore sanctioned to VIEL, Rs 64 crore was transferred by Dhoot to Deepak Kochhar's company. Thus, said CBI, Chanda accepted illegal gratification of Rs 64 crore as a reward and thereby misappropriated the bank's fund for her own use. Also, CBI argued that Chanda Kochhar got a flat in Churchgate transferred to her family trust, where Deepak was managing trustee, only for Rs 11 lakh in October 2016, whereas the flat was valued at Rs 5.25 crore in 1996.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ICICI Bank loan fraud case: Chanda Kochhar, husband bought flat, worth Rs 5.3 crore, for just Rs 11 lakh, CBI tells court|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/corporate/story/icici-bank-loan-fraud-case-chanda-kochhar-husband-bought-flat-worth-rs-53-crore-for-just-rs-11-lakh-cbi-tells-court-387183-2023-06-27|website=ndtv.com|date=27 June 2023|access-date=27 June 2023|archive-date=27 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627054445/https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/corporate/story/icici-bank-loan-fraud-case-chanda-kochhar-husband-bought-flat-worth-rs-53-crore-for-just-rs-11-lakh-cbi-tells-court-387183-2023-06-27|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Chanda Kochhar Misappropriated ICICI Bank's Funds For Personal Use: CBI To Special Court |url=https://zeenews.india.com/companies/chanda-kochhar-misappropriated-icici-banks-funds-for-personal-use-cbi-to-special-court-2627641.html |access-date=27 June 2023}}</ref>

In September 2023, Kochhar and her husband were granted bail.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Shukla |first=Prateek |date=6 September 2024 |title=ICICI Bank-Videocon case: SC notice to Chanda Kochhar, husband on CBI plea |url=https://www.business-standard.com/industry/banking/icici-bank-videocon-case-sc-notice-to-chanda-kochhar-husband-on-cbi-plea-124090600424_1.html |access-date=26 November 2024 |website=Business Standard |archive-date=27 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927220531/https://www.business-standard.com/industry/banking/icici-bank-videocon-case-sc-notice-to-chanda-kochhar-husband-on-cbi-plea-124090600424_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In September 2024, the Supreme Court requested a response from Kochhar and Deepak in regards to the CBI's [[petition]] that challenges the [[Bombay High Court]]'s ruling that declared the Kocchar's arrest illegal.<ref name=":0" /> In November 2024, the Bombay High Court instructed the [[Serious Fraud Investigation Office]] (SFIO) to avoid any coercive measures against Kochhar and the court also mandated that any questioning of her should occur strictly within standard working hours.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Vidya |date=2024-11-19 |title=Court relief for Chanda Kochhar: No coercive action, questioning during office hour |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/law-news/story/court-relief-former-icici-ceo-chanda-kochhar-in-videocon-loan-case-no-coercive-action-questioning-during-office-hour-2636137-2024-11-19 |access-date=2024-11-26 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> The court order was in response to Kocchar's plea that she and her husband should be treated as senior citizens and not be subjected to extended questioning in the investigations. In July 2025, an appellate tribunal confirmed a clear "quid pro quo" between former ICICI Bank CEO Chanda Kochhar and the Videocon Group, finding she received a ₹64 crore bribe for sanctioning a ₹300 crore loan, upholding the Directorate of Enforcement (ED) case under the PMLA. The tribunal found that funds were routed to her husband's company, invalidating her defense of ignorance and confirming the money laundering charges related to these illegal gains.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://images.assettype.com/barandbench/2025-07-22/h4cs2ox3/Chanda_Kochar_judgment.pdf | title=Advocates/Authorized Representatives who appeared}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

==Personal life==
Kochhar resides in Mumbai, and is married to Deepak Kochhar,<ref name="nupowerrenewables">{{cite web|url=http://www.nupowerrenewables.in/deepak-kochhar/|title=Deepak Kochhar | Profile|website=NuPower Renewables|access-date=11 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005005052/http://www.nupowerrenewables.in/deepak-kochhar/|archive-date=5 October 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="bloomberg.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=215866604&privcapId=204605828|title=Deepak Virendra Kochhar: Executive Profile & Biography|website=Bloomberg|access-date=11 November 2017|archive-date=5 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005050925/https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=215866604&privcapId=204605828|url-status=live}}</ref> a [[wind energy]] entrepreneur and her business schoolmate. They have two children, a daughter<ref>{{cite news | url=https://deepakkochharblog.wordpress.com/2016/10/19/deeepak-kochhars-daughter-aarti-set-to-marry-beau-aditya/ | title=Deeepak Kochhar's daughter Aarti set to marry beau Aditya | date=19 October 2016 | access-date=19 October 2016 | archive-date=6 January 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106234613/https://deepakkochharblog.wordpress.com/2016/10/19/deeepak-kochhars-daughter-aarti-set-to-marry-beau-aditya/ | url-status=live }}</ref> and a son.<ref name="ICICI">[https://web.archive.org/web/20081121040219/http://www.icicibank.com/pfsuser/aboutus/newsroom/executivebio/ckochcharresume.htm Ms. Chanda Kochhar, Joint Managing Director, ICICI Bank Limited]. ICICI Bank official site</ref><ref name = "Forbes"/><ref name="bloomberg.com"/><ref name="indiatimes">{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/chanda-kochhars-daughter-aarti-set-to-marry-beau-aditya/articleshow/45143402.cms|title=Chanda Kochhar's daughter Aarti set to marry beau Aditya|website=The Economic Times|access-date=11 November 2017|last1=Gupte |first1=Masoom }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Chitra Ramkrishna]]
{{clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist|35em}}

==External links==
* {{commons category-inline}}
* [http://www.icicibank.com/aboutus/board-of-directors-chanda-kochhar.html Official profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308185527/http://www.icicibank.com/aboutus/board-of-directors-chanda-kochhar.html |date=8 March 2013 }}

{{ICICI Group}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2010–19}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kocchar, Chanda}}
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[[Category:Indian women bankers]]
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[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in trade and industry]]
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Ḍha

2026-01-10T22:41:08Z

Hindutashravi: Creating The Pg Basic Info

{{short description|Letter "Ḍha" in Indic scripts}}
{{cleanup lang|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox Indic letter |letname = Ḍha
|bengcp = 09A2 |bengimg = Bengali Letter Ddha.svg
|mlymcp = 0D22
|sinhcp = 0DAA
|brahcp = 11020 |ashokaimg = Brahmi ddh.svg
|devacp = 0922 |devaimg = Devanagari ढ.svg
|thaicp = 0E12
| hbchar = ד
| grchar = Δ
| lachar = D
| cychar = Д
|ipa = ɖʱ |iast = ḍ |iscii = C0
|ipa2 = tʰ |ipa2note = in Tai languages, Khmer and Mon
}}

'''Ḍha''' (also romanized as '''Ddha''') is a consonant of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, Ḍha is derived from the early "[[Ashoka]]" Brahmi letter [[Image:Brahmi ddh.svg|13px|ng]] after having gone through the [[Gupta script|Gupta]] letter [[File:Gupta allahabad ddh.svg|13px]]. As with the other [[cerebral consonant]]s, ''ḍha'' is not found in most scripts for [[Tai languages|Tai]], [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]], and other non-[[Languages of Indian subcontinent|Indic languages]], except for a few scripts, which retain these letters for transcribing [[Sanskrit]] religious terms.

==Āryabhaṭa numeration==
{{further|Āryabhaṭa numeration}}
[[Aryabhata]] used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the [[Greek numerals]], even after the invention of [[Indian numerals]]. The values of the different forms of ढ are:<ref name="Ifrah">{{cite book|last=Ifrah|first=Georges|title=The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer|url=https://archive.org/details/universalhistory00ifra_925|url-access=limited|year=2000|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|location=New York|isbn=0-471-39340-1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/universalhistory00ifra_925/page/n468 447]–450}}</ref>
*ढ {{IPA|hi|ɖʰə|}} = 14 (१४)
*ढि {{IPA|hi|ɖʰɪ|}} = 1,400 (१ ४००)
*ढु {{IPA|hi|ɖʰʊ|}} = 140,000 (१ ४० ०००)
*ढृ {{IPA|hi|ɖʰri|}} = 14,000,000 (१ ४० ०० ०००)
*ढॢ {{IPA|hi|ɖʰlə|}} = 1,400,000,000 (१ ४० ०० ०० ०००)
*ढे {{IPA|hi|ɖʰe|}} = 14{{e|10}} (१४×१०१०)
*ढै {{IPA|hi|ɖʰɛː|}} = 14{{e|12}} (१४×१०१२)
*ढो {{IPA|hi|ɖʰoː|}} = 14{{e|14}} (१४×१०१४)
*ढौ {{IPA|hi|ɖʰɔː|}} = 14{{e|16}} (१४×१०१६)

==Historic Ḍha==
There are three different general early historic scripts - [[Brahmi script|Brahmi]] and its variants, [[Kharosthi|Kharoṣṭhī]], and [[Tocharian alphabet|Tocharian]], the so-called ''slanting Brahmi''. Ḍha as found in standard [[Brahmi]], [[Image:Brahmi ddh.svg|13px|Ḍha]] was a simple geometric shape, with variations toward more flowing forms by the Gupta [[Image:Gupta allahabad ddh.svg|13px|Ḍha]]. The Tocharian Ḍha [[Image:Tocharian letter ddha.gif|18px|Ḍha]] did not have an alternate [[Tocharian alphabet#Script|Fremdzeichen]] form. The third form of ḍha, in Kharoshthi ([[file:Буква DDHА (незалежний знак). Письмо кхароштхі. Kharoshthi letter DDHA.svg|15px|Ḍha]]) was probably derived from Aramaic separately from the Brahmi letter.

===Brahmi Ḍha===
The Brahmi letter [[Image:Brahmi ddh.svg|13px|Ḍha]], Ḍha, is [[Brahmi script#origin|probably derived]] from the altered Aramaic [[Dalet]] [[File:Daleth.svg|13px]], and is thus related to the modern Latin [[D]] and Greek [[Delta (letter)|Delta]].<ref name="Buhler">{{cite web |last1=Bühler |first1=Georg |title=On the Origin of the Indian Brahmi Alphabet |url=https://archive.org/details/onoriginofindian00bhuoft/page/n3/mode/2up |website=archive.org |year=1898 |publisher=Karl J. Trübner |access-date=10 June 2020}}</ref> Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Ḍha can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period.<ref>[[:File:Brahmi script consonants according to James Prinsep March 1838.jpg|Evolutionary chart]], Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838 [https://archive.org/stream/journalofasiatic775asia#page/n101]</ref> As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the [[Edicts of Ashoka]] and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back-formed to match the geometric writing style.
{|class="wikitable"
|+Brahmi Ḍha historic forms
|-
!Ashoka ([[Brahmi script#Early Brahmi or "Ashokan Brahmi" (3rd–1st century BCE)|3rd-1st c. BCE]]) !! Girnar (~150 BCE) !! Kushana ([[Brahmi script#Middle Brahmi or "Kushana Brahmi" (1st–3rd centuries CE)|~150-250 CE]]) !! Gujarat (~250 CE) !! Gupta ([[Gupta script|~350 CE]])
|-
| [[File:Brahmi ddh.svg|37px]] || [[Image:Gupta girnar ddh.svg|37px]] || [[Image:Gupta ashoka ddh.svg|37px]] || [[Image:Gupta gujarat ddh.svg|37px]] || [[Image:Gupta allahabad ddh.svg|37px]]
|}

===Tocharian Ḍha===
The Tocharian letter [[Image:Tocharian letter ddha.gif|25px|Ḍha]] is derived from the Brahmi [[Image:Brahmi ddh.svg|13px|Ḍha]], but does not have an alternate Fremdzeichen form.
{|class="wikitable"
|+Tocharian Ḍha with vowel marks
|-
! Ḍha !! Ḍhā !! Ḍhi !! Ḍhī !! Ḍhu !! Ḍhū !! Ḍhr !! Ḍhr̄ !! Ḍhe !! Ḍhai !! Ḍho !! Ḍhau !! Ḍhä
|-
| [[File:Tocharian letter ddha.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter ddhaa.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter ddhi.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter ddhii.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter ddhu.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter ddhuu.gif|37px]] ||  ||  ||  ||  || [[File:Tocharian letter ddho.gif|37px]] ||  || [[File:Tocharian letter ddhä.gif|37px]]
|}

===Kharoṣṭhī Ḍha===
The Kharoṣṭhī letter [[file:Буква DDHА (незалежний знак). Письмо кхароштхі. Kharoshthi letter DDHA.svg|15px|Ḍha]] is generally accepted as being derived from the altered Aramaic [[Dalet]] [[File:Daleth.svg|13px]], and is thus related to [[D]] and [[Delta (letter)|Delta]], in addition to the Brahmi Ḍha.<ref name="Buhler"/>

==Devanagari Ḍha==
{{Devanagari abugida sidebar}}
'''Ḍha''' ('''ढ''') is a consonant of the [[Devanagari]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi ddh.svg|13px|ka]], after having gone through the [[Gupta script|Gupta]] letter [[File:Gupta allahabad ddh.svg|13px]]. Letters that derive from it are the [[Gujarati script|Gujarati]] letter '''ઢ''', and the [[Modi alphabet|Modi]] letter 𑘛.

===Devanagari-using Languages===
In all languages, ढ is pronounced as {{IPA|hi|ɖʱə|}} or {{IPAblink|ɖʱ}} when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:
{|class="wikitable"
|+ Devanagari ढ with vowel marks
|-
! Ḍha !! Ḍhā !! Ḍhi !! Ḍhī !! Ḍhu !! Ḍhū !! Ḍhr !! Ḍhr̄ !! Ḍhl !! Ḍhl̄ !! Ḍhe !! Ḍhai !! Ḍho !! Ḍhau !! Ḍh
|-style="font-size: 150%;"
|ढ
|ढा
|ढि
|ढी
|ढु
|ढू
|ढृ
|ढॄ
|ढॢ
|ढॣ
|ढे
|ढै
|ढो
|ढौ
|ढ्
|}


===Conjuncts with ढ===
Devanagari exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts. In modern Devanagari texts, most conjuncts are formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". Some conjunct clusters are always represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters. Vertically stacked conjuncts are ubiquitous in older texts, while only a few are still used routinely in modern Devanagari texts. Lacking a vertical stem to drop for making a half form, Ḍha either forms a stacked conjunct/ligature, or uses its full form with [[Virama]]. The use of ligatures and vertical conjuncts may vary across languages using the Devanagari script, with [[Marathi language|Marathi]] in particular avoiding their use where other languages would use them.<ref name="KNAB">{{cite web |last1=Pall |first1=Peeter |title=Microsoft Word - kblhi2 |url=https://www.eki.ee/knab/lat/kblhi2.pdf |website=Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed |publisher=Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed |access-date=19 June 2020}}</ref>

====Ligature conjuncts of ढ====
True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Devanagari are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include [[Na (Indic)#Devanagari Na|Na]] and the [[Ra (Indic)#Devanagari Repha|Repha]] and [[Ra (Indic)#Devanagari Rakar|Rakar]] forms of Ra. [[Nepali language|Nepali]] and [[Marathi language|Marathi]] texts use the "eyelash" Ra half form [[Image:Devanagari Eyelash Ra.svg|15px|Ra]] for an initial "R" instead of repha.
* Repha र্ (r) + ढ (ḍʱa) gives the ligature rḍʱa: {{ref|note|note}}
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct RDdha.svg|100px]]
* Eyelash र্ (r) + ढ (ḍʱa) gives the ligature rḍʱa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct Eyelash RDdha.svg|125px]]
* ढ্ (ḍʱ) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature ḍʱra:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DdhRa.svg|100px]]
* ढ্ (ḍʱ) + न (na) gives the ligature ḍʱna:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DdhNa.svg|100px]]
* प্ (p) + ढ (ḍʱa) gives the ligature pḍʱa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct PDdha.svg|100px]]
* ष্ (ṣ) + ढ (ḍʱa) gives the ligature ṣḍʱa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct SsDdha.svg|100px]]

====Stacked conjuncts of ढ====
Vertically stacked ligatures are the most common conjunct forms found in Devanagari text. Although the constituent characters may need to be stretched and moved slightly in order to stack neatly, stacked conjuncts can be broken down into recognizable base letters, or a letter and an otherwise standard ligature.
* छ্ (cʰ) + ढ (ḍʱa) gives the ligature cʰḍʱa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct ChDdha.svg|100px]]
* ड্ (ḍ) + ढ (ḍʱa) gives the ligature ḍḍʱa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DdDdha.svg|100px]]
* द্ (d) + ढ (ḍʱa) gives the ligature dḍʱa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DDdha.svg|100px]]
* ढ্ (ḍʱ) + ब (ba) gives the ligature ḍʱba:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DdhBa.svg|100px]]
* ढ্ (ḍʱ) + भ (bʰa) gives the ligature ḍʱbʰa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DdhBha.svg|100px]]
* ढ্ (ḍʱ) + च (ca) gives the ligature ḍʱca:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DdhCa.svg|100px]]
* ढ্ (ḍʱ) + छ (cʰa) gives the ligature ḍʱcʰa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DdhCha.svg|100px]]
* ढ্ (ḍʱ) + द (da) gives the ligature ḍʱda:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DdhDa.svg|100px]]
* ढ্ (ḍʱ) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature ḍʱḍa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DdhDda.svg|100px]]
* ढ্ (ḍʱ) + ढ (ḍʱa) gives the ligature ḍʱḍʱa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DdhDdha.svg|100px]]
* ढ্ (ḍʱ) + ध (dʱa) gives the ligature ḍʱdʱa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DdhDha.svg|100px]]
* ढ্ (ḍʱ) + ग (ga) gives the ligature ḍʱga:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DdhGa.svg|100px]]
* ढ্ (ḍʱ) + घ (ɡʱa) gives the ligature ḍʱɡʱa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DdhGha.svg|100px]]
* ढ্ (ḍʱ) + ह (ha) gives the ligature ḍʱha:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DdhHa.svg|100px]]
* ढ্ (ḍʱ) + ज (ja) gives the ligature ḍʱja:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DdhJa.svg|100px]]
* ढ্ (ḍʱ) + झ (jʰa) gives the ligature ḍʱjʰa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DdhJha.svg|100px]]
* ढ্ (ḍʱ) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature ḍʱjña:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DdhJNya.svg|100px]]
* ढ্ (ḍʱ) + क (ka) gives the ligature ḍʱka:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DdhKa.svg|100px]]
* ढ্ (ḍʱ) + ख (kʰa) gives the ligature ḍʱkʰa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DdhKha.svg|100px]]
* ढ্ (ḍʱ) + क্ (k) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature ḍʱkṣa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DdhKSsa.svg|100px]]
* ढ্ (ḍʱ) + ल (la) gives the ligature ḍʱla:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DdhLa.svg|100px]]
* ढ্ (ḍʱ) + ळ (ḷa) gives the ligature ḍʱḷa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DdhLla.svg|100px]]
* ढ্ (ḍʱ) + म (ma) gives the ligature ḍʱma:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DdhMa.svg|100px]]
* ढ্ (ḍʱ) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature ḍʱŋa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DdhNga.svg|100px]]
* ढ্ (ḍʱ) + ण (ṇa) gives the ligature ḍʱṇa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DdhNna.svg|100px]]
* ढ্ (ḍʱ) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature ḍʱña:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DdhNya.svg|100px]]
* ढ্ (ḍʱ) + प (pa) gives the ligature ḍʱpa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DdhPa.svg|100px]]
* ढ্ (ḍʱ) + फ (pʰa) gives the ligature ḍʱpʰa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DdhPha.svg|100px]]
* ढ্ (ḍʱ) + स (sa) gives the ligature ḍʱsa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DdhSa.svg|100px]]
* ढ্ (ḍʱ) + श (ʃa) gives the ligature ḍʱʃa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DdhSha.svg|100px]]
* ढ্ (ḍʱ) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature ḍʱṣa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DdhSsa.svg|100px]]
* ढ্ (ḍʱ) + त (ta) gives the ligature ḍʱta:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DdhTa.svg|100px]]
* ढ্ (ḍʱ) + थ (tʰa) gives the ligature ḍʱtʰa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DdhTha.svg|100px]]
* ढ্ (ḍʱ) + ट (ṭa) gives the ligature ḍʱṭa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DdhTta.svg|100px]]
* ढ্ (ḍʱ) + ठ (ṭʰa) gives the ligature ḍʱṭʰa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DdhTtha.svg|100px]]
* ढ্ (ḍʱ) + व (va) gives the ligature ḍʱva:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DdhVa.svg|100px]]
* ढ্ (ḍʱ) + य (ya) gives the ligature ḍʱya:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DdhYa.svg|100px]]
* ङ্ (ŋ) + ढ (ḍʱa) gives the ligature ŋḍʱa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct NgDdha.svg|100px]]
* ट্ (ṭ) + ढ (ḍʱa) gives the ligature ṭḍʱa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct TtDdha.svg|100px]]
* ठ্ (ṭʰ) + ढ (ḍʱa) gives the ligature ṭʰḍʱa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct TthDdha.svg|100px]]

==Bengali Ḍha==
The Bengali script ঢ is derived from the [[Siddhaṃ]] [[Image:Siddham ddh.svg|13px]], and is marked by a similar horizontal head line, but less geometric shape, than its Devanagari counterpart, ढ. The inherent vowel of Bengali consonant letters is /ɔ/, so the bare letter ঢ will sometimes be transliterated as "ḍho" instead of "ḍha". Adding okar, the "o" vowel mark, gives a reading of /d̳ʱo/.
Like all Indic consonants, ঢ can be modified by marks to indicate another (or no) vowel than its inherent "a".
{|class="wikitable"
|+ Bengali ঢ with vowel marks
|-
! ḍha !! ḍhā !! ḍhi !! ḍhī !! ḍhu !! ḍhū !! ḍhr !! ḍhr̄ !! ḍhe !! ḍhai !! ddho !! ḍhau !! ḍh
|-style="font-size: 150%;"
|ঢ
|ঢা
|ঢি
|ঢী
|ঢু
|ঢূ
|ঢৃ
|ঢৄ
|ঢে
|ঢৈ
|ঢো
|ঢৌ
|ঢ্
|}

===ঢ in Bengali-using languages===
ঢ is used as a basic consonant character in all of the major Bengali script orthographies, including [[Bengali alphabet|Bengali]] and [[Assamese alphabet|Assamese]]. 

===Conjuncts with ঢ===
Bengali ঢ exhibits a few conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Bengali Alphabet|url=http://tesseractindic.googlecode.com/files/wb069conjuncts.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928021705/http://tesseractindic.googlecode.com/files/wb069conjuncts.pdf|archive-date=2013-09-28}}</ref>
* ঢ্ (ḍʱ) + র (ra) gives the ligature ḍʱra, with the [[ra phala]] suffix:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct DDHra.svg |100px]]
* ঢ্ (ḍʱ) + য (ya) gives the ligature ḍʱya, with the [[ya phala]] suffix:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct DDHya.svg |100px]]
* ণ্ (ṇ) + ঢ (ḍʱa) gives the ligature ṇḍʱa:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct NNddha.svg |100px]]
* র্ (r) + ঢ্ (ḍʱ) + য (ya) gives the ligature rḍʱya, with the [[Ra (Indic)#Bengali Repha|repha]] prefix and ya phala suffix:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct Rddhya.svg |100px]]

==Gujarati Ḍha==
[[File:Gujarati letter Ddha.svg|thumb|right|100px|Gujarati Ḍha.]]
'''Ḍha''' ('''ઢ''') is the fourteenth consonant of the [[Gujarati script|Gujarati]] [[abugida]]. It is derived from the Devanagari Ḍha [[Image:Devanagari ढ.svg|13px|Ḍha]] with the top bar (shiro rekha) removed, and ultimately the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi ddh.svg|13px|Ḍha]].

===Gujarati-using Languages===
The Gujarati script is used to write the [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] and [[Kutchi language|Kutchi]] languages. In both languages, ઢ is pronounced as {{IPA|gu|ɖʱə|}} or {{IPAblink|ɖʱ}} when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:
{| class=wikitable style="width: 40em;"
|-
! style="width:6%;"| Ḍha !! style="width:7%;"| Ḍhā !! style="width:6.5%;"| Ḍhi !! style="width:7%;"| Ḍhī !! style="width:4.5%;"| Ḍhu !! style="width:5%;"| Ḍhū !! style="width:4.5%;"| Ḍhr !! style="width:5%;"| Ḍhl !! style="width:5%;"| Ḍhr̄ !! style="width:5%;"| Ḍhl̄ !! style="width:4.5%;"| Ḍhĕ !! style="width:4.5%;"| Ḍhe !! style="width:5%;"| Ḍhai !! style="width:7%;"| Ḍhŏ !! style="width:7%;"| Ḍho !! style="width:6%;"| Ḍhau !! style="width:7%;"| Ḍh
|- align="center"
| colspan=17 |[[File:Gujarati Ddha Matras.svg|750px]]
|-
| colspan=17 |Gujarati Ḍha syllables, with vowel marks in red.
|}

===Conjuncts with ઢ===
Gujarati ઢ exhibits conjunct ligatures, much like its parent Devanagari Script. While most Gujarati conjuncts can only be formed by reducing the letter shape to create a "half form" that fits tightly to following letter, Ḍha does not have a half form. A few conjunct clusters can be represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters, and vertically stacked conjuncts can also be found in Gujarati, although much less commonly than in Devanagari. Lacking a half form, Ḍha will normally use an explicit virama when forming conjuncts without a true ligature.
True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Gujarati are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include [[Na (Indic)#Gujarati Na|Na]] and the [[Ra (Indic)#Gujarati Repha|Repha]] and [[Ra (Indic)#Gujarati Rakar|Rakar]] forms of Ra.
* ર્ (r) + ઢ (ɖʱa) gives the ligature RḌha:
[[File:Gujarati conjunct RDdha.svg|100px]]
* ઢ્ (ɖʱ) + ર (ra) gives the ligature ḌhRa:
[[File:Gujarati conjunct DdhRa.svg|100px]]
* ઢ્ (ɖʱ) + ઢ (ɖʱa) gives the ligature ḌhḌha:
[[File:Gujarati conjunct DdhDdha.svg|100px]]
* ઢ્ (ɖʱ) + ન (na) gives the ligature ḌhNa:
[[File:Gujarati conjunct DdhNa.svg|100px]]

==Javanese Ḍha==
{{main|Dha (Javanese)}}

==Telugu Ḍha==
{{multiple image
| width = 100px
| image1 = Telugu letter Ddha.svg
| alt1 = Telugu Ḍha
| image2 = Telugu subjoined Ddha.svg
| alt2 = Telugu subjoined Ḍha
| footer = Telugu independent and subjoined Ḍha.
}}
'''Ḍha''' ('''ఢ''') is a consonant of the [[Telugu script|Telugu]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi ddh.svg|13px|Ḍh]]. It is closely related to the [[Kannada script|Kannada]] letter '''ಢ'''. Most Telugu consonants contain a v-shaped headstroke that is related to the horizontal headline found in other Indic scripts, although headstrokes do not connect adjacent letters in Telugu. The headstroke is normally lost when adding vowel matras.
Telugu conjuncts are created by reducing trailing letters to a subjoined form that appears below the initial consonant of the conjunct. Many subjoined forms are created by dropping their headline, with many extending the end of the stroke of the main letter body to form an extended tail reaching up to the right of the preceding consonant. This subjoining of trailing letters to create conjuncts is in contrast to the leading half forms of Devanagari and Bengali letters. Ligature conjuncts are not a feature in Telugu, with the only non-standard construction being an alternate subjoined form of [[Ṣa (Indic)#Telugu Ṣa|Ṣa]] (borrowed from [[Kannada script|Kannada]]) in the KṢa conjunct.

==Malayalam Ḍha==
[[File:Malayalam letter Ddha.svg|thumb|100px|Malayalam letter Ḍha]]
'''Ḍha''' ('''ഢ''') is a consonant of the [[Malayalam script|Malayalam]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi ddh.svg|13px|Ḍh]], via the [[Grantha script|Grantha]] letter [[Image:Grantha letter Ddha.svg|x15px|Ḍha]] ''Ḍha''. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.
[[File:Malayalam Ddha matras.svg|thumb|center|550px|Malayalam Ḍha matras: Ḍha, Ḍhā, Ḍhi, Ḍhī, Ḍhu, Ḍhū, Ḍhr̥, Ḍhr̥̄, Ḍhl̥, Ḍhl̥̄, Ḍhe, Ḍhē, Ḍhai, Ḍho, Ḍhō, Ḍhau, and Ḍh.]]

===Conjuncts of ഢ===
As is common in Indic scripts, Malayalam joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. There are several ways in which conjuncts are formed in Malayalam texts: using a post-base form of a trailing consonant placed under the initial consonant of a conjunct, a combined ligature of two or more consonants joined together, a conjoining form that appears as a combining mark on the rest of the conjunct, the use of an explicit [[candrakkala]] mark to suppress the inherent "a" vowel, or a special consonant form called a "chillu" letter, representing a bare consonant without the inherent "a" vowel. Texts written with the modern reformed Malayalam orthography, ''put̪iya lipi'', may favor more regular conjunct forms than older texts in ''paḻaya lipi'', due to [[Malayalam script#Orthography reform|changes]] undertaken in the 1970s by the [[Government of Kerala]].
* ഡ് (ḍ) + ഢ (ḍʱa) gives the ligature ḍḍʱa:
[[File:Malayalam conjunct DdDdha.svg]]
* ണ് (ṇ) + ഢ (ḍʱa) gives the ligature ṇḍʱa:
[[File:Malayalam conjunct NnDdha.svg]]

==Odia Ḍha==
{{multiple image
| width = 100px
| image1 = Odia letter Ddha.svg
| alt1 = Odia independent letter Ḍha
| image2 = Odia subjoined Ddha.svg
| alt2 = Odia subjoined letter Ḍha
| footer = Odia independent and subjoined letter Ḍha.
}}
'''Ḍha''' ('''ଢ''') is a consonant of the [[Odia script|Odia]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi ddh.svg|13px|Ḍh]], via the [[Siddhaṃ script|Siddhaṃ]] letter [[Image:Siddham ddh.svg|x15px|Ḍha]] ''Ḍha''. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.
{| class=wikitable
|+ Odia Ḍha with vowel matras
|-
! Ḍha !! Ḍhā !! Ḍhi !! Ḍhī !! Ḍhu !! Ḍhū !! Ḍhr̥ !! Ḍhr̥̄ !! Ḍhl̥ !! Ḍhl̥̄ !! Ḍhe !! Ḍhai !! Ḍho !! Ḍhau !! Ḍh
|-
| {{big|ଢ}} || {{big|ଢା}} || {{big|ଢି}} || {{big|ଢୀ}} || {{big|ଢୁ}} || {{big|ଢୂ}} || {{big|ଢୃ}} || {{big|ଢୄ}} || {{big|ଢୢ}} || {{big|ଢୣ}} || {{big|ଢେ}} || {{big|ଢୈ}} || {{big|ଢୋ}} || {{big|ଢୌ}} || {{big|ଢ୍}}
|}
As is common in Indic scripts, Odia joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a small subjoined form of trailing consonants. Most consonants' subjoined forms are identical to the full form, just reduced in size, although a few drop the curved headline or have a subjoined form not directly related to the full form of the consonant. The second type of conjunct formation is through pure ligatures, where the constituent consonants are written together in a single graphic form. ଢ generates conjuncts only by subjoining and does not form ligatures.

==Tibetan==

{{multiple image
| width = 70px
| image1 = Дха мурдханья тибет.png
| alt1 = Tibetan letter Ḍha
| image2 = Да мурдханья тибетское.png
| alt2 = Tibetan letter Ḍa
| image3 = Ха тибетское.PNG
| alt3 = Tibetan letter Ha
| footer = Tibetan letter Ḍha and its component characters Ḍa and Ha.
}}

'''Ḍha''' is a consonant of the [[Tibetan script|Tibetan]] abugida. Tibetan Ḍha is not genealogically related to Ḍha in other Indic scripts, but is rather a "compound" letter composed from [[Ḍa (Indic)|Ḍa]] + [[Ha (Indic)|Ha]]. As a [[cerebral consonant]], it is not used for writing native Tibetan words, but can be found in terms borrowed from [[Sanskrit]] and other [[Indo-Aryan languages]].

==Kaithi Ḍha==
{{multiple image
| width = 100px
| image1 = Kaithi Ddha.svg
| alt1 = Kaithi consonant Ḍha
| footer = Kaithi consonant Ḍha.
}}

'''Ḍha''' ('''𑂛''') is a consonant of the [[Kaithi script|Kaithi]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi ddh.svg|13px|Ḍh]], via the [[Siddhaṃ script|Siddhaṃ]] letter [[Image:Siddham ddh.svg|x15px|Ḍha]] ''Ḍha''. Like in other Indic scripts, Kaithi consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

{| class=wikitable
|+ Kaithi Ḍha with vowel matras
|-
! Ḍha !! Ḍhā !! Ḍhi !! Ḍhī !! Ḍhu !! Ḍhū !! Ḍhe !! Ḍhai !! Ḍho !! Ḍhau !! Ḍh
|-
| {{big|𑂛}} || {{big|𑂛𑂰}} || {{big|𑂛𑂱}} || {{big|𑂛𑂲}} || {{big|𑂛𑂳}} || {{big|𑂛𑂴}} || {{big|𑂛𑂵}} || {{big|𑂛𑂶}} || {{big|𑂛𑂷}} || {{big|𑂛𑂸}} || {{big|𑂛𑂹}}
|}

=== Conjuncts of 𑂛 ===
As is common in Indic scripts, Kaithi joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a [[half form]] of preceding consonants, although several consonants use an explicit [[virama]]. Most half forms are derived from the full form by removing the vertical stem. As is common in most Indic scripts, conjuncts of ''ra'' are indicated with a ''repha'' or ''rakar'' mark attached to the rest of the consonant cluster. In addition, there are a few vertical conjuncts that can be found in Kaithi writing, but true ligatures are not used in the modern Kaithi script.

* 𑂩୍ (r) + 𑂛 (ḍʱa) gives the ligature rḍʱa:
[[File:Kaithi conjunct RDdha.svg|100px]]

===Kaithi Ṛha===
{{multiple image
| width = 100px
| image1 = Kaithi Rha.svg
| alt1 = Kaithi consonant Ṛha
| footer = Kaithi consonant Ṛha.
}}

'''Ṛha''' ('''𑂜''') is a consonant of the [[Kaithi script|Kaithi]] [[abugida]] and is derived from the Kaithi 𑂛 ''Ḍha''.

{| class=wikitable
|+ Kaithi Rha with vowel matras
|-
! Rha !! Rhā !! Rhi !! Rhī !! Rhu !! Rhū !! Rhe !! Rhai !! Rho !! Rhau !! Rh
|-
| {{big|𑂛}} || {{big|𑂛𑂰}} || {{big|𑂛𑂱}} || {{big|𑂛𑂲}} || {{big|𑂛𑂳}} || {{big|𑂛𑂴}} || {{big|𑂛𑂵}} || {{big|𑂛𑂶}} || {{big|𑂛𑂷}} || {{big|𑂛𑂸}} || {{big|𑂛𑂹}}
|}

====Conjuncts of ====
As is common in Indic scripts, Kaithi joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a [[half form]] of preceding consonants, although several consonants use an explicit [[virama]]. Most half forms are derived from the full form by removing the vertical stem. As is common in most Indic scripts, conjuncts of ''ra'' are indicated with a ''repha'' or ''rakar'' mark attached to the rest of the consonant cluster. In addition, there are a few vertical conjuncts that can be found in Kaithi writing, but true ligatures are not used in the modern Kaithi script.

* 𑂩୍ (r) + (ṛʱa) gives the ligature rṛʱa:
[[File:Kaithi conjunct RRha.svg|100px]]

==Tirhuta Ḍha==
[[File:TIRHUTA LETTER DDHA.svg|thumb|right|100px|Tirhuta consonant Ḍha]]

'''Ḍha''' ('''𑒜''') is a consonant of the [[Tirhuta script|Tirhuta]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi ddh.svg|13px|Ḍh]], via the [[Siddhaṃ script|Siddhaṃ]] letter [[Image:Siddham ddh.svg|x15px|Ḍha]] ''Ddha''. Like in other Indic scripts, Tirhuta consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent sylables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

{| class=wikitable
|+ Tirhuta Ḍha with vowel matras
|-
! Ḍha !! Ḍhā !! Ḍhi !! Ḍhī !! Ḍhu !! Ḍhū !! Ḍhṛ !! Ḍhṝ !! Ḍhḷ !! Ḍhḹ !! Ḍhē !! Ḍhe !! Ḍhai !! Ḍhō !! Ḍho !! Ḍhau !! Ḍh
|-
| {{big|𑒜}}
| {{big|𑒜𑒰}}
| {{big|𑒜𑒱}}
| {{big|𑒜𑒲}}
| {{big|𑒜𑒳}}
| {{big|𑒜𑒴}}
| {{big|𑒜𑒵}}
| {{big|𑒜𑒶}}
| {{big|𑒜𑒷}}
| {{big|𑒜𑒸}}
| {{big|𑒜𑒹}}
| {{big|𑒜𑒺}}
| {{big|𑒜𑒻}}
| {{big|𑒜𑒼}}
| {{big|𑒜𑒽}}
| {{big|𑒜𑒾}}
| {{big|𑒜𑓂}}
|}

=== Conjuncts of 𑒜 ===
As is common in Indic scripts, Tirhuta joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using an explicit [[virama]]. As is common in most Indic scripts, conjuncts of ''ra'' are indicated with a ''repha'' or ''rakar'' mark attached to the rest of the consonant cluster. In addition, other consonants take unique combining forms when in conjunct with other letters, and there are several vertical conjuncts and true ligatures that can be found in Tirhuta writing.

* 𑒜୍ (ḍʱ) + 𑒩 (ra) gives the ligature ḍʱra:
[[file:Tirhuta conjunct DdhRa.svg]]
* 𑒜୍ (ḍʱ) + 𑒫 (va) gives the ligature ḍʱva:
[[file:Tirhuta conjunct DdhVa.svg]]


==Comparison of Ḍha==
The various Indic scripts are generally related to each other through adaptation and borrowing, and as such the glyphs for cognate letters, including Ḍha, are related as well.
{{Indic glyph |letname = Ḍha
|devacp = 0922 |devaimg = Devanagari ढ.svg
|bengcp = 09A2 |bengimg = Bengali Letter Ddha.svg
|telucp = 0C22
|oryacp = 0B22
|kndacp = 0CA2
|mlymcp = 0D22
|gujrcp = 0AA2
|gurucp = 0A22

|brahcp = 11020 |ashokaimg = Brahmi ddh.svg
|kushanaimg = Gupta ashoka ddh.svg
|guptaimg = Gupta allahabad ddh.svg
|kharcp = 10A1D
|siddcp = 1159B |siddimg = Siddham ddh.svg
|grancp = 11322
|zanbcp = 11A17
|newacp = 1141D
|bhkscp = 11C1B
|shrdcp = 1119E
|mymrcp = 100E
|khmrcp = 178D
|sinhcp = 0DAA
|thaicp = 0E12
|laoocp = 0E92
|lanacp = 1A30
|cakmcp = 11119
|diakcp = 11919
|saurcp = A89F
|modicp = 1161B
|nandcp = 119BB
|soyocp = 11A69
|sylocp = A813
|gongcp = 11D83
|kthiimg = Kaithi Ddha.svg | kthicp = 1109B
|tirhcp = 1149C
|takrcp = 11697
|dogrcp = 11817
|khojcp = 11217
|sindcp = 112CB
|mahjcp = 11161
|multcp = 11294
|balicp = 1B20
|javacp = A99E
|gonmcp = 11D19
|tochimg = Tocharian letter ddha.gif
|kawiimg = Aksara Kawi ddha.svg
| armiimg = Daleth.svg
| plavaimg = Pallava Ddha.svg
| ranjimg = Ranjana dd.svg
}}

==Character encodings of Ḍha==
Most Indic scripts are encoded in the [[Unicode Standard]], and as such the letter Ḍha in those scripts can be represented in plain text with unique codepoint. Ḍha from several modern-use scripts can also be found in legacy encodings, such as [[ISCII]].
{{Indic encoding |= Ḍha
|devacp = 0922 |devaimg = Devanagari ढ.svg
|bengcp = 09A2 |bengimg = Bengali Letter Ddha.svg
|telucp = 0C22
|oryacp = 0B22
|kndacp = 0CA2
|mlymcp = 0D22
|gujrcp = 0AA2
|gurucp = 0A22
|iscii = C0

|brahcp = 11020 |ashokaimg = Brahmi ddh.svg
|kushanaimg = Gupta ashoka ddh.svg
|guptaimg = Gupta allahabad ddh.svg
|kharcp = 10A1D
|siddcp = 1159B |siddimg = Siddham ddh.svg
|grancp = 11322
|tibtcp = 0F4D | tibtimg = Дха мурдханья тибет.png
|tibtaltcp = 0F9D
|zanbcp = 11A17
|newacp = 1141D
|bhkscp = 11C1B
|shrdcp = 1119E
|mymrcp = 100E
|khmrcp = 178D
|sinhcp = 0DAA
|thaicp = 0E12
|laoocp = 0E92
|lanacp = 1A30
|cakmcp = 11119
|diakcp = 11919
|saurcp = A89F
|modicp = 1161B
|nandcp = 119BB
|soyocp = 11A69
|sylocp = A813
|gongcp = 11D83
|kthiimg = Kaithi Ddha.svg | kthicp = 1109B
|tirhcp = 1149C
|takrcp = 11697
|dogrcp = 11817
|khojcp = 11217
|sindcp = 112CB
|mahjcp = 11161
|multcp = 11294
|balicp = 1B20
|javacp = A99E
|gonmcp = 11D19
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
::{{note|note|note}} Conjuncts are identified by [[IAST]] transliteration, except aspirated consonants are indicated with a superscript "h" to distinguish from an unaspirated cononant + [[Ha (Indic)|Ha]], and the use of the IPA "ŋ" and "ʃ" instead of the less dinstinctive "ṅ" and "ś".
{{Devanagari_abugida}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dxha (Indic)}}
[[Category:Indic letters]]

IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actress

2026-01-08T23:04:55Z

Hindutashravi: clean up

{{short description|International Indian Film Academy Award}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox award
| name = [[International Indian Film Academy Awards|IIFA Award]] for Best Supporting Actress
| image =
| caption = The 2025 Recipient: [[Janki Bodiwala]]
| awarded_for = Best Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role
| presenter = ''International Indian Film Academy''
| country = India
| year = [[Sushmita Sen]], ''[[Biwi No.1]]'' ([[1st IIFA Awards|2000]])
| holder = [[Janki Bodiwala]], ''[[Shaitaan (2024 film)|Shaitaan]]'' ([[25th IIFA Awards|2025]])
| website = http://www.iifa.com
}}

[[File:Shabana_Azmi_SFU_honorary_degree_(cropped).jpg | thumb | right | alt=Shabana Azmi, 2009 | Shabana Azmi, 2009]]
The '''IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actress''' is chosen by the viewers and the winner is announced at the ceremony.

The award is given in the current year, but the actress who wins it is awarded for the previous year.

==Superlatives==

=== Multiple winners ===

* '''3 Wins''': [[Jaya Bachchan]]
* '''2 Wins''': [[Divya Dutta]]

=== Multiple nominees ===

* '''5 Nominations:''' [[Kirron Kher]], [[Divya Dutta]]
* '''4 Nominations:''' [[Konkona Sen Sharma]], [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]], [[Jaya Bachchan]]
* '''3 Nominations''': [[Rekha]], [[Rani Mukerji]], [[Kalki Koechlin]], [[Juhi Chawla]], [[Swara Bhasker]]
* '''2 Nominations''': [[Sushmita Sen]], [[Kareena Kapoor Khan|Kareena Kapoor]], [[Bipasha Basu]], [[Shernaz Patel]], [[Sonali Kulkarni]], [[Kangana Ranaut]], [[Huma Qureshi]], [[Ratna Pathak Shah]], [[Richa Chadha]], [[Seema Pahwa]], [[Amrita Singh]], [[Lara Dutta]], [[Radhika Apte]], [[Shabana Azmi]], [[Vidya Balan]]

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Superlative !! Actor !! Record
|-
| Actor with most awards || [[Jaya Bachchan]] || 3
|-
| Actor with most nominations || [[Kirron Kher]] [[Divya Dutta]] || 5
|-
| Actor with most nominations without ever winning || [[Rekha]] [[Bipasha Basu]] [[Kalki Koechlin]]|| 3
|-
| Actor with most nominations in a single year || [[Sushmita Sen]] {{Small|(2000)}} [[Rani Mukerji]] {{Small|(2005)}} Kirron Kher {{Small|(2007)}} [[Konkona Sen Sharma]] {{Small|(2008)}} [[Seema Pahwa]] {{Small|(2018)}}
| 2
|-
| Eldest Winner || Jaya Bachchan {{Small|(''[[Kal Ho Naa Ho]]'')}}|| 56
|-
| Eldest Nominee|| [[Zohra Sehgal]] {{Small|(''[[Cheeni Kum]]'')}}|| 96
|-
| Youngest Winner|| rowspan="2"|[[Ayesha Kapur]] {{Small|(''[[Black (2005 film)|Black]]'')}}|| rowspan="2" |11
|-
| Youngest Nominee
|-
|}

* Only five actresses have won both Best Supporting Actress and [[IIFA Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] award; In chronological order they are: [[Rani Mukerji]], [[Kangana Ranaut]], [[Anushka Sharma]], [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] and [[Priyanka Chopra]].
* [[Parineeti Chopra]] and [[Priyanka Chopra]] are the only cousins who have won the award.

==List of winners==
'''† – indicates the performance also ''won'' the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress]] ‡ – indicates the performance was also ''nominated'' for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress]]'''

===2000s===
* '''2000 [[Sushmita Sen]] – ''[[Biwi No.1]]''''' as '''Rupali''' †
** [[Aruna Irani]] – ''[[Haseena Maan Jaayegi]]'' as Santho Verma
** [[Reema Lagoo]] – ''[[Vaastav: The Reality]]'' as Shanta ‡
** Sushmita Sen – ''[[Sirf Tum]]'' as Neha Kumari ‡
** [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] – ''Biwi No.1'' as Lovely
* '''2001 [[Jaya Bachchan]] – ''[[Fiza]]''''' as '''Nishatbi Ikramullah''' †
** [[Mahima Chaudhry]] – ''[[Dhadkan (2000 film)|Dhadkan]]'' as Sheetal Varma ‡
** [[Namrata Shirodkar]] – ''[[Pukar (2000 film)|Pukar]]'' as Pooja Mallapa
** [[Sonali Bendre]] – ''[[Hamara Dil Aapke Paas Hai]]'' as Khushi Malhotra
** [[Sonali Kulkarni]] – ''[[Mission Kashmir]]'' as Neelama Khan ‡
* '''2002 [[Jaya Bachchan]] – ''[[Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham]]''''' as '''Nandini Raichand''' †
** [[Bipasha Basu]] – ''[[Ajnabee (2001 film)|Ajnabee]]'' as Neeta (Fake Sonia)
** [[Kareena Kapoor]] – ''Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham'' as Pooja Sharma a.k.a. Poo ‡
** [[Madhuri Dixit]] – ''[[Lajja (2001 film)|Lajja]]'' as Janki ‡
** [[Rekha]] – ''Lajja'' as Ramdulaari ‡
* '''2003 [[Kirron Kher]] – ''[[Devdas (2002 Hindi film)|Devdas]]''''' as '''Sumitra Chakraborty''' ‡
** [[Kareena Kapoor]] – ''[[Mujhse Dosti Karoge!]]'' as Tina
* '''2004 [[Jaya Bachchan]] – ''[[Kal Ho Naa Ho]]''''' as '''Jennifer Kapur''' †
** [[Juhi Chawla]] – ''[[Jhankaar Beats]]'' as Shanti
** [[Maya Alagh]] – ''[[LOC Kargil]]'' as Manoj Pandey's mother
** [[Rekha]] – ''[[Koi... Mil Gaya]]'' as Sonia Mehra ‡
** [[Shoma Anand]] – ''[[Hungama (2003 film)|Hungama]]'' as Anjali Tiwari
* '''2005 [[Rani Mukerji]] – ''[[Veer-Zaara]]''''' as '''Saamiya Siddiqui''' ‡
** [[Divya Dutta]] – ''Veer-Zaara'' as Shabbo ‡
** [[Esha Deol]] – ''[[Dhoom]]'' as Sheena
** [[Kishori Ballal]] – ''[[Swades]]'' as Kaveri Amma
** Rani Mukerji – ''[[Yuva]]'' as Shashi Biswas †
* '''2006 [[Ayesha Kapur]] – ''[[Black (2005 film)|Black]]''''' as '''Young Michelle McNally''' †
** [[Juhi Chawla]] – ''[[My Brother…Nikhil]]'' as Anamika
** [[Lara Dutta]] – ''[[No Entry]]'' as Kaajal (Kishan's wife)
** [[Shernaz Patel]] – ''[[Black (2005 film)|Black]]'' as Akram Sheikh
** [[Shweta Prasad]] – ''[[Iqbal (film)|Iqbal]]'' as Khadija ‡
* '''2007 [[Soha Ali Khan]] – ''[[Rang De Basanti]]''''' as '''Sonia/Durgawati Devi''' ‡
** [[Kirron Kher]] – ''[[Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna]]'' as Kamaljit 'Kamal' Saran ‡
** Kirron Kher – ''Rang De Basanti'' as Mitro ‡
** [[Konkona Sen Sharma]] – ''[[Omkara (2006 film)|Omkara]]'' as Indu †
** [[Preity Zinta]] – ''Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna'' as Rhea Saran ‡
** [[Rekha]] – ''[[Krrish]]'' as Sonia Mehra ‡
* '''2008 [[Konkona Sen Sharma]] – ''[[Life in a... Metro]]''''' as '''Shruti''' †
**[[Chitrashi Rawat]] – ''[[Chak De! India]]'' as Komal Chautala
** Konkona Sen Sharma – ''[[Laaga Chunari Mein Daag]]'' as Shubhavari Sahay / Chutki
**[[Rani Mukerji]] – ''[[Saawariya]]'' as Gulabji ‡
**[[Vidya Balan]] – ''[[Guru (2007 film)|Guru]]'' as Meenakshi "Meenu" Saxena
**[[Zohra Sehgal]] – ''[[Cheeni Kum]]'' as Buddhadev's mother
* '''2009 [[Kangana Ranaut]] – ''[[Fashion (2008 film)|Fashion]]''''' as '''Shonali Gujral''' †
** [[Bipasha Basu]] – ''[[Bachna Ae Haseeno]]'' as Radhika/Shreya Rathore ‡
** [[Ila Arun]] – ''[[Jodhaa Akbar]]'' as Maham Anga
** [[Kirron Kher]] – ''[[Dostana (2008 film)|Dostana]]'' as Sameer's mother ‡
** [[Shahana Goswami]] – ''[[Rock On!!]]'' as Debbie ‡

===2010s===

* '''2010 [[Divya Dutta]] – ''[[Delhi-6]]''''' as '''Jalebi''' ‡
** [[Arundhati Nag]] – ''[[Paa (film)|Paa]]'' as Vidya's mother ‡
** [[Kalki Koechlin]] – ''[[Dev.D]]'' as Leni/Chandramukhi (Chanda) †
** [[Kirron Kher]] – ''[[Kurbaan (2009 film)|Kurbaan]]'' as Aapa
** [[Supriya Pathak]] – ''[[Wake Up Sid]]'' as Sarita ‡
* '''2011 [[Prachi Desai]] – ''[[Once Upon A Time In Mumbaai]]''''' as '''Mumtaz''' ‡
** [[Amrita Puri]] – ''[[Aisha (2010 film)|Aisha]]'' as Shefali Thakur ‡
** [[Dimple Kapadia]] – ''[[Dabangg]]'' as Naini Devi
** [[Ratna Pathak]] – ''[[Golmaal 3]]'' as Geeta ‡
** [[Shernaz Patel]] – ''[[Guzaarish (2010 film)|Guzaarish]]'' as Devyani Dutta
* '''2012 [[Parineeti Chopra]] – ''[[Ladies vs Ricky Bahl]]''''' as '''Dimple Chaddha''' ‡
** [[Divya Dutta]] – ''[[Stanley Ka Dabba]]'' as Ms. Rosy
** [[Kalki Koechlin]] – ''[[Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara]]'' as Natasha ‡
** [[Sonali Kulkarni]] – ''[[Singham]]'' as Megha Kadam
** [[Swara Bhaskar]] – ''[[Tanu Weds Manu]]'' as Payal ‡
* '''2013 [[Anushka Sharma]] – ''[[Jab Tak Hai Jaan]]''''' as '''Akira Rai''' †
** [[Diana Penty]] – ''[[Cocktail (2012 film)|Cocktail]]'' as Meera Sahni
** [[Divya Dutta]] – ''[[Heroine (2012 film)|Heroine]]'' as Pallavi Narayan
** [[Dolly Ahluwalia]] – ''[[Vicky Donor]]'' as Mrs. Arora
** [[Jacqueline Fernandez]] – ''[[Housefull 2]]'' as Bobby
** [[Reema Sen]] – ''[[Gangs of Wasseypur – Part 1]]'' as Durga
* '''2014 [[Divya Dutta]] – ''[[Bhaag Milkha Bhaag]]''''' as '''Ishri Kaur''' ‡
** [[Kalki Koechlin]] – ''[[Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani]]'' as Aditi Mehra ‡
** [[Kangana Ranaut]] – ''[[Krrish 3]]'' as Kaya
** [[Richa Chadha]] – ''[[Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram-Leela]]'' as Rasila
** [[Shruti Haasan]] – ''[[D-Day (2013 film)|D-Day]]'' as Suraiya
** [[Swara Bhaskar]] – ''[[Raanjhanaa]]'' as Bindiya ‡
* '''2015 [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] – ''[[Haider (film)|Haider]]''''' as '''Ghazala Meer''' †
** [[Amrita Singh]] – ''[[2 States (2014 film)|2 States]]'' as Kavita Malhotra ‡
** [[Huma Qureshi]] – ''[[Dedh Ishqiya]]'' as Muniya
** [[Juhi Chawla]] – ''[[Gulaab Gang]]'' as Sumitra Devi ‡
** [[Lisa Haydon]] – ''[[Queen (2014 film)|Queen]]'' as Vijayalakshmi ‡
* '''2016 [[Priyanka Chopra]] – ''[[Bajirao Mastani]]''''' as '''[[Kashibai]]''' †
** [[Huma Qureshi]] – ''[[Badlapur (film)|Badlapur]]'' as Jhimli ‡
** [[Konkona Sen Sharma]] – ''[[Talvar (film)|Talvar]]'' as Nutan Tandon
** [[Tanvi Azmi]] – ''Bajirao Mastani'' as Radhabai ‡
* '''2017 [[Shabana Azmi]] – ''[[Neerja]]''''' as '''Rama Bhanot''' †
** Andrea Tariang – ''[[Pink (2016 film)|Pink]]'' as Andrea Tariang
** [[Disha Patani]] – ''[[M.S. Dhoni: The Untold Story]]'' as Priyanka Jha
** [[Ratna Pathak Shah]] – ''[[Kapoor & Sons]]'' as Sunita Kapoor ‡
** [[Richa Chadha]] – ''[[Sarbjit (film)|Sarbjit]]'' as Sukhpreet Kaur ‡
** [[Kirti Kulhari]] – ''Pink'' as Falak Ali
* '''2018 [[Meher Vij]] – ''[[Secret Superstar]]''''' as '''Najma Malik''' †
**[[Neha Dhupia]] – ''[[Tumhari Sulu]]'' as Maryam "Maria" Sood
**[[Seema Pahwa]] – ''[[Bareilly Ki Barfi]] as Susheela Mishra'' ‡
**Seema Pahwa – ''[[Shubh Mangal Saavdhan]]'' as Sugandha's mother ‡
**[[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] – ''[[Golmaal Again]]'' as Anna Matthew
*'''2019 [[Aditi Rao Hydari]] – ''[[Padmaavat]]'' as Mehrunissa'''
**[[Neena Gupta]] – [[Mulk (film)|''Mulk'']] as Tabassum Mohammed
**[[Radhika Apte]] – ''[[Andhadhun]]'' as Sophie
**[[Swara Bhaskar]] – ''[[Veere Di Wedding]]'' as Sakshi Soni ‡
**[[Surekha Sikri]] – ''[[Badhaai Ho]]'' as Durga Kaushik †

===2020s===
*'''2020''' '''[[Kiara Advani]]''' – '''''[[Good Newwz]]''''' as '''Monica Batra''' <ref>{{cite news |title=IIFA Awards 2020 - Popular Award Winners |url=https://iifa.com/blog/blog-details/iifa-awards-2020---popular-award-winners |access-date=28 November 2021 |website=[[IIFA Awards]] |date=25 November 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126055921/https://iifa.com/blog/blog-details/iifa-awards-2020---popular-award-winners |archive-date=26 November 2021 }}</ref>
**[[Amrita Singh]] – ''[[Badla (2019 film)|Badla]]'' as Rani Kaur ‡
**[[Yami Gautam]] – ''[[Bala (2019 film)|Bala]]'' as Pari Mishra
**[[Sayani Gupta]] – ''[[Article 15 (film)|Article 15]]'' as Gaura
**[[Amruta Subhash]] – ''[[Gully Boy]]'' as Razia Ahmed †
*'''2022 [[Sai Tamhankar]] – ''[[Mimi (2021 Hindi film)|Mimi]]'' as Shama †'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=IIFA Awards 2022 complete list of winners: Vicky Kaushal, Kriti Sanon win top acting honours |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-iifa-awards-2022-complete-list-of-winners-vicky-kaushal-kriti-sanon-win-top-acting-honours-2958025 |access-date=2022-06-05 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>
** [[Gauhar Khan]] – ''[[14 Phere]]'' as Zubina
** [[Lara Dutta]] – ''[[Bell Bottom (2021 film)|Bell Bottom]]'' as [[Indira Gandhi]]
** [[Radhika Madan]] – ''[[Angrezi Medium]]'' as Taarika "Taaru" Bansal
** [[Shalini Vatsa]] – ''[[Ludo (film)|Ludo]]'' as Lata Kutty
*'''2023 [[Mouni Roy]] – ''[[Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva]]'' as Junoon ‡'''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/iifa-2023-winners-full-list-hrithik-roshan-and-alia-bhatt-bag-best-actors-brahmastra-and-gangubai-kathiawadi-win-big-101685243505209.html | title=IIFA 2023 winners full list: Hrithik Roshan and Alia Bhatt bag best actors, Brahmastra and Gangubai Kathiawadi win big | date=28 May 2023 }}</ref>
** [[Nimrat Kaur]] – ''[[Dasvi]]'' as Bimla Devi "Bimmo" Chaudhary
** [[Radhika Apte]] – ''[[Monica, O My Darling]]'' as [[Assistant commissioner of police|ACP]] Vijayashanti Naidu
** [[Sheeba Chadha]] – ''[[Badhaai Do]]'' as Mrs. Thakur †
** [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] – ''[[Drishyam 2 (2022 film)|Drishyam 2]]'' as Meera Deshmukh

* '''2024 [[Shabana Azmi]] – ''[[Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani]]'' as Jamini Chatterjee †'''
** [[Geeta Agarwal Sharma]] – ''[[12th Fail]]'' as Pushpa Sharma
** [[Jaya Bachchan]] – ''Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani'' as Dhanlakshmi Randhawa ‡
** [[Sanya Malhotra]] – ''[[Sam Bahadur (film)|Sam Bahadur]]'' as Silloo Manekshaw
** [[Triptii Dimri]] – ''[[Animal (2023 Indian film)|Animal]]'' as Zoya ‡

* '''2025''' '''[[Janki Bodiwala]]''' '''– [[Shaitaan (2024 film)|''Shaitaan'']] as Jahnvi Rishi'''
** [[Chhaya Kadam]] – ''[[Laapataa Ladies]]'' as Manju Maai
** [[Jyothika]] – [[Srikanth (film)|''Srikanth'']] as Devika Malvade
** [[Priyamani]] – ''[[Sam Bahadur (film)|Article 370]]'' as Rajeshwari Swaminathan
** [[Vidya Balan]] – ''[[Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3]]'' as Rajkumari Manjulika / Mallika

== See also ==
* [[International Indian Film Academy Awards|IIFA Awards]]
* [[Bollywood]]
* [[Cinema of India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090822183347/http://www.iifa.com/web07/cntnt/iifa.htm Official site]

{{IIFA Awards}}
{{IIFAAwardBestSupportingActress}}

[[Category:International Indian Film Academy Awards]]
[[Category:Film awards for supporting actress]]

Anand family

2026-01-07T17:03:44Z

Hindutashravi: Added First Details From Scratch

{{Short description|Influential family in Indian cinema}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox family
| name = Anand family
| image =
| caption =
| origin =
| region = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| traditions = [[Indian people|Indian]] [[Punjabi Hindu]]s
| heirlooms = [[Navketan Films]]
}}

'''Anand family''', or the '''Anand–Sahni family''', is an Indian [[show business]] family active in [[Hindi cinema]] (Bollywood). It originates from the '''Anand brothers''': [[Chetan Anand (director)|Chetan Anand]], [[Dev Anand]] and [[Vijay Anand (filmmaker)|Vijay Anand]]. Their father's name was Pishorimal Anand. The Anand brothers had five sisters: Savitri, Sheila, Kanta, Lata and Usha.<ref>{{Cite news|date=27 February 2015|title= In pics: Dev Anand's family tree |url=https://www.news18.com/photogallery/movies/in-pics-dev-anands-family-tree-854974.html |access-date=1 October 2024|website=News18|language=en}}</ref>

In a film industry dominated by [[List of Hindi film clans|familial connections]] the Anand brothers served as an important bridge between various Bollywood film clans.

== Background ==
{{Also|List of Hindi film families#Anand–Sahni family}}
The Anand Family is a prominent Indian film family, known for its contributions to Bollywood through acting, directing, and filmmaking. The family originally hails from Gurdaspur, Punjab,India. The Anand family has had a lasting impact on [[Indian cinema]], influencing storytelling, acting styles, and filmmaking techniques across generations. [[Navketan Films]] Founded by Chetan and Dev Anand in 1949, this production house has produced some of Indian cinema's most iconic films.

== Chetan Anand ==
{{Main|Chetan Anand (director)}}

In 1943, [[Chetan Anand (director)|Chetan Anand]] married actress [[Uma Anand]], a [[Bengali Christians|Bengali Christian]] woman of [[Bengali Brahmin|Brahmin heritage]]. Uma's father, Gyanesh Chandra Chatterji, was the principal of Government Law College, Lahore, and he was the son of Rev. Probhat Chandra Chatterji, a [[Priest|Christian priest]]. Uma's mother, Ila Chatterji, was a first cousin of Mona Singha, better known as [[Kalpana Kartik]], wife of Chetan's younger brother Dev Anand. He has two sons [[Ketan Anand]] and Vivek Anand.

== Dev Anand ==
{{Main|Dev Anand}}
[[Dev Anand]] was an Indian actor, writer, director and producer known for his work in Hindi cinema. Anand is considered as one of the greatest and most successful actors in the history of Indian cinema. He was the most famous among all his brothers. Dev Anand marry [[Kalpana Kartik]] in 1954. Both of them got married in a very private manner during the shooting of the film [[Taxi Driver (1954 film)|''Taxi Driver'']] (1954). They have 2 children, [[Suneil Anand]] and Devina Anand.<ref>{{Cite news|date=26 September 2023|title= Dev Anand and the Anand brothers: The other 'first' family of Bollywood that formed Navketan Films|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/dev-anand-vijay-chetan-navketan-film-other-first-family-of-bollywood-8955025/ |access-date=1 October 2024|website=Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

== Vijay Anand ==
{{Main|Vijay Anand (filmmaker)}}
Vijay Anand was the younger brother of legendary Bollywood actor [[Dev Anand]] and filmmaker [[Chetan Anand (director)|Chetan Anand]]. He belonged to a family deeply rooted in cinema. His eldest brother, Chetan Anand, was a pioneering director, while Dev Anand became one of Bollywood's biggest superstars. Their family hailed from [[Gurdaspur]], [[Punjab]]. Vijay was one of Bollywood's most talented directors, known for his stylish storytelling, brilliant cinematography, and gripping screenplay writing. His films are remembered for their engaging plots and timeless songs. He made his directorial debut with [[Nau Do Gyarah]] (1957) and went on to direct several classics, including: [[Guide (film)|Guide]] (1965), [[Jewel Thief (1967 film)|Jewel Thief]] (1967), [[Johny Mera Naam]] (1970), [[Tere Mere Sapne (1971 film)|Tere Mere Sapne]] (1971).

Vijay Anand was also a talented actor. His most famous acting role was in [[Kora Kagaz]] (1974) opposite [[Jaya Bachchan]]. His performance as a troubled husband won critical acclaim.

===Later life and legacy===
Vijay Anand was appointed the chairman of the [[Central Board of Film Certification]] (CBFC) in 2001 but resigned after a short tenure due to creative differences. His filmmaking style was known for its intricate storytelling, suspense, and soulful music, often composed by legends like [[S. D. Burman]] and [[R. D. Burman]].<ref>{{Cite web
| url = https://www.filmfare.com/interviews/all-about-late-actor-and-director-vijay-anand-46625.html
| title = All about late actor and director Vijay Anand
| website = Filmfare
| publisher = Worldwide Media
| date = 
| access-date = 2025-03-27
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web
| url = https://www.cinemaazi.com/people/vijay-anand-1
| title = Vijay Anand life journey
| website = Cinemaazi
| date = 
| access-date = 2025-03-27
}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Bollywood}}
* [[List of Indian film families]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
* {{imdbname|nm0007147}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anand Family}}
[[Category:Anand–Sahni family]]
[[Category:Dev Anand]]
[[Category:Navketan Films]]
[[Category:Hindi film families]]
[[Category:Indian families]]
[[Category:Hindu families]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Punjabi Hindus]]
[[Category:Punjabi families]]
[[Category:Film people from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Film people from Mumbai]]

Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre

2025-12-30T00:28:05Z

Hindutashravi: Put up a bio initial version.

{{Short description|Indian diabetes speciality hospital chain}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Advert|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox hospital
| name = Dr. Mohan’s Diabetes Specialities Centre
| org_group = Dr. Mohan's Group
| image =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| logo = Dr_Mohans_Diabetes_Logo.jpg
| logo_size =
| location = [[Chennai]]
| region =
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| country = India
| coordinates =
| address =
| healthcare =
| funding =
| type = Specialist
| speciality = Diabetes
| standards =
| emergency =
| helipad = 
| affiliation = 
| patron =
| network =
| beds =
| founded = 1991
| closed =
| website = [http://drmohans.com/ www.drmohans.com]
| other_links = 
}}

'''Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre''' is a [[Diabetes mellitus|diabetes]] speciality hospital chain that is headquartered in [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Case Study on Dr.Mohan’s Diabetes Specialties Centre-|url=http://www.accessh.org/CaseStudies_Pdf/DMDSC.pdf|publisher=ACCESS Health International|access-date=2014-02-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101032931/http://www.accessh.org/CaseStudies_Pdf/DMDSC.pdf|archive-date=2013-11-01|url-status=dead}}</ref> It was founded in 1991 by [[V. Mohan]] along with his wife Rema.
Dr. Mohan's Group has 50 centres and more than 4000 staff members.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/dr-mohans-diabetes-specialities-centres-dmdsc/article4092434.ece|title= Dr. Mohan’s Diabetes Specialities Centres (DMDSC)|date=November 2012|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://healthcare.financialexpress.com/200901/50pathfinders43.shtml|title= Hope for Diabetics - Founder of Dr Mohans Diabetes Specialities Centres|date=January 2009|work=[[The Financial Express (India)]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The doctor who wages a war on diabetes|url=http://www.futuremedicineonline.com/detail_news.php?id=131|publisher=Future Medicine|access-date=2014-02-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228224703/http://www.futuremedicineonline.com/detail_news.php?id=131|archive-date=2014-02-28|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/dr-mohan-s-on-diabetes-mission-108010201088_1.html|title=Dr Mohan's on diabetes mission|date=January 2008|work=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref> Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre is also the collaboration centre for [[World Health Organization]] on [[Non-communicable disease|Non-Communicable Diseases]] Prevention and Control.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/03/29/stories/2008032960980900.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080401132205/http://www.hindu.com/2008/03/29/stories/2008032960980900.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 April 2008|title= WHO to collaborate with Dr. Mohan’s Diabetes Specialities Centre|date=29 March 2008|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=WHO to collaborate with Dr. Mohans Diabetes Specialities Centre|url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/content/49286/who-to-collaborate-with-dr-mohans-diabetes-specialities-centre/|publisher=India Environment Portal}}</ref> In 2017, the centre raised $10.3 million in Series funding. This is the first round of funding for the centre since its founding in 1991. The money will be allocated to Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialties Centre across India.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dr Mohan’s Diabetes raises Rs66 crore in Series A funding|url=http://www.livemint.com/Companies/nVJ0SskcLkBNBT1EK1YkqI/Dr-Mohans-Diabetes-raises-Rs66-crore-in-Series-A-funding.html|publisher=Livemint}}</ref>

==Founder==
[[V. Mohan]] was born on April 10, 1954 in a small town in northern [[Kerala]] state (India). He worked with his father M. Viswanathan as a [[Diabetologist]] and a researcher until 1990 at MV Hospital and Diabetes Research Centre, [[Chennai]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

==Branches==
Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre has 50 diabetes centres and clinics in India viz. 8 centres in [[Chennai]], 8 centres in [[Telangana]], 10 centres in [[Andhra Pradesh]], 5 centres in [[Karnataka]] 2 centres in [[Kerala]] 2 centres in [[West Bengal]] and 1 each in [[Coimbatore]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/05/21/stories/2011052155720600.html|title=10th branch of Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre (DMDSC)|date=21 May 2011|work=[[The Hindu]]}}{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Madurai]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/dr-mohans-diabetes-madurai-branch/article2729430.ece|title=Dr Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre DMDSC Madurai branch|date=19 Dec 2011|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]], [[Chunampet]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://drmohansdiabetes.com/index.php/contact-us/|title=List of Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centres|publisher=Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centres|access-date=20 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209023934/http://drmohansdiabetes.com/index.php/contact-us/|archive-date=9 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Vellore]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/18/stories/2008091853810300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080927232107/http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/18/stories/2008091853810300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 September 2008|title=Diabetes specialty centre to open branch in Vellore|date=18 September 2008|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[Gudiyatham]], [[Trichy]], [[Thanjavur]], [[Erode]], [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]], [[Tuticorin]], [[Tirupur]], [[Kanchipuram]], [[Dindigul]] and [[Bhubaneswar]].

==Achievements and awards==
*Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre was awarded Best Diabetes [[Endocrine system|Endocrine]] Hospital in India for at the [[CNBC-TV18]] Health Care Awards in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=CNBC Award - Dr. Mohan's - Best Diabetes Endocrine Hospital|url=http://drmohansdiabetes.com/index.php/cnbc-award/|publisher=Dr. Mohan’s Diabetes Specialities Centre|access-date=20 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223134720/http://drmohansdiabetes.com/index.php/cnbc-award/|archive-date=23 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= CNBC-TV18 - Best Hospitals at the 'India Healthcare Awards'|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/press-releases/press-release-cnbc-tv-18-and-icici-lombard-recognize-indias-best-hospitals-at-the-india-healthcare-awards-1820875|publisher=dna}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=CNBC -TV18 recognizes India’s best hospitals at the ‘India Healthcare Awards|url=http://www.bestmediainfo.com/2013/12/cnbc-tv18-recognizes-indias-best-hospitals-at-the-india-healthcare-awards/|publisher=Best Media Info}}</ref>
*Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre was the first diabetes centre in India to offer [[Bariatric surgery]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Bariatric-surgery-unit-launched/2013/09/30/article1810163.ece#.UwWacNL7C8A|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306105717/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Bariatric-surgery-unit-launched/2013/09/30/article1810163.ece#.UwWacNL7C8A|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 March 2014|title=Bariatric surgery unit launched|date=30 September 2013|work=[[Indian Express]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Health in Tamil Nadu}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Doctor Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre}}
[[Category:Hospitals in Chennai]]
[[Category:Hospitals in Vellore]]
[[Category:Diabetes organizations]]
[[Category:1991 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Hospitals established in 1991]]
[[Category:Health care companies of India]]
[[Category:Research institutes in India]]

Lammual Stadium

2025-12-28T04:43:47Z

Hindutashravi: started basic details needs work

{{Short description|Football stadium in Mizoram, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox venue
| name = Lammual Stadium
| nickname =
| image = Lammual stadium.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = Panoramic view of the stadium
| fullname = Lammual Stadium
| location = [[Aizawl]], [[Mizoram]], [[India]]
| coordinates =
| broke_ground =
| built = 1928
| opened =
| renovated = 2011
| expanded =
| closed =
| demolished =
| owner =
| operator =
| surface = [[Astroturf]]
| construction_cost =
| architect =
| structural_engineer =
| services_engineer =
| general_contractor =
| project_manager =
| main_contractors =
| former_names = Assam Rifles Ground
| tenants = [[Aizawl F.C.]] (2015—) [[Chhinga Veng F.C.]](2018—)
| seating_capacity = 5,000
| dimensions =
}}

'''Lammual Stadium''' is a football stadium located in [[Aizawl]], [[Mizoram]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Photo essay: Mizoram and its unparalleled passion for football|url=https://www.forbesindia.com/aperture/multi-media/photo-essay-mizoram-and-its-unparalleled-passion-for-football/81991/1|publisher=Forbes India|access-date=20 January 2023}}</ref> It is used mainly for [[association football|football]] matches.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mizoram’s inter-village football tournament sees a crowd like never before|url=https://www.eastmojo.com/news/2022/07/19/mizorams-inter-village-football-tournament-sees-a-crowd-like-never-before/|publisher=East Mojo|date=19 July 2022|access-date=20 January 2023}}</ref> It was one of the venues for the Northeast Games 2012.<ref>{{cite web|title=NE Games-ah infiammi 1,200 vel beisei|url=http://www.vanglaini.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=12685:ne-games-ah-infiammi-1200-vel-beisei&catid=99:tualchhung&Itemid=2|publisher=Vanglaini|accessdate=16 August 2012}}</ref> The stadium serves as the venue for [[Mizoram Premier League]] matches.<ref>{{cite web|first=John|last=Zothansanga|title=Mizoram Premier League kicks off for the 2018 season|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/mizoram/mizoram-premier-league-gets-a-grand-kick-off-for-the-2018-season/|website=indianexpress.com|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|date=1 September 2018|access-date=27 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220145208/https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/mizoram/mizoram-premier-league-gets-a-grand-kick-off-for-the-2018-season/|archive-date=20 December 2021}}</ref>

==Stadium==
The ground is a single tier stadium. The stadium has a [[seating capacity]] of about 5,000 spectators, which costed around 190 crores.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lammual-ah Gallery sak hna tan dawn ta|url=http://thezozamtimes.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4175:lammual-ah-gallery-sak-hna-tan-dawn-ta&catid=43:news&Itemid=63|newspaper=The Zozam Times|accessdate=16 August 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415233229/http://thezozamtimes.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4175:lammual-ah-gallery-sak-hna-tan-dawn-ta&catid=43:news&Itemid=63|archive-date=15 April 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==History==
Lammual was started in the 1920s due to lack of level ground in Mizoram for troops to practice and it was decided to flatten a knoll to create a Parade ground. It took 5 years of Military labor under Loch's battalion to complete the ground. The cost of leveling the ground at that time was Rs 1,200. When the work was completed, the parade ground had a sheer cliff of 60 feet on side and 150 feet of filling in on the other. The cliff face of this field.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pachuau |first1=Joy |title=The Camera as a witness |publisher=Cambridge |isbn=9781107073395 |pages=134–135}}</ref>

==Modern==
The stadium has a historical and cultural significance for the [[Mizo people]]. It has been used for addressing the people of Mizoram by politicians like [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] who visited [[Aizawl]] in 1965.<ref>{{cite web|last=dultea|title=Pu Nehru Aizawl ah|url=http://www.misual.com/2007/02/27/pu-nehru-aizawl-ah/|accessdate=16 August 2012}}</ref> Lammual has also been the place where a helicopter landed for the first time in Mizoram in 1962.<ref>{{cite web|title=Aizawla Helicopter tum hmasa ber-1962|url=http://www.dawrpuiveng.com/2012/03/aizawla-helicopter-tum-hmasa-ber-1962.html|publisher=Dawrpui Veng|accessdate=16 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121210225357/http://www.dawrpuiveng.com/2012/03/aizawla-helicopter-tum-hmasa-ber-1962.html|archive-date=10 December 2012|url-status=usurped}}</ref> It is the venue for [[Chapchar Kut]] festival, a festival of Mizo people.<ref>{{cite web|title=CHAPCHAR KUT 2012 TAN INPUAHCHAHNA KAL ZEL|url=http://dipr.mizoram.gov.in/press-release/chapchar-kut-2012-tan-inpuahchahna-kal-zel|publisher=DIPR Mizoram|accessdate=16 August 2012}}</ref> There was initially a plan to construct the Rajiv Gandhi Stadium in Lammual ground<ref>{{cite web|last=DIPR|title=Stadium sak tur khaihlak chungchang sawiho a ni|url=http://www.misual.com/2008/03/25/stadium-sak-tur-khaihlak-chungchang-sawiho-a-ni/|publisher=misual|accessdate=16 August 2012}}</ref> before it was shifted to Mualpui as Assam Rifle could not give clearance for construction.<ref>{{cite web|title=Supplement to Memorandum|url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:Ayr6TX1VA78J:mizofin.nic.in/file/fcbranch/13fc/13fc_memoranda/Supplement%2520to%2520Memorandum.pdf+f+Rajiv+Gandhi+stadium+at+Lammual+for+construction+of+a+Sports+stadium+at+the+3rd+MAP+Battalion+Hqrs.+in+Mualpui+as+the+Assam+Rifle+authority+has+not&hl=en&gl=in&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESiGxZB6qZf7qvDgxbvhn6qJxuv00loj8_dKnrWdaymfxkOlXdWZdholm7Y2hGqsurTZ4f9C3JQKZsiS_Pp3CeNQOdhzHSIDregCKURYqlCX5JS-trv5CRuMOrym-9zNo-T8Ro5m&sig=AHIEtbTfXu_bHRCkYnvxKWQ9BGKRgVAEjw|publisher=Finance Dept, Govt of Mizoram|accessdate=16 August 2012}}</ref> The [[Chief Minister of Mizoram]], [[Lal Thanhawla]] officially inaugurated the artificial turf (grass) laid at Aizawl Lammual, also known as the Assam Rifles (AR) Ground in Aizawl city on Monday, 28 February 2011.<ref>{{cite news|title=Aizawl Lammual (AR Ground) Artificial Grass inaugurated|url=http://samaw.com/aizawl-lammual-artificial-grass/6400|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110303082656/http://samaw.com/aizawl-lammual-artificial-grass/6400|url-status=usurped|archive-date=3 March 2011|accessdate=14 August 2012|newspaper=Samaw}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|23.729|92.718|display=title}}
{{Aizawl}}

[[Category:Aizawl]]
[[Category:Football in Mizoram]]
[[Category:Football venues in India]]
[[Category:Sports venues in Mizoram]]
[[Category:Aizawl FC]]
[[Category:Sports venues completed in 1928]]
[[Category:1928 establishments in India]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

Picto Shohe

2025-12-07T02:48:53Z

Hindutashravi:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}

'''Picto Shohe''' (born 1959)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Picto(Nationalist Congress Party(NCP)):Constituency- ATOIZU (ST)(ZUNHEBOTO) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Nagaland2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=6848 |access-date=2024-11-08 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Nagaland]]. He is an [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from [[Atoizü Assembly constituency|Atoizu Assembly constituency]], which is reserved for [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]], in [[Zünheboto district|Zunheboto District]]. He won the [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]], representing Nationalist Congress Party.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-02 |title=Nagaland Assembly Election results 2023: Check full list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/nagaland-assembly-election-results-2023-winners-8473973/ |access-date=2024-11-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Shohe is from [[Atoizu]], Zunheboto District, Nagaland. He is the son of late Khozheto. He did his diploma in civil engineering, in 1977 at Khelhoshe Polytechnic, Asukhuto. His wife is a florist.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Shohe won from the Atoizu constituency representing [[Nationalist Congress Party]] in the 2023 Nagaland assembly election. He polled 8,294 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Kahuli Sema of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 602 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-02 |title=Akuluto, Atoizu, Suruhoto, Aghunato, Zünheboto: Check Result of Nagaland Assembly Election 2023 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/live-counting-updates-akuluto-atoizu-suruhoto-aghunato-znheboto-result-2023-counting-of-votes-winners-list-article-98330600 |access-date=2024-11-08 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> Earlier on 3 February 2023, Shohe resigned<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-02 |title=Three NDPP MLAs resign from NLA » MokokchungTimes.com |url=https://mokokchungtimes.com/three-ndpp-mlas-resign-from-nla/ |access-date=2024-11-08 |website=mokokchungtimes.com |language=en-US}}</ref> from the 13th Nagaland Assembly as his party, [[Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party|NDDP]] denied him a ticket for the constituency, as alliance partner BJP nominated Sema, an engineer, from Atoizu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-03 |title=Ruling coalition fronts 3 women candidates |url=http://www.thenagarepublic.com/news/nagaland-news/ruling-coalition-fronts-3-women-candidates/ |access-date=2024-11-08 |website=NAGA REPUBLIC |language=en-US}}</ref> He then joined NCP and successfully contested the 2023 election. Later, NCP which won 12 seats in the election, elected Shohe as the legislature party leader.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2023-03-08 |title=Nagaland: NCP to support NDPP-BJP government; Er. Picto Shohe elected Leader of the NCP Legislature Party |url=https://nagalandtribune.in/nagaland-ncp-to-support-ndpp-bjp-government-er-picto-shohe-elected-leader-of-the-ncp-legislature-party/ |access-date=2024-11-08 |website=Nagaland Tribune |language=en-US}}</ref>

He first became an MLA in the [[2013 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]] as an independent candidate, defeating Doshehe Y Sema of NPF by a margin of 3,284 votes.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Atoizu Election Result 2023 LIVE Updates and Highlights: NCP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/elections/atoizu-election-result-2023-live-updates-and-highlights-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-7196341.html |access-date=2024-11-08 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> He retained the seat in the 2018 Assembly election representing [[Naga People's Front]] and defeated former chief minister [[K. L. Chishi]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] by a margin of 838 which was 5.62% of the total votes cast.<ref name=":1" />

In 2025, he joined NPF.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shohe, Picto}}
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Naga People's Front politicians]]
[[Category:Nationalist Congress Party politicians from Nagaland]]
[[Category:Nagaland MLAs 2003–2008]]
[[Category:Nagaland MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Nagaland MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Zünheboto district]]

Mrunal Jain

2025-12-04T17:25:27Z

Hindutashravi: started the details more to come

{{Short description|Indian actor (born 1985)}}
{{EngvarB|date=November 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mrunal Jain
| image = MJainMrunal.png
| caption = Mrunal Jain at Tennis Premier League 2024
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1985|01|9|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Pindwara]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| occupation = Co-founder [[Tennis Premier League]] & Former Actor
| spouse = {{Marriage|Sweety Jain|2013}}
| years_active = 2008–present
}}

'''Mrunal Jain''' (born 9 January 1985) is a former Indian television and film actor and the co-founder of the [[Tennis Premier League]] (TPL), Asia's biggest tennis tournament,. He is best known for his role of Hiten, Sameer and Akash in the television series ''[[Bandini (TV series)|Bandini]], [[Hitler Didi]] and [[Uttaran]]''.

==Career==

Mrunal Jain who was an actor in his earlier days quit acting to pursue his passion for business and organizational development. Over the past eight years, he has successfully built a thriving sports ecosystem through the [[Tennis Premier League]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://sportsmintmedia.com/exclusive-the-idea-of-tpl-is-to-get-the-entire-tennis-community-together-mr-kunal-thakkur-mr-mrunal-jain-co-founders-tpl/ |title=Mrunal Jain Co-founder Tennis Premier League | newspaper=Sportsmintmedia}}</ref> the TPL App, and his tennis academies.

He started his career with the role of [[Krishna]] in ''[[Kahaani Hamaaray Mahaabhaarat Ki]]''. Later he appeared in ''[[Bandini (TV series)|Bandini]]'' as Hiten. He also acted in ''[[Hitler Didi]]'' as Sameer and ''[[Looteri Dulhan]]'' as Abhinav. He played the role of Akash Chatterjee in ''[[Uttaran]]'' opposite [[Tina Dutta]]. He was last seen playing the role of Raghav Patil in ''[[Bandhan (Indian TV series)|Bandhan]]'' as the lead opposite [[Chhavi Pandey]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Mrunal-Jain-to-play-a-college-student/articleshow/45987786.cms |title=Mrunal Jain to play a college student |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=23 January 2015}}</ref>

==Personal life==

Mrunal was born on 9 January 1985, in [[Ahmedabad]] and brought up in [[Mumbai]]. He is from a [[Jain]] family. He married Sweety Jain, whom he was introduced by a common friend of his and Sweety's family. The marriage took place on 13 July 2013 in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Mrunal-Jain-My-wife-is-very-loving/articleshow/52281845.cms? |title=Mrunal Jain: My wife is very loving |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=15 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/television/070216/through-thick-and-thin.html |title=Through thick and thin |newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |access-date=7 February 2016}}</ref>

==From Acting to Entrepreneurship==

Mrunal Jain's vision is to grow and create a complete ecosystem for tennis in India through TPL along with Kunal Thakkur (co-founder, TPL). Established in 2018,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/tennis-premier-league-season-4-start-date |title=Tennis Premier League! |newspaper=[[Olympics.com]] |access-date=18 July 2022}}</ref> [[Tennis Premier League]] has witnessed immense success, evolving from a national League to an International league. TPL is supported by the [[All India Tennis Association]] (AITA), legendary tennis champion [[Leander Paes]] (18-time Grand Slam winner and 1996 Olympic medalist), and several prominent personalities.

In addition to the Tennis Premier League, Mrunal Jain, alongside Kunal Thakkur, has been actively involved in promoting Tennis at the grassroots level. They launched the TPL App,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://sportsmintmedia.com/tennis-premier-league-to-enhance-tennis-culture-and-aptitude-in-india-with-its-tpl-app/ |title=Tennis Premier League App |newspaper=Sportsmintmedia |access-date=22 November 2023}}</ref> through which they have successfully conducted over 500 tournaments across India for various age categories, ranging from Under-8 to Open. Aiming to find the next Olympic tennis medalist for India, TPL also initiated the "Race to Gold" <ref>{{cite news |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/tennis/tennis-premier-league-tpl-launches-scholarship-scheme-for-young-players-race-to-gold-news-details-olympics-news/article67829618.ece |title=TPL launches RTG initiative |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=18 July 2022}}</ref> Scholarship Program.

==Filmography==

===Television===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Show !! Role !! Notes !! Ref(s)
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Kahaani Hamaaray Mahaabhaarat Ki]]'' || Krishna || ||<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140801/entertainment-tvmusic/article/%E2%80%98my-weakness-my-strength%E2%80%99 |title=My weakness is my strength |newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |access-date=2 August 2014}}</ref>
|-
| 2009–2011 || ''[[Bandini (TV series)|Bandini]]'' || Hiten Dharamraj Mahiyavanshi ||Lead ||<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/uttaran-and-bandini-actor-mrunal-jain-gives-marriage-tips-to-fans/story-o5Q6wk0QMepmei3l44FnXI.html |title=Uttaran and Bandini actor Mrunal Jain gives marriage tips to fans |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=19 April 2016}}</ref>
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Looteri Dulhan]]'' || Abhinav || Lead ||<ref>{{cite news |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/mrunal-jain-in--looteri-dulhan/773137/ |title=Mrunal Jain in Looteri Dulhan |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=8 April 2011}}</ref>
|-
| 2011–2012 || ''[[Hitler Didi]]'' || Sameer Diwan || ||<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Mrunal-Jain-in-Hitler-Didi/articleshow/11293195.cms |title=Mrunal Jain in Hitler Didi |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=31 December 2011}}</ref>
|-
| 2013–2015 || ''[[Uttaran]]'' || Akash Chatterjee || Lead ||<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Bonded-with-Uttaran-cast-like-family-Mrunal-Jain/articleshow/45741557.cms |title=Bonded with 'Uttaran' cast like family: Mrunal Jain |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=3 January 2015}}</ref>
|-
|2014 || ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa]]'' || Himself || Guest || rowspan=2 {{N/A|}}
|-
| 2014–2015 || ''Box Cricket League'' || Himself || Contestant
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Bandhan (Indian TV series)|Bandhan]]'' || Raghav Patil || Lead ||<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Mrunal-Jain-to-romance-Chavi-Pandey-in-Zee-TVs-Bandhan/articleshow/46076048.cms |title=Mrunal Jain to romance Chavi Pandey in Zee TV's Bandhan |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=31 January 2015}}</ref>
|-
| 2016 || ''Box Cricket League (Season 2)'' || Himself || Contestant ||<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/cricket-and-controversies-spice-up-bcl-season-ii/16997163 |title=Cricket and controversies spice up 'BCL' season II |newspaper=[[Mid-Day]] |access-date=29 February 2016}}</ref>
|-
| 2016–2017 || ''[[Nagarjuna- Ek Yoddha]]'' || Shankachurna/Rajbir || ||<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Mrunal-Jains-wig-woes/articleshow/52326012.cms |title=Mrunal Jain's wig woes! |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=19 May 2016}}</ref>
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Cinta di Pangkuan Himalaya]]'' || Arman || || rowspan=3 {{N/A|}}
|-
| rowspan="2"|2018 ||''[[Laal Ishq (2018 TV series)|Laal Ishq Episode 5]]'' ||Harsh/Sooraj || Episodic
|-
| ''[[Dil Hi Toh Hai]]'' || Arjun ||
|-
| 2022
|''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]''
| Dr. Kunal Khera
|
| <ref>{{cite news|last=Trivedi|first=Tanvi|date=4 August 2022|title=Exclusive! Mrunal Jain to enter Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlataa Hai, actor returns to TV after 5 years|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-mrunal-jain-to-enter-yeh-rishta-kya-kehlataa-hai-actor-returns-to-tv-after-5-years/articleshow/93348646.cms|access-date=4 August 2022|work=[[Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2024
| ''Chaya Graha Rahu Ketu''
| [[Rahu]]
|
|
|}

===Films===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes !! Ref(s)
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Satya 2]]'' || Abhijeet || Hindi-[[Telugu language|Telugu]] bilingual film ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/tv-actor-mrunal-jain-in-rgvs-satya-2/articleshow/20306928.cms|title=TV actor Mrunal Jain in RGV's 'Satya 2'|date=28 May 2013|work= The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Sab Kushal Mangal]]'' || Vishnu || || <ref name=Debutfilms>{{cite news|last1=|first1=|title=Mrunal Jain is thrilled about Sab Kushal Mangal and Sooryavanshi; Deets inside |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/mrunal-jain-thrilled-about-sab-kushal-mangal-and-sooryavanshi-deets-inside-496105|access-date=5 February 2022|work=PinkVilla|date=20 March 2020|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Sooryavanshi]]'' || Raza Hafeez || ||<ref name=MrunalSoorya>{{cite news|last1=|first1=|title=Was hoping people would see me on the big screen in Sooryavanshi last year: Mrunal Jain|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/was-hoping-people-would-see-me-on-the-big-screen-with-akshay-kumar-and-ranveer-singh-in-sooryavanshi-last-year-mrunal-jain/story-WsZ9Fz4324dfXxgwslr6dN.html|access-date=5 February 2022|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=6 January 2021|language=en}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jain, Mrunal}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Indian male soap opera actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1985 births]]

Sainikpuri

2025-12-01T15:49:31Z

Hindutashravi: adjusted page also for clarity

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2017}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sainikpuri
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Neighbourhood]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Hyderabad
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Hyderabad, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17.501564|78.563047|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Medchal–Malkajgiri district]]
| subdivision_type3 = City
| subdivision_name3 = [[Hyderabad]]
| subdivision_type5 =
| subdivision_name5 =
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| governing_body= [[GHMC]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = Sainikpuri Post [https://ipincode.in/pincode/india/telangana/hyderabad/tirumalagiri/500094-sainikpuri-delivery/]
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Malkajgiri Lok Sabha constituency]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Uppal Assembly constituency]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Urban planning|Planning]] agency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority|HMDA]]
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}

'''Sainikpuri''' is a residential neighbourhood in the northeastern part of [[Hyderabad]] City. It falls under [[Kapra]] mandal of [[Medchal-Malkajgiri District]], and is currently administered under [[GHMC|GHMC East Zone]]. It started as a co-operative housing society venture for retired army personnel, but now has houses which belong to other defence services as well as civilians. Late Brig M. K Rao, Late Brig S.N.Docca (former commandant of EME School, now MCEME) and Late Lt. Col. Tiwari Singh were the first few to have got plots in the society and had a vision to develop the colony into an elite area. The housing plots originally allotted to the members of the Sainikpuri co-operative society were of the size of 700–1,000 square yards each. Owing to this reason, most residences have large lawns and gardens. Roads are well laid and numbered. Avenues are lined with a variety of flowering and fruiting trees, and are ideal for morning and evening walks. The sprawling cantonment area, as well as [[College of Defence Management]] (CDM) which is a premier establishment of the Indian armed forces, are in the vicinity of Sainikpuri. The old buildings are now slowly giving way to multi-storied apartments, and it is becoming a costlier affair to acquire living space in this area.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/08/23/stories/2007082350160400.htm|title=Events : Owners pride, others envy!|access-date=2009-03-06|location=Chennai, India|date=2007-08-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100715063754/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/08/23/stories/2007082350160400.htm|archive-date=15 July 2010|work=[[The Hindu]]|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.citypincode.in/PinCodeOf.jsp?area=Sainikpuri%20&district=Hyderabad |title=Pin Code of Sainikpuri Hyderabad |publisher=citypincode.in |access-date=2014-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306181819/http://www.citypincode.in/PinCodeOf.jsp?area=Sainikpuri%20&district=Hyderabad |archive-date=6 March 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==History==
The area was originally a part of the Neredmet village before becoming Sainikpuri Colony. The name of the place is derived from the original residents who were '''Sainiks''', meaning soldiers, and ''puri'' meaning place. Sainikpuri started as a co-operative housing society venture in 1960s for retired army personnel. But now it has houses which belong to other defence services as well as civilians.<ref>[http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2015-02-24/SainikpuriA-hospitable-housing-colony-133372 Sainikpuri:A hospitable housing colony]</ref>

==Recreation==
There is a common auditorium / mess which offers a variety of services for the residents of Sainikpuri. These services include a gymnasium, a basketball court, a badminton court, a library and a community hall. Hanging around the banks of the Kapra Lake is another pastime that the youngsters in the area indulge in. Due to the lake, there is an abundance of ground-water and greenery around. The colony is clean and the temperature is low, which has made it a popular spot for morning and evening walks.

Most serving and retired members of armed forces residing in Sainikpuri are also the members of another club, the R.S.I. Club at Alwal. The R.S.I. Club is strictly for the armed forces personnel, their families and their guests, and strict dress-code and manners are enforced. Movie-screenings and 'Tambola' are held on Saturdays in the R.S.I. Club, Alwal, which also frequently organizes cultural events and welfare activities for the families of the officers.

==Culture==
Culturally Sainikpuri is Pan-Indian due to its Armed Forces origins, and has been home to people from almost every major culture of India. When Sainikpuri was established, it was removed from the rest of the Hyderabad-Secunderabad axis by at least 10 kilometers. In course of time, it slowly developed a cultural character of its own, that of a conglomerate of upper-middle-class families of diverse ethnic origins.

Amongst the Hindu shrines of Sainikpuri are the Lakshmi Narayana Swamy temple along with Lord Uma Maheshwara formed the important temple complex when it was initially a Dhyana Mandir to allow meditations. Shirdi Saibaba Temple located near Sainikpuri Post-office in Saipuri colony, Vijaya Ganapathi Temple standing on the High Tension Line Road, and Sri Venkateshwara Temple at the Eshwaripuri Colony which stands on the encroached part of the Kapra Lake. There is also the famous Shiva-Vishnu Temple in the vicinity of the Sainikpuri community Hall. It is located amidst scenic surroundings, and is popular among the devout locals. On the northern fringe of Sainikpuri, there is a Christian shrine of Our Lady of Vailankanni. There is also a mosque in the Defence Colony area. The Nalla Pochamma (or Goddess Kali) Temple is in the Ambedkar Nagar area, and was founded, developed and maintained for almost 30 years by a local resident, Shri Maddela Hanumantha Rao. Scores of devotees offer prayers at this shrine, especially on the annual festival known as 'Bonalu'.

It was in the Eshwarpuri Colony near Sainikpuri that the battle scenes in the Telugu movie, "Dana Veera Sura Karna," considered to be a classic among Telugu movies, were filmed. This landscape features in several old Telugu movies. Surroundings of the Shiva Vishnu Temple are popular amongst cinematographers for film-shootings.

==Neighborhoods==
Sainikpuri initially had four blocks - A, B, C and D. In early 1980s, additional area was added to Sainikpuri and it became the E block. Neredmet-Vayupuri is another residential area established and developed on the same lines along with Sainikpuri. Other residential colonies have come up to the north of Sainikpuri. Madhavpuri, Classic Enclave, Dr. Ambedkar Nagar Colony, Lakshmipuri, Osmania University Teachers Colony (OUT Colony), Saibaba Officers Colony, Bhasker Rao Nagar (especially 40/1), Eshwaripuri colony, H M T Bearings Officer's Colony, Suryanagar Colony, Kalyan Gardens, Mahalakshmipuri (Excise) Colony, Shaili Gardens, Manik Sai Enclave, Tulsi Gardens, Maruthi Gardens, Sylvan Greens, Yapral residential area etc., are a few to name. Defence colony is another well established organized residential area adjoining Sainikpuri, and is as old as Sainikpuri.

There are other well known bars, movie-theatres and shopping complexes of all hues on the Sainikpuri-ECIL Road. So are cyber-cafes, currency exchange centres and other amenities. Super-speciality hospitals such as Paulomi Hospital, Apollo Hospital, Raghavendra Hospital, Tulsi Hospital and Bhavan's Sarada Hospital (maintained by the Bhavan's Trust) can be accessed easily, besides several other clinics and dispensaries, including pet-clinics. There are also a number of path-labs and medical diagnostic centres (Lupin, Medicare etc.) in the area

Most of these neighbourhoods are served by the Sainikpuri Post Office. Until the late 1980s, a police outpost staffed by two constables served Sainikpuri, Vayupuri and the Defence colony, with the main police station at Kushaiguda. Over the time, things have changed, and the Rachakonda Police Commissionerate of the Cyberabad Police presently lies on the Sainikpuri-Neredmet Main Road. The law & order scenario is surprisingly good, thanks to the Sainikpuri's disciplined residents and the regular patrolling by the Cyberabad Police, though isolated incidents of burglaries, drug-pedalling and chain-snatching are reported from the extension areas from time to time. Clement Cheema, a notorious Nigerian drug-peddler with alleged links to several Tollywood actors and actresses, was arrested by the police in 2010 from a Sainikpuri extension area.

The thoroughfare through the roads of cantonment area has been a bone of contention between the residents of Sainikpuri and the cantonment authorities, over which several legal battles were fought and protests were held. For accessing parts of the Sainikpuri area, one has to necessarily pass through the cantonment area which is under the Secunderabad Cantonment Board. Indian Army controls the access. On the other hand, over the years several civilian residential colonies have developed around the Sainikpuri area. Consequently, the vehicular traffic increased. The grievance of the Indian Army is that this was interfering with the training of the soldiers. Therefore, at different times, attempts were to stop the night movement of the civilian traffic or to restrict the same. On the other hand, civilians complain that the access roads are deliberately maintained badly, and that hindrances are being caused in essential movements. Of late, a move has been made by the Indian Army authorities to levy fee from the civilian traffic moving through the cantonment roads, which evoked protests from the civilians.

==Education==
[[Bhavan's Sri RamaKrishna Vidyalaya]], also known as Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, Sainikpuri, is on the periphery of Sainikpuri, and many students from Sainikpuri and its extension areas study in this school. The school also has a state of the art cricket training academy, and has produced couple of national level cricketers. Another elite educational institution, Bhavan's Vivekananda College, which is also a part of the Bhavan's group of institutions, is located in close proximity to Sainikpuri, providing high quality graduate and postgraduate level education to students. The Bhavan's Ramakrishna Vidyalaya, initially just Ramakrishna Vidyalaya, a residential school being managed by the Ramakrishna Math along with the Sarada Devi Hospital on the [[A. S. Rao Nagar]] Main Road, was later handed over to the Bhavan's group. Some of its founder members were Late Brig. M. K. Rao and Late Lt. Col. Tiwari. Distinguished retired members of the armed forces continue to serve on the board and council of the Bhavan's Sri Ramakrishna Vidyalaya in various capacities.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bhavansvc.org/ |title=Welcome to Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |access-date=6 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100907053519/http://www.bhavansvc.org/ |archive-date=7 September 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Indus International School is another well known, elite educational establishment nearby. The school is known for its excellent sporting facilities including a full-length swimming pool which is open to outsiders on membership basis. Also close are the Kendriya Vidyalaya, Bolarum, the Army Public School, Foster Billabong International, Orchids International School and Shantiniketan International School.

There are also several tutoring centers for students of higher classes often run by the school faculty members and many similar private junior colleges which provide similar education. Apart from this, Sainikpuri is a hub for other extracurricular activities that include classical dance and music, western as well as Indian.

==Book Circulation Library==
Filiko Books is one of the major book lending libraries in this neighbourhood and boasts 5000+ books catering for all groups. More books are added every month. There are comics, fiction, non-fiction, self-help, travel and so on which can be read at leisure and return. It is also possible to loan a number of popular magazines. The library is open on all days of a week with an exception on Tuesdays.

==Kapra Lake==
{{main|Kapra Lake}}
Kapra Lake, or the Kapra Pedda Cheruvu as it was originally recorded in the Revenue Department's records (78° 33' 30", 17° 30' 00") is a restored tank with a recorded spread of 112 acres and 7 Guntas (44.87 hectares). It spreads roughly north–south on the eastern phalanx of Sainikpuri. A decade back this lake was deemed pristine and pollution free. It is however now marked as polluted and susceptible to encroachments by the Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation, thanks to the growing industrialization in the vicinity and dumping of garbage from the nearby residential colonies. A part of the Kapra Lake stands encroached for the past few years, and the Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation recently listed 25 structures as encroachments of the Karpra Lake liable for demolition, including Sri Venkateshwara Temple. Sill Level (SL) of the sluice of the Kapra Lake stands recorded as +547.873 Meters, Full Tank Level (FTL) as +550.854 Meters, Maximum Water Level (MWL) as +551.614 Meters, and its Tank Bund Level (TBL) as +553.584 Meters. Length of its bund is measured at 1254 Meters. As of now, out of the original 50 FTL pillars fixed by the Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation and the Hyderabad Lake Management Circle of the Irrigation Department, 13 pillars stand disturbed and removed by the encroachers. Efforts are underway to re-fix the missing pillars in order to prevent further encroachments. There are two feeder channels, two sluices, and two surplus courses for the Kapra Lake, this lake being part of a chain of water bodies, wherein the surplus course of the upper water body flows down into the lower water body. Thus, the Kapra Lake is intimately linked in the chain to the Banda Cheruvu of Malkajgiri, the Annanarayan Cheruvu of Nagaram, and the Yadi Bai Gunta of Yellareddy Guda. As a part of the citizens' initiative to protect the Kapra Lake, a rudimentary Lake Protection Body has been formed. The SL, FTL, MWL and TBL of the Kapra Lake were measured, and fixed under the ANDHRA PRADESH WATER, LAND AND TREES ACT – 2002 in the year 2005. Attempts were made by some encroachers to get the officially recorded levels altered in the garb of "re-constructing the bund and the sluices" (on the inner side of the existing bund and the sluices, thus shrinking the lake), but were thwarted by the vigilant citizen-activists.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20121008020741/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-03-11/hyderabad/28146403_1_trees-walta-act-housing-society]
*https://web.archive.org/web/20140809084602/http://cdm.ap.nic.in/
*https://web.archive.org/web/20101001214124/http://www.cyberabadpolice.gov.in/knowyourpolicestation/Kushaiguda.htm
*http://m.ibnlive.com/news/hyderabad-students-clean-kapra-lake/268669-62.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130704115324/http://m.ibnlive.com/news/hyderabad-students-clean-kapra-lake/268669-62.html |date=4 July 2013 }}
*http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/article3585861.ece
*[https://archive.today/20130103190246/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-07/hyderabad/31304223_1_lake-surface-plastic-bags-cleaning]
*http://www.soulhyd.org/lpc.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200212155736/http://www.soulhyd.org/lpc.html |date=12 February 2020 }}
*http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/article444335.ece
*http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/article3563306.ece
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110927140247/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/03/15/stories/2005031500160400.htm]
*https://telanganatoday.com/citizens-protest-closure-of-roads-near-cantonment-area
*https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/why-close-road-play-golf-angry-locals-protest-against-army-secunderabad-80394
*https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/army-shut-arterial-road-secunderabad-work-alternative-roads-yet-begin-62007
*https://english.sakshi.com/secunderabad-residents-to-stage-candlelight-march-to-protest-against-aoc-road-closure

{{Neighborhoods of Hyderabad|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Hyderabad, India]]

Tukroo

2025-12-01T04:21:52Z

Hindutashravi: Creating Initial Details Nd Citations

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Tukroo
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = India Jammu and Kashmir
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jammu and Kashmir, India
| coordinates = {{coord|33.78|N|74.85|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Jammu and Kashmir}}
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Shopian district|Shopian]]
| established_title = Settled
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_footnotes =
| blank1_name_sec1 =
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| blank2_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank2_info_sec1 = 65.25%
| blank3_name_sec1 = Distance from Shopian
| blank3_info_sec1 = {{convert|10|km|mi}}
| blank3_name_sec2 = Distance from Srinagar
| blank3_info_sec2 = {{convert|44.5|km|mi}}
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 134 householders
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Urdu]], [[Hindi]], [[Dogri language|Dogri]], [[English language|English]]<ref name="OfficialLang">{{cite web |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/222037.pdf |title=The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act, 2020 |publisher=The Gazette of India|date=27 September 2020 |access-date=27 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Parliament passes JK Official Languages Bill, 2020 | work=Rising Kashmir | date=23 September 2020| url=http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | access-date=23 September 2020}}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = PIN Code
| postal_code = 192303
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Tukroo''' is a village, situated between ''Keegam'' and [[Shopian]] which is {{cvt|12|km}} away from [[Pulwama district]], {{cvt|10|km}} from [[Shopian district]], and {{cvt|44.5|km}} from state summer capital [[Srinagar]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/kashmir-toll-77-as-2-more-killed-in-valley-over-60-injured-3024566/ |title=Kashmir: Toll 77 as 2 more killed in Valley, over 60 injured |website=indianexpress.com |publisher=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/dir/Srinagar/Tukroo+192302/@33.9349893,74.7238987,11z/am=t/data=!4m13!4m12!1m5!1m1!1s0x38e1855686e3c5ef:0x66244b7cc1e305c6!2m2!1d74.7972825!2d34.0836708!1m5!1m1!1s0x38e1f6d57c2ebf71:0x520e853177cc9dee!2m2!1d74.8774992!2d33.7868649 |title=Srinagar to Tukroo 192303 |website=google.co.in/maps |publisher=[[Google Maps]]}}</ref> Its district headquarters are located in Shopian district in Indian administered state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. This village is {{cvt|11|km}} away from [[Mughal Road]] which intersects the mountains of [[Pir Panjal Range]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thekashmirwalla.com/2018/08/caso-launched-in-shopian-area/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180810131754/https://thekashmirwalla.com/2018/08/caso-launched-in-shopian-area/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=10 August 2018 |title=CASO launched in Shopian area |website=thekashmirwalla.com |publisher=The Kashmir Walla |date=10 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.censusindia.co.in/villages/tukroo-population-shupiyan-jammu-and-kashmir-330 |title=Tukroo Population, Caste, Working Data Shupiyan, Jammu and Kashmir - Census 2011 |website=censusindia.co.in |publisher=[[Census India]]}}</ref>

==Demographics==
According to a survey conducted by [[2011 Census of India]], there are 134 householders residing in Tukroo village which further diversifies into the total population of 829, of which 409 are males and 420 are females. The total area of this village is 76.9 hectares which is the 78th smallest village by area in Shopian.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0113_PART_A_DCHB_SHUPIYAN.pd |title=DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations Jammu & Kashmir |date= 16 June 2014}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Shopian district]]
[[Category:Shopian district]]

Sonerila bababudangiriensis

2025-11-26T11:57:11Z

Hindutashravi: Creating The Data V1.

{{Short description|Species of plant}}
{{Speciesbox
| taxon = Sonerila bababudangiriensis
| authority = Karad. & Kakkal.<ref name=IPNI_77360569-1>{{IPNI|taxon=''Sonerila bababudangiriensis'' |authority=Karad. & Kakkal..|id=77360569-1|access-date=2025-07-23|mode=cs1}}</ref>
}}
'''''Sonerila bababudangiriensis''''' is a species of plant endemic to western ghats in India.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Karadakatti |first=Prashant |last2=Kakkalameli |first2=Siddappa B. |date=2025-04-26 |title=''Sonerila bababudangiriensis'' (Melastomataceae), a new species of herb from the Western Ghats of India |url=https://www.threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/article/view/9636 |journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=26917–26922 |doi=10.11609/jott.9636.17.4.26917-26922 |issn=0974-7907|doi-access=free }}</ref> {{As of|2025|07|23}}, the species was not listed by [[Plants of the World Online]].<ref name=POWO_331970-2>{{Cite POWO|title=''Sonerila'' Roxb..|id=331970-2|access-date=2025-07-23|mode=cs1}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
This species of ''Sonerila ''is named after its type locality [[Baba Budangiri|Babubudangiri hills]] of [[Karnataka]].

== Description ==
This shrub is [[perennial]] and grows 8 to 15 cm high. The leaves are 3 to 5 cm in length and 5 to 8 cm long. The leaves are serrate with green color on the top and purple-red underneath. The flowers are pale pink in color. They can be differentiated by similar looking ''[[Sonerila wallichii]]'' by combination of relatively smaller leaves, paler flower color and single inflorescence apart from other characteristics. The flowering and fruiting season is from July to October.

This species' conservation status was determined to be Data Deficient as only one population was found from the peak of Bababudangiri hills.

== References ==
<references />

{{Taxonbar|from=Q135442504}}

[[Category:Melastomataceae]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of India]]

{{Melastomataceae-stub}}

Banaras Pan

2025-11-18T10:33:52Z

Hindutashravi: Added First Info Basic Info

{{Short description|Type of Betel leaf variety from Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{AI-generated|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox geographical indication
| name = Banaras Pan (Betel Leaf) - बनारसी पान<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tiwary |first1=Vikash Kumar |last2=Paisa |first2=India TV |title='पान बनारस वाला' को मिला जीआई टैग, जानिए इस उपलब्धि के क्या हैं मायने? - India TV Hindi |url=https://www.indiatv.in/paisa/business/banaras-paan-gi-tag-get-today-it-gives-special-geographical-criteria-2023-04-04-948550 |work=India TV Paisa |date=4 April 2023 |language=hi}}</ref>
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| alternative names = Desi Paan
| description = Betel leaf (Piper betle) variety cultivated in Uttar Pradesh, India
| type = Betel leaf
| area = Varanasi, Jaunpur, Chandauli, Ballia, Ghazipur, Azamgarh, Mirzapur and Sonbhadra districts
| country = [[India]]
| registered = 31 March 2023
| material =
| official website ={{URL|https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GirPublic/Application/Details/467|ipindia.gov.in}}}}

'''Banaras Pan (Betel Leaf)''' is an important traditional crop variety of [[Betel leaf]] (Piper betle) cultivated in the [[State of India|Indian state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Sweet Pride of Varanasi: Banarasi Paan, Langda Aam, Two Other Products Get GI Tag |url=https://www.news18.com/india/sweet-pride-of-varanasi-banarasi-paan-langda-aam-two-other-products-get-gi-tag-recognition-7461901.html |access-date=19 January 2025 |work=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Banarasi Paan, Langda mango, Ramnagar Bhanta and Chandausi's adamchini chawal (rice) gets and GI tag in varanasi |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/banarasi-paan-langda-mango-ramnagar-bhanta-and-chandausis-adamchini-chawal-rice-gets-and-gi-tag-in-varanasi/videoshow/99297042.cms?from=mdr |access-date=19 January 2025 |work=The Economic Times |date=6 April 2023 |language=en}}</ref> It is mainly cultivated in the [[Varanasi district | Varanasi]], [[Jaunpur district | Jaunpur]], [[Chandauli district | Chandauli]], [[Ballia district | Ballia]], [[Ghazipur district | Ghazipur]], [[Azamgarh district | Azamgarh]], [[Mirzapur district | Mirzapur]], and [[Sonbhadra district | Sonbhadra]] districts of Uttar Pradesh.

Under its [[Geographical Indications in India|Geographical Indication]] tag, it is referred to as "'Banaras Pan (Betel Leaf)".<ref>{{cite news |title=Banarasi Paan, Langda Mango and other Varanasi-UP-based goods receive GI tag |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/visualstories/trending/banarasi-paan-langda-mango-and-other-varanasi-up-based-goods-receive-gi-tag-29732-05-04-2023 |access-date=19 January 2025 |work=www.businesstoday.in |date=5 April 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

==Name==
It is named after its place of origin, the region of Banaras (also known as Varanasi), located in [[Purvanchal]] region of Uttar Pradesh. The word "Paan" originates from the [[Sanskrit]] term "Parna," meaning leaf. With its roots in ancient India, Paan was consumed not only for its medicinal properties but also for its symbolic auspicious significance.<ref>{{cite news |title=Paan-tastic |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/features/paan-tastic-2645456#:~:text=Paan%2C%20which%20is%20derived%20from,A%20modern%20twist |access-date=19 January 2025 |work=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> Locally, the Banaras Pan is also known as "Desi Pan".

==Description==
The Banaras Pan leaf is a [[Dioecy|dioeciously]] perennial root climber that thrives in warm and humid climates.<ref>{{cite web |title=Banaras Pan (Betel Leaf) |url=https://www.nabard.org/gi/GIProductDetails.aspx?Id=23#:~:text=Paan%20is%20regarded%20as%20auspicious,melt%20in%20the%20mouth%20soft. |website=National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development |access-date=19 January 2025}}</ref> It has simple, alternate, ovate, cordate, acuminate or acute, entire, and bright green leaves. The Piper Betel vine, on the other hand, is a tropical shade-loving perennial evergreen vine that can grow up to 6-10 feet in Varanasi conditions.<ref>{{cite web |title=G.I. APPLICATION NUMBER – 730 |url=https://www.upkrishivipran.in/GI/images/BanarasPanBetelLeaf/BanarasPanBetelLeaf.pdf |website=LOGOकृषि विपणन एवं कृषि विदेश व्यापार निदेशालय, उ. प्र. Directorate of Agricultural Marketing and Agriculture Foreign Trade, U.P. |access-date=20 January 2025}}</ref> Its leaves are yellowish green to dark green with a glossy upper surface and have a characteristic and pleasant odour.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ambrose |first1=Dawn C. P. |last2=Manickavasagan |first2=Annamalai |last3=Naik |first3=Ravindra |title=Leafy Medicinal Herbs: Botany, Chemistry, Postharvest Technology and Uses |date=25 July 2016 |publisher=CABI |isbn=978-1-78064-559-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wwLpDAAAQBAJ&dq=yellowish+green+to+dark+green+betel+leaf&pg=PA65 |access-date=20 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

Banaras Pan is renowned for its high-quality leaves, which are rich in tannins and have a distinctive taste ranging from sweet to pungent due to the presence of essential oils.<ref>{{cite web |title=Antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of selected varieties of Piper betle L. (Betel leaf) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328396705 |website=ResearchGate GmbH |access-date=19 January 2025}}</ref> The Pan growers in the region bundle 200 leaves together, known as a Dholi.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Crooke |first1=William |title=Materials for a Rural and Agricultural Glossary of the Northwestern Provinces and Oudh |date=1879 |publisher=North-western provinces and Oudh government Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1zJCAQAAMAAJ&dq=bundle+200+leaves+together%2C+known+as+a+Dholi.&pg=PA79 |access-date=20 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref> Varanasi is a major center for the trade and commerce of Pan leaves, with the Pan Mandi (Pan-Dariba) being a key marketplace. The primary customers are those who prepare paan, mainly large-scale "Paanwari" from Varanasi and surrounding districts, including [[Bhadohi district|Bhadohi]], Ghazipur, Jaunpur, [[Prayagraj district|Prayagraj]], Chandauli, and Mirzapur.<ref>{{cite book |title=Uttar Pradesh District Gazetteers: Varanasi |date=1965 |publisher=Government of Uttar Pradesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dg9uAAAAMAAJ&q=pan+dariba+benaras |access-date=20 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref> The Pan Dariba in Varanasi is an important hub for marketing Pan leaves from the surrounding regions.<ref>{{cite news |title=People consume 'Banarasi paan' worth more than Rs 1 crore every day |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/bharat/people-consume-banarasi-paan-worth-more-than-rs-1-crore-every-day/na20230317205426829829557 |access-date=19 January 2025 |work=ETV Bharat News |date=17 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Jaglan |first1=Mahabir S. |title=Reflections on 21st Century Human Habitats in India: Felicitation Volume in Honour of Professor M. H. Qureshi |date=31 July 2021 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-981-16-3100-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vRI7EAAAQBAJ&dq=pan+dariba+benaras&pg=PA257 |access-date=20 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Service |first1=Express News |title=Delhi: Hidden Treasures in the alleyways of Shahjahanabad, Dariba Kalan |date=21 July 2023 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2023/Jul/21/delhi-hidden-treasures-in-thealleyways-of-shahjahanabad-dariba-kalan-2597055.html |access-date=20 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

Betel leaf along with betel nut serve a multitude of purposes, encompassing culinary, medicinal, social, and spiritual uses.<ref>{{cite web |title=Betel leaf and betel nut in folklore on cultivation |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/292483752 |website=ResearchGate GmbH |access-date=19 January 2025}}</ref>

==Religious Significance==
In [[Indian culture]], betel leaves and betel nuts hold significant importance in [[Puja (Hinduism)|Puja]] rituals. These items are offered to deities at the commencement of every puja ceremony. According to Hindu mythology, the betel plant is considered extremely auspicious, believed to have originated from the divine elixir produced during the churning of the ocean ([[Samudra Manthana]]). In Hindu worship, betel leaves are placed in the Pooja [[Kalasha]], a sacred vessel used for rituals. After the completion of worship, the water from the Kalasha is considered sacred and is consumed as "[[Amrita|Charnamrit]]", a symbol of divine blessings.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Anand |first1=Dr Amrendra Kumar |title=CEREMONIAL AND RITUAL PLANTS OF INDIA: The Shubh-Labh Connections Between Spirituality And Science |date=15 March 2024 |publisher=Blue Rose Publishers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xyv7EAAAQBAJ&dq=betel+leaves+and+betel+nuts+Puja+rituals&pg=PA55 |access-date=20 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref> Furthermore, betel leaves play a vital role in Indian weddings, particularly during the '[[Kanyadana]]' ritual.<ref>{{cite web |title=The story behind the tradition of using Paan leaves in foods and rituals |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/food-news/the-story-behind-the-tradition-of-using-paan-leaves-in-foods-and-rituals/photostory/90746906.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=19 January 2025 |date=9 April 2022}}</ref>

==Paan (Betel Quid)==
Also known famously as only "Paan" ([[Betel nut chewing|Betel Quid]]) - is a traditional Indian after-dinner treat that consists of a betel leaf filled with various ingredients. The filling typically includes chopped [[betel nut]], [[slaked lime]] (chuna) and red [[Catechu|katha]] paste made from the khair tree (Acacia catechu). Assorted other ingredients may also be added.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gopalkrishnan |first1=G. Shankar |title=The paan-India habit |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/open-page/the-paan-india-habit/article34515253.ece |access-date=19 January 2025 |work=The Hindu |date=8 May 2021 |language=en-IN}}</ref> Paan is served folded into a triangle or rolled and is chewed before being spat out or swallowed. With its origins dating back to ancient times, paan is a timeless tradition that originated in India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Paan |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/paan |website=Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. |access-date=19 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Jishnu |first1=Latha |title=The bizarre demand for a Banarasi paan GI |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/agriculture/the-bizarre-demand-for-a-banarasi-paan-gi-80311 |website=Down To Earth |access-date=19 January 2025 |language=en |date=22 November 2021}}</ref>

"Khayike Paan Banaras Wala" is a classic song featuring [[Amitabh Bachchan]] from the 1978 film "[[Don (1978 film)|Don]]".<ref>{{cite news |title=To celebrate the Benarasi Paan's new GI tag, visit these four Kolkata shops now |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/food/kalpataru-bhandar-shivshankar-banarasi-paan-bhandar-taj-mahal-paan-shop-laxman-paan-shop-visit-these-kolkata-shops-to-celebrate-the-benarasi-paans-new-gi-tag/cid/1929935 |access-date=19 January 2025 |work=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref> The song's lyrics indeed reference the famous Banaras Paan, highlighting its popularity and cultural significance.<ref>{{cite news |title=Banarasi Paan Finally Wins! It Is Awarded With Special GI Tag |url=https://food.ndtv.com/news/banarasi-paan-finally-wins-it-is-awarded-with-special-gi-tag-3922986 |access-date=19 January 2025 |work=NDTV Food |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=DUBEY |first1=KRISHNA GOPAL |title=THE INDIAN CUISINE |date=27 September 2010 |publisher=PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=978-81-203-4170-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U4woRbF8irsC&dq=banarasi+paan+yellowish+green+to+dark+green&pg=PA48 |access-date=19 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

==Geographical indication==
It was awarded the [[List of geographical indications in India|Geographical Indication]] (GI) status tag from the [[Geographical Indication Registry (India)|Geographical Indications Registry]], under the [[Government of India|Union Government of India]], on 31 March 2023.<ref>{{cite web |title=Banaras Pan (Betel Leaf) |url=https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GIRPublic/Application/Details/467 |website=Intellectual Property India |access-date=19 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Banarasi Langda mango, Banarasi paan are latest entrants to GI tag club |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/industry/agriculture/story/banarasi-langda-mango-banarasi-paan-are-latest-entrants-to-gi-tag-club-375981-2023-04-04 |access-date=19 January 2025 |work=Business Today |date=4 April 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

Department of Horticulture and Food Processing, Government of Uttar Pradesh and Namami Gange Farmer Producer Company Limited from [[Varanasi]], proposed the GI registration of 'Banaras Pan (Betel Leaf)'. After filing the application in December 2020, the Betel leaf was granted the GI tag in 2023 by the Geographical Indication Registry in [[Chennai]], making the name "Banaras Pan (Betel Leaf)" exclusive to the Betel leaf cultivated in the region.<ref>{{cite news |title=PM promoting Varanasi GI products augurs well for the region: Expert |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/pm-promoting-varanasi-gi-products-augurs-well-for-the-region-expert-101658941293759.html |access-date=19 January 2025 |work=Hindustan Times |date=27 July 2022 |language=en-us}}</ref> It thus became the first Betel leaf variety from Uttar Pradesh and the 47th type of goods from Uttar Pradesh to earn the GI tag.<ref>{{cite news |title=Banarasi Paan and langda mango, among others, receive GI tag |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/banarasi-paan-and-langda-mango-among-others-receive-gi-tag-10359511.html |access-date=19 January 2025 |work=Moneycontrol}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=From Banarasi Paan to Langda Mango These 10 Products From UP Get GI Tag {{!}} FULL LIST |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/from-banarasi-paan-to-langda-mango-these-10-products-from-up-get-gi-tag-full-list-article-99240947 |access-date=19 January 2025 |work=Times Now |date=4 April 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

The GI tag protects the Banaras Pan (Betel Leaf) from illegal selling and marketing, and gives it legal protection and a unique identity.

==See also==
* [[Banaras Lal Bharwamirch (Red Pickle chilli)]]
* [[Ramnagar Bhanta (Brinjal)]]
* [[Magahi Paan]]
* [[Tirur Betel Leaf]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian cuisine]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradeshi cuisine]]
[[Category:Economy of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:GI Tagged Betel leaf varieties of India]]
[[Category:Agriculture in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Geographical indications in Uttar Pradesh]]

Aan Paavam (TV series)

2025-11-11T19:18:41Z

Hindutashravi:

{{short description|2012 Indian Tamil-language television series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Aanpavam serial.png
| caption =
| genre = Soap opera
| creator =
| based_on =
| writer = Pon Gandhiraajan
| screenplay = Pon Gandhiraajan
| creative_director = [[T. G. Thyagarajan]]
| director = T.C. Bala (1-37) R. Balaji Yadav (38-50) 
V.P. Arunachalam (51-93)
| starring = [[Rajesh (Tamil actor)|Rajesh]] [[Meera Krishnan]] [[Indraja]] Aishwarya Sujibala Barath Kalyan
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 93
| list_episodes =
| producer = T.G. Thyagarajan
| company = [[Sathya Jyothi Films]]
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| music =
| cinematography =
| editor =
| camera = M.R. Saravana Kumar
| runtime = approx. 20-22 minutes per episode
| channel = [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2012|2|6|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2012|6|15|df=yes}}
}}

'''''Aanpavam''''' is a 2012 [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language soap opera that aired on [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] from February 6 2012 to 15 June 2012 during weekdays.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lackluster serials get the axe|url=https://tamil.filmibeat.com/television/lackluster-serials-get-the-axe-156228.html|last=|first=|date=22 June 2012|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> The show was directed by V.P. Arunachalam and produced under [[Sathya Jyothi Films]] by T.G. Thyagarajan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chennai365.com/news/aan-pavam-new-serial-in-sun-tv/|title=new serial on sun tv as Aanpavam |website=chennai365.com}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The story revolves around the family of the couple Gopalswamy and Mahalakshmi and their four sons and the problems they face in their lives.

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Rajesh (Tamil actor)|Rajesh]] as Gopalswamy
* [[Meera Krishnan]] as Mahalakshmi

===Recurring===
{{Cast listing|
* [[Indraja]]
* Barath Kalyan
* Raaj Kamal
* Venkat
*[[Mahalakshmi (Tamil actress)|Mahalakshmi]]
* Satish Kumar as Cheenu a.k.a. Srinivasan
* Aishwarya
* Jayashree
* Magi
* Gowri
* Lakshmi
* Karthika<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kungumam.co.in/Articalinnerdetail.aspx?id=3067&id1=3&issue=20120227|title= Kathika in Aanpavam serial|website= www.kungumam.co.in}}</ref>
* [[Sujibala]]
* Ramya
* Tamiz Mani
* Bombay Babu
* Paandi
}}

==Production==
===Casting===
In this serial [[Rajesh (Tamil actor)|Rajesh]] and [[Meera Krishnan]] are playing the role as father and mother; Barath Kalyan, Raaj Kamal, Venkat, Satish are the sons. Pairing with them are [[Indraja]], Jayshree, Gowri, Lakshmi, Ishwarya.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|12228944}}

{{Sun TV shows}}
{{Sathya Jyothi Films}}

[[Category:Sun TV original programming]]
[[Category:2012 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil-language melodrama television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:2012 Tamil-language television series endings]]
[[Category:Television series by Sathya Jyothi Films]]

Sasaram subdivision

2025-10-24T11:21:38Z

Hindutashravi: Creating Some Info Basic Info.

{{Short description|Administrative subdivision in Rohtas district, Bihar, India}}

{{Primary sources|date=August 2025}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sasaram subdivision
| settlement_type = Subdivision
| coordinates = {{coord|24.9538118|84.0105649|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map = India Bihar#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Rohtas district|Rohtas]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Sasaram]]
| area_total_km2 = 289.00
| population_total = 358,283
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = Hindi, Urdu (official); commonly Bhojpuri
| postal_code_type = PIN
| postal_code = 821115
| registration_plate = BR-24
| timezone = IST
| utc_offset = +5:30
}}

'''Sasaram subdivision''' is an administrative subdivision in [[Rohtas district]] of the Indian state of [[Bihar]]. The subdivision's administrative headquarters is the town of [[Sasaram]], and it comprises six Community Development (CD) Blocks, forming one of the three subdivisions of Rohtas district.<ref name="rohtas">{{cite web |url=https://rohtas.nic.in/subdivision-blocks/ |title=Subdivision & Blocks |publisher=District Rohtas, Government of Bihar |accessdate=2025-08-29 }}</ref>

==Geography==
Sasaram subdivision is located in the central–southern part of Rohtas district at approximately 24°57′N 84°00′E. It forms part of the broad Sasaram plain, lying on the northern edge of the Rohtas plateau. The terrain is predominantly flat to gently undulating agricultural land with occasional rocky outcrops extending from the plateau. The subdivision is drained by tributaries of the Son river system, as well as smaller seasonal streams. Certain low-lying areas are prone to seasonal flooding during the monsoon, as noted in district-level hydrographic and disaster management reports.<ref name="censusindia">{{cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/305/download/870/DH_2011_1032_PART_B_DCHB_ROHTAS.pdf |title=District Census Handbook: Rohtas |publisher=Census of India 2011 |accessdate=2025-08-29}}</ref>

==Administration==
Sasaram subdivision is one of three sub-divisions in Rohtas district and is administered from [[Sasaram]]. It consists of the following Community Development Blocks:<ref name="rohtas"></ref>
* '''Sasaram'''
* [[Shivsagar]]
* [[Chenari, India|Chenari]]
* [[Kargahar]]
* [[Kochas]]
* [[Nokha, Rohtas|Nokha]]

==Demographics==
According to the 2011 Census, Sasaram subdivision had a total population of 358,283. The urban population is concentrated in Sasaram town (Nagar Parishad), while the remainder is distributed across rural areas. The subdivision exhibits literacy, sex ratio, and Scheduled Caste/Scheduled Tribe statistics consistent with district averages, as recorded in the District Census Handbook (Part B, PCA).<ref name="censusindia"></ref>

==Economy==
The economy of Sasaram subdivision is predominantly agricultural. The majority of rural residents work as cultivators or agricultural labourers. Markets, periodic haats, agricultural mandi points, and small-scale or household industries are distributed across the subdivision, as detailed in the Village and Town Directories of the DCHB.<ref name="censusindia"></ref>

==Transport==
Sasaram subdivision is accessible by road and rail. National and state highways connect Sasaram and its blocks to other parts of Rohtas district and neighboring districts. The town is also served by the Sasaram railway station, which provides regional train connectivity. Details on roads and transport facilities are provided in the DCHB and district portal.<ref name="censusindia"></ref>

==Education and public services==
Educational and health facilities include government and private schools, higher-secondary institutions, degree and technical colleges, primary health centres (PHCs), community health centres (CHCs), and sub-centres. Sasaram town serves as the main hub for higher education and district-level public services. Details are available in the DCHB and on the district's official website.<ref name="censusindia"></ref>

==See also==
* [[Bihar]]
* [[Rohtas district]]
* [[Sasaram]]
* [[Shivsagar]]
* [[Chenari, India|Chenari]]
* [[Kargahar]]
* [[Kochas]]
* [[Nokha, Rohtas|Nokha]]

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
* [https://rohtas.nic.in/ Official website of Rohtas district]

[[Category:Subdivisions of Rohtas district]]

Tanoli

2025-10-13T13:57:34Z

Hindutashravi: refined section additionally and cleaned formatting

{{short description|Hindkowan tribe}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox tribe
| name = Tanoli
| ethnicity = [[Hazarewal]]
| language = [[Hindko]]
| religion = [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|20px]] [[Islam]]
| image =
| caption =
| location = [[Hazara region|Hazara]], Pakistan
| branches = Hindwal Tappa, Palwal Tappa
}}
The '''Tanoli''' ([[Hindko language|Hindko]]: تناؤلی; {{langx|ur|تنولی}}) is a [[Hindkowans|Hindko-speaking]] [[Hazarewal]] tribe from the [[Hazara region|Hazara]] region of [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], Pakistan.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=NFTbAAAAMAAJ&q=tanoli+hindko |title= Proceedings of the PASSP Seminar on Kalabagh Dam: Technical options and their impact |page=211 |date=1994 |author= Pakistan Association of Scientists and Scientific Professions |publisher=Pakistan Association of Scientists and Scientific Professions |isbn= 9787503218637 }}</ref><ref name="Soldier Sahibs">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R6mLH_rImHYC&pg=PT96 |title=Soldier Sahibs: The Men Who Made the North-West Frontier |first=Charles |last=Allen |publisher=Hachette |year=2012 |page=96|isbn=9781848547209 }}</ref>

They have two major divisions, namely Palwal (پل آل) and Hindwal (ہند آل).<ref name=":2" />

== History ==
The exact origins of the Tanoli is uncertain, and whatever is known depends on folk history. According to one theory, the tribe was driven out of its original homeland across the [[Indus]] by the [[Yusufzai|Yousafzai Pashtuns]] arriving from [[Afghanistan]], with the Tanoli later settling in Hazara.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Amb |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Indica |publisher=New Delhi: Anmol Publications |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Encyclopaedia_Indica_Princely_states_in/wfUvAQAAIAAJ?hl=en |last=Shashi |first=Shyam Singh |date=1996 |author-link=Shyam Singh Shashi |volume=167: Princely states in colonial India-I |pages=47-49 |language=en |isbn=978-81-7041-859-7 |quote=}}</ref> According to another tradition both the Tanoli clan and the [[Janjua|Janjua clan]] of [[Pothohar Plateau|Pothohar]] descend from one Raja Mal through his two sons, Raja Tanoli (also known as Raja Tanawali) and Raja Jodh, respectively. Raja Tanoli was succeeded by his son Amir Khan Tanoli, whose two sons Hind Khan and Pal Khan became the ancestors of the two Tanoli subtribes.<ref name=":0">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Amb |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Indica: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh |publisher= |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Encyclopaedia_Indica_Princely_states_in/wfUvAQAAIAAJ?hl=en |last=Shashi |first=Shyam Singh |date=1996 |author-link=Shyam Singh Shashi |volume=167: Princely states in colonial India-I |pages=47–51 |language=en |isbn=978-81-7041-859-7 |quote=The more prominent theory is of Janjua descent, which actually cites historic references unlike the Pashtun theory. The first mention of Tanolis entering the North-West Frontier Province history is from the early 13th century when a Janjua conqueror Raja Mal Khan aided his sons conquest into different regions of Northern India. One of his sons, Raja Tanoli (also spelt Tanawali) conquered the region of what is today Hazara. Raja Tanoli was succeeded by his son Amir Khan Tanoli. Amir Khan Tanoli was succeeded by his two sons, Hind Khan and Pal Khan. They are also both the apical ancestor of the Hindwal Tanolis and the Palwal Tanolis.}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Khan |first=Dr. Hussain |date=1993 |title=Janju'as in Hazara |url=http://journals.uop.edu.pk/papers/AP_v8_185to187.pdf |journal=Ancient Pakistan |publisher=Peshawar: [[University of Peshawar|Department of Archaeology, University of Peshawar]] |volume=8 |pages=185-187 |issn=2708-4590}}</ref> According to the anthropologist [[Shyam Singh Shashi|S. S. Shashi]] there is historical evidence for this tradition.<ref name=":0" /> The historian Dr. Hussain Khan also expresses similar views, noting that [[Darband, Mansehra|Darband]], the historical capital of the Tanoli, was inhabited by the Janjua during the reign of Mughal emperor [[Akbar]]. According to ''[[Ain-i-Akbari]]'' the Janjua chief of Darband was to maintain a [[cavalry]] of 20 and an [[infantry]] of 500.<ref name=":1" /> According to Khan, the Tanawal tract gained its named from Raja Tanawali, and his descendants came to be known after him.<ref name=":1" /> He also rejects the claims of [[Mughal people|Mughal]] decent of Tanoli tribe.<ref name=":1" /> Shashi further notes that the names of Tanoli subtribes, ''Hindwal'' and ''Palwal'', do not follow the usual Pashtun conventions of naming, which end in -[[Khel (clan)|khel]] or ''-''[[Zai (suffix)|zai]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Amb |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Indica |publisher=New Delhi: Anmol Publications |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Encyclopaedia_Indica_Princely_states_in/wfUvAQAAIAAJ?hl=en |last=Shashi |first=Shyam Singh |date=1996 |author-link=Shyam Singh Shashi |volume=167: Princely states in colonial India-I |pages=47-49 |language=en |isbn=978-81-7041-859-7 |quote=Tanoli clan names do not all follow the Pashtun style, such as end with khel or zai... Hindwal Tanolis and the Palwal Tanolis. These are two most prominent and recognised branches of the Tanoli.}}</ref>

The first mention of Tanoli tribe in its present region dates to 13th century.<ref name=":0" /> Tanawal was invaded by the Yousafzai during the Mughal period, and later became a part of Kashmir during the [[Durrani Empire|Durrani rule]].<ref name=":1" /> The Tanoli chief [[Mir Painda Khan]] lost much of his lands to the [[Sikh Empire]] but his son [[Mir Jehandad Khan]] recovered them through the favour of Maharaja [[Gulab Singh]] and the British government. During the British colonial period the Tanawal tract consisted of the two [[Princely state|princely states]] of [[Amb (princely state)|Amb]] and [[Phulra]], which acceded to Pakistan after 1947.<ref name=":1" />

The Tanoli never submitted to the [[British Empire|British colonial rule in the 1840s]].<ref name="Soldier Sahibs22">{{cite book |last=Allen |first=Charles |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R6mLH_rImHYC&pg=PT96 |title=Soldier Sahibs: The Men Who Made the North-West Frontier |publisher=Hachette |year=2012 |isbn=9781848547209 |page=96}}</ref> They form the majority of the population of [[Lassan Nawab]] union council.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Shahrukh Rafi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CoowAAAAYAAJ&q=Tanoli |title=Initiating Devolution for Service Delivery in Pakistan: Ignoring the Power Structure |last2=Khan |first2=Foqia Sadiq |last3=Akhtar |first3=Aasim Sajjad |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-19-547221-9 |page=129}}</ref>

==Notable people==
* [[Suba Khan Tanoli]], Tanoli chieftain who fought on Afghan side in the [[Third Battle of Panipat]]
*[[Nawabzada Farid Salahuddin|Nawabzada Farid Salahuddin Tanoli]], Pakistani politician
*[[Muhammad Khan Zaman Khan]], Nawab of Amb

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Social groups of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]
[[Category:Hindkowan tribes]]

2023–24 Calcutta Women's Football League

2025-09-20T14:37:59Z

Hindutashravi:

{{Short description|Football league season in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox football league season
| competition = [[Kanyashree Cup|Calcutta Women's Football League]]
| season = [[2023–24 in Indian football|2023–24]]
| dates = 22 November 2023–29 December 2023
| updated =
| winners = [[Sreebhumi FC|Sreebhumi]] (1st title)
| matches = 57
| total goals = 291
| best player =
| league topscorer = [[Sulanjana Raul]] (17 goals)
| best goalkeeper =
|promoted = [[Suruchi Sangha]] {{up}} ([[Indian Women's League 2|IWL2]])
| biggest home win = [[Sreebhumi FC|Sreebhumi]] 18–0 Sevayani S.W. Org 29 November 2023
| biggest away win = Kalighat SLA 1–11 [[East Bengal Club (women)|East Bengal]] 22 November 2023
| highest scoring = [[Sreebhumi FC|Sreebhumi]] 18–0 Sevayani S.W. Org 29 November 2023
| longest wins = [[Sreebhumi FC|Sreebhumi]] (8 matches)
| longest unbeaten = [[East Bengal Club (women)|East Bengal]] [[Sreebhumi FC|Sreebhumi]] (11 matches)
| longest losses = Invention FCC (7 matches)
| prevseason = [[2022–23 Calcutta Women's Football League|2022–23]]
| nextseason = [[2024–25 Calcutta Women's Football League|2024–25]]
}}
'''2023–24 [[Kanyashree Cup|Calcutta Women's Football League]]''' was the 28th season of the Calcutta Women's Football League, also known as the Kanyashree Cup.<ref name="cwfl">{{Cite web|title=KANYASREE CUP - IFA WOMEN FOOTBALL LEAGUE 2023-24|url=https://www.kolkatafootball.com/ifa_women_football_2023/kanyasri_result1_2023.html|website=kolkatafootball.com|access-date=4 December 2023}}</ref>

The season consists of 15 teams participating in the league, with the teams in the group stage divided into two groups consisting of eight and seven teams respectively.<ref name=kanyashree1>{{cite web|first=Anjan|last=Chatterjee|date=20 November 2023|url=https://www.peoplesreporter.in/sports/kanyashree-cup-starts-from-wednesday|title=Kanyashree Cup: বুধবার থেকে শুরু কন্যাশ্রী কাপ, এবারেও নেই মোহনবাগান|trans-title=Kanyashree Cup: Kanyashree Cup starts from Wednesday, no Mohun Bagan this time either|language=bn|work=People's Reporter|accessdate=21 November 2023|archive-date=21 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121063236/https://www.peoplesreporter.in/sports/kanyashree-cup-starts-from-wednesday|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=kanyashree2>{{cite web|first=Kaustav|last=Ganguly|date=20 November 2023|url=https://tv9bangla.com/sports/football/kolkata-football-kanyasree-cup-will-start-from-wednesday-952625.html|title=Kanyasree Cup 2023: বুধবার ইস্টবেঙ্গল মাঠে কন্যাশ্রী কাপের উদ্বোধন|trans-title=Kanyasree Cup 2023: Inauguration of Kanyasree Cup at East Bengal Ground on Wednesday|language=bn|work=TV9 Bangla|accessdate=21 November 2023|archive-date=20 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120181104/https://tv9bangla.com/sports/football/kolkata-football-kanyasree-cup-will-start-from-wednesday-952625.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The tournament began on 22 November 2023 with defending champions [[East Bengal Club (women)|East Bengal]] defeating Kalighat Sports Lovers Association 11–1 at the [[East Bengal Ground]].<ref>{{cite web|date=23 November 2023|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/eb-girls-win-kanyashree-cup-opener/articleshow/105429802.cms|title=EB girls win 11-1 in Kanyashree Cup opener|work=The Times of India|accessdate=23 November 2023|archive-date=23 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123080515/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/eb-girls-win-kanyashree-cup-opener/articleshow/105429802.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> On 29 December, [[Sreebhumi FC|Sreebhumi]] defeated the defending champions East Bengal 2–1 to lift their maiden Kanyashree Cup title.<ref name=2023CWFLChamps>{{cite web|date=29 December 2023|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bengali/west-bengal/sports/other-sports/sreebhumi-fc-wins-kanyashree-cup/wb20231229202154764764635|title=ইস্টবেঙ্গলকে হারিয়ে কন্যাশ্রী কাপে চ্য়াম্পিয়ন সুজিত বসুর শ্রীভূমি|trans-title=Sujit Bose's Sreebhumi defeats East Bengal to become Kanyashree Cup champions|language=bn|work=ETV Bharat|accessdate=11 January 2024}}</ref>

== Teams ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+CWFL participants
!Group A !! Group B
|-
| Bally Gramanchal Krira Samity || Chandney SC
|-
| [[East Bengal Club (women)|East Bengal]] || Jyotirmoy Athletic Club
|-
| Invention FCC || [[Southern Samity|KFA Southern Samity]]
|-
| Kalighat Sports Lovers Association || Moitree Sansad
|-
| [[Mohammedan SC Women (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]] || Sevayani S.W. Org
|-
| New Alipore Suruchi Sangha || [[Sreebhumi FC|Sreebhumi]]
|-
| Sarojini Naidu OSC || United Students Club
|-
| WB Police Club || {{sort dash}}
|}

==Venues==
* [[Rabindra Sarobar Stadium]]
* [[East Bengal Ground]]
* [[Naihati Stadium]]
* Amal Dutta Stadium (Dumdum Surer Math)
* [[Mohammedan Sporting Ground]]
* Rishi Aurobindo Maidan, [[Konnagar]]
* Bidhannagar Sports Complex
* SAI Ground, Salt Lake
* [[Mohun Bagan Ground]]
* Netaji Sports Complex, Kamalgazi
* Barrackpore Stadium
* Dr Ambedkar Ground, Gayeshpur
* [[Kishore Bharati Krirangan]]

==Group stage==

===Group A===

{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group A
|show_matches=
|update=complete
|source=[https://theawayend.co/calcutta-womens-football-league/ The Away End]


|team1=EBFC
|team7=BGKS
|team8=IFCC
|team6=MDSC
|team2=NASS
|team5=SNOS
|team3=WBPS
|team4=KSLA


|result1=Q
|result2=Q
|result3=Q
|result8=W



|win_BGKS = 2 |draw_BGKS = 0 |loss_BGKS = 5 |gf_BGKS = 8 |ga_BGKS = 21 
|win_EBFC = 6 |draw_EBFC = 1 |loss_EBFC = 0 |gf_EBFC = 44 |ga_EBFC = 2 
|win_IFCC = 0 |draw_IFCC = 0 |loss_IFCC = 7 |gf_IFCC = 0 |ga_IFCC = 34 
|win_KSLA = 3 |draw_KSLA = 1 |loss_KSLA = 3 |gf_KSLA = 25 |ga_KSLA = 22 
|win_MDSC = 2 |draw_MDSC = 1 |loss_MDSC = 4 |gf_MDSC = 7 |ga_MDSC = 17 
|win_NASS = 6 |draw_NASS = 1 |loss_NASS = 0 |gf_NASS = 21 |ga_NASS = 0 
|win_SNOS = 2 |draw_SNOS = 1 |loss_SNOS = 4 |gf_SNOS = 11 |ga_SNOS = 21 
|win_WBPS = 4 |draw_WBPS = 1 |loss_WBPS = 2 |gf_WBPS = 11 |ga_WBPS = 10 


|name_BGKS = Bally Gramanchal Krira Samity
|name_EBFC = [[East Bengal Club (women)|East Bengal]]
|name_IFCC = Invention FCC
|name_KSLA = Kalighat Sports Lovers Association
|name_MDSC = [[Mohammedan SC Women (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]]
|name_NASS = New Alipore Suruchi Sangha
|name_SNOS = Sarojini Naidu OSC
|name_WBPS = WB Police Club


|show_limit=4


|res_col_header=Q
|col_Q=green1 |text_Q=Advanced to [[#Championship round|Championship round]]
|col_W=red1 |text_W=Withdrew
}}

====Matches ====
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2023|11|22|df=y}}
|time= 14:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= Kalighat Sports Lovers Association
|score= 1–11
|report= https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/23803
|team2= [[East Bengal Club (women)|East Bengal]]
|goals1=* Jyoti Kumari {{goal|83}}
|goals2= * Sulanjana Raul {{goal|12||35}}
* Sushmita Bardhan {{goal|29}}
* Tulsi Hembram {{goal|32||43||45+2}}
* Sarjida Khatun {{goal|47||54}}
* Sonali Mondal {{goal|53||90+3}}
* Sandhya Maity {{goal|66}}
|stadium= [[East Bengal Ground]]
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=Sulanjana Raul (East Bengal)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2023|11|23|df=y}}
|time= 13:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= Invention FCC
|score= 0–5
|report= https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/23827
|team2= Bally Gramanchal Krira Samity
|goals1=
|goals2=* Payel Paul {{goal|16}}
* Remi Thokchom {{goal|18||30||82}}
* Kanika Sanfui {{goal|69}}
|stadium= [[Rabindra Sarobar Stadium]]
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2023|11|23|df=y}}
|time= 13:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= New Alipore Suruchi Sangha
|score= 3–0
|note=[[Mohammedan SC Women (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]] could not field a team and handed a walkover to New Alipore Suruchi Sangha.
|report= ('''{{small|[[Walkover|W.O.]]}}''') [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/23829 Report]
|team2= [[Mohammedan SC Women (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium= [[Mohammedan Sporting Ground]]
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2023|11|23|df=y}}
|time= 13:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= WB Police Sports Club
|score= 3–1
|report= https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/23828
|team2= Sarojini Naidu OSC
|goals1=* Neha Mondal {{goal|24}}
* Rani Mondal {{goal|57}}
* Sangita Roy {{goal|62}}
|goals2=* Sabina Khatun {{goal|78|o.g.}}
|stadium= Dr Ambedkar Ground
|location= Gayeshpur
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2023|11|25|df=y}}
|time= 13:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= Kalighat Sports Lovers Association
|score= 14–0
|report= https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/23912
|team2= Invention FCC
|goals1=* Mariyam Khatun {{goal|11||19||25||37||40||79}}
* Jyoti Kumari {{goal|24}}
* Parmila Das {{goal|57||62||77||81||85||89}}
* Rakhi Kachap {{goal|65}}
|goals2=
|stadium= [[Kishore Bharati Krirangan]]
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2023|11|25|df=y}}
|time= 13:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= [[Mohammedan SC Women (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]]
|score= 1–2
|report= https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/23913
|team2= Bally Gramanchal Krira Samity
|goals1=* Ropni Hansdah {{goal|45+1}}
|goals2=* Kajal Mondal {{goal|7}}
* Remi Thokchom {{goal|81}}
|stadium= [[Mohammedan Sporting Ground]]
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2023|11|25|df=y}}
|time= 14:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= WB Police Sports Club
|score= 1–7
|report= https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/23914
|team2= [[East Bengal Club (women)|East Bengal]]
|goals1=* Radha Besra {{goal|49}}
|goals2=* Sushmita Bardhan {{goal|6||29}}
* Tulsi Hembram {{goal|15}}
* Sulanjana Raul {{goal|37||84}}
* Sonali Mondal {{goal|87||89}}
|stadium= [[East Bengal Ground]]
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2023|11|25|df=y}}
|time= 13:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= Sarojini Naidu OSC
|score= 0–3
|report= https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/23915
|team2= New Alipore Suruchi Sangha
|goals1=
|goals2=* Deblina Bhattacharya {{goal|44}}
* Sanjana Kerketta {{goal|49}}
* Koyel Halder {{goal|57}}
|stadium= Bibhutibhushan Stadium
|location= [[Barrackpore]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2023|11|28|df=y}}
|time= 13:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= WB Police Sports Club
|score= 2–1
|report= https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/24039
|team2= Kalighat Sports Lovers Association
|goals1=* Sangita Roy {{goal|8}}
* Padmabati Majhi {{goal|85}}
|goals2=* Rakhi Kachap {{goal|74}}
|stadium= [[Rabindra Sarobar Stadium]]
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2023|11|28|df=y}}
|time= 13:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= Bally Gramanchal Krira Samity
|score= 0–5
|report= https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/24040
|team2= Sarojini Naidu OSC
|goals1=
|goals2=* Fatema Khatun {{goal|10}}
* Swapna Roy {{goal|25||56}}
* Rakhi Mandal {{goal|35}}
* Sneha Minj {{goal|50}}
|stadium= Dr Ambedkar Ground
|location= Gayeshpur
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2023|11|28|df=y}}
|time= 14:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= New Alipore Suruchi Sangha
|score= 0–0
|report= https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/24041
|team2= [[East Bengal Club (women)|East Bengal]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium= [[East Bengal Ground]]
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2023|11|28|df=y}}
|time= 13:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= [[Mohammedan SC Women (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]]
|score= 3–0
|note=Invention FCC withdrew their team and hence, a walkover win was awarded to [[Mohammedan SC Women (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]].
|report= ('''{{small|[[Walkover|W.O.]]}}''')
|team2= Invention FCC
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium= [[Mohammedan Sporting Ground]]
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2023|11|30|df=y}}
|time= 13:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= Sarojini Naidu OSC
|score= 0–2
|note=
|report= https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/24187
|team2= [[Mohammedan SC Women (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]]
|goals1=
|goals2=* Labani Mistri {{goal|2||75}}
|stadium= [[Mohammedan Sporting Ground]]
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2023|11|30|df=y}}
|time= 13:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= New Alipore Suruchi Sangha
|score= 5–0
|note=
|report= https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/24188
|team2= Kalighat Sports Lovers Association
|goals1=* Neelan Tirkey {{goal|20}}
* Sanjana Kerketta {{goal|45+2||58||59}}
* Priya Rui Das {{goal|90+1}}
|goals2=
|stadium= [[Mohun Bagan Ground]]
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2023|11|30|df=y}}
|time= 14:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= [[East Bengal Club (women)|East Bengal]]
|score= 5–0
|report= https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/24189
|team2= Bally Gramanchal Krira Samity
|goals1=* Sushmita Bardhan {{goal|10||15}}
* Sulanjana Raul {{goal|18||65}}
* Tulsi Hembram {{goal|62}}
|goals2=
|stadium= [[East Bengal Ground]]
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2023|11|30|df=y}}
|time= 13:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= WB Police Sports Club
|score= 3–0
|note=Invention FCC withdrew their team and hence, a walkover win was awarded to WB Police Sports Club.
|report= ('''{{small|[[Walkover|W.O.]]}}''')
|team2= Invention FCC
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2023|12|02|df=y}}
|time= 13:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= New Alipore Suruchi Sangha
|score= 1–0
|note=
|report= https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/24260
|team2= WB Police Sports Club
|goals1=* Sanjana Kerketta {{goal|61}}
|goals2=
|stadium= [[Mohammedan Sporting Ground]]
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2023|12|02|df=y}}
|time= 13:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= [[Mohammedan SC Women (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]]
|score= 0–7
|note=
|report= https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/24261
|team2= [[East Bengal Club (women)|East Bengal]]
|goals1=
|goals2=* Sulanjana Raul {{goal|20||30||37}}
* Tulsi Hembram {{goal|26||47||53}}
* Sarjida Khatun {{goal|73}}
|stadium= [[Kishore Bharati Krirangan]]
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2023|12|02|df=y}}
|time= 13:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= Bally Gramanchal Krira Samity
|score= 1–2
|note=
|report= https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/24262
|team2= Kalighat Sports Lovers Association
|goals1=* Maibam Nandeshwori Devi {{goal|52}}
|goals2=* Mariyam Khatun {{goal|23||63}}
|stadium= Bidhannagar Municipal Ground
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2023|12|02|df=y}}
|time= 13:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= Sarojini Naidu OSC
|score= 3–0
|note=Invention FCC withdrew their team and hence, a walkover win was awarded to Sarojini Naidu OSC.
|report= ('''{{small|[[Walkover|W.O.]]}}''')
|team2= Invention FCC
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2023|12|04|df=y}}
|time= 13:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= Bally Gramanchal Krira Samity
|score= 0–2
|note=
|report= https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/24279
|team2= WB Police Sports Club
|goals1=
|goals2=* Rani Mondal {{goal|16}}
* Rama Murmu {{goal|77}}
|stadium= Bidhannagar Municipal Ground
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2023|12|04|df=y}}
|time= 13:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= [[East Bengal Club (women)|East Bengal]]
|score= 11–0
|note=
|report= https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/24278
|team2= Sarojini Naidu OSC
|goals1=* Tulsi Hembram {{goal|8}}
* Sulanjana Raul {{goal|38||43||52||78||82||86}}
* Sarjida Khatun {{goal|53}}
* Shashwati Sarkar {{goal|64}}
* Sandhya Maity {{goal|90||90+3}}
|goals2=
|stadium= [[East Bengal Ground]]
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2023|12|04|df=y}}
|time= 13:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= Kalighat Sports Lovers Association
|score= 5–1
|note=
|report= https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/24280
|team2= [[Mohammedan SC Women (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]]
|goals1=* Mariyam Khatun {{goal|24}}
* Parmila Das {{goal|49||50||54||82}}
|goals2=* Barsha Maji {{goal|22}}
|stadium= [[Mohammedan Sporting Ground]]
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2023|12|04|df=y}}
|time= 13:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= New Alipore Suruchi Sangha
|score= 3–0
|note=Invention FCC withdrew their team and hence, a walkover win was awarded to New Alipore Suruchi Sangha.
|report= ('''{{small|[[Walkover|W.O.]]}}''')
|team2= Invention FCC
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2023|12|06|df=y}}
|time= 13:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= [[East Bengal Club (women)|East Bengal]]
|score= 3–0
|note=Invention FCC withdrew their team and hence, a walkover win was awarded to [[East Bengal Club (women)|East Bengal]].
|report= ('''{{small|[[Walkover|W.O.]]}}''')
|team2= Invention FCC
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2023|12|06|df=y}}
|time= 13:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= Bally Gramanchal Krira Samity
|score= 0–6
|note=
|report= https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/24329
|team2= New Alipore Suruchi Sangha
|goals1=
|goals2=* Sanjana Kerketta {{goal|13||33}}
* Neelam Tirkey {{goal|15||26||76}}
* Salina Kumari {{goal|57}}
|stadium= Barrackpore Stadium
|location= [[Barrackpore]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2023|12|06|df=y}}
|time= 13:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= Sarojini Naidu OSC
|score= 2–2
|note=
|report= https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/24330
|team2= Kalighat Sports Lovers Association
|goals1=* Fatema Khatun {{goal|8||10}}
|goals2=* Parmila Das {{goal|15}}
* Rakhi Kachap {{goal|63}}
|stadium= [[Mohun Bagan Ground]]
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2023|12|06|df=y}}
|time= 13:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= [[Mohammedan SC Women (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]]
|score= 0–0
|note=
|report= https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/24331
|team2= WB Police Sports Club
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium= [[Mohammedan Sporting Ground]]
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}

===Group B===

{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group B
|show_matches=
|update=complete
|source=[https://theawayend.co/calcutta-womens-football-league/ The Away End]


|team6=CDSC
|team3=JMAC
|team5=KFSS
|team2=MOSS
|team7=SSWO
|team1=SBFC
|team4=UTSC


|result1=Q
|result2=Q
|result3=Q



|win_CDSC = 1 |draw_CDSC = 2 |loss_CDSC = 3 |gf_CDSC = 6 |ga_CDSC = 16 
|win_JMAC = 3 |draw_JMAC = 1 |loss_JMAC = 2 |gf_JMAC = 16 |ga_JMAC = 16 
|win_KFSS = 1 |draw_KFSS = 2 |loss_KFSS = 3 |gf_KFSS = 12 |ga_KFSS = 13 
|win_MOSS = 4 |draw_MOSS = 1 |loss_MOSS = 1 |gf_MOSS = 18 |ga_MOSS = 10 
|win_SSWO = 0 |draw_SSWO = 0 |loss_SSWO = 6 |gf_SSWO = 1 |ga_SSWO = 55 
|win_SBFC = 6 |draw_SBFC = 0 |loss_SBFC = 0 |gf_SBFC = 61 |ga_SBFC = 0 
|win_UTSC = 3 |draw_UTSC = 0 |loss_UTSC = 3 |gf_UTSC = 15 |ga_UTSC = 19 


|name_CDSC = Chandney SC
|name_JMAC = Jyotirmoy Athletic Club
|name_KFSS = [[Southern Samity|KFA Southern Samity]]
|name_MOSS = Moitree Sansad
|name_SSWO = Sevayani S.W. Org
|name_SBFC = [[Sreebhumi FC|Sreebhumi]]
|name_UTSC = United Students Club


|show_limit=4


|res_col_header=Q
|col_Q=green1 |text_Q=Advanced to [[#Championship round|Championship round]]

}}

====Matches ====
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2023|11|24|df=y}}
|time= 13:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= Moitree Sansad
|score= 1–1
|report= https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/23858
|team2= Chandney SC
|goals1=* Suparna Biswas {{goal|19}}
|goals2=* Purnima Das {{goal|17}}
|stadium= Amal Dutta Krirangan
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2023|11|24|df=y}}
|time= 13:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= Jonaki United Student Club
|score= 2–1
|report= https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/23857
|team2= [[Southern Samity|KFA Southern Samity]]
|goals1=* Anjali Sardar {{goal|26}}
* Bristi Santra {{goal|90+3}}
|goals2=* Shrabani Murmu {{goal|36}}
|stadium= Dr Ambedkar Ground
|location= Gayeshpur
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2023|11|24|df=y}}
|time= 13:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= Jyotirmoy Athletic Club
|score= 11–0
|report= https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/23859
|team2= Sevayani S.W. Org
|goals1=* Tanushree Roy {{goal|10||20||36||65||68||77||83}}
* Anju Barla {{goal|23||41||47||90+1}}
|goals2=
|stadium= Netaji Sports Complex
|location= Kamalgazi
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2023|11|26|df=y}}
|time= 13:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= [[Southern Samity|KFA Southern Samity]]
|score= 0–6
|report= https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/23945
|team2= [[Sreebhumi FC|Sreebhumi]]
|goals1=
|goals2=* Devneta Roy {{goal|27||36}}
* Rimpa Haldar {{goal|32||41||67||72}}
|stadium= Amal Dutta Krirangan
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2023|11|26|df=y}}
|time= 13:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= Jyotirmoy Athletic Club
|score= 1–0
|report= https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/23946
|team2= Chandney SC
|goals1=* Anju Barla {{goal|90+1}}
|goals2=
|stadium= Dr Ambedkar Ground
|location= Gayeshpur
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2023|11|26|df=y}}
|time= 13:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= Sevayani S.W. Org
|score= 0–8
|report= https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/23947
|team2= Jonaki United Student Club
|goals1=
|goals2=* Bristi Santra {{goal|8||17||40||64}}
* Jyoti Jayadar {{goal|22||69||75}}
* Sarasuti Murmu {{goal|45+1}}
|stadium= Netaji Sports Complex
|location= Kamalgazi
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2023|11|29|df=y}}
|time= 13:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= Jyotirmoy Athletic Club
|score= 0–4
|report= https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/24109
|team2= Moitree Sansad
|goals1=
|goals2=* Bishakha Barman {{goal|58||90+2||90+3}}
* Kajali Tudu {{goal|69}}
|stadium= Netaji Sports Complex
|location= Kamalgazi
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2023|11|29|df=y}}
|time= 13:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= [[Sreebhumi FC|Sreebhumi]]
|score= 18–0
|report= https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/24110
|team2= Sevayani S.W. Org
|goals1=* Birsi Oraon {{goal|5}}
* Tania Kanti {{goal|8||11||20||30||60}}
* Sanchita Singha {{goal|29||48||52}}
* Kabita Saren {{goal|39||41||51}}
* Ratna Halder {{goal|42}}
* Sagorika Baiya {{goal|46||58}}
* Punam Barla {{goal|75||83||86}}
|goals2=
|stadium= Amal Dutta Krirangan
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2023|11|29|df=y}}
|time= 13:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= Jonaki United Student Club
|score= 2–0
|report= https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/24111
|team2= Chandney SC
|goals1=* Sampa Budhak {{goal|26|o.g.}}
* Ritu Bakchi {{goal|52}}
|goals2=
|stadium= [[Rabindra Sarobar Stadium]]
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2023|12|01|df=y}}
|time= 13:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= Sevayani S.W. Org
|score= 0–8
|report= https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/24241
|team2= [[Southern Samity|KFA Southern Samity]]
|goals1=
|goals2=* Arpita Roy {{goal|9||26||42||57}}
* Munni Kumari {{goal|22}}
* Nasimun Khatun {{goal|60}}
* Surmila Soren {{goal|70}}
* Shrabani Murmu {{goal|88}}
|stadium= Netaji Sports Complex
|location= Kamalgazi
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2023|12|01|df=y}}
|time= 13:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= Jonaki United Student Club
|score= 1–4
|report= https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/24242
|team2= Moitree Sansad
|goals1=* Bristi Santra {{goal|16}}
|goals2=* Bishakha Barman {{goal|41||45+1}}
* Kajali Tudu {{goal|53||59}}
|stadium= [[Rabindra Sarobar Stadium]]
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2023|12|01|df=y}}
|time= 13:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= Chandney SC
|score= 0–9
|report= https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/24243
|team2= [[Sreebhumi FC|Sreebhumi]]
|goals1=
|goals2=* Sanchita Singha {{goal|12||20||32}}
* Punam Barla {{goal|31}}
* Tania Kanti {{goal|38||52}}
* Kabita Saren {{goal|43||63}}
* Sagorika Baidya {{goal|70}}
|stadium= Amal Dutta Krirangan
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2023|12|03|df=y}}
|time= 13:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= Jonaki United Student Club
|score= 2–3
|report= https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/24271
|team2= Jyotirmoy Athletic Club
|goals1=* Bristi Santra {{goal|28}}
* Saraswati Murmu {{goal|74}}
|goals2=* Tanisha Biswas {{goal|6}}
* Anju Barla {{goal|51}}
* Tanushree Roy {{goal|85}}
|stadium= Makardah Union Club Play Ground
|location= [[Howrah]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2023|12|03|df=y}}
|time= 13:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= [[Southern Samity|KFA Southern Samity]]
|score= 2–2
|report= https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/24272
|team2= Chandney SC
|goals1=* Shrabani Murmu {{goal|45}}
* Arpita Roy {{goal|90}}
|goals2=* Purnima Das {{goal|10}}
* Keya Halder {{goal|45+2}}
|stadium= Netaji Sports Complex
|location= Kamalgazi
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2023|12|03|df=y}}
|time= 13:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= [[Sreebhumi FC|Sreebhumi]]
|score= 8–0
|report= https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/24273
|team2= Moitree Sansad
|goals1=* Sanchita Singha {{goal|4||23||45+2}}
* Anita Oraon {{goal|22}}
* Mousumi Murmu {{goal|33}}
* Anita Kumari {{goal|61}}
* Sonali Soren {{goal|83}}
* Rimpa Haldar {{goal|90+3}}
|goals2=
|stadium= Amal Dutta Krirangan
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2023|12|05|df=y}}
|time= 13:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= Chandney SC
|score= 3–1
|report= https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/24302
|team2= Sevayani S.W. Org
|goals1=* Koyel Majumder {{goal|46||63||89}}
|goals2=* Sania Khatun {{goal|4}}
|stadium= [[Rabindra Sarobar Stadium]]
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2023|12|05|df=y}}
|time= 13:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= [[Sreebhumi FC|Sreebhumi]]
|score= 9–0
|report= https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/24303
|team2= Jyotirmoy Athletic Club
|goals1=* Devneta Roy {{goal|7||42||65}}
* Sanchita Singha {{goal|11||81}}
* Anita Kumari {{goal|35||60}}
* Mini Roy {{goal|49}}
* Sonali Soren {{goal|57}}
|goals2=
|stadium= Amal Dutta Krirangan
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2023|12|05|df=y}}
|time= 13:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= Moitree Sansad
|score= 2–0
|report= https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/24304
|team2= [[Southern Samity|KFA Southern Samity]]
|goals1=* Kajali Tudu {{goal|53||90}}
|goals2=
|stadium= Dr Ambedkar Ground
|location= Gayeshpur
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2023|12|08|df=y}}
|time= 13:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= [[Sreebhumi FC|Sreebhumi]]
|score= 11–0
|report= https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/24360
|team2= Jonaki United Student Club
|goals1=* Sanchita Singha {{goal|6||11||51}}
* Barnali Karar {{goal|13}}
* Gita Das {{goal|20||71}}
* Rimpa Haldar {{goal|31||41}}
* Rubina Khatun {{goal|35}}
* Kabita Saren {{goal|63}}
* Mousumi Murmu {{goal|72}}
|goals2=
|stadium= Amal Dutta Krirangan
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2023|12|08|df=y}}
|time= 13:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= Sevayani S.W. Org
|score= 0–7
|report= https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/24361
|team2= Moitree Sansad
|goals1=
|goals2=* Rita Baske {{goal|6}}
* Papy Mondal {{goal|11}}
* Bishakha Barman {{goal|25||26||48}}
* Nikita Mahata {{goal|33||79}}
|stadium= [[Rabindra Sarobar Stadium]]
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2023|12|08|df=y}}
|time= 13:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= [[Southern Samity|KFA Southern Samity]]
|score= 1–1
|report= https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/24362
|team2= Jyotirmoy Athletic Club
|goals1=* Shrabani Murmu {{goal|38}}
|goals2=* Sita Oraon {{goal|34}}
|stadium= Netaji Sports Complex
|location= Kamalgazi
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}

==Championship round==

{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Championship round
|show_matches=
|update=complete
|source=[https://theawayend.co/calcutta-womens-football-league/ The Away End]


|team1=SBFC
|team2=EBFC
|team3=NASS
|team4=MOSS
|team5=WBPS
|team6=JMAC


|result1=C
|result3=X



|win_EBFC = 3 |draw_EBFC = 1 |loss_EBFC = 1 |gf_EBFC = 11 |ga_EBFC = 3 
|win_JMAC = 0 |draw_JMAC = 0 |loss_JMAC = 5 |gf_JMAC = 0 |ga_JMAC = 23 
|win_NASS = 2 |draw_NASS = 2 |loss_NASS = 1 |gf_NASS = 5 |ga_NASS = 4 
|win_MOSS = 1 |draw_MOSS = 2 |loss_MOSS = 2 |gf_MOSS = 8 |ga_MOSS = 13 
|win_WBPS = 1 |draw_WBPS = 2 |loss_WBPS = 2 |gf_WBPS = 7 |ga_WBPS = 13 
|win_SBFC = 4 |draw_SBFC = 1 |loss_SBFC = 0 |gf_SBFC = 27 |ga_SBFC = 2 


|name_EBFC = [[East Bengal Club (women)|East Bengal]]
|name_JMAC = Jyotirmoy Athletic Club
|name_WBPS = WB Police SC
|name_MOSS = Moitree Sansad
|name_NASS = [[Suruchi Sangha|New Alipore Suruchi Sangha]]
|name_SBFC = [[Sreebhumi FC|Sreebhumi]]


|show_limit=4


|res_col_header = Q
|col_C = green1 | text_C = '''Champions and qualification for [[2023–24 Indian Women's League 2]]{{efn|name=fn1|If the top teams are already playing in national leagues, then the next highest ranked team would be eligible for [[Indian Women's League 2nd Division]].}}'''
|col_X = blue1 | text_X = Qualification for [[2024–25 Indian Women's League 2]]{{efn|name=fn1}}
}}

=== Matches ===
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2023|12|13|df=y}}
|round=Round 1
|time= 14:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= [[East Bengal Club (women)|East Bengal]]
|score= 5–1
|report= https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=24751
|team2= Moitree Sansad
|goals1=* Tulsi Hembram {{goal|12||37||64}}
* Lourembam Menaka Devi {{goal|63}}
* Sulanjana Raul {{goal|90+1}}
|goals2=* Bishakha Barman {{goal|49}}
|stadium= [[East Bengal Ground]]
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|attendance= 100
|referee= Rajashri Hansda
|mvp=Tulsi Hembram (East Bengal)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2023|12|14|df=y}}
|round=Round 1
|time= 13:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= [[Sreebhumi FC|Sreebhumi]]
|score= 10–0
|report= https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=24819
|team2= Jyotirmoy Athletic Club
|goals1=* Sonali Soren {{goal|1||30}}
* Mousumi Murmu {{goal|5||75}}
* Yumlam Lali {{goal|19}}
* Rimpa Haldar {{goal|20||52||67||71}}
* Rubina Khatun {{goal|80}}
|goals2=
|stadium= Bidhannagar Municipal Ground
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|attendance= 50
|referee= Monika Jana
|mvp= Rimpa Haldar (Sreebhumi)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2023|12|14|df=y}}
|round=Round 1
|time= 13:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= WB Police SC
|score= 0–2
|report= https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=24818
|team2= New Alipore Suruchi Sangha
|goals1=
|goals2=* Sanjana Kerketta {{goal|53||73}}
|stadium= [[Mohun Bagan Ground]]
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|attendance= 100
|referee= Mahi Tudu
|mvp=Supriya Kispotta (New Alipore SS)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2023|12|19|df=y}}
|round=Round 2
|time= 14:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= [[East Bengal Club (women)|East Bengal]]
|score= 2–0
|report= https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=25003
|team2= New Alipore Suruchi Sangha
|goals1=* Tulsi Hembram {{goal|22}}
* Sulanjana Raul {{goal|42}}
|goals2=
|stadium= [[East Bengal Ground]]
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|attendance= 60
|referee= Mahi Tudu
|mvp= Mugli Saren (East Bengal)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2023|12|19|df=y}}
|round=Round 2
|time= 13:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= Jyotirmoy Athletic Club
|score= 0–5
|report= https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=25004
|team2= WB Police SC
|goals1=
|goals2=* Sangita Roy {{goal|10||28}}
* Neha Mondal {{goal|52||69}}
* Rama Murmu {{goal|90+4}}
|stadium= Netaji Sports Complex
|location= Kamalgazi
|attendance= 599
|referee= Snigdha Mondal
|mvp=Neha Mondal (WB Police Club)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2023|12|19|df=y}}
|round=Round 2
|time= 13:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= Moitree Sansad
|score= 0–5
|report= https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=25005
|team2= [[Sreebhumi FC|Sreebhumi]]
|goals1=
|goals2=* Sujata Mahata {{goal|2||45}}
* Yumnam Lali {{goal|10}}
* Anita Kumari {{goal|21}}
* Rimpa Haldar {{goal|55}}
|stadium= Amal Dutta Krirangan
|location= Kolkata
|attendance= 200
|referee= Sayani Roy
|mvp= Sujata Mahata (Sreebhumi)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2023|12|23|df=y}}
|round=Round 3
|time= 13:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= New Alipore Suruchi Sangha
|score= 1–1
|report= https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=25221
|team2= [[Sreebhumi FC|Sreebhumi]]
|goals1=* Sanjana Kerketta {{goal|36}}
|goals2=* Sanchita Singha {{goal|45+2}}
|stadium= [[Mohun Bagan Ground]]
|location= Kolkata
|attendance= 200
|referee= Kanika Barman
|mvp= Jyotsna Bara (New Alipur SS)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2023|12|23|df=y}}
|round=Round 3
|time= 13:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= Jyotirmoy Athletic Club
|score= 0–4
|report= https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=25222
|team2= Moitree Sansad
|goals1=
|goals2=* Sayani Dutta {{goal|10}}
* Bishakha Barman {{goal|29||43}}
* Kajali Tudu {{goal|30}}
|stadium= Netaji Sports Complex
|location= Kamalgazi
|attendance= 300
|referee= Rajashri Hansda
|mvp= Bishakha Barman (Moitree Sansad)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2023|12|25|df=y}}
|round=Round 3
|time= 14:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= [[East Bengal Club (women)|East Bengal]]
|score= 0–0
|report= https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=25278
|team2= WB Police SC
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium= [[East Bengal Ground]]
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|attendance= 100
|referee= Kanika Barman
|mvp= Rumpa Malik (WB Police SC)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2023|12|27|df=y}}
|round=Round 4
|time= 14:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= [[East Bengal Club (women)|East Bengal]]
|score= 3–0
|report= https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=25412
|team2= Jyotirmoy Athletic Club
|goals1=* Sarjida Khatun {{goal|17||61}}
* Singo Murmu {{goal|75}}
|goals2=
|stadium= [[East Bengal Ground]]
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|attendance= 500
|referee= Rajashri Hansda
|mvp= Singo Murmu (East Bengal)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2023|12|27|df=y}}
|round=Round 4
|time= 13:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= Moitree Sansad
|score= 1–1
|report= https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=25413
|team2= New Alipore Suruchi Sangha
|goals1=* Rina Barman {{goal|63}}
|goals2=* Sanjana Kerketta {{goal|16}}
|stadium= [[Mohun Bagan Ground]]
|location= Kolkata
|attendance= 500
|referee= Monjira Khatun
|mvp= Bishakha Barman (Moitree Sansad)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2023|12|27|df=y}}
|round=Round 4
|time= 13:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= [[Sreebhumi FC|Sreebhumi]]
|score= 9–0
|report= https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=25414
|team2= WB Police SC
|goals1=* Rimpa Haldar {{goal|21||32}}
* Barnali Karar {{goal|34}}
* Ratna Halder {{goal|45+1}}
* Kabita Saren {{goal|69||90}}
* Sujata Mahata {{goal|75||82||87}}
|goals2=
|stadium= Amal Dutta Krirangan
|location= Kolkata
|attendance= 400
|referee= Kanika Barman
|mvp= Sujata Mahata (Sreebhumi)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2023|12|29|df=y}}
|round=Round 5
|time= 13:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= WB Police SC
|score= 2–2
|report= https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=25583
|team2= Moitree Sansad
|goals1=* Sangita Roy {{goal|}}
* Radha Besra {{goal|}}
|goals2=* Kalyani Ray {{goal|}}
* Sayani Dutta {{goal|}}
|stadium= Amal Dutta Krirangan
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2023|12|29|df=y}}
|round=Round 5
|time= 13:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= New Alipore Suruchi Sangha
|score= 1–0
|report= https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=25584
|team2= Jyotirmoy Athletic Club
|goals1=* Priya Roy {{goal|}}
|goals2=
|stadium= [[Mohun Bagan Ground]]
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2023|12|29|df=y}}
|round=Round 5
|time= 13:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= [[East Bengal Club (women)|East Bengal]]
|score= 1–2
|report= https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=25585
|team2= [[Sreebhumi FC|Sreebhumi]]
|goals1=
*Mamata Mahata {{goal|72}}
|goals2=
*Rimpa Haldar {{goal|24}}
*Mousumi Murmu {{goal|27}} {{sentoff|0|33}}
|stadium= [[Kishore Bharati Krirangan]]
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|attendance= 800
|referee= Monika Jana
|mvp= Rimpa Haldar (Sreebhumi)
}}

== Statistics ==

=== Top goal scorers ===
{{updated|29 December 2023}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Rank
!Nat.
!Player
!Club
!Goals
|-
|rowspan="1" |1
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Sulanjana Raul]]
|[[East Bengal Club (women)|East Bengal]]
|rowspan="1" |17
|-
|rowspan="2" |2
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|Sanchita Singha
|[[Sreebhumi FC|Sreebhumi]]
|rowspan="2" |15
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|Rimpa Haldar
|[[Sreebhumi FC|Sreebhumi]]
|-
|rowspan="1" |4
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|Tulsi Hembram
|[[East Bengal Club (women)|East Bengal]]
|rowspan="1" |13
|-
|rowspan="3" |5
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|Parmila Das
|Kalighat Sports Lovers Association
|rowspan="3" |11
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|Bishakha Barman
|Moitree Sansad
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|Sanjana Kerketta
|New Alipore Suruchi Sangha
|-
|rowspan="1" |8
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|Mariyam Khatun
|Kalighat Sports Lovers Association
|rowspan="1" |9
|-
|rowspan="2" |9
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|Tanushree Roy
|Jyotirmoy Athletic Club
|rowspan="2" |8
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|Kabita Saren
|[[Sreebhumi FC|Sreebhumi]]
|-
|rowspan="2" |11
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|Tania Kanti
|[[Sreebhumi FC|Sreebhumi]]
|rowspan="2" |7
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|Bristi Santra
|Jonaki United Student Club
|-
|rowspan="3" |13
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|Anju Barla
|Jyotirmoy Athletic Club
|rowspan="3" |6
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|Kajali Tudu
|Moitree Sansad
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|Sarjida Khatun
|[[East Bengal Club (women)|East Bengal]]
|-
|rowspan="6" |16
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|Sushmita Bardhan
|[[East Bengal Club (women)|East Bengal]]
|rowspan="6" |5
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|Remi Thokchom
|Bally Gramanchal Krira Samity
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|Devneta Roy
|[[Sreebhumi FC|Sreebhumi]]
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|Arpita Roy
|[[Southern Samity|KFA Southern Samity]]
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|Sujata Mahata
|[[Sreebhumi FC|Sreebhumi]]
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|Mousumi Murmu
|[[Sreebhumi FC|Sreebhumi]]
|-
|}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{Calcutta Women's Football League}}
{{2023–24 in Indian football}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2023-24 Calcutta Women's Football League season}}

[[Category:Calcutta Women's Football League]]
[[Category:2023–24 in Indian football leagues]]
[[Category:2023–24 in Asian women's association football leagues]]

The Drama Company

2025-07-28T10:11:03Z

Hindutashravi:

{{short description|Indian television show}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox television
| image = The Drama Company.png
| caption =
| alt_name = ''The Drama Company: Super Nights''
| genre = [[Sketch comedy]]
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 43
| producer = * [[Preeti Simoes]]
* Neeti Simoes<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-finally-kapil-sharma-breaks-silence-on-his-fall-out-with-ex-preeti-simoes-2543660|title=Finally! Kapil Sharma breaks silence on his fall out with ex Preeti Simoes|website=DNA India}}</ref>
| location =
| company = Little Frodo Productions [[Frames Production]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2017|07|16}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2018|01|14}}
| channel = [[Sony Entertainment Television]]
}}
'''''The Drama Company''''' or '''''The Drama Company: Super Nights''''' is an Indian comedy show on [[Sony Entertainment Television]]. It premiered on 16 July 2017. It features comedians [[Krushna Abhishek]], [[Ali Asgar (actor)|Ali Asgar]], [[Sugandha Mishra]], [[Sudesh Lehri]], [[Sanket Bhosale]] and actor [[Mithun Chakraborty]] as permanent guest.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/watch-promo-sudesh-lehri-is-at-his-hilarious-best-in-the-new-promo-of-the-drama-company/articleshow/59453527.cms|title=Watch Promo: Sudesh Lehri is at his hilarious best in the new promo of 'The Drama Company'|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=5 July 2017|accessdate=6 July 2017}}</ref>

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Krushna Abhishek]] as Various characters
* [[Ali Asgar (actor)|Ali Asgar]] as Various characters
* [[Sanket Bhosale]] as Baba and Various characters
* [[Sugandha Mishra]] as Altaf Jaja, Sidhu and Various characters
* [[Sudesh Lehri]] as Bachchan Sahab and Various characters
* [[Tanaji Galgunde]] as Various characters
* [[Mithun Chakraborty]] as Shambu Dada
* [[Karan Grover]] as Host/Presenter
* [[Aru Krishansh Verma]] as Various characters
* [[Ridhima Pandit (actress)|Ridhima Pandit]] as Various characters
* [[Roshni Chopra]] as Host/Presenter
* [[Rithvik Dhanjani]] as Host/Presenter
* [[Jay Bhanushali]] as Host/Presenter
* [[Divyanka Tripathi]] as Gareena Kapoor (season 2)

===Guest===
* Ankit Pathak as Guest Host (episode 17)
* [[Kashmera Shah]] as Herself (episode 15)
* [[Upasana Singh]] as Hockey Coach (episode 17)
* [[Sargun Mehta]] as Herself (episode 22)
* Gautam Mehrishi as Himself (episode 22)
* [[Ravi Dubey]] as Guest Host (episode 26–27)
* [[Shruti Seth]] as Guest Host (episode 28)
* [[Suresh Menon]] as Kachin Tendulkar (episode 30)

==Episode list==
{| class="wikitable"
! style="width:2%"|No.
! style="width:57%"|Guest(s)
! style="width:13%"|Telecast date
! style="width:25%"|Featured promotion
! style="width:3%"|Ref
|-
|1
|[[Tiger Shroff]], [[Nidhhi Agerwal]] & [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]]
|16 July 2017
|''[[Munna Michael]]''
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Exclusive preview of The Drama Company’s opening episode on July 16|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Exclusive-preview-of-The-Drama-Companys-opening-episode-on-July-16/photostory/59620880.cms|website=[[Times Of India]]|accessdate=17 July 2017|date=16 July 2017}}</ref>
|-
|2
|[[Anil Kapoor]], [[Arjun Kapoor]], [[Ileana D'Cruz]] and [[Athiya Shetty]]
|22 July 2017
|''[[Mubarakan]]''
|
|-
|3
|[[Babita Kumari|Babita Phogat]] and Pawan Kumar
|23 July 2017
|
|
|-
|4
|[[Terence Lewis (choreographer)|Terence Lewis]] and [[Gauahar Khan]]
|29 July 2017
|
|
|-
|5
|[[Aryan Prajapati]], [[Matin Rey Tangu]], Dishita Sehgal and [[Akshat Singh]]
|30 July 2017
|
|
|-
|6
|[[Vivek Oberoi]] and [[Richa Chadda]]
|5 August 2017
|''[[Inside Edge (2017 TV series)|Inside Edge]]''
|
|-
|7
|[[Rajkummar Rao]], [[Ayushmann Khurrana]], [[Pankaj Tripathi]], [[Seema Bhargava]] and [[Kriti Sanon]]
|6 August 2017
|''[[Bareilly Ki Barfi]]''
|
|-
|8
|[[Shraddha Kapoor]], [[Siddhanth Kapoor]]
|12 August 2017
|''[[Haseena Parkar]]''
|
|-
|9
|[[Ahmed Khan (choreographer)|Ahmed Khan]], [[Geeta Kapoor]], [[Marzi Pestonji]]
|13 August 2017
|
|
|-
|10
|[[Sidharth Malhotra]] and [[Jacqueline Fernandez]]
|19 August 2017
|''[[A Gentleman]]''
|
|-
|11
|[[Huma Qureshi]] and [[Gurinder Chadha]]
|20 August 2017
|''[[Partition: 1947]]''
|
|-
|12
|[[Shalmali Kholgade]], [[Amit Mishra (singer)|Amit Mishra]] and [[Guru Randhawa]]
|26 August 2017
|
|
|-
|13
|[[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]], [[Bidita Bag]] and [[Divya Dutta]]
|27 August 2017
|''[[Babumoshai Bandookbaaz]]''
|
|-
|14
|[[Farhan Akhtar]], [[Inaamulhaq]], [[Ravi Kissen]], [[Deepak Dobriyal]], [[Diana Penty]] and [[Ronit Roy]]
|2 September 2017
|''[[Lucknow Central]]''
|
|-
|15
| [[Sunny Deol]], [[Bobby Deol]] and [[Shreyas Talpade]]
|3 September 2017
|''[[Poster Boys (2017 film)|Poster Boys]]''
|
|-
| 16
| [[Sanjay Dutt]], [[Aditi Rao Hydari]], [[Sharad Kelkar]] and [[Omung Kumar]]
|9 September 2017
|''[[Bhoomi (2017 film)|Bhoomi]]''
|
|-
| 17
| [[Raveena Tandon]]
|10 September 2017
|
|
|-
| 18
| Raveena Tondon, [[Jubin Nautiyal]], [[Monali Thakur]], [[Nakash Aziz]] and [[Divya Kumar (singer)|Divya Kumar]]
|16 September 2017
|
|
|-
| 19
| [[Sunny Leone]]
|17 September 2017
|
|
|-
| 20
| [[Shilpa Shetty]], [[Geeta Kapoor]] and [[Anurag Basu]]
|23 September 2017
|''[[Super Dancer|Super Dancer 2]]''
|
|-
| 21
| Roast special
|24 September 2017
|
|
|-
| 22
| [[Saif Ali Khan]], [[Raja Krishna Menon]] and Svar Kamble
|30 September 2017
|''[[Chef (2017 film)|Chef]]''
|
|-
| 23
| [[Daboo Malik]], [[Amaal Mallik]] and [[Armaan Malik]]
| 1 October 2017
|
|
|-
| 24
| [[Ravi Kishan]], [[Dinesh Lal Yadav]], [[Amrapali Dubey]], [[Rani Chatterjee]], [[Monalisa (actress)|Monalisa]], [[Vikrant Singh Rajpoot]] and [[Vinay Anand]]
| 7 October 2017
|
|
|-
| 25
| Raveena Tandon, [[Shekhar Suman]], [[Wadali Brothers]] and [[Lakhwinder Wadali]]
| 8 October 2017
|
|
|-
| 26
| rowspan="2"|[[Rohit Shetty]], [[Parineeti Chopra]], [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]], [[Arshad Warsi]], [[Kunal Khemu]], [[Shreyas Talpade]], [[Mukesh Tiwari]] and [[Tusshar Kapoor]]
| 14 October 2017
| rowspan="2"|''[[Golmaal Again]]''
|
|-
| 27
| 15 October 2017
|
|-
| 28
| [[Archana Puran Singh]], [[Sohail Khan]] and [[Arbaaz Khan]]
| 21 October 2017
|
|
|-
| 29
| [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]], Sunita Ahuja and [[Chunky Pandey]]
| 22 October 2017
|
|
|-
| 30
| [[Irfan Pathan]] and [[Yusuf Pathan]]
| 28 October 2017
|
|
|-
| 31
| [[Kumar Sanu]], [[Alka Yagnik]], [[Zaira Wasim]], [[Meher Vij]] and Deep Sharma
| 29 October 2017
|''[[Secret Superstar]]''
|
|-
| 32
| [[Ajay Jadeja]], Rajkumar Rao, [[Kriti Kharbanda]], [[Manpreet Singh (field hockey)|Manpreet Singh]], [[Gurjant Singh]], [[Harmanpreet Singh]], [[S. V. Sunil]] and [[Akash Chikte]]
| 4 November 2017
|''Shaadi Mein Zaroor Aana''
|
|-
| 33
| [[Irrfan Khan]] and [[Parvathy Thiruvothu|Parvathy]]
| 5 November 2017
|''[[Qarib Qarib Singlle]]''
|
|-
| 34
| Raveena Tondon, [[Anu Malik]] and [[Altaf Raja]]
| 11 November 2017
|
|
|-
| 35
| [[Bipasha Basu]] and [[Karan Singh Grover]]
| 12 November 2017
|
|
|-
| 36
| [[Manish Paul]], [[Rani Rampal]], [[Savita Punia]], [[Gurjeet Kaur]], [[Monika Malik]], [[Sushila Chanu]] and [[Deepika Thakur]]
| 18 November 2017
|
|
|-
| 37
| [[Mika Singh]], Gurdeep Mehndi, [[Navraj Hans]] and [[Rahul Vaidya]]
| 19 November 2017
|
|
|-
| 38
| [[Jeetendra]] and [[Tusshar Kapoor]]
| 26 November 2017
|
|
|-
| 39
| [[Riteish Deshmukh]] and [[Farah Khan]]
| 9 December 2017
| Friendship Special
|
|-
| 40
| [[Riteish Deshmukh]], [[Farah Khan]] and [[Amey Wagh]]
| 10 December 2017
| [[Faster Fene]]
|
|-
| 41
| [[Kunal Khemu]] and [[Soha Ali Khan]]
| 17 December 2017
|
|
|-
| 42
| Mika Singh, [[Dharmendra]], Shrivardhan Trivedi, [[Hardy Sandhu]], [[Nora Fatehi]] and [[Neil Nitin Mukesh]]
| 7 January 2018
| New Year Special
|
|-
| 43
| [[Akshay Kumar]], [[Ali Zafar]], [[Ila Arun]], [[Neha Kakkar]], [[Geeta Kapoor]], [[Mithali Raj]], [[Anny Divya]], [[Anjana Om Kashyap|Anjana Kashyap]], [[Manushi Chhillar]] and
| 14 January 2018
| [[Pad Man (film)|Padman]]
|
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Sony Entertainment Television India Shows}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Drama Company}}
[[Category:Sony Entertainment Television original programming]]
[[Category:2010s Indian television series]]
[[Category:Frames Production series]]

M. M. Ismail

2025-07-22T04:10:52Z

Hindutashravi:

{{Short description|Indian politician and judge}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
'''M. M. Ismail''' (8 February 1921 – 17 January 2005) was an Indian politician who served as the acting [[List of Governors of Tamil Nadu|Governor of Tamil Nadu]] and a Chief Justice of the [[Madras High Court]].<ref>[http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_states.html#Tamil-Nadu Indian states since 1947], (Worldstatesmen, 16 September 2008)</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20050513191310/http://www.hindu.com/2005/01/18/stories/2005011806000300.htm M.M. Ismail dead] (The Hindu, 17 September 2008)</ref>

==Early life==
Ismail was born in [[Nagore]], [[Tamil Nadu]] on 8 February 1921. He studied at the [[Madras Law College]] in 1945, after completing his mathematics (honours) degree from the [[Presidency College, Chennai]].

==Work life==
He was appointed an additional judge at the [[Delhi High Court]] in February 1967 and was transferred to the Madras High Court in November 1967. He became Chief Justice of the court on 6 November 1979. On 8 July 1981 he tendered his resignation, following his transfer to the [[Kerala High Court]] as its Chief Justice.

On 27 October 1980, Ismail was sworn in as the acting Governor of Tamil Nadu succeeding [[Prabhudas Patwari]].

==Legacy==
Ismail was a learned Tamil scholar of [[Kambar (poet)#Kamba Ramayanam|Kamba Ramayana]]. As the president of the [[Kamban Kazhagam]], he was responsible for organising literary festivals focussing on classical Tamil literature.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Governors of Tamil Nadu}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ismail, M. M.}}
[[Category:Governors of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Presidency College, Chennai alumni]]
[[Category:1921 births]]
[[Category:2005 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Madras High Court]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:Judges of the Delhi High Court]]

{{TamilNadu-politician-stub}}
[[Category:Tamil Muslims]]

The Broken News 2

2025-07-08T15:01:35Z

Hindutashravi: Creating Initial Stub Basic Info.

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| genre = [[Dramatic programming|Drama]]
| director = Vinay Waikul
| writer = {{Plainlist|
* [[Mike Bartlett (playwright)|Mike Bartlett]]
* Sambit Mishra
}}
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Press (TV series)|Press]]''|[[Mike Bartlett (playwright)|Mike Bartlett]]}}
| producer = Sameer Gogate
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Jaideep Ahlawat]]
*[[Sonali Bendre]]
*[[Shriya Pilgaonkar]]
*[[Indraneil Sengupta]]
*[[Taaruk Raina]]
}}
| cinematography = Harendra Singh
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = 16
| editor = Gaurav Agarwal
| music = Aditya Pushkaran
| company = BBC Studios India
| runtime = 500
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}

'''The Broken News 2''' is a 2024 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Newsroom|newsroom drama]] web series directed by Vinay Waikul on [[ZEE5]] starring [[Jaideep Ahlawat]], [[Sonali Bendre]], [[Shriya Pilgaonkar]], [[Indraneil Sengupta]], and others. It is a sequel to the 2022 web series by the name of [[The Broken News]], having almost the same star cast.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Season 2 Episodes |url=https://www.zee5.com/web-series/details/the-broken-news/0-6-4z5145215/episodes|access-date=2024-06-03 |website=ZEE5|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=he Broken News |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt20319332/ |access-date=2024-06-11 |website=[[IMDb]] |language=en}}</ref>

Both the sequels are a remake of the British series ''[[Press (TV series)|Press]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-11 |title=Sonali Bendre announces her OTT debut with ZEE5's The Broken News: 'Feels so good to be back on sets' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/sonali-bendre-announces-her-ott-debut-with-zee5-the-broken-news-7911496/ |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> It is written by [[Mike Bartlett (playwright)|Mike Bartlett]], who created the original, and Sambit Mishra.

While Season 1 was released in June 2022, the second season premiered on May 3, 2024, again on [[ZEE5]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-27 |title=The Broken News trailer: Sonali Bendre, Jaideep Ahlawat fight the war between news and stories |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/the-broken-news-trailer-sonali-bendre-jaideep-ahlawat-fight-the-war-between-news-stories-zee5-7939566/ |access-date=2022-05-28 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Series 'The Broken News' Renewed For Season 2 At ZEE5 |url=https://www.binged.com/news/series-the-broken-news-renewed-for-season-2-at-zee5/ |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=Binged |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='The Broken News' Season 2 trailer: Shriya Pilgaonkar's idealism vows to destroy Jaideep Ahlawat's sensationalism |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-broken-news-season-2-trailer-shriya-pilgaonkars-idealism-vows-to-destroy-jaideep-ahlawats-sensationalism/article68071911.ece |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=Binged |language=en}}</ref>

==Series overview==
{{Series overview

| color1 = #000000
| link1 = The Broken News#Season 1
| episodes1 = 8
| start1 = {{Start date|2022|06|10}}
| end1 = {{End date|2022|06|10|df=yes}}
| network1 = [[ZEE5]]

| color2 = #383554
| link2 = The Broken News#Season 2
| episodes2 = 8
| released2 = {{Start date|2024|05|03}}
| network2 = [[ZEE5]]
}}

===Season 1===
It contained infights between Awaaz Bharati being headed by Amina Queresi [[Sonali Bendre]] and Josh 24/7 headed by Dipankar Sanyal [[Jaideep Ahlawat]] and ended with Radha Bhargava [[Shriya Pilgaonkar]] from Awaaz Bharati going to Jail in a framed up case.

===Season 2===
After surviving the agonising time in prison, Radha's new approach towards journalism leaves everyone including Amina questioning her motives. Ready to make new enemies and avenge old ones, Radha's approach create conflicts with Dipankar leading to a battle between Awaaz Bharati and Josh 24x7, ensued by a new investor, that will rewrite the rules of ethical journalism. In the process, many such twists and turn take place, which finally end in an entirely unexpected and heartening end.

== Episodes ==
{{Episode table |background=#00A1D7 |overall= |season= |title= |airdate= |seasonT = Episode |airdateT= Date of Broadcast |episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|EpisodeNumber2 = 1
|Title = Urband Terrorist
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|05|03|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|EpisodeNumber2 = 2
|Title = Sher Dil Shahenshah
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|05|03|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =

}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|EpisodeNumber2 = 3
|Title = Radha Bhargav Kisi Se Nahi Darti
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|05|03|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =

}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|EpisodeNumber2 = 4
|Title = Suo Mynona
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|05|03|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|EpisodeNumber2 = 5
|Title = Journalist Hai Saaley
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|05|03|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|EpisodeNumber2 = 6
|Title = Activist Radha Bhargav
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|05|03|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|EpisodeNumber2 = 7
|Title = Sach Ki Shraddhanjali
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|05|03|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 8
|EpisodeNumber2 = 8
|Title = Ummeed Ki Kiran
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|05|03|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
}}
}}

== Cast ==
* [[Jaideep Ahlawat]] as Dipankar Sanyal, head of Josh 24x7
* [[Sonali Bendre]] as Ameena Qureshi, Radha's boss and head of Awaaz Bharati
* [[Shriya Pilgaonkar]] as Radha Bhargava
* [[Indraneil Sengupta]] as Pankaj Awasthi
* [[Taaruk Raina]] as Anuj Saxena, a journalist at Josh 24x7
* [[Akash Khurana|Aakash Khurana]] as Ketan Kedia
* [[Sanjeeta Bhattacharya]] as Juhi Shergill, a journalist at Awaaz Bharati
* Faisal Rashid as Kamal Wadia, a journalist at Awaaz Bharati
* Jay Upadhyay as Praful Gupta
* Jaywant Wadkar as Bhau
* [[Sukhmani Sadana]] as Arunima Sanyal

== Reception ==

The season drew praise from critics across board, just like The Broken News, Season 1.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-14 |title='The Broken News' review: Newsroom drama made entertaining |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/dh-talkies/the-broken-news-review-newsroom-drama-made-entertaining-1118135.html |access-date=2022-06-15 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Thomas |first=Johnson |date=2022-06-13 |title=The Broken News Review: Sonali Bendre, Shriya Pilgaonkar & Jaideep Ahlawat In Top Form |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/latest-web-series/the-broken-news-review-sonali-bendre-shriya-pilgaonkar-jaideep-ahlawat-in-top-form-336141.html |access-date=2022-06-15 |website=filmibeat.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Broken News Review: Sonali Bendre Brings Remarkable Maturity, Jaideep Ahlawat Is In Splendid Form |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/the-broken-news-review-sonali-bendre-brings-remarkable-maturity-jaideep-ahlawat-is-in-splendid-form-2-5-stars-3057684 |access-date=2022-06-15 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

[[The Indian Express]] stated, "...it borrows bravely from current events, and tells us how all ‘news’ can be ‘spun’ so that a particular point-of-view is cemented."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Shubhra |title=The Broken News 2 review: Top-notch Sonali Bendre, Jaideep Ahlawat show us how the news is spun |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/the-broken-news-2-review-top-notch-sonali-bende-jaideep-ahlawat-show-us-how-the-news-is-spun-9305252/ |access-date=2024-05-04 |website=IndianExpress |language=en}}</ref>
[[Scroll.in]] remarked, "The newsroom drama is occasionally cracking. The corporate manipulations, boardroom priorities and the nexus with elected authorities are neatly woven in."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jhunjhunwala |first=Udita |title='The Broken News' S2 review: A competent second round of TV channel rivalry |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1067253/the-broken-news-s2-review-a-competent-second-round-of-tv-channel-rivalry |access-date=2024-05-04 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref> [[News 18]] awarded the show 4 out of 5 stars.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Broken News 2 Review: Jaideep Ahlawat And Sonali Bendre in Top Form; Shriya Pilgaonkar Shines|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/the-broken-news-2-review-jaideep-ahlawat-and-sonali-bendre-in-top-form-shriya-pilgaonkar-shines-8875080.html |access-date=2024-05-04 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

[[Saibal Chatterjee]] in his review for [[NDTV]] rated the show 2.5 out of 5 and stated, "Not that all of it hits home with equal force, but parts of The Broken News Season 2 do strike a chord and provoke thought."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Saibal |title=The Broken News S2 Review: Does Not Fluff Its Lines, A Few Stray Blips Notwithstanding |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/the-broken-news-s2-review-does-not-fluff-its-lines-a-few-stray-blips-notwithstanding-2-5-stars-5577931 |access-date=2024-05-04 |website=NDTV |language=en}}</ref>

Anuj Kumar in [[The Hindu]] calls it "An incisive X-ray of the news business Driven by convincing performances and compelling drama" saying that "director Vinay Waikul’s series exposes the moral ambiguities that dot the mediascape." <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Anuj |title='The Broken News' Season 2 series review |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-broken-news-season-2-series-review-an-incisive-x-ray-of-the-news-business/article68134783.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref>

Sana Farzeen in [[India Today]] says "Watching ‘The Broken News 2’ feels like switching on a news channel and hearing the daily bulletin. There are words like 'urban naxal', 'propaganda', 'libtards', and 'social media manipulation' being thrown around during casual conversations." saying that "Spawn on different sides, they continue to fight the biggest battle between truth and ratings in the second season." <ref>{{Cite web |last=Farzeen |first=Sana |title='The Broken News 2' Review |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reviews/story/the-broken-news-2-review-sonali-bendre-jaideep-ahlawat-shriya-pilgaonkar-2535781-2024-05-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt20319332}}
* [https://www.zee5.com/web-series/details/the-broken-news/0-6-4z5145215 ''The Broken News''] on [[ZEE5]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Broken News}}
[[Category:2022 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Television shows set in India]]

INSACOG

2025-07-01T06:19:19Z

Hindutashravi: Made Initial Page Basic Info

{{Short description|Indian Consortium to study and monitor COVID-19 genome sequencing}}
{{Infobox government agency
| name = Indian SARS-CoV-2 Consortium on Genomics
| native_name =
| native_name_a =
| native_name_r =
| type = [[Consortium]]
| seal =
| seal_size =
| seal_caption =
| seal_alt =
| logo = DBT-INSACOG Logo.png

| logo_size =
| logo_caption =
| logo_alt = Logo of INSACOG
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| image_alt =
| formed = {{Start date and age|2020|12|30}}
| preceding1 =
| preceding2 = 
| dissolved =
| superseding1 =
| superseding2 = 
| agency_type = [[Consortium]] under [[Government of India]]
| jurisdiction =
| status = Active
| headquarters =
| coordinates = 
| motto =
| employees =
| budget =
| minister_type =
| minister1_name =
| minister1_pfo =
| minister2_name =
| minister2_pfo = 
| deputyminister_type =
| deputyminister1_name =
| deputyminister1_pfo =
| deputyminister2_name =
| deputyminister2_pfo = 
| chief1_name =
| chief1_position =
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position = 
| parent_department = [[Department of Biotechnology]]
| parent_agency =
| parent_agency_type = 
| child1_agency =
| child2_agency = 
| keydocument1 = 
| website = [https://dbtindia.gov.in/insacog dbtindia.gov.in/insacog]
| agency_id =
| map =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| footnotes =
| embed =
}}
'''INSACOG''' ('''Indian SARS-CoV-2 Consortium on Genomics'''<ref name=pib /> or ''' Indian SARS-CoV-2 Genetics Consortium'''<ref name=das />) is the forum set up under the [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]] by the [[Government of India]] on 30 December 2020, to study and monitor genome sequencing and virus variation of circulating strains of [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 in India]].<ref name=pib>{{cite web|title=Genome Sequencing by INSACOG shows variants of concern and a Novel variant in India|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1707177|work=[[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]]|date=24 March 2021|accessdate=17 May 2021}}</ref><ref name=das>{{cite news|title=Top Indian virologist quits government panel after airing differences|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-india-virologist-idUSL3N2N308Q|work=[[Reuters]]|first=Krishna N|last=Das|date=16 May 2021|accessdate=17 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=India's Genome Sequencing Program Is Finally Good To Go – So What's the Hold Up?|url=https://science.thewire.in/health/insacog-ccmb-igib-novel-coronavirus-variants-genome-sequencing-covid-19-surge/|work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]|first=Priyanka|last=Pulla|date=28 February 2021|accessdate=17 May 2021}}</ref> Initially it was tasked to study the virus variant [[Lineage B.1.1.7]] earlier found in [[United Kingdom]] in December 2020.

INSACOG works as a consortium of 38<ref>{{cite web |title=INSACOG {{!}} Department of Biotechnology |url=https://dbtindia.gov.in/insacog |website=Government of India Ministry of Science & Technology |access-date=24 January 2022}}</ref> national laboratories for genome sequencing located in different parts of [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=INSACOG {{!}} Department of Biotechnology |url=https://dbtindia.gov.in/insacog |website=Government of India Ministry of Science & Technology |access-date=28 September 2021}}</ref> All these 10 laboratories are required to share 5% of positive samples to INSACOG for further research and studies. A [[National Centre for Disease Control]] (NCDC) nodal unit maintain a database of all samples of the new variants. Two national genomic sequencing database centers are appointed 1) [[National Institute of Biomedical Genomics]] and 2) [[Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology|CSIR Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology]].<ref name="toi!">{{cite news|title=10 labs to be regional hubs for genome sequencing|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/10-labs-to-be-regional-hubs-for-genome-sequencing/articleshow/80001484.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|first=Sushmi|last=Dey|date=29 December 2020|accessdate=17 May 2021}}</ref> In its early research INSACOG identified virus variant [[Lineage B.1.617]] referred to as a double mutation variant.<ref name="The Hindu">{{cite news |last1=Koshy |first1=Jacob |title=Coronavirus {{!}} Indian 'double mutant' strain named B.1.617 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/indian-double-mutant-strain-named-b1617/article60685908.ece/ |work=The Hindu |date=8 April 2021 |language=en-IN|access-date=2021-04-19|quote=''Though these mutations have individually been found in several other coronavirus variants, the presence of both these mutations together have been first found in some coronavirus genomes from India.''}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=EXCLUSIVE Scientists say India government ignored warnings amid coronavirus surge|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/exclusive-scientists-say-india-government-ignored-warnings-amid-coronavirus-2021-05-01/|work=[[Reuters]]|first1=Devjyot|last1=Ghoshal|first2=Krishna N|last2=Das|date=3 May 2021|accessdate=17 May 2021}}</ref> NIBMG developed a dedicated portal for INSACOG, known as the [https://research.nibmg.ac.in/insacog/ INSACOG DataHub], enabling sentinel sites to analyze generated data in a harmonized manner.

==See also==
*[[GISAID]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{COVID-19 pandemic in India|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:COVID-19 pandemic in India]]
[[Category:Scientific organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Genomics]]
[[Category:Bioinformatics organizations]]
[[Category:Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]]
[[Category:Biological research institutes]]
[[Category:Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]]

Bindapathar

2025-06-17T15:06:24Z

Hindutashravi: Put up basic details w/ sources.

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bindapathar
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.0001|N|86.9275|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jamtara district|Jamtara]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 2156
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages (*For language details see [[Fatehpur (community development block)#Language and religion]])
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Santali language|Santhali]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 815351
| area_code_type = Telephone/ STD code
| area_code = 06433
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Dumka (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dumka]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Nala (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nala]]
| website = {{URL|jamtara.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Bindapathar''' is a village in the [[Fatehpur (community development block)|Fatehpur]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Jamtara Sadar subdivision]] of the [[Jamtara district]] in the [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]] in eastern [[India]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=450| height=350| zoom=9
| coord={{coord|24|14|0|N|87|5|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in the Deoghar, Dumka and Jamtara districts in Santhal Pargana Division''' M: Municipality, CT: census town, R: Rural/ Urban centre, D: Dam, Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|24|7|14|N|86|52|0|E}} | label-pos1=top|label1= Chitra | numbered1=R| mark-title1=[[Chitra, Deoghar]] (R)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #C40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|24|21|28|N|86|53|56|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Sonaraithari| numbered2=R| mark-title2=[[Sonaraithari, Deoghar]] (R)
|mark-coord3={{coord|24|26|20|N|86|30|45|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3= Devipur| numbered3=R| mark-title3=[[Devipur, Deoghar (village)]] (R)
|mark-coord4={{coord|24|7|38|N|86|44|41|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4= Karon| numbered4=R| mark-title4=[[Karon, Deoghar (village)]] (R)
|mark-coord5={{coord|24|9|54|N|86|35|15|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5= Margomunda| numbered5=R| mark-title5=[[Margomunda, Deoghar]] (R)
|mark-coord6={{coord|24|29|41|N|86|46|49|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6= Mohanpur| numbered6=R| mark-title6=[[Mohanpur, Deoghar (village)]] (R)
|mark-coord7={{coord|24|14|39|N|87|1|28|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7= Palojori| numbered7=R| mark-title7=[[Palojori, Deoghar]] (R)
|mark-coord8={{coord|24|14|12|N|86|50|16|E}} | label-pos8=bottom|label8= Sarath| numbered8=R| mark-title8=[[Sarath, Deoghar (village)]] (R)
|mark-coord9={{coord|24|23|10|N|86|46|23|E}} | label-pos9=top|label9= Sarwan| numbered9=R| mark-title9=[[Sarwan, Deoghar (village)]] (R)
|mark-coord10={{coord|24|26|10|N|87|28|55|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10= Gopikandar| numbered10=R| mark-title10=[[Gopikandar, Dumka]] (R)
|mark-coord11={{coord|24|36|2|N|87|4|56|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= Hansdiha| numbered11=R| mark-title11=[[Hansdiha]] (R)
|mark-coord12={{coord|24|22|40|N|87|15|52|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Jama| numbered12=R| mark-title12=[[Jama, Dumka (village)]] (R)
|mark-coord13={{coord|24|24|10|N|87|2|47|E}} | label-pos13=top|label13= Jarmundi| numbered13=R| mark-title13=[[Jarmundi, Dumka]] (R)
|mark-coord14={{coord|24|21|0|N|87|25|11|E}} | label-pos14=left|label14= Kathikund| numbered14=R| mark-title14=[[Kathikund, Dumka]] (R)
|mark-coord15={{coord|24|10|20|N|87|39|10|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15= Maluti| numbered15=R| mark-title15=[[Maluti]] (R)
|mark-coord16={{coord|24|8|40|N|87|10|42|E}} | label-pos16=bottom|label16= Masalia| numbered16=R| mark-title16=[[Masalia, Dumka (village)]] (R)
|mark-coord17={{coord|24|10|0|N|87|10|42|E}} | label-pos17=left|label17= Ramgarh| numbered17=R| mark-title17=[[Ramgarh, Dumka (village)]] (R)
|mark-coord18={{coord|24|2|17|N|87|25|20|E}} | label-pos18=top|label18= Ranishwar| numbered18=R| mark-title18=[[Ranishwar, Dumka]] (R)
|mark-coord19={{coord|24|34|30|N|87|0|47|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19= Saraiyahat| numbered19=R| mark-title19=[[Saraiyahat, Dumka]] (R)
|mark-coord20={{coord|24|14|39|N|87|28|15|E}} | label-pos20=left|label20= Shikaripara| numbered20=R| mark-title20=[[Shikaripara, Dumka]] (R)
|mark-coord21={{coord|24|25|26|N|86|55|2|E}} | label-pos21=top|label21= Taljhari| numbered21=R| mark-title21=[[Taljhari, Dumka]] (R)
|mark-coord22={{coord|24|3|40|N|87|15|20|E}} | label-pos22=left|label22= Tongra| numbered22=R| mark-title22=[[Tongra]] (R)
|mark-coord23={{coord|23|53|10|N|87|13|33|E}} | label-pos23=left|label23= Bagdahari| numbered23=R| mark-title23=[[Bagdahari]] (R)
|mark-coord24={{coord|23|58|58|N|87|6|9|E}} | label-pos24=left|label24= Basudih| numbered24=R| mark-title24=[[Basudih]] (R)
|mark-coord25={{coord|24|0|0|N|86|56|0|E}} | label-pos25=left|label25= Bindapathar| numbered25=R| mark-title25=Bindapathar (R)|shape-color25=black| label-size25=13|label-color25=black 
|mark-coord26={{coord|24|6|55|N|86|59|51|E}} | label-pos26=bottom|label26= Fatehpur| numbered26=R| mark-title26=[[Fatehpur, Jamtara]] (R)
|mark-coord27={{coord|23|58|34|N|87|9|31|E}} | label-pos27=top|label27= Kundahit| numbered27=R| mark-title27=[[Kundahit]] (R)
|mark-coord28={{coord|23|55|25|N|87|2|7|E}} | label-pos28=left|label28= Nala| numbered28=R| mark-title28=[[Nala, Jamtara]] (R)
|mark-coord29={{coord|24|2|52|N|86|36|33|E}} | label-pos29=bottom|label29= Narayanpur| numbered29=R| mark-title29=[[Narayanpur, Jamtara]] (R)
|mark-coord30={{coord|24|28|48|N|86|42|20|E}} | label-pos30=bottom|label30=Deoghar| numbered30=M| mark-title30= [[Deoghar]] (M) |label-color30=#800000
|mark-coord31={{coord|24|31|19|N|86|38|51|E}} | label-pos31=right|label31=Jasidih| numbered31=M| mark-title31= [[Jasidih]] (M) |label-color31=#800000
|mark-coord32={{coord|24|15|36|N|86|39|0|E}} | label-pos32=bottom|label32=Madhupur| numbered32=M| mark-title32= [[Madhupur, Deoghar]] (M) |label-color32=#800000
|mark-coord33={{coord|24|16|32|N|87|15|50|E}} | label-pos33=right|label33=Dumka| numbered33=M| mark-title33= [[Dumka]] (M) |label-color33=#800000
|mark-coord34={{coord|24|24|30|N|87|5|0|E}} | label-pos34=right|label34=Basukinath| numbered34=M| mark-title34= [[Basukinath]] (M) |label-color34=#800000
|mark-coord35={{coord|23|57|47|N|86|48|5|E}} | label-pos35=bottom|label35=Jamtara| numbered35=M| mark-title35= [[Jamtara]] (M) |label-color35=#800000
|mark-coord36={{coord|23|52|12|N|86|52|12|E}} | label-pos36=top|label36=Mihijam| numbered36=M| mark-title36= [[Mihijam]] (M) |label-color36=#800000
|mark-coord37={{coord|24|5|38|N|86|42|15|E}}| label-pos37=left|label37=Karmatanr| numbered37=CT| mark-title37= [[Karmatanr, Jamtara]] (CT) |shape-color37= #A40000
|mark-coord38={{coord|24|16|42|N|87|13|50|E}}| label-pos38=left|label38=Dudhani| numbered38=CT| mark-title38= [[Dudhani, Dumka]] (CT) |shape-color38= #A40000
|mark-coord39={{coord|24|15|22|N|87|14|14|E}}| label-pos39=bottom|label39=Purana |labela39= Dumka| numbered39=CT| mark-title39= [[Purana Dumka]] (CT) |shape-color39= #A40000
|mark-coord40={{coord|24|18|10|N|87|15|19|E}}| label-pos40=left|label40=Rasikpur| numbered40=CT| mark-title40= [[Rasikpur]] (CT) |shape-color40= #A40000
|mark-coord41={{coord|24|6|24|N|87|18|30|E}}| label41= Massanjore|labela41= Dam| label-color41 = #C42222 | label-angle41=0| label-pos41=top| label-size41=10| mark-size41=12| numbered41=D|mark-title41 =[[Massanjore Dam]]| shape-color41=#C42222
|mark-coord42={{coord|23|55|30|N|86|35|0|E}} |label42=Barakar River| label-color42 = #77A1CB| label-angle42=30| label-pos42=top| label-size42=10| mark-size42=0| mark-title42 =none
|mark-coord43={{coord|24|5|0|N|86|47|0|E}} |label43=Ajay River| label-color43 = #77A1CB| label-angle43=70| label-pos43=top| label-size43=10| mark-size43=0| mark-title43 =none
|mark-coord44={{coord|24|28|0|N|87|5|0|E}} |label44=Mayurakshi River| label-color44 = #77A1CB| label-angle44=30| label-pos44=top| label-size44=10| mark-size44=0| mark-title44 =none
|arc-coordA={{coord|24|35|0|N|86|35|0|E}}|arc-textA= BIHAR| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=-30| arc-gapA=6.5| arc-radiusA=0.35
|arc-coordB={{coord|23|50|30|N|87|25|0|E}}|arc-textB= WEST BENGAL| arc-text-colorB=hard grey| arc-angleB=-75| arc-gapB=3.5| arc-radiusB=0.4}}
{{clear|left}}
===Location===
Bindapathar is located at {{coord|24.0001|N|86.9975|E|display=inline}}.

===Overview===
The map shows a large area, which is a plateau with low hills, except in the eastern portion where the Rajmahal hills intrude into this area and the Ramgarh hills are there. The south-western portion is just a rolling upland. The area is overwhelmingly rural with only small pockets of urbanisation.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.3120/page/n1/mode/2up |title = Bihar District Gazetteers: Santhal Parganas| first= P.C.|last=Roychoudhury | work= Chapter I: General |publisher= Secretariat Press, Patna, 1965 | accessdate = 10 November 2020}}</ref>

Note: The full screen map is interesting. All places marked on the map are linked in the full screen map and one can easily move on to another page of his/her choice. Enlarge the full screen map to see what else is there – one gets railway connections, many more road connections and so on.

===Area===
Bindapathar has an area of {{convert|600.68|ha}}.<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2018_PART_B_DCHB_JAMTARA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Jamtara, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Page 25: District Primary Census Abstract, 2011 census |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | accessdate = 9 November 2020}}</ref>

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Bindapathar had a total population of 2,156, of which 1,107 (51%) were males and 1,049 (49%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 279. The total number of literate persons in Bindapathar was 1,877 (68.73% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census2011/>

==Civic administration==
===Police station===
There is a police station at Bindapathar.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://jhpolice.gov.in/jamtara| title = District Police Profile - Jamtara| publisher = Jharkhand Police| accessdate = 9 November 2020| archive-date = 12 November 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201112201126/https://www.jhpolice.gov.in/jamtara| url-status = dead}}</ref>

==Education==
Rajkiyakrit Utkramait High School Bindapathar is a Hindi-medium coeducational institution established in 1954. It has facilities for teaching from class I to class X.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://schools.org.in/jamtara/20191616401/rajkiyakrit-upgrade-high-school-bindapathar.html | title = Rajkiyakrit Upgrade High School Bindapathar | publisher = Schools.org.in | accessdate = 9 November 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Santhal Parganas Division}}

[[Category:Villages in Jamtara district]]