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List of Indian Bengali films of 1985

2026-05-08T10:12:06Z

Himvanta: Created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[List of Indian Bengali films of the 1980s]]{{Redirect category shell|{{R from merge}}{{R from history}}}}

Shibu Thekkumpuram

2026-05-07T19:54:34Z

Himvanta: adding first entry from scratch!

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Shibu Thekkumpuram
| image =
| caption =
| office = Member of the Kerala Legislative Assembly
| term_start = May 2026
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Kothamangalam (State Assembly constituency)|Kothamangalam]]
| predecessor = [[Antony John]]
| successor =
| birth_name = Shibu Thekkumpuram
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Kothamangalam]], [[Kerala]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Kerala Congress]]
| occupation = Politician, Businessman
}}

'''Shibu Thekkumpuram''' is an Indian politician and businessman currently serving as the member of the legislative assembly (MLA) representing the [[Kothamangalam (State Assembly constituency)|Kothamangalam]] constituency in the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]. A member of the [[Jacobite Syrian Christian Church]], he represents the [[Kerala Congress]] (P. J. Joseph faction) and was elected in the [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]].<ref name="TOI_Win">{{cite news |title=Kothamangalam Election Result 2026: Shibu Theckumpuram Clinches Seat for Kerala Congress |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/kothamangalam-election-result-2026/articleshow/130718526.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=4 May 2026}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Shibu Thekkumpuram is a prominent leader in the [[Kerala Congress]].<ref name="Hindu_Repeat">{{cite news |last=Ragesh |first=G. |title=Kerala Assembly Elections 2026: Repeat contest in Kothamangalam as Antony takes on Shibu again |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/kerala-assembly/kerala-assembly-elections-2026-repeat-contest-in-kothamangalam-as-antony-takes-on-shibu-again/article70784227.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=25 March 2026}}</ref>

In the 2026 elections, he successfully wrested the Kothamangalam seat back for the [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|United Democratic Front (UDF)]], defeating the two-time incumbent [[Antony John]] of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] by a margin of 16,859 votes.<ref name="Hindu_Wrest">{{cite news |title=UDF retains Muvattupuzha, Perumbavoor with improved margins, wrests Kothamangalam |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/kerala-assembly/kerala-assembly-elections-2026-udf-retains-muvattupuzha-perumbavoor-with-improved-margins-wrests-kothamangalam/article70940043.ece |work=The Hindu |date=5 May 2026}}</ref> His victory was partly attributed to a consolidation of votes from the Jacobite Syrian Christian community, a decisive demographic in the constituency, amid ongoing disputes regarding church ownership in the region.<ref name="Hindu_Church">{{cite news |title=Church row a key factor in Kothamangalam |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/kerala-assembly/church-row-a-key-factor-in-kothamangalam/article34069496.ece |work=The Hindu |date=15 March 2021}}</ref>

== Election results ==
=== 2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:130px" | Party
! scope="col" style="width:220px" | Candidate
! scope="col" style="width:80px" | Votes
! scope="col" style="width:50px" | %
! scope="col" style="width:50px" | ±%
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Kerala Congress}}" |
| scope="row" style="text-align:left" | '''[[Kerala Congress]]'''
| style="text-align:left" | '''Shibu Thekkumpuram'''
| '''73,479'''
| '''53.58'''
| '''+11.28'''
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
| scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[CPI(M)]]
| style="text-align:left" | [[Antony John]]
| 56,620
| 41.29
| -5.87
|-
| style="background-color: #f7df10" |
| scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[BDJS]]
| style="text-align:left" | Aji Narayanan
| 7,046
| 5.14
| -
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align:left" | Margin of victory
! 16,859
! 12.29
!
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align:left" | Total valid votes
! 1,37,145
!
!
|-
| colspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Kerala Congress}}; text-align:left" | '''[[Kerala Congress]] gain''' from [[CPI(M)]]
| '''[[Swing (politics)|Swing]]'''
| +8.57
|
|}
<ref name="IndiaToday">{{cite news |title=Kothamangalam Election Result 2026 Highlights: KC's Shibu Theckumpuram defeats CPM's Antony John |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/kothamangalam-assembly-election-results-2026-live-updates-2905322-2026-05-04 |work=[[India Today]] |date=4 May 2026}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thekkumpuram, Shibu}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kerala Congress politicians]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 2026–2031]]
[[Category:People from Ernakulam district]]

Rajasthan

2026-05-06T00:05:28Z

Himvanta: improved article

{{Short description|State in northwestern India}}
{{other uses}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox Indian state or territory
| name = Rajasthan
| official_name = State of Rajasthan
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 280
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/2/2/2/1
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Thar Khuri.jpg
| caption1 = [[Thar desert]]
| image2 = Jodhpur mehrangarh fort (enhanced).jpg
| caption2 = [[Mehrangarh]]
| image3 = Udaipur-Stadtpalast-42-vom Picholasee-2018-gje.jpg
| caption3 = [[City Palace, Udaipur]]
| image4 = Baroli temple.jpg
| caption4 = [[Ghateshwar Temple]]
| image5 = Kumbhalgarh 055.jpg
| caption5 = [[Kumbhalgarh]]
| image6 = Jaisalmer_forteresse.jpg
| caption6 = [[Jaisalmer Fort|Jaisalmer]]
| image7 = Jain Temple Ranakpur.jpg
| caption7 = [[Ranakpur Jain Temple]]
| image8 = Amber palace, Jaipur.jpg
| caption8 = [[Amer Fort]]
}}
| type = State
| image_seal = Emblem of India.svg
| seal_size = 100
| etymology = Land of [[Raja|Kings]]
| motto = [[Satyameva Jayate]] (Sanskrit) (Truth alone triumphs)
| image_map = IN-RJ.svg
| coordinates = {{coord|26.6|73.8|region:IN-RJ_type:adm1st|display=inline,title}}
| region = Northwest India
| before_was = [[Rajputana Agency]]
| formation_date4 = {{Start date and age|1949|03|30|df=yes}}
| capital = Jaipur
| largestcity = capital
| districts = [[List of districts of Rajasthan|41 (7 divisions)]]<ref>{{Cite news|title=Ahead of Assembly polls, Gehlot announces formation of 19 new districts in Rajasthan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/ahead-of-assembly-polls-gehlot-announces-formation-of-19-new-districts-in-rajasthan/article66632231.ece |work=The Hindu |issn=0971-751X |date=17 March 2023 |access-date=17 March 2023 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317180332/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/ahead-of-assembly-polls-gehlot-announces-formation-of-19-new-districts-in-rajasthan/article66632231.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
| Governor = [[Haribhau Kisanrao Bagde]]<ref>{{cite news |title=BJP's Veteran Haribhau Kisanrao Bagde Named Rajasthan Governor: 5 Points |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bjps-veteran-haribhau-kisanrao-bagde-named-rajasthan-governor-5-points-6207173 |work=NDTV |date=28 July 2024 |access-date=28 July 2024}}</ref>
| Chief_Minister = [[Bhajan Lal Sharma]]
| party = [[BJP]]
| Deputy_CM = [[Diya Kumari]] ([[BJP]]) 
[[Prem Chand Bairwa]] ([[BJP]])
| legislature_type = Unicameral
| assembly = [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| assembly_seats = 200 seats
| rajya_sabha_seats = 10 seats
| lok_sabha_seats = 25 seats
| judiciary = [[Rajasthan High Court]]
| area_total_km2 = 342239
| area_rank = 1st
| length_km = 826
| width_km = 869
| elevation_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Physiography of Rajasthan |url=https://environment.rajasthan.gov.in/content/environment/en/rsbb/about-rajasthan/physiography-of-rajasthan.html |access-date=24 March 2023 |website=Environment Portal |publisher=Government of Rajasthan |archive-date=24 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324211322/https://environment.rajasthan.gov.in/content/environment/en/rsbb/about-rajasthan/physiography-of-rajasthan.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| elevation_m = 225
| elevation_max_m = 1,722
| elevation_max_point = [[Guru Shikhar]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 April 2009 |title=Guru Shikhar...Mount Abu |url=http://sirohi.nic.in/guru.htm |access-date=24 March 2023 |publisher=National Informatics Centre |archive-date=10 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410000632/http://sirohi.nic.in/guru.htm }}{{better source needed|date=May 2023}}</ref>
| elevation_min_m = 100
| elevation_min_point = [[Luni River]]
| population_footnotes = <ref name="RjPOP">{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/stock/profiles/en/IND008_Rajasthan.pdf|title=Rajasthan Profile|publisher=[[Census of India]]|access-date=21 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916102940/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/stock/profiles/en/IND008_Rajasthan.pdf|archive-date=16 September 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
| population_total = {{Increase}} 68,548,437
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank = 7th
| population_density = 200
| population_urban = 24.87%
| population_rural = 75.13%
| population_demonym = [[Rajasthani people|Rajasthani]]
| 0fficial_Langs = [[Hindi]]<ref name=nclmanurep2010>{{cite web |url = http://www.nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |title = Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 52nd report (July 2014 to June 2015) |pages = 34–35 |publisher = Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India |access-date = 16 February 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171228171523/http://www.nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |archive-date = 28 December 2017}}</ref>
| additional_official = [[English language|English]]<ref name=nclmanurep2010/>
| official_script = [[Devanagari script]]
| GDP_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Finance Department, GoR |url=https://finance.rajasthan.gov.in/docs/budget/statebudget/2024-2025%20(Modified%20Budget)/EconomicReviewE.pdf |access-date=23 February 2023 |website=finance.rajasthan.gov.in |archive-date=23 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223083234/https://finance.rajasthan.gov.in/website/StateBudgetAll.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>{{nonspecific|date=May 2023}}
| GDP_total = {{Increase}}{{INRConvert|21.05|lc|lk=r|year=2022}}
| GDP_year = 2025–26
| GDP_rank = 6th
| GDP_per_capita = {{Increase}}{{INRConvert|202349|lk=r|year=2025}}
| GDP_per_capita_rank = 22nd
| HDI = {{Increase}} 0.692 {{color|#fc0|Medium}}<ref>{{cite web |title=India: Subnational HDI |url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/table/shdi/IND/ |website=Global Data Labs |access-date=8 June 2025}}</ref>
| HDI_year = 2022
| HDI_rank = 23rd
| literacy = 75.8%<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/AnnualReport_PLFS2023-24L2.pdf |title=Annual Report, Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) (July 2023 – June 2024) |date=23 September 2024 |publisher=National Sample Survey Office, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India |pages=A-10 |chapter=Appendix-A: Detailed tables, Table (7): Literacy rate (in per cent) of persons of different age groups for each State/UT (persons, age-group (years): 7 & above, rural+urban (column 6))}}</ref>
| literacy_year = 2024
| literacy_rank = 33rd
| sex_ratio = 1009[[female|♀]]/1000 [[male|♂]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sex ratio of State and Union Territories of India as per National Health survey (2019–2021)|url=https://main.mohfw.gov.in/basicpage-14|website=Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, India|access-date=8 January 2023|archive-date=8 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230108164803/https://main.mohfw.gov.in/basicpage-14|url-status=live}}</ref>
| sexratio_year = 2021
| sexratio_rank = 30th
| iso_code = IN-RJ
| registration_plate = RJ
| website = Rajasthan.gov.in
| mammal = [[Camel]] and [[Chinkara]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rajasthan.gov.in/StateSymbols.aspx?menu_id=42|title=Symbols of Rajasthan|publisher=Government of Rajasthan|access-date=13 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114002041/http://rajasthan.gov.in/index.php/home/about-rajasthan/state-symbols/|archive-date=14 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
| bird = [[Great Indian bustard|Godawan]]
| flower = [[Tecomella|Rohida]]
| tree = [[Prosopis cineraria|Khejri]]
| image_highway = SH IN-RJ.png
| SH_numbers = [[List of state highways in Rajasthan|RJ SH1 -RJ SH138]]
}}

'''Rajasthan''' ({{Indic Transl|hi|Rājasthāna|ɾaːd͡ʒəsˈtʰaːn|Rajasthan.ogg}}; [[Literal translation|lit.]] 'Land of Kings')<ref name=etymology /> is a [[States and union territories of India|state]] in [[northwestern India]].<ref name="Indian Zonal Council">{{Cite web|url=http://interstatecouncil.nic.in/iscs/genesis/|title=Inter-state Council Secretariat – Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|access-date=1 December 2018|publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217223824/http://interstatecouncil.nic.in/iscs/genesis/|archive-date=17 February 2017}}</ref><ref name=MoC-North>{{cite web|title=North Zone Cultural Centre|url=http://www.culturenorthindia.com/|publisher=Ministry of Culture, [[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181019132454/http://www.culturenorthindia.com/|archive-date=19 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Language">{{cite web |title=Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 50th report (July 2012 to June 2013) |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708012438/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |archive-date=8 July 2016 |access-date=26 December 2014 |publisher=Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India |page=22}}</ref> It is the [[List of states and union territories of India by area|largest Indian state by area]] and the [[List of states and union territories of India by population|seventh largest by population]]. It covers {{convert|342239|km2|mi2}} or 10.4 per cent of India's total geographical area. It is on India's northwestern side, where it comprises most of the wide and inhospitable [[Thar Desert]] (also known as the Great Indian Desert) and shares a border with the [[Pakistan]]i provinces of [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] to the northwest and [[Sindh]] to the west, along the [[Sutlej]]-[[Indus]] River valley. It is bordered by five other Indian states: [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] to the north; [[Haryana]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]] to the northeast; [[Madhya Pradesh]] to the southeast; and [[Gujarat]] to the southwest. Its geographical location is 23°3' to 30°12' North latitude and 69°30' to 78°17' East longitude, with the [[Tropic of Cancer]] passing through its southernmost tip.

Its major features include the ruins of the [[Indus Valley civilisation]] at [[Kalibangan]] and [[Balathal]], the [[Dilwara Temples]], a [[Jainism|Jain]] pilgrimage site at Rajasthan's only [[hill station]], [[Mount Abu]], in the ancient [[Aravalli Range|Aravalli mountain range]] and eastern Rajasthan, the [[Keoladeo National Park]] of [[Bharatpur, India|Bharatpur]], a [[World Heritage Site]]<ref name="WorldHeritageList">{{cite web |title=World Heritage List |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/340 |access-date=18 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101030050702/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/340/ |archive-date=30 October 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> known for its bird life. Rajasthan is also home to five national [[tiger]] reserves, the [[Ranthambore National Park]] in [[Sawai Madhopur]], [[Sariska Tiger Reserve]] in [[Alwar]], the [[Mukundara Hills National Park|Mukundra Hills Tiger Reserve]] in [[Kota district|Kota]], [[Ramgarh Vishdhari Wildlife Sanctuary|Ramgarh Vishdhari Tiger reserve]] and Karauli Dholpur tiger reserve.

The State of Rajasthan was formed on 30 March 1949 when the states of the [[Rajputana Agency]] of the erstwhile [[British Empire in India]] were merged into the new [[Dominion of India|Indian Union]]. Its [[List of state and union territory capitals in India|capital]] and largest city is [[Jaipur]]. Other important cities are [[Jodhpur]], [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]], [[Bikaner]], [[Ajmer]], [[Bhilwara]], [[Sawai Madhopur]], [[Bharatpur, Rajasthan|Bharatpur]] and [[Udaipur]]. The [[economy of Rajasthan]] is the [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP|seventh-largest state economy]] in India with {{INRConvert|10.20|lc}} in [[gross domestic product]] and a per capita [[GDP]] of {{INRConvert|118|k}}.<ref name="MOSPI">{{Cite web|url=http://mospi.nic.in/sites/default/files/press_releases_statements/State_wise_SDP_28_02_2020.xls|title=MOSPI Net State Domestic Product, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India.|access-date=7 April 2020|archive-date=23 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323204745/http://mospi.nic.in/sites/default/files/press_releases_statements/State_wise_SDP_28_02_2020.xls|url-status=live}}</ref> Rajasthan ranks [[List of Indian states and territories by Human Development Index|22nd]] among Indian states in [[human development index]].<ref name="GlobalDataLab">{{Cite web|url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/|title=Sub-national HDI – Area Database |website=Global Data Lab|access-date=13 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923120638/https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/|archive-date=23 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
Rajasthan means "Land of Kings" and is a [[Blend word|portmanteau]] of [[Sanskrit]] "[[Raja|Rājā]]" ('King') and Sanskrit "[[-sthan|Sthāna]]" ('Land') or [[Persian language|Persian]] "[[-stan|Stān]]", with the same meaning.''<ref name="etymology">{{cite book |last1=Boland-Crewe |first1=Tara |last2=Lea |first2=David |title=The Territories and States of India |date=2003 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-35625-5 |page=208 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M2uPAgAAQBAJ&q=Tara+Boland-Crewe,+David+Lea,+The+Territories+and+States+of+India+rajasthan&pg=PA213 |access-date=26 October 2019 |language=en}}</ref>'' The first printed mention of the name ''Rajasthan'' appears in the 1829 publication ''[[Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan|Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan or the Central and Western Rajpoot States of India]]'', while the earliest known record of ''[[Rajputana]]'' as a name for the region is in [[George Thomas (soldier)|George Thomas]]'s 1800 memoir ''Military Memories''.<ref name="Kapil1999">{{cite book|author=F. K. Kapil|title=Rajputana states, 1817–1950|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eCZuAAAAMAAJ|year=1990|publisher=Book Treasure|page=1|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101121202/https://books.google.com/books?id=eCZuAAAAMAAJ|archive-date=1 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[John Keay]], in his book ''India: A History'', stated that ''Rajputana'' was coined by the British in 1829, [[John Briggs (East India Company officer)|John Briggs]], translating [[Firishta|Ferishta]]'s history of [[Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent|early Islamic India]], used the phrase "[[Rajput|Rajpoot (Rajput)]] princes" rather than "Indian princes".<ref>{{cite book|title=India: a history|author=John Keay|publisher=Grove Press|year=2001|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ibLUu6RlvqwC&pg=PA231|pages=231–232|quote=Colonel James Todd, who, as the first British official to visit Rajasthan, spent most of the 1820s exploring its political potential, formed a very different idea of "Rush boots" […] and the whole region thenceforth became, for the British, 'Rajputana'. The word even achieved a retrospective authenticity, [for,] in [his] 1829 translation of Ferishta's history of early Islamic India, John Bridge discarded the phrase 'Indian princes', as rendered in Dow's earlier version, and substituted 'Rajpoot princes'.|isbn=978-0-8021-3797-5|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101121202/https://books.google.com/books?id=ibLUu6RlvqwC&pg=PA231&dq|archive-date=1 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

== History ==
{{Main|History of Rajasthan|List of battles of Rajasthan}}

=== Ancient times ===
Parts of what is now Rajasthan were partly part of the [[Vedic Civilisation]] and the [[Indus Valley civilisation]]. [[Kalibangan]], in [[Hanumangarh district]], was a major provincial capital of the Indus Valley Civilisation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazines.com/Indus_Valley_Civilization_related.html|title=Indus Valley Civilization Related Articles arsenical bronze writing, literature|publisher=Amazines.com|access-date=5 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111220003630/http://www.amazines.com/Indus_Valley_Civilization_related.html|archive-date=20 December 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Andrew Topsfield|Topsfield]]<ref name=":0" /> writes that the [[Rajput]]s first entered India from the north west in the first millennium A.D. They established kingdoms in western India in the region that is now known as Rajasthan.<ref name=":0" />

An [[Archaeology|archaeological]] excavation at the [[Balathal]] site in Udaipur district shows a settlement contemporary with the Harrapan civilisation dating back to 3000–1500 BCE. Stone Age tools dating from 5,000 to 200,000 years were found in [[Bundi district|Bundi]] and [[Bhilwara district|Bhilwara]] districts of the state.<ref>{{citation |last=Pillai |first=Geetha Sunil |title=Stone age tools dating back 200,000 years found in Rajasthan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/udaipur/stone-age-tools-dating-back-200000-years-found-in-rajasthan/articleshow/57385393.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=28 February 2017 |access-date=23 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417224702/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/udaipur/stone-age-tools-dating-back-200000-years-found-in-rajasthan/articleshow/57385393.cms |archive-date=17 April 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Bhabru inscription.jpg|thumb|The [[Minor Rock Edict]] 3 of Ashoka, found on the platform in front of the [[Bairat Temple]] of [[Viratnagar]], Rajasthan.<ref name=ASI>{{cite book |title=Archaeological Survey Of India Four Reports Made During The Years 1862 - 63 - 64 - 65 Volume Ii |date=1871 |pages=242–248 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3s4OAAAAQAAJ |last1=Cunningham |first1=Sir Alexander |access-date=31 October 2023 |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031092627/https://books.google.com/books?id=3s4OAAAAQAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
The [[Matsya (tribe)|Matsya kingdom]] of the [[Vedic civilisation]] of India is said to roughly correspond to the former state of [[Jaipur]] in Rajasthan and included the whole of Alwar with portions of [[Bharatpur district|Bharatpur]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Chatterjee|first=Ramanand|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KPkEAAAAMAAJ|title=The Modern review|publisher=Prabasi|year=1948|volume=84|type=History|author-link=Ramananda Chatterjee}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Sita Sharma|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qZvWAAAAMAAJ|title=Krishna Leela theme in Rajasthani miniatures|author2=Pragati Prakashan|year=1987|page=132}}</ref> The capital of Matsya was at [[Bairat|Viratanagar]] (modern Bairat), which is said to have been named after its founder King [[Virata]].<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite book|title=Rajasthan aajtak|isbn=978-81-903622-6-9}}</ref>{{Request quotation|date=July 2018|reason=Non-english source}}

Bhargava<ref>Sudhir Bhargava. "Location of Brahmavarta and Drishadwati river is important to find earliest alignment of Saraswati river". Seminar, ''Saraswati river: a perspective'', 20–22 November 2009, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, organized by Saraswati Nadi Shodh Sansthan, Haryana. Seminar report: pages 114–117</ref> identifies the two districts of [[Jhunjhunu]] and [[Sikar]] and parts of [[Jaipur]] district along with Haryana districts of [[Mahendragarh]] and [[Rewari]] as part of [[Vedic Period|Vedic]] state of [[Brahmavarta]]. Bhargava also locates the present day [[Sahibi River]] as the Vedic [[Drishadwati]] River, which along with [[Saraswati River]] formed the borders of the Vedic state of Brahmavarta.<ref>[[Manusmriti]]</ref> Manu and [[Bhrigu]] narrated the [[Manusmriti]] to a congregation of seers in this area. The ashrams of Vedic seers [[Bhrigu]] and his son Chayvan Rishi, for whom [[Chyawanprash]] was formulated, were near [[Dhosi Hill]], part of which lies in Dhosi village of [[Jhunjhunu]] district of Rajasthan and part of which lies in [[Mahendragarh]] district of [[Haryana]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jain|first=M. S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gUfaAQAACAAJ|title=Concise History of Modern Rajasthan|date=1 January 1993|publisher=Wishwa Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7328-010-8|language=en}}</ref>

The [[Western Kshatrapas]] (405–35 BCE), the [[Saka]] rulers of the western part of India, were successors to the [[Indo-Scythians]] and were contemporaneous with the [[Kushans]], who ruled the northern part of the [[Indian subcontinent]]. The Indo-Scythians invaded the area of [[Ujjain]] and established the [[Saka era]] (with their [[Saka calendar|calendar]]), marking the beginning of the long-lived Saka [[Western Satraps]] state.<ref>John Rosenfield, ''The dynastic art of the Kushans'', p. 130.</ref>

The [[Allahabad Pillar|Allahabad Pillar Inscription]] (also known as the Prayaga Pillar Inscription) of [[Samudragupta]], AD 360, records that the [[Abhira dynasty|Abhiras]] were a powerful tribe who ruled over the whole of Rajasthan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Amr̥tarāya |url=http://archive.org/details/housedividedorig0000amrt |title=A house divided : the origin and development of Hindi-Urdu |date=1991 |publisher=Delhi; New York : Oxford University Press |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-19-562811-1 |pages=51}}</ref>

=== Classical era ===
==== Gurjara-Pratihara ====
[[File:Baroli temple.jpg|thumb|left|Ghateshwara Mahadeva temple at the [[Baroli Temples|Baroli Temple Complex]]. The temples were built between the 10th and 11th centuries by the [[Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty]].]]

The [[Pratihara dynasty|Pratiharas]] ruled for many dynasties in this part of the country; the region was known as ''[[Gurjaratra]]''.<ref name="RC MajumdarThe Age of imperial Kanauj vol 4">{{cite book |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/ageofimperialkan0000unse/page/19/mode/1up|chapter=Ancient India |title=The Age of imperial Kanauj | publisher = Motilal Banarsidassr| year = 1994| page = 263| editor-first=R. C. |editor-last=Majumdar| isbn = 978-81-208-0436-4| access-date = 15 November 2015}}</ref> Up to the 10th century, almost all of [[North India]] acknowledged the supremacy of the Imperial Pratiharas, with their seat of power at [[Kannauj]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bombay |volume=21 |author=Asiatic Society of Bombay|publisher=Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Bombay Branch|year=1904|page=432|quote=Up to the tenth century almost the whole of North India, excepting Bengal, owned their supremacy at Kannauj.}}</ref>

The [[Gurjara-Pratihara|Gurjara Pratihar Empire]] acted as a barrier for [[Arab]] invaders from the 8th to the 11th century. The chief accomplishment of the Gurjara-Pratihara Empire lies in its successful resistance to foreign invasions from the west, starting in the days of [[Junaid]]. Historian [[R. C. Majumdar]] says that this was openly acknowledged by the Arab writers. He further notes that historians of India have wondered at the slow progress of Muslim invaders in India, as compared with their rapid advance in other parts of the world. Now there seems little doubt that it was the power of the Pratihara army that effectively barred the progress of the Arabs beyond the confines of [[Sindh]], their only conquest for nearly 300 years.<ref>{{cite book|title=History of Ancient India: Earliest Times to 1000 A.D.|author=Radhey Shyam Chaurasia|pages=207–208|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cWmsQQ2smXIC&pg=PA207|publisher=Atlantic|year=2002|isbn=978-81-269-0027-5}}</ref>

=== Medieval and early modern eras ===
{{Rajputana 1525}}
The [[Ghurids]] had made an attempt to invade India through southern Rajasthan, however they were defeated in the [[Battle of Kasahrada]] on 1178 by a confederacy of Rajputs under [[Mularaja II]] of the Kingdom of Gujarat.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bhatia|first=P.|title=The Paramāras: (c. 800 - 1305 A.D.); a Study in the Political and Cultural History of Their Kingdoms|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal|year=1970| isbn=978-81-215-0410-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CW6oyAEACAAJ|access-date=1 May 2022}}</ref> [[Prithviraj Chauhan]] led a confederacy of Rajput clans and defeated the invading Ghruids under [[Muhammad Ghori]] in the [[First Battle of Tarain]] in 1191. In 1192, Muhammad Ghori decisively defeated Prithviraj at the [[Second Battle of Tarain]]. After the defeat of Chauhan in the same year, a part of Rajasthan came under Muslim rulers. The principal centres of their powers were [[Nagaur]] and Ajmer. [[Ranthambore Fort|Ranthambhore]] was also under their suzerainty. At the beginning of the 13th century, the most prominent and powerful state of Rajasthan was [[Mewar]]. Since the invasion of the Muslim Turks from the 13th century onwards, the Rajputs resisted the Muslim incursions into India, and preserved [[Hindu culture]] at their courts.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Jain |first=Kulbhushan |title=Paradigms of Indian Architecture |publisher=Routledge |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-7007-1038-6 |pages=159 |chapter=Spatial Organisation and Aesthetic Expression in the Traditional Architecture of Rajasthan}}</ref>

The Rajputs put up resistance to the Islamic invasions with their warfare and chivalry for centuries. The Ranas of Mewar led other kingdoms in their resistance to outside rule. Rana [[Hammir Singh]] defeated the [[Tughlaq dynasty]] and recovered a large portion of Rajasthan. The indomitable [[Kumbha of Mewar|Rana Kumbha]] defeated the Sultans of [[Malwa Sultanate|Malwa]], Nagaur and [[Gujarat Sultanate|Gujarat]] and made Mewar the most powerful Rajput Kingdom in India. The ambitious [[Rana Sanga]] united the various Rajput clans, including the [[Khanzadas of Mewat|Muslim Khanzadas of Mewat]] under [[Hasan Khan Mewati|Raja Hasan Khan Mewati]], and fought against the foreign powers in India. Rana Sanga defeated the Afghan [[Lodi Empire]] of Delhi and crushed the Turkic Sultanates of Malwa and Gujarat. Rana Sanga then tried to create an Indian empire but was defeated by the first [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] Emperor [[Babur]] at [[Khanwa]]. The defeat was due to betrayal by the Tomar King [[Silhadi]] of Raisen. After [[Rana Sanga]]'s death, [[Marwar]] rose as a power centre in Rajasthan under Rao [[Maldeo Rathore]]. He conquered Jaisalmer, parts of Gujarat, Jalore, Nagaur, Ajmer, Sanchore, Bhinmal, [[Radhanpur]], Bayana, Tonk, Toda and Nabhara. He expanded the territories of Marwar up to Sindh-Cholistan in west and his northern boundary was just fifty kilometres from Delhi.<ref>Rima Hooja, "The State of Marwar/Jodhpur", in ''History of Rajasthan'', pp. 520–522</ref><ref>Majumdar, R.C., ed. (2006). ''The Mughul Empire''. Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. pp. 81–82.</ref> After defeating Humayun, Sher Shah came towards Rajputana. He defeated Chiefs of Rathore army by trickery in [[Battle of Sammel]] and captured some territory of Marwar but it was recovered by Rathores in 1545.<ref>Mahajan, V. D. (1991, reprint 2007). ''History of Medieval India'', Part II. New Delhi: S. Chand. p. 43.</ref>

[[Hem Chandra Vikramaditya]], the Hindu emperor,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sarkar|first=Sir Jadunath|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qoRDAAAAYAAJ&q=brahmin|title=Military History of India|date=1960|publisher=Orient Longmans|isbn=978-0-86125-155-1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Coetzee|first1=Daniel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DW2jAQAAQBAJ&q=brahmin+hemu&pg=PA43|title=Philosophers of War: The Evolution of History's Greatest Military Thinkers|last2=Eysturlid|first2=Lee W.|date=21 October 2013|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-07033-4}}</ref> was born in the village of Machheri in [[Alwar District]] in 1501. He won 22 battles against Afghans, from [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] to [[Bengal]] including the states of [[Ajmer]] and [[Alwar]] in Rajasthan, and defeated Akbar's forces twice, first at [[Agra]] and then at [[Delhi]] in 1556 at [[Battle of Delhi (1556)|Battle of Delhi]]<ref>Bhardwaj, K. K. ''Hemu: Napoleon of Medieval India''. New Delhi: Mittal Publications, p. 25</ref> before acceding to the throne of [[Delhi]] and establishing the "Hindu Raj" in [[North India]], albeit for a short duration, from [[Purana Qila]] in Delhi. Hem Chandra was killed in the battlefield at [[Second Battle of Panipat]] fighting against Mughals on 5 November 1556.

[[File:Akbar shoots Jaimal at the siege of Chitor.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Akbar]] shoots the Rajput commander [[Jaimal Rathore|Jaimal]] using a [[matchlock]], during the [[Siege of Chittorgarh (1567–1568)|Siege of Chittor (1567–1568)]].]]
During [[Akbar]]'s reign most of the Rajput kings accepted Mughal suzerainty, but the rulers of Mewar (Rana [[Udai Singh II]]) and Marwar (Rao [[Chandrasen Rathore]]) refused to have any form of alliance with the Mughals. To teach the Rajputs a lesson Akbar attacked Udai Singh and killed Rajput commander Jaimal of Chitor and the citizens of Mewar in large numbers. Akbar killed 20,000–25,000 unarmed citizens in Chittor on the grounds that they had actively helped in the resistance.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Richards|first1=John F.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&pg=PA26|title=The Mughal Empire|date=1995|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-56603-2|page=26|author-link=John F. Richards}}</ref>

[[Maharana Pratap]] took an oath to avenge the citizens of Chittor; he fought the Mughal empire till his death and liberated most of Mewar apart from Chittor itself. [[Maharana Pratap]] soon became the most celebrated warrior of Rajasthan and became famous all over India for his sporadic warfare and noble actions. According to [[Satish Chandra (historian)|Satish Chandra]], "Rana Pratap's defiance of the mighty Mughal empire, almost alone and unaided by the other Rajput states, constitutes a glorious saga of Rajput valor and the spirit of self-sacrifice for cherished principles. Rana Pratap's methods of sporadic warfare were later elaborated further by Malik Ambar, the Deccani general, and by Shivaji".<ref name="Satish Chandra">{{cite book|last1=Chandra|first1=Satish|title=Medieval India|year=2000|publisher=National Council of Educational Research and Training|location=New Delhi|page=164}}</ref>

Rana [[Amar Singh I]] continued his ancestor's war against the Mughals under [[Jehangir]], he repelled the Mughal armies at Dewar. Later an expedition was again sent under the leadership of Prince [[Shah Jahan|Khurram]], which caused much damage to life and property of [[Mewar]]. Many temples were destroyed, several villages were put on fire and women and children were captured and tortured to make Amar Singh accept surrender.<ref>{{cite book |last=Pant |first=Ashok |date=2012 |title=The Truth of Babri Mosque |isbn=978-1-4759-4289-7 |page=129|publisher=iUniverse }}</ref>

During [[Aurangzeb]]'s rule Rana [[Raj Singh I]], Veer [[Durgadas Rathore]] and Patshah [[Akheraj Rajpurohit|Akheraj Singh Rajpurohit]]<ref>Dr Prahalad Singh [[Rajpurohit]],"Veer Kesari Singh Rajpurohit ka Jasprakash"</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sevaṛa |first1=Prahalādasiṃha |title=Rājapurohita jāti kā itihāsa |date=2021 |isbn=978-93-90179-06-0 |edition=Dvitīya saṃsodhita saṃskaraṇa |location=Jodhapura}}</ref> were chief among those who defied the intolerant emperor of Delhi. They took advantage of the Aravalli hills and caused heavy damage to the Mughal armies that were trying to occupy Rajasthan.<ref>[[Niccolò Manucci]], {{lang|it|[[Storia do Mogor]]}}</ref><ref>''Cambridge History of India'', p. 304</ref>

After Aurangzeb's death [[Bahadur Shah I]] tried to subjugate Rajasthan like his ancestors but his plan backfired when the three [[Rajput]] [[Raja]]s of [[Jaipur State|Amber]], [[Udaipur State|Udaipur]], and [[Jodhpur State|Jodhpur]] made a joint resistance to the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]]. The Rajputs first expelled the commandants of [[Jodhpur]] and [[Bayana]] and recovered [[Amer, India|Amer]] by a night attack. They next killed Sayyid Hussain Khan Barha, the commandant of [[Mewat]] and many other Mughal officers. [[Bahadur Shah I]], then in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] was forced to patch up a truce with the Rajput Rajas.<ref>''The Cambridge History of India'', Volume 3, p. 322</ref> The [[Jat people|Jats]], under [[Suraj Mal]], overran the Mughal garrison at Agra and plundered the city taking with them the two great silver doors of the entrance of the famous [[Taj Mahal]] which were then melted down by Suraj Mal in 1763.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Dwivedi|first1=Girish Chandra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AR5uAAAAMAAJ|title=The Jats, Their Role in the Mughal Empire|last2=Prasad|first2=Ishwari|date=1989|publisher=Arnold Publishers|isbn=978-81-7031-150-8|pages=56–61|language=en}}</ref>

Over the years, the Mughals began to have internal disputes which greatly distracted them at times. The Mughal Empire continued to weaken, and with the decline of the Mughal Empire in the late 18th century, [[Rajputana]] came under the influence of the [[Maratha Confederacy|Marathas]]. The Maratha Empire, which had replaced the Mughal Empire as the overlord of the subcontinent, was finally replaced by the [[British Empire]] in 1818.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hallissey|first=Robert C.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3jRuAAAAMAAJ|title=The Rajput Rebellion Against Aurangzeb: A Study of the Mughal Empire in Seventeenth-century India|date=1977|publisher=University of Missouri Press|isbn=978-0-8262-0222-2|pages=34–41}}</ref>

In the 19th century, the Rajput kingdoms were exhausted financially and in manpower after continuous wars and due to heavy tributes exacted by the [[Maratha Empire]]. To save their kingdoms from instability, rebellions and banditry the Rajput kings concluded treaties with the British in the early 19th century, accepting British [[suzerainty]] and control over their external affairs in return for internal autonomy.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bhargava|first=Visheshwar Sarup|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dbY9AAAAIAAJ|title=Marwar and the Mughal Emperors (A.D. 1526–1748)|date=1966|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal|pages=123–126|isbn=978-81-215-0400-3}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="200">
File:Maharana Kumbhakarna of Mewar.jpg|[[Rana Kumbha]] was the vanguard of the fifteenth century Rajput resurgence.<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book|last=Sen|first=Sailendra|title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History|publisher=Primus Books|year=2013|isbn=978-9-38060-734-4|pages=116–117}}</ref>
File:Maharaja Hemu Bhargava - Victor of Twenty Two Pitched Battles, 1910s.jpg|The emperor [[Hemu]], who rose from obscurity and briefly established himself as ruler in northern India, from Punjab to Bengal, in defiance of the warring [[Sur Empire|Sur]] and [[Mughal Empire]]s.
File:Durgadas Rathore painting.jpg|Durgadas Rathore, a Rathore Rajput warrior of [[Jodhpur]] who played an important role in protecting the [[Rathore dynasty]] of [[Marwar]] and for his rebellion against [[Aurangzeb]].
File:RajaRaviVarma MaharanaPratap.jpg|[[Maharana Pratap|Maharana Pratap Singh]], sixteenth-century Rajput ruler of [[Mewar]], known for his defence of his realm against Mughal invasion.
File:Maharaja Suraj Mal.jpg|[[Suraj Mal]] was ruler of [[Bharatpur State|Bharatpur]]. Some contemporary historians described him as "the [[Plato]] of the [[Jat people]]" and by a modern writer as the "Jat [[Odysseus]]", because of his political sagacity, steady intellect and clear vision.<ref>R. C. Majumdar, H. C. Raychaudhury, ''Kalikaranjan Datta: An Advanced History of India'', 4th ed., 1978, {{ISBN|0-333-90298-X}}, p. 535</ref>
</gallery>

=== Modern era ===
{{See also|List of palaces in Rajasthan}}
The State of Rajasthan was formed on 30 March 1949 when the states of the [[Rajputana Agency]]<ref name="GuptaBakshi2008PA143">{{cite book|author1=R.K. Gupta|author2=S.R. Bakshi|title=Studies in Indian History: Rajasthan Through The Ages The Heritage Of Rajputs (Set Of 5 Vols.)|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_S7dCkiyLJ6EC|date=1 January 2008|publisher=Sarup & Sons|isbn=978-81-7625-841-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_S7dCkiyLJ6EC/page/n151 143]–|access-date=15 November 2015}}</ref> of the erstwhile [[British Empire in India]] were merged into the new [[Dominion of India|Indian Union]]. Modern Rajasthan includes most of [[Rajputana]], which comprises the erstwhile nineteen [[princely state]]s, three chiefships, and the British district of [[Ajmer-Merwara]].<ref name="GuptaBakshi2008">{{cite book|author1=R. K. Gupta|author2=S. R. Bakshi|title=Studies in Indian History: Rajasthan Through the Ages the Heritage of Rajputs |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_S7dCkiyLJ6EC|date=1 January 2008|publisher=Sarup & Sons|isbn=978-81-7625-841-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_S7dCkiyLJ6EC/page/n151 143]–|access-date=15 November 2015}}</ref> [[Jaisalmer State|Jaisalmer]], [[Marwar]] (Jodhpur), [[Bikaner]], [[Mewar]] (Chittorgarh), [[Alwar]] and [[Dhundhar]] (Jaipur) were some of the main Rajput princely states. [[Bharatpur, India|Bharatpur]] and [[Dholpur]] were Jat princely states whereas [[Tonk (princely state)|Tonk]] was a princely state under [[Pathan]]s. The three chiefships were Lawa, Neemrana and Kushalgarh.<ref name="Lodha">{{cite book |last1=Lodha |first1=Sanjay |editor1-last=Kumar |editor1-first=Ashutosh |title=Rethinking State Politics in India: Regions within Regions |date=2011 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-415-59777-7 |page=400 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ypKoAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA400 |access-date=12 December 2019 |chapter=Subregions, Identity and Nature of Political Competition in Rajasthan |quote=The 19 independent ruling houses were governed by different Rajput clans, Jats and Pathans. The Chauhan Rajputs ruled Bundi, Kota and Sirohi; the Gehlot Rajputs ruled Banswara, Dungarpur, Mewar, Pratapgarh and Shahpura; the Jadon Rajputs ruled Jaisalmer and Karauli; the Jhala Rajputs were the rulers of Jhalawar; the Kachhawaha Rajputs controlled Alwar, Jaipur and the Lawa Estate; and the Rathore Rajputs looked after Bikaner, Marwar, Kishangarh and the chiefship of Kushalgarh. Bharatpur and Dholpur were under Jat rule and Tonk was ruled by the Pathans.}}</ref>

== Geography ==
{{Main|Climate of Rajasthan}}

The geographic features of Rajasthan are the [[Thar Desert]] and the [[Aravalli Range]], which runs through the state from southwest to northeast, almost from one end to the other, for more than {{convert|850|km}}.<ref name="TharD">{{cite web |title=Southern Asia: Western India into Pakistan |url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/im1304 |publisher=WWF |access-date=3 August 2023 |archive-date=12 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412045553/https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/im1304 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Mount Abu]] lies at the southwestern end of the range, separated from the main ranges by the [[West Banas River]].<ref name="MountabuOnline">{{cite web |title=Geography of Mount Abu |url=https://www.mountabuonline.in/city-guide/geography-of-mount-abu |publisher=Mountabu Online |access-date=3 August 2023 |archive-date=3 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803103706/https://www.mountabuonline.in/city-guide/geography-of-mount-abu |url-status=live }}</ref> Although a series of broken ridges continues into [[Haryana]] in the direction of [[Delhi]] where it can be seen as outcrops in the form of the [[Raisina Hill]] and the ridges farther north. About three-fifths of Rajasthan lies northwest of the Aravallis, leaving two-fifths on the east and south direction.

[[File:Mount Abu.jpg|thumb|[[Mount Abu]].]]

The Aravalli Range runs across the state from the southwest peak [[Guru Shikhar]] (Mount Abu), which is {{convert|1722|m}} in height, to [[Khetri]] in the northeast.<ref name="Topographical">{{cite web |title=Topographical divisions |url=https://foundation.rajasthan.gov.in/Topographicaldivisions.aspx |publisher=Rajasthan Foundation |access-date=3 August 2023 |archive-date=3 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803103903/https://foundation.rajasthan.gov.in/Topographicaldivisions.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> This range divides the state into 60% in the northwest of the range and 40% in the southeast. The northwest tract is sandy and unproductive with little water but improves gradually from desert land in the far west and northwest to comparatively fertile and habitable land towards the east. The south-eastern area, higher in elevation (100 to 350 m above sea level) and more fertile, has a very diversified topography. In the south lies the hilly tract of Mewar. In the southeast, a large area within the districts of [[Kota district|Kota]] and [[Bundi]] forms a tableland.<ref name="Topographical"/> To the northeast of these districts is a rugged region (badlands) following the line of the [[Chambal River]]. Farther north the country levels out; the flat plains of the northeastern [[Bharatpur district]] are part of an [[alluvial]] basin. [[Merta City]] lies in the geographical centre of Rajasthan.<ref name="Topographical"/>

The Aravalli Range and the lands to the east and southeast of the range are generally more fertile and better watered. This region is home to the [[Khathiar-Gir dry deciduous forests]] ecoregion, with [[tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests|tropical dry broadleaf forests]] that include [[teak]], ''[[Acacia]]'', and other trees. The hilly [[Vagad]] region, home to the cities of [[Dungarpur]], [[Pratapgarh, Rajasthan|Pratapgarh]], and [[Banswara]] lies in southernmost Rajasthan, on the border with Gujarat and [[Madhya Pradesh]]. With the exception of Mount Abu, Vagad is the wettest region in Rajasthan, and the most heavily forested. North of Vagad lies the [[Mewar]] region, home to the cities of [[Udaipur]] and [[Chittaurgarh]]. The [[Hadoti]] region lies to the southeast, on the border with Madhya Pradesh. North of Hadoti and Mewar lies the [[Dhundhar]] region, home to the state capital of [[Jaipur]]. [[Mewat]], the easternmost region of Rajasthan, borders [[Haryana]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Eastern and southeastern Rajasthan is drained by the [[Banas River|Banas]] and [[Chambal River|Chambal]] rivers, tributaries of the [[Ganges]].

The northwestern portion of Rajasthan is generally sandy and dry. Most of this region is covered by the [[Thar Desert]] which extends into adjoining portions of Pakistan. The Aravalli Range does not intercept the moisture-giving southwest [[monsoon]] winds off the [[Arabian Sea]], as it lies in a direction parallel to that of the coming monsoon winds, leaving the northwestern region in a [[rain shadow]]. The Thar Desert is thinly populated; the City of [[Jodhpur]] is the largest city in the desert and a major metropolitan area of India which is known as the gateway of the Thar desert. The desert has some major districts like [[Jodhpur district|Jodhpur]], [[Jaisalmer]], Barmer, [[Bikaner]], and [[Nagaur district|Nagaur]]. This area is also important from a defence point of view. [[Jodhpur]] airbase is one of the largest airbases in India, BSF and Military bases are also situated here. Currently four civil airports are located here: Jodhpur, Jaisalmer, Bikaner and Nagaur, of which Jodhpur is the major civil airport, being the 44th busiest airport in India and one of the oldest air strips of India, being built in the 1920s.

The [[Northwestern thorn scrub forests]] lie in a band around the Thar Desert, between the desert and the Aravallis. This region receives less than 400  mm of rain annually. Temperatures can sometimes exceed 45 °C in the summer months and drop below freezing point in the winter. The [[Godwar]], [[Marwar]], and [[Shekhawati]] [[List of regions in India|regions]] lie in the thorn scrub forest zone, along with the city of Jodhpur. The [[Luni River]] and its tributaries are the major river system of Godwar and Marwar regions, draining the western slopes of the Aravallis and emptying southwest into the great [[Rann of Kutch]] wetland in neighbouring [[Gujarat]]. This river is saline in the lower reaches and remains potable only up to Balotara in [[Barmer district]]. The [[Ghaggar River]], which originates in [[Haryana]], is an intermittent stream that disappears into the sands of the Thar Desert in the northern corner of the state and is seen as a remnant of the primitive [[Sarasvati river]].
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150">
File:Mt. Abu.jpg|[[Mount Abu]] is a popular hill station in Rajasthan.
File: A sunset on the dunes of the Great Indian Thar Desert Rajasthan India.jpg|The [[Thar Desert]] near [[Jaisalmer]].
File: An aerial view of Udaipur and Aravali hills Rajasthan India 2012.jpg|Aerial view Udaipur and Aravali hills.
</gallery>

== Flora and fauna ==
{{main|Wildlife of Rajasthan}}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em; float:right; width:25%;"
|+ State symbols of Rajasthan
|-
| '''Formation day'''
| 1 November
|-
| '''State animal'''
| [[Chinkara]]<ref name="Rajasthan State Symbol">{{cite web|title=States and Union Territories Symbols|url=http://knowindia.gov.in/knowindia/national_symbols.php?id=16#raj|access-date=7 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112080035/http://knowindia.gov.in/knowindia/national_symbols.php?id=16#raj|archive-date=12 November 2013}}</ref> and [[camel]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Now the state animal camel|url=http://www.patrika.com/news/now-the-state-animal-camel/1015253|access-date=7 July 2014|work=Patrika Group|date=1 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140806141624/http://www.patrika.com/news/now-the-state-animal-camel/1015253|archive-date=6 August 2014}}</ref>
|-
| '''State bird'''
| [[Great Indian bustard|Godavan (great Indian bustard)]]<ref name="Rajasthan State Symbol" />
|-
| '''State flower'''
| [[Tecomella undulata|Rohida]]<ref name="Rajasthan State Symbol" />
|-
| '''State tree'''
|[[Prosopis cineraria|Khejadi]]
|}
[[File:Sonchiriya.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[great Indian bustard]] has been classed as [[critically endangered]] since 2011]]
The [[Desert National Park]] in [[Jaisalmer]], spread over an area of {{convert|3162|km2|sqmi}}, is an excellent example of the [[ecosystem]] of the Thar Desert and its diverse [[fauna (animals)|fauna]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Desert National Park |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5448/ |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=26 June 2009 |archive-date=16 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516235029/http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5448/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Seashells and massive [[fossilised]] tree trunks in this park record the geological history of the desert. The region is a haven for [[bird migration|migratory]] and resident birds of the desert. One can see many [[eagle]]s, [[harrier (bird)|harriers]], [[falcon]]s, [[buzzard]]s, [[kestrel]]s and [[vulture]]s. [[Short-toed snake eagle]]s (''Circaetus gallicus''), [[tawny eagle]]s (''Aquila rapax''), [[spotted eagle]]s (''Aquila clanga''), [[laggar falcon]]s (''Falco jugger'') and kestrels are some of the raptor species seen in Desert National Park. Road traffic inside the Park is, however, a threat to several wild species of the park with several species of amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals reported to have died as roadkill.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kumawat |first1=Rakesh |last2=Ashok |first2=Purohit |date=2020 |title=Impact and assessment of wildlife mortalities on road due to vehicular movements in Desert National Park, Rajasthan, India |url=https://www.ajcb.in/journals/short_others_july_2020/AJCB-Vol9-No1-Kumawat-Purohit.pdf |journal=Asian Journal of Conservation Biology |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=173–177 |access-date=1 March 2024 |archive-date=1 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301061946/https://www.ajcb.in/journals/short_others_july_2020/AJCB-Vol9-No1-Kumawat-Purohit.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Ranthambore National Park]] located in [[Sawai Madhopur]],<ref name="Sadhu et al., 2017">{{Cite journal |last1=Sadhu |first1=Ayan |last2=Jayam |first2=Peter Prem Chakravarthi |last3=Qureshi |first3=Qamar |last4=Shekhawat |first4=Raghuvir Singh |last5=Sharma |first5=Sudarshan |last6=Jhala |first6=Yadvendradev Vikramsinh |title=Demography of a small, isolated tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) population in a semi-arid region of western India |journal=BMC Zoology |volume=2 |page=16 |doi=10.1186/s40850-017-0025-y |issn=2056-3132 |date=28 November 2017|doi-access=free }}</ref> one of the well known tiger reserves in the country, became a part of [[Project Tiger]] in 1973.

[[Tal Chhapar Sanctuary]] is a very small sanctuary in [[Sujangarh]], [[Churu District]], {{convert|210|km|mi}} from [[Jaipur]] in the [[Shekhawati]] region. This sanctuary is home to a large population of [[blackbuck]]. [[Red fox|Desert foxes]] and the [[caracal]], an [[apex predator]], also known as the ''desert lynx'', can also be spotted, along with birds such as the [[partridge]], [[harrier (bird)|harrier]]s, [[Eastern Imperial Eagle|eastern imperial eagle]], [[Pale Harrier|pale harrier]], [[Marsh Harrier|marsh harrier]], [[Short-toed Eagle|short-toed eagle]], [[Tawny Eagle|tawny eagle]], [[Sparrow Hawk|sparrow hawk]], [[Crested Lark|crested lark]], [[Demoiselle Crane|demoiselle crane]], [[Oriental skylark|skylarks]], [[Green Bee-eater|green bee-eater]], [[Brown Dove|brown dove]], [[Black Ibis|black ibis]], and [[sand grouse]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Tal Chhapar Black Buck Sanctuary |date=29 June 2013 |url=https://www.insideindianjungles.com/wildlife-sanctuaries/tal-chhapar-wildlife-sanctuary/ |website=Inside Indian Jungles |access-date=5 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408182034/https://www.insideindianjungles.com/wildlife-sanctuaries/tal-chhapar-wildlife-sanctuary/ |archive-date=8 April 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[great Indian bustard]], known locally as the ''godavan'', and which is a state bird, has been classed as critically endangered since 2011.<ref>{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2018 |title=''Ardeotis nigriceps'' |volume=2018 |article-number=e.T22691932A134188105 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22691932A134188105.en |access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref>

=== Wildlife protection ===
[[File:Reclining Tiger, Ranthambore National Park.JPG|thumb|left|Reclining tiger, [[Ranthambore National Park]]]]
Rajasthan is also noted for its national parks and [[wildlife]] sanctuaries. There are four national parks and wildlife sanctuaries: [[Keoladeo National Park]] of [[Bharatpur, India|Bharatpur]], [[Sariska Tiger Reserve]] of Alwar, [[Ranthambore National Park]] of [[Sawai Madhopur]], and [[Desert National Park]] of Jaisalmer. A national-level institute, [[Arid Forest Research Institute]] (AFRI) an autonomous institute of the ministry of forestry is situated in Jodhpur and continuously works on desert flora and their conservation.

[[Ranthambore National Park]] is 7 km from [[Sawai Madhopur]] Railway Station. It is known worldwide for its tiger population and is considered by both wilderness lovers and photographers as one of the best places in India to spot tigers. At one point, due to poaching and negligence, tigers became extinct at Sariska, but five tigers have been relocated there.<ref>{{cite news|title=A tale of two tiger reserves|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/a-tale-of-two-tiger-reserves/article3019496.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=21 March 2012|access-date=29 January 2014|location=Jaipur|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203160826/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/a-tale-of-two-tiger-reserves/article3019496.ece|archive-date=3 February 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Prominent among the wildlife sanctuaries are [[Mount Abu]] Sanctuary, Bhensrod Garh Sanctuary, [[Darrah National Park|Darrah Sanctuary]], Jaisamand Sanctuary, [[Kumbhalgarh Wildlife Sanctuary]], Jawahar Sagar Sanctuary, and [[Sita Mata Wildlife Sanctuary]].

== Governance and administration ==
{{Main|Politics of Rajasthan|Government of Rajasthan|Legislative Assembly of Rajasthan}}

[[File:Rajassembly.jpg|left|thumb|Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
The state is governed by a parliamentary system of representative democracy. The governor serves as the state's constitutional leader, whereas the [[List of chief ministers of Rajasthan|chief minister]] assumes the role of both the head of the government and the head of the council of ministers. The [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] consists of 200 members who are elected for five-year terms. The state contributes 25 seats to [[Lok Sabha]], the lower house of the Indian Parliament, and 10 seats to [[Rajya Sabha]], the upper house.<ref name="RS">{{cite web |title=MEMBERS OF RAJYA SABHA (STATE WISE LIST) |url=https://rajyasabha.nic.in/Members/StateWiseSummary |publisher=Rajya Sabha |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326055714/https://rajyasabha.nic.in/Members/StateWiseSummary |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="LS">{{cite web |title=State-wise Representation Of Members |url=https://loksabha.nic.in/members/statewisestatisticallist.aspx |publisher=Lok Sabha |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326055713/https://loksabha.nic.in/members/statewisestatisticallist.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Government of Rajasthan]] is a democratically elected body in India with the governor as its constitutional head. [[List of governors of Rajasthan|Governor]] is appointed by the [[President of India]] for a five-year term. The leader of the party or coalition with a majority in the Legislative Assembly is appointed as the chief minister by the governor, and the council of ministers are appointed by the governor on the advice of the [[List of chief ministers of Rajasthan|chief minister]]. The governor remains a ceremonial head of the state, while the chief minister and his council are responsible for day-to-day government functions. The council of ministers consists of [[Cabinet Ministers]], [[Ministers of State]] (MoS) and Deputy Ministers. The Secretariat headed by the Chief Secretary assists the council of ministers. The [[Chief secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]] is also the administrative head of the government. Each government department is headed by a minister, who is assisted by an [[Additional Chief Secretary]] or a Principal Secretary, who is usually an officer of [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS), the Additional Chief Secretary/Principal Secretary serve as the administrative head of the department they are assigned to. Each department also has officers of the rank of Secretary, Special Secretary, Joint Secretary etc. assisting the Minister and the Additional Chief Secretary/Principal Secretary.

For the administration purpose, the state is divided into 07 divisions and 41 districts. [[Divisional Commissioner]], is the head of administration on the divisional level.<ref name="Divisionalise">{{cite web |title=Civil Officer Details |url=https://dop.rajasthan.gov.in/Content/civilsearch/CivilOfficerDetail.aspx?ofcusername=A99SL01 |publisher=Department of Personnel (DOP), Rajasthan |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326060250/https://dop.rajasthan.gov.in/Content/civilsearch/CivilOfficerDetail.aspx?ofcusername=A99SL01 |url-status=live }}</ref> The administration in each district is headed by a [[District magistrate|District Collector]]/District Magistrate, who is also an IAS officer, and is assisted by a number of officers belonging to [[Rajasthan Public Service Commission|Rajasthan Administrative Services]]. In Rajasthan, the police force is led by an IPS officer holding the position of [[Director General of Police]]. Each district is supervised by a [[Superintendent of Police]], also an IPS officer, who is supported by officers from the Rajasthan Police Services. Their primary responsibility involves maintaining law and order and addressing relevant issues within their respective districts. The management of forests, environment, and wildlife in the district is overseen by the [[Forest range officer|Divisional Forest Officer]], who is a member of the [[Indian Forest Service]]. This responsibility is carried out with the assistance of officers from the [[Rajasthan Forest Service]] and Rajasthan Subordinate Service.

[[File:New Rajasthan High Court Building.jpg|right|thumb|Rajasthan High Court]]
Rajasthan has its [[Rajasthan High Court|High court]] Jodhpur which has its principal seat at [[Jodhpur]] and a bench at [[Jaipur]], with district courts and session courts in each district or Sessions Division, and lower courts at the tehsil level.<ref name="High Court">{{cite web |title=Judiciary |url=https://rajasthan.gov.in/Judiciary.aspx?menu_id=8 |publisher=Government of Rajasthan |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326060958/https://rajasthan.gov.in/Judiciary.aspx?menu_id=8 |url-status=live }}</ref> The president of India appoints the chief justice of the High Court of Rajasthan judiciary on the advice of the [[Chief Justice of India|Chief Justice]] of the [[Supreme Court of India]] as well as the governor of Rajasthan. In Rajasthan, the Subordinate Judicial Service is an essential component of the state's judiciary, and it is divided into two categories: the Rajasthan Civil Judicial Services and the Rajasthan Higher Judicial Service.<ref name="High Court History">{{cite web |title=History Of The Rajasthan High Court |url=https://hcraj.nic.in/hcraj/history.php |publisher=Rajasthan High Court |access-date=3 August 2023 |archive-date=10 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810225609/https://hcraj.nic.in/hcraj/history.php |url-status=live }}</ref> The former includes Civil Judges (Junior Division)/Judicial Magistrates and Civil Judges (Senior Division)/Chief Judicial Magistrate. On the other hand, the latter consists of Civil and Sessions Judges. The [[District courts of India|District Judge]] has control over the Subordinate Judicial Service in Rajasthan.

The politics of Rajasthan has mainly been dominated mainly by the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and the [[Indian National Congress]].

Chief Secretary Of Rajasthan is V. Srinivas<ref>{{cite web |title=मुख्य सचिव |url=https://rajasthan.gov.in/pages/sm/department-page/142678/877 |website=Government of Rajasthan |access-date=20 March 2026}}</ref> and [[Director general of police|Director General of Police]] or DGP of Rajasthan is Umesh Mishra.<ref>{{Cite web |title=राजस्थान पुलिस के मुखिया बने उमेश मिश्रा, जानें कौन हैं गहलोत के पसंदीदा IPS अफसर DGP मिश्रा? |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/rajasthan/jaipur/new-raj-dgp-umesh-mishra-is-the-1989-batch-ips-officer-of-rajasthan-cadre/articleshow/95130555.cms |website=Navbharat Times |access-date=20 April 2023 |archive-date=20 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420174956/https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/rajasthan/jaipur/new-raj-dgp-umesh-mishra-is-the-1989-batch-ips-officer-of-rajasthan-cadre/articleshow/95130555.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Regions, divisions, districts and cities===
{{Main|Districts of Rajasthan|List of urban local bodies in Rajasthan}}

[[File:New Rajasthan with 50 Districts.jpg|alt=refer caption|thumb|Districts of Rajasthan]]
[[File:Udaipur Lake India.JPG|thumb|[[Lake Palace]] and [[Jag Mandir]] from a distance, [[Lake Pichola]], Udaipur.]]
[[File:Jodhpur modern Skyline2.jpg|thumb|Modern Jodhpur skyline]]

Rajasthan is composed of the following geographical, political and historical regions:
#[[Bagar region|Bagar]]
#[[Hadoti]]
#[[Dhundhar]]
#[[Gorwar]]
#[[Shekhawati]]
#[[Mewar]]
#[[Marwar]]
#[[Vagad]]
#[[Mewat]]
#[[Braj|Brij]]
#[[Ajmer-Merwara]]

Rajasthan is divided into 41 districts within 7 [[Divisions of Rajasthan|divisions]]:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! [[Divisions of Rajasthan|Division]]
! [[Districts of Rajasthan|Districts]]
|-
|[[Ajmer division|Ajmer]]
| {{hlist |[[Ajmer District|Ajmer]] |[[Beawar district|Beawar]]|[[Nagaur District|Nagaur]] |[[Tonk District|Tonk]]|7=[[Didwana-Kuchaman district|Didwana-Kuchaman]]}}
|-
|[[Bharatpur division|Bharatpur]]
| {{hlist |[[Bharatpur District|Bharatpur]] |[[Deeg district|Deeg]] |[[Dholpur District|Dholpur]] |[[Karauli District|Karauli]] |[[Sawai Madhopur District|Sawai Madhopur]]}}
|-
|[[Bikaner division|Bikaner]]
| {{hlist |[[Bikaner District|Bikaner]] |[[Jhunjhunun district|Jhunjhunun]]|[[Sri Ganganagar district|Sri Ganganagar]] |[[Hanumangarh District|Hanumangarh]]|[[Churu district|Churu]]}}
|-
|[[Jaipur division|Jaipur]]
| {{hlist |[[Jaipur District|Jaipur]] |3=[[Alwar District|Alwar]]|4=[[Khairthal-Tijara district|Khairthal-Tijara]]|5=[[Dausa District|Dausa]]|6=[[Dudu district|Dudu]]|7=[[Kotputli-Behror district|Kotputli-Behror]]}}
|-
|[[Jodhpur division|Jodhpur]]
| {{hlist |[[Barmer District|Barmer]] |[[Jaisalmer District|Jaisalmer]] |[[Phalodi district|Phalodi]]|5=[[Jodhpur district|Jodhpur]]|6=[[Balotra district|Balotra]]|7=[[Jalore district|Jalore]]|8=[[Pali district|Pali]]|9=[[Sirohi district|Sirohi]]}}
|-
|[[Kota division|Kota]]
| {{hlist |[[Baran District|Baran]] |[[Bundi District|Bundi]] |[[Jhalawar District|Jhalawar]] |[[Kota District|Kota]]}}
|-
|[[Udaipur division|Udaipur]]
| {{hlist |[[Udaipur District|Udaipur]] |[[Salumbar district|Salumbar]]|[[Chittorgarh district|Chittorgarh]] |[[Bhilwara district|Bhilwara]]|[[Rajsamand district|Rajsamand]]|[[Banswara district|Banswara]]|8=[[Pratapgarh, Rajasthan|Pratapgarh]]|9=[[Dungarpur district|Dungarpur]]}}
|-
|}

A [[district collector]] and [[district magistrate]], who is appointed by the government from the cadre of [[Indian Administrative Service]] or [[Rajasthan Administrative Service]], administer each district. Each district is divided into subdivisions headed by a [[Sub-Divisional Magistrate]] (SDM), comprising tehsils under [[Tehsildar]]s, primarily responsible for land revenue administration.<ref>{{cite web |title=Notifications - Revenue Units |url=https://landrevenue.rajasthan.gov.in/content/landrevenuenew/en/rajasthan-revenue-department/documents/notifications-revenue-units.html |website=Government of Rajasthan, India |access-date=3 January 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Additionally, districts are further divided into [[Community development block|blocks]] for rural development administration, headed by [[Block (district subdivision)|Block Development Officers]] (BDOs). A block consists of panchayats ([[Gram panchayat|village councils]]).

[[Panchayat samiti|Panchayat Samitis]] are intermediate level panchayat between the [[District Councils of India|Zilla Parishad]] (district councils) at the district level and [[gram panchayat]] (village councils) at the lower level. These [[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayati Raj institutions]] govern rural areas of districts, with elections held every five years.<ref>{{cite web |title=State Election Commission, Rajasthan |url=https://sec.rajasthan.gov.in/About-Us.aspx |website=[[Government of Rajasthan]] |access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref>

Rajasthan has 5 cities with over one million population. The absolute urban population of the state is 17.4 million, which constitutes 24.87% of the total urban population of the state. There are 10 [[municipal corporation]]s, 34 [[municipal council]]s and 172 municipal boards or [[Nagar panchayat|nagar parishads]] in the state. [[Jaipur]], [[Jodhpur]], and [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]] have two municipal corporations each since October 2019, as their populations have exceeded 1 million.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rajasthan: Jaipur, Jodhpur and Kota to get additional municipal corporations|url=https://government.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/governance/rajasthan-jaipur-jodhpur-and-kota-to-get-additional-municipal-corporations/71670354|access-date=8 October 2020|website=ETGovernment.com|archive-date=26 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326062426/https://government.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/governance/rajasthan-jaipur-jodhpur-and-kota-to-get-additional-municipal-corporations/71670354|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Communication ==
Major internet service provider (ISP) and telecom companies are present in Rajasthan including [[Vodafone Idea]], [[BSNL]], [[Airtel]], Data Infosys Limited, [[Jio]], [[RailTel Corporation of India]], [[Software Technology Parks of India]] (STPI). Data Infosys was the first ISP to bring the internet to Rajasthan in April 1999<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-01-16/news/30631907_1_isp-email-system-family-business|title=Rajasthan's first ISP|website=timesofindia-economictimes|access-date=10 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610214934/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-01-16/news/30631907_1_isp-email-system-family-business|archive-date=10 June 2016}}</ref> and [[Airtel India|OASIS]] was the first private mobile telephone company.

== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of Rajasthan}}

[[File:PV power plants cluster Bhadla (India) develpment 2016 2018 2020.png|thumb|Timeline of the [[Bhadla Solar Park]] (India) development, the World's largest photovoltaic power plants cluster in 2020]]
Rajasthan's economy is primarily agricultural and [[pastoral]]. Wheat and [[barley]] are cultivated over large areas, as are [[pulse (legume)|pulses]], [[sugarcane]], and [[oilseed]]s. Cotton and tobacco are the state's cash crops. Rajasthan is among the largest producers of [[edible oil]]s in India and the second-largest producer of [[oilseeds]]. Rajasthan is also the biggest [[wool]]-producing state in India and the main [[opium]] producer and consumer. There are mainly two crop seasons. The water for irrigation comes from wells and tanks. The [[Indira Gandhi Canal]] irrigates northwestern Rajasthan.
[[File:Bada Bagh1.jpg|alt=|thumb|left|Wind turbines near Bada Bagh, Rajasthan.]]
The main industries are mineral based, agriculture-based, and [[textiles|textile]] based. Rajasthan is the second-largest producer of [[polyester]] fibre in India. Several prominent chemical and engineering companies are located in the city of [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]], in southern Rajasthan. Rajasthan is pre-eminent in [[quarrying]] and mining in India. The [[Taj Mahal]] was built from white marble which was mined from a town called [[Makrana]]. The state is the second-largest source of cement in India. It has rich salt deposits at [[Sambhar, Rajasthan|Sambhar]], copper mines at [[Khetri]], [[Jhunjhunu]], and [[zinc]] mines at Dariba, Zawar mines and Rampura Agucha (opencast) near [[Bhilwara]]. Dimensional stone mining is also undertaken in Rajasthan. Jodhpur [[sandstone]] is mostly used in monuments, important buildings, and residential buildings. This stone is termed as ''Chittar Patthar''. Jodhpur leads in the [[handicraft]] and [[Guar Gum|guar gum]] industries.
Rajasthan is also a part of the Mumbai-Delhi Industrial corridor set to benefit economically. The state gets 39% of the DMIC, with major districts of Jaipur, Alwar, Kota and Bhilwara benefiting.<ref>{{cite web|title=Business Opportunities|url=http://www.rajasthan.gov.in/StateProfile/BusinessOpportunities/Pages/Business-Opportunity.aspx|publisher=Government of Rajasthan|access-date=11 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140210064822/http://www.rajasthan.gov.in/StateProfile/BusinessOpportunities/Pages/Business-Opportunity.aspx|archive-date=10 February 2014}}</ref>

Rajasthan also has reserves of low-silica limestone.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rsmm.com/mininglime.htm|title=Rajasthan state mines and minerals limited|access-date=14 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180605044357/http://rsmm.com/mininglime.htm|archive-date=5 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

Rajasthan connected 100% of its population to electricity power in 2019 (raising the rate of electricity access from 71% of the population in 2015).<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Naimoli|first1=Stephen|last2=Singh|first2=Kartikeya|date=October 2019|title=Engaging with India's Electrification Agenda: Powering Rajasthan|url=https://csis-website-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/publication/191009_U.S.IndiaState_Rajasthan_v2.pdf|access-date=16 July 2020|publisher=Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS)|archive-date=16 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716171135/https://csis-website-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/publication/191009_U.S.IndiaState_Rajasthan_v2.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The renewable energy sector plays the most important role in the increase of generation capacities, with the main focus on [[solar energy]]. In 2020, [[Bhadla Solar Park]] was recognised as the largest cluster of [[Photovoltaic power station|photovoltaic power plants]] in a single region in the world, with the installed power exceeding the 2.2 gigawatt peak.

Rajasthan is also a significant producer of silver. The state produced 679.172 tonnes of silver in 2018–19, 609.153 tonnes in 2019–20, and 705.676 tonnes in 2020–21.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Indian Minerals Yearbook 2021 - Silver |url=https://ibm.gov.in/writereaddata/files/02132023162941Silver_2021.pdf |journal=Indian Bureau of Mines |date=Feb 2023| edition=60}}</ref>

== Transportation ==
Rajasthan is connected by many national highways, the most renowned being [[NH 8]], which is India's first 4–8 lane highway.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rajasthandirect.com/tourism/transportation/rajasthan-national-highways|title=Rajasthan National Highways – List of Rajasthan Roads and Highway|access-date=18 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161214193054/http://www.rajasthandirect.com/tourism/transportation/rajasthan-national-highways|archive-date=14 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Rajasthan also has an inter-city surface transport system both in terms of railways and bus network. All chief cities are connected by air, rail, and road.

===Air===
[[Jaipur International Airport]] (JAI) in Jaipur, is the state's largest, busiest and only international airport. Jaipur International Airport offers international service to [[Dubai International Airport|Dubai]], [[Don Mueang International Airport|Bangkok]], [[Sharjah International Airport|Sharjah]] and [[Muscat International Airport|Muscat]]. There are five civilian airports in Rajasthan including [[Jodhpur Airport]], [[Udaipur Airport]], [[Kishangarh Airport|Ajmer Airport]], [[Nal Airport|Bikaner Airport]] and [[Jaisalmer Airport]].<ref name="Domestic">{{cite web |title=A comprehensive guide to airports in India |url=https://www.goindigo.in/airport-directory/india.html |publisher=Indigo |access-date=28 March 2023 |archive-date=28 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328044700/https://www.goindigo.in/airport-directory/india.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Domestic airports are operated by the [[Airports Authority of India]] (AAI) and shares its airside with the Indian Air Force. These airports connect Rajasthan with the major cities of India such as Mumbai, [[Kolkata]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Chennai]] and [[Bangalore]].

=== Railway===
[[Indian Railways|Railways]] length in the state constitute 8.66 per cent of all India route length. [[Jaipur Junction railway station|Jaipur Junction]] is the headquarters of the [[North Western Railway zone|North Western Railway]].<ref name="NWR">{{cite web |title=North Western Railway / Indian Railways Portal |url=https://nwr.indianrailways.gov.in/TenderDetails_cpp.jsp?T_ID=4001&lang=0&id=0,3 |publisher=Indian Railways |access-date=9 April 2023 |archive-date=9 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409162702/https://nwr.indianrailways.gov.in/TenderDetails_cpp.jsp?T_ID=4001&lang=0&id=0,3 |url-status=live }}</ref> Jaipur, [[Ajmer Junction railway station|Ajmer]], [[Bikaner Junction railway station|Bikaner]] are the busiest railway stations in the state. [[Kota Junction railway station|Kota]] is the only electrified section served by three Rajdhani Expresses and trains to all major cities of India. [[Jaipur Superfast Express]], fastest train under [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast]] category of trains; connects the finance capital of India [[Mumbai]] to Jaipur. [[luxury train|Luxury tourist train]] [[Maharajas' Express]] runs across North-West and Central India, mainly centred on Rajasthan. There is also an international railway, the [[Thar Express]] from [[Jodhpur]] (India) to [[Karachi]] (Pakistan). However, this is not open to foreign nationals. [[Jaipur Metro]] is the metro rail system in the city of Jaipur. It is the only metro rail system in Rajasthan and has been operational since 3 June 2015. It is the first metro in India to run on triple-storey elevated road and metro track.

=== Road===
The state is served by a substantial road network, providing links between urban centres, agricultural market-places and rural areas. There are 33 [[National highways of India|national highways]] (NH) in the state, covering a total distance of {{convert|10004.14|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Highway">{{cite web |title=Development of Roads and Highways in Rajasthan |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=180858 |publisher=Ministry of Road Transport & Highways |access-date=27 March 2023 |archive-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327055753/https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=180858 |url-status=live }}</ref> The state has a total road length of {{convert|269028|km|mi|abbr=on}}. The [[Third Gehlot ministry|Department of Public Works]] is responsible for maintaining and expanding the [[List of state highways in Rajasthan|state highways]] system and major district roads. [[Jaipur–Kishangarh Expressway]] forms a segment of the [[NH-8]] which is a part of the [[Golden Quadrilateral]] project. [[Rajasthan State Road Transport Corporation]] (RSRTC) was established in 1964 to provide economical and reliable passenger road transport service in the state with connecting services to adjoining states.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rsrtc.gov.in/|title=rsrtc.gov.in|access-date=18 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112022156/http://www.rsrtc.gov.in/|archive-date=12 January 2012}}</ref> For travelling locally, the state, like most of the country, has [[auto rickshaw]]s and [[cycle rickshaw]]s. Average speed on state highways varies between {{convert|50|and(-)|60|km/h|mph}} due to the heavy presence of vehicles; in villages and towns, speeds are as low as {{cvt|25|–|30|km/h|mph}}.<ref name="Speed Limit">{{cite news |title=Speed limit on expressways |url=https://auto.hindustantimes.com/auto/news/speed-limit-on-expressways-may-be-increased-nitin-gadkari-to-discuss-proposal-41662525886957.html |access-date=9 April 2023 |work=HT Auto |agency=Hindustan Times |date=7 September 2022 |archive-date=9 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409163230/https://auto.hindustantimes.com/auto/news/speed-limit-on-expressways-may-be-increased-nitin-gadkari-to-discuss-proposal-41662525886957.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="150">
File:NIGHT - Jaipur International Airport (13-07-2022) 02.jpg|[[Jaipur International Airport]]
File:Maharajas' Express - Mayur Mahal, dining (4809207224).jpg|Maharajah's Express dining saloon
File:Jaipur 03-2016 34 Jaipur Metro.jpg|The [[Jaipur Metro]] is an important urban transportation link
File:National highway 841.jpg|[[NH 8]] between [[Udaipur]] and [[Ahmedabad]]
</gallery>

== Demographics ==
===Population===
{{See also|List of people from Rajasthan}}
{{historical populations|11=1901|12=10294090|13=1911|14=10983509|15=1921|16=10292648|17=1931|18=11747974|19=1941|20=13863859|21=1951|22=15970774|23=1961|24=20155602|25=1971|26=25765806|27=1981|28=34261862|29=1991|30=44005990|31=2001|32=56507188|33=2011|34=68548437|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html|title=Census of India Website: Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=13 December 2019|archive-date=8 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808131957/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html|url-status=live}}</ref>|align=right}}

According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Rajasthan has a total population of 68,548,437.<ref name="RjPOP" /> The state contributes to 5.66% of India's population. The population density is 201 people per square kilometre. The [[human sex ratio|sex ratio]] in 2011, at 928 women to 1000 men, was lower than the national figure of 943. The native [[Rajasthani people]] make up the majority of the state's population. The state of Rajasthan is also populated by [[Sindhi people|Sindhis]], who came to Rajasthan from [[Sindh province]] (now in [[Pakistan]]) during the India-Pakistan separation in 1947.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html|title=Census of India|access-date=21 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913045700/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html|archive-date=13 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

Brahmins, according to ''[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]'' constituted 8% to 10% of the population of Rajasthan as per a 2003 report, but only 7% in a 2007 report.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/distribution-of-brahmin-population/220442|title=Distribution Of Brahmin Population|date=16 June 2003|work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]|access-date=7 December 2019|archive-date=6 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806145222/https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/distribution-of-brahmin-population/220442|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/brahmins-in-india/234783|title=Brahmins in India|date=4 June 2007|work=Outlook|access-date=8 December 2019|archive-date=30 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730051814/https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/brahmins-in-india/234783|url-status=live}}</ref> According to a 2007 ''[[DNA India]]'' report, 12.5% of the state are Brahmins.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-rajasthan-s-brahmins-now-seek-job-quotas-1106039|title=Rajasthan's Brahmins now seek job quotas|date=26 June 2007|work=DNA India|access-date=7 December 2019|language=en|archive-date=6 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206204733/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-rajasthan-s-brahmins-now-seek-job-quotas-1106039|url-status=live}}</ref> According to a report by ''[[Moneycontrol.com]]'' at the time of [[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]], the [[Scheduled Caste]] (SC) population was 18%, [[Scheduled Tribe]] (ST) was 13%, [[Jats]] 12%, [[Gurjars]] and [[Rajputs]] 9% each, [[Brahmin]]s and [[Meena]]s 7% each.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Handa |first1=Aakriti |title=Rajasthan Assembly Polls 2018: The caste dynamics in the state and the race for reservations |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/politics/rajasthan-assembly-polls-2018-the-caste-dynamics-in-the-state-and-the-race-for-reservations-3086771.html |access-date=27 March 2020 |work=Moneycontrol |date=25 October 2018 |archive-date=27 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327114437/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/politics/rajasthan-assembly-polls-2018-the-caste-dynamics-in-the-state-and-the-race-for-reservations-3086771.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' report from 2019 also agrees to the total ST population of 13%, of which [[Meenas]] constitute the biggest group at 7%.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Goswami |first1=Rakesh |title=In Rajasthan, tribal body acts as family court for ST couples |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/in-rajasthan-a-tribal-organization-not-courts-gives-divorce-decrees/story-kAU0nQnORMI5O80aVMeMdJ.html |access-date=7 April 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=7 July 2019 |language=en |archive-date=6 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220406143759/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/in-rajasthan-a-tribal-organization-not-courts-gives-divorce-decrees/story-kAU0nQnORMI5O80aVMeMdJ.html |url-status=live }}</ref> According to a [[Deutsche Welle]] report, the Jats constitute 12–15% of the population of Rajasthan, followed by Meenas with 10% and Gurjars with 6%.<ref>{{cite news |title=आखिर क्यों भड़कते हैं आरक्षण के आंदोलन {{!}} DW {{!}} 12 February 2019 |url=https://www.dw.com/hi/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82-%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82-%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8/a-47474059 |access-date=12 May 2022 |work=Deutsche Welle |language=hi |archive-date=12 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512132458/https://www.dw.com/hi/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82-%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82-%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8/a-47474059 |url-status=live }}</ref> While as per a 2007 [[BBC Hindi]] report, Meenas were 14% and Gurjars were 4% of the state's population.<ref>{{cite news |title=वसुंधरा के लिए सांप छछूंदर वाली स्थिति |url=https://www.bbc.com/hindi/regionalnews/story/2007/06/printable/070602_rajasthan_analysis |access-date=12 May 2022 |work=BBC |date=June 2007 |language=hi |archive-date=12 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512175020/https://www.bbc.com/hindi/regionalnews/story/2007/06/printable/070602_rajasthan_analysis |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{Bar chart
| title=Largest cities of Rajasthan by population
| label_type=City |data_type=Population
| bar_width=35 |width_units=em |data_max=3,500,000
| label1=[[Jaipur]] |data1=3,073,349
| label2=[[Jodhpur]] |data2=1,138,300
| label3=[[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]] |data3=1,001,694
| label4=[[Bikaner]] |data4= 647,804
| label5=[[Ajmer]] |data5= 551,101
| label6=[[Udaipur]] |data6= 474,531
| label7=[[Bhilwara]] |data7= 360,009
| label8=[[Alwar]] |data8= 341,422
| label9=[[Bharatpur, Rajasthan|Bharatpur]] |data9= 252,838
| label10=[[Sri Ganganagar]] |data10= 249,914
}}

=== Language ===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Languages of Rajasthan (2011)<ref name="census2011-langreport">{{cite web |title=Language – India, States and Union Territories |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf |work=Census of India 2011 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General |pages=13–14 |access-date=22 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114073412/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf |archive-date=14 November 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|label1 = [[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]] |value1 = 36.88 |color1 = red
|label2 = [[Hindi]] |value2 = 27.34 |color2 = orange
|label3 = [[Marwari language|Marwari]] |value3 = 9.05 |color3 = maroon
|label4 = [[Mewari language|Mewari]] |value4 = 6.1 |color4 = pink
|label5 = [[Wagdi]] |value5 = 5.54 |color5 = darkviolet
|label6 = [[Hadauti language|Hadauti]] |value6 = 4.29 |color6 = indianred
|label7 = [[Dhundari language|Dhundari]] |value7 = 2.15 |color7 = sienna
|label8 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] |value8 = 1.68 |color8 = gold
|label9 = [[Braj Bhasha]] |value9 = 1.19 |color9 = wheat
|label10 = [[Bagri language|Bagri]] |value10 = 1.03 |color10 = goldenrod
|label11 = Others |value11 = 4.75 |color11 = Grey
}}

[[Hindi]] is the official language of the state, while [[English language|English]] is the additional official language.<ref name="Language"/>

The languages of Rajasthan primarily belong to the [[Rajasthani languages|Rajasthani group]] of [[Indo-Aryan languages]], which most people regard as their own language. In the north are dialects of [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and [[Bagri language|Bagri]], which is a transition between Rajasthani and Punjabi. In the northeast [[Shekhawati language|Shekhawati]] and [[Dhundari language|Dhundari]] are spoken which gradually merge with [[Haryanvi language|Haryanvi]]. In the east [[Mewati language|Mewati]] is spoken in the [[Mewat|Mewat region]], while in the far east [[Braj Bhasha|Braj]] is spoken.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yogesh |first=Kumar, Ritesh Lahiri, Bornini Alok, Deepak Ojha, Atul Kr. Jain, Mayank Basit, Abdul Dawer |title=Automatic Identification of Closely-related Indian Languages: Resources and Experiments |date=26 March 2018 |oclc=1228352635 }}</ref> To the southeast Haryanvi is spoken. To the west in the heart of the Thar Desert [[Marwari language|Marwari]] is spoken, which merges to [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] in the southwest. In the south, in the [[Mewar]] region, [[Mewari language|Mewari]] is spoken, while in the hills of [[Vagad|Wagad]], [[Wagdi]], a [[Bhil languages|Bhil language]], is spoken. Many speakers of Rajasthani languages refer to their language as Hindi, and Standard Hindi is the medium of education and is common in cities. [[Urdu]] is also common in cities although the vast majority of Muslims speak one of the Rajasthani languages as their first language. [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] is also common in the cities and along the border with Sindh in Pakistan where [[Dhatki language|Dhatki]], a transition between Marwari and Sindhi, is the main dialect on both sides of the border.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dhatki — Ethnologue Language Profile |publisher=Ethnologue |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/dht/ |access-date=13 April 2026}}</ref>
The literacy rate of Rajasthan was 66.11% according to the [[2011 census of India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Chapter-3 (Literates and Literacy Rate) - Rajasthan |url=https://rajasthan.census.gov.in/pca_2011_final_data/pca_chapter_3.pdf |page=46 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India |access-date=19 November 2025}}</ref>

The languages taught under the [[three-language formula]] are:<ref>{{cite web|title=51st Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM51stReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|date=15 July 2015|access-date=15 February 2018|page=44|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216025959/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM51stReport.pdf|archive-date=16 February 2018}}</ref>

*First language: Hindi
*Second language: English
*Third language: Gujarati, Punjabi, [[Sanskrit]], Sindhi or Urdu

===Religion===
Rajasthan's residents are mainly [[Hindus]], who account for 88.49% of the population. [[Rajasthani Muslims|Muslims]] make up 9.07%, [[Sikhs]] 1.27% and [[Jainism|Jains]] 0.91% of the population.
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religion in Rajasthan (2011)<ref name="census2011">{{cite web|title=Population by religion community – 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=Census of India, 2011|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825155850/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|archive-date=25 August 2015}}</ref>
|label1 = [[Hinduism]]
|color1 = DarkOrange
|value1 = 88.50
|label2 = [[Rajasthani Muslims|Islam]]
|color2 = Green
|value2 = 9.07
|label3 = [[Sikhism]]
|color3 = Yellow
|value3 = 1.27
|label4 = [[Jainism in Rajasthan|Jainism]] |color4 = brown |value4 = 0.91
|label5 = [[Christianity]] |color5 = Blue |value5 = 0.14
|label6 = [[Buddhism]] |color6 = Gold |value6 = 0.02
|label7 = Other religions
|color7 = Gray
|value7 = 0.10
}}

== Culture ==
{{Main|Culture of Rajasthan}}

{{Rajasthanis}}

=== Food ===
[[File:Rajasthani food.jpg|thumb|Rajasthani food]]
[[Rajasthani cuisine|Rajasthani cooking]] was influenced by both the war-like lifestyles of its inhabitants and the availability of ingredients in this arid region. Food that could last for several days and could be eaten without heating was preferred. Thus, pickles of Rajasthan are quite famous for their tangy and spicy flavour. The ''Panchkuta'' delicacy is also a famous one – meaning 5 vegetables – a dish that lasts for several days, and is made out of certain weed plants that only grow in the wild desert. The scarcity of water and fresh green vegetables have all had their effect on cooking. It is known for its snacks like [[Bikaneri Bhujia]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=It's one of India's tastiest snacks. But there's only one place you can sample the real thing |url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/bikaneri-bhujia-indian-snack-rajasthan-intl-hnk/index.html |website=CNN |date=12 September 2022 |access-date=21 April 2023 |archive-date=21 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421080311/https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/bikaneri-bhujia-indian-snack-rajasthan-intl-hnk/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Other famous dishes include ''bajre ki roti'' (millet bread) and ''lahsun ki chutney'' (hot garlic paste), ''mawa kachori'' [[Mirchi Bada]], [[Pyaaj Kachori]] and [[ghevar]] from Jodhpur, [[Alwar]] ka Mawa (milk cake),<ref>{{Cite news |title=In search of Alwar Ka Kalakand |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/in-search-of-alwar-ka-kalakand/article4884208.ece |website=The Hindu |date=6 July 2013 |access-date=21 April 2023 |archive-date=21 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421080311/https://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/in-search-of-alwar-ka-kalakand/article4884208.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Kadhi kachori'' from Ajmer, ''Malpua'' from Pushkar, Daal [[kachori]] (Kota kachori) from Kota and rassgullas from Bikaner.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cuisine of Rajasthan |publisher=Rajasthan Tourism, Government of Rajasthan |url=https://www.rajasthantourism.gov.in/cuisine-of-rajasthan.html |access-date=13 April 2026}}</ref> Originating from the [[Marwar]] region of the state is the concept of [[Marwari Bhojnalaya]] or vegetarian restaurants, today found in many parts of India, which offer vegetarian food popular among [[Marwari people]]. Ghee is an essential ingredient in most Rajasthani cuisines, and dollops of ghee are poured over food as a welcoming gesture for guests.[[File:Rajasthani Dish.jpg|alt=|thumb|Dal Bati Choorma, a traditional Rajasthani Dish]] [[Dal baati|Dal-baati-churma]] is very popular in Rajasthan. The traditional way to serve it is to first coarsely mash the baati, and then pour pure ghee on top of it. It is served with daal (lentils) and spicy garlic chutney; it is also served with besan (gram flour) ki kadi. It is commonly served at all festivities, including religious occasions, wedding ceremonies, and birthday parties in Rajasthan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TBI Food Secrets: The Fascinating History Behind Rajasthan's Traditional Dish Dal Baati Churma |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/73751/story-dal-baati-churma-rajasthan/ |website=The better India |date=2 November 2016 |access-date=21 April 2023 |archive-date=21 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421080315/https://www.thebetterindia.com/73751/story-dal-baati-churma-rajasthan/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Music and dance ===
{{Main|Music of Rajasthan|Folk dances of Rajasthan}}

The [[Ghoomar]] dance from Jaipur, Jodhpur, and [[Kalbelia]] of the Kalbelia tribe has gained international recognition.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghoomar Dance – Folk Dance of Rajasthan |url=https://www.rajasthandirect.com/culture/dance/ghoomar |website=Rajasthan direct |access-date=21 April 2023 |archive-date=5 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205040103/https://www.rajasthandirect.com/culture/dance/ghoomar |url-status=live }}</ref> Folk music is a large part of the Rajasthani culture. The [[Manganiyar]], [[Meena]] and [[Langha (tribe)|Langa]] communities from Rajasthan are notable for their folk music. [[Kathputli (puppetry)|Kathputli]], [[Bhopa]], Chang, Teratali, Ghindr, [[Gair dance]], Kachchhi Ghori, and [[Tejaji]] are examples of traditional Rajasthani culture.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajasthan: अपनी परंपरा और संस्कृति को दर्शाते हैं राजस्थान के ये 8 लोक नृत्य, देशभर में रखते हैं अलग पहचान |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/rajasthan/rajasthan-news-these-are-the-8-famous-folk-dance-of-rajasthan-know-about-them-2216926 |website=Abp live |date=16 September 2022 |access-date=21 April 2023 |archive-date=21 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421080750/https://www.abplive.com/states/rajasthan/rajasthan-news-these-are-the-8-famous-folk-dance-of-rajasthan-know-about-them-2216926 |url-status=live }}</ref> Folk songs are commonly ballads that relate heroic deeds and love stories; and religious or devotional songs known as ''bhajans'' and ''banis'' which are often accompanied by musical instruments like [[dholak]], [[sitar]], and [[sarangi]] are also sung.

=== Art ===
[[File:Vintage Textile Art Shawl Odhana Textile from Rajasthan, courtesy The Wovensouls collection, Singapore.jpg|thumb|Vintage Textile Art Shawl Odhana Textile with traditional motifs from Rajasthan, courtesy The Wovensouls collection, Singapore]]
Rajasthan is known for its traditional, colourful art. The block prints, tie and dye prints, [[Gota (embroidery)|gota patti]] (main), Bagaru prints, Sanganer prints, and [[Zari]] embroidery are major export products from Rajasthan. Handicraft items like wooden furniture and crafts, carpets, and blue pottery are commonly found here.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Handicraft in Rajasthan |url=https://www.rajasthantourstoindia.com/handicraft-in-rajasthan |access-date=21 April 2023 |archive-date=21 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421081149/https://www.rajasthantourstoindia.com/handicraft-in-rajasthan |url-status=live }}</ref> Shopping reflects the colourful culture, Rajasthani clothes have a lot of mirror work and embroidery. Traditional Rajasthani dress for females consists of an ankle-length skirt and a short top, known as ''[[chaniya choli]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Women's Traditional Dress |url=https://theculturetrip.com/asia/india/articles/an-introduction-to-rajasthans-traditional-dress/ |website=The culture trip |date=26 March 2018 |access-date=21 April 2023 |archive-date=21 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421081149/https://theculturetrip.com/asia/india/articles/an-introduction-to-rajasthans-traditional-dress/ |url-status=live }}</ref> A piece of cloth is used to cover the head, both for protection from heat and maintenance of modesty. Rajasthani dresses are usually designed in bright colours such as blue, yellow, and orange.

== Education ==
{{See also|List of institutions of higher education in Rajasthan|University of Rajasthan}}
[[File:NIIT University.jpg|alt=|thumb|NIIT University in Neemrana, Rajasthan]]
In recent years, Rajasthan has worked on improving education. The state government has been making sustained efforts to raise the education standard.

Schools in the state are either managed by the government or by private trusts. The medium of instruction in most of the schools is mainly English, or Hindi. Under the [[10+2+3 plan]], after completing secondary school, students typically enroll for two years in a [[junior college]], also known as pre-university, or in schools with a higher secondary facility affiliated with the [[Board of Secondary Education, Rajasthan|Board of Secondary Education]] or any central board. Students choose from one of three streams, namely [[liberal arts]], commerce, or science. Upon completing the required coursework, students may enrol in general or professional degree programs. The secondary schools are affiliated with the [[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations]] (CISCE), the [[Central Board of Secondary Education|Central Board for Secondary Education (CBSE)]], and the [[National Institute of Open Schooling|National Institute of Open School (NIOS)]].

Rajasthan has 52 universities, 26 state funded public universities, 7 [[deemed universities]], an [[Indian Institutes of Technology|IIT]] in Jodhpur, an [[Indian Institute of Management Udaipur|IIM]] in [[Udaipur]], an [[Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur|NIT]] in Jaipur, a [[National Law University, Jodhpur|National Law University]] in Jodhpur, and one central and state-run university.<ref name="Universities">{{cite web |title=List of State Funded Universities |url=https://rajbhawan.rajasthan.gov.in/content/rajbhawan/en/highereducation/listofsfus.html |publisher=Raj Bhawan, Rajasthan |access-date=9 April 2023 |archive-date=9 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409170420/https://rajbhawan.rajasthan.gov.in/content/rajbhawan/en/highereducation/listofsfus.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Educational">{{cite news |last1=Saroha |first1=Sakshi |title=Maximum number of universities in Rajasthan, colleges in UP: AISHE Report |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/rajasthan-up-maximum-universities-ladakh-least-aishe-report-8412285/ |access-date=9 April 2023 |work=Indian Express |agency=Indian Express Group |date=3 February 2023 |archive-date=9 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409171919/https://indianexpress.com/article/education/rajasthan-up-maximum-universities-ladakh-least-aishe-report-8412285/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]], is renowned for being a hub for training students in various national-level competitive exams that are necessary for securing admission to engineering and medical colleges across the country. In order to promote a reading culture among the rural population, the state has established new libraries up to the [[Panchayati raj|panchayat]] level and computerised all public libraries throughout the state, providing modern amenities to readers and subscriber.<ref name="Libraries">{{cite web |title=Libraries |url=https://rajasthan.gov.in/Libraries.aspx?menu_id=36 |publisher=Government of Rajasthan |access-date=9 April 2023 |archive-date=9 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409175255/https://rajasthan.gov.in/Libraries.aspx?menu_id=36 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Literacy ===
In recent decades the [[literacy]] rate of Rajasthan has increased significantly. In 1991, the state's literacy rate was only 38.55% (54.99% male and 20.44% female). In 2001, the literacy rate increased to 60.41% (75.70% male and 43.85% female). This was the highest leap in the percentage of literacy recorded in India (the rise in female literacy being 23%).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rajliteracy.org/Literacy.html|title=Directorate of Literacy and Continuing Education: Government of Rajasthan|publisher=Rajliteracy.org|access-date=5 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323190159/http://www.rajliteracy.org/Literacy.html|archive-date=23 March 2012}}</ref> At the Census 2011, Rajasthan had a literacy rate of 67.06% (80.51% male and 52.66% female). Although Rajasthan's literacy rate is below the national average of 74.04% and although its female literacy rate is the lowest in the country, the state has been praised for its efforts and achievements in raising literacy rates.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/news/81-rajasthan-literacy-rate-now-67-06-census-data.html |title=Rajasthan literacy rate now 67.06: Census Data | Census 2011 Indian Population |website=Census2011.co.in |date=27 April 2011 |access-date=5 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323190200/http://www.census2011.co.in/news/81-rajasthan-literacy-rate-now-67-06-census-data.html |archive-date=23 March 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://infopiper.com/2012/2011/rajasthan-population-2011-growth-rate-literacy-sex-ratio-in-census-2011/|title=Rajasthan Population 2011 – Growth rate, literacy, sex ratio in Census 2011 "2011 Updates" InfoPiper|website=Infopiper.com|access-date=5 June 2012|archive-date=23 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323190211/http://infopiper.com/2012/2011/rajasthan-population-2011-growth-rate-literacy-sex-ratio-in-census-2011/}}</ref>

In rural areas of Rajasthan, the literacy rate is 76.16% for males and 45.8% for females. This has been debated across all the party levels, when the governor of Rajasthan set a minimum educational qualification for the village panchayat elections.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/rajasthan-governor-fixes-minimum-education-qualifications-for-panchayat-polls/|title=Rajasthan Governor fixes minimum education qualifications for Panchayat polls|date=22 December 2014|work=The Indian Express|access-date=16 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707035259/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/rajasthan-governor-fixes-minimum-education-qualifications-for-panchayat-polls/|archive-date=7 July 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.insightsonindia.com/2015/01/06/lok-sabha-tv-insights-educational-qualification-and-elections/|title=Lok Sabha TV Insights: Educational Qualification and Elections|work=INSIGHTS|access-date=16 June 2015|date=6 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150408000218/http://www.insightsonindia.com/2015/01/06/lok-sabha-tv-insights-educational-qualification-and-elections/|archive-date=8 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Rajasthan Education|url=http://www.rajshikshaorder.in/|website=Rajshiksha|access-date=18 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151205024234/http://www.rajshikshaorder.in/|archive-date=5 December 2015}}</ref>

== Tourism ==
{{Main|Tourism in Rajasthan}}

[[File:Man in Rajasthan - Kristian Bertel.jpg|thumb|Man in Rajasthan, India.]]
Rajasthan attracted a total of 45.9 million domestic and 1.6 million foreign tourists in 2017, which is the tenth highest in terms of domestic visitors and fifth highest in foreign tourists.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tourism.gov.in/sites/default/files/Other/INDIA%20TOURISM%20STATISTICS%202017.pdf#page=20|title=Tourist Visited in India 2017|website=tourism.gov.in|language=en-IN|access-date=24 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127154409/http://tourism.gov.in/sites/default/files/Other/INDIA%20TOURISM%20STATISTICS%202017.pdf#page=20|archive-date=27 November 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The tourism industry in Rajasthan is growing effectively each year and is becoming one of the major income sources for the state government.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Raina |first1=A. K. |last2=Agarwal |first2=S. K. |title=The Essence of Tourism Development: Dynamics, Philosophy, and Strategies |date=2004 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=978-81-7625-527-1 |page=264 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TKPM6MAozzwC&pg=PA264 |language=en |quote=important source of tax revenue and total revenue of the state government of Rajasthan besides the income creation and employment generation}}</ref> Rajasthan is home to many attractions for domestic and foreign travellers, including the forts and palaces of [[Jaipur]], the lakes of [[Udaipur]], the temples of [[Rajsamand]] and [[Pali, Rajasthan|Pali]], sand dunes of [[Jaisalmer]] and [[Bikaner]], Havelis of [[Mandawa]] and [[Fatehpur, Rajasthan|Fatehpur]], the wildlife of [[Sawai Madhopur Wildlife Sanctuary|Sawai Madhopur]], the scenery of [[Mount Abu]], the tribes of [[Dungarpur]] and [[Banswara]], and the cattle fair of [[Pushkar]].

Rajasthan is known for its customs, [[culture]], colours, majestic forts, and palaces, [[Folk dances of Rajasthan|folk dances]] and music, local festivals, local food, sand dunes, carved temples and [[Haveli]]s.{{citation needed|date=August 2021}} Rajasthan's Jaipur [[Jantar Mantar]], [[Mehrangarh Fort]] and [[Stepwell]] of [[Jodhpur]], [[Dilwara Temples]], [[Chittor Fort]], [[Lake Palace]], miniature paintings in [[Bundi]], and numerous city palaces and Havelis are part of the architectural heritage of India. Jaipur, the ''Pink City'', is noted for the ancient houses made of a type of sandstone dominated by a pink hue. In Jodhpur, most houses are painted blue.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/why-is-jodhpur-known-as-the-blue-city/as33916125.cms|title=Why is Jodhpur Known as the Blue City?|website=Times of India|language=en-IN|access-date=2 November 2019|archive-date=31 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031133049/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/why-is-jodhpur-known-as-the-blue-city/as33916125.cms|url-status=live |last1=Forster |first1=Stuart}}</ref> At [[Ajmer]], there is white marble Bara-dari on the [[Anasagar]] lake and [[Soniji Ki Nasiyan]]. [[Jain Temples]] dot Rajasthan from north to south and east to west. [[Dilwara Temples]] of Mount Abu, [[Shrinathji]] Temple of Nathdwara, [[Ranakpur Jain temple]] dedicated to Lord [[Rishabhanatha|Adinath]] in [[Pali District]], Jain temples in the fort complexes of [[Chittor]], Jaisalmer and [[Kumbhalgarh]], [[Lodhruva|Lodurva]] Jain temples, [[Mirpur Jain Temple]] of [[Sirohi]], Sarun Mata Temple at [[Kotputli]], Bhandasar and Karni Mata Temple of [[Bikaner]] and [[Mandore]] of [[Jodhpur]] are some of the best examples.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tourism.rajasthan.gov.in/tourist-destinations|title=Tourist Places to Visit in Rajasthan – Rajasthan Tourism|website=tourism.rajasthan.gov.in|language=en-IN|access-date=16 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116040352/http://tourism.rajasthan.gov.in/tourist-destinations|archive-date=16 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Keoladeo National Park]], [[Ranthambore National Park]], [[Sariska Tiger Reserve]], [[Tal Chhapar Sanctuary]], are wildlife attractions of Rajasthan. Mewar festival of Udaipur, [[Teej festival]] and [[Gangaur]] festival in Jaipur, [[Rajasthan desert festival|Desert festival]] of Jodhpur, Brij Holi of Bharatpur, Matsya festival of Alwar, [[Kite festival]] of Jodhpur, Kolayat fair in Bikaner are some of the most popular fairs and festivals of Rajasthan.

<gallery mode="packed" heights="125">
File:Camel rides in Thar desert.jpg|Camel rides in [[Thar desert]]

File:Temples at Pushkar Lake.jpg|[[Pushkar Lake]] and Ghat
File:Bhavai is a genre of folk dance popular in Rajasthan. The male or female performers balance a number of earthen pots while dancing.jpg|[[Kalbelia]], a folk dance popular in Rajasthan
File:Demoiselle cranes in Khichan near Bikaner (Rajasthan).jpg|[[Demoiselle crane]]s in [[Khichan]] near [[Bikaner]]
File:Hawa Mahal 2011.jpg|[[Hawa Mahal]], [[Jaipur]]
File:20191219 Fort Amber, Amer, Jaipur 0955 9481.jpg|[[Amber Fort]] as seen from the bank of Maotha Lake, Jaigarh Fort on the hills in the background
File:Nakki Lake during daytime.JPG|[[Nakki Lake]], [[Mount Abu]]
File:Mehrangarh Fort.jpg|[[Mehrangarh Fort]]
File:Kalpavruksha page.jpg|Delicate marble carving at [[Dilwara Temples]]
File:Lake Pichola (1580558921).jpg|[[Lake Palace]], [[Udaipur]]
File:Kirti Stambha of Fort of Chittaur -Chittaurgarh -Rajasthan -IMG 8307.jpg|Kirti Stambha of [[Chittor Fort]]
File:A tiger in Ranthambore National Park (2016).jpg|Tiger at [[Ranthambore National Park]]
File:Jaipur 03-2016 39 Jal Mahal - Water Palace.jpg|[[Jal Mahal]], [[Jaipur]]
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Outline of Rajasthan]]
* [[North India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* Bhattacharya, Manoshi. 2008. ''The Royal Rajputs: Strange Tales and Stranger Truths''. Rupa & Co, New Delhi.
* Gahlot, Sukhvirsingh. 1992. ''RAJASTHAN: Historical & Cultural''. J. S. Gahlot Research Institute, Jodhpur.
* Somani, Ram Vallabh. 1993. ''History of Rajasthan''. Jain Pustak Mandir, Jaipur.
* Tod, James & Crooke, William. 1829. ''Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan or the Central and Western Rajpoot States of India,''. Numerous reprints, including 3 Vols. Reprint: Low Price Publications, Delhi. 1990. {{ISBN|81-85395-68-3}} (set of 3 vols.)
* Mathur, P.C., 1995. ''Social and Economic Dynamics of Rajasthan Politics'' (Jaipur, Aaalekh)

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|Rajasthan|voy=Rajasthan}}

===Government===
* [http://rajasthan.gov.in/ Official Site of the Government of Rajasthan, India]
* [http://tourism.rajasthan.gov.in/ Official Tourism Site of Rajasthan, India]

===General information===
* {{OSM relation|1942920}}
* The Modern Endangered Archives Program [https://meap.library.ucla.edu/projects/rupayan-sansthan-india Hereditary Music of Western Rajasthan] collection is available through the UCLA Library.

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{{Rajasthan}}
{{Districts of Rajasthan}}
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[[Category:Rajasthan| ]]
[[Category:North India|*]]
[[Category:States and union territories of India]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1950]]
[[Category:1950 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Northwest India]]

List of Indian Bengali films of 1960

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Himvanta: redirect

#REDIRECT [[List of Indian Bengali films of the 1960s]]{{Redirect category shell|{{R from merge}}{{R from history}}}}

OfRo

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Himvanta: starting a stub...

{{Short description|Indian musician}}
{{COI|date=September 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox person 
| name = ofRo
| image = OfRo aka Rohith Abraham.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1987|07|19}}
| birth_place =
| spouse =
| children =
| father =
| module = {{Infobox musical artist
| embed = yes
| genre =
| occupation = {{hlist|Record producer|songwriter|singer}}
| instrument = {{hlist|keyboard/piano|[[synths]]}}
| years_active =
| label = Atti Culture
| associated_acts = {{hlist|Asal Kolaar|[[Arivu]]|Durai|Paal Dabba|Kelithee|[[Tenma (musician)|Tenma]]|[[Santhosh Narayanan]]|Sandy|[[Dinesh Kanagaratnam|ADK]]|Roshan Jamrock|Madan Gowri|Psychomantra|Ben Human|[[The Casteless Collective]]}}
}}
}}

'''Rohith Abraham''' (born 19 July 1987), known professionally as '''ofRo''', is an Indian record producer, singer and songwriter who has worked with Asal Kolaar, [[Arivu]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.edexlive.com/people/2019/mar/26/the-therukural-story-how-arivu-met-ofro-and-rapped-about-periyar-politics-and-parai-isai-5608.html|title=The Therukural Story: How Arivu met OfRo and rapped about Periyar, Politics and Parai isai|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2020-04-29}}</ref> Durai, Paal Dabba, Kelithee, [[Tenma (musician)|Tenma]], [[Santhosh Narayanan]], Sandy, [[Dinesh Kanagaratnam|ADK]], Roshan Jamrock, Madan Gowri, RICH ,Psychomantra, Ben Human, and [[The Casteless Collective]], among others. He is the co-founder of Atti Culture,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=T. N. M. |date=2022-01-10 |title=Asal Kolaar and OfRo's Tamil single Jorthaale clocks 10 million views on YouTube |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/asal-kolaar-and-ofro-s-tamil-single-jorthaale-clocks-10-million-views-youtube-159675 |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> a record label and production company & Madras Medai,<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/rohith-abraham-80283130/|title=Linked in|last=Abraham|first=Rohith|date=30 April 2020|website=Linked In|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Citation|title=Madras Medai {{!}} PA.Ranjith {{!}} Press Meet {{!}} Prime Cinema|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xigl6UhsLoI|language=en|access-date=2020-04-29}}</ref> a music festival and conference focusing on the growth of independent music in [[South India]].

== Early years ==
Rohith was born in Chennai, India, and grew up there. He started playing piano at the age of 7 and began learning on electronic instruments soon after. He began taking music seriously in 2005 with his band [[Nerverek]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/the-nerverek-diaries/1134419/|title=The NerveRek Diaries – Indian Express|website=archive.indianexpress.com|access-date=2020-04-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianbands.wordpress.com/2007/11/19/nerverekchennai/|title=Nerverek(Chennai)|date=2007-11-19|website=Indian Rock N Metal Music Rulzzz...|language=en|access-date=2020-04-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Kamath|first=Sudhish|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/The-Previous-Band-ensp/article11642974.ece|title=The Previous Band &ensp;|date=2009-11-09|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-04-29|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Career ==
In 2014, he began his career working for [[Harris Jayaraj]] as an additional programmer for the movie [[Yennai Arindhaal (soundtrack)|Yennai Arindhaal]].<ref name=":1" />

In 2017, he began his independent music career with his first music video, October Maadham, which featured Instagram model Sameea Bangera, Directed by Ken Royson.<ref name=":1" />

In 2019, he wrote and produced the critically acclaimed, ''[[Therukural]]'', a Tamil hiphop album with Tamil rapper [[Arivu]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.kalaignarseithigal.com/article/therukkural-kallamouni-album/95f4ccfe-f01d-48ce-ad96-efd9815f6800|title = தமிழ் ஹிப்ஹாப் பாடல்களுக்கு அரசியல் முகம் கொடுத்திருக்கும் 'தெருக்குரல்'!}}</ref> featuring Tenma and Roshan Jamrock.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite news|last=Tagat|first=Anurag|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/speaking-truth-to-power-with-arivu-and-ofro/article28795328.ece|title=Speaking truth to power with Arivu and ofRO|date=2019-08-02|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-04-29|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/therukural-arivu-ofro-brilliant-tamil-hiphop-album-104379|title=Therukural, a brilliant tamil hiphop album|last=Shekar|first=Anjana|date=27 June 2019|website=www.thenewsminute.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-04-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.edexlive.com/news/2019/jul/02/from-anti-indian-to-asifa-how-therukural-has-changed-the-face-of-tamil-hip-hop-forever-6830.html|title=From Anti-Indian to Asifa, how Therukural has changed the face of Tamil hip hop forever|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2020-04-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gqindia.com/get-smart/content/gq-spoke-to-the-millennials-who-are-determined-to-change-the-way-we-think-about-caste|title=GQ spoke to the millennials who are determined to change the way we think about caste|website=GQ India|date=6 September 2019|language=en-IN|access-date=2020-04-29}}</ref> The album touched topics of caste and class divide in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/more-lifestyle/wake-up-songs-across-the-south-bands-are-using-folk-to-rock-the-boat/story-TCcb4EcKZyv1EAbqi7MQKO.html|title=Wake-up songs: Across the south, bands are using folk to rock the boat|date=2019-11-09|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2020-04-29}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /> The album was highly acclaimed, featured in Rolling Stone India as the top ten Indian albums in 2019<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/10-best-indian-albums-of-2019/|title=10 Best Indian Albums of 2019 -|date=2019-12-31|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-29}}</ref> and 5 most politically conscious hiphop in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/5-new-politically-conscious-hip-hop-songs-election-season/|title=5 New Politically Conscious Hip-Hop Songs Out This Election Season -|date=2019-04-24|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-29}}</ref> Arivu and ofRo performed their first song, Anti Indian at Madras Medai in 2018.<ref>{{Citation|title=Arivu x ofRO {{!}} Anti Indian {{!}} Madras Medai {{!}} Tamil Album Song Live {{!}} Therukural|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ldVe-28DVsQ|language=en|access-date=2020-04-29}}</ref> He founded Therukural with Arivu, as community for artists and creatives. They would gather with hundreds of young artists, songwriters, beatboxers and more, at public parks to share ideas, songs and more.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.redbull.com/in-en/ofro-arivu-therukural-hip-hop-album|title=ofRo, Arivu and the genome for politically-conscious Tamil hip-hop|website=Red Bull|language=en|access-date=2020-04-29}}</ref> ofRo's slick production is apparent in songs like Kalla Mouni and Anti Indian.<ref name=":4" />

He met [[Dinesh Kanagaratnam|ADK]], a Sri Lankan rapper in Harris Jayaraj's studio in 2015, but it wasn't until 4 years later when they would work together on a song called Lityananda – a satirical piece commenting on self proclaimed godmen.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kumar|first=Pradeep|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sri-lankan-hip-hop-artiste-adk-lityananda-is-not-nithyananda/article31226903.ece|title=Sri Lankan hip hop artiste ADK: 'Lityananda is not Nithyananda'|date=2020-04-01|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-04-29|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Along with co-founder and music director, Tenma, he curates Madras Medai, a premier South Indian independent music festival with the aim to build an ecosystem for future independent artists.<ref name=":2" /> Madras Medai was first conducted at CSI Bains School on 19 May 2018. It featured performances by artists like Dopeadelicz, Dharavi United, [[Sunshine Orchestra]], Siennor, Othasevuru, Jatayu, Arivu x ofRo, [[The Casteless Collective]], [[Chinnaponnu|Chinna Ponnu]] and Paul Jacob.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news|last=Sriram|first=Abhinaya|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/madras-meda-indie-music-concert/article23949846.ece|title=Madras Medai: on stage, everyone's equal|date=2018-05-21|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-04-29|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/050518/madras-medai.html|title=Madras medai|last=Subramanian|first=Anupama|date=2018-05-05|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|access-date=2020-04-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Sriram|first=Jayant|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/a-personal-and-political-act/article26548154.ece|title=A personal and political act: on Chennai's Casteless Collective|date=2019-03-16|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-04-29|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In 2019, Atti Culture was founded as an independent record label. The label focuses on nurturing and promoting up-and-coming Tamil talent. Known for its innovative approach to artist development and emphasis on creative freedom, Atti Culture has quickly gained a reputation for being a leading force in the modern music landscape of South India.

ofRo quickly garnered attention for his songs with singer songwriter rapper Asal Kolaar. Jorthaale and Adi Odi became mainstream hits. Known for their electrifying chemistry, the duo has produced multiple hit songs, including the chart-topping singles "Jorthaale" and "Adi Odi." Their unique blend of genres and ability to create infectious melodies has earned them international acclaim and a dedicated fanbase. They performed live at Behindwoods.<ref>{{Citation |title=Jorthaale x Semma Bodha 1st Ever LIVE Performance by @AttiCulture 🤩Stage on Fire🔥Repeat Mode😍 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xchUVXd1Cpw |access-date=2023-03-19 |language=en}}</ref>

Jorthaale's hypnotic beats and unique vocals quickly gained traction, propelling the single to massive success in the Tamil music domain. Jorthaale received "Viral Song of the Year" awards at Black Sheep awards solidifying the duo's status as a powerhouse in the music industry.<ref>{{Citation |title=Atti Culture – The Rap Revolution {{!}} Spotlight ft. Asal Kolaar & Ofro {{!}} Spotlight {{!}} Blacksheep Go |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=utwc3Xw0h1s |access-date=2023-03-19 |language=en}}</ref>

In 2022, ofRo and Asal Kolaar released their follow-up single, "Adi Odi." Building on the success of "Jorthaale," the track further explored their fusion of diverse genres, incorporating elements of Tamil folk, hip-hop, and electronic dance music. "Adi Odi" became an instant hit and a crowd favourite.

In 2023, ofRo and his long time collaborator, Ken Royson, released "Durai Sleeping"<ref>{{Citation |title=Durai & ofRo – Durai Sleeping (Music Video) {{!}} Think Originals {{!}} @AttiCulture |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UPFs-hDuoWo |access-date=2023-03-19 |language=en}}</ref> as the debut song of artist, Durai. It was released on Think Music Originals.

==Discography==

=== Independent works ===

==== Singles ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Independent Singles (Producer/Songwriter)
!Year
!Tracks
!Artists
!Language
|-
|2016
|"10 Million"
|ofRo, Keya
|English
|-
|2018
|"October Maadham"
|ofRo
|Tamil
|-
|2018
|"Anti Indian" (live)
|ofRO, Arivu
|Tamil
|-
|2019
|"Snowlin"
|ofRO, Arivu
|Tamil
|-
|2020
|"Lityananda"
|ofRO, ADK
|Tamil
|-
|2020
|"Let Chennai Breathe"
|ofRO, Sofia Ashraf, Logan
|Tamil, English
|-
|2020
|"Yaarudaa Tamizhan"
|ofRO, ADK
|Tamil
|-
|2020
|"Asal Mob"
|ofRO, Asal Kolaar
|Tamil
|-
|2020
|"Jorthaale"
|ofRO, Asal Kolaar
|Tamil
|-
|2020
|"Vaanaambaa"
|ofRO, Asal Kolaar
|Tamil
|-
|2021
|"TikTok Luv"
|Psychomantra, ofRO
|Tamil
|-
|2021
|"Bathroom Song"
|Madan Gowri, ofRO, Asal Kolaar, Durai
|Tamil
|-
|2021
|"Ex Love Song"
|Madan Gowri, ofRO, Atti Culture
|Tamil
|-
|2021
|"Semma Bodha"
|ofRO, Hyde Karty, Sago
|Tamil
|-
|2022
|"Gowri Kalyanam"
|ofRO, Madan Gowri, Sahi Siva, MC Sai, Swagatha Krishnan, M.S. Krsna
|Tamil
|-
|2022
|"Vaasam Veesum Padam"
|ofRO, [[Chinnaponnu|Chinna Ponnu]]
|Tamil
|-
|2022
|"Adi Odi"
|ofRO, Asal Kolaar
|Tamil
|-
|2023
|"Durai Sleeping"
|ofRo, Durai
|Tamil
|-
|2023
|"Tamizhi"
|[[Pushpavanam Kuppusamy]], ofRO, Ricardo Daniel Jimenez
|Tamil
|-
|2023
|"Venam Baby"
|ofRO, Asal Kolaar, [[G. V. Prakash Kumar|G. V. Prakash]]
|Tamil
|-
|2023
|"4 Bestie"
|ofRo, Kelithee
|Tamil
|-
|2023
|"Miss"
|ofRo, Kelithee
|Tamil
|-
|2024
|"Aagaya Thamarai"
|ofRO, Asal Kolaar
|Tamil
|-
|2024
|"Kaathu Mela"
|Paal Dabba, ofRO, Deva
|Tamil
|-
|2024
|"Olalai"
|ofRo, Kelithee
|Tamil
|-
|2024
|"Gomma"
|ofRO, Thajmola
|Tamil
|-
|2024
|"Mass Aaga"
|IFT PROD, Boston IFT, ofRO, Selojan
|Tamil
|-
|2025
|"Irunga Bhai"
|ofRo, Kelithee
|Tamil
|-
|2025
|"Kissa 47"
|ofRo, Kelithee
|Tamil
|-
|2025
|"VETRIVEL"
|ofRO, Kelithee, [[Santhosh Narayanan]]
|Tamil
|-
|2025
|"Kaipulla"
|ofRO, Rahul Sridhar
|Tamil
|-
|2025
|"Thalaivan Oruvan"
|[[Santhosh Narayanan]], ofRO, SVDP, The Indian Choral Ensemble
|Tamil
|-
|2026
|"Fancy Store"
|ofRo, Kelithee
|Tamil
|-
|2026
|"Matta Gaana"
|ofRo, Asal Kolaar
|Tamil
|}

==== Albums ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Independent Album (Producer/Songwriter)
!Year
!Album
!Tracks
!Artists
!Label
!Language
! class="unsortable" |{{Reference heading}}
|-
|2012
|''Fossil Feelings''||
*"Before I think"
*"Fear not of Zen"
*"Fossil Feelings"
*"Workahontas"
|ofRo
|Cuntroll Records
|Instrumental
|<ref>{{Citation|last=Cuntroll|title=[CUNTROLL057] OFRO – Fossil Feelings|url=http://archive.org/details/cuntroll057Ofro-FossilFeelings|access-date=2020-04-29}}</ref>
|-
|2013
|''With You With Me''||
*"In Times Like These"
*"Repeat & Delete"
*"Space Between"
*"Waiting and Fading"
|ofRo, Elaine Dowling
|Echo Vortex Records
|English
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://soundcloud.com/echovortex/sets/ofro-with-you-with-me|title=Ofro – With you With Me|website=SoundCloud|language=en|access-date=2020-04-29}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|''[[Therukural]]'' ||
*"Kallamouni"
*"Anti Indian"
*"Snowlin"
*"Sterlite" (skit)
*"Thamizhachi"
*"OKSir"
*"Middle Class"
|ofRo, Arivu, Roshan Jamrock, Tenma
|Indie
|Tamil
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Therukural|date=25 June 2019|url=https://open.spotify.com/album/7gBpS4mYJ2YEvd9GpDn6jI|language=en|access-date=2020-04-29}}</ref>
|}

=== Feature films ===

==== As lyricist and playback singer ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+List of OfRo film credits as lyricist and playback singer
!Year
!Album
!Tracks
!Language
!Composer
!Lyricist
!Co-Artist
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021
|[[Jagame Thandhiram|''Jagame Thanthiram'']]
|"Naan Dhaan Da Mass"
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Santhosh Narayanan]]
|[[Arivu]], OfRo
|[[Santhosh Narayanan]], [[Arivu]]
|-
|''Jagame Tantram'' '''(D)'''
|"Naathoti Race-u"
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|Bhaskarabhatla, OfRo
|Santhosh Narayanan
|-
|2022
|[[Parole (2022 film)|''Parole'']]
|"Neurobass Ninam"
|Tamil
|Rajkumar Amal
|Dwarakh Raja
|
|-
|2022
|''[[Mahaan (2022 film)|Mahaan]]''
|"Rich Rich"
|Tamil
|Santhosh Narayanan
|Durai
|Durai
|-
| rowspan="7" |2023
|''[[Rudhran]]''
|"Jorthaale"
|Tamil
|OfRo
|Asal Kolaar
|Asal Kolaar, MC Vickey
|-
| rowspan="4" |''[[DD Returns]]''
|"French Kuthu"
|rowspan="4" |Tamil
|rowspan="4" |Himself
|Durai
|Gana Muthu
|-
|"I'm So Prabalam"
|Durai
|T. M. S. Selvakumar, Susha, Gana Muthu
|-
|"Goinda Goinda"
|
|Gana Francis, Urban Thozha
|-
|"Da Da Dadai"
|
|FEFSI Vijayan
|-
|''[[Jigarthanda DoubleX]]''
|"10000 Pax"
|Tamil
|Santhosh Narayanan
|OfRo
|
|-
|''[[Route No. 17]]''
|"All Is Well"
|Tamil
|[[Ouseppachan]]
|Arya (rap)
|Arya
|-
| rowspan="6" |2024
| rowspan="2" |[[Rebel (2024 film)|''Rebel'']]
|"Rise of Rebel"
|Tamil
|[[G. V. Prakash Kumar]], OfRo
|[[Arunraja Kamaraj]]
|[[Arunraja Kamaraj]]
|-
|"Malakeram Poiyoru Maayandi"
|Tamil
|Himself
|Abhi Abraham
|Sarang
|-
|''[[Lover (2024 film)|Lover]]''
|"Vaadi En Trip"
|Tamil
|[[Sean Roldan]]
|Sean Roldan
|
|-
|''[[Anweshippin Kandethum]]''
|"Viduthal"
|[[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]
|[[Santhosh Narayanan]]
|
|[[Dhee (singer)|Dhee]]
|-
|''Codeyil Iruvar''
|"Aaku Paaku"
|Tamil
|Himself
|
|Gopi, Sudhakar
|-
|''Chennai City Gangsters''
|"My Maima"
|Tamil
|[[D. Imman]]
|
|Gana Dharani, Gaana Guna, Super Subu
|-
| rowspan="4" |2025
|''Sweetheart''
|"Awsum Kissa"
|Tamil
|[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
|
|Kelithee, Gana Francis
|-
|''[[Aaromaley]]''
|"Dandanakka Life'U"
|Tamil
|[[Siddhu Kumar]]
|Vishnu Edavan
|[[T. Rajendar]]
|-
|''Ram Abdhullah Antony''
|"Enga kita vechikitta"
|Tamil
|T. R. Krishna Chethan
|
|Jayavel Thangavelu
|-
|''[[Devil's Double Next Level]]''
|"Mella Saav"
|Tamil
|Himself
|
|Gana Francis
|}

==== As composer ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+List of OfRo film credits as composer
!Year!!Film !! Notes
|-
|rowspan="3"|2023
||''[[College Road (film)|College Road]]''||
|-
|''[[Rudhran]]'' || Composed one song "Jorthaale"
|-
|''[[DD Returns]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
|[[Rebel (2024 film)|''Rebel'']] || Two songs and additional Background score
|-
|''Codeyil Iruvar'' || Composed one song "Aaku Paaku"
|-
|2025
|[[Devil's Double Next Level|''Devil's Double Next Level'']]
|
|}

==== Other contributions ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+As Film Score Contributor
!Year
!Album
!Tracks
!Artists
!Lyrics
!Language
|-
| rowspan="1" |2023
|[[Leo (2023 Indian film)|''Leo'']]
|Original Score
|OfRo
|Keyboard Programming
|Tamil
|-
|}

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|nm9884742}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:OfRo}}
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil musicians]]
[[Category:Indian musicians]]

Life Hill Gayi

2026-05-03T09:26:26Z

Himvanta: created the post needs work

{{Short description|Indian TV series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Life Hill Gayi.jpg
| caption = Promotional release poster
| genre = [[Comedy drama]]
| screenplay =
| story = Suprith Kundar, Jasmeet Singh Bhatia
| director = Prem Mistry
| creative_director =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Divyenndu]]
* [[Kusha Kapila]]
* [[Mukti Mohan]]
}}
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| theme_music_composer =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 6 
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = Arushi Nishank
| cinematography =
| editor =
| runtime = 30-40 mins
| company = Himshrri Films
| network = [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2024|8|9}}
| last_aired =
| related =
}}

'''''Life Hill Gayi''''' is an Indian [[Hindi cinema|Hindi-language]] [[Comedy drama|comedy-drama]] television series written by Suprith Kundar, Jasmeet Singh Bhatia and directed by Prem Mistry. Produced by Arushi Nishank under Himshrri Films, it stars [[Divyenndu]], [[Kusha Kapila]] and [[Mukti Mohan]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Divyenndu Sharma Speaks About Adapting To Life In Uttarakhand Amid Shooting For Life Gill Gayi hilate hue |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/divyenndu-sharma-speaks-about-adapting-to-slower-lifestyle-in-uttarakhand-6238817 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Features |first1=C. E. |title=Kusha Kapila on her character in Life Hill Gayi: I liked how a privileged South Delhi girl was humanised |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2024/Jul/30/kusha-kapila-on-her-character-in-life-hill-gayi-i-liked-how-a-privileged-south-delhi-girl-was-humanised |website=Cinema Express |language=en |date=30 July 2024}}</ref> The series premiered on [[Disney+ Hotstar]] on 9 August 2024.<ref>{{cite web | last=Das | first=Ananya | title=August 2024 upcoming web series: KBC 16, Are You Sure, Only Murders in the Building 4, Emily in Paris 4, more new shows | website=Hindustan Times | date=1 August 2024 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/august-2024-upcoming-web-series-kaun-banega-crorepati-16-are-you-sure-only-murders-in-the-building-4-emily-in-paris-4-101722155701867.html | access-date=9 August 2024}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Divyenndu]] as Dev
* [[Kusha Kapila]] as Kalki
* [[Mukti Mohan]] as Hima<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hungama |first1=Bollywood |title=Mukti Mohan on starring in Life Hill Gayi: "The urban-rural differences punched with humour and a fun representation of a pahadi girl instantly made me say yes" : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/mukti-mohan-starring-life-hill-gayi-urban-rural-differences-punched-humour-fun-representation-pahadi-girl-instantly-made-say-yes/ |language=en |date=6 August 2024}}</ref>
* [[Vinay Pathak]] as Himalaya, father of Dev and Kalki<ref name="Cast" />
* Atul Srivastava as Kripaal, manager at hotel and uncle of Hima
* [[Ishtiyak Khan]] as Bisht, security officer at Hotel
* [[Hemant Pandey]] as Negi, chef at hotel
* Annapurna Soni as Sushama, receptionist at hotel
* Gyan Prakash as Sarpanch of village Panchmoli
* Sachin Negi as Badoni, housekeeper at hotel
* Shashie Verma as Chammach Chalisi, murderer
* Meenal Sahu as Shreya, Dev's ex-girlfriend (guest appearance)
* [[Aditi Govitrikar]] as Smriti (guest appearance)<ref name="Cast" >{{cite web |last1=Hungama |first1=Bollywood |title=Bhagyashree, Aditi Govitrikar and Kabir Bedi on being part of Life Hill Gayi: "A fresh comedy with each episode planting a heartwarming thought in your head" : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/bhagyashree-aditi-govitrikar-kabir-bedi-part-life-hill-gayi-fresh-comedy-episode-planting-heartwarming-thought-head/ |language=en |date=25 July 2024}}</ref>
* [[Bhagyashree]] as mother of Dev and Kalki, (guest appearance)<ref name="Cast" />
* [[Kabir Bedi]] as Prithivi, grandfather of Dev and Kalki<ref name="Cast" />

== Production ==
The series was announced by Himshrri Films.<ref name="Kaphal" >{{cite web |title=Arushi Nishank's 'Kaphal': Amalgamation of India & Bharat {{!}} Himshrri Films |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/arushi-nishank-on-kaphal-amalgamation-of-how-india-meets-bharat--news-330264 |website=Outlook India |language=en |date=12 November 2023}}</ref> Initially titled "''Kaphal''"<ref name="Kaphal" /> and launched with the title "''Life Hill Gayi''".<ref>{{cite web |title=Life Hill Gayi announcement - Kusha Kapila and Divyenndu come together for slice of life comedy |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/life-hill-gayi-announcement/cf158b3b7c960 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> [[Principal photography]] of the series commenced in [[Nainital]], [[Uttarakhand]] on the auspicious occasion of ''[[Vijayadashami|Dussehra]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=अरुषी ने मनोरंजन की दुनिया में लहराया नया परचम, देवभूमि में शुरू की वेब सीरीज 'काफल' |url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/bollywood/on-the-occasion-of-dussehra-actress-aarushi-started-shooting-web-series-kaphal-in-devbhoomi-uttrakhand-2023-10-24 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Hungama |first1=Bollywood |title=Uttarakhand Chief Minister Pushkar Singh Dhami visits sets of Arushi Nishank's web series Kaphal : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/uttarakhand-chief-minister-pushkar-singh-dhami-visits-sets-arushi-nishanks-web-series-kaphal/ |language=en |date=25 October 2023}}</ref> The trailer of the series was released on 18 July 2024.<ref>{{cite web | last=Chatterjee | first=Sanghamitra | title=Life Hill Gayi trailer: Divyenndu and Kusha Kapila play siblings vying for inheritance in comedy series | website=Telegraph India | date=19 July 2024 | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/life-hill-gayi-trailer-divyenndu-and-kusha-kapila-play-siblings-vying-for-inheritance-in-comedy-series/cid/2034798 | access-date=9 August 2024}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Life Hill Gayi
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Abhijit Vaghani]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2024|08|09}} (Series)
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre =
| length = {{Duration|m=04|s=39}}
| language = Hindi
| label = Sangeet Music
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
{{tracklist
| headline = Track-List
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 04:39
| all_writing = Saaveri Sharma
| title1 = Good Morning
| extra1 = Digvijay Singh Pariyar
| length1 = 1:02
| title2 = Hawa Chalyo
| extra2 = Kapil Thapa
| length2 = 2:07
| title3 = Rupsa Ramoti
| extra3 = Gopal Babu Goswami
| length3 = 1:30
}}

== Reception ==
[[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave the series 1/5 stars.<ref>{{cite web |title=Life Hill Gayi review: Kusha Kapila, Divyenndu show is a test of patience |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/life-hill-gayi-review-kusha-kapila-divyenndu-show-is-a-test-of-patience-9504106/ |website=The Indian Express |language=en |date=9 August 2024}}</ref> Aishwarya Vasudevan of ''[[OTT Play]]'' rated the series 2/5 stars.<ref>{{cite web |title=Life Hill Gayi review: Series stumbles on the slopes of comedy |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/life-hill-gayi-review-divyenndu-kusha-kapila-disney-hotstar/3ff0cf1439359 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> Risha Ganguly of ''[[Times Now]]'', awarded the series 2.5 out of 5 stars.<ref>{{cite web |title=Life Hill Gayi Review: Divyenndu, Kusha Kapila Show Is Yet Another Bittersweet Tale Of A Dysfunctional Family |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/web-series/life-hill-gayi-review-divyenndu-kusha-kapila-show-is-yet-another-bittersweet-tale-of-dysfunctional-family-review-112389840 |website=Times Now |language=en |date=9 August 2024}}</ref> [[Deepa Gahlot]] of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' gave the series 3/5 stars.<ref>{{cite web |last1=GAHLOT |first1=DEEPA |title=Life Hill Gayi Review: Groan-Worthy |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/review/life-hill-gayi-review/20240809.htm |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt33022421}}
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/shows/life-hill-gayi/1271323639 ''Life Hill Gayi''] on [[Disney+ Hotstar]]

{{Portal bar|India|Television}}

[[Category:2024 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian comedy television series]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Disney+ Hotstar original programming]]

{{India-tv-stub}}

Sankalp Gupta

2026-05-01T12:18:56Z

Himvanta:

{{Short description|Indian chess grandmaster (born 2003)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox chess player
| country = [[India]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|2003|8|18}}
| birth_place = [[Nagpur]], India
| title = [[Grandmaster (chess)|Grandmaster]] (2022)<ref name="FIDEGM">{{cite web|url=https://ratings.fide.com/crt/main229334.pdf|title=FIDE Title Application (GM)}}</ref>
| peakrating = 2553 (May 2023)
| FideID = 5097010
}}

'''Sankalp Gupta''' is an Indian [[chess]] grandmaster.

==Career==
In November 2021, he became India's 71st Grandmaster after finishing second in the GM Ask 3 round-robin event in Arandjelovac, Serbia.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/chess/sankalp-gupta-becomes-india-71st-grandmaster-maestro-anand-congratulates/article37376629.ece|title=Sankalp Gupta becomes India's 71st GM, maestro Anand congratulates|date=8 November 2021}}</ref> He managed to earn all three GM norms and surpass the 2500 rating mark in three consecutive tournaments within 24 days, being the fastest Indian player to do so.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/chess/sankalp-scripts-history-takes-24-days-to-become-indias-quickest-and-71st-grandmaster/articleshow/87576235.cms|title=Sankalp scripts history, takes 24 days to become India's quickest and 71st Grandmaster|date=8 November 2021|first=Amit|last=Sampat |website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>

In July 2023, he was awarded with the Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Award by the Maharashtra government.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/7-from-city-to-be-honoured-with-shiv-chhatrapati-sports-awards/articleshow/101771612.cms|title=
7 from city to be honoured with Shiv Chhatrapati sports awards|website=
[[The Times of India]]|date=15 July 2023}}</ref>

In December 2023, Gupta, along with fellow Indian players Srija Seshadri, Dushyant Sharma, Mounika Akshaya, Arpita Mukherjee, and Vishwa Shah were victims of burglaries whilst playing in the Sunway International Tournament in Sitges, Spain.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/sports/grandmaster-sankalp-gupta-five-other-indian-chess-players-valuables-stolen-while-playing-tournament-in-spain-report-news-338943|title=Grandmaster Sankalp Gupta, Five Other Indian Chess Players' Valuables Stolen While Playing Tournament In Spain: Report|date=26 December 2023}}</ref> Gupta stated that he lost his laptop, laptop charger, and airpods.{{citation needed|date=August 2025}}

In December 2023, he won the 20th Bois-Colombes Master Open A 2023 with an undefeated score of 8/9, finishing a full point ahead of the field.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/Sankalp-Gupta-sensational-at-20th-Bois-Colombes-Master-2023-with-a-2712-performance|title=Sankalp Gupta sensational at 20th Bois Colombes Master 2023 with a 2712 performance|first=Shahid|last=Ahmed|date=14 January 2024}}</ref>

In March 2024, he tied for first place with Sammed Jaykumar Shete, Aakash Sharadchandra Dalvi, and Arghyadip Das in the 1st G H Raisoni Memorial Amravati Rapid Rating Open 2024. He lost the title to Sammed due to tiebreaks.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/Sammed-Jaykumar-Shete-wins-1st-G-H-Raisoni-Memorial-Amravati-Rapid-Rating-Open-2024|title=Sammed Jaykumar Shete wins 1st G H Raisoni Memorial Amravati Rapid Rating Open 2024|first=Shahid|last=Ahmed|date=10 March 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Indian grandmasters}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gupta, Sankalp}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2003 births]]
[[Category:Chess Grandmasters]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Nagpur]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian chess players]]

Nassakh

2026-04-28T17:18:00Z

Himvanta: created first post w/ refs.

{{Short description|Urdu and Persian poet (1834–1889)}}
{{Infobox writer
| honorific_prefix = [[Khan Bahadur]]
| name = Nassakh
| birth_name = Abu Muḥammad Abdul Ghafur
| pseudonym = Nassakh
| birth_date = {{birth date|1834|02|11|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Boalmari Upazila|Rajapur]], [[Faridpur District|Faridpur]], [[Bengal Presidency]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1889|06|14|1834|02|11|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
| occupation = Government officer
| language = [[Urdu]], [[Farsi|Persian]]
| genre = Poetry
| notableworks = ''Sukhan-e-Shuara'', ''Daftar-e-Bemisal'', ''Tazkiratul Muasirin''
| relatives = [[Nawab Abdul Latif]] (brother) [[Kazi Salahuddin]] [[Kazi Abul Monsur]] [[Shahidul Alam]]
}}
[[Khan Bahadur]] '''Abu Muḥammad Abdul Ghafur''' (11 February 1834 – 14 June 1889), better known by his [[pen name]] '''Nassakh''' ({{langx|ur|نساخ}}), was a British Indian officer, writer, literary critic and collector.<ref name="BP">{{cite Banglapedia|article=Nassakh, Khan Bahadur Abdul Ghafur|author=Kaniz-e-Butool}}</ref> He is best known for his [[magnum opus]] ''Sukhan-e-Shuara'' ({{langx|ur|سخن شعرا}} Speech of Poets) which was a biography of prominent Urdu and [[Farsi|Persian]] poets.<ref>{{cite web|title=Abdul Ghafoor Nassakh|website=[[Rekhta Foundation]]|url=https://www.rekhta.org/poets/abdul-ghafoor-nassakh/profile}}</ref> He organised [[mushaira]] in places where he worked; inspiring young Urdu poets in Bengal.<ref name="BP" />

==Early life==
Abdul Ghafur was born on 11 February 1834 to the [[Bengali Kazi]] family of [[Boalmari Upazila|Rajapur]] in [[Faridpur District|Faridpur]]. His father, Qazi Faqir Muhammad, was a lawyer at the [[Calcutta]] civil court and a Persian author best known for his ''Jāmiʿ al-tawārīkh'' ({{lang|fa|جامع التواريخ}} ''Compendium of Chronicles''), a history book published in 1836. Reformer [[Nawab Abdul Latif]] was his elder brother and Nassakh's two other brothers were Abdul Hamid and Abdul Bari Sayd who were also poets.<ref name="BP" /><ref>{{cite Banglapedia|article=Persian|author=Abu Musa Mohammad Arif Billah}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Islam |first=K. Z. |date=2012-07-11 |title=Nawab Bahadur Abdul Latif |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-241583 |access-date=2023-07-16 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Muhammad Mojlum |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pp7ikgEACAAJ |title=The Muslim Heritage of Bengal: The Lives, Thoughts and Achievements of Great Muslim Scholars, Writers and Reformers of Bangladesh and West Bengal |date=2013 |publisher=Kube Publishing Limited |isbn=978-1-84774-052-6 |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
Ghafur joined as deputy magistrate in the British Indian government. He served as deputy collector in many places in the [[Bengal Presidency]]. In particular, he worked as deputy collector of [[Dacca]] and [[Backergunge]] from 1860 to 1888.<ref name="BP" /> In 1868, Elayechiram Talib of [[Amritsar|Jalalabad, Amritsar]] migrated to Bakerganj (Barisal) to become a student of Nassakh, who would suggest edits to Talib's poetry. Talib would also write poetry in praise of his teacher Nassakh.<ref>{{cite book|title=বাকেরগঞ্জ জেলার ইতিহাস|language=bn|trans-title=History of Bakerganj District|author=Mohammad Saif Uddin|year=1990|page=677|editor=Saikat Asghar|publisher=Bakerganj Zelar Itihash Prokolpo}}</ref>

==Literary career==
Ghafur mainly wrote poetry in [[Urdu]], but he also wrote in [[Farsi|Persian]]. Apart from [[Bengali language|Bengali]], Urdu and Persian, he also knew English, [[Arabic]] and [[Hindi]].<ref name="BP" />

Among his Urdu poetry are ''Daftar-e-Bemisal'' (1869), Armugan (1875), Armugani (1884). Daftar-e-Bemisal was praised by [[Ghalib]]. In Sukhan-e-Shuara (1874) and Tazkiratul Muasirin he introduced [[Urdu]] and [[Persian language|Persian]] poets. He translated Persian poet [[Attar of Nishapur|Fariduddin Attar]]'s ''Pand Name'' into Urdu under the title of ''Chashma-e-Faez'' in 1874. ''Ganj-e-Tawarikh'' (1873) and ''Kanz-e-Tawarikh'' (1877) were pieces of poetry which contained biographies of great Islamic personalities. ''Ashar-e-Nassakh'' (1866) is also one of his works on poetry. His ''Intikhab-e-Nakam'' (1879) was a critique on the [[marsiya]] poetry of [[Mir Anees]] and [[Mirza Salaamat Ali Dabeer|Mirza Dabeer]]. Nassakh also wrote ''Mazhab-e-Muamma'' (1888) which contained his own works of Persian poetry.<ref name="BP" />

==See also==
*[[Zaigham]], his teacher

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* {{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Mohammad Hamid Ali |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/abdul-ghafoor-nassakh-hindustani-adab-ke-memar-mohammad-hamid-ali-khan-ebooks |title=Abdul Ghafoor Nassakh |publisher=[[Sahitya Academy]] |year=2003 |location=Delhi |language=ur |trans-title=Abdul Ghafoor Nassakh: Makers of Indian Literature}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghafur, Abu Muḥammad Abdul}}
[[Category:1833 births]]
[[Category:1889 deaths]]
[[Category:Kazi family]]
[[Category:People from Faridpur District]]
[[Category:Poets from the Bengal Presidency]]
[[Category:Urdu-language poets]]
[[Category:19th-century Persian-language poets]]
[[Category:Translators from Persian]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian translators]]

Punjab State Cooperative Bank

2026-04-27T22:27:09Z

Himvanta:

{{Short description|Bank of India}}
{{AI-generated|date=April 2026|reason=since v1, one of many AI articles by user; note [[WP:AISIGNS]] from initial diff - disclaimer about lack of sourcing, outline-like structure about challenges, etc}}
{{Infobox company
| name = The Punjab State Co-operative Bank Limited
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| logo =
| logo_size =
| image = Began wale 2.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = a Bank branch in Fazilka district
| type = Cooperative Bank
| traded_as =
| industry = Banking, Financial services
| predecessor =
| founded = 
| founder =
| defunct =
| fate =
| successor =
| hq_location = Chandigarh, Punjab, India
| num_locations =
| num_locations_year =
| area_served = Punjab, India
| key_people =
| products = Savings accounts, loans, digital banking
| services =
| revenue =
| revenue_year =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| net_income_year =
| aum =
| assets =
| assets_year =
| equity =
| owner = Chandigarh Administration, Cooperative Societies, Individual Shareholders
| num_employees =
| num_employees_year =
| parent =
| divisions =
| subsid =
| rating =
| website = {{URL|https://apex.pbcoopbank.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''The Punjab State Cooperative Bank Ltd.''' ('''PSCB''') is a cooperative bank headquartered in Chandigarh, [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India. Established in 1949, it serves as the apex cooperative bank in Punjab, focusing on agricultural financing, rural banking, and [[financial inclusion]]. Regulated by the [[Reserve Bank of India]] (RBI) and registered under the Cooperative Societies Act, PSCB provides banking services through its branch network and digital platforms, catering to urban and rural customers across Punjab and Chandigarh.<ref name="bs2018">{{cite web |title=Punjab govt clears merger of DCCBs with Punjab State Coop Bank |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/punjab-govt-clears-merger-of-dccbs-with-punjab-state-coop-bank-118120301173_1.html |website=Business Standard |date=3 December 2018 |access-date=4 May 2025}}</ref><ref name="tribune2023">{{cite web |title=PSCB launches mobile banking app |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/pscb-launches-mobile-banking-app-123456 |website=The Tribune |date=15 August 2023 |access-date=4 May 2025}}</ref>

== History ==
Founded in 1949, PSCB was established to support Punjab’s [[Cooperative]] sector, particularly in agriculture and rural development. Based in [[Chandigarh]], the bank has expanded its services to meet evolving customer needs while maintaining its cooperative principles.<ref name="bs2018" /> In 2018, the Punjab government approved the merger of 20 District Central Cooperative Banks (DCCBs) with PSCB to streamline operations and strengthen the [[Cooperative banking]] framework.<ref name="bs2018" /><ref name="ie2018">{{cite web |title=Punjab: 20 district cooperative banks to be merged with PSCB |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/punjab-20-district-cooperative-banks-to-be-merged-with-pscb-5477183/ |website=Indian Express |date=4 December 2018 |access-date=4 May 2025}}</ref> The bank has launched a mobile banking application in 2023 to enhance customer access to services.<ref name="tribune2023" />

== Operations ==
PSCB operates multiple branches across Punjab and Chandigarh and focuses on rural communities.<ref name="ie2018" /> The bank offers financial products, including savings and current accounts, agricultural loans, and digital payment services such as NEFT, RTGS, IMPS, and UPI. In 2024, PSCB introduced UPI services.<ref name="mp2024">{{cite web |title=UPI service introduced for cooperative banks in Punjab |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/nation/upi-service-introduced-for-cooperative-banks-in-punjab-581618 |website=Millennium Post |date=2024 |access-date=4 May 2025}}</ref> The bank’s [[mobile banking]] app, launched in 2023, enables users to manage accounts, transfer funds, request [[cheque]] books, and control debit card settings.<ref name="tribune2023" />

PSCB has also entered agreements to improve transaction efficiency, signing a pact to ensure seamless [[digital banking]] operations for its customers.<ref name="tribune_pact">{{cite web |title=Cooperative bank inks pact for seamless transactions |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/cooperative-bank-inks-pact-for-seamless-transactions |website=The Tribune |access-date=4 May 2025}}</ref> The bank’s IFSC code (TPSC0CHD001) supports online transactions, enhancing accessibility.<ref name="cleartax">{{cite web |title=IFSC Code of Punjab State Cooperative Bank, Head Office Branch |url=https://cleartax.in/s/ifsc/punjab-state-cooperative-bank/head-office-branch |website=ClearTax |access-date=4 May 2025}}</ref>

== Services and initiatives ==
PSCB prioritizes agricultural financing to support Punjab’s farming community, offering loans and other financial products tailored to rural needs.<ref name="bs2018" /> The bank promotes financial inclusion through participation in state government schemes and digital banking advancements.<ref name="mp2024" /> In 2024, PSCB waived processing fees until November 15 to celebrate Diwali, providing financial relief to customers during the festive season.<ref name="toi2024">{{cite web |title=Punjab coop bank waives processing fees until November 15 for Diwali celebrations |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/punjab-coop-bank-waives-processing-fees-until-november-15-for-diwali-celebrations/articleshow/114330004.cms |website=Times of India |date=2024 |access-date=4 May 2025}}</ref>

The bank offers cooperative internships to engage young professionals and foster skill development in the cooperative sector. Its digital initiatives, including UPI and mobile banking, enhance customer convenience while maintaining security and accessibility.<ref name="mp2024" /><ref name="tribune2023" />

== Financial support ==
PSCB has faced financial challenges, prompting government intervention. In 2023, the Punjab government released a bailout package to bolster the bank’s stability and ensure continued service delivery.<ref name="ht2023">{{cite web |title=Punjab govt releases another bailout package for coop bank |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/punjab-govt-releases-another-bailout-package-for-coop-bank-101675097992933.html |website=Hindustan Times |date=2023 |access-date=4 May 2025}}</ref>

== Regulation and compliance ==
PSCB operates under the oversight of the Reserve Bank of India and adheres to the Cooperative Societies Act. The bank complies with RBI guidelines for digital transactions, customer protection, and financial transparency, ensuring reliability and trust in its operations.<ref name="cleartax" /><ref name="mp2024" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|https://apex.pbcoopbank.in}}
* [https://www.rbi.org.in Reserve Bank of India]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Punjab State Cooperative Bank}}
[[Category:Cooperative banks of India]]
[[Category:Companies established in 1949]]

Pankaj Chaudhary

2026-04-20T07:05:55Z

Himvanta: starting new entry

{{short description|Indian politician (born 1964)}}
{{BLP sources|date=July 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Pankaj Chaudhary
| image = Pankaj Chaudhary in 2021 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Official portrait, 2021
| office = [[President (corporate title)|President]] of [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Uttar Pradesh]]
| term_start = 14 December 2025
| 1blankname = National President
| 1namedata = [[J. P. Nadda]] [[Nitin Nabin]]
| predecessor = [[Bhupendra Chaudhary]]
| office1 = [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Union Minister of State for Finance]]
| term_start1 = {{Start date|2021|07|07|df=yes}}
| alongside1 = [[Bhagwat Karad]] (till 2024)
| minister1 = [[Nirmala Sitaraman]]
| predecessor1 = [[Anurag Thakur]]
| office2 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| constituency2 = [[Maharajganj, Uttar Pradesh Lok Sabha constituency|Maharajganj, Uttar Pradesh]]
| constituency3 = [[Maharajganj, Uttar Pradesh Lok Sabha constituency|Maharajganj, Uttar Pradesh]]
| constituency4 = [[Maharajganj, Uttar Pradesh Lok Sabha constituency|Maharajganj, Uttar Pradesh]]
| term_start2 = 16 May 2014
| predecessor2 = [[Harsh Vardhan (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Harsh Vardhan]]
| term_start3 = 22 May 2004
| term_end3 = 16 May 2009
| predecessor3 = Akhilesh Kumar Singh
| successor3 = [[Harsh Vardhan (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Harsh Vardhan]]
| term_start4 = 19 June 1991
| successor4 = Akhilesh Kumar Singh
| term_end4 = 26 April 1999
| predecessor4 = [[Chaudhary Bhupendra Singh|Bhupendra Chaudhary]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1964|11|20|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Gorakhpur district|Gorakhpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| citizenship =
| party = [[File:BJP Flag.svg|25px]] [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Bhagya Shree Chaudhary|1990}}
| children = 2
| website =
| footnotes =
| date = 9 June
| year = 2020
| source = http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=3479&lastls=17
| parents =
| education = [[Bachelor of Arts]]
| alma_mater = [[Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University|Gorakhpur University]]
| profession = {{hlist|Industrialist|agriculturist}}
}}

'''Pankaj Chaudhary''' (born 20 November<ref>{{Cite web |title=श्री पंकज चौधरी {{!}} Department of Financial Services {{!}} Ministry of Finance {{!}} Government of India |url=https://financialservices.gov.in/beta/hi/minister/sarai-pankaja-caaudharai |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=financialservices.gov.in}}</ref> 1964) is an Indian politician who currently serves as the Union Minister of State in the [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]], [[Government of India]]. He is also the current state president of [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Uttar Pradesh|Bharatiya Janata Party in Uttar Pradesh]] He is also a Member of Parliament in the [[Lok Sabha]], representing the [[Maharajganj, Uttar Pradesh Lok Sabha constituency|Maharajganj constituency]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]] for the seventh term.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=National Informatics |title=Digital Sansad |url=https://sansad.in/ls/members |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=Digital Sansad |language=en}}</ref> Chaudhary is affiliated with the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)]].

== Early life and family ==
Born in Uttar Pradesh in a Zamindar Kurmi family, Chaudhary graduated from Gorakhpur University. Born to Bhagwati Prasad Chaudhary<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ashraf |first=Zainab |title=Pankaj Chaudhary: Age, Biography, Education, Wife, Caste, Net Worth & More - Oneindia |url=https://www.oneindia.com/politicians/pankaj-chaudhary-76518.html |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=www.oneindia.com |language=en}}</ref> and Ujjwal Chaudhary, he comes from a political background, with his mother, Ujjwal Chaudhary, having served as the Maharajganj District Panchayat President.<ref>{{Cite web |title=तस्वीरें: केंद्रीय वित्त राज्य मंत्री बने पंकज चौधरी के घर खुशियों की बरसात, अपनों ने इस पल को ऐसे बनाया यादगार |url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/gorakhpur/union-minister-pankaj-chaudhary-happiness-in-house-celebration-from-family |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref> Pankaj Chaudhary is married to Bhagya Shree Chaudhary, with whom he has two children.

His political career began at the local level when he served as a Member of the Municipal Corporation in Gorakhpur from 1989 to 1991. During this period, he also held the position of Deputy Mayor<ref>{{Cite web |title=श्री पंकज चौधरी {{!}} Department of Financial Services {{!}} Ministry of Finance {{!}} Government of India |url=https://financialservices.gov.in/beta/hi/minister/sarai-pankaja-caaudharai |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=financialservices.gov.in}}</ref> of the Municipal Corporation in Gorakhpur from 1990 to 1991. His leadership abilities were quickly recognized, and he was appointed Deputy Mayor of Gorakhpur during the same period. In 1990, Chaudhary became a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party’s (BJP) Working Committee,<ref>{{Cite web |title=श्री पंकज चौधरी {{!}} Department of Financial Services {{!}} Ministry of Finance {{!}} Government of India |url=https://financialservices.gov.in/beta/hi/minister/sarai-pankaja-caaudharai |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=financialservices.gov.in}}</ref> further solidifying his political affiliation.

== Politics ==
He was first elected to the [[10th Lok Sabha]] in 1991 and then to the [[11th Lok Sabha]] in 1996 and the [[12th Lok Sabha]] in 1998. However, he lost to Akhilesh Singh of the [[Samajwadi Party]] in the 1999 General elections. He later won the [[2004 Indian general election|2004 Lok Sabha elections]].

In 2009, he lost again to the [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Harsh Vardhan (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Harsh Vardhan]] from [[Maharajganj (Uttar Pradesh Lok Sabha constituency)|Maharajganj]]. In 2014, he won from the same [[Electoral district|constituency]] and is now a member of [[List of members of the 16th Lok Sabha|16th Lok Sabha]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS2463.htm?ac=63 | title = Constituency-wise results: Maharaganj | access-date = 21 March 2016 | archive-date = 14 March 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170314104014/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS2463.htm?ac=63 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

He became [[Union Council of Ministers#Ministers of State|Union Minister of State (Finance)]] in [[Second Modi ministry]] after the Cabinet reshuffle.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/modi-cabinet-rejig-full-list-of-new-ministers-1825111-2021-07-07|title=Modi cabinet rejig: Full list of new ministers|website=India Today|date=7 July 2021 |access-date=2021-07-11|archive-date=7 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210707132605/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/modi-cabinet-rejig-full-list-of-new-ministers-1825111-2021-07-07|url-status=live}}</ref>

Re-elected to 18th Lok Sabha(7th term) June 2024 and Joined 11 June 2024 as Union Minister of State for Finance, Ministry of Finance, Govt of India.<ref>https://dpe.gov.in/en/shri-pankaj-chaudhary-mos</ref>

On 14 December 2025, he was appointed as the new president of [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Uttar Pradesh|Bharatiya Janata Party in Uttar Pradesh]].

== Positions held ==
''Source''<ref>{{cite news |title=Shri Pankaj Chaudhary |url=https://financialservices.gov.in/beta/en/minister/shri-pankaj-chaudhary |access-date=3 November 2024 |work=Department of Financial Services {{!}} Ministry of Finance {{!}} Government of India}}</ref>
* 1989–91: Member, Municipal Corporation, Gorakhpur, [[Uttar Pradesh]]
* 1990–91: Deputy Mayor, Municipal Corporation, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh
* 1990 onwards Member, Working Committee, Bharatiya Janata Party (B.J.P.)
* 1991: Elected to 10th Lok Sabha
* 1991–96: Member, Committee on Papers Laid on the Table & Member, Committee on Science and Technology, Environment and Forests
* 1996 : Re-elected to 11th Lok Sabha (2nd term)
* 1996–97: Member, Committee on Communications & Member, Joint Committee on Offices of Profit
* 1998 : Re-elected to 12th Lok Sabha (3rd term)
* 1998–99: Member, Committee on Railways; Member, Committee on Petitions & Member, Consultative Committee, Ministry of Civil Aviation
* 2004 : Re-elected to 14th Lok Sabha (4th term)
Member, Committee on Science and Technology, Environment and Forests
Member, Committee on Members of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme
Member, Committee on Tourism
* 2007 onwards Member, Committee on MPLADS
* 2014 : Re-elected to 16th Lok Sabha (5th term)
* 2019 : Re-elected to 17th Lok Sabha (6th term)
* 2021 - 9 June 2024: Minister of State, Ministry of Finance.
* 11 June 2024:Union Ministers of State for Ministry of Finance.
* 14 December 2025:15th and current state president of [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Uttar Pradesh|Bharatiya Janata Party in Uttar Pradesh]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{16th LS members from Uttar Pradesh|state=expanded}}
{{Bharatiya Janata Party}}
{{Second Narendra Modi Cabinet|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chaudhary, Pankaj}}
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:State presidents of Bharatiya Janata Party]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politicians from Gorakhpur]]
[[Category:Narendra Modi ministry]]
[[Category:People from Maharajganj district]]
[[Category:India MPs 1991–1996]]
[[Category:India MPs 1996–1997]]
[[Category:India MPs 1998–1999]]
[[Category:India MPs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:India MPs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:India MPs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]

Nudge Institute

2026-04-18T16:01:46Z

Himvanta: starting post

{{Short description|Indian non-profit organization}}
{{Infobox organization
| type = [[Foundation (nonprofit)|Foundation]]
| purpose = poverty alleviation, resilient livelihoods, economic empowerment
| headquarters = The/Nudge Institute, 15-19, NH 44, Dodda Nekkundi Extension, Marathahalli, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560037, India
| products = Incubator, Accelerator, Prize, Forum, Indian Administrative Fellowship, Economic Inclusion Program, Asha Kiran, ReFarm
| leader_title = Managing Partner
| leader_name = Subhashree Dutta
| leader_title2 = Senior Director
| leader_name2 = John Paul
| abbreviation = TNI
| named_after = Nudge, by Richard Thaler
| founder = [[Atul Satija]]
| leader_title3 = Chief Operating Officer
| leader_name3 = Amit Gupta
| board_of_directors = Neelam Dhawan, B Muthuraman, Renu Karnad, Arun Seth, Atul Satija
| website = https://www.thenudge.org
| name = The/Nudge Institute
| formation = September 23, 2015
| full_name = The/Nudge Institute
| logo = Logo of The Nudge Institute 01.png
| logo_caption = poverty-free India, within our lifetime
| founded = {{Start date and age|2015|8|23}}
| location = [[Bengaluru]], [[India]]
}}

'''The/Nudge Institute''', formerly The/Nudge Foundation, is an Indian [[Nonprofit organization|nonprofit organisation]] based in Bangalore, India, focused on poverty alleviation. Established in 2015, the organisation aims to create sustainable livelihoods for all.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Is it Possible to Make India Poverty-Free by 2047? |url=https://thewire.in/economy/is-it-possible-to-make-india-poverty-free-by-2047 |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
The/Nudge Institute was founded by Atul Satija on September 23, 2015, initially under the name The/Nudge Foundation.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2022-09-05 |title=Teach, train, empower – fighting poverty the nudge way |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/times-special/teach-train-empower-fighting-poverty-the-nudge-way/articleshow/93991712.cms |access-date=2024-11-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The organisation began with the "Gurukul" program, a 90-day residential training initiative aimed at equipping underprivileged youth with life skills, learning skills, and job skills.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-10 |title=NSDC partners with The/Nudge Foundation to jointly research, innovate, scale skill development initiatives across India |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/the-nudge-announces-partnership-with-nsdc-to-jointly-research-innovate-scale-skill-development-initiatives-across-india-1427763-2019-01-10 |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

Over time, the institute expanded to address a broader range of livelihood challenges. In 2022, it rebranded to The/Nudge Institute<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=The/Nudge Foundation launches Institute; to work closely with govt, markets, society |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/business/thenudge-foundation-launches-institute-to-work-closely-with-govt-markets-society |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref> to reflect its larger scope of work.<ref name=":0" />

== Programs ==
The/Nudge Institute aims to address the challenge of poverty, with a focus on two key pillars: Livelihood Programs focusing on direct intervention programs and Livelihood Ecosystem for enabling a stronger ecosystem to build livelihoods of India's most marginalised.<ref>J Vignesh, [https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/entrepreneurship/how-adopting-to-entrepreneurial-approach-has-helped-atul-satija-achieve-scale-and-attract-big-investors/articleshow/58523541.cms "Economic Times - How adopting to entrepreneurial approach has helped Atul Satija achieve scale and attract big investors"], ''The Economic Times'', May 05, 2017. Retrieved 2023-07-28.</ref>

=== Livelihood Ecosystem ===
The/Nudge introduced NCore, an initiative for entrepreneurs with programs like the NCore Alpha, a startup bootcamp.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=This Duo Incubates Early-stage Non-profits. Their Goal: Bring 1 Crore Indians Out Of Poverty By 2025 |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/innovation-nation-2021/this-duo-incubates-earlystage-nonprofits-their-goal-bring-1-crore-indians-out-of-poverty-by-2025/71259/1 |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref> NCore's mandate changed from bringing talent into the sector to building a thriving livelihood ecosystem.

NCore's name was changed to Center for [[Social innovation|Social Innovation]] to reflect this switch along with the institute launch.<ref name=":2" /> The Livelihood Ecosystem programs collectively aim to [[Nudge theory|nudge]] India's top talent into solving India's most pressing social challenges on a large scale.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-19 |title=Citizens, government must work closer than ever to usher in measurable change on achievement of SDGs |url=https://www.zeebiz.com/india/news-citizens-government-must-work-closer-than-ever-to-usher-in-measurable-change-on-achievement-of-sdgs-153149 |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=Zee Business}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2024-07-06 |title=Tech to fight poverty is now a reality: Atul Satija, Founder and CEO, The/Nudge Institute |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/tech-news-technology/poverty-livelihood-atul-satija-nudge-bengaluru-rural-poor-india-9436511/ |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Atul Satija Wants To Make Building Social Enterprises And NGOs "cool" |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/take-one-big-story-of-the-day/atul-satija-wants-to-make-building-social-enter-prises-and-ngos-quotcoolquot/93127/1 |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref>

# '''Incubator:''' Provides early-stage nonprofits with grants and mentorship to help scale their impact. Under the program, social entrepreneurs are offered an INR 15 lakh grant and dedicated support to bring their vision to life.<ref name=":3" />
# '''Accelerator:''' Offers larger grants (up to INR 2 crores) and support to high-potential nonprofits addressing systemic livelihood issues.<ref name=":3" />
# '''Indian Administrative Fellowship (IAF):''' An 18-month fellowship that brings corporate leaders to collaborate with government officials in central ministries and state governments to drive large-scale, system-level changes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-12 |title=First batch of Indian Administrative Fellowship passes out after working in Karnataka |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/first-batch-of-indian-administrative-fellowship-passes-out-after-working-in-karnataka/articleshow/96179954.cms |access-date=2024-11-05 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
# '''Prize:''' Annual challenges designed to support tech-based solutions for underserved communities. It is supported by catalytic risk capital from various funders.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-25 |title=Workforce of 400 million women is what India needs to steer it towards becoming a $30 trillion economy by 2047 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/workforce-of-400-million-women-is-what-india-needs-to-steer-it-towards-becoming-a-30-trillion-economy-by-2047/articleshow/112769923.cms |access-date=2024-11-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-23 |title=Ashirvad Water Challenge: Finalists focus on AI to solve India's water problems |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/ashirvad-water-challenge-finalists-focus-on-ai-to-solve-indias-water-problems-2338620-2023-02-23 |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bengaluru-based startup aces water challenge with AI-powered solution |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/bengaluru-based-startup-aces-water-challenge-with-ai-powered-solution-2694699 |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
# '''Forum:''' The/Nudge Institute also runs the Forum, a platform for collaborative efforts amongst India's livelihood ecosystem. Forum's flagship annual event is 'charcha', a premier livelihood convening.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-31 |title=Charcha ‘23 promises to create a thriving, tech-first livelihoods ecosystem - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/charcha-23-promises-to-create-a-thriving-tech-first-livelihoods-ecosystem-17686611.htm |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-24 |title=The/Nudge Institute's charcha 2024 Summit ignites collaborative action for a 'viksit & inclusive India @ 100" |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/technology/news/story/thenudge-institutes-charcha-2024-summit-ignites-collaborative-action-for-a-viksit-inclusive-india-100-442868-2024-08-24 |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref>

=== Livelihood Programs ===
The/Nudge Institute runs 2 direct intervention programs that aim to create sustainable income opportunities for underserved populations.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" />

# '''Economic Inclusion Program (EIP):''' Introduced in 2018, EIP program supports ultra-poor women-led households to come out of [[extreme poverty]] through approaches like the [[Targeting Ultra Poor Program - The Graduation Approach|‘Graduation Approach’]] and cash-plus-care models.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhargava |first=Anjuli |date=2022-07-05 |title=Jharkhand’s 'Didis': A Project to Help 1,200 'Ultra-Poor' Families Is Paying Off |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/jharkhands-didis-a-project-to-help-1200-ultra-poor-families-is-paying-off#read-more |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-29 |title=The power of coming together to end extreme poverty in India - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/the-power-of-coming-together-to-end-extreme-poverty-in-india-17669721.htm |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref> The program is currently active in six states: Jharkhand, Rajasthan, Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and [[West Bengal]] - with a combined population of 14 million ultra-poor households.<ref>Parvathi Benu, [https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/how-graduation-approach-is-helping-women-come-out-of-ultra-poverty/article66930541.ece "How graduation approach is helping women come out of ultra-poverty"], ''The Hindu Business Line'', June 07, 2023. Retrieved 2023-08-08.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Nootan |date=2022-11-22 |title=A persistent 'nudge’ is changing lives of Jharkhand’s ultra poor, one tribal family at a time |url=https://theprint.in/feature/a-persistent-nudge-is-changing-lives-of-jharkhands-ultra-poor-one-tribal-family-at-a-time/1229497/ |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>
# '''Asha Kiran:''' It was initiated in 2020 to rebuild the lives of migrant workers and aid their recovery from the pandemic.<ref name=":1">BW Online Bureau, [https://www.businessworld.in/article/The-Nudge-Announces-Asha-Kiran-To-Rebuild-Rural-Livelihoods-For-5-Lakh-Households-Impacted-By-COVID/25-06-2021-394400/ "The/Nudge Announces Asha Kiran To Rebuild Rural Livelihoods For 5 Lakh Households Impacted By COVID"], ''BusinessWorld'', June 25, 2021. Retrieved 2023-08-08.</ref> In 2021, the program pivoted towards building sustainable livelihoods for [[rural women]], offering participants a supplementary source of income through backyard goatery and [[poultry farming]].

== Recognition and partnerships ==
The/Nudge Institute collaborates with governments, businesses, and nonprofits to implement its programs. The institute has been acknowledged by various organisations for its work in poverty alleviation and social innovation.<ref>Aakanksha Ahuja, [https://www.livemint.com/Companies/kTmnNCKEc9fO73xFRwBwKO/NCore-IT-Firm-Mphasis-Invest-Rs-45-crore-to-fund-and-ment.html "N/Core, It Firm Mphasis Invest ₹4.5 Crore To Fund And Mentor Non-Profit Startups"], ''Mint'', July 18, 2018. Retrieved 2023-08-09.</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Non-profit organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Poverty-related organizations]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 2015]]

7 Aum Arivu

2026-04-15T08:37:14Z

Himvanta:

{{Short description|2011 Indian Tamil science fiction martial arts film}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = 7 Aum Arivu.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[A. R. Murugadoss]]
| writer = A. R. Murugadoss
| producer = [[Udhayanidhi Stalin]]
| starring = {{ubl|[[Suriya]]|[[Shruti Haasan]]|[[Johnny Trí Nguyễn]]}}
| cinematography = [[Ravi K. Chandran]]
| editing = [[Anthony (film editor)|Anthony]]
| music = [[Harris Jayaraj]]
| studio = [[Red Giant Movies]]
| distributor = Red Giant Movies
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2011|10|25}}
| runtime = 168 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = {{Estimation}} {{INR}}80–85 crore<ref name="madrasmusings">{{Cite news |last=Ashok |first=T.N. |date=16 February 2013 |title=Tamil films alive and kicking |url=http://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2022%20No%2021/tamil-films-alive-and-kicking.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004223801/http://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2022%20No%2021/tamil-films-alive-and-kicking.html |archive-date=4 October 2013 |access-date=18 March 2015 |website=[[Madras Musings]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="budget">{{Cite web |date=25 October 2011 |title=It is Diwali dhamaka at the box office |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/lifestyle/report/story/ra-one-7aum-arivu-velayutham-25707-2011-10-25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250528022700/https://www.businesstoday.in/lifestyle/report/story/ra-one-7aum-arivu-velayutham-25707-2011-10-25 |archive-date=28 May 2025 |access-date=26 March 2025 |website=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]] |language=en}}</ref>
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR}}100–109 crore{{Efn|According to ''[[The Times of India]]'' and ''[[Kungumam (magazine)|Kungumam]]'', the film grossed {{INRConvert|100|c|year=2011}} worldwide.<ref name="7aum finances2">{{Cite web |date=22 September 2023 |title=Kollywood Stars' debut Rs 100 crore box office hits |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/web-stories/flashback-friday-kollywood-stars-debut-rs-100-crore-box-office-hits/photostory/103854504.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922062633/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/web-stories/flashback-friday-kollywood-stars-debut-rs-100-crore-box-office-hits/photostory/103854504.cms |archive-date=22 September 2023 |access-date=10 November 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name="kungumam">{{Cite web |date=29 November 2020 |title=சூர்யா...close up |url=http://www.kungumam.co.in/Articalinnerdetail.aspx?id=17482&id1=3&issue=20201129 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111030628/http://www.kungumam.co.in/Articalinnerdetail.aspx?id=17482&id1=3&issue=20201129 |archive-date=11 January 2021 |access-date=19 December 2020 |website=[[Kungumam (magazine)|Kungumam]] |language=ta}}</ref> ''[[Moneycontrol]]'' reported that the film grossed {{INRConvert|109|c|year=2011}} worldwide.<ref name="BO">{{Cite web |date=30 April 2025 |title=Suriya's top 10 films ahead of Retro release |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/suriyas-top-10-films-ahead-of-retro-release-visual-story-3004615.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250725233716/https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/suriyas-top-10-films-ahead-of-retro-release-visual-story-3004615.html |archive-date=25 July 2025 |website=[[Moneycontrol]] |language=en}}</ref>}}
}}

'''''7 Aum Arivu''''' ({{IPA|ta|eːɻaːm ariʋu}} {{Translation|The seventh sense}}) is a 2011 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[science fiction action film]] written and directed by [[A. R. Murugadoss]] and produced by [[Udhayanidhi Stalin]] under [[Red Giant Movies]]. The film features [[Suriya]] in dual roles, along with [[Shruti Haasan]] (in her Tamil debut), and [[Johnny Trí Nguyễn]]. In the film, a genetics student enlists the help of a descendant of [[Bodhidharma]], to revive Bodhidharma's skills to stop a Chinese mercenary with hypnotic powers from starting a [[State-sponsored terrorism|government-planned]] [[biological warfare|biological war]] against India.

The film was announced in May 2010 with [[principal photography]] commencing the following month and continued for a year before being completed by July 2011. Filming was held predominantly in [[Chennai]], [[Coimbatore]] with sporadic schedules in parts of China, [[Bangkok]] and [[Hong Kong]]. The film's music is composed by [[Harris Jayaraj]], with cinematography being handled by [[Ravi K. Chandran]] and editing done by [[Anthony (film editor)|Anthony]]. The visual effects for the film were provided by [[Legacy Effects]].

''7 Aum Arivu'' was released on 25 October 2011 in [[Chennai]] and a day later, on [[Diwali]], worldwide. The film received mixed reviews from critics, but was a commercial success and received seven nominations at the [[Filmfare Awards South]], including [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil|Best Film – Tamil]] and a nomination for [[SIIMA Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Best Actor – Tamil]] at the inaugural [[South Indian International Movie Awards]], while winning two awards each at the [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]] and [[Vijay Awards]], respectively.

== Plot ==
[[Bodhidharma]], a master of martial arts and medical remedies, is the son of a great Indian king of the [[Pallava dynasty]]. He is sent to [[China]] by his guru, who requests him to stop the spread of an epidemic existing there from spreading to India. Initially, the Chinese treat him as an inferior. However, when he cures a little girl infected by the disease and defeats people who ill-treated the villagers, the Chinese then began to respect and worship him. He begins to teach them how to cure many diseases, the skills of hypnotism, and the physical training of the [[Shaolin Monastery|Shaolin monks]] that led to the creation of [[Shaolin kung fu|Shaolinquan]]. After several years, when he expresses his desire to return to India, the villagers believing that their village would be free of diseases if he were buried there, plot to poison him and bury him near the temple. Bodhidharma agrees to die and subsequently becomes a fundamental figure in Chinese history, affectionately being dubbed "Damo".

In modern-day China, Dong Lee, a mercenary working for the [[Government of China|Chinese government]], is given the task of starting a [[State-sponsored terrorism|government-planned]] [[biological warfare|biological war]] against India, called ''Operation Red''. He arrives in Chennai and commences by injecting a virus into a [[Pye-dog|pariah dog]], with the virus being the same strain as the one from Bodhidharma's time. Meanwhile, Subha Srinivasan, a genetics student, discovers that Bodhidharma can be brought back to life if his sample of [[DNA]] is matched with another sample of DNA. Coincidentally, she finds a matching sample in Aravind, a descendant of Bodhidharma who is working as a [[circus]] artist. Lee finds out about Subha's mission to revive Bodhidharma and plans to kill her first.

Subha approaches Aravind for the sake of the mission. One day, Aravind's family sees Subha and clearly remembers that she visited them a year before to find Aravind and learn all about him for her research on Bodhidharma. Saving herself, she lies that she does not know them. Later that night, Aravind's uncle tells him Subha visited them a year before. Aravind meets her and is enraged upon realising the truth. However, the next day, he reconciles with her and agrees to contribute to the research. The research begins to resurrect Bodhidharma and to end ''Operation Red''. Meanwhile, Lee continues to wreak havoc on the city.

Subha goes to her genetics department and announces that ''Operation Red'' can be stopped if they read and make use of the cures in a book written by Bodhidharma. However, the department refuses to believe and looks down on her, claiming that an ancient book is of no use in modern times. After some time, she and Aravind learn that her professor from the genetics department is assisting Lee in ''Operation Red''. They sneak into the professor's apartment and learn about the operation. The next day, the professor is caught by Aravind, Subha, and her friends Ashwin, Imran, Malathi and Nisha but surrenders and explains that he received a huge sum of money from the Chinese government to carry out ''Operation Red''. After the professor gives the group more details about ''Operation Red'' and how to stop it, they leave. However, Lee eventually arrives, and the professor once again teams up with him to save his own life. Lee is now even more determined to kill the entire group, especially Aravind, after he was unable to hypontize him and after finding out that he's a descendant of Bodhidharma.

Subha, Aravind, and the group barely escape from an attempt on their lives by Lee. They finally locate a research centre where they can complete their research and decide to make it their base of operation for a few days. They all deactivate their phones so that nobody can trace them. However, Lee traces them through Malathi and Imran, before killing them. Lee then locates the research centre. Subha and her friends in the research centre escape in a van, but Lee catches them. An unconscious Aravind eventually awakens Bodhidharma's powers, using them to fight and kill Lee in battle. Aravind uses an ancient medicine to cure the disease, marries Subha and finally tells the press about the importance of Indian history.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Suriya]] as:
** [[Bodhidharma]]
** Aravind
* [[Shruti Haasan]] as Subha Srinivasan
* [[Johnny Trí Nguyễn]] as Dong Lee
* [[Ilavarasu]] as Aravind's uncle
* [[Sujatha Sivakumar|Sujatha]] as Aravind's aunt
* [[Guinness Pakru]] as Aravind's friend
* Ramanathan as Prof. Rangarajan V.
* [[Dhanya Balakrishna]] as Malathi
* Saahil Chitkara as Imran Saahil
* [[Meesha Ghoshal]] as Nisha
* [[Ashwin Kakumanu]] as Ashwin
* [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]] as a [[Tamil kings|Tamil king]]
* [[Urmila Unni]] as a Tamil queen of the Pallava dynasty
* [[Abhinaya (actress)|Abhinaya]] as Bodhidharma's wife (cameo appearance)
}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===

In late 2009, director [[A. R. Murugadoss]] intended to collaborate with [[Salman Khan]] to remake the Telugu film [[Kick (2009 film)|''Kick'']] (2009), which was produced by [[Sajid Nadiadwala]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jha |first=Subhash K |date=10 December 2009 |title=For the first time, Deepika Padukone will star opposite Salman Khan in Kick directed by A R Murugadoss |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrint_MIRRORNEW&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=AMIR/2009/12/10&ID=Ar02401 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714194744/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrint_MIRRORNEW&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=AMIR/2009/12/10&ID=Ar02401 |archive-date=14 July 2014 |access-date=26 March 2025 |work=[[Ahmedabad Mirror]] |pages=24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=10 December 2009 |title=Deepika, Salman get Kick-start |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/deepika-salman-get-kick-start/articleshow/5317901.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20250221080226/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/deepika-salman-get-kick-start/articleshow/5317901.cms |archive-date=21 February 2025 |access-date=21 February 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> But the plans did not materialise and Murugadoss later decided to collaborate with [[Suriya]] for another project. It was produced by [[Udhayanidhi Stalin]] under [[Red Giant Movies]], in their fourth production venture following ''[[Kuruvi]]'' (2008), ''[[Aadhavan]]'' (2009) and ''[[Manmadan Ambu]]'' (2010).<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=13 May 2010 |title=Suriya & Shruti in Murugadoss next |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/suriya-shruti-in-murugadoss-next/articleshow/5921740.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240401050612/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/suriya-shruti-in-murugadoss-next/articleshow/5921740.cms |archive-date=1 April 2024 |access-date=28 March 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The company made a public announcement in May 2010, also announcing the title as ''7 Aum Arivu''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=28 May 2010 |title=Suriya,Murugadoss team up for Ezhaam Arivu |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/suriya-murugadoss-team-up-for-ezhaam-arivu/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909012614/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/suriya-murugadoss-team-up-for-ezhaam-arivu/ |archive-date=9 September 2023 |access-date=28 March 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The technical crew includes music composer [[Harris Jayaraj]], cinematographer [[Ravi K. Chandran]],<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |date=4 May 2011 |title=Ravi K Chandran back to 7am Arivu |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/ravi-k-chandran-back-to-7am-arivu-news-tamil-lfdm1qbhjfcsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830123143/http://www.sify.com/movies/ravi-k-chandran-back-to-7am-arivu-news-tamil-lfdm1qbhjfcsi.html |archive-date=30 August 2017 |access-date=22 May 2017 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> editor [[Anthony (film editor)|Anthony]] and production designer [[Rajeevan]].<ref name=":1" />

Murugadoss was intrigued on learning about the descendants of the Buddhist monk [[Bodhidharma]] being tracked to [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Rajamani |first=Radhika |date=23 November 2011 |title='7 Aum Arivu is not a commercial entertainer' |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-suriya/20111123.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219210456/https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-suriya/20111123.htm |archive-date=19 February 2012 |access-date=21 February 2025 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |language=en}}</ref> Though people worship him for spreading [[Zen]] Buddhism and martial arts, and being deified in several parts of the world, there had been minimal awareness in India. As a result, he researched extensively on providing details that referred to Bodhidharma and his ancestors. It took him nearly ten-months for the pre-production. Murugadoss further admitted that the film's first 15 minutes would be set during the 6th century on tracking Bodhidharma's origins and remain completely authentic, while the outstanding portions were to be set in the present period.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=15 October 2011 |title=Power of Seven |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/power-of-seven/article2540312.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250221101220/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/power-of-seven/article2540312.ece |archive-date=21 February 2025 |access-date=21 February 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
{{Quote box
| quote = "We are documenting an important personality. So it has to be as close as possible to real life facts as we know them. This person is supposed to be the wide-eyed barbarian. On the Internet he is called the 'blue-eyed barbarian'. Of course I had to be Bodhidharma and not Suriya."
| source = Suriya on playing [[Bodhidharma]] for ''7 Aum Arivu''<ref name="RediffSurya" />
| align = right
| width = 25%
}}
Suriya portrayed two different roles—one being Bodhidharma, and the other being his fictional descendant, a circus artist.<ref name="RediffSurya">{{Cite web |date=30 August 2010 |title=Suriya joins the circus! |url=http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/aug/30/slide-show-1-south-tamil-snippets.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117004522/http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/aug/30/slide-show-1-south-tamil-snippets.htm |archive-date=17 January 2012 |access-date=10 September 2011 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> Speaking to Radhika Rajamani of ''[[Rediff.com]]'', he said it took him a long time to authentically portray the character, and a lot of effort was required.<ref name=":2" /> Suriya watched [[Rajneesh|Osho]]'s videos for bringing the serenity in his eyes as well as incorporating with the mystic's calmness and further practised martial artists from stunt choreographer [[Peter Hein]] by referencing few online videos and discussed with the crew enquiring on the right way to perform those stunts. For portraying the circus artist, Suriya worked with the crew of the Great Bombay Circus and stayed with them for a night which he called "a wonderful experience" as the crew employed people from various states.<ref name=":2" /> A trainer from Rajkamal Circus was hired to help Suriya get the body language of a [[trapeze]] artist.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=6 August 2010 |title=Suriya to play a circus artiste in next |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriya-to-play-a-circus-artiste-in-next/articleshow/6261307.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20250221110225/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriya-to-play-a-circus-artiste-in-next/articleshow/6261307.cms |archive-date=21 February 2025 |access-date=21 February 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

{{Multiple image
| image1 = Shruti Haasan.jpg
| image2 = Johhnny Tri Nguyen.jpg
| footer = [[Shruti Haasan]] (left) plays the lead actress and [[Johnny Trí Nguyễn]] (right) plays the antagonist.
| total_width = 250
}}

The film marked [[Shruti Haasan]]'s Tamil debut as a lead actress, after having previously acted in Hindi and Telugu films.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=C R |first=Sharanya |date=12 October 2011 |title=I was born with comparisons: Shruti Hassan |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_i-was-born-with-comparisons-shruti-hassan_1597905 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111014212221/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_i-was-born-with-comparisons-shruti-hassan_1597905 |archive-date=14 October 2011 |access-date=14 October 2011 |website=[[Daily News and Analysis]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Warrier |first=Shobha |date=25 October 2011 |title=Shruti: 7 Aum Arivu is a dream Tamil debut |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-shruti-haasan/20111025.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111106074639/https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-shruti-haasan/20111025.htm |archive-date=6 November 2011 |access-date=21 February 2025 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |language=en}}</ref> She played the role of a scientist researching Bodhidharma's roots. Murugadoss said he wanted a beautiful and intelligent woman, hence he chose Haasan for the role.<ref name=":3" /> [[Vietnamese Americans|Vietnamese American]] actor and martial artist [[Johnny Trí Nguyễn]] was signed to play the antagonist.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |date=18 April 2011 |title=Suriya is a great actor: Johnny |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriya-is-a-great-actor-johnny/articleshow/8006631.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907123849/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriya-is-a-great-actor-johnny/articleshow/8006631.cms |archive-date=7 September 2018 |access-date=21 February 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> He received the offer when he was in contact with Peter Hein, and the latter recommended his name to Murugadoss for someone who can perform numerous action sequences. Describing his experience in the film, Trí Nguyễn stated:

<blockquote>"There are quite a few scenes that have elaborate fights between Suriya and me [...] When I started work on ''7am Arivu'', I had no expectations. But I was pleasantly surprised when Murugadoss asked me to shoot a lengthy action scene on a highway in the middle of a traffic jam on the very first day of the schedule. Cars were flipping and vehicles were crashing all around. I was quite surprised when I learnt about the unit's pre-production work and the number of days they spent in choreographing the scene."<ref name=":6" /></blockquote>

[[Abhinaya (actress)|Abhinaya]] was cast as Bodhidharma's wife, reportedly because the director wanted a "non-glamorous" actress for the role.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 March 2011 |title=Abhinaya in 7am Arivu? |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/abhinaya-in-7am-arivu-news-tamil-ldvjxRhgaje.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110324130035/http://www.sify.com/movies/abhinaya-in-7am-arivu-news-tamil-ldvjxRhgaje.html |archive-date=24 March 2011 |access-date=25 March 2011 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> [[Ashwin Kakumanu]] was cast in a supporting role after Murugadoss saw him in ''[[Nadunisi Naaygal]]'' (2011).<ref>{{Cite web |last=C R |first=Sharanya |date=11 July 2011 |title=Essaying character roles lets him learn more: Ashwin Kakumanu |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_essaying-character-roles-lets-him-learn-more-ashwin-kakumanu_1564562 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715021317/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_essaying-character-roles-lets-him-learn-more-ashwin-kakumanu_1564562 |archive-date=15 July 2011 |access-date=26 March 2025 |website=[[Daily News and Analysis]]}}</ref> [[Dhanya Balakrishna]] had stated that though her friends were against her taking up supporting roles, it did not stop her from accepting one in ''7 Aum Arivu''.<ref name="T">{{Cite news |date=18 June 2013 |title=The new girl on the block: Dhanya Balakrishnan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/The-new-girl-on-the-block-Dhanya-Balakrishnan/articleshow/20642046.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411095959/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/The-new-girl-on-the-block-Dhanya-Balakrishnan/articleshow/20642046.cms |archive-date=11 April 2019 |access-date=26 March 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Malayalam actress [[Urmila Unni]] made her Tamil debut in the film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 September 2011 |title=Urmila Unni gets busy in Kollywood |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/urmila-unni-gets-busy-in-kollywood/articleshow/10016914.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127180459/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/urmila-unni-gets-busy-in-kollywood/articleshow/10016914.cms |archive-date=27 November 2024 |access-date=21 February 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
[[File:Badaling China Great-Wall-of-China-01.jpg|thumb|The opening sequence of the film was shot in China.]]
Principal photography began in June 2010 at [[Chennai]].<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=17400680449 |user=galattadotcom |title=Tamil: Ezham Arivu starts rolling http://bit.ly/bDo8Yw |author=Galatta Media |date=21 June 2010 |access-date=10 January 2026 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/V21Bt |archive-date=10 January 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet |number=16347629103 |user=galattadotcom |title=Tamil: Ezhaam Arivu to begin in Chennai http://bit.ly/9Fq4SK |author=Galatta Media |date=17 June 2010 |access-date=10 January 2026 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/C6LMR |archive-date=10 January 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref> The team shot a sequence at the [[Ampa Skywalk]], followed by the song "Oh Ringa Ringa".<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 September 2011 |title=7 Aum Arivu: All praise for Suriya |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/kollywood/7-aum-arivu-all-praise-suriya-429 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120724085420/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/kollywood/7-aum-arivu-all-praise-suriya-429 |archive-date=24 July 2012 |access-date=16 December 2011 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> It was filmed in over 40 locations in and around the city, including [[Besant Nagar]] and [[Ranganathan Street]] in [[T. Nagar]], with around 500–1000 junior artists who rehearsed their dance choreography at the AVM Studios for three days.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 March 2011 |title=Murgadoss cans mega song in 7am Arivu |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/murgadoss-cans-mega-song-in-7am-arivu-news-tamil-ldykgKfcdfa.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110824230100/http://www.sify.com/movies/murgadoss-cans-mega-song-in-7am-arivu-news-tamil-ldykgKfcdfa.html |archive-date=24 August 2011 |access-date=29 March 2011 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite news |date=26 September 2011 |title=Suriya dances in T Nagar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriya-dances-in-t-nagar/articleshow/10126828.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20250221110230/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriya-dances-in-t-nagar/articleshow/10126828.cms |archive-date=21 February 2025 |access-date=21 February 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> According to the song choreographer [[Shobi (choreographer)|Shobi]], "The place is so crowded that two people cant even walk side by side at a given time. But, we made Suriya, along with 500 other dancers, shake their legs to the number. We shot the sequence using hidden cameras."<ref name=":7" /> Many dancers had to be outsourced from other regions as the makers could not find enough dancers in Chennai.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 September 2017 |title=7am Arivu's 'real' test |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/7am-arivus-real-test/articleshow/10019939.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20260127055850/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/7am-arivus-real-test/articleshow/10019939.cms |archive-date=27 January 2026 |access-date=27 January 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In late August, Haasan suffered an elbow injury during the filming of a stunt sequence.<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 August 2010 |title=Shruthi injures herself on the sets OF 7am Arivu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/shruthi-injures-herself-on-the-sets-of-7am-arivu/articleshow/6467505.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260306090725/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/shruthi-injures-herself-on-the-sets-of-7am-arivu/articleshow/6467505.cms |archive-date=6 March 2026 |access-date=27 January 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> Later in early December, Suriya had a spinal injury after a stunt sequence.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dabholkar |first=Reshma Kelkar |date=4 December 2010 |title=Why Suriya didn’t attend RC-2 Premiere? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/why-suriya-didnt-attend-rc-2-premiere/articleshow/7041999.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203005433/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/why-suriya-didnt-attend-rc-2-premiere/articleshow/7041999.cms |archive-date=3 February 2023 |access-date=10 January 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

By August 2010, the team moved to [[Coimbatore]] for filming the circus portions at the Great Bombay Circus, and Suriya performed the trapeze acts under the supervision of Pratap Master.<ref name=":4" /> Suriya underwent physical training for a [[kung fu]] sequence within 16 days, following Ravi K. Chandran's request. The team then moved to China for filming the 6th century portions; the fifteen minutes of the edited film reportedly cost {{INRConvert|15|c|year=2011}}.<ref name=":8">{{Cite news |date=23 October 2021 |title=10 Years of 7aum Arivu: Interesting facts about the film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/10-years-of-7aum-arivu-interesting-facts-about-the-film/photostory/87208154.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107185000/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/10-years-of-7aum-arivu-interesting-facts-about-the-film/photostory/87208154.cms |archive-date=7 November 2021 |access-date=21 February 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> On shooting in China, Suriya added that the people there were excited and had learnt new things, while also adding that "At 3 am, the whole crew (''even kids'') would be ready with their costumes and make-up. It was not a burden for them; it was not like working on another project, it was like worship for them, it was like being in a temple. The discipline and respect they showed and the support they gave was amazing."<ref name=":2" />

In January 2011, the team moved to [[Bangkok]] for filming the song "Mun Andhi" with Suriya and Haasan, and few portions of the song were also shot in [[Hong Kong]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 January 2011 |title=Suriya & Shruti in Thailand |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/suriya-shruti-in-thailand-news-tamil-lbsjlQaffdj.html?scategory=tamil |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110217133613/http://www.sify.com/movies/suriya-shruti-in-thailand-news-tamil-lbsjlQaffdj.html?scategory=tamil |archive-date=17 February 2011 |access-date=18 February 2011 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 March 2011 |title=Thailand here we come! |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2011/Mar/22/thailand-here-we-come-237922.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250326085533/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2011/Mar/22/thailand-here-we-come-237922.html |archive-date=26 March 2025 |access-date=26 March 2025 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Shabina Khan designed the costumes for Suriya and Haasan, staying with the team throughout the filming process.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 October 2011 |title=Shabina Khan designs for 7 am Arivu |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Shabina-Khan-designs-for-7am-Arivu/articleshow/10399199.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019123402/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Shabina-Khan-designs-for-7am-Arivu/articleshow/10399199.cms |archive-date=19 October 2011 |access-date=18 October 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Afterwards, the team moved to Chennai for filming the climax sequence in the [[Tambaram]] and [[Pallavaram]] bypass area.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 February 2011 |title=7am Arivu climax shoot in Chennai |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/7am-arivu-climax-shoot-in-chennai-news-tamil-lcrmWfdjjjh.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110220075955/http://www.sify.com/movies/7am-arivu-climax-shoot-in-chennai-news-tamil-lcrmWfdjjjh.html |archive-date=20 February 2011 |access-date=20 February 2011 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Despite shooting 80 percent of the film, Ravi K. Chandran left the project as his dates clashed with ''[[Agneepath (2012 film)|Agneepath]]'' (2012), but returned in May 2011.<ref name=":11" /> During his absence, cinematographer [[Ravi Varman]] shot the remaining portions.<ref name=":11" /> The team further shot few sequences at the [[IIT Madras]] research institute in Chennai.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 April 2012 |title=Suriya's d'j' vu moment |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriyas-dj-vu-moment/articleshow/12482470.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20250221110201/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriyas-dj-vu-moment/articleshow/12482470.cms |archive-date=21 February 2025 |access-date=21 February 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=4 June 2015 |title=Colleges turn shooting spots in Chennai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/colleges-turn-shooting-spots-in-chennai/articleshow/47536976.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021101619/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/colleges-turn-shooting-spots-in-chennai/articleshow/47536976.cms |archive-date=21 October 2016 |access-date=21 February 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |date=31 March 2011 |title=7 am Arivu shot in Chennai streets |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/7-am-arivu-shot-in-chennai-streets-news-tamil-ld5kfDejebf.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110403053455/http://www.sify.com/movies/7-am-arivu-shot-in-chennai-streets-news-tamil-ld5kfDejebf.html |archive-date=3 April 2011 |access-date=3 April 2011 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Filming continued for over a year before [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapping]] in July 2011.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 June 2011 |title=A younger and fitter Suriya! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/a-younger-and-fitter-suriya/articleshow/9049198.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250221113217/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/a-younger-and-fitter-suriya/articleshow/9049198.cms |archive-date=21 February 2025 |access-date=21 February 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2011 |title=7 am Arivu shoot completed |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/7-am-arivu-shoot-completed-news-tamil-lhhjE6gfjjh.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110820161306/http://www.sify.com/movies/7-am-arivu-shoot-completed-news-tamil-lhhjE6gfjjh.html |archive-date=20 August 2011 |access-date=8 July 2011 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

=== Post-production ===
Suriya began dubbing for his portions in the film and completed it by July 2011.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 July 2011 |title=Suriya is back in action |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriya-is-back-in-action/articleshow/9246734.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241116023508/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriya-is-back-in-action/articleshow/9246734.cms |archive-date=16 November 2024 |access-date=14 November 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Legacy Effects]] handled the [[Visual effects supervisor|visual effects supervision]] in their second Indian film after ''[[Enthiran]]'' (2010).<ref name="sify1" /><ref name=":8" /> The visual effects were made at an approximate cost of {{INRConvert|10|c|year=2011}}.<ref name="sify1">{{Cite news |date=13 September 2011 |title=7aum Arivu special effects in Stan Winston Studios! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/7aum-arivu-special-effects-in-stan-winston-studios-news-tamil-ljnqwzacaha.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004163859/http://www.sify.com/movies/7aum-Arivu-special-effects-in-Stan-Winston-Studios-news-tamil-ljnqwzacaha.html |archive-date=4 October 2011 |access-date=14 December 2011 |work=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The budget of the film was estimated to be around {{INRConvert|80|c|year=2011}} to {{INRConvert|85|c|year=2011}}.<ref name="madrasmusings" /><ref name="budget" />

== Themes and influences ==
Media reports claimed that the film drew inspirations from the [[Christopher Nolan]]-directed ''[[Inception]]'' (2010), but Murugadoss dismissed those reports reasoning that he had begun shooting much before the release of ''Inception''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 July 2010 |title=I didn't copy 'Inception': AR Murugadoss |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2010/Jul/10/i-didnt-copy-inception-ar-murugadoss-168754.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20250221120208/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2010/Jul/10/i-didnt-copy-inception-ar-murugadoss-168754.html |archive-date=21 February 2025 |access-date=21 February 2025 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite news |date=9 July 2010 |title=The tales of 7am Arivu! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/the-tales-of-7am-arivu/articleshow/6143459.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200120125724/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/the-tales-of-7am-arivu/articleshow/6143459.cms |archive-date=20 January 2020 |access-date=21 February 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> After the film's release, it was reported that the film shared similarities to the ''[[Assassin's Creed]]'' game series. Some were of the opinion that the film and the game were based on the same concept, despite being different in other aspects. ''[[Velayudham]]'', which had released alongside ''7 Aum Arivu'' was also compared with the game.<ref name=":10">{{Cite news |date=19 November 2011 |title=7aum Arivu inspired by a video game? |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-19/news-interviews/30422288_1_foreign-films-video-game-filmmakers |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602164623/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-19/news-interviews/30422288_1_foreign-films-video-game-filmmakers |archive-date=2 June 2013 |access-date=16 December 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Sudhish Kamath]] in his column for ''[[The Hindu]]'' opined that ''7 Aum Arivu'' is a [[superhero film]], but it had "a broad base in science though the premise of telepathy and hypnotism itself is comic book stuff."<ref name="ThreeSuperheroes">{{Cite news |last=Kamath |first=Sudhish |author-link=Sudhish Kamath |date=6 November 2011 |title=Tale of three superheroes |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/tale-of-three-superheroes/article2600891.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116104540/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/tale-of-three-superheroes/article2600891.ece |archive-date=16 November 2016 |access-date=26 March 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Main|7 Aum Arivu (soundtrack)}}

The soundtrack featured musical score composed by Harris Jayaraj in his second collaboration with Murugadoss after ''[[Ghajini (2005 film)|Ghajini]]'' (2005).<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 July 2011 |title=Harris Jayaraj says 7am Arivu audio in July |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/harris-jayaraj-says-7am-arivu-audio-in-july-news-tamil-lhqjN4hgfgd.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110916013652/http://www.sify.com/movies/harris-jayaraj-says-7am-arivu-audio-in-july-news-tamil-lhqjN4hgfgd.html |archive-date=16 September 2011 |access-date=17 July 2011 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The lyrics for the songs were written by [[Pa. Vijay]], [[Na. Muthukumar]], Kabilan and [[Madhan Karky]], who wrote a Chinese track.<ref name=":12" /> The album was released by [[Sony Music India]] on 22 September 2011.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 August 2011 |title=7am Arivu audio launch to be a grand affair |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-23/news-interviews/29918342_1_7am-arivu-harris-jayaraj-grand-affair |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202092957/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-23/news-interviews/29918342_1_7am-arivu-harris-jayaraj-grand-affair |archive-date=2 February 2014 |access-date=26 August 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 September 2011 |title=Grand audio launch of 7aum Arivu |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/grand-audio-launch-of-7aum-arivu-news-kollywood-ljxkh5iahfb.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111130101314/http://www.sify.com/movies/grand-audio-launch-of-7aum-arivu-news-kollywood-ljxkh5iahfb.html |archive-date=30 November 2011 |access-date=24 September 2011 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

== Release ==
''7 Aum Arivu'' was considered a highly anticipated film in [[Tamil cinema]], owing to the previous successful collaboration of Suriya and Murugadoss with ''Ghajini''.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |date=19 February 2011 |title=Kollywood- Summer of 2011 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kollywood-summer-of-2011-news-tamil-lctl1pccgbg.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110222151053/http://www.sify.com/movies/kollywood-summer-of-2011-news-tamil-lctl1pccgbg.html |archive-date=22 February 2011 |access-date=21 February 2011 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The film was originally intended to release theatrically in the summer (April–June) of 2011, but was delayed as production was not completed on time to meet that release window.<ref name=":13" /> Udhayanidhi then confirmed that the film would be released on [[Diwali]] (26 October 2011).<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 September 2011 |title=7aum Arivu confirmed for Diwali |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/7aum-Arivu-confirmed-for-Diwali-news-tamil-ljkk3Bfcccg.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160120161157/http://www.sify.com/movies/7aum-Arivu-confirmed-for-Diwali-news-tamil-ljkk3Bfcccg.html |archive-date=20 January 2016 |access-date=13 September 2011 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The film's promotional material created anticipation among film buffs to know about Bodhidharma's history.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 August 2011 |title=7 aum Arivu look unveiled |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/7-aum-arivu-look-unveiled-news-tamil-lidlCAfijib.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111103124236/http://www.sify.com/movies/7-aum-arivu-look-unveiled-news-tamil-lidlCAfijib.html |archive-date=3 November 2011 |access-date=4 August 2011 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=11 October 2011 |title=Bodhidharma is the buzz word |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/bodhidharma-is-the-buzz-word/articleshow/10311508.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327055513/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/bodhidharma-is-the-buzz-word/articleshow/10311508.cms |archive-date=27 March 2017 |access-date=21 February 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

The film was set to clash with ''Velayudham'' and the Hindi film ''[[Ra.One]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2011 |title=Udhayanidhi feels it is healthy competition |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/udhayanidhi-feels-it-is-healthy-competition-news-tamil-lkbmeSgbabb.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003120910/http://www.sify.com/movies/udhayanidhi-feels-it-is-healthy-competition-news-tamil-lkbmeSgbabb.html |archive-date=3 October 2011 |access-date=2 October 2011 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 October 2011 |title=Diwali release update |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/diwali-release-update-news-tamil-lkerbMijghf.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005021100/http://www.sify.com/movies/diwali-release-update-news-tamil-lkerbMijghf.html |archive-date=5 October 2011 |access-date=4 October 2011 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Udhayanidhi then announced that the film would be opened a day prior (25 October), with paid premieres being held across Chennai city and suburbs.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2011 |title=Diwali Countdown- 5 days more |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/diwali-countdown-5-days-more-news-tamil-lkvm3yabbha.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111022214713/http://www.sify.com/movies/diwali-countdown-5-days-more-news-tamil-lkvm3yabbha.html |archive-date=22 October 2011 |access-date=23 October 2011 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The film was given a [[U certificate (India)|U certificate]] by the [[Central Board of Film Certification]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 October 2011 |title=Diwali releases gets censored |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/diwali-releases-gets-censored-news-tamil-lkolbDaefff.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015233558/http://www.sify.com/movies/diwali-releases-gets-censored-news-tamil-lkolbDaefff.html |archive-date=15 October 2011 |access-date=14 October 2011 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> but did not get the 30 percent entertainment tax waiver until more than 100 days after release.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=Srinivasa |date=19 April 2012 |title=Udhayanidhi Stalin falls prey to political vendetta |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-19/news-interviews/31362098_1_tax-exemption-political-vendetta-film |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224112059/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-19/news-interviews/31362098_1_tax-exemption-political-vendetta-film |archive-date=24 December 2013 |access-date=1 June 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> A special screening was held for Shruti Haasan's father, actor [[Kamal Haasan]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=27 October 2011 |title=Kamal Haasan watches '7 Aum Arivu' |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/kollywood/kamal-haasan-watches-7-aum-arivu-278 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111230123133/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/kollywood/kamal-haasan-watches-7-aum-arivu-278 |archive-date=30 December 2011 |access-date=16 December 2011 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref>

The film was the largest release in Suriya's career, opening with 1000 prints worldwide, with 400 prints in Tamil Nadu alone.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 October 2011 |title=Diwali countdown begins- 8 days more |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/diwali-countdown-begins-8-days-more-news-tamil-lkslaChjbei.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111018224709/http://www.sify.com/movies/diwali-countdown-begins-8-days-more-news-tamil-lkslaChjbei.html |archive-date=18 October 2011 |access-date=19 October 2011 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref name="budget" /> In Chennai, the film released in 51 screens.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 October 2011 |title=Diwali Countdown- 6 Days more! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/diwali-countdown-6-days-more-news-tamil-lkumMBedeje.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111021140717/http://www.sify.com/movies/diwali-countdown-6-days-more-news-tamil-lkumMBedeje.html |archive-date=21 October 2011 |access-date=17 November 2011 |work=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 October 2011 |title=Battle for screens |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2011/Oct/20/battle-for-screens-302390.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250221161247/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2011/Oct/20/battle-for-screens-302390.html |archive-date=21 February 2025 |access-date=21 February 2025 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> It was dubbed into Telugu as ''7th Sense'' and had the second largest release in [[Andhra Pradesh]] for a dubbed film by opening up in 400 screens across the state.<ref name="second">{{Cite news |date=17 February 2012 |title=K-town's successful Tollywood link |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/K-towns-successful-Tollywood-link/articleshow/11914826.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915021907/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/K-towns-successful-Tollywood-link/articleshow/11914826.cms |archive-date=15 September 2017 |access-date=31 May 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name="budget" /> The [[Kerala]] distribution rights were acquired by Ravi of Divya Pictures for {{INRConvert|2.5|c|year=2011}} and was released in over 100 screens.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 September 2011 |title=7aum Arivu creates history in Kerala |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/7aum-arivu-creates-history-in-kerala-news-malayalam-ljyln9djjfb.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926165402/http://www.sify.com/movies/7aum-arivu-creates-history-in-kerala-news-malayalam-ljyln9djjfb.html |archive-date=26 September 2011 |access-date=25 September 2011 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The producers also planned for a Hindi dubbed version, owing to Murugadoss' popularity in North India after the success of ''[[Ghajini (2008 film)|Ghajini]]'' (2008), but that did not happen.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 August 2010 |title=7am Arivu in Hindi |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/7am-arivu-in-hindi-news-tamil-kkguNihhicf.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110128000345/http://www.sify.com/movies/7am-arivu-in-hindi-news-tamil-kkguNihhicf.html |archive-date=28 January 2011 |access-date=20 August 2010 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> In Malaysia, the film was released in a then-record 53 screens.<ref name="budget" /> In the United States, the film was released in 50 screens for both Tamil and Telugu versions.<ref name="budget" />

== Reception ==
=== Box office ===
''7 Aum Arivu'' had a strong opening on 25 October, a day prior to Diwali. It collected around {{INRConvert|2.35|c|year=2011}} in Chennai in its opening weekend.<ref name=":16">{{Cite web |date=2 November 2011 |title=Chennai Diwali Box-Office (October 26 to 30). |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14982616 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717013648/http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14982616 |archive-date=17 July 2014 |access-date=6 July 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The film earned {{INRConvert|40.25|c|year=2011}} in its six-day opening weekend from all over the world.<ref name=":16" /> In Chennai alone, the film grossed {{INRConvert|9|c|year=2011}} in its lifetime.<ref name=":16" /> Indian film trades considered the film a commercial success,<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 December 2011 |title=Top 10 Tamil grossers of 2011 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/top-10-tamil-grossers-of-2011-news-tamil-lm3mOLjjccd.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108065644/http://www.sify.com/movies/top-10-tamil-grossers-of-2011-news-tamil-lm3mOLjjccd.html |archive-date=8 January 2012 |access-date=31 December 2011 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> despite a high budget and distribution price.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-12-31 |title=2011- Films which disappointed us this year |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/2011-films-which-disappointed-us-this-year-news-tamil-lm5m55hghad.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107214225/http://www.sify.com/movies/2011-films-which-disappointed-us-this-year-news-tamil-lm5m55hghad.html |archive-date=2012-01-07 |access-date=2026-03-06 |work=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 December 2011 |title=Box-office business: a bleak streak for Tamil filmdom |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/box-office-business-a-bleak-streak-for-tamil-filmdom/story-K8HZCGLGQsv3Y59mEOHRXM.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260212092138/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/box-office-business-a-bleak-streak-for-tamil-filmdom/story-K8HZCGLGQsv3Y59mEOHRXM.html |archive-date=12 February 2026 |access-date=12 February 2026 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]}}</ref> ''7 Aum Arivu'' grossed an estimated {{INRConvert|100|c|year=2011}}–{{INRConvert|109|c|year=2011}} worldwide in its lifetime;<ref name="7aum finances2" /><ref name="kungumam" /><ref name="BO" /> it was proclaimed to be Suriya's first film to cross [[100 Crore Club|{{INR}}100 crore]] at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 November 2011 |title=7aum Arivu received tremendous response: Suriya |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/7aum-arivu-received-tremendous-response-suriya-news-tamil-llihLVfddfi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111109174416/http://www.sify.com/movies/7aum-arivu-received-tremendous-response-suriya-news-tamil-llihLVfddfi.html |archive-date=9 November 2011 |access-date=26 March 2025 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 November 2011 |title=7 Aum Arivu spells magic at box office, Suriya excited |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/7-aum-arivu-spells-magic-at-box-office-suriya-excited-602390 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240510060843/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/7-aum-arivu-spells-magic-at-box-office-suriya-excited-602390 |archive-date=10 May 2024 |access-date=26 March 2025 |website=[[NDTV]] |publisher=[[Indo-Asian News Service]] |language=en}}</ref> According to Udhayanidhi, it was the third [[List of highest-grossing Tamil films|highest-grossing Tamil film]] at the time of its release.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=139764348292837377 |user=Udhaystalin |title=7am arivu special promo for entering into top3 box office collection in 80 years of thamizh cinema |author=Udhay |author-link=Udhayanidhi Stalin |date=24 November 2011 |access-date=26 March 2025 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250326081647/https://x.com/Udhaystalin/status/139764348292837377 |archive-date=26 March 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Critical reception ===
The film received mixed reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prakash |first=R S |date=9 November 2011 |title='˜It's my biggest hit' |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/its-my-biggest-hit/articleshow/21482900.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250328130049/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/its-my-biggest-hit/articleshow/21482900.cms |archive-date=28 March 2025 |access-date=28 March 2025 |website=[[Bangalore Mirror]] |language=en}}</ref> J. Hurtado of ''[[Screen Anarchy]]'' wrote, "''7aam Arivu'' is a good film with flashes of greatness. It is bogged down with commercial elements that do a grave disservice to the film we could have seen".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hurtado |first=J |date=26 October 2011 |title=7AAM ARIVU (THE SEVENTH SENSE) Review |url=https://screenanarchy.com/2011/10/7aam-arivu-the-seventh-sense-review.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526204714/https://screenanarchy.com/2011/10/7aam-arivu-the-seventh-sense-review.html |archive-date=26 May 2022 |access-date=1 April 2024 |website=[[Screen Anarchy]]}}</ref> Pavithra Srinivasan of ''Rediff.com'' rated the film three stars out of five, noting that the film was "worth a watch" and had "several things working for it".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Pavithra |date=26 October 2011 |title=Review: 7am Arivu is worth a watch |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-seven-am-arivu/20111026.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170115162548/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-seven-am-arivu/20111026.htm |archive-date=15 January 2017 |access-date=27 October 2011 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> N. Venkateswaran of ''[[The Times of India]]'' also rated the film three stars, saying, "If the movie deserves a look, it is only because of the ever-dependable Suriya" and was critical of Shruti Haasan's dialogue delivery.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Venkateswaran |first=N |date=30 October 2011 |title=7 Aum Arivu Movie Review |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/7-Aum-Arivu/movie-review/10542111.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608214139/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/7-Aum-Arivu/movie-review/10542111.cms |archive-date=8 June 2015 |access-date=1 April 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Malathi Rangarajan of ''The Hindu'' wrote, "Murugadoss could have started off with a credible line at a lesser level, before trying the seventh. All the same, plaudits to him for a sincere attempt to steer clear of the usual."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=29 October 2011 |title=Does Seven make complete Sense? |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/does-seven-make-complete-sense/article2579928.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214022314/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/does-seven-make-complete-sense/article2579928.ece |archive-date=14 December 2013 |access-date=19 January 2018 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

''[[Sify]]'' wrote that "the effort of Murugadoss to make a special kind of film is laudable but seems to lack the imagination required to pull off what he set out to achieve".<ref>{{Cite web |title=7 aum Arivu |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/7-aum-arivu-review-tamil-14982089.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130321161755/http://www.sify.com/movies/7-aum-arivu-review-tamil-14982089.html |archive-date=21 March 2013 |access-date=8 November 2011 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' also noted that the film had "a brilliant opening, after which the rest lacks focus and coherence" and concluded that "watch it for the first 20 minutes".<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 October 2011 |title=7aum Arivu |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2011/Oct/29/7aum-arivu-304919.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250326075300/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2011/Oct/29/7aum-arivu-304919.html |archive-date=26 March 2025 |access-date=26 March 2025 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote, "despite its techical finesse, Suriya’s ‘sang froid’ sophistry, Shruthi’s pretty as picture presence, “7am Arivu”, instead of being a savvy, slick thriller, turns out into a jingoistic, mindless moralising “[[jugaad]]”."<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 October 2011 |title=7am Arivu |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/7am-arivu-2452413 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250129113715/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/7am-arivu-2452413 |archive-date=29 January 2025 |access-date=12 April 2025 |website=[[Deccan Herald]] |language=en}}</ref> Reviewing the Telugu-dubbed version, Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' rated the film three out of five and wrote that "''7th Sense'' is an example for a big-star-cast-huge-budgeted movie that looks wonderful on the paper, but falters in the execution. The concept is innovative, but format/screenplay/arch is not good enough to narrate this story in an arresting fashion".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeevi |date=26 October 2011 |title=Telugu Movie review – 7th Sense |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-7thsense.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120123025758/https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-7thsense.html |archive-date=23 January 2012 |access-date=5 November 2024 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref>

=== Accolades ===
The film was one out of several films selected by the [[South Indian Film Chamber of Commerce]] as the Indian submission for the [[Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film]] that year.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 September 2012 |title=Oscar race: Vazhakku trumps 7aum Arivu |url=http://mobilepaper.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=25&sectid=edid=&edlabel=TOICH&mydateHid=19-09-2012&pubname=Times+of+India+-+Chennai&edname=&articleid=Ar02504&publabel=TOI |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023060008/http://mobilepaper.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=25&sectid=edid=&edlabel=TOICH&mydateHid=19-09-2012&pubname=Times+of+India+-+Chennai&edname=&articleid=Ar02504&publabel=TOI |archive-date=23 October 2014 |access-date=30 September 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable"
|-
! scope="col"| Award{{efn|Awards, festivals and organisations are in alphabetical order.}}
! scope="col"| Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
! scope="col"| Category
! scope="col"| Recipient(s)
! scope="col"| Result
! scope="col"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" |[[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]]
| rowspan="2" |5 January 2012
|Best Art Direction
|[[Rajeevan]]
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Vikatan Awards 2011 |url=http://indianmalaysian.com/2012/Star%202012/vikatan_awards.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170516160112/http://indianmalaysian.com/2012/Star%202012/vikatan_awards.html |archive-date=16 May 2017 |access-date=26 March 2025 |work=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |via=India Malaysia Online}}</ref>
|-
|Best Makeup Artist
|[[Banu (make-up artist)|Banu Bashyam]], A. Kodhandapaani
|{{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="7" |[[Filmfare Awards South]]
| rowspan="7" |[[59th Filmfare Awards South|7 July 2012]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil|Best Film – Tamil]]
|''7 Aum Arivu'' – [[Red Giant Movies]]
|{{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="7" |<ref>{{Cite episode |title=59th Filmfare Awards South |series=Filmfare Awards South |network=[[Sun TV Network]] |date=7 July 2012}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 July 2012 |title=59th Idea Filmfare Awards South (Winners list) |url=http://www.filmfare.com/news/59th-idea-filmfare-awards-south-winners-list-809.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811102950/http://www.filmfare.com/news/59th-idea-filmfare-awards-south-winners-list-809.html |archive-date=11 August 2015 |access-date=26 March 2025 |website=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |date=8 July 2012 |title=The 59th Idea Filmfare Awards 2011(South) |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/The-59th-Idea-Filmfare-Awards-2011South/articleshow/14742576.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811103446/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/The-59th-Idea-Filmfare-Awards-2011South/articleshow/14742576.cms |archive-date=11 August 2015 |access-date=26 March 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Tamil|Best Director – Tamil]]
|[[A. R. Murugadoss]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Best Actor – Tamil]]
|[[Suriya]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil|Best Actress – Tamil]]
|[[Shruti Haasan]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Tamil|Best Music Director – Tamil]]
|[[Harris Jayaraj]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist – Tamil|Best Lyricist – Tamil]]
|[[Na. Muthukumar]] – ("Mun Andhi")
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Tamil|Best Male Playback Singer – Tamil]]
|[[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]] – ("Mun Andhi")
|{{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="3" |[[Mirchi Music Awards South]]
| rowspan="3" |4 August 2012
|Best Male Playback Singer – Tamil
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] – ("Yamma Yamma")
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mirchi Music Awards Background |url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2011/tamil/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811130934/http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2011/tamil/index.html |archive-date=11 August 2015 |access-date=26 March 2025 |website=[[Radio Mirchi]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mirchi Music Awards Winners |url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2011/tamil/winners.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811131047/http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2011/tamil/winners.html |archive-date=11 August 2015 |access-date=26 March 2025 |website=[[Radio Mirchi]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mirchi Music Awards Listener's Choice |url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2011/tamil/listners_choice.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811131053/http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2011/tamil/listners_choice.html |archive-date=11 August 2015 |access-date=26 March 2025 |website=[[Radio Mirchi]]}}</ref>
|-
|Best Lyricist – Tamil
|[[Pa. Vijay]] – ("Innum Enna Thozha")
|{{won}}
|-
|Listeners' Choice Award for Best Album – Tamil
|[[7 Aum Arivu (soundtrack)|''7 Aum Arivu'']]
|{{won}}
|-
! scope="row" |[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|[[1st South Indian International Movie Awards|21{{ndash}}22 June 2012]]
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Best Actor – Tamil]]
|Suriya
|{{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Manigandan |first=K. R. |date=28 June 2012 |title=The South Shines |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/the-south-shines/article3581006.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811115724/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/the-south-shines/article3581006.ece |archive-date=11 August 2015 |access-date=26 March 2025 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=SIIMA Awards: 2011 Winners |url=http://siima.in/siima-awards.php?year=2012&action=winners |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811120512/http://siima.in/siima-awards.php?year=2012&action=winners |archive-date=11 August 2015 |access-date=26 March 2025 |website=[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="12" |[[Vijay Awards]]
| rowspan="12" |[[6th Vijay Awards|16 June 2012]]
|[[Vijay Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|Suriya
|{{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="12" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 June 2012 |title=6th Annual Vijay Awards: Complete list of winners |url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/6th-annual-vijay-awards-complete-list-of-winners-483185.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811113839/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/6th-annual-vijay-awards-complete-list-of-winners-483185.html |archive-date=11 August 2015 |access-date=26 March 2025 |website=[[IBNLive]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite episode |title=6th Vijay Awards |series=Vijay Awards |network=[[Star Vijay]] |date=30 June 2012 |location=[[Chennai]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Best Villain|Best Villain]]
|[[Johnny Trí Nguyễn]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Best Debut Actress|Best Debut Actress]]
|Shruti Haasan
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Best Cinematographer|Best Cinematographer]]
|[[Ravi K. Chandran]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Best Art Director|Best Art Director]]
|Rajeevan
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Dialogue
|A. R. Murugadoss
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Best Stunt Director|Best Stunt Director]]
|[[Peter Hein]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Best Make Up Artistes|Best Make Up]]
|A. Kodhandapaani
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Best Costume Designer|Best Costume Designer]]
|[[Anu Vardhan]], Murthy
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Favourite Hero|Favourite Hero]]
|Suriya
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Favourite Film|Favourite Film]]
|''7 Aum Arivu'' – [[Red Giant Movies]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Favourite Director|Favourite Director]]
|A. R. Murugadoss
|{{nom}}
|}

== Historical accuracy ==
Some criticism toward the film involved historical inaccuracies pertaining to Bodhidharma. Bikku Bodhi Bala, professor of [[Pali]] and Buddhist studies at the [[Tamil Nadu Theological Seminary]], [[Madurai]], expressed his disappointment on the inaccuracies as Bodhidharma had travelled from India to China with the main intention of propagating [[Buddhism]] and his portrayal as a man with "medicinal knowledge" and his expertise at "martial arts" were not well received among researchers, claiming that the film gives too much emphasis on his identity as a [[Tamils|Tamilian]] rather than highlighting the other facts.<ref name=":15">{{Cite news |last=Muralidharan |first=Kavitha |date=9 November 2011 |title=7 Aum Arivu row: Debate rages over Bodhi Dharma's identity |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/kollywood/7-aum-arivu-row-debate-rages-over-bodhi-dharma%E2%80%99s-identity-006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111217043347/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/kollywood/7-aum-arivu-row-debate-rages-over-bodhi-dharma%E2%80%99s-identity-006 |archive-date=17 December 2011 |access-date=16 December 2011 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref>

Stalin Rajangam, a researcher in Tamil Buddhism, commented that the film failed to discuss about his contribution to Buddhism, and admitted that it "should have ideally discussed the relationship between Tamil society and Buddhism". Historian [[S. Theodore Baskaran]] noted that "Tamil films have scant regard for history. Almost always, they confuse between history and folklore", and compared ''7 Aum Arivu'' to other Tamil films such as ''[[Veerapandiya Kattabomman (film)|Veerapandiya Kattabomman]]'' (1959) and ''[[Parthiban Kanavu (1960 film)|Parthiban Kanavu]]'' (1960) which had historical inaccuracies.<ref name=":15" />

Babu T. Raghu, a Bangalore-based Buddhist teacher, noted in a press conference that the monk was 150 years old when he reached China, while in the film they had depicted him in his 20s.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 November 2011 |title=Buddhist targets '7aum Arivu' for inaccuracy |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2011/nov/06/buddhist-targets-7aum-arivu-for-inaccuracy-307260.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805065430/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2011/nov/06/buddhist-targets-7aum-arivu-for-inaccuracy-307260.html |archive-date=5 August 2021 |access-date=5 August 2021 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> He also said that the film showed the exhumation of his body while in reality Bodhidharma's body was never found and claimed that his life and death had been portrayed wrongly.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sreedhar |first=Nemmani |date=15 November 2011 |title='Bodhidharma portrayal wrong in film' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/bodhidharma-portrayal-wrong-in-film/article2629366.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912035427/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/bodhidharma-portrayal-wrong-in-film/article2629366.ece |archive-date=12 September 2021 |access-date=5 August 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> Babu added that he had material evidence to prove it, while sparking off a hunger strike across the country on Bodhidharma's followers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 November 2011 |title='Facts in 7am arivu are inaccurate' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2011/nov/08/facts-in-7am-arivu-are-inaccurate-308209.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805065409/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2011/nov/08/facts-in-7am-arivu-are-inaccurate-308209.html |archive-date=5 August 2021 |access-date=5 August 2021 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
In March 2020, during the outbreak of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] in India, ''7 Aum Arivu'' resurfaced as one among the few South Indian films that highlighted viral outbreaks which included ''[[Dasavathaaram]]'' (2008), ''[[Vaayai Moodi Pesavum]]'' (2014) and the Malayalam film ''[[Virus (2019 film)|Virus]]'' (2019);<ref name=":17">{{Cite web |last=Balachandran |first=Logesh |date=23 March 2020 |title=Quarantine Curation: Contagion spooked you out? These Indian movies on viruses are better |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/quarantine-curation-contagion-spooked-you-out-these-indian-movies-on-viruses-are-better-1657881-2020-03-23 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406014015/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/quarantine-curation-contagion-spooked-you-out-these-indian-movies-on-viruses-are-better-1657881-2020-03-23 |archive-date=6 April 2020 |access-date=23 February 2025 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref> ''7 Aum Arivu'' was primarily discussed among cinephiles as the film's themes had foreshadowed the global pandemic scenario.<ref name=":17" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 March 2020 |title=Five Tamil movies that discuss virus outbreak |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/five-tamil-movies-that-discuss-virus-attacks-coronavirus-6324348/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324102414/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/five-tamil-movies-that-discuss-virus-attacks-coronavirus-6324348/ |archive-date=24 March 2020 |access-date=23 February 2025 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The film also became a subject of an [[internet meme]], along with Suriya's other films, during that same year as his films had predicted the future scenarios around the world.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 June 2020 |title='Ayan' to 'Kaappaan': Six times when Suriya predicted the future with his films |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ayan-to-kaappaan-six-times-when-suriya-predicted-the-future-with-his-films/photostory/76197021.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610224255/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ayan-to-kaappaan-six-times-when-suriya-predicted-the-future-with-his-films/photostory/76197021.cms |archive-date=10 June 2020 |access-date=26 March 2025 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 June 2020 |title=Suriya films trend online as meme creators compare his films with the ongoing pandemic |url=https://www.dtnext.in/lifestyletopnews/2020/06/06/suriya-films-trend-online-as-meme-creators-compare-his-films-with-the-ongoing-pandemic |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608045057/https://www.dtnext.in/lifestyletopnews/2020/06/06/suriya-films-trend-online-as-meme-creators-compare-his-films-with-the-ongoing-pandemic |archive-date=8 June 2023 |access-date=23 February 2025 |website=[[DT Next]] |language=en}}</ref>

== In other media ==
In ''[[Massu Engira Masilamani]]'' (2015), Suriya appears as a fake exorcist at [[Brahmanandam]]'s house, helping him to get rid of ghosts; the latter visualises him as a saint during his introduction, with the song "The Rise of Damo (Mandarin)" used as a callback to the character.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ThhioKoH7C8 |title=Masss Tamil Movie Comedy Scenes {{!}} Part 2 {{!}} Surya {{!}} Nayantara {{!}} Prenji Amaren {{!}} Karunas {{!}} Rajendran |date=6 June 2017 |publisher=API Tamil Comedy |access-date=23 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407105026/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ThhioKoH7C8 |archive-date=7 April 2023 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> The character Bodhidharma was spoofed in ''[[Tamizh Padam 2]]'' (2018), while the song "Kalavarame" contains various callbacks to "Mun Andhi".<ref name="Sify review">{{Cite web |date=12 July 2018 |title=Tamizh Padam 2 review: Sometimes, a good laugh is all you need to make your day |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/tamizh-padam-2-review-sometimes-a-good-laugh-is-all-you-need-to-make-your-day-review-tamil-shmnl3aaiabdc.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713173446/http://www.sify.com/movies/tamizh-padam-2-review-sometimes-a-good-laugh-is-all-you-need-to-make-your-day-review-tamil-shmnl3aaiabdc.html |archive-date=13 July 2018 |access-date=26 March 2025 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{AR Murugadoss}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2010s chase films]]
[[Category:2011 controversies]]
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[[Category:2011 Indian films]]
[[Category:2011 martial arts films]]
[[Category:2011 science fiction action films]]
[[Category:2011 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films about Buddhism]]
[[Category:Films about genetic engineering]]
[[Category:Films about hypnosis]]
[[Category:Films directed by A. R. Murugadoss]]
[[Category:Films produced by Udhayanidhi Stalin]]
[[Category:Films scored by Harris Jayaraj]]
[[Category:Films set in ancient China]]
[[Category:Films set in ancient India]]
[[Category:Films set in Beijing]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
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[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language science fiction action films]]

Nizhalgal

2026-04-14T11:15:14Z

Himvanta: starting info

{{short description|1980 film by Bharathiraja}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Nizhalgal poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Bharathiraja]]a
| screenplay = Bharathirajaa
| story = [[Manivannan]]
| producer = P. Jayarajaa S. P. Sigamani
| starring = [[S. Rajasekar|Rajasekaran]] [[Raadhu (actress)|Rohini]] [[Nizhalgal Ravi|Ravi]] [[Vagai Chandrasekhar|Chandrasekhar]] Suvitha
| cinematography = [[B. Kannan]]
| editing = Chandy
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = Manoj Creations
| released = {{film date|1980|11|6|df=y}}
| runtime = 117 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Nizhalgal''''' ({{IPA|ta|n̪iɻalɡaɭ|pron}} {{translation|Shadows}}) is a 1980 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] co-written and directed by [[Bharathiraja]]a. The film stars newcomers [[S. Rajasekar]] (credited as Rajasekaran), [[Raadhu (actress)|Raadhu]] (credited as Rohini), [[Nizhalgal Ravi|Ravi]], [[Vagai Chandrasekhar|Chandrasekhar]] and Suvitha. It revolves around a group of youngsters and their struggles to overcome the challenges faced by them in society.

The film's crew contained a host of newcomers, including the lyricist [[Vairamuthu]] and [[Manivannan]], both would later go on to become an established lyricist and a director respectively. It was released on 6 November 1980. Though a commercial failure, the film received critical acclaim and was screened at the "Indian Panorama" section of the [[International Film Festival of India]] in 1981. The same year it won two awards at the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]].

== Plot ==
Gopi and Hari, two unemployed graduates, share a room in [[Chennai|Madras]]. While Gopi is looking for a job, Hari, a [[harmonium]] player, aspires to become a music composer in the film industry. They both manage to make ends meet with the help of their friends. Their neighbour is Prabhu, a college student who spends all his time smoking, painting, and singing. A new family relocates to their apartment. The couple has a daughter, Mahalakshmi. Prabhu and Maha both study in the same college and become good friends. Prabhu decides to apprentice under a [[veena]] exponent, who dies before he joins the class.

Gopi gives tuition to Maha, and they fall in love. During this time, Gopi, Hari, and Prabhu get arrested for different reasons. Maha pledges her necklace and bails them out. In an attempt to reform, Prabhu meets his college principal but gets dismissed from the college after impulsively slapping him for extinguishing his cigarette on a flower. He is scolded by his father, but Maha is supportive of him. Prabhu assumes that she loves him. During this time, Maha's parents force her to discontinue her tuition as some of their relatives suspect she and Gopi are in a relationship. Hari gets a break in films and receives an advance payment from the producers. Using the sum, they return Maha's necklace. By this time, Maha's parents start looking for a groom for her.

Maha meets Gopi and advises him to find a job so that they can marry. Meanwhile, Hari is dropped from the film because the financier of the film does not want a new, untested music composer. Gopi and Hari are evicted from their room for not paying rent and seek shelter with Mani, a [[rickshaw]] puller. Gopi gets a telegram informing him that his father is dead. To bear Gopi's travel expenses, Mani's son Singam goes out but meets with an accident. Hari tries to make money by becoming a [[Street performance|street performer]] but fails. Gopi approaches a moneylender to borrow money for Singam's treatment. The moneylender talks ill about Singam, angering Gopi into stabbing him and taking his money. When Gopi returns, Singam is already dead.

Meanwhile, Maha's parents arrange a marriage for her. When she meets Prabhu, he confesses his love for her. A shocked Maha informs him that she never loved him, only Gopi. Prabhu is disappointed and feels that life has betrayed him at every turn. He tries to molest Maha but stops when she takes a knife and threatens to kill herself. Prabhu feels guilty, so he takes the knife and stabs himself to death. By this time, Gopi arrives at Maha's house and informs her that he has killed the moneylender for money. They both decide to take the next step and are married immediately. The next day, they are arrested for the deaths of Prabhu and the moneylender, while Hari throws his harmonium in the sea, laughs hysterically and runs amok.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[S. Rajasekar|Rajasekaran]] as Prabhu<ref name="federal">{{Cite web |last=Tiwari |first=Nidhi |date=25 May 2020 |title=40 years of 'Nizhalgal': A Tamil film still relevant in COVID time |url=https://thefederal.com/features/40-years-of-nizhalgal-a-tamil-film-still-relevant-in-covid-time/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115170127/https://thefederal.com/features/40-years-of-nizhalgal-a-tamil-film-still-relevant-in-covid-time/ |archive-date=15 November 2020 |access-date=14 June 2020 |website=[[The Federal]] |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Raadhu (actress)|Rohini]] as Mahalakshmi (Maha){{Sfn |Dhananjayan |2014 |page=262}}
*[[Nizhalgal Ravi|Ravi]] as Gopi<ref name="federal" />
*[[Vagai Chandrasekhar|Chandrasekhar]] as Hari<ref name="federal" />
* Suvitha as Poongothai{{Sfn |Dhananjayan |2014 |page=262}}
*[[Charuhasan]] as the [[veena]] exponent{{Sfn |Dhananjayan |2014 |page=262}}
*[[Manivannan]] as Mani{{Sfn |Dhananjayan |2014 |page=262}}
*[[Janagaraj]] as the moneylender{{Sfn |Dhananjayan |2014 |page=262}}
*[[K. K. Soundar]] as Gopi's father{{Sfn |Dhananjayan |2014 |page=262}}
*[[Master Haja Sheriff]] as Singam{{Sfn |Dhananjayan |2014 |page=262}}
* Rasi Ramasamy as Maha's father
*[[Ilaiyaraaja]] (special appearance)
*[[R. K. Kumar]] (special appearance)
*R. Purusothaman (special appearance in "Madai Thiranthu")<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kolappan |first=B. |date=19 May 2020 |title=Ilaiyaraaja's tech-savvy drummer, R. Purusothaman, dies |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/ilaiyaraajas-tech-savvy-drummer-r-purusothaman-dies/article31622981.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520072027/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/ilaiyaraajas-tech-savvy-drummer-r-purusothaman-dies/article31622981.ece |archive-date=20 May 2020 |access-date=20 May 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>
}}

== Production ==
Manivannan joined Bharathiraja's unit as an assistant in the film. He scripted the story and co-wrote the film with Bharathiraja.<ref name="hindu1">{{Cite news |last=Subramanian |first=Karthik |date=15 June 2013 |title=Master of character roles Manivannan passes away |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/master-of-character-roles-manivannan-passes-away/article4817104.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509102355/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/master-of-character-roles-manivannan-passes-away/article4817104.ece |archive-date=9 May 2016 |access-date=15 August 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> The film's cast, principal cast in particular – Ravi, Chandrasekhar, Raadhu, and Rajasekar – mostly featured newcomers. Raadhu was credited as Rohini, and Rajasekar as Rajasekaran.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 August 2014 |title=மீண்டும் நடிக்க வருகிறார் நிழல்கள் ரோகிணி |trans-title=''Nizhalgal'' Rohini to return to acting |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/20819/cinema/Kollywood/Nizhalgal-Rohini-returns-back-to-cinema.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150916023744/http://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/20819/cinema/Kollywood/Nizhalgal-Rohini-returns-back-to-cinema.htm |archive-date=16 September 2015 |access-date=15 August 2015 |work=[[Dinamalar]] |language=Tamil}}</ref> Ravi was earlier asked to audition for Bharathiraja's ''[[Niram Maratha Pookal|Niram Maratha Pookkal]]'' (1979) as a dubbing artist for the lead character. However, since Bharathiraja himself dubbed for character, Ravi was dropped. Bharathiraaja, however, signed up Ravi for ''Nizhalgal'' as the lead actor, thus marking Ravi's cinematic debut.<ref>{{Cite news |last=M. R. |date=11 May 2001 |title=They are in the fray too... |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/they-are-in-the-fray-too/article27933540.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260401055503/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/they-are-in-the-fray-too/article27933540.ece |archive-date=1 April 2026 |access-date=1 April 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> Bharathiraja cast Rajasekar because he liked his eyes.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=N. |date=22 May 1987 |title=A courageous comeback |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=uoJlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=up4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=951%2C2154723 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408075319/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=uoJlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=up4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=951,2154723 |archive-date=8 April 2023 |access-date=17 October 2020 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=12 |language=en |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref> Some outdoor scenes were filmed in Mekkarai, Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=1 November 1980 |title=தீபாவளி ரிலீஸ் {{!}} நிழல்கள் |trans-title=Diwali Release {{!}} ''Nizhalgal'' |url=https://i.ibb.co/W6LDvCg/Deepavali-release.jpg |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629111946/https://i.ibb.co/W6LDvCg/Deepavali-release.jpg |archive-date=29 June 2022 |access-date=3 July 2022 |magazine=Deepavali Malar |publisher=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=328 |language=ta}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nizhalgal Tamil Film EP Vinyl Record by Ilayaraaja |url=https://mossymart.com/product/nizhalgal-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraaja/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324110922/https://mossymart.com/product/nizhalgal-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraaja/ |archive-date=24 March 2022 |access-date=24 March 2022 |website=Mossymart}}</ref> The song "Ithu Oru Pon Malai" was written by [[Vairamuthu]], making his cinematic debut.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=18 June 2002 |title=In love with lyrics |url=https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/06/18/stories/2002061800080200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031201003251/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/06/18/stories/2002061800080200.htm |archive-date=1 December 2003 |access-date=9 January 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> He got the starting lines ready within 30 minutes.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramesh |first=Neeraja |date=10 March 2020 |title=The evening is yet to be: Vairamuthu's ode to Tamil |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/the-evening-is-yet-to-be-vairamuthus-ode-to-tamil/articleshow/74558676.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223171718/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/the-evening-is-yet-to-be-vairamuthus-ode-to-tamil/articleshow/74558676.cms |archive-date=23 December 2021 |access-date=23 December 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The song is set in [[Kedaram]] raga,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=15 March 2013 |title=Mood enhancers |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/mood-enhancers/article4512233.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190917080636/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/mood-enhancers/article4512233.ece |archive-date=17 September 2019 |access-date=9 January 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> while "Poongathave" is set in [[Mayamalavagowla]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Saravanan |first=T. |date=20 September 2013 |title=Ragas hit a high |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/ragas-hit-a-high/article5149905.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250805163654/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/ragas-hit-a-high/article5149905.ece |archive-date=5 August 2025 |access-date=9 January 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ராமானுஜன் |first=டாக்டர் ஜி. |date=18 May 2018 |title=ராக யாத்திரை 05: தாழ் திறந்த இசையின் கதவு |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/127932-05.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813042815/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/127932-05.html |archive-date=13 August 2022 |access-date=27 February 2024 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref> The [[rock and roll]] song "Madai Thiranthu" was later remixed by [[Yogi B]] and Natchatra in their album ''Vallavan''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jerald |first=Jasmine |date=20 March 2017 |title=Now no one can perform Ilayaraja's songs without his permission |url=https://www.edexlive.com/live-now/2017/mar/20/now-no-one-can-perform-ilayarajas-songs-without-his-permission-221.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181218010930/https://www.edexlive.com/live-now/2017/mar/20/now-no-one-can-perform-ilayarajas-songs-without-his-permission-221.html |archive-date=18 December 2018 |access-date=9 January 2019 |website=[[Edex Live]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ganeshan |first=Balakrishna |date=23 September 2020 |title=From Malaysia to Kollywood: Godfather of Tamil hip hop Yogi B intv |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/malaysia-kollywood-godfather-tamil-hip-hop-yogi-b-intv-133734 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006054030/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/malaysia-kollywood-godfather-tamil-hip-hop-yogi-b-intv-133734 |archive-date=6 October 2020 |access-date=11 August 2021 |website=[[The News Minute]] |language=en}}</ref> A remix version of "Ithu Oru Pon Malai" is featured on music artist M. Rafi's album ''Aasaiyae Alaipolae''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jeshi |first=K. |date=2 November 2007 |title=Mix and match |url=http://www.hindu.com/cp/2007/11/02/stories/2007110250280800.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071104110903/http://www.hindu.com/cp/2007/11/02/stories/2007110250280800.htm |archive-date=4 November 2007 |access-date=11 November 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Ilaiyaraaja later reused "Dhoorathil Naan Kanda" as "Vennello Godari" for the Telugu film ''[[Sitaara]]'' (1984).<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 August 2020 |title=பாடலுக்கு மொழி இருக்கிறதா..? |url=https://minnambalam.com/2020/08/01/10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101075518/https://minnambalam.com/2020/08/01/10 |archive-date=1 November 2021 |access-date=4 March 2023 |website=Minnambalam |language=ta}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Ithu Oru Pon Malai
| lyrics1 = [[Vairamuthu]]
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length1 = 4:20
| title2 = Dhoorathil Naan Kanda Un Mugam
| lyrics2 = [[Panchu Arunachalam]]
| extra2 = [[S. Janaki]]
| length2 = 5:05
| title3 = Madai Thiranthu
| lyrics3 = [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 June 2013 |title='மடைதிறந்து....' – இது மணிவண்ணன் பாட்டு! |url=http://www.envazhi.com/manivannan-a-lyricist-too/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190109111241/http://www.envazhi.com/manivannan-a-lyricist-too/ |archive-date=9 January 2019 |access-date=9 January 2019 |work=Envazhi |language=ta}}</ref>
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length3 = 4:21
| title4 = Poongathavae Thaal Thiravai
| lyrics4 = [[Gangai Amaran]]
| extra4 = [[Deepan Chakravarthy]], [[Uma Ramanan]]
| length4 = 4:27
| total_length = 18:13
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Nizhalgal'' was released on 6 November 1980 alongside ''[[Varumayin Niram Sivappu]]'' with both films having the theme of unemployment.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dhananjayan |first=G. |author-link=G. Dhananjayan |date=14 July 2017 |title=Similar storylines need to show new tricks to hook fans |url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/Opinion/2017/07/14100554/1038715/Similar-storylines-need-to-show-new-tricks-to-hook-.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728095630/https://www.dtnext.in/News/Opinion/2017/07/14100554/1038715/Similar-storylines-need-to-show-new-tricks-to-hook-.vpf |archive-date=28 July 2021 |access-date=17 December 2018 |work=[[DT Next]] |language=en}}</ref> Radhakrishnan of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised the performances of newcomers as natural, Ilaiyaraaja's music and cinematography as colourful and concluded by calling direction as the reality of life as shadow.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=ராதாகிருஷ்ணன் |date=23 November 1980 |title=நிழல்கள் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1980-11-23/page/n31/mode/2up |access-date=1 April 2026 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=31 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> Naagai Dharuman of ''Anna'' praised the music, acting, cinematography, dialogues and direction but criticised Bharathiraja for using too many symbolic shots.<ref>{{Cite news |last=தருமன் |first=நாகை |date=17 November 1980 |title=நிழல்கள் |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_5_26/4.jp2/full/1000,1369/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250531142729/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_5_26/4.jp2/full/1000,1369/0/default.jpg |archive-date=31 May 2025 |access-date=31 May 2025 |newspaper=Anna |pages=4 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref> Although the film's story, music and the performance of the cast members received critical acclaim, it failed at the box office.<ref name="hindu1" />

== Accolades ==
At the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]] (1981), ''Nizhalgal'' won two awards – [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]] (for Ilaiyaraaja) and [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]] (for S. P. Balasubrahmanyam).{{Sfn |Dhananjayan |2014 |page=263}} At the [[International Film Festival of India]] in 1981, ''Nizhalgal'' was one of the 21 films to be screened at the Indian Panorama section. It was one of the two Tamil films to be screened at the festival; the other being ''[[Doorathu Idi Muzhakkam]]'' which was released the same year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Cinema '80/'81 |url=http://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/141_IPCatalogue1980-81.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103081608/http://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/141_IPCatalogue1980-81.pdf |archive-date=3 January 2020 |access-date=13 October 2020 |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]] |page=98}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
Made in the neo-realistic style, the film was a different attempt by Bharathiraja. The French film critic Yves Thoraval in his ''The cinemas of India'' stated: "a gloomy and violent film despite musical scenes with pretty dancers in short skirts."{{sfn |Thoraval |2000 |p=332}} After the film's release, the name "Nizhalgal" was added to Ravi's name as a prefix.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raman |first=Mohan V. |author-link=Mohan Raman |date=8 November 2014 |title=What's in a name? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/whats-in-a-name/article6578238.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620181605/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/whats-in-a-name/article6578238.ece |archive-date=20 June 2018 |access-date=17 December 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> In 2008, short filmmaker R. V. Ramani in an interview with ''[[The Hindu]]'' recalled ''Nizhalgal'' as being a film that made a strong impact on him. He further called the film as a pathbreaking one in Tamil cinema.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 February 2008 |title=Why I like... Nizhalgal |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/why-i-like-nizhalgal/article3022561.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811065122/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/why-i-like-nizhalgal/article3022561.ece |archive-date=11 August 2021 |access-date=15 August 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> In a 2015 interview, Bharathiraja noted that he had to return to mainstream filmmaking due to the financial failure of ''Nizhalgal''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 April 2015 |title=நிழல்கள்' தோல்வி தான் சாதாரணமான சினிமாவிற்குள் தள்ளியது: பாரதிராஜா |url=http://cinema.dinamani.com/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%9A/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304022706/http://cinema.dinamani.com/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%9A/ |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=15 August 2015 |work=[[Dinamani]] |language=Tamil}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Dhananjayan |first=G. |author-link=G. Dhananjayan |title=Pride of Tamil Cinema: 1931–2013 |title-link=Pride of Tamil Cinema |publisher=Blue Ocean Publishers |year=2014 |oclc=898765509}}
* {{Cite book |last=Thoraval |first=Yves |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-OpkAAAAMAAJ&q=nizhalgal |title=The cinemas of India |publisher=Macmillan India |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-333-93410-4}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Bharathiraja}}

[[Category:1980 drama films]]
[[Category:1980 films]]
[[Category:1980 Indian films]]
[[Category:1980 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Fiction about unemployment]]
[[Category:Films about poverty in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by Bharathiraja]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Bharathiraja]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

The Academy of Fine Arts (film)

2026-04-14T04:33:37Z

Himvanta:

{{Short description|2025 Indian film by Jayabrata Das}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = The Academy of Fine Arts
| image = The Academy of Fine Arts (film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Jayabrata Das
| writer = Jayabrata Das
| producer = Prateek Chakravorty Manab Saha Sanket Mishra Soumya Sarkar Jayabrata Das
| starring = [[Rudranil Ghosh]] [[Sourav Das (actor)|Saurav Das]] [[Payel Sarkar|Paayel Sarkar]] Rishav Basu [[Rahul Banerjee (actor)|Rahul Banerjee]] Anuradha Mukherjee Amit Saha [[Sudip Mukherjee]] [[Anindya Pulak Banerjee]]
| cinematography = Arnab Laha
| editing = Ashik Sharkar
| music = Soumya Rit
| runtime = 149 minutes
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| budget = {{estimated}}{{INR|25 lakh}}
| gross = {{estimated}}{{INR|75 lakhs}}
| studio = Pramod Films Cinenic Studios
| distributor = SSR Cinemas
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2025|11|21}}
}}
'''''The Academy of Fine Arts''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language [[Independent film|independent]] [[black comedy]] [[heist film]] written, co-produced and directed by Jayabrata Das in his directorial debut.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-11-20 |title=জট কাটিয়ে মুক্তি পাচ্ছে 'দি অ্যাকাডেমি অফ ফাইন আর্টস', মোট ক'টি প্রেক্ষাগৃহে প্রদর্শিত হবে এই ছবি? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/director-jaybrata-das-opens-up-how-many-shows-would-the-academy-of-fine-arts-will-get-dgtl/cid/1648984 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251205193608/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/director-jaybrata-das-opens-up-how-many-shows-would-the-academy-of-fine-arts-will-get-dgtl/cid/1648984 |archive-date=2025-12-05 |access-date=2025-12-05 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]}}</ref> Produced by Prateek Chakravorty, Manab Saha, Sanket Mishra, Jayabrata Das & Soumya Sarkar under their respective banners of Pramod Films and Cinenic Studios, the film stars an [[ensemble cast]] of [[Rudranil Ghosh]], [[Sourav Das (actor)|Saurav Das]], [[Payel Sarkar|Paayel Sarkar]], Rishav Basu, [[Rahul Banerjee (actor)|Rahul Banerjee]], Amit Saha, [[Sudip Mukherjee]] and Anuradha Mukherjee. It follows a group of criminals whose heist of a rare liquor bottle unravels into betrayal and violence, pushing each of them into a deadly fight for survival.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ট্যারান্টিনো ঘরানার নগ্নতা, টানটান রহস্য থেকে সৃজিতের প্রশংসা -মুক্তি পেয়েই শিরোনামে বাংলা 'অ্যাকাডেমি'র ঝলক! |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/bengali-movie-the-academy-of-fine-arts-trailer-news |access-date=2025-11-06 |website=Aajkaal |language=bn}}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

Das developed the script in May 2021 while studying in [[Satyajit Ray Film and Television Institute]], conceiving the plot [[Nonlinear narrative|out of chronological order]]. [[Principal photography]] commenced in November 2021 and wrapped by in July 2023. Music of the film is composed by Soumyo Rit, while Arnab Laha and Ashik Sharkar handling its cinematography and editing respectively. The film is executive produced by Manab Saha and Sanket Mishra.

Initially slated for release on 14 November 2025, ''AOFA'' was postponed and then released theatrically on 21 November 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-14 |title=৫৪টা পরিবর্তনের পর অবশেষে সেন্সর বোর্ডে ছাড় পেল 'অ্যাকাডেমি অফ ফাইন আর্টস'! কবে মুক্তি পাচ্ছে ছবি? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bangla/entertainment/after-54-changes-academy-of-fine-arts-finally-gets-clearance-from-the-censor-board-271760444565736.html |access-date=2025-11-06 |website=Hindustan Times |language=bn}}</ref> It was featured at the [[20th Jogja-NETPAC Asian Film Festival|20th Jogja NETPAC Asian Film Festival]], standing out as the only Bengali film selection.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ganguly |first=Ruman |date=2025-12-04 |title=The Academy of Fine Arts' wins hearts in Jogja |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/the-academy-of-fine-arts-wins-hearts-in-jogja/articleshow/125760401.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251205180630/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/the-academy-of-fine-arts-wins-hearts-in-jogja/articleshow/125760401.cms |archive-date=2025-12-05 |access-date=2025-12-05 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257 |quote=Laughter, applause, and spontaneous reactions filled the room as viewers remained glued to the screen all the way through the end credits.}}</ref>

''AOFA'' has been noted for its [[self-referential]] style, beginning with a title card providing two dictionary definitions of “[[Pulp magazine|pulp]]”. Critics have compared its blend of ironic humour and graphic violence to the works of [[Quentin Tarantino]], especially ''[[Reservoir Dogs]]'' (1992) and ''[[Pulp Fiction]]'' (1994).<ref name=abp>{{cite web|url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/rudranil-payel-rwishav-sourav-new-film-named-the-academy-of-fine-arts-entertainment-news-tollywood-1101705|title=Tollywood News: স্বনির্ভর ছবিতে পায়েল, রাহুল, রুদ্রনীল, থ্রিলারের মোড়কে নতুন গল্প 'দ্য আকাডেমি অফ ফাইন আর্টস'|website=ABP Live Bengali|date=25 October 2024|access-date=6 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bn/entertainment/the-academy-of-fine-arts-new-bengali-movie-coming-soon-in-theatre-west-bengal-news-wbs24102502386|title=The Academy of Fine Arts: New Bengali movie coming soon in theatres|website=ETV Bharat Bengali|date=25 October 2024|access-date=6 November 2025}}</ref><ref name="toi">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-details/the-academy-of-fine-arts/movieshow/123120191.cms|title=The Academy of Fine Arts Movie Details|website=The Times of India|access-date=6 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2025-10-15 |title=সপরিবারে এই ছবি দেখতে বারণ করছেন পরিচালক ! কারণ কী ? |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bn/entertainment/rudranil-ghosh-saurav-das-payel-sarkar-starrer-academy-of-fine-arts-release-on-this-date-west-bengal-news-wbs25101500782 |access-date=2025-11-06 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=bn}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film opens with two thieves celebrating the successful theft of an antique wine bottle known as the McGuffin. Their amusement turns to shock when they discover that the ₹4 lakh they were paid is only a fraction of the bottle’s actual value of about ₹20 crore. Feeling cheated, one of the thieves becomes enraged; the scene immediately cuts to his death at the hands of Jiban Das and his associate, Sachin Talapatra. The second thief is captured and placed in the trunk of their car for interrogation regarding the location of the stolen bottle.

Before leaving, Sachin discovers a card that falls from the car’s visor, offering a one-time payment of ₹2 crore for an unspecified job, signed by someone named Porichoy Gupto. Jiban reveals that he also received a similar card, containing a date, time, and venue for a meeting to learn more about the assignment. Although both men work under a mafia overlord named Kim Lin, they decide to follow the lead due to the substantial reward.

At the designated restaurant, Jiban and Sachin find several other members of Kim Ling’s gang, each of whom also received identical cards. A montage introduces the group: Bireshwar Bal, a mute meat enthusiast and skilled lock picker; Dinabandhu, the mastermind behind the Porichoy Gupto scheme; and Rakhal Pakrashi, rumoured to have risen to Kim Lin’s inner circle through manipulation involving her sister.

While waiting for Porichoy Gupto—who never appears—the gang grows increasingly impatient. During the commotion, Jiban assaults a man harassing his girlfriend, heightening the disorder in the restaurant. Sensing the rising tension, Dinabandhu intentionally drops a fork and asks Bireshwar to retrieve it. When Bireshwar reaches under the table, he discovers a recorder taped beneath it. Believing it to be from Porichoy Gupto, the group removes the device and plays the recording, propelling the narrative into the central mystery.<ref name=abp></ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Rudranil Ghosh]] as Dinabandhu "Dinu" Mitra<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-11-25 |title=চার দিনেই লক্ষাধিক আয়! বাণিজ্যে এগিয়ে 'দি অ্যাকাডেমি', বাকি তিনটি বাংলা ছবির কী অবস্থা? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/what-is-the-boxoffice-collection-of-four-bengali-cinemas-the-academy-of-fine-arts-deep-fridge-lakshmikantapur-local-and-police-dgtl/cid/1650040 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251205192904/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/what-is-the-boxoffice-collection-of-four-bengali-cinemas-the-academy-of-fine-arts-deep-fridge-lakshmikantapur-local-and-police-dgtl/cid/1650040 |archive-date=2025-12-05 |access-date=2025-12-05 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]}}</ref>
* [[Sourav Das (actor)|Saurav Das]] as Jibon Das<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-11-25 |title='সবার শেষে এসেছি, সবার থেকে এগিয়ে যাব'! 'দি অ্যাকাডেমি' মুক্তি পেতে বার্তা সৌরভের |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/the-academy-of-fine-arts-released-premier-night-with-stars-reactions-of-actor-sourav-das-and-director-dgtl/cid/1649222 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251205185628/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/the-academy-of-fine-arts-released-premier-night-with-stars-reactions-of-actor-sourav-das-and-director-dgtl/cid/1649222 |archive-date=2025-12-05 |access-date=2025-12-05 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]}}</ref>
* [[Payel Sarkar|Paayel Sarkar]] as Richa<ref>{{Cite web |last=ডেস্ক |first=বিনোদন |date=2025-11-04 |title=প্রাপ্তবয়স্কদের সিনেমাটি নিয়ে পায়েল বললেন... |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/entertainment/tollywood/t8dv2tkjvx |access-date=2025-11-06 |website=Prothomalo |language=bn}}</ref>
* Rishav Basu as Sachin Talapatra<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-11-22 |title=পায়েলের সঙ্গে অন্তরঙ্গ মুহূর্ত থেকে পর্দায় নগ্নতা, নিজেকে 'ফাইন আর্টিস্ট' কেন বললেন ঋষভ? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/rishav-basu-takes-bold-steps-in-new-bengali-movie-the-academy-of-fine-arts-dgtl/cid/1649404&sa=U&ved=2ahUKEwjcx67pjaeRAxVSbmwGHQOyCRwQFnoECAMQAg&usg=AOvVaw0ZgE0erL3J4kIuEC458i-7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251205192218/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/rishav-basu-takes-bold-steps-in-new-bengali-movie-the-academy-of-fine-arts-dgtl/cid/1649404 |archive-date=2025-12-05 |access-date=2025-12-05 |work=[[Anandabazar patrika]]}}</ref>
* [[Rahul Banerjee (actor)|Rahul Banerjee]] as Rakhal Pakrashi
* [[Sudip Mukherjee]] as Kim Ling / Swapan
* Anuradha Mukherjee as Esha Chakraborty
* Amit Saha as Bireshwar Bal
* [[Anindya Pulak Banerjee]]<ref name=abp />
* Raju Majumder

=== Special appearance ===

* [[John Bhattacharya]]
* [[Darshana Banik]]

== Production ==

=== Development ===
During his studies in [[Satyajit Ray Film and Television Institute]], Jayabrata Das began working on the script of ''AOFA'' in 2019, and finished over a period of two years, also approaching producers who were not willing to finance the project, until his friends Sanket Mishra and Manab Saha agreed to do so.<ref name="abp" /> The film was invested in by both Mishra and Saha equally, with Das himself as a co-producer.

According to Das, ''AOFA'' is a homage to [[Quentin Tarantino]]'s ''[[Pulp Fiction]]'' (1994); he also added ''[[Reservoir Dogs]]'' (1992) as one of his inspirations while writing the script. After taking down a scene, he used to wait for a week as he believed that for a film with twists and turns, the narrative would have a chance to jump, thereby giving scope for cinematic liberties. For the same, whenever the idea for a [[plot twist]] came to him, Das used to work on it for three to four weeks. The film’s title refers metaphorically to the characters’ craftsmanship in crime, each being an “artist” in their own skill.<ref name="abp" />

=== Pre-production ===
Das approached [[Rudranil Ghosh]] to play the role of Dinu in the film, who nodded and decided to do the film without any remuneration. He introduced Das to Soumyo Sarkar, one of the key-producers of the film who was in talks with Ghosh for another project. Then the film was produced under Sarkar's home banner Cinenic Studios.

== Marketing ==
The trailer of the film was released on 3 November 2025. The song "Churi Chara Kaaj Nei: The OG" featuring [[Darshana Banik]] and [[John Bhattacharya]] was released on 10 November 2025 only for promotion, also with a quote "because producers wanted this".<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-11-25 |title=হয় 'আইটেম' নাচ, নয় পার্শ্বচরিত্র! কেন টলিউডে প্রধান চরিত্র পান না অভিনেত্রী দর্শনা বণিক? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/why-is-darshana-banik-not-getting-heroine-roles-in-bengali-films-dgtl/cid/1649958 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251205184705/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/why-is-darshana-banik-not-getting-heroine-roles-in-bengali-films-dgtl/cid/1649958 |archive-date=2025-12-05 |access-date=2025-12-05 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]}}</ref>

== Release==
The film was initially scheduled to release theatrically on 14 November 2025. However the release was stalled after the Federation of Cine Technicians and Workers of Eastern India (FCTWEI) objected to the film,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-11-12 |title=মুক্তির দু'দিন আগে 'অ্যাকাডেমি অফ ফাইন আর্টস'-এর উপর কোপ, কী দোষ করলেন রুদ্রনীল-সৌরভেরা? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/rudranil-ghosh-sourav-das-payel-sarkar-starrer-movie-the-academy-of-fine-arts-movie-released-on-hold-dgtl/cid/1647050 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251205191650/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/rudranil-ghosh-sourav-das-payel-sarkar-starrer-movie-the-academy-of-fine-arts-movie-released-on-hold-dgtl/cid/1647050 |archive-date=2025-12-05 |access-date=2025-12-05 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]}}</ref> claiming it used technicians not affiliated to the Federation and was being wrongly labelled as a “student film.”<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-11-15 |title=পড়ুয়ারা স্বাধীন ভাবে বাণিজ্যিক ছবি বানাতে পারেন? 'দ্য অ্যাকাডেমি অফ ফাইন আর্টস' তুলল প্রশ্ন |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/can-film-institute-students-or-independent-directors-make-films-without-the-federations-technicians-dgtl/cid/1647553 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251205191229/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/can-film-institute-students-or-independent-directors-make-films-without-the-federations-technicians-dgtl/cid/1647553 |archive-date=2025-12-05 |access-date=2025-12-05 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-11-17 |title=ছাত্র বনাম ফেডারেশন বিতর্কে কোন পক্ষে টলিপাড়া? 'দি অ্যাকাডেমি...' ছবিমুক্তির কোন সমাধানের কথা বলল তারা? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/parambrata-chatterjee-manasi-sinha-anik-dutta-and-pradipta-bhattacharya-reacted-to-the-academy-of-fine-arts-vs-federation-debate-dgtl/cid/1648164 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251205192429/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/parambrata-chatterjee-manasi-sinha-anik-dutta-and-pradipta-bhattacharya-reacted-to-the-academy-of-fine-arts-vs-federation-debate-dgtl/cid/1648164 |archive-date=2025-12-05 |access-date=2025-12-05 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]}}</ref> The release was blocked until old dues from one of the producers were cleared.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-11-14 |title=ছাত্র বনাম ফেডারেশন! 'দি অ্যাকাডেমি...' ছবি নিয়ে জটে নয়া মোড়, উঠছে ষড়যন্ত্রের প্রসঙ্গ |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/the-academy-of-fine-arts-movie-release-on-hold-swarup-biswas-and-rudranil-ghosh-clear-their-stand-dgtl/cid/1647543 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251205192015/https://www.anandabazar.com/assets/images/favicon.png |archive-date=2025-12-05 |access-date=2025-12-05 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]}}</ref> After the payments were settled and the guild’s conditions were met, the film was finally released a week later, on 21 November 2025.<ref name="toi"/><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-11-21 |title=Dues cleared, indie film to release today |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/dues-cleared-indie-film-to-release-today/articleshow/125467581.cms?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=2025-11-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Eshna Bhattacharya of ''[[The Times of India|The Times Of India]]'' rated the film 4 stars out of 5 and wrote "Every technical element, from sound design to camera movement, appears intentional, reflecting a careful attention to detail. Collectively, these aspects give the film a confidence and cohesion, making it a technically accomplished debut that matches its ambitious narrative vision."<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Academy of Fine Arts Movie Review: A sharp, sleek and darkly comic crime thriller |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/theacademyoffinearts/movie-review/125505854.cms |access-date=2025-11-22 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> Shampali Moulik of [[Sangbad Pratidin]] opined "Jayabrata has made a film rich in style. The position of the criminals was understood, but the faces of ordinary Bengalis look so grim. Rudranil's dialogue breaking the fourth wall is not bad, but it would have been better if it was less intense." She also criticized the intimate scenes needed to be more mature.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moulik |first=Shampali |date=2025-11-28 |title=হাইভোল্টেজ নৃশংসতা, যৌনতায় ভরপুর 'দি অ্যাকেডেমি অফ ফাইন আর্টস', কেমন হল? পড়ুন রিভিউ |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/film-review/bengali-film-the-academy-of-fine-arts-review/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251205175948/https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/film-review/bengali-film-the-academy-of-fine-arts-review/ |archive-date=2025-12-05 |access-date=2025-12-05 |website=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

Addressing the film as "A promise for future cinema", ''[[Ei Samay]]'' critic Rinika Ray Chowdhury quoted "The narrative style inspired by manga comics, brings in stylized depictions of sex and violence, especially in the character played by Amit Saha. The director and technical team are all students of SRFTI, so naturally there is a strong film-school influence." She also criticized its screenplay containing some disjointed narrative elements.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roy Chowdhury |first=Rinika |date=2025-12-02 |title=A Bengali film like you've never seen before: Jayabrata Das' daring debut is creating buzz |url=https://newseisamay.com/entertainment/tollywood/a-bengali-film-like-youve-never-seen-before-jayabrata-das-daring-debut-is-creating-buzz-01aba043-16b4-483d-a032-57571af02844.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251205181639/https://newseisamay.com/entertainment/tollywood/a-bengali-film-like-youve-never-seen-before-jayabrata-das-daring-debut-is-creating-buzz-01aba043-16b4-483d-a032-57571af02844.cms |archive-date=2025-12-05 |access-date=2025-12-05 |website=[[Ei Samay]]}}</ref> A reviewer of ''[[Anandabazar Patrika]]'' wrote "There is violence, but there is no celebration of it. For fans of black comedies, action dramas and larger-than-life protagonists, this might just hit the mark."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-12-01 |title=প্রশংসা, সমালোচনা পাশাপাশি, দর্শককে কি তৃপ্তি দিল 'দি অ্যাকাডেমি অফ ফাইন আর্টস'? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/video/bengali-movie-the-academy-of-fine-arts-creates-buzz-with-its-content-dgtl/cid/1651391 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251205183627/https://www.anandabazar.com/video/bengali-movie-the-academy-of-fine-arts-creates-buzz-with-its-content-dgtl/cid/1651391 |archive-date=2025-12-05 |access-date=2025-12-05 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]}}</ref>

== Future ==
In an interview to [[Anandabazar Patrika|''Anandabazar Patrika'']], Das revealed about his plan to make a prequel of ''AOFA'', under the title ''Academy: Minus One''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-11-21 |title='দি অ্যাকাডেমি'র মুক্তিজট কাটতেই পরের ছবি নিয়ে মুখ খুললেন পরিচালক জয়ব্রত! এ বার কী? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/what-film-will-director-jayabrata-das-make-after-the-academy-of-fine-arts-dgtl/cid/1649062 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251205190144/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/what-film-will-director-jayabrata-das-make-after-the-academy-of-fine-arts-dgtl/cid/1649062 |archive-date=2025-12-05 |access-date=2025-12-05 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

==External links==
* [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt36652180/ ''The Academy of Fine Arts''] at [[IMDb]]

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Mandai massacre

2026-04-12T11:57:54Z

Himvanta:

{{Short description|1980 killing of Bengalis in Tripura, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Moresources|date=April 2025}}

{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = Mandai massacre
| partof = the [[insurgency in Tripura]]
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| map = {{Location map|India Tripura|lat=23.86|long=91.48|caption=}}
| map_caption = Location of massacre
| map_alt = Location of massacre
| location = Mandai, [[West Tripura]], [[Tripura]], [[India]]
| target = [[Bengalis]]
| coordinates = {{coord|23.86|91.48|display=title,inline}}
| date = 8 June 1980
| time =
| timezone = UTC+5:30
| type = [[Massacre]]
| fatalities = 350–400
| injuries =
| perps = [[Tripuri people|Tripuri]] insurgents
| weapons = Guns, spears, swords, scythes, bows and arrows
}}

The '''[[Mandwi|Mandai]] massacre''' refers to the general massacre of the [[Bengalis]] of Mandai village near the capital ([[Agartala]]) of the Indian state of Tripura on 8 June 1980. According to official figures, 255 Bengalis were massacred in Mandai, while foreign presses, independent sources and eyewitnesses put the figure anywhere between 350 and 400. Many of the victims had their heads crushed and their limbs severed. The children were spiked through.<ref>{{cite news |title=350 Bengalis Are Massacred in Indian Village |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1129&dat=19800616&id=3E4NAAAAIBAJ&sjid=zm0DAAAAIBAJ&pg=3736,2460642 |newspaper=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette |date=16 June 1980 |access-date=15 July 2012}}</ref> Pregnant women had their stomachs slit open. The ''[[Amrita Bazar Patrika]]'' described the Mandai massacre as worse than the [[My Lai Massacre|My Lai massacre]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Tribal Insurrection in Tripura: A Study in Relative Deprivation |last=Ghosh |first=Kamalini |year=1984 |publisher=Booklinks |location=Hyderabad |page=98}}</ref>

== Background ==
Before the massacre, Mandai was an obscure village located about 30 km northeast of Agartala. The name of the village was incorrectly spelled as '''[[Mandwi]]''' in the land records. The village is inhabited by mostly [[Tripuri people|Tripuri]] and the [[Bengali people|Bengali]] minority are either shopkeepers or running other businesses.{{cn|date=May 2025}}

The demographic and ethnic imbalances and economic tensions in Tripura were spawned by the influx of Bengali Hindu settlers from Muslim [[East Pakistan]] (now Bangladesh) after Partition. The Mandai massacre saw between at least 350 and 400 Bengalis killed in one night on 5 June 1980 and followed by unprecedented ethnic riots in which more than 1000 people, mostly Bengalis, were killed. More than 6,000 others died in violence perpetrated by different rebel groups during the early 21st century. More than 500 people were kidnapped and released for huge ransoms and hundreds have been declared missing. Many Bengalis left Mandai but the area continued to be plagued by insurgency until 2009.<ref>[http://www.mcrg.ac.in/rw%20files/RW39_40/4.pdf "Ramification of Conflicts in Tripura and Mizoram"], mcrg.ac.in. Accessed 8 May 2025.</ref>

In 2003, Subir Bhaumik, wrote "Post-partition Tripura, therefore, after five long decades remains a hotbed of violent political action where the ruling hammer and sickle is being challenged by tribal insurgency led by the natives, saffron nationalism and Bengali subnationalism both led by migrants."<ref>[https://www.assam.org/news/how-tripuris-got-wiped-out-bangladeshi-refugees How the Tripuris Got Wiped Out by Bangladeshi Refugees], assam.org. Accessed 8 May 2025.</ref>

== Mass violence and refugee crisis ==
On the night of 6 June, insurgents followed a blueprint of mass destruction.<ref name="paul">{{cite book |title=The Eyewitness: Tales from Tripura's Ethnic Conflict |last=Paul |first=Manas |year=2010 |publisher=Lancer Publishers |isbn=978-1935501152 |pages=86–94 |access-date=16 July 2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ubVIbIN9UwsC}}</ref> Armed insurgents began cordoning off the nontribal localities. The following morning, news of arson, violence and murder began to spread. The Bengalis who stayed deep in the tribal pockets fled for their safety; thousands took shelter near the National Highway 44. The BDO of [[Jirania]], had opened a relief camp at Khayerpur School and started administering initial relief to the Bengali refugees. Shankar Narayan, the District Magistrate of West Tripura was informed by that time and he asked BDO of Jirania to provide for the refugees. In the evening there were reports of large-scale arson and looting. in Jirania block. Army units, however, were given orders to flag march only. Reports from [[Champaknagar]] were grave and rioters were committing arson in Bengali villages in the foothills of Baramura. On 8 June, at 3:00 a.m., Satyendra Chakraborty, the LAMPS manager of Mandai, and Sachindra Saha, a CPI(M) leader, reported at the B.D.O. office that more than 500 Bengalis in Mandai have been cordoned off and the armed [[Tripuri people|Tripuris]] are about to kill them. Many Bengalis had taken shelter at the police outpost in Mandai, which remained unmanned.<ref>[https://www.dailypioneer.com/2015/world/riot-hit-terror-ruined-tripura-village-sheds-gory-past.html Riot-hit, terror-ruined Tripura village sheds gory past], dailypioneer.com. 11 November 2015. Accessed 5 May 2025.</ref>

== Relief operations and government inquiry ==
At 6:00 a.m., a contingent of the Rajasthan Armed Constabulary and a platoon of Tripura Armed Police proceeded towards Mandai from [[Jirania]]. On their way, they found an entire village burning in Purba Noabadi. After dousing the flames, they proceeded. By the time they reached Mandai all the houses and huts were reduced to ashes, except the LAMPS building. After two hours, the injured were sent to GB hospital in a truck. Those who survived were given shelter across different schools of Agartala. Those events followed by curfews existing several months throughout the state.{{cn|date=May 2025}}

On 8 July 1980, the Ministry of Home Affairs set up the Dinesh Singh Committee to investigate the massacre.<ref>[https://eparlib.nic.in/handle/123456789/830397 Parliament of India Digital Library], eparlib.nic.in. Accessed 8 May 2025.</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Massacres in India]]
[[Category:Massacres in 1980]]
[[Category:Ethnic cleansing in Asia]]
[[Category:1980 in India]]
[[Category:1980s in Tripura]]
[[Category:Crime in Tripura]]
[[Category:June 1980 in India]]
[[Category:1980 murders in India]]
[[Category:Massacres of Bengalis]]

Diesel Loco Shed, New Katni Junction

2026-04-05T07:11:22Z

Himvanta: adding a data initial version

{{Short description|Loco shed in Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox railway depot
| name = Diesel Loco Shed, New Katni Junction
| image = A WAG-7 at NDLS.jpg
| image_upright = 1.5
| caption = NKJD based WAG-7 at New Delhi.
| map_type = India Madhya Pradesh
| coordinates = {{Coord|23.7988|80.431|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| location = [[New Katni Junction]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]
| owner = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[West Central Railway zone]]
| depotcode = NKJ (D)
| type = [[Engine shed]]
| rollingstock = [[WDG-3A]] [[Indian locomotive class WAG-5|WAG-5]] [[WAG-7]] [[WAG-9]] [[WAG-9|EF9K]] [[WAG-9|EF12K]]
| routes = [[Jabalpur-Bhusaval section]]
| opened = {{Start date|df=yes|1962}}
| former_rolling_stock = [[Indian locomotive class WDM-2|WDM-2]] 
[[Indian locomotive class WDG-4|WDG-4/4D]] [[WDM-3D]] [[Indian locomotive class WDM-3A|WDM-3A]]
}}

'''Diesel Loco Shed, New Katni Junction''', formerly '''Diesel Loco Shed, Katni''' is an [[engine shed]] located in [[Katni]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] in [[India]]. Diesel Loco Shed, Katni does regular maintenance of Diesel locomotives in [[Indian Railways]]. It is now rated as one of the best sheds of the Indian Railways. It is one of the two Diesel loco sheds in the [[West Central Railway zone]] followed by [[Diesel Loco Shed, Itarsi|Itarsi]]. It falls under the [[Jabalpur railway division]] of the [[West Central Railway zone|West Central Railway]] zone.<ref>[https://www.indianrail.gov.in/enquiry/StaticPages/StaticEnquiry.jsp?StaticPage=index.html Indian Railways]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://wcr.indianrailways.gov.in/ |title=West Central Railways |access-date=13 June 2023 |archive-date=25 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325011957/https://wcr.indianrailways.gov.in/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[https://wcr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,1,291,1419 Jabalpur railway division]</ref>

== History ==
The shed opened in 1962 with forty locomotives. It was the biggest diesel locomotive shed of its time.<ref>{{cite web|title=DLS NKJ PDF|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/mec_engg/downloads/DLS/wcr/New%20Katni%20Jn.pdf}}</ref>

== Operations ==
This was the main diesel locomotive shed to serve locomotives to the unelectrified Itarsi- Allahabad section.
After the electrification of this section it is now servicing Diesel Locomotives to CRS inspections and many unelectrified and remote areas of the country. Most diesel locomotives of DLS KTE/NKJ are now scrapped. Barring diesel sheds which turned into electric sheds, it is the only diesel shed which houses more electric locomotives than diesels.
It holds the whole WDG-3A locomotives fleet of WCR. It used to hold the only WDG-3C of Indian Railways.<ref>{{cite web|title=IRFCA|url=https://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-shed.html}}</ref>

== Livery and markings ==
[[File:KTE DLS Logo.jpg|thumb|150px|Logo Mark of '''Diesel Loco Shed, Katni''']]

KTE based ALCo locomotives have a standard shed livery. Katni based WAG-5s have a standard livery.
The shed is located at New Katni Junction but the locomotives simply carry the markings 'Katni' in Devanagari.

==Locomotives==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
|-
!Serial No.!! Locomotive Class!!Horsepower!!Quantity
|-
|1.|| [[WDG-3A]] || 3100 || 8
|-
|2.|| [[WAG-5]] || 3850 || 54
|-
|3.|| [[WAG-7]] || 5350 || 96
|-
|4.|| [[WAG-9]] || 6120 || 3
|-
|5.|| [[WAG-9|EF9K]] || 9000 || 20
|-
|6.|| [[WAG-9|EF12K]] || 12000 ||59
|-
| colspan="3" |'''Total Locomotives Active as of April 2026'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Railway Website Mechanical Department|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,304,366,541,710,717}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=e-locos|url=http://elocos.railnet.gov.in/Holding/holding.html}}</ref>||240
|}

==See also==
• [[Electric Loco Shed, Itarsi]]

• [[Diesel Loco Shed, Ratlam]]

• [[Diesel Loco Shed, Itarsi]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}

{{Locomotives Sheds of India}}

[[Category:Rail transport in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Katni district]]
[[Category:Railway depots in India]]

India women's national field hockey team

2026-03-28T06:25:09Z

Himvanta: improve article to improve readability and added references

{{Short description|Indian women's hockey team}}
{{About|the women's team|the men's team|India men's national field hockey team}}
{{EngvarB|date=June 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox national field hockey team
| name = India
| type = women
| image = Hockey India Logo.svg
| size = 190px
| caption = Hockey India Logo
| association = {{ubl
|[[Hockey India]]
|(2008–present)
|[[Indian Hockey Federation]]
|(1925–2008)
}}
| confederation = [[Asian Hockey Federation]]
| founded =
| region = India
| rank = {{FIH Women's World Rankings|IND}}
| max rank = 5
| max date = 2025
| nickname = Women in Blue
| coach = {{flagicon|NED}} [[Sjoerd Marijne]]
| assistant =
| manager =
| captain = [[Salima Tete]]
| most caps = [[Vandana Katariya]] (320)
| top scorer = [[Rani Rampal]] (120)
| league =
| First game = {{fhw-rt|SCO}} 6–1 {{fhw|IND}} ([[Folkestone]], England; 30 September 1953)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/hockey/India-women-take-on-Scotland-in-hockey/article15767721.ece|title=India women take on Scotland in hockey|newspaper=The Hindu |date=3 October 2010|access-date=16 February 2022|archive-date=5 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605155829/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/hockey/India-women-take-on-Scotland-in-hockey/article15767721.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
| Largest win = {{fhw-rt|IND}} 24–0 {{fhw|NEP}} ([[Guwahati]], India; 7 February 2016)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espn.in/field-hockey/story/_/id/24443822/indian-hockey-team-biggest-wins-hong-kong-rout-asian-games|title=Before 26–0: Indian hockey team's biggest wins before Hong Kong rout|date=22 August 2018|access-date=16 February 2022|archive-date=15 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215222757/https://www.espn.in/field-hockey/story/_/id/24443822/indian-hockey-team-biggest-wins-hong-kong-rout-asian-games|url-status=live}}</ref>
| Largest loss = {{fhw-rt|ENG}} 18–0 {{fh|IND}} ([[Sydney]], Australia; 23 May 1956)<ref>{{cite web |title=Women Field Hockey VI IFWHA World Conference 1956 Sydney (AUS) – 23.05–03.06 South Africa |url=http://todor66.com/hockey/field/World/IFWHA_1956.html |website=todor66.com |access-date=12 April 2022 |archive-date=3 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703183217/http://www.todor66.com/hockey/field/World/IFWHA_1956.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| Olympic apps = 3
| Olympic first = 1980
| Olympic best = 4th ([[Field hockey at the 1980 Summer Olympics|1980]], [[Field hockey at the 2020 Summer Olympics|2020]])
| World cup apps = 8
| World cup first = 1974
| World cup best = 4th ([[1974 Women's Hockey World Cup|1974]])
| Regional name = [[Field hockey at the Asian Games|Asian Games]]
| Regional cup apps = 11
| Regional cup first = [[Field hockey at the 1982 Asian Games|1982]]
| Regional cup best = {{Asia1}} '''Champions''' ([[Field hockey at the 1982 Asian Games|1982]])
| 2ndRegional name = [[Women's Hockey Asia Cup|Asia Cup]]
| 2ndRegional cup apps = 10
| 2ndRegional cup first = [[1989 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|1989]]
| 2ndRegional cup best = {{Asia1}} '''Champions''' ([[2004 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|2004]], [[2017 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|2017]])

| pattern_la1 =
| pattern_b1 =
| pattern_ra1 =
| leftarm1 = 82CAFF
| body1 = 82CAFF
| rightarm1 = 82CAFF
| skirt1 = 82CAFF
| shorts1 = 82CAFF
| socks1 = 82CAFF

| pattern_la2 =
| pattern_b2=
| pattern_ra2 =
| leftarm2 = FFFFFF
| body2 = FFFFFF
| rightarm2 = FFFFFF
| skirt2 = FFFFFF
| shorts2 = FFFFFF
| socks2 = FFA500
|medaltemplates=
{{MedalCount
|total=yes
|[[Women's FIH Pro League|Pro League]]
|0
|0
|1
|[[FIH Hockey Series|Hockey Series]]
|1
|0
|0
|[[Women's FIH Hockey Nations Cup|Nations Cup]]
|1
|0
|0
|[[Hockey at the Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]]
|1
|1
|1
|[[Field hockey at the Asian Games|Asian Games]]
|1
|2
|4
|[[Women's Hockey Asia Cup|Asia Cup]]
|2
|3
|3
|[[Women's Asian Champions Trophy|Asian Champions Trophy]]
|3
|2
|1
}}
{{Medal|Competition|[[Women's FIH Pro League|Pro League]]}}
{{Medal|Bronze|[[2021–22 Women's FIH Pro League|2021–22 Rotterdam]]|}}
{{Medal|Competition|[[Women's FIH Hockey Nations Cup|Nations Cup]]}}
{{Medal|Gold|[[2022 Women's FIH Hockey Nations Cup|2022 Valencia]]|}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Hockey at the Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2002 Commonwealth Games|2002 Manchester]]|[[Hockey at the 2002 Commonwealth Games|Team]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2006 Commonwealth Games|2006 Melbourne]]|[[Hockey at the 2006 Commonwealth Games|Team]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2022 Commonwealth Games|2022 Birmingham]]|[[Hockey at the 2022 Commonwealth Games|Team]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Field hockey at the Asian Games|Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[1982 Asian Games|1982 New Delhi]]|[[Field hockey at the 1982 Asian Games|Team]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[1998 Asian Games|1998 Bangkok]]|[[Field hockey at the 1998 Asian Games|Team]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2018 Asian Games|2018 Jakarta]]|[[Field hockey at the 2018 Asian Games|Team]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[1986 Asian Games|1986 Seoul]]|[[Field hockey at the 1986 Asian Games|Team]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2006 Asian Games|2006 Doha]]|[[Field hockey at the 2006 Asian Games|Team]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2014 Asian Games|2014 Incheon]]|[[Field hockey at the 2014 Asian Games|Team]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2022 Asian Games|2022 Hangzhou]]|[[Field hockey at the 2022 Asian Games|Team]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Women's Hockey Asia Cup|Asia Cup]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2004 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|2004 New Delhi]]|}}
{{MedalGold|[[2017 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|2017 Kakamigahara]]|}}
{{MedalSilver|[[1999 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|1999 New Delhi]]|}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2009 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|2009 Bangkok]]|}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2025 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|2025 Hangzhou]]|}}
{{MedalBronze|[[1993 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|1993 Hiroshima]]|}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2013 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|2013 Kuala Lumpur]]|}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2022 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|2022 Muscat]]|}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Women's Asian Champions Trophy|Asian Champions Trophy]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2016 Women's Asian Champions Trophy|2016 Singapore]]|}}
{{MedalGold|[[2023 Women's Asian Champions Trophy|2023 Ranchi]]|}}
{{MedalGold|[[2024 Women's Asian Champions Trophy|2024 Rajgir]]|}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2018 Women's Asian Champions Trophy|2018 Donghae]]|}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2013 Women's Asian Champions Trophy|2013 Kakamigahara]]|}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2010 Women's Asian Champions Trophy|2010 Busan]]|}}
}}

The '''Indian women's national field hockey team''' represents [[India]] in international [[field hockey]], and is governed by [[Hockey India]]. They are ranked 10th in the [[FIH Women's World Ranking|world]] and the second best team in Asia. They have won the gold at the [[Hockey at the 2002 Commonwealth Games - Women's tournament|2002 Commonwealth Games]] and the [[Field hockey at the 1982 Asian Games|1982 Asian Games]]. They have also won the [[Women's Hockey Asia Cup|Asia Cup]] twice, in [[2004 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|2004]] and [[2017 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|2017]], and the [[Women's Asian Champions Trophy|Asian Champions Trophy]] thrice, in [[2016 Women's Asian Champions Trophy|2016]], [[2023 Women's Asian Champions Trophy|2023]] and [[2024 Women's Asian Champions Trophy|2024]].

==History==
The team's breakthrough performance came at the [[Women's Hockey World Cup]] at [[Mandelieu]] in 1974, where it finished in 4th place. Their best performance in the [[Olympic Games]] was at [[Field hockey at the 1980 Summer Olympics|1980 Moscow Summer Olympics]] (where they came in 4th), when a [[Field hockey at the 1980 Summer Olympics|women's event]] was held for the first time in Olympic history. The team also won the [[Gold medal]] at the inaugural [[1982 Asian Games]] held in [[New Delhi]], defeating [[Korea women's national field hockey team|Korea]] in the finals. Captain [[Suraj Lata Devi]] led the team to the [[Gold medal|Gold]] for three consecutive years at different events- during the [[India at the 2002 Commonwealth Games|2002 Commonwealth Games]],<ref name=2002win>{{cite web
|url=http://m2002.thecgf.com/results/default.asp?ID=MC&Content=IND_md&Type=Medal
|title=2002 Manchester: The XVII Commonwealth Games
|year=2002
|publisher=2002 Manchester: The XVII Commonwealth Games
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303190932/http://m2002.thecgf.com/results/default.asp?ID=MC&Content=IND_md&Type=Medal
|archive-date=3 March 2016
|url-status=live
}}</ref> the 2003 [[Afro-Asian Games]], and the [[2004 Women's Hockey Asia Cup]]. Team members were referred to as the "assi (Jasjeet) jaisi koi nahi" or the "Golden Girls of Hockey," after the 2004 win.<ref name=golden>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Indian-sportswomen-Still-the-second-sex/articleshow/497363.cms?|title=Indian Sportswomen: Still the Second Sex|access-date=12 April 2008|last=Pandey|first=Vineeta|date=15 February 2004|work=The Times of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226235826/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Indian-sportswomen-Still-the-second-sex/articleshow/497363.cms|archive-date=26 February 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>[[India at the 2002 Commonwealth Games#India women.27s national field hockey team|The 2002 Commonwealth Games Squad]], led by Captain [[Suraj Lata Devi]], competed in the [[Hockey at the 2002 Commonwealth Games – Women's tournament|2002 Commonwealth Games]]. The team entered the finals after defeating the New Zealand women's national field hockey team.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport3/commonwealthgames2002/hi/hockey/newsid_2166000/2166787.stm|title=Indian women stun Kiwis|access-date=12 April 2008|date=1 August 2002|publisher=BBC|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110127052335/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport3/commonwealthgames2002/hi/hockey/newsid_2166000/2166787.stm|archive-date=27 January 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> and placed first, winning the Gold after they beat [[England women's national field hockey team|the English women's hockey team]].<ref name=2002win/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport3/commonwealthgames2002/hi/hockey/newsid_2170000/2170576.stm|title=India deny England gold|access-date=12 April 2008|date=3 August 2002|publisher=BBC|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013170455/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport3/commonwealthgames2002/hi/hockey/newsid_2170000/2170576.stm|archive-date=13 October 2007|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=2002rediff>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/sports/2002/aug/03hock1.htm|title=Indian eves win Commonwealth hockey gold|access-date=12 April 2008|date=3 August 2002|work=Rediff.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100117012251/http://www.rediff.com/sports/2002/aug/03hock1.htm|archive-date=17 January 2010|url-status=live}}</ref>

This event served as the inspiration for the 2007 [[Bollywood]] film about women's field hockey, ''[[Chak De! India]]'' starring [[Shah Rukh Khan]] (after screenwriter [[Jaideep Sahni]] read a short article about it).<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://sports.ndtv.com/othersports/hockey/item/43969-womens-hockey-hopes-to-deliver
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130130014858/http://sports.ndtv.com/othersports/hockey/item/43969-womens-hockey-hopes-to-deliver
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=30 January 2013
|title=Women's hockey hopes to deliver
|access-date=7 April 2008
|last=Zanane
|first=Anant
|author2=Das, Suprita
|date=13 March 2008
|work=Sports
|publisher=[[NDTV]]
}}</ref> Sahni began to model the character of Kabir Khan on hockey coach [[Maharaj Krishan Kaushik]].<ref name=ndtvcoach>{{cite web
|url=http://www.ndtv.com/video/player/news/chak-de-the-real-kabir-khan/18842
|title=Chak De: The real Kabir Khan?
|access-date=23 August 2015
|date=31 October 2007
|work=Sports
|publisher=[[NDTV]]
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235012/http://www.ndtv.com/video/player/news/chak-de-the-real-kabir-khan/18842
|archive-date=3 March 2016
|url-status=live
}}</ref> After hearing the storyline, Kaushik suggested that Sahni meet hockey player [[Mir Ranjan Negi]] (who faced accusations of throwing the match against Pakistan during the [[1982 Asian Games]]).<ref name="goal">{{cite web
|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/back-to-the-goal-post/article2273304.ece
|title=Back to the goal post
|access-date=23 April 2008
|date=10 August 2007
|work=[[The Hindu]]
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160219030648/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/back-to-the-goal-post/article2273304.ece
|archive-date=19 February 2016
|url-status=live
}}</ref><ref name="Hindustan Times">{{cite web
|url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/hockey/the-story-of-truth-lies-amp-a-man-called-mir/article1-232857.aspx
|title = More than reel life; the story of truth, lies & a man called Mir
|last = Shrikant
|first = B
|access-date = 23 April 2008
|date = 26 June 2007
|work = [[Hindustan Times]]
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150217143305/http://www.hindustantimes.com/hockey/the-story-of-truth-lies-amp-a-man-called-mir/article1-232857.aspx
|archive-date = 17 February 2015
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref><ref name=iemore>{{cite web
|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/-they-said-i-d-taken-one-lakh-per-goal-.-.-.-people-used-to-introduce-me-as-mr-negi-of-those-seven-goals-/217517/0
|title=They said I'd taken one lakh per goal ... people used to introduce me as Mr Negi of those seven goals
|access-date=23 April 2008
|date=16 September 2007
|work=[[The Indian Express]]
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160219030649/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/-they-said-i-d-taken-one-lakh-per-goal-.-.-.-people-used-to-introduce-me-as-mr-negi-of-those-seven-goals-/217517/0
|archive-date=19 February 2016
|url-status=live
}}</ref> Sahni has stated that he was unaware of Negi's tribulations while writing the script and that the resemblance with Negi's life was entirely coincidental.<ref name=company>{{cite web
|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/in-the-company-of-ideas/article2284968.ece
|title=In the company of ideas
|access-date=23 April 2008
|last=Kumar
|first=Anuj
|date=7 September 2007
|work=[[The Hindu]]
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160219030648/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/in-the-company-of-ideas/article2284968.ece
|archive-date=19 February 2016
|url-status=live
}}</ref> Negi affirmed this point stating that he didn't "want to hog the limelight. This movie is not a documentary of Mir Ranjan Negi's life. It is in fact the story of a team that becomes a winning lot from a bunch of hopeless girls" In response to the fact that the media equated Kabir Khan with Negi, Sahni said that "Our script was written a year and a half back. It is very unfortunate that something, which is about women athletes, has just started becoming about Negi."<ref name=ndtvcoach/> The team earned a 3rd-place finish at the [[2013 Women's Hockey Asia Cup]] at [[Kuala Lumpur]] defeating [[China women's national field hockey team|China]] in a shootout.<ref name="13bronze">{{cite news
|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/hockey/india-clinches-bronze-in-asia-cup-hockey/article5175817.ece
|title=India clinches bronze in Asia Cup hockey
|access-date=29 August 2015
|date=27 September 2013
|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140213015545/http://www.thehindu.com/sport/hockey/india-clinches-bronze-in-asia-cup-hockey/article5175817.ece
|archive-date=13 February 2014
|url-status=live
}}</ref>

At the [[2014 Commonwealth Games]], it finished in 5th place but at [[2014 Asian Games]], [[Incheon]] stunned [[Japan women's national field hockey team|Japan]] 2–1 in a tight match to clinch their third [[bronze medal]] at the [[Asian Games]].<ref name="14bronze">{{cite news
|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/asian-games-2014/india-at-incheon/Indian-womens-hockey-team-wins-Asiad-bronze/articleshow/43986308.cms
|title=Indian women's hockey team wins Asiad bronze
|access-date=29 August 2015
|last=PTI
|author-link=Press Trust of India
|date=1 October 2014
|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422002525/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/asian-games-2014/india-at-incheon/Indian-womens-hockey-team-wins-Asiad-bronze/articleshow/43986308.cms
|archive-date=22 April 2016
|url-status=live
}}</ref> During the summer of 2015, the team hosted the [[2014–15 Women's FIH Hockey World League Round 2|Round 2]] of the [[2014–15 Women's FIH Hockey World League]] and finished on top to qualify for the next stage. At the [[2014–15 Women's FIH Hockey World League Semifinals|World League Semi-finals]] held in [[Antwerp]] the team finished in the fifth place beating higher ranked Japan in classification match.<ref name="verge">{{cite news
|url=http://www.firstpost.com/sports/verge-olympic-qualification-indian-womens-hockey-team-arrive-grand-welcome-2329378.html
|title=On the verge of Olympic qualification, Indian women's hockey team arrive to grand welcome
|access-date=29 August 2015
|last=PTI
|author-link=Press Trust of India
|date=6 July 2015
|work=[[Firstpost]]
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150822045403/http://www.firstpost.com/sports/verge-olympic-qualification-indian-womens-hockey-team-arrive-grand-welcome-2329378.html
|archive-date=22 August 2015
|url-status=live
}}</ref> The [[Field hockey at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's team squads#India|Indian woman's national field hockey team]] qualified for the [[Field hockey at the 2016 Summer Olympics#Women.27s tournament|2016 Summer Olympics]]<ref name="chakdemoment"/><ref name="chakdeolymp">{{cite news
|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/othersports/chak-de-indian-women-hockey-team--qualifies-for-rio-olympics/article1-1385359.aspx
|title=Chak De: Indian women's hockey team qualifies for Rio Olympics
|access-date=29 August 2015
|last=Bhagvatula
|first=Shrikant
|date=29 August 2015
|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150829193147/http://www.hindustantimes.com/othersports/chak-de-indian-women-hockey-team--qualifies-for-rio-olympics/article1-1385359.aspx
|archive-date=29 August 2015
|url-status=live
}}</ref> for the first time since the [[Field hockey at the 1980 Summer Olympics#Women.27s Tournament|1980 Summer Olympics]].<ref name="chakdemoment">{{cite magazine
|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0f9qKU8l95w
|title=Chak De Moment For India
|access-date=29 August 2015
|date=29 August 2015
|magazine=[[India Today]]
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160218112116/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0f9qKU8l95w
|archive-date=18 February 2016
|url-status=live
}}</ref><ref name="thirtysix">{{cite web
|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2015/08/29/womens-hockey-team-_n_8057566.html
|title=India Women's Hockey Team Bags Historic 2016 Rio Olympic Berth After 36 Years
|access-date=29 August 2015
|last=Bose
|first=Adrija
|date=29 August 2015
|publisher=[[Huffington Post]] India
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150830003702/http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2015/08/29/womens-hockey-team-_n_8057566.html
|archive-date=30 August 2015
|url-status=live
}}</ref> They were eliminated in the group stage, however, where [[Field hockey at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament#Group B|they placed 6th]].

India at the [[India at the 2020 Summer Olympics|2020 Summer Olympics]] for the first time ever,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tokyo Olympics 2021 Live: India vs Australia women's hockey quarterfinal underway|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tokyo-olympics/tokyo-olympics-2021-live-updates-kamalpreet-kaur-olympic-games-tokyo-2020-india-day-11/liveblog/84962050.cms|access-date=2 August 2021|website=The Times of India|date=2 August 2021 |language=en|archive-date=2 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802013229/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tokyo-olympics/tokyo-olympics-2021-live-updates-kamalpreet-kaur-olympic-games-tokyo-2020-india-day-11/liveblog/84962050.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> reached the semi-final in the Women's Hockey Olympic event but failed to bag any medal after they lost to [[Argentina women's national field hockey team|Argentina]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Livemint|date=4 August 2021|title=Tokyo Olympics: India women lose hockey semi-final 1–2 to Argentina|url=https://www.livemint.com/sports/olympics-news/tokyo-olympics-india-women-lose-hockey-semi-final-1-2-to-argentina-11628073719897.html|access-date=6 August 2021|website=mint|language=en|archive-date=6 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806084440/https://www.livemint.com/sports/olympics-news/tokyo-olympics-india-women-lose-hockey-semi-final-1-2-to-argentina-11628073719897.html|url-status=live}}</ref> in the semi-final and then to [[Great Britain women's national field hockey team|Great Britain]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tokyo Olympics 2020: Indian women's hockey team lose 3–4 to Great Britain in Bronze-medal match|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/tokyo-olympics-2020-indian-womens-hockey-team-lose-3-4-to-great-britain-in-bronze-medal-match/videoshow/85090108.cms|access-date=6 August 2021|website=The Economic Times|date=6 August 2021 |archive-date=6 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806084440/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/tokyo-olympics-2020-indian-womens-hockey-team-lose-3-4-to-great-britain-in-bronze-medal-match/videoshow/85090108.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> in the bronze medal match. Following their performance at the Olympics, the team went to win bronze medals at the 2022 [[2022 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|Asia Cup]] and the [[Hockey at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Women's tournament|Commonwealth Games]] and a third-place finish in the [[2021–22 Women's FIH Pro League|2021–22 Pro League]]. In 2022 India won the [[2022 Women's FIH Hockey Nations Cup|first ever FIH Women's Nations Cup]]. However, they failed to qualify for the Paris Olympics losing to Japan in the bronze medal match at the Olympic Qualifier in Ranchi on 19 January 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-19 |title=Hurting, shocking: Legends react after Indian women's hockey team fails to grab Paris berth |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/hockey/top-stories/hurting-shocking-legends-react-after-indian-women-team-fail-to-grab-paris-berth/articleshow/106995859.cms |access-date=2024-01-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-19 |title=Olympic heartbreak in Ranchi as India go down to Japan |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/hockey/indian-womens-hockey-team-fails-to-qualify-for-paris-olympics-after-1-0-loss-to-japan-101705671885750.html |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

==Performance record==
===Summer Olympics===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width:100%
|-
!colspan=10 style="background: #0077FF;border: 2px solid #FFA500;color: #FFFFFF;|[[Field hockey at the Summer Olympics|{{color|#FFFFFF|Summer Olympics]]}}
|-
! Year !! Host !! Position !! Pld !! W !! D !! L !! GF !! GA
|-style="background:#9acdff;"
| [[Field hockey at the 1980 Summer Olympics#Women.27s Tournament|1980]]||align=left|{{flagicon|USSR}} [[Moscow]], USSR || '''4th''' || 5 || 2 || 1 || 2 || 9 || 6
|-
| [[Field hockey at the 1984 Summer Olympics|1984]]||align=left|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Los Angeles]], United States || rowspan=4 colspan=7|''Did not participate''
|-
| [[Field hockey at the 1988 Summer Olympics|1988]]||align=left|{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Seoul]], South Korea
|-
| [[Field hockey at the 1992 Summer Olympics|1992]]||align=left|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Barcelona]], Spain
|-
| [[Field hockey at the 1996 Summer Olympics|1996]]||align=left|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Atlanta]], United States
|-
| [[Field hockey at the 2000 Summer Olympics|2000]]||align=left|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Sydney]], Australia || rowspan=4 colspan=7|''Did not qualify''
|-
| [[Field hockey at the 2004 Summer Olympics|2004]]||align=left|{{flagicon|GRE}} [[Athens]], Greece
|-
| [[Field hockey at the 2008 Summer Olympics|2008]]||align=left|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Beijing]], China
|-
| [[Field hockey at the 2012 Summer Olympics|2012]]||align=left|{{flagicon|GBR}} [[London]], Great Britain
|-
| [[Field hockey at the 2016 Summer Olympics|2016]]||align=left|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil || 12th || 5 || 0 || 1 || 4 || 3 || 19
|-style="background:#9acdff;"
| [[Field hockey at the 2020 Summer Olympics|2020]]||align=left|{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Tokyo]], Japan || '''4th''' || 8 || 3 || 0 || 5 || 12 || 20
|-
| [[Field hockey at the 2024 Summer Olympics|2024]]||align=left|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Paris]], France || colspan=7|''Did not qualify''
|-
! !! Total !! 4th place !! 18 !! 5 !! 2 !! 11 !! 24 !! 45
|}

====Summer Olympics Qualifiers====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width:100%"
|-
!colspan=10 style="background: #0077FF;border: 2px solid #FFA500;color: #FFFFFF;|{{color|#FFFFFF|Summer Olympics Qualifiers}}
|-
! Year !! Host !! Position !! Result !! Pld !! W !! D !! L !! GF !! GA
|-
||[[2000 Women's Field Hockey Olympic Qualifier|2000]]||align=left|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Milton Keynes]], England||10th||''Did not qualify'' for [[Field hockey at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament|2000 Summer Olympics]]|| 5 || 0 || 0 || 5|| 3 || 12
|-
|-bgcolor=#9acdff
||[[Women's field hockey Qualifying Tournaments for the 2008 Summer Olympics|2008]]||align=left|{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Kazan]], Russia||4th||''Did not qualify'' for [[Field hockey at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament|2008 Summer Olympics]]|| 6 || 2 || 0|| 4 || 14 || 12
|-
|-bgcolor=silver
||[[Women's field hockey Qualifying Tournaments for the 2012 Summer Olympics|2012]]||align=left style="border: 3px solid red"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Delhi]], India||Runners-up||''Did not qualify'' for [[Field hockey at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament|2012 Summer Olympics]]|| 6 || 3 || 1 || 2 || 12 || 10
|-
||[[2019 Women's FIH Olympic Qualifiers|2019]]||align=left style="border: 3px solid red"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bhubaneswar]], India||–||''Qualified'' for [[Field hockey at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament|2020 Summer Olympics]]|| 2 || 1 || 0 || 1 || 6 || 5
|-
|-bgcolor=#9acdff
||[[2024 Women's FIH Hockey Olympic Qualifiers|2024]]||align=left style="border: 3px solid red"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ranchi]], India||4th||''Did not qualify'' for [[Field hockey at the 2024 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament|2024 Summer Olympics]]|| 5 || 2 || 1 || 2 || 10 || 6
|-
! !! Total !! !! Runners-up !! 24 !! 8 !! 2 !! 14 !! 45 !! 45
|}

===World Cup===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width:100%
|-
!colspan=10 style="background: #0077FF;border: 2px solid #FFA500;color: #FFFFFF;|[[Women's FIH Hockey World Cup|{{color|#FFFFFF|World Cup]]}}
|-
! Year !! Host !! Position !! Pld !! W !! D !! L !! GF !! GA
|-style="background:#9acdff;"
| [[1974 Women's Hockey World Cup|1974]] ||align=left|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Mandelieu]], France|| {{center|'''4th'''}} || 6 || 3 || 0 || 3 || 8 || 6
|-
| [[1976 Women's Hockey World Cup|1976]] ||align=left|{{flagicon|GER}} [[West Berlin]], West Germany||colspan=8|''Did not participate''
|-
| [[1978 Women's Hockey World Cup|1978]] ||align=left|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Madrid]], Spain|| {{center|7th}} || 6 || 2 || 1 || 3 || 5 || 10
|-
| [[1981 Women's Hockey World Cup|1981]] ||align=left|{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Buenos Aires]], Argentina||colspan=8|''Did not participate''
|-
| [[1983 Women's Hockey World Cup|1983]] ||align=left|{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Kuala Lumpur]], Malaysia|| {{center| 11th}} || 7 || 1 || 1 || 5 || 6 || 10
|-
| [[1986 Women's Hockey World Cup|1986]] ||align=left|{{flagicon|NED}} [[Amstelveen]], Netherlands||rowspan=3 colspan=8|''Did not qualify''
|-
| [[1990 Women's Hockey World Cup|1990]] ||align=left|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Sydney]], Australia
|-
| [[1994 Women's Hockey World Cup|1994]] ||align=left|{{flagicon|IRE}} [[Dublin]], Ireland
|-
| [[1998 Women's Hockey World Cup|1998]] ||align=left|{{flagicon|NED}} [[Utrecht]], Netherlands|| {{center|12th}} || 7 || 0 || 0 || 7 || 9 || 23
|-
| [[2002 Women's Hockey World Cup|2002]] ||align=left|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Perth]], Australia||colspan=8|''Did not qualify''
|-
| [[2006 Women's Hockey World Cup|2006]] ||align=left|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Madrid]], Spain|| {{center|11th}} || 7 || 1 || 1 || 5 || 9 || 15
|-
| [[2010 Women's Hockey World Cup|2010]] ||align=left|{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Rosario]], Argentina|| {{center|9th}} || 6 || 2 || 0 || 4 || 11 || 23
|-
| [[2014 Women's Hockey World Cup|2014]] ||align=left|{{flagicon|NED}} [[The Hague]], Netherlands||colspan=8|''Did not qualify''
|-
| [[2018 Women's Hockey World Cup|2018]] ||align=left|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[London]], England|| {{center|8th}} || 5 || 1 || 3 || 1 || 5 || 3
|-
| [[2022 Women's FIH Hockey World Cup|2022]] ||align=left|{{flagicon|NED}} [[Amstelveen]], Netherlands and {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Valencia]], Spain|| {{center|9th}} || 6 || 1 || 3 || 2 || 9 || 8
|-
| [[2026 Women's FIH Hockey World Cup|2026]] ||align=left|{{flagicon|BEL}} [[Wavre]], Belgium and {{flagicon|NED}} [[Amstelveen]], Netherlands||colspan=8|''Qualified''
|-
! !! Total !! 4th place !! 50 !! 11 !! 9 !! 30 !! 62 !! 98
|}

====World Cup Qualifiers====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width:100%"
|-
!colspan=10 style="background: #0077FF;border: 2px solid #FFA500;color: #FFFFFF;|{{color|#FFFFFF|World Cup Qualifiers}}
|-
! Year !! Host !! Position !! Result !! Pld !! W !! D !! L !! GF !! GA
|-
|1985<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.todor66.com/hockey/field/World/Women_IC_1985.html |title=Women Field Hockey Intercontinental Cup 1985 Buenos Aires |last=Krastev |first=Todor |website=Todor66 |date=19 July 2022 |accessdate=4 December 2025}}</ref>||align=left|{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Buenos Aires]], Argentina||5th||''Did not qualify'' for [[1986 Women's Hockey World Cup|1986 World Cup]]|| 5 || 3 || 1 || 1 || 19 || 3
|-
|[[1989 Women's Intercontinental Cup|1989]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.todor66.com/hockey/field/World/Women_IC_1989.html |title=Women Field Hockey Intercontinental Cup 1989 New Delhi |last=Krastev |first=Todor |website=Todor66 |date=19 July 2022 |accessdate=4 December 2025}}</ref>||align=left style="border: 3px solid red"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Delhi]], India||8th||''Did not qualify'' for [[1990 Women's Hockey World Cup|1990 World Cup]]|| 7 || 2 || 0 || 5 || 17 || 14
|-
|[[1993 Women's Intercontinental Cup|1993]]||align=left|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Philadelphia]], USA||6th||''Did not qualify'' for [[1994 Women's Hockey World Cup|1994 World Cup]]|| 7 || 3 || 0 || 4 || 6 || 7
|-
|[[2001 Women's Intercontinental Cup|2001]]||align=left|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Abbeville]] and [[Amiens]], France||7th||''Qualified'' for [[2002 Women's Hockey World Cup Qualifying Playoff|Qualifying Playoff]]|| 7 || 3 || 1 || 3 || 15 || 7
|-
|[[2002 Women's Hockey World Cup Qualifying Playoff|2002]]||align=left|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Cannock]], England||–||''Did not qualify'' for [[2002 Women's Hockey World Cup|2002 World Cup]]|| 3 || 0 || 2 || 1 || 3 || 5
|-bgcolor=Silver
|[[2026 Women's FIH Hockey World Cup Qualifiers|2026]]||align=left style="border: 3px solid red"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Hyderabad]], India||Runners-up||''Qualified'' for [[2026 Women's FIH Hockey World Cup|2026 World Cup]]|| 5 || 3 || 1 || 1 || 11 || 5
|-
! !! Total !! !! 2nd !! 34 !! 14 !! 5 !! 15 !! 71 !! 41
|}

===Commonwealth Games===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width:100%
|-
!colspan=10 style="background: #0077FF;border: 2px solid #FFA500;color: #FFFFFF;|[[Hockey at the Commonwealth Games|{{color|#FFFFFF|Commonwealth Games]]}}
|-
! Year !! Host !! Position !! Pld !! W !! D !! L !! GF !! GA
|-style="background:#9acdff;"
| [[Hockey at the 1998 Commonwealth Games – Women's tournament|1998]]||align=left|{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Kuala Lumpur]], Malaysia|| '''4th''' || 7 || 3 || 1 || 3 || 19 || 13
|-bgcolor=Gold
| [[Hockey at the 2002 Commonwealth Games – Women's tournament|2002]]||align=left|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Manchester]], England|| {{gold1}} || 6 || 4 || 1 || 1 || 12 || 10
|-bgcolor=Silver
| [[Hockey at the 2006 Commonwealth Games – Women's tournament|2006]]||align=left|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Melbourne]], Australia|| {{silver2}} || 6 || 3 || 1 || 2 || 19 || 8
|-
| [[Hockey at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Women's tournament|2010]]||align=left style="border: 3px solid red"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[New Delhi]], India|| 5th || 5 || 3 || 1 || 1 || 15 || 4
|-
| [[Hockey at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's tournament|2014]]||align=left|{{flagicon|SCO}} [[Glasgow]], Scotland|| 5th || 5 || 3 || 0 || 2 || 22 || 9
|-style="background:#9acdff;"
| [[Hockey at the 2018 Commonwealth Games – Women's tournament|2018]]||align=left|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Gold Coast, Queensland]], Australia|| '''4th''' || 6 || 3 || 0 || 3 || 9 || 12
|-bgcolor=#CFAA88
| [[Hockey at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Women's tournament|2022]]||align=left|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Birmingham]], England|| {{bronze3}} || 6 || 3 || 2 || 1 || 14 || 8
|-
! !! Total !! 1 Title !! 41 !! 22 !! 6 !! 13 !! 110 !! 64
|}

===Asian Games===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width:100%
|-
!colspan=10 style="background: #0077FF;border: 2px solid #FFA500;color: #FFFFFF;|[[Field hockey at the Asian Games|{{color|#FFFFFF|Asian Games]]}}
|-
! Year !! Host !! Position !! Pld !! W !! D !! L !! GF !! GA
|-bgcolor=gold
| [[Field hockey at the 1982 Asian Games|1982]]||align=left style="border: 3px solid red"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[New Delhi]], India|| {{gold1}} || 5 || 5 || 0 || 0 || 37 || 1
|-bgcolor=#CFAA88
| [[Field hockey at the 1986 Asian Games|1986]]||align=left|{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Seoul]], South Korea|| {{bronze3}} || 5 || 3 || 1 || 1 || 17 || 5
|-style="background:#9acdff;"
| [[Field hockey at the 1990 Asian Games|1990]]||align=left|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Beijing]], China|| '''4th''' || 5 || 2 || 0 || 3 || 8 || 10
|-style="background:#9acdff;"
| [[Field hockey at the 1994 Asian Games|1994]]||align=left|{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Hiroshima]], Japan|| '''4th''' || 5 || 1 || 2 || 2 || 9 || 6
|-bgcolor=silver
| [[Field hockey at the 1998 Asian Games|1998]]||align=left|{{flagicon|THA}} [[Bangkok]], Thailand|| {{silver2}} || 7 || 4 || 1 || 2 || 24 || 11
|-style="background:#9acdff;"
| [[Field hockey at the 2002 Asian Games – Women|2002]]||align=left|{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Busan]], South Korea|| '''4th''' || 4 || 0 || 0 || 4 || 2 || 12
|-bgcolor=#CFAA88
| [[Field hockey at the 2006 Asian Games – Women|2006]]||align=left|{{flagicon|QAT}} [[Doha]], Qatar|| {{bronze3}} || 7 || 4 || 0 || 3 || 22 || 10
|-style="background:#9acdff;"
| [[Field hockey at the 2010 Asian Games#Women|2010]]||align=left|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Guangzhou]], China|| '''4th''' || 7 || 3 || 0 || 4 || 24 || 7
|-bgcolor=#CFAA88
| [[Field hockey at the 2014 Asian Games – Women|2014]]||align=left|{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Incheon]], South Korea|| {{bronze3}} || 5 || 3 || 0 || 2 || 13 || 7
|-bgcolor=silver
| [[Field hockey at the 2018 Asian Games|2018]]||align=left|{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Jakarta]], Indonesia|| {{silver2}} || 6 || 5 || 0 || 1 || 40 || 3
|-bgcolor=#CFAA88
| [[Field hockey at the 2022 Asian Games|2022]]||align=left|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Hangzhou]], China|| {{bronze3}} || 6 || 4 || 1 || 1 || 35 || 6
|-
! !! Total !! 1 Title !! 62 !! 34 !! 5 !! 23 !! 231 !! 78
|}

===Asia Cup===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width:100%
|-
!colspan=10 style="background: #0077FF;border: 2px solid #FFA500;color: #FFFFFF;|[[Women's Hockey Asia Cup|{{color|#FFFFFF|Asia Cup]]}}
|-
! Year !! Host !! Position !! Pld !! W !! D !! L !! GF !! GA
|-
| [[1985 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|1985]]||align=left|{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Seoul]], South Korea||colspan=8|''Did not participate''
|-style="background:#9acdff;"
| [[1989 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|1989]]||align=left|{{flagicon|HKG}} [[Hong Kong]]|| '''4th''' || 4 || 1 || 0 || 3 || 4 || 11
|-bgcolor=#CFAA88
| [[1993 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|1993]]||align=left|{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Hiroshima]], Japan|| {{bronze3}} || 4 || 2 || 1 || 1 || 8 || 4
|-bgcolor=silver
| [[1999 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|1999]]||align=left style="border: 3px solid red"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[New Delhi]], India|| {{silver2}} || 6 || 3 || 2 || 1 || 24 || 7
|-bgcolor=gold
| [[2004 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|2004]]||align=left style="border: 3px solid red"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[New Delhi]], India|| {{gold1}} || 5 || 4 || 1 || 0 || 19 || 3
|-style="background:#9acdff;"
| [[2007 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|2007]]||align=left|{{flagicon|HKG}} [[Hong Kong]]|| '''4th''' || 6 || 3 || 0 || 3 || 44 || 13
|-bgcolor=silver
| [[2009 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|2009]]||align=left|{{flagicon|THA}} [[Bangkok]], Thailand|| {{silver2}} || 6 || 3 || 2 || 1 || 36 || 9
|-bgcolor=#CFAA88
| [[2013 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|2013]]||align=left|{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Kuala Lumpur]], Malaysia|| {{bronze3}} || 5 || 2 || 1 || 2 || 18 || 5
|-bgcolor=gold
| [[2017 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|2017]]||align=left|{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kakamigahara, Gifu]], Japan|| {{gold1}} || 6 || 5 || 1 || 0 || 28 || 5
|-bgcolor=#CFAA88
| [[2022 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|2022]]||align=left|{{flagicon|OMA}} [[Muscat]], Oman|| {{bronze3}} || 5 || 3 || 0 || 2 || 22 || 6
|-bgcolor=silver
| [[2025 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|2025]]||align=left|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Hangzhou]], China||{{silver2}} || 7 || 3 || 2 || 2 || 32 || 13
|-
! !! Total !! 2 Titles !! 54 !! 29 !! 10 !! 15 !! 235 !! 76
|}

===Asian Champions Trophy===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width:100%
|-
!colspan=10 style="background: #0077FF;border: 2px solid #FFA500;color: #FFFFFF;|[[Women's Asian Champions Trophy|{{color|#FFFFFF|Asian Champions Trophy]]}}
|-
! Year !! Host !! Position !! Pld !! W !! D !! L !! GF !! GA
|-bgcolor=#CFAA88
|[[2010 Women's Asian Champions Trophy|2010]] ||align=left|{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Busan]], South Korea || {{bronze3}} || 4 || 1 || 0 || 3 || 8 || 15
|-style="background:#9acdff;"
|[[2011 Women's Asian Champions Trophy|2011]] ||align=left|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Ordos, China|Ordos]], China || '''4th''' || 4 || 0 || 0 || 4 || 3 || 16
|-bgcolor=silver
|[[2013 Women's Asian Champions Trophy|2013]] ||align=left|{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kakamigahara]], Japan || {{silver2}} || 4 || 2 || 0 || 2 || 10 || 6
|-bgcolor=gold
|[[2016 Women's Asian Champions Trophy|2016]] ||align=left|{{flagicon|SIN}} [[Singapore]] || {{gold1}} || 5 || 3 || 1 || 1 || 10 || 7
|-bgcolor=silver
|[[2018 Women's Asian Champions Trophy|2018]] ||align=left|{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Donghae City]], South Korea || {{silver2}} || 5 || 3 || 1 || 1 || 11 || 6
|-
|[[2021 Women's Asian Champions Trophy|2021]] ||align=left|{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Donghae City]], South Korea ||colspan=8|''Withdrew''<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian women's hockey team's ACT campaign ends due to COVID |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/hockey/top-stories/indian-womens-hockey-teams-act-campaign-ends-due-to-covid-case-in-squad/articleshow/88188791.cms}}</ref>
|-bgcolor=gold
|[[2023 Women's Asian Champions Trophy|2023]] ||align=left style="border: 3px solid red"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ranchi]], India || {{gold1}} || 7 || 7 || 0 || 0 || 27 || 3
|-
|-bgcolor=gold
|[[2024 Women's Asian Champions Trophy|2024]] ||align=left style="border: 3px solid red"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Rajgir]], India || {{gold1}} || 7 || 7 || 0 || 0 || 29 || 2
|-
! !! Total !! 3 Titles !! 36 !! 23 !! 2 !! 11 !! 98 !! 55
|}

===Pro League===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width:100%
|-
!colspan=10 style="background: #0077FF;border: 2px solid #FFA500;color: #FFFFFF;|[[Women's FIH Pro League|{{color|#FFFFFF|Pro League]]}}
|-
! Year !! Host !! Position !! Pld !! W !! D !! L !! GF !! GA
|-bgcolor=#CFAA88
|[[2021–22 Women's FIH Pro League|2021–22]]||{{N/A|N/A}}|| {{bronze3}} || 14 || 6 || 4 || 4 || 33 || 26
|-
|[[2023–24 Women's FIH Pro League|2023–24]]||{{N/A|N/A}}|| 8th || 16 || 2 || 1 || 13 || 16 || 38
|-
|[[2024–25 Women's FIH Pro League|2024–25]]||{{N/A|N/A}}|| 9th || 16 || 2 || 3 || 11 || 22 || 43
|-
! colspan=2| Total !! Third place !! 46 !! 10 !! 8 !! 28 !! 71 !! 107
|}

===Nations Cup===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width:85%
|-
!colspan=10 style="background: #0077FF;border: 2px solid #FFA500;color: #FFFFFF;|[[Women's FIH Nations Cup|{{color|#FFFFFF|Nations Cup]]}}
|-
! Year !! Final Host !! Position !! Pld !! W !! D !! L !! GF !! GA
|-bgcolor=gold
|[[2022 Women's FIH Hockey Nations Cup|2022]]||align=left|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Valencia]], Spain|| {{gold1}} || 5 || 4 || 1 || 0 || 9 || 3
|-
|[[2025–26 Women's FIH Hockey Nations Cup|2025–26]]|| TBD || || || || || || ||
|-
! !! Total !! 1 Title !! 5 !! 4 !! 1 !! 0 !! 9 !! 3
|}

===South Asian Games===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width:85%
|-
!colspan=10 style="background: #0077FF;border: 2px solid #FFA500;color: #FFFFFF;|[[Field hockey at the South Asian Games|{{color|#FFFFFF|South Asian Games]]}}
|-
! Year !! Host !! Position !! Pld !! W !! D !! L !! GF !! GA
|-bgcolor=gold
|[[Field hockey at the 2016 South Asian Games – Women|2016]] ||align=left style="border: 3px solid red"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Guwahati]], India|| {{gold1}} || 3 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 46 || 1
|-
! !! Total !! 1 Title !! 3 !! 3 !! 0 !! 0 !! 46 !! 1
|}

===World League===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width:100%
|-
!colspan=10 style="background: #0077FF;border: 2px solid #FFA500;color: #FFFFFF;|[[Women's FIH Hockey World League|{{color|#FFFFFF|Hockey World League]]}}
|-
!Year !!Host !!Round !! Position !! Pld !! W !! D !! L !! GF !! GA
|-
|rowspan=3| [[2012–13 Women's FIH Hockey World League|2012–13]]
|-bgcolor=gold
|style="border: 3px solid red"align=left| {{flagicon|IND}} [[New Delhi]], India||[[2012–13 Women's FIH Hockey World League Round 2|Round 2]]||1st||5||4||1||0||24||2
|-
|align=left|{{flagicon|NED}} [[Rotterdam]], Netherlands||[[2012–13 Women's FIH Hockey World League Semifinals|Semifinals]]||7th||6||1||1||4||5||28
|-
|rowspan=3| [[2014–15 Women's FIH Hockey World League|2014–15]]
|-bgcolor=gold
|style="border: 3px solid red"align=left| {{flagicon|IND}} [[New Delhi]], India||[[2014–15 Women's FIH Hockey World League Round 2|Round 2]]||1st||6||6||0||0||39||1
|-
|align=left|{{flagicon|BEL}} [[Antwerp]], Belgium||[[2014–15 Women's FIH Hockey World League Semifinals|Semifinals]]||5th||7||3||0||4||7||19
|-
|rowspan=3| [[2016–17 Women's FIH Hockey World League|2016–17]]
|-bgcolor=gold
|align=left|{{flagicon|CAN}} [[West Vancouver]], Canada||[[2016–17 Women's FIH Hockey World League Round 2|Round2]]||1st||4||3||1||0||8||3
|-
|align=left|{{flagicon|RSA}} [[Johannesburg]], South Africa||[[2016–17 Women's FIH Hockey World League Semifinals|Semifinals]]||8th||7||1||1||5||4||15
|-
! !! Total !! !! !! 35 !! 18 !! 4 !! 13 !! 87 !! 68
|}

===Champions Challenge I===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width:100%
|-
!colspan=10 style="background: #0077FF;border: 2px solid #FFA500;color: #FFFFFF;|[[Women's Hockey Champions Challenge I|{{color|#FFFFFF|Champions Challenge I]]}}
|-
!Year!! Final Host !! Position !! Pld !! W !! D !! L !! GF !! GA
|-bgcolor=#CFAA88
|[[2002 Women's Hockey Champions Challenge|2002]]
|align=left|{{flagicon|RSA}} [[Johannesburg]], South Africa|| {{bronze3}} || 5 || 2 || 2 || 1 || 10 || 9
|-
|[[2011 Women's Hockey Champions Challenge I|2011]]
|align=left|{{flagicon|IRE}} [[Dublin]], Ireland || 7th || 6 || 2 || 1 || 3 || 11 || 8
|-
|[[2012 Women's Hockey Champions Challenge I|2012]]
|align=left|{{flagicon|IRE}} [[Dublin]], Ireland || 7th || 6 || 2 || 1 || 3 || 13 || 15
|-
|[[2014 Women's Hockey Champions Challenge I|2014]]
|align=left|{{flagicon|SCO}} [[Glasgow]], Scotland || 8th || 6 || 0|| 0 || 6 || 7 || 22
|-
! !! Total !! Third place !! 23 !! 6 !! 4 !! 13 !! 41 !! 54
|}

===Champions Challenge II===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width:85%
|-
!colspan=10 style="background: #0077FF;border: 2px solid #FFA500;color: #FFFFFF;|[[Women's Hockey Champions Challenge II|{{color|#FFFFFF|Champions Challenge II]]}}
|-
! Year !! Final Host !! Position !! Pld !! W !! D !! L !! GF !! GA
|-bgcolor=gold
|[[2009 Women's Hockey Champions Challenge II|2009]]||align=left|{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Kazan]], Russia|| {{gold1}} || 5 || 5 || 0 || 0 || 26 || 9
|-
! !! Total !! 1 Title !! 5 !! 5 !! 0 !! 0 !! 26 !! 9
|}

===Hockey Series===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width:85%
|-
!colspan=10 style="background: #0077FF;border: 2px solid #FFA500;color: #FFFFFF;|[[2018–19 Women's FIH Series Finals|{{color|#FFFFFF|Hockey Series]]}}
|-
! Year !! Final Host !! Position !! Pld !! W !! D !! L !! GF !! GA
|-bgcolor=gold
|[[2018–19 Women's FIH Series Finals#Hiroshima|2018–19]]||align=left|{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Hiroshima]], Japan|| {{gold1}} || 5 || 5 || 0 || 0 || 27 || 4
|-
! !! Total !! 1 Title !! 5 !! 5 !! 0 !! 0 !! 27 !! 4
|}

===Afro-Asian Games===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width:85%
|-
!colspan=10 style="background: #0077FF;border: 2px solid #FFA500;color: #FFFFFF;|[[Field hockey at the 2003 Afro-Asian Games|{{color|#FFFFFF|Afro-Asian Games]]}}
|-
! Year !! Final Host !! Position !! Pld !! W !! D !! L !! GF !! GA
|-bgcolor=gold
|[[Field hockey at the 2003 Afro-Asian Games|2003]]||align=left|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Hyderabad]], India|| {{gold1}} || 5 || 4 || 0 || 1 || 26 || 7
|-
! !! Total !! 1 Title !! 5 !! 4 !! 0 !! 1 !! 26 !! 7
|}

==Honours==
[[File:Indian Women's Hockey Team for the Olympic Qualifiers , 2019.jpg|thumb|300px|right|The India women's national field hockey team in 2019]]
===Major tournaments===
* '''[[Hockey at the Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]]''':
** {{gold1}} '''Gold medal''': [[Hockey at the 2002 Commonwealth Games – Women's tournament|2002]]
** {{silver2}} '''Silver medal''': [[Hockey at the 2006 Commonwealth Games – Women's tournament|2006]]
** {{bronze3}} '''Bronze medal''': [[Hockey at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Women's tournament|2022]]
* '''[[Field hockey at the Asian Games|Asian Games]]''':
** {{gold1}} '''Gold medal''': [[Field hockey at the 1982 Asian Games|1982]]
** {{silver2}} '''Silver medal''': [[Field hockey at the 1998 Asian Games|1998]], [[Field hockey at the 2018 Asian Games|2018]]
** {{bronze3}} '''Bronze medal''': [[Field hockey at the 1986 Asian Games|1986]], [[Field hockey at the 2006 Asian Games|2006]], [[Field hockey at the 2014 Asian Games|2014]], [[Field hockey at the 2022 Asian Games|2022]]
* '''[[Women's Hockey Asia Cup|Asia Cup]]''':
** {{gold1}} '''Champions''': [[2004 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|2004]], [[2017 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|2017]]
** {{silver2}} '''Runner-up''': [[1999 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|1999]], [[2009 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|2009]]
** {{bronze3}} '''Third Place''': [[1993 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|1993]], [[2013 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|2013]], [[2022 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|2022]]
* '''[[Women's Asian Champions Trophy|Asian Champions Trophy]]''':
** {{gold1}} '''Champions''': [[2016 Women's Asian Champions Trophy|2016]], [[2023 Women's Asian Champions Trophy|2023]], [[2024 Women's Asian Champions Trophy|2024]]
** {{silver2}} '''Runner-up''': [[2013 Women's Asian Champions Trophy|2013]], [[2018 Women's Asian Champions Trophy|2018]]
** {{silver2}} '''Third Place''': [[2010 Women's Asian Champions Trophy|2010]]
* '''[[Women's FIH Pro League|Pro League]]''':
** {{bronze3}} '''Third Place''': [[2021–22 Women's FIH Pro League|2021–22]]
* '''[[Women's FIH Hockey Nations Cup|Nations Cup]]''':
** {{gold1}} '''Champions''': [[2022 Women's FIH Hockey Nations Cup|2022]]

===Other tournaments===
* '''[[Field hockey at the South Asian Games|South Asian Games]]''':
** {{gold1}} '''Gold medal''': [[Field hockey at the 2016 South Asian Games|2016]]

===Defunct tournaments===
* '''[[Women's Hockey Champions Challenge I|Champions Challenge I]]''':
** {{bronze3}} '''Bronze medal''': [[2002 Women's Hockey Champions Challenge|2002]]
* '''[[Women's Hockey Champions Challenge II |Champions Challenge II]]''':
** {{gold1}} '''Champions''': [[2009 Women's Hockey Champions Challenge II|2009]]
* '''[[FIH Hockey Series|Hockey Series]]''':
** {{gold1}} '''Champions''': [[2018–19 Women's FIH Series Finals#Hiroshima|2018–19]]

==Results and fixtures==
The following is a list of match results in the last 12 months, as well as any future matches that have been scheduled.

{{legend2|#CCFFCC|Win|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFFFCC|Draw|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFCCCC|Loss|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFFFFF|Fixture|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}

===2025===

{{football box collapsible
|date = 14 June 2025
| round = [[2024–25 Women's FIH Pro League|2024–25 FIH Pro League]]
|format=1
|time = 11:00
|team1 = {{fhw-rt|AUS}}
|score = 3–2
|team2 = {{fhw|IND}}
|report = [https://tms.fih.ch/matches/20273/reports/matchreport Report]
|goals1 = [[Courtney Schonell|Schonell]] {{fhgoal|FG|16}} [[Lexie Pickering|Pickering]] {{fhgoal|FG|22}} [[Tatum Stewart|Stewart]] {{fhgoal|PS|35}}
|goals2 = [[Deepika Sehrawat|Deepika]] {{fhgoal|PC|44}} [[Neha Goyal|Neha]] {{fhgoal|PC|52}}
|stadium = [[Lee Valley Hockey and Tennis Centre]]
|location = [[London]], England
|result = L
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date = 15 June 2025
| round = [[2024–25 Women's FIH Pro League|2024–25 FIH Pro League]]
|format=1
|time = 10:30
|team1 = {{fhw-rt|IND}}
|score = 1–2
|team2 = {{fhw|AUS}}
|report = [https://tms.fih.ch/matches/20275/reports/matchreport Report]
|goals1 = [[Vaishnavi Phalke|Phalke]] {{fhgoal|FG|3}}
|goals2 = [[Amy Lawton|Lawton]] {{fhgoal|FG|37}} [[Lexie Pickering|Pickering]] {{fhgoal|PC|60}}
|stadium = [[Lee Valley Hockey and Tennis Centre]]
|location = [[London]], England
|result = L
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date = 17 June 2025
| round = [[2024–25 Women's FIH Pro League|2024–25 FIH Pro League]]
|format=1
|time = 15:30
|team1 = {{fhw-rt|ARG}}
|score = 4–1
|team2 = {{fhw|IND}}
|report = [https://tms.fih.ch/matches/20278/reports/matchreport Report]
|goals1 = [[Victoria Falasco|Falasco]] {{fhgoal|FG|29}} [[Agustina Gorzelany|Gorzelany]] {{fhgoal|PS|40|PS|54|PC|59}}
|goals2 = [[Deepika Sehrawat|Deepika]] {{fhgoal|PC|30}}
|stadium = [[Lee Valley Hockey and Tennis Centre]]
|location = [[London]], England
|result = L
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date = 18 June 2025
| round = [[2024–25 Women's FIH Pro League|2024–25 FIH Pro League]]
|format=1
|time = 15:30
|team1 = {{fhw-rt|IND}}
|score = 2–2
|team2 = {{fhw|ARG}}
|report = [https://tms.fih.ch/matches/20279/reports/matchreport Report]
|goals1 = [[Navneet Kaur (field hockey)|Navneet]] {{fhgoal|FG|50}} [[Deepika Sehrawat|Deepika]] {{fhgoal|PC|56}}
|goals2 = [[Agustina Gorzelany|Gorzelany]] {{fhgoal|PC|27|PC|37}}
| penalties1 = [[Deepika Sehrawat|Deepika]] {{fhps|m}} [[Rutuja Pisal|Rutuja]] {{fhps|m}} [[Lalremsiami Hmarzote|Lalremsiami]] {{fhps|m}} [[Baljeet Kaur|Baljeet]] {{fhps|m}}
| penaltyscore = 0–2
| penalties2 = [[Zoe Díaz|Díaz]] {{fhps|m}} [[Brisa Bruggesser|Bruggesser]] {{fhps|g}} [[Julieta Jankunas|Jankunas]] {{fhps|m}} [[Sofía Cairó|Cairó]] {{fhps|g}}
|stadium = [[Lee Valley Hockey and Tennis Centre]]
|location = [[London]], England
|result = D
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date = 21 June 2025
| round = [[2024–25 Women's FIH Pro League|2024–25 FIH Pro League]]
|format=1
|time = 13:00
|team1 = {{fhw-rt|BEL}}
|score = 5–1
|team2 = {{fhw|IND}}
|report = [https://tms.fih.ch/matches/20287/reports/matchreport Report]
|goals1 = [[Hélène Brasseur|Brasseur]] {{fhgoal|PC|37|PC|55}} [[Lucie Breyne|Breyne]] {{fhgoal|PC|41}} [[Ambre Ballenghien|Ballenghien]] {{fhgoal|PC|54}} [[Charlotte Englebert|Engelbert]] {{fhgoal|PS|58}}
|goals2 = [[Deepika Sehrawat|Deepika]] {{fhgoal|PC|6}}
|stadium = [[Wilrijkse Plein Antwerp|Wilrijkse Plein]]
|location = [[Antwerp]], Belgium
|result = L
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date = 22 June 2025
| round = [[2024–25 Women's FIH Pro League|2024–25 FIH Pro League]]
|format=1
|time = 13:00
|team1 = {{fhw-rt|BEL}}
|score = 2–0
|team2 = {{fhw|IND}}
|report = [https://tms.fih.ch/matches/20288/reports/matchreport Report]
|goals1 = [[Ambre Ballenghien|Ballenghien]] {{fhgoal|FG|40}} [[Lien Hillewaert|Hillewaert]] {{fhgoal|PC|43}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Wilrijkse Plein Antwerp|Wilrijkse Plein]]
|location = [[Antwerp]], Belgium
|result = L
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date = 28 June 2025
| round = [[2024–25 Women's FIH Pro League|2024–25 FIH Pro League]]
|format=1
|time = 12:30
|team1 = {{fhw-rt|CHN}}
|score = 3–0
|team2 = {{fhw|IND}}
|report = [https://tms.fih.ch/matches/20297/reports/matchreport Report]
|goals1 = [[Chen Yang (field hockey)|Chen]] {{fhgoal|PC|21}} [[Zhang Ying (field hockey)|Zhang]] {{fhgoal|PC|26}} [[Yu Anhui|Yu]] {{fhgoal|FG|45}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Ernst Reuter Sportfeld]]
|location = [[Berlin]], Germany
|result = L
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date = 29 June 2025
| round = [[2024–25 Women's FIH Pro League|2024–25 FIH Pro League]]
|format=1
|time = 13:30
|team1 = {{fhw-rt|IND}}
|score = 2–3
|team2 = {{fhw|CHN}}
|report = [https://tms.fih.ch/matches/20300/reports/matchreport Report]
|goals1 = [[Sunelita Toppo|Toppo]] {{fhgoal|FG|9}} [[Rutuja Pisal|Rutuja]] {{fhgoal|PC|38}}
|goals2 = [[Zhang Ying (field hockey)|Zhang]] {{fhgoal|PC|19|PC|30}} [[Xu Wenyu|Xu]] {{fhgoal|PC|53}}
|stadium = [[Ernst Reuter Sportfeld]]
|location = [[Berlin]], Germany
|result = L
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date = 5 September 2025
| round = [[2025 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|2025 Asia Cup GS]]
|format=1
|time = 14:30
|team1 = {{fhw-rt|IND}}
|score = 11–0
|team2 = {{fhw|THA}}
|report = [https://fih.altiusrt.com/matches/21114/reports/matchreport Report]
|goals1 = [[Mumtaz Khan (field hockey)|Mumtaz]] {{fhgoal|FG|7|PC|49}} [[Sangita Kumari (field hockey)|Sangita]] {{fhgoal|FG|10}} [[Navneet Kaur (field hockey)|Navneet]] {{fhgoal|FG|16}} [[Lalremsiami]] {{fhgoal|FG|18}} [[Udita Duhan|Udita]] {{fhgoal|PC|30+|PC|52}} [[Beauty Dungdung|Beauty]] {{fhgoal|PC|45|FG|54}} [[Sharmila Devi|Sharmila]] {{fhgoal|PC|57}} [[Rutuja Pisal|Rutuja]] {{fhgoal|FG|60}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Gongshu Canal Sports Park Field Hockey Field]]
|location = [[Hangzhou]], China
|result = W
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date = 6 September 2025
| round = [[2025 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|2025 Asia Cup GS]]
|format=1
|time = 19:00
|team1 = {{fhw-rt|JPN}}
|score = 2–2
|team2 = {{fhw|IND}}
|report = [https://fih.altiusrt.com/matches/21118/reports/matchreport Report]
|goals1 = [[Hiroka Murayama|Murayama]] {{fhgoal|FG|10}} [[Chiko Fujibayashi|Fujibayashi]] {{fhgoal|PS|58}}
|goals2 = [[Rutuja Pisal|Rutuja]] {{fhgoal|FG|30}} [[Navneet Kaur (field hockey)|Navneet]] {{fhgoal|PC|60+}}
|stadium = [[Gongshu Canal Sports Park Field Hockey Field]]
|location = [[Hangzhou]], China
|result = D
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date = 8 September 2025
| round = [[2025 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|2025 Asia Cup GS]]
|format=1
|time = 14:30
|team1 = {{fhw-rt|IND}}
|score = 12–0
|team2 = {{fhw|SIN}}
|report = [https://fih.altiusrt.com/matches/21122/reports/matchreport Report]
|goals1 = [[Mumtaz Khan (field hockey)|Mumtaz]] {{fhgoal|FG|2|FG|32|FG|39}} [[Neha Goyal|Neha]] {{fhgoal|FG|11|PC|38}} [[Lalremsiami Hmarzote|Lalremsiami]] {{fhgoal|FG|13}} [[Navneet Kaur (field hockey)|Navneet]] {{fhgoal|PC|14|FG|20|PC|28}} [[Udita Duhan|Udita]] {{fhgoal|PC|29}} [[Sharmila Devi|Sharmila]] {{fhgoal|PC|45}} [[Rutuja Pisal|Rutuja]] {{fhgoal|FG|53}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Gongshu Canal Sports Park Field Hockey Field]]
|location = [[Hangzhou]], China
|result = W
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date = 10 September 2025
| round = [[2025 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|2025 Asia Cup Super4s]]
|format=1
|time = 16:45
|team1 = {{fhw-rt|IND}}
|score = 4–2
|team2 = {{fhw|KOR}}
|report = [https://fih.altiusrt.com/matches/21126/reports/matchreport Report]
|goals1 = [[Vaishnavi Phalke|Phalke]] {{fhgoal|PC|2}} [[Sangita Kumari (field hockey)|Sangita]] {{fhgoal|FG|33}} [[Lalremsiami Hmarzote|Lalremsiami]] {{fhgoal|FG|40}} [[Rutuja Pisal|Rutuja]] {{fhgoal|FG|59}}
|goals2 = [[Kim Yu-jin (field hockey)|Kim Yu-j.]] {{fhgoal|PC|33|PC|53}}
|stadium = [[Gongshu Canal Sports Park Field Hockey Field]]
|location = [[Hangzhou]], China
|result = W
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date = 11 September 2025
| round = [[2025 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|2025 Asia Cup Super4s]]
|format=1
|time = 19:00
|team1 = {{fhw-rt|IND}}
|score = 1–4
|team2 = {{fhw|CHN}}
|report = [https://fih.altiusrt.com/matches/21130/reports/matchreport Report]
|goals1 = [[Mumtaz Khan (field hockey)|Mumtaz]] {{fhgoal|FG|38}}
|goals2 = [[Zou Meirong|Zou]] {{fhgoal|FG|4|FG|56}} [[Chen Yang (field hockey)|Chen]] {{fhgoal|FG|31}} [[Tan Jinzhuang|Tan]] {{fhgoal|PC|47}}
|stadium = [[Gongshu Canal Sports Park Field Hockey Field]]
|location = [[Hangzhou]], China
|result = L
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date = 13 September 2025
| round = [[2025 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|2025 Asia Cup Super4s]]
|format=1
|time = 16:45
|team1 = {{fhw-rt|JPN}}
|score = 1–1
|team2 = {{fhw|IND}}
|report = [https://fih.altiusrt.com/matches/21133/reports/matchreport Report]
|goals1 = [[Shiho Kobayakawa|Kobayakawa]] {{fhgoal|FG|58}}
|goals2 = [[Beauty Dungdung|Dung Dung]] {{fhgoal|FG|7}}
|stadium = [[Gongshu Canal Sports Park Field Hockey Field]]
|location = [[Hangzhou]], China
|result = D
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date = 14 September 2025
| round = [[2025 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|2025 Asia Cup Final]]
|format=1
|time = 20:00
|team1 = {{fhw-rt|CHN}}
|score = 4–1
|team2 = {{fhw|IND}}
|report = [https://fih.altiusrt.com/matches/21136/reports/matchreport Report]
|goals1 = [[Ou Zixia|Ou]] {{fhgoal|PC|21}} [[Li Hong (field hockey)|Li]] {{fhgoal|FG|41}} [[Zou Meirong|Zou]] {{fhgoal|FG|51}} [[Zhong Jiaqi|Zhong]] {{fhgoal|FG|53}}
|goals2 = [[Navneet Kaur (field hockey)|Navneet]] {{fhgoal|PC|1}}
|stadium = [[Gongshu Canal Sports Park Field Hockey Field]]
|location = [[Hangzhou]], China
|result = L
}}

===2026===
{{football box collapsible
|format = 1
|round = [[2026 Women's FIH Hockey World Cup Qualifiers|World Cup Qualifiers Pool B]]
|date = 8 March 2026
|time = 19:30
|team1 = {{fhw-rt|IND}}
|score = 4–0
|report = [https://tms.fih.ch/matches/22035/reports/matchreport Report]
|team2 = {{fhw|URU}}
|goals1 = [[Annu (field hockey)|Annu]] {{fhgoal|PC|21}} [[Ishika (field hockey)|Ishika]] {{fhgoal|FG|40}} [[Lalremsiami]] {{fhgoal|FG|49}} [[Rutuja Pisal|Rutuja]] {{fhgoal|FG|58}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[G. M. C. Balayogi Athletic Stadium|G. M. C. Balayogi Hockey Ground]]
|location = [[Hyderabad]], India
|result = W
}}
{{football box collapsible
|format = 1
|round = [[2026 Women's FIH Hockey World Cup Qualifiers|World Cup Qualifiers Pool B]]
|date = 9 March 2026
|time = 19:30
|team1 = {{fhw-rt|SCO}}
|score = 2–2
|report = [https://tms.fih.ch/matches/22039/reports/matchreport Report]
|team2 = {{fhw|IND}}
|goals1 = [[Heather McEwan(field hockey)|McEwan]] {{fhgoal|PC|6}} [[Fiona Burnet|Burnet]] {{fhgoal|FG|33}}
|goals2 = [[Navneet Kaur (field hockey)|Navneet]] {{fhgoal|PC|18}} [[Sunelita Toppo|Sunelita]] {{fhgoal|PC|29}}
|stadium = [[G. M. C. Balayogi Athletic Stadium|G. M. C. Balayogi Hockey Ground]]
|location = [[Hyderabad]], India
|result = D
}}
{{football box collapsible
|format = 1
|round = [[2026 Women's FIH Hockey World Cup Qualifiers|World Cup Qualifiers Pool B]]
|date = 11 March 2026
|time = 19:30
|team1 = {{fhw-rt|IND}}
|score = 4–1
|report = [https://tms.fih.ch/matches/22043/reports/matchreport Report]
|team2 = {{fhw|WAL}}
|goals1 = [[Sakshi Rana|Sakshi]] {{fhgoal|FG|7}} [[Navneet Kaur (field hockey)|Navneet]] {{fhgoal|PC|29|PC|34|PS|55}}
|goals2 = [[Betsan Thomas|Thomas]] {{fhgoal|FG|39}}
|stadium = [[G. M. C. Balayogi Athletic Stadium|G. M. C. Balayogi Hockey Ground]]
|location = [[Hyderabad]], India
|result = W
}}
{{football box collapsible
|format = 1
|round = [[2026 Women's FIH Hockey World Cup Qualifiers|World Cup Qualifiers Semi-final]]
|date = 13 March 2026
|time = 19:30
|team1 = {{fhw-rt|IND}}
|score = 1–0
|report = [https://tms.fih.ch/matches/22047/reports/matchreport Report]
|team2 = {{fhw|ITA}}
|goals1 = [[Manisha Chauhan|Chauhan]] {{fhgoal|PC|40}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[G. M. C. Balayogi Athletic Stadium|G. M. C. Balayogi Hockey Ground]]
|location = [[Hyderabad]], India
|result = W
}}
{{football box collapsible
|format = 1
|round = [[2026 Women's FIH Hockey World Cup Qualifiers|World Cup Qualifiers Final]]
|date = 14 March 2026
|time = 19:30
|team1 = {{fhw-rt|ENG}}
|score = 2–0
|report = [https://tms.fih.ch/matches/22051/reports/matchreport Report]
|team2 = {{fhw|IND}}
|goals1 = [[Grace Balsdon|Balsdon]] {{fhgoal|PC|13}} [[Lizzie Neal|Neal]] {{fhgoal|FG|43}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[G. M. C. Balayogi Athletic Stadium|G. M. C. Balayogi Hockey Ground]]
|location = [[Hyderabad]], India
|result = L
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date = 16 August 2026
| round = [[2026 Women's FIH Hockey World Cup|World Cup Pool D]]
|format=1
|time = 16:30
|team1 = {{fhw-rt|CHN}}
|score =
|team2 = {{fhw|IND}}
|report =
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Wagener Stadium]]
|location = [[Amstelveen]], Netherlands
|result =
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date = 18 August 2026
| round = [[2026 Women's FIH Hockey World Cup|World Cup Pool D]]
|format=1
|time = 18:30
|team1 = {{fhw-rt|IND}}
|score =
|team2 = {{fhw|RSA}}
|report =
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Wagener Stadium]]
|location = [[Amstelveen]], Netherlands
|result =
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date = 20 August 2026
| round = [[2026 Women's FIH Hockey World Cup|World Cup Pool D]]
|format=1
|time = 18:30
|team1 = {{fhw-rt|IND}}
|score =
|team2 = {{fhw|ENG}}
|report =
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Wagener Stadium]]
|location = [[Amstelveen]], Netherlands
|result =
}}

===2026 Goalscorers===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!colspan=6|'''2026 Goalscorers'''
|-
!style="width: 50px;"|{{Tooltip|Rank}}
!style="text-align: left; padding-left: 10px; width: 250px;"|{{Tooltip|Player}}
!style="width: 50px;"|{{Tooltip|FG|Field Goal}}
!style="width: 50px;"|{{Tooltip|PC|Penalty Corner}}
!style="width: 50px;"|{{Tooltip|PS|Penalty Stroke}}
!style="width: 50px;"|{{Tooltip|Total}}
|-
| 1 || style="text-align: left; padding-left: 10px;"| [[Navneet Kaur (field hockey)|Navneet]] || 0 || 3 || 1 || '''4'''
|-
| rowspan=7| 2 ||style="text-align: left; padding-left: 10px;"| [[Annu (field hockey)|Annu]] || 1 || 0 || 0 || rowspan=7|'''1'''
|-
| style="text-align: left; padding-left: 10px;"| [[Ishika (field hockey)|Ishika]] || 1 || 0 || 0
|-
| style="text-align: left; padding-left: 10px;"| [[Lalremsiami]] || 1 || 0 || 0
|-
| style="text-align: left; padding-left: 10px;"| [[Rutuja Pisal|Rutuja]] || 1 || 0 || 0
|-
| style="text-align: left; padding-left: 10px;"| [[Sakshi Rana|Sakshi]] || 1 || 0 || 0
|-
| style="text-align: left; padding-left: 10px;"| [[Sunelita Toppo|Sunelita]] || 0 || 1 || 0
|-
| style="text-align: left; padding-left: 10px;"| [[Manisha Chauhan|Manisha]] || 0 || 1 || 0
|-
!colspan=2| Total || '''5''' || '''5''' || '''1''' || '''11'''
|}

==Players==
===Current squad===
The following 20 players were named for the [[2026 Women's FIH Hockey World Cup Qualifiers]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Hockey India announces 20-member Indian Women’s squad ahead of FIH Hockey World Cup 2026 Qualifiers Hyderabad, Telangana|url=https://www.hockeyindia.org/news/hockey-india-announces-20-member-indian-womens-squad-ahead-of-fih-hockey-world-cup-2026-qualifiers-hyderabad-telangana|date=1 March 2026|website=hockeyindia.org|publisher=Hockey India}}</ref>

''Caps updated as of 14 March 2026, after the match against {{fhw|ENG}}.''

{{nat fs g start}}
{{Nat fhs g player|no=|pos=GK|name=[[Bichu Devi Kharibam]]|age={{Birth date and age|2000|12|3|df=y}}|caps=60|goals=0|club=[[Indian Oil Corporation]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fhs g player|no=|pos=GK|name=[[Bansari Solanki]]|age={{birth date and age|2001|5|24|df=y}}|caps=4|goals=0|club=Income Tax|clubnat=IND}}
{{Nat fhs break}}
{{Nat fhs g player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Sushila Chanu]]|age={{Birth date and age|1992|2|25|df=y}}|caps=257|goals=6|club=[[Railways Sports Promotion Board|Railways]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{Nat fhs g player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Nikki Pradhan]]|age={{Birth date and age|1993|12|8|df=y}}|caps=202|goals=2|club=[[Railways Sports Promotion Board|Railways]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fhs g player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Manisha Chauhan]]|age={{birth date and age|1999|3|6|df=y}}|caps=27|goals=3|club=[[Railways Sports Promotion Board|Railways]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{Nat fhs g player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Udita Duhan]]|age={{Birth date and age|1998|1|14|df=y}}|caps=138|goals=17|club=[[Indian Oil Corporation]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fhs g player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Ishika Chaudhary]]|age={{birth date and age|2000|4|15|df=y}}|caps=77|goals=1|club=[[Indian Oil Corporation]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{Nat fhs break}}
{{Nat fhs g player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Neha Goyal]]|age={{Birth date and age|1996|11|15|df=y}}|caps=197|goals=23|club=[[Railways Sports Promotion Board|Railways]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{Nat fhs g player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Salima Tete]]|other=[[Captain (sports)|captain]]|age={{Birth date and age|2001|12|27|df=y}}|caps=150|goals=16|club=[[Railway Sports Promotion Board|Railways]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fhs g player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Sunelita Toppo]]|age={{birth date and age|2007|4|11|df=y}}|caps=47|goals=3|club=[[Railway Sports Promotion Board|Railways]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fhs g player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Sakshi Rana]]|age={{birth date and age|2007|8|31|df=y}}|caps=12|goals=2|club=Hockey Haryana|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fhs g player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Vaishnavi Phalke]]|age={{birth date and age|2003|12|23|df=y}}|caps=69|goals=9|club=Income Tax|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fhs g player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Rutuja Pisal]]|age={{birth date and age|2002|11|28|df=y}}|caps=25|goals=8|club=Union Bank of India|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fhs g player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Deepika Soreng]]|age={{birth date and age|2003|12|17|df=y}}|caps=6|goals=0|club=[[Railways Sports Promotion Board|Railways]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{Nat fhs break}}
{{Nat fhs g player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Navneet Kaur (field hockey)|Navneet Kaur]]|other=[[Captain (sports)|vice-captain]]|age={{Birth date and age|1996|1|26|df=y}}|caps=206|goals=66|club=[[Railway Sports Promotion Board|Railways]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fhs g player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Ishika (field hockey)|Ishika]]|age={{birth date and age|2005|10|5|df=y}}|caps=5|goals=1|club=[[Railway Sports Promotion Board|Railways]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{Nat fhs g player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Lalremsiami Hmarzote]]|age={{Birth date and age|2000|3|30|df=y}}|caps=182|goals=45|club=[[Railway Sports Promotion Board|Railways]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fhs g player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Beauty Dungdung]]|age={{birth date and age|2003|7|21|df=y}}|caps=43|goals=6|club=[[Indian Oil Corporation]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fhs g player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Baljeet Kaur]]|age={{birth date and age|2001|3|23|df=y}}|caps=43|goals=2|club=[[Indian Oil Corporation]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fhs g player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Annu Roj Khera]]|age={{birth date and age|2002|12|12|df=y}}|caps=5|goals=1|club=[[Railway Sports Promotion Board|Railways]]|clubnat=IND}}
{{nat fs end}}

===Recent call-ups===
These players were called up in the last 12 months.


{{nat fhs r g start}}
{{Nat fhs r g player|no=|pos=GK|name=[[Savita Punia]]|age={{Birth date and age|1990|7|11|df=y}}|caps=308|goals=0|club=NCOE, Delhi|clubnat=IND|latest=[[2024–25 Women's FIH Pro League|2024–25 FIH Pro League]]}}
{{nat fhs r g player|no=|pos=GK|name=[[Madhuri Kindo]]|age={{birth date and age|2002|3|25|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[Hockey Association of Odisha]]|clubnat=IND|latest=[[2024–25 Women's FIH Pro League|2024–25 FIH Pro League]]}}
{{Nat fhs break}}
{{Nat fhs r g player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Jyoti Rumavat]]|age={{Birth date and age|1999|12|11|df=y}}|caps=98|goals=8|club=[[Indian Oil Corporation]]|clubnat=IND|latest=[[2025 Women's Hockey Asia Cup]]}}
{{nat fhs r g player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Suman Devi Thoudam]]|age={{birth date and age|1999|7|16|df=y}}|caps=27|goals=0|club=Indian Oil Corporation Ltd|clubnat=IND|latest=[[2025 Women's Hockey Asia Cup]]}}
{{nat fhs r g player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Jyoti Chhatri]]|age={{birth date and age|2003|3|8|df=y}}|caps=16|goals=0|club=Odisha Naval Tata HHPC|clubnat=IND|latest=[[2024–25 Women's FIH Pro League|2024–25 FIH Pro League]]}}
{{nat fhs r g player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Jyoti Singh (field hockey)|Jyoti Singh]]|age={{birth date and age|2004|10|6|df=y}}|caps=12|goals=0|club=Madhya Pradesh HA|clubnat=IND|latest=[[2024–25 Women's FIH Pro League|2024–25 FIH Pro League]]}}
{{nat fhs r g player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Mahima Choudhary]]|age={{birth date and age|1999|12|6|df=y}}|caps=5|goals=0|club=[[Indian Oil Corporation]]|clubnat=IND|latest=[[2024–25 Women's FIH Pro League|2024–25 FIH Pro League]]}}
{{Nat fhs r g player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Akshata Dhekale]]|age={{Birth date and age|2001|11|2|df=y}}|caps=6|goals=0|club=[[Indian Oil Corporation]]|clubnat=IND|latest=[[2024–25 Women's FIH Pro League|2024–25 FIH Pro League]]}}
{{nat fhs r g player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Ropni Kumari]]|age={{birth date and age|2003|11|26|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[Railway Sports Promotion Board|Railways]]|clubnat=IND|latest=[[2024–25 Women's FIH Pro League|2024–25 FIH Pro League]]}}
{{nat fhs r g player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Preeti Panchal]]|age={{birth date and age|2002|12|25|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[Railway Sports Promotion Board|Railways]]|clubnat=IND|latest=[[2024–25 Women's FIH Pro League|2024–25 FIH Pro League]]}}
{{Nat fhs break}}
{{Nat fhs r g player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Sharmila Godara]]|age={{Birth date and age|2001|10|10|df=y}}|caps=89|goals=10|club=[[Indian Oil Corporation]]|clubnat=IND|latest=[[2025 Women's Hockey Asia Cup]]}}
{{nat fhs r g player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Sujata Kujur]]|age={{birth date and age|2003|1|25|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[Hockey Association of Odisha]]|clubnat=IND|latest=[[2024–25 Women's FIH Pro League|2024–25 FIH Pro League]]}}
{{nat fhs r g player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Mahima Tete]]|age={{birth date and age|2003|7|25|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=Jharkhand Hockey|clubnat=IND|latest=[[2024–25 Women's FIH Pro League|2024–25 FIH Pro League]]}}
{{nat fhs r g player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Ajmina Kujur]]|age={{birth date and age|2001|12|9|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[Indian Oil Corporation]]|clubnat=IND|latest=[[2024–25 Women's FIH Pro League|2024–25 FIH Pro League]]}}
{{nat fhs r g player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Marina Lalramnghaki]]|age={{birth date and age|2001|6|12|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=Hockey Mizoram|clubnat=IND|latest=[[2024–25 Women's FIH Pro League|2024–25 FIH Pro League]]}}
{{nat fhs r g player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Jyothi Edula]]|age={{birth date and age|2002|5|30|df=y}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[Railways Sports Promotion Board|Railways]]|clubnat=IND|latest=[[2024–25 Women's FIH Pro League|2024–25 FIH Pro League]]}}
{{Nat fhs break}}
{{nat fhs r g player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Mumtaz Khan (field hockey)|Mumtaz Khan]]|age={{birth date and age|2003|1|15|df=y}}|caps=19|goals=6|club=[[Indian Oil Corporation]]|clubnat=IND|latest=[[2025 Women's Hockey Asia Cup]]}}
{{Nat fhs r g player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Sangita Kumari (field hockey)|Sangita Kumari]]|age={{Birth date and age|2001|12|24|df=y}}|caps=71|goals=30|club=[[Railways Sports Promotion Board|Railways]]|clubnat=IND|latest=[[2025 Women's Hockey Asia Cup]]}}
{{nat fhs r g player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Deepika Sehrawat]]|age={{birth date and age|2003|6|12|df=y}}|caps=64|goals=31|club=[[Indian Oil Corporation]]|clubnat=IND|latest=[[2024–25 Women's FIH Pro League|2024–25 FIH Pro League]]}}
{{nat fhs r g player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Preeti Dubey]]|age={{birth date and age|1998|6|13|df=y}}|caps=56|goals=9|club=[[Railways Sports Promotion Board|Railways]]|clubnat=IND|latest=[[2024–25 Women's FIH Pro League|2024–25 FIH Pro League]]}}
{{nat fs break}}
INJ Withdrew due to injury 
PRE Preliminary squad / standby 
RET Retired from the national team 
WD Player withdrew from the squad due to non-injury issue.
{{nat fs end}}

==Coaching staff==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="background:blue; color:white; border: 2px solid #FFA500;" |Position
! style="background:blue; color:white; border: 2px solid #FFA500;" |Name
|-
|Head coach
|{{flagicon|NED}} [[Sjoerd Marijne]]
|-
|Analytical coach
|{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Matias Vila]]
|-
|Coaches
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Yendala Soundarya]] {{flagicon|IND}} Ankitha B. S.
|-
|Scientific Advisor
|{{flagicon|RSA}} Dr. Wayne Lombard {{flagicon|RSA}} Rodet Yila {{flagicon|RSA}} Ciara Yila
|}

==Individual records==
:''Players in '''bold''' are still active, at least at international level.''

===Most caps===
Sources:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hockeyindia.org/news/vandana-katariya-bids-farewell-to-international-hockey-a-journey-of-grit-glory-and-legacy#:~:text=Vandana%20Katariya%20Bids%20Farewell%20to,hat%2Dtrick%20at%20the%20Games.|title=Hockey india|access-date=18 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/hockey/savita-punia-completes-300-matches-india-women-hockey-goalkeeper-fih-pro-league-2025-netherlands/article69258042.ece#:~:text=Savita%20Punia%20becomes%20second%20Indian%20woman%20to%20play%20300%20matches%20%2D%20Sportstar|title=The Wall gets its 300th brick: Savita Punia becomes second Indian woman to reach the milestone}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/hockey/top-stories/deep-grace-ekka-retires-from-international-hockey/articleshow/107199268.cms#:~:text=Indian%20women's%20hockey%20player%20Deep,nothing%20short%20of%20a%20privilege.|title=Deep Grace Ekka hangs her boots}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|-
!style="background:#0000FF;color:white" |Position !!style="background:#0000FF;color:white" |Player !!style="background:#0000FF;color:white" |Caps
|-
|1
|[[Vandana Katariya]]
|'''320'''
|-
|2
|'''[[Savita Punia]]'''
|'''308'''
|-
|3
|[[Deep Grace Ekka]]
|'''268'''
|-
|4
|'''[[Sushila Chanu]]'''
|'''257'''
|-
|5
|[[Rani Rampal]]
|'''254'''
|-
|6
|[[Ritu Rani]]
|'''248'''
|-
|7
|'''[[Monika Malik]]'''
|'''229'''
|-
|8
|[[Surinder Kaur (field hockey)|Surinder Kaur]]
|'''229'''
|-
|9
|'''[[Navjot Kaur (field hockey)|Navjot Kaur]]'''
|'''209'''
|-
|10
|[[Poonam Rani]]
|'''204'''
|-
|11
|[[Saba Anjum Karim]]
|'''200'''
|}

==Head-to-head record==
{| bgcolor="#f7f8ff" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" border="1" style="font-size: 90%; border: gray solid 1px; border-collapse: collapse;text-align:center;"
| width="20" style="background: #CCFFCC;" |
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" |Won more matches than lost
|-
| width="20" style="background: #E6E6FA;" |
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" |All matches drawn
|-
| width="20" style="background: LemonChiffon;" |
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" |Won equal matches to lost
|-
| width="20" style="background: #FFCCCC;" |
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="left" |Lost more matches than won
|}

===Overall record===

Record last updated as of the following match:

India vs {{fhw|ENG}} at [[G. M. C. Balayogi Athletic Stadium|G. M. C. Balayogi Hockey Ground]], [[Hyderabad]] in the [[2026 Women's FIH Hockey World Cup Qualifiers]], 14 March 2026

{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center;"
!Opponent
!GP
!W
!D
!L
!Win %
!Last meeting
|- bgcolor="#fdd"
|{{Fhw|ARG}}
|28
|1
|6
|21
|3.57%
|2025
|- bgcolor="#fdd"
|{{Fhw|AUS}}
|51
|7
|8
|36
|13.73%
|2025
|- bgcolor="#dfd"
|{{Fhw|AUT}}
|2
|2
|0
|0
|100%
|1989
|- bgcolor="#dfd"
|{{Fhw|AZE}}
|6
|6
|0
|0
|100%
|2012
|- bgcolor="#dfd"
|{{Fhw|BLR}}
|8
|8
|0
|0
|100%
|2017
|- bgcolor="#fdd"
|{{Fhw|BEL}}
|15
|2
|1
|12
|13.33%
|2025
|- bgcolor="#dfd"
|{{Fhw|CAN}}
|19
|13
|5
|1
|68.42%
|2022
|- bgcolor="#dfd"
|{{Fhw|CHI}}
|6
|5
|1
|0
|83.33%
|2022
|- bgcolor="#fdd"
|{{Fhw|CHN}}
|51
|13
|6
|32
|25.49%
|2025
|- bgcolor="#dfd"
|{{Fhw|TPE}}
|1
|1
|0
|0
|100%
|2006
|- bgcolor="#ffd"
|{{Fhw|TCH}}
|2
|1
|0
|1
|50%
|1980
|- bgcolor="#fdd"
|{{Fhw|ENG}}
|45
|7
|13
|25
|15.56%
|2026
|- bgcolor="#dfd"
|{{Fhw|FIJ}}
|2
|2
|0
|0
|100%
|2019
|- bgcolor="#dfd"
|{{Fhw|FRA}}
|4
|3
|0
|1
|75%
|2008
|- bgcolor="#fdd"
|{{Fhw|GER}}
|27
|3
|4
|20
|11.11%
|2025
|- bgcolor="#dfd"
|{{Fhw|GHA}}
|3
|3
|0
|0
|100%
|2022
|- bgcolor="#fdd"
|{{Fhw|GBR}}
|9
|0
|2
|7
|0%
|2024
|- bgcolor="#dfd"
|{{Fhw|HKG}}
|7
|7
|0
|0
|100%
|2023
|- bgcolor="#dfd"
|{{Fhw|INA}}
|1
|1
|0
|0
|100%
|2018
|- bgcolor="#fdd"
|{{Fhw|IRE}}
|29
|10
|4
|15
|34.48%
|2023
|- bgcolor="#dfd"
|{{Fhw|ITA}}
|10
|8
|1
|1
|80%
|2026
|- bgcolor="#dfd"
|{{Fhw|JAM}}
|2
|2
|0
|0
|100%
|1998
|- bgcolor="#fdd"
|{{Fhw|JPN}}
|78
|24
|18
|36
|30.77%
|2025
|- bgcolor="#dfd"
|{{Fhw|KAZ}}
|7
|7
|0
|0
|100%
|2018
|- bgcolor="#dfd"
|{{Fhw|LTU}}
|1
|1
|0
|0
|100%
|2001
|- bgcolor="#dfd"
|{{Fhw|MAS}}
|43
|39
|4
|0
|90.7%
|2024
|- bgcolor="#dfd"
|{{Fhw|MEX}}
|1
|1
|0
|0
|100%
|1974
|- bgcolor="#dfd"
|{{Fhw|NEP}}
|1
|1
|0
|0
|100%
|2016
|- bgcolor="#fdd"
|{{Fhw|Netherlands Antilles}}
|2
|0
|0
|2
|0%
|2008
|- bgcolor="#fdd"
|{{Fhw|NED}}
|22
|2
|2
|18
|9.09%
|2025
|- bgcolor="#fdd"
|{{Fhw|NZL}}
|36
|12
|1
|23
|33.33%
|2024
|- bgcolor="#dfd"
|{{Fhw|NGR}}
|1
|1
|0
|0
|100%
|2006
|- bgcolor="#dfd"
|{{Fhw|PRK}}
|1
|1
|0
|0
|100%
|1990
|- bgcolor="#dfd"
|{{Fhw|POL}}
|6
|6
|0
|0
|100%
|2019
|- bgcolor="#dfd"
|{{Fhw|RUS}}
|4
|3
|0
|1
|75%
|2013
|- bgcolor="#fdd"
|{{Fhw|SCO}}
|16
|4
|4
|8
|25%
|2026
|- bgcolor="#dfd"
|{{Fhw|SIN}}
|11
|11
|0
|0
|100%
|2025
|- bgcolor="#dfd"
|{{Fhw|RSA}}
|23
|12
|3
|8
|52.17%
|2023
|- bgcolor="#fdd"
|{{Fhw|KOR}}
|51
|20
|5
|26
|39.22%
|2025
|- bgcolor="#fdd"
|{{Fhw|URS}}
|3
|1
|0
|2
|33.33%
|1993
|- bgcolor="#dfd"
|{{Fhw|ESP}}
|23
|9
|6
|8
|39.13%
|2025
|- bgcolor="#dfd"
|{{Fhw|SRI}}
|2
|2
|0
|0
|100%
|2016
|- bgcolor="#dfd"
|{{Fhw|SUI}}
|1
|1
|0
|0
|100%
|1985
|- bgcolor="#dfd"
|{{Fhw|THA}}
|14
|14
|0
|0
|100%
|2025
|- bgcolor="#dfd"
|{{Fhw|TTO}}
|4
|4
|0
|0
|100%
|2014
|- bgcolor="#dfd"
|{{Fhw|UKR}}
|3
|1
|2
|0
|33.33%
|2012
|- bgcolor="#fdd"
|{{Fhw|USA}}
|36
|8
|10
|18
|22.22%
|2024
|- bgcolor="#dfd"
|{{Fhw|URU}}
|4
|3
|1
|0
|75%
|2026
|- bgcolor="#dfd"
|{{Fhw|UZB}}
|2
|1
|1
|0
|50%
|1998
|- bgcolor="#dfd"
|{{Fhw|WAL}}
|8
|6
|1
|1
|75%
|2026
|- bgcolor="#dfd"
|{{Fhw|ZIM}}
|2
|1
|1
|0
|50%
|1985
|-
! Total !! 734 !! 301 !! 110 !! 323 !! 41.01%!! 2026
|}

===Olympic Games===

Record last updated as of the following match:

India vs {{fhw|GBR}} at [[Oi Hockey Stadium]], [[Tokyo]] in the [[Field hockey at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament|2020 Olympics]], 6 August 2021

{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center;"
!Opponent
!GP
!W
!D
!L
!Win %
!Last meeting
|- bgcolor="#fdd"
|{{Fhw|ARG}}
|2
|0
|0
|2
|0%
|2021
|- bgcolor="#ffd"
|{{Fhw|AUS}}
|2
|1
|0
|1
|50%
|2021
|- bgcolor="#dfd"
|{{Fhw|AUT}}
|1
|1
|0
|0
|100%
|1980
|- bgcolor="#fdd"
|{{Fhw|TCH}}
|1
|0
|0
|1
|0%
|1980
|- bgcolor="#fdd"
|{{Fhw|GER}}
|1
|0
|0
|1
|0%
|2021
|- bgcolor="#fdd"
|{{Fhw|GBR}}
|3
|0
|0
|3
|0%
|2021
|- bgcolor="#dfd"
|{{Fhw|IRE}}
|1
|1
|0
|0
|100%
|2021
|- bgcolor="#ddf"
|{{Fhw|JPN}}
|1
|0
|1
|0
|0%
|2016
|- bgcolor="#fdd"
|{{Fhw|NED}}
|1
|0
|0
|1
|0%
|2021
|- bgcolor="#dfd"
|{{Fhw|POL}}
|1
|1
|0
|0
|100%
|1980
|- bgcolor="#dfd"
|{{Fhw|RSA}}
|1
|1
|0
|0
|100%
|2021
|- bgcolor="#fdd"
|{{Fhw|USSR}}
|1
|0
|0
|1
|0%
|1980
|- bgcolor="#fdd"
|{{Fhw|USA}}
|1
|0
|0
|1
|0%
|2016
|- bgcolor="#ddf"
|{{Fhw|ZIM}}
|1
|0
|1
|0
|0%
|1980
|}

===World Cup===

Record last updated as of the following match:

India vs {{fhw|JPN}} at [[Estadi Olímpic de Terrassa]], [[Terrassa]] in the [[2022 Women's FIH Hockey World Cup|2022 World Cup]], 13 July 2022

{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center;"
!Opponent
!GP
!W
!D
!L
!Win %
!Last meeting
|- bgcolor="#fdd"
|{{Fhw|ARG}}
|4
|0
|0
|4
|0%
|1998
|- bgcolor="#fdd"
|{{Fhw|AUS}}
|2
|0
|0
|2
|0%
|2010
|- bgcolor="#fdd"
|{{Fhw|BEL}}
|1
|0
|0
|1
|0%
|1974
|- bgcolor="#dfd"
|{{Fhw|CAN}}
|2
|1
|1
|0
|50%
|2022
|- bgcolor="#fdd"
|{{Fhw|CHN}}
|3
|0
|1
|2
|0%
|2022
|- bgcolor="#dfd"
|{{Fhw|TCH}}
|1
|1
|0
|0
|100%
|1978
|- bgcolor="#fdd"
|{{Fhw|ENG}}
|4
|0
|3
|1
|0%
|2022
|- bgcolor="#fdd"
|{{Fhw|FRG}}
|1
|0
|0
|1
|0%
|1974
|- bgcolor="#fdd"
|{{Fhw|IRE}}
|2
|0
|0
|2
|0%
|2018
|- bgcolor="#dfd"
|{{Fhw|ITA}}
|1
|1
|0
|0
|100%
|2018
|- bgcolor="#dfd"
|{{Fhw|JPN}}
|3
|2
|0
|1
|66.67%
|2022
|- bgcolor="#dfd"
|{{Fhw|MEX}}
|1
|1
|0
|0
|100%
|1974
|- bgcolor="#fdd"
|{{Fhw|NED}}
|6
|1
|0
|5
|16.67%
|2010
|- bgcolor="#fdd"
|{{Fhw|NZL}}
|3
|0
|0
|3
|0%
|2022
|- bgcolor="#fdd"
|{{Fhw|SCO}}
|2
|0
|0
|2
|0%
|1998
|- bgcolor="#dfd"
|{{Fhw|RSA}}
|2
|2
|0
|0
|100%
|2010
|- bgcolor="#fdd"
|{{Fhw|KOR}}
|2
|0
|0
|2
|0%
|2006
|- bgcolor="#ffd"
|{{Fhw|ESP}}
|4
|2
|0
|2
|50%
|2022
|- bgcolor="#fdd"
|{{Fhw|USA}}
|2
|0
|1
|1
|0%
|2018
|- bgcolor="#dfd"
|{{Fhw|WAL}}
|2
|1
|1
|0
|50%
|1983
|}

Sources:<ref>{{cite web |title=FIH Official Website |url=https://www.fih.hockey |website=FIH |access-date=24 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Women's Intercontinental Cup 1985 |url=http://www.todor66.com/hockey/field/World/Women_IC_1985.html |website=Todor66 |access-date=24 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.todor66.com/hockey/field/index.html |title=Field Hockey: Index |website=Todor66.com |access-date=6 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fih.hockey/datahub/head-to-head |title=Head-to-Head |website=Data Hub |publisher=International Hockey Federation |access-date=6 December 2025}}</ref>

==Medal matches==
===Summer Olympics===
====2020 Bronze medal match====
{{fieldhockeybox
| date={{start date|2021|8|6|df=yes}}
| time=10:30
| team1={{bronze03}} {{fhw-rt|GBR}}
| score=4–3
| team2={{fhw|IND}}
| report=[https://tms.fih.ch/matches/14321/reports/matchreport Report]
| goals1=[[Elena Rayer|Rayer]] {{fhgoal|FG|16}} [[Sarah Robertson (field hockey)|Robertson]] {{fhgoal|FG|24}} [[Hollie Pearne-Webb|Pearne-Webb]] {{fhgoal|FG|35}} [[Grace Balsdon|Balsdon]] {{fhgoal|PC|48}}
| goals2=[[Gurjit Kaur|Gurjit]] {{fhgoal|PC|25|PC|26}} [[Vandana Katariya|Vandana]] {{fhgoal|FG|29}}
| umpires=Michelle Joubert (RSA) [[Michelle Meister]] (GER)
| stadium=[[Oi Hockey Stadium]], [[Tokyo]]
}}

===World Cup===
====1974 Third and fourth place====
{{fieldhockeybox
|date = 24 March 1974
|time = 15:00
|team1 = {{fhw-rt|IND|1974}}
|score = 0–2
|team2 = {{fhw|FRG|1974}} {{bronze03}}
|goals1 =
|report = [https://tms.fih.ch/matches/454/reports/matchreport Report]
|goals2 = [[Steffi Drescher|Drescher]] {{fhgoal||?}} [[Heidemarie Klimpel-Raabe|Klimpel-Raabe]] {{fhgoal||?}}
|umpires = Sophia Molendijk (NED) E. Rodríguez (ARG)
|stadium = [[Mandelieu-la-Napoule|Mandelieu]]
}}

==Awards==
;Summer Olympics
*During the [[Women’s field hockey Qualifying Tournaments for the 2008 Summer Olympics|2008 Women's Field Hockey Olympic Qualifier]], the team [[Women’s field hockey Qualifying Tournaments for the 2008 Summer Olympics#Third and fourth place 2|ranked fourth]] in the "Qualifying Two" event. [[Rani Devi]] received the ''[[Women’s field hockey Qualifying Tournaments for the 2008 Summer Olympics#Awards 2|Most Promising Young Player of the Tournament]]'' award. ('''[[Women’s field hockey Qualifying Tournaments for the 2008 Summer Olympics squads#.C2.A0India|Squad]]''')

;Hockey World Cup
*During the [[2001 Women's Hockey World Cup Qualifier]], the team [[2001 Women's Hockey World Cup Qualifier#Seventh place play-off|ranked 7th]]. [[Sanggai Chanu]] received the ''[[2001 Women's Hockey World Cup Qualifier#Awards|Young Player of the Tournament]]'' award. ('''[[2001 Women's Hockey World Cup Qualifier#.C2.A0India|Squad]]''')

;Hockey Champions Challenge
* During the [[2002 Women's Hockey Champions Challenge|2002]] Hockey Champions Challenge, [[Jyoti Sunita Kullu]] received the ''[[2002 Women's Hockey Champions Challenge#Awards|Topscorer]]'' award for five goals. ('''[[2002 Women's Hockey Champions Challenge#.C2.A0India|Squad]]''')

;Dhyan Chand Award
* [[Mary D'Souza Sequeira]] (1953–1963)

;Arjuna Awards
The following is a list of recipients for the [[Arjuna Award#Arjun Awardees in Hockey|Arjuna award in hockey recipients]] (by year):<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hockeyindia.org/hall-of-fame/arjuna-award|title=Arjuna Award|website=Hockey India}}</ref>
* [[Helen Mary]], 2004
* [[Suraj Lata Devi]] (former captain), 2003
* [[Mamta Kharab]], 2002
* [[Madhu Yadav]], 2000
* [[Tingongleima Chanu]], 2000
*[[S. Omana Kumari]], 1998
* [[Pritam Rani Siwach]] (former captain), 1998
* [[Prem Maya Sonir]], 1985
* [[Rajbir Kaur]], 1984<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arjuna Award |url=https://www.hockeyindia.org/hall-of-fame/arjuna-award |access-date=2023-09-08 |website=Hockey India |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Varsha Soni]], 1981
* [[Eliza Nelson]], 1980–1981
* [[Rekha Mundphan|Rekha B.Mundhphan]], 1979–1980
* [[Lorraine Fernandes]], 1976–1977
* [[Ajinder Kaur]], 1975–1976
* [[Otilia Mascarenhas|Dr Otilia Mascarenhas]], 1973–1974
* [[Sunita Puri]], 1966
* [[Elvera Britto]], 1965
* [[Anne Lumsden]], 1961

==See also==
{{:India men's national field hockey team|transclude=See also}}
*[[Field hockey in India]]
*[[Chak De India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website}}
*[http://www.fih.ch/inside-fih/our-members/indiahf/ FIH profile]

{{Field Hockey in India}}
{{Asia Women's national field hockey teams}}
{{National sports teams of India}}
{{Navboxes
|title=India Squads – International Tournaments
| state = autocollapse
| bg = #0077FF
| fg = #FFFF40
|list1=
{{Navboxes
|title=India Summer Olympics squads
| state = autocollapse
| bg = #0077FF
| fg = #FFFF40
|list1=
{{India FHW Squad 1980 Summer Olympics}}
{{India FHW Squad 2016 Summer Olympics}}
{{India FHW Squad 2020 Summer Olympics}}
}}
{{Navboxes
|title=India World Cup squads
| state = autocollapse
| bg = #0077FF
| fg = #FFFF40
|list1=
{{India FHW Squad 2018 World Cup}}
{{India FHW Squad 2022 World Cup}}
}}
{{Navboxes
|title=India Asian Games squads
| state = autocollapse
| bg = #0077FF
| fg = #FFFF40
|list1=
{{India FHW Squad 1982 Asian Games}}
{{India FHW Squad 1998 Asian Games}}
{{India FHW Squad 2006 Asian Games}}
{{India FHW Squad 2014 Asian Games}}
{{India FHW Squad 2018 Asian Games}}
{{India FHW Squad 2022 Asian Games}}
}}
{{Navboxes
|title=India Asia Cup squads
| state = autocollapse
| bg = #0077FF
| fg = #FFFF40
|list1=
{{India FHW Squad 1999 Asia Cup}}
{{India FHW Squad 2004 Asia Cup}}
{{India FHW Squad 2009 Asia Cup}}
{{India FHW Squad 2013 Asia Cup}}
{{India FHW Squad 2017 Asia Cup}}
{{India FHW Squad 2022 Asia Cup}}
}}
{{Navboxes
|title=Other India squads
| state = autocollapse
| bg = #0077FF
| fg = #FFFF40
|list1=
{{India FHW Squad 2002 Commonwealth Games}}
{{India FHW Squad 2002 Champions Challenge}}
{{India FHW Squad 2006 Commonwealth Games}}
{{India FHW Squad 2022 Commonwealth Games}}
}}
}}
{{Navboxes
| title = Titles
| bg = gold
| list1 =
{{Asian Games field hockey women's tournament winners}}
{{Women's Hockey Asia Cup winners}}
{{Commonwealth Games women's field hockey tournament winners}}
{{Women's Asian Champions Trophy winners}}
}}

[[Category:Field hockey teams in India|1]]
[[Category:Women's field hockey in India|National team]]
[[Category:Asian women's national field hockey teams]]
[[Category:Women's national sports teams of India|Field hockey]]

Nickelodeon (Indian TV channel)

2026-03-27T01:55:40Z

Himvanta:

{{short description|Indian counterpart of Nickelodeon}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox television channel
| name = Nickelodeon
| logo = Nickelodeon 2023 logo (outline).svg
| logo_caption = Logo used since 2024
| launch_date = {{Launch date and age|1999|10|16|df=y}}
| closed_date =
| owner = [[JioStar]] (branding licensed from [[Paramount Networks EMEAA]])
| parent = [[Nickelodeon Group]]
| picture_format = [[576i]] [[SDTV]]
| country = India
| language = {{plainlist|
* [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
* [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
* [[Kannada language|Kannada]]
* [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]
* [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
* [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
* [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
}}
| area = India [[Bangladesh]]<ref name="silver">{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Paramveer|title=Indian Silver Screen|date=5 August 2021|publisher=K.K. Publications|page=162|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ncg7EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA162|access-date=5 July 2022|archive-date=12 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512214359/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ncg7EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA162|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Nepal]]<ref name="silver"/> [[Sri Lanka]]<ref name="silver"/>
| headquarters = Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| sister_channels = {{flatlist|Nick HD+|[[Nick Jr. (Indian TV channel)|Nick Jr.]]|[[Sonic (Indian TV channel)|Sonic]]}}
| website = {{URL|https://www.nickindia.com}}
}}
'''Nickelodeon''' or simply '''Nick''', is an Indian children's [[pay television]] [[television channel|channel]] based in [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. The local equivalent of the [[Nickelodeon|original American network]], it is owned by [[Disney Star|JioStar]], a joint venture between [[Disney India]] and [[Reliance Industries]], under license from [[Paramount Networks EMEAA]]. Despite using the "Nickelodeon" branding, it does not air any content from the original channel as part of a localisation strategy since the 2010s; instead the original Nickelodeon content is only broadcast on the [[Nickelodeon HD+]] channel. As of October 2020, Nickelodeon is the most watched children's channel in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.1films.in/2020/04/top-indian-cartoon-channels-trp-ratings-weekly-list.html?m=1|title=Nickelodeon becomes highest viewership in India|access-date=8 December 2020|archive-date=29 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429035033/https://www.1films.in/2020/04/top-indian-cartoon-channels-trp-ratings-weekly-list.html?m=1|url-status=live}}</ref>

==History ==
[[File:Nick logo 2009.svg|thumb|Logo used from 2004 to 2010]]
Nickelodeon was launched in India on 16 October 1999. [[Zee TV]] was in charge of distributing the channel to cable operators, in a deal made with [[Viacom (1952–2005)|Viacom]].<ref name="Nick">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/news_analysis/newsletter/111099/zee111099.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323085148/http://www.indiantelevision.com/news_analysis/newsletter/111099/zee111099.htm|archive-date=23 March 2017|title=ZEE TV TO LAUNCH NICKELODEON|date=11 October 1999|access-date=21 June 2017}}</ref> [[Zee TV]] also launched a Nickelodeon-branded programming block on its main channel as part of a distribution deal between Viacom International and [[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]]. It was replaced by the [[Cartoon Network (India)|Cartoon Network]] block in 2002.<ref name="Nick" /><ref name=Cartoon>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/y2k2/aug/aug87.htm|title=Cartoon Network block replaces Nick on Zee TV|date=14 August 2002|access-date=19 September 2017|archive-date=2 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902123040/http://www.indiantelevision.com/y2k2/aug/aug87.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2004, Viacom revamped Nickelodeon in India to increase its viewership, including branding the channel just as Nick, creating local programs and launching a [[Hindi]] audio track.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.animationxpress.com/index.php/interviews/nickelodeon-india-business-and-operations-head-pradeep-hejmadi|title=Nickelodeon India business and operations head Pradeep Hejmadi – AnimationXpressAnimationXpress|website=www.animationxpress.com|date=2 September 2004 |language=en-US|access-date=20 July 2018|archive-date=20 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720195232/http://www.animationxpress.com/index.php/interviews/nickelodeon-india-business-and-operations-head-pradeep-hejmadi|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k4/may/may182.htm|title=Nick to get 'MTV India treatment' for makeover|date=22 May 2004|work=Indian Television Dot Com|access-date=20 July 2018|language=en|archive-date=20 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720195221/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k4/may/may182.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 23 November 2006, Nickelodeon India ceased to be distributed in Pakistan and was replaced with a dedicated local version of [[Nickelodeon (Pakistan)|Nickelodeon]] in that country.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Clark |first=Steve |date=23 November 2006 |title=MTV and Nickelodeon launch in Pakistan |url=http://www.varietyasiaonline.com/content/view/384/ |magazine=Variety |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070513215635/http://www.varietyasiaonline.com/content/view/384/ |archive-date=13 May 2007}}</ref>

Viacom signed a programming deal with [[Sun TV Network]] in 2007 according to which Nickelodeon shows will air on [[Sun TV Network|Chutti TV]] dubbed in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]].{{citation needed|date=July 2025}} This deal was later cancelled when Nickelodeon decided to add Tamil and Telugu audio tracks to their own channel.<ref name=Tar>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k9/dec/dec197.php|title=Sun's Chutti TV targets 25% ad growth in 2010|date=19 December 2009|access-date=9 January 2018|archive-date=10 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180110054713/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k9/dec/dec197.php|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2007, the joint venture between Viacom and TV18 called [[Viacom18]] was formed, and the channels [[MTV (Indian TV channel)|MTV]], Nick India and [[VH1 (Indian TV channel)|VH1]] became part of the new company.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Viacom-TV18 JV named Viacom-18|url=https://www.rediff.com/money/2007/may/23viacom.htm|access-date=2021-05-08|website=www.rediff.com|archive-date=30 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030155010/https://www.rediff.com/money/2007/may/23viacom.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Nick.svg|thumb|Shortened version and former logo until 2024]]
[[File:Nickelodeon 2009 logo.svg|thumb|Nickelodeon Wordmark logo since 2009, given the slight vermillion tint in 2017]]
On 25 June 2010, Nick India was rebranded, using the newly launched logo used in US. It was the last major market to undergo this makeover.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/media/nick-india-undergoes-makeover-to-don-new-logo-from-june-25/articleshow/6087665.cms|title=Nick India undergoes makeover, to don new logo from June 25|date=24 June 2010|work=The Economic Times|access-date=3 March 2018|archive-date=3 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303160829/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/media/nick-india-undergoes-makeover-to-don-new-logo-from-june-25/articleshow/6087665.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
In December 2011, Viacom 18 launched a new channel called [[Nickelodeon Sonic|Sonic]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.campaignindia.in/article/viacom18-to-launch-new-channel-sonic-for-new-young-adults/415351|title=Viacom18 to launch new channel Sonic for "new young adults"|work=Campaign India|access-date=1 November 2017|archive-date=7 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107030323/http://www.campaignindia.in/article/viacom18-to-launch-new-channel-sonic-for-new-young-adults/415351|url-status=live}}</ref> Initially, the channel was focused on action and adventure, before switching their focus to comedy in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.animationxpress.com/index.php/latest-news/nick-rebrands-their-kids-channel-sonic-with-refreshing-new-logo-and-their-successful-show-shiva|title=Nick rebrands their kids channel Sonic with refreshing new logo and their successful show 'Shiva' – AnimationXpressAnimationXpress|website=www.animationxpress.com|language=en-US|access-date=1 November 2017|archive-date=22 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922193952/http://www.animationxpress.com/index.php/latest-news/nick-rebrands-their-kids-channel-sonic-with-refreshing-new-logo-and-their-successful-show-shiva|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Viacom18 Studios|Viacom18 Motion Pictures]] distributed ''Keymon Ache & Nani in Space Adventure'', a film based on the Nickelodeon India series ''[[Keymon Ache]]'' in 2012.<ref name=Key/> Another theatrical film, ''[[Motu Patlu: King of Kings|Motu Patlu: King Of Kings]]'' from the ''[[Motu Patlu]]'' franchise was released in Hindi and Tamil on 14 October 2016.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/trade-news/hindi/Viacom18-to-bring-Motu-Patlu-King-of-Kings-animation-film/articleshow/54196439.cms|title=Viacom18 to bring 'Motu Patlu King of Kings' animation film|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=8 September 2016 |access-date=8 September 2016|archive-date=13 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913120419/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/trade-news/hindi/Viacom18-to-bring-Motu-Patlu-King-of-Kings-animation-film/articleshow/54196439.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Nick Jr. (Indian TV channel)|Nick Jr.]] was launched in late 2012 after being spun off from the main channel.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.televisionpost.com/television/viacom18-launches-nick-jr-to-enter-preschool-segment-in-india/|title=Viacom18 launches Nick Jr. to enter preschool segment in India {{!}} TelevisionPost.com|website=www.televisionpost.com|language=en-US|access-date=1 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107030952/http://www.televisionpost.com/television/viacom18-launches-nick-jr-to-enter-preschool-segment-in-india/|archive-date=7 November 2017|url-status=dead}} {{unreliable?|date=January 2020}}</ref> As the main channel did not air any live action shows, these shows aired on [[TeenNick (Indian TV programming block)|TeenNick]], which was aired in the evenings on Nick Jr. until 1 February 2017, when it was discontinued.

In 2013, the channel hosted its first localized [[Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards India|Kids Choice Awards]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/release/y2k13/oct/octrel54.php|title=Nickelodeon Kids Choice Awards now in India|date=10 October 2013|work=Indian Television Dot Com|access-date=1 November 2017|archive-date=16 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916235604/http://www.indiantelevision.com/release/y2k13/oct/octrel54.php|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 5 December 2015, [[Viacom18 Studios|Viacom18]] launched Nickelodeon HD+, the first children's channel in [[High-definition television|High Definition]] in India.<ref name="televisionpost.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.televisionpost.com/television/viacom18-to-launch-hd-kids-channel-nick-hd-unveils-local-ip-shiva-for-nick/|title=Viacom18 to launch HD kids channel Nick HD+, unveils local IP 'Shiva' for Nick {{!}} TelevisionPost.com|website=www.televisionpost.com|language=en-US|access-date=1 November 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708010213/http://www.televisionpost.com/television/viacom18-to-launch-hd-kids-channel-nick-hd-unveils-local-ip-shiva-for-nick/|archive-date=8 July 2017}}</ref> It originates a different schedule than the main network, including previously unaired international programming such as ''[[The Legend of Korra]]''.

In March 2016, Viacom18 launched a Nick programming block named "Nick Hour" on their [[free-to-air]] channel [[Colors Rishtey]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ddfreedish.site/tag/nick-hour-rishtey-channel/|title="Nick Hour" on Rishtey|date=30 March 2016|access-date=13 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214124610/https://ddfreedish.site/tag/nick-hour-rishtey-channel/|archive-date=14 December 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> The programming consists of shows like ''[[Motu Patlu]]'', ''[[Pakdam Pakdai]]'', [[The Jungle Book (2010 TV series)|''The Jungle Book'']], ''[[Go, Diego, Go!]]'', ''Keymon Ache'' and ''[[Chhoti Anandi]]'' ([[Colors TV]] series).

Nick India replaced the [[English language|English]] audio track with the [[Kannada]] audio track on 1 September 2018. Four additional language tracks in [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] and [[Malayalam]] were added in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/kids/nick-sonic-adds-four-new-local-language-feeds-200120|title=Nick & Sonic adds four new local language feeds|date=20 January 2020|website=Indian Television Dot Com|access-date=4 February 2021|archive-date=30 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030114002/https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/kids/nick-sonic-adds-four-new-local-language-feeds-200120|url-status=live}}</ref>

Nick India announced its first co-production with Nickelodeon International called ''The Twisted Timeline of Sammy & Raj'', which first premiered internationally in late 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|date=27 December 2022|title=Nicktoons Global Premieres 'The Twisted Timeline of Sammy & Raj'|url=https://www.nickalive.net/2022/12/nicktoons-global-premieres-twisted.html?m=0|access-date=18 April 2023|website=NickALive.net|archive-date=25 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325205819/https://www.nickalive.net/2022/12/nicktoons-global-premieres-twisted.html?m=0|url-status=live}}</ref> It premiered in India on 15 October 2023.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cyLn4JIZJ60 |title=The Twisted Timeline of Sammy & Raj {{!}} From 15th Oct, every Sat-Sun, at 1 pm {{!}} Brand New Show on Nick |date=2023-10-09 |last=Nickelodeon India |access-date=2026-03-27 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

On 24 January 2022, in association with Nickelodeon India, [[Colors Tamil]] launched the "Nick Neram" block, airing ''[[Rudra: Boom Chik Chik Boom]]'' and ''[[Golmaal Jr.]]''.<ref name="nick">{{Cite news|title=Colors Tamil launches kids' special segment in association with Nickelodeon|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/colors-tamil-launches-kids-special-segment-in-association-with-nickelodeon-118025.html|date=2022-01-24|access-date=2022-01-25|work=Exchange4Media|archive-date=25 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125032347/https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/colors-tamil-launches-kids-special-segment-in-association-with-nickelodeon-118025.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

On April 15, 2024, the channel, along with its sister channel [[Nick Jr. (Indian TV channel)|Nick Jr.]], started to use the Splat rebrand being used internationally. Unlike most Nickelodeon feeds adopting the Nickelodeon logo, the channel retained its on-air name as Nick.<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 May 2024|title=Nickelodeon Launches Splat Rebrand in India |url=https://www.nickalive.net/2024/04/nickelodeon-launches-splat-rebrand-in.html?m=0|access-date=10 August 2024|website=NickALive.net}}</ref>

==Programming==
{{Main|List of programmes broadcast by Nickelodeon (India)}}

In the channel's first years of broadcasting it aired mostly original programs from the US version of the channel, such as ''[[Rugrats]]'', ''[[Aaahh!!! Real Monsters]]'', ''[[As Told by Ginger]]'', ''[[Rocket Power]]'', ''[[The Wild Thornberrys]]'', ''[[The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron, Boy Genius|The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius]]'', ''[[Rocko's Modern Life]]'', ''[[The Angry Beavers]]'', ''[[CatDog]]'', ''[[Hey Arnold!]]'', ''[[The Fairly OddParents]], [[SpongeBob SquarePants]]'', ''[[Danny Phantom]]'', ''[[Avatar: The Last Airbender]]'', ''[[Kenan & Kel]]'', ''[[Drake & Josh]]'', ''[[Clarissa Explains It All]]'', ''[[Legends of the Hidden Temple]]'', and others.

After the success of Nickelodeon U.S. game shows, Nick India produced two local game shows, ''Dum Dama Dum''<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k4/nov/nov86.htm|title=Nick brings 'Double Dare' Hindi version|date=9 November 2004|work=Indian Television Dot Com|access-date=2 November 2017|archive-date=16 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216023554/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k4/nov/nov86.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> and ''Gilli Gilli Gappa''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k6/mar/mar175.htm|title=Nick launches "Gilli Gilli Gappa" on Holi|date=14 March 2006|access-date=18 November 2017|archive-date=15 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215221934/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k6/mar/mar175.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> They launched ''[[J Bole Toh Jadoo]]'', a spin-off series of 2003's ''[[Koi... Mil Gaya]]''. The series premiered on 14 November 2004 on [[Children's Day]].

In 2006 Nick India started acquiring Japanese anime such as [[Ninja Hattori-kun|''Ninja Hattori'']], ''[[Perman#Anime|Perman]]'' and ''[[Mighty Cat Masked Niyander]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.animationxpress.com/index.php/animation/nick-scores-hat-trick-with-new-shows-on-board|title=Nick scores hat trick with new shows on board – AnimationXpressAnimationXpress|website=www.animationxpress.com|language=en-US|access-date=10 January 2018|archive-date=10 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180110174454/http://www.animationxpress.com/index.php/animation/nick-scores-hat-trick-with-new-shows-on-board|url-status=live}}</ref> Due to poor performance of original Nickelodeon content,<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Toon Today – Indian Express|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/toon-today/599996/2|access-date=12 July 2019|website=archive.indianexpress.com|archive-date=27 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127152101/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/toon-today/599996/2|url-status=live}}</ref> the channel started to rely more on third party programming and focused on animated content only. Newer live-action shows like ''[[iCarly]]'' were not aired until the launch of [[TeenNick (Indian TV programming block)|TeenNick]] in 2012 and some ongoing Nickelodeon cartoons at that time such as ''[[The Fairly OddParents]]'' were permanently removed from the channel. Other shows like [[Tak and the Power of Juju (TV series)|''Tak and the Power of Juju'']] and ''[[The Penguins of Madagascar]]'' premiered in later years.

Nick started airing [[Colors TV|Colors]]'s show ''[[Jai Shri Krishna (TV series)|Jai Shri Krishna]]'' in 2009. The show was re-edited and customized for a younger audience.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afaqs.com/news/story/23109_Colors-to-share-Jai-Shri-Krishna-with-Nick-but-with-a-different-touch|title=Colors to share Jai Shri Krishna with Nick, but with a different touch|date=16 January 2009|access-date=27 November 2017|archive-date=16 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216031148/https://www.afaqs.com/news/story/23109_Colors-to-share-Jai-Shri-Krishna-with-Nick-but-with-a-different-touch|url-status=live}}</ref> They also acquired ''[[Little Krishna]]'', an animated series produced by BIG Animation India and The Indian Heritage Foundation in May 2009.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-others/tp-variety/animation-series-little-krishna-debut-on-may-11/article1051136.ece|title=Animation series 'Little Krishna' debut on May 11|date=7 May 2009|access-date=10 January 2018|archive-date=28 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128110446/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-others/tp-variety/Animation-series-lsquoLittle-Krishnarsquo-debut-on-May-11/article20073122.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Also, in 2009 the channel started acquired the French series ''[[Oggy and the Cockroaches]]''.

In 2011, Nickelodeon India began producing local animated shows, starting with ''[[Keymon Ache]]'' and a theatrical movie based on the series.<ref name=Key>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k12/nov/nov62.php|title=Nick's Keymon Ache to make its theatrical debut on 9 November|date=6 November 2012|access-date=4 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614025447/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k12/nov/nov62.php|archive-date=14 June 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> ''[[Motu Patlu]]'' debuted in 2012, and was followed by more local animated series like ''[[Pakdam Pakdai]]'' in 2013 (which later moved to Nickelodeon Sonic), ''[[Shiva (TV series)|Shiva]]'' in 2015, ''[[Gattu Battu]]'' in 2017, ''[[Rudra: Boom Chik Chik Boom|Rudra]]'' in 2018, ''[[Ting Tong (TV series)|Ting Tong]]'' in 2020 and ''[[Chikoo Aur Bunty|Chikoo aur Bunty]]'' in 2021. The original shows from the American network migrated to Nickelodeon HD+ in 2015.

== Sister channels ==
=== Nick HD+ ===
[[File:Nickelodeon HD+ Logo 2024.png|thumb|Nickelodeon HD+ logo used since 2024]]
'''Nick HD+''' (also known as '''Nickelodeon HD+''') launched on 5 December 2015 in [[English language|English]] and [[Hindi]] audio feeds. It is the high-definition counterpart of Nickelodeon India. Original content from the [[Nickelodeon|U.S. television channel]] are shown only on the channel. Upon its launch, it was the first children's channel in high definition in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-03-11 |title=Nick HD+ to premiere Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards on March 13 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/what-s-hot/story/nick-hd-to-premiere-nickelodeon-kids-choice-awards-on-march-13-312819-2016-03-11 |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

=== Nick Jr. ===
{{Main|Nick Jr. (Indian TV channel)}}

Before the launch of the channel, [[Nick Jr. (Indian TV channel)|Nick Jr.]] (also known as '''Nickelodeon Jr.''') was started as a block on Nickelodeon at morning times which broadcast shows for kids like ''[[Dora the Explorer (TV series)|Dora the Explorer]]'', ''[[Go, Diego, Go!|Go Diego Go]]'', etc.
On 21 November 2012, [[Viacom 18|Viacom18]] launched [[TeenNick]] and [[Nick Jr. (Indian TV channel)|Nick Jr.]] as a single channel in which Nick Jr. airs in the daytime while TeenNick aired at night. However, TeenNick was discontinued on 1 February 2017, which made Nick Jr. a 24-hour channel. The block on Nickelodeon was discontinued in 2018.

===Sonic===
{{Main|Sonic (Indian TV channel)}}

[[Sonic (Indian TV channel)|Sonic]] was launched on 20 December 2011, focusing on action and teens. In 2016, the channel changed strategy to attract younger audiences, including producing local original content for the channel.

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.facebook.com/nickindia Official Facebook page]
*[https://www.facebook.com/nickhdplus Nick HD+ Facebook page]
*[https://youtube.com/c/NickelodeonIndiaOfficial Official YouTube channel]

{{Network 18}}
{{Nickelodeon India}}
{{Nickelodeon}}
{{Paramount Networks EMEAA}}
{{Paramount Global}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nickelodeon India}}
[[Category:1999 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Animation studios owned by Paramount Skydance]]
[[Category:Children's television channels in India]]
[[Category:English-language television stations in India]]
[[Category:Entertainment companies established in 1999]]
[[Category:Indian animation studios]]
[[Category:Indian animation]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1999]]
[[Category:Mass media companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Mass media companies established in 1999]]
[[Category:Nickelodeon Animation Studio]]
[[Category:Nickelodeon|India]]
[[Category:Paramount Media Networks]]
[[Category:Television broadcasting companies of India]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 1999]]
[[Category:Television networks in India]]
[[Category:Television stations in India]]
[[Category:Television stations in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Paramount International Networks]]
[[Category:Disney Star]]

Monirul Haq Chowdhury

2026-03-16T13:10:32Z

Himvanta:

{{short description|Bangladeshi diplomat and politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Manirul Haq Chowdhury
| image = Monirul Haq Chowdhury (cropped).jpg
| image_upright = 0.9
| constituency_MP = [[Comilla-6]]
| parliament = Bangladesh
| term_start = 25 April 1988
| term_end = 24 November 1995
| predecessor = [[Abul Kalam Mazumdar]]
| successor = [[Amin ur Rashid Yasin]]
| term_start2 = 28 October 2001
| term_end2 = 27 October 2006
| predecessor2 = [[Mustafa Kamal (politician)|Mustafa Kamal]]
| successor2 = [[Tazul Islam]]
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1946}}
| birth_place = Noagram, Tipperah district, British India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]]
| other_party = [[Jatiya Party (Ershad)|Jatiya Party]]
}}
'''Manirul Haque Chowdhury''' (born 1946) is a [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]] politician and a current member of [[Jatiya Sangsad]] for [[Comilla-6]] He was also a member of parliament for [[Comilla-9]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Arson case: Ex-MP Manirul Haque Chowdhury sent to jail |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/court/2018/10/24/arson-case-ex-mp-monirul-haque-chowdhury-sent-to-jail |accessdate=29 October 2019 |work=Dhaka Tribune |date=24 October 2018}}</ref>

==Biography==
Chowdhury was born in 1946 in Noagram village of Tipperah district, British India (now in [[Comilla]], Bangladesh).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nantu |first1=Mahfuz |script-title=bn:কুমিল্লা-৬ আসনে চমক দেখালেন মনিরুল হক চৌধুরী |trans-title=Monirul Haque Chowdhury surprises in Comilla-6 constituency |url=https://www.ntvbd.com/bangladesh/news-1643753 |publisher=NTV |date=3 November 2025 |language=bn}}</ref>

Chowdhury was the president of the [[Bangladesh Chhatra League]] from 1974 to 1975. Later, he joined the [[Jatiya Party (Ershad)|Jatiya Party]].<ref>{{cite news |script-title=bn:রাজপথ কাঁপানো সেই ছাত্রলীগ নেতারা কে কোথায়? |url=https://www.ekushey-tv.com/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A5-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8B-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%87-%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%97-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F/23525 |publisher=Ekushey TV |date=4 January 2018 |language=bn |trans-title=Who are those Chhatra League leaders who are shaking the streets?}}</ref> He was elected to parliament from Comilla-9 as a Jatiya Party candidate in 1988 and 1991.<ref name="1988results">{{cite web |url=http://www.parliament.gov.bd/images/pdf/formermp/4th.pdf |title=List of 4th Parliament Members |author= |website=Bangladesh Parliament |language=bn |access-date=13 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708101931/http://www.parliament.gov.bd/images/pdf/formermp/4th.pdf |archive-date=8 July 2019}}</ref><ref name="votemonitor">{{cite web |url=http://votemonitor.net:80/bangladesh/EADetails_1991_1996_2001.php?EA=256 |title=Parliament Election Result of 1991, 1996, 2001 Bangladesh Election Information and Statistics |author= |website=Vote Monitor Networks |access-date=29 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081228234847/http://votemonitor.net/bangladesh/EADetails_1991_1996_2001.php?EA=256 |archive-date=28 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> He was elected to parliament from Comilla-9 as a [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]] candidate in 2001.<ref name="votemonitor" />

Chowdhury served as the general secretary of [[Mohammedan SC (Dhaka)|Mohammedan SC]] during the late 70s and early 80s.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/sport/cricket/188656/how-lokman-and-co-tainted-mohammedan%E2%80%99s-legacy |title=How Lokman and Co tainted Mohammedan's legacy |website=Dhaka Tribune |date=27 September 2019 |access-date=30 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930111741/https://www.dhakatribune.com/sport/cricket/188656/how-lokman-and-co-tainted-mohammedan%E2%80%99s-legacy |archive-date=30 September 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chowdhury, Monirul Haq}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Comilla District]]
[[Category:Bangladesh Nationalist Party politicians]]
[[Category:Jatiya Party (Ershad) politicians]]
[[Category:4th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:5th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:8th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:Politicians from Chittagong Division]]

{{BangladeshNationalistParty-politician-stub}}

Faf du Plessis

2026-03-16T10:30:02Z

Himvanta: improved article

{{short description|South African cricketer (born 1984)}}
{{Family name hatnote|du Plessis|Plessis}}
{{Use South African English|date = November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Faf du Plessis
| image =
| caption = du Plessis in 2020
| fullname = François du Plessis
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1984|7|13|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Pretoria]], South Africa
| heightft = 5
| heightinch = 11
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm [[leg-break]]
| role = Top-order [[Batsman (cricket)|batter]]
| international = true
| internationalspan = 2011–2021
| country = South Africa
| testdebutdate = 23 November
| testdebutyear = 2012
| testdebutagainst = Australia
| testcap = 314
| lasttestdate = 4 February
| lasttestyear = 2021
| lasttestagainst = Pakistan
| odidebutdate = 18 January
| odidebutyear = 2011
| odidebutagainst = India
| odicap = 101
| odishirt = 18
| lastodidate = 6 July
| lastodiyear = 2019
| lastodiagainst = Australia
| T20Idebutdate = 8 September
| T20Idebutyear = 2012
| T20Idebutagainst = England
| lastT20Idate = 1 December
| lastT20Iyear = 2020
| lastT20Iagainst = England
| T20Icap = 52
| T20Ishirt = 18
| club1 = [[Northerns cricket team|Northerns]]
| year1 = {{nowrap|2003/04–2011/12}}{{efn|Only teams that du Plessis has played for in more than one seasons are included in this list.}}
| club2 = [[Lancashire County Cricket Club|Lancashire]]
| year2 = 2008–2009
| club3 = [[Titans cricket team|Titans]]
| year3 = {{nowrap|2005/06–2019/20}}
| club4 = [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| year4 = 2011–2015, 2018–2021
| club5 = [[Rising Pune Supergiant]]
| year5 = 2016–2017
| club6 = [[Paarl Rocks]]
| year6 = {{nowrap|2018–2019}}
| club7 = [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
| year7 = 2022–2024
| club8 = [[Texas Super Kings]]
| year8 = 2023–2025



| columns = 4
| column1 = [[Test cricket|Test]]
| matches1 = 69
| runs1= 4,163
| bat avg1= 40.02
| 100s/50s1= 10/21
| top score1= 199
| deliveries1 = 78
| wickets1 = 0
| bowl avg1 = –
| fivefor1 = –
| tenfor1 = –
| best bowling1 = –
| catches/stumpings1= 63/–
| column2 = [[One Day Internationals|ODI]]
| matches2 = 143
| runs2= 5,507
| bat avg2= 47.47
| 100s/50s2= 12/35
| top score2= 185
| deliveries2 = 192
| wickets2 = 2
| bowl avg2 = 94.50
| fivefor2 = 0
| tenfor2 = 0
| best bowling2 = 1/8
| catches/stumpings2= 81/–
| column3 = [[Twenty20 International|T20I]]
| matches3 = 50
| runs3= 1,528
| bat avg3= 35.53
| 100s/50s3= 1/10
| top score3= 119
| deliveries3 = 8
| wickets3 = 0
| bowl avg3 = –
| fivefor3 = –
| tenfor3 = –
| best bowling3 = –
| catches/stumpings3= 24/–
| column4 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches4 = 150
| runs4= 8,798
| bat avg4= 39.27
| 100s/50s4= 18/52
| top score4= 199
| deliveries4 = 2,558
| wickets4 = 41
| bowl avg4 = 36.02
| fivefor4 = 0
| tenfor4 = 0
| best bowling4 = 4/39
| catches/stumpings4= 141/–
| date = 7 March 2025
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/southafrica/content/player/44828.html ESPNcricinfo


}}
'''François''' "'''Faf'''" '''du Plessis''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|d|uː|p|l|ɛ|s|i}} {{respell|DOO|pless|ee}}; born 13 July 1984) is a South African [[cricket]]er and former [[Captain (cricket)|captain]] of the [[South Africa national cricket team]]. He is considered one of the greatest fielders of all time and among the best all-format batsmen of his era.<ref>{{cite web|title=Best fielders in world Top 10 ever|url=https://lastwordonsports.com/cricket/2021/04/12/best-fielders-in-world-cricket-the-top-10-ever/|website=lastwordonsports|date=12 April 2021|language=en|access-date=25 April 2022|archive-date=3 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103110533/https://lastwordonsports.com/cricket/2021/04/12/best-fielders-in-world-cricket-the-top-10-ever/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Best fielders in the history of Cricket|url=https://breldigital.com/best-fielders-in-world/|website=breldigital|date=21 March 2022|language=en|access-date=25 April 2022|archive-date=27 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127145056/https://breldigital.com/best-fielders-in-world/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Faf du Plessis' fielding a huge plus for any team – Harsha Bhogle |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-videos/43329/faf-du-plessis-fielding-a-huge-plus-for-any-team-harsha-bhogle |access-date=1 March 2022 |website=Cricbuzz |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Top odi batsmen of the decade|date=16 August 2023 |url=https://statsensei.com/best-odi-batsman-of-the-decade-2010s/}}</ref> One of the most successful international captains of his era with a winning percentage of 73.68 in ODIs,<ref name="espncricinfo_283747">{{cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283747.html|title=One-Day Internationals Records |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> he is the first international captain to defeat Australia in Australia in all three formats of the game<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/cricket/faf-du-plessis-creates-a-captaincy-world-record-against-australia|work=Sportskeeda|title=Faf du Plessis creates a captaincy record against Australia}}</ref> and defeat Australia in both Home and Away test series back to back, in 2016 and 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/116275/faf-du-plessis-test-retirement-the-magic-dragon-slayer-of-australians-cricbuzzcom|title=Faf, the magic dragon slayer of Australians}}</ref> In 2016, he also became the first and only international captain to whitewash Australia defeating them 5–0 in a five match ODI series.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/top-stories/south-africa-v-australia-steven-smith-oversees-australias-first-0-5-series-loss/articleshow/54823558.cms|title=Australia whitewashed: Whitewashed: Australia suffer first 0–5 ODI series loss |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>

Du Plessis's test performance in the 2012 Adelaide test is judged as the best test batting performance by any batsmen on Australian soil since the year 2000, hence making it the best 21st-century test performance in Australia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/feature/faf-du-plessis-test-debut-australia-south-africa-adelaide-oval-2012-best-batting-since-2000/2020-06-10|title=Best Test batting, Number 1|website=[[cricket.com.au]]}}</ref> He made his international debut against [[Indian national cricket team|India]] in January 2011 in a [[One Day International]], scoring an unbeaten 60 runs, and went on to make his [[Test cricket|Test match]] debut in November 2012, becoming the fourth South African to score a Test century on debut.<ref>{{citation |url= http://www.wisdenindia.com/scorecard/Australia-v-South-Africa-Test-Series-2012/2nd-Test/Australia-vs-South-Africa/34883.html|title=Scorecard|publisher=Wisden India |access-date=26 November 2012}}</ref> After making his T20 debut in September 2012, he was subsequently also named T20 captain<ref name="Wisden India">{{citation |url= http://www.wisdenindia.com/cricket-news/du-plessis-lead-south-african-twenty20-side/40030|title=du Plessis to lead South African Twenty20 side|publisher=Wisden India |access-date=12 December 2012}}</ref> of South Africa for the following [[Twenty20 International|Twenty20]] series against [[New Zealand national cricket team|New Zealand]] and confirmed full-time skipper in February 2013.<ref>{{citation |url= http://www.wisdenindia.com/cricket-news/du-plessis-takes-t20-skipper/51575|title=Du Plessis takes over as T20 skipper|publisher=Wisden India |access-date=20 February 2013}}</ref>

Du Plessis took over the Test captaincy in December 2016 and assumed full-time captaincy in all [[Forms of cricket#Professional cricket|formats of the game]] in August 2017 after teammate and former captain [[AB de Villiers]] relinquished the two limited overs captaincies.<ref>{{cite web|title=De Villiers steps down as Test captain|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/18262441/ab-de-villiers-steps-south-africa-test-captain|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=13 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=De Villiers steps down as ODI captain, available for Tests|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/southafrica/content/story/1117565.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=13 January 2018}}</ref> In February 2021 he announced his retirement from Test cricket in order to focus on the [[2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2021]] and [[2022 ICC Men's T20 World Cup]]s.<ref name="Quint">{{Cite web|date=17 February 2021|title=Former SA Captain Faf du Plessis Retires From Test Cricket|url=https://www.thequint.com/sports/cricket/former-sa-captain-faf-du-plessis-retires-from-test-cricket|access-date=17 February 2021|website=TheQuint|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=17 February 2021|title=Faf du Plessis announces retirement from Test cricket, T20s become his priority|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/faf-du-plessis-announces-retirement-from-test-cricket/articleshow/81039450.cms|access-date=17 February 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

==Domestic and franchise career==
du Plessis was given a six-month contract with [[Lancashire County Cricket Club]] for the 2008 season as a [[Kolpak ruling|Kolpak]] player after impressing the board with good performances in the local Nottinghamshire leagues for [[Mansfield Hosiery Mills Cricket Club|Mansfield Hosiery Mills]] and in the [[Lancashire League (cricket)|Lancashire League]] for [[Todmorden Cricket Club|Todmorden]].<ref>{{citation |url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/southafrica/content/story/322889.html |title=Lancashire sign du Plessis for 2008 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=30 November 2007 |access-date=30 November 2007}}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/counties/lancashire/7119544.stm |title=Lancs sign South African prospect |publisher=BBC Online |date=30 November 2007 |access-date=30 November 2007}}</ref> Following his initial stint with the club, du Plessis signed a new three-year deal. Lancashire coach [[Mike Watkinson]] praised du Plessis' fielding, saying "if there's a better fielder in county cricket I've not seen him this season".<ref>{{citation |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/counties/lancashire/7570465.stm |title=Du Plessis signs new Lancs deal |publisher=BBC Online |date=19 August 2008 |access-date=19 August 2008}}</ref> In March 2010, it was announced that du Plessis would no longer be allowed to play for Lancashire as a Kolpak player after changes to the Kolpak rules. In 2011, he was signed by [[Chennai Super Kings]] to play in the [[Indian Premier League]].<ref>{{citation |url=http://cricket.rediff.com/commentary/2011/jan/09/liveupdates.htm |title=Chennai buy du Plessis for $120,000|work=rediff.com|date=9 January 2011}}</ref>

Along with Jonathan Vandiar, [[Dean Elgar]], and Ethi Mbhalati, du Plessis was one of four uncapped players to be named in South Africa's 30-man preliminary squad for the [[2011 Cricket World Cup|2011 World Cup]].<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-cricket-world-cup-2011/content/current/story/492057.html |title=Rudolph in preliminary South Africa World Cup squad |date=14 December 2010 |access-date=14 December 2010}}</ref> He was named one of the five South Africa Cricket Annual's Players Of The Year in 2011.

In October 2018, he was named in [[Paarl Rocks]]' squad for the first edition of the [[Mzansi Super League]] T20 tournament.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sport24.co.za/Cricket/live-mzansi-super-league-player-draft-20181017 |title=Mzansi Super League – full squad lists |work=Sport24 |access-date=17 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iol.co.za/sport/cricket/domestic/mzansi-super-league-player-draft-the-story-so-far-17521199 |title=Mzansi Super League Player Draft: The story so far |work=Independent Online |access-date=17 October 2018}}</ref> He was the leading run-scorer for the team in the tournament, with 318 runs in nine matches.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=12712;team=6590;type=tournament |title=Mzansi Super League, 2018/19 – Paarl Rocks: Batting and bowling averages |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=14 December 2018}}</ref>

In June 2019, he was selected to play for the Edmonton Royals franchise team in the [[2019 Global T20 Canada]] tournament.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.canadacricket.com/?p=12755 |title=Global T20 draft streamed live |work=Canada Cricket Online |date=20 June 2019 |access-date=20 June 2019}}</ref> In September 2019, he was named in the squad for the [[Paarl Rocks]] team for the [[2019 Mzansi Super League]] tournament,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricket.co.za/news/31555/MSL-20-announces-its-T20-squads |title=MSL 2.0 announces its T20 squads |work=Cricket South Africa |access-date=4 September 2019 |archive-date=4 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904081427/https://cricket.co.za/news/31555/MSL-20-announces-its-T20-squads }}</ref> and led the team to their first title.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/1536495 | title=Faf du Plessis' Paarl Rocks win Mzansi Super League }}</ref> In October 2020, he was drafted by the Colombo Kings for the [[2020 Lanka Premier League|inaugural edition]] of the [[Lanka Premier League]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/30148161/lanka-premier-league-2020-chris-gayle-andre-russell-shahid-afridi-big-names-taken-lpl-draft |title=Chris Gayle, Andre Russell and Shahid Afridi among big names taken at LPL draft |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=22 October 2020}}</ref> In the same month, he was picked by [[Peshawar Zalmi]] to feature in the delayed playoffs of the [[2020 Pakistan Super League|fifth season]] of the [[Pakistan Super League]] as a replacement for [[Kieron Pollard]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1588266/du-plessis-among-21-foreign-players-to-feature-in-psl-playoffs|title=Du Plessis among 21 foreign players to feature in PSL playoffs|work=Dawn|date=3 November 2020|access-date=3 November 2020|quote=It will be the first appearance of Du Plessis in the PSL, though he had led a World XI to Lahore in 2017.}}</ref> He appeared only in one match as Zalmi were eliminated from the tournament in the first [[2020 Pakistan Super League#Eliminator 1|eliminator]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=15 November 2020|title=Hafeez stars as Qalandars eliminate Zalmi from PSL playoffs|work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1590436/hafeez-stars-as-qalandars-eliminate-zalmi-from-psl-playoffs|access-date=16 November 2020}}</ref>

In February 2021, he was signed by the [[Quetta Gladiators]] for the [[2021 Pakistan Super League]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Du Plessis, Stirling among early PSL replacements|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/116250/du-plessis-stirling-among-early-psl-replacements|access-date=23 June 2021|website=Cricbuzz|language=en}}</ref> but, in June 2021, he was ruled out of the rest of the tournament due a concussion sustained during a match<ref>{{Cite web|title=Faf du Plessis ruled out of remainder of PSL 2021 after suffering concussion|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/faf-du-plessis-of-quetta-gladiators-ruled-out-of-remainder-of-psl-2021-after-suffering-concussion-1266707|access-date=23 June 2021|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref> after colliding with teammate [[Mohammad Hasnain]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|last2=|title=Faf du Plessis suffers memory loss following concussion injury in Pakistan Super League|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/faf-du-plessis-pakistan-super-league-abu-dhabi-quetta-gladiators-mohammad-hasnain-south-africa-batsman-1814540-2021-06-14 |access-date=23 June 2021|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> He captained the [[Saint Lucia Kings]] in the [[2021 Caribbean Premier League]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sportscafe.in/cricket/articles/2021/aug/24/st-lucia-kings-await-faf-du-plessiss-presence-for-the-cpl-opener|title = CPL 2021. St Lucia Kings await Faf du Plessis's presence for tournament opener|date = 24 August 2021}}</ref> and the Bangla Tigers in the 2021 T10 League.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/abu-dhabi-t10-faf-du-plessis-named-bangla-tigers-captain/articleshow/85712280.cms|title = Abu Dhabi T10: Faf du Plessis named Bangla Tigers captain |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In November 2021, he was selected to play for the [[Jaffna Kings]] following the players' draft for the [[2021 Lanka Premier League]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/kusal-perera-angelo-mathews-miss-out-on-lpl-drafts-1288554 |title=Kusal Perera, Angelo Mathews miss out on LPL drafts |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=10 November 2021}}</ref>

In the 2022 [[List of 2022 Indian Premier League personnel changes|Indian Premier League auction]], du Plessis was bought by [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]];<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Muthu|first1=Deivarayan|last2=Somani|first2=Saurabh|title=Live blog: The IPL 2022 auction|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/live-blog/live-blog-ipl-2022-auction-1300707|access-date=12 February 2022|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref> and named as team's captain on 12 March 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/121434/faf-du-plessis-named-new-rcb-captain|title=Faf du Plessis named new RCB captain|work=Cricbuzz|access-date=12 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/faf-du-plessis-unveiled-as-rcb-s-new-captain-for-ipl-2022-1305098|title=Faf du Plessis unveiled as RCB's new captain for IPL 2022|access-date=12 March 2022|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sportstiger.com/just-in-royal-challengers-bangalore-announces-faf-du-plessis-as-captain-for-ipl-2022/ |title=Royal Challengers Bangalore announces Faf du Plessis as captain for IPL 2022 |access-date=12 March 2022|website=SportsTiger|date=12 March 2022 }}</ref> In April 2022, he was bought by the [[Northern Superchargers]] for the [[2022 season of The Hundred|2022 season]] of [[The Hundred (cricket)|The Hundred]] in England.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/60477088 |title=The Hundred 2022: latest squads as Draft picks revealed |work=BBC Sport |access-date=5 April 2022}}</ref> In November 2022, the [[Perth Scorchers]] drafted him for the first half of the [[2022–23 Big Bash League season]] as a replacement for [[Laurie Evans (cricketer)|Laurie Evans]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/perth-scorchers-sign-faf-du-plessis-for-half-the-bbl-1347101 |title=Perth Scorchers sign Faf du Plessis for half the BBL |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

In 2023, Johannesburg Super Kings announced du Plessis as the captain of the inaugural SA20 league. In June 2023, [[Texas Super Kings]] announced du Plessis as the captain for the inaugural season of the [[Twenty20]] league [[Major League Cricket]] (MLC). In October 2024, du Plessis led [[Saint Lucia Kings]] to win the [[Caribbean Premier League]] 2024.<ref>{{cite web |last=Mohamed |first=Ashfak |date=17 October 2018 |title=Mzansi Super League Player Draft: The story so far |url=https://www.iol.co.za/sport/cricket/domestic/mzansi-super-league-player-draft-the-story-so-far-17521199 |access-date=17 October 2018 |website=Independent Online}}</ref> In November 2025, he signed to play for Biratnagar Kings in the [[Nepal Premier League]].{{citation needed|date=October 2025}}

In November 2025, du Plessis announced his retirement from Indian Premier League on his social media handles. He has withdrawn from IPL 2026 auctions to join [[Pakistan Super League]]
<ref>{{cite web |last=Mohamed |first=Ashfak |date=30 November 2025 |title=du plessis withdraws from IPL 2026-auction to play PSL |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/faf-du-plessis-withdraws-from-ipl-2026-auction-to-play-psl-1513798 |access-date=17 December 2025 |website=espncricinfo}}</ref>

==International career==
===Early days===
du Plessis made his ODI debut on 18 January 2011 against India and made unbeaten 60 runs. He was chosen ahead of Albie Morkel for the [[2011 Cricket World Cup|2011 World Cup]] on the [[Indian Sub-continent]] and later made his [[Test cricket|Test]] debut for [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]] against [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] at the [[Adelaide Oval]] in 2012 as the number 6 batsman, replacing the injured [[JP Duminy]].

He scored 188 runs in the match and was selected as [[Man of the match#Cricket|Man-of-the-match]] for his resilient performance that ultimately led to the match being drawn and the series being square before the third and final Test in which he scored 78 runs the 1st innings and the last man to be dismissed, taking the South African score to 388 in reply to Australia's 550. In the 2nd innings, he scored a match-saving 110 [[not out]] from 376 balls over 466 minutes.

In the next test at [[WACA Ground]], he scored a resilient unbeaten 78 from 142 balls to take his team's score to 225 in the 1st innings, from 75/6 with able support from [[Robin Peterson]] (31 off 45), [[Vernon Philander]] (30 from 54) and last man [[Morne Morkel]] (17 from 15). South Africa won the 3-match Test Series against Australia 1–0. In December 2012, he was named captain of the [[South Africa cricket team|South African]] T20 team for three matches against [[New Zealand cricket team|New Zealand]].<ref name="Wisden India"/>

In October 2013, he was fined 50% of his match fee after being found guilty of ball tampering in a Test match against [[Pakistan cricket team|Pakistan]].<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/cricket/south-africas-faf-du-plessis-fined-50-per-cent-of-match-fee-for-ball-tampering-8905939.html|title=South Africa's Faf du Plessis fined 50 per cent of match fee for ball tampering|newspaper=[[The Independent]] |access-date=26 October 2013|location=London|first=Rizwan|last=Ali|date=26 October 2013}}</ref> In December 2013, he scored a test match saving hundred with a score of 134 off 309 balls against [[Indian cricket team|India]] while chasing 458 to win in the 4th innings. The match ended in a draw with South Africa on 450/7, only 8 runs short from what would have been the highest successful run chase in test match history. du Plessis made his maiden ODI hundred on 27 August 2014 against [[Australia cricket team|Australia]] after scoring 106 off 98 balls while chasing 327 runs to win. His partnership of 206 runs with [[AB de Villiers]] for the 3rd wicket is the highest for South Africa against [[Australia cricket team|Australia]].

He was also named in the T20I XI of 2013 by ESPNcricinfo for his performances in the year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/review2013/content/story/705667.html|title=AB, Ajmal and Co|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref>

His second Hundred came only 6 days later in his next ODI match on 2 September 2014. He scored 126 from 109 balls against the same opposition although [[South Africa cricket team|South Africa]] lost by 62 runs. After making his maiden ODI hundred on 27 August 2014, and a consecutive ODI hundred on 2 September 2014, du Plessis followed with a third consecutive ODI hundred, scoring 121 off 140 balls, this time against Zimbabwe on 4 September 2014. (South Africa were playing an ODI tri-series with Australia and Zimbabwe.)

On 6 September 2014 against Australia, du Plessis fell only four runs short of becoming the first batsman in history to score 4 ODI hundreds in a row. (this would also have been a record for the most ODI hundreds by a batsman in any ICC ODI tournament) He initially looked on course to achieve his 4th ODI hundred until his batting partner AB de Villiers hit 2 sixes and a four in quick succession, which meant du Plessis had to obtain all the remaining runs in the game single-handedly if he was to reach this milestone. Needing only 1 run to win the game with plenty of wickets and balls in hand, du Plessis was on 96 and therefore had to hit a boundary (barring any extras) in order to reach 4 ODI hundreds in a row, but while attempting to hit a boundary he was caught off the bowling of Australia's spear-head Mitchell Johnson. South Africa still went on to win the ODI match against Australia comfortably by 6 wickets. This victory also secured South Africa as the winners of the ODI tri-series, and du Plessis subsequently became Man of the Series.

On 17 December 2014, du Plessis set the record for playing the most number of international cricket innings before scoring a duck (108) and also became the only batsman to play in over 100 international innings before first ever duck.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/284079.html | title=Most international innings before first duck|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|date=3 March 2017|access-date=3 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricketcountry.com/articles/faf-du-plessis-first-player-to-bat-100-innings-in-international-cricket-without-a-duck-from-debut-185426 | title=Faf du Plessis first to play in 100 international innings before first duck|website=Cricketcountry.com|date=3 March 2017|access-date=3 March 2017}}</ref> On 27 December 2014, du Plessis scored his second first innings century at the same ground: St. George's Oval. On 11 January 2015, du Plessis scored 119 in 56 balls against West Indies, becoming the first South African to score centuries in all forms of the game.

===Record breaking year===
For the [[Australian cricket team in South Africa in 2016–17|2016–17 Australian tour of South Africa]] to play five ODIs, du Plessis was named captain after original skipper [[AB de Villiers]] was ruled out due to a surgery.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/1059349.html | title=AB de Villiers to have surgery, ruled out of Australia tour|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|date=27 September 2016|access-date=3 October 2016}}</ref> On 2 October, du Plessis scored his sixth century in the second game and became the second cricketer to score centuries in all international formats as captain, after Sri Lanka's [[Tillakaratne Dilshan]]. During that same match at Johannesburg, du Plessis become the first batsman to score centuries in all three formats of cricket at a single venue.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/cricket/south-africa-australia-2nd-odi-stats-faf-du-plessis-becomes-first-batsman-score-centuries-all-formats-single-venue|title=South Africa vs Australia, 2nd ODI Stats: Faf du Plessis becomes first batsman to score centuries in all formats at a single venue|website=Sportskeeda.com|access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref> and is the first South African to score a century in all international formats of the game.

du Plessis is the first player to score a century in an innings of a [[Day/night cricket|day/night Test]] as captain. In the same game he set the record for declaration of the lowest ever total ever as an unbeaten captain, where he remained unbeaten on 118 in South Africa's first innings score of 259/9 dec.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/lowest-declaration-totals-1068164|title=Lowest declaration totals|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref>

On 12 December 2016, with [[AB de Villiers]] stepping down as Test Captain, du Plessis also inherited the role.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/southafrica/content/story/1072230.html|title=De Villiers steps down as Test captain|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=13 December 2016}}</ref>

On 7 February 2017, du Plessis scored 185 runs in the fourth ODI against Sri Lanka, the second highest individual score by a South African, just three runs short of [[Gary Kirsten]]'s 188*.

===Captaincy and beyond===
du Plessis is noted for his leadership and strategical excellence,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricketnmore.com/cricket-news/ipl-2022-glenn-maxwell-lauds-rcb-captain-faf-du-plessis-for-his-leadership-97239 |title=Faf louded for his leadership |work=cricketnmore |access-date=8 January 2023}}</ref> but he is also known for emphasizing team culture, relationships and listening to his players.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thecricketmonthly.com/story/1262392/faf-du-plessis--in-the-skin-of-a-lion |title=Faf is the best listener-Imran Tahir |work=ESPNcricinfo cricketmonthly |access-date=8 January 2023}}</ref> His captaincy record was hampered by the transitional team and racial quotas based team selections but still fared well. On 24 August 2017, du Plessis was named as the captain in all three formats when de Villiers stepped down from ODI captaincy. On the same day, he was named as the captain of World XI team for the [[2017 Independence Cup (cricket)|three T20Is]] in Lahore, Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/faf-du-plessis-has-been-named-captain-of-the-world-xi-squad-to-travel-to-pakistan-to-play-three-t20i-1117616|title=Faf du Plessis named captain of World XI to travel to Pakistan|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref> Pakistan won the series 2–1.<ref name="result">{{cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/18002/report/1117824/ |title=Pakistan mark cricket's return to the country with series win |date=15 September 2017|first=Danyal |last=Rasool |access-date=15 September 2017|publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> Following the conclusion of the series, Faf du Plessis said how much it meant for the people of Pakistan and that it hopefully will bring cricket back to the country.<ref name="Faf-con">{{cite news|first=Danyal |last=Rasool|date=16 September 2017|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/20720330/extremely-well-looked-andy-flower|title='We've been extremely well looked after' – Flower |access-date=16 September 2017|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

In March 2019, in the second ODI [[Sri Lankan cricket team in South Africa in 2018–19|against Sri Lanka]], du Plessis scored his 5,000th run in ODI cricket.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/107012/sri-lanka-tour-of-south-africa-2019-south-africa-capitulate-post-de-kock-belligerence |title=South Africa capitulate post de Kock belligerence |work=CricBuzz |access-date=6 March 2019}}</ref> The following month, he was named as the captain of [[2019 Cricket World Cup squads#South Africa|South Africa's squad]] for the [[2019 Cricket World Cup]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/1181308.html |title=Hashim Amla in World Cup squad; Reeza Hendricks, Chris Morris miss out |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=18 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/1183187 |title=Amla edges out Hendricks to make South Africa's World Cup squad |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=18 April 2019}}</ref> He finished the tournament as the leading run-scorer for South Africa, with 387 runs in nine matches.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=12357;team=3;type=tournament |title=ICC Cricket World Cup, 2019 – South Africa: Batting and bowling averages |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=7 July 2019}}</ref>

In August 2019, he was named the Men's Cricketer of the Year at [[Cricket South Africa]]'s annual award ceremony.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricket.co.za/news/31359/Du-Plessis-and-Van-Niekerk-honoured-with-CSAs-top-awards |title=Du Plessis and Van Niekerk honoured with CSA's top awards |work=Cricket South Africa |access-date=4 August 2019 |archive-date=4 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804070830/https://cricket.co.za/news/31359/Du-Plessis-and-Van-Niekerk-honoured-with-CSAs-top-awards }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/27318991/du-plessis-van-niekerk-named-csa-cricketers-year |title=Du Plessis, van Niekerk named CSA Cricketers of the Year |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=4 August 2019}}</ref> In December 2020, in the first Test [[Sri Lankan cricket team in South Africa in 2020–21|against Sri Lanka]], du Plessis scored his 4,000th run and his [[List of international cricket centuries by Faf du Plessis|tenth century in Test cricket]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iol.co.za/sport/cricket/proteas/faf-du-plessis-gets-a-century-temba-bavuma-walks-and-kagiso-rabada-is-back--671856b6-5f62-4f3c-af71-1a136addc200 |title=Faf du Plessis gets a century, Temba Bavuma walks and Kagiso Rabada is back |work=IOL |access-date=28 December 2020}}</ref> He ended with 199, becoming the 13th player to be dismissed on 199 in Tests,<ref>{{Cite web|title=From Azharuddin to KL Rahul to Faf du Plessis, batsmen who got out on 199 in Tests|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/cricket/report-from-azharuddin-to-kl-rahul-to-faf-du-plessis-batsmen-who-got-out-on-199-in-tests-2864971|access-date=30 December 2020|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref> and also won the [[Player of the Match awards (cricket)|man of the match]] award.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wiaan Mulder, Lutho Sipamla impress as South Africa bowlers seal innings win|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/sri-lanka-in-sa-2020-21-1237354/south-africa-vs-sri-lanka-1st-test-1237356/match-report|access-date=30 December 2020|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>

On 17 February 2021, du Plessis announced his retirement from [[Test Cricket|Tests]] after leading [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]] in 36 [[Test Cricket|Test matches]].<ref name="Quint"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Faf du Plessis announces Test retirement|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/116270/faf-du-plessis-announces-test-retirement|access-date=17 February 2021|website=Cricbuzz|language=en}}</ref>

===International centuries===
[[File:The Wanderers 2.jpg|thumb|[[Wanderers Stadium]], where du Plessis has scored centuries in [[List of cricketers with centuries in all international formats|all three formats of the game]].]]
du Plessis has scored ten Test match [[Century (cricket)|centuries]], 12 ODI centuries, and a single century in a T20I. He scored his first century in November 2012 against Australia on his Test debut, making an unbeaten 110 runs.<ref name="Test 2061">{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/573008.html |title= 2nd Test: South Africa tour of Australia at Adelaide, Nov 22–26, 2012 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=28 December 2020 }}</ref> His highest Test score came in December 2020 against Sri Lanka when he scored 199 at [[Centurion, Gauteng|Centurion]].<ref name="Test 2399">{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1237356.html|title=1st Test: Sri Lanka tour of South Africa at Centurion, Dec 26–29, 2020 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=28 December 2020}}</ref>

It was over three years later in his 51st ODI that he made his first ODI century, scoring 106 against Australia in [[Harare]].<ref name="ODI 3516">{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/736445.html |title=2nd Match: Zimbabwe Triangular Series at Harare, Aug 27, 2014 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=28 December 2020 }}</ref> His highest ODI score of 185 runs came on in 2017 against Sri Lanka in [[Cape Town]].<ref name="ODI 3833">{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/936165.html |title=4th ODI (D/N): Sri Lanka tour of South Africa at Cape Town, Feb 7, 2017 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=28 December 2020 }}</ref> During the course of the innings, he made the second highest ODI score by a South African.<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8522/report/936165/ | title = Du Plessis' 185 makes it 4–0 for SA | access-date = 4 January 2018 | publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

He scored his only T20I century against West Indies in January 2015,<ref name="T20I 414">{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/722337.html|title=2nd T20I: West Indies tour of South Africa at Johannesburg, Jan 11, 2015 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=28 December 2020}}</ref> becoming the first South African to score centuries in all three formats of the game.<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/21320976/40-overs-44-fours-24-sixes | title = 40 overs, 44 fours, 24 sixes | access-date = 4 January 2018 | publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Test centuries<ref>{{cite web |title=List of Test cricket centuries by Faf du Plessis |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/44828.html?class=1;filter=advanced;runsmin1=100;runsval1=runs;template=results;type=batting;view=innings |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=28 December 2020 }}</ref>
!{{abbr|No.|Number}}
!Score
!Against
![[Batting order (cricket)|{{abbr|Pos.|Position in the batting order}}]]
![[Innings#Cricket|{{abbr|Inn.|The innings of the match}}]]
!{{abbr|Test|The number of the Test match played in that series}}
!Venue
!{{abbr|H/A|Home or Away}}
!{{abbr|Date|Date the match started}}
!{{abbr|Result|The result of the match from South Africa's perspective}}
! class="unsortable" scope="col"|{{abbr|Ref|Reference}}
|-
| 1
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1101}} 110 [[not out]]
|| {{cr|AUS}} || 6 || 4 || 2/3 || [[Adelaide Oval]], [[Adelaide]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|2012|November|22}} || Drawn || <ref name="Test 2061"/>
|-
| 2
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1370}} 137
|| {{cr|NZL}} || 6 || 1 || 2/2 || [[St George's Park Cricket Ground]], [[Port Elizabeth]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2013|January|11}} || Won || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/567357.html |title=2nd Test: New Zealand tour of South Africa at Port Elizabeth, Jan 11–14, 2013 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=28 December 2020 }}</ref>
|-
| 3
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1340}} 134
|| {{cr|IND}} || 4 || 4 || 1/2 || [[Wanderers Stadium]], [[Johannesburg]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2013|December|18}} || Drawn || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/648665.html |title=1st Test: India tour of South Africa at Johannesburg, Dec 18–22, 2013 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=28 December 2020 }}</ref>
|-
| 4
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1030}} 103
|| {{cr|WIN}} || 3 || 1 || 2/3 || [[St George's Park Cricket Ground]], [[Port Elizabeth]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2014|December|26}} || Drawn || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/722331.html |title=2nd Test: West Indies tour of South Africa at Port Elizabeth, Dec 26–30, 2014 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=28 December 2020 }}</ref>
|-
| 5
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1121}} 112 [[not out]]
|| {{cr|NZ}} || 5 || 1 || 2/2 || [[SuperSport Park]], [[Centurion, Gauteng|Centurion]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2016|August|27}} || Won || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/936129.html |title=2nd Test: New Zealand tour of South Africa at Centurion, Aug 27–30, 2016 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=28 December 2020 }}</ref>
|-
| 6
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1181}} 118 [[not out]]
|| {{cr|AUS}} || 5 || 1 || 3/3 || [[Adelaide Oval]], [[Adelaide]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|2016|November|24}} || Lost || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1000855.html |title=3rd Test (D/N): South Africa tour of Australia at Adelaide, Nov 24–27, 2016 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=28 December 2020 }}</ref>
|-
| 7
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1351}} 135*
|| {{cr|BAN}} || 5 || 1 || 2/2 || [[Mangaung Oval]], [[Bloemfontein]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2017|October|6}} || Won || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1075503.html |title=2nd Test: Bangladesh tour of South Africa at Bloemfontein, Oct 6–8, 2017 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=28 December 2020 }}</ref>
|-
| 8
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1200}} 120
|| {{cr|AUS}} || 5 || 3 || 4/4 || [[Wanderers Stadium]], [[Johannesburg]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2018|March|30}} || Won || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1075985.html |title=4th Test: Australia tour of South Africa at Johannesburg, Mar 30 – Apr 3, 2018 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=28 December 2020 }}</ref>
|-
| 9
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1030}} 103
|| {{cr|PAK}} || 5 || 2 || 2/3 || [[Newlands Cricket Ground]], [[Cape Town]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2019|January|3}} || Won || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1144154.html |title=2nd Test: Pakistan tour of South Africa at Cape Town, Jan 3–6, 2019 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=28 December 2020 }}</ref>
|-
| 10
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1990}} 199
|| {{cr|SL}} || 4 || 2 || 1/2 || [[SuperSport Park]], [[Centurion, Gauteng|Centurion]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2020|December|26}} || Won || <ref name="Test 2399"/>
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ODI centuries<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/44828.html?class=2;filter=advanced;runsmin1=100;runsval1=runs;template=results;type=batting;view=innings|title=List of One-Day International cricket centuries by Faf du Plessis|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=28 December 2020 }}</ref>
!{{abbr|No.|Number}}
!Score
!Against
![[Batting order (cricket)|{{abbr|Pos.|Position in the batting order}}]]
![[Innings#Cricket|{{abbr|Inn.|The innings of the match}}]]
![[Strike rate|{{abbr|S/R|Strike rate during the innings}}]]
!Venue
!{{abbr|H/A/N|Home, Away, or Neutral venue}}
!{{abbr|Date|Date the match was held}}
!{{abbr|Result|The result of the match from South Africa's perspective}}
! class="unsortable" scope="col"|{{abbr|Ref|Reference}}
|-
|| 1
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1060}} 106
|| {{cr|AUS}} || 3 || 2 || 108.16 || [[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]] || Neutral || {{dts|format=dmy|2014|August|27}} || Won || <ref name="ODI 3516"/>
|-
|| 2
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1260}} 126
|| {{cr|AUS}} || 3 || 2 || 115.59 || [[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]] || Neutral || {{dts|format=dmy|2014|September|2}} || Lost || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/736451.html |title=5th Match: Zimbabwe Triangular Series at Harare, Sep 2, 2014 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=28 December 2020 }}</ref>
|-
|| 3
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1210}} 121
|| {{cr|ZIM}} || 3 || 1 || 86.42 || [[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|2014|September|4}} || Won || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/736453.html |title=6th Match: Zimbabwe Triangular Series at Harare, Sep 4, 2014 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=28 December 2020 }}</ref>
|-
|| 4
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1090}} 109
|| {{cr|IRE}} || 3 || 1 || 100.00 || [[Manuka Oval]], [[Canberra]] || Neutral || {{dts|format=dmy|2015|March|3}} || Won || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/656445.html |title=24th Match (D/N), ICC Cricket World Cup at Canberra, Mar 3, 2015 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=28 December 2020 }}</ref>
|-
|| 5
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1331}} 133 [[not out]]
|| {{cr|IND}} || 3 || 1 || 115.65 || [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|2015|October|25}} || Won || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/903601.html |title=5th ODI (D/N), South Africa tour of India at Mumbai, Oct 25, 2015 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=28 December 2020 }}</ref>
|-
|| 6
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1110}} 111
|| {{cr|AUS}} || 3 || 1 || 119.35 || [[Wanderers Stadium]], [[Johannesburg]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2016|October|2}} || Won || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/936137.html |title=2nd ODI: Australia tour of South Africa at Johannesburg, Oct 2, 2016 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=28 December 2020 }}</ref>
|-
|| 7
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1050}} 105
|| {{cr|SL}} || 3 || 1 || 87.50 || [[Kingsmead Cricket Ground]], [[Durban]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2017|February|1}} || Won || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/936161.html |title=2nd ODI (D/N): Sri Lanka tour of South Africa at Durban, Feb 1, 2017 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=28 December 2020 }}</ref>
|-
|| 8
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1850}} 185
|| {{cr|SL}} || 3 || 1 || 131.20 || [[Newlands Cricket Ground]], [[Cape Town]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2017|February|7}} || Won || <ref name="ODI 3833"/>
|-
|| 9
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1200}} 120
|| {{cr|IND}} || 3 || 1 || 107.14 || [[Kingsmead Cricket Ground]], [[Durban]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2018|February|1}} || Lost || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1122279.html |title=1st ODI (D/N): India tour of South Africa at Durban, Feb 1, 2018 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=28 December 2020 }}</ref>
|-
|| 10
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1250}} 125
|| {{cr|AUS}} || 4 || 1 || 109.64 || [[Bellerive Oval]], [[Hobart]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|2018|November|11}} || Won || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1144988.html |title=3rd ODI (D/N): South Africa tour of Australia at Hobart, Nov 11, 2018 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=28 December 2020 }}</ref>
|-
|| 11
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1121}} 112 [[not out]]
|| {{cr|SL}} || 3 || 2 || 98.24 || [[Wanderers Stadium]], [[Johannesburg]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2019|March|3}} || Won || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1144167.html |title=1st ODI: Sri Lanka tour of South Africa at Johannesburg, Mar 3, 2019 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=28 December 2020 }}</ref>
|-
|| 12
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1000}} 100
|| {{cr|AUS}} || 3 || 1 || 106.38 || [[Old Trafford Cricket Ground|Old Trafford]], [[Manchester]] || Neutral || {{dts|format=dmy|2019|July|6}} || Won || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1144527.html |title=45th match (D/N): ICC Cricket World Cup at Manchester, Jul 6, 2019 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=28 December 2020 }}</ref>
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ T20I centuries<ref>{{cite web|title=List of T20I cricket centuries by Faf du Plessis|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/44828.html?class=3;filter=advanced;orderby=start;runsmin1=100;runsval1=runs;template=results;type=batting;view=innings|access-date=28 December 2020}}</ref>
|-
!{{abbr|No.|Number}}
!Score
!Against
![[Batting order (cricket)|{{abbr|Pos.|Position in the batting order}}]]
![[Innings#Cricket|{{abbr|Inn.|The innings of the match}}]]
![[Strike rate|{{abbr|S/R|Strike rate during the innings}}]]
!Venue
!{{abbr|H/A/N|Home, Away, or Neutral venue}}
!{{abbr|Date|Date the match was held}}
!{{abbr|Result|The result of the match from South Africa's perspective}}
! class="unsortable" scope="col"|{{abbr|Ref|Reference}}
|-
| 1
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1190}} 119
|| {{cr|WIN}} || 3 || 1 || 212.50
|| [[Wanderers Stadium]], [[Johannesburg]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2015|January|11}} || Lost || <ref name="T20I 414"/>
|}

==Ball tampering controversies==
du Plessis has been found guilty of [[ball tampering]] twice during his international career.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Du Plessis calls for harsher punishments for ball tampering |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/faf-du-plessis-calls-for-harsher-punishments-for-ball-tampering-1150930 |access-date=24 May 2022 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> The first time was during [[The Oval]] Test match in 2013 against [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]]. In 2016, du Plessis was caught again ball tampering during the Hobart Test match against [[Australian national cricket team|Australia]].

The first incident against Pakistan involved du Plessis rubbing the ball against a zip on his trousers in order to change the nature of the ball. This was caught on video and du Plessis was subsequently found guilty. He was fined 50% of his match fee. The second incident against Australia involved du Plessis rubbing what looked like a "lolly" or mint, on the ball in order to make one side sticky. du Plessis denied any wrongdoing and he pleaded not guilty to the charge. His teammate [[Hashim Amla]] defended him in a statement to the Australian media about the incident stating that the tampering claims were "a joke" and called them "ridiculous".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/tampering-claims-against-faf-du-plessis-a-joke-hashim-amla-1066913|title=Tampering claims 'a joke' – Amla|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref>

Regardless of the denials, du Plessis was found guilty of ball tampering on 21 November 2016. He was subsequently fined 100% of his match fee for the [[South African cricket team in Australia in 2016-17#2nd Test|second Test against Australia]] and he was given three demerit points.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/38023144|title=du Plessis fined for ball-tampering|work=BBC Sport |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref> Four demerit points within 24 months leads to a one Test or two limited-over games suspension.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/an-explainer-of-icc-s-demerit-points-system-1115854|title=An explainer of ICC's demerit points system|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref> du Plessis played the next test and scored a century. The following month he was made captain of the South African cricket team.

== Early life ==
du Plessis attended [[Afrikaanse Hoër Seunskool]] (Afrikaans High School for Boys, also known as Affies), a public school located in [[Pretoria]]. He attended alongside fellow Titans cricketers [[AB de Villiers]], [[Heino Kuhn]] and [[Jacques Rudolph]]. He is also a graduate of the [[University of Pretoria]]. du Plessis is a [[second cousin]] of Namibian rugby player Marcel du Plessis. His father Francois du Plessis played rugby in the centre position for Northern Transvaal in the 1980s. du Plessis was featured in the music video for the song "Maak Jou Drome Waar", a duet by [[AB de Villiers]] and [[Ampie du Preez]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G-RSj4RXy2Y | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314083518/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G-RSj4RXy2Y&gl=US&hl=en| archive-date=14 March 2012 |title=AB de Villiers & Ampie du Preez – Maak Jou Drome Waar |publisher=YouTube |date=27 April 2010 |access-date=21 April 2012}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
du Plessis married his long-time girlfriend Imari Visser in November 2013 at Kleine Zalze.<ref>{{cite web| title=Du Plessis marries long-time girlfriend Imari Visser| date=26 November 2013| url=http://zeenews.india.com/sports/du-plessis-marries-long-time-girlfriend-imari-visser_773854.html| publisher=Zee News}}</ref> They have two daughters.<ref>{{cite web| title=New Dad Faf du Plessis Posts Adorable Photo of "Biggest Blessing"| date=30 June 2017| url=https://www.sapeople.com/2017/06/30/new-dad-faf-du-plessis-posts-adorable-photo-biggest-blessing/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://circleofcricket.com/category/Latest_news/55655/faf-du-plessis-blessed-with-a-baby-girl-wife-imari-reveals-her-name|title=Faf du Plessis blessed with a baby girl; wife Imari reveals her name|website=Circle Of Cricket}}</ref> His sister Rhemi is married to fellow South African international cricketer [[Hardus Viljoen]] in December 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2019 |title=Viljoen not playing, he's lying in bed with my sister: du Plessis's hilarious reply at coin toss |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/faf-du-plessis-hardus-viljoen-not-playing-sister-marriage-mzansi-super-league-1626414-2019-12-08 |access-date=29 March 2022 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=He's in bed with my sister as they got married: Faf du Plessis on teammate not playing match |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/cricket/2019/dec/09/hes-in-bed-with-my-sister-as-they-got-married-faf-du-plessis-on-teammate-not-playing-match-2073555.html |access-date=29 March 2022 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

He is a [[Christianity|Christian]] and has said, "I know that my purpose is about more than the runs I score on the cricket field. I hope to be able to spend time with people to show them the love of [[Jesus]] and see His love shine through them as well."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ackerman |first1=Jon |title=Faf Du Plessis follows Christ as he leads South Africa into Cricket World Cup |url=https://sportsspectrum.com/sport/other/2019/05/29/faf-du-plessis-follows-christ-as-he-leads-south-africa-into-cricket-world-cup/ |website=Sports Spectrum |date=29 May 2019 |access-date=24 February 2020}}</ref>

On 17 July 2020, du Plessis released a statement via [[Instagram]], showing support for the [[Black Lives Matter]] movement, following fellow Protea player [[Lungi Ngidi]]'s request for Cricket South Africa to be vocal about the movement and to address racism in cricket. du Plessis admitted that due to his ignorance, he silenced the struggles of others when he previously stated he does not see colour: "[I] acknowledge that South Africa is still hugely divided by racism and it is my personal responsibility to do my best to emphasise, hear the stories, learn and then be part of the solution with my thoughts, words and actions". He concluded his statement, saying "All lives don't matter UNTIL black lives matter. I'm speaking up now, because if I wait to be perfect, I never will. I want to leave a legacy of empathy. The work needs to continue for the change to come and whether we agree or disagree, conversation is the vehicle for change".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.news24.com/amp/sport/cricket/proteas/faf-du-plessis-breaks-silence-on-blm-all-lives-dont-matter-until-black-lives-matter-20200717|title=Faf du Plessis breaks silence on BLM: 'All lives don't matter UNTIL black lives matter'|work=[[News24 (website)|Sport24]] |date=17 July 2020|access-date=17 July 2020}}</ref>

On 7 October 2022, du Plessis announced on his Instagram and Twitter profiles that his autobiography, ''FAF: Through Fire'', would be released on 28 October 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=du Plessis |first=Faf |date=7 October 2022 |title=Faf du plessis on Instagram: "I've always been a closed book. I haven't really shared my journey through life and cricket with the people outside of my circle. In three weeks, you will get to be a part of my circle. |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CjaRFb9Knq9/ |access-date=12 October 2022 |website=Instagram |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet |author=Faf du Plessis |user=faf1307 |number=1578334599574302720 |date=7 October 2022 |title=I've always been a closed book. I haven't really shared my journey through life and cricket with the people outside of my circle. In three weeks, you will get to be a part of my circle. Pre-order here 👇 https://t.co/J9cpr3Gi2N https://t.co/FujCqdIuJy #ThroughFire #ComingSoon https://t.co/rUggbyc0bj |language=en |access-date=26 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221029045508/https://twitter.com/faf1307/status/1578334599574302720 |archive-date=29 October 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Following the publication of his autobiography, du Plessis remarked in an interview, "I asked myself the question: 'If you write this book, what are the kind of things people resonate with you as a person, as a leader?' And the answer was honesty and vulnerability."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Former Proteas captain Faf du Plessis pens book on honesty and vulnerability |url=https://www.capetalk.co.za/articles/458501/former-proteas-captain-faf-du-plessis-pens-book-on-honesty-and-vulnerability |access-date=2 November 2022 |website=CapeTalk |language=en-ZA}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cricinfo|id=44828}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160825223113/http://www.wisdenindia.com/player/South-Africa/Faf-du-Plessis/20621.html Faf du Plessis]'s profile page on Wisden

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Kalamandalam Sugandhi

2026-03-14T17:19:18Z

Himvanta: put up initial stub first draft

{{short description|Indian Mohiniyattam dancer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kalamandalam Sugandhi
| birth_name = Sugandhi
| alias = Sugandhi Prabhu
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1950|12|2}}
| birth_place = [[Thuravoor, Cherthala|Thuravoor]], [[Alappuzha district]], [[Kerala]], India
| parents = G. Sreenivasa Kamath Anandi Kamath
| spouse = K. R. Damodara Prabhu
| children = 2, Nanditha Prabhu and Naveen D. Prabhu
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Dancer, choreographer, Dance teacher
| known for = [[Indian Classical Dance]]/ [[Mohiniyattam]]
| awards = [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Fellowship]] [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]] Kerala Konkani Sahitya Academy Award Kerala Kalamandalam Award
}}

'''Kalamandalam Sugandhi''' is a [[Mohiniyattam]] dancer, choreographer and dance teacher from [[Kerala]], India. She received several awards including Sangeet Natak Akademi Award, [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]], [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Fellowship]], Kerala Konkani Sahitya Academy Award and Kerala Kalamandalam Award.

==Biography==
Kalamandalam Sugandhi was born on 1950 December 2, in a [[Konkani people|Konkani]] family at Valamgalam near [[Thuravoor, Cherthala|Thuravoor]] in [[Alappuzha district]] to G. Sreenivasa Kamath and Anandi Kamath.<ref name="Mathrubhumi">{{Cite web|last=മധുസൂധനൻ|first=ഗായത്രി|title=തേങ്ങിക്കരഞ്ഞുകൊണ്ടാണ് അന്ന് പദുക്കയെ സാഷ്ടാംഗം പ്രണമിച്ചത്|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/women/interview/dr-kalamandalam-sugandhi-kerala-kalamandalam-mohiniyattom-bharatanatyam-1.6210721|access-date=2022-02-03|website=Mathrubhumi|language=ml|archive-date=3 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203021723/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/women/interview/dr-kalamandalam-sugandhi-kerala-kalamandalam-mohiniyattom-bharatanatyam-1.6210721|url-status=dead}}</ref> The family had given her considerable support in making her a dancer. She started learning [[Bharathanatyam]] at the age of seven from Sathidevi, a graduate of [[Thrippunithura]] [[RLV College of Music and Fine Arts]].<ref name="Hindu">{{Cite news|last=Kaladharan|first=V.|date=2012-07-05|title=Redefining Mohiniyattom|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/dance/redefining-mohiniyattom/article3606397.ece|access-date=2022-02-03|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> After two years, she trained Bharathanatyam under Palluruthy Surendranath.<ref name="Hindu" />

At the suggestion of K. N. Pisharody, [[Guru Gopinath]], Tripunithura Madhava Menon and [[Kavalam Narayana Panicker]], her father added Sugandhi to study in the [[Kerala Kalamandalam]].<ref name="Mathrubhumi"/><ref name="Hindu"/> At the time of joining, her basic interest was on Bharathanatyam. In Kalamandalam she studied under [[Kalamandalam Satyabhama]], Kalamandalam Chandrika and A. B. R. Bhaskar.<ref name="Akademi">{{cite web |title=Kalamandalam Sugandhi |url=https://sangeetnatak.gov.in/public/uploads/awardees/docs/Kalamandalam_Sugandhi.pdf |publisher=[[Sangeet Natak Akademi]]}}</ref> She studied Mohinayattam in 1968, as part of the last phase of the Bharathanatyam diploma course.<ref name="Mathrubhumi"/>

After completing the course in 1969, at the age of 19, [[M. K. K. Nair]] the then chairman of Kalamandalam, who was also the chairman of FACT, appointed her as Mohiniyattam teacher in the art department of FACT.<ref name="Mathrubhumi"/><ref name="IAR">{{cite web |title=Kalamandalam Sugandhi: Versatile Mohiniyattam Guru |url=https://indiaartreview.com/stories/kalamandalam-sugandhi-mohiniyattam/ |date=2 December 2020}}</ref> That is how she gets closer to Mohiniyattayam. Realizing Sugandhi's fascination with classical dance forms, Nair sent her to Vedanta Prahlad Sharma to study [[Kuchipudi]].<ref name="Mathrubhumi"/>

Sugandhi met Bharathanatyam exponent Padma Subramaniam at a dance event in FACT and their relationship turned into a deep friendship.

Later, in her 50s, she studied B.A in [[Malayalam]] from [[University of Calicut]], and M.A in Mohiniyattam from Kerala Kalamandalam.<ref name="Mathrubhumi"/> At the age of 71, Sugandhi done her Doctorate in "Development of Pedagogy for Mohiniyattam Based on Natya Sastra" from Thanjavur Sastra University under Padma Subramaniam.<ref name="Mathrubhumi"/> Currently she is working as the Academic Dean in Kerala Kalamandalam.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kalamandalam Sugandhi- Speaker in Kerala literature Festival KLF –2022{{!}} Keralaliteraturefestival.com |url=https://www.keralaliteraturefestival.com/speakers_more.aspx?id=MTg3Mw== |website=www.keralaliteraturefestival.com}}</ref>

===Personal life===
Sugandhi and her husband K. R. Damodara Prabhu have two children, Nanditha Prabhu, who is the founder of Mythri Centre for Arts, [[Chennai]], and Naveen D. Prabhu who is a colonel in [[Indian Army]].<ref name="narthaki">{{cite web |title=Profile - Kalamandalam Sugandhi - Venugopal SK |url=https://narthaki.com/info/profiles/profl237.html |website=narthaki.com}}</ref> Prabhu was an employee of FACT where she first joined as a Mohiniyattam teacher.<ref name="Mathrubhumi"/> They reside in Vidyanagar, near [[Cochin University of Science and Technology|Cochin University]] campus in [[Ernakulam district]].<ref name="narthaki"/>

==Noted performances==
Some of her performances include a full-length Mohiniyattam concert based on works of [[Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma]], ''Radha Madhavam'' based on [[Ashtapadi]] and ''Chithrangam'', a dance Self-composed and taught to over a thousand dancers, on the occasion of the arrival of [[Sri Sri Ravi Shankar]] to Kerala.<ref name="Mathrubhumi"/>

==Notable disciples==
Her disciples include [[Neena Prasad]], [[Gopika Varma]], Pallavi Krishnan, Swetha Mangalath, Priya Nair.<ref name="narthaki"/>

==Books written==
*Bharata Kala Lakshanam (Malayalam translation of [[Padma Subrahmanyam]]'s [[Tamil language|Tamil]] book ''Bharata Kalai Kotpadu'')<ref name="narthaki"/>
*Natyavedu-Panchovo Vedu (in [[Konkani language|Konkani]])<ref name="narthaki"/>
*Now she is writing a book ''Hasta Ratnakaram'' which deals with hand gestures in Mohiniyattam<ref name="Mathrubhumi"/>

==Awards and honours==
*Kerala State Schools Youth Festival 1962, First in Bharathanatyam<ref name="Mathrubhumi"/>
*First in Kerala Kalamandakam Bharathanatyam competition 1962<ref name="Mathrubhumi"/>
*Pundareenath Bhuvanendra Award of the Kerala Konkani Sahitya Academy 1971<ref name="Akademi"/>
*[[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]] 1985<ref name="narthaki"/>
*ITC Golden Greats Award 1990<ref name="narthaki"/>
*Senior Fellowship from Human Resource Development Ministry, Govt of India 1990<ref name="narthaki"/>
*Pundareenath Bhuvanendra Puraskar from Kerala Konkini Sahithya Academy 1997<ref name="narthaki"/>
*Award from Tapasya Sahithya Vedi and New Delhi Samskrita Bharati 1997<ref name="narthaki"/>
*Kerala Kalamandalam Award 1999<ref name="narthaki"/>
*Senior Fellowship from Ministry of Culture, [[Govt. of India]] 2003<ref name="narthaki"/>
*Dr.T.M.A Pai Foundation Award 2003<ref name="narthaki"/>
*[[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] 2004<ref name="narthaki"/>
*[[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Fellowship]] 2011<ref>{{cite web |title=Dance, Fellowship List, Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi |url=http://www.keralaculture.org/dance-ksna/458 |website=www.keralaculture.org |language=en}}</ref>
*Kalaratna award from Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi 2012<ref name="narthaki"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Sangeet Natak Akademi Award Winners of Kerala}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sugandhi, Kalamandalam}}
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Indian female classical dancers]]
[[Category:Mohiniyattam dancers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Dancers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Women artists from Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:Indian dance teachers]]
[[Category:Indian classical choreographers]]
[[Category:Indian women choreographers]]
[[Category:Konkani people]]
[[Category:People from Alappuzha district]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Fellowship]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]]

Kingdom of Valluvanad

2026-03-14T12:04:20Z

Himvanta: fix

{{Short description|Independent chiefdom in present-day central Kerala}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}{{Infobox country
| native_name =
| conventional_long_name = Arangottu Swarupam
| common_name = Valluvanad
| capital = [[Angadipuram]] ([[Kerala]])
| government_type = [[Monarchy]]
| year_start = c. 1124 CE
| year_end = 1793 CE
| p1 =
| flag_p1 =
| s1 =
| flag_s1 =
| image_flag =
| image_coat =
| image_map = Tthirumandhamkunnu Temple.jpg
| image_map_alt =
| image_map_caption = Thirumandhamkunnu Temple
| symbol =
| national_anthem =
| common_languages = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]].
| religion =
| leader1 =
| leader2 =
| leader3 =
| year_leader1 =
| year_leader2 =
| year_leader3 =
| title_leader =
| demonym =
| area_km2 =
| area_rank =
| GDP_PPP =
| GDP_PPP_year =
| HDI =
| HDI_year =
}}

'''Valluvanad''' ({{IPA|ml|ʋɐɭːuʋɐnaːɖə̆|lang}}), or '''the''' '''Arangottu Swarupam''', was a [[Middle Ages|medieval state]] that exerted considerable influence in the region corresponding to present-day north-central [[Kerala]], south India, from the early 12th century until the close of the 18th century CE.

Attested as early as the late 10th century CE as a constituent chiefdom of the medieval [[Chera Perumals of Makotai|Chera kingdom]] of Kerala, Valluvanad emerged as a sovereign state following the kingdom's dissolution in the early 12th century CE.<ref name=":1">{{cite book |last1=Narayanan |first1=M. G. S. |author-link1=M. G. S. Narayanan |title=Perumals of Kerala |date=2013 |publisher=CosmoBooks |isbn=9788188765072 |location=Thrissur |orig-year=1972}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Ganesh |first=K. N. |date=2009 |title=Historical Geography of Natu in South India with Special Reference to Kerala |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/037698360903600102 |journal=Indian Historical Review |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=3–21 |doi= 10.1177/037698360903600102|issn=0376-9836|url-access=subscription }}</ref> It was traditionally ruled by a [[Samanthan]] family known as Vellodis, similar to the [[Eradi]]s of the neighboring [[Eranad]] (the Zamorins of Calicut). The rulers of Valluvanad held the title of Valluvakonathiri or Vellattiri.<ref>{{Cite book |last1= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZjRuAAAAMAAJ |title=Malappuram |last2= |first2= |date=1986 |publisher=Superintendent of Government Presses, Government of Kerala |editor-last=Menon |editor-first=A. Sreedhara |series=Kerala District Gazetteers |pages=224 |language=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Gough |first1=Kathleen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lfdvTbfilYAC |title=Matrilineal Kinship |publisher=University of California Press |year=1961 |isbn= |editor-last=Schneider |editor-first=D. M. |pages=307 |language= |chapter=Nayar: Central Kerala |editor-last2=Gough |editor-first2=K.}}</ref>

The state was disestablished in 1793, with the [[East India Company]] taking over its administration directly, and the hereditary ruling family settling for a pension arrangement.

== Name variations ==
Valluvanad, also known by various transliterations such as Valluvanadu, Valluvanatu, Valluvanat, Walluvanad, and Walluvanatu, was alternatively referred to as the Arangottu Swaroopam (or Aarangottu Svarupam).

The rulers of Valluvanad held the titles of Valluvakonathiri or Vellattiri, with variations such as Vellatiri, Velatra, and Velnatera. In official treatises with the Company, the state was recognized as the kingdom of Vellattiri, and the official title of the ruler was "Vallabha Raja".<ref name="Logan">{{cite book |last1=Logan |first1=William |url=https://archive.org/details/malabar_manual_volume2/page/n7/mode/2up |title=Malabar |publisher=Asian Educational Services |year=2010 |volume=II |location=New Delhi |orig-year=1887}}</ref>

The Sanskrit name for the state was "Vallabhakshoni".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Menon |first=A. Sreedhara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N7WaZe2PBy8C |title=A Survey of Kerala History |publisher=DC Books |year=2007 |location=Kottayam |orig-year=1967}}</ref> The hereditary title of the ruler was Rajasekhara, sometimes written as Rayaran, Irayira Chekaran, or Irayiravar in medieval Malayalam.<ref name=":0" /> For instance, Rajasekhara, the ruler of Valluvanad, and his son, Vellan Kumaran, are mentioned in an inscription from [[Tiruvottiyur]], while Rayaran Chathan, the udaiyavar (overlord) of Valluvanad, is noted in the [[Jewish copper plates of Cochin|Jewish Copper Plates]] from around 1000 CE.

== Territorial extent ==
{{Section needs more citations|date=May 2025}}
=== Headquarters ===
The headquarters of Valluvanad was [[Angadipuram]], a suburb of present day [[Perinthalmanna]], which is renowned for the [[Thirumandhamkunnu Temple]]. The traditional guardian deity of the Valluvanad royal family was Thirumandhamkunnu Bhagavati, the presiding goddess of the temple.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Ayyar |first=K. V. Krishna |title=The Zamorins of Calicut |publisher=University of Calicut |year=1999 |isbn=9788177480009 |page=93 |orig-year=1938}}</ref>

=== Geographical boundaries ===
The geographical boundaries of medieval Valluvanad are difficult to determine from available sources, and they varied significantly over time. Traditionally, it has been described as the region between the knolls of the [[Anakkayam|Pandalur Hills]] (which separate the old taluks of [[Eranad]] and Valluvanad, located east of the [[Malappuram]] and [[Manjeri]] area) and [[Ponnani]] on the Arabian Sea.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rajendu |first=S. |url=https://rajendu.weebly.com/book-list.html |title=Valluvanadu Charithram: Pracheenakalam Muthal AD 1792 Vare |isbn=978-93-5254-282-6 |location=Perinthalmanna (Kerala) |publication-date=2012 |language=ml}}</ref> It probably extended from the [[Bharathapuzha River|Bharathapuzha]] basin in the south to the Pandalur Hills in the north. To the west, it was bounded by the Arabian Sea at the port of [[Ponnani]], and to the east, perhaps by the [[Attappadi|Attappadi Hills]].

In the 12th century, Valluvanad likely included parts of present-day [[Nilambur]] (the [[Nilambur]]-[[Wandoor]]-[[Kalikavu]]-[[Tuvvur]] area), [[Eranad Taluk|Eranad]] (the [[Pandikkad]]-[[Manjeri]]-[[Malappuram]] areas), [[Tirur Taluk|Tirur]] (the [[Tirunavaya]]-[[Athavanad]]-[[Kottakkal]]-[[Valanchery]] areas), and [[Ponnani taluk|Ponnani]] Taluks, with the port of Ponnani serving as the primary access to the sea.

During this period, a significant portion of the [[Chaliyar]] and [[Kadalundi River]] basins may have been under the rule of the Valluvakonathiri. At its maximum extent, the northern boundary likely reached Thrikkulam at Tirurangadi in [[Tirurangadi taluk|Tirurangadi Taluk]], while the southern border extended to [[Edathara]] near [[Palakkad]].

A large portion of the present-day [[Eranad]] region (Eranad and Kondotty Taluks) was originally part of the kingdom of Valluvanad before its conquest by the [[Zamorin of Calicut]]. It is believed that the Valluvakonathiri had also annexed a significant part of Nedunganad (the [[Pattambi]]-[[Ottapalam]]-[[Shoranur]]-[[Cherpulassery]] area), which had been under the rule of the Nedungathirippad. However, Nedunganad was likely incorporated into the Calicut kingdom during the 15th century CE.

==Political history==

=== Within the medieval Chera state ===
Valluvanad was one of the constituent chiefdoms of the [[Chera Perumals of Makotai|Chera kingdom in Kerala]] (until the 12th century CE).<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> The chieftains of Valluvanad, one among the several nadu-udayavar ("rulers of the nadus"), legitimized their authority through claims of hereditary lineage and ancestral descent. The family initially appears to have exercised suzerain rights over a large territory in north-central Kerala.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

The primacy of Valluvanad within the Chera state, compared to other chiefdoms, is evidenced by its leading role in supporting the Cheras militarily. [[Vellan Kumaran]], son of "Rajasekhara", the ruler of Valluvanad, was sent by the Cheras to northern Tamil country to aid the [[Chola dynasty|Cholas]] in their battles against the [[Rashtrakuta Empire|Rashtrakutas]].<ref name=":32">{{Cite book |last=Narayanan |first=M. G. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ&q=perumals+of+kerala |title=Perumāḷs of Kerala |publisher=CosmoBooks |year=2013 |isbn=9788188765072 |location=Thrissur (Kerala) |pages=100–101 |orig-date=1972}}</ref> He commanded an entire contingent of Kerala military personnel under the Chola prince [[Rajaditya Chola|Rajaditya]].<ref name=":34">{{Cite book |last=Narayanan |first=M. G. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ&q=perumals+of+kerala |title=Perumāḷs of Kerala |publisher=CosmoBooks |year=2013 |isbn=9788188765072 |location=Thrissur (Kerala) |pages=99–100 |orig-date=1972}}</ref>

An inscription at the Shiva temple in [[Thiruvotriyur]] (mid-10th century CE), describing the life of Vellan Kumaran, states that he, the son of Rajasekhara, chieftain of "Vallabha Rashtra" in Kerala, went to the Chola country after completing his education in his boyhood and became a loyal subordinate of prince Rajaditya. Another record from Gramam, [[South Arcot District (Madras Presidency)|South Arcot]], mentions that he was born at "Nandikkarai Puttur" in Malai Nadu.<ref name=":322">{{Cite book |last=Narayanan |first=M. G. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ&q=perumals+of+kerala |title=Perumāḷs of Kerala |publisher=CosmoBooks |year=2013 |isbn=9788188765072 |location=Thrissur (Kerala) |pages=100–101 |orig-date=1972}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Raghavan |first=V. |date=1948 |title=No. 47: Tiruvorriyur Inscription of Chaturanana Pandita |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.56527/page/n392/mode/1up |journal=Epigraphia Indica |volume=XXVII |pages=292–304}}</ref> He was probably one of the few Chola commanders to have survived the [[battle of Takkolam]] in 948/49 AD.<ref name=":323">{{Cite book |last=Narayanan |first=M. G. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ&q=perumals+of+kerala |title=Perumāḷs of Kerala |publisher=CosmoBooks |year=2013 |isbn=9788188765072 |location=Thrissur (Kerala) |pages=100–101 |orig-date=1972}}</ref>

The "Hundred" organization (the local militia) of Valluvanad was known as the "aru-nurruvar" (the Six Hundred).<ref name=":0" /> A 10th-century temple inscription from the [[Koodalmanikyam Temple|Irinjalakuda Temple]], which declares its protection by the Valluvanad Six Hundred, notably reflects the undefined territorial limits of the Hundred's jurisdiction.<ref name="RVRIB">{{cite journal |last1=Nambiar |first1=V. N. D. |last2=V. R. |first2=Menon |date=1973 |title=Two Vatteluttu Inscriptions from the Irinnalakkuta Temple |url=https://ksaorg.sgp1.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/uploads/2023/06/RV-bulletin-vol-9-pI.pdf |journal=Bulletin of Rama Varma Research Institute |publisher=Kerala Sahitya Academy |volume=IX |issue=I |page=44}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Rayiran Chathan, the chieftain (the udayavar) of Valluvanad, is mentioned as a witness in the [[Jewish copper plates of Cochin]] ({{circa|1000}}) issued by the Chera ruler of [[Chera Perumals of Makotai|Kerala]].

Several inscriptional references provide valuable insights into Valluvanad during this period. One such example mentions Irayira Chekaran, the chieftain of Valluvanad, participating in a temple resolution to take over the village of [[Thavanur|Tavanur]] and bring it under the jurisdiction of [[Sukapuram]] ([[Edappal]]).<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal |year=1925 |editor-last=Sastri |editor-first=H. Krishna |title=No. 775 |url=https://archive.org/details/SouthIndianInscriptionsVolume5/page/n343/mode/1up |journal=South Indian Inscriptions |location=Madras |publisher=Government Press |volume=5}}</ref> In another instance, Irayiravar, a Valluvanad chief, appears in three temple transaction-related inscriptions from Avattiputhur (present-day [[Avittathur]] near [[Kodungallur]]), highlighting his involvement in regulatory functions beyond the borders of his chiefdom.<ref name=":0" /> Additionally, an inscription dated to the late 10th century records the establishment of a market center at [[Irinjalakkuda]], known as Bhaskarapuram, where responsibility for protection was entrusted to the "aru-nurruvar" (the Six Hundred) of Valluvanad.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Gurukkal |first=Rajan |date=1976 |title=A New Epigraph Referring to Ernadu |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44139019 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=37 |pages=526–531 |jstor=44139019 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name="RVRIB" /> This suggests that the Hundred exercised authority beyond the traditional bounds of Valluvanad.<ref name=":0" />

=== As sovereign rulers ===
With the dissolution of the Chera kingdom in the early 12th century, the various constituent chiefdoms, including Valluvanad, emerged as independent states.<ref name=":1" /> According to traditions, after the fall of the Cheras, the sacred right to preside over the Tirunavaya [[Mamankam festival]] — as the "Rakshapurusha" — passed on to the Vellattiris, the rulers of Valluvanad.<ref name="Ayyar123">{{cite book |last1=Ayyar |first1=K.V. Krishna |title=The Zamorins of Calicut |publisher=University of Calicut |year=1999 |isbn=978-8177480009 |edition= |pages=91 |orig-year=1938}}</ref>

Valluvanad continued to assert its presence, and a ruler of Valluvanad is next mentioned as a witness in the [[Viraraghava copper plates|Viraraghava Copper Plates]] dated to 1225 CE. In the subsequent period, the Brahmins of [[Sukapuram]] are known to have been supporters of the Valluvanad rulers.<ref name=":2" />

=== Zamorin's encroachments ===
When the [[Zamorin|Zamorin (the Samoothiri)]], the ruler of [[Calicut]], rose to power and became a dominant force in Kerala, he began making inroads into Valluvanad territory and eventually usurped the sacred [[Mamankam festival|Mamankam]] Rakshapurusha right, along with control over the sacred center of Tirunavaya.<ref name="Ayyar123" /> As a prelude to this, the Brahmin Raja of the Tirumanasseri country ceded the port of [[Ponnani]] to the Zamorin as the price for his protection from Valluvanad and Perumpatappu (later Cochin).<ref name="Ayyar">{{cite book |last1=Ayyar |first1=K.V. Krishna |title=The Zamorins of Calicut |publisher=University of Calicut |year=1999 |isbn=978-8177480009 |edition= |orig-year=1938}}</ref><ref name="Ayyar1">{{cite book |last1=Ayyar |first1=K.V. Krishna |title=The Zamorins of Calicut |publisher=University of Calicut |year=1999 |isbn=978-8177480009 |edition= |pages=101–102 |orig-year=1938}}</ref>

According to tradition, in his desperation to succeed at Tirunavaya, the Zamorin even sought divine intervention by propitiating the Tirumandhamkunnu Bhagavati (the goddess).<ref name="Ayyar1" /> Key locations such as Malappuram (on the road between Calicut and the Vellattiri's headquarters), Nilambur, Vallappanattukara, and Manjeri were also annexed.<ref name="Ayyar1" /> Kariyur Mussad, the Brahmin minister and general of the Vellattiri, was captured and executed at Pataparamba, and his lands—known as the Ten Kalams and Pantalur—were seized.<ref name="Ayyar1" /> The Zamorin ultimately extended his influence as far east as [[Nilambur]].<ref name="Ayyar12">{{cite book |last1=Ayyar |first1=K.V. Krishna |title=The Zamorins of Calicut |publisher=University of Calicut |year=1999 |isbn=978-8177480009 |edition= |pages=121 |orig-year=1938}}</ref>

=== Blood feud with the Zamorins ===
In retaliation for major losses to the [[Zamorin|Zamorin of Calicut]]—most notably the seizure of the port of [[Ponnani]] and the sacred [[Tirunavaya]]—the Vellattiri began dispatching bands of suicide warriors, known as "Chavers", to ritually challenge and attempt to kill the Zamorin during the [[Mamankam|Mamankam festival]]. This commitment was a symbolic effort to reclaim their rightful authority over the ceremony.<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal |last=Haridas |first=V. V. |date=2000 |title=Dying for a Cause: "Caver" of Medieval Kerala |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44148126 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=61 |pages=492–500 |jstor=44148126 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref>

According to historians, "... the caver[s] of Valluvanatu died fighting to avenge the death or defeat of their master and died fighting regularly at Tirunavaya for a long period. It means that the caver[s] died fighting at Tirunavaya even after many generations. Thus it takes the form of blood feud ..."<ref name=":10" />

=== In early modern period ===
The area marked as "Valluvanad Proper" in the [[East India Company]] records was the sole remaining territory under the control of the Valluvanad "Raja" in late 18th century AD.<ref name="Logan1" /> By this period, it had become a minor, landlocked state situated in the north-central region of Kerala.

Valluvanad Proper comprised a number of amsams that were part of the 1887 Valluvanad and Ernad Taluks. These included [[Angadipuram]], [[Perinthalmanna|Perintalmanna]], [[Kodur, Malappuram|Kodur]], Kuruva, [[Pallippuram, Palakkad|Pallippuram]], [[Mankada|Mangada]], [[Arakkuparamba]], Chettanallur, [[Puzhakkattiri|Pulakkattiri]], [[Valambur]], Karyavattam, [[Nenmini]], [[Pang, Malappuram|Panga]], [[Kolathur, Kerala|Kolattur]], [[Kuruvambalam]], [[Pulamanthole|Pulamantol]], [[Elamkulam, Malappuram|Elamkulam]], [[Vettattur]], Kottapadam, Arakurissi, [[Tachampara|Tachambara]], [[Anamangad]], Paral, Chembrasseri, and [[Pandikkad]].<ref name="Logan1" />

Certain regions — collectively referred to as "Walluvanad" — had been annexed by the Zamorin of Calicut, from the Vellattiri rulers ("most recently"). These included [[Tuvvur|Tuvur]], Tiruvalamkunnu, [[Thenkara|Tenkara]], [[Kumaramputhur|Kumaramputtur]], [[Karimpuzha, Palakkad|Karimpula]], [[Thachanattukara|Tachanattukara]], and [[Aliparamba]].<ref name="Logan1" />

=== Mysore's invasion ===
The rulers of [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]] [[Mysorean invasion of Malabar|invaded and annexed]] Kerala in the late 18th century CE. As a result, the ruler of Valluvanad and his family, like other Hindu rulers of Kerala, fled and sought refuge in the southern state of [[Travancore]].<ref name="Logan" />

The [[Nedumpuram Palace]], located near [[Thiruvalla]], [[Pathanamthitta district|Pathanamthitta]], was associated with the Valluvanad royal family.

Subsequently, like the rest of northern Kerala, the Nairs of Valluvanad were no longer allowed to retain their land without paying revenue or tribute to the ruler, as per the ancient traditions of the land (since they were obliged to follow the Valluvanad ruler in his battles). Temple properties and Brahmin-owned lands, granted by the rulers, were also confiscated and included in the state revenue.<ref name="Logan" />

=== Takeover by the Company===

By the [[Treaty of Seringapatam]] (1792), the state of Mysore ceded half of its territories, including northern Kerala, to the English East India Company.

The Valluvanad Raja, who had returned from exile in Travancore (where he and the royal family had been since around 1788), requested the holding of the territories he laid claim to as a manager for the Company. The claimed territories included Millattoor, Angarypooram, Vanarcaddo, Kaapil, and the three districts of Congaad, Manoor, and Edratura, which had formerly belonged to Palgautcherry. This was granted according to an agreement, valid for one year, between the Raja (or through his representative Kariat Moosa) and Company representatives William G. Farmer Esq. and Major Alexander Dow, concluded at Kozhikode on 30 July 1792.<ref name="treaty1792">{{Cite book |last=Logan |first=William |url=https://indianculture.gov.in/flipbook/5090 |title=A Collection of Treaties, Engagements and Other Papers of Importance Relating to British Affairs in Malabar |date=1891 |edition=2nd |volume=II |page=155 |chapter=XIII}}</ref><ref name="report1862">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u-YwAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA75 |title=Reports of a Joint Commission: Years 1792 and 1793 |date=1862 |publisher=H. Smith, at the Fort Saint George Gazette Press |location=Madras |pages=75-76 and 206}}</ref>

The Raja undertook to pay a sum of Rs. 38,410.20 to the Company within the year (the sum was later increased to Rs. 41,594.20).<ref name="report1862" /> The agreement also mandated revenue collection from all minor landholders who, prior to Mysore rule, had only contributed to battle efforts. Essentially, the agreement sought to continue revenue collection as per the changes made by the Mysore rulers. Appointment of ministers or other employees in government, or those engaged in revenue collection, had to be with the consent of the Company. The agreement also stipulated that only the Company's merchants had the right to procure pepper grown in Valluvanad. A detachment of [[Sepoy|sepoys]] was also to be stationed at Angadipuram.<ref name="report1862" />

In May 1793, the Joint Commissioners dismissed the Valluvanad Raja and assumed direct management of Valluvanad. Inability to preserve the peace of the district (primarily due to Mappila uprisings prevalent in the region) and a shortfall in revenue collections were cited as the main reasons.<ref name="report1862" /> The dispute over the management of the three districts formerly belonging to [[Palakkad|Palgautcherry]] had led to the withdrawal of Raja's authority over those districts even earlier.<ref name="report1862" /> A pension agreement was then settled between the Valluvanad Raja and the Company. All five sthanis and both thampurattis of the royal family were eligible to receive malikhana under the Company.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Haridas |first=V. V. |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/131929 |title=The Zamorins of Calicut: AD 1200 to AD 1767 |publisher=Mangalore University |year=2003 |editor-last=Kesavan |editor-first=Veluthat}}</ref>

==The royal family==
The guardian deity of the Valluvanad royal family was the Bhagavati or the presiding goddess of the [[Thirumandhamkunnu Temple]].<ref name=":4" />

=== Origins ===
The hereditary rulers of Valluvanad was known as the "Arangottu Swaroopam", possibly because the ancestral home of the family was located at [[Arangottukara|Arangode or Arangottukara]], along the [[Bharathappuzha River]] near present-day Shoranur.<ref name=":1S">{{cite book |last1=Narayanan |first1=M. G. S. |author-link1=M. G. S. Narayanan |title=Perumals of Kerala |date=2013 |publisher=CosmoBooks |isbn=9788188765072 |location=Thrissur |page=186 |orig-year=1972}}</ref> Another possible location for the ancestral home of the family is in the present-day [[Kuruva, Malappuram|Kuruva]]-Makkaraparamba area, as evidenced by the Arangottu Shiva Temple located there. Kuruva is situated near [[Mankada]], where a Kovilakam of the Valluvanad royal family, known as Mankada Kovilakam, still exists{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}}.

=== Family structure ===
The ruling family of Valluvanad, which followed the traditional Nair matrilineal system, was divided into a senior and a junior lineage. The senior lineage was further divided into four branches or thavazhis: Aripra, Mankada, Kadannamanna, and Ayiranazhi. The junior lineage was known as the Vellodis.<ref name=":5" />

The five eldest sthanis (male designates) of the royal family, in order of seniority, were titled as follows: Valluvakkonathiri or Vellattiri (the eldest sthani and the ruler), Vellalpadu, Thacharalpadu, Edathralpadu, Kolathur Thampuran, and Padinjarekkara Thampuran. The Padinjarekkara Thampuran was nominated by the Vellattiri and held certain privileges and rights over landed property. The two senior-most female members (thampurattis) held the titles of Kulathur Thampuratti and Kadanna Mootha Thampuratti. In addition, the eldest female member of each kovilakam (palace) held her own rights and privileges.<ref name=":5" />

== Administration ==
The administrative officials of Valluvanad comprised various members of the local nobility. Karuvayoor Moosad served as the [[Brahmin]] chief minister, while Kunnathattil Madambil Nair, also known as the Mannarghat Nair, was the chieftain (desavazhi) responsible for overseeing the eastern boundary and the hilly regions of Valluvanad. Chondathil Mannadiar, also referred to as Puthumana Panicker, and Nair of Kavada were also part of the administrative system.<ref name=":5" />

In addition to these key figures, there were 14 notable dignitaries collectively known as swaroopis. This group comprised two [[Namboothiri]]s, two members of the Valluvanad royal family, four [[Panicker]]s, and several other individuals, including Elampulakkad Achan, Kulathur Warrier, Uppamkalathil Pisharody, Pathiramanna Vellodi, Parakkatt Nair, Kakkoott Nair, Mannarmala Nair, Kongad Nair, Naduvakkat Nair, and Cherukara Pisharody.<ref name=":5" />

==Legacy==
[[File:Malabar District (1951 Census).svg|thumbnail|[[Perinthalmanna taluk|Walluvanad Taluk]] in the erstwhile [[Malabar District]]]]

=== Walluvanad Taluk ===
After the annexation of northern Kerala, the [[East India Company|Company]] administered the region as the "[[Malabar District]]". It was divided into several taluks, most of which closely followed the boundaries and names of the pre-modern states. As a result, the former Valluvanad became the Walluvanad Taluk. The taluk, which comprised 64 amsoms, was established in 1860–61. Its headquarters was located at [[Perinthalmanna]], situated approximately three kilometers (1.9 miles) from the historic [[Angadipuram]].<ref name="Logan" />

Until the 1860s, Nedunganad—which included the Pattambi, Ottapalam, and Cherpulassery regions located south of the [[Thuthapuzha]]—was a separate taluk. It was originally the domain of the Nedungathirippad and had been under the administrative control of the [[Zamorin of Calicut]]. Nedunganad was merged with Walluvanad Taluk only in the 1860s.<ref name="Logan" />

Walluvanad Taluk was divided into four administrative divisions ("nads"): Vellattri or Walluvanad Proper, Walluvanad, Nedunganad, and Kavalappara.<ref name="Logan1" />

'''1. Vellattri or''' '''Walluvanad Proper'''

Vellattri, or Walluvanad Proper, represented the territory that remained under the control of the Valluvanad Raja at the time of the Mysore invasion.<ref name="Logan1">{{cite book |last1=Logan |first1=William |url=https://archive.org/details/malabarmanual0000loga |title=Malabar |publisher=Superintendent of Government Press |year=1951 |volume=I |location=Madras |pages=652–653 |chapter=Revenue Assessments |orig-year=1887}}</ref> This division consisted of 26 amsoms:
{{div col|colwidth=12em}}
* [[Kodur, Malappuram|Kodur]]
* [[Kuruva, Malappuram|Kuruva]]
* [[Mankada|Mangada]]
* Pallipuram
* [[Valambur]]
* Karyavattam
* [[Nenmini]]
* [[Melattur, Kerala|Melattur]]
* [[Vettattur]]
* [[Kottoppadam, Mannarkkad|Kottapadam]]
* Arakurissi
* [[Tachampara|Tachambara]]
* [[Arakkuparamba]]
* [[Chethallur|Chettallur]]
* [[Angadipuram]]
* [[Perinthalmanna|Perintalmanna]]
* [[Puzhakkattiri|Pulakkattiri]]
* [[Pang, Malappuram|Panga]]
* [[Kolattur, Kerala|Kolattur]]
* [[Kuruvambalam]]
* [[Pulamantol]]
* [[Elamkulam, Malappuram|Elankulam]]
* [[Anamangad]]
* [[Aliparamba|Paral]]
* [[Chembrassery|Chembrasseri]]
* [[Pandikkad]]
{{div col end}}
'''2. Walluvanad'''

Walluvanad was a later acquisition by the Zamorin of Calicut from the Valluvanad Raja.<ref name="Logan1" /> This region included 7 amsoms:
{{div col|colwidth=12em}}
* [[Tuvvur]]
* Tiruvalamkunnu
* [[Thenkara|Tenkara]]
* [[Kumaramputhur|Kumaramputtur]]
* [[Karimpuzha, Palakkad|Karimpula]]
* [[Karinkallathani|Tachanattukara]]
* [[Aliparamba]]
{{div col end}}
'''3. Nedunganad'''

Nedunganad, the ancestral land of the [[Nedungadi]]s, had been under the control of the Zamorin of Calicut for a considerable period of time.<ref name="Logan1" /> This division was made up of 27 amsoms:

{{div col|colwidth=12em}}
* [[Karimpuzha, Palakkad#Elambulassery|Elambulasseri]]
* [[Vellinezhi|Vellinali]]
* [[Sreekrishnapuram, Palakkad|Srikrishnapuram]]
* [[Kadampazhipuram|Kadampalipuram]]
* [[Karimba, Palakkad|Kalladikod]]
* Vadakkumpuram
* Muttedattamadamba
* [[Thrikkadeeri-I|Trikatiri]]
* [[Chalavara]]
* [[Cherpulassery|Cherppulllasseri]]
* [[Karalmanna|Naduvattam-Karalmanna]]
* [[Kulukkallur|Kulukkalaur]]
* Chundampetta
* [[Vilayur]]
* Pulasseri
* Naduvattam
* [[Muthuthala|Mututala]]
* [[Perumudiyoor|Perumudiyur]]
* [[Pattambi|Netirimangalam]]
* [[Pallippuram, Palakkad|Pallippuram]]
* Kalladipatta
* [[Vallapuzha|Vallapula]]
* Kotakurissi
* Eledattamadamba
* [[Chunangad]]
* Mulanyur
* Perur
{{div col end}}

'''4. Kavalappara'''

[[Kavalappara]] was a region ruled by local Nair chieftains, who maintained a nominal allegiance to both the [[Zamorin of Calicut]] and the [[Kingdom of Cochin]].<ref name="Logan1" /> It included 6 ''amsoms'':

{{div col|colwidth=12em}}
* Mundakodkurissi
* Panamanna
* Koonattara
* Karakkad
* Kulappalli
* Mundamuka
{{div col end}}

Walluvanad Taluk was one of the two taluks, along with [[Eranad|Eranad Taluk]], that were later added to form the Malappuram Revenue Division in the [[Malabar District]].<ref name="Logan" />
==See also==
* [[Kingdom of Tanur|Vettathunadu]]
* [[Ponnani]]
* [[Zamorin of Calicut]]

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20040204212329/http://www.varma.net/articles/valluvan1.php Valluvanad Vamsam]

==Sources==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Kerala}}

[[Category:History of Malappuram district|Valluvanad]]
[[Category:Princely states of India|Valluvanad]]
[[Category:Kingdoms of Kerala|Valluvanad]]
[[Category:Former monarchies of India|Valluvanad]]
[[Category:Former kingdoms|Valluvanad]]

Ghalib Academy

2026-03-14T10:29:00Z

Himvanta: enhance intro as per guidelines and added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Ghalib Academy, New Delhi
| image = Ghalib academy 10.JPG
| size = 162px
| alt = The logo of Ghalib Academy
| caption = The logo of Academy
| formation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1969|02|22}}
| type = Memorial
| status = Registered Society
| purpose = Educational and Cultural
| headquarters = [[Nizamuddin West]], Delhi
| location = Delhi
| coords = {{coord|28.35 |N|77.14|E|display=inline}}
| language = [[Urdu]]
| leader_title = Founder
| leader_name = Hakeem Abdul Hameed
| key_people =
| main_organ = Museum, Library, Auditorium, Publications
| parent_organization = Sonali Mahila Vikas Charitable Trust<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://directory.ngoreporter.com/ghalib-academy/ |title=Ghalib Academy : NGO in India : Directory of Indian NGOs : NGO Reporter |access-date=31 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202094608/http://directory.ngoreporter.com/ghalib-academy/ |archive-date=2 February 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| affiliations = Registrar of Societies, Delhi
| num_staff =
| num_volunteers =
| budget =
| website = [https://ghalibacademy.com/ Official Website]
| remarks = To perpetuate the memory of [[Ghalib|Mirza Asadullah Khan Ghalib]] in India and abroad.
| former name =
}}
'''Ghalib Academy '''({{langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|غالب اکادمی }}}}) is an educational and cultural institution of national importance in [[India]]. It was founded in 1969 by Hakeem Abdul Hameed and inaugurated by the former president of India [[Zakir Husain|Dr. Zakir Hussain]] in [[Nizamuddin West]] area, Delhi.<ref>{{cite web | title = This Sunday, rediscover and explore Delhi..:The Ghalib trail|publisher=Hindustan Times| url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/brunch-stories/this-sunday-rediscover-and-explore-delhi-for-free/article1-1174047.aspx | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140118220113/http://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/brunch-stories/this-sunday-rediscover-and-explore-delhi-for-free/article1-1174047.aspx | url-status = dead | archive-date = 18 January 2014 |date=17 January 2014| access-date = 2014-01-31}}</ref> The Academy has been established in the memory of the 19th century [[Urdu]] poet [[Ghalib|Mirza Ghalib]]. The Academy is situated in the vicinity of the tomb of the 13th-century Sufi saint [[Nizamuddin Auliya]].

==About==
The Academy consist of a museum in memory of the poet, a research library, an art gallery, an auditorium and a computerized calligraphy training centre in collaboration with the [[National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language]] .<ref>[http://www.ghalibacademy.org/frame.htm Ghalib Academy] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426204840/http://www.ghalibacademy.org/frame.htm |date=2012-04-26 }}</ref> The Academy is visited by thousands of Indian as well foreign scholars, writers, poets and academicians. The academy claims to have a wide and rich collection of books that are not available anywhere else. The Academy today engages in the development and promotion of the Urdu Language. It organizes literary and cultural programs on famous Urdu Poets like [[Ghalib]] and [[Muhammad Iqbal|Allama Iqbal]], etc. to further the cause of Urdu Language. It also organizes seminars, workshops, exhibitions, and literary meets, etc. The mausoleum of Mirza Ghalib is just next to the Academy building. It lies in the attached courtyard of the building just on the way to the Dargah of Nizamuddin. The [[Humayun's Tomb]] is also at a walking distance from the museum.

==History==
[[File:Ghalib academy 09.JPG|200px|left|An inscription done in front of the Ghalib Academy building]]
In the middle of the twentieth century in order to keep alive the memory of the Indian poet [[Ghalib|Mirza Asadullah Khan Ghalib]], [[Jamia Hamdard#Founder and philosophy|Hakeem Abdul Hameed]] formed a society named ''Ghalib Academy'' which was later joined by many other influential people of the time. This society had its registered office at Hamdard Manzil Lal Kuan Delhi. The Society president Hakeem Abdul Hameed purchased two plots adjacent to Ghalib's Mazar (grave) in [[Nizamuddin West|Nizamuddin Basti]] and got the Ghalib Academy building constructed there. It was formally declared open by the then President of India Dr Zakir Hussain on the occasion of the Ghalib Centenary on 22 February 1969.{{citation needed|date=August 2018}}

==Aims and objectives==
* To perpetuate the memory of Mirza Asadullah Khan Ghalib in India and abroad.
* To conduct research on Ghalib and his age.
* To arrange for the education of oriental languages for the study of Ghalib.
* To collaborate with Societies, Organization, or Institutions carrying on kindred activities.

==Subsidiary bodies==
[[File: Ghalib academy 02.JPG|thumb|Building of Ghalib Academy]]

* [[Ghalib Museum, New Delhi|Ghalib Memorial Museum]]
* Library – It has books covering topics that are not part of Ghalib's life but also covers other topics.
* Auditorium – The Ghalib Academy also organizes seminars, literary meets, exhibitions, stage shows, musical soirees, and documentary films to discuss the life of Ghalib
* Publications Section – The Academy has a publication section that oversees the publication of books on Ghalib and his contemporaries. Some of the much-appreciated books by the publication section are ''Ghalib Aur Chung -e- Ghalib'', ''Ghalib aur Fan-e- Tanqeed''(Ghalib and the Art of Satire), ''Ghalib Aur Zaka Momin Shakhsiat Aur fun'', ''Talmihat-e- Ghalib''.The Academy has brought out gorgeous editions of Dewan- e -Ghalib on art paper. It also publishes half-yearly literary Journal ''Jahan-e-Ghalib''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hamdardnationalfoundation.org/ghalibacademy.html |title=Hamdard |access-date=31 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201233458/http://www.hamdardnationalfoundation.org/ghalibacademy.html |archive-date=1 February 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Training Center – the academy runs a centre for learning Urdu language, Urdu typing, and computerized calligraphy. The Urdu language course is recognized by [[Delhi University]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sodelhi.com/art-culture/406-ghalib-academy#sthash.0M1XJBjx.dpuf |title=Ghalib Academy |access-date=31 January 2014 |archive-date=19 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219153858/http://www.sodelhi.com/art-culture/406-ghalib-academy#sthash.0M1XJBjx.dpuf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Ghalib]]
* [[Ghalib ki Haveli]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Linguistic research institutes in India]]
[[Category:Ghalib]]
[[Category:Urdu in India]]
[[Category:Arts organisations based in Delhi]]

Judaism

2026-03-14T01:31:01Z

Himvanta:

{{Short description|Religion of the Jewish people}}
{{Pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Pp-move}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Oxford spelling|date = January 2025}}
{{Infobox religion
| name = Judaism
| native_name = {{nobold|{{lang|he|{{Script/Hebrew|יַהֲדוּת}}|rtl=yes}} {{transliteration|he|Yahăḏūṯ}}}}
| native_name_lang = he
| image = judaica.jpg
| imagewidth = 275px
| alt =
| caption = {{nowrap|Collection of [[Jewish ceremonial art|Judaica]] (clockwise from top):}} Candlesticks for [[Shabbat]], a cup for [[Handwashing in Judaism|ritual handwashing]], a [[Chumash (Judaism)|Chumash]] and a [[Hebrew Bible|Tanakh]], a [[Yad]], a [[shofar]], and an [[Jewish ceremonial art#Sukkot items|etrog box]].
| type = [[Ethnic religion]]
| main_classification = [[Abrahamic religions|Abrahamic]]
| orientation =
| scripture = [[Hebrew Bible]] Traditions: [[Talmud]] Exegesis: [[Midrash]]
| theology = [[God in Judaism|Monotheistic]]
| associations =
| area = [[Israel]] and [[Jewish diaspora|worldwide as minorities]]
| language = [[Biblical Hebrew]] and [[Biblical Aramaic]]
| founder = [[Abraham]] and [[Moses]] (according to tradition){{sfn|Mendes-Flohr|2005|p=}}{{sfn|Levenson|2012|p=3}}
| founded_date = {{circa|6th century BCE}}
| founded_place = [[History of ancient Israel and Judah|Judah]]
| separated_from = [[Yahwism]]
| separations = [[Samaritanism]] [[Mandaeism]] [[Christianity]]{{efn|Christianity originated in 1st-century [[Judea (Roman province)|Judea]] from the [[Jewish Christian]] sect of [[Second Temple Judaism]].<ref name="Ehrman 2005">{{cite book |last=Ehrman |first=Bart D. |author-link=Bart D. Ehrman |year=2005 |orig-date=2003 |title=Lost Christianities: The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew |chapter=At Polar Ends of the Spectrum: Early Christian Ebionites and Marcionites |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=URdACxKubDIC&pg=PA95 |location=[[Oxford]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |pages=95–112 |doi=10.1017/s0009640700110273 |isbn=978-0-19-518249-1 |lccn=2003053097 |s2cid=152458823 |access-date=20 January 2021 |issn = 0009-6407}}</ref><ref name="Hurtado 2005">{{cite book |last=Hurtado |first=Larry W. |author-link=Larry Hurtado |year=2005 |chapter=How on Earth Did Jesus Become a God? Approaches to Jesus-Devotion in Earliest Christianity |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xi5xIxgnNgcC&pg=PA13 |title=How on Earth Did Jesus Become a God? Historical Questions about Earliest Devotion to Jesus |location=[[Grand Rapids, Michigan]] and [[Cambridge|Cambridge, UK]] |publisher=[[Wm. B. Eerdmans]] |pages=13–55 |isbn=978-0-8028-2861-3 |access-date=20 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Freeman |first=Charles |author-link=Charles Freeman (historian) |year=2010 |title=A New History of Early Christianity |chapter=Breaking Away: The First Christianities |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5_in-6VLgRoC&pg=PA31 |location=[[New Haven, Connecticut|New Haven]] and [[London]] |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |pages=31–46 |doi=10.12987/9780300166583 |isbn=978-0-300-12581-8 |jstor=j.ctt1nq44w |lccn=2009012009 |s2cid=170124789 |access-date=20 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Wilken |first=Robert Louis |year=2013 |title=The First Thousand Years: A Global History of Christianity |chapter=Beginning in Jerusalem |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iW1-JImrwQUC&pg=PA6 |location=[[New Haven, Connecticut|New Haven]] and [[London]] |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |pages=6–16 |isbn=978-0-300-11884-1 |jstor=j.ctt32bd7m |lccn=2012021755 |s2cid=160590164 |access-date=20 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author-last=Lietaert Peerbolte |author-first=Bert Jan |year=2013 |chapter=How Antichrist Defeated Death: The Development of Christian Apocalyptic Eschatology in the Early Church |editor1-last=Krans |editor1-first=Jan |editor2-last=Lietaert Peerbolte |editor2-first=L. J. |editor3-last=Smit |editor3-first=Peter-Ben |editor4-last=Zwiep |editor4-first=Arie W. |title=Paul, John, and Apocalyptic Eschatology: Studies in Honour of Martinus C. de Boer |location=[[Leiden]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |series=[[Novum Testamentum|Novum Testamentum: Supplements]] |volume=149 |pages=238–255 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MoKxIeOTkqYC&pg=PA238 |doi=10.1163/9789004250369_016 |isbn=978-90-04-25026-0 |issn=0167-9732 |s2cid=191738355 |access-date=13 February 2021}}</ref>}}
| number_of_followers = {{circa|14.8 million}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fahmy |first=Conrad Hackett, Marcin Stonawski, Yunping Tong, Stephanie Kramer, Anne Shi and Dalia |date=2025-06-09 |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/how-the-global-religious-landscape-changed-from-2010-to-2020/ |access-date=2025-06-10 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US}}</ref> {{increase}} (referred to as [[Jews]], 2025)
}}

{{Judaism|expanded=all}}
{{Religion sidebar}}

'''Judaism''' ({{langx|he|rtl=yes|translit=Yahăḏūṯ |יַהֲדוּת}}) is an [[Abrahamic religions|Abrahamic]], [[Monotheism|monotheistic]], [[ethnic religion]] that comprises the collective spiritual, cultural, and legal traditions of [[Jews|the Jewish people]].<ref name="JEjudaism">{{JewishEncyclopedia|author-link1= Kaufmann Kohler |last1=Kohler |first1=Kaufmann |title=Judaism|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/9028-judaism}}</ref>{{sfn|Jacobs|2007|p=511 quote: "Judaism, the religion, philosophy, and way of life of the Jews."}}{{sfn|Schiffman|2003|p=3}} [[Religious Jews]] regard Judaism as their means of observing the [[Mosaic covenant]], which they believe was established between [[God in Judaism|God]] and the Jewish people.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Posner |first1=Menachem |title=What is Judaism |url=https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/3710122/jewish/What-Is-Judaism.htm#Who |website=Chabad |access-date=January 15, 2026}}</ref><ref name="Knowledge Resources: Judaism" /> The religion is considered one of the earliest monotheistic religions.

Judaism as a religion and culture is founded upon a diverse body of texts, traditions, theologies, and worldviews. Among Judaism's core texts are the [[Torah]] ({{langx|hbo|rtl=yes|translation=Teaching|תּוֹרָה}}), the ''[[Nevi'im]]'' ({{langx|hbo|rtl=yes|label=none|translation=Prophets|נְבִיאִים}}), and the ''[[Ketuvim]]'' ({{langx|hbo|rtl=yes|label=none|translation=Writings|כְּתוּבִים}}), which together compose the [[Hebrew Bible]]. In [[Modern Hebrew]], the Hebrew Bible is often referred to as the ''Tanakh'' ({{langx|translit=Tanaḵ|label=none|he|rtl=yes|תַּנַ׳׳ךּ}})—an acronym of its constituent divisions—or the ''Miqra'' ({{langx|he|label=none|rtl=yes|translit=Miqrāʾ|translation=[that which is] called out|מִקְרָא}}). With some differences in order and content, what [[Christianity]] calls the [[Old Testament]] has the same books as the Hebrew Bible.

In addition to scripture, Jewish religious texts include the [[Oral Torah]] ({{langx|he|label=none|rtl=yes|translation=Torah of the mouth|translit=Tōrā šebbəʿal-pe|תּוֹרָה שֶׁבְּעַל־פֶּה}}), comprising the [[Mishnah]], [[Talmud]], [[Tosefta]], and Jewish legal ''[[Midrash]]im'' ({{lang|he|rtl=yes|מִדְרָשִׁים}}, 'Studies' or 'Expositions'); ''[[Halakha]]'' ({{langx|label=none|he|rtl=yes|translation=the Way|הֲלָכָה}}), or Jewish law; ''[[Aggadah]]'' ({{langx|label=none|translation=Narrative|he|rtl=yes|אָגָּדָה}}); and [[History of responsa in Judaism|responsa]]. The Hebrew word ''torah'' can mean "teaching", "law", or "instruction",<ref name="Aish.com">{{cite news |last1=Fried |first1=Yerachmiel |title=What is Torah?. |url=https://aish.com/what-is-torah/ |access-date=11 March 2022 |publisher=Aish |date=18 August 2011 |archive-date=11 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220311174152/https://aish.com/what-is-torah/ |url-status=live }}</ref> but "Torah" can also be used as a general term for any Jewish text or teaching that expands or elaborates on the original [[Five Books of Moses]]. Representing the core of the Jewish spiritual and religious tradition, the Torah is both a term and a set of teachings that are explicitly self-positioned as encompassing at least seventy—and potentially infinite—facets and interpretations.<ref name="Bamidbar Rabah">{{cite web |title=Bamidbar Rabah |url=https://www.sefaria.org/sheets/22645?lang=bi |website=sefaria.org |publisher=sefaria |access-date=11 March 2022 |archive-date=11 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220311174951/https://www.sefaria.org/sheets/22645?lang=bi |url-status=live}}</ref> Judaism's texts, traditions, and values strongly influenced later Abrahamic religions, including [[Christianity]] and [[Islam]].<ref name="Islam, Judaism, and Christianity: Theological and Historical Affiliations" /><ref name="The Historical Muhammad" /> [[Hebraism]], like [[Hellenistic period|Hellenism]], significantly influenced [[Western civilization]] as a key background element in the development of [[early Christianity]].<ref name="Cambridge University Historical Series">Cambridge University Historical Series, ''An Essay on Western Civilization in Its Economic Aspects'', p.40: Hebraism, like Hellenism, has been an all-important factor in the development of Western Civilization; Judaism, as the precursor of Christianity, has indirectly had had much to do with shaping the ideals and morality of western nations since the christian era.</ref>

There are a variety of [[Jewish religious movements]], most of which emerged from [[Rabbinic Judaism]],{{sfn|Neusner|Avery-Peck|2003|pp=78–92}}{{sfn|Schiffman|2003|p=}}<ref name="Brabbinic">{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/rabbinic-judaism |title=Rabbinic Judaism |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] Online |access-date=2020-11-07 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=12 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612181058/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rabbinic-Judaism |url-status=live}}</ref> which holds that God revealed his laws and commandments to [[Moses]] on [[Mount Sinai (Bible)|Mount Sinai]] in both the Written Torah ({{langx|he|rtl=yes|label=none|translit=Tōrā šebbīḵṯāv|תּוֹרָה שֶׁבִּכְתָב}}) and Oral Torah.<ref name="What is the oral Torah?" /> Historically, all or part of this assertion was challenged by groups like the [[Sadducees#General|Sadducees]] and practitioners of [[Hellenistic Judaism]] during the [[Second Temple period]];{{sfn|Neusner|Avery-Peck|2003|pp=58–77}}{{sfn|Schiffman|2003|p=}}<ref name="Bsadducee">{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sadducee |title=Sadducee |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] Online |access-date=2020-11-07 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308032107/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sadducee |url-status=live }}</ref> the [[Karaite Judaism#Karaite interpretations of the Torah|Karaites]]; and among segments of the modern non-Orthodox denominations.<ref name="JEkaraites" /> Some modern branches of Judaism, such as [[Humanistic Judaism]], may be considered [[secular]] or [[nontheistic]].<ref name="Mendes-Flohr2000">{{cite book |surname=Mendes-Flohr |given=Paul |author-link=Paul R. Mendes-Flohr |chapter=Secular Forms of Jewishness |editor-surname=Neusner |editor-given=Jacob |editor-link=Jacob Neusner |editor2-surname=Avery-Peck |editor2-given=Alan J. |title=The Blackwell Companion to Judaism |year=2003 |orig-date=2000 |edition=Reprint |pages=461–476 |publisher=Blackwell Publ. |place=Malden, Mass |chapter-url={{Google books|id=bEyD_MaeqP4C|plainurl=y|page=461|keywords=|text=}} |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bEyD_MaeqP4C |isbn=1-57718-058-5 |access-date=10 July 2023 |archive-date=10 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710092803/https://books.google.com/books?id=bEyD_MaeqP4C |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|Karesh|Hurvitz|2005|p=221|loc="Humanistic Judaism"}}<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ackerman |first=Ari |title=Eliezer Schweid on the Religious Dimension of a Secular Jewish Renewal |date=May 2010 |journal=Modern Judaism |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=209–228 |doi=10.1093/mj/kjq005 |jstor=40604707 |s2cid=143106665 |issn=0276-1114}}</ref><ref>Troen, Ilan (April 2016). ''[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/295688653_Secular_Judaism_in_Israel Secular Judaism in Israel]'', {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731050337/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/295688653_Secular_Judaism_in_Israel |date=31 July 2023 }}, [[Society (journal)|Society]], Vol. 53, Issue 2.</ref> Today, the largest Jewish religious movements are [[Orthodox Judaism]] (including [[Haredi Judaism|Haredi]] and [[Modern Orthodox Judaism|Modern Orthodox]] Jews), [[Conservative Judaism]], and [[Reform Judaism]]. Major sources of difference between these groups are their approaches to ''Halakha'' (Jewish law), [[rabbinic authority]], and [[Rabbinic literature]], and the significance of the [[State of Israel]].{{sfn|Rudavsky|1979}}{{sfn|Raphael|1984}}{{sfn|Jacobs|2007|p=}}{{sfn|Mendes-Flohr|2005|p=}} Orthodox Judaism maintains that the Torah and ''Halakha'' are explicitly divine in origin, eternal, and unalterable, and that they should be strictly followed.{{sfn|Rudavsky|1979|pp=218–270, 367–402}}{{sfn|Raphael|1984|pp=125–176}}{{sfn|Neusner|Avery-Peck|2003|pp=311–333}}{{sfn|Jacobs|2003|loc="Orthodox Judaism"}} Conservative and Reform Judaism are more liberal, with Conservative Judaism generally promoting a more traditionalist interpretation of Judaism's requirements than Reform Judaism.{{sfn|Rudavsky|1979|pp=317–346}}{{sfn|Raphael|1984|pp=79–124}}{{sfn|Neusner|Avery-Peck|2003|pp=334–353}}{{sfn|Jacobs|2003|loc="Conservative Judaism"}} A typical Reform position is that ''Halakha'' should be viewed as a set of general guidelines rather than as a set of restrictions and obligations whose observance is required of all Jews.{{sfn|Rudavsky|1979|pp=156–185, 285–316}}{{sfn|Raphael|1984|pp=1–78}}{{sfn|Neusner|Avery-Peck|2003|pp=291–310}}{{sfn|Jacobs|2003|loc="Reform Judaism"}}{{sfn|Karesh|Hurvitz|2005|pp=419–422|loc="Reform Judaism"}} Historically, rabbinical courts known as ''batei din'' ({{langx|he|rtl=yes|label=none|translation=houses of judgement|בָּתֵּי דִּין}}; {{singular}} ''[[beit din]]'') enforced ''Halakha''. ''Batei din'' are still existent, but the practice of Judaism is mostly voluntary.<ref name="Britannica Online Encyclopedia: Bet Din" /> Authority on theological and legal matters is not vested in any one person or organization but in the Jewish texts and the [[rabbi]]s and scholars who interpret them.

Jews are an [[ethnoreligious group]]<ref name="Ethnoreligious" /> including those born Jewish and those who have [[Gerim (Jewish religious category)|converted to Judaism]]. In 2025, the world Jewish population was estimated at 14.8 million, although religious observance varies from strict to non-existent.<ref>{{cite report |editor1-last=Dashefsky |editor1-first=Arnold |editor-link1=Arnold Dashefsky |editor2-last=Della-Pergola |editor2-first=Sergio |editor-link2=Sergio Della Pergola |editor3-last=Sheskin |editor3-first=Ira |date=2021 |title=World Jewish Population |url=https://www.jewishdatabank.org/api/download/?studyId=1185&mediaId=bjdb%5c2021_World_Jewish_Population_AJYB_(DellaPergola)_DB_Public.pdf |publisher=[[Berman Jewish DataBank]] |access-date=4 September 2023 |archive-date=6 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906084243/https://www.jewishdatabank.org/api/download/?studyId=1185&mediaId=bjdb%5C2021_World_Jewish_Population_AJYB_(DellaPergola)_DB_Public.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Ernest Krausz|author2=Gitta Tulea|title=Jewish Survival: The Identity Problem at the Close of the Twentieth Century; [... International Workshop at Bar-Ilan University on the 18th and 19th of March, 1997]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dnxv-Mlz0JIC&pg=PA90|publisher=Transaction Publishers|year=1997|isbn=978-1-4128-2689-1|pages=90–}} "A person born Jewish who refutes Judaism may continue to assert a Jewish identity, and if he or she does not convert to another religion, even religious Jews will recognize the person as a Jew"</ref>

==Etymology==
{{see also|Ioudaios}}
[[File:Stattler-Machabeusze.jpg|thumb|''Maccabees'' by [[Wojciech Stattler]] (1842)]]
The term ''Judaism'' derives from {{lang|la|Iudaismus}}, a Latinized form of the Ancient Greek ''[[Ioudaismos]]'' ({{langx|grc-x-koine|Ἰουδαϊσμός}}, from the verb {{lang|grc|ἰουδαΐζειν}} {{gloss|to side with or imitate the [Judeans]}}).<ref name="LSJverb">{{LSJ|*)ioudai/zw|ἰουδαΐζειν|ref|mLSJ}}</ref> Its ultimate source is the biblical "Yehudah" ({{Langx|hbo|יהוּדָה|Yəhūda|label=none|rtl=yes}}), the Hebrew name for [[Judah (son of Jacob)|Judah, son of Jacob]], and the namesake of the [[tribe of Judah]], the [[Judah (region)|region of Judah]], and the [[Kingdom of Judah]].<ref name="bibleinterp_mason3" /><ref name="askoxford8" /> The term {{tlit|grc|Ioudaismos}} first appears in the [[Koine Greek]] book of [[2 Maccabees]] in the 2nd century BCE (specifically 2 Maccabees 2:21, 8:1 and 14:38).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Schwartz |first=Daniel R. |date=2021 |title=Judea versus Judaism: Between 1 and 2 Maccabees |url=https://www.thetorah.com/article/judea-versus-judaism-between-1-and-2-maccabees |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316100256/https://www.thetorah.com/article/judea-versus-judaism-between-1-and-2-maccabees |archive-date=March 16, 2024 |website=TheTorah.com}}</ref> In the context of the age and period, it meant "seeking or forming part of a cultural entity".<ref name=influence /> It resembled its antonym {{tlit|grc|Hellenismos}}, a word signifying submission to [[Hellenistic period|Hellenistic]] cultural norms. The conflict between {{tlit|grc|Ioudaismos}} and {{tlit|grc|Hellenismos}} lay behind the [[Maccabean Revolt]]; hence, the term {{tlit|grc|Ioudaismos}}.<ref name=influence>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2q6qTb-A7GwC&pg=RA1-PA39 |first=Oskar |last=Skarsaune |author-link=Oskar Skarsaune | title=In the Shadow of the Temple: Jewish Influences on Early Christianity|publisher=InterVarsity Press|pages=39ff |access-date=22 August 2010|isbn=978-0-8308-2670-4|year=2002}}</ref>

[[Rabbi]] [[Shaye J. D. Cohen]] writes in his book ''The Beginnings of Jewishness'':
{{blockquote|We are tempted, of course, to translate [''Ioudaïsmós''] as "Judaism," but this translation is too narrow, because in this first occurrence of the term, ''Ioudaïsmós'' has not yet been reduced to the designation of a religion. It means rather "the aggregate of all those characteristics that makes Judaeans Judaean (or Jews Jewish)." Among these characteristics, to be sure, are practices and beliefs that we would today call "religious," but these practices and beliefs are not the sole content of the term. Thus ''Ioudaïsmós'' should be translated not as "Judaism" but as Judaeanness.<ref>Shaye J.D. Cohen 1999 ''The Beginnings of Jewishness: Boundaries, Varieties, Uncertainties'' University of California Press. 105–106</ref>}}

[[Daniel R. Schwartz]], however, argues that "Judaism", especially in the context of the [[books of the Maccabees]], refers to the religion, not the culture and politics of the Judean state. He believes it reflected the ideological divide between the [[Pharisees]] and [[Sadducees]] and, implicitly, anti-Hasmonean and pro-Hasmonean factions in Judean society.<ref name=":0" />

According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', the earliest citation of the term in English was in [[Robert Fabyan]]'s 1516 book ''The New Chronicles of England and France'', in which "Judaism" is described as "the profession or practice of the Jewish religion; the religious system or polity of the Jews".<ref>"He anon renouncyd his Iudaisme or Moysen Lawe, And was cristenyd, and lyued after as a Cristen Man." (Robert Fabian, ''New Chronicles of England and France'', reprint London 1811, p. 334.)</ref> "Judaism" as a direct translation of the Latin {{tlit|la|Iudaismus}} first appears in a Christian 1611 English translation of 2 Maccabees 2:21: "Those that behaved themselves manfully to their honour for ''Iudaisme''."<ref name="dictionary" />

==Biblical and Talmudic narrative==
===The covenant with Abraham in the book of Genesis===
A large portion of the Hebrew Bible recounts the [[Hebrews]]' relationship with God from their earliest traditions through the [[Second Temple period]] (i.e., until roughly 70 CE, when the [[Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)|Temple was destroyed]]). [[Abraham]], initially called Abram ({{langx|label=none|hbo|rtl=yes|אַבְרָם|translit=Avram}}), is presented as the ancestor of the [[Israelites]], the descendants of [[Jacob]]—whose name is changed to Israel ({{langx|hbo|rtl=yes|label=none|translit=Yīsrāʾēl|יִשְׂרָאֵל}}) in [[Genesis 32]]:29—and thus the Hebrews.<ref>{{Tanakhverse|Genesis|32:29}}</ref> In the [[patriarchal age]], God establishes a [[Covenant (biblical)|covenant]] with Abraham that includes the institution of circumcision ({{langx|label=none|he|rtl=yes|translit=[[brit milah]]|translation=covenant of circumcision|בְּרִית מִילָה}}) as a sign of that covenant, established when Abraham was 99 years old; the requirement to circumcise the males of his household is recorded in [[Genesis 17]]:10–14.<ref>{{Tanakhverse|Genesis|17:10–14}}</ref> God changes Abram's name to Abraham in Genesis 17:5 and Sarai's ({{langx|label=none|hbo|rtl=yes|שָׂרָי}}) name to [[Sarah]] ({{langx|label=none|hbo|rtl=yes|שָׂרָה}}).<ref>{{Tanakhverse|Genesis|17:5–15}}</ref> Sarah is promised to bear a son in her old age, and that son, [[Isaac]] ({{langx|label=none|hbo|rtl=yes|translit=Yīṣḥāq|יִצְחָק}}), will be the child of the covenant and Abraham's heir, whose descendants will inherit the land often called [[Canaan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=An in depth summary and analysis of Abraham and the Covenant of Circumcision, Genesis, Chapter 17 |url=https://scriptureinsight.org/study/genesis/17 |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=Scripture Insight |language=en}}</ref>

===The Torah, ''Nevi'im'', and ''Ketuvim''===
[[File:Moses_and_burning_bush.jpeg|thumb|A painting of [[Moses]] decorates the [[Dura-Europos synagogue]] dating from 244 CE]]

In the [[book of Exodus]], the second book of the Hebrew Bible, the descendants of Isaac's son Jacob were enslaved in [[Ancient Egypt|Egypt]] during a period of harsh oppression. God, appearing to Moses in a divine vision through a [[burning bush]] on [[Mount Horeb]], commands him to lead the Hebrews out of bondage. God inflicts [[ten plagues]] upon Egypt—such as the Nile turning to blood, swarms of locusts, and the death of the firstborn—to persuade [[Pharaohs in the Bible|Pharaoh]] to release the Hebrews. After the final plague, Pharaoh relents, and the Hebrews begin their escape, known as [[the Exodus]]. They travel across the desert and arrive at [[Mount Sinai (Bible)|Mount Sinai]], where God bestows the commandments, laws, and teachings that will define the moral and spiritual foundation of the Israelite community, as recounted in the subsequent chapters.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Tanakh – REL 2300: Introduction to Contemporary World Religions |url=https://www.anthrocervone.org/worldreligions/the-tanakh/ |access-date=2024-12-17 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-07 |title=The Tanakh Explained: The Hebrew Bible vs. The Christian Bible |url=https://alabasterco.com/blogs/education/tanakah-vs-christian-bible |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=Alabaster Co |language=en}}</ref> These books, together with the ''[[Nevi'im]]'' and ''[[Ketuvim]]'', are known as Written Torah, as opposed to the Oral Torah, which refers to the Mishnah, Talmud, and halakhic ''Midrashim''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-23 |title=The Tanakh: The Jewish Bible {{!}} Religions Facts |url=https://religionsfacts.com/the-tanakh-the-jewish-bible/ |access-date=2024-12-17 |language=en-US |archive-date=19 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219184326/https://religionsfacts.com/the-tanakh-the-jewish-bible/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The ''Nevi'im'' are comprised of historical narratives and prophetic writings, focusing on the Israelites' settlements in Canaan. The ''Ketuvim'', a diverse collection of books including the [[book of Psalms]], [[book of Proverbs]], and [[book of Esther]], covers poetic and prose philosophical writings that deviate from the more literalist style of the other books.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ketuvim (Writings) |url=https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/ketuvim-writings/ |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=My Jewish Learning |language=en-US}}</ref>

===The Talmud===
Rabbinic tradition holds that the details and interpretation of the Oral Torah were originally unwritten traditions based on the [[Law given to Moses at Sinai]]. However, as the [[persecution of Jews]] increased in intensity and frequency and the details of the Oral Torah were in danger of being forgotten, [[Judah ha-Nasi]] compiled them into the Mishnah, which was redacted {{circa|200 CE}}. The Talmud is a compilation of the Mishnah and [[Gemara]], rabbinic commentaries redacted over the next three centuries. The Gemara originated in two major centers of Jewish scholarship: [[Talmudic academies in Syria Palaestina|Palestine]] and [[Talmudic academies in Babylonia|Babylonia]] ([[Lower Mesopotamia]]).<ref name="jewishencyclopedia.com">{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/14213-talmud|title=Talmud|encyclopedia=Jewish Encyclopedia|author=Wilhelm Bacher|access-date=16 September 2015|archive-date=3 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503060143/http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/14213-talmud|url-status=live}}</ref> Correspondingly, two bodies of analysis developed, and two compilations of the Talmud were created. The older compilation is called the [[Jerusalem Talmud]]. It was compiled sometime during the 4th century in Palestine.<ref name="jewishencyclopedia.com"/>

==Historical analysis of the Bible==
According to critical scholars (see [[Biblical criticism]]), the Torah consists of inconsistent texts edited together in a way that calls attention to divergent accounts.<ref name="yehezkal" />{{page needed|date=July 2017}}<ref name="biblical" /><ref name="speiser" /> Several of these scholars, such as Martin Rose and [[John Bright (biblical scholar)|John Bright]], suggest that during the [[First Temple]] period the people of Israel believed that each nation had its own version of a god viewed as superior to all other gods.<ref name="history" />{{page needed|date=July 2017}}<ref name="history12" />{{page needed|date=July 2017}} Some suggest that strict monotheism developed during the [[Babylonian captivity]] following the [[Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC)|First Temple’s destruction]], perhaps in reaction to [[Zoroastrian]] dualism.<ref name="ephraim" /> In this view, it was only by the [[Hellenistic period]] that most Jews came to believe that their god was the only god and that the notion of a bounded Jewish nation identical with the Jewish religion formed.<ref name="beginnings" /> [[John Day (biblical scholar)|John Day]] argues that the origins of biblical [[Yahweh]], [[El (deity)|El]], [[Asherah]], and [[Ba'al]], may be rooted in earlier [[Canaanite religion]], which was centered on a pantheon of gods much like in [[Greek mythology]].<ref name="goddesses" />

==History of Judaism==
{{see also|Jewish history}}

{{For timeline|Timeline of Jewish history}}

===Origins===
{{Main|Origins of Judaism}}

{{Further|Yahwism|Canaanite religion|Ancient Semitic religion}}

===Iron Age kingdoms===
{{see also|Ancient Israel and Judah}}
{{Redirect|Ancient Judaism|the book|Ancient Judaism (book){{!}}''Ancient Judaism'' (book)}}

[[File:Kingdoms_of_Israel_and_Judah_map_830.svg|right|thumb|200x200px|[[History of ancient Israel and Judah|Kingdoms of Israel and Judah]] map [[900 BC]].]]

According to the Hebrew Bible, the [[United Kingdom of Israel]] was established under [[Saul the King]] and continued under [[King David]] and [[Solomon]], with its capital being [[Jerusalem]]. After Solomon's reign, the nation split into two kingdoms, the [[Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)|Kingdom of Israel]] in the north and the [[Kingdom of Judah]] in the south. The Kingdom of Israel was destroyed around 720 BCE, when it was conquered by the [[Neo-Assyrian Empire]];<ref name="Broshi 2001 174">{{cite book |last=Broshi |first=Maguen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=etTUEorS1zMC&pg=PAPA174 |title=Bread, Wine, Walls and Scrolls |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-84127-201-6 |page=174 |archive-date=10 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210203455/https://books.google.com/books?id=etTUEorS1zMC&pg=PAPA174 |url-status=live }}</ref> many people were taken captive from the capital [[Samaria (ancient city)|Samaria]] to [[Media (region)|Media]] and the [[Khabur (Euphrates)|Khabur River]] valley. The Kingdom of Judah continued as an independent state until it was conquered by [[Nebuchadnezzar II]] of the [[Neo-Babylonian Empire]] in 586–87 BCE.

===Babylonian captivity, return, and Second Temple===
{{see also|Babylonian captivity|Second Temple Judaism|Hasmonean Kingdom|Iudaea Province|First Jewish-Roman War}}

The Babylonians destroyed Jerusalem and the First Temple, forcing the Israelites into the Babylonian captivity in what is regarded as the first [[Jewish diaspora]]. Many of the Israelites returned to their homeland—an event known as the [[return to Zion]]—after the [[fall of Babylon]] was accomplished by the Persian [[Achaemenid Empire]] seventy years later. The [[Second Temple]] was constructed, and religious practices were resumed.

During the early years of the Second Temple, the highest religious authority was the [[Great Assembly]], led by [[Ezra]]. Among other accomplishments of the Great Assembly, the last books of the Hebrew Bible were written at this time and [[Development of the Hebrew Bible canon|the canon sealed]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2025}} [[Hellenistic Judaism]] spread to [[Ptolemaic Egypt]] from the 3rd century BCE, and its creation sparked widespread controversy in Jewish communities, starting "conflicts within Jewish communities about accommodating the cultures of occupying powers."{{sfn|Neusner|Avery-Peck|2003|pp=58–77}}{{sfn|Karesh|Hurvitz|2005|p=507}}

During the [[First Jewish–Roman War]] (66–73 CE), the [[Roman Empire|Romans]] sacked Jerusalem and destroyed the Second Temple.

===Post-Temple Judaism===
{{see also|Bar Kokhba revolt}}

Later, Roman emperor [[Hadrian]] built a pagan idol on the [[Temple Mount]] and prohibited circumcision. These acts of ethnocide provoked the [[Bar Kokhba revolt]] (132–136 CE), after which the Romans banned [[Torah study]] and the celebration of [[Jewish holidays]] and forcibly removed virtually all Jews from Judea. In 200 CE, however, Jews were granted Roman citizenship and Judaism was recognized as a ''[[religio licita]]'' ("legitimate religion") until the rise of [[Gnosticism]] and [[early Christianity]] in the fourth century.

Following the destruction of Jerusalem and the expulsion of the Jews, Jewish worship stopped being centrally organized around the Temple; prayer took the place of sacrifice; worship was conducted within the Jewish communities of the diaspora; and the authority of [[Rabbinic Judaism|rabbis]] who acted as teachers and leaders of individual communities was established.{{sfn|Neusner|Avery-Peck|2003|pp=78–92}}{{sfn|Schiffman|2003|p=}}
[[File:Western wall jerusalem night.jpg|thumb|The [[Western Wall]] in [[Jerusalem]] is a remnant of the wall encircling the [[Second Temple]]. The [[Temple Mount]] is the holiest site in Judaism.]]

====Judaism in pre-Islamic Arabia====
[[Judaism in pre-Islamic Arabia]] goes back to the pre-Christian period, and was concentrated in the northwest and south. In the fourth century, the ruling class of the [[Himyarite Kingdom]] of [[Pre-Islamic Arabia|pre-Islamic South Arabia]] converted to Judaism. This situation lasted until the early sixth century, when the [[Aksumite invasion of Himyar]], instigated by the massacre of [[Najran]], led to a transition to [[Christendom|Christian domination]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Robin |first=Christian Julien |title=The Cambridge history of Judaism |date=2021 |publisher=Cambridge university press |isbn=978-0-521-51717-1 |editor-last=Ackerman-Lieberman |editor-first=Phillip Isaac |location=Cambridge |pages= |chapter=Judaism in pre-Islamic Arabia}}</ref>

==Defining characteristics and principles of faith==
{{Further|God in Judaism}}
[[File:FULL-bodleian 32-000 kennicott-1 8a.jpg|thumb|[[Kennicott Bible]], a 1476 Spanish Tanakh]]
Unlike other ancient Near Eastern gods, the Jewish God is portrayed as unitary and solitary; consequently, the Jewish God's principal relationships are not with other gods, but with the world, and more specifically, with the people he created.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V8KGDwAAQBAJ&q=Nahum++1969+Understanding+Genesis|title=Understanding Genesis|last=Sarna|first=Nahum M.|date=1966|publisher=Schocken Books|isbn=978-0-8052-0253-3|pages=9–10, 14|access-date=20 October 2020|archive-date=10 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210203455/https://books.google.com/books?id=V8KGDwAAQBAJ&q=Nahum++1969+Understanding+Genesis|url-status=live}}</ref> Judaism thus begins with [[ethical monotheism]]: the belief that God is one ({{langx|hbo|rtl=yes|label=none|translit=haššēm ʾeḥād|translation=the Name [is] one|הַשֵּׁם אֶחָד}}) and concerned with the actions of humankind.<ref name="google1" /> According to the Hebrew Bible, God promised Abraham that he would make of his offspring a great nation.<ref name="everlasting" /> Many generations later, he commanded the Israelites to love and worship only one God; that is, the Jewish nation is to reciprocate God's concern for the world.<ref name="deuteronomy" /> He also commanded the Jewish people to love one another; that is, Jews are to imitate God's love for people.<ref name="leviticus" />

Thus, although there is an esoteric tradition in Judaism in [[Kabbalah]], Conservative rabbi and scholar [[Max Kadushin]] has characterized normative Judaism as "normal mysticism", because it involves everyday personal experiences of God through ways or modes that are common to all Jews.<ref name="publishing" /> This is played out through the observance of the ''Halakha'' and given verbal expression in the [[List of Jewish prayers and blessings|''Birkhot Ha-Mizvot'']] ({{langx|he|label=none|rtl=yes|translation=Blessings [of] the Mitzvot|בִּרְכוֹת הַמּצְווֹת}}), the short blessings recited every time a positive commandment is to be fulfilled:
{{blockquote|The ordinary, familiar, everyday things and occurrences we have, constitute occasions for the experience of God. Such things as one's daily sustenance, the very day itself, are felt as manifestations of God's loving-kindness, calling for the ''Berakhot''. ''[[Kedusha]]h'', holiness, which is nothing else than the imitation of God, is concerned with daily conduct, with being gracious and merciful, with keeping oneself from defilement by idolatry, adultery, and the shedding of blood. The ''Birkat Ha-Mitzwot'' evokes the consciousness of holiness at a rabbinic rite, but the objects employed in the majority of these rites are non-holy and of general character, while the several holy objects are [[Theurgy|non-theurgic]]. And not only do ordinary things and occurrences bring with them the experience of God. Everything that happens to a man evokes that experience, evil as well as good, for a ''Berakah'' is said also at evil tidings. Hence, although the experience of God is like none other, the ''occasions'' for experiencing Him, for having a consciousness of Him, are manifold, even if we consider only those that call for Berakot.<ref name="publishing2" />}}

Whereas [[Jewish philosophers]] often debate whether God is [[Immanence|immanent]] or [[Transcendence (religion)|transcendent]], and whether people have free will or their lives are determined, ''Halakha'' is a system through which Jews act to recognize God in the world. Ethical monotheism is central in all sacred or normative texts of Judaism. However, monotheism has not always been followed in practice. The Hebrew Bible records and repeatedly condemns the widespread worship of other gods in [[Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)|ancient Israel]].<ref name="mechon-mamre" /> In the [[Classical antiquity|Greco-Roman era]], many different interpretations of monotheism existed in Judaism, including the interpretations that gave rise to Christianity.<ref name="The Jewish roots of Christological monotheism: papers from the St. Andrews conference on the historical origins of the worship of Jesus" />

Moreover, some have argued that Judaism is a non-creedal religion that does not require one to believe in God.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283487502 |title=Is There a Jewish Theology or Not?|last=Maimes|first=Steven |date=Jan 2013|via=ResearchGate|access-date=19 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/must-a-jew-believe-in-god/|title=Must a Jew Believe in God?|last=Septimus|first=Daniel|work=My Jewish Learning|access-date=19 Nov 2018|publisher=70 / Faces Media|archive-date=25 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425200432/https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/must-a-jew-believe-in-god/|url-status=live}}</ref> For some, observance of ''Halakha'' is more important than belief in God ''per se''.<ref name="jovanovich" /> The debate about whether one can speak of authentic or normative Judaism is not only a debate among religious Jews but also among historians.{{sfn|Langton|2011|pp=161–4}}

===Core tenets===
{{Main|Jewish principles of faith}}

{{Quote box
| width = 35%
| align = right
| quote = Maimonides' 13 principles of faith, summarized:<ref>{{cite web |last1=Goldstein |first1=Meir |title=Foundations of Jewish Belief: Maimonides 13 Principles of Faith |url=https://www.sefaria.org/sheets/472256.9?lang=bi&with=AboutSheet&lang2=en |website=sefaria.org |access-date=8 May 2025}}</ref>
#There is a God
#There is one God
#God has no physical body
#God is eternal
#Only God may be worshipped
#Prophecy: God communicates with humans
#Moses was the greatest of the prophets
#Torah comes from God
#The Torah is the authentic word of God and may not be changed
#God is aware of all our deeds
#God rewards the righteous and punishes the wicked
#The Messiah will come
#The dead will be resurrected}}

Judaism does not possess fixed, universally binding articles of faith, in the same sense as those instituted by Christianity and Islam, though some are incorporated into the liturgy to a certain extent.<ref name="JEarticles">{{JewishEncyclopedia|author-link1=Kaufmann Kohler |last1=Kohler |first1=Kaufmann |author-link2=Emil G. Hirsch |last2=Hirsch |first2=Emil G. |title=Articles of Faith|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/1832-articles-of-faith}}</ref>{{sfn|Berlin|2011|pp=217–18|loc="Dogma"}} Scholars throughout [[Jewish history]] have proposed numerous formulations of Judaism's core tenets, all of which have met with criticism.<ref name="JEarticles" />{{sfn|Jacobs|2007|p=}}<ref name="montpelier" /> In the 12th century, [[Maimonides]] developed his [[13 principles of faith]], which is the most widely accepted formulation.<ref name="JEarticles" />{{sfn|Jacobs|2007|p=}} According to Maimonides, any Jew who rejects even one of these principles would be considered an [[Apostasy in Judaism|apostate]] and a [[Heresy in Judaism|heretic]].<ref name="mesora" /><ref name="Maimonides, 13 Principles of Faith" /> Jewish scholars have held points of view diverging in various ways from Maimonides's principles.<ref name="learning" /><ref name="The JPS guide to Jewish traditions" /> Thus, within [[Reform Judaism]] only the first five principles are endorsed.{{sfn|Mendes-Flohr|2005|p=}}

In Maimonides's time, his list of tenets was criticized by [[Hasdai Crescas]] and [[Joseph Albo]]. Albo and [[Abraham ben David]] argued that Maimonides' principles contained too many items that, while true, were not fundamentals of the faith.<ref name="JEarticles" />{{sfn|Jacobs|2007|p=}} Along these lines, the ancient Jewish historian [[Josephus]] emphasized practice and observances rather than theology, associating apostasy with a failure to observe ''Halakha'' and maintaining that the requirements for [[conversion to Judaism]] included [[circumcision]] and adherence to traditional customs. Maimonides' principles were largely ignored over the next few centuries.<ref name="medieval" /> Later, two poetic restatements of these principles (e.g., ''[[Ani Ma'amin]]'' and ''[[Yigdal]]'') became integrated into many Jewish liturgies,<ref name="JEarticles" />{{sfn|Mendes-Flohr|2005|p=}}<ref name="The Thirteen Principles of the Jewish Faith" /> leading to their eventual near-universal acceptance.<ref name="What Do Jews Believe?" /><ref name="traditions" />

The oldest instance of the [[Karaite Judaism|Karaite]] movement's formulation of articles of faith is found in the work of the 12th century figure [[Judah Hadassi]]:
{{blockquote|(1) God is the Creator of all created beings; (2) He is premundane and has no peer or associate; (3) the whole universe is created; (4) God called Moses and the other Prophets of the Biblical canon; (5) the Law of Moses alone is true; (6) to know the language of the Bible is a religious duty; (7) the Temple at Jerusalem is the palace of the world's Ruler; (8) belief in Resurrection contemporaneous with the advent of the Messiah; (9) final judgment; (10) retribution.|sign=Judah ben Elijah Hadassi|source=''Eshkol ha-Kofer''<ref name="JEarticles" />{{sfn|Berlin|2011|pp=217–18|loc="Dogma"}}}}

In modern times, Judaism lacks a centralized authority that dictates orthodoxies. Because of this, many variations on basic beliefs are considered within the scope of Judaism.<ref name="learning" /> Even so, all [[Jewish religious movements]] are, to a greater or lesser extent, based on the principles of the Hebrew Bible and various commentaries, including the Talmud and ''Midrash''. Judaism also universally recognizes the biblical [[Covenant (biblical)|covenant]] between God and the [[Patriarchs (Bible)|patriarch]] Abraham, as well as the additional aspects of the covenant revealed to [[Moses]], who is considered Judaism's greatest [[prophet]].<ref name="learning" /><ref name="ontario" /><ref name="How Do You Know the Exodus Really Happened?" /> In the Mishnah, a core text of [[Rabbinic Judaism]], acceptance of the divine origins of this covenant is considered an essential aspect of Judaism, and those who reject the covenant forfeit their share in the [[Jewish eschatology#World to come|world to come]].<ref name="sacred-texts" />

Establishing the core tenets of Judaism in the modern era is even more challenging, given the numerous and diverse contemporary Jewish religious movements. Even if restricting the problem to the most influential intellectual trends of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the matter remains complicated. Thus, for instance, Rav [[Joseph B. Soloveitchik]]'s (associated with [[Modern Orthodox Judaism]]) answer to modernity is constituted upon the identification of Judaism with following the ''Halakha'', whereas its ultimate goal is to bring holiness down to the world. Rabbi [[Mordecai Kaplan]], the originator of [[Reconstructionist Judaism]], abandons the idea of religion for the sake of identifying [[Judaism as a civilization]], and by means of the latter term and secular translation of the core ideas, he tries to embrace as many Jewish movements as possible. In turn, [[Solomon Schechter]]'s [[Conservative Judaism]] was identical with the tradition understood as the interpretation of Torah, in itself being the history of the creative interpretation and reinterpretation of the Hebrew Bible and ''Halakha''. Finally, [[David Philipson]] draws the outlines of the Reform movement by opposing it to the strict and traditional rabbinical approach and thus comes to conclusions somewhat similar to that of the Conservative movement.{{sfn|Mendes-Flohr|2005|p=}}<ref>{{Cite book |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/15006583 |chapter=Some Remarks on the Self-Images of the Modern Judaism. Textual Analysis |last=Kosior |first=Wojciech |title=Filozofia kultury |year=2015 |location=Kraków |pages=91–106 |editor= Piotr Mróz | publisher= Uniwersytet Jagielloński |archive-date=17 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817034301/https://www.academia.edu/15006583 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Religious texts==
[[File:Aleppo_Codex_(Deut).jpg|thumb|[[Aleppo Codex]], a Tanakh produced in [[Tiberias]] in the 10th century]]
The following is a basic, structured list of the central works of Jewish practice and thought:
* Tanakh<ref name="tanakh" />{{Unreliable source?|date=November 2020}} ([[Hebrew Bible]]) and [[Rabbinic literature]]
** [[Masoretic Text|Mesorah]]
** [[Targum]]
** Jewish Biblical [[exegesis]] (also see Midrash below)
* Works of the Talmudic Era (classic rabbinic literature)
** [[Mishnah]] and commentaries
** [[Tosefta]] and the [[minor tractates]]
** [[Talmud]]:
*** The [[Talmud#Babylonian Talmud|Babylonian Talmud]] and commentaries
*** [[Jerusalem Talmud]] and commentaries
* [[Midrash]]ic literature:
** [[Midrash Halakha|Halakhic Midrash]]
** [[Midrash#Aggadic midrashim|Aggadic Midrash]]
* [[Halakha|Halakhic]] literature
** Major codes of Jewish law and custom
*** [[Mishneh Torah]] and commentaries
*** [[Arba'ah Turim|Tur]] and commentaries
*** [[Shulchan Aruch]] and commentaries
** [[Responsa]] literature
* Thought and ethics
** [[Jewish philosophy]]
** [[Musar literature]] and other works of [[Jewish ethics]]
** [[Kabbalah]]
** [[Hasidic Judaism|Hasidic]] works
* [[Siddur]] and [[Jewish services|Jewish liturgy]]
* ''[[Piyyut]]'' (Classical Jewish poetry)
[[File:PikiWiki_Israel_44790_Tisha_BAv_at_the_Western_Wall.JPG|thumb|A man holds up a [[Sephardi Jews|Sephardi]]-style torah at the [[Western Wall]], Jerusalem]]

===Legal literature===
{{Main|Halakha}}

The basis of ''halakha'' and tradition is the [[Torah]] (also known as the [[Pentateuch]] or the Five Books of Moses). According to rabbinic tradition, there are [[613 mitzvot|613 commandments]] in the Torah. Some of these laws are directed only to men or to women, some only to the ancient priestly groups, the [[Kohen|Kohanim]] and [[Levite|Leviyim]] (members of the tribe of [[Levi]]), some only to farmers within the Land of Israel. Many laws were only applicable when the [[Temple in Jerusalem]] existed, and only 369 of these commandments are still applicable today.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/541686/jewish/How-Many-of-the-Torahs-Commandments-Still-Apply.htm|title=How Many of the Torah's Commandments Still Apply?|last=Danzinger|first=Eliezer|website=Chabad.org|access-date=5 June 2017|archive-date=15 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170615042210/http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/541686/jewish/How-Many-of-the-Torahs-Commandments-Still-Apply.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=May 2022}}

While there have been Jewish groups whose beliefs and practices were based on the written text of the Torah alone (e.g., the [[Sadducees]], and the [[Karaite Judaism|Karaites]]), most Jews follow the [[Oral law#Oral law in Judaism|oral law]]. These oral traditions were transmitted by the [[Pharisees|Pharisee]] school of thought in ancient Judaism and later recorded in writing and expanded upon by the rabbis.

According to Rabbinical Jewish tradition, God gave both the Written Law (the [[Torah]]) and the [[Oral Torah]] to Moses on [[Biblical Mount Sinai|Mount Sinai]]. The Oral law is the oral tradition as relayed by God to Moses and from him, transmitted and taught to the sages ([[rabbi]]nic leaders) of each subsequent generation.

For centuries, the Torah existed only as a written text transmitted alongside the oral tradition. Fearing that the oral teachings might be forgotten, Rabbi [[Judah haNasi]] undertook the mission of consolidating the various opinions into one body of law which became known as the ''Mishnah''.<ref>Codex Judaica Kantor 2006, p. 146" (as cited on [[Judah haNasi]])</ref>

The Mishnah consists of 63 tractates that codify ''halakha'', the basis of the Talmud. According to [[Abraham ben David]], the ''[[Mishnah]]'' was compiled by Rabbi [[Judah the Prince|Judah haNasi]] after the destruction of Jerusalem, in [[anno mundi]] 3949, which corresponds to 189 CE.<ref>Abraham ben David, ''Seder Ha-Kabbalah Leharavad'', Jerusalem 1971, p.16 (Hebrew) (as cited on [[Judah haNasi]])</ref>

Over the next four centuries, the Mishnah was discussed and debated in both the world's major Jewish communities (in Israel and [[History of the Jews in Iraq|Babylonia]]). The commentaries from each of these communities were eventually compiled into the two Talmuds, the Jerusalem Talmud (''Talmud Yerushalmi'') and the Babylonian Talmud (''Talmud Bavli''). These have been further expounded upon by the commentaries of various Torah scholars throughout the ages.

In the text of the Torah, many words are left undefined, and many procedures are mentioned without explanation or instructions. Such phenomena are sometimes offered to support the view that the Written Law has always been transmitted alongside a parallel oral tradition, thereby suggesting that the reader is already familiar with the details from other, i.e., oral, sources.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aishdas.org/student/oral.htm|title=Proofs for the Oral Law|last=Student|first=Gil|website=The AishDas Society|access-date=5 June 2017|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303180308/http://www.aishdas.org/student/oral.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

''Halakha'', the rabbinic Jewish way of life, is then based on a combined reading of the Torah and the oral tradition—the Mishnah, the halakhic Midrash, the Talmud, and its commentaries. The ''halakha'' has developed slowly, through a precedent-based system. The literature of questions to rabbis, and their considered answers, is referred to as [[responsa]] (Hebrew {{Transliteration|he|Sheelot U-Teshuvot}}). Over time, as practices develop, codes of ''halakha'' are written that are based on the responsa; the most important code, the [[Shulchan Aruch]], largely determines Orthodox religious practice today.

===Jewish philosophy===
{{Main|Jewish philosophy}}

[[File:Córdoba_2015_10_23_2637_(25613156304).jpg|thumb|Statue of [[Maimonides]] in [[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]], Spain]]
Jewish philosophy refers to the conjunction between serious study of philosophy and Jewish theology. Major Jewish philosophers include [[Philo|Philo of Alexandria]], [[Solomon ibn Gabirol]], [[Saadia Gaon]], [[Judah Halevi]], [[Maimonides]], and [[Gersonides]]. Major changes occurred in response to the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] (late 18th to early 19th century), leading to the emergence of post-Enlightenment Jewish philosophers. Modern Jewish philosophy encompasses both Orthodox and non-Orthodox perspectives. Notable among Orthodox Jewish philosophers are [[Eliyahu Eliezer Dessler]], [[Joseph B. Soloveitchik]], and [[Yitzchok Hutner]]. Well-known non-Orthodox Jewish philosophers include [[Martin Buber]], [[Franz Rosenzweig]], [[Mordecai Kaplan]], [[Abraham Joshua Heschel]], [[Will Herberg]], and [[Emmanuel Lévinas]].

===Rabbinic hermeneutics===
{{Quote box
| width = 35%
| align = right
| quote = 13 Principles of Hermeneutics:
# A law that operates under certain conditions will surely be operative in other situations where the same conditions are present in a more acute form
# A law operating in one situation will also be operative in another situation if the text characterizes both situations in identical terms.
# A law that clearly expresses the purpose it was meant to serve will also apply to other situations where the identical purpose may be served.
# When illustrative particulars follow a general rule, only those particulars are to be embraced by it.
# A law that begins with specifying particular cases, and then proceeds to an all-embracing generalization, is to be applied to particulars cases not specified but logically falling into the same generalization.
# A law that begins with a generalization as to its intended applications, then continues with the specification of particular cases, and then concludes with a restatement of the generalization, can be applied only to the particular cases specified.
# The rules about a generalization being followed or preceded by specifying particulars (rules 4 and 5) will not apply if it is apparent that the specification of the particular cases or the statement of the generalization is meant purely for achieving a greater clarity of language.
# A particular case already covered in a generalization that is nevertheless treated separately suggests that the same particularized treatment be applied to all other cases that are covered in that generalization.
# A penalty specified for a general category of wrongdoing is not to be automatically applied to a particular case that is withdrawn from the general rule to be specifically prohibited, but without any mention of the penalty.
# A general prohibition followed by a specified penalty may be followed by a particular case, normally included in the generalization, with a modification in the penalty, either toward easing it or making it more severe.
# A case logically falling into a general law but treated separately remains outside the provisions of the general law except in those instances where it is specifically included in them.
# Obscurities in Biblical texts may be cleared up from the immediate context or from subsequently occurring passages
# Contradictions in Biblical passages may be removed through the mediation of other passages.
| source = —[[Rabbi Ishmael|R. Ishmael]]<ref name="translated" />|
}}

[[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox]] and many other [[Jews]] do not believe that the revealed [[Torah]] consists solely of its written contents, but of its interpretations as well. The study of [[Torah]] (in its widest sense, including both poetry, narrative, and law, and both the Hebrew Bible and the Talmud) is, in Judaism, itself a sacred act of central importance. For the sages of the [[Mishnah]] and Talmud, and for their successors today, the study of Torah was therefore not merely a means to learn the contents of God's revelation, but an end in itself. According to the Talmud:
{{blockquote|These are the things for which a person enjoys the dividends in this world while the principal remains for the person to enjoy in the world to come; they are: honoring parents, loving deeds of kindness, and making peace between one person and another. But the study of the Torah is equal to them all. (Talmud Shabbat 127a).}}

In Judaism, "the study of [[Torah]] can be a means of experiencing God".<ref name="publishing3" /> Reflecting on the contribution of the [[Amoraim]] and [[Tanaim]] to contemporary Judaism, Professor Jacob Neusner observed:

{{blockquote|The rabbi's logical and rational inquiry is not mere logic-chopping. It is a most serious and substantive effort to locate in trivialities the fundamental principles of the revealed will of God to guide and sanctify the most specific and concrete actions in the workaday world. ... Here is the mystery of Talmudic Judaism: the alien and remote conviction that the intellect is an instrument not of unbelief and desacralization but of sanctification.<ref name="invitation" />}}

To study the Written Torah and the Oral Torah in light of each other is thus also to study ''how'' to study the word of God.

In the study of Torah, the sages formulated and followed various [[logic]]al and [[hermeneutics|hermeneutical]] principles. According to David Stern, all Rabbinic hermeneutics rest on two basic axioms:
{{blockquote|first, the belief in the omni-significance of Scripture, in the meaningfulness of its every word, letter, even (according to one famous report) scribal flourish; second, the claim of the essential unity of Scripture as the expression of the single divine will.<ref name="indeterminacy" />}}

These two principles make possible a great variety of interpretations. According to the Talmud:
{{blockquote|A single verse has several meanings, but no two verses hold the same meaning. It was taught in the school of R. Ishmael: 'Behold, My word is like fire—declares the Lord—and like a hammer that shatters rock' (Jer 23:29). Just as this hammer produces many sparks (when it strikes the rock), so a single verse has several meanings." (Talmud Sanhedrin 34a).}}

Observant Jews thus view the Torah as dynamic, because it contains within it a host of interpretations.<ref name="indeterminacy4" />

According to Rabbinic tradition, all valid interpretations of the [[written Torah]] were revealed to Moses at Sinai in oral form and handed down from teacher to pupil (the oral revelation is, in effect, coextensive with the Talmud itself). When different rabbis forwarded conflicting interpretations, they sometimes appealed to hermeneutic principles to legitimize their arguments; some rabbis claim that these principles were themselves revealed by God to Moses at Sinai.<ref name="indeterminacy5" />

Thus, [[Hillel the Elder|Hillel]] called attention to seven commonly used hermeneutical principles in the interpretation of laws ([[baraita]] at the beginning of [[Sifra]]); [[R. Ishmael]], thirteen (baraita at the beginning of Sifra; this collection is largely an amplification of that of Hillel).<ref name="introduction" /> [[Eliezer b. Jose ha-Gelili]] listed 32, largely used for the exegesis of narrative elements of Torah. All the hermeneutic rules scattered through the [[Talmudim]] and [[Midrashim]] have been collected by [[Malbim]] in ''Ayyelet ha-Shachar'', the introduction to his commentary on the [[Sifra]]. Nevertheless, R. Ishmael's 13 principles are perhaps the ones most widely known; they constitute an important, and one of Judaism's earliest, contributions to [[logic]], [[hermeneutics]], and [[jurisprudence]].<ref name="introduction6" /> [[Judah Hadassi]] incorporated Ishmael's principles into Karaite Judaism in the 12th century.<ref name="introduction7" /> Today, R. Ishmael's 13 principles are incorporated into the Jewish prayer book to be read by observant Jews daily.<ref name="jerusalem" /><ref name="congregations" /><ref name="publications" /><ref name="publication" />

==Jewish identity==

===Distinction between Jews as a people and Judaism===
According to [[Daniel Boyarin]], the underlying distinction between religion and ethnicity is foreign to Judaism itself, and is one form of the dualism between spirit and flesh that has its origin in [[Plato]]nic philosophy and that permeated [[Hellenistic Judaism]].<ref name="A radical Jew: Paul and the politics of identity" /> Consequently, in his view, Judaism does not fit easily into conventional Western categories, such as religion, ethnicity, or culture. Boyarin suggests that this in part reflects the fact that much of Judaism's more than 3,000-year history predates the rise of Western culture and occurred outside the West (that is, Europe, particularly medieval and modern Europe). During this time, Jews experienced slavery, anarchic and theocratic self-government, conquest, occupation, and exile. In the Jewish diaspora, they were in contact with, and influenced by, ancient Egyptian, Babylonian, Persian, and Hellenic cultures, as well as modern movements such as the Enlightenment (see [[Haskalah]]) and the rise of nationalism, which would bear fruit in the form of a Jewish state in their ancient homeland, the Land of Israel. Thus, Boyarin has argued that "Jewishness disrupts the very categories of identity, because it is not national, not genealogical, not religious, but all of these, in dialectical tension."<ref name="A radical Jew: Paul and the politics of identity10" />

In contrast to this point of view, practices such as [[Humanistic Judaism]] reject the religious aspects of Judaism, while retaining certain cultural traditions.

===Who is a Jew?===
{{Main|Who is a Jew?}}

According to [[Rabbinic Judaism]], a Jew is anyone who was either born of a Jewish mother or who [[Conversion to Judaism|converted to Judaism]] in accordance with ''halakha''<ref>{{cite web |last1=Freeman |first1=Tzvi |title=What is a Jew |url=https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/3854897/jewish/What-Is-a-Jew.htm |website=Chabad |access-date=January 15, 2026}}</ref>. [[Reconstructionist Judaism]] and the larger denominations of worldwide [[Reform Judaism|Progressive Judaism]] (also known as Liberal or Reform Judaism) accept the child as Jewish if one of the parents is Jewish, if the parents raise the child with a Jewish identity, but not the smaller regional branches.{{Clarify|date=December 2015}} All mainstream forms of Judaism today are open to sincere converts, although conversion has traditionally been discouraged since the time of the Talmud. The conversion process is evaluated by an authority, and the convert is examined on his or her sincerity and knowledge.<ref name="Who is a Jew?" /> Converts are called "ben Abraham" or "bat Abraham", (son or daughter of Abraham). Conversions have on occasion been overturned. In 2008, Israel's highest religious court invalidated the conversion of 40,000 Jews, mostly from Russian immigrant families, even though they had been approved by an Orthodox rabbi.<ref>Samuel G. Freedman, [https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/07/us/strains-grow-between-israel-and-many-jews-in-the-us.html "Strains Grow Between Israel and Many Jews in the U.S."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309013811/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/07/us/strains-grow-between-israel-and-many-jews-in-the-us.html |date=9 March 2021 }} ''[[The New York Times]]'', 6 February 2015</ref>

Rabbinical Judaism maintains that a Jew, whether by birth or conversion, is a Jew forever. Thus a Jew who claims to be an atheist or converts to another religion is still considered by traditional Judaism to be Jewish. According to some sources, the Reform movement has maintained that a Jew who has converted to another religion is no longer a Jew,<ref name="university" /> and the Israeli Government has also taken that stance after Supreme Court cases and statutes.<ref name="Law of Return 5710-1950" /> However, the Reform movement has indicated that this is not so cut and dried, and different situations call for consideration and differing actions. For example, Jews who have converted under duress may be permitted to return to Judaism "without any action on their part but their desire to rejoin the Jewish community" and "A proselyte who has become an apostate remains, nevertheless, a Jew".<ref name="Jacob, Walter (1987). Contemporary American Reform Responsa. Mars, PA: Publishers Choice Book Mfg." />

[[Karaite Judaism]] believes that Jewish identity can only be transmitted by patrilineal descent. Although a minority of modern Karaites believe that Jewish identity requires that both parents be Jewish, and not only the father. They argue that only patrilineal descent can transmit Jewish identity on the grounds that all descent in the Torah went according to the male line.<ref name="JEkaraites" />

The question of what determines Jewish identity in the State of Israel was given new impetus when, in the 1950s, [[David Ben-Gurion]] requested opinions on ''mihu Yehudi'' ("Who is a Jew") from Jewish religious authorities and intellectuals worldwide in order to settle citizenship questions. This is still not settled, and occasionally resurfaces in [[Politics of Israel|Israeli politics]].

Historical definitions of [[Jewish identity]] have traditionally been based on ''halakhic'' definitions of matrilineal descent, and ''halakhic'' conversions. Historical definitions of who is a Jew date back to the codification of the Oral Torah into the Babylonian Talmud, around 200 [[Common Era|CE]]. Interpretations of sections of the Tanakh, such as [[Book of Deuteronomy|Deuteronomy]] 7:1–5, by Jewish sages, are used as a warning against [[Interfaith marriage in Judaism|intermarriage]] between Jews and [[Canaan#Canaanites|Canaanites]] because "[the non-Jewish husband] will cause your child to turn away from Me and they will worship the gods (i.e., idols) of others."<ref>{{bibleverse|Deuteronomy|7:1–5}}</ref> Leviticus 24 says that the son in a marriage between a Hebrew woman and an [[Egyptians|Egyptian]] man is "of the community of Israel."<ref>{{bibleverse|Leviticus|24:10}}</ref> This is complemented by Ezra 10, where Israelites returning from Babylon vow to put aside their [[gentile]] wives and their children.<ref>{{bibleverse|Ezra|10:2–3}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shamash.org/lists/scj-faq/HTML/faq/10-11.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961018024300/http://shamash.org/lists/scj-faq/HTML/faq/10-11.html|archive-date=18 October 1996|title=What is the origin of Matrilineal Descent?|access-date=9 January 2009|date=4 September 2003|publisher=Shamash.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.torah.org/qanda/seequanda.php?id=318 |title=What is the source of the law that a child is Jewish only if its mother is Jewish? |access-date=9 January 2009 |publisher=Torah.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081224205847/http://www.torah.org/qanda/seequanda.php?id=318 |archive-date=24 December 2008 }}</ref> A popular theory is that the rape of Jewish women in captivity brought about the law of Jewish identity being inherited through the maternal line, although scholars challenge this theory citing the Talmudic establishment of the law from the pre-exile period.<ref name="Klein2016">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0BC_DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA6|title=Lost Jews: The Struggle for Identity Today|author=Emma Klein|year= 2016|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-349-24319-8|pages=6–}}</ref><ref name="Schott2010">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6iFx-wHhMJMC&pg=PA67|title=Birth, Death, and Femininity: Philosophies of Embodiment|author=Robin May Schott|year=2010|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-00482-6|pages=67–|access-date=6 April 2018|archive-date=10 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210203459/https://books.google.com/books?id=6iFx-wHhMJMC&pg=PA67|url-status=live}}</ref> Since the anti-religious ''[[Haskalah]]'' movement of the late 18th and 19th centuries, ''halakhic'' interpretations of Jewish identity have been challenged.<ref>Dosick (2007), pp. 56–57.</ref>

===Jewish demographics===
{{Main|Jewish population by country}}

The total number of Jews worldwide is difficult to assess because the definition of "who is a Jew" is problematic; not all Jews identify themselves as Jewish, and some who identify as Jewish are not considered so by other Jews. According to the ''Jewish Year Book'' (1901), the global Jewish population in 1900 was around 11 million. The latest available data is from the World Jewish Population Survey of 2002 and the Jewish Year Calendar (2005). In 2002, according to the Jewish Population Survey, there were 13.3 million Jews around the world. The Jewish Year Calendar cites 14.6 million. It is 0.25% of world population.{{sfn|Mendes-Flohr|2005|p=}}

Jewish population growth is currently near zero percent, with 0.3% growth from 2000 to 2001. The overall growth rate of [[Israeli Jews|Jews in Israel]] is 1.7% annually, and is consistently growing through [[natural population growth]] and extensive immigration.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/164179|title=Data: Arab Growth Slows, Still Higher than Jewish Rate|date=14 January 2013|publisher=Israel National News|access-date=6 September 2014|archive-date=26 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826113031/http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/164179|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Jewish diaspora|diaspora countries]], by contrast, have low Jewish birth rates, an increasingly elderly age composition, high rates of [[Interfaith marriage in Judaism|interreligious marriage]] and a negative balance of people leaving Judaism versus those joining.<ref>{{Citation|last=DellaPergola|first=Sergio|chapter=World Jewish Population, 2015|date=2016|volume=115|pages=273–364|editor-last=Dashefsky|editor-first=Arnold|publisher=Springer International Publishing|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-24505-8_7|isbn=978-3-319-24503-4|editor2-last=Sheskin|editor2-first=Ira M.|title=American Jewish Year Book 2015 }}</ref>

In 2022, the world Jewish population was estimated at 15.2 million, with the majority living in one of two countries: Israel and the United States.<ref>{{cite web|first=Judy|last=Maltz|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2022-04-26/ty-article/world-jewish-population-totals-15-2-million-with-nearly-half-in-israel/00000180-66f6-d5ca-a986-7eff58900000|title=World Jewish Population Totals 15.2 Million – With Nearly Half in Israel|date=26 April 2022|publisher=Haaretz|access-date=26 June 2023|archive-date=26 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230626023319/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2022-04-26/ty-article/world-jewish-population-totals-15-2-million-with-nearly-half-in-israel/00000180-66f6-d5ca-a986-7eff58900000|url-status=live}}</ref> About 46.6% of all Jews resided in [[Israel]] (6.9 million) and another 6 million Jews resided in the United States, with most of the remainder living in Europe, and other groups spread throughout Canada, Latin America, Asia, Africa, and Australia.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/israels-jewish-population-passes-7-million-on-eve-of-rosh-hashanah/|title=Israel's Jewish population passes 7 million on eve of Rosh Hashanah|date=25 April 2022|publisher=Times of israel|access-date=26 June 2023|archive-date=26 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230626022400/https://www.timesofisrael.com/israels-jewish-population-passes-7-million-on-eve-of-rosh-hashanah/|url-status=live}}</ref>
Jewish demographics represent diverse historical and cultural trajectories.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Types of Jews |url=https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/types-of-jews/ |access-date=2024-11-18 |website=My Jewish Learning |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Ashkenazi Jews]], [[Sephardic Jews]], Ethiopian Jews ([[Beta Israel]]), [[Mizrahi Jews]], and [[Romaniote Jews]], may possess unique customs and practices.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jewish Ethnicity {{!}} People, History & Ethnic Groups |url=https://study.com/academy/lesson/jewish-ethnic-groups.html |access-date=2024-11-18 |website=study.com}}</ref>

In Israel, the classification of Jewish observance into categories like [[Haredi Judaism|Haredi]], [[Religious Zionism|Dati]], [[Masortim|Masorti]], and [[Hiloni]] was developed by sociologists and researchers studying the religious and cultural landscape of Israeli society. These distinctions emerged from surveys and studies conducted by the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics and scholars such as Shmuel Sandler, who explored how religious practices varied among different segments of the Jewish population. The categories were created to better understand the range of religious adherence, from the ultra-Orthodox Haredim to the secular Hilonim, with Dati and Masorti representing intermediary groups.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mitchell |first=Travis |date=2016-03-08 |title=4. Religious commitment |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religious-landscape-study/2016/03/08/religious-commitment/ |access-date=2024-11-18 |website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== 2020 population estimate===
[[File:2020+ Proportion of people in world religions.svg |thumb |Global percentage of adherents by religion. Jews comprise about 0.2% of the world's population.<ref name=Pew_20250609>{{cite web |last1=Hackett |first1=Conrad |last2=Stonawski |first2=Marcin |last3=Tong |first3=Yunping |last4=Kramer |first4=Stephanie |last5=Shi |first5=Anne |last6=Fahmy |first6=Dalia |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/how-the-global-religious-landscape-changed-from-2010-to-2020/ |publisher=Pew Research Center |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260222070137/https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/how-the-global-religious-landscape-changed-from-2010-to-2020/ |archive-date=22 February 2026 |date=9 June 2025 |url-status=live |quote=Source: Pew Research Center estimates based on more than 2,700 censuses and surveys. "How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020"}}</ref>]]
According to Pew Research Center (2020), about 85% of the global Jewish population of 14,780,000 is concentrated in two countries: [[Israel]] and the [[United States]], which are the only nations with Jewish populations exceeding one million. Jews constitute 0.2% of the world's population. Outside of these two primary countries, the nations with the largest Jewish populations, in descending order, are [[France]], [[Canada]], the [[United Kingdom]], [[Argentina]], and [[Russia]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/jewish-population-change/|title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020: 8. Jewish population change|date=9 June 2025|access-date=10 February 2026|website=[[Pew Research Center]]}}</ref> Even though Jewish birth rates are similar to the global average, the overall population has grown more slowly because it is older on average. By 2010, about one in three Jews worldwide was aged 50 or above, giving Jews the largest proportion of older adults among major religious groups.<ref name="Pew_20250609" />

Jewish communities are highly concentrated geographically: 96% live in the ten countries with the largest Jewish populations, totaling 14.2 million people. About 500,000 Jews live elsewhere in the world.<ref name="Pew_20250609" /> Today, roughly 27,000 Jews reside in Muslim-majority countries,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rosenberg|first=Jerry M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bdAdAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA44|title=The Rebirth of the Middle East|date=28 September 2009|publisher=Hamilton Books|isbn=978-0-7618-4846-2|language=en}}</ref> mainly in [[Turkey]] (14,200),<ref>{{cite book|title=Kinship and Consent: Jewish Political Tradition and Its Contemporary Uses| first1=Daniel|last1= L. Elazar |year= 2020| isbn= 9781000677782| page =|publisher=Routledge|quote=Today Turkish Jewry remains the largest Jewish community in the Muslim world.}}</ref> [[Iran]] (9,100), and [[Azerbaijan]] (5,000). In the Arab world, the biggest Jewish populations are found in [[Morocco]] (2,000), [[Tunisia]] (1,000), and the [[United Arab Emirates]] (500).<ref>{{cite web|title=Jewish Population Rises to 15.7 Million Worldwide in 2023|url=https://www.jewishagency.org/jewish-population-rises-to-15-7-million-worldwide-in-2023/?|publisher=Jewish Agency|date=15 September 2023}}</ref>

Regionally, the Jewish population increased in the [[Middle East and North Africa]] (up 18% to nearly 7 million), and grew slightly in Asia-Pacific (2%) and North America (1%). It declined in [[sub-Saharan Africa]] (down 37% to 50,000), [[Latin America]]–[[Caribbean]] (down 12% to 390,000), and [[Europe]] (down 8% to 1.3 million). Despite these shifts, Jews remained a small and generally stable share of regional populations.<ref name="Pew_20250609" />

==Jewish religious movements==
{{Main|Jewish religious movements}}
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scroll}}

===Rabbinic Judaism===
Rabbinic Judaism (or in some older sources, Rabbinism;<ref>{{Cite web |title=RABBI |url=https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/12494 |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=www.jewishencyclopedia.com |quote=After the foundation for a scientific treatment of Jewish history and religion had been laid by Leopold Zunz and his colaborers, a number of enthusiastic young rabbis, struggling against the most violent opposition, strove to bring about a reconciliation of ''rabbinism'' with the modern scientific spirit |archive-date=10 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010133923/https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/12494 |url-status=live }}</ref> Hebrew: "Yahadut Rabanit" – יהדות רבנית) has been the mainstream form of Judaism since the 6th century CE, after the codification of the Talmud. It is characterised by the belief that the [[Written Torah]] (Written Law) cannot be correctly interpreted without reference to the Oral Torah and the voluminous literature specifying what behavior is sanctioned by the Law.{{sfn|Neusner|Avery-Peck|2003|pp=78–92}}{{sfn|Schiffman|2003|p=}}<ref name="Brabbinic" />

The [[Jewish Enlightenment]] of the late 18th century resulted in the division of Western Jewry (primarily, the [[Ashkenazi Jews|Ashkenazi]], but also western part of [[Sephardic Jews|Sephardim]] and [[Italian Jews|Italian rite Jews]], a.k.a. ''Italkim'', and Greek [[Romaniote Jews]]—both last groups are considered distinct from Ashkenazim and Sephardim) into religious movements or denominations, especially in North America and Anglophone countries. The main denominations today outside Israel (where the situation is rather different){{sfn|Deshen|Liebman|Shokeid|2017}} are Orthodox, Conservative, and Reform. The notion "traditional Judaism" includes the Orthodox with Conservative{{sfn|Jacobs|2007|p=}} or solely the Orthodox Jews:{{sfn|Rudavsky|1979|pp=98–115}}{{sfn|Mendes-Flohr|2005|p=}}
[[File:Haredi (Orthodox) Jewish Couples at Bus Stop - Outside Old City - Jerusalem (5684561290).jpg|thumb|Two Haredi Jewish couples at a bus stop in Jerusalem]] [[File:PikiWiki Israel 29771 Kiryat Belz.jpg|thumb|Hasids at front of [[Belz Great Synagogue]], Jerusalem]]
* [[Orthodox Judaism]] holds that both the Written and Oral Torah were divinely revealed to [[Moses]] and that the laws within it are binding and unchanging. Orthodox Jews generally consider commentaries on the ''[[Shulchan Aruch]]'' (a condensed codification of ''halakha'' that largely favoured Sephardic traditions) to be the definitive codification of ''halakha''. Orthodoxy places a high importance on [[13 Principles of Faith|Maimonides' 13 principles]] as a definition of Jewish faith.

:Orthodoxy is often divided into [[Haredi Judaism]] and [[Modern Orthodox Judaism]]. Haredi is less accommodating to modernity and has less interest in non-Jewish disciplines, and it may be distinguished from [[Modern Orthodox Judaism]] in practice by its styles of dress and more stringent practices. Subsets of Haredi Judaism along both ethnic and ideological lines include [[Hardal]] ("Nationalist Haredi" within [[Religious Zionism]]); [[Hasidic Judaism]], which is rooted in the [[Kabbalah]] and distinguished by reliance on a [[Rebbe]]{{sfn|Jacobs|2003|loc="Rebbe, Hasidic"}} or religious teacher; their traditionalist opponents the ''[[Misnagdim]]'' (also known as Lithuanian or ''Lita'im''); and [[Sephardic Haredi]] Judaism, which emerged among [[Sephardic]] and [[Mizrahi Jews|Mizrahi]] (Asian and North African) Jews in Israel.{{sfn|Rudavsky|1979|pp=218–270, 367–402}}{{sfn|Raphael|1984|pp=125–176}}{{sfn|Nadler|1997}}{{sfn|Neusner|Avery-Peck|2003|pp=311–333}}{{sfn|Jacobs|2003|loc="Orthodox Judaism"}}{{sfn|Zohar|2005|p=}}{{sfn|Segal|2008|pp=113–117}} "Centrist" Orthodoxy ([[Joseph B. Soloveitchik]]) is sometimes also distinguished.{{sfn|Segal|2008|pp=121–123}}
[[File:Rabot - Torah.JPG|thumb|Conservative women rabbis, Israel]]
* [[Conservative Judaism]] (known as ''Masorti Judaism'' outside North America and Israel) is characterized by a commitment to traditional ''halakha'' and customs, including observance of [[Shabbat]] and [[kashrut]], a deliberately non-fundamentalist teaching of Jewish principles of faith, a positive attitude toward modern culture, and an acceptance of both traditional rabbinic and modern scholarship when considering Jewish religious texts. Conservative Judaism teaches that ''halakha'' is not static, but has always developed in response to changing conditions. It holds that the Torah is a divine document written by prophets inspired by God and reflecting his will, but rejects the Orthodox position that it was dictated by God to Moses.{{sfn|Rudavsky|1979|pp=317–346}}{{sfn|Raphael|1984|pp=79–124}}{{sfn|Gillman|1993}}{{sfn|Neusner|Avery-Peck|2003|pp=334–353}}{{sfn|Jacobs|2003|loc="Conservative Judaism"}}{{sfn|Elazar|Geffen|2012|p=}}<ref name="Torah MiSinai:Conservative Views" /><ref name="Conservative Judaism" /> Conservative Judaism holds that the Oral Law is divine and normative, but holds that both the Written and Oral Law may be interpreted by the rabbis to reflect modern sensibilities and suit modern conditions.
* [[Reform Judaism]], called Liberal or Progressive Judaism in many countries, defines Judaism in relatively universalist terms, rejects most of the ritual and ceremonial laws of the [[Torah]] while observing moral laws, and emphasizes the ethical call of the [[Nevi'im|Prophets]]. Reform Judaism has developed an egalitarian prayer service in the vernacular (along with Hebrew in many cases) and emphasizes personal connection to Jewish tradition.{{sfn|Rudavsky|1979|pp=156–185, 285–316}}{{sfn|Raphael|1984|pp=1–78}}{{sfn|Meyer|1988|pp=177–194}}{{sfn|Neusner|Avery-Peck|2003|pp=291–310}}{{sfn|Jacobs|2003|loc="Reform Judaism"}}{{sfn|Karesh|Hurvitz|2005|pp=419–422|loc="Reform Judaism"}}
* [[Reconstructionist Judaism]], like Reform Judaism, does not hold that ''halakha'', as such, requires observance, but unlike Reform, Reconstructionist thought emphasizes the role of the community in deciding what observances to follow. It is sometimes recognized as the fourth major stream of Judaism.{{sfn|Rudavsky|1979|pp=347–366}}{{sfn|Raphael|1984|pp=177–194}}{{sfn|Wertheimer|1993|p=169}}{{sfn|Jacobs|2003|loc="Reconstructionism"}}{{sfn|Mendes-Flohr|2005}}{{sfn|Karesh|Hurvitz|2005|pp=416–418|loc="Reconstructionist Judaism"}}
* [[Jewish Renewal]] is a recent North American movement which focuses on spirituality and social justice but does not address issues of ''halakha''. Men and women participate equally in prayer.<ref name="Magid2005">{{cite encyclopedia |surname=Magid |given=Shaul |author-link=Shaul Magid |year=2005 |title=Jewish Renewal Movement |editor-surname=Jones |editor-given=Lindsay |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Religion |place=Farmington Hills, Mi |publisher=Macmillan Reference USA |edition=2nd |volume=7 |pages=4868–74 |format=PDF |url=https://www.academia.edu/41218249 |isbn=0-02-865740-3 |access-date=19 June 2023 |archive-date=7 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407073638/https://www.academia.edu/41218249 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|Segal|2008|pp=123–129}}
* [[Humanistic Judaism]] is a small non-theistic movement centered in North America and Israel that emphasizes [[Jewish culture]] and history as the sources of Jewish identity.{{sfn|Karesh|Hurvitz|2005|p=221|loc="Humanistic Judaism"}}<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |entry=Humanistic Judaism |surname=Cohn-Sherbok |given=Dan |author-link=Dan Cohn-Sherbok |title=Encyclopedia of new religious movements |pages=288–289 |publisher=Routledge |year=2006 |editor-surname=Clarke |editor-given=Peter B. |editor-link=Peter B. Clarke |place=London; New York |url={{Google books|id=heeCAgAAQBAJ|plainurl=y|page=|keywords=|text=}} |isbn=9-78-0-415-26707-6}}</ref>
* [[Subbotniks]] (Sabbatarians) are a movement of Jews of [[Russians|Russian]] ethnic origin in the 18th–20th centuries, the majority of whom belonged to Rabbinic and Karaite Judaism.<ref>{{JewishEncyclopedia |author-link=Herman Rosenthal |surname=Rosenthal |given=Herman |surname2=Hurwitz |given2=S. |entry=Subbotniki ("Sabbatarians") |entry-url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/14094-subbotniki}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author-link=Glenn Dynner |last=Dynner |first=Glenn |title=Holy Dissent: Jewish and Christian Mystics in Eastern Europe |place=Detroit, Mi |publisher=Wayne State University Press |year=2011 |url={{Google books|id=bYnlGaeUBx0C|plainurl=y|page=358|keywords=|text=}} |isbn=978-0-8143-3597-0 |pages=358–359 |archive-date=2023-02-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210203459/https://books.google.com/books?id=bYnlGaeUBx0C&pg=PT358 |url-status=live}}</ref> Many settled in the [[Holy Land]] as part of the Zionist [[First Aliyah]] in order to escape oppression in the Russian Empire and later mostly intermarried with other Jews, their descendants included [[Alexander Zaïd]], Major-General Alik Ron,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3992298,00.html |title=Russia's Subbotnik Jews get rabbi |author=Weiss, Ruchama |author2=Brackman, Levi |publisher=Israel Jewish Scene |date=9 December 2010 |access-date=2015-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501183834/https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3992298,00.html |url-status=live |archive-date=2021-05-01}}</ref> and the mother of [[Ariel Sharon]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4497612,00.html |title=Subbotnik Jews to resume aliyah |author=Eichner, Itamar |publisher=Israel Jewish Scene |date=11 March 2014 |access-date=2014-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140409152315/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4497612,00.html |url-status=live |archive-date=2014-04-09}}</ref>

====Sephardic and Mizrahi Judaism====
{{see also|Sephardic Haredim|Sephardic law and customs}}
[[File:Synagogue_de_la_Ghriba_Djerba_11.jpg|thumb|[[El Ghriba synagogue]] in [[Djerba]], Tunisia]]

While [[Minhag|traditions and customs]] vary between discrete communities, it can be said that [[Sephardi]] (Iberian, for example, most [[History of the Jews in France|Jews from France]] and [[Sephardic Jews in the Netherlands|the Netherlands]]) and [[Mizrahi Jews|Mizrahi]] (Oriental) Jewish communities do not generally adhere to the "movement" framework popular in and among [[Ashkenazi]] Jewry.<ref>{{cite web |last=Elazar|first=Daniel|title=Can Sephardic Judaism be Reconstructed?|url=http://www.jcpa.org/dje/articles3/sephardic.htm|website=Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs|access-date=2018-05-15|archive-date=22 October 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061022155306/http://www.jcpa.org/dje/articles3/sephardic.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Historically, Sephardi and Mizrahi communities have eschewed denominations in favour of a "big tent" approach.<ref>{{cite news |last=Jager |first=Elliot |title=Sephardi Judaism Straining to Stay Non-Denominational|url=https://www.jpost.com/Jerusalem-Report/Sephardi-Judaism-Straining-to-Stay-Non-Denominational-513181|newspaper=The Jerusalem Post |access-date=2018-05-15|archive-date=16 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516014757/https://www.jpost.com/Jerusalem-Report/Sephardi-Judaism-Straining-to-Stay-Non-Denominational-513181|url-status=live}}</ref> This is particularly the case in contemporary Israel, which is home to the largest communities of Sephardi and Mizrahi Jews in the world. (However, individual Sephardi and Mizrahi Jews or some their communities may be members of or attend synagogues that do adhere to one Ashkenazi-inflected movement or another.){{sfn|Zohar|2005|p=}} Among the pioneers of Reform Judaism in the 1820s there was the Sephardic congregation [[Kahal Kadosh Beth Elohim|Beth Elohim]] in [[Charleston, South Carolina]].{{sfn|Meyer|1988|pp=232–235}} A part of the European Sephardim were also linked with the Judaic modernization.<ref>{{cite journal |surname=Ferziger |given=Adam S. |author-link=Adam Ferziger |title=Between 'Ashkenazi' and Sepharad: An Early Modern German Rabbinic Response to Religious Pluralism in the Spanish-Portuguese Community |journal=Studia Rosenthaliana |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |date=Spring 2001 |volume=35 |number=1 |pages=7–22 |url=https://www.academia.edu/36844984 |jstor=41482436 |access-date=6 July 2023 |archive-date=16 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716001528/https://www.academia.edu/36844984 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Sephardi and Mizrahi observance of Judaism tends toward the traditional (Orthodox) and [[Nusach (Jewish custom)|prayer rites]] are reflective of this, with the text of each rite being largely unchanged since their respective inception. Observant Sephardim may follow the teachings of a particular rabbi or school of thought; for example, the Sephardic [[Chief Rabbinate of Israel|Chief Rabbi of Israel]].{{sfn|Zohar|2005|p=}}{{sfn|Deshen|Liebman|Shokeid|2017|loc=Part 5 "The Sephardic Pattern"}}{{sfn|Berlin|2011|p=166|loc="Chief Rabbinate"}}

====Jewish movements in Israel====
{{Main|Religion in Israel}}

In Israel, as in the West, Judaism is also divided into major Orthodox, Conservative and Reform traditions.<ref name="Tabory1990">{{cite book |year=2004 |orig-date=1990 |surname=Tabory |given=Ephraim |chapter=Reform and Conservative Judaism in Israel |title=Social Foundations of Judaism |editor-surname=Goldscheider |editor-given=Calvin |editor-surname2=Neusner |editor-given2=Jacob |editor-link2=Jacob Neusner |place=Eugene, Or |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publ. |edition=Reprint |pages=240–258 |chapter-url= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2TxLAwAAQBAJ |isbn=1-59244-943-3 |access-date=24 June 2023 |archive-date=24 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624193459/https://books.google.com/books?id=2TxLAwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|Deshen|Liebman|Shokeid|2017|loc=Ch. 18 "Americans in the Israeli Reform and Conservative Denominations"}}<ref name="Beit-Hallahmi">{{cite encyclopedia |surname=Beit-Hallahmi |given=Benjamin |author-link=Benjamin Beit-Hallahmi |entry=Jewish Religious Life in State of Israel |editor-surname=Berlin |editor-given=Adele |editor-link=Adele Berlin |title=The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion |edition=2nd |pages=385–387 |entry-url={{Google books|id=hKAaJXvUaUoC|plainurl=y|page=385|keywords=|text=}} |year=2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |place=Oxford; New York |url={{Google books|id=hKAaJXvUaUoC|plainurl=y}} |isbn=978-0-19-975927-9}}</ref> At the same time, for statistical and practical purposes, a different division of society is used there on the basis of a person's attitude to religion.

Most Jewish Israelis classify themselves as "[[Jewish secularism|secular]]" (''[[hiloni]]''), "traditional" (''[[masortim|masorti]]''), "religious" (''[[Orthodox Judaism|dati]]'') or "ultra-religious" (''[[Haredi Judaism|haredi]]'').<ref name="Beit-Hallahmi" /><ref name="Kedem">{{cite book |surname=Kedem |given=Peri |chapter=Demensions of Jewish Religiosity |year=2017 |orig-date=1995 |editor-surname=Deshen |editor-given=Shlomo |editor-surname2=Liebman |editor-given2=Charles S. |editor-link2=Charles Liebman |editor-surname3=Shokeid |editor-given3=Moshe |editor-link3=Moshe Shokeid |title=Israeli Judaism: The Sociology of Religion in Israel |series=Studies of Israeli Society, 7 |place=London; New York |publisher=Routledge |pages=33–62 |edition=Reprint |chapter-url={{Google books|id=XCNHDwAAQBAJ|plainurl=y|page=33}} |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XCNHDwAAQBAJ |isbn=978-1-56000-178-2 |access-date=7 July 2023 |archive-date=7 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707163510/https://books.google.com/books?id=XCNHDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> The term "secular" is more popular as a self-description among Israeli families of western (European) origin, whose Jewish identity may be a very powerful force in their lives, but who see it as largely independent of traditional religious belief and practice. This portion of the population largely ignores organized religious life, be it of the official Israeli rabbinate (Orthodox) or of the liberal movements common to diaspora Judaism (Reform, Conservative).

The term "traditional" (''masorti'') is most common as a self-description among Israeli families of "eastern" origin (i.e., the Middle East, Central Asia, and North Africa). This term, as commonly used, has nothing to do with Conservative Judaism, which also names itself "Masorti" outside North America. Only a few authors, like Elliot Nelson Dorff, consider the American Conservative (masorti) movement and Israeli masorti sector to be one and the same.{{sfn|Berlin|2011|p=350}} There is a great deal of ambiguity in the ways "secular" and "traditional" are used in Israel: they often overlap, and they cover an extremely wide range in terms of worldview and practical religious observance. The term "Orthodox" is not popular in Israeli discourse, although the percentage of Jews who come under that category is far greater than in the Jewish diaspora. What would be called "Orthodox" in the diaspora includes what is commonly called ''dati'' (religious, including [[Religious Zionism|religious zionist]]) or ''haredi'' (ultra-Orthodox) in Israel.<ref name="Beit-Hallahmi" /><ref name="Kedem" /> The former term includes what is called "religious Zionism" or the "National Orthodox" community, as well as what has become known over the past decade or so as ''haredi-leumi'' ([[nationalism|nationalist]] ''haredi''), or "Hardal", which combines a largely ''haredi'' lifestyle with nationalist ideology. (Some people, in [[Yiddish]], also refer to observant Orthodox Jews as ''[[frum]]'', as opposed to ''frei'' (more liberal Jews)).{{sfn|Deshen|Liebman|Shokeid|2017|loc=Part 4 "Nationalist Orthodoxy"}}

===Karaites and Samaritans===
[[Karaite Judaism]] defines itself as the remnants of the non-Rabbinic Jewish sects of the [[Second Temple]] period, such as the [[Sadducees]]. The Karaites ("Scripturalists") accept only the Hebrew Bible and what they view as the [[Peshat]] ("simple" meaning); they do not accept non-biblical writings as authoritative. Some European Karaites do not see themselves as part of the Jewish community at all, although most do.<ref name="JEkaraites">{{JewishEncyclopedia|first1=Kaufmann |last1=Kohler |author-link1=Kaufmann Kohler |first2=Abraham|last2=Harkavy| author-link2= Abraham Harkavy |title=Karaites and Karaism|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/9211-karaites-and-karaism}}</ref>

The [[Samaritans]], a very small community located entirely around [[Mount Gerizim]] in the [[Nablus]]/[[Shechem]] region of the [[West Bank]] and in [[Holon]], near [[Tel Aviv]] in Israel, regard themselves as the descendants of the Israelites of the Iron Age [[Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)|kingdom of Israel]]. Their religious practices are based on the literal text of the written [[Torah]] (Five Books of Moses), which they view as the only authoritative scripture (with a special regard also for the [[Book of Joshua (Samaritan)|Samaritan Book of Joshua]]).
[[File:Beta_Israeli_Kahen_at_the_Western_Wall.jpg|thumb|Beta Israeli [[Kahen]] at the Western Wall]]

===Haymanot (Ethiopian Judaism)===
{{See also|Haymanot|Beta Israel}}
Haymanot (meaning "religion" in Ge'ez and Amharic) refers the Judaism practiced by Ethiopian Jews. This version of Judaism differs substantially from Rabbinic, Karaite, and Samaritan Judaisms, Ethiopian Jews having diverged from their coreligionists earlier. Sacred scriptures (the Orit) are written in Ge'ez, not Hebrew, and dietary laws are based strictly on the text of the Orit, without explication from ancillary commentaries. Holidays also differ, with some Rabbinic holidays not observed in Ethiopian Jewish communities, and some additional holidays, like [[Sigd]].

=== Noahide (''B'nei Noah'' movement) ===
{{Further|Noahidism}}
[[Noahidism]] is a [[Jewish religious movements|Jewish]] [[New religious movement|religious movement]] based on the [[Seven Laws of Noah]] and their traditional interpretations within [[Rabbinic Judaism]]. According to the ''halakha'', non-Jews ([[gentiles]]) are not obligated to [[Conversion to Judaism|convert to Judaism]], but they are required to observe the Seven Laws of Noah to be assured of a place in the [[Jewish eschatology#World to come|world to come (olam ha-ba)]], the final reward of the righteous. The divinely ordained penalty for violating any of the Laws of Noah is discussed in the Talmud, but in practical terms it is subject to the working legal system which is established by the society at large. Those who subscribe to the observance of the Noahide covenant are referred to as {{Transliteration|he|B'nei Noach}} (Hebrew: {{lang|he|בני נח}}, 'Children of Noah') or ''Noahides'' ([[Help:IPA/English|/ˈnoʊ.ə.haɪds/]]). Supporting organizations have been established around the world over the past decades by both Noahides and Orthodox Jews.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Feldman |first=Rachel Z. |date=August 2018 |title=The Children of Noah: Has Messianic Zionism Created a New World Religion? |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/737561/pdf |journal=[[Nova Religio|Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions]] |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=115–128 |doi=10.1525/nr.2018.22.1.115 |s2cid=149940089 |format=PDF |via=[[Project MUSE]] |access-date=18 December 2020 |archive-date=26 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526150243/https://muse.jhu.edu/article/737561/pdf |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Historically, the Hebrew term ''B'nei Noach'' has applied to all non-Jews as descendants of Noah. However, nowadays it's primarily used to refer specifically to those non-Jews who observe the Seven Laws of Noah.

==Jewish observances==

===Jewish ethics===
{{Main|Jewish ethics}}

Jewish ethics may be guided by ''[[Halakha|halakhic]]'' traditions, by [[Jewish etiquette|customs of etiquette]], by other moral principles, or by central Jewish virtues. Jewish ethical practice is typically understood to be marked by values such as justice, truth, peace, loving-kindness ([[chesed]]), compassion, humility, and self-respect. Specific Jewish ethical practices include practices of charity ([[tzedakah]]) and refraining from negative speech ([[lashon hara]]). Proper ethical practices regarding sexuality and many other issues are subjects of dispute among Jews.

===Prayers===
{{Main|Jewish prayer}}

[[File:YemeniJew1914.jpg|thumbnail|upright=0.9|right|A Yemenite Jew at morning prayers, wearing a [[kippah]] skullcap, prayer shawl and [[tefillin]]]]
Traditionally, Jews recite prayers three times daily, [[Shacharit]], [[Mincha]], and [[Ma'ariv]] with a fourth prayer, [[Mussaf]] added on [[Shabbat]] and [[Jewish holiday|holidays]]. At the heart of each service is the ''[[Amidah]]'' or ''Shemoneh Esrei''. Another key prayer in many services is the declaration of faith, the ''[[Shema Yisrael]]'' (or ''Shema''). The ''Shema'' is the recitation of a verse from the Torah ([[Deuteronomy]] 6:4): ''Shema Yisrael Adonai Eloheinu Adonai Echad''—"Hear, O Israel! The Lord is our God! The Lord is One!"

[[File:For alive and fallen (The Western Wall).jpg|thumb|An Israeli female soldier prays at the Western Wall]]
Most of the prayers in a traditional Jewish service can be recited in solitary prayer, although communal prayer is preferred. Communal prayer requires a [[quorum]] of ten adult Jews, called a ''[[minyan]]''. In nearly all Orthodox and a few Conservative circles, only male Jews are counted toward a ''minyan''; most Conservative Jews and members of other Jewish denominations count female Jews as well.

In addition to prayer services, observant traditional Jews recite [[List of Jewish prayers and blessings|prayers and benedictions]] throughout the day when [[List of Jewish prayers and blessings#Everyday prayers and blessings|performing various acts]]. Prayers are recited upon [[Modeh ani|waking up in the morning]], before eating or drinking different foods, [[Birkat Hamazon|after eating a meal]], and so on.

The approach to prayer varies among the Jewish denominations. Differences can include the texts of prayers, the frequency of prayer, the number of prayers recited at various religious events, the use of musical instruments and choral music, and whether prayers are recited in the traditional liturgical languages or the vernacular. In general, Orthodox and Conservative congregations adhere most closely to tradition, and Reform and Reconstructionist synagogues are more likely to incorporate translations and contemporary writings in their services. Also, in most Conservative synagogues, and all Reform and Reconstructionist congregations, women participate in prayer services on an [[Egalitarianism|equal basis]] with men, including roles traditionally filled only by men, such as [[Torah reading|reading from the Torah]]. In addition, many Reform temples use musical accompaniment such as organs and mixed choirs.

===Religious clothing===
[[File:Flickr_-_The_Israel_Project_-_Jerusalem.jpg|thumb|Jewish boys wearing [[tzitzit]] and [[Kippah|kippot]] play soccer in Jerusalem]]
[[File:Praying_at_the_Western_Wall.jpg|thumb|Men wearing [[tallit]]ot pray at the Western Wall]]
{{Further|Jewish religious clothing|kippah|tzitzit|tefillin}}
A ''[[kippah]]'' (Hebrew: כִּפָּה, plural ''kippot''; Yiddish: יאַרמלקע, ''yarmulke'') is a slightly rounded brimless skullcap worn by many Jews while praying, eating, reciting blessings, or studying Jewish religious texts, and at all times by some Jewish men. In Orthodox communities, only men wear kippot; in non-Orthodox communities, some women also wear kippot. ''Kippot'' range in size from a small round beanie that covers only the back of the head to a large, snug cap that covers the whole crown.

''[[Tzitzit]]'' (Hebrew: צִיציִת) ([[Ashkenazi Hebrew|Ashkenazi pronunciation]]: ''tzitzis'') are special knotted "fringes" or "tassels" found on the four corners of the ''[[tallit]]'' (Hebrew: טַלִּית) (Ashkenazi pronunciation: ''tallis''), or prayer [[shawl]]. The ''tallit'' is worn by Jewish men and some Jewish women during the prayer service. Customs vary regarding when a Jew begins wearing a tallit. In the Sephardi community, boys wear a tallit from bar mitzvah age. In some Ashkenazi communities, it is customary to wear one only after marriage. A ''tallit katan'' (small tallit) is a fringed garment worn under the clothing throughout the day. In some Orthodox circles, the fringes are allowed to hang freely outside the clothing.

[[Tefillin]] (Hebrew: תְפִלִּין), known in English as phylacteries (from the Greek word φυλακτήριον, meaning ''safeguard'' or ''amulet''), are two square leather boxes containing biblical verses, attached to the forehead and wound around the left arm by leather straps. They are worn during weekday morning prayer by observant Jewish men and some Jewish women.<ref name="publishers" />

A ''[[kittel]]'' (Yiddish: קיטל), a white knee-length overgarment, is worn by prayer leaders and some observant traditional Jews on the [[High Holidays]]. It is traditional for the head of the household to wear a kittel at the Passover seder in some communities, and some grooms wear one under the wedding canopy. Jewish males are buried in a ''tallit'' and sometimes also a ''kittel'' which are part of the ''[[tachrichim]]'' (burial garments).

===Jewish holidays===
{{Main|Jewish holiday}}

Jewish holidays are special days in the Jewish calendar, which celebrate moments in Jewish history, as well as central themes in the relationship between God and the world, such as [[Creation myth|creation]], [[revelation]], and [[salvation|redemption]].

====Shabbat====
{{Main|Shabbat}}

[[File:Shabbat Challos.jpg|upright=1.15|right|thumb|Two braided Shabbat [[challah|challot]] placed under an embroidered [[challah cover]] at the start of the Shabbat meal]]
''[[Shabbat]]'', the weekly day of rest lasting from shortly before sundown on Friday night to nightfall on Saturday night, commemorates God's day of rest after six days of creation. It plays a pivotal role in Jewish practice and is governed by a large corpus of religious law. At sundown on Friday, the woman of the house welcomes the Shabbat by lighting two or more candles and reciting a blessing. The evening meal begins with the Kiddush, a blessing recited aloud over a cup of wine, and the Mohtzi, a blessing recited over the bread. It is customary to have [[challah]], two braided loaves of bread, on the table. During Shabbat, Jews are forbidden to engage in any activity that falls under [[39 categories of activity prohibited on Shabbat|39 categories of ''melakhah'']], translated literally as "work". In fact, the activities banned on the Sabbath are not "work" in the usual sense: They include such actions as lighting a fire, writing, using money and carrying in the public domain. The prohibition of lighting a fire has been extended in the modern era to driving a car, which involves burning fuel and using electricity.<ref name="JEsabbath">{{JewishEncyclopedia|author-link1=Emil G. Hirsch |last1=Hirsch |first1=Emil G. |display-authors=etal |title=Sabbath|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/12962-sabbath}}</ref>

====Three pilgrimage festivals====
{{Main|Shalosh regalim}}

Jewish holy days (''chaggim''), celebrate landmark events in Jewish history, such as the [[Exodus from Egypt]] and the giving of the Torah, and sometimes mark the change of seasons and transitions in the agricultural cycle. The three major festivals, Sukkot, Passover and Shavuot, are called "regalim" (derived from the Hebrew word "regel", or foot). On the three regalim, it was customary for the Israelites to make pilgrimages to Jerusalem to offer sacrifices in the Temple:
* [[File:Farhi_Haggadah_736756_0024.tif|thumb|A [[haggadah]] used by the Jewish community of Cairo in Arabic]] [[Passover]] (''Pesach'') is a week-long holiday beginning on the evening of the 14th day of [[Nisan]] (the first month in the Hebrew calendar), that commemorates the [[Book of Exodus|Exodus]] from Egypt. Outside Israel, Passover is celebrated for eight days. In ancient times, it coincided with the barley harvest. It is the only holiday that centers on home-service, the [[Passover Seder|Seder]]. [[leavening agent|Leavened]] products ([[chametz]]) are removed from the house prior to the holiday and are not consumed throughout the week. Homes are thoroughly cleaned to ensure no bread or bread by-products remain, and a symbolic burning of the last vestiges of chametz is conducted on the morning of the Seder. [[Matzah|Matzo]] is eaten instead of bread.
* [[Shavuot]] ("Pentecost" or "Feast of Weeks") celebrates the revelation of the [[Torah]] to the [[Israelite]]s on Mount Sinai. Also known as the Festival of Bikurim, or first fruits, it coincided in biblical times with the wheat harvest. Shavuot customs include all-night study marathons known as Tikkun Leil Shavuot, eating dairy foods (cheesecake and blintzes are special favorites), reading the Book of Ruth, decorating homes and synagogues with greenery, and wearing white clothing, symbolizing purity.
* [[File:Sukkoth_-_IZE10160.jpg|thumb|A [[sukkah]]]] [[Sukkot]] ("Tabernacles" or "The Festival of Booths") commemorates the Israelites' forty years of wandering through the desert on their way to the Promised Land. It is celebrated through the construction of temporary booths called ''sukkot'' (sing. ''[[sukkah]]'') that represent the temporary shelters of the Israelites during their wandering. It coincides with the fruit harvest and marks the end of the agricultural cycle. Jews around the world eat in ''sukkot'' for seven days and nights. Sukkot concludes with [[Shemini Atzeret]], where Jews begin to pray for rain and [[Simchat Torah]], "Rejoicing of the Torah", a holiday which marks reaching the end of the Torah reading cycle and beginning all over again. The occasion is celebrated with singing and dancing with the Torah scrolls. Shemini Atzeret and Simchat Torah are technically considered to be a separate holiday and not a part of Sukkot.

[[File:Breaking_of_Yom_Kippur_fast_with_Roti_and_Samosas_(8034851404).jpg|thumb|Jews in Mumbai break the Yom Kippur fast with [[roti]] and [[samosa]]s]]

====High Holy Days====
{{Main|High Holidays}}

The High Holidays (''Yamim Noraim'' or "Days of Awe") revolve around judgment and forgiveness:
* [[Rosh Hashanah]], (also ''Yom Ha-Zikkaron'' or "Day of Remembrance", and ''Yom Teruah'', or "Day of the Sounding of the [[Shofar]]"). Rosh Hashanah is the Jewish New Year (literally, "head of the year"), although it falls on the first day of the seventh month of the [[Hebrew calendar]], [[Tishri]]. Rosh Hashanah marks the beginning of the 10-day period of atonement leading up to Yom Kippur, during which Jews are commanded to search their souls and make amends for sins committed, intentionally or not, throughout the year. Holiday customs include blowing the shofar, or ram's horn, in the synagogue, eating apples and honey, and saying blessings over a variety of symbolic foods, such as pomegranates.
* [[Yom Kippur]], ("Day of Atonement") is the holiest day of the Jewish year. It is a day of communal fasting and praying for forgiveness for one's sins. Observant Jews spend the entire day in the synagogue, sometimes with a short break in the afternoon, reciting prayers from a special holiday prayerbook called a "Machzor". Many non-religious Jews make a point of attending synagogue services and fasting on Yom Kippur. On the eve of Yom Kippur, before candles are lit, a prefast meal, the "[[seuda mafseket]]", is eaten. Synagogue services on the eve of Yom Kippur begin with the Kol Nidre prayer. It is customary to wear white on Yom Kippur, especially for Kol Nidre, and leather shoes are not worn. The following day, prayers are held from morning to evening. The final prayer service, called "Ne'ilah", ends with a long blast of the shofar.

====Purim====
{{Main|Purim}}

[[File:Jerusalem Purim street scene.jpg|right|thumb|Purim street scene in Jerusalem]]
[[File:Hanukkah-US-Military-GITMO-Dec-28-08.jpg|thumb|Jewish personnel of the US Navy light candles on Hanukkah]]
[[Purim]] (Hebrew: {{Audio|He-Purim.ogg|פורים}} {{Transliteration|he|Pûrîm}} "[[Cleromancy|lots]]") is a joyous Jewish holiday that commemorates the deliverance of the [[Persian Jews]] from the plot of the evil [[Haman (Bible)|Haman]], who sought to [[genocide|exterminate]] them, as recorded in the biblical [[Book of Esther]]. It is characterized by public recitation of the Book of Esther, mutual gifts of food and drink, [[Alms|charity]] to the poor, and a celebratory meal (Esther 9:22). Other customs include drinking wine, eating special pastries called [[hamantash]]en, dressing up in masks and costumes, and organizing carnivals and parties.

Purim has celebrated annually on the 14th of the Hebrew month of [[Adar]], which occurs in February or March of the Gregorian calendar.

====Hanukkah====
{{Main|Hanukkah}}

[[Hanukkah]] ({{langx|he|חֲנֻכָּה}}, "dedication") also known as the Festival of Lights, is an eight-day Jewish holiday that starts on the 25th day of [[Kislev]] ([[Hebrew calendar]]). The festival is observed in Jewish homes by the kindling of lights on each of the festival's eight nights, one on the first night, two on the second night and so on.

The holiday was called Hanukkah (meaning "dedication") because it marks the re-dedication of the Temple after its desecration by [[Antiochus IV Epiphanes]]. Spiritually, Hanukkah commemorates the "Miracle of the Oil". According to the Talmud, at the re-dedication of the [[Temple in Jerusalem]] following the victory of the [[Maccabees]] over the [[Seleucid Empire]], there was only enough consecrated oil to fuel the eternal flame in the Temple for one day. Miraculously, the oil burned for eight days—which was the length of time it took to press, prepare and consecrate new oil.

Hanukkah is not mentioned in the Bible and was never considered a major holiday in Judaism, but it has become much more visible and widely celebrated in modern times, mainly because it falls around the same time as Christmas and has national Jewish overtones that have been emphasized since the establishment of the State of Israel.

====Fast days====
{{Main|Tisha B'Av|Seventeenth of Tamuz|10th of Tevet|Tzom Gedaliah}}

[[Tisha B'Av]] ({{langx|he|תשעה באב}} or {{lang|he|ט׳ באב}}, "the Ninth of [[Av (month)|Av]]") is a day of mourning and fasting commemorating the destruction of the [[First Temple|First]] and [[Second Temple]]s, and in later times, the [[Alhambra Decree|expulsion of the Jews from Spain]].

There are three more minor Jewish fast days that commemorate various stages of the destruction of the Temples. They are the [[Seventeenth of Tamuz|17th Tamuz]], the [[10th of Tevet]] and [[Tzom Gedaliah]] (the 3rd of Tishrei).

====Israeli holidays====
{{Main|Yom Hashoah|Yom Hazikaron|Yom Ha'atzmaut}}

The modern holidays of [[Yom Ha-shoah]] (Holocaust Remembrance Day), [[Yom Hazikaron]] (Israeli Memorial Day) and [[Yom Ha'atzmaut]] (Israeli Independence Day) commemorate the horrors of the [[Holocaust]], the fallen soldiers of Israel and victims of terrorism, and Israeli independence, respectively.

There are some who prefer to commemorate those who were killed in the Holocaust on the [[Tenth of Tevet#Day of general kaddish|10th of Tevet]].
[[File:ReadingOfTheTorah.jpg|thumb|A man reads a torah using a [[yad]]]]

===Torah readings===
{{Main|Torah reading}}

The core of festival and [[Shabbat]] prayer services is the public reading of the [[Torah]], along with connected readings from the other books of the Tanakh, called [[Haftarah]]. Over the course of a year, the whole Torah is read, with the cycle starting over in the autumn, on [[Simchat Torah]].

===Synagogues and religious buildings===
{{Main|Synagogue}}

[[File:Aškenaška_sinagoga_(14143483781).jpg|thumb|The [[Sarajevo Synagogue]] in [[Sarajevo]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]]]
[[File:Jerusalem Great Synagogue05.jpg|thumb|[[Great Synagogue (Jerusalem)]]]]
Synagogues are Jewish houses of prayer and study. They usually contain separate rooms for prayer (the main sanctuary), smaller rooms for study, and often an area for community or educational use. There is no set blueprint for synagogues and the architectural shapes and interior designs of synagogues vary greatly. The Reform movement mostly refer to their synagogues as temples. Some traditional features of a synagogue are:
[[File:Congregation_Emanu-El_of_the_City_New_York.jpg|thumb|[[Congregation Emanu-El of New York]]]]
* The [[ark (synagogue)|ark]] (called ''aron ha-kodesh'' by [[Ashkenazi Jews|Ashkenazim]] and ''hekhal'' by [[Sephardi Jews|Sephardim]]) where the [[Torah]] scrolls are kept (the ark is often closed with an ornate curtain (''[[parochet]]'') outside or inside the ark doors);
* The elevated reader's platform (called ''[[Bema#Judaism|bimah]]'' by Ashkenazim and ''tebah'' by Sephardim), where the Torah is read (and services are conducted in Sephardi synagogues);
* The [[sanctuary lamp|eternal light]] (''ner tamid''), a continually lit lamp or lantern used as a reminder of the constantly lit [[Menorah (Temple)|menorah]] of the [[Temple in Jerusalem]]
* The pulpit, or ''amud'', a lectern facing the Ark where the [[hazzan]] or prayer leader stands while praying.

In addition to synagogues, other buildings of significance in Judaism include [[yeshiva]]s, or institutions of Jewish learning, and [[mikvah]]s, which are ritual baths.

===Dietary laws: ''kashrut''===
{{Main|Kashrut}}

The Jewish dietary laws are known as ''[[kashrut]]''. Food prepared in accordance with them is termed [[kosher foods|kosher]], and food that is not kosher is also known as ''treifah'' or ''treif''. People who observe these laws are colloquially said to be "keeping kosher".<ref name="JEdietary">{{JewishEncyclopedia|author-link1=Solomon Schechter |last1=Schechter |first1=Solomon |display-authors=etal |title=Dietary Laws|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/5191-dietary-laws}}</ref>{{sfn|Berlin|2011|pp=212–14|loc="Dietary Laws"}}

Many of the laws apply to animal-based foods. For example, in order to be considered kosher, mammals must have split [[hooves]] and [[ruminants|chew their cud]]. The [[pig]] is arguably the most well-known example of a non-kosher animal.<ref name="The Kosher Pig?" /> Although it has split hooves, it does not chew its cud. For [[seafood]] to be kosher, the animal must have [[fins]] and [[Scale (zoology)|scales]]. Certain types of seafood, such as [[shellfish]], [[crustaceans]], and [[eel]]s, are therefore considered non-kosher. Concerning birds, a list of non-kosher species is given in the [[Torah]]. The exact [[translations]] of many of the species have not survived, and some non-kosher birds' identities are no longer certain. However, [[traditions]] exist about the ''kashrut'' status of a few birds. For example, both [[chickens]] and [[turkeys]] are permitted in most communities. Other types of animals, such as [[amphibians]], [[reptiles]], and most [[insects]], are prohibited altogether.<ref name="JEdietary" />

In addition to the requirement that the species be considered kosher, meat and poultry (but not fish) must come from a healthy animal slaughtered in a process known as ''[[shechitah]]''. Without the proper [[Animal slaughter|slaughtering]] practices even an otherwise kosher animal will be rendered ''treif''. The slaughtering process is intended to be quick and relatively painless to the animal. Forbidden parts of animals include the [[blood]], some [[fat]]s, and the area in and around the [[sciatic nerve]].<ref name="JEdietary" />

''Halakha'' also forbids the consumption of meat and dairy products together. The waiting period between eating meat and eating dairy varies by the order in which they are consumed and by community and can extend for up to six hours. Based on the Biblical injunction against cooking a kid in its mother's milk, this rule is mostly derived from the Oral Torah, the Talmud and Rabbinic law. Chicken and other kosher birds are considered the same as meat under the laws of ''kashrut'', but the prohibition is rabbinic, not biblical.<ref name="shulchan" />

The use of [[Dishware|dishes]], serving utensils, and [[oven]]s may make food ''treif'' that would otherwise be kosher. Utensils that have been used to prepare non-kosher food, or dishes that have held meat and are now used for dairy products, render the food ''treif'' under certain conditions.<ref name="JEdietary" />

Furthermore, all Orthodox and some Conservative authorities forbid the consumption of processed [[grape]] products made by non-Jews, due to ancient [[pagan]] practices of using wine in rituals. Some Conservative authorities permit wine and grape juice made without rabbinic supervision.<ref name="rabbinicalassembly" />

The Torah does not give specific reasons for most of the laws of ''kashrut''. However, a number of explanations have been offered, including maintaining ritual purity, teaching impulse control, encouraging obedience to God, improving health, reducing [[cruelty to animals]] and preserving the distinctness of the Jewish community.<ref name="JEdietary" /> The various categories of dietary laws may have developed for different reasons, and some may exist for multiple reasons. For example, people are forbidden from consuming the blood of birds and mammals because, according to the Torah, this is where animal souls are contained. In contrast, the Torah forbids Israelites from eating non-kosher species because "they are unclean".<ref name="leviticus11" /> The [[Kabbalah]] describes sparks of holiness that are released by the act of eating kosher foods but are too tightly bound in non-kosher foods to be released by eating.<ref name="JEdietary" />

Survival concerns supersede all the laws of ''kashrut'', as they do for most ''halakhot''.<ref name="jewishmag" /><ref name="biu" />

===Laws of ritual purity===
{{Main|Tumah}}

The Tanakh describes circumstances in which a person who is ''tahor'' or ritually pure may become ''tamei'' or ritually impure. Some of these circumstances are contact with human [[corpses]] or [[grave (burial)|graves]], seminal flux, vaginal flux, [[menstruation]], and contact with people who have become impure from any of these.<ref name="leviticus15" /><ref name="bamidbar" /> In Rabbinic Judaism, [[Kohanim]], members of the hereditary [[caste]] that served as [[priests]] in the time of the Temple, are mostly restricted from entering grave sites and touching dead bodies.<ref name="Torah tidbits" /> During the Temple period, such priests ([[Kohanim]]) were required to eat their bread offering ([[Terumah]]) in a state of ritual purity, which laws eventually led to more rigid laws being enacted, such as [[Handwashing in Judaism|hand-washing]] which became a requisite of all Jews before consuming ordinary bread.{{sfn|Neusner|1993}}{{sfn|Fonrobert|2005}}{{sfn|Berlin|2011|loc="Purity and Unpurity, Ritual"}}

====Family purity====
[[File:Fauteuil de circoncision ("Fauteuil d'Elie").jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|18th-century circumcision chair [[Musée d'Art et d'Histoire du Judaïsme|Museum of Jewish Art and History]]]]
{{Main|Niddah}}

{{See also|Women in Judaism}}
An important subcategory of the ritual purity laws relates to the segregation of menstruating [[women]]. These laws are also known as ''[[niddah]]'', literally "separation", or family purity. Vital aspects of ''halakha'' for traditionally observant Jews, they are not usually followed by Jews in liberal denominations.<ref name="JEniddah">{{JewishEncyclopedia|author-link1=Wilhelm Bacher|last1=Bacher|first1=Wilhelm|author-link2=Jacob Zallel Lauterbach|last2=Lauterbach|first2=Jacob Zallel |title=Niddah|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/11529-niddah}}</ref>

Especially in [[Orthodox Judaism]], the Biblical laws are augmented by Rabbinical injunctions. For example, the [[Torah]] mandates that a woman in her normal menstrual period must abstain from [[sexual intercourse]] for seven days. A woman whose menstruation is prolonged must continue to abstain for seven more days after bleeding has stopped.<ref name=leviticus15 /> The Rabbis conflated ordinary ''niddah'' with this extended menstrual period, known in the Torah as ''[[zavah]]'', and mandated that a woman may not have sexual intercourse with her husband from the time she begins her [[Menstrual cycle|menstrual]] flow until seven days after it ends. In addition, [[Rabbinical law]] forbids the [[husband]] from touching or sharing a bed with his wife during this period. Afterwards, purification can occur in a ritual bath called a [[mikveh]]<ref name="JEniddah" />

Traditional [[Ethiopian Jews]] keep menstruating women in separate huts and, similar to Karaite practice, do not allow menstruating women into their [[temples]] because of a temple's special sanctity. Emigration to Israel and the influence of other Jewish denominations have led to Ethiopian Jews adopting more normative Jewish practices.<ref name="Karaites" /><ref name="Women and water: menstruation in Jewish life and law" />
[[File:PikiWiki_Israel_32596_Bar_mitzva.jpg|thumb|Two boys wearing [[tallit]] at a [[Bar and bat mitzvah|bar mitzvah]]. The torah is visible in the foreground.]]

===Life-cycle events===
Life-cycle events, or [[rites of passage]], occur throughout a Jew's life that serves to strengthen Jewish identity and bind him/her to the entire community:
* {{lang|he|[[Brit milah]]}} – Welcoming male babies into the covenant through the rite of [[circumcision]] on their eighth day of life. The baby boy is also given his Hebrew name in the ceremony. A naming ceremony intended as a parallel ritual for girls, named ''[[zeved habat]]'' or brit bat, enjoys limited popularity.
* [[Bar Mitzvah / Bat Mitzvah|Bar mitzvah and Bat mitzvah]] – This passage from childhood to adulthood takes place when a female Jew is twelve and a male Jew is thirteen years old among Orthodox and some Conservative congregations. In the Reform movement, both girls and boys have their bat/bar mitzvah at age thirteen. This is often commemorated by having the new adults, male only in the Orthodox tradition, lead the congregation in prayer and publicly read a "portion" of the Torah.
* [[Jewish views on marriage|Marriage]] – Marriage is an extremely important lifecycle event and an ideal human state.{{sfn|Jacobs|2003|loc="Marriage"}} A wedding takes place under a ''[[chuppah]]'', or wedding canopy, which symbolizes a happy house. At the end of the ceremony, the groom breaks a glass with his foot, symbolizing the continuous mourning for the destruction of the Temple, and the scattering of the Jewish people. An [[interfaith marriage in Judaism|intermarriage]] is prohibited, except as within Reform Judaism:{{sfn|Berlin|2011|pp=381–2|loc="Intermarriage"}}
[[File:Moshe Rynecki- Le Get (divorce).jpg|thumb|''Le Get'' (The Divorce) by [[Moshe Rynecki]], {{circa|1930}}]]
* [[Divorce]] – Divorce is allowed in accordance with Halakha. The divorce ceremony involves the husband giving the short {{lang|he|[[Get (divorce document)|get]]}} document written in Aramaic into the hand of the wife in rabbinical court, that is all. But, since the 11th century among the Ashkenazim and many Sephardim a divorce became prohibited against will of a wife, than a man had way for [[polygamy]].{{sfn|Berlin|2011|pp=216–7|loc="Divorce"}} The ''get'' contains declaration: "You are hereby permitted to all men."
[[File:תמונת הילולא כט אייר.jpg|thumb|The Bereavement (Yahrtzeit) Hasidic ''[[Tish (Hasidic celebration)|tish]]'', [[Bnei Brak]], Israel]]
* [[Bereavement in Judaism|Death and Mourning]] ({{lang|he|Avelut}}) – The ''Torah'' requires burial as soon as possible, even for executed criminals.<ref>[[Deuteronomy]] 21:23</ref> Judaism has a multi-staged [[mourning]] practice. The first stage is called the [[shiva (Judaism)|shiva]] (literally "seven", observed for one week) during which it is traditional to sit at home and be comforted by friends and family, the second is the ''shloshim'' (observed for one month) and for those who have lost one of their parents, there is a third stage, ''avelut yud bet chodesh'', which is observed for eleven months.{{sfn|Berlin|2011|pp=205–6|loc="Death"}} A [[cremation]] within Orthodox Judaism permitted only by some leading rabbis in West Europe.{{sfn|Berlin|2011|pp=193–4|loc="Cremation"}}

==Community leadership==
===Classical priesthood===
[[File:Jewish Children with their Teacher in Samarkand.jpg|thumb|Jewish students with their teacher in [[Samarkand]], [[Uzbekistan]] {{Circa|1910}}.]]
The role of the priesthood in Judaism has significantly diminished since the destruction of the [[Second Temple]] in 70 CE when priests attended to the Temple and sacrifices. The priesthood is an inherited position, and although priests no longer have any but ceremonial duties, they are still honoured in many Jewish communities. Many Orthodox Jewish communities believe that they will be needed again for a future [[Third Temple]] and need to remain in readiness for future duty:
* [[Kohen]] (priest) – patrilineal descendant of [[Aaron]], brother of [[Moses]]. In the Temple, the ''kohanim'' were charged with performing the sacrifices. Today, a Kohen is the first one called up at the reading of the Torah, performs the [[Priestly Blessing]], as well as complying with other unique laws and ceremonies, including the ceremony of redemption of the first-born.
* Levi ([[Levite]]) – Patrilineal descendant of [[Levi]] the son of [[Jacob]]. In the [[Temple in Jerusalem]], the levites sang [[Psalms]], performed construction, maintenance, janitorial, and guard duties, assisted the priests, and sometimes interpreted the law and Temple ritual to the public. Today, a Levite is called up second to the reading of the Torah.

===Prayer leaders===
[[File:Magen_David_Synagogue_Interiors_after_restoration.jpg|thumb|[[Magen David Synagogue (Kolkata)|Magen David Synagogue]] in Kolkata, India]]
From the time of the [[Mishnah]] and Talmud to the present, Judaism has required specialists or authorities for the practice of very few rituals or ceremonies. A Jew can fulfill most requirements for prayer by himself. Some activities—reading the [[Torah]] and ''[[haftarah]]'' (a supplementary portion from the Prophets or Writings), the prayer for mourners, the blessings for bridegroom and bride, the complete grace after meals—require a ''[[minyan]]'', the presence of ten Jews.

The most common professional clergy in a [[synagogue]] are:
* [[Rabbi]] of a congregation – Jewish scholar who is charged with answering the legal questions of a congregation. This role requires ordination by the congregation's preferred authority (i.e., from a respected Orthodox rabbi or, if the congregation is Conservative or Reform, from academic seminaries). A congregation does not necessarily require a rabbi. Some congregations have a rabbi but also allow members of the congregation to act as ''shatz'' or ''baal kriyah'' (see below).
** Hassidic ''[[Rebbe]]'' – rabbi who is the head of a [[Hasidic Judaism|Hasidic]] dynasty.
* [[Hazzan]] (note: the "h" denotes [[voiceless pharyngeal fricative]]) (cantor) – a trained vocalist who acts as ''shatz''. Chosen for a good voice, knowledge of traditional tunes, understanding of the meaning of the prayers and sincerity in reciting them. A congregation does not need to have a dedicated hazzan.

Jewish prayer services do involve two specified roles, which are sometimes, but not always, filled by a rabbi or hazzan in many congregations. In other congregations these roles are filled on an ad-hoc basis by members of the congregation who lead portions of services on a rotating basis:
* Shaliach tzibur or ''Shatz'' (leader—literally "agent" or "representative"—of the congregation) leads those assembled in prayer and sometimes prays on behalf of the community. When a ''shatz'' recites a prayer on behalf of the congregation, he is ''not'' acting as an intermediary but rather as a facilitator. The entire congregation participates in the recital of such prayers by saying ''amen'' at their conclusion; it is with this act that the ''shatz's'' prayer becomes the prayer of the congregation. Any adult capable of reciting the prayers clearly may act as ''shatz''. In Orthodox congregations and some Conservative congregations, only men can be prayer leaders, but all [[Progressive Judaism|Progressive]] communities now allow women to serve in this function.
* The Baal kriyah or ''baal koreh'' (master of the reading) reads the weekly [[Torah]] portion. The requirements for being the ''baal kriyah'' are the same as those for the ''shatz''. These roles are not mutually exclusive. The same person is often qualified to fill more than one role and often does. Often there are several people capable of filling these roles and different services (or parts of services) will be led by each.

Many congregations, especially larger ones, also rely on a:
* [[Gabbai]] (sexton) – Calls people up to the Torah, appoints the ''shatz'' for each prayer session if there is no standard ''shatz'', and makes certain that the synagogue is kept clean and supplied.

The three preceding positions are usually voluntary and considered an honour. Since the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] large synagogues have often adopted the practice of hiring rabbis and hazzans to act as ''shatz'' and ''baal kriyah'', and this is still typically the case in many Conservative and Reform congregations. However, in most Orthodox synagogues these positions are filled by laypeople on a rotating or ad-hoc basis. Although most congregations hire one or more Rabbis, the use of a professional hazzan is generally declining in American congregations, and the use of professionals for other offices is rarer still.
[[File:Jewish_scribe_writing_the_Torah.jpg|thumb|A [[Yemenite Jews|Yemeni]] sofer writing a torah in the 1930s]]

===Specialized religious roles===
* ''[[Beth din#Officers of a beth din|Dayan]]'' (judge) – An ordained rabbi with special legal training who belongs to a ''[[beth din]]'' (rabbinical court). In Israel, religious courts handle marriage and divorce cases, conversion and financial disputes in the Jewish community.
* [[Mohel]] (circumciser) – An expert in the laws of circumcision who has received training from a previously qualified ''mohel'' and performs the ''[[brit milah]]'' (circumcision).
* [[shechita|Shochet]] (ritual slaughterer) – In order for meat to be kosher, it must be slaughtered by a ''shochet'' who is an expert in the laws of kashrut and has been trained by another ''shochet.''
* [[Sofer (scribe)|Sofer]] (scribe) – [[Torah]] scrolls, ''[[tefillin]]'' (phylacteries), ''[[mezuzah|mezuzot]]'' (scrolls put on doorposts), and ''gittin'' (bills of divorce) must be written by a ''sofer'' who is an expert in Hebrew calligraphy and has undergone rigorous training in the laws of writing sacred texts.
* [[Rosh yeshiva]] – A Torah scholar who runs a [[yeshiva]].
* [[Mashgiach ruchani|Mashgiach/Mashgicha]] of a yeshiva – Depending on which yeshiva, might either be the person responsible for ensuring attendance and proper conduct, or even supervise the emotional and spiritual welfare of the students and give lectures on [[Mussar movement|mussar]] (Jewish ethics).
* [[Mashgiach|Mashgiach/Mashgicha]] – Supervises manufacturers of kosher food, importers, caterers and restaurants to ensure that the food is kosher. Must be an expert in the laws of [[kashrut]] and trained by a rabbi, if not a rabbi himself or herself.

===Historical Jewish groupings (to 1700)===
Around the 1st century CE, there were several small Jewish sects: the [[Pharisees]], [[Sadducees]], [[Zealots]], [[Essenes]], and [[early Christianity|Christians]]. After the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE, these sects vanished.{{sfn|Schiffman|2003|p=}}<ref>{{cite book|author1=Sara E. Karesh|author2=Mitchell M. Hurvitz|title=Encyclopedia of Judaism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z2cCZBDm8F8C&pg=PA444|year=2005|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-8160-6982-8|pages=444–|quote=The Sadducees disappeared when the second Temple was destroyed in the year 70 C.E and Pharisaic Judaism became the preeminent Jewish sect.|access-date=5 April 2018|archive-date=10 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210203459/https://books.google.com/books?id=Z2cCZBDm8F8C&pg=PA444|url-status=live}}</ref> Christianity survived, but by breaking with Judaism and [[Schism (religion)|becoming a separate religion]]; the [[Pharisees]] survived but in the form of [[Rabbinic Judaism]] (today, known simply as "Judaism").{{sfn|Schiffman|2003|p=}} The [[Sadducees]] rejected the [[Revelation|divine inspiration]] of the [[Nevi'im|Prophets]] and the [[Ketuvim|Writings]], relying only on the [[Torah]] as divinely inspired. Consequently, a number of other core tenets of the Pharisees' belief system (which became the basis for modern Judaism), were also dismissed by the Sadducees. (The [[Samaritans]] practiced a similar religion, which is traditionally considered separate from Judaism.)

Like the Sadducees who relied only on the Torah, some Jews in the 8th and 9th centuries rejected the authority and divine inspiration of the oral law as recorded in the [[Mishnah]] (and developed by later rabbis in the two Talmuds), relying instead only upon the Tanakh. These included the [[Isunians]], the [[Yudganites]], the [[Malikites]],{{Clarify|reason=|date=September 2021|text=|pre-text=|post-text=}} and others. They soon developed oral traditions of their own, which differed from the rabbinic traditions, and eventually formed the [[Karaism|Karaite]] sect. Karaites exist in small numbers today, mostly living in Israel. Rabbinical and Karaite Jews each hold that the others are Jews, but that the other faith is erroneous.

Over a long time, Jews formed distinct ethnic groups in several different geographic areas—amongst others, the Ashkenazi Jews (of [[Central Europe|central]] and Eastern Europe), the [[Sephardi Jews]] (of Spain, Portugal, and North Africa), the [[Beta Israel]] of Ethiopia, the [[Yemenite Jews]] from the southern tip of the Arabian Peninsula, and the [[Cochin Jews|Malabari and Cochin Jews]] from Kerala. Many of these groups have developed differences in their prayers, traditions and accepted canons; however, these distinctions are mainly the result of their being formed at some cultural distance from normative (rabbinic) Judaism, rather than based on any doctrinal dispute.

===Persecutions===
{{Main|Persecution of Jews|Antisemitism|History of antisemitism}}

[[Antisemitism]] arose during the [[Middle Ages]], in the form of persecutions, [[pogrom]]s, [[forced conversion]]s, expulsions, social restrictions and [[ghetto]]ization.

This was different in quality from the repressions of Jews which had occurred in ancient times. Ancient repressions were politically motivated and Jews were treated the same as members of other ethnic groups. With the rise of the Churches, the main motive for attacks on Jews changed from politics to religion and the religious motive for such attacks was specifically derived from Christian views about Jews and Judaism.<ref name="History, religion, and antisemitism" /> During the [[Middle Ages]], Jewish people who lived under Muslim rule generally experienced tolerance and integration,<ref name="Cohen, Mark R 1991">Cohen, Mark R. "[https://archive.today/20140820234902/http://www.academia.edu/6560487/Neo_lachrymose_Conception_of_Jewish-Arab_History The Neo-Lachrymose Conception of Jewish-Arab History]." ''Tikkun'' 6.3 (1991)</ref> but there were occasional outbreaks of violence like [[Almohads#Status of non-Muslims|Almohad's persecutions]].<ref name="ugr">Amira K. Bennison and María Ángeles Gallego. "[http://www.ugr.es/~estsemi/miscelanea/57/3.Gallego.08,33-51.pdf Jewish Trading in Fes On The Eve of the Almohad Conquest] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303202838/http://www.ugr.es/~estsemi/miscelanea/57/3.Gallego.08,33-51.pdf |date=3 March 2016 }}." MEAH, sección Hebreo 56 (2007), 33–51</ref>

===Hasidism===
{{Main|Hasidic Judaism}}

Hasidic Judaism was founded by [[Yisroel ben Eliezer (The Baal Shem Tov)|Yisroel ben Eliezer]] (1700–1760), also known as the ''Ba'al Shem Tov'' (or ''Besht''). It originated in a time of persecution of the Jewish people when European Jews had turned inward to Talmud study; many felt that most expressions of Jewish life had become too "academic", and that they no longer had any emphasis on spirituality or joy. Its adherents favoured small and informal gatherings called [[Shtiebel]], which, in contrast to a traditional synagogue, could be used both as a place of worship and for celebrations involving dancing, eating, and socializing.<ref>{{Cite book|title=How and Why Did Hasidism Spread?|last=Stampfer|first=Shaul|location=The Hebrew University of Jerusalem|pages=205–207}}</ref> Ba'al Shem Tov's disciples attracted many followers; they themselves established numerous Hasidic sects across Europe. Unlike other religions, which typically expanded through word of mouth or by use of print, Hasidism spread largely owing to [[Tzadik]]s, who used their influence to encourage others to follow the movement. Hasidism appealed to many Europeans because it was easy to learn, did not require full immediate commitment, and presented a compelling spectacle.<ref>{{Cite book|title=How and Why Did Hasidism Spread?|last=Stampfer|first=Shaul|location=The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel|pages=202–204}}</ref> Hasidic Judaism eventually became the way of life for many Jews in Eastern Europe. Waves of Jewish immigration in the 1880s carried it to the United States. The movement itself claims to be nothing new, but a ''refreshment'' of original Judaism. As some have put it: ''"they merely re-emphasized that which the generations had lost"''. Nevertheless, early on there was a serious schism between Hasidic and non-Hasidic Jews. European Jews who rejected the Hasidic movement were dubbed by the Hasidim as [[Misnagdim]], ({{lit|opponents}}). Some of the reasons for the rejection of Hasidic Judaism were the exuberance of Hasidic worship, its deviation from tradition in ascribing infallibility and miracles to their leaders, and the concern that it might become a messianic sect. Over time differences between the Hasidim and their opponents have slowly diminished and both groups are now considered part of Haredi Judaism.

===The Enlightenment and new religious movements===
{{Main|Haskalah|Jewish religious movements}}

In the late 18th century CE, Europe was swept by a group of intellectual, social and political movements known as the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]]. The Enlightenment led to reductions in the European laws that prohibited Jews to interact with the wider secular world, thus allowing Jews access to secular education and experience. A parallel Jewish movement, [[Haskalah]] or the "Jewish Enlightenment", began, especially in Central Europe and Western Europe, in response to both the Enlightenment and these new freedoms. It placed an emphasis on integration with secular society and a pursuit of non-religious knowledge through reason. With the promise of political emancipation, many Jews saw no reason to continue to observe ''halakha'' and increasing numbers of Jews assimilated into Christian Europe. Modern religious movements of Judaism all formed in reaction to this trend.

In Central Europe, followed by Great Britain and the United States, [[Reform Judaism|Reform (or Liberal) Judaism]] developed, relaxing legal obligations (especially those that limited Jewish relations with non-Jews), emulating [[Protestant]] decorum in prayer, and emphasizing the ethical values of Judaism's Prophetic tradition. [[Modern Orthodox Judaism]] developed in reaction to Reform Judaism, by leaders who argued that Jews could participate in public life as citizens equal to Christians while maintaining the observance of ''halakha''. Meanwhile, in the United States, wealthy Reform Jews helped European scholars, who were Orthodox in practice but critical (and skeptical) in their study of the Bible and Talmud, to establish a seminary to train rabbis for immigrants from Eastern Europe. These left-wing Orthodox rabbis were joined by right-wing Reform rabbis who felt that ''halakha'' should not be entirely abandoned, to form the [[Conservative Judaism|Conservative movement]]. Orthodox Jews who opposed the Haskalah formed [[Haredi Orthodox Judaism]]. After massive movements of Jews following [[The Holocaust]] and the creation of the state of Israel, these movements have competed for followers from among traditional Jews in or from other countries.

===Spectrum of observance===
[[File:The_National_Library_of_Israel_-_The_Daily_Prayers_translated_from_Hebrew_to_Marathi_1388495_2340601-10-0007_WEB.jpg|thumb|Judaism is practiced around the world. This is an 1889 [[siddur]] published in Hebrew and [[Marathi language|Marathi]] for use by the [[Bene Israel]] community]]
Jewish religious practice varies widely through all levels of observance. According to the 2001 edition of the [[National Jewish Population Survey]], in the United States' Jewish community—the world's second largest—4.3 million Jews out of 5.1 million had some sort of connection to the religion.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jewishdatabank.org/studies/details.cfm?StudyID=307 |title=National Jewish Population Survey (NJPS) 2000–01 |access-date=8 May 2017 |archive-date=25 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525151442/http://www.jewishdatabank.org/studies/details.cfm?StudyID=307 |url-status=live }}</ref> Of that population of connected Jews, 80% participated in some sort of Jewish religious observance, but only 48% belonged to a congregation, and fewer than 16% attend regularly.<ref name="harrisinteractive" />

== Judaism and ecology ==
Ecological concerns are deeply rooted in the Jewish tradition. The natural world plays a central role in Jewish law, literature, liturgy, and other practices. In [[Jewish law]] ([[halakhah]]), ecological concerns are reflected in several instances. These include, the Biblical protection for fruit trees, rules in the [[Mishnah]] against harming the public domain, [[Talmud]]ic debate over noise and smoke damages, and contemporary responsa on [[agricultural pollution]].<ref name="IN">Eva, Nahid,{{cite news | last = | first = | title =Topic: Judaism and Environmentalism| newspaper =| location = | pages = | language = | publisher =Academia.edu| date =| url =https://www.academia.edu/3841586 | accessdate =15 May 2025}}</ref> The rule of ''tza'ar ba'alei hayyim'' is a restriction on cruelty to animals.<ref>Rabbi David Sears,{{cite news | last = | first = | title =Teaching #3: Compassion for all Creatures, Longer Article for Deeper Study| newspaper =| location = | pages = | language = | publisher =Jewish Eco Seminars | date =| url =https://www.jewishecoseminars.com//compassion-for-all-creatures-longer-article/ | accessdate =15 May 2025}}</ref>

Although the [[Bible]] and [[Rabbinic Judaism|rabbinic]] tradition have put Judaism on an anthropocentric path, creation-centered or eco-centric interpretations of Judaism can also be found throughout [[Jewish history]].<ref>Rabbi Lawrence Troster,{{cite news | last = | first = | title =Ten Teachings on Judaism and the Environment | newspaper =| location = | pages = | language = | publisher =Sefaria: a Living Library of Jewish Texts Online| date =| url =https://www.sefaria.org/sheets/114041?lang=bi | accessdate =15 May 2025}}</ref> Many theologians regard the land as a primary partner of Jewish covenant, and Judaism, especially the practices described in the [[Torah]], may be regarded as the expression of a fully indigenous, earth-centered tradition.<ref>{{cite news | last = | first = | title =Judaism Introduction| newspaper =| location = | pages = | language = | publisher =Yale Forum on Religion and Ecology| date =| url =https://fore.yale.edu/Publications/Books/Religions-World-and-Ecology-Book-Series/Judaism-Table-Contents/Judaism| accessdate =15 May 2025}}</ref>

Since the 1970s, hundreds of articles and books have been written on the topic of [[Judaism and environmentalism]], and the moral obligation to care for God’s Earth and its creatures. The article "Judaism and the Ecological Crisis"<ref>Katz Eric,{{cite news | last = | first = | title =Judaism and the Ecological Crisis| newspaper =| location = | pages = | language = | date =| url =https://www.proquest.com/openview/cb0443ea42753193d616638d8cf8c749/1?cbl=1821557&pq-origsite=gscholar| accessdate =15 May 2025| via = ProQuest}}</ref> and Dr. Eilon Schwartz’s "Bal Tashchit: A Jewish Environmental Precept" note about the Jewish concept of Bal Tashchit, which prohibits unnecessary waste and encourages the sustainable use of resources.<ref>Eilon Schwartz,{{cite news | last = | first = | title =Bal Tashchit: A Jewish Environmental Precept| newspaper =| location = | pages = | language = | publisher =Philpapers| date =| url =https://philpapers.org/rec/SCHBTA| accessdate =15 May 2025}}</ref> Dr. Hava Tirosh-Samuelson, in a 2001 essay titled "Nature in the Sources of Judaism", notes how a Jewish perspective on nature is rooted in the belief that the universe is the creation of God.<ref>Tirosh-Samuelson, Hava. "Nature in the Sources of Judaism." Daedalus, vol. 130, no. 4, 2001, pp. 99–124.</ref>

Scores of books have been published on Jewish teachings and environmental stewardship. Among them are "Eco Bible: Volume 1: An Ecological Commentary on Genesis and Exodus", and "Eco Bible: Volume 2: An Ecological Commentary on Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy".<ref>Yonatan Neril and Leo Dee,{{cite news | last = | first = | title =Eco Bible: Volume 1 and Volume 2: An Ecological Commentary| newspaper =| location = | pages = | language = | publisher =The Interfaith Center for Sustainable Development| date =| url =https://interfaithsustain.com/ecobible/ | accessdate =15 May 2025}}</ref>

==Judaism and other religions==

===Christianity and Judaism===
{{Main|Christianity and Judaism}}

{{See also|Christianity and antisemitism|Christian–Jewish reconciliation}}
[[File:Sinagoga_de_Santa_María_la_Blanca_2_Toledo.jpg|thumb|The 12th-century [[Synagogue of Santa María la Blanca]] in [[Toledo, Spain]], was converted to a church shortly after anti-Jewish [[pogrom]]s in 1391]]
[[Christianity]] was originally a sect of [[Second Temple Judaism]], but the two religions [[Split of early Christianity and Judaism|diverged in the first century]]. The differences between Christianity and Judaism originally centered on whether Jesus was the Jewish Messiah, but eventually became irreconcilable. Major differences between the two faiths include the nature of the Messiah, of [[Atonement in Judaism|atonement]] and [[Jewish views on sin|sin]], the status of God's commandments to Israel, and perhaps most significantly, of the [[God in Judaism|nature of God]] himself. Due to these differences, Judaism traditionally regards Christianity as ''[[shituf]]'' ({{langx|he|rtl=yes|label=none|translation=association|שִׁתּוּף}}), or worship of the God of Israel in an incompletely monotheistic manner (e.g., deifying Jesus in addition to the one God). Christianity has traditionally regarded Judaism as [[Supersessionism|obsolete]] with the invention of Christianity and Jews as a people replaced by the Church. However, a Christian belief in [[dual-covenant theology]] emerged as a phenomenon following Christian reflection on how the religion's theology influenced [[the Holocaust]] and [[Nazism]].<ref>R. Kendall Soulen, ''The God of Israel and Christian Theology'', (Minneapolis: Fortress, 1996) {{ISBN|978-0-8006-2883-3}}</ref>

Since the time of the [[History of Christianity during the Middle Ages|Middle Ages]], the [[Catholic Church]] upheld the ''[[Sicut Judaeis|Constitutio pro Judæis]]'' (Formal Statement on the Jews), which stated: {{blockquote|We decree that no Christian shall use violence to force them to be baptized, so long as they are unwilling and refuse.…Without the judgment of the political authority of the land, no Christian shall presume to wound them or kill them or rob them of their money or change the good customs that they have thus far enjoyed in the place where they live."<ref name="BaskinSeeskin2010">{{cite book|last1=Baskin|first1=Judith R.|last2=Seeskin|first2=Kenneth|title=The Cambridge Guide to Jewish History, Religion, and Culture|year=2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-86960-7|page=120}}</ref>}}

Until [[Jewish emancipation]] in the late 18th and the 19th century, Jews in Christian lands were subject to humiliating legal restrictions and limitations. They included provisions requiring Jews to wear specific and identifying clothing such as the [[Jewish hat]] and the [[yellow badge]], restricting Jews to certain cities and towns or in certain parts of towns ([[Jewish ghettos in Europe|ghettos]]), and forbidding Jews to enter certain trades (e.g., selling new clothes in medieval [[Sweden]]). Disabilities also included special taxes levied on Jews, exclusion from public life, restraints on the performance of religious ceremonies, and linguistic censorship. Some countries went even further and completely expelled Jews—for example, the English [[Edict of Expulsion]] in 1290 (Jews were readmitted in 1655) and [[expulsion of the Jews from Spain]] in 1492 (who were readmitted in 1868). The first Jewish settlers in North America arrived in the Dutch colony of [[New Amsterdam]] in 1654; they were forbidden to hold public office, open a retail shop, or establish a synagogue. When the colony was seized by the British in 1664, Jewish rights remained unchanged; by 1671, [[Asser Levy]] was the first Jew to serve on a jury in North America.<ref name=gotham>[[Edwin G. Burrows|Burrows, Edwin G.]] & [[Mike Wallace (historian)|Wallace, Mike]]. ''[[Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898]]''. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. pp. 60, 133–134</ref> In 1791, [[French Revolution|Revolutionary France]] was the first country to abolish disabilities altogether, followed by [[Prussia]] in 1848. [[Emancipation of the Jews in the United Kingdom]] was achieved in 1858 after an almost 30-year struggle championed by [[Isaac Lyon Goldsmid]],<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/237923/Sir-Isaac-Lyon-Goldsmid-1st-Baronet#ref213807|title=Sir Isaac Lyon Goldsmid, 1st Baronet|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|url-access=subscription|access-date=23 June 2022|archive-date=27 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427062024/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/237923/Sir-Isaac-Lyon-Goldsmid-1st-Baronet#ref213807|url-status=live}}</ref> with Jews given the right to sit in parliament with the passing of the [[Jews Relief Act 1858]]. The newly created [[German Empire]] in 1871 abolished Jewish disabilities in Germany, which were reinstated in the [[Nuremberg Laws]] in 1935.

Jewish life in Christian lands was marred by [[blood libel]]s, expulsions, [[forced conversion]]s, and massacres. Religious prejudice fueled hostility against Jews in Europe. Christian rhetoric and antipathy towards Jews developed in the [[Apostolic Age|early years of Christianity]] and was reinforced by ever-increasing anti-Jewish measures over the ensuing centuries. The action taken by Christians against Jews included acts of violence and murder, culminating in the Holocaust.<ref name="HarriesAfter" />{{rp|21}}<ref name="Kung" />{{rp|169}}<ref name="Dawidowicz" /> These attitudes were reinforced by Christian preaching, in art and popular teaching for two millennia which expressed contempt for Jews,<ref name=JCPSHorst>Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs. 5 May 2009. [http://jcpa.org/article/the-origins-of-christian-anti-semitism/ The Origins of Christian Anti-Semitism: Interview with Pieter van der Horst] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726170352/http://jcpa.org/article/the-origins-of-christian-anti-semitism/ |date=26 July 2018 }}</ref> as well as statutes which were designed to humiliate and stigmatise Jews, such as those of the ''[[Judensau]]'' motif. The [[Nazi Party]] was known for its [[Kirchenkampf|persecution of Christian churches]]; many of them, such as the Protestant [[Confessing Church]] and the Catholic Church,<ref>Gill, Anton (1994). An Honourable Defeat; A History of the German Resistance to Hitler. Heinemann Mandarin. 1995 paperback {{ISBN|978-0-434-29276-9}}; p. 57</ref> as well as [[Quakers]] and [[Jehovah's Witnesses]], aided and rescued Jews who were being targeted by the antireligious régime.<ref name="Gottfried2001">{{cite book|last=Gottfried|first=Ted|title=Heroes of the Holocaust|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780761317173|url-access=registration|access-date=14 January 2017|year=2001|publisher=Twenty-First Century Books|isbn=978-0-7613-1717-3|pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780761317173/page/24 24]–25|quote=Some groups that are known to have helped Jews were religious in nature. One of these was the Confessing Church, a Protestant denomination formed in May 1934, the year after Hitler became chancellor of Germany. One of its goals was to repeal the Nazi law "which required that the civil service would be purged of all those who were either Jewish or of partly Jewish descent." Another was to help those "who suffered through repressive laws, or violence." About 7,000 of the 17,000 Protestant clergy in Germany joined the Confessing Church. Much of their work has gone unrecognized, but two who will never forget them are Max Krakauer and his wife. Sheltered in sixty-six houses and helped by more than eighty individuals who belonged to the Confessing Church, they owe them their lives. German Catholic churches went out of their way to protect Catholics of Jewish ancestry. More inclusive was the principled stand taken by Catholic Bishop Clemens Count von Galen of Munster. He publicly denounced the Nazi slaughter of Jews and actually succeeded in having the problem halted for a short time.…Members of the Society of Friends—German Quakers working with organizations of Friends from other countries—were particularly successful in rescuing Jews.…Jehovah's Witnesses, themselves targeted for concentration camps, also provided help to Jews.}}</ref>

The attitude of Christians and Christian churches toward the Jewish people and Judaism has changed in a mostly positive direction since [[World War II]]. Pope [[John Paul II]] and the Catholic Church have "upheld the Church's acceptance of the continuing and permanent [[Jews as the chosen people|election]] of the Jewish people" as well as a [[Dual-covenant theology|reaffirmation of the covenant]] between [[God in Christianity|God]] and the Jews.<ref name="Wigoder1988">{{cite book|last=Wigoder|first=Geoffrey|title=Jewish-Christian Relations Since the Second World War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9N9RAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA87|access-date=14 January 2017|year=1988|publisher=Manchester University Press|language=en|isbn=978-0-7190-2639-3|page=87|archive-date=10 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210203500/https://books.google.com/books?id=9N9RAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA87|url-status=live}}</ref> In December 2015, the [[Holy See|Vatican]] released a 10,000-word document that, among other things, stated that Catholics should work with Jews to fight antisemitism.<ref name="news.va">{{cite web|url=http://www.news.va/en/news/vatican-issues-new-document-on-christian-jewish-di|title=Vatican issues new document on Christian-Jewish dialogue|access-date=14 January 2017|archive-date=13 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113203040/http://www.news.va/en/news/vatican-issues-new-document-on-christian-jewish-di}}</ref>

In [[continental Europe]], Judaism is heavily associated with and most often thought of as [[Orthodox Judaism]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Queen II |first1=Edward L. |title=The Encyclopedia of American Religious History |last2=Prothero |first2=Stephen R. |last3=Shattuck Jr. |first3=Gardiner H. |publisher=Proseworks |year=1996 |isbn=0-8160-3545-8 |volume=2 |location=New York |page=485 |author-link2=Stephen Prothero}}</ref>

===Islam and Judaism===
{{Main|Islam and Judaism}}

[[File:Essaouira_-_Fontaine_publique.jpg|thumb|Muslim women in the [[mellah]] of [[Essaouira]]]]
[[File:Cropped_داخل_المعبد_اليهودي_بمجمع_الأديان_مصر_القديمة.jpg|thumb|The bimah of the [[Ben Ezra Synagogue]] in Cairo, Egypt]]
Both Judaism and [[Islam]] trace their origins to the patriarch Abraham, and they are therefore considered [[Abrahamic religions]]. In both Jewish and [[Muslim]] tradition, the Jewish and [[Arab peoples]] are descended from the two sons of Abraham—[[Isaac]] and [[Ishmael]], respectively. While both religions are [[Monotheism|monotheistic]] and share many commonalities, they differ based on the fact that Jews do not consider [[Jesus in Islam|Jesus]] or [[Muhammad]] to be prophets, among many other reasons. The adherents of the religions have interacted with each other since the 7th century, when [[Islam]] originated and spread in the [[Arabian Peninsula]]. The period under the [[Ummayad]] and the [[Abbasid]] caliphates between 712 and 1066 has been called the [[Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain]]. Non-Muslim monotheists living in these countries, including Jews, were known as ''[[dhimmis]]''. Dhimmis were allowed to practice their own religions and administer their own internal affairs, but they were subject to certain restrictions that were not imposed on Muslims.<ref name="Lewis-84" /> For example, they had to pay the [[jizya]], a per capita tax imposed on free adult non-Muslim males,<ref name="Lewis-84" /> and they were also forbidden to bear arms or testify in court cases involving Muslims.<ref name="lewis14" /> Many of the laws regarding dhimmis were highly symbolic. For example, dhimmis in some countries were required to wear [[Yellow badge|distinctive clothing]], a practice not found in either the [[Quran]] or the [[hadiths]] but invented in [[Early Middle Ages|early medieval]] [[Baghdad]] and inconsistently enforced.<ref name="lewis15" /> Jews in Muslim countries were not entirely free from persecution—for example, many were killed, exiled or forcibly converted in the 12th century, in [[Persia]], and by the rulers of the [[Almohad]] dynasty in North Africa and [[Al-Andalus]],<ref name="stillman" /> as well as by the Zaydi imams of Yemen in the 17th century (see [[Mawza Exile]]). At times, Jews were also restricted in their choice of residence—in [[Morocco]], for example, Jews were confined to walled quarters ([[mellah]]s) beginning in the 15th century and increasingly since the early 19th century.<ref name="lewis16" />

In the mid-20th century, [[Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries|Jews were expelled]] from nearly all of the Arab countries.<ref>Shumsky, Dmitry. (12 September 2012) [https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/recognize-jews-as-refugees-from-arab-countries-1.464535 "Recognize Jews as refugees from Arab countries"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130714015124/http://www.haaretz.com/opinion/recognize-jews-as-refugees-from-arab-countries-1.464535 |date=14 July 2013 }}. ''Haaretz''. Retrieved on 28 July 2013.</ref><ref>Meir, Esther. (9 October 2012) [https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/the-truth-about-the-expulsion.premium-1.468823 "The truth about the expulsion"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011092041/http://www.haaretz.com/opinion/the-truth-about-the-expulsion.premium-1.468823 |date=11 October 2013 }}. ''Haaretz''. Retrieved on 28 July 2013.</ref> Most have chosen to live in Israel. Today, antisemitic themes including [[Holocaust denial]] have become commonplace in the propaganda of Islamic movements such as [[Hizbullah]] and [[Hamas]], in the pronouncements of various agencies of the [[Islamic Republic of Iran]], and even in the newspapers and other publications of [[Refah Partisi]].<ref name="Lewis_MEQ">{{cite journal |url=http://www.meforum.org/396/muslim-anti-semitism |pages=43–49 |title=Muslim Anti-Semitism |first=Bernard |last=Lewis |journal=Middle East Quarterly |date=June 1998 |access-date=13 August 2009 |archive-date=25 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625062233/http://www.meforum.org/396/muslim-anti-semitism |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Syncretic movements incorporating Judaism===
Some movements in other religions include elements of Judaism. Among Christianity, there are a number of denominations of ancient and contemporary [[Judaizers]]. The most well-known of these is [[Messianic Judaism]], a religious movement, which arose in the 1960s,<ref name=Feher1998p140 /><ref name=Ariel2006p191b /><ref name=Ariel2006p194a /><ref name =Meltonp373a /> In this, elements of the messianic traditions in Judaism,<ref>{{Interlanguage link|Vittorio Lanternari|it}} [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1062037 'Messianism: Its Historical Origin and Morphology,'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421080954/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1062037 |date=21 April 2021 }} [[History of Religions]] Vol. 2, No. 1 (Summer, 1962), pp. 52–72:'the same messianic complex which originated in Judaism and was confirmed in Christianity.' p. 53</ref><ref>Michael L. Morgan, Steven Weitzman, (eds.,) [https://books.google.com/books?id=d3OPBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 ''Rethinking the Messianic Idea in Judaism,''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210203500/https://books.google.com/books?id=d3OPBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 |date=10 February 2023 }} [[Indiana University Press]] 2014 {{isbn|978-0-253-01477-1}} p. 1. [[Gershom Scholem]] considered 'the messianic dimensions of the Kabbalah and of rabbinic Judaism as a central feature of a Jewish philosophy of history.'</ref> are incorporated in, and melded with the [[Christianity#Beliefs|tenets of Christianity]].<ref name =Meltonp373a /><ref name=Ariel2006p191a /><ref name=Ariel2006p194b /><ref name="Sherbok_179" /><ref name=Ariel2000p223 /> The movement generally states that [[Jesus]] is the Jewish Messiah, that he is one of the [[Trinity|Three Divine Persons]],<ref name="UMJC-3" /><ref name="Trinitarianism" /> and that [[Salvation (Christianity)|salvation]] is only achieved through acceptance of Jesus as one's savior.<ref name="JeC3" /> Some members of Messianic Judaism argue that it is a sect of Judaism.<ref name="MJSelfID" /> Jewish organizations of every denomination reject this, stating that Messianic Judaism is a Christian sect, because it teaches creeds which are identical to those of [[Pauline Christianity]], and because the conditions for the Messiah to have come accordingly within traditional Jewish thought have not yet been met.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moss |first=Aron |title=Can a Jew believe in Jesus? |url=https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/160992/jewish/Can-a-Jew-believe-in-Jesus.htm |access-date=September 22, 2023 |archive-date=10 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010133031/https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/160992/jewish/Can-a-Jew-believe-in-Jesus.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Denominations" /> Another religious movement is the [[Black Hebrew Israelite]] group, which not to be confused with less syncretic [[Black Judaism]] (a constellation of movements which, depending on their adherence to normative Jewish tradition, receive varying degrees of recognition by the broader Jewish community).

Other examples of [[syncretism]] include [[Semitic neopaganism]], loosely organized sects which incorporate [[paganism|pagan]], [[Goddess movement]] or [[Wicca]]n beliefs with some Jewish religious practices;<ref name="RaphaelMelissa">{{cite journal |surname=Raphael |given=Melissa |date=April 1998 |title=Goddess Religion, Postmodern Jewish Feminism, and the Complexity of Alternative Religious Identities |journal=[[Nova Religio]] |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=198–215 |doi=10.1525/nr.1998.1.2.198 |url=https://online.ucpress.edu/nr/article-abstract/1/2/198/70030/Goddess-Religion-Postmodern-Jewish-Feminism-and?redirectedFrom=PDF |url-access=registration |access-date=17 July 2023 |archive-date=17 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717021926/https://online.ucpress.edu/nr/article-abstract/1/2/198/70030/Goddess-Religion-Postmodern-Jewish-Feminism-and?redirectedFrom=PDF |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Jewish Buddhist]]s, another loosely organized group that incorporates elements of [[Buddhism]] and other Asian spirituality in their faith.<ref>{{cite book |surname=Cohn-Sherbok |given=Dan |author-link=Dan Cohn-Sherbok |chapter=Jewish Buddhists |title=Judaism Today |year=2010 |publisher=Continuum |place=London; New York |pages=98–100 |chapter-url={{Google books|id=kw8SBwAAQBAJ|plainurl=y|page=98|keywords=|text=}} |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kw8SBwAAQBAJ |isbn=978-0-8264-3829-4 |access-date=17 July 2023 |archive-date=28 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230628053238/https://books.google.com/books?id=kw8SBwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Some [[Jewish Renewal|Renewal Jews]] borrow freely and openly from Buddhism, [[Sufism]], [[Native American religions]], and other faiths.<ref name="Magid2005" />{{sfn|Segal|2008|pp=123–129}}

The [[Kabbalah Centre]], which employs teachers from multiple religions, is a one of "[[New Age]] Judaism" movements{{sfn|Neusner|Avery-Peck|2003|pp=354–370|loc="New Age Judaism"}} that claims to popularize the [[kabbalah]], part of the [[Jewish mysticism|Jewish esoteric tradition]].<ref>{{cite book |surname=Myers |given=Jody Elizabeth |title=Kabbalah and the spiritual quest: the Kabbalah Centre in America |place=Westport, Conn |publisher=Praeger |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-275-98940-8 |url= https://archive.org/details/kabbalahspiritua0000myer |url-access=registration}}</ref>

==Criticism==
{{Main|Criticism of Judaism}}

Criticism of Judaism may include those that require [[Historical revisionism|revisionism]] to classical Orthodox Judaism, such as that of the modernized denomination of [[Reconstructionist Judaism]] as established by American rabbi [[Mordecai Kaplan]], who believed that classical Orthodox Judaism is outdated as a religious belief on its own, and should represent [[Judaism as a civilization]].<ref name="delusion">{{cite book
|title=The God delusion
|date=11 May 2024
|url=https://archive.org/details/goddelusion00dawk
|isbn=978-0618680009
|pages=[https://archive.org/details/goddelusion00dawk/page/37 37], 245
|last1=Dawkins
|first1=Richard
|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Seeman |first=Isadore |title=Reconstructionist Judaism |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1999/09/21/reconstructionist-judaism/ec2210ea-38b6-45a6-bf09-f8f247e83b40/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424034031/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1999/09/21/reconstructionist-judaism/ec2210ea-38b6-45a6-bf09-f8f247e83b40/ |archive-date=April 24, 2024 |access-date=April 23, 2024 |newspaper=Washington Post |quote=In the 1930s Rabbi Mordecai Kaplan recognized that many Jews were losing interest in religious observance, except perhaps for the high holidays. As a cogent philosopher and the leader of a congregation in New York, Rabbi Kaplan began to evolve a fresh approach to Jewish belief and practice... The essence of Reconstructionism is that Judaism is not just a religion but an evolving religious civilization. Reconstructionists believe in the importance of music, art, dance, the Hebrew language, a dedication to the State of Israel and a sense of Jewish peoplehood...}}</ref>

On the other hand, some proponents of classical Orthodox Judaism, such as [[Neturei Karta]] and similar groups, strongly oppose the growing accommodation to [[Types of Zionism|political Zionism]] by [[Haredi Jewish]] groups, such as [[Agudat Yisrael]]; a previously [[anti-Zionist]] proponent of Orthodox Haredi Judaism whom the Neturei Karta see as betraying Orthodoxy, in the belief that Judaism should never be conflated with the politics of Zionism.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Neturei Karta |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/neturei-karta-2 |access-date=2024-04-08 |website=www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org |quote=Neturei Karta (Aramaic: "Guardians of the City") is a group of Orthodox Jews which rejects Zionism and the establishment of the State of Israel. They believe that the true Israel can only be reestablished with the coming of the Messiah.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Harb |first=Ali |title='Anti-Zionism is antisemitism,' US House asserts in 'dangerous' resolution |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/6/anti-zionism-is-antisemitism-us-house-asserts-in-dangerous-resolution |access-date=2024-04-08 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en |quote=In the US, Palestinian rights supporters have long rejected conflations of Zionism with Judaism, noting that many Jewish Americans identify as anti-Zionist. "Opposing the policies of the government of Israel and Netanyahu's extremism is not antisemitic. Speaking up for human rights and a ceasefire to save lives should never be condemned," Palestinian American Congresswoman Rashida Tlaib said in a social media post on Tuesday, explaining her vote against the resolution.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Santos |first=Fernanda |date=2007-01-15 |title=New York Rabbi Finds Friends in Iran and Enemies at Home |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/15/nyregion/15rabbi.html |access-date=2024-04-08 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |quote=... Rabbi Yisroel Dovid Weiss, spokesman and assistant director of a small anti-Zionist group with a foothold in this town in Rockland County, home to one of the nation's largest communities of Hasidic Jews... "we had to let the world know, especially the Arab world and the Muslim world, that we are not their enemies," he said in an interview, a Palestinian flag with the phrase "A Jew Not a Zionist," written in Hebrew, English and Arabic pinned to the lapel of his coat...}}</ref>

Orthodox Jewish [[public intellectual]] and [[polymath]] [[Yeshayahu Leibowitz]], in contrast, believed in the [[separation of synagogue and state]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-22 |title=Yeshayahu Leibowitz: Idol smasher or idol maker? |url=https://www.jpost.com/opinion/yeshayahu-leibowitz-idol-smasher-or-idol-maker-593342 |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |language=en |quote=Smashing idols was Leibowitz’s mission. And there were many idols to smash: Reform Judaism, Jewish nationalism, Kabbalah, the mystical and messianic insights of Religious Zionism’s Abraham Isaac Kook, the notion that the mitzvot are grounded in moral principles. |issn=0792-822X}}</ref> and regarded [[Reform Judaism]] as a "historical distortion of the Jewish religion".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Greenberg |first=Joel |date=1994-08-19 |title=Yeshayahu Leibowitz, 91, Iconoclastic Israeli Thinker |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/08/19/obituaries/yeshayahu-leibowitz-91-iconoclastic-israeli-thinker.html |access-date=2024-05-13 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |quote=A staunch believer in the separation of state from religion, he argued that the blend of religion and politics in Israel corrupted the faith... He taught at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem for 36 years, lecturing in biochemistry, neurophysiology, philosophy and the history of science... A volume of his work was published in English under the title “Judaism, Human Values and the Jewish State” by Harvard University Press in 1992.}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Judaism|Religion}}
* [[Heaven in Judaism]]
* [[List of 21st-century religious leaders#Judaism]]
* [[List of religious organizations#Jewish organizations]]
* [[Judaism by country]]
* [[Outline of Judaism]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

== Footnotes ==
{{sfn whitelist|CITEREFJacobs2007}}
{{Reflist|30em|refs=



<ref name="Lewis-84">{{harvnb|Lewis|1984|pp=10, 20}}</ref>

<ref name="Knowledge Resources: Judaism">{{cite web |url=http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/traditions/judaism |title=Knowledge Resources: Judaism |publisher=[[Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs]] |access-date=22 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110827210045/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/traditions/judaism |archive-date=27 August 2011 }}</ref>

<ref name="tanakh">{{cite news|url=http://www.ou.org/about/judaism/tanakh.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010219104140/http://www.ou.org/about/judaism/tanakh.htm |archive-date=19 February 2001 |publisher=Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations in America |title=Judaism 101: A Glossary of Basic Jewish Terms and Concepts |date=12 April 2006 }}</ref>

<ref name="A radical Jew: Paul and the politics of identity">{{cite book |last = Boyarin |first = Daniel |title = A radical Jew: Paul and the politics of identity |url = http://www.escholarship.org/editions/view%3bjsessionid=CVFQtGjpR4aPh1TA?docId=ft7w10086w&query=&brand=ucpress |access-date = 15 June 2006 |year= 1994 |publisher = University of California Press |location = Berkeley |isbn = 978-0-520-08592-3 |lccn = 93036269 |pages = 13–38 |chapter = Introduction |chapter-url = http://content.cdlib.org/xtf/view?docId=ft7w10086w&chunk.id=introduction&toc.depth=1&toc.id=introduction&brand=ucpress |quote = Paul was motivated by a Hellenistic desire for the One, which among other things produced an ideal of a universal human essence, beyond difference and hierarchy. This universal humanity, however, was predicated (and still is) on the dualism of the flesh and the spirit, such that while the body is particular, marked through practice as Jew or Greek, and through anatomy as male or female, the spirit is universal. Paul did not, however, reject the body—as did, for instance, the gnostics—but rather promoted a system whereby the body had its place, albeit subordinated to the spirit. Paul's anthropological dualism was matched by a hermeneutical dualism as well. Just as the human being is divided into a fleshy and a spiritual component, so also is language itself. It is composed of outer, material signs and inner, spiritual significations. When this is applied to the religious system that Paul inherited, the physical, fleshy signs of the Torah, of historical Judaism, are re-interpreted as symbols of that which Paul takes to be universal requirements and possibilities for humanity. |archive-date = 10 February 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230210203503/https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view%3Bjsessionid=CVFQtGjpR4aPh1TA?docId=ft7w10086w&query=&brand=ucpress |url-status = live }}</ref>

<ref name="A radical Jew: Paul and the politics of identity10">{{cite book |last = Boyarin |first = Daniel |title = A radical Jew: Paul and the politics of identity |year = 1994 |publisher = University of California Press |location = Berkeley |isbn = 978-0-520-08592-3 |chapter = Answering the Mail |chapter-url = http://content.cdlib.org/xtf/view?docId=ft7w10086w&chunk.id=ch10&toc.depth=1&toc.id=ch10&brand=ucpress |quote = Jewishness disrupts the very categories of identity, because it is not national, not genealogical, not religious, but all of these, in dialectical tension with one another. |access-date = 16 June 2006 |archive-date = 10 February 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230210203503/https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft7w10086w&chunk.id=ch10&toc.depth=1&toc.id=ch10&brand=ucpress |url-status = live }}</ref>

<ref name="Britannica Online Encyclopedia: Bet Din">{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/63134/bet-din |title=Bet Din |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] Online |access-date=2010-08-22 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=27 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427092415/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/63134/bet-din |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Conservative Judaism">{{cite web |url=http://www.jewlicious.com/2005/06/conservative-judaism/ |title=Conservative Judaism |publisher=Jewlicious |quote=We therefore understand this term as a metaphor to mean that the Torah is divine and that it reflects God's will. |date=16 June 2005 |access-date=13 April 2009 |archive-date=3 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203124813/http://jewlicious.com/2005/06/conservative-judaism/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Ethnoreligious">See, for example, [[Deborah Dash Moore]], ''American Jewish Identity Politics'', University of Michigan Press, 2008, p. 303; Ewa Morawska, ''Insecure Prosperity: Small-Town Jews in Industrial America, 1890–1940'', Princeton University Press, 1999. p. 217; Peter Y. Medding, ''Values, interests and identity: Jews and politics in a changing world'', Volume 11 of Studies in contemporary Jewry, Oxford University Press, 1995, p. 64; Ezra Mendelsohn, ''People of the city: Jews and the urban challenge'', Volume 15 of Studies in contemporary Jewry, Oxford University Press, 1999, p. 55; [[L. Sandy Maisel]], [[Ira Forman]], eds., ''Jews in American politics: essays'', [[Rowman & Littlefield]], 2004, p. 158; [[Seymour Martin Lipset]], ''American Exceptionalism: A Double-Edged Sword'', W.W. Norton & Company, 1997, p. 169.</ref>

<ref name="History, religion, and antisemitism">{{cite book | last = Langmuir | first = Gavin | title = History, religion, and antisemitism | publisher = University of California Press | year = 1993 | isbn = 978-0-520-07728-7}}</ref>

<ref name="How Do You Know the Exodus Really Happened?">{{cite web |url=http://jewishinspiration.com/tape.php?tape_id=41 |title=How Do You Know the Exodus Really Happened? |author= Rietti, Rabbi Jonathan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040918062910/http://jewishinspiration.com/tape.php?tape_id=41 |archive-date=18 September 2004}} The word "''emunah''" has been translated incorrectly by the King James Bible as merely "belief" or "faith", when in actuality, it means ''conviction'', which is a much more emphatic knowledge of God based on experience.</ref>

<ref name="Islam, Judaism, and Christianity: Theological and Historical Affiliations">{{cite book|author=Heribert Busse|title=Islam, Judaism, and Christianity: Theological and Historical Affiliations |publisher=Markus Wiener Publishers |year= 1998 |pages=63–112| isbn=978-1-55876-144-5}}</ref>

<ref name="Jacob, Walter (1987). Contemporary American Reform Responsa. Mars, PA: Publishers Choice Book Mfg.">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6YbKqlxCZdsC&pg=PA100 |last=Jacob |first=Walter |title=Contemporary American Reform Responsa |location=Mars, PA |publisher=Central Conference of American Rabbis |access-date=28 September 2011|isbn=978-0-88123-003-1|year=1987|pages=100–106}}</ref>

<ref name="Karaites">{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3458001508.html |title=Karaites |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia.com |access-date=22 August 2010 |archive-date=23 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100523150434/http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3458001508.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Law of Return 5710-1950">{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/1950_1959/Law%20of%20Return%205710-1950 |title=Law of Return 5710-1950 |access-date=22 October 2007 |year=2007 |publisher=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071006035045/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/1950_1959/Law%20of%20Return%205710-1950 |archive-date=6 October 2007}}</ref>

<ref name="Maimonides, 13 Principles of Faith">{{cite web |url=http://www.aish.com/sp/ph/48923722.html |title=Maimonides, 13 Principles of Faith |quote=According to the Rambam, their acceptance defines the minimum requirement necessary for one to relate to the Almighty and His Torah as a member of the People of Israel |publisher=Aish HaTorah |author=Rabbi Mordechai Blumenfeld |work=aishcom |date=9 May 2009 |access-date=13 August 2009 |archive-date=27 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927055733/https://www.aish.com/sp/ph/48923722.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="bibleinterp_mason3">{{Cite web|url=https://bibleinterp.arizona.edu/articles/mason3|title=Methods and Categories: Judaism and Gospel|last=Mason|first=Steve|date=Aug 2009|website=bibleinterp.arizona.edu|access-date=19 November 2018|archive-date=29 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729033722/https://bibleinterp.arizona.edu/articles/mason3|url-status=live}}</ref>



<ref name="The Historical Muhammad">{{cite book|author=Irving M. Zeitlin|title=The Historical Muhammad |publisher=[[Polity (publisher)|Polity]] |year= 2007 |pages=92–93| isbn=978-0-7456-3999-4}}</ref>

<ref name="The JPS guide to Jewish traditions">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_qGHi_9K154C&pg=RA13-PA509|title=The JPS guide to Jewish traditions |author=Ronald L. Eisenberg |page=509 |isbn=978-0-8276-0760-6 |quote=The concept of "dogma" is…not a basic idea in Judaism.|publisher=Jewish Publication Society |year=2004}}</ref>

<ref name="The Jewish roots of Christological monotheism: papers from the St. Andrews conference on the historical origins of the worship of Jesus">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ST5wISvTaQC&q=Jewish+monotheism|title=The Jewish roots of Christological monotheism: papers from the St. Andrews conference on the historical origins of the worship of Jesus|editor1-first=Carey C.|editor1-last=Newman|editor2-first=James R.|editor2-last=Davila|editor3-first=Gladys S.|editor3-last=Lewis|publisher=Brill|access-date=22 August 2010|isbn=978-90-04-11361-9|year=1999|archive-date=18 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418075120/https://books.google.com/books?id=9ST5wISvTaQC&q=Jewish+monotheism|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="The Kosher Pig?">{{cite web |url=http://www.meaningfullife.com/torah/parsha/vayikra/shemini/The_Kosher_Pig.php |title=The Kosher Pig? |author=Chaya Shuchat |date=25 June 2015 |quote=It is also the most quintessentially "treif" of animals, with its name being nearly synonymous with non-kosher…Although far from alone in the litany of non-kosher animals, the pig seems to stand in a class of its own. |access-date=1 November 2009 |archive-date=23 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323031149/http://www.meaningfullife.com/torah/parsha/vayikra/shemini/The_Kosher_Pig.php |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="The Thirteen Principles of the Jewish Faith">{{cite web |url=http://www.hebrew4christians.net/Scripture/Shloshah-Asar_Ikkarim/shloshah-asar_ikkarim.html |title=The Thirteen Principles of the Jewish Faith |publisher=Hebrew4Christians |access-date=22 August 2010 |archive-date=25 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525144323/http://www.hebrew4christians.net/Scripture/Shloshah-Asar_Ikkarim/shloshah-asar_ikkarim.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Torah MiSinai:Conservative Views">{{cite web |url=http://masortiworld.org/faq/theology-%20beliefs/torah-misinai.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070713183805/http://masortiworld.org/faq/theology-%20beliefs/torah-misinai.html |archive-date=13 July 2007 |title=Torah MiSinai:Conservative Views |publisher=Masorti World |author=Robert Gordis |work=A Modern Approach to a Living Halachah |quote=The Torah is an emanation of God…This conception does not mean, for us, that the process of revelation consisted of dictation by God.}}</ref>

<ref name="Torah tidbits">{{cite web |author=Avi Kehat |url=http://www.ou.org/torah/tt/5767/shemot67/mikdash.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070317042450/http://www.ou.org/torah/tt/5767/shemot67/mikdash.htm |archive-date=17 March 2007 |title=Torah tidbits |publisher=Ou.org |access-date=22 August 2010 }}</ref>

<ref name="What Do Jews Believe?">{{cite web |url=http://www.mechon-mamre.org/jewfaq/beliefs.htm |title=What Do Jews Believe? |publisher=Mechon Mamre |quote=The closest that anyone has ever come to creating a widely accepted list of Jewish beliefs is Maimonides' thirteen principles of faith. |access-date=13 April 2009 |archive-date=6 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090406081613/http://www.mechon-mamre.org/jewfaq/beliefs.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="What is the oral Torah?">{{cite web |url=http://www.torah.org/learning/basics/primer/torah/oraltorah.html |title=What is the oral Torah? |publisher=Torah.org |access-date=22 August 2010 |archive-date=12 January 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020112052251/http://www.torah.org/learning/basics/primer/torah/oraltorah.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Who is a Jew?">{{Cite book|last=Kertzer|first=Morris|title=What is a Jew?|publisher=Touchstone|location=New York|year=1996|isbn=0-684-84298-X|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/whatisjew00morr}} and {{Cite book|last=Siedman|first=Lauren |title=What Makes Someone a Jew?|publisher=Jewish Lights Publishing|location=Woodstock, Vermont|year=2007|isbn=978-1-58023321-7}}
</ref>

<ref name="Women and water: menstruation in Jewish life and law">{{cite book|last=Wasserfall|first=Rahel|title=Women and water: menstruation in Jewish life and law|publisher=Brandeis University Press|year=1999|isbn=978-0-87451-960-0}}</ref>

<ref name="askoxford8">[https://web.archive.org/web/20050507081307/http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/judaism?view=uk Judaism], AskOxford</ref>

<ref name="bamidbar">Bamidbar (Numbers) 19.</ref>

<ref name="beginnings">Shaye Cohen ''The beginnings of Jewishness''</ref>

<ref name="biblical">Robert Alter ''The Art of Biblical Poetry''</ref>

<ref name="biu">{{cite web |url=http://www.biu.ac.il/JH/Parasha/shmini/lict.html |title=Weekly Pamphlet #805 |author=Y. Lichtenshtein M.A. |publisher=[[Bar-Ilan University]], Faculty of Jewish Studies, Rabbinical office |quote=…certain prohibitions become allowed without a doubt because of lifethreatening circumstances, like for example eating non-kosher food |access-date=3 November 2009 |archive-date=14 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514183103/http://www.biu.ac.il/JH/Parasha/shmini/lict.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="congregations">Chief Rabbi Sir Jonathan Sacks, 2006 ''The Koren Sacks Siddur: Hebrew/English Prayer Book: The Authorized Daily Prayer Book of the United Hebrew Congregations of the Commonwealth'' London: Harper Collins Publishers pp. 54–55</ref>

<ref name="deuteronomy">[[Book of Exodus|Exodus]] 20:3 "You shall have no other gods before me; {{bibleverse|Deut.||6:5|HE}} [[Deuteronomy]] 6:5 "Love the LORD your God with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your strength."</ref>

<ref name="dictionary">The Oxford English Dictionary.</ref>

<ref name="ephraim">Ephraim Urbach ''The Sages''</ref>

<ref name="everlasting">{{bibleverse|Gen.||17:3–8|HE}} [[Book of Genesis|Genesis]] 17: 3–8: Abram fell facedown, and God said to him, "As for me, this is my covenant with you: You will be the father of many nations. No longer will you be called Abram; your name will be Abraham, for I have made you a father of many nations. I will make you very fruitful; I will make nations of you, and kings will come from you. I will establish my covenant as an everlasting covenant between me and you and your descendants after you for the generations to come, to be your God and the God of your descendants after you. The whole land of Canaan, where you are now an alien, I will give as an everlasting possession to you and your descendants after you; and I will be their God;" {{bibleverse|Gen.||22:17–18|HE}} Genesis 22: 17–18: I will surely bless you and make your descendants as numerous as the stars in the sky and as the sand on the seashore. Your descendants will take possession of the cities of their enemies, and through your offspring, all nations on earth will be blessed, because you have obeyed me."</ref>

<ref name="goddesses">John Day ''Yahweh and the Gods and Goddesses of Canaan'', p. 68.</ref>



<ref name="google1">{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=asYoIwz9z2UC&pg=PA230 |first=Jacob |last=Neusner |chapter=Defining Judaism |editor1-first=Jacob |editor1-last=Neusner |editor2-first=Alan |editor2-last=Avery-Peck |title=The Blackwell companion to Judaism |publisher=Blackwell |year=2003 |page=3 |access-date=22 August 2010 |isbn=978-1-57718-059-3 |archive-date=10 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210203503/https://books.google.com/books?id=asYoIwz9z2UC&pg=PA230 |url-status=live }}</ref>



<ref name="harrisinteractive">{{cite web|url=http://www.harrisinteractive.com/vault/Harris-Interactive-Poll-Research-While-Most-Americans-Believe-in-God-Only-36-pct-A-2003-10.pdf |title=While Most Americans Believe in God, Only 36% Attend a Religious Service Once a Month or More Often|first=Humphrey|last=Taylor|publisher=HarrisInteractive|date=15 October 2003|access-date=1 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110109031643/http://www.harrisinteractive.com/vault/Harris-Interactive-Poll-Research-While-Most-Americans-Believe-in-God-Only-36-pct-A-2003-10.pdf |archive-date=9 January 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="history">John Bright ''A History of Israel''</ref>

<ref name="history12">Martin Noth ''The History of Israel''</ref>

<ref name="indeterminacy">Stern, David "Midrash and Indeterminacy" in ''Critical Inquiry'', Vol. 15, No. 1 (Autumn, 1988), p. 151.</ref>

<ref name="indeterminacy4">Neusner, Jacob 2003 ''Invitation to the Talmud'' Stipf and Son, Oregon xvii-vix; Steinsaltz, Adin 1976 ''The Essential Talmud'' New York: Basic Books. 3–9; Strack, Hermann 1980 ''Introduction to the Midrash and Talmud'' New York: Atheneum. 95; Stern, David "Midrash and Indeterminacy" in ''Critical Inquiry'', Vol. 15, No. 1 (Autumn, 1988), pp. 132–161</ref>

<ref name="indeterminacy5">Stern, David "Midrash and Indeterminacy" in ''Critical Inquiry'', Vol. 15, No. 1 (Autumn, 1988), p. 147.</ref>

<ref name="introduction">Cohen, Abraham 1949 ''Everyman's Talmud'' New York: E.P. Dutton & Co. xxiv; Strack, Hermann 1980 ''Introduction to the Midrash and Talmud'' New York: Atheneum. 95</ref>

<ref name="introduction6">Cohen, Abraham 1949 ''Everyman's Talmud'' New York: E.P. Dutton & Co. xxiv; Steinsaltz, Adin 1976 ''The Essential Talmud'' New Yorki: Basic Books. 222; Strack, Hermann 1980 ''Introduction to the Midrash and Talmud'' New York: Atheneum. 95</ref>

<ref name="introduction7">Strack, Hermann 1980 ''Introduction to the Midrash and Talmud'' New York: Atheneum. p. 95</ref>

<ref name="invitation">Neusner, Jacob 2003 ''Invitation to the Talmud'' Stipf and Son, Oregon xvii–xxii</ref>

<ref name="jerusalem">סדור רינת ישראל לבני חוײל Jerusalem: 1974, pp. 38–39</ref>

<ref name="jewishmag">[http://www.jewishmag.com/136mag/uk_rationing/uk_rationing.htm Jewish life in WWII England] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100202121713/http://jewishmag.com/136mag/uk_rationing/uk_rationing.htm |date=2 February 2010 }}: "there was a…special dispensation…that allowed Jews serving in the armed services to eat "non-kosher" when no Jewish food was available; that deviation from halacha was allowed 'in order to save a human life including your own.'"</ref>

<ref name="jovanovich">Steinberg, Milton 1947 ''Basic Judaism'' New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. p. 36</ref>

<ref name="learning">{{cite web |url=http://www.myjewishlearning.com/beliefs/Theology/Thinkers_and_Thought/Doctrine_and_Dogma/The_Middle_Ages/Principles_of_Faith.shtml |title=The Thirteen Principles of Faith |author=Daniel Septimus |publisher=MyJewishLearning.com |access-date=13 April 2009 |archive-date=3 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403004645/http://www.myjewishlearning.com/beliefs/Theology/Thinkers_and_Thought/Doctrine_and_Dogma/The_Middle_Ages/Principles_of_Faith.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="leviticus">{{bibleverse|Lev.||19:18|HE}} [[Leviticus]] 19:18: {{"'}}Do not seek revenge or bear a grudge against one of your people, but love your neighbor as yourself. I am the Lord"</ref>

<ref name="leviticus11">Vayyiqra (Leviticus) 11</ref>

<ref name="leviticus15">Vayyiqra (Leviticus) 15.</ref>

<ref name="lewis14">{{harvnb|Lewis|1984|pp=9, 27}}</ref>

<ref name="lewis15">{{harvnb|Lewis|1999|p=131}}</ref>

<ref name="lewis16">{{harvnb|Lewis|1984|p=28}}</ref>

<ref name="mechon-mamre">The [[Books of Kings|Books of Melachim (Kings)]] and [[Book of Isaiah|Book of Yeshaiahu (Isaiah)]] in the Tanakh contain a few of the many Biblical accounts of Israelite kings and segments of ancient Israel's population worshiping other gods. For example: King Solomon's "wives turned away his heart after other gods…[and he] did that which was evil in the sight of the LORD, and went not fully after the LORD" (elaborated in 1 Melachim 11:4–10); King Ahab "went and served Baal, and worshiped him…And Ahab made the Asherah [a pagan place of worship]; and Ahab did yet more to provoke the LORD, the God of Israel, than all the kings of Israel that were before him" (1 Melachim 16:31–33); the prophet [[Isaiah]] condemns the people who "prepare a table for [the idol] Fortune, and that offer mingled wine in full measure unto [the idol] Destiny" (Yeshaiahu 65:11–12). Translation: JPS ([[Jewish Publication Society]]) edition of the Tanakh, from 1917, available at [http://www.mechon-mamre.org/e/et/et0.htm Mechon Mamre] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612191925/http://mechon-mamre.org/e/et/et0.htm |date=12 June 2010 }}.</ref>

<ref name="medieval">Dogma in Medieval Jewish Thought, Menachem Kellner.</ref>

<ref name="mesora">{{cite web |url=http://www.mesora.org/13principles.html |title=Maimonides' 13 Foundations of Judaism |publisher=Mesora |quote=However if he rejects one of these fundamentals he leaves the nation and is a denier of the fundamentals and is called a heretic, a denier, etc. |access-date=13 April 2009 |archive-date=23 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423015645/http://www.mesora.org/13principles.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="montpelier">Rabbi S. of Montpelier, Yad Rama, Y. Alfacher, Rosh Amanah.</ref>

<ref name="ontario">{{cite web |url=http://www.religioustolerance.org/jud_desc.htm |title=Description of Judaism, Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance |publisher=Religioustolerance.org |access-date=22 August 2010 |archive-date=5 November 2020 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105234706/http://www.religioustolerance.org/jud_desc.htm }}</ref>

<ref name="publication">Rabbi Schneur Zalman of Liadi, Nissen Mangel, 2003 ''Siddur Tehillat Hashem'' Kehot Publication Society. pp. 24–25</ref>

<ref name="publications">Nosson Scherman 2003 ''The Complete Artscroll Siddur'' Third Edition Brooklyn, NY: Mesorah Publications pp. 49–53</ref>

<ref name="publishers">"Tefillin", "The Book of Jewish Knowledge", Nathan Ausubel, Crown Publishers, NY, 1964, p. 458</ref>

<ref name="publishing">Kadushin, Max, 1972 ''The Rabbinic Mind''. New York: Bloch Publishing Company. p. 194</ref>

<ref name="publishing2">Kadushin, Max, 1972 ''The Rabbinic Mind''. New York: Bloch Publishing Company. p. 203</ref>

<ref name="publishing3">Kadushin, Max 1972 ''The Rabbinic Mind'' New York: Bloch Publishing. p. 213</ref>

<ref name="rabbinicalassembly">Elliot Dorff, {{cite web|url=http://rabbinicalassembly.org/teshuvot/docs/19861990/dorff_wines.pdf |title=On the Use of All Wines |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091222083350/http://www.rabbinicalassembly.org/teshuvot/docs/19861990/dorff_wines.pdf |archive-date=22 December 2009}} {{small|(2.19 MB)}}, YD 123:1.1985, pp. 11–15.</ref>

<ref name="sacred-texts">M. San 10:1. Translation available here [http://sacred-texts.com/jud/tsa/tsa37.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414001914/http://www.sacred-texts.com/jud/tsa/tsa37.htm |date=14 April 2010 }}.</ref>

<ref name="shulchan">[[Shulchan Aruch]], [[Yoreh De'ah]], (87:3)</ref>

<ref name="speiser">[[E. A. Speiser]] ''Genesis'' (The Anchor Bible)</ref>

<ref name="stillman">{{harvnb|Lewis|1984|pp=17, 18, 52, 94, 95}}; {{harvnb|Stillman|1979|pp=27, 77}}</ref>

<ref name="traditions">The JPS guide to Jewish traditions, p. 510, "The one that eventually secured almost universal acceptance was the Thirteen Principles of faith"</ref>

<ref name="translated">''The Prayer book: Weekday, Sabbath, and Festival'' translated and arranged by Ben Zion Bokser. New York: Hebrew Publishing Company. pp. 9–10</ref>



<ref name="university">Heschel, Susannah (1998) Abraham Geiger and the Jewish Jesus. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 157. {{ISBN|0-226-32959-3}}</ref>

<ref name="yehezkal">Yehezkal Kauffman, ''The Religion of Israel''</ref>
<ref name="Ariel2000p223">{{cite book
|last= Ariel
|first= Yaakov S.
|title= Evangelizing the chosen people: missions to the Jews in America, 1880–2000
|chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=r3hCgIZB790C&pg=PA223
|access-date= 10 August 2010
|year= 2000
|publisher= University of North Carolina Press
|location= Chapel Hill
|isbn= 978-0-8078-4880-7
|oclc= 43708450
|page= 223
|chapter= Chapter 20: The Rise of Messianic Judaism
|quote= Messianic Judaism, although it advocated the idea of an independent movement of Jewish converts, remained the offspring of the missionary movement, and the ties would never be broken. The rise of Messianic Judaism was, in many ways, a logical outcome of the ideology and rhetoric of the movement to evangelize the Jews as well as its early sponsorship of various forms of Hebrew Christian expressions. The missions have promoted the message that Jews who had embraced Christianity were not betraying their heritage or even their faith but were actually fulfilling their true Jewish selves by becoming Christians. The missions also promoted the dispensationalist idea that the Church equals the body of the true Christian believers and that Christians were defined by their acceptance of Jesus as their personal Savior and not by their affiliations with specific denominations and particular liturgies or modes of prayer. Missions had been using Jewish symbols in their buildings and literature and called their centers by Hebrew names such as Emanuel or Beth Sar Shalom. Similarly, the missions' publications featured Jewish religious symbols and practices such as the lighting of a menorah. Although missionaries to the Jews were alarmed when they first confronted the more assertive and independent movement of Messianic Judaism, it was they who were responsible for its conception and indirectly for its birth. The ideology, rhetoric, and symbols they had promoted for generations provided the background for the rise of a new movement that missionaries at first rejected as going too far but later accepted and even embraced.
}}</ref>
<ref name="Ariel2006p191a">{{cite book
|last = Ariel
|first = Yaakov
|editor1-last=Gallagher
|editor1-first=Eugene V.
|editor2-last=Ashcraft
|editor2-first=W. Michael
|title= Jewish and Christian Traditions
|series= Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America
|volume= 2
|year= 2006
|publisher= [[Greenwood Publishing Group]]
|location= Westport, CN
|isbn= 978-0-275-98714-5
|oclc= 315689134
|page= 191
|chapter= Judaism and Christianity Unite! The Unique Culture of Messianic Judaism
|chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ClaySHbUEogC&pg=RA1-PA191
|quote=While Christianity started in the first century of the Common Era as a Jewish group, it quickly separated from Judaism and claimed to replace it; ever since the relationship between the two traditions has often been strained. But in the twentieth century groups of young Jews claimed that they had overcome the historical differences between the two religions and amalgamated Jewish identity and customs with the Christian faith.
|lccn = 2006022954}}</ref>
<ref name="Ariel2006p191b">{{cite book
|last = Ariel
|first = Yaakov
|editor1-last=Gallagher
|editor1-first=Eugene V.
|editor2-last=Ashcraft
|editor2-first=W. Michael
|title= Jewish and Christian Traditions
|series= Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America
|volume= 2
|year= 2006
|publisher= [[Greenwood Publishing Group]]
|location= Westport, CN
|isbn= 978-0-275-98714-5
|oclc= 315689134
|page= 191
|chapter= Judaism and Christianity Unite! The Unique Culture of Messianic Judaism
|chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ClaySHbUEogC&pg=RA1-PA191
|quote=In the late 1960s and 1970s, both Jews and Christians in the United States were surprised to see the rise of a vigorous movement of Jewish Christians or Christian Jews.
|lccn = 2006022954}}</ref>
<ref name="Ariel2006p194a">{{cite book
|last = Ariel
|first = Yaakov
|editor1-last=Gallagher
|editor1-first=Eugene V.
|editor2-last=Ashcraft
|editor2-first=W. Michael
|title= Jewish and Christian Traditions
|series= Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America
|volume= 2
|year= 2006
|publisher= [[Greenwood Publishing Group]]
|location= Westport, CN
|isbn= 978-0-275-98714-5
|oclc= 315689134
|page= 194
|chapter= Judaism and Christianity Unite! The Unique Culture of Messianic Judaism
|chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ClaySHbUEogC&pg=RA1-PA191
|quote=The Rise of Messianic Judaism. In the first phase of the movement, during the early and mid-1970s, Jewish converts to Christianity established several congregations at their own initiative. Unlike the previous communities of Jewish Christians, Messianic Jewish congregations were largely independent of control from missionary societies or Christian denominations, even though they still wanted the acceptance of the larger evangelical community.
|lccn = 2006022954}}</ref>
<ref name="Ariel2006p194b">{{cite book
|last = Ariel
|first = Yaakov
|editor1-last=Gallagher
|editor1-first=Eugene V.
|editor2-last=Ashcraft
|editor2-first=W. Michael
|title= Jewish and Christian Traditions
|series= Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America
|volume= 2
|year= 2006
|publisher= [[Greenwood Publishing Group]]
|location= Westport, CN
|isbn= 978-0-275-98714-5
|oclc= 315689134
|pages= 194–195
|chapter= Judaism and Christianity Unite! The Unique Culture of Messianic Judaism
|chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ClaySHbUEogC&pg=RA1-PA191
|quote=When the term resurfaced in Israel in the 1940s and 1950s, it designated all Jews who accepted Christianity in its Protestant evangelical form. Missionaries such as the Southern Baptist Robert Lindsey noted that for Israeli Jews, the term ''nozrim'', "Christians" in Hebrew, meant, almost automatically, an alien, hostile religion. Because such a term made it nearly impossible to convince Jews that Christianity was their religion, missionaries sought a more neutral term, one that did not arouse negative feelings. They chose ''Meshichyim'', Messianic, to overcome the suspicion and antagonism of the term ''nozrim''. ''Meshichyim'' as a term also had the advantage of emphasizing messianism as a major component of the Christian evangelical belief that the missions and communities of Jewish converts to Christianity propagated. It conveyed the sense of a new, innovative religion rather that''{{sic}}'' an old, unfavorable one. The term was used in reference to those Jews who accepted Jesus as their personal savior, and did not apply to Jews accepting Roman Catholicism who in Israel have called themselves Hebrew Christians. The term Messianic Judaism was adopted in the United States in the early 1970s by those converts to evangelical Christianity who advocated a more assertive attitude on the part of converts towards their Jewish roots and heritage.
|lccn = 2006022954}}</ref>
<ref name="Denominations">;[[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox]]
:{{cite web
|url=http://www.aish.com/jw/s/48892792.html
|title=Why Jews Don't Believe in Jesus
|access-date=28 July 2010
|last=Simmons
|first=Shraga
|work=aishcom
|date=9 May 2009
|publisher=[[Aish HaTorah]]
|quote=Jews do not accept Jesus as the messiah because: #Jesus did not fulfill the messianic prophecies. #Jesus did not embody the personal qualifications of the Messiah. #Biblical verses "referring" to Jesus are mistranslations. #Jewish belief is based on national revelation.
|archive-date=27 September 2016
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927110753/http://www.aish.com/jw/s/48892792.html
|url-status=live
}}
;[[Conservative Judaism|Conservative]]:{{cite web
|url=http://www.uscj.org/Messianic_Jews_Not_J5480.html
|title=Messianic Jews Are Not Jews
|access-date=14 February 2007
|last=Waxman
|first=Jonathan
|year=2006
|publisher=[[United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism]]
|quote=Hebrew Christian, Jewish Christian, Jew for Jesus, Messianic Jew, Fulfilled Jew. The name may have changed over the course of time, but all of the names reflect the same phenomenon: one who asserts that s/he is straddling the theological fence between Christianity and Judaism, but in truth is firmly on the Christian side.…we must affirm as did the Israeli Supreme Court in the well-known Brother Daniel case that to adopt Christianity is to have crossed the line out of the Jewish community.
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060628033541/http://www.uscj.org/Messianic_Jews_Not_J5480.html
|archive-date=28 June 2006
}}
;[[Reform Judaism|Reform]]:{{cite web
|url=http://www.huc.edu/news/mi.html
|title=Missionary Impossible
|access-date=14 February 2007
|date=9 August 1999
|publisher=[[Hebrew Union College]]
|quote=Missionary Impossible, an imaginative video and curriculum guide for teachers, educators, and rabbis to teach Jewish youth how to recognize and respond to "Jews-for-Jesus," "Messianic Jews," and other Christian proselytizers, has been produced by six rabbinic students at Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion's Cincinnati School. The students created the video as a tool for teaching why Jewish college and high school youth and Jews in intermarried couples are primary targets of Christian missionaries.
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060928080259/http://www.huc.edu/news/mi.html
|archive-date=28 September 2006
}}
;[[Reconstructionist Judaism|Reconstructionist]]/[[Jewish Renewal|Renewal]]:{{cite web
|url=https://www.aleph.org/faq.htm
|title=FAQ's About Jewish Renewal
|access-date=20 December 2007
|year=2007
|publisher=Aleph.org
|quote='''''What is ALEPH's position on so called messianic Judaism?''''' ALEPH has a policy of respect for other spiritual traditions, but objects to deceptive practices and will not collaborate with denominations which actively target Jews for recruitment. Our position on so-called "Messianic Judaism" is that it is Christianity and its proponents would be more honest to call it that.
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023183108/https://www.aleph.org/faq.htm
|archive-date=23 October 2014
}}</ref>
<ref name="Feher1998p140">Feher, Shoshanah. ''Passing over Easter: Constructing the Boundaries of Messianic Judaism'', Rowman Altamira, 1998, {{ISBN|978-0-7619-8953-0}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=HJRNlnUmWZwC&pg=PA140 p. 140]. "This interest in developing a Jewish ethnic identity may not be surprising when we consider the 1960s, when Messianic Judaism arose."</ref>
<ref name="JeC3">{{cite web
| url = http://jerusalemcouncil.org/articles/faqs/do-i-need-to-be-circumcised/
| title = Do I need to be Circumcised?
| access-date = 18 August 2010
| date = 10 February 2009
| publisher = JerusalemCouncil.org
| quote = To convert to the Jewish sect of HaDerech, accepting Yeshua as your King is the first act after one's heart turns toward HaShem and His Torah—as one can not obey a commandment of God if they first do not love God, and we love God by following his Messiah. Without first accepting Yeshua as the King and thus obeying Him, then getting circumcised for the purpose of Jewish conversion only gains you access to the Jewish community. It means nothing when it comes to inheriting a place in the World to Come....Getting circumcised apart from desiring to be obedient to HaShem, and apart from accepting Yeshua as your King, is nothing but a surgical procedure, or worse, could lead to you believe that Jewish identity grants you a portion in the World to Come—at which point, what good is Messiah Yeshua, the Word of HaShem to you? He would have died for nothing!...As a convert from the nations, part of your obligation in keeping the Covenant, if you are a male, is to get circumcised in fulfillment of the commandment regarding circumcision. Circumcision is not an absolute requirement of being a Covenant member (that is, being made righteous before HaShem, and thus obtaining eternal life), but it is a requirement of obedience to God's commandments, because circumcision is commanded for those who are of the seed of Abraham, whether born into the family, adopted, or converted....If after reading all of this you understand what circumcision is, and that is an act of obedience, rather than an act of gaining favor before HaShem for the purpose of receiving eternal life, then if you are male believer in Yeshua the Messiah for the redemption from death, the consequence of your sin of rebellion against Him, then pursue circumcision, and thus conversion into Judaism, as an act of obedience to the Messiah.
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100806194736/http://jerusalemcouncil.org/articles/faqs/do-i-need-to-be-circumcised/
| archive-date = 6 August 2010
}}</ref>
<ref name="Meltonp373a">{{cite encyclopedia |editor-surname=Melton |editor-given=J. Gordon |editor-link=J. Gordon Melton |year=2005 |entry=Messianic Judaism |title=Encyclopedia of Protestantism |place=New York |publisher=Facts On File |series=Encyclopedia of World Religions |page=373 |entry-url={{Google books|id=bW3sXBjnokkC|plainurl=y|page=373|keywords=|text=}} |url={{Google books|id=bW3sXBjnokkC|plainurl=y}} |isbn=0-8160-5456-8 |quote="Messianic Judaism is a Protestant movement that emerged in the last half of the 20th century among believers who were ethnically Jewish but had adopted an Evangelical Christian faith.…By the 1960s, a new effort to create a culturally Jewish Protestant Christianity emerged among individuals who began to call themselves Messianic Jews."}}</ref>
<ref name="MJSelfID">{{cite web
| url = http://jerusalemcouncil.org/halacha/giyur/jewish-conversion/
| title = Jewish Conversion – Giyur
| access-date = 5 February 2009
| year = 2009
| work = JerusalemCouncil.org
| quote = We recognize the desire of people from the nations to convert to Judaism, through HaDerech (The Way)(Messianic Judaism), a sect of Judaism.
}}</ref>
<ref name="Sherbok_179">{{cite book
|last= Cohn-Sherbok
|first= Dan
|author-link= Dan Cohn-Sherbok
|title= Messianic Judaism
|access-date= 10 August 2010
|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=5aOOlWdLpNwC
|year= 2000
|publisher= [[Continuum International Publishing Group]]
|location= London
|isbn= 978-0-8264-5458-4
|oclc= 42719687
|page= 179
|chapter= Messianic Jewish mission
|chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=5aOOlWdLpNwC&q=Evangelism+Jewish+people+heart+movement&pg=PA169
|quote= Evangelism of the Jewish people is thus at the heart of the Messianic movement.
|archive-date= 10 February 2023
|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230210214008/https://books.google.com/books?id=5aOOlWdLpNwC
|url-status= live
}}</ref>
<ref name="Trinitarianism">{{cite web
| url = http://jerusalemcouncil.org/articles/apologetics/trinitarianism/
| author = Israel b. Betzalel
| title = Trinitarianism
| access-date = 3 July 2009
| year = 2009
| publisher = JerusalemCouncil.org
| quote = This then is who Yeshua is: He is not just a man, and as a man, he is not from Adam, but from God. He is the Word of HaShem, the Memra, the Davar, the Righteous One, he didn't become righteous, he is righteous. He is called God's Son, he is the agent of HaShem called HaShem, and he is "HaShem" who we interact with and not die.
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090427102320/http://jerusalemcouncil.org/articles/apologetics/trinitarianism/
| archive-date = 27 April 2009
}}</ref>
<ref name="UMJC-3">{{cite web
|url = http://www.umjc.org/what-are-the-standards-of-the-umjc/
|title = What are the Standards of the UMJC?
|access-date = 3 May 2015
|date = June 1998
|publisher = [[Union of Messianic Jewish Congregations]]
|quote = 1. We believe the Bible is the inspired, the only infallible, authoritative Word of G-d. 2. We believe that there is one G-d, eternally existent in three persons, Father, Son and Holy Spirit. 3. We believe in the deity of the L-RD Yeshua, the Messiah, in His virgin birth, in His sinless life, in His miracles, in His vicarious and atoning death through His shed blood, in His bodily resurrection, in His ascension to the right hand of the Father, and in His personal return in power and glory.
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151020172143/http://www.umjc.org/what-are-the-standards-of-the-umjc/
|archive-date = 20 October 2015
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref>

<ref name="HarriesAfter">Richard Harries. ''After the evil: Christianity and Judaism in the shadow of the Holocaust''. Oxford University Press, 2003. {{ISBN|978-0-19-926313-4}}</ref>

<ref name="Kung">Hans Küng. ''On Being a Christian''. Doubleday, Garden City, NY, 1976 {{ISBN|978-0-385-02712-0}}</ref>

<ref name="Dawidowicz">Lucy Dawidowicz ''The War Against the Jews, 1933–1945''. First published 1975; this Bantam edition 1986, p. 23. {{ISBN|0-553-34532-X}}</ref>
}}

== Bibliography ==

=== Selected cited works ===

{{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
* {{cite book |surname=Adler |given=Yonatan |title=The Origins of Judaism: An Archaeological-Historical Reappraisal |place=New Haven, Conn |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2022 |isbn=978-0-300-25490-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k8KREAAAQBAJ |access-date=16 July 2023 |archive-date=21 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521074421/https://books.google.com/books?id=k8KREAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |surname=Albertz |given=Rainer |title=A History of Israelite Religion. Vol. 1: From the Beginnings to the End of the Monarchy |translator=John Bowden |edition=Reprint |place=Louisville, Kentucky |publisher=Westminster John Knox |year=1994a |orig-date=1992 |url={{Google books|id=GJS7BwAAQBAJ|plainurl=y|page=|keywords=|text=}} |isbn=0-664-21846-6 }}
* {{cite book |surname=Albertz |first=Rainer |title=A History of Israelite Religion. Vol. 2: From the Exile to the Maccabees |translator=John Bowden |edition=Reprint |place=Louisville, Kentucky |publisher=Westminster John Knox |year=1994b |orig-date=1992 |isbn=0-664-21847-4 |url={{Google books|id=z5O7BwAAQBAJ|plainurl=y|page=|keywords=|text=}} }}
* {{cite encyclopedia |editor-surname=Berlin |editor-given=Adele |editor-link=Adele Berlin |title=The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion |edition=2nd |year=2011 |url={{Google books|id=hKAaJXvUaUoC|plainurl=y|page=|keywords=|text=}} |publisher=Oxford University Press |place=Oxford; New York |isbn=978-0-19-975927-9 }}
* {{cite book |surname=Boyarin |given=Daniel |author-link=Daniel Boyarin |title=A Radical Jew: Paul and the Politics of Identity |url=http://www.escholarship.org/editions/view%3bjsessionid=CVFQtGjpR4aPh1TA?docId=ft7w10086w&query=&brand=ucpress |year=1994 |publisher=University of California Press |place=Berkeley, Ca |isbn=978-0-520-08592-3 |lccn=93036269 |access-date=13 August 2009 |archive-date=10 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210203503/https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view%3Bjsessionid=CVFQtGjpR4aPh1TA?docId=ft7w10086w&query=&brand=ucpress |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |editor-surname=Cohen |editor-given=Arthur A. |editor-link=Arthur A. Cohen |editor2-surname=Mendes-Flohr |editor2-given=Paul |editor2-link=Paul R. Mendes-Flohr |title=20th Century Jewish Religious Thought: Original Essays on Critical Concepts, Movements, and Beliefs |url={{Google books|id=i4VnjMQsUU0C|plainurl=y|page=|keywords=|text=}} |year=2009 |orig-date=1987 |place=Philadelphia, Pa |publisher=Jewish Publication Society |isbn=978-0-8276-0892-4 }}
* Day, John (2000). ''Yahweh and the Gods and Goddesses of Canaan''. Chippenham: Sheffield Academic Press.
* {{cite book |year=2017 |orig-date=1995 |editor-surname=Deshen |editor-given=Shlomo |editor-surname2=Liebman |editor-given2=Charles S. |editor-link2=Charles Liebman |editor-surname3=Shokeid |editor-given3=Moshe |editor-link3=Moshe Shokeid |title=Israeli Judaism: The Sociology of Religion in Israel |series=Studies of Israeli Society, 7 |place=London; New York |publisher=Routledge |edition=Reprint |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XCNHDwAAQBAJ |isbn=978-1-56000-178-2 |access-date=7 July 2023 |archive-date=7 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707163510/https://books.google.com/books?id=XCNHDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
* [[William G. Dever|Dever, William G.]] (2005). ''Did God Have a Wife?''. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publ.
* {{cite book |surname=Dorff |given=Elliot N. |surname2=Rosett |given2=Arthur |title=A Living Tree: The Roots and Growth of Jewish Law |place=Albany, NY |publisher=SUNY Press |year=1988 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YId1U1DuTjUC |isbn=0-88706-459-0 |access-date=31 July 2023 |archive-date=31 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731112239/https://books.google.com/books?id=YId1U1DuTjUC |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |surname=Dosick |given=Wayne |title=Living Judaism: The Complete Guide to Jewish Belief, Tradition and Practice |url=https://archive.org/details/livingjudaismcom00dosi |url-access=registration |year=2007 |publisher=HarperCollins |place=New York |isbn=978-0-06-062179-7 }}
* {{cite book |surname=Elazar |given=Daniel J. |given2=Rela Mintz |surname2=Geffen |author-link=Daniel J. Elazar |title=The Conservative Movement in Judaism: Dilemmas and Opportunities |publisher=SUNY Press |year=2012 |location=Albany, NY |isbn=978-0-7914-9202-4 |url={{Google books|id=6Lg6BmMTZGIC|plainurl=y|page=|keywords=|text=}} }}
* [[Israel Finkelstein|Finkelstein, Israel]] (1996). "Ethnicity and Origin of the Iron I Settlers in the Highlands of Canaan: Can the Real Israel Please Stand Up?" The ''Biblical Archaeologist'', 59(4).
* {{cite encyclopedia |surname=Fonrobert |given=Charlotte Elisheva |author-link=Charlotte Fonrobert |entry=Purification in Judaism |title=Encyclopedia of Religion: 15-volume Set |editor=Jones, Lindsay |edition=2nd |place=Detroit, Mi |publisher=MacMillan Reference USA |year=2005 |volume= |pages= |entry-url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/purification-purification-judaism |via=[[Encyclopedia.com]] |access-date=16 July 2023 |archive-date=16 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716001429/https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/purification-purification-judaism |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |surname=Gillman |given=Neil |author-link=Neil Gillman |title=Conservative Judaism: The New Century |year=1993 |publisher=Behrman House |place=New York |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J0U-JxuuuKYC |isbn=0-87441-547-0 |access-date=15 June 2023 |archive-date=21 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621030608/https://books.google.com/books?id=J0U-JxuuuKYC |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |year=2009 |editor-surname=Gitelman |editor-given=Zvi |editor-link=Zvi Gitelman |title=Religion or Ethnicity? Jewish Identities in Evolution |place=New Brunswick, NJ |publisher=Rutgers University Press |isbn=978-0-8135-4450-2}}
* {{cite book |surname=Goldenberg |given=Robert |title=The Origins of Judaism: From Canaan to the Rise of Islam |year=2007 |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-84453-6}}
* {{cite book |year=2004 |orig-date=1990 |editor-surname=Goldscheider |editor-given=Calvin |editor-surname2=Neusner |editor-given2=Jacob |editor-link2=Jacob Neusner |title=Social Foundations of Judaism |place=Eugene, Or |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publ. |edition=Reprint |isbn=1-59244-943-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2TxLAwAAQBAJ |access-date=24 June 2023 |archive-date=24 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624193459/https://books.google.com/books?id=2TxLAwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |surname=Gurock |given=Jeffrey S. |year=1996 |author-link=Jeffrey S. Gurock |title=American Jewish Orthodoxy in Historical Perspective |place=Hoboken, NJ |publisher=KTAV Publ. House |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yWyxwAdgHWMC |isbn=0-88125-567-X |access-date=30 June 2023 |archive-date=30 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630013416/https://books.google.com/books?id=yWyxwAdgHWMC |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |surname=Gurock |given=Jeffrey S. |year=2009 |author-link=Jeffrey S. Gurock |title=Orthodox Jews in America |place=Bloomington, In |publisher=Indiana University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MKyLmWOSCPoC |isbn=978-0-253-35291-0 |access-date=5 July 2023 |archive-date=4 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704045201/https://books.google.com/books?id=MKyLmWOSCPoC |url-status=live }}
* Guttmann, Julius (1964). Trans. by David Silverman, ''Philosophies of Judaism''. Philadelphia, Pa: Jewish Publication Society.
* Holtz, Barry W. (ed.), ''Back to the Sources: Reading the Classic Jewish Texts''. Summit Books.
* {{cite book |surname=Jacobs |given=Louis |author-link=Louis Jacobs |title=The Jewish Religion: A Companion |place=Oxford; New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1995 |isbn=0-19-826463-1 |oclc=31938398}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |year=2003 |surname=Jacobs |given=Louis |author-link=Louis Jacobs |title=A Concise Companion to the Jewish Religion |format=Online Version |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-172644-6 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780192800886.001.0001/acref-9780192800886 |url-access=subscription |access-date=13 July 2023 |archive-date=13 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713041407/https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780192800886.001.0001/acref-9780192800886 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite EJ|surname=Jacobs |given=Louis |author-link=Louis Jacobs |entry=Judaism |entry-url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/philosophy-and-religion/judaism/judaism/judaism |via=[[Encyclopedia.com]]|volume=11}}
* [[Paul Johnson (writer)|Johnson, Paul]] (1988). ''A History of the Jews''. HarperCollins.
* {{cite encyclopedia |surname=Karesh |given=Sara E. |surname2=Hurvitz |given2=Mitchell M. |year=2005 |title=Encyclopedia of Judaism |place=New York |publisher=Facts On File |series=Encyclopedia of World Religions. [[J. Gordon Melton]], Series Editor |isbn=0-8160-5457-6 |url={{Google books|id=Z2cCZBDm8F8C|plainurl=y|page=|keywords=|text=}} }}
* Khanbaghi, A. (2006). ''The Fire, the Star and the Cross: Minority Religions in Medieval and Early Modern Iran''. IB Tauris.
* {{cite book |surname=Langton |given=Daniel R. |title=Normative Judaism? Jews, Judaism and Jewish Identity |publisher=Gorgias Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-60724-161-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Levenson |first=Jon Douglas |author-link=Jon D. Levenson |title=Inheriting Abraham: The Legacy of the Patriarch in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam |year=2012 |place=Princeton, NJ; Oxford |publisher=Princeton University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EUO2Mhd-drcC |isbn=978-0-691-15569-2 |access-date=4 June 2023 |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604005111/https://books.google.com/books?id=EUO2Mhd-drcC |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |author-link=Bernard Lewis |year=1984 |title=The Jews of Islam |location=Princeton, NJ; Oxford |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=0-691-00807-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |author-link=Bernard Lewis |year=1999 |title=Semites and Anti-Semites: An Inquiry into Conflict and Prejudice |publisher=W. W. Norton & Co |isbn=0-393-31839-7}}
* [[Egon Mayer|Mayer, Egon]]; Kosmin, Barry; Keysar, Ariela. "The American Jewish Identity Survey", a subset of ''The American Religious Identity Survey'', City University of New York Graduate Center. An article on this survey is printed in ''The New York Jewish Week'', 2 November 2001.
* {{cite encyclopedia |surname=Mendes-Flohr |given=Paul |author-link=Paul R. Mendes-Flohr |editor=Thomas Riggs |entry=Judaism |year=2005 |entry-url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/philosophy-and-religion/judaism/judaism/judaism |title=Worldmark Encyclopedia of Religious Practices |place=Farmington Hills, Mi |publisher=Thomson Gale |volume=1 |isbn=978-0-7876-6611-8 |via=[[Encyclopedia.com]] |access-date=29 November 2020 |archive-date=10 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610122657/https://www.encyclopedia.com/philosophy-and-religion/judaism/judaism/judaism |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |surname=Meyer |given=Michael A. |author-link=Michael A. Meyer |title=Response to Modernity: A History of the Reform Movement in Judaism |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1988 |place=New York |isbn=978-0-19-505167-4 |url={{Google books|id=M12toEjI5PEC|plainurl=y|page=|keywords=|text=}} }}
* {{cite book |surname=Nadler |given=Allan |author-link=Allan Nadler |title=The Faith of the Mithnagdim: Rabbinic Responses to Hasidic Rapture |year=1997 |location=Baltimore, Md |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |series=Johns Hopkins Jewish studies |isbn=978-0-8018-6182-6}}
* {{cite book |surname=Neusner |given=Jacob |author-link=Jacob Neusner |title=A Short History of Judaism: Three Meals, Three Epochs |year=1992 |place=Minneapolis, Mn |publisher=Fortress Press |isbn=0-8006-2552-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5Z3oZVjrDcgC |access-date=25 June 2023 |archive-date=25 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230625095320/https://books.google.com/books?id=5Z3oZVjrDcgC |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |surname=Neusner |given=Jacob |author-link=Jacob Neusner |title=Purity in Rabbinic Judaism. A Systematic Account of the Sources, Media, Effects, and Removal of Uncleanness |series=South Florida Studies in the History of Judaism, 95 |year=1993 |place=Atlanta, Ga |publisher=Scholars Press |isbn=1-55540-929-6}}
* {{cite book |year=2003 |orig-date=2000 |editor-surname=Neusner |editor-given=Jacob |editor-link=Jacob Neusner |editor2-surname=Avery-Peck |editor2-given=Alan J. |title=The Blackwell Companion to Judaism |edition=Reprint |publisher=Blackwell Publ. |place=Malden, Mass |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bEyD_MaeqP4C |isbn=1-57718-058-5 |access-date=10 July 2023 |archive-date=10 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710092803/https://books.google.com/books?id=bEyD_MaeqP4C |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |surname=Raphael |given=Marc Lee |title=Profiles in American Judaism: the Reform, Conservative, Orthodox, and Reconstructionist traditions in historical perspective |year=1984 |publisher=Harper & Row |place=San Francisco, Ca |isbn=0-06066801-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/profilesinameric00raph |url-access=registration }}
* {{cite book |surname=Rosenak |given=Michael |author-link=Michael Rosenak |title=Commandments and Concerns: Jewish Religious Education in Secular Society |place=Philadelphia, Pa |year=1987 |publisher=Jewish Publ. Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q6D1GFBSptcC |isbn=0-8276-0279-0 |access-date=31 July 2023 |archive-date=31 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731113937/https://books.google.com/books?id=q6D1GFBSptcC |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |surname=Rudavsky |given=David |title=Modern Jewish Religious Movements: A History of Emancipation and Abjustment |edition=3rd rev. |year=1979 |orig-date=1967 |place=New York |publisher=Behrman House |url=https://archive.org/details/modernjewishreli0000ruda/page/n8/mode/1up |url-access=registration |isbn=0-87441-286-2 }}
* {{cite book |last=Schiffman |first=Lawrence H. |author-link=Lawrence Schiffman |editor1=Jon Bloomberg |editor2=Samuel Kapustin |title=Understanding Second Temple and Rabbinic Judaism |publisher=KTAV Publ. House |year=2003 |location=Jersey, NJ |isbn=978-0-88125-813-4 |url={{Google books|id=nQDkLzQimk8C|plainurl=y|page=|keywords=|text=}} }}
* {{cite book |surname=Segal |given=Eliezer |title=Judaism: The e-Book |url={{Google books|id=fdiZZqE0hkkC|plainurl=y|page=|keywords=|text=}} |year=2008 |place=State College, Pa |publisher=Journal of Buddhist Ethics Online Books |isbn=978-09801633-1-5 }}
* Simon, Reeva; Laskier, Michael; Reguer, Sara (eds.) (2002). ''The Jews of the Middle East and North Africa In Modern Times'', New York: Columbia University Press.
* {{cite encyclopedia |year=1901–1906 |editor-surname=Singer |editor-given=Isidore |editor-link=Isidore Singer |display-editors=etal |title=[[The Jewish Encyclopedia|The Jewish Encyclopedia: A Descriptive Record of the History, Religion, Literature, and Customs of the Jewish People from the Earliest Times to the Present Day]]
|place=New York |publisher=Funk & Wagnalls |volume=1–12}} [http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com Online version] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121206210430/http://jewishencyclopedia.com/ |date=6 December 2012 }}
* {{cite book |last=Stillman |first=Norman |author-link=Norman Stillman |year=1979 |title=The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book |location=Philadelphia, Pa |publisher=Jewish Publication Society |isbn=0-8276-0198-0}}
* {{cite book |year=2018 |orig-date=1999 |editor-surname=Visotzky |editor-given=Burton L. |editor-link=Burton Visotzky |editor-surname2=Fishman |editor-given2=David E. |editor-link2=David Fishman |title=From Mesopotamia to Modernity: Ten Introductions to Jewish History and Literature |place=London; New York |publisher=Routledge |edition=Reprint |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x1JPDwAAQBAJ |isbn=978-0-8133-6717-0 |access-date=9 July 2023 |archive-date=8 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708222500/https://books.google.com/books?id=x1JPDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
* Walsh, J.P.M. (1987). ''The Mighty from Their Thrones''. Eugene, Or: Wipf and Stock Publ.
* {{cite book |year=2008 |editor-surname=Waxman |editor-given=Chaim I. |editor-link=Chaim I. Waxman |title=Religious Zionism Post Disengagement: Future Directions |series=Orthodox Forum Series |place=New York |publisher=Michael Scharf Publ. Trust, Yeshiva University Press |url=https://repository.yu.edu/handle/20.500.12202/4529 |isbn=978-1-60280-022-9 |access-date=6 July 2023 |archive-date=5 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705180452/https://repository.yu.edu/handle/20.500.12202/4529 |url-status=live }}
* [[Max Weber|Weber, Max]] (1967). ''[[Ancient Judaism (book)|Ancient Judaism]]''. Glencoe, Il: The Free Press, {{ISBN|0-02-934130-2}}.
* {{cite book |year=1993 |editor-surname=Wertheimer |editor-given=Jack |editor-link=Jack Wertheimer |title=The Modern Jewish Experience: A Reader's Guide |place=New York; London |publisher=NYU Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-G8TCgAAQBAJ |isbn=0-8147-9261-8 |access-date=9 June 2023 |archive-date=9 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609070712/https://books.google.com/books?id=-G8TCgAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |surname=Yaron |given=Y. |given2=Joe |surname2=Pessah |given3=Avraham |surname3=Qanaï |author3-link=Avraham Qanaï |given4=Yosef |surname4=El-Gamil |title=An Introduction to Karaite Judaism: History, Theology, Practice and Culture |publisher=Qirqisani Center |year=2003 |location=Albany, NY |isbn=978-0-9700775-4-7}}
* {{cite book |editor-surname=Zohar |editor-given=Zion |title=Sephardic and Mizrahi Jewry: From the Golden Age of Spain to Modern Times |year=2005 |place=New York; London |publisher=NYU Press |url={{Google books|id=H6K1IcaHwd0C|plainurl=y|page=|keywords=|text=}} |isbn=0-8147-9705-9 }}
{{Refend}}

=== Further reading ===
'''Encyclopedias'''
* {{cite encyclopedia |editor-surname=Berlin |editor-given=Adele |editor-link=Adele Berlin |title=The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion |edition=2nd |year=2011 |url={{Google books|id=hKAaJXvUaUoC|plainurl=y|page=|keywords=|text=}} |publisher=Oxford University Press |place=Oxford; New York |isbn=978-0-19-975927-9 |ref=none}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |year=2003 |surname=Jacobs |given=Louis |author-link=Louis Jacobs |title=A Concise Companion to the Jewish Religion |format=Online Version |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-172644-6 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780192800886.001.0001/acref-9780192800886 |url-access=subscription |ref=none}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |surname=Karesh |given=Sara E. |surname2=Hurvitz |given2=Mitchell M. |year=2005 |title=Encyclopedia of Judaism |place=New York |publisher=Facts On File |series=Encyclopedia of World Religions. [[J. Gordon Melton]], Series Editor |isbn=0-8160-5457-6 |url={{Google books|id=Z2cCZBDm8F8C|plainurl=y|page=|keywords=|text=}} |ref=none}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |year=1999 |editor-surname=Neusner |editor-given=Jacob |editor-link=Jacob Neusner |editor-surname2=Avery-Peck |editor-given2=Alan J. |editor-surname3=Green |editor-given3=William Scott |title=The Encyclopedia of Judaism |place=Leiden; New York |publisher=Brill; Continuum |url=https://brill.com/view/package/9789004105836 |url-access=subscription |volume=1–3 |isbn=978-90-04-10583-6 |ref=none}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |surname=Neusner |given=Jacob |author-link=Jacob Neusner |title=The Halakhah: An Encyclopaedia of the Law of Judaism |series=The Brill Reference Library of Judaism |volume=1–5 |year=2000 |place=Leiden |publisher=Brill |isbn=90-04-11617-6 |ref=none}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |surname=Neusner |given=Jacob |author-link=Jacob Neusner |surname2=Avery-Peck |given2=Alan J. |title=The Routledge Dictionary of Judaism |year=2004 |format=e-Book |place=New York; London |publisher=Routledge |isbn=0-203-63391-1 |url={{Google books|id=1m6CAgAAQBAJ|plainurl=y}} |ref=none}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |year=1901–1906 |editor-surname=Singer |editor-given=Isidore |editor-link=Isidore Singer |display-editors=etal |title=[[The Jewish Encyclopedia|The Jewish Encyclopedia: A Descriptive Record of the History, Religion, Literature, and Customs of the Jewish People from the Earliest Times to the Present Day]]
|place=New York |publisher=Funk & Wagnalls |volume=1–12 |ref=none}} [http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com Online version]
* {{cite encyclopedia |editor-surname=Skolnik |editor-given=Fred |editor-link=Fred Skolnik |title=[[Encyclopaedia Judaica]] |volume=1–22 |edition=2nd rev. |year=2007 |publisher=Macmillan Reference USA |place=Farmington Hills, Mi |isbn=978-002-865-928-2 |ref=none}}

'''General works'''
* {{cite book |surname=Cohn-Sherbok |given=Dan |author-link=Dan Cohn-Sherbok |title=Judaism: History, Belief, and Practice |place=London; New York |publisher=Routledge |year=2003 |url={{Google books|id=dMbVhwqAnhkC|plainurl=y}} |isbn=0-415-23660-6 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |surname=Dosick |given=Wayne |title=Living Judaism: The Complete Guide to Jewish Belief, Tradition and Practice |url=https://archive.org/details/livingjudaismcom00dosi |url-access=registration|year=2007|publisher=HarperCollins |place=New York |isbn=978-0-06-062179-7 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |surname=Jacobs |given=Louis |author-link=Louis Jacobs |title=The Jewish Religion: A Companion |place=Oxford; New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1995 |isbn=0-19-826463-1 |oclc=31938398 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |surname=de Lange |given=Nicholas |year=2002 |orig-date=2000 |author-link=Nicholas de Lange |title=An Introduction to Judaism |publisher=Cambridge University Press |place=Cambridge |isbn=0-521-46073-5 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontoju00nich |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |surname=Neusner |given=Jacob |author-link=Jacob Neusner |title=An Introduction to Judaism: A Textbook and Reader |place=Louisville, Kentucky |publisher=Westminster/John Knox Press |year=1991 |url={{Google books|id=6M8oxDql1KIC|plainurl=y}} |isbn=0-664-25348-2 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |year=2003 |orig-date=2000 |editor-surname=Neusner |editor-given=Jacob |editor-link=Jacob Neusner |editor2-surname=Avery-Peck |editor2-given=Alan J. |title=The Blackwell Companion to Judaism |edition=Reprint |publisher=Blackwell Publ. |place=Malden, Mass |url={{Google books|id=bEyD_MaeqP4C|plainurl=y|page=|keywords=|text=}} |isbn=1-57718-058-5 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |surname=Segal |given=Eliezer |title=Judaism: The e-Book |url={{Google books|id=fdiZZqE0hkkC|plainurl=y}} |year=2008 |place=State College, Pa |publisher=Journal of Buddhist Ethics Online Books |isbn=978-09801633-1-5 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |year=1993 |editor-surname=Wertheimer |editor-given=Jack |editor-link=Jack Wertheimer |title=The Modern Jewish Experience: A Reader's Guide |place=New York; London |publisher=NYU Press |url={{Google books|id=-G8TCgAAQBAJ|plainurl=y}} |isbn=0-8147-9261-8 |ref=none}}

'''Regional contemporary'''
* {{cite book |year=2017 |orig-date=1995 |editor-surname=Deshen |editor-given=Shlomo |editor-surname2=Liebman |editor-given2=Charles S. |editor-link2=Charles Liebman |editor-surname3=Shokeid |editor-given3=Moshe |editor-link3=Moshe Shokeid |title=Israeli Judaism: The Sociology of Religion in Israel |series=Studies of Israeli Society, 7 |place=London; New York |publisher=Routledge |edition=Reprint |url={{Google books|id=XCNHDwAAQBAJ|plainurl=y|page=|keywords=|text=}} |isbn=978-1-56000-178-2 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |year=1990 |surname=Liebman |given=Charles S. |author-link=Charles Liebman |surname2=Cohen |given2=Steven Martin |author-link2=Steven M. Cohen |title=Two Worlds of Judaism: The Israeli and American Experiences |place=New Haven, Conn |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-04726-4 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |surname=Raphael |given=Marc Lee |title=Judaism in America |publisher=Columbia University Press |place=New York |year=2003 |isbn=0-231-12060-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/judaisminamerica00raph |url-access=registration |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |surname=Rebhum |given=Uzi |year=2016 |title=Jews and the American Religious Landscape |place=New York |publisher=Columbia University Press |url={{Google books|id=cb6lDAAAQBAJC|plainurl=y|page=}} |isbn=978-0-231-17826-6 |ref=none }}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{cite book |surname=Wertheimer |given=Jack |author-link=Jack Wertheimer |title=The New American Judaism: How Jews Practice Their Religion Today |place=Princeton, NJ; Oxford |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2018 |url={{Google books|id=1DthDwAAQBAJ|plainurl=y|page=|keywords=|text=}} |isbn=978-0-691-18129-5 |ref=none}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|Judaism|voy=Judaism}}


'''General'''
* {{cite encyclopedia |year=2003 |surname=Jacobs |given=Louis |author-link=Louis Jacobs |title=A Concise Companion to the Jewish Religion |edition=Online |publisher=Oxford Reference |isbn=978-0-19-280088-6 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780192800886.001.0001/acref-9780192800886 |url-access=subscription |ref=none}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopedia of Judaism Online |editor-surname=Neusner |editor-given=Jacob |editor-link=Jacob Neusner |display-editors=etal |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/browse/encyclopaedia-of-judaism |url-access=registration}}
* [http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com Online version] of ''[[The Jewish Encyclopedia]]'' (1901–1906)
* [https://www.learnreligions.com/judaism-4684864 About Judaism] by ''[[Dotdash]]'' (formerly ''About.com'')
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070520062334/http://shamash.org/trb/judaism.html Shamash's Judaism and Jewish Resources]

'''Orthodox'''
* [https://www.aish.com/ Aish HaTorah]
* [https://www.chabad.org/ Chabad]
* [https://ohr.edu/ Ohr Somayach]
* [https://www.ou.org/ Orthodox Judaism – The Orthodox Union]
* [https://www.myjli.com/index.html Rohr Jewish Learning Institute]
* [http://www.acs.ucalgary.ca/~elsegal/363_Transp/08_Orthodoxy.html The Various Types of Orthodox Judaism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051103102409/http://www.acs.ucalgary.ca/~elsegal/363_Transp/08_Orthodoxy.html |date=3 November 2005 }}

'''Traditional/Conservadox'''
* [http://www.utj.org/ Union for Traditional Judaism]

'''Conservative'''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160420025531/http://www.uscj.org/index1.html The United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism]
* [http://www.masorti.org/ Masorti (Conservative) Movement in Israel]
* [http://www.usy.org/ United Synagogue Youth]

'''Reform/Progressive'''
* [http://www.urj.org/ The Union for Reform Judaism (USA)]
* [http://www.reformjudaism.org.uk/ Reform Judaism (UK)]
* [http://www.liberaljudaism.org/ Liberal Judaism (UK)]
* [http://wupj.org/ World Union for Progressive Judaism (Israel)]

'''Reconstructionist'''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20161220012139/http://www4.jrf.org/ Jewish Reconstructionist Federation]

'''Renewal'''
* [https://www.aleph.org/ ALEPH: Alliance for Jewish Renewal]
* [http://ohalah.org/ OHALAH Association of Rabbis for Jewish Renewal]

'''Humanistic'''
* [http://www.shj.org/ Society for Humanistic Judaism]

'''Karaite'''
* [http://www.karaite-korner.org/ World Movement for Karaite Judaism]

'''Jewish religious literature and texts'''
* [http://www.mechon-mamre.org/i/t/t0.htm Complete Tanakh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120092142/http://www.mechon-mamre.org/i/t/t0.htm |date=20 November 2018 }} (in Hebrew, with vowels).
* [http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0.htm Parallel Hebrew-English Tanakh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090210134451/http://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0.htm |date=10 February 2009 }}
* [http://www.mechon-mamre.org/e/et/et0.htm English Tanakh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612191925/http://mechon-mamre.org/e/et/et0.htm |date=12 June 2010 }} from the 1917 Jewish Publication Society version.
* [http://www.torah.org/ Torah.org] (also known as ''Project Genesis'') – contains Torah commentaries and studies of Tanakh, along with Jewish ethics, philosophy, holidays and other classes.
* [http://www.e-daf.com/ The complete formatted Talmud online] – audio files of lectures for each page from an Orthodox viewpoint are provided in French, English, Yiddish and Hebrew. Reload the page for an image of a page of the Talmud.
See also [[Torah database]] for links to more Judaism e-texts.

'''Wikimedia Torah study projects'''
Text study projects at [[:s:Wikisource|Wikisource]]. In many instances, the Hebrew versions of these projects are more fully developed than the English.
* [[Mikraot Gedolot]] (Rabbinic Bible) in [[:s:he:מקראות גדולות|Hebrew]] [[:s:he:מ"ג איכה א א|(sample)]] and [[:s:Mikraot Gedolot|English]] [[:s:MG Numbers 1:1|(sample)]].
* [[Hebrew cantillation|Cantillation]] at the "Vayavinu Bamikra" Project in [[:s:he:ויבינו במקרא|Hebrew]] (lists nearly 200 recordings) and [[:s:Vayavinu Bamikra|English]].
* [[Mishnah]] in [[:s:he:משנה|Hebrew]] [[:s:he:ברכות פרק א משנה א|(sample)]] and [[:s:Mishnah|English]] [[:s:Mishnah Berakhot 1:1|(sample)]].
* [[Shulchan Aruch]] in [[:s:he:שולחן ערוך|Hebrew]] and [[:s:Shulchan Aruch|English]] (Hebrew text with English translation).

{{Jews and Judaism}}
{{Religion topics}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Judaism| ]]
[[Category:Jews and Judaism| ]]
[[Category:Abrahamic religions]]
[[Category:Monotheistic religions]]
[[Category:Ethnic religions]]
[[Category:Religion in ancient Israel and Judah]]
[[Category:Moses]]
[[Category:Abraham]]
[[Category:Ethnic religions in Asia]]

Visakhapatnam Airport

2026-03-10T14:42:36Z

Himvanta: Updated article with clearer structure

{{short description|Airport serving Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{About|the current operational airport|the upcoming airport|Alluri Sitarama Raju International Airport}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox airport
| name = Visakhapatnam Airport
| image = Vizag airport terminal full view.jpg
| image-width = 300
| IATA = VTZ
| ICAO = VOVZ
| caption =
| location = [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| coordinates = {{coord|17|43|16|N|083|13|28|E|type:airport|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_label = '''VTZ'''
| pushpin_map = India Visakhapatnam#India Andhra Pradesh#India
| type = Military/public
| owner = [[Indian Navy]]
| operator = {{Plainlist|
* Indian Navy
* [[Airports Authority of India]]
}}
| city-served = [[Visakhapatnam Metropolitan Region]]
| metric-rwy = y
| metric-elev = y
| elevation-m = 3
| elevation-f = 10
| website = [https://www.aai.aero/en/airports/visakhapatnam Vishakhapatnam Airport]
| r1-number = 10/28
| r1-length-f = 10,007
| r1-length-m = 3,050
| r1-surface = [[Asphalt concrete|Asphalt]]
| r2-number = 05/23
| r2-length-f = 6,000
| r2-length-m = 1,829
| r2-surface = Asphalt
| stat-year = April 2024 – March 2025
| stat1-header = Passengers
| stat1-data = 2,955,089 ({{increase}} 6%)
| stat2-header = Aircraft movements
| stat2-data = 22,210 ({{increase}} 10.7%)
| stat3-header = Cargo tonnage
| stat3-data = 4,398 ({{increase}} 9.1%)
| footnotes = Source: [[Airports Authority of India|AAI]]<ref>{{cite report|title=Annexure III – Passenger Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex3.pdf|work=[[Airports Authority of India]]|access-date=28 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure II – Aircraft Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex2.pdf|work=[[Airports Authority of India]]|access-date=28 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure IV – Freight Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex4.pdf|work=[[Airports Authority of India]]|access-date=28 April 2025}}</ref>
}}

'''Visakhapatnam Airport''' {{Airport codes|VTZ|VOVZ}} is a [[customs airport]]{{efn|name=Customs| Airport with customs checking and clearance facility, which enables operations of limited number of international flights.}} serving the city of [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India. It operates as a [[Joint-use airport|civil enclave]] alongside the airbase ''[[INS Dega]]'', owned and operated by the [[Indian Navy]].

== History ==
During the [[Second World War]], an airstrip was constructed at Visakhapatnam for the usage of the [[Royal Air Force]]. After a period of disuse after the end of the war, the airport was opened for civil operations in 1962. However, services were stopped soon due to poor patronage, and regular flights resumed only in 1976.<ref name="Hist">{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2014/Oct/15/visakhapatnam-airport-to-be-shut-for-a-week-671734.html|title=Visakhapatnam Airport to be Shut for a Week|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=15 October 2014|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref>

The [[Indian Navy]] started aviation operations in December 1972, and a helipad along with hangars were set up adjacent to the airfield in 1976. On 12 March 1986, the ownership of the airport was transferred from the [[National Airports Authority of India]] (later Airports Authority of India) to the Indian Navy, and the airport was designated as 'Naval Air Station, Visakhapatnam' with additional hangars, maintenance facilities and an operations complex were constructed soon after. On 21 October 1991, the air station was renamed and formally commissioned as ''[[INS Dega]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=INS Dega|url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/about-indian-navy/ins-dega|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407191733/http://indiannavy.nic.in/about-indian-navy/ins-dega|archive-date=7 April 2014|access-date=5 July 2013|work=[[Indian Navy]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/navy/units/squadrons/ins-dega/|title=INS Dega|work=[[Bharat Rakshak]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref>

The airport underwent expansion and modernisation beginning in 2002, with a new runway and passenger terminal planned as a part of the expansion plan. The new runway was inaugurated on 15 June 2007 and was opened for commercial traffic from 30 March 2008.
A new terminal building was built at a cost of {{INRconvert|950|m|year=2009}}, and inaugurated on 20 February 2009.<ref name="Hist"/><ref>{{cite news|title=Vizag airport terminal to be inaugurated on Feb 20|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-logistics/article1042058.ece?ref=archive|work=[[Business Line]]|access-date=23 January 2012}}</ref><ref name="TOI">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/vizag-airport-gets-nod-to-operate-24x7/articleshow/16580796.cms|title=Vizag airport gets nod to operate 24 x 7|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=28 September 2012|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> On 17 November 2011, the [[ICAO airport code]] was changed from VEVZ to VOVZ.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/airport/airport.php?id=VTZ|title=ICAO code changed from VEVZ to VOVZ|date=17 November 2011|access-date=1 June 2012|work=Aviation Safety}}</ref> Night operations began in the airport in 2012.<ref name="TOI"/>

In October 2014, the airport suffered extensive damage due to the [[cyclone Hudhud]], and had to undergo a significant rebuild.<ref name="Hist"/> In 2022, the [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]] and Indian Navy signed an agreement to move the civilian operations from the airport to the planned new [[Alluri Sitarama Raju International Airport|airport]] at [[Bhogapuram]] in phases over the next 30 years. About {{cvt|170|acre}} of the airport would be controlled by the navy and the remaining space would be managed by the [[Airport Authority of India]] (AAI) for civilian flights.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1922036&reg=3&lang=2|title=The first phase of the development of Bhogapuram International Greenfield Airport set in motion|date=4 May 2023|access-date=1 June 2025|work=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=5 September 2022|title=Bhogapuram Airport to start soon|work=Eenadu|url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/ap-top-news/general/2501/122169115|access-date=28 September 2022|lang=te}}</ref> In 2023, AAI proposed a new terminal to be built at a cost of {{INRconvert|2.4|b}}, with four additional parking bays and a new apron.<ref>{{cite news|title=Proposal sent for construction of new terminal building with ₹240 crore at Vizag Airport|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/proposal-sent-for-construction-of-new-terminal-building-with-240-crore-at-vizag-airport/article66638081.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=19 March 2023|access-date=23 March 2023}}</ref>

== Facilities ==
The airport is spread over an area of {{cvt|350.31|acre}} with {{cvt|276.89|acre}} in use.<ref name="Info">{{cite report|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/airport_brochures/vizag%20brochure%20pdf_0.pdf|title=Visakhapatnam Airport|work=[[Airports Authority of India]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> The airport has a single operational run way–the {{cvt|3050|x|45|m}} runway 10/28, equipped with CAT-1 [[Instrument landing system]] and night landing capabilities.<ref name="Info"/><ref name="Detail">{{cite web|url=https://www.aai.aero/en/node/2856|title=Visakhapatnam Airport|work=[[Airports Authority of India]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> The old {{cvt|1829|x|45|m}} runway 05/23 is not in use, and is used by the navy for parking aircraft. There are three [[taxiways]] designated from N3 to N5.<ref name="Info"/> There are 16 parking bays for aircraft situated across two aprons (nine in old apron and seven in extended apron), three of which are fitted with [[jet bridges]]. There are also three remote parking bays, three parking bays for [[cargo aircraft]], and isolated bays for navy aircraft.<ref name="Info"/><ref name="Detail"/>

===Terminal===
The passenger terminal can handle 2.74 million passengers per annum. The integrated domestic terminal is spread over an area of {{cvt|19800|m2}}, and the international departure and arrival terminals occupy {{cvt|5723|m2}} and {{cvt|5429|m2}} of built up area. The passenger terminal can handle a peak capacity of 400 domestic and 300 international passengers. The terminal has 20 check-in counters, 12 immigration counters, 14 customs counters, three conveyor belts, and seven x-ray scanners.<ref name="Info"/><ref name="Detail"/>

==Airlines and destinations==
{{refimprove|section|date=January 2026}}

{{Airport-dest-list

|[[Air India]]| [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]]

|{{nowrap|[[Air India Express]]}} | [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bengaluru]], [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|Hyderabad]], [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai-Shivaji]],<ref name="AIX">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/air-india-express-announces-new-flights-from-visakhapatnam-to-mumbai-port-blair-from-august-1/article69815519.ece|title=Air India Express announces new flights from Visakhapatnam to Mumbai and Port Blair|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> [[Veer Savarkar International Airport|Port Blair]],<ref name="AIX"/> [[Vijayawada Airport|Vijayawada]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/two-new-flights-between-visakhapatnam-vijayawada-from-oct-27/article68799630.ece|title=Two new flights between Vishakapatnam and Vijayawada from Oct 27|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 January 2026}}</ref>

|[[IndiaOne Air|IndiaOne Air]]| [[Jeypore Airport|Jeypore]]

|[[IndiGo]]| [[Zayed International Airport|Abu Dhabi]],<ref name="new">{{cite news|url=https://www.telugu360.com/aviation-minister-ram-mohan-naidu-announces-three-new-flights-for-ap/|title=Minister announces three new flights|work=Telugu 360|access-date=1 January 2026}}</ref> [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bengaluru]], [[Biju Patnaik Airport|Bhubaneswar]],<ref name="new"/> [[Chennai International Airport|Chennai]], [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]], [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|Hyderabad]], [[Devi Ahilyabai Holkar Airport|Indore]],<ref name="two">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/indore/now-two-daily-flights-to-raipur-jabalpur-from-indore-direct-flight-to-north-goa/articleshow/119553609.cms|title=Noew two dauly flights to Raipur from Indore|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=1 January 2026}}</ref> [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|Kolkata]], [[Kurnool Airport|Kurnool]], [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai-Shivaji]], [[Swami Vivekananda Airport|Raipur]],<ref name="two"/> [[Tirupati Airport|Tirupati]], [[Vijayawada Airport|Vijayawada]]

|[[Scoot]]| [[Changi Airport|Singapore]]<ref>{{OAGWorldAug2025Ref|title=Singapore, Singapore SIN|pages=1214-1219}}</ref>

}}

==Statistics==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%"
|+Annual passenger traffic and aircraft movement
! rowspan="2" |Year
! colspan="2" |Passenger traffic
! colspan="2" |Aircraft movement
|-
!Passengers
!Percent change
!Aircraft movements
!Percent change
|-
|2024-2025
|2,955,089
|{{increase|1}} 6.0
|22,210
|{{increase}} 10.7
|-
|2023-2024
|2,788,665
|{{increase|1}} 11.5
|20,071
|{{decrease|1}} 4.25
|-
|2022-2023
|2,500,654
|{{increase|1}} 55.3
|20,961
|{{increase}} 40.9
|-
|2021-2022
|1,610,483
|{{increase|-1}} 44.6
|14,878
|{{increase}} 39.5
|-
|2020-2021
|1,113,513
|{{decrease|-1}} 58.5
|10,667
|{{decrease}} 49
|-
|2019-2020
|2,681,283
|{{decrease|-1}} 6.0
|20,935
|{{decrease|1}} 6.9
|-
|2018-2019
|2,853,390
|{{increase|1}} 15
|23,695
|{{increase|1}} 20.9
|-
|2017-2018
|2,480,379
|{{increase|1}} 5.2
|19,595
|{{increase|1}} 0.2
|-
|2016-2017
|2,358,029
|{{increase|1}} 30.7
|19,550
|{{increase|1}}16.8
|-
|2015-2016
|1,804,634
|{{increase|1}} 26.9
|16,739
|{{increase|1}} 46.3
|-
|2014-2015
|1,099,480
|
|11,445
|
|}

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%"
|+Busiest domestic routes from VTZ (2023–24)<ref>{{cite report|title=City pair wise passenger traffic statistics|url=https://www.dgca.gov.in/digigov-portal/?page=jsp/dgca/InventoryList/dataReports/aviationDataStatistics/airTransport/domestic/yearly/28/Normal/TABLE%205.01%20(INDIAN%20CITY-WISE%20PASSENGER%20TRAFFIC).pdf&mainundefined|access-date=28 March 2025|publisher=[[Directorate General of Civil Aviation (India)|Directorate General of Civil Aviation]]|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
!Rank
!Airport
!Carriers
!Departing passengers
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1
|[[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|Hyderabad, Telangana]]
|[[Air India Express]], [[IndiGo]]
|4,19,189
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2
|[[Kempegowda International Airport|Bengaluru, Karnataka]]
|[[Air India Express]], [[IndiGo]]
|2,96,215
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |3
|[[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]]
|[[Air India]], [[IndiGo]]
|2,34,947
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |4
|[[Chennai International Airport|Chennai, Tamil Nadu]]
|[[IndiGo]]
|1,29,266
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |5
|[[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai, Maharashtra]]
|[[Air India]], [[Air India Express]], [[IndiGo]]
|1,26,324
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |6
|[[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|Kolkata, West Bengal]]
|[[IndiGo]]
|52,623
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |7
|[[Tirupati Airport|Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh]]
|[[IndiGo]]
|23,260
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |8
|[[Vijayawada Airport|Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh]]
|[[Air India Express]], [[IndiGo]]
|21,091
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |9
|[[Veer Savarkar International Airport|Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
|[[Air India]], [[Air India Express]], [[IndiGo]]
|15,397
|}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*{{Official website}}

{{Airports in India}}
{{Portalbar|India|Aviation}}

[[Category:Airports in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Transport in Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:World War II sites in India]]
[[Category:Uttarandhra]]
[[Category:1981 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Airports in India]]
[[Category:Airports Authority of India]]

An Evening in Paris

2026-03-04T03:53:34Z

Himvanta: slightly enhance content to improve readability and added references

{{EngvarB|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox film
| name = An Evening in Paris
| image = An Evening in Paris (1967 film).jpg
| director = [[Shakti Samanta]]
| producer = [[Shakti Samanta]]
| writer = [[Sachin Bhowmick]] Ramesh Pant
| screenplay = [[Sachin Bhowmick]]
| story = [[Sachin Bhowmick]]
| starring = [[Shammi Kapoor]] [[Sharmila Tagore]]
| music = [[Shankar-Jaikishan]]
| cinematography = [[V. Gopi Krishna]]
| editing = Govind Dalwadi
| studio = Shakti Films
| released = {{Film date|1967}}
| runtime = 168 mins
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi]]
| gross = {{INRConvert|15|m}}<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080118030710/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=123&catName=MTk2MC0xOTY5] </ref>
}}

'''''An Evening In Paris''''' is a 1967 Indian [[romantic thriller]] film produced and directed by [[Shakti Samanta]], with story by [[Sachin Bhowmick]]. It revolves in the [[France|French]] capital city of [[Paris]]. It stars [[Shammi Kapoor]], [[Sharmila Tagore]] (in a double role), along with [[Pran (actor)|Pran]], [[K. N. Singh]] as the villains, [[Rajendra Nath|Rajendranath]] in the comic subplot. [[Sharmila Tagore]]'s performance and [[Shankar Jaikishan]]'s music made this film a big success at box office.<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Hindi films of 1967 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_1967 |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2 June 2025}}</ref>{{Circular reference|date=September 2025}}

==Plot==
After being unsuccessful in finding her true love in her own country, India, the rich Deepa goes to Paris, France, in search of it. Her father's secretary already lives there, so to take care of her in the unknown country, her father informs him and also hires an assistant, Honey, and a driver, Makhan Singh. On one of her outings, Deepa meets Shyam/Sam, who immediately falls in love with her and begins to follow her around. After some initial resistance, Deepa eventually gives in to his charms.

Meanwhile, Deepa's father's secretary's son, Shekhar needs money to clear his gambling debts. Knowing that Deepa is rich, he plans to marry her. Jack, a gangster to whom he owes the money, threatens him that he should repay the debts at the earliest. Shekhar tells him that he will do so soon by marrying a rich girl, Deepa. However, since Deepa does not love him, she refuses, telling him that she only loves Sam.

When Jack sees Deepa, he is taken aback and mistakes her to be someone he knows. But Deepa remains clueless. Jack then takes Shekhar to his casino/ hotel, where they see a girl who is identical to Deepa. Her name is Suzy, a club dancer in the same casino.

Shekhar, angry at Deepa, hatches a plan. He approaches Suzy and convinces her to be a part of his plan by offering her a huge amount of money. He takes Suzy with him and shows her Deepa with Sam, so that she can learn her mannerisms. When Jack kidnaps the real Deepa, Shekhar puts Suzy in her place at her home. Due to this replacement, initially, nobody finds out about Deepa's kidnapping. Suzy pretends to be Deepa and goes out with Sam. Eventually, Sam starts to notice the difference. He gets suspicious when he notices Suzy (pretending to be Deepa) smoking and drinking.

Deepa's father learns of Deepa's kidnapping and flies to Paris. He and Sam discover that Suzy is Deepa's lost twin sister, who had been kidnapped when she was very young, and her real name is Roopa. Deepa's father is overjoyed that he has found his daughter, but Suzy refuses to accept herself as his daughter.

Sam follows Suzy to find the whereabouts of Deepa. Suzy puts a condition that Sam has to marry her before she will tell him about Deepa. She has fallen in love with him while pretending to be Deepa. Sam refuses, saying that he only loves Deepa. This angers Suzy at first, but later she realises that she should not come between her sister and her love.

Jaggu, now working for Jack, who has also been an ex-employee of Deepa's father, goes to see him asking for ransom to release his daughter. Deepa's father agrees, but Sam knocks him unconscious, before which he tells them to go to a certain place with the ransom money. Shekhar overhears this conversation.

As the story climaxes, Suzy arrives with Jack at his hideout where he has kept Deepa, to show her the resemblance and leaves them alone for a while to take care of some chores. Suzy then reveals to Deepa that she is her lost twin sister. Despite her refusal, she convinces Deepa to switch places and escape.

Sam and Shekhar go separately to Niagara Falls to ransom Deepa. Shekhar arrives at the secret hideout first. At the same time, one of Jack's men informs him about Sam's arrival. When Jack confronts him, Shekhar kills him and the real Deepa (pretending to be Suzy) escapes just before that. Shekhar then collects Suzy thinking she is Deepa. He learns that she is actually Suzy when she sees Sam and yells a warning that Deepa has escaped and is waiting for him at Jack's Boat. Angered, Shekhar shoots Suzy and tries to shoot Sam. Sam escapes, and just before following Shekhar, he tells Makan Singh to go and help the injured Suzy. Shekhar reaches the boat where Deepa is waiting for Sam and drives off with her. Sam also reaches just after Shekhar drives off. He jumps in the boat from a helicopter and beats Shekhar up. Sam throws him overboard, where he floats over the waterfall. Deepa and Sam escape to a small rock in the middle of a waterfall, from where they are rescued by a helicopter.

The movie closes with Sam and Deepa hanging onto the ladder of the helicopter with a song (Aasmaan Se Aya Farishta) playing in the background.

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = An Evening in Paris
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Shankar Jaikishan]]
| cover = An Eve In Paris.jpg
| alt =
| released = 1967
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = [[Hindi]]
| label = [[Saregama| HMV]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
The music was composed by Shankar–Jaikishan, with lyrics by [[Shailendra (lyricist)|Shailendra]] and [[Hasrat Jaipuri]].
{|class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "An Evening In Paris"
| [[Mohammed Rafi]]
|-
| "Deewane Ka Naam"
| Mohammed Rafi
|-
| "Hoga Tumse Kal Bhi"
| Mohammed Rafi
|-
| "Akele Akele Kahan Ja Rahe"
| Mohammed Rafi
|-
| "Aasman Se Aaya Farishta"
| Mohammed Rafi
|-
| "Jab Se Humne Dil Badle"
| Mohammed Rafi
|-
| "Raat Ke Humsafar Thakke Ghar Ko Chale"
| Mohammed Rafi, [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
| "Zuby Zuby Zalembu"
| Asha Bhosle
|-
| "Le Ja Le Ja Le Ja Mera Dil"
| [[Sharda Rajan Iyengar|Sharda]]
|-
|}

==Cultural impact==
[[Sharmila Tagore]]'s appearance in a [[bikini]] in ''An Evening in Paris'' set off a cultural wave in India<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20090213202309/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/04/03/stories/2006040301320100.htm Being Sharmila, all through life]", ''The Hindu'', 3 April 2006</ref> and the film's claim of the first bikini appearance of an Indian actress remains one of its most notable aspects.<ref>Lalit Mohan Joshi & Gulzar, Derek Malcolm, ''Bollywood'', page 20, Lucky Dissanayake, 2002, {{ISBN|0-9537032-2-3}}</ref> She also posed in a bikini for the glossy ''[[Filmfare]]'' magazine.<ref>[[B. K. Karanjia]], ''Blundering in Wonderland'', page 18, Vikas Publishing House, 1990, {{ISBN|0-7069-4961-7}}</ref> The costume shocked the conservative Indian audience,<ref>Various writers, ''Rashtriya Sahara'', page 28, Sahara India Mass Communication, 2002</ref><ref>Manjima Bhattacharjya, "[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Why_the_bikini_is_badnaam/articleshow/2568307.cms Why the bikini is badnaam]", ''Times of India'', 25 November 2007</ref> and set a trend of bikini-clad actresses carried forward by [[Parveen Babi]] in ''[[Yeh Nazdeekiyan]]'' (1982),<ref name=avi>Avijit Ghosh, "[https://web.archive.org/web/20121023061620/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-07-02/special-report/27816701_1_bikini-heroine-zeenat-aman Bollywood's unfinished revolution]", ''The Times of India'', 2 July 2006</ref> [[Zeenat Aman]] in ''[[Heera Panna]]'' (1973), ''[[Qurbani (1980 film)|Qurbani]]'' (1980)<ref name=avi/> and [[Dimple Kapadia]] in ''[[Bobby (1973 film)|Bobby]]'' (1973).<ref name=avi/><ref>Stuff Reporter, "[http://www1.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1655251.cms That itsy bitsy thing] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090112135654/http://www1.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1655251.cms |date=12 January 2009 }}", ''Times of India'', 16 June 2006</ref> Wearing a bikini put her name in the Indian press as one of Bollywood's ten hottest actresses of all time,<ref>Subhash K Jha, "[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/cms.dll/html/uncomp/articleshow?artid=34899626 Bollywood's 10 hottest actresses of all time], ''Times of India'', 19 January 2003</ref> The move was a transgression of female identity through a reversal of the state of modesty, which functions as a signifier of femininity in Bombay films.<ref>[[Sumita S. Chakravarty]], ''National Identity in Indian Popular Cinema, 1947–1987'', page 321, University of Texas Press, 1993, {{ISBN|0-292-75551-1}}</ref> But, when Tagore was the chairperson of the [[Central Board of Film Certification]], she expressed concerns about the rise of the bikini in Indian films.<ref>Preeti Mudliar, "[http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=124512 Without Cuts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113152430/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=124512 |date=13 January 2009 }}", ''Pune Newsline'', 11 April 2005</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0074503|An Evening in Paris}}
* [https://youtube.com/watch?v=3-CntaT8dDs ''An Evening in Paris'' ] on YouTube

{{DEFAULTSORT:Evening in Paris}}
[[Category:1967 films]]
[[Category:1967 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1967 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Shakti Samanta]]
[[Category:1960s romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shankar–Jaikishan]]
[[Category:Indian romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Paris]]
[[Category:Films shot in France]]
[[Category:Films set in Paris]]
[[Category:Films set in France]]
[[Category:Obscenity controversies in film]]
[[Category:1967 controversies]]
[[Category:Hindi-language romantic thriller films]]

Antarmahal

2026-03-04T03:44:24Z

Himvanta: added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Antarmahal
| image = Antarmahal_dvd_cover.jpg
| starring = [[Roopa Ganguly]] [[Soha Ali Khan]] [[Jackie Shroff]] [[Abhishek Bachchan]]
| director = [[Rituparno Ghosh]]
| producer = Anil Kuriakose
| cinematography = [[Avik Mukhopadhyay]]
| editing = [[Arghyakamal Mitra]]
| released = {{Film date|2005|10|28|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| music =
| budget =
| runtime =
}}

'''''Antarmahal''''' is a 2005 Indian [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali film]], directed by [[Rituparno Ghosh]] and produced by [[Amitabh Bachchan Corporation]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-12 |title=From ‘Utsab’ to ‘Uma’- Durga Puja in 10 Bengali Films |url=https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/features/from-utsab-to-uma-durga-puja-in-10-bengali-films/ |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=Silverscreen India |language=en-US}}</ref> The film is based on a Bengali short story named ''Pratima'' by [[Tarasankar Bandyopadhyay]]. Set in the late [[19th century]], the plot revolves around two women who are married to a vainglorious Bengali landlord who exploits them to obtain [[social status]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2005/film/reviews/antarmahal-views-from-the-inner-chamber-1200523789/|title = Antarmahal: Views from the Inner Chamber|website=Variety|date = 18 August 2005}}</ref> It stars [[Jackie Shroff]], [[Roopa Ganguly]], [[Soha Ali Khan]], [[Abhishek Bachchan]], [[Mrinal Mukherjee]], Sumanta Mukherjee and [[Biswajit Chakraborty]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/oct/28antar.htm|title = Antarmahal: Must watch!|website=Rediff|access-date=7 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/your-week/story/20051114-film-review-antarmahal-starring-soha-ali-khan-abhishek-bachchan-786652-2005-11-14|title=Film review: 'Antarmahal' starring Jackie Shroff, Soha Ali Khan, Abhishek Bachchan|website=India Today|access-date=7 November 2024}}</ref>

The film received widespread critical acclaim. [[Screen International|Screen Daily]] writes, "Rituparno Ghosh spins another sumptuous, yet intimate family story with Antarmahal: Views From The Inner Chamber, playing once morein the same register he successfully used two years ago for fellow Locarno competitor Chokher Bali."<ref>{{cite web |last=Fainaru |first=Dan |date=2005-08-23 |title=Antarmahal: Views From The Inner Chamber (Antarmahal) |url=https://www.screendaily.com/antarmahal-views-from-the-inner-chamber-antarmahal/4024109.article |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=Screen }}</ref>

==Plot==
The story takes place towards the end of the 19th century in Bengal. Bhubaneswar Chowdhury, a [[zamindar]] of Bakuldanga plans to please the British so that they bestow on him the Raibahadur title. There are quite a few contenders and so something unique has to be done, so he decides to put [[Queen Victoria]]'s face on the body of the goddess [[Durga]] whose clay idol is made every year for [[Durga Pooja]].

On the other hand, he also wants an heir and since he blames the failure on his elder wife Mahamaya ([[Roopa Ganguly]]) he marries again, the much younger Jashomati ([[Soha Ali Khan]]). Both of these wives compete against each other in an ego struggle. In his pursuit for a son, Bhubaneswar rapes Jashomati every night while a priest reads hymns for conception near the bed, ordering Mahamaya, in a drugged state, to fulfill the carnal desires of five sexually deprived Brahmin priests.

Although she luckily escapes the fate due to the untimely ending, Jashomati, while in her traumatised and lonely state, gets physically drawn towards a young sculptor ([[Abhishek Bachchan]]). It's in this centre of all this that the sculptor makes his masterpiece, his tribute, and seals Jashomati's ultimate fate.
the script is based on protima a masterpiece of Tarashankar bandopadhyay.

==Cast==
*[[Jackie Shroff]] as Bhubaneshwar Chowdhury, the landlord of Bakuldanga
*[[Roopa Ganguly]] as Mahamaya, elder wife of Bhubaneshwar
*[[Soha Ali Khan]] as Jashomoti, younger wife of Bhubaneshwar, voice dubbed by [[Rimjhim Mitra]]
*[[Abhishek Bacchan]] as Brijbhushan
*[[Mrinal Mukherjee]] as a Hindu priest
*Sumanta Mukherjee as Taracharan, the estate manager of Bakuldanga
*[[Biswajit Chakraborty]] as Bhattacharya Moshai, a Hindu priest
*[[Ratna Ghoshal]] as Mangala, the chief maid-servant of Mahamaya
*Dola Chakraborty as Tarini
*Shibani Bhattacharya
*Peter Taylor as the painter
*Debesh Mukherjee as Pal Moshai
*Arpan Bashar
*Kameshwar Mishra as Hariya
*[[Raima Sen]] (Cameo) as Rukmini, Brijbhushan's wife

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0454391|Antarmahal}}

{{Rituparno Ghosh}}

[[Category:2005 Indian films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Rituparno Ghosh]]
[[Category:Films about landlords]]
[[Category:2005 Bengali-language films]]

Abosheshey

2026-03-04T00:22:47Z

Himvanta: Minor edits and structural improvements

{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| italic_title =
| name = Abosheshey
| image = Abosheshe poster.png
| alt =
| caption =
| director = Aditi Roy
| producer = Anil B Dev
| writer =
| screenplay = Neel B Mitra
| story =
| based_on = 
| narrator =
| starring = [[Roopa Ganguly]] [[Raima Sen]] Ankur Khanna
| music = [[Prabuddha Banerjee]]
| cinematography = Ranjan Palit
| editing = Abhro Banerjee
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2011|||df=y}}
| runtime = 118 minutes
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Abosheshey''''' (''At the End of it All'') is a 2011 Indian film in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] starring [[Roopa Ganguly]], [[Raima Sen]] and Ankur Khanna in lead roles. The film is the directorial debut of Aditi Roy.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110130/jsp/graphiti/story_13507426.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120521190451/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110130/jsp/graphiti/story_13507426.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 May 2012 |title=A fresh plot |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]|location=Kolkata|date=30 January 2011 |accessdate= 18 June 2012}}</ref> The film was screened at various international film festivals and received many accolades. The story is about a son who is trying to learn about his dead mother.<ref name="Abosheshe (2012 – Bengali)">{{cite web|title=Abosheshe (2012 – Bengali)|url=http://www.gomolo.com/abosheshe-movie/40231|publisher=Gomolo|accessdate=25 September 2012}}</ref><ref name="Abosheshe Bengali Movie -Roopa Ganguly Starrer">{{cite web|title=Abosheshe Bengali Movie -Roopa Ganguly Starrer |url=http://www.bhalobasa.in/articles/158254/Abosheshe-Bengali-Movie--Rupa-Ganguly-Starrer |accessdate=25 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120922084410/http://www.bhalobasa.in/articles/158254/Abosheshe-Bengali-Movie--Rupa-Ganguly-Starrer |archivedate=22 September 2012 }}</ref>

==Plot==
After his parents' divorce, Soumyo lives with his father in San Francisco. But he returns to [[Kolkata]] after 22 years when his mother, Suchismita, dies. He is the only heir to her property and is responsible for performing a few tasks. He plans to finish his work quickly and return to his life. But he starts learning about the mother he never knew, who has left many personal things for him, including her diary. He starts meeting the people who were close to his mother and discovers his mother's love and affection towards him from them. The diary helps Soumyo to finally connect with his mother.

==Cast==
* [[Roopa Ganguly]] as Suchismita
* [[Raima Sen]] as Nandini
* Ankur Khanna as Soumyo, Suchismita's son
* [[Suman Mukhopadhyay]] as the Advocate
* [[Dipankar De]] as Suchismita's elder brother.
* Abhijit Guha as a Bihari lift-man
* [[Manasi Sinha]] as Suchismita's close friend
* Kamolika as the lawyer's wife
* Ronjini Chakraborty as Rai

==Production==
The film is director Aditi Roy's first feature film. After graduating from [[Jadavpur University]] in [[Political science]], Roy did post-graduate specialisation in Film Studies in 2002. She also completed a Diploma in Mass Communication. Her Diploma film was screened at the Kolkata Film Festival in 2007.<ref name=NYIFF>{{cite web|url=http://www.iaac.us/nyiff2012/abosheshey.htm |title=12th Annual New York Indian Film Festival |accessdate=30 September 2012}}</ref> Roy previously directed a few short films with the writer Neel B Mitra. The story of ''Abosheshey'' was written in 1999 by Mitra. After working together on various projects, they decided to make this script their first feature film project. The film went through 17 drafts between 2008 and 2010.<ref name=Interview>{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/103564011-interview-neel-b-mitra-bengali-movies-nandini-2011-and-abosheshe-2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913062341/http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/103564011-interview-neel-b-mitra-bengali-movies-nandini-2011-and-abosheshe-2012 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=13 September 2012 |title=Interview: NEEL B MITRA on Bengali Movies NANDINI (2011) and ABOSHESHE (2012) |publisher=WBRi |date=29 October 2011 |accessdate=30 September 2012}}</ref>

The production of the film started in November 2010. Two times [[National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film Cinematography|National Film Award]] winner Ranjan Palit was opted as the [[Cinematographer|director of photography]]. Roopa Ganguly rejected the lead role when approached for the first time, but she then accepted it after reading the script and understanding that the film would be shelved if she rejected it.<ref name=Interview/>

The film was shot in real locations in Kolkata and [[Sikkim]]. The scene in the Advocate's house and office was shot in the residence of a real family of lawyers. Suchismita's apartment is also actress Roopa Ganguly's own house.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/64386612-watch-bangla-movie-abosheshe-screening-official-selection-dcsaff-washington-dc-sout |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605141039/http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/64386612-watch-bangla-movie-abosheshe-screening-official-selection-dcsaff-washington-dc-sout |url-status=usurped |archive-date=5 June 2012 |title=Watch: Bangla Movie ABOSHESHE Screening as Official Selection at DCSAFF Washington DC South-Asian Film Festival 2012 |publisher=[[Washington Bangla Radio on Internet|WBRi]] |date=2 June 2012 |accessdate=30 September 2012}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 23:49

| title1 = Dure Kothay {{dagger}}
| extra1 = [[Roopa Ganguly]]
| music1 = [[Rabindranath Tagore]]
| lyrics1 = Rabindranath Tagore
| length1 = 3:37

| title2 = Mondo Bhaloy Dishehara
| extra2 = [[Bonnie Chakraborty]]
| music2 = Prabuddha Banerjee
| length2 = 3:48

| title3 = Aji Bijan Ghare {{dagger}}
| extra3 = Roopa Ganguly
| music3 = Rabindranath Tagore
| lyrics3 = Rabindranath Tagore
| length3 = 3:39

| title4 = Shudhu Phera Path Tuku
| extra4 = Dibyendu Mukherjee
| music4 = Prabuddha Banerjee
| length4 = 3:25

| title5 = Mondo Bhaloy Dishehara
| extra5 = Dibyendu Mukherjee
| music5 = Prabuddha Banerjee
| length5 = 3:49

| title6 = Abosheshey
| extra6 = Roopa Ganguly
| music6 = Prabuddha Banerjee
| length6 = 3:55

| title7 = Abosheshey Theme
| extra7 = {{dash}}
| music7 = Prabuddha Banerjee
| length7 = 1:36
}}

{{dagger}} – Music recreated by Prabuddha Banerjee

==Awards and recognition==
Roopa Ganguly, who also sang two [[Rabindra Sangeet|Tagore songs]] for the film, "Dure Kothao Dure Dure" and "Aaji Bijan Ghare", won the [[National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]] Award at the [[59th National Film Awards]]. She was awarded with ''Rajat Kamal'' (Silver Lotus Award), a certificate and a cash prize of {{INRConvert|50|k}} for "her husky and haunting voice that brings a gentle, nostalgic tone and tenor to the film ''Abosheshey''. The languid raw sensuality of her singing is heightened by the absence of musical accompaniment."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/NFA%20Official%20Catalouge.pdf |title=59th National Film Awards: Official Catalogue |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]] |accessdate=30 September 2012 }}</ref>

The film was also screened at the 12th Annual New York Indian Film Festival<ref name=NYIFF/> and [[International Film Festival of Kerala]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/contentView.do?contentId=10575295&channelId=-1073865028&catId=-165982&BV_ID=@@@ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111208120438/http://english.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/contentView.do?contentId=10575295&channelId=-1073865028&catId=-165982&BV_ID=@@@ |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 December 2011 |title=Abosheshey: When your past comes searching |date=7 December 2011 |publisher=[[Malayala Manorama]] |accessdate=30 September 2012 }}</ref> where it won Netpac Award for Best Asian Film.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmindiaworldwide.com/2011/12/16th-international-film-festival-of.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131016064600/http://www.filmindiaworldwide.com/2011/12/16th-international-film-festival-of.html |url-status=usurped |archive-date=16 October 2013 |title=16th International Film Festival of Kerala Awards! |date=17 December 2011 |publisher=FilmIndia Worldwide |accessdate=16 October 2013}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|2213658|Abosheshey}}

[[Category:2011 films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Sikkim]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2011 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:2011 directorial debut films]]

Out of Range (film)

2026-03-03T20:37:11Z

Himvanta: starting new post

{{More citations needed|date=February 2016}}

{{about|the 2016 Indian feature film|the 2019 Australian short film| John Harvey (filmmaker)#Film and television}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Out of Range
| image = Out of Range.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Johnson V. Devassy
| producer = Suresh Kumar T Malavika Cine Creations
| story = Johnson V Devassy Fahad Shafeek
| starring = [[Vishnu Unnikrishnan]] Askar Ali Sumith Samudra Ajayaghosh Swathy [[Nila Raj]] Anjali Aneesh Upasana
| music = Rakesh Kesavan Lonely Doggy
| cinematography = Anish Babu Abbas
| released = {{Film date|2016|02|19|df=y}}
| runtime = 134 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Out of Range''''' is a 2016 [[India]]n [[Malayalam film|Malayalam-language]] [[comedy drama]] film directed by Johnson V. Devassy. The film stars Vishnu Unnikrishnan, Askar Ali, Sumith Samudra, and Ajayaghosh in the lead roles with Swamty, [[Nila Raj]], and Anjali Aneesh Upasana in supporting roles. It is produced by Suresh Kumar T. under the banner of Malavika Cine Creations. Anish Babu Abbas does the cinematography while Rakesh Kesavan and Lonely Doggy score the music. The screenplay is written by Devassy along with Shafeek Mohammed and Fahad Shan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/200216/an-out-of-range-movie.html|title=An 'out of range' movie|first=Elizabeth|last=Thomas|date=20 February 2016|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

== Plot==

Jerin (Ajayaghosh), at crossroads with his stagnant love life; Subru (Vishnu Unnikrishnan), fed up with his mom's argumentative nature; Sanjay (Sumith Samudra), all against his reckless job schedule; Aashiq (Askar Ali), annoyed with unending family obligations - are four friends with instability in their lives. On one decisive night, the four friends take an unusual oath, to quit using their mobile phones forever. From the next daybreak, the world around them turns upside down. Sacking, break-up, and resentment follows. After the initial chaos, they seem to enjoy the peace, ease, and all the joys.

However, this is just the beginning of another story. A steely resolve for more adventure, more determination, more drama, and more blows. Will they live to tell the tale?

== Cast ==
{{Colbegin}}
* [[Vishnu Unnikrishnan]] - Subru
* Askar Ali - Ashik
* Sumith Samudra - Sanjay
* Ajayaghosh – Jerin
* Swathy - Sharon
* [[Nila Raj]] - Hazeena
* Anjali Aneesh - Upasana
* Geetha Mathan - Ummichi
* Jayaraj Celluloid - Niyas Ikka
* Sinaj Changanaserry - Ashaan
* Deepika - Amma
* Jaison Panikulangara - Achan
* Gopan Mangat – Boss
* Prathapan K. S. – Raju Bai
{{colend}}

==Production==
The film began production under the name ''Holy Shit''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.msidb.org/m.php?7465|title = Out of Range [Holyshit] [2016]}}</ref> The film marks the debut of Askar Ali.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/240216/acting-innings-of-a-wannabe-filmmaker.html|title=Acting innings of a wannabe filmmaker|date=24 February 2016}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==

The film's background score and songs are composed by Rakesh Kesavan and Lonely Doggy. Lyrics for the songs are written by Rakesh Menon, Jose Peter and Lonely Doggy. Sachin Warrier
Lonely Doggy, M.e.l, Vivzy are the principal singers.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! No. !! Title !! Artist(s) !! Length
|-
| 1 || "Nilaave Nilaave (Malayalam Melody)"|| Sachin Warrier || 05:21
|-
| 2 || "holyshit" (English Rap Song)||Lonely Doggy, M.e.l, Vivzy || 04:20
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|5471732}}
* [http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x3rc5uz Out of Range Malayalam Movie Getting Ready || Malayalam Focus - video dailymotion]
* [https://www.indiaglitz.com/out-of-range-malayalam-movie-preview-20549.html Out of Range Malayalam Movie Preview cinema review stills gallery trailer video clips showtimes]
* [https://www.facebook.com/outofrangemovie/ Out of Range]

[[Category:2016 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language comedy-drama films]]

Visudha Mejo

2026-03-03T09:43:27Z

Himvanta: adding initial post added tags

{{Short description|2022 Malayalam film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name =
| image = Visudha Mejo.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Kiran Antony
| writer = Dinoy Poulose
| screenplay =
| story =
| producer = Vinod Shornur Jomon T John Shameer Muhammed
| starring = {{Plain list|* Dinoy Paulose
* [[Mathew Thomas]]
* [[Lijomol Jose]]
* [[Anaswara Rajan]]
}}
| cinematography =
| editing =
| music = Justin Varghese
| studio = CNC Cinemaas Plan J Studios.
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2022|09|16|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
}}
'''''Visudha Mejo''''' (English: Pure Mejo) is a 2022 Indian [[Malayalam-language]] [[romantic drama]] film written and directed by Kiran Antony. The film stars Dinoy Paulose, [[Mathew Thomas]], [[Lijomol Jose]] and [[Anaswara Rajan]]. The film was produced by Jomon T. John, Vinod Shornur, and Shameer Muhammed under the banner of CNC Cinemaas and Plan J Studios. The film's music was composed by [[Justin Varghese]] and the cinematography was handled by [[Jomon T. John]].

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* Dinoy Paulose as Mejo Thomas
* [[Mathew Thomas]] as Ambrose
* [[Lijomol Jose]] as Jeena Francis
* [[Anaswara Rajan]] as Maria
* [[Abhiram Radhakrishnan]] as Paily
* [[Hakim Shahjahan]] as Rahul
* [[Baiju Ezhupunna]] as Chacko
* RJ Murukan as Thomas
* [[Remya Suresh]]
* Shainy Sara as Moly
* [[Siju Sunny]] as James
}}

== Production ==
The film was scheduled to release on 5 August 2022 and film postponed to 16 September 2022 due to heavy rainfall.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-08-05 |title='Vishudha Mejo' release postponed amid heavy rainfall |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/vishudha-mejo-release-postponed-amid-heavy-rainfall/articleshow/93345798.cms |access-date=2023-05-25 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525165958/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/vishudha-mejo-release-postponed-amid-heavy-rainfall/articleshow/93345798.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-08 |title=VIshudha Mejo {{!}} ലിജോമോള്‍ ജോസ്, മാത്യു തോമസ്, ഡിനോയ് പൗലോസ്; 'വിശുദ്ധ മെജോ' ഫസ്റ്റ് ലുക്ക് പോസ്റ്റർ പുറത്ത് |url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/movies-catch-the-first-look-poster-of-the-movie-vishudha-mejo-mm-542279.html |access-date=2023-05-25 |website=News18 Malayalam |language=ml |archive-date=2023-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525164848/https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/movies-catch-the-first-look-poster-of-the-movie-vishudha-mejo-mm-542279.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reception ==
V Vinod Nair of ''[[Times of india]]'' gave 2.5 stars out of 5 and wrote that "This romance fails to appeal as it lacks a convincing script and acting."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Visudha Mejo Movie Review : A love story that fails to connect |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/visudha-mejo/movie-review/94266371.cms |access-date=2023-05-25 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-05-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518092531/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/visudha-mejo/movie-review/94266371.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Onmanorama]]'' critic noted that "Lijo Mol proves yet again in this amateur ‘stalking’ drama".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Visudha Mejo review: Lijo Mol proves yet again in this amateur 'stalking' drama |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2022/09/16/vishudha-mejo-lijo-mol-jose-mathew-thomas-dinoy-paulose-movie-review.html |access-date=2023-05-25 |website=OnManorama |archive-date=2023-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523003251/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2022/09/16/vishudha-mejo-lijo-mol-jose-mathew-thomas-dinoy-paulose-movie-review.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Sanjith Sidhardhan of ''[[OTTplay]]'' gave 2.5 out of 5 and wrote that "Visudha Mejo also serves as a companion piece to Pathrosinte Padappukal, in the sense that it gets off to a promising start but ends up all over the place in the latter half. The lack of chemistry between its lead characters also contribute to making this film a less engaging affair."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Visudha Mejo review: Lijomol Jose shines in this love story that squanders the p |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/visudha-mejo-review-lijomol-jose-shines-in-this-love-story-that-squanders-the-promise-of-a-breezy-first-half/680a008e3085 |access-date=2023-05-25 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |archive-date=2023-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525193534/https://www.ottplay.com/review/visudha-mejo-review-lijomol-jose-shines-in-this-love-story-that-squanders-the-promise-of-a-breezy-first-half/680a008e3085 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|tt21230476}}

[[Category:2022 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language romantic drama films]]

Kithaab

2026-02-28T19:16:43Z

Himvanta: put up new post needs work

{{Short description|2018 Malayalam-language play}}
{{other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox play
| name = Kithaab
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| writer = [[Rafeeq Mangalassery]]
| chorus =
| characters =
| mute =
| setting =
| premiere = {{Start date|df=y|2018|11}}
| place = [[Vatakara|Vadakara]] ([[Kerala]], [[India]])
| orig_lang = [[Malayalam language]]
| subject = [[Gender equality|Gender justice]] for [[Muslim women]]
| genre = [[Humorous]], [[Teen drama]]
| web =
}}

'''''Kithaab''''', also '''''Kitab''''' ({{lit|Book}}), is a Malayalam-language [[Play (theatre)|play]] featuring a humorous portrayal of a young girl who dreams of calling out the [[Azaan]] (''vaang''), the Islamic call to worship normally recited by a male [[muezzin]] or mukri. The girl questions the [[Misogyny|subjugation of women]] in [[Women in Islam|her community]], and rebels against community norms by dancing with her friends, stealing food denied to her, and demanding the opportunity to call the vaang.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/in-keralas-kozhikode-a-play-about-a-girl-who-dreams-about-giving-azaan-call-has-muslim-conservatives-up-in-arms-5620311.html|title=In Kerala's Kozhikode, a play about a girl who dreams about giving azaan call has Muslim conservatives up in arms|website=Firstpost|first=TK|last=Devasia|date=26 November 2018| access-date=16 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thewire.in/culture/kozhikode-school-play-muslims-kithab|title=Kozhikode School Withdraws Play Calling out Gender Disparity After Muslim Groups Protest|website=The Wire|date=3 December 2018|access-date=16 January 2019|archive-date=17 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417232956/https://thewire.in/culture/kozhikode-school-play-muslims-kithab|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The play is written by scriptwriter-director Rafeeq Mangalassery.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/251118/kozhikode-sdpi-msf-up-in-arms-against-kithab.html|title=Kozhikode: SDPI, MSF up in arms against Kithab|date=25 November 2018|website=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=16 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/play-showing-girl-performing-azaan-raises-conservatives-ire/articleshow/66791980.cms|title=Play showing girl performing 'azaan' raises conservatives' ire|website=The Times of India|date=25 November 2018|access-date=16 January 2019}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/cultural-activists-launch-campaign-for-kithaab/article25672943.ece|title=Campaign for Kithaab takes off|date=5 December 2018|work=The Hindu|access-date=16 January 2019|last=Jayanth|first=A. s|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> It was released in November 2018 in the Indian state of [[Kerala]], at a time when the [[women's rights]] movement was taking shape, asking for the right to [[Entry of women to Sabarimala Ayyappa Temple|worship in Sabarimala temple]]; for [[Muslim women's rights in India|Muslim women's right]] to participate in religious rituals; and for [[gender equality]] in religious spaces, including the appointment of women as [[Imam]]s, and participating in and leading prayers at mosques.<ref name=":2" />

==Inspiration==
Rafeeq Mangalassery said his drama ''Kithaab'' was not directly based on the story of Vaangu, but was an independent adaptation inspired by [[Unni R.]]'s story "Vaangu". However, Unni R. distanced himself from Mangalassery's drama, saying it was not in tune with his ideas and was lacking in spiritual value.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/news/kerala/2018/12/07/elippetti-replaces-kitab-state-school-art-fete.html|title=Controversial play 'Kitab' dropped from Kerala school art festival|website=OnManorama|access-date=16 January 2019}}</ref> Malayalam director [[V. K. Prakash]] and Kavya Prakash also had an independent plan to adapt Unni R.'s story "Vaangu" for a [[Vaanku (film)|film of the same name]], which was subsequently released in January 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/entertainment/unni-r-short-story-vanku-to-be-adapted-on-screen-by-v-k-prakash-daughter-kavya-prakash-shabna-mohammed/|title=Unni R short story Vanku to be adapted on screen by V K Prakash daughter Kavya Prakash Shabna Mohammed: വാങ്ക് വിളിക്കാൻ ആഗ്രഹിച്ച റസിയയുടെ കഥ സിനിമയാകുന്നു: ഉണ്ണി ആറിന്റെ കഥയ്ക്ക് ദൃശ്യഭാഷ്യമൊരുക്കാന്‍ രണ്ടു പെണ്‍കുട്ടികള്‍|website=The Indian Express|access-date=17 January 2019}}</ref>

==Plot==
A Muslim girl wishes to become a muezzin like her father and to call out the azaan. She steals the fried fish her mother cooks for the men in the house and says that doing so is not morally wrong because Padachon (creator-god) would understand that girls are not given enough food. Her father then censures her, telling her that women should get only half of everything that men have. To this, the girl impishly asks why then women shouldn't wear only half of what men do.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/following-protests-muslim-groups-kozhikode-school-withdraws-students-play-92594|title=Following protests by Muslim groups Kozhikode school withdraws students play|website=thenewsminute.com|first=Sreedevi|last= Jayarajan|date=2 December 2018|access-date=16 January 2019}}</ref>

Amidst these struggles, she expresses her wish to call out the azaan. Her father answers all her queries by referring to a big book (Kithab), and he locks her away so she would not perform in a play (a play within the play) again. He tells her she will not reach heaven if she continues to do such things.<ref name=":0" />

"If I'd lose entry to heaven because I sing and dance, then I don't want that heaven," she says. The father is even ready to kill the girl when she performs at the school play despite his wishes. When her mother reminds him that he is not just the muezzin, but also a father, he allows her to call out the azaan, and the drama ends with the girl calling out the [[Adhan|azaan]] and the rest praying.<ref name=":0" />

==Controversy==
[[Memunda]] Higher secondary school in rural [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]] staged a drama for interschool competition at district level in [[Vatakara|Vadakara]], which won prizes for best drama and best actress at district level, and was supposed to continue to the [[Kerala]] state level interschool competition. ''Kithaab'' portrays social discrimination against women on various issues in the traditional Muslim family. Many topics such as discrimination against girls in the provision of food, poor education, and the practice of polygamy are discussed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2018/dec/11/after-dropped-by-school-kalolsavam-kithaab-to-be-staged-across-kerala-1909761.html|title=After dropped by school Kalolsavam, 'Kithaab' to be staged across Kerala|website=The New Indian Express|first=Ajith|last=Kannan|date=11 December 2018|access-date=16 January 2019}}</ref> Since the drama deals with [[Gender equality|gender justice]] in the context of Islam, it was opposed, and Memunda Higher secondary school's participation in the completion was successfully stalled by religio-political orthodoxy and conservatives invoking faith issues.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /> The play triggered discussion on [[gender equality]] and [[religious intolerance]]. The drama was staged separately and performed at a later date.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.marunadanmalayali.com/news/special-report/kithab-the-controversial-drama-turns-out-to-be-a-superhit-131709|title=ക്ലബുകളും വായനശാലകളും സാംസ്കാരിക സംഘടനകളും ഏറ്റടുത്തു; ബാലസംഘവും ഡിവൈഎഫ്ഐയും നാടകം പ്...|website=marunadanmalayali.com|access-date=16 January 2019}}</ref>

Subsequently, a [[Whataboutism|whataboutery]] counter-play named ''Kithabile Koora'' was also performed on the Malayalam stage, with a female character who seeks freedom of religion. One of the Malayalam theatre activists, Abbas Kalathode, while not enthusiastic about the counter-play either, criticized Mangalassery's ''Kithaab'' for not considering a number of recent far-reaching changes in the Muslim community. "Portraying a mukri as the villain in the community is an understatement because other villains have emerged among Muslims," he added. Mangalassery disagreed, replying: "It is not correct to say that the Muslim community has registered a steady progress in social life. There could be changes among Muslims as in other communities. But regressive forces have also started dominating. [[Purdah]], which was the dress of a negligible minority in Kerala, has now become the identity of Muslim women. I know mukri is only an employee in the mosque but he represents the clergy, whose vice-like grip has strengthened among Muslims. The play ends with opening of new vistas for the community."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/tracking-indian-communities/purdah-phobia/|title=Purdah phobia|date=1 December 2018|website=Times of India Blog|access-date=17 January 2019}}</ref> "Here the background is that of a Muslim family, and hence it tells Muslim life. There is no attempt to insult any particular religion," said Mangalassery.<ref name=":4" />

Activists and writers including [[K. Satchidanandan|K Satchidanandan]] and [[S. Hareesh|S Hareesh]] voiced their opposition against exclusion of ''Kithaab'' at the state festival. In a joint statement they condemned the interference of religious organizations on [[Kerala reformation movement|reformative renaissance]] values and [[freedom of expression]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /> Cinematographer [[Prathap Joseph]] conducted a social media campaign claiming that the withdrawal of the play was a "threat to [[renaissance]] values and freedom of expression".

[[A. Santha Kumar]], playwright, wrote via Facebook that "the school has washed its hands by withdrawing the play and surrendering to the dictates of religious leaders. He complains that they have also isolated the author of the play, Rafeeq Mangalassery." Kumar asked why those who speak volumes about "renaissance values" were silent about the isolation of Mangalassery at the hands of "[[Fundamentalism|minority fundamentalism]]".<ref name=":1" />

==Rafeeq Mangalassery==
Rafeeq Mangalassery is a Malayalam-language script writer and director from Chettippadi ([[Malappuram]] Kerala) in India. His drama ''Annaperuna'' depicts wastage of food while many others go hungry.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/the-show-will-go-on-with-aplomb/article22392357.ece|title=The show will go on, with aplomb|last=Krishnakumar|first=G.|date=7 January 2018|work=The Hindu|access-date=16 January 2019|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He also directed ''Kottem Kareem''.<ref name=":4" />

He won the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Drama]] for ''Jinnu Krishnan'' in 2013<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/pdf/Akademi%20Award%20-%202013_final.pdf|title=2013–ലെ കേരള സാഹിത്യ അക്കാദമി അവാര്‍ഡുകള്‍ പ്രഖ്യാപിച്ചു|date=20 December 2014|website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi|access-date=18 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613132951/http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/pdf/Akademi%20Award%20-%202013_final.pdf|archive-date=13 June 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/Sahitya-Akademi-award-for-Meeras-Aarachar/articleshow/45583043.cms|title=Sahitya Akademi award for Meera's 'Aarachar'|website=The Times of India|date=20 December 2014|access-date=18 January 2019}}</ref> and [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi]] award for best script for ''Iratta Jeevithangaliloode'' (''Through the Twin Lives'').<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/beedi-wins-best-short-play-award-of-akademi/article23816629.ece|title=Beedi wins best short play award of akademi|author=Staff Reporter|date=8 May 2018|work=The Hindu|access-date=16 January 2019|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of Indian writers]]
* [[Feminist children's literature]]
* [[Islam in Kerala]]
* [[Islamic Bill of Rights for Women in the Mosque]]
* [[Islamic feminism]]
* [[Islamic Modernism]]
* [[Kerala reformation movement]]
* [[Liberalism and progressivism within Islam]]
* [[Malayalam literature]]
* [[Religion in Kerala]]
* [[Women in Islam]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Portal bar|Biography|India|Literature}}

[[Category:Women's rights in Islam]]
[[Category:Women's rights in India]]
[[Category:Theatre in Kerala]]
[[Category:2018 plays]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language plays]]
[[Category:Feminist literature]]
[[Category:Children's theatre]]

Kotputli-Behror district

2026-02-14T19:00:49Z

Himvanta: put up the place initial version - done

{{Short description|District in Rajasthan, India}}
{{About|the district|its eponymous headquarters|Behror|and| Kotputli}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kotputli-Behror district<ref name=":0" />
| other_name = Kot Behror
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Rajasthan|District]] of [[Rajasthan]]
| total_type = Total
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage |size = 250
|photo1b=Neemrana-Fort-Palace-Hills-Alwar-Rajasthan.jpg
|photo1a=Remnants of Stupa.jpg
|photo3a=Buchara Dam Embankmemt 01.jpg
|photo2b=Neemrana stepwell.jpg
|spacing= 3
}}
| image_caption = Clockwise from top-left: [[Bairat Temple]], [[Neemrana]] Fort, Neemrana Baori Buchara Dam
| coordinates = {{Coord|27.8867|76.2834|region:INERJ_type:adm3rd|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint = Kotputli-Behror district
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = Division
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jaipur division|Jaipur]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Kotputli]], [[Behror]]<ref name=":0" />
| parts_type = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsils]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 = [[Kotputli]], [[Behror]], [[Bansur]], [[Neemrana]], [[Paota]], [[Viratnagar]], Mandhan, Narayanpur
| leader_title = District Magistrate
| leader_name = Priyanaka Goswami IAS
| nicknames = Sabi Kantha, Rath,<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2018-09-29 |title=राजस्थान का रण : अलवर जिले के इस क्षेत्र से तय होगी राजनीति की दिशा, इस क्षेत्र पर प्रदेश में सभी की रहती है नजर {{!}} Rajasthan Ka Ram : Rath Area Will Play A Vital Role In 2018 elections |url=https://www.patrika.com/alwar-news/rajasthan-ka-ram-rath-area-will-play-a-vital-role-in-2018-elections-3486261/ |access-date=2023-03-27 |website=Patrika News |language=hi-IN}}</ref> Kotbehror, Kot, Bairath
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Roads in India|Major highways]]
| blank_info_sec1 = National Highway 48 (NH-48), National Highway 148B (NH-148B)
| image_map = Kotputli-Behror in Rajasthan (India).svg
| website = {{Official website | https://kotputlibehror.rajasthan.gov.in}}
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_urban =
| population_rural =
| registration_plate = RJ32
| established_date = 7 August 2023
| postal_code_type = PIN
| postal_code = 30310X , 30170X
| postal2_code_type =
| postal2_code =
}}

'''Kotputli-Behror district''' is a district in the state of Rajasthan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-18 |title=In poll year, Ashok Gehlot announces 19 new districts, 3 divisions |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/jaipur/in-poll-year-gehlot-announces-19-new-districts-3-divisions-8504133/ |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> This district was carved out from [[Jaipur district]] and [[Alwar district]] and was formally established on 7 August 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 August 2023 |title=कोटपूतली-बहरोड़ जिले का स्थापना दिवस: मुख्यमंत्री गहलोत ने किया वर्चुअल उद्घाटन, हवन और सर्वधर्म प्रार्थना की |work=Dainik Bhaskar |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/jaipur/kotputli/news/foundation-day-of-kotputli-behror-district-131652368.html |access-date=13 August 2023}}</ref> It is located in north-eastern part of Rajasthan. The districts is surrounded on three sides by Aravali Ranges with Sabi river flowing through it. It comprises tehsils of Kotpulti, Behror, Neemrana, Bansur, Mandhan, Paota, Viratnagar and Narayanpur. District headquarters are jointly located at Behror and Kotputli. ''Piyadasi'' as name of Emperor Ashoka was mentioned in the Bhabru rock edicts found in the district. A major part of the district comprising Tehsils of [[Behror]], [[Neemrana]], [[Bansur]], Mandhan and is referred to as Rath Region though [[Mundawar]] tehsil of Rath region was made part of separate district of [[Khairthal]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2018-09-29 |title=राजस्थान का रण : अलवर जिले के इस क्षेत्र से तय होगी राजनीति की दिशा, इस क्षेत्र पर प्रदेश में सभी की रहती है नजर {{!}} Rajasthan Ka Ram : Rath Area Will Play A Vital Role In 2018 elections |url=https://www.patrika.com/alwar-news/rajasthan-ka-ram-rath-area-will-play-a-vital-role-in-2018-elections-3486261/ |access-date=2023-03-27 |website=Patrika News |language=hi-IN}}</ref>

== Administrative Divisions ==

The district has eight [[tehsil]]s:<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 August 2023 |title=कोटपूतली-बहरोड़ जिले में 7 उपखंड और 8 तहसील |work=Dainik Bhaskar |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/alwar/behror/news/7-subdivisions-and-8-tehsils-in-kotputli-behror-district-131638462.html |access-date=13 August 2023}}</ref>[[File:Map of Kotpulti Behror District.jpg|alt=Map of Kotpulti Behror District|thumb|Map of Kot Behror District]]
* [[Kotputli|Kotpulti]]
* [[Behror]]
* [[Neemrana]]
* [[Bansur]]
* [[Viratnagar]]
* [[Paota, Rajasthan|Paota]]
* Narayanpur
* Mandhan

== Toponym ==
The name of the district has been derived from merging the name of the two of the most important cities of the district, [[Kotputli]] and [[Behror]].

== Geography ==

=== Topography ===

Located on the northernmost fringe of the Aravalli range this district is primarily composed of fertile plains with numerous Aravali hillocks interspersed and is traversed by the [[Sahibi]] River throughout its length. The [[Aravali]] hills froms the natural boundaries of the district, geographically distinct from the rest of [[Rajasthan]]. These hills surround the district on three sides, except to the north towards [[Delhi]].

On the southern side, the [[Aravali]] hillocks mark the boundary with [[Shahpura, Jaipur|Shahpura]] of [[Jaipur District]]. Furthermore, a series of parallel [[limestone]] or [[sandstone]] hills form a barrier between the [[Bansur]] Tehsil of this district and [[Alwar District]].

To the southeast, the [[Sariska Tiger Reserve]] is located, separated by same limestone chains of [[Aravali]] Hills. In the northwest spread of the [[Thar Desert]] is prevented by chains of Aravalli Hills, which prevent its encroachment on the fertile plains.

The district faces water scarcity due to limited surface water resources, the degradation of the catchment area of the [[Sahibi]] River especially Aravali Hills, and excessive use of groundwater resources. These factors contribute to the overall water stress in the region.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-21 |title=Rajasthan Elections: एनसीआर का फंदा, पानी पहुंचा पाताल... युवाओं को रोजगार नहीं मिलने का मलाल {{!}} Rajasthan Assembly Election 2023 Special Story And Ground Report Of Sri Ganganagar To Alwar |url=https://www.patrika.com/alwar-news/rajasthan-assembly-election-2023-special-story-and-ground-report-of-sri-ganganagar-to-alwar-8254174/ |access-date=2023-08-13 |website=Patrika News |language=hi-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V05_269.gif |title=The Imperial Gazetteer of India, 1908 |publisher=Clarendon Press |year=1909 |volume=5 |location=Oxford |pages=261}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Rajasthan State Gazetteer: History and culture |pages=6}}</ref>

=== Climate ===
Climate is mostly dry deciduous with rainfall concentrated in few months of September to October. Summers are long, hot and dry with frequent hot winds called ''<nowiki/>'lu'''. In winters temperatures may drop to freezing point.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Master Plan 2041SNB |url=https://urban.rajasthan.gov.in/content/dam/raj/udh/organizations/ctp/pdf/SHAHJAHANPUR-NEEMRANA-BEHROR_MASTER%20PLAN%20REPORT.pdf |access-date=7 July 2020 |website=UDH Rajasthan}}</ref>

=== Rivers and dams ===
Sahibi or Sabi originating from the Aravali hills spanning boundary of district with Sikar and Jaipur is the main and largest river of the district. It is 300 km long, an [[ephemeral]], rain-fed river flowing towards [[Haryana]] and [[Delhi]] and drains into [[Yamuna]] in [[Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V05_269.gif |title=The Imperial Gazetteer of India, 1908 |publisher=Clarendon Press |year=1909 |volume=5 |location=Oxford |pages=261}}</ref> There are no major surface water bodies like lakes except Buchara dam on Sota river and Babariya bund. Sota river is another major river which is a tributary and drains in the Sahibi river near Sotanala of Behror Tehsil. Narayanpur Nala carries the drainage of north-west of Bansur Tehsil and drains into Sahibi. Surakh Nala from babariya bund in Bansur drains into Sahibi at Sodawas Hajipur or Harsora Nala from Bansur drains into Sahibi at Bijwar in Mundawar tehsil of Khairthal district.

Ajabgarh Nala or Kali Nadi and Partabgarh Nala originate in Bansur and Thanagazi and morph into Banganga stream near Baldeogarh in Jaipur.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Flipbook Content {{!}} INDIAN CULTURE |url=http://indianculture.gov.in/flipbook/129533 |access-date=2023-03-27 |website=indianculture.gov.in |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Buchara Dam View 02.jpg|thumb|Buchara Dam on Sota River Near Paota in Kot Behror district]]

===Springs===
Hotwater spring rises in Talvriksh near Bansur Tehsil. There are few cold water springs also.<ref name=":3" />

Major tree species found are Neem, Dhak, Kikar and Khejri. Lemongrass is found abundantly along the banks of Sabi and Sota rivers. Major Wild animal species are Nilgai, Leopard, Tiger, Jackal, Hyena. The district is rich in Quarts and Granite minerals, though they are mostly found in ecologically sensitive Aravalli ranges.

== History ==

In excavations in and around the Sahibi river basin, late Harrapan period archaeological evidence has been found.

The district is part of wider Matsya Cultural Zone. Viratnagar tehsil of the district finds mention in ancient Indian texts as the capital of Matsya Kingdom, the town is siad to have been founded by King Kirata where Pandavas spent their 12 years of exile in disguise. Oldest evidence of Buddhist Shrine in Circular pattern has been found in Viratnagar of the district.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Meena |first=Pooran Lal |date=2016 |title=The Ancient Remains on the Bijak-Kipahadi "the Great Centre of Buddhism" |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26552725 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=77 |pages=928–932 |jstor=26552725 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref> This region was part of Mauryan empire and name of King Ashoka as Piyadasi was mentioned in the Bhabru Rock edicts where he refers to himself as ''<nowiki/>'Piyadasi, Raja Magdhe''' meaning Piyadasi, the king of Magadha. Besides numerous Indo-Greek coins have been excavated in and around Viratnagar, indicating it to be a flourishing trade town and evidence of Indo-Greek rule here.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-10 |title=Viratnagar Stupa: Pilgrims' Post |url=https://www.peepultree.world/livehistoryindia/story/monuments/viratnagar-stupa-pilgrims-post |access-date=2023-08-13 |website=PeepulTree |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Ashoka Shilalekh(Rock Edict)Viratnagar,Rajasthan. 02.JPG|thumb|Ashok Rock Edict Viratnagar]]
[[File:Baba Khetanath.jpg|thumb|Baba Khetanath Temple Entry gate.]]
In 1009 AD, Narayanpur tehsil, then a state and ruled by King, was attacked by the Mahmud of Ghazni. The state was defeated, and town plundered to ruins, temples destroyed. The town then located near the limestone hills was established faraway again and now is the headquarters of the eponymous Narayanpur Tehsil of the district. Meanwhile, Tomars and Chouhan were the two rising power centres in the wider region. Then majority of the northern parts of the district were under the rule of Bhadanka empire. In the years following 1150 AD, this empire was defeated by Prithviraj Chouhan, but their hold was again made weak by their defeat in 1192 AD in the battle of Tarain, and after the loss of Delhi, their descendants spread out in the region called Rath of the district – chief among them Neemrana, Mundawar. This region came under the rule of the Sultans of Delhi and was ruled under Narnaul Suba with the governor situate in Narnaul.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Dashrath |title=Early Chauhan Dynasties |year=2002 |isbn=9788120804920}}</ref>

'''Chieftainships'''
[[File:Mugal Gate.jpg|thumb|Mughal Gate Viratnagar]]
[[File:1996 -224-20 Neemrana (2234197820).jpg|thumb|288x288px|Neemrana in 1990s]]
In the subsequent tumultuous years Madan Singh, commonly known as Rao Made Chauhan, founded the village of Madanpur which is now known as Mundawar. Over time Barod was also acquired by his descendants. Firoz Shah forced Rao Jhama (son of Rao Hasa) to embrace Islam, but he preferred death. However, Rao Chand, son of Rao Jhama, is said to have converted to Islam in Samvat 1499 (AD 1442). After this Rajdev who was Rao Chand's uncle left Mundawar as a protest and chose Neemrana as his capital. The descendants of Rao Chand extended their hold till Bansur. But he was expelled from Bansur by the Shekhawats (of whom Rao Shekha, Rao Suja and Rao Jagmal were the most important) in Samvat 1560 (AD 1503). Rao Suja made Basai his capital while Jagmal established himself at Hajipur. After Suja's death in Samvat 1594 (AD 1537), his sons Rao Lunkaran, Gopal, Raisal, Chanda and Bheru extended their authority to Khetri, Sikar, Khandela and Shahpura. After Aurangzeb's death, internal differences encouraged smaller chieftains to seize power. Maharaja Surajmal of Bharatpur conquered the Alwar fort and some nearby area. But his son Jawahar Singh was defeated by the Jaipur ruler in the battle of Monda-Mandoli and lost the territory gained by his father. The Marathas captured Tijara and Kishangarh. In 1775, Pratap Singh of the Naruka family acquired the Alwar fort and established the Alwar State. And thus a major part of the district became part of Alwar State.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Maya |first=Ram |title=Rajasthan district Gazetteer |journal=Gazetteer of Rajasthan |issue=1964}}</ref>
[[File:Raja Rao Tula Ram.jpg|thumb|194x194px|Rao Tula Ram]]
Before British rule it has been ruled by Sultans, Mughals, Marathas and finally by Alwar Princely state, while a part of the district Kotputli Tehsil was under the rule of Khetri Princely state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Viratnagar Stupa |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/story/viratnagar-stupa/uwUx4EsjHQUQLg |access-date=2023-08-12 |website=Google Arts & Culture |language=en}}</ref> Rao Tula ram raised the local population of Ahirs against the British rule. After independence in 1947, it became part of Alwar state and was subsequently merged in the Rajputana state.

'''Neemuchana Massacre'''

It is called Jallianwala of Rajasthan. Bansur's landlords (Biswedars) revolted against the increase in tax by the Alwar king, which was brutally crushed, it is known as the Neemuchana massacre. On 13 May 1925, the Alwar state army and British army surrounded the Neemuchana village from all sides and asked the agitating Rajput farmers to end the movement. On the morning of May 14, the army closed all the roads and started firing indiscriminately with machine guns on the village without any warning. They burnt the village to ashes. As per the government figures of Alwar state, 156 farmers were killed and more than 600 were injured in this massacre. This was the second biggest massacre after the Jallianwala Bagh tragedy. No other farmer protest in the history of India before Neemuchana has led to the killing of so many people in a single day. According to the official government records, 156 died, while the non-official figures have claimed a horrific death toll of 1500 innocent people.This led to a strong reaction across the country at that time. Mahatma Gandhi described this massacre as ‘more vicious than Jallianwala Bagh’ incident. The Alwar court was forced to withdraw its decision and had to pay compensation to the next of kin after this.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kumar |first=Rajesh |date=2012 |title=Peasant Unrest and Repression: A Massacre in Neemuchana, Alwar, May 1925 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44156275 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=73 |pages=794–798 |jstor=44156275 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Rana |first=Pushpendra |title=Neemuchana peasant rebellion: A century of cover-up and national shame |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/voices/neemuchana-peasant-rebellion-a-century-of-cover-up-and-national-shame/?source=app&frmapp=yes |access-date=2023-08-24 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=नीमूचाणा नरसहांर:97 साल पहले किसानों पर मशीन गन से चलाई गोली, 250 किसान शहीद, 200 घरों में लगाई थी आग |work=Dainik Bhaskar |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/alwar/bansur/news/97-years-ago-farmers-were-fired-with-machine-guns-250-farmers-were-martyred-200-houses-were-set-on-fire-129809654.html |access-date=24 August 2023}}</ref>

=== Creation of new district ===
There has been long pending demand for the districts in the areas of Kotputli and Behror because of varied grievances, chief among them distance from present district headquarters.

Reasons were given that the distance of the present district is 60 km from Behror and 80 km from Neemrana and 100 km from Kotpulti.
[[File:Under_construction_residential_Buildings.jpg|Under construction residential Buildings, NH48|thumb|239x239px]]
During Budget of 2023 Rajasthan Legislative assembly created new 19 districts one of which was Kotptuli-Behror (Rath) district.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-03-17 |title=कोटपूतली-बहरोड़ होगा नया जिला: क्षेत्र के लोगों को मिलेगी सुविधा, 17 सालों से चली आ रही थी मांग |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/alwar/behror/news/people-of-the-area-will-get-facility-demand-was-going-on-for-17-years-131050820.html |access-date=2023-03-27 |website=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi}}</ref>

== Economy ==
Agriculture contributes to major part of GDP of the district followed by manufacturing.

=== Industry ===
Due to its proximity to capitals and good connectivity there are many government developed industrial areas in the district. Chief among them are Neemrana RIICO, Neemrana Japanese SEZ, Behror RIICO, Shahjahanpur RIICO, Sotanala RIICO, Keshwana RIICO. Behror RIICO is the oldest manufacturing cluster in district. In Neemrana Japanese Zone, EPIP Zone are present which contributes most to the GDP of the district. Neemrana has 1500 small and big industries including Daikin AC, Havells, Hero Bike Plant, Parle-G Biscuit, Richlite Biscuit. In Behror Greenlam Plywood is major manufacturing unit. Others are Barmalt in Keshwana. In Kotputli [[Aditya Birla Group]]'s [[UltraTech Cement]] has a big Cement manufacturing and processing unit. According to Census of India 2011, three most important commodities manufactured in towns and cities were reported to be as following - Cement Production, Granite Tiles, Sunmica in Behror ; Cotton Yarn, Electric Wire in Neemrana ; Wooden Furniture, Textiles, Mustard Oil in Shahjahanpur ; Vanaspati Ghee, Mustard Oil, Grain Products in Kotputli ; Leather Shoes (mojadis) in Viratnagar respectively, though these have changed rapidly in recent years.
[[File:ISS034-E-5785 - View of India.jpg|thumb|307x307px|Image taken from ISS at night of areas surrounding Behror with NH 48 Visible]]
[[File:1996_-224-22_Neemrana_(2233409795).jpg|1996, Plains of Kot Behror district|thumb|258x258px]]

'''Black Marble'''

This variety of Marble black in color is mined in Bhainslana village and is also called Bhainslana Marble. It has been used in the new parliament building of India and is also used to make figures of deities.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-07-14 |title=BHAINSLANA BLACK indian marble |url=https://marbleguide.com/marble/bhainslana-black-indian-marble/ |access-date=2025-08-08 |website=Marble Guide |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Agriculture ===
Behror-Neemrana is leading in the production of mustard and wheat. Apart from this, it also plays an important role in the production of cotton. There is a Mandi in Kotputli And Behror.<ref name=":0" />

'''Jakharana Goat'''

This breed of goat originally from Jakhrana village of Behror near Haryana Boundary is a famous milch breed .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jakharana {{!}} Animal Genetics Training Resources |url=https://agtr.ilri.org/jakharana.html |access-date=2025-08-08 |website=agtr.ilri.org}}</ref>

== Places of interest ==

===Viratnagar Stupas===

Located on Bijak Ki Pahari these buddhist complexes are the testimony to regions culturally rich past. They were built during the time of [[Ashoka]] in the 3rd century BCE, and near them were found two of Ashoka's [[Minor Rock Edicts]], the Bairat and the Calcutta-Bairat Minor Rock Edicts. It is the earliest circular Buddhist shrine and therefore, Bairat temple is an important marker of the [[architecture of India]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chaturvedi |first=Neekee |title=Evolution of Buddhism in Rajasthan |date=2012 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44156201 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=73 |pages=155–162 |jstor=44156201 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref>

=== Neemrana Fort ===
[[File:Neemrana_fort_from_hill_area.jpg|Neemrana fort|thumb|259x259px]]
Neemrana Fort Complex in the Neemarna Tehsil is the most important Landmark. The famous Neemrana fort was built in the 16th century and was occupied by Chouhans claiming to be descendants of Prithviraj of Ajmer till 1947.{{cn|date=February 2026}}

[[File:Stamp_of_India_-_2017_-_Colnect_759987_-_Neemrana_Stepwell_Alwar.jpeg|Stamp of India - 2017 - Colnect 759987 - Neemrana Stepwell|thumb|216x216px]]

=== Neemrana Baori ===

Historical stepwell in Neemrana . Each floor having a height of about 20 feet, and 9 floors making up the entire structure with 86 colonnaded openings at the ground level from where the visitors used 170 steps to access the water pool deep down below the ground. It was built by Raja Todarmal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Abandoned Stepwell of Neemrana |url=http://www.atlasobscura.com/places/neemrana-baori |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=Atlas Obscura |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Neemrana Baoli (step well) in Rajasthan - a great monument of ''National'' imprortance |url=http://www.navrangindia.in/2019/01/neemrana-step-well-rajasthan-great.html |access-date=2023-03-31}}</ref>

=== Bansur Fort ===
[[File:Bansur_fort.png|alt=Bansur fort|thumb|250x250px|Bansur Fort]]

The structure of the fort situated on a small hillock in the middle of the town is multi-angular. From a strategic point of view, the fort was built from the late 16th century to the first half of the 17th century.

Formerly the princely state of Alwar was under Bharatpur. In such a situation, due to mutual estrangement and fear of war between the princely state of Jaipur and Bharatpur, the border between Jaipur and Alwar was Bansur. This fort has been a sentinel of the border of Alwar region.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-22 |title=राजस्थान का ये किला कभी था प्रदेश सीमा का प्रहरी, बाहरी आक्रमणों को रोकने में करता था मदद {{!}} Bansur Fort Of Rajasthan Is In Deteriorating Condition |url=https://www.patrika.com/alwar-news/bansur-fort-of-rajasthan-is-in-deteriorating-condition-7667287/ |access-date=2023-03-27 |website=Patrika News |language=hi-IN}}</ref>

=== Taseeng Fort ===
Taseeng Fort located in Aravali hills 5 km away from Behror headquarters is another place of attraction but now in poor condition due to neglect. It was last occupied by Badgurjar Clan. Before them Chouhans from Machedi were its inhabitants.<ref>{{Cite web |title=विरासत के झरोखे से: कभी अभेद्य रहा, पर अब तिल-तिल कर मर रहा हूं |url=https://m.patrika.com/jaipur-news/from-our-archives-heritage-once-impregnable-but-now-i-am-dying-mole-mole-1803583/ |access-date=10 July 2020 |website=Patrika News |language=hi}}</ref>

===Bhabru Rock Edicts===

Emperor Ashoka was mentioned as Priyadarshi in these Rock Edicts. These are minor rock edicts found near Bhabru hills, now located in Museum of Asiatic Society Kolkata. The edict was discovered by Captain Burt in 1840, and transferred to the Museum of the Asiatic Society of Bengal at Calcutta, hence the name "Calcutta-Bairat", also called the Bhabra or Bhabru Edict . In this inscription, Ashoka is referred to as "Piyadasi Raja Magadhe" ("Piyadasi, king of Magadha")<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sastri |first=Kallidaikurichi Aiyah Nilakanta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YoAwor58utYC&pg=PA208 |title=Age of the Nandas and Mauryas |date=1988 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0465-4 |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Bhabru inscription.jpg|thumb|216x216px|Bhabru Minor Rock edict #3 of Emperor Ashoka in Kot Behror district]]

===Buchara Dam===

It is located on Sota river which is a tributary of Sabi river. It has a filling height of around 35 feet. It was built in the year 1889 by the King of Jaipur.<ref>{{Cite news |title= बुचारा बाँध : 35 किमी का जलदाता पानी के लिए तरसा|work=[[Dainik Navjyoti]] |url=https://dainiknavajyoti.com/article/20808/buchara-dam-water-supply-of-35-km-craves-water-even-in-heavy-rains|access-date=16 October 2023}}</ref>
[[File:Buchara Dam Embankmemt 03.jpg|thumb|Buchara Dam Embankmemt on Sota River Near Paota in Kot Behror district]]

=== Mansa Mata Temple ===
Mansa Devi Temple in Dahmi is thronged by devotees far and wide during Navratris . It is 637-year-old temple.

=== Baba Khetanath Temple ===
[[File:Internal Garden at Baba Khetanath Aashram, Neemrana.jpg|thumb|Internal Garden at Baba Khetanath Aashram, Neemrana]]

It is located in Joshihera, Neemrana.<ref>{{Cite news |title=बाबा खेतानाथ महाराज का मासिक मेला भरा |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]] |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/rajasthan/behror/news/rajasthan-news-baba-khetanath-maharaj39s-monthly-fair-100506-4778878.html |access-date=31 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-05 |title=बाबा खेतानाथ : अहीरवाल क्षेत्र के महान संत जिन्होंने त्याग-तपस्या के साथ कुरितियों को किया दूर, राठ क्षेत्र का इनसे है नूर {{!}} Baba Khetanath : Baba Khetanath Of Raath Behror And Rewari Area |url=https://www.patrika.com/alwar-news/baba-khetanath-baba-khetanath-of-raath-behror-and-rewari-area-5317525/ |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=Patrika News |language=hi-IN}}</ref>[[File:The_Prime_Minister_Shri_Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee_having_sweets_on_his_79th_birthday_at_Bahror_(Rajasthan)_during_the_midnight_of_24th_and_25th_December_2003._The_Prime_Minister_traveled_from_Jaipur_to_Delhi_by_road_on_his_way_back.jpg| Prime Minister Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee celebrating his 79th birthday at RTDC Midway Behror.|thumb|219x219px]]

===Saroond Mata Temple===
It is an ancient devi temple located on the banks of Sota River atop a hillock, in Saroond Village on Kotputli NeemkaThana Highway.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=यहां विराजती है पांडवों की कुलदेवी:सरुंड माता का मंदिर, रास्ते में मिलते हैं मां के पदचिन्ह, अकबर को भी झुकाना पड़ा शीश {{!}} Saroond Mata Temple in Kotputli |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/jaipur/kotputali/news/sarund-matas-temple-mothers-footprints-are-found-on-the-way-akbar-also-had-to-bow-down-129598141.html |access-date=2023-05-09 |website=Patrika News |language=hi-IN}}</ref>

=== Hanuman Temple Rundh Bardod===
Situated near Barrod of Behror, this temple is in a sacred grove.<ref>Sacred Groves in Rajasthan |http://www.cpreecenvis.nic.in/Database/Rajasthan_905.aspx?format=Print | Report | Printed Date: Saturday, April 1, 2023 | Envis Centre, Ministry of Environment & Forest, Govt. of India | '''Krishi Avam Paristhitiki Vikas Sansthan (KRAPAVIS)'''</ref>

=== RTDC Midway ===
RTDC Midway Behror is an important public hotel and landmark situated midway between Delhi and Jaipur on NH-8 Where leaders of different states and of different countries, former Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee, administrative officers and judicial officers, besides foreign ambassadors have tasted Rajasthani flavors. Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee celebrated his 79th birthday here.<ref name=":0" />

===Hajipur Fort===

This fort was built under reign of Mughal Emperor Akbar to rein in the frequent attacks on Commercial convoys towards alwar by Bandits. It is located in Bansur Tehsil.

===Bardod Rundh Palace===

It was the hunting expedition residence of rulers of Alwar princely state and is in the Bardod Rundh.

===Rundhs Of Kotputli-Behror district===
Rundhs were the reserve forests under the Alwar Princely state used for Hunting by royals andas large grazing lands. There are many Rundhs in Kotputli-Behror district and enroachments are frequent. While Banis were smaller non-notified community forests.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-08-01|title=A narration od Biovultural practices of Communizies of Sariska Tiger Reserve |url=https://naturaljustice.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Narration-Biocultural-Practices-Sariska-Tiger-Reserve.pdf |access-date=2023-05-09|website=Natural Justice Org |language=en-IN}}</ref>

===Buchara Sanctuary===

These forests have been notified as Leopard Sanctuary in the Rajasthan Budget 2023 . It is located in Kotputli/Paota Tehsils spread in an area of 50 km2.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-15|title=कोटपूतली के बुचारा में बनेगी लेपर्ड सेंचूरी:50 वर्ग किलोमीटर में होगी विकसित, विधायक बोले- पर्यटक स्थल के साथ डेस्टिनेशन प्वाइंट बनेगा क्षेत्र {{!}} leopard Sanctuary in Buchara Forests of Kotputli |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/jaipur/kotputli/news/will-be-developed-in-50-square-kilometers-the-mla-said-the-area-will-become-a-destination-point-with-tourist-places-131203229.html |access-date=2023-05-09 |website=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi-IN}}</ref>

=== Rath Cattle Fair at Behror ===
For the improvement of the Rath breed in the district, the fair is organized at Behror. It is held every year in the month of May. A large number of persons congregate in the fair.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Directorate of Census Operations, Rajasthan |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1058/download/3246/DH_2011_0806_PART_A_DCHB_ALWAR.pdf |title=Census of India 2011 - Rajasthan - Series 09 - Part XII A - District Census Handbook, Alwar |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India (ORGI) |year=2014 |location=Jaipur |pages=30 |language=en}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
[[File:An_elderly_woman_voter_showing_her_voter_identity_card_before_casting_her_vote_at_a_polling_booth_of_village_Dahmi_in_Alwar,_Rajsthan,_during_the_4th_phase_of_General_Election-2009,_on_May_07,_2009.jpg|A typical elderly woman of Kotputli-Behror district|thumb|252x252px]]
At the time of the 2011 census, Kotputli-Behror district had a population of 1,271,922. 116,281 (9.14%) lived in urban areas.

=== Religion ===

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Kotuputli-Behror (2011)<ref name="religion2011">{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population By Religion - Rajasthan|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11390/download/14503/DDW08C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=census.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|98.50}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|1.31}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.19}}
|caption=Distribution of religions
}}

Hinduism is the major religion with other religions mainly being Muslims.<ref name="religion2011"/>

=== Languages ===

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Kotputli-Behror district (2011)<ref name="language">{{Cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10220/download/13332/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0800.XLSX|title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Rajasthan|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|label1 = [[Hindi]] |value1 = 93.15 |color1 = orange
|label2 = [[Rajasthani languages|Rajasthani]] |value2 = 5.03 |color2 = firebrick
|other = y |other-label = Others |other-color = grey
|thumb=left
}}

[[Ahirwati]] is the most common language spoken in the major parts of the district. Hindi is the official language.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mewati |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/WTM |access-date=14 September 2019 |website=Ethnologue}}</ref> It is influenced by [[Haryanvi language|Bangru]] the most, and seems rough to people not used to it.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=11 July 2020 |title=Alwar Ki Bhogolik evam Ithehasik Prishthbhoomi |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/14193/6/06_chapter%201.pdf |journal=Sodhganga |volume=Adhyaya 1 |pages=9 |via=Sodhganga/INFLIBNET}}</ref>

== Transport ==
One of the busiest highways of the India NH-48 crisscrosses the district and connect both headquarters of the district, it also connects the district to state capital Jaipur and national capital New Delhi. Trans Haryana expressway (NH 152-D) connects the district headquarters to Chandigarh while Paniyala-Barodameo expressway which is under construction connects the district to Alwar district, Kairthal district and Delhi-Mumbai Expressway.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Livemint |date=2022-08-10 |title=Ambala-Kotputli Expressway: Gadkari shares images of new six-lane modern highway |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/infrastructure/ambalakotputli-expressway-nitin-gadkari-shares-images-of-new-six-lane-modern-highway-passing-through-punjab-haryana-rajasthan-11660109833601.html |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

There is no railway line in the whole district except for a short strip in Kathuwas of Mandhan Tehsil. Nearest Railway Station is Narnaul on Rewari-Phulera line and Bawal on Rewari-Alwar railway line. Inland Container depot is located at Kathuwas on the Rewari-Phulera railway line.

Nearest International airports are Indira Gandhi International Airport and Jaipur International airport both at a distance of 120 km from Behror headquarters.<ref name=":0" /> Nearest domestic airstrip is Bachhod Airstrip at a distance of 25 km from Behror headquarters and 50 km from Kotputli headquarters.

== Institutions ==
[[File:NIIT_University.jpg|thumb|220x220px|NIIT University Neemrana]]

=== Education ===

There are well known CBSE and RBSE schools. Raffles University, NIIT University, St. Margret Engineering College, Private and Government Women's College, Co-Education College, Many B.Ed. Colleges, LBS College are some of the higher education institutes in the district. There is no medical college in the district, nearest medical college is 120 km away. Rajasthan's first Integrated public health lab was established in PBDM hospital Kotputli with support of CDC On 22 June 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Marko |first=Mahima |date=2023-06-22 |title=देश की पहली इंटीग्रेटेट पब्लिक हैल्थ लैब कोटपुतली जिला अस्पताल में प्रांरभ |url=https://jantaserishta.com/local/rajasthan/countrys-first-integrated-public-health-lab-started-at-kotputli-district-hospital-2492542 |access-date=2023-08-13 |website=jantaserishta.com |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-14 |title=CDC Experts Help India Scale-up Laboratory Systems in Response to COVID-19's Second Wave {{!}} Division of Global Health Protection {{!}} Global Health {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/healthprotection/fieldupdates/2021/CDC-Experts-Help-India-Scaleup-Laboratory-Systems.html |access-date=2023-08-13 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}</ref>

'''CISF Training Centre'''

Maharana Pratap Regional Training Centre (MPRTC) of [[Central Industrial Security Force]] (CISF) is situated on Behror-Narnaul state highway in Behror. This institution was established in the year 2010 where basic training of new recruits and various in-service specialized courses are conducted.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-07-27 |title=जिले के इस गांव में देश की सुरक्षा का दिया जाता है प्रशिक्षण,प्रतिवर्ष 2 हजार जवान किए जा रहे तैयार {{!}} CISF training center in behror alwar |url=https://www.patrika.com/alwar-news/cisf-training-center-in-behror-alwar-3164136/ |access-date=2023-08-13 |website=Patrika News |language=hi-IN}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Districts of Rajasthan|Kotputli-Behror district]]
[[Category:Districts in Jaipur division|Kotputtli-Behror district]]
[[Category:Kotputli-Behror district]]

Vidya Singh

2026-02-13T08:23:41Z

Himvanta: adding a bio more to come

{{Short description|Athlete}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Vidya Singh
| parents = Maharajkumar Vishweshwar Gajapathi Raju
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1952|9|11}}
}}
'''Vidya Gajapathi Raju Singh''' is an athlete,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fit at 63: Vidya Singh |url=https://www.femina.in/achievers/people/fit-at-63-vidya-singh-37098.html|website=Femina}}</ref> philanthropist,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vidya Gajapathi Raju Singh |url=https://www.wef.org.in/vidya-gajapathi-raju-singh/#:~:text=Vidya%20was%20born%20into%20the,a%20BA%20in%20English%20Literature.|website=Women Economic Forum}}</ref> entrepreneur, rotarian,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Among the first few wedding planners in Chennai, Vidya Gajapathi Raju and Rekha Rangaraj of Sumyog have been in the business for nine years |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/education/edex/2014/Apr/14/band-baaja-baraat-khana...-599500.html|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2014-04-13}}</ref> fitness enthusiast and columnist.<ref>{{Cite web |title= Fuelling Chennai: Flagbearers of fitness & form by Madras Musings |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2022/Sep/02/fuelling-chennai-flagbearers-of-fitness-formby-madras-musings-2494231.html|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> She is the oldest [[Indian women|Indian woman]] to climb [[Mount Kilimanjaro]], at age 72.<ref>{{Cite web |title= What began as a personal challenge became a powerful story of perseverance, as this 72-year-old woman made it to the top of Mount Kilimanjaro |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/travel/the-highs-and-lows-of-summiting-mount-kilimanjaro-in-eight-days/article69368604.ece|website=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title= At 72, Vidya Singh Is The Oldest Indian To Scale Mt Kilimanjaro|url=https://www.hercircle.in/engage/get-inspired/achievers/at-72-vidya-singh-is-the-oldest-indian-to-scale-mt-kilimanjaro-9148.html|website=Her Circle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title= 'Biggest Learnings Are In Mountains': Vidya Singh, Oldest Indian Woman To Climb Kilimanjaro|url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/interviews/vidya-singh-mount-kilimanjaro-72-year-old-trekker-from-chennai-9044719|website=shethepeople.tv}}</ref>

She serves as president of Soroptimist International Chennai Downtown.<ref>{{Cite web |title= Our Visit to India November 2024|url=https://sigbi.org/kernow/2024/12/16/our-visit-to-india-november-2024/#:~:text=Three%20members%20of%20Kernow%20Soroptimists,out%20more%20about%20our%20trip.|website= Soroptimist International gbi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=At the closing of the Sorroptomist International Conference in Madras with The ladies from 7 Overseas clubs and also Clubs from across India at the Madras Cricket Club|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DCxxDdjyZVS/|website= Instagram}}</ref> She served as president of the International Women's Association.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vidya Gajapathi Raju Singh |url=https://www.thehindu.com/profile/author/Vidya-Gajapathi-Raju-Singh-17664/ |website=The Hindu}}</ref>

She is the daughter of Maharaj Kumar Vishweswar Gajapathi Raju of Vizianagaram Estates.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Royal women straddled two worlds with ease'|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2016/Jul/30/royal-women-straddled-two-worlds-with-ease-945871.html|website= The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vidya Singh travelled back in time, to participate in the Vizianagram Cup, a shooting championship in the UK, sponsored by her great great grandfather|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/a-famed-shooting-championship-in-the-uk-has-a-royal-chennai-connect/article68596419.ece|website= The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mrs.P.Maduri Gajapathi Raju vs Mrs.Radha Gajapathi Raju|url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/100016878/|website= Indian Kanoon}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Royal Memory Trail: Unravelling the Madras royal stories|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/spotlight/the-royal-memory-trail-unravelling-the-madras-royal-stories/articleshow/102854838.cms|website= The Times of India}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vidya,gajapathi,Raju,Singh}}
[[Category:Indian athletes]]
[[Category:Indian mountain climbers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian sportspeople]]
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:21st-century philanthropists]]
[[Category:Members of Soroptimist International]]

{{Climbing-bio-stub}}
{{India-sport-bio-stub}}

Khilchipur tehsil

2026-02-06T13:58:10Z

Himvanta: put up the post needs work

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Khilchipur tehsil
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = [[Tehsil]]
| image_skyline =
| imagesize =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image = 
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_mapsize =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| coordinates = {{coord|24.030000|N| 76.570000|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes = 
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flagcountry|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = Madhya Pradesh
| subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Rajgarh district]]
| government_type = [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|Janpad Panchayat]]
| governing_body = [[Council]]
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rural_footnotes =
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| population_density_km2 =
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| population_urban_footnotes =
| population_urban =
| population_density_urban_km2 =
| population_density_urban_sq_mi =
| population_rural_footnotes =
| population_rural =
| population_density_rural_km2 =
| population_density_rural_sq_mi =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = Postal code (PIN)
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = 
| area_code =
| geocode =
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| blank_name_sec1 =
| blank_info_sec1 =
| blank1_name_sec1 =
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| blank_name_sec2 =
| blank_info_sec2 = 
| website = 
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|MP-IN]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Khilchipur tehsil''' is a tehsil in Rajgarh district,[[Madhya Pradesh]], India. It is also a subdivision of the administrative and revenue division of [[bhopal district]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/35/Khilchipur.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Khilchipur]</ref><ref>[https://rajgarh.nic.in/en/document-category/census-2011/ census data 2011 - Khilchipur]</ref>

==Demographics==

{{Empty section|date=November 2022}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Tehsils of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rajgarh district]]

{{Bhopal-geo-stub}}

Ravinder Kumar (politician)

2026-02-03T04:35:18Z

Himvanta:

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{BLP no footnotes|date=July 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date= December 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date= December 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ravi Dhiman
| image = Ravi Dhiman.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1961|10|01|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Alampur, [[Kangra district|Kangra]], [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| residence = Jangal, Alampur
| alma_mater =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| constituency =
| occupation = Social worker, politician, yogi
| profession =
| nationality = [[India]]n
| party = [[BJP]]
| father = Sh. Jagan Nath
| mother = Late Smt. Soma Devi
| spouse = Anisha Dhiman
| office1 = Member of the [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 2017
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Yadvinder Goma]]
| successor1 =
| constituency1 = [[Jaisinghpur Assembly constituency|Jaisinghpur]]
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| signature =
| website = https://www.ravinderkumar.in
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}

'''Ravinder Kumar''' (born October 1, 1961), publicly known as '''Ravi Dhiman''', is an [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from the Jaisinghpur constituency of Himachal Pradesh and a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{cite web |date=|title=One India - Ravinder Kumar |url=https://www.oneindia.com/politicians/ravinder-kumar-72155.html |access-date=8 December 2022|website=One India}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Ravi Dhiman was born in Jangal [[Kangra district|Kangra]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], India, the son of Soma Devi and Jagan Nath. He is married to Anisha Dhiman who works in the Education Department of [[Himachal Pradesh]]. They have a daughter and a son. He is a Graduate and CAIIB(I) from Indian Institute of Bankers.

==Career==

Then he joined Defense Formations and worked there for two years.{{citation needed|date=December 2017}} In 1986 he joined the [[Punjab National Bank]] as a [[Shorthand|stenographer]], and in 2012 he took voluntary retirement.

==Politics==
He ran as an independent candidate in 2012.

Joined [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] in February 2014; and Member, BJP State Executive Committee 2014 onwards.

In December 2017, he was elected to the [[State legislative assemblies of India|State Legislative Assembl]]<nowiki/>y [[Jaisinghpur]] constituency and defeated Yadvendra Goma by a [https://zeenews.india.com/himachal-pradesh/himachal-pradesh-election-results-jaisinghpur-2065468.html/amp votes margin of 10,710].{{citation needed|date=December 2018}}

He was nominated as Member, Welfare and General Development Committees.

== Electoral performance ==
{{trim|{{#section-h:Jaisinghpur Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 2022}}}}
{{trim|{{#section-h:Jaisinghpur Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 2017}}}}
{{trim|{{#section-h:Jaisinghpur Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 2012}}}}

== Current life ==
He lives in Alampur sub tehsil of Jaisinghpur tehsil of Kangra district, along with his wife.

He is also a chairperson of NGO Projects.

== External links ==
'''[https://www.ravinderkumar.in/2024/12/ravinder-kumar-political-journey-and.html Ravinder Kumar]: Political Journey and Contributions'''

==References==
{{Reflist}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Ravinder}}
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Himachal Pradesh MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:People from Kangra, Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Himachal Pradesh]]

Shanmuga Industries Arts and Science College

2026-01-23T07:19:16Z

Himvanta: general add references for accuracy and fixed typos

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Orphan|date=October 2017}}

{{Infobox university
| name = Shanmuga Industries Arts and Science College (Co-Ed.,)
| native_name = சண்முகா தொழிற்சாலை கலை மற்றும் அறிவியல் கல்லூரி
| logo =
| image_name =
| image_size =
| image_alt = SIASC
| caption =
| latin_name =
| motto = Sincerity, Study, Service
| mottoeng =
| founder = S.Narasimha Mudaliyar, [[S. Murugaiyan]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.shanmugacollege.edu.in/abt_clg.html|title=SIASC – About Us|website=www.shanmugacollege.edu.in}}</ref> M.Chinnaraju
| established = 1996
| type = Self-Finance
| affiliation = [[Thiruvalluvar University]]
| chairman = Mr. G. Pullaiya
| city = Manalurpet Road, Killanaikarai, [[Tiruvanamalai]] – 606 601
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| province =
| country = [[India]]
|website = http://www.shanmugacollege.edu.in/
}}
'''Shanmuga Industries Arts & Science College (SIASC)''' was established in 1996 by Shanmuga Industries Educational Trust, [[Tiruvannamalai]]<ref>{{ cite web|title=About Us|url=http://www.shanmugacollege.edu.in/aboutus.html|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222094756/http://www.shanmugacollege.edu.in/aboutus.html|archivedate=2015-12-22}}</ref>

==Programs==
Shanmuga Industries Arts and Science College offers a variety of courses aimed at educating students about engineering. Courses of study include:<ref>{{cite web|title=Shanmuga Industries Arts and Science College – UG Courses|url=http://www.shanmugacollege.edu.in/depts.html|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222094821/http://www.shanmugacollege.edu.in/depts.html|archivedate=2015-12-22}}</ref>

'''U.G. Courses:-'''
* B.A., Tamil
* B.A., English
* B.Sc., Mathematics
* B.Sc., Physics
* B.Sc., Chemistry
* B.Sc., Biochemistry
* B.Sc., Biotechnology
* B.Sc., Microbiology
* B.Sc., Electronics Science
* B.Sc., Computer Science
* B.Sc., ISM (Information System Management)
* B.C.A., (Computer Application)
* B.Com., (General)
* B.Com CA., (Computer Application)
* B.Com FA., (Finance & Accounts)
* B.Sc Bio-Technology
* B.B.A., (Business Administration)

'''P.G Courses'''
* M.A., Tamil
* M.A., English
* M.Sc., Mathematics
* M.Sc., Physics
* M.Sc., Chemistry
* M.Sc., Microbiology
* M.Sc., Computer Science
* M.C.A., (Approved by AICTE)
* M.Com

'''M.Phil., Programme'''
* M.Phil., Tamil
* M.Phil., English
* M.Phil., Mathematics
* M.Phil., Physics
* M.Phil., Computer Science
* M.Phil., Microbiology
* M.Phil., Commerce
* M.Phil., Chemistry *

'''Ph.D., Programme'''
* Ph.D., Tamil*
* Ph.D., Physics*
* Ph.D., Chemistry*
* Ph.D., Microbiology
* Ph.D., Commerce

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.shanmugacollege.edu.in/ Official Website]

{{Education in Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Education in Tiruvannamalai district]]
[[Category:Tiruvannamalai]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1996]]
[[Category:1996 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to Thiruvalluvar University]]
[[Category:Academic institutions formerly affiliated with the University of Madras]]

Arun Singh Jasrotia

2026-01-06T17:42:22Z

Himvanta: cleaned up section per standard format

{{Short description|Indian military officer}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[Captain]]
| name = Arun Singh Jasrotia
| honorific_suffix = [[Ashoka Chakra (military decoration)|AC]], [[Sena Medal|SM]]
| image = Arun Singh Jasrotia.jpg
| image_size = 250 px
| caption = Portrait of Capt Arun Singh Jasrotia, AC, SM
| birth_date = {{birth date |1968|08|16|df=y}}
| death_date = {{death date and age |1995|09|15|1968|08|16|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Sujanpur]], [[Pathankot district|Pathankot]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]]
| death_place = [[Lolab Valley]], [[Kupwara district|Kupwara]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]]
| allegiance = {{flag|India}}
| branch = {{Army|India}}
| serviceyears = 1988 - 1995
| rank = [[File:Captain of the Indian Army.svg|24px]] [[Captain]]
| servicenumber = IC-48171K
| unit = [[File:Balidaan Insignia (India).svg|23px]] [[Para (Special Forces)|9 Para (Special Forces)]] [[Bihar Regiment|8 Bihar]]
| battles = Operation Rakshak
| awards = [[File:Ashoka Chakra ribbon.svg|32px]] [[Ashoka Chakra (military decoration)|Ashoka Chakra]] [[File:Sena Medal ribbon.svg|32px]] [[Sena Medal]]
}}

[[Captain]] '''Arun Singh Jasrotia''', [[Ashoka Chakra (military decoration)|AC]], [[Sena Medal|SM]] (16 August 1968 - 15 September 1995) was an [[Indian Army]] [[officer]] in the 9 Para (Special Forces).<ref>{{cite web|title=The Parachute Regiment|url=http://www.indianparachuteregiment.kar.nic.in/heroes.htm|website=The Parachute Regiment|accessdate=6 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160608081808/http://www.indianparachuteregiment.kar.nic.in/heroes.htm|archive-date=8 June 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was posthumously awarded the Ashoka Chakra, the highest peace time military decoration in India. He was also recipient of [[Sena Medal]]. He was also posthumously conferred with the Nishan-E-Khalsa by the Punjab State Government (India).

On 15 September 1995, terrorists attacked Jasrotia's team in [[Lolab Valley]] in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. In retaliation, Jasrotia killed a terrorist with his knife and lobbed grenades at others. Besides killing three terrorists with gunshots in the firefight that ensued, he single handedly killed a terrorist grabbing him in a hand to hand combat, slicing him with his knife despite bleeding profusely and unmindful of his pain.Ignoring the pain in his chest and blood seeping from his right shoulder, he got into hand to hand fight with another terrorist, knifing the man through his stomach and ripping him open.This gave his team an opportunity to eliminate the remaining terrorists. Jasrotia sustained gunshot wounds and succumbed to the injuries.<ref name="BB">{{cite book|last1=Reddy|first1=Kittu|title=Bravest of the Brave: Heroes of the Indian Army|pages=111–112}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Arun Singh Jasrotia was born in [[Sujanpur]] in the [[Pathankot district]] of [[Punjab, India]] on 16 August 1968. He was son of an army veteran Lt Col Prabhat Singh Jasrotia and Satya Devi. His grandfather too served in the army and retired as a Lt Col with 2 Dogra Regiment.

== Military career ==
Capt Arun also had a dream to wear army uniform like his father and grandfather and followed his dream by joining NDA after completing his schooling at Kendriya Vidyalaya No. 1, in Pathankot. He was commissioned into 8 Bihar Regiment on 17 December 1988 as a second lieutenant,<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=1506 |date=7 October 1989|url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1989/O-0594-1989-0040-25651.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> with promotion to lieutenant on 17 December 1990 and to captain on 17 December 1993.<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=357 |date=27 February 1993|url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1993/O-0407-1993-0009-16499.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=943 |date=14 May 1994|url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1994/O-0362-1994-0020-14323.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>

During his initial service, Capt Arun took part in "Op Rakshak" under 8 Mountain Division and 28 Inf Div sector and proved his mettle as a professional and committed soldier. He was awarded Sena Medal for his exceptional service and devotion to duty. Later Capt Arun volunteered for 9 Para (Special Forces).

== Lolab Valley Operation ==
During his initial service, Capt Arun took part in "Op Rakshak" under 8 Mountain Division and 28 Inf Div sector and proved his mettle as a professional soldier. He was awarded Sena Medal for his exceptional service. Later Capt Arun was inducted into 9 Para (Special Forces) a unit known for daredevil operations in demanding situations.

Capt Arun along with his troops set off to an arduous climb towards the suspected hideout. After about nearly ten hours the team reached the general area at a height approximately 3000 meters in the Lolab Valley of Jammu & Kashmir. As the team came closer to the cave, they were attacked by the militants from well-entrenched positions. Captain Arun, having realized the situation decided to face the terrorists himself and killed one with his commando knife. He killed one more terrorist with a hand grenade and lunged forward towards the cave.

While moving forward towards the cave Capt Arun got hit by a bullet in the shoulder and was grievously injured. But he refused to move back and in a rare show of courage, shot dead the terrorist who had fired at him. When he reached near the cave, he was hit by two more bullets in the gut and chest and collapsed. Inspired by his bravery and leadership, the troops attacked the militants with double vigour and aggression and eliminated all of them. Capt Arun was martyred and he was awarded the nation's highest peace time gallantry award "Ashok Chakra" for his outstanding courage, devotion to duty and supreme sacrifice. Punjab government also conferred Captain Arun Singh Jasrotia with the Nishan-e-Khalsa Award in 1999.
Capt Arun Singh Jasrotia is survived by his parents Lt Col Prabhat Singh Jasrotia and Mrs Satya Devi.

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Ashoka Chakra award recipients}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jasrotia, Arun Singh}}
[[Category:Punjabi Hindus]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ashoka Chakra (military decoration)]]
[[Category:Ashoka Chakra]]
[[Category:Para Commandos]]
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:1995 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian military personnel]]
[[Category:Indian military personnel killed in action]]

Krishna Chakraborty

2026-01-05T13:45:34Z

Himvanta: put up new data v1 - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Krishna Chakraborty
| image =
| caption =
| office = Mayor of [[Bidhannagar]]
| deputy =
| predecessor = [[Sabyasachi Dutta]]
| successor =
| term_start = 10 August 2019
| term_end =
| constituency =
| office1 =
| term_start1 =
| term_end1 =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Bidhannagar]], West Bengal
| occupation = Politician
| alma_mater =
| party = [[Trinamool Congress]]
}}
'''Krishna Chakraborty''' is an Indian politician from [[West Bengal]]. She is serving as the Mayor of [[Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation]] from 10 August 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TMC councillor Krishna Chakraborty to be new Bidhannagar mayor|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/tmc-councillor-krishna-chakraborty-to-be-new-bidhannagar-mayor-5893542/|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|date=10 August 2019|access-date=21 May 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Krishna Chakraborty takes the helm as mayor of Bidhannagar|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/krishna-takes-the-helm-as-mayor-of-bidhannagar/articleshow/70625127.cms|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|date=11 August 2019|access-date=21 May 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Krishna Chakraborty elected new Bidhannagar mayor|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/bengal/krishna-chakraborty-elected-new-bidhannagar-mayor-1502787927.html|publisher=The Statesman|date=11 August 2019|access-date=21 May 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Krishna Chakraborty named Mayor of Bidhannagar|url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/krishna-chakraborty-named-mayor-of-bidhannagar-468758 |publisher=Millenniumpost|date=18 February 2022|access-date=21 May 2025 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chakraborty, Krishna}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century mayors of places in India]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Women mayors of places in India]]
[[Category:Women in West Bengal politics]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:People from North 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{WestBengal-AITC-politician-stub}}

Sathya Enna Penkutty

2025-12-29T23:08:46Z

Himvanta: adding the details needs work!

{{Short description|Indian television soap opera}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox television
| native_name =
| image = Sathya malayalam serial.jpg
| caption =
| alt_name =
| genre = [[Drama]]
| creator =
| writer = Rajesh K Narayanan
| screenplay = Gireesh P C Palam
| director = Faisal Adimali
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Srinish Aravind]]
* [[Mersheena Neenu]]
}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 426
| list_episodes =
| producer = Shaijuraj TK
| company = Daynight creations
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme = Anil
| cinematography = Vimal Krishna
| editor = Pramod Nenmara
| camera =
| runtime = 22 minutes
| first_aired = {{Start date|2019|11|18|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2021|4|17|df=yes}}
| network = [[Zee Keralam]]
| related = ''Sindura Bindu''
}}

'''''Sathya Enna Penkutty''''' is an Indian [[Malayalam]] language television drama that aired on [[Zee Keralam]]. It stars [[Srinish Aravind]] and [[Mersheena Neenu]] in lead roles. It is an official remake of Zee Sarthak TV series ''Sindura Bindu'' aired from 2015 to 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|date=December 11, 2019|title=പേളി മാണിയല്ല നീനുവാണ് ശ്രീനിക്കൊപ്പം! സത്യ എന്ന പെണ്‍കുട്ടിയിലെ ആ നായിക ആരെന്നറിയുമോ?|url=https://malayalam.filmibeat.com/television/neenu-s-character-in-sathya-enna-penkutty-getting-good-response-057835.html|website=Filmibeat|language=ml}}</ref> The series premiered on 18 November 2019 and it aired its last episode on 17 April 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/serials/after-lock-down-malayalam-television-serials-will-be-air-soon/articleshow/75914757.cms|title=ഒരു ഇടവേളയ്ക്ക് ശേഷം പ്രിയ പരമ്പരകൾ മടങ്ങിയെത്തുന്നു; സന്തോഷം പങ്കിട്ട് പ്രിയ താരം!|website=Samayam|language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/mersheena-neenu-pens-down-a-heart-touching-note-on-satya-enna-penkutty-wrap-says-my-life-changed-with-sathya/articleshow/82163741.cms|title = Mersheena Neenu pens down a heart-touching note on Satya Enna Penkutty wrap; says 'My life changed with Sathya' - Times of India|website = [[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/serials/actress-ardra-das-shares-her-experience-with-sathya-enna-penkutty/articleshow/82141937.cms|title = ഒന്നര വർഷത്തെ ഈ സീരിയൽ യാത്ര; എല്ലാവർക്കും നന്ദി അറിയിച്ച് ആർദ്ര ദാസ്!|website=Samayam|language=ml}}</ref>

==Plot==
Sathyapriya aka Satya is a brave and tomboyish girl, who enjoys her life as it comes. She lives with her mother, grandmother and her money-minded sister, Divyapriya aka Divya. Sathya owns her late father's mechanic shed, from whom she also inherited her tomboyish nature and hangs around with her male friends. Under unforeseen circumstances, she bumps across Sudhi, a rich man who often falls victim to her antics. Sathya is in love with Sudeep Chandra, who only thinks of her as a best friend but lies about being in love with her to not hurt her feelings. Divya falls for Sudhi on seeing his money while the later sees Divya as the girl of his dreams and had fallen in love with her. Divya is also in love with Rahul who is also rich. Divya makes Rahul buy expensive gifts for her. Her friend Anu warns her of the danger of loving two persons at a time. Divya learns that Satya is in love with Sudhi. She tests whether Sudhi loves Satya and is relieved to hear that he is in love with Divya. Divya makes Satya promise her that she will disclose her love towards the person she loves only after Divya's marriage.

Satya has an accident and enters a critical stage. Satya's friend informs Divya to come and sign some papers required for immediate surgery. But Divya decides to make the surgery as late as possible so that Satya may die or be bedridden for ever. On the persuasion of her friend after some time she goes to the hospital but Sudhi manages to make the doctor do the surgery on his own risk. Divya sees Sudhi promising Satya that he will wait for her not to make Satya mentally down and not to reveal that he is already engaged to Divya. Sudhi stops seeing Satya after the surgery. As the marriage date approaches Sudhi informs his father of the melodrama he is in and he decides to break the news to Satya. Satya though heartbroken decides to help Sudhi in his wedding preparations.

A day before the marriage, Sudhi and family decides to hand over the wedding saree and ornaments as the part of the pre-wedding rituals. Satya transforms as Sulaiman (Sudhi's friend) and is shocked to know that he is marrying her own sister. When Sujitha asks for the bride's sister/ sister-like girl to hand over the saree as per the ritual but Divya tells that she does not have a sister, while Achamma tells that she has sister, but Divya interrupts that they had housed an orphan girl who is like a sister for her and has gone to Bangalore for her studies.

During the pre-wedding reception Divya seeks the help of Sulaiman to eradicate Satya from the wedding without knowing that she is Satya herself. While the reception was going on Divya's ex-boyfriend Rahul asks her to meet him at the parking area. Divya had decided to check who is more rich: Rahul or Sudhi and to marry the richest and ditch the later. Rahul had turned out to be fraudster who doesn't have single penny to live. Rahul kidnaps Divya

During the wedding day, Divya's mother obtain a letter stating that she is going with her boyfriend and she wasn't in love with Sudhi. Sujitha gets hold of the letter and reads in public which devastates Sudhi. Baiju and Sujitha declares that Pooja (Baiju's sister) will marry Sudhi. Thirumeni tells that his prediction will not be wrong and the holder of the horoscope will be Sudhi's bride. Achamma makes a shocking revelation that Divya has a younger sister and the horoscope belongs to her and she is none other than Satya. Chandradas asks Sudhi to marry Satya for his family. Both of them agree to the wedding half-heartedly. Sujitha dresses up Pooja as a bride but is shocked to see Satya being taken to the mandapam. Sudhi's mother and Sujitha leaves the wedding hall and the marriage takes place.

Meanwhile, Divya is shown to escape from Rahul only to be hit by a car. Both Satya and Sudhi behaves like ideal couple before the family members but in their bedroom they are poles apart. Though Satya loves Sudhi and expresses her love towards him, Sudhi only gives her scoldings. Problems keep arising in the form of Abhijith, Sudhi's business rival who vows to destroy Sudhi. He has been taking care of Divya and she is now in coma. Abhijith makes sure that Divya comes out of coma as soon as possible to destroy Sudhi's [[marital life]] with Satya. Satya takes the blame of a file theft case filed against Sudhi and both rekindles their relationship

Divya comes out of coma and Abhi makes Divya turn against Satya. Divya meets Sudhi and tells her that she loves him more than her life and tells that she has been kidnapped by Rahul and had been in coma. Divya in reality had no memories of her past and she believed all what Abhi and his wife Lavanya said. Sudhi and Divya starts meeting frequently and Sudhi starts developing hatred towards Satya. Satya on knowing the scenario leaves Manimangalam and transforms herself into the old tomboyish Satya and starts going to the workshop and do all the chores. Sudhi discloses his intentions to marry Divya and invite her into his life once more to his mother Radhika who also agrees to his point . To eradicate Satya from Manimangalam Sujitha, Baiju and Satheesh also agree with him leaving Chandradas heartbroken.

Sudhi arranges for a register marriage as Satya and he had not been legally married. Satya manages to save Divya from an accident and also takes her to the register office. It is revealed that Divya had realised the power of true love and has decided to make Sudhi marry Satya once more. Abhijith who had known the plan while Divya was talking to her mother through phone stabs her brutally. Staffs from the Registor office run towards the building, Sudhi and his family also run towards the place only to see a crying Satya holding heavily bleeding Divya. A dying Divya reveals that she was stabbed by Abhijith and also makes Sudhi promise that he will not leave Satya and also reveals that she had come here only to unite them. Saying this Divya dies in Sudhi and Satya's arms. Everyone is shattered on seeing Divya's death when Police arrives and Sudhi tells the Police that it was all Abhijth's doings when Satya tells the SI to come with her. Satya had killed Abhijith for murdering her sister. The show ends with Satya being taken away by the Police while a saddened Sudhi along with his family members look by.

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Srinish Aravind]] as Sudheep "Sudhi" Chandra – A business tycoon; Chandradas's younger son; Satheesh, Sujitha and Seetha's brother; Divya's ex-fiancé; Sathya's husband.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/news/bigg-boss-fame-srinish-aravind-statement-about-his-new-serial-sathya-enna-penkutty/articleshow/71969796.cms|title=പല ഓഫറുകളും വന്നെങ്കിലും മികച്ച അവസരത്തിനായി കാത്തിരിക്കുകയായിരുന്നു; ശ്രീനിഷ്|website=Samayam|language=ml}}</ref>
* [[Mersheena Neenu]] as Sathyapriya "Sathya" Sudheep – A tomboyish mechanic; Vimala's younger daughter; Divya's sister; Sudhi's wife.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/mersheena-neenu-reveals-the-reason-behind-signing-satya-enna-penkutty/articleshow/73940609.cms|title=Mersheena Neenu reveals the reason behind signing 'Satya Enna Penkutty' - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

===Recurring===
* Santhosh Kurup as Chandradas – Satheesh, Sujitha, Sudhi and Seetha's father
* [[Anila Sreekumar]] / Yamuna Mahesh as Vimala – Divya and Sathya's mother
* Ardra Das as Divyaprabha aka Divya – Vimala's elder daughter; Sathya's sister; Sudhi's ex fiancée' Rahul's former love interest
* Omana Ouseph as Divya and Sathya's grandmother
* Sangeetha Sivan as Sujitha Baiju – Chandradas's elder daughter; Satheesh, Sudhi and Seetha's sister; Baiju's wife
* Naveen Arakkal<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/satya-enna-penkutty-pranayam-fame-actors-srinish-and-naveen-to-team-up-after-4-years/articleshow/72023325.cms|title=Satya Enna Penkutty: Pranayam fame actors Srinish and Naveen to team up after 4 years - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> as Baiju – Pooja's brother; Sujitha's husband
* Fazal Razi as Satheesh Chandra – Chandradas's elder son; Sujitha, Sudhi and Seetha's brother
* Anumol as Seetha Chandra – Chandradas's younger daughter; Satheesh, Sujitha and Sudhi's sister
* Mithun as Rahul – Divya's former love interest
* [[Ranjith Raj]] as Abhijith – Sudhi's business rival; Lavanya's husband; Divya's murderer
* Arun Mohan as Cleetus Joseph
* Midhun Satheesh as Natholi – Sathya's best friend
* Shobhi Thilakan as Padhmanabhan/ Pappan/kochachan - Sathya's uncle
* Souparnika Subhash as Pooja (Baiju's sister)
* Achu B Kumar
* Sachin Joseph as Ikru
* Akshay Mohan
* Alis Christy as Abhijith's wife
* Thirumala Ramachandran as Vaidyar
* [[Boban Alummoodan]] as Sathya's father

===Guest appearance===
* Amala Gireesan as Kalyani
* Stebin Jacob as Valiyakunju (Anand Krishnan)
* [[Shiju]] as Ravi Varman
* Arun.G.Raghav as Abhimanyu

==Adaptations==
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;"
|- style="color:white"
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:20%;"| Language
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:24%;"| Title
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:16%;"| Original release
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:13%;"| Network(s)
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:12%;"| Last aired
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:10%;"| Notes
|-
| [[Odia language|Odia]]
| ''Sindura Bindu'' ସିନ୍ଦୁର ବିନ୍ଦୁ
| 7 March 2015
| Zee Sarthak
| 15 February 2020
| Original
|-
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| ''[[Bokul Kotha]]'' বকুল কথা
| 4 December 2017
| [[Zee Bangla]]
| 1 February 2020
| rowspan="7"| Remake
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| ''[[Sathya (Tamil TV series)|Sathya]]'' சத்யா
| 4 March 2019
| [[Zee Tamil]]
| 24 October 2021
|-
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| ''[[Suryakantham (TV series)|Suryakantham]]'' సూర్యకాంతం
| 22 July 2019
| [[Zee Telugu]]
| 9 November 2024
|-
| [[Malayalam]]
| ''Sathya Enna Penkutty'' സത്യാ എന്ന പെൺകുട്ടി
| 18 November 2019
| [[Zee Keralam]]
| 17 April 2021
|-
| [[Kannada]]
| ''[[Sathya (Kannada TV series)|Sathya]]'' ಸತ್ಯ
| 7 December 2020
| [[Zee Kannada]]
| 10 August 2024
|-
| [[Hindi]]
| ''[[Meet: Badlegi Duniya Ki Reet]]'' मीत: बदलेगी दुनिया की रीत
| 23 August 2021
| [[Zee TV]]
| 14 November 2023
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| ''[[Shiva (Marathi TV series)|Shiva]]'' शिवा
| 12 February 2024
| [[Zee Marathi]]
| 8 August 2025
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/sathya-enna-penkutty/0-6-2207 ''Sathya Enna Penkutty''] at [[ZEE5]]
* {{IMDb title|tt14856504}}

[[Category:Zee Keralam original programming]]
[[Category:2019 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2021 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language television shows]]
[[Category:Remakes of Indian television series]]
[[Category:Television productions suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]

Indirana yadera

2025-12-18T04:11:53Z

Himvanta: put up some data v1 - done

{{Short description|Species of frog}}
{{Speciesbox
| image =
| status = VU
| status_ref = <ref name=IUCN/>
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| taxon = Indirana yadera
| authority = Dahanukar, Modak, Krutha, Nameer, Padhye, and Molur, 2016
| range_map =
| synonyms =
| synonyms_ref =
}}

'''''Indirana yadera''''', the '''Yadera leaping frog''', is a frog in the family [[Ranixalidae]]. It is endemic to [[India]]'s [[Western Ghat]] mountains.<ref name=AMNH>{{BioRef|ASW6
|title=''Indirana yadera'' Dahanukar, Modak, Krutha, Nameer, Padhye, and Molur, 2016
|url=https://amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org/Amphibia/Anura/Ranixalidae/Indirana/Indirana-yadera
|access-date=May 28, 2024}}</ref><ref name=Amph>{{BioRef|amphibiaweb
|title=''Indirana yadera'' Dahanukar, Modak, Krutha, Nameer, Padhye, & Molur, 2016
|author1=
|editor1=
|editor2=
|date=
|language=
|url=https://amphibiaweb.org/species/8517
|access-date=May 28, 2024}}</ref><ref name=IUCN>{{cite IUCN
|title= Yadera Leaping Frog: ''Indirana yadera''
|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/119243173/119243178
|article-number=e.T119243173A119243178
|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T119243173A119243178.en
|id=119243173
|year=2023
|author1=IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group
|access-date=May 28, 2024}}</ref>

==Appearance==

This frog has several features that differentiate it from its congeners, including a head wider than it is long, a long, narrow snout, and a distinctive [[Tympanum (anatomy)|tympanum]].<ref name=Amph />

==Etymology==

The scientists who first described this frog named it some of their friends: ''yadera'' for Yamini, Deepa, and Ravisankaran.<ref name=Amph />

==Habitat==

This frog inhabits moist [[lowland]] and [[submontane]] forests. It can live in [[secondary forest]], near streams and stagnant water. It appears to need both moist ground, moist [[leaf litter]], and some [[canopy (biology)|canopy cover]]. So while it cannot live in clear-cut areas, it has been observed on [[arecanut]] plantations. It has been observed between 55 and 1075 meters above sea level.<ref name=IUCN />

==Reproduction==

The frog lays eggs on wet rocks. This frog's tadpoles are semi-aquatic and move across wet rocks and moss using their tails and their hind legs. Their back legs grow in at a younger age than other tadpoles' do.<ref name=IUCN />

==Threats==

The IUCN classifies this frog as vulnerable to extinction because of its small range. Sometimes people [[roadkill|hit this frog with cars or trucks]]. Pesticides and fertilizers may also be an issue. Efforts to stop landslides may harm the frog as well: the concrete used to shore up roads can fill in the cracks in the rocks where frogs would lay their eggs.<ref name=IUCN />

Scientists also cite [[climate change]] as a threat to this frog. Alterations to the monsoon climate could interfere with breeding.<ref name=IUCN />

The frog's range includes protected parks: [[Peechi-Vazhani Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Periyar Tiger Reserve]], [[Idukki Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Chimmony Wildlife Sanctuary]], and [[Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary]].<ref name=IUCN />

Scientists have observed the fungus ''[[Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis]]'' on this frog, but they do not know its specific morbidity or mortality. ''Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis'' causes the fungal disease [[chytridiomycosis]].<ref name=IUCN />

==Original description==
*{{cite journal|author1=Dahanukar N|author2= Modak N|author3= Krutha K|author4=Nameer PO|author5=Padhye AD|author6= Molur S |year=2016 |title=Leaping Frogs (Anura: Ranixalidae) of the Western Ghats of India: an integrated taxonomic review. |journal=J Threatened Taxa |volume=8 |pages=9221–9288}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q51326724}}

[[Category:Frogs of Asia]]
[[Category:Endemic amphibians of India]]
[[Category:Amphibians described in 2016]]
[[Category:Indirana|yadera]]

{{Ranoidea-stub}}

Rathin Ghosh

2025-10-17T15:41:54Z

Himvanta:

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Rathin Ghosh
| image =
| caption =
| office = Minister for Food & Supplies, Government Of West Bengal
| term_start = 10 May 2021
| governor = [[Jagdeep Dhankhar]] [[La. Ganesan]] [[C. V. Ananda Bose]]
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Mamata Banerjee]]
| predecessor = [[Jyotipriya Mallick]]
| successor1 =
| residence = [[Madhyamgram]]
| death_place =
| office2 = Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = May 13, 2011
| term_end2 =
| constituency2 = [[Madhyamgram (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Madhyamgram]]
| predecessor2 = Constituency Established
| successor2 =
| governor2 = [[M. K. Narayanan]] [[Keshari Nath Tripathi]] [[Jagdeep Dhankhar]]

| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| party = [[File:All India Trinamool Congress flag (2).svg|25px]] [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| alma_mater = Calcutta University
| spouse = Krishna Ghosh
| children = 1
| website =
}}
'''Rathin Ghosh''' is currently the Food and Supplies Minister of West Bengal in the third Mamata Banerjee Government.
He is an Indian politician belonging to [[All India Trinamool Congress|the All India Trinamool Congress]]. He was elected as a member of [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from [[Madhyamgram (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Madhyamgram]] in 2011, 2016, and 2021.<ref name=vidhansabha2011>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | accessdate = 13 August 2014}}</ref><ref>[http://myneta.info/westbengal2016/index.php?action=show_winners&sort=default List of Winners in West Bengal 2016]</ref>

In 1998, he joined the Trinamool congress and won the Madhyamgram Municipality election by defeating Left Front (Ruling party of state at that time) and went on to become the first TMC Chairman of North 24 Parganas. Under his leadership, TMC got the first Municipal Board in North 24 Parganas.

Earlier, Ghosh was a congressman who went on to become the Chairman of the Madhyamgram Municipality in 1999. Ghosh was a [[corporator]] in the 2004 municipal board. This was after the elections were rigged by left front leader, [[Subhash Chakraborty]].

Ghosh is also known for his huge development works all over the Madhyamgram. He has been chairman of the municipality three times and four times the Corporator, as well as being the MLA of West Bengal Assembly three times.
He is also a full-time social worker who undertakes the study responsibility for hundreds of poor children.

In 2021, after the West Bengal Legislative Elections, CM [[Mamata Banerjee]] made him the Cabinet Minister of Government of West Bengal.
Ghosh is currently Food and Supplies Minister of West Bengal in third Mamata Banerjee Government.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghosh, Rathin}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Politicians from North 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of West Bengal]]
[[Category:People from Barasat Sadar subdivision]]

Sonalika Tractors

2025-09-23T13:06:05Z

Himvanta: adding the bio basic info!

{{Short description|Indian agricultural machinery manufacturer}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Sonalika Tractors
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| image = Sonalika Baagban DI-30Rx Tractor Left Front Coorg Feb24 A7C 09555.jpg
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Sonalika DI-30Rx tractor
| trade_name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = 
| romanized_name =
| former_name =
| type = [[Private limited company|Private]]
| traded_as =
| ISIN =
| industry = [[Agricultural machinery]]
| genre =
| founded = {{Start date and age|1995}}
| founder = [[Lachhman Das Mittal]]
| defunct = 
| hq_location =
| hq_location_city = [[Hoshiarpur district|Hoshiarpur]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| hq_location_country = [[India]]
| num_locations =
| num_locations_year = 
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = Amrit Sagar Mittal (VC) Deepak Mittal (MD)
| products = [[Tractor]]s
| brands =
| production =
| production_year = 
| services =
| revenue =
| revenue_year = 
| operating_income =
| income_year = 
| net_income = 
| net_income_year = 
| aum = 
| assets =
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| equity =
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| owner = 
| members =
| members_year = 
| num_employees =
| num_employees_year = 
| parent = [[Sonalika Group]]
| divisions =
| subsid =
| website = {{URL|https://www.sonalika.com/|sonalika.com}}
}}
[[File:Sonalika D1-47 RX Tractor With Carriage - ISKCON Campus - Mayapur - Nadia 20170815154905.jpg|thumb|Sonalika DI-47 RX Tractor]]
'''Sonalika Tractors''' is an Indian [[agricultural machinery]] manufacturer. The company was founded in 1995 in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]].<ref name=forbes/> It is the 3rd largest manufacturer of [[tractor]]s in India, with the capacity to produce 3,00,000 (0.3 million) tractors a year, as of June 2017. The company has become the No.1 company in exports from India selling 35,000 tractors in FY 2021–22 and is active in 150+ countries.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Modi |first1=Ajay |title=Sonalika scales capacity to produce 300,000 tractors |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/sonalika-sows-leadership-seeds-in-tractors-builds-300-000-unit-capacity-117061400496_1.html#:~:text=Tractor%20maker%20Sonalika%20has%20scaled,(including%20exports)%20last%20year. |publisher=[[Business Standard]] |date=June 15, 2017}}</ref> It manufactures tractors ranging from 20 HP to 125 HP.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sen Gupta |first1=Nandini |title=Yanmar Sonalika to make tractors for US |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/yanmar-sonalika-to-make-tractors-for-us-europe-and-thailand/articleshow/60946479.cms |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Sharmistha |title=Sonalika Tractors sales up 19.6% in FY17 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/sonalika-tractors-sales-up-19-6-in-fy17/articleshow/58026665.cms?from=mdr |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=April 5, 2017}}</ref> The company is operated by International Tractors Limited,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Panday |first1=Amit |title=International Tractors report 19% growth in May sales |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/international-tractors-report-19-growth-in-may-sales-11591198086565.html |publisher=[[Livemint]] |date=3 Jun 2020}}</ref> the flagship firm of [[Sonalika Group]].<ref name=forbes/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Raghunathan |first1=Anu |title=84-Year-Old Indian Tractor Tycoon Wants To Triple Revenues By 2020 |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/anuraghunathan/2015/09/23/84-year-old-indian-tractor-tycoon-wants-to-triple-revenues-by-2020/#7624fcd061fa |work=[[Forbes]] |date=September 23, 2015}}</ref>

Sonalika Tractors holds about 11.7%<ref>{{cite news |last1=Balachandar |first1=G |title=Amid volume decline in FY20, higher HP tractors stay in top gear |url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/the-hindu-business-line/20200511/281818581008884 |publisher=[[The Hindu Business Line]] |date=May 8, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Banerjee |first1=Avishek |title=Sonalika Tractors Might Introduce Solis 120 In Domestic Market Soon |url=http://www.businessworld.in/article/Sonalika-Tractors-Might-Introduce-Solis-120-In-Domestic-Market-Soon/24-05-2017-118808/ |publisher=[[BusinessWorld]] |date=May 24, 2017}}</ref> market share of the Indian tractor industry. [[Sonalika Group]] owns a 70 per cent stake in the company while [[Japan]]ese diesel engine manufacturer, [[Yanmar]] hold 30 per cent stake.<ref name=yanmar/> It was selected for the '[[Champions of Change (award)|Champions of Change]]' 2017 programme organised by [[Niti Aayog]].<ref name=bw/>

== History ==
The brand Sonalika Tractors is owned and operated by International Tractors Limited, which was incorporated in 1969. It was founded by [[Lachhman Das Mittal]].<ref>{{cite news |title=India Today, Volume 32, Issues 9-17 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5UxDAAAAYAAJ&q=Sonalika+Tractors |publisher=[[Living Media]] |date=2007 |page=110}}</ref> It sold its first tractor in 1996.<ref name=forbes/> International Tractors Limited was incorporated on 17 October 1987 and began manufacturing tractors named as Sonalika designed by [[Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute]] (CMERI).

[[File:The Vice President Shri Bhairon Singh Shekhawat symbolically handing over Sonalika tractors gifted by India to Armenia at his meeting with the Armenian Minister of Agriculture, Mr. Davit Lokyan in Yerevan on October 7, 2005.jpg|thumb|The [[Vice President of India]], [[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]] symbolically handing over Sonalika tractors gifted by India to [[Armenia]] at his meeting with the Armenian Minister of Agriculture, Davit Lokyan in Yerevan on October 7, 2005]]

In 2000, [[Renault Agriculture]], a French tractor maker, acquired a 20% stake in the company for 80 million [[French franc|francs]] (equivalent to $11.4 million in 2000) and formed a Sonalika-Renault joint venture to market its tractors worldwide.<ref>{{cite news |title=Renault Agriculture ties up with ITL |url=https://www.rediff.com/money/2000/jul/19renaul.htm |work=[[Rediff.com]] |date=July 19, 2000}}</ref><ref name=financialexpress>{{cite news |title=Renault Agriculture eyes higher stake in International Tractors |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/renault-agriculture-eyes-higher-stake-in-international-tractors/36780/ |publisher=[[The Financial Express (India)]] |date=February 6, 2002}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Basu |first1=Jaya |title=Now, French tractors with 'Made in India' tag |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/oldStory/20593/ |publisher=[[Indian Express]] |date=March 22, 2003}}</ref>

After tie-up with Renault Agriculture, the company started producing licensed Renault tractors under the Renault Sonalika International. However, the tractors are marketed under 'Solis' brand name while it is marketed under the 'Sonalika' brand name in India.<ref name=financialexpress/> In August 2005, Sonalika bought back its stake from Renault when [[Renault Agriculture]] was acquired by [[Germany]]'s Claas Motors.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ramanathan |first1=S Kalyana |title=Renault sells 20% ITL stake for Rs 44 cr |url=https://www.rediff.com/money/2005/aug/03ren.htm |work=[[Rediff.com]] |date=August 3, 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Choudhury |first1=Santanu |title=Renault Agri to source tractors from ITL |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/renault-agri-to-source-tractors-from-itl-104033001013_1.html |publisher=[[Business Standard]] |date=February 6, 2013}}</ref> In October 2005, [[Yanmar]], a [[Japan]]ese company, acquired a 12% stake in Sonalika Tractors.<ref>{{cite news |title=Yanmar buys 12% stake in Intl Tractors |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Yanmar-buys-12-stake-in-Intl-Tractors/articleshow/1257860.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=October 10, 2005}}</ref>

In October 2012, the [[Blackstone Inc|Blackstone Group]] bought a 12.5 per cent stake in the company for [[Indian rupee|₹]]520 [[crore]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chanchani |first1=Madhav A |title=Blackstone to acquire 12.5% in International Tractors for up to $100M |url=https://www.vccircle.com/blackstone-acquire-125-international-tractors-100m/ |publisher=[[VCCircle]] |date=October 8, 2012}}</ref> The investment from Blackstone made the company valued at ₹4,200 crore in 2012.<ref name=forbes>{{cite news |last1=Thomas |first1=Prince Mathews |last2=Mishra |first2=Ashish K |title=What Sonalika Tractors Need to Beat the Mahindras |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/work-in-progress/what-sonalika-tractors-need-to-beat-the-mahindras/36999/1 |work=[[Forbes India]] |date=January 30, 2014}}</ref> The market share of Sonalika Tractors was also increased from 7.8 per cent (in 2011) to 9.9 per cent in 2013. The company launched a heavy range [[air-conditioned]] tractor series called Worldtrac 90 in June 2013.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sonalika rolls out heavy range of AC tractor series |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/sonalika-rolls-out-heavy-range-of-ac-tractor-series/articleshow/20592821.cms |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=June 14, 2013}}</ref> In December 2016, [[Yanmar]] bought 18 per cent stake in Sonalika for about ₹1,600 crore. Currently, it owns a 30 per cent stake in the company after Blackstone exit.<ref name=yanmar>{{cite news |last1=PM |first1=Indulal |last2=Mukherjee |first2=Sharmistha |title=Yanmar buys Blackstone's 18% stake in International Tractors |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/yanmar-buys-blackstones-18-stake-in-international-tractors/articleshow/56129456.cms?from=mdr |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=December 23, 2016}}</ref>

It formed a new joint venture with FAMAG in [[Algeria]] in October 2018.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sonalika ITL partners with FAMAG in Algeria |url=https://auto.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/automotive/farm-equipment/sonalika-itl-partners-with-famag-in-algeria/66343819 |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=October 24, 2018}}</ref>

== Plants ==
[[File:Sonalika Worldtrac 90.jpg|thumb|Sonalika Worldtrac 90]]
Sonalika has the world's largest tractor manufacturing facility,<ref>{{cite news |title=Inside the world's largest tractor manufacturing facility |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rX-tPTIwVok |agency=[[The Economic Times]] |publisher=ET Auto |date=July 30, 2017}}</ref> in [[Hoshiarpur]], Punjab. It is spread across 85 [[acre]]s of land<ref name="economictimes" /> and has all manufacturing facilities, from the engine to assembly.<ref name="rushlane">{{cite news |title=Sonalika Tractors market share increases to 12%, grows by 50% |url=https://www.rushlane.com/sonalika-tractors-market-share-2016-12196037.html |publisher=Rushlane |date=May 6, 2016}}</ref> The plant has a production capacity of 3,00,000 tractors annually.<ref name="economictimes">{{cite news |title=Sonalika inaugurates integrated tractor manufacturing unit |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/sonalika-inaugurates-integrated-tractor-manufacturing-unit/articleshow/58578467.cms?from=mdr#:~:text=farmers%20as%20well.-,Japan%20major%20Yanmar%20has%20partnered%20with%20Sonalika%20and%20will%20get,crore%20to%20increase%20their%20equity. |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=May 8, 2017}}</ref> In May 2017, the then [[Chief Minister of Punjab (India)|Chief Minister of Punjab]], [[Amarinder Singh]], inaugurated the integrated tractor manufacturing unit of Sonalika.<ref name=economictimes/><ref>{{cite news |title=ITL inaugurates world's largest tractor manufacturing plant at Hoshiarpur |url=https://auto.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/itl-inaugurates-worlds-largest-tractor-manufacturing-plant-at-hoshiarpur/58578687#:~:text=NEW%20DELHI%3A%20Home%2Dgrown%20tractor,facility%20of%201%2C00%2C000%20units. |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=May 8, 2017}}</ref>

The Hoshiarpur plant is also equipped with a robotic paint facility, which was introduced for the first time in the Indian tractor industry.<ref name=rushlane/> Sonalika has assembly plants in [[Brazil]], [[Iran]], [[Argentina]], [[Algeria]] and [[Cameroon]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Seth Mohile |first1=Shally |title=Sonalika Tractors in talks to set up a plant in China |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/D6XRR9JUBagjE5Vb2dnZrN/Sonalika-Tractors-in-talks-to-set-up-a-plant-in-China.html |publisher=[[Livemint]] |date=December 27, 2016}}</ref>

== Products ==
* DI, RX Series
* WT Series
* GT Series
* Sikander Series
* Customized Series (Chhatrapati, Mahabali & Maharaja)
* MM Series
* Tiger Series
* Sikander DLX Series
* ''Solis'' brand of tractors

===Former brands===
*''Apache Solis'' - joint venture in Argentina to manufacture tractors
*''Landini Solis'' - tractors built by Sonalika and sold in other countries by Landini
*''Montana Solis'' - built/assembled in Brazil
*''Solis Brasil'' - built/assembled in Brazil

== Operations ==
It holds a 60% market share in [[Algeria]], 22% in [[Nepal]] and 20% in [[Bangladesh]].<ref name=autocarpro>{{cite news |last1=Mathur |first1=Shobha |title=Sonalika ITL launches 120hp tractor for exports; plans assembly units in China and USA |url=https://www.autocarpro.in/news-national/sonalika-itl-launches-120hp-tractor-exports-plans-assembly-units-china-usa-21378 |publisher=Autocarpro |date=17 August 2016}}</ref> The company operates in over 150+ countries<ref>{{cite news |last1=Panday |first1=Amit |title=International Tractors Limited launches 2 new tractor brands in India |url=https://www.livemint.com/auto-news/international-tractors-limited-launches-2-new-tractor-brands-in-india-1562769199126.html |publisher=[[Livemint]] |date=July 10, 2019}}</ref> and is one of the top Indian tractor exporters.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Nandini Sen |title=Sonalika clinches top spot as tractor exporter in India in July |url=https://auto.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/automotive/farm-equipment/sonalika-clinches-top-spot-as-tractor-exporter-in-india-in-july/53853647 |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=August 25, 2016}}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==
* In 2019, Sonalika Tractors won Best Tractor for Agriculture (Sonalika Worldtrac 600), Best Design Tractor Award (Sonalika's Solis 5015) at the Indian Tractor of the Year (ITOTY) Awards 2019.<ref>{{cite news |title=ITOTY 2019: India's First Awards Show for Tractors and Farm Implements |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/itoty-2019-india-s-first-awards-show-for-tractors-and-farm-implements-119050700194_1.html |publisher=[[Business Standard]] |date=May 7, 2019}}</ref>
* In 2018, it won the 11th Global Agriculture Leadership Award from the Indian Council of Food and Agriculture (ICFA) in the Industry Leadership category.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sharma |first1=Sakhi |title=Global Agriculture Leadership Awards |url=https://www.awardsandachievements.com/agriculture/global-agriculture-leadership-awards/global-agriculture-leadership-awards-2018/ |website=Awardsandachievements.com |date=October 24, 2018}}</ref>
* It was selected for the [[Niti Aayog]]'s '[[Champions of Change (award)|Champions of Change]]' 2017 programme.<ref name=bw>{{cite news |last1=Aradhana |title=PM Addresses Young Entrepreneurs At The "Champions Of Change" Initiative Organized By Niti Aayog |url=http://www.businessworld.in/article/PM-Addresses-Young-Entrepreneurs-At-The-Champions-Of-Change-Initiative-Organized-By-Niti-Aayog/22-08-2017-124532/ |publisher=[[BusinessWorld]] |date=August 22, 2017}}</ref>
* Sonalika Tractors received the ET Iconic Brand of India by [[The Economic Times]] in 2017.<ref>{{cite web |title=ET Icon Brands of India 2017 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c-JgbCYzsvI |publisher=[[ET Now]] |date=June 2, 2017}}</ref>
* Sonalika Tractors awarded The Best Quality Award by the [[Government of India]] in 2002–03.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Sukhpal |title=Agricultural Machinery Industry in India: Growth, Structure, Marketing and Buyer Behaviour |date=2010 |publisher=Allied Publishers |isbn=9788184245318 |page=51 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pZm00saeXAAC&q=Sonalika+Tractors+Awards&pg=PA51}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal bar|India|Companies}}
* [[Sonalika Group]]
* [[Tractors in India]]
* [[List of tractor manufacturers]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Automotive industry in India}}
{{Commons category|Sonalika tractors}}

[[Category:Agricultural machinery manufacturers of India]]
[[Category:Tractor manufacturers of India]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]
[[Category:Companies based in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:1995 establishments in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1995]]

Kirshan Lal

2025-09-22T07:52:20Z

Himvanta:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
'''Kirshan Lal''' (born 1955) is an Indian politician from [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. He was an MLA from [[Chhamb Assembly constituency]] which is reserved for Scheduled Caste community in [[Jammu district]]. He won the [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chhamb Assembly Elections 2024: Live Voting Results & Winner Updates - India TV News |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/assembly-elections/jammu-and-kashmir/chhamb-constituency-result |access-date=2024-09-22 |website=www.indiatvnews.com }}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Lal is from [[Chhamb]], Jammu district, Jammu and Kashmir. He is the son of late Bansi Ram Lal. He is a doctor. He completed his M.B.B.S. in 1982 at a college affiliated with [[University of Jammu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Kirshan Lal(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- CHHAMB (SC)(JAMMU) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/jk2014/candidate.php?candidate_id=780 |access-date=2024-09-22 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Lal won from Chhamb Assembly constituency representing Bharatiya Janata Party in the 2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election. He polled 36,033 votes and defeated his nearest rival and three time MLA, [[Tara Chand (Jammu-Kashmir politician)|Tara Chand]] of [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 14,790 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-12-23 |title=Jammu and Kashmir Assembly election winners list |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/assembly-elections-2015/jammu-and-kashmir/story/jammu-kashmir-election-winners-list-assembly-polls-results-bjp-congress-pdp-nc-232557-2014-12-23 |access-date=2024-09-22 |website=India Today }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-12-25 |title=Constituencywise-All Candidates |url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS0980.htm?ac=80 |access-date=2024-09-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225232739/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS0980.htm?ac=80 |archive-date=2014-12-25 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lal, Kirshan}}
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:People from Jammu district]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2014–2018]]

{{JammuKashmir-politician-stub}}

Vijay Bahuguna

2025-09-17T03:50:19Z

Himvanta: refine content additionally and improved wording

{{Short description|6th Chief Minister of Uttarakhand}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Vijay Bahuguna
| image = Vijay Bahuguna.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| order = 6th
| office = Chief Minister of Uttarakhand
| term_start = 13 March 2012
| term_end = 31 January 2014
| predecessor = [[B. C. Khanduri]]
| successor = [[Harish Rawat]]
| office2 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start2 = 27 February 2007
|term_end2=23 July 2012
| successor2 = [[Mala Rajya Laxmi Shah]]
| constituency2 = [[Tehri Garhwal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tehri Garhwal]]
| predecessor2 = [[Manabendra Shah]]
| successor3 =
| office4 = Judge at [[Bombay High Court]]
| term4 = 27 April 1994 – 15 February 1995
| nominator4 = [[M. N. Venkatachaliah]]
| predecessor4 =
| successor4 =
| office5 = Judge at [[Allahabad High Court]]
| term5 = 27 November 1991 – 27 April 1994
| nominator5 = [[Kamal Narain Singh]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1947|02|28}}
| birth_place = [[Allahabad]], [[United Provinces (1937–50)|United Provinces]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]])
| birthname =
| father = [[Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna]]
| mother = [[Kamala Bahuguna]]
| nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (2016-present)
| otherparty = [[Indian National Congress]] (until May 2016)
| spouse = Sudha Bahuguna
| relations = [[Rita Bahuguna]] (sister)
| children = 3, including Saurabh Bahuguna (son)
| alma_mater = [[University of Allahabad]]
| occupation =
| profession = Judge, Advocate, politician
| cabinet =
| committees = Member of several committees
}}
[[File:The Chief Minister of Uttarakhand, Shri Vijay Bahuguna meeting the Deputy Chairman, Planning Commission, Shri Montek Singh Ahluwalia for finalizing plan size for 2012-13 for the State, in New Delhi on July 16, 2012.jpg|thumb|right|Vijay Bahuguna (left) along with [[Montek Singh Ahluwalia]]|250px]]
'''Vijay Bahuguna''' (born 28 February 1947) is an Indian politician who served as the 6th [[Chief Minister of Uttarakhand]]. He is the eldest son of [[Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna]], an independence activist and politician, and also a former Chief Minister of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Vijay Bahuguna was a member of the [[14th Lok Sabha|14th]] and [[15th Lok Sabha]]s of [[India]]. He represented the [[Tehri Garhwal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tehri Garhwal]] constituency of [[Uttarakhand]] and is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name=" Lok Sabha Profile ">{{cite news|title= Lok Sabha Profile|publisher=[[Lok Sabha]] website|access-date=10 January 2014|url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/members/former_Biography.aspx?mpsno=4219}}</ref><ref name=ibn>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090519200102/http://ibnlive.in.com/politics/electionresults/constituency/28/28/tehrigarhwal.html Tehri Garhwal] [[CNN IBN]].</ref>

Bahuguna was sworn in as the Chief [[Minister (government)|Minister]] of [[Uttarakhand]] on 13 March 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/assembly-polls/vijay-bahuguna-sworn-in-as-new-uttarakhand-chief-minister-after-harish-rawat-rebels-185497 |title=Vijay Bahuguna sworn in as new Uttarakhand Chief Minister after Harish Rawat rebels |publisher=Ndtv.com |date=2012-03-13 |access-date=2014-12-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Vijay-Bahuguna-sworn-in-as-Uttarakhand-CM-amid-revolt-in-Congress/articleshow/12248326.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120714235216/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-13/india/31159094_1_rita-bahuguna-joshi-bsp-mlas-uttarakhand-cm |url-status=live |archive-date=2012-07-14 |title=Vijay Bahuguna sworn in as Uttarakhand CM amid revolt in Congress |date=2012-03-13 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2014-12-02}}</ref> Bahuguna resigned from his CM post on 31 January 2014.<ref>{{cite news|author=C.K. Chandramohan |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/uttarakhand-chief-minister-vijay-bahuguna-resigns/article5638527.ece |title=Bahuguna gives himself a parting gift |work=The Hindu |date=2014-01-31 |access-date=2014-12-02}}</ref>

His youngest son [[Saurabh Bahuguna]] has taken forward his legacy and has won from Sitarganj ( Udham Singh Nagar), Uttarakhand Legislative [[House of Assembly|Assembly]]. Saurabh Bahuguna from BJP won with 50597 votes.

==Family and background==
Vijay Bahuguna was born at [[Allahabad]] in a [[Brahmin]] family.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Revolt-erupts-in-Uttarakhand-as-Harish-Rawat-denied-CM-post/articleshow/12253771.cms |title=Revolt erupts in Uttarakhand as Harish Rawat denied CM post – The Times of India |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2012-03-14 |access-date=2014-12-02}}</ref> His father was Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh & freedom fighter. [[H. N. Bahuguna]], who had also participated in [[Non-Cooperation Movement]]. Vijay Bahuguna has a sister [[Rita Bahuguna]] who is also a politician. Rita was a former Congress leader and former president of the Uttar Pradesh Congress Committee. She joined the BJP on 20 October 2016 and was a cabinet minister in Uttar Pradesh government. His son [[Saurabh Bahuguna]] is currently serving as a cabinate minister in Uttarakhand government.

==Education and early career==
Vijay Bahuguna did his Bachelor of [[Arts]] and then [[LLB]] from the [[University of Allahabad]] in [[Allahabad]], Uttar Pradesh. He then started working as an [[advocate]] in the [[Allahabad High Court]] in Allahabad. He later became a judge<ref name=" Lok Sabha Profile " /> of the [[Allahabad High Court]], later transferring to become a judge of the [[Bombay High Court]].

==Posts held==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! # !! From !! To !! Position
|-
| 01 || 2002 || 2007 || Vice-chairman, Planning Commission, Uttarakhand
|-
| 02 || 2007 || 2009 || Member, [[14th Lok Sabha]]
|-
| 03 || 2007 || 2009 || Member, Standing Committee on Defence
|-
| 04 || 2008 || 2009 || Member, Committee on Public Accounts
|-
| 05 || 2009 || 2012 || Member [[15th Lok Sabha]]
|-
| 06 || 2009 || 2012 || Member, Committee on Health and Family Welfare
|-
| 07 || 2009 || 2012 || Member, Committee on Ethics
|-
| 08 || 2009 || 2012 || Member, Committee on Offices of Profit
|-
| 09 || 2009 || 2012 || Member, Consultative Committee, Ministry of Power
|-
| 10 || 2012 || 2014 || [[Chief Minister of Uttarakhand]]
|}

==Resignation==

Vijay Bahuguna had submitted his resignation as [[Chief Minister of Uttarakhand]] on 31 January 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Uttarakhand-chief-minister-Vijay-Bahuguna-quits/articleshow/29655836.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140202172449/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2014-01-31/india/46868775_1_vijay-bahuguna-uttarakhand-chief-minister-harish-rawat |url-status=live |archive-date=2014-02-02 |title=Uttarakhand chief minister Vijay Bahuguna quits |date=2014-01-31 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2014-12-02}}</ref> His government had received widespread criticism for handling rescue operations in the wake of [[2013 North India floods|floods in June, 2013]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/uttarakhand-chief-minister-vijay-bahuguna-resigns-477634 |title=Uttarakhand chief minister Vijay Bahuguna resigns |publisher=Ndtv.com |date=2014-01-31 |access-date=2014-12-02}}</ref> [[Harish Rawat]] was sworn as Chief Minister on 1 February 2014 in presence of [[List of Governors of Uttarakhand|Governor of Uttarakhand]], [[Aziz Qureshi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/uttarakhand/harish-rawat-takes-oath-as-new-cm-of-uttarakhand_908334.html |title=Harish Rawat takes oath as new CM of Uttarakhand | Zee News |publisher=Zeenews.india.com |date=2014-02-01 |access-date=2014-12-02}}</ref>

==Other associations==
:*Member, Executive Council, [[Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University|Garhwal University]], [[Uttarakhand]]
:*President, Ranjit Pandit Shiksha Samiti; running educational colleges, [[Allahabad]]
:*Vice-president, Uttarakhand Pradesh Congress since 1999
:*Member, [[All India Congress Committee]] since 1997
:*Ex Judge [[Allahabad High Court]] & [[Bombay High Court]]

==Elections contested==
===[[Lok Sabha]]===
{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!width=100|Year
!width=120|Constituency
!width=70|Result
!width=70|Vote percentage
!width=150|Opposition Candidate
!width=70|Opposition Party
!width=70|Opposition vote percentage
!width=25|Ref
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]|| [[Garhwal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Garhwal]] ||{{Lost}}|| 12.64% || [[B. C. Khanduri]] ||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]||55.44% ||{{cn|date=January 2025}}
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]|| [[Tehri Garhwal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tehri Garhwal]] ||{{Lost}}|| 39.75% || [[Manabendra Shah]] ||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]||43.01% ||{{cn|date=January 2025}}
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]|| [[Tehri Garhwal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tehri Garhwal]] ||{{Lost}}|| 44.52% || [[Manabendra Shah]] ||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]||47.63% ||{{cn|date=January 2025}}
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2007 (By Elect)]]|| [[Tehri Garhwal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tehri Garhwal]] ||{{Won}}|| 40.61%|| Manujendra Shah ||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]|| 38.18% ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ceo.uk.gov.in/pages/view/213/221-tehri-garhwal-parliamentary-bye-election---2007|title = Chief Electoral Officer, Government of Uttarakhand, India}}</ref>
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]|| [[Tehri Garhwal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tehri Garhwal]] ||{{Won}}|| 45.04% || [[Jaspal Rana]] ||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]||35.98% ||{{cn|date=January 2025}}
|}

===[[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]]===
{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!width=100|Year
!width=80|Constituency
!width=70|Result
!width=70|Vote percentage
!width=150|Opposition Candidate
!width=70|Opposition Party
!width=70|Opposition vote percentage
!width=25|Ref
|-
|[[2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2012 (By Elect)]]|| [[Sitarganj (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Sitarganj]] ||{{Won}}|| 77.14% || [[Prakash Pant]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] || 19.82% ||<ref>{{cite web| url=http://ceo.uk.gov.in/files/Election2012/bye-election/Form_21_D_21-E.pdf | title=Some Hindi text | language=hi}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|in-lwr}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Manabendra Shah]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member of Parliament for [[Tehri Garhwal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tehri Garhwal]] |years=2007–2012}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Mala Rajya Laxmi Shah]]}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[B. C. Khanduri]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Chief Minister of Uttarakhand]]|years=13 March 2012 – 31 January 2014}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Harish Rawat]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Chief Ministers of Uttarakhand}}
{{15th LS members from Uttarakhand}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bahuguna, Vijay}}
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:India MPs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:India MPs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Politicians from Prayagraj]]
[[Category:University of Allahabad alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Judges of the Allahabad High Court]]
[[Category:Judges of the Bombay High Court]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Chief ministers of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Chief ministers from Indian National Congress]]
[[Category:People from Tehri Garhwal district]]
[[Category:Finance ministers of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Uttarakhand MLAs 2012–2017]]

Rani Raja

2025-09-06T18:45:30Z

Himvanta:

{{short description|Indian Malayalam television soap opera}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| alt_name = റാണി രാജാ
| image =
| image_upright =
| image_size =
| caption =
| based_on =
| network = [[Mazhavil Manorama]]
| genre = [[Soap opera]]
| creator =
| writer = Girish Gramika
| director = kichu sudharsana
| creative_director =
| starring = [[Archana Kavi]]
| theme_music_composer =
| open_theme =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| num_episodes = 210<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eastcoastdaily.com/2022/10/02/archana-kavi-on-mini-screen-rani-raja-is-getting-ready.html|title=അർച്ചനാ കവി ആദ്യമായി മിനി സ്ക്രീനിൽ: 'റാണി രാജാ' ഒരുങ്ങുന്നു|Mollywood|mini-screen|archana kavi|Rani Raja|website=East Coast Daily Malayalam|date=October 2022 }}</ref>
| producer = Anto Thevalakkadu
| cinematography = pradeesh nenmara
| editor =
| screenplay =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| music =
| runtime = 20–25 minutes
| company = anona creations
| first_aired = {{Start date|2022|10|10|df=y}}
| executive_producer =
| voices =
| italic_title =
| budget =
| num_seasons = 1
| related =
| last_aired = {{End date|2023|06|18|df=yes}}
| location =
| endtheme =
}}

'''Rani Raja''' ({{Translation|Queen, King}}) is an Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[soap opera]] directed by director Dileep Tavanur. The show premiered on 10 October 2022 on [[Mazhavil Manorama]] and aires on-demand through [[ManoramaMAX]]. It stars [[Archana Kavi]] (later replaced by [[Mridula Vijay]]) in the lead role along with Darish Jayaseelan and [[Poojitha Menon]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/archana-kavi-to-make-her-tv-acting-debut-with-rani-raja/articleshow/94304815.cms|title=Archana Kavi to make her TV acting debut with 'Rani Raja'|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/style/style-factor/2022/10/01/archana-kavi-stater-rani-raja-serial-telecast-october-10-th.html|title=കുടുംബ സദസുകള്‍ കീഴടക്കാന്‍ അർച്ചന കവി; റാണി രാജ ഒക്ടോബർ 10 മുതൽ|website=ManoramaOnline}}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Archana Kavi]] / [[Mridula Vijay]] as Anamika Haridasan (Aami), eldest daughter of Haridasan and Sudhamani.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/archana-kavi-on-her-entry-in-tv-i-was-anxious-that-the-movie-industry-would-look-down-on-me/articleshow/94391412.cms|title=Archana Kavi on her entry in TV: I was anxious that the movie industry would look down on me|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
*Darish Jayaseelan as Rishi, son of Mahadevan Thampi and Vinodini.
*[[Poojitha Menon]] as Priyamvatha, former girl friend of Rishi.
*Manju Satheesh as Sudhamani
*Om Sha as Haridasan
*Raji Menon / Devi Chandana as Vinodhini
*Shivadas Menon as Mahadevan Thampi
*Manve Surendran as Keerthi, eldest daughter of Mahadevan Thampi and Vinodini.
*Disney James as Gopan, husband of Keerthi.
*Bindu Ramakrishnan as Koushalya, mother of Mahadevan Thampi
*Soniya Baiju Kottarakkara
*Archana Thampi as Nikita, youngest daughter of Mahadevan Thampi and Vinodini.
*Aleena Sajan as Kalyani Das
*Shilpa as Saniya
*Thushara Nambiar as Karishma
*Teena Linson as Thara
*Nitika as Anitha
*Jiffin George as Gaadha
*Sumesh as Manjunath
*Lal Mutta Thara as Ratheendran
*Prashant Kanjiramattom as Johnappan
* Kootikal jayachandran as Jayachandran
*Shemi Martin as Nandhini
*Lakshmi Keerthana as Ponthamara (Ponnu)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2022 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:2023 Indian television series endings]]

Ambaji Fair

2025-09-02T04:45:59Z

Himvanta: made some post v1

{{for|the town and temples|Ambaji}}
{{Orphan|date=July 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox recurring event
|native_name = ''Ambaji Fair''
|native_name_lang = hi
|image =Navratri garba at Ambaji temple.jpg
|alt =
|caption = Scene of Ras Garba in Chachar Chowk
|status = 
|genre = Cultural and religious festival
|date=
|begins =
|ends =
|frequency = Annual
|location = Ambaji Village, [[Banaskantha district]], [[Gujarat]]
|coordinates =
|country = [[India]]
|participants =
|attendance =More than 3 lakh devotees
|url=
|activity =
}}

'''Ambaji Fair''' is held at [[Ambaji]] in [[Danta, Banaskantha|Danta taluka]] of [[Banaskantha district]]. Ambaji, 50 km away from [[Palanpur]], creates the same atmosphere as every Poonam fair.<ref name="Vyas">{{cite book|last=Vyas|first=Rajni|title=ગુજરાતની અસ્મિતા|publisher=Akshar Publication|year=2012|edition=5th|location=[[Ahmedabad]]|pages=57–58}}</ref> But, in all, big fairs are held here on [[Purnima]] of [[Kaartika|Kaartik]], Chaitra, [[Bhadra|Bhadarvo]] and Asho(Ashwina) months. In which 'Bhadarvi [[Purnima]]'s fair' is a very important and big fair.<ref name="z">{{cite book|last=Kalariya|first=Ashok|title=ગુજરાતના લોકોત્સવો અને મેળા|publisher=Directorate of Information/ GujaratState|year=2019–20|location=[[Gandhinagar]]|pages=24–25}}</ref>

== Time ==
This fair of ''Bhadarvi Poonam'' is held for three consecutive days namely Teras([[Thrayodashi]]), Chaudas([[Chaturdashi]]) and Poonam([[Purnima]]). On these days, millions of people flock to see the [[Goddess]]. At this time many people come here on foot.<ref name="z" />

== Significance ==
Here the devotees recite the Shakradya hymns aloud and pray to [[Mataji]]. On the day of [[Purnima]], Goddess is adorned with various decorations. Then [[Brahmins]] recite Saptashati. On Bhadarvi Poonam Devotees of [[Ambaji]] Goddess come from Gujarat as well as from other states of the country and abroad. No idol or picture is worshiped in the temple but '' 'Shri Visayantra' '' is worshiped.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2011-09-07|title=અંબાજી મંદિર વિશેની આ વાતોની તમને ખબર છે?|url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/news/GUJ-ambaji-temple-banaskantha-2408989.html|access-date=2020-12-06|website=Gujarati News|language=gu}}</ref>

Poshi Poonam([[Paush Purnima]]), which is believed to be the day [[Mataji]] appeared. Even on the days of [[Chaitra Purnima|Chaitra Poonam]] and [[Sharad Purnima]], people perform rituals and worship and [[Yajna]], and fairs are also held. On the day of Purnima, various associations come to pay homage to Mataji. Bhavai and [[Garba (dance)|Ras Garba]] are wonderfully organized by them in ''Chachar Chowk''.<ref name="Vyas" />

Here in the temple premises, the devotees of Mataji play nice [[Garba (dance)|rasgarba]] to the beat of drums. More than 3 lakh devotees come to see Mataji in this Maha Mela(big fair) of Ambaji. All the roads leading to Ambaji are full of pilgrims during these holy days.<ref name="z" />

The entire temple premises and Ambaji village are also decorated on this occasion. A grand procession of Mataji is also drawn.<ref name=":0" /> Now every Sunday also a fair-like atmosphere is created at Ambaji.<ref name="z" />

== Facilities ==
On the day of Bhadarvi Poonam, there is a huge influx of visitors to the temple and the fair. Along the way, a large number of shops selling [[Prasad (food offering)|Prasadi]], Chundadi, [[Coconut|Shrifal]], kanku, [[Flower|pushpa]] etc. are seen. Crowds are also seen in sari shops to pay homage to Mataji. Food stalls are also set up on a temporary basis. The tribal women of the area are fond of [[tattoos]] and [[bangle]]s. A variety of toy shops are also set up.<ref name="z" />

Pilgrims are provided with rest, [[tea]], snacks and meals by various organizations and service centers. Necessary facilities are provided to the people by ''Shri Ambaji Devasthan Trust'' and ''Banaskantha District Administration'' during the days of the fair and also at other times.<ref name="z" /> Hospital facilities are also available here for the health of the people.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
<references />

==External links==
* [https://banaskantha.nic.in/tourist-place/ambaji-temple/ Official information on Banashkantha district website]
* [http://www.ambajitemple.in/page_content.php?cid=67 Official information on the Ambaji Temple website]

[[Category:Festivals in Gujarat]]

Charbatia

2025-08-21T07:14:02Z

Himvanta:

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{ref improve|date=July 2013}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Charbatia
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Odisha#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Odisha, India
| coordinates = {{coord|20.5869|N|85.9318|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Odisha]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Cuttack district|Cuttack]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 5232
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Oriya language|Oriya]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 754028
| registration_plate = OD 05
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Charbatia''' is a [[census town]] in [[Cuttack district]] in the state of [[Odisha]], India. It has an [[Charbatia_Air_Base|airbase]] operated by [[Indian air force]].

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Charbatia, [[India]], had a population of 5232. Males constituted 54% of the population, and females 46%. Charbatia had an average literacy rate of 85%; male literacy was 88% and female, 81%. 10% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Cuttack district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Cuttack district]]

{{Cuttack-geo-stub}}

Postpaid mobile phone

2025-08-09T12:08:28Z

Himvanta: Made stub

{{Short description|Mobile phone service billing model}}
{{More citations needed|date=August 2025}}
{{Use American English|date = March 2019}}
The '''postpaid mobile phone''' is a [[mobile phone]] for which service is provided by a prior arrangement with a [[mobile network operator]]. The user in this situation is billed after the fact according to their use of mobile services at the end of each month. Typically, the customer's contract specifies a limit or "allowance" of minutes, text messages etc., and the customer will be billed at a flat rate for any usage equal to or less than that allowance. Any usage above that limit incurs extra charges.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Powers |first=Greg |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Cambridge_Preliminary_Mathematics_Genera/vYkoAAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22Postpaid+mobile+phone%22&pg=PA390&printsec=frontcover |title=Cambridge Preliminary Mathematics General |date=2012-12-21 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-62729-1 |language=en}}</ref> Theoretically, a user in this situation has no limit on use of mobile services and, as a consequence, unlimited credit. This service is better for people with a secured income.

Postpaid service mobile phone typically requires two essential components in order to make the 'post-usage' model viable:
#'''Credit history/Contractual commitment.''' This is the basis on which the service provider is able to trust the customer with paying their bill when it is due and to have legal recourse in case of non-payment
#'''Service tenure.''' Most postpaid providers require customers to sign long term (1–3 year) contracts committing to use of the service. Failure to complete the term would make the customer liable for early termination fees.

The bill itself is an important component of the services which acts as an ambassador of the service provider and at times as an evidence of the service itself. The bill needs to be readable, comprehensible as well as aesthetically attractive for the subscriber to be interested enough to see details other than the bill amount.

The United States and Canada are examples of countries dominated by postpaid providers, including [[AT&T Mobility|AT&T]], [[T-Mobile US|T-Mobile]], and [[Verizon Wireless|Verizon]] in the US and [[Bell Mobility|Bell]], [[Rogers Wireless|Rogers]], and [[Telus Mobility|Telus]] in Canada, among others. In the US a smaller market has been captured by prepaid providers such as [[Boost Mobile]], [[Metro by T-Mobile]], [[Cricket Wireless]], [[TracFone Wireless|TracFone]], and [[Ting Inc.|Ting]], which use postpaid providers networks (e.g. Cricket runs on AT&T's network).

The alternative billing method is a [[prepaid mobile phone]], where a user pays in advance for credit that is then consumed by use of the mobile phone service.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Mobile telecommunication services]]
[[ru:Биллинг#Prepaid]]

{{telecom-stub}}

Sultan Ghari

2025-08-07T08:56:03Z

Himvanta: minor edit

{{Short description|13th-century tomb for Nasiruddin Mahmud}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox religious building
|building_name= Sultan Ghari
|image=Octogal tomb with Mihrab on the west side.JPG
|caption= Tomb of Prince [[Nasiruddin Mahmud (eldest son of Iltutmish)|Nasiruddin Mahmud]]
|location={{Flagicon|India}} [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
|geo={{coord|28|32|.4|N|77|8|13.4|E|region:IN-DL_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
|religious_affiliation=[[Hindu]]-[[Islam]]ic
|rite= Actively in daily service with separate [[Hindu]] and [[Muslim]] worship rites
|province= [[Delhi]]
|territory=[[National Capital Region (India)]]
|district= [[South West Delhi]]
|consecration_year= [[Gurjara-Pratihara]] era (700-1100 CE) temple desecrated and remodeled as Islamic tomb in 1231 A.D
|status=[[Temple]] remodeled as [[Tomb]], currently worshiped by both [[Hindu]]s and [[Muslim]]s
|leadership= Originally [[Gurjara-Pratihara]], later [[Iltumish]] of the [[Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)|Slave Dynasty]]
|website= [http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_tktd_delhi_sultangarhi.asp The official Archaeological Survey of India website - Sultan Ghari’s Tomb page]
|architect=[[Vastu shastra]]
|architecture_type= [[Fortress]]
|architecture_style=[[Mughal architecture|Mughal]], [[Indo-Islamic architecture|Indo-Islamic]],[[Hindu temple architecture]]
|facade_direction=
|year_completed=converted to Islamic tomb in 1231 A.D, likely an earlier Hindu temple<ref name=ASI1>[http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_tktd_delhi_sultangarhi.asp The official Archaeological Survey of India - Sultan Ghari’s Tomb, Accessed: 19 April 2016]</ref>
|construction_cost=
|capacity=
|length=
|width=
|width_nave=
|height_max=
|dome_quantity=
|dome_height_outer=
|dome_height_inner=
|dome_dia_outer=
|dome_dia_inner=
|minaret_quantity=
|minaret_height=
|spire_quantity=
|spire_height=
|materials=Grey [[Granite]], Red [[Sandstone]] & [[Marble]] with [[Hindu]] motif and later-era [[Islamic]] inscription additions
}}

'''Sultan Ghari''' was the first [[Islamic]] [[Mausoleum]] (tomb) built in 1233 AD for Prince [[Nasiruddin Mahmud (eldest son of Iltutmish)|Nasiruddin Mahmud]], eldest son of [[Iltumish]], in the "[[funerary]] landscape of [[Delhi]]" in the Nangal Dewat Forest, Near Nangal Dewat [[Vasant Kunj]]).<ref name =pankaj>{{Cite web|url=http://www.milligazette.com/Archives/2004/16-31Mar04-Print-Edition/1603200404.htm|title= Country's first tomb is victim of ASI's neglect |access-date=2009-04-16|author= Pankaj Tyagi |publisher=The Indian Muslim’s Leading News Paper Milli Gazette}}</ref><ref name=deccan>{{Cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/May42008/finearts2008050366111.asp |title=In memory of... |access-date=2009-04-16 |author=Meera Iyer |publisher=Deccan Herald |date=2008-05-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015122235/http://www.deccanherald.com/Content/May42008/finearts2008050366111.asp |archive-date=15 October 2008 }}</ref>

Iltumish was the third Sultan of the Slave Dynasty who ruled in [[Delhi]] from 1210 to 1236 AD. The area where the Ghari (meaning: cave) tomb is situated, was part of medieval Delhi known as the [[Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)|Slave Dynasty]] that ruled during the period 1206 CE to 1290 CE, pre-existed as a Hindu temple from [[Gurjara-Pratihara]] era (700 to 1100 CE). This area is now part of the [[Qutb complex]]. The Slave Dynasty was the forerunner under the early [[Delhi Sultanate]] that ruled from 1216 CE to 1516 CE. This dynastic city was followed by creation of other five cities of Delhi ruled by different dynastic rulers of the Delhi Sultanate, namely, the [[Khalji dynasty]] (1290–1320), the [[Tughlaq dynasty]] (1320–1413 CE), the [[Sayyid dynasty]] (1414–51 CE), and the [[Lodi dynasty]] (1451–1526 CE). The rule of the [[Mughal Empire]] then followed and lasted from 1526 CE to 1857 CE.<ref name =pankaj/><ref name=deccan/><ref name=Arch>{{Cite book|title=Delhi and its Neighbourhood|author=Y.D.Sharma|work=Sultan e Garhi|pages=68–70|access-date=2009-04-24|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India|location=New Delhi|year=2001|url=http://www.indiaclub.com/Shop/SearchResults.asp?ProdStock=8780|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050831215230/http://www.indiaclub.com/shop/SearchResults.asp?ProdStock=8780|archive-date=31 August 2005|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=Lucy>{{Cite book|title= Delhi - A thousand years of Building|author=Lucy Peck|work=Sultan e Garhi's tomb (1231)|page=46|publisher=Roli Books Pvt Ltd.|location=New Delhi|year=2005|isbn=81-7436-354-8|url=https://www.vedamsbooks.com/no43813.htm|access-date=2009-04-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.123exp-geography.com/t/18624154523/|title= Delhi Sultanate|access-date=2009-04-23|publisher=India research guide}}</ref>

The [[crypt]] or the tomb is implanted in a Ghari (cave), approached by winding steep stairs made of stone, and supported by pillars and flooring. The cave is covered by an unusual [[octagon]]al [[roof]] stone slab. The exterior of the tomb structure built in Delhi [[sandstone]] with [[marble]] adornment exhibits a walled area with bastions (towers) on corners, which impart it the look of a [[fortress]] in aesthetic [[Persian people|Persian]] and [[Oriental]] [[architecture]].<ref name=deccan/><ref name=archaeology>{{Cite web|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_tktd_delhi_sultangarhi.asp|title=Ticketed Monuments|access-date=2009-04-16|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India}}</ref><ref name=online>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/c/019pho000001003u00909000.html|title= Central octagonal cell and colonnades of Sultan Ghari's Tomb, Delhi|access-date=2009-04-22}}</ref> The other tombs inside the Ghari have not been identified.<ref name=Arch/>

==History==
[[File:Main Entrance of Sultan Ghari Tomb.jpg|thumb|Main Entrance of Sultan Ghari Tomb]]
Iltumish, ruling from Delhi since 1210 AD, invaded eastern India in 1225 AD to capture [[Gauḍa (city)|Lakhnauti]] (now a ruined city in [[West Bengal]] called Gaur). The resultant battle ended in signing of a [[treaty]] between [[Iwaz Khalji]], the then ruler of Eastern India ([[Bihar]] and [[Bengal]]) and Iltumish; the former ruler agreeing to pay a surety of 80 lakh tankas (silver currency), 38 elephants, mint and issue of coins in the name of Iltumish and accepting Sultan's suzerainty over the region. Before returning to Delhi, Iltumish divided the region into Bihar and Lakhnauti, and installed [[Alauddin Jani]] as his feudatory in Lakhnauti. But Jani's control was short-lived, as he was overthrown by Iwaz soon after Iltumish's departure.<ref name =geosite>{{Cite web|url=http://languageranger.isgreat.org/history.html.|title=History of Bangladesh |access-date=2009-04-18|work=Early Sultanate Period}}</ref>

Thereafter, Iltutmish deputed his eldest son prince [[Nasiruddin Mahmud (eldest son of Iltutmish)|Nasiruddin Mahmud]] to fight [[Iwaz Khalji]]. In the battle which took place near Lakhnauti, Iwaz was trounced and executed in 1227 AD, along with his nobles. Prince Nasiru'd-Din Mahmud, who was then appointed as governor of Lakhnauti province, merged his original province of [[Oudh]] with Bengal and Bihar, and established his capital at Lakhnauti. This act of his coupled with the fact that he was son of Iltumish enhanced his prestige in the province. As a reward, he was given the honorific title of ‘Malik-us-Sharq' (king of the East) by Iltutmish. His rule was short-lived, eventful and he could consolidate his territory.<ref name =geosite/> But after a rule of 18 months, Nasiru'd-Din Mahmud was killed. Immensely grieved by the death of his favourite eldest son, Iltumish built a tomb called the Sultan Ghari in memory of his son, in 1231 AD, close to the [[Qutb complex]]. Five years later, Iltumish died in 1236 and his tomb can be seen in the Qutb complex. His two other sons, namely Ruknuddin Feroz Shah (died November 1236 AD, after he was deposed) and Muizzudin Bahram Shah (was killed in 1242 AD) who ruled for short periods, before and after their famous sister [[Razia Sultana|Razia Sultan]] ruled Delhi, were also buried in separate [[Chhatri]]s ([[cenotaphs]]), just next to the Sultan Ghari. One of the two Chhatris (pictured) is restored while the other has been destroyed.<ref name=Arch/><ref name =geosite/><ref name=india>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiasite.com/delhi/places/sultangharitomb.html|title= Sultan Ghari's Tomb|access-date=2009-04-22}}</ref>
Some archaeological findings reported by the Archaeological Survey of India are a) the inscription of 1361 recording the excavation of a tank on the occasion of a marriage, b) a stone [[linga]] (Symbol of Lord [[Shiva]] the [[Hindu]] God in a [[lintel]] and c) a dilapidated [[mosque]] of Sultan [[Feroz Shah Tughlaq]]'s time and a few scattered remnants of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] period.<ref name=Arch/>

==Structure==
[[File:Inside the Marble Mehrab at Sultan Ghari.jpg|thumb|Decoration inside the Marble Mehrab at Sultan Ghari]] The plan of the tomb structure is unusual. It is in the form of a fortress with a courtyard like layout, not common among tombs. It is built over a raised plinth of certain height in rubble masonry work. The octagonal shape of the tomb is also unique as it has been built within the fortress like outer structure with four corner towers, over a Ghari (cave) in front of the western [[Qibla]] wall of the mosque. It, thus, is a combination of an over ground tomb with towers (which is common in most of the tombs) and an underground chamber for the crypt.<ref name=Arch/><ref name=archaeology/>
[[File:Architecture on the wall of marble Mehrab at Sultan Ghari.jpg|thumb|Architecture on the wall of marble Mehrab at Sultan Ghari]]
The octagonal grave–chamber with the crypt (tomb) in an underground opening is supported on four columns raised with two pillars each that support beams, and depict ancient Indian temple relics both on the columns and on the floor. The roof of the chamber is built in thick lime–concrete. The western [[qibla]] (prayer wall) which has the [[mihrab]], is made of marble in exquisite [[Turkish people|Turkish]] and [[Afghanistan|Afghan]] design. The marble mihrab also has inscriptions from the [[Quran]]. The front elevation of this west wall has a marble facade, dated to Feroze Shah's rule (1351–88). The prayer chamber in front of the qibla depicts a ''yoni-patta'' (the base slab of a [[Linga]].<ref name=Arch/><ref name=archaeology/>

The entire tomb depicts a trabeate or [[corbel arch]] construction, which was common in India before the [[true arch]] design of the [[Ancient Rome|Romans]] was introduced, which are seen in subsequent Islamic monuments.<ref name=Arch/>
[[Feroz Shah Tughlaq]] (1351–1388 AD) is credited to have repaired the tomb, which had been substantially damaged. The [[Chhatri]], a stand-alone structure, next to the Sultan Garhi, a tomb of one of the two sons of Iltumish, was also restored during Firuz Shah's reign.<ref name=Arch/><ref name=Lucy/><ref name=archaeology/>
Old village ruins surround the tomb. Old ruins of a Tugluq mosque, Jami [[masjid]] and a [[khanqah]] (a place of spiritual retreat) are also located on the southern side of the tomb.<ref name=Arch/><ref name=Lucy/>

==Hindu temple origin of Sultan Gahri==
The tomb is built on the site of a [[Gurjara-Pratihara|Pratihara]] era (700-1100CE) Hindu temple <ref name=archnet1>[archnet.org/sites/1586 Archnet - Hindu temple origin of Sultan Gahri ]</ref> as the tomb resembles images and structures present in ancient Hindu temples and incorporates Hindu era motifs on the plinths, columns as well as the chamber of the Tomb which is supported by four towers that are raised by two pillars each supporting a beam which showcases ancient relics of Hindu Temples on the Columns as well as on the floor.<ref name=ASI1/><ref name=DI1>[https://www.delhiinformation.in/tourism/tombs/sultangharistomb.html Delhi Information - Sultan Ghari tomb]</ref><ref name=IP1>[http://www.indiaprofile.com/tourist-attractions/delhi/sultan-gharis-tomb/architecture.html India profile - Architecture of Sultan Ghari Tomb]</ref><ref>According to Asaru’s-Sanadid by Sayyid Ahmad Khan: “the dome of the mosque which is of marble has been re-used and has probably been obtained from some temple”, and that the domes on the four pavilions outside “are in Hindu style in their interior.” Stones from Hindu temples have been used in this tomb also, as in the Quwwat al-Islãm Masjid.“…In the middle of the corridor on the west there is a marble dome. A look at the dome leads to the conclusion that it has been brought from some temple. The pillars that have been raised in the western corridor are of marble and have been made in Greek style. It is clear that they belong to some other building…” Sayyid Ahmad Khan, Asaru’s-Sanadid, edited by Khaleeq Anjum, New Delhi, 1990. Vol I:p.89, Vol III:p.406</ref>
[[File:Colonnade inside Sultan Ghari towards Marble Mehrab.jpg|thumb|Colonnade inside Sultan Ghari towards Marble Mehrab]]
{{Blockquote
| text = The ceiling rests on columns raised with two pillars each robbed from an earlier Hindu shrine; carved lintels from another were found embedded in the thick lime-concrete roof. Other pieces were used in the ceilings of the prayer-chamber and bastions and the pillars re-utilised in the verandahs, originally used as a madrasa, after chipping the decoration off them. The tomb was repaired later by Firuz Shah Tughluq.
| author = Archaeological Survey of India
| title = Sultan Ghari
| source = <ref name=ASI1/>
}}

==Worship at the tomb==
[[File:Chatri or cenotoph of One of the two sons of Iltumish.JPG|thumb|right|200px|The [[Chatri]] or the [[Cenotaph]] of one of the sons of [[Iltumish]] - next to the Sultan Ghari]].
The tomb is a revered place for devotees of both [[Hindu]] and [[Muslim]] religious communities of the nearby villages of Masood Pur, Mahipalpur and Rangpuri since they consider the tomb as the [[dargah]] of a saintly ‘peer’; a visit to the tomb is more or less mandatory for newlyweds from these two villages. Because of the religious veneration, the monument is maintained better by the local people than the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] who are the formal custodians to maintain the heritage structure.<ref name =pankaj/>

Thursday is a special day for worship at this tomb when devotees, both Hindus and Muslims, visit the shrine, which represents a festive display of Hindu – Muslim syncretism of religious tolerance.<ref name=story>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2003/06/06/stories/2003060606350400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106233855/http://www.hindu.com/2003/06/06/stories/2003060606350400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-11-06|title= DDA gives facelift to Sultan Garhi tomb|access-date=2009-04-18|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=2006-06-06}}</ref> Every year, on the 17th day of the Islamic month of Ziqad (month occurring between Ramadan and Eid festivals), the "Urs (death anniversary) of Nasiruddin Shah" is held when pilgrims from all parts of Delhi visit the tomb.<ref name=story/>

==Restoration works==
The heritage area of Sultan Ghari extends to {{convert|25|ha|acre|abbr=on|1}}, which has been zoned as per the topographical features to implement appropriate restoration and conservation actions.<ref name=sultan>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dda.org.in/greens/sultan_garhi.htm|title= Sultan Garhi|access-date=2009-04-17|publisher= Delhi Development Authority (DDA)}}</ref> In order to restore this monument, which has been declared as a Grade A Monument by the Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage (INTACH), the Delhi Urban Heritage Foundation evolved a Plan combining restoration works along with creation of a pleasant environmental ambience to bring out its ancient glory. This plan is under implementation by the Delhi Development Authority.<ref name=story/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.delhiscoop.com/story/2005/12/7/12412/7991|title= A serious blow to Delhi's heritage as Army plans to build residential complex close to Sultan Garhi|access-date=2009-04-18|author=poonam bisht|publisher=Delhi Scoop|date=2005-12-07}}</ref> The [[Delhi Development Authority]] has undertaken the following construction activities :<ref name=story/>
[[File:The towers built at the entrance to the Sultan Garhi.JPG|right|thumb|200px|Entrance towers built by DDA - patterned on Sultan Ghari towers]]
:#The entrance gates of the Tomb (pictured) have been built with dolphur [[sandstones]] to match with the architectural setting of the Sultan Ghari tomb, adopting the same technique as used for building the domes
:# 100 m of restricted area and 200 m of regulated area are demarcated and fenced and four approach paths/ tracks constructed that lead to the main tomb
:#A water conservation plan (water harvesting) has also been evolved to partially meet the water requirements for the park around the tomb
:#ASI’s control extends only up to 300 m from the tomb since the rest of the area surrounding it is proposed for urban development by the Army.
Sultan Ghari is located near Malakpur Kohi village on the [[Mehrauli]]–Mahipalpur Road, 8 km west of Qutb complex from Andheria More in present-day [[South West Delhi]]. The C–Block of [[Vasant Kunj]], a modern suburb of Delhi, is just across the tomb.<ref name=india/>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Sultangarhi-tomb-hindu-temple-ceiling.png|Hindu Temples ceiling in the tomb
File:Main Entrance of Sultan Ghari Tomb.jpg|Main Entrance of Sultan Ghari Tomb
File:Southend view of Sultan Garhi.JPG|[[Corbel arch|Corbelled arch]] at the South end view of Sultan Garhi
File:Sultan ghar43.jpg|Marble mehrab in Sultan Ghari - a later addition by [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq]] ruler
File:Old ruins at Sultan Garhi.JPG|Old later-era ruins around the Sultan Ghari
File:The roof above the Mihrab at Sultan Garhi.JPG|Rotating Square roof design above the [[Mihrab]]
File:Trabeate Arch in New Delhi India.jpg|A [[Corbel arch|corbelled arch]] typical of Hindu temples at the tomb, built in 1231 AD, before the [[true arch]] was introduced to India much later, at [[Balban's tomb]] ca 1287.
File:Sultan gharrrr43.jpg|Rotating Square roof under one of the Burj
File:Sultan gharrr55543.jpg|floral pattern on marble in Mehrab
File:Westside view of Sultan Garhi.JPG|West side view of Sultan Garhi
File:Sultan ghari1.jpg|One of the Burj of Sultan Ghari, plinth slabs lying on the floor
File:Sultan ghari2.jpg|Main Entrance of Sultan Ghari decorated with Quranic Ayats
File:Sultan ghar3.jpg|Colonnade inside Sultan Ghari has different sized bottom slabs of the octagonal
File:Ruins_of_Sultan_Ghari_Tomb_3.jpg|Ruins of Sultan Ghari Tomb
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* [http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/addorimss/t/019addor0005475u00080vrb.html Sultan Ghari in Thomas Metcalfe's diary, 1843] [[British Library]]

[[Category:Architecture of the Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)]]
[[Category:1231 establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:13th-century establishments in India]]

[[Category:Mausoleums in Delhi]]
[[Category:Monuments of National Importance in Delhi]]

Shachokol

2025-07-25T16:50:48Z

Himvanta: adding a details initial version!

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Shachokol
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Ladakh#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Ladakh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|33.9183387|N|78.3605653|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|Union Territory]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Ladakh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Leh district|Leh]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Durbok|Durbuk]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Panchayat]]
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m = 5765
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 888
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = 
| area_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 875
| footnotes =
}}

'''Shachokol''' is a village in [[Leh district]] of the [[India]]n union territory of [[Ladakh]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://leh.nic.in/depts/villageamenitydirectory.pdf |title=Blockwise Village Amenity Directory |publisher=Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council |accessdate=2015-07-23 }}</ref> It is located in the [[Durbok|Durbuk]] [[tehsil]].

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 census of India]], Shachokol had 147 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) was 68.48%.<ref name="census_2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Demographics (2011 Census)<ref name="census_2011">{{cite news |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/datagov/CDB_PCA_Census/PCA_CDB_0103_F_Census.xls |title=Leh district census |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations |accessdate=2015-07-23 }}</ref>
! !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Population || 888 || 451 || 437
|-
| Children aged below 6 years || 98 || 47 || 51
|-
| [[Scheduled caste]] || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| [[Scheduled tribe]] || 887 || 451 || 436
|-
| Literates || 541 || 320 || 221
|-
| Workers (all) || 489 || 267 || 222
|-
| Main workers (total) || 277 || 197 || 80
|-
| Main workers: Cultivators || 139 || 101 || 38
|-
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers || 4 || 3 || 1
|-
| Main workers: Household industry workers || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Main workers: Other || 134 || 93 || 41
|-
| Marginal workers (total) || 212 || 70 || 142
|-
| Marginal workers: Cultivators || 171 || 61 || 110
|-
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers || 8 || 0 || 8
|-
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers || 17 || 1 || 16
|-
| Marginal workers: Others || 16 || 8 || 8
|-
| Non-workers || 399 || 184 || 215
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Ladakh}}
{{Leh district}}

[[Category:Villages in Durbuk tehsil]]