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Monica Chaudhary

2026-05-07T16:43:41Z

Himanshuucharan: Starting the article w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian actress (born 1996}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Monica Chaudhary
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2018–present
}}

'''Monica Chaudhary''' is an Indian actress who mainly works in [[Hindi]] films and series. She is known for her work in ''[[Apharan (TV series)|Apharan]]'' (2018), which was her acting debut and ''[[Tu Jhoothi Main Makkaar]]'' (2023), which marked her film debut.

==Early life==
Chaudhary belongs to [[Rajasthan]], but was bought up in [[Delhi]]. Her father is a retired police officer.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet Monica Chaudhary, who went from having no money for food to starring in Tu Jhoothi Main Makkaar |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-meet-actress-monica-chaudhary-who-went-from-having-no-money-for-food-to-starring-in-tu-jhoothi-main-makkaar-3030025 |work=DNA India}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{Pending films key}}

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
! class="unsortable" | Ref.
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Tu Jhoothi Main Makkaar]]''
| Kinchi Dabas
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Monica Chaudhary opens up about her Bollywood debut in Tu Jhoothi Main Makkaar |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/amp/entertainment/apaharan-actress-monica-chaudhary-opens-up-about-her-bollywood-debut-in-tu-jhoothi-main-makkaar/cid/1920890 |work=The Telegraph |accessdate=7 March 2023}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2024
| ''[[Dashmi]]''
| Shrishti
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Dashmi Movie Review : A provocative and thought-provoking drama |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/dashmi/movie-review/107661775.cms |access-date=25 March 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[A Wedding Story (film)|A Wedding Story]]''
|Neha
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mukti Mohan's film 'A Wedding Story' to release on this date |url=https://theprint.in/feature/mukti-mohans-film-a-wedding-story-to-be-released-on-this-date/2182070/ |work=The Print |accessdate=19 July 2024}}</ref>
|-
|{{TBA}}
| {{Pending film|[[Badtameez Gill]]}}
| {{TableTBA}}
| Completed
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Vaani Kapoor to headline Badtameez Gill; Aparshakti Khurana, Paresh Rawal join the cast as film goes on floor |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/vaani-kapoor-headline-badtameez-gill-aparshakti-khurana-paresh-rawal-join-cast/ |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=3 May 2024 |access-date=31 May 2024}}</ref>
|-
|{{TBA}}
| {{Pending film|Risky Romeo}}
| {{TableTBA}}
| Completed
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Tu Jhoothi Main Makkaar actor Monica Chaudhary wraps Risky Romeo: " This film is indeed special to me" |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/tu-jhoothi-main-makkaar-actor-monica-chaudhary-wraps-risky-romeo-film-indeed-special/ |work=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=19 January 2024}}</ref>
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
! class="unsortable" | Ref.
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Apharan (TV series)|Apharan]]''
| Anusha Tyagi
| Season 1; released on [[ALTT]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/reel/904626/apharan-trailer-one-wrong-step-changes-lives-forever-in-altbalaji-series|title=‘Apharan’ trailer: One wrong step changes lives forever in ALTBalaji series|last=|first=|date=|website=[[Scroll.in]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206170857/https://scroll.in/reel/904626/apharan-trailer-one-wrong-step-changes-lives-forever-in-altbalaji-series |archive-date=6 December 2018 |access-date=}}</ref>
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Dark 7 White]]''
| Neelu
|Released on [[ZEE5]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/dark-7-white-review-sumeet-vyas-show-is-thoroughly-convinced-about-its-inability-to-engage-with-the-viewer-9056911.html|title=Sumeet Vyas' show is thoroughly convinced about its inability to engage with the viewer|website=firstpost.com}}</ref>
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Rudrakaal]]''
| Sheena
| Released on [[StarPlus]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/television/rudrakaal-likely-to-go-off-air-the-series-was-anyway-close-to-culmination-says-bhanu-uday-goswami-who-leads-the-show|title=Rudrakaal abruptly goes off-air}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2022
| ''[[Good Bad Girl (TV series)|Good Bad Girl]]''
| Heena
| rowspan="2" |Released on [[SonyLIV]]
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Good Bad Girl to stream on SonyLIV from October 14 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/good-bad-girl-to-stream-on-sonyliv-from-october-14-8177552/ |access-date=13 October 2022 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=28 September 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Salt City (TV series)|Salt City]]''
| Ela Bajpai
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Monica Chaudhary is garnering accolades for playing Ela Bajpai in SonyLIV's series 'Salt City'. The actress gets candid |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/acting-happened-by-chance-418024/amp |access-date=12 August 2022 |work=The Tribune |date=2 August 2022 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| 2025
| [[Mandala Murders|''Mandala Murders'']]
| Kavita Bhardwaj
|Released on [[Netflix]]
|
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|nm10310162}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person|monica-chaudhary}}
* {{Instagram|monicachaudhary_}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chaudhary, Monica}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Iravin Kangal

2026-05-07T00:35:22Z

Himanshuucharan: created new post

{{No plot|date=May 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name =
| image =
| caption =
| director = Pop Suresh
| writer = Balasubramani KG
| producer = Prathab
| starring = {{plainlist|
* Pop Suresh
* Dolly Aishu
}}
| cinematography = Gita Karan
| editing = Imam
| music = Charles Dhana
| studio = Prathab Enterprises
| distributor = Uthraa Productions
| released = {{film date|2024|04|05|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}'''''Iravin Kangal''''' is 2024 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Science fiction thriller film]] written and directed by Pop Suresh.The film stars Pop Suresh and Dolly Aishu .The film was produced by Prathab under the banner of Prathab Enterprises.

== Cast ==

* Pop Suresh
* Dolly Aishu
* [[Giri Dwarakish]]
* Selvakanthan
* Azhagu Raja
* Dharun

== Production ==
The film noted debuted to the director Pop Suresh <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-02 |title='இரவின் கண்கள்' படத்தில் சயின்ஸ் பிக் ஷன் கதை |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/1224824-iravin-kangal-sci-fi-story.html |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=Hindu Tamil Thisai |language=ta}}</ref>

== Reception ==
''[[Maalai Malar]]'' critic wrote that "Pop Suresh, who plays the lead role of Victor, carries the entire film on his shoulders."<ref>{{Cite web |last=|date=2024-04-05 |title=Iravin Kangal |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/movie-review/iravin-kangal-158388 |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=www.maalaimalar.com |language=ta}}</ref>

''[[Dinakaran]]'' critic gave mixed reviews <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Ranjith |date=2024-04-12 |title=இரவின் கண்கள் விமர்சனம் |url=https://cinema.dinakaran.com/eyes_night_review/ |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=Kollywood News {{!}} Kollywood Images - Cinema.dinakaran.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=tt32034305}}

{{Improve categories|date=May 2024}}

[[Category:2024 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian science fiction thriller films]]

Sookshmadarshini

2026-05-06T07:12:10Z

Himanshuucharan: made basic stub nd citations

{{Short description|2024 Indian film by MC Jithin}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sookshmadarshini
| image = Sookshmadarshini.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical Release Poster
| director = [[MC Jithin|M. C. Jithin]]
| writer =
| screenplay = Athul Ramachandran Libin T. B.
| based_on =
| producer = [[A. V. Anoop]] [[Shyju Khalid]] [[Sameer Thahir]]
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Nazriya Nazim]]
*[[Basil Joseph]]
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Sharan Velayudhan Nair
| editing = [[Chaman Chakko]]
| music = [[Christo Xavier]]
| studio = AVA Productions Happy Hours Entertainments
| distributor = Bhavana Release Berkshire Dreamhouse (Overseas, non-gcc)
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|11|22}}
| runtime = 143 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |title=CBFC {{!}} Search Film |url=https://cbfcindia.gov.in/cbfcAdmin/search-result.php?recid=MDMwOTAxMDEyMDI1MDAwMTE= |access-date=2025-01-19 |website=[[Central Board of Film Certification]]}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = {{INR|10-14 crore}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://ndtv.in/bollywood/sookshma-darshini-box-office-collection-basil-joseph-movie-budget-10-crore-worldwide-collection-crosses-43-crore-7152565 | title=पड़ोसी की मां लापता, पड़ोसन और उसकी सहेलियों ने यूं सुलझाई गुत्थी कि बॉक्स ऑफिस पर बजट का 4 गुना कमा गई फिल्म }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=डिज्नी प्लस हॉटस्टार पर देखें वो थ्रिलर फिल्म, जिसके आने पर न हुई कोई चर्चा, ना दिखा कहीं प्रमोशन, फिर भी बजट से 4 गुना की कमाई |trans-title=A thriller film on Disney Plus Hotstar, which had no discussion on its release, no promotion, yet it earned 4 times more than its budget|url=https://ndtv.in/bollywood/disney-plus-hotstar-new-release-film-which-there-was-no-discussion-about-its-release-no-promotion-anywhere-yet-earned-4-times-budget-7448234|access-date=13 January 2025|language=Hindi
|website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref>
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR|55-56 crore}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sookshmadarshini Global Box Office Closing |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/sookshmadarshini-global-box-office-closing-nazriya-nazim-and-basil-josephs-super-hit-targets-a-rs-55-crore-finish-1363262|access-date=18 December 2024
|website=[[Pinkvilla]]|date=18 December 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://m.economictimes.com/magazines/panache/sookshmadarshini-has-arrived-on-ott-when-and-where-to-watch-malayalam-black-comedy/articleshow/117226602.cms | title=Sookshmadarshini has arrived on OTT: When and where to watch Malayalam black comedy | work=The Economic Times | date=14 January 2025 }}</ref>
}}

'''''Sookshmadarshini''''' ({{Translation|[[Microscope]]}}) is a 2024 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[Mystery film|mystery]] [[Comedy thriller|comedy-thriller film]] directed by [[MC Jithin|M. C. Jithin]], written by Libin T.B and Athul Ramachandran. Produced by Happy Hours Entertainments and [[AVA Productions]], it stars [[Nazriya Nazim]] and [[Basil Joseph]] alongside [[Akhila Bhargavan]], [[Pooja Mohanraj]] and Merin Philip in the supporting roles. The film revolves around Priyadarshini and her friends, who sets out to track down the whereabouts of Manuel, a bakery owner who has recently returned to their neighborhood, with his mother Grace.

The film was shot across [[Kerala]], primarily [[Kolenchery]], from May 2024 to August 2024. It has cinematography, editing and music by Sharan Velayudhan, [[Chaman Chakko|Chaman Chacko]] and [[Christo Xavier]] respectively.

''Sookshmadarshini'' was released in theatres on 22 November 2024, to positive reviews from critics and grossed ₹55 crore worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web |title=South Movies Releasing This Week: Vishwak Sen starrer Mechanic Rocky to Nazriya Nazim Fahadh, Basil Joseph's Sookshmadarshini |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/south-movies-releasing-this-week-vishwak-sen-starrer-mechanic-rocky-to-nazriya-nazim-fahadh-basil-josephs-sookshmadarshini-1358873?amp |access-date=19 November 2024
|website=Pinkvilla|date=18 November 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ent Top Stories: Audience review Malayalam film Sookshmadarshini |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/photo/ent-top-stories-diljit-dosanjh-mumbai-tickets-sold-out-sookshmadarshini-review-103038/1 |access-date=23 November 2024
|website=Mid Day}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Priyadarshini, a homemaker on a desperate job hunt, lives with her husband Anthony and their daughter Kani in a close-knit community. Priya and her neighbour Stephy, a single mother, perform well in their technical interviews for the same company. Manuel, who runs his father's business ''Grace Bakers'', moves into their neighborhood with his widowed, aged mother Grace. Though Manuel gets along well with all the neighbors, Priya believes he is shady. Her suspicions turn out to be true when he kills an [[Asian water monitor|monitor lizard]] and feeds it to his neighbors at a party under the guise of beef. He intends to commit a crime with the help of his uncle Roy and his cousin Dr. John, while Grace remains cloistered and avoids communication with any of the neighbors.

At a party for Priya and Anthony's wedding anniversary, a minor fire accident occurs at Manuel's residence due to a clothes iron left on, and Grace goes missing. Manuel lodges a police complaint, and they eventually find Grace in a railway station. At this point, everyone discovers that Grace has been diagnosed with [[Alzheimer's]]. Priya distrusts the claim because she has always seen Grace carrying out her daily chores efficiently and confides it with her friends Sulu and Asma. Meanwhile, Stephy grows close to Manuel and offers to take a day off to look after Grace in Manuel's absence. Before departing, Manuel makes a sedated mango juice for Grace and Stephy to execute their plan as per John's advice. Roy waits outside the residence for Grace and Stephy to fall unconscious to take her away, but Priya visits Grace to clear her suspicions. Learning this, Manuel manipulates Anthony to task Priya with searching for a caretaker's contact urgently, clearing his way. Soon, Stephy sleeps due to sedation, and Roy covertly carries Grace out of the house in his car. She is claimed to have gone missing once again.

Manuel's elder sister Diana arrives from [[New Zealand]] to assist Manuel with the chaos and put their land on sale. She is disappointed with the lack of progress in the police investigation and decides to return. Priya earns Diana's contact before she departs. That same night, Priya is shocked to see Grace in their residence, but Manuel tells Anthony that she is still missing. The next night, Priya sneaks into their residence in Manuel's absence, asking Sulu and Asma to keep a watch and alert her if someone comes. John, who happens to be inside the residence, sees Priya climbing the walls and, panic-stricken, calls Manuel to inform him; Manuel rushes home, catches Priya red-handed, and cautions her against doing this again. Elsewhere, John is shown pouring [[aqua regia]] into the toilet, allegedly disposing of Grace's remains. Manuel notices a leakage as he observes a crimson damp patch on a wall (blood). He paints it and places sacks to cover the patch, further raising Priya's suspicion. Unexpectedly, Manuel brings Grace home, and the group retreats from their suspicions. However, Priya remains unsettled and contacts Diana, but it is revealed that Manuel has Diana's phone and has been texting Priya, impersonating Diana.

On the day of her second interview, Priya goes through Diana's [[Instagram]] profile. She realizes that Diana is a lesbian and in a relationship with Aditi Thyagarajan, a [[Tamils|Tamil]] woman with whom she intends to adopt a child in New Zealand. Simultaneously, Aditi arrives in India, concerned that Diana has not returned to New Zealand and has suddenly refrained from talking to her. Priya reaches out to Aditi to warn her about Manuel, but before she can run away, Manuel kidnaps her on the suggestion of Grace, who was revealed to be the mastermind of the plan. Priya abandons her interview and contacts Aditi, but it is too late as Manuel sedates her and carries her away, intending to kill her. She discovers that the sample she has collected from the painted damp patch contains human bone cells from her biologist friend. Priya tracks them to their new bakery outlet and informs the police. Before they can come, Manuel spots Priya and tries to attack her. She hits him with her car and subdues John, rescuing Aditi. A flashback reveals that Manuel, Roy, and John killed Diana to avoid shame due to her sexuality, and Grace is the perpetrator of the [[honor killing]]. The crime gets exposed; the police arrests Manuel, Grace, John, and Roy; and the truth stuns the whole neighborhood.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Nazriya Nazim]] as Priyadarshini "Priya" Antony
* [[Basil Joseph]] as Manuel
* [[Akhila Bhargavan]] as Sulu, Priya's friend and neighbour
* [[Pooja Mohanraj]] as Asma, Priya's friend and neighbour
* [[Merin Philip]] as Stephy, Priya's friend and neighbour who is Manuel's girlfriend
* [[Sidharth Bharathan]] as Dr. John, Manuel's cousin and a [[Neurosurgery|neurosurgeon]]
* [[Deepak Parambol]] as Antony, Priya's husband
* [[Kottayam Ramesh]] as Roy, Manuel's uncle
* [[Manohari Joy]] as Grace, mother of Manuel and Diana
* [[Abhiram Radhakrishnan]] as a finance manager
* Hezzah Mehak as Kani Antony, Priya and Anthony's daughter
* Janani Ram as Diana, Manuel's elder sister
* Saraswathi Menon as Aditi Thiagarajan, Diana's girlfriend
* Gopan Mangattu as Krishnettan
* Jaya Kurup as Sarojini
* Rini Udayakumar as Cicily, Manuel's neighbour
* James as Thomas
* Noushad Ali as Ajmal
* AV Anoop as Managing Director
* Athira Rajeev as Mridula
* Sajeevan as CI of Police
* Sajeed as SI
* Binni Rinki as Jesna
* Nandan Unni as Broker Prasad
* Jossy Sijo as CPO
* Fr.Saji as Priest
* Ajmal Shah as Kapyar
* Dhyan Diva as Stephy's son
}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
Happy Hours Entertainments and AVA Productions announced the film in May 2024, with [[Nazriya Nazim]] and [[Basil Joseph]] as the leads. The film is directed by Jithin MC who previously did ''[[Nonsense (film)|Nonsense]]'' (2018). The film is jointly written by director Jithin, Athul Ramachandran and Libin TB. It has cinematography by Sharan Velayudhan, editing by Chaman Chacko and music by [[Christo Xavier]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Basil Joseph and Nazriya Nazim to headline Sookshmadarshini |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/May/29/basil-joseph-and-nazriya-nazim-to-headline-sookshmadarshini |access-date=27 May 2024 |website=Cinema Express |archive-date=29 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529133008/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/May/29/basil-joseph-and-nazriya-nazim-to-headline-sookshmadarshini |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Nazriya Nazim's comeback flick 'Sookshmadarshini' shoot begins with ensemble cast |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/nazriya-nazim-s-comeback-film-with-basil-joseph-titled-sookshmadarshini-1.9595355 |access-date=21 July 2024 |website=Mathrubhumi English |archive-date=1 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201232637/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/amp/movies-music/news/nazriya-nazim-s-comeback-film-with-basil-joseph-titled-sookshmadarshini-1.9595355 |url-status=live }}</ref> It marks Nazriya's return to Malayalam films after four years hiatus who last appeared in ''[[Trance (2020 film)|Trance]]'' (2020).<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=Sookshmadarshini: Nazriya Nazim's comeback Malayalam film, also starring Basil Joseph, goes on floors |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sookshmadarshini-nazriya-nazims-comeback-malayalam-film-also-starring-basil-joseph-goes-on-floors/article68228279.ece/ |access-date=31 May 2024 |website=The Hindu|date=29 May 2024 }}</ref>

According to Jithin the idea came during the filming of his first film ''Nonsense'' in 2018. He wanted his next film to be shot in fewer locations, and use more interior settings as opposed to ''Nonsense'' which was a one-day road film that had logistical challenges that extended schedule and budget. He decided to make the film in semi-rural neighbourhood having a close-knit community and relatable characters in a [[Hitchcockian]] style. He intended including a female detective as the central character instead of a conventional police officer or CBI agent in Malayalam films. Sameer Thahir suggested Nazriya for the character who was not the initial choice during casting and was roped in for the role in 2022, while Basil Joseph was part of the film in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Santhosh |first=Vivek |date=2024-12-04 |title=Priyadarshini's curiosity stems from genuine concern, not voyeurism: Director MC Jithin |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2024/Dec/04/priyadarshinis-curiosity-stems-from-genuine-concern-not-voyeurism-director-mc-jithin |access-date=2025-03-03 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

=== Filming and casting ===
After [[Location scouting|scouting location]] that have 2 to 3 residences situated in a distance of 15 to 20 meters suited for the neighborhood setting, [[Kolenchery]] was the preferred place where the film was mostly shot in.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Sookshmadarshini director MC Jithin Interview: 'The idea was to create a Hitchcockian thriller set in a Sathyan Anthikad world' {{!}} EXCLUSIVE |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/sookshmadarshini-director-mc-jithin-interview-the-idea-was-to-create-a-hitchcockian-thriller-set-in-a-sathyan-anthikad-world-exclusive/2ce93e1713905 |access-date=2025-03-03 |website=www.ottplay.com}}</ref> [[Principal photography]] for the film begin in May 2024 and the film was shot across [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Makers of Basil Joseph and Nazriya Nazim's Sookshmadarshini share the switch-on ceremony video |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Jun/13/makers-of-basil-joseph-and-nazriya-nazims-sookshmadarshini-share-the-switch-on-ceremony-video |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201003807/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/amp/story/malayalam/news/2024/Jun/13/makers-of-basil-joseph-and-nazriya-nazims-sookshmadarshini-share-the-switch-on-ceremony-video |archive-date=1 December 2024 |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=Cinema Express}}</ref> In August 2024, the filming was wrapped up.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 August 2024 |title=It's a wrap for Basil Joseph and Nazriya Nazim's Sookshmadarshini |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Aug/04/its-a-wrap-for-basil-joseph-and-nazriya-nazims-sookshmadarshini |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807113252/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/amp/story/malayalam/news/2024/Aug/04/its-a-wrap-for-basil-joseph-and-nazriya-nazims-sookshmadarshini |archive-date=7 August 2024 |access-date=6 August 2024 |website=Cinema Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Sookshmadarshini: Makers release motion poster of Nazriya Nazim-Basil Joseph film |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sookshmadarshini-makers-release-motion-poster-of-nazriya-nazim-basil-joseph-film/article68641917.ece/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914124035/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sookshmadarshini-makers-release-motion-poster-of-nazriya-nazim-basil-joseph-film/article68641917.ece/amp/ |archive-date=14 September 2024 |access-date=14 September 2024 |website=The Hindu}}</ref>

[[Akhila Bhargavan]], Merin Philp, Pooja Mohanraj, [[Deepak Parambol]], [[Siddharth Bharathan]] and Kottayam Ramesh were cast in other prominent roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nazriya Nazim and Basil Joseph's Malayalam film Sookshmadarshini goes on floors |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/nazriya-nazim-and-basil-josephs-malayalam-film-sookshmadarshini-goes-on-floors-8910089.html |access-date=30 May 2024 |website=News18 India |date=30 May 2024 |archive-date=30 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530161730/https://www.news18.com/amp/movies/nazriya-nazim-and-basil-josephs-malayalam-film-sookshmadarshini-goes-on-floors-8910089.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Gopan Mangat, Manohari Joy, Rini Udayakumar, Jaya Kurup, Muskaan Bisaria, Aparna Ram, Abhiram Poduval, Binny Rinky, Nandan Unni, Naushad Ali, Athira Rajeev and Mirza Fathia formed rest of the cast.<ref name=":0" />

== Soundtrack ==
The music for the film was composed by [[Christo Xavier]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Promo music video 'Dhurooha Manthahasame' from Sookshmadarshini out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Nov/11/promo-music-video-dhurooha-manthahasame-from-sookshmadarshini-out |access-date=15 November 2024 |website=Cinema Express}}</ref> The film has only 2 songs. One track is used as a promotional song.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Watch: High Energy First Single From Basil Joseph-Nazriya's Sookshmadarshini is Out! |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/malayalam/watch-high-energy-first-single-from-basil-joseph-nazriyas-sookshmadarshini-is-out-article-115149437/amp |access-date=16 November 2024 |website=Times Now |archive-date=12 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241112233138/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/malayalam/watch-high-energy-first-single-from-basil-joseph-nazriyas-sookshmadarshini-is-out-article-115149437/amp |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-12-04 |title='Priya Lokame' song from Sookshmadarshini out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Dec/04/priya-lokame-song-from-sookshmadarshini-out |access-date=2024-12-14 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=17 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241217203951/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Dec/04/priya-lokame-song-from-sookshmadarshini-out |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer
| title1 = Dhurooha Manthahasame
| length1 = 3:32
| lyrics1 = [[Muhsin Parari|Mu. Ri]]
| extra1 = Ahi Ajayan
| title2 = Priya Lokame
| length2 = 3:05
| lyrics2 = [[Vinayak Sasikumar]]
| extra2 = [[Sooraj Santhosh]]
}}

== Release ==
===Theatrical===
The film was released in theatres on 22 November 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sookshmadarshini trailer: Basil Joseph and Nazriya Nazim must beware of their neighbours |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/sookshmadarshini-trailer-basil-joseph-nazriya-nazim-must-beware-of-their-neighbours-9673079/lite/ |access-date=17 November 2024 |website=The Indian Express |date=16 November 2024 |archive-date=29 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241129133245/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/sookshmadarshini-trailer-basil-joseph-nazriya-nazim-must-beware-of-their-neighbours-9673079/lite/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Sookshmadarshini: Nazriya, Basil Joseph's film to release on November 22 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/sookshmadarshini-nazriyas-return-to-malayalam-cinema-on-november-22-2621781-2024-10-23 |access-date=18 November 2024 |website=India Today}}</ref>

===Home media===
The digital rights of the film is acquired by [[Disney+ Hotstar]] and started streaming from 11 January 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sookshmadarshini OTT release date: When and where to watch Basil Joseph, Nazriya Nazim Fahadh's film? |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/sookshmadarshini-ott-release-date-when-and-where-to-watch-basil-joseph-nazriya-nazim-fahadhs-film/bb2596454410 |access-date=9 January 2025 |website=OTTPlay}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sookshmadarshini on OTT: Netizens call Basil Joseph, Nazriya Nazim starrer a 'brilliant film' |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/sookshmadarshini-on-ott-netizens-call-basil-joseph-nazriya-nazim-starrer-a-brilliant-film/737299cccb37 |access-date=2025-02-28 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Box office ===
On the opening day of its release, the film grossed ₹1.6 crore from Kerala, and a worldwide gross of ₹4.1 crore. It made over ₹6 crore on day 2 taking the film's two day total to ₹10.1 crore worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sookshmadarshini Day 2 box office collection: Nazriya Nazim Fahadh, Basil Joseph's film witnesses massive jump |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/sookshmadarshini-day-2-box-office-collection-nazriya-nazim-fahadh-basil-joseph-film-witnesses-massive-jump/9a9a454440559 |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=www.ottplay.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sookshmadarshini' box office collections day 1: This mystery film mints Rs 1.55 crores |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/sookshmadarshini-box-office-collections-day-1-basil-josephs-mystery-film-mints-rs-1-55-crores/articleshow/115600769.cms |access-date=24 November 2024 |website=The Times of India |archive-date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241123133014/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/sookshmadarshini-box-office-collections-day-1-basil-josephs-mystery-film-mints-rs-1-55-crores/amp_articleshow/115600769.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> It grossed ₹23 crore worldwide in 5 days.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sookshmadarshini Box Office Collections: Basil Joseph, Naziya Nazim's mystery thriller continues scoring big, inches closer to Rs 25 crore mark|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/sookshmadarshini-box-office-collections-basil-joseph-naziya-nazims-mystery-thriller-continues-scoring-big-inches-closer-to-rs-25-crore-mark-1360069|access-date=25 November 2024|website=[[Pinkvilla]]|archive-date=27 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127032425/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/sookshmadarshini-box-office-collections-basil-joseph-naziya-nazims-mystery-thriller-continues-scoring-big-inches-closer-to-rs-25-crore-mark-1360069|url-status=live}}</ref> By the end of the second week, ''Sookshmadarshini'' collected over ₹25 crore in India of which ₹20 crore coming from Kerala and ₹19 crore from overseas grossing over ₹44 crore worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-04 |title=Sookshmadarshini Box Office Update: Basil Joseph and Nazriya Nazim starrer approaches Rs 45 crore worldwide in 2 weeks |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/sookshmadarshini-box-office-update-basil-joseph-and-nazriya-nazim-starrer-approaches-rs-45-crore-worldwide-in-2-weeks-1361179 |access-date=2025-01-11 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref> It has grossed 55 crore worldwide in its final run with ₹32 crore from India and ₹23 crore from overseas.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-18 |title=Sookshmadarshini Global Box Office Closing: Nazriya Nazim and Basil Joseph's SUPER-HIT targets a Rs 55 crore finish |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/sookshmadarshini-global-box-office-closing-nazriya-nazim-and-basil-josephs-super-hit-targets-a-rs-55-crore-finish-1363262 |access-date=2024-12-30 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en |archive-date=18 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241218211942/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/sookshmadarshini-global-box-office-closing-nazriya-nazim-and-basil-josephs-super-hit-targets-a-rs-55-crore-finish-1363262 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Critical reception ===
The film generally received positive reviews from critics.

Anandu Suresh of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave the film 3.5/5 stars and wrote, "From the outset, ''Sookshmadarshini'' expertly balances mystery and comedy, ensuring that neither overshadows the other, creating a harmonious blend that engages audiences throughout."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sookshmadarshini movie review: Basil Joseph, Nazriya Nazim deliver a suspenseful and hilarious mystery comedy |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/sookshmadarshini-movie-review-basil-joseph-nazriya-nazim-deliver-a-suspenseful-and-hilarious-mystery-comedy-9682324/ |access-date=22 November 2024 |website=The Indian Express |date=22 November 2024 |archive-date=22 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241122145720/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/sookshmadarshini-movie-review-basil-joseph-nazriya-nazim-deliver-a-suspenseful-and-hilarious-mystery-comedy-9682324/ |url-status=live}}</ref> S. R. Praveen of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "The film is a cleverly written thriller that turns what could easily have been a run-of-the-mill film into an elevating experience. It becomes yet another addition to Malayalam cinema's unrelenting run this year, both in quality and variety."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sookshmadarshini movie review: Nazriya Nazim, Basil Joseph headline a cleverly written thriller that delivers a satisfying high |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sookshmadarshini-movie-review-nazriya-nazim-basil-joseph-headline-a-cleverly-written-thriller-that-delivers-a-satisfying-high/article68898079.ece/ |access-date=22 November 2024 |website=The Hindu|date=22 November 2024 |last1=Praveen |first1=S. R. }}</ref> Princy Alexander of ''[[Onmanorama]]'' wrote, " Overall, the film breaks cliches and is refreshing, which will work well for the family audience ".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sookshmadarshini review: This Basil Joseph, Nazriya Nazim film breaks cliches and feels refreshingly good |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2024/11/22/sookshmadarshini-movie-review-basil-joseph-nazriya-nazim-performances.html |access-date=2025-01-11 |website=www.onmanorama.com}}</ref>

Cris of ''[[The News Minute]]'' wrote, "MC Jithin directed a smartly-written script, putting Nazriya and Basil Joseph in the thick of it, and pulling off one helluva thriller with ''Sookshmadarshini''."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/sookshmadrashini-review-nazriya-basil-film-is-a-fun-smartly-written-thriller |title=Sookshmadarshini review: Nazriya-Basil film is a fun, smartly written thriller |work=The News Minute |date=22 November 2024 |accessdate=22 November 2024 |archive-date=1 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201002830/https://www.thenewsminute.com/amp/story/kerala/sookshmadrashini-review-nazriya-basil-film-is-a-fun-smartly-written-thriller |url-status=live }}</ref> Vignesh Madhu of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' rated 3.5/5 and wrote, "Backed by brilliant writing and clever casting choices, MC crafts ''Sookshmadarshini'' as a thoroughly engaging experience. What stands out is the refreshing treatment that doesn't conform to the genre formulas."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madhu |first=Vignesh |date=2024-11-23 |title='Sookshmadarshini' movie review: Intelligent writing and clever casting elevate this thriller |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2024/Nov/23/sookshmadarshini-movie-review-intelligent-writing-and-clever-casting-elevate-this-thriller |access-date=2025-03-03 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Latha Srinivasan of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' wrote, " A captivating Malayalam thriller that rely on local life and relatable characters."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sookshmadarshini Review |work=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/sookshmadarshini-review-this-superbly-written-nazriya-nazim-basil-joseph-fun-thriller-is-a-must-watch-101732350860032.html |date=23 November 2024 }}</ref>

T Maruthi Acharya of ''[[India Today]]'' rated 3.5/5 and wrote," Despite minor flaws in the plot, the film's technical aspects elevate it, making it a thoroughly engaging thriller that holds its own within the genre".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-25 |title=Sookshmadarshini review: Nazriya Nazim, Basil Joseph lead a thrilling ride |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/sookshmadarshini-review-nazriya-nazim-basil-joseph-lead-a-thrilling-ride-2639654-2024-11-25 |access-date=2025-01-11 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Sia Viju of ''[[Mathrubhumi]]'' rated 3.5/5 and wrote, " The screenplay is a masterclass in pacing and unpredictability. Sharan Velayudhan Nair's cinematography captures the essence of the setting beautifully, Chaman Chakko's sharp editing ensures there's never a dull moment. Christo Xavier's music deserves special mention."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-24 |title=Sookshmadarshini review: A playful peek that turns into mind-bending mystery |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/review/sookshmadarshini-moview-review-nazriya-nazim-basil-joseph-thriller-1.10105723 |access-date=2025-01-11 |website=English.Mathrubhumi}}</ref> Anna Mathews of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 4/5 and wrote, "Here is a film where all the elements, the writing, direction, acting, music and more, come together in sync to make for an exciting thriller. This is an entertainer that will appeal to theatre audiences.".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sookshmadarshini Movie Review : An exciting, twisted, friendly neighbourhood story |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/sookshmadarshini/movie-review/115589632.cms |access-date=2025-01-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Recipient
!Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
| rowspan="2" |[[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards]]
| [[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| [[Nazriya Nazim]]
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite news|title='Feminichi Fathima' wins Best Film Award at 48th Kerala Film Critics Award 2024|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2025/Apr/15/feminichi-fathima-wins-best-film-award-at-48th-kerala-film-critics-award-2024|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Second Best Film|Second Best Film]]
| [[MC Jithin]]
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://m.imdb.com/title/tt32495687/ ''Sookshmadarshini''] at [[IMDb]]

[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2024 drama films]]
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2024 thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films about honor killing]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ-related films]]
[[Category:2020s mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Christo Xavier]]

Green Line (Mumbai Metro)

2026-05-05T11:39:28Z

Himanshuucharan: starting initial stub initial version...

{{Short description|Indian rail transit line under construction}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox rail line
| box_width =
| name = {{big|Green Line}}
| color = {{rcr|Mumbai Metro|green}}
| logo = [[file:MMMOCL MMRDA logo.svg|100px]] [[file:Logo of Mumbai Metro Line 3.png|38px]]
| logo_width =
| logo_alt =
| image =
| image_width =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| type = [[Rapid Transit]]
| system = [[Mumbai Metro]]
| status = Under construction: {{rcb|Mumbai Metro|4|croute}}, {{rcb|Mumbai Metro|4A|croute}} Proposed: {{rcb|Mumbai Metro|10|croute}}, {{rcb|Mumbai Metro|11|croute}}<ref name="Mumbai Metro 4A">{{Cite news|title=Mumbai Metro 4A|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/mum-civic-metro4/story-svdsfXuptHLDn7Usi5ZBDM.html|access-date=26 November 2018|archive-date=26 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126135015/https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/mum-civic-metro4/story-svdsfXuptHLDn7Usi5ZBDM.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| locale = [[Mumbai]] and [[Thane]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| start = {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Shivaji Chowk (Mira Road)}}
| end = {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Bhakti Park (Wadala)}}
| stations = 38 (Main Line)
15 (Branch Line)
| routes =
| daily_ridership =
| planopen = {{start date and age|2027|df=y}}<ref>https://www.oneindia.com/mumbai/from-red-to-green-the-four-metro-lines-set-to-rewire-your-mumbai-workday-7960966.html</ref>
| yearcommenced =
| event2label =
| event2 =
| event3label =
| event3 =
| owner = [[MMRDA]]{{efn|Except Line 11 (under MMRC since 2023)}}
| operator = 
| character = Elevated & Underground
| depot = Mogharpada, Anik Nagar Bus Depot
| stock = [[Alstom Metropolis]]
| linelength =
| tracklength =
| tracks = 2
| gauge = {{Track gauge|sg|allk=on}}
| load_gauge =
| minradius =
| racksystem =
| routenumber =
| linenumber =
| electrification =
| speed_km/h = 90
| elevation_m = 3.90
| elevation_ft = 3.20
| elevation =
| website = {{URL|https://mmrda.maharashtra.gov.in/projects/transport/metro-line-4/overview|Line 4}}
| map = {{MM Line 4}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

'''Green Line''' is part of the Mumbai Metro rail network for the city of Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. During construction the line was divided into 3 smaller lines - Line 4 ({{stl|Mumbai Metro|Kasarvadavali}} to {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Bhakti Park (Wadala)}}), Line 4A ({{stl|Mumbai Metro|Kasarvadavali}} to {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Gaimukh}}), and Line 10 ({{stl|Mumbai Metro|Gaimukh}} to {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Shivaji Chowk (Mira Road)}}). The line also has a proposed spur line called Line 11 from {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Anik Nagar Bus Depot}} to Gateway of India. The proposed length of the line is 60.409km of which 35.2km is under construction. The line connects the regions of Mira Bhayandar to Wadala via Gaimukh and Kasarvadavali. Construction of Line 4 started in October 2018 and of Line 4A in September 2019. Meanwhile, the proposed Line 10 is currently under environmental review while Line 11 is undergoing Soil testing. The line has a total of elevated 38 stations of which 34 are under construction. The main line is fully elevated and has zero underground stations. In addition, the proposed spur line (Line 11) has 16 stations of which 2 are elevated and the remaining 14 are proposed to be underground.

The line offers interchange with the under construction Orange Line at {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Kapurbawdi}}, Pink Line at {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Gandhi Nagar (Kanjurmarg)}}, and the Yellow Line at {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Siddharth Colony}}. In addition the line has a proposed interchange with the Red Line at {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Shivaji Chowk (Mira Road)}} and Aqua Line at [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus metro station|Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus]].

==Planning==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;margin:auto;"
! colspan="10" style="background:#{{rcr|Mumbai Metro|green}};" |Green Line
|-
! rowspan="2" |Line Number
! colspan="2" |Station
! rowspan="2" |Opening
! rowspan="2" |Distance
|-
![[English language|English]]
!
|-
| rowspan="3" |4
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Kasarvadavali}}
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Cadbury Junction}}
|March or April 2026
| rowspan="3" |{{Cvt|32.32|km|}}
|-
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Cadbury Junction}}
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Gandhi Nagar (Kanjurmarg)}}
|December 2026
|-
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Gandhi Nagar (Kanjurmarg)}}
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Bhakti Park (Wadala)}}
|November 2027
|-
|4A
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Kasarvadavali}}
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Gaimukh}}
|March 2026
|{{Cvt|2.88|km|}}
|-
|10
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Gaimukh}}
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Shivaji Chowk (Mira Road)}}
|Proposed
|{{Cvt|9.209|km|}}
|-
! colspan="4" |Total
!{{Cvt|61.919|km|}}
|}

=== Line 4 ===
In June 2015, the [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]] (MMRDA) proposed building a {{Cvt|32|km|2}} Wadala-Thane-Kasarvadavali metro line as part of a plan to build six new metro lines at a total estimated cost of {{INRConvert|64000|c}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-06-16 |title=Over 130 km of Metro lines to criss-cross city by 2020 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/over-130-km-of-metro-lines-to-criss-cross-city-by-2020/ |access-date=2023-07-09 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Line 4 was approved in June 2016,<ref>{{cite web |title=Maharashtra Cabinet Gives Go-Ahead For Two Metro Lines |url=http://www.ndtv.com/mumbai-news/maharashtra-cabinet-gives-go-ahead-for-two-metro-lines-1467281 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018205738/http://www.ndtv.com/mumbai-news/maharashtra-cabinet-gives-go-ahead-for-two-metro-lines-1467281 |archive-date=18 October 2016 |access-date=14 October 2016 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> and was estimated to cost {{INRConvert|14549|c}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mumbai to get two more Metro Rails|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/mumbai-to-get-two-more-metro-rails-116092701141_1.html|website=Business Standard India|access-date=14 October 2016|date=27 September 2016|archive-date=18 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018202852/http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/mumbai-to-get-two-more-metro-rails-116092701141_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The foundation stone for Metro 4 was laid by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on 24 December 2016.<ref>{{cite web|title=MMRDA invites civil work bids for two Metro projects|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/mmrda-invites-civil-work-bids-for-two-metro-projects/articleshow/56341075.cms|website=The Times of India|access-date=10 February 2017|archive-date=12 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212043828/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/mmrda-invites-civil-work-bids-for-two-metro-projects/articleshow/56341075.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The Maharashtra Coastal Zone Management Authority granted [[Coastal Regulation Zone]] (CRZ) clearance to the project in February 2017. Over {{Cvt|1|km}} of the line passes over water bodies in Bhakti Park and Wadala, both areas classified as CRZ II, where regulations limit construction activities. A total of 48 piers are proposed to be built in the CRZ II zone. The MMRDA proposed building metro car depots for the line on a {{Convert|30|ha|adj=on}} plot at Owala village in Thane district and another in Vikhroli.<ref>{{cite web|title=Wadala-Thane metro line clears CRZ hurdle - Mumbai Mirror -|url=http://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/wadala-thane-metro-line-clears-crz-hurdle/articleshow/57368425.cms|website=Mumbai Mirror|access-date=27 February 2017|archive-date=28 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228000534/http://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/wadala-thane-metro-line-clears-crz-hurdle/articleshow/57368425.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The agency stated that the line would require two depots due to its length.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2018-11-11 |title=Mumbai: MMRDA to acquire private land in Thane for Metro 4 car shed |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbai-mmrda-to-acquire-private-land-in-thane-for-metro-4-car-shed-5440872/ |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

The MMRDA used a drone to carry out survey work for Metro 4. The drones were fitted with 360 degrees camera that provide up to {{Convert|3|mm}} accuracy. The aerial survey takes less time than a regular survey, achieves greater accuracy and helps protect against false claims for compensation.<ref>{{cite web|title=MMRDA plans drone survey for other Metro lines|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mmrda-plans-drone-survey-for-other-metro-lines/|website=The Indian Express|access-date=7 March 2017|date=7 March 2017|archive-date=7 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307021303/http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mmrda-plans-drone-survey-for-other-metro-lines/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The MMRDA appointed Systra MVA Consulting India Pvt. Ltd. as the detail design consultants for Line 4 on 9 November 2017.<ref>{{cite web |title=MMRDA's Executive Committee Meeting held today Contractors, consultants appointed for MTHL, Metro-4, Wadala Truck Terminal and flyover on NH-4 |url=https://mmrda.maharashtra.gov.in/documents/10180/10922305/ec+meet+91117.pdf/e2a64a66-217a-455c-9d1f-b26a48475759 |website=MMRDA |access-date=10 July 2023 |date=9 November 2017}}</ref> A consortium of DB Engineering, Louis Berger and Hill International was awarded a project management and construction management services contract for the Metro 4 project in April 2018.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Berger |first1=Louis |title=Louis Berger awarded Mumbai Metro Line 4 contract in India |url=https://globenewswire.com/news-release/2018/04/10/1467820/0/en/Louis-Berger-awarded-Mumbai-Metro-Line-4-contract-in-India.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009092826/https://globenewswire.com/news-release/2018/04/10/1467820/0/en/Louis-Berger-awarded-Mumbai-Metro-Line-4-contract-in-India.html |archive-date=9 October 2018 |access-date=9 October 2018 |website=GlobeNewswire News Room}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=10 April 2018 |title=DB Engineering-Louis Berger bags contract for Mumbai Metro 4 |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-mumbai-metro-db-engineering-louis-berger-bags-four-contracts-2603162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009135027/https://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-mumbai-metro-db-engineering-louis-berger-bags-four-contracts-2603162 |archive-date=9 October 2018 |access-date=9 October 2018 |website=dna}}</ref> In October 2018, the MMRDA announced that it would construct Metro 4 along with three flyovers to minimize traffic disruption, with the metro running on the upper deck of the flyover. The three flyovers will be built at Bhayander Pada, Kasarvadavli and Anandnagar near Ghodbunder.<ref>{{cite web |title=Metro-4, 9 to be built along with flyovers |url=http://www.asianage.com/metros/mumbai/011018/metro-4-9-to-be-built-along-with-flyovers.html |website=The Asian Age |access-date=9 October 2018 |date=1 October 2018 |archive-date=9 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009132015/http://www.asianage.com/metros/mumbai/011018/metro-4-9-to-be-built-along-with-flyovers.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mumbai: MMRDA to build Metro 4 & 9 corridors along with flyovers |url=http://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/mumbai-mmrda-to-build-metro-4-9-corridors-along-with-flyovers/1367993 |website=Free Press Journal |access-date=9 October 2018 |date=4 October 2018 |archive-date=9 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009092815/http://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/mumbai-mmrda-to-build-metro-4-9-corridors-along-with-flyovers/1367993 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In May 2019, MMRDA Metropolitan Commissioner R.A. Rajeev announced a modified plan to use Siddharth Colony as the interchange station with Line 2. The original plan had proposed to use the Eastern Express Highway station on Line 2B and Siddharth Colony on Line 4 as the interchange stations. However, the two stations are approximately {{Convert|480|m}} away from Siddharth Colony and the change was made to simplify passenger transfers.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Naik |first1=Yogesh |date=21 May 2019 |title=MMRDA redrafts plans for better connectivity between Mumbai Metro corridors |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/mmrda-redrafts-plans-for-better-connectivity-between-mumbai-metro-corridors/articleshow/69432455.cms |website=Mumbai Mirror |access-date=6 June 2019 |language=en |archive-date=6 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190606052318/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/mmrda-redrafts-plans-for-better-connectivity-between-mumbai-metro-corridors/articleshow/69432455.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Line 4A ===
In February 2017, the MMRDA said it was studying the feasibility of extending the corridor from Kasarvadavali to Gaimukh.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-02-02 |title=Mumbai Metro Phase 4 may cover entire Ghodbunder Road stretch in Thane |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/mumbai-metro-phase-4-may-cover-entire-ghodbunder-road-stretch-in-thane/story-TeIIOQND0LMR2QrjjqdE7K.html |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> In March 2017, the agency said that it was conducting a pre-feasibility study on extending the line from Wadala to Mumbai General Post Office in South Mumbai, via the Mumbai Port Trust. The proposed {{Cvt|8|km|2}} extension is estimated to cost {{INR}}300 crore per kilometer.<ref>{{cite web |title=MMRDA plans to extend Metro-IV route from Wadala to GPO |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/mmrda-plans-to-extend-metro-iv-route-from-wadala-to-gpo/articleshow/57658019.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170316183153/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/mmrda-plans-to-extend-metro-iv-route-from-wadala-to-gpo/articleshow/57658019.cms |archive-date=16 March 2017 |access-date=17 March 2017 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=16 March 2017 |title=Mumbai Metro's Thane-Wadala line likely to be extended to CST/GPO {{!}} Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-mumbai-metro-s-thane-wadala-line-likely-to-be-extended-to-cstgpo-2354211 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317235343/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-mumbai-metro-s-thane-wadala-line-likely-to-be-extended-to-cstgpo-2354211 |archive-date=17 March 2017 |access-date=17 March 2017 |website=dna}}</ref> The extension from Kasarvadavli to Gaimukh was approved by Fadnavis at the 144th meeting of the MMRDA on 12 January 2018. The {{Cvt|2.7|km|2}} extension is estimated to cost {{INRConvert|949|c}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-01-12 |title=Mumbai Metro 4 will now reach Thane's Ghodbunder Road |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/mumbai-metro-4-will-now-reach-thane-s-ghodbunder-road/story-40VlEGS7Nijv76S7xyePkM.html |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=December 27, 2018 |title=Kasarvadavali-Gaikmukh metro project in Thane approved |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/kasarvadavali-gaikmukh-metro-project-approved/articleshow/67272993.cms |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=Mumbai Mirror |language=en}}</ref>

=== Line 10 ===
In June 2015, the MMRDA announced Metro Master Plan covering over 300 km of metro lines to decongest roads and reduce pressure on the suburban railway system. As part of the master plan it announced a brand new line named Line 10, which would serve as an extension of the announced Line 4. The line would start in {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Gaimukh}} and terminate in {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Shivaji Chowk (Mira Road)}} where it would intersect with the Red Line. The line is proposed to add 4 brand new stations, all of which are proposed to be elevated despite the line having some underground sections.MMRDA later stated that the Line 4, 4A, and Line 10 would form the Green Line. In December 2022 MMRDA appointed SYSTRA MVA Consulting – DB Engineering & Consulting JV as the General Consultant responsible for the execution of the line. The line is currently awaiting environmental clearance for construction as it passes through the Sanjay Gandhi National Park.

=== Line 11 ===
Initially, Line 11 was announced as an extension from the Line 4 to the [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus]], with a proposal for 2 elevated stations and 8 underground sections running from [[Wadala]] to the [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus|CSMT]]. The Maharashtra government assigned the task of executing the project to [[MMRDA]]. However, very early on, the project was transferred from the MMRDA to the MMRCL.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-31 |title=MMRC to Execute Mumbai Metro's Line-11 (Wadala - CSMT) |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2023/01/31/mmrc-to-execute-mumbai-metros-line-11-wadala-csmt/ |access-date=2025-05-31 |website=The Metro Rail Guy |language=en-US}}</ref> This change in implementing agency saw the line being completely reworked. MMRCL announced a new alignment for the line, taking a more central route south of Byculla. The rework saw the line being converted to that of a spur line rather than a natural extension of the Green Line. It also saw the addition of new stations and the extension of the line beyond [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus|CSMT]]. The line construction estimates were also doubled from Rs.8,739 crore to Rs.16,000 crore.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-06 |title=Mumbai: Work on Metro 11, connecting Wadala-Regal Cinema, begins |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/mumbai-work-on-metro-11-connecting-wadala-regal-cinema-begins/articleshow/112298598.cms |access-date=2025-05-31 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-28 |title=MMRC Publishes Mumbai Metro Line 11's Revised Alignment Map |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2024/07/28/mmrc-publishes-mumbai-metro-line-11s-revised-alignment-map/ |access-date=2025-05-31 |website=The Metro Rail Guy |language=en-US}}</ref>

In May 2025, as part of the [[Dharavi]] redevelopment project, it was proposed that the northern spur of Line 11 be extended from [[Anik Nagar Bus Depot metro station|Anik Nagar Bus Depot]] to Dharavi via [[Sion, Mumbai|Sion]]. This proposal was part of the [[Dharavi]] redevelopment project, which included efforts to turn [[Dharavi]] into a transportation hub in Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-22 |title=Dharavi to be a major Metro interchange with 2nd station |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/dharavi-to-be-a-major-metro-interchange-with-2nd-station/articleshow/121323072.cms#:~:text=As%20part%20of%20the%20Dharavi,north-south%20connectivity%20across%20Mumbai. |access-date=2025-05-31 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== Depot ===
The MMRDA considered plots in Wadala, Aarey Colony and Gaimukh Nagar in Thane to build a depot for the line.<ref name=":32">{{Cite web |date=2018-11-11 |title=Mumbai: MMRDA to acquire private land in Thane for Metro 4 car shed |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbai-mmrda-to-acquire-private-land-in-thane-for-metro-4-car-shed-5440872/ |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> On 16 October 2023, the state urban development allotted a {{Convert|174|ha|4=0|adj=on}} plot of land at Mogharpada in Thane to the MMRDA at no cost. Nine hectares of the plot is reserved for use by the BMC for the [[Coastal Road (Mumbai)|Coastal Road]] and a further {{Convert|29|ha}} is protected [[mangrove]] land. The MMRDA will utilize a portion of the remaining plot to build a depot that serves Lines 4, 4A & 10. The land left over after building the depot is zoned for residential and commercial use.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-16 |title=Integrated Metro car shed on 435 acres at Thane for Metro Line 4, 4A, 10 & 11 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thane/integrated-metro-car-shed-on-435-acres-at-thane-for-metro-line-4-4a-10-11/articleshow/104476191.cms |access-date=2023-11-04 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-17 |title=One car shed for 4 Metro lines to come up in Thane |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/one-car-shed-for-4-metro-lines-to-come-up-in-thane/articleshow/104480565.cms |access-date=2023-11-04 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Construction==

=== Tendering ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;margin:auto;"
! colspan="6" align="center" style="background:#{{rcr|Mumbai Metro|green}};" | '''Civil Work'''
|-
!Package
!Section
!Length
!Successful bid/cost
!Contractor
!Award
|-
|CA-08
|Wadala – Amar Mahal Junction
|{{Cvt|6.29|km|}}
|{{INRConvert|540.00|c}}
|Reliance – Astaldi JV
|03 Mar 2018
|-
|CA-09
|Amar Mahal Junction – Surya Nagar
|{{Cvt|6.41|km|}}
|{{INRConvert|538.03|c}}
|TPL – CHEC JV
|03 Mar 2018
|-
|CA-10
|Surya Nagar – Sonapur
|{{Cvt|6.68|km|}}
|{{INRConvert|513.00|c}}
|Reliance – Astaldi JV
|03 Mar 2018
|-
|CA-11
|Sonapur – Majiwada
|{{Cvt|6.10|km|}}
|{{INRConvert|510.22|c}}
|TPL – CHEC JV
|03 Mar 2018
|-
|CA-12
|Majiwada – Kasarvadavali
|{{Cvt|6.84|km|}}
|{{INRConvert|531.00|c}}
|Reliance – Astaldi JV
|03 Mar 2018
|-
|CA-54
|Kasarvadavali – Gaimukh
|{{Cvt|2.88|km|}}
|{{INRConvert|342.00|c}}
|J Kumar
|13 Sept 2019
|-
! colspan="2" |Total
|{{Cvt|35.20|km|}}
|{{INRConvert|2974.25|c}}
! colspan="2" |
|-
! colspan="6" align="center" style="background:#{{rcr|Mumbai Metro|green}};" | '''Architectural Finishing Works'''
|-
!Package
! colspan="2" | Section
!Successful bid/cost
!Contractor
!Award
|-
|CA-194
| colspan="2" | Majiwada – Mulund Fire Station
| {{INRConvert|245.64|c}}
|Eagle Infra
|08 Feb 2024
|-
|CA-222
| colspan="2" | Surya Nagar – Garodia Nagar
|{{INRConvert|251.02|c}}
|Godrej and Boyce
|29 Feb 2024
|-
|CA-243
| colspan="2" | Hiranandani Estate – Kapurbawdi
| colspan="3" |Bidding Underway
|-
|CA-257
| colspan="2" |Gaimukh – Vijay Garden
| colspan="3" |Bidding Underway
|-
! colspan="3" |Total
|{{INRConvert|496.66|c}}
! colspan="2" |
|-
! colspan="6" align="center" style="background:#{{rcr|Mumbai Metro|green}};" | '''Multi Modal Integration'''
|-
!Package
! colspan="2" | Section
!Successful bid/cost
!Contractor
!Award
|-
|MMI1
| colspan="2" | Bhakti Park – Shreyas Cinema
| {{INRConvert|139.71|c}}
|NA Construction – J Kumar JV
|24 Jun 2025
|-
|MMI2
| colspan="2" | Godrej Company – Shangrila
|{{INRConvert|128.84|c}}
|Dev Engineers – PRS Infra JV
|24 Jun 2025
|-
|MMI3
| colspan="2" | Sonapur – Majiwada
|{{INRConvert|140.25|c}}
|NA Construction
|24 Jun 2025
|-
|MMI4
| colspan="2" |Kapurbawdi – Gaimukh
|{{INRConvert|126.26|c}}
|NA Construction – SARE JV
|24 Jun 2025
|-
! colspan="3" |Total
|{{INRConvert|535.06|c}}
! colspan="2" |
|-
! colspan="6" align="center" style="background:#{{rcr|Mumbai Metro|green}};" | '''Miscellaneous'''
|-
!Package
! colspan="2" |Contract
!Successful bid/cost
!Contractor
!Award
|-
|CA-160
| colspan="2" |Moghapada Depot Construction
|{{INRConvert|905.77|c}}
|SEW – VSE
|26 Sept 2023
|-
|CA-161
| colspan="2" |Track Work for Mulund Fire Station – Gaimukh
|{{INRConvert|121.55|c}}
|Apurvakriti Infra
|26 Sept 2023
|-
|CA-168
| colspan="2" |Track Work for Bhakti Park – Mulund Fire Station
|{{INRConvert|188.59|c}}
|Larsen & Toubro
|24 Jun 2025
|-
|CA-234
| colspan="2" |Rolling Stock, Platform Screen Door & Signaling Contract
| |{{INRConvert|4788|c}}
|Larsen & Toubro – Alstom
|24 Jun 2025
|-
|CA-237
| colspan="2" |Automated fare collection system
|{{INRConvert|249.97|c}}
|Aurionpro Solutions
|24 Jun 2025
|-
|CA-298
| colspan="2" |Power Supply & Traction, E&M, Lifts & Escalators
|{{INRConvert|1260|c}}
|Larsen & Toubro
|27 Nov 2025
|-
! colspan="3" |Total
|{{INRConvert|7513.88|c}}
! colspan="2" |
|-
! colspan="3" |Total Cost
|{{INRConvert|11492.85|c}}
! colspan="2" |
|}

=== Line 4 & Line 4A ===
[[File:DreamLine Mumbai Metro 4.jpg|thumb|A construction barricade along the Line 4 route]]
The MMRDA invited bids for civil work on the corridor on 4 January 2017.<ref>{{cite web|title=MMRDA invites bids for 2 metro projects|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-mmrda-invites-bids-for-2-metro-projects-2289395|website=dna|access-date=10 February 2017|date=5 January 2017|archive-date=8 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108151249/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-mmrda-invites-bids-for-2-metro-projects-2289395|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=MMRDA invites tenders for design, construction of stations, viaducts for new Metro routes|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mmrda-invites-tenders-for-design-construction-of-stations-viaducts-for-new-metro-routes-4459347/|website=The Indian Express|access-date=10 February 2017|language=en|date=5 January 2017|archive-date=11 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211081334/http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mmrda-invites-tenders-for-design-construction-of-stations-viaducts-for-new-metro-routes-4459347/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Racing against 2021 deadline, Maharashtra opens bids for two more Metro lines|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/racing-against-2021-deadline-maharashtra-opens-bids-for-two-more-metro-lines/story-0HhFwTLQIr5UeF3sNNH5BL.html|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=10 February 2017|language=en|date=5 January 2017|archive-date=11 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211081207/http://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/racing-against-2021-deadline-maharashtra-opens-bids-for-two-more-metro-lines/story-0HhFwTLQIr5UeF3sNNH5BL.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The tenders for construction of viaducts and stations were divided into five packages - Wadala to Amar Mahal Junction, Garodia Nagar to Surya Nagar, Gandhi Nagar to Sonapur, Mulund Fire Station to Majiwada and Kapurbawdi to Kasarvadavali.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Correspondent|first1=Special|title=MMRDA invites tenders for Metro-2B and 4|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/MMRDA-invites-tenders-for-Metro-2B-and-4/article16995345.ece|website=The Hindu|access-date=12 February 2017|language=en|archive-date=6 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106163047/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/MMRDA-invites-tenders-for-Metro-2B-and-4/article16995345.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Mumbai commute to get faster, firms queue up to build two more Metro lines|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/mumbai-commute-to-get-faster-firms-queue-up-to-build-two-more-metro-lines/story-ZAP8eA2hCU82SYSh4yHyEJ.html|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=13 May 2017|language=en|date=13 May 2017|archive-date=14 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170514021351/http://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/mumbai-commute-to-get-faster-firms-queue-up-to-build-two-more-metro-lines/story-ZAP8eA2hCU82SYSh4yHyEJ.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Metro 4 was tendered alongside Metro 2B. L&T, Afcons Infrastructure, Tata, NCC and JMC, Reliance Infrastructure-RdE, JKumar Group, ITD Cementation, CHEC-TPL bid for packages on both Metro 2B and Metro 4. A total of 10 firms and/or consortia submitted bids for the two lines, two of whom (Simplex Infrastructure and a consortium of GHEC-RCC-JV-China) bid exclusively for Metro 2B packages.<ref>{{cite web|title=MMRDA receives interest from domestic, foreign firms for metro|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/mmrda-receives-interest-from-domestic-foreign-firms-for-metro-925216-2017-05-12|website=India Today|access-date=13 May 2017|archive-date=14 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170614172934/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/mmrda-receives-interest-from-domestic-foreign-firms-for-metro/1/952672.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=R Infra, 10 others bid for Metro-2B, Metro-4 corridors|url=http://www.asianage.com/metros/mumbai/130517/r-infra-10-others-bid-for-metro-2b-metro-4-corridors.html|website=Asian Age|access-date=13 May 2017|date=13 May 2017|archive-date=24 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170524003437/http://www.asianage.com/metros/mumbai/130517/r-infra-10-others-bid-for-metro-2b-metro-4-corridors.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The construction work was awarded through the engineering, procurement and construction (EPC) model in April 2018. A joint venture between Reliance Infrastructure and Italian firm Astaldi S.p.A. was awarded three packages between Kasarwadavali and Wadala worth {{INRConvert|1584|c}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Reliance Infra bags three packages of Mumbai Metro Line 4 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/construction/reliance-infra-bags-three-packages-of-mumbai-metro-line-4/articleshow/63744669.cms |website=The Economic Times |access-date=9 October 2018 |date=13 April 2018 |archive-date=9 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009094110/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/construction/reliance-infra-bags-three-packages-of-mumbai-metro-line-4/articleshow/63744669.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The contract for the remaining two packages, worth a combined {{INRConvert|1048|c}}, was awarded to a joint venture between Tata Projects Limited and China Harbour Engineering Company.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tata Projects bag Rs 1,048 crore Mumbai Metro packages |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/engineering/tata-projects-bag-rs-1048-crore-mumbai-metro-packages/articleshow/63751382.cms |website=The Economic Times |access-date=9 October 2018 |date=13 April 2018 |archive-date=9 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009094122/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/engineering/tata-projects-bag-rs-1048-crore-mumbai-metro-packages/articleshow/63751382.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The civil work was expected to be completed in 30 months.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/reliance-infrastructure-tata-projects-win-bids-for-mumbai-metro-project-118041301345_1.html|title=Reliance Infrastructure, Tata Projects win bids for Mumbai Metro project|last=Pillay|first=Amritha|date=2018-04-14|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2018-08-09|archive-date=9 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809215438/https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/reliance-infrastructure-tata-projects-win-bids-for-mumbai-metro-project-118041301345_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Construction began in October 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-03 |title=Metro Lines 4, 5 connecting Thane to different cities to be completed only by 2025, says MMRDA official |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/metro-lines-4-5-connecting-thane-to-different-cities-to-be-completed-only-by-2025-says-mmrda-official-101654263919973.html |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> About 80% of soil-investigation works and 66% of utility works had been completed by 3 June 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-17 |title=Metro lines 4 and 5 to be linked at station in Thane |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/metro-lines-4-and-5-to-be-linked-at-station-in-thane/story-ExLA0iRu8QWQnm16T5v0QJ.html |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

In September 2019, the MMRDA awarded a {{INRConvert|342|c}} contract to J Kumar Infraprojects to build the viaduct and two stations for the Metro 4A extension from Kasarvadavli to Gaimukh.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-09-10 |title=Contractor for Metro 4A named |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/contractor-for-metro-4a-named/articleshow/71059497.cms |access-date=2023-07-10 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Mumbai Metro 4A bags civil contracts |url=https://urbantransportnews.com/j-kumar-infraprojects-bags-civil-contracts-of-mumbai-metro-4a-and-metro-9 |url-status=live |access-date=30 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191013050624/https://urbantransportnews.com/j-kumar-infraprojects-bags-civil-contracts-of-mumbai-metro-4a-and-metro-9/ |archive-date=13 October 2019}}</ref> In August 2020, the Bombay High Court granted the MMRDA permission to carry out construction in a mangrove buffer zone.<ref>{{cite web |title=High Court gives nod for Metro Line 4 in Mumbai's mangrove buffer zone |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/high-court-gives-nod-for-metro-line-4-in-mumbai-s-mangrove-buffer-zone-120080501415_1.html |access-date=10 July 2023 |website=Business Standard}}</ref> Survey work on the land for a depot at Mogharpada began in January 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-28 |title=Hurdles for Wadala to Thane Metro Line 4 cleared; survey of car shed land begins |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/hurdles-for-wadala-to-thane-metro-line-4-cleared-survey-of-car-shed-land-begins-101643381045196.html |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

The MMRDA stated that 37% of total work on Lines 4 and 4A had been completed by June 2022. The agency stated that 43.44% of viaducts and 25.20% of work on stations on Line 4 had been completed. On Line 4A, 39.03% of viaducts and 19.82% of work on stations was completed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Four years on, Mumbai-Thane Metro Line 4 still only 37% complete |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/four-years-on-mumbai-thane-metro-line-4-still-only-37-complete |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref> By November 2022, 41% of civil works on Line 4 and 45% of work on Line 4A had been completed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mumbai: Here is latest update of more than dozen Metro projects in the city |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/mumbai-here-is-latest-update-of-more-than-dozen-metro-projects-in-the-city |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-04 |title=State of the Mumbai Metro: 14 lines in the works, two nearing completion |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbai-metro-state-nearing-completion-8250369/ |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Bombay High Court]] dismissed two petitions filed by Indo Nippon Chemical Co. Ltd. and Shree Yashwant Co-operative Housing Society Ltd. challenging the alignment for Line 4 in March 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mumbai: Bombay HC dismisses plea challenging Metro Line 4 |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/mumbai-bombay-hc-dismisses-plea-challenging-metro-line-4 |access-date=2023-11-04 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref> In September 2023, the MMRDA awarded a {{INRConvert|905|c}} contract to a joint venture between SEW Infrastructure and Vishwa Samudra Engineering to build the depot at Mogharpada. It also awarded a {{INRConvert|121|c}} to Apurvakriti Infrastructure Pvt Ltd. lay ballastless railway tracks connecting Mulund Fire Station with Gaimukh and the depot.

==Stations==
32 stations are being planned on Line 4. Most of them were either in the stage of planning or under early stages of construction (as of November 2018)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://mmrda.maharashtra.gov.in/metro-line-4|title=Mumbai Metro 4 – Wadala–Ghatkopar-Mulund–Teen Hath Naka–Kasarvadavali Station|access-date=7 June 2017|archive-date=5 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005101453/https://mmrda.maharashtra.gov.in/metro-line-4|url-status=live}}</ref> 2 stations are being planned on Line 4A. Connected to word '''Gaimukh to Kasarvadavali''' also connect Metro 10.

===Main Line===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;margin:auto;""
|-
! style="background:#{{rcr|Mumbai Metro|green}};" colspan="10" | Green Line - Main Line
|-
! rowspan="2"|#
! colspan="2"|Station Name
! rowspan="2"|Opening<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-05 |title=Mumbai Metro on fast track to hit 2025 completion goal |url=https://www.mid-day.com/mumbai/mumbai-news/article/mumbai-metro-races-against-time-to-meet-2025-deadline-23513407 |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref>
! rowspan="2"|Connections
! rowspan="2"|Layout
|-
! [[English language|English]]||[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|-
|1
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Shivaji Chowk (Mira Road)}}
|शिवाजी चौक (मिरा रोड)
|Approved
|{{rint|Mumbai|m}} {{rcb|Mumbai Metro|Line 9|croute}} (Under Construction)
|Elevated
|-
|2
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Kashimira}}
|काशिमिरा
|Approved
|
|Elevated
|-
|3
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Varsova Char Phata}}
|वर्सोवा चार फाटा
|Approved
|
|Elevated
|-
|4
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Gaimukh Reti Bandar}}
|गायमुख रेती बंदर
|Approved
|
|Elevated
|-
|5
| {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Gaimukh}}
| गायमुख
| 2027
|
| Elevated
|-
|6
| {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Gowniwada}}
| गोवनीवाडा
| 2027
|
| Elevated
|-
|7
| {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Kasarvadavali}}
| कासारवडवली
| 2027
|
| Elevated
|-
|8
| {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Vijay Garden}}
| विजय गार्डन
| 2027
|
| Elevated
|-
|9
| {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Dongripada}}
| डोंगरीपाडा
| 2027
| [[File:Thane_Metro.png|link=Thane_Metro|25x25px]] Dongripada (Under Construction)
| Elevated
|-
|10
| {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Tikuji-ni-wadi}}
| टिकूजी-नी-वाडी
| 2027
| None
| Elevated
|-
|11|| {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Manpada (Thane)}} || मानपाडा (ठाणे) || 2027 || None || Elevated
|-
|12|| {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Kapurbawdi}} || कापूरबावडी || 2027 || {{rint|Mumbai|m}} {{rcb|Mumbai Metro|Line 5|croute}} (Under Construction) || Elevated
|-
|13|| {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Majiwada}} || माजिवडा || 2027 || None || Elevated
|-
|14|| {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Cadbury Junction}} || कॅडबरी जंक्शन || 2027 || None || Elevated
|-
|15|| {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Mahapalika Marg}} || महापालिका मार्ग || 2027 || None || Elevated
|-
|16|| {{stl|Mumbai Metro|RTO Thane}} || आरटीओ ठाणे || 2027 || None || Elevated
|-
|17|| {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Teen Haath Naka (Thane)}} || तीन हात नाका (ठाणे) || 2027 || [[File:Thane_Metro.png|link=Thane_Metro|25x25px]] Raila Devi (Under Construction) || Elevated
|-
|18|| {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Mulund Naka}} || मुलुंड नाका || 2027 || None || Elevated
|-
|19|| {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Mulund Fire Station}} || मुलुंड अग्निशमन केंद्र || 2027 || None || Elevated
|-
|20|| {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Sonapur}} || सोनापूर || 2027 || None || Elevated
|-
|21|| {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Shangrila}} || शांग्रीला || 2027 || None || Elevated
|-
|22|| {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Bhandup}} || भांडुप || 2027 || None || Elevated
|-
|23|| {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Bhandup Mahapalika}} || भांडुप महापालिका || 2027 || None || Elevated
|-
|24|| {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Naval Housing}} || नौदल गृहनिर्माण || 2027 || None || Elevated
|-
|25|| {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Gandhi Nagar (Kanjurmarg)}} || गांधी नगर (कांजुर मार्ग) || 2027 || {{rint|Mumbai|m}} {{rcb|Mumbai Metro|Line 6|croute}} (Under Construction) || Elevated
|-
|26|| {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Surya Nagar}} || सूर्य नगर || 2027 || None || Elevated
|-
|27|| {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Vikhroli}} || विक्रोळी || 2027 || None || Elevated
|-
|28|| {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Godrej Company}} || गोदरेज कंपनी || 2027 || None || Elevated
|-
|29|| {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Shreyas Cinema}} || श्रेयस सिनेमा || 2027 || None || Elevated
|-
|30|| {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Laxmi Nagar (Ghatkopar)}} || लक्ष्मी नगर (घाटकोपर) || 2027 || {{ric|Mumbai Metro|blue}} {{rcb|Mumbai Metro|1|croute}} [[Ghatkopar metro station|Ghatkopar]]|| Elevated
|-
|31|| {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Pant Nagar}} || पंत नगर || 2027 || None || Elevated
|-
|32|| {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Garodia Nagar}} || गरोडिया नगर || 2027 || {{rint|Mumbai|m}} {{rcb|Mumbai Metro|Line 8|croute}} ''(proposed)'' || Elevated
|-
|33|| {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Amar Mahal Junction}} || अमर महल जंक्शन || 2027 || None || Elevated
|-
|34|| {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Siddharth Colony}} || सिद्धार्थ कॉलनी || 2027 || {{rint|Mumbai|m}} {{rcb|Mumbai Metro|Line 2B|croute}} (Under Construction) || Elevated
|-
|35|| {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Suman Nagar}} || सुमन नगर || 2027 || None || Elevated
|-
|36|| {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Anik Nagar Bus Depot}} || आणिक नगर बस आगार || 2027 || None || Elevated
|-
|37|| {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Wadala Truck Terminal}} || वडाळा ट्रक टर्मिनल || 2027 || None || Elevated
|-
|38|| {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Bhakti Park (Wadala)}} || भक्ती पार्क (वडाळा) || 2027 || {{rint|mumbai|mr}} [[Bhakti Park monorail station|Bhakti Park]]|| Elevated
|}

===Branch Line===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;margin:auto;""
|-
! style="background:#{{rcr|Mumbai Metro|green}};" colspan="10" | Green Line - Branch Line
|-
! rowspan="2"|#
! colspan="2"|Station Name
! rowspan="2"|Opening
! rowspan="2"|Connections
! rowspan="2"|Layout
|-
! [[English language|English]]||[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|-
|1|| {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Anik Nagar Bus Depot}} || आणिक नगर बस डेपो || Proposed || None || At Grade
|-
|2|| CGS Colony || सीजीएस कॉलनी || Proposed || {{rint|mumbai|mr}} [[Mumbai Monorail]] || Underground
|-
|3|| {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Ganesh Nagar}} || गणेश नगर || Proposed || None || Underground
|-
|4|| {{stl|Mumbai Metro|BPT Hospital}} || बीपीटी हॉस्पिटल || Proposed || None || Underground
|-
|5|| {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Sewri}} || शिवडी || Proposed || {{rint|mumbai|s}} {{rcb|Mumbai Suburban Railway|Harbour|croute}}|| Underground
|-
|6|| {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Hay Bunder}} || गवत बंदर || Proposed || None || Underground
|-
|7|| {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Coal Bunder}} || कोळसा बंदर || Proposed || None || Underground
|-
|8|| Reay Road || रे रोड || Proposed || {{rint|mumbai|s}} {{rcb|Mumbai Suburban Railway|Harbour|croute}} || Underground
|-
|9|| Byculla || भायखळा || Proposed || {{rint|mumbai|s}} {{rcb|Mumbai Suburban Railway|Central|croute}}
| Underground
|-
|10|| Nagpada Junction || नागपाडा जंक्शन || Proposed || None || Underground
|-
|11
|Bhendi Bazaar
|भेंडी बाजार
|Proposed
|None
|Underground
|-
|12
|Crawford Market
|क्रॉफर्ड मार्केट
|Proposed
|None
|Underground
|-
|13
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus}}
|छत्रपती शिवाजी महाराज टर्मिनस
|Proposed
|[[File:Logo_of_Mumbai_Metro_Line_3.png|link=Aqua_Line_(Mumbai_Metro)|17x17px]] {{rcb|Mumbai Metro|3|croute}}
{{rint|mumbai|s}} {{rcb|Mumbai Suburban Railway|Central|croute}} {{rcb|Mumbai Suburban Railway|Harbour|croute}}
|Underground
|-
|14
|Horniman Circle
|हॉर्निमन सर्कल
|Proposed
|None
|Underground
|-
|15
|SPM Circle
|एस.पी.एम. सर्कल
|Proposed
|None
|Underground
|}

== Cost ==
Line 4 is estimated to cost {{INRConvert|14549|c}},<ref name="indianexpress.com">{{Cite web |date=2023-02-08 |title=Non-confirmation of depot land: Fate of 3 new Mumbai Metro lines hangs in balance |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/non-confirmation-depot-land-mumbai-metro-lines-8431678/ |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> and Line 4A is estimated to cost {{INRConvert|949|c}}.<ref name=":2" /> The Maharashtra Government signed an [[Euro sign|€]]545 million (₹4,000 crore) loan agreement with German development bank [[KfW]] to fund construction of Metro 4 and 4A in November 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-07 |title=German bank extends credit line for 2 lines of Mumbai Metro |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/german-bank-extends-credit-line-for-2-lines-of-mumbai-metro-6986626/ |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Infrastructure ==

=== Rolling stock ===
The MMRDA awarded a {{INRConvert|1854|c}} contract to [[Alstom]] to supply 234 metro coaches for Line 4 and 4A in March 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-03-31 |title=Alstom to make 39 rakes for Metro 4, 4A for Rs 2k cr in Mumbai |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/alstom-to-make-39-rakes-for-metro-4-4a-for-rs-2k-cr-in-mumbai/articleshow/81768074.cms |access-date=2023-07-10 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> This was Alstom's first order after acquiring [[Bombardier Transportation]] in January 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-30 |title=Alstom wins €220-million contract to manufacture 234 metro cars for Mumbai Metro Lines 4, 4A |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/alstom-wins-220-million-contract-to-manufacture-234-metro-cars-for-mumbai-metro-lines-4-4a/article34196204.ece |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-19 |title=Mumbai Metro-4 coaches: Bombardier lowest bidder, Chinese manufacturer 'non-responsive' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/mumbai-metro-4-coaches-bombardier-lowest-bidder-chinese-manufacturer-nonresponsive-101611000082386.html |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> However, the company initially cancelled the order in March 2022, citing delays in completing the project.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-04 |title=Alstom cancels order bagged from MMRDA for supply of coaches for Mumbai Metro 4 |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/economy/alstom-cancels-order-bagged-from-mmrda-for-supply-of-coaches-for-mumbai-metro-4-8195151.html |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref> In February 2025, [[Larsen & Toubro]] (L&T), in collaboration with Alstom, has been awarded a significant contract to supply critical systems for the line. This contract encompasses the provision of 39 six-coach trains, Communication-Based Train Control (CBTC) signaling and train control systems, telecommunications, platform screen doors, and depot machinery and plant for the Mogharpada Depot.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-02-16 |title=L&T, in partnership with Alstom, has secured Mumbai Metro Line 4's rolling stock and signaling contract. T |url=https://www.manufacturingtodayindia.com/mumbai-metros-line-4-set-for-upgrade-with-new-lt-alstom-partnership |access-date=2025-02-25 |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Depot ===
The depot for the line is located at Mogharpada in Thane. It will also serve as the depot for Line 10 and Line 11. The depot has a maximum capacity for 64 stabling lines, half of which are reserved for future use, in addition to 10 inspection bays lines and 10 workshop lines. The depot also houses the operational control centre, administrative building, maintenance and workshop building, auxiliary substation, and staff quarters.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=2023-09-27 |title=Mum-Thane Metro depot construction: Contractor appointed |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thane/mum-thane-metro-depot-construction-contractor-appointed/articleshow/103979146.cms |access-date=2023-11-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== Pocket track ===
The Bhakti Park station will have a [[pocket track]] to enable trains to park off the main line. Line 4's depot at Mogharpada also serves Line 10 and Line 11 which creates the possibility of trains having to run without passengers from the depot to Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus during morning hours. The pocket track enables trains to park off the main line without traveling to the last station on the line.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-17 |title=MMRDA to construct pocket track at Mumbai's Bhakti Park Metro Line 4 station |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mmrda-to-construct-pocket-track-at-mumbais-bhakti-park-metro-line-4-station-8502735/ |access-date=2023-11-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}
{{reflist|group=Nb}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

{{Mumbai Metro navbox|line 4=yes}}

[[Category:Mumbai Metro lines]]

Gaganyaan-1

2026-05-03T04:57:18Z

Himanshuucharan: starting new article v1...

{{Short description|Indian spaceflight, planned H2 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox spaceflight
| name = Gaganyaan-1
| names_list = G1
| mission_type = Uncrewed [[flight test]]
| operator = [[ISRO]]
| mission_duration =
| orbits_completed =
| spacecraft = [[Gaganyaan]]
| spacecraft_type = Crewed orbital spacecraft (uncrewed test)
| manufacturer = [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] (crew module), [[ISRO]] (service module)
| launch_date = H2 2026 (planned)
| launch_rocket = [[LVM3|HLVM3]]
| launch_site = [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]]
| orbit_reference = [[Geocentric orbit]]
| orbit_regime = [[Low Earth orbit]]
| programme = [[Indian Human Spaceflight Programme]]
| next_mission = [[Gaganyaan-2]]
}}

'''Gaganyaan-1''' (from [[Sanskrit]]: {{lang|sa|gagana}}, "celestial" and {{lang|sa|yāna}}, "craft, vehicle") is the first planned uncrewed test flight of the [[Gaganyaan]] programme. [[ISRO]] has officially scheduled the mission for H2 2026.<ref name="pib-20260121" />

The spacecraft will carry Vyommitra, a half-humanoid robot, to simulate astronaut conditions and provide critical data on life-support and environmental systems. The mission will demonstrate the performance of the crew module and service module in low Earth orbit, serving as a precursor to future human spaceflight under the Indian Human Spaceflight Programme.

==Background==
The launch was originally scheduled for December 2020,<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Andrew |date=2021-02-23 |title=India revises Gaganyaan human spaceflight plan, delays Chandrayaan-3 |url=https://spacenews.com/india-revises-gaganyaan-human-spaceflight-plan-delays-chandrayaan-3/ |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=SpaceNews |language=en-US}}</ref> then in December 2021,<ref>{{Cite news |last= |date=2021-06-28 |title=First uncrewed mission of Gaganyaan in December: It's race against time for ISRO now |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/first-uncrewed-mission-of-gaganyaan-in-december-its-race-against-time-for-isro-now/article35013256.ece |access-date=2024-01-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> but it was delayed due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref name=":1" /> The flight plan was finally ready by April 2022<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Chethan |date=2022-04-28 |title=First Gaganyaan uncrewed module to be injected in 170x408km orbit; indicates human spaceflight profile |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/first-gaganyaan-uncrewed-module-to-be-injected-in-170x408km-orbit-indicates-human-spaceflight-profile/articleshow/91159842.cms |access-date=2024-01-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and the launch is expected to take place in early 2025,<ref name="janam2024-02-28">{{cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-02-28 |title=Why were the names of Gaganyaan passengers revealed a year before its launch? |url=https://english.janamtv.com/news/kerala/96898/why-were-the-names-of-gaganyaan-passengers-revealed-a-year-before-its-launch/ |accessdate=2024-02-28 |website=janamtv.com}}</ref> after the [[TV-D1]], TV-D2, TV-D3 and TV-D4.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2022-07-01 |title=Chennai: Indian Space Research Organisation to carry out series of tests before launch of Gaganyaan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/isro-to-carry-out-series-of-tests-before-launch-of-gaganyaan/articleshow/92585971.cms |access-date=2024-01-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> It was proposed in April 2022 that the crew module should be depressurized,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Chethan |date=2022-04-29 |title=Gaganyaan: First uncrewed mission to have unpressurised crew module |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/gaganyaan-first-uncrewed-mission-to-have-unpressurised-crew-module/articleshow/91188895.cms |access-date=2024-01-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> something kept in the final planning.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Marar|first1=Anjali|last2=Dutt|first2=Anonna|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-sci-tech/astronauts-gaganyaan-mission-status-9184079/|title=PM Modi announces 4 astronauts for Gaganyaan: Current status of the mission|date=2024-02-27|accessdate=2024-02-29|website=The Indian Express}}</ref>

The first orbiter module adaptor assembly (OMA) was supplied by Kineco Kaman Composites on 23 December 2023. The OMA is a conical structure with a diameter of 4 meters, composed of [[carbon-fiber-reinforced polymers]]. It is combined with the equipment bay shroud and crew escape module.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-23 |title=Pilerne-based Kineco Kaman delivers key component for Isro's human space mission |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/pilerne-based-kineco-kaman-delivers-key-component-for-isros-human-space-mission/articleshow/106220954.cms |access-date=2024-02-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> With the successful qualification of the rocket's engines in February 2024,<ref name="TOI20240221">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/gaganyaan-cryo-engine-qualification-for-human-rated-lvm-3-completed/articleshow/107874564.cms |title=Gaganyaan: Cryo engine qualification for human-rated LVM-3 completed |date=2024-02-21 |accessdate=2024-02-21 |newspaper=The Times of India |last=Kumar |first=Chetan |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> the mission was scheduled for December 2024, following which it was rescheduled to February 2025, then to Q4 of 2025. The flight is now expected in H2 2026.<ref name="pib-20260121">{{cite press release |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2217027&reg=3&lang=1 |title=Dr Jitendra Singh interacts with journalists at Media Round Table {{!}} Gaganyaan Uncrewed Mission to Precede Human Spaceflight, Likely in Second Half of 2026 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]] |date=21 January 2026 |access-date=18 March 2026}}</ref>

==Mission objectives==
The [[Gaganyaan]] spacecraft will be launched, with the humanoid robot [[Vyommitra]], by a [[LVM3|Human-rated LVM 3]] from [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]] and inserted into a 170 x 408 km orbit.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Chethan |date=2023-07-15 |title=Chandrayaan-3 a shot in the arm for Gaganyaan-1 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-a-shot-in-the-arm-for-gaganyaan-1/articleshow/101769970.cms |access-date=2024-01-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Andrew |date=2024-08-27 |title=India to launch Gaganyaan crew capsule test flight by end of 2024 |url=https://www.space.com/india-gaganyaan-astronaut-capsule-test-flight-december-2024 |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=Space.com |language=en}}</ref> The circularisation maneuver will be performed at the third orbit. The landing should follow the same pattern as the [[TV-D1]].<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-05-18 |title=Mission Gaganyaan: Better safe than starry |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/opinion/et-commentary/mission-gaganyaan-better-safe-than-starry/articleshow/91648613.cms |access-date=2024-01-06 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> The mission will also validate the life-support system, crew escape mechanism, and re-entry technologies.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-12-24 |title=Gaganyaan launch, Skyroot debut: Isro chief reveals big missions for 2026 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/isro-2026-missions-gaganyaan-launch-skyroot-aerospace-vikram-sslv-india-lvm3-launch-space-news-science-news-2840958-2025-12-24 |access-date=2025-12-24 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

After this mission, [[ISRO]] will perform four more abort tests before launching [[Gaganyaan-2]],<ref name=":3" /> carrying the [[humanoid robot]] [[Vyommitra]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-09-13 |title=First trial for Gaganyaan to be done by end of 2023, or beginning of 2024: Jitendra Singh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/first-trial-for-gaganyaan-to-be-done-by-end-of-2023-or-beginning-of-2024-jitendra-singh/articleshow/94184621.cms |access-date=2024-01-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> which was later decided that it will also fly on G-1.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.space.com/india-isro-gaganyaan-flight-testing-humanoid-robot|title=India completes critical test for Gaganyaan flight crewed by humanoid robot later this year|date=2024-02-27|accessdate=2024-02-28|website=space.com|first=Sharmila|last=Kuthunur}}</ref>

== Mission history ==

=== Pre-launch processing ===
The L110 stage for the upgraded [[LVM3]] vehicle arrived at [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre|Satish Dhawan Space Center]] in July 2024, followed by the S200 boosters. A Different Upper stage, the C-32, will be used in lieu of the C-25 for this mission. The C-32 underwent heavy tests for the flight.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=Docking test likely before Dec 15; Gaganyaan G1: Vyomitra on 1 seat, ECLSS on 2nd, rocket gets new cryo stage |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/docking-test-likely-before-dec-15-gaganyaan-g1-vyomitra-on-1-seat-eclss-on-2nd-rocket-gets-new-cryo-stage/articleshow/114205782.cms |access-date=2024-10-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

The Crew module was tested and checked out from its propulsion and mechanical systems testing phase at the [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre]] and the service module was tested at [[U R Rao Satellite Centre|U R Rao Satellite Center]]. G1 will carry [[Vyommitra|Vyomitra]], and also an unpressurized engineering model of the [[Life-support system|Environmental Control and Life Support System (ECLSS)]] system.<ref name=":0" />

ISRO is planning to place chartered ships carrying a group of eight scientists to be stationed at observation points in the [[Pacific Ocean]] and the [[North Atlantic Ocean]], to monitor the unmanned mission. A consignment with a shipborne terminal (SBT), electronic equipment, MV-SAT antennas and its associated subsystems will be sent abroad from [[ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network|ISTRAC]] for deployment on these chartered ships. This is similar to what was done for the launch of the [[Mars Orbiter Mission]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gaganyaan's Unmanned Mission May Go To Space Next March, ISRO Ships To Track From Pacific, Atlantic Oceans |url=https://www.news18.com/india/gaganyaans-unmanned-mission-may-go-to-space-next-march-isro-ships-to-track-from-pacific-atlantic-oceans-9132834.html |access-date=2024-11-25 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Livemint |first=Livemint |date=25 November 2024 |title=Gaganyaan's unmanned mission likely in March next year; ISRO to track from Pacific, Atlantic oceans |url=https://www.livemint.com/science/news/gaganyaans-unmanned-mission-likely-in-march-next-year-isro-to-track-from-pacific-atlantic-oceans-11732513720158.html |access-date=25 November 2024 |website=Livemint}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-25 |title=Gaganyaan mission: ISRO gives good news, mission to be launched in..., plan includes... |url=https://www.india.com/science/gaganyaan-mission-isro-gives-good-news-mission-to-be-launched-in-plan-includes-7419682/ |access-date=2024-11-25 |website=India.com |language=en}}</ref> By December 2024, all components of the first [[HLVM3]] has reached [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre|SDSC]]. The spacecraft was also reported as in its final stages of integration.The ground station and associated infrastructure was also built before launch.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-10 |title=Countdown begins: India's Gaganyaan space mission enters final preparation phase |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/gaganyaan-mission-preparations-first-uncrewed-space-flight-year-end-9716448/ |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

The first segment of solid motor was transferred from the production factory to the launch complex on December 13, 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 December 2024 |title=ISRO Achieves Significant Milestone For Gaganyaan Mission |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/isro-achieves-significant-milestone-for-gaganyaan-mission-7244131 |access-date=2024-12-16 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> At SDSC, ISRO started assembling the HLVM3 on 18 December 2024. At the launch complex, the HLVM3's L110 and C32 stages are prepared. SDSC also received the components for the crew escape system. The crew module is being integrated at the [[VSSC]], while the service module is being integrated at the [[URSC]]. It will also be the site of orbital module level integration and testing.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-12-18 |title=ISRO begins assembly of HLVM3 for Gaganyaan’s first uncrewed flight |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/isro-begins-assembly-of-hlvm3-for-gaganyaans-first-uncrewed-flight/article69000707.ece |access-date=2025-07-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The Crew Module Propulsion System (CMPS), a bi-propellant [[Reaction control system|Reaction Control System]] (RCS) enabling three-axis control, has been successfully incorporated into the crew module by the [[Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre]] (LPSC) on 21 January 2025. The crew module for Gaganyaan-1 has been shipped out.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |date=2025-01-22 |title=ISRO dispatches crew module for first uncrewed mission of Gaganyaan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/isro-dispatches-crew-module-for-first-uncrewed-mission-of-gaganyaan/article69127379.ece |access-date=2025-01-22 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> LPSC has also integrated the Crew Module Uprighting System (CMUS) supplied by Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2025-01-22 |title=ISRO dispatches crew module for first uncrewed mission of Gaganyaan |url=https://theprint.in/india/isro-dispatches-crew-module-for-first-uncrewed-mission-of-gaganyaan/2457109/ |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> CMPS is vital for descent and [[atmospheric entry]]. The CMPS has a propellant feed system with accompanying fluid control components, a pressurization system with high-pressure gas bottles, and 12 thrusters, each of which can produce 100[[Newton (unit)|N]] of force. Additional integration activities, such as avionics package assembly and electrical harnessing inspections, will be performed on the Gaganyaan-1 crew module at VSSC. For the last stage of Orbital Module integration, the crew module will be delivered to URSC.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Chethan |date=2025-01-22 |title=Gaganyaan: Crew module ready with Liquid Propulsion Systems for first uncrewed mission |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/gaganyaan-crew-module-ready-with-liquid-propulsion-systems-for-first-uncrewed-mission/articleshow/117451162.cms |access-date=2025-01-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The Crew escape system was also integrated at SDSC and commenced vibration tests at the facility.<ref>[https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/AnnualReport/Annual_Report_2025_26_Eng_29042026_Rev.pdf Annual_Report_2025_26_Eng_29042026_Rev.pdf]</ref>

On 5 May 2025, a set of parachutes designed by the [[Aerial Delivery Research and Development Establishment]] was shipped out. These parachutes are necessary for the safe return of the crew module. At the [[ISRO Satellite Integration and Testing Establishment]], the [[Aerial Delivery Research and Development Establishment|ADRDE]] team will put the parachutes together with the crew module. Ten parachutes are included in the parachute setup, which is intended for consecutive deployment. The deployment of two apex cover separation parachutes initiates the recovery phase during flight. Followed by two [[Drogue parachute|drogue parachutes]] for stabilization, and to lower the crew module's velocity. When the drogue parachutes are released, three [[Pilot chute|pilot chutes]] will be sent out to separate the three main parachutes. The purpose of the primary parachutes is to lower the crew module's speed to a safe landing level.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-05-05 |title=Parachutes for uncrewed spaceflight of Gaganyaan mission flagged off |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/parachutes-for-uncrewed-spaceflight-of-gaganyaan-mission-flagged-off/article69542035.ece |access-date=2025-07-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The vehicle and the HLVM-3 was completely integrated and tested by mid-December 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-18 |title=Gaganyaan launch update: Vehicle assembly, integration nearing completion |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/gaganyaan-mission/story/gaganyaan-launch-update-vehicle-assembly-integration-nearing-completion-2837864-2025-12-18 |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Payloads ==
As the Mission serves as a precursor, no astronaut will launch aboard the flight. Instead, scientific instruments and the ''[[Vyommitra]]'' humanoid robot will launch aboard the flight.<ref>{{cite news|title=India targets uncrewed Gaganyaan orbital test mission in July, crewed flight in 2025|author=Andrew Jones|date=February 29, 2024 |url=https://spacenews.com/india-targets-uncrewed-gaganyaan-orbital-test-mission-in-july-crewed-flight-in-2025/ |publisher=Space News |access-date=March 2, 2025}}</ref> Integration of ''Vyomitra'' on the spacecraft began on 28th April 2026 with critical systems tests and installation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Science Desk |first=India Today |date=2026-04-28 |title=Gaganyaan: Isro integrating Vyommitra in crew module, key safety tests underway |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/gaganyaan-isro-integrating-vyommitra-in-crew-module-key-safety-tests-underway-2902675-2026-04-28 |access-date=2026-04-28 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

Scientists from the [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]] and researchers from the [[University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad]] in collaboration with [[Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology|IIST]] are planning to launch [[Fruit flies in space|Fruit Flies]] ''([[Drosophila melanogaster]])'' on board the mission.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-11 |title=India to launch fruit flies to space aboard Gaganyaan's first flight. Here's why |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/gaganyaan-mission/story/india-to-launch-fruit-flies-to-space-aboard-gaganyaans-first-flight-heres-why-2677770-2025-02-11 |access-date=2025-02-18 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-19 |title=Gaganyaan Mission: Why 20 Fruit Flies Will Travel To Space In 2025 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/gaganyaan-mission-why-20-fruit-flies-will-travel-to-space-in-2025-article-118380867/amp |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

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*{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/opinion/et-commentary/mission-gaganyaan-better-safe-than-starry/articleshow/91648613.cms|title=Mission Gaganyaan: Better safe than starry|first=Pallava|last=Bagla|date=2022-05-18|journal=Economic Times|ref={{harvid|''Economic Times'', 18 May|2022}}}}
*{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/isro-to-carry-out-series-of-tests-before-launch-of-gaganyaan/articleshow/92585971.cms|title=Chennai: Indian Space Research Organisation to carry out series of tests before launch of Gaganyaan|author=TNN|date=2022-07-01|journal=[[Times of India]]|ref={{harvid|''Times of India'', 1 July|2022}}}}
*{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/first-trial-for-gaganyaan-to-be-done-by-end-of-2023-or-beginning-of-2024-jitendra-singh/articleshow/94184621.cms|title=First trial for Gaganyaan to be done by end of 2023, or beginning of 2024: Jitendra Singh|date=2022-09-13|author=ANI|journal=[[Times of India]]|ref={{harvid|''Times of India'', 13 September|2022}}}}
*{{cite web |last=Ramesh |first=Sandhya |url=https://theprint.in/science/indias-first-human-spaceflight-gaganyan-in-limbo-astronauts-partially-trained-isro-silent/1245696/ |title=India's first human spaceflight Gaganyan in limbo, astronauts partially trained, ISRO silent |work=[[ThePrint]] |date=4 December 2022 |access-date=6 December 2022|ref={{harvid|''The Print'', 4 December|2022}}}}
*{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/gaganyaan-launch-delayed-manned-mission-now-in-fourth-quarter-of-2024/articleshow/96406198.cms|title=Gaganyaan launch delayed: Manned mission now in 'fourth quarter of 2024'|date=2022-12-21|journal=[[Times of India]]|ref={{harvid|''Times of India'', 21 December|2022}}}}
*{{Cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/govt-shares-an-update-on-gaganyaan-first-abort-mission-likely-in-two-months-11678953847112.html|title= Govt shares an update on Gaganyaan, first abort mission likely in two months|date=2023-03-16|ref={{harvid|''Mint'', 16 March|2023}}}}
{{refend}}

{{Indian space programme}}
{{Future spaceflights}}
{{2026 in space}}

[[Category:Gaganyaan]]
[[Category:Test spaceflights]]
[[Category:Spacecraft launched by LVM3 rockets]]
[[Category:2026 in spaceflight]]
[[Category:2026 in India]]

Kashi Tamil Sangamam

2026-05-02T22:33:50Z

Himanshuucharan: created new page

{{Short description|Indian government programme}}
{{Infobox event
| title = Kashi Tamil Sangamam
| image = காசி தமிழ் சங்கமம் பயணத்திற்கான தொடருந்து பெட்டி.jpg
| caption = An advertisement of the event on a train coach
| logo =
| logo_size = 100px
| logo_caption = Logo of Kashi Tamil Sangamam
| date = {{start date|2022|11|19}}
| type = Government Sponsored Cultural Exchange Event
| motive = To celebrate and rediscover the age-old cultural links between Tamil Nadu and Kashi
| duration = 1 Month
| location = [[Varanasi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| budget = ₹15 Crores ($1.8 Million)
| organisers = [[Ministry of Education (India)|Ministry of Education]], [[Government of India]]
| participants = 2500
| outcome = Increased Focus on Tamil Nadu
| website = {{URL|https://kashitamil.iitm.ac.in/}}
}}
'''Kashi Tamil Sangamam''' is an annual month-long programme started in 2022 organized by the [[Ministry of Education (India)|Ministry of Education]], [[Government of India]] to celebrate, reaffirm and rediscover the age-old links between [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Varanasi]]. It was inaugurated by [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] on November 19, 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/education/pm-modi-inaugurate-kashi-tamil-sangamam-today-over-2500-delegates-participate-in-special-programmes-3534547|title=PM Modi To Inaugurate ‘Kashi Tamil Sangamam’ Today; Over 2,500 Delegates To Participate In Special Programmes|website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/modi-kashi-tamil-sangamam-varnasi-tamil-nadu-bjp-dmk-8278068/|title=#Politics | ‘History made’, says BJP as PM Modi inaugurates Kashi Tamil Sangamam in Varanasi|date=Nov 19, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Goyal |first=Piyush |date=2023-01-10 |title=The beginning of India’s cultural renaissance |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/the-beginning-of-indias-cultural-renaissance/article66360822.ece |access-date=2024-09-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/ht-insight/kashi-tamil-sangamam-a-true-example-of-unity-in-diversity-101669185707819.html|title=Kashi Tamil Sangamam: A true example of unity in diversity|date=Nov 23, 2022|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/pm-modi-inaugurates-kashi-tamil-sangamam-in-varanasi-101668855486873.html|title=PM Modi inaugurates Kashi Tamil Sangamam in Varanasi|date=Nov 19, 2022|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/videos/times-now/india/kashi-tamil-sangamam-launched-uttar-pradesh-cm-yogi-adityanath-address-at-varanasi-video-95622800|title=Kashi Tamil Sangamam Launched: Uttar Pradesh CM Yogi Adityanath Address At Varanasi|date=Nov 19, 2022|website=TimesNow}}</ref><ref>https://kashitamil.iitm.ac.in/</ref>

== Background ==
As a part of ''"[[75th Anniversary of Indian Independence|Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav]]"'' to uphold the Spirit of ''"[[Ek Bharat Shrestha Bharat]]",'' and to expand the relevancy of [[National Education Policy 2020]], a proposal was made before the [[Ministry of Education (India)|Ministry of Education]], [[Government of India]] aiming to rediscover the age-old links of knowledge and civilization between the [[South Indian]] state of [[Tamil Nadu]] and the [[Varanasi|Holy City Varanasi]] (also known as Kashi). The Program was sponsored by [[IIT Madras]] in association with [[Banaras Hindu University]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/kashi-tamil-cultures-8325279/|title=The Kashi-Tamil Sangamam: Celebrating the confluence of cultures|date=Dec 15, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/narendra-modi-governments-tamil-kashi-sangamam-why-winner-in-tamil-nadu-8286950/|title=Narendra Modi government's Kashi Tamil Sangamam: Why it is a winner in Tamil Nadu|date=Nov 24, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/education/tamil-nadu-governor-flags-off-kashi-tamil-sangamam-train-carrying-students-delegates-from-iit-madras-3529932|title=Tamil Nadu Governor Flags Off Kashi Tamil Sangamam Train Carrying Students, Delegates From IIT Madras|website=NDTV.com}}</ref> [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]] had also announced special trains for Sangamam.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/railways-announces-new-train-service-for-kashi-tamil-sangamam-11670659629627.html|title=Railways announces new train service for Kashi Tamil Sangamam|first=Saurav|last=Anand|date=Dec 10, 2022|website=mint}}</ref>

== Delegation ==
The Event was attended by [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]] [[Yogi Adityanath]] and most of the [[Cabinet of India|Cabinet Ministers]] of [[Government of India]] including [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Home Minister]] [[Amit Shah]], [[Minister of Defence (India)|Defence Minister]] [[Rajnath Singh]], [[Minister of Education (India)|Education Minister]] [[Dharmendra Pradhan]], [[Piyush Goyal]], [[Kiren Rijiju]] and [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|I&B]] Minister [[Anurag Thakur]] . It was also attended by prominent spiritual leaders including [[Sadguru]], [[Ramdev|Swami Ramdev]] and [[Sri Sri Ravishankar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1877283|title=PM inaugurates ‘Kashi Tamil Sangamam’ in Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh|website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>

== Controversy ==
[[Government of India|The Center government]] wrote to [[Tamil Nadu Chief Minister]] [[MK Stalin]] a month prior to the event seeking his support and participation in the ongoing Kashi Tamil Sangamam but hasn't received a response. The Central government accused Stalin for not supporting the initiative while the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] leaders accused that the government didn't invite them.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/centre-sought-stalins-support-participation-in-kashi-tamil-sangamam-yet-to-get-response-sources-8282164/|title=Centre sought Stalin's support, participation in Kashi Tamil Sangamam yet to get response: Sources|date=Nov 22, 2022}}</ref>

== Reception ==
The event received some appreciation and compliments from Tamil scholars and some derision but was marked as a success while the [[Pundit|political pundits]] termed it as a masterstroke of [[Narendra Modi|Prime Minister Modi]] for increasing the focus of Tamil People towards him which could politically benefit him in future. Others pointed out it was obviously a shameless political ploy for Tamil votes that most Tamils didn't even know was going on<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/kashi-tamil-sangamam-train-flagged-off-3529561|title=Kashi Tamil Sangamam Train Flagged Off By Tamil Nadu Governor|website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsclick.in/Tamil-Association-CPM-Suspect-Hindutva-Agenda-Behind-Kashi-Tamil-Sangamam|title=Tamil Association, CPM Suspect Hindutva Agenda Behind Kashi Tamil Sangamam|website=newsclick}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/education/aicte-nbt-others-exhibit-books-on-culture-literature-at-kashi-tamil-sangamam-3547750|title=AICTE, NBT, Others Exhibit Books On Culture, Literature At Kashi Tamil Sangamam|website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Government programmes of India]]
Ghfyij

Pandavar Bhoomi

2026-05-01T19:19:20Z

Himanshuucharan:

{{short description|2001 film by Cheran}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Pandavar Bhoomi.jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = [[Cheran (director)|Cheran]]
| writer = Cheran
| producer = [[Sujatha (writer)|Sujatha]] M. Varadaraja K. Maniprasad
| starring = [[Arun Vijay]] [[Shamitha Shreekumar|Shamitha]] [[Rajkiran]]
| cinematography = [[Thangar Bachan]]
| music = [[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]]
| studio = [[Media Dreams]]
| released = {{Film date|2001|9|21|df=y}}
| runtime = 150 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Pandavar Bhoomi''''' ({{translation|The Land of the [[Pandava]]s}}) is a 2001 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[drama film]], written and directed by [[Cheran (director)|Cheran]]. The film stars [[Arun Vijay]] (credited as Arun Kumar), [[Shamitha Shreekumar|Shamitha]] and [[Rajkiran]]. While [[Vinu Chakravarthy]] and [[Mukesh Tiwari]] played the antagonists, [[Vagai Chandrasekhar|Chandrasekhar]], [[Ranjith (actor)|Ranjith]], [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] and [[Charle]] played supporting roles. The film, released on 21 September 2001,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pandavar Bhoomi / பாண்டவர் பூமி |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/pandavar-bhoomi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118073956/https://screen4screen.com/movies/pandavar-bhoomi |archive-date=18 November 2023 |access-date=29 June 2023 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}</ref> won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Tamil]] (Cheran), and the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film|Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Second Best Film]].

== Plot ==

[[Rajkiran]] returns to his native village along with his family after twelve years of city life. All the villagers feel happy over welcoming him back to the village. Rajkiran decides to build a new bungalow adjacent to his ancestral home in the village and plans to live there. He approaches Tamizharasan aka Tamizh ([[Arun Vijay]]), an architect to design his new home. Arun Vijay's father is also an architect who is famous for traditional architectural designs.

Rajkiran and his family temporarily stay in his neighbour's house until the construction of the new house is completed. Arun Vijay also stays in a tent near the construction site managing the construction activities. [[Vinu Chakravarthy]] lives in the same village and he hates Rajkiran and his family. He wants them to be killed and sends his son [[Mukesh Tiwari]] to work with the construction workers so that he can get them killed someday.

Jeeva is Rajkiran's niece and she befriends Arun Vijay. Arun Vijay also likes Jeeva and slowly, friendship transforms into love for Arun Vijay. When Arun Vijay proposes his love to Jeeva, she leaves the place without replying which makes Arun Vijay understand that she does not have any feelings for him.

One day, a family comes to Rajkiran's house expressing interest to get Jeeva married to their son. But Rajkiran informs them that Jeeva will be married to his brother [[Ranjith (actor)|Ranjith]] who is in jail for 12 years. Arun Vijay gets shocked knowing about this and he is angered because the family plans to sacrifice Jeeva by having her marry someone who has been jailed for years. Rajkiran learns of the love between Jeeva and Arun Vijay. He calls Arun Vijay and tells him about his family's past.

In 1990,
Rajkiran was a rich farmer in the same village along with his brothers and Ranjith, sisters Kavitha and Thamarai (also Shamitha), and mother. Vinu Chakravarthy, a distant relative of Rajkiran is also a farmer in the same village, but does not like Rajkiran's family and always picks quarrels with them. One day, Vinu and his sons sport a tractor (rare for that time) and a new Royal enfield in front of the villagers, who get to know that they have leased off a portion of land to a Tanning factory. Despite the village council's warning to cancel the lease as it would pollute entire water source, Vinu and his sons refuse. The village's farmers, led by Rajkiran and his brothers waylay the tanning factory officials and explain their issue, following which the project is shifted to another place. Vinu and his sons refuse to return the advance payments, and their new vehicles are eventually ceased off by the factory management.

The next night, Vinu Chakravarthy poisons the farm pond of Rajkiran, thereby killing all of Rajkiran's cows and oxen that drank water from the pond. Rajkiran gets furious and lodges a complaint with the police following which Vinu Chakravarthy is incarcerated. Things cool off a bit, but then to everyone's shock, the family learns that Thamarai is in love with Akash, Vinu Chakravarthy's younger son. Rajkiran and Manorama warn Thamarai to forget Akash and they plan to get her married immediately with someone else. But on the day of marriage, Thamarai elopes from home with Akash and Manorama dies the same night, as she could not tolerate this.

While Rajkiran and his brothers perform their mother's funeral and take her body to the graveyard in a procession, Thamarai comes along with Akash following their wedding. Ranjith gets furious seeing her and he runs towards them with a sickle, and decapitates Thamarai and Akash in anger. All happened in a fraction of second and Ranjith could not believe that he killed his own sister. He then feels guilty and surrenders to the police and is sentenced to 14 years of imprisonment.

Out of sorrow and shame, Rajkiran and his family members covertly leave the village and move to [[Tirupur]] where they earn well and the family comes back to the same village after 11 years. But they are worried that Ranjith's life will be spoiled as no girl will marry him as he has been jailed. So they decide to get Jeeva married to him, as it is socially permissible for a man to marry his elder sister's daughter. Jeeva though not interested in the proposal, agrees to marry her maternal uncle Ranjith for the well-being of her family. Since Ranjith will be released 2 years earlier due to good behaviour, the family is building the new house for the to be couple.

Arun Vijay understands the family's situation and decides to give up his love for Jeeva. But on the other hand, Jeeva decides to express her interest in marrying Arun Vijay. She meets Arun Vijay and conveys her love. But Arun Vijay says that he learned of her family's past and he also felt proud about Jeeva's decision to sacrifice her life for the happiness of her family. He apologises to Jeeva for confusing her predetermined mind in the name of love and he also requests her to marry Ranjith who is about to get released from jail soon.

The new home is completed and Mukesh Tiwari plants a bomb in the home to destroy it and to kill everyone inside. Arun Vijay discovers Mukesh Tiwari's plans and alerts everyone. Also, Arun Vijay rushes into the house in search of the bomb and finds it after much struggle. He takes the bomb and throws it away before it could explode thereby saving all the family members and also the newly built home. The entire family thanks Arun Vijay for his help. Arun Vijay leaves to his home on the next day. After coming to know that his plan failed Vinu Chakravarthy dies out of shock.

After a few days, Rajkiran comes along with his brothers Chandrasekhar and Ranjith, after being released from jail to meet Arun Vijay and his father Vijayakumar inviting them for the house-warming ceremony as well as for Jeeva's wedding. On seeing the invitation card, Arun Vijay is surprised to see his name as the groom for Jeeva.

A flashback is shown where Ranjith, after being released from jail, comes to meet his family. They share some good moments as he meets his family members after twelve years as he never allowed anyone to meet him in jail except Rajkiran. Ranjith is surprised on seeing Jeeva as she exactly resembles his sister Thamarai in looks. Ranjith also believes that Thamarai has been reborn in the form of Jeeva and feels happy that he got back his lovable sister whom he killed out of anger. So he wants to ensure that Jeeva is happily married and her husband is chosen with her consent. Also, Ranjith says that he does not want to marry any one and instead he prefers to stay single along with all the family members. Realising the love of Jeeva and Thamizh, the family members then decide to have them marry. The movie ends with Arun Vijay and Jeeva uniting.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Arun Vijay]] as Tamizharasan
* [[Shamitha Shreekumar|Shamitha]] in a [[Dual role|dual role]] as
**Jeeva
**Thamarai, Dhanasekar's sister
* [[Rajkiran]] as Dhanasekar
* [[Vagai Chandrasekhar|Chandrasekhar]] as Dhanasekar's brother
* [[Kavitha (actress)|Kavitha]] as Dhanalakshmi, Dhanasekar's sister
* [[Ranjith (actor)|Ranjith]] as Dhanapal, Dhanasekar's brother
* [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Deivanai, Dhanasekar's, Dhanalakshmi's, Dhanapal's and Thamarai's mother
* [[Vinu Chakravarthy]]
* [[Mukesh Tiwari]] as Vinu Chakravarthy's son
* Akash as Thamarai's love interest and Vinu Chakravarthy's youngest son
* [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]] as Tamizh's father
* [[Ilavarasu]] as Carpenter
* [[Charle]]
* Ranjini<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Joseph |first1=Raveena |last2=Ramanujam |first2=Srinivasa |date=13 November 2015 |title=Child stars on the big screen |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/child-stars-on-the-big-screen/article7873221.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406193743/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/child-stars-on-the-big-screen/article7873221.ece |archive-date=6 April 2020 |access-date=6 April 2020 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
* [[Neelima Rani]] (child artist)
}}

== Production==
To prepare for the role of a civil engineer, [[Arun Vijay]] was handed the entire script by [[Cheran (director)|Cheran]], who told him to visit various construction sites.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/advantage-arun/article28586716.ece|title=Advantage Arun|date=30 September 2005|work=[[The Hindu]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210040212/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/advantage-arun/article28586716.ece|archive-date=10 February 2022|first=Malathi|last=Rangarajan|access-date=6 January 2025}}</ref> The film's art director P. Krishnamoorthy created a set of a village from [[Mysore]] within {{INRConvert|55|l|year=2001}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 August 2001 |title=Pandavar Bhoomi —Cheran's next |url=http://www.screenindia.com/20010810/rtam3.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011102190824/http://www.screenindia.com/20010810/rtam3.html |archive-date=2 November 2001 |website=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]] |access-date=21 September 2024 }}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pandavar Bhoomi |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/pandavar-bhoomi/SJS88ao0hoc_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922022016/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/pandavar-bhoomi/SJS88ao0hoc_ |archive-date=22 September 2021 |access-date=5 June 2023 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kannathil Muthamittal – Pandavar Bhoomi Tamil Audio CD |url=https://banumass.com/shop/kannathil-muthamittal-pandavar-bhoomi-tamil-audio-cd/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129224056/https://banumass.com/shop/kannathil-muthamittal-pandavar-bhoomi-tamil-audio-cd/ |archive-date=29 January 2023 |access-date=5 June 2023 |website=Banumass}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 30:05
| title1 = Aei Samba
| lyrics1 = [[Pa. Vijay]]
| extra1 = [[T. L. Maharajan]], [[Malgudi Subha]], [[Yugendran]]
| length1 = 03:55
| title2 = Avaravar Vazhkaiyil
| lyrics2 = [[Snehan]]
| extra2 = [[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]]
| length2 = 05:18
| title3 = Azhagana Thadu Maatram
| lyrics3 = Snehan
| extra3 = Reshmi
| length3 = 01:19
| title4 = Chinna Vayasula
| lyrics4 = Snehan
| extra4 = Bharadwaj
| length4 = 01:09
| title5 = Kaviyan Kaviyan Bharathi
| lyrics5 = [[Vairamuthu]]
| extra5 = [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length5 = 05:14
| title6 = Malargalai Padaitha
| lyrics6 =
| extra6 = [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]]
| length6 = 05:58
| title7 = Thozha Thozha Kanavu
| lyrics7 = Snehan
| extra7 = [[Chitra Iyer|Chitra Sivaraman]], Yugendran
| length7 = 04:49
| title8 = Thaye Unnaiye
| lyrics8 = Snehan
| extra8 = Bharadwaj
| length8 = 02:23
}}

== Reception ==
Malathi Rangarajan from ''[[The Hindu]]'' praised as "Inundated with talent from every quarter" and said: "has to be welcomed, with open arms because decent, meaningful cinema deserves encouragement".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=28 September 2001 |title=A movie to be encouraged |url=http://www.hindu.com/2001/09/28/stories/09280223.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071123183015/http://www.hindu.com/2001/09/28/stories/09280223.htm |archive-date=23 November 2007 |access-date=18 March 2013 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Rajitha of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' particularly heaped praises at Cheran for his screenplay and said "With directors of the calibre of Cheran in its rank, Tamil cinema would not be discredited or degenerated".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajitha |date=2 November 2001 |title=Director Cheran entralls |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/nov/02bhumi.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031534/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/nov/02bhumi.htm |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=18 March 2013 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' criticised the length of the film and said: "Cheran has churned out yet another village based sob story to torment you further" and concluded that "it is a typical overdose of Cheran melodrama masala".<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 2001 |title=Pandavar Bhoomi |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/pandavar-bhoomi-review-tamil-pclulBgcjfigc.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180501162201/http://www.sify.com/movies/pandavar-bhoomi-review-tamil-pclulBgcjfigc.html |archive-date=1 May 2018 |access-date=5 June 2023 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Visual Dasan of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' wrote that ''Pandavar Bhoomi'', which has broken the gap between cinema and life, is a holy land that must be visited without fail.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=விஷுவல்தாசன் |date=7 October 2001 |title=பாண்டவர் பூமி |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2001-10-07/page/72/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230605060945/https://archive.org/details/kalki2001-10-07/page/72/mode/2up |archive-date=5 June 2023 |access-date=5 June 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=72–73 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> ''Chennai Online'' wrote "Like Cheran's earlier films this too is rural based, message oriented, without losing sight of the entertainment factor. A freshness in the story line and narrative style, makes the film engaging and different from the routine ones".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov145.asp|title=Pandavar Bhoomi|website=Chennai Online|access-date=29 October 2024|first=Malini|last=Mannath|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031212024652/http://chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov145.asp|archive-date=12 December 2003}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
At the [[49th Filmfare Awards South]], ''Pandavar Bhoomi'' won the award for [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Tamil|Best Director – Tamil]] (Cheran), its sole nomination.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The 49th Annual Filmfare Awards – South {{!}} Nominees |url=http://downloads.movies.indiatimes.com/south2001/sthnom.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419010312/http://downloads.movies.indiatimes.com/south2001/sthnom.html |archive-date=19 April 2015 |access-date=5 June 2023 |website=[[Indiatimes]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 April 2002 |title=Nuvvu Nenu wins 4 Filmfare awards |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Nuvvu-Nenu-wins-4-Filmfare-awards/articleshow/6011249.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921025343/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-04-06/hyderabad/27122602_1_filmfare-film-award-actor-award |archive-date=21 September 2012 |access-date=19 March 2013 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It also won the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film|Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Second Best Film]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 September 2004 |title=Six film artistes win awards |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/six-film-artistes-win-awards/article27676271.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231117182725/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/six-film-artistes-win-awards/article27676271.ece |archive-date=17 November 2023 |access-date=18 November 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> At the 2002 [[Cinema Express Awards]], Cheran won the award for Best Story.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/2002/12/22/stories/2002122206330300.htm |title='Kannathil Muthamittal' bags 6 Cinema Express awards |access-date=5 February 2018 |archive-date=7 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607071034/http://www.hindu.com/2002/12/22/stories/2002122206330300.htm |website=[[The Hindu]] |date=2002-12-22 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Cheran (director)}}
{{TamilNaduStateFilmAwardBestFilm}}

[[Category:2001 Indian films]]
[[Category:2001 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2001 drama films]]
[[Category:2001 films]]
[[Category:Films about families]]
[[Category:Films about the caste system in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by Cheran]]
[[Category:Films scored by Bharadwaj (composer)]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Dharmendra Singh Lodhi

2026-05-01T10:28:15Z

Himanshuucharan: starting basic bio and citations

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Jabera Assembly constituency|Jabera]]
| term_start = 2018
| term_end =
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = [[Pratap Singh (Madhya Pradesh politician)|Pratap Singh]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}
'''Dharmendra Bhav Singh Lodhi''' is an Indian politician from Madhya Pradesh. He is a two time elected [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]] and [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]], representing [[Jabera Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh Assembly Elections 2023: Jabera Assembly Constituency Result |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/madhya-pradesh/madhya-pradesh-assembly-elections-2023-jabera-assembly-constituency-result-2770417 |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

== Political career ==
In the [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]], Lodhi contested from the [[Jabera Assembly constituency]] on a [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Madhya Pradesh|Bharatiya Janata Party]] ticket. He faced [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Pratap Singh (Madhya Pradesh politician)|Pratap Singh]] and won by a narrow margin of 3,485 votes, securing a total of 48,901 votes, while Singh received 45,416 votes.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Jabera, Election Result 2023 Live: Winning And Losing Candidates & Parties, 2019 vs 2024 Results, Voting Percentage, Exit Polls-News18 Assembly Election 2023 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/assembly/madhya-pradesh/jabera-constituency-s12aed2008a056/ |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Quint |first=The |date=2023-12-03 |title=Jabera Election Result 2023 Live Updates: BJP Won In This Seat Of MP |url=https://www.thequint.com/elections/madhya-pradesh-election/jabera-election-result-2023-live-updates-counting-of-votes-mp-assembly-elections-bjp-congress-candidate-2 |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref>

In the [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]], both Lodhi and Singh contested again from their respective parties. Lodhi won the election with a significantly larger margin of 15,883 votes, receiving 72,249 votes. [[Pratap Singh (Madhya Pradesh politician)|Pratap Singh]], representing Congress, was second with 56,366 votes. Notably, Vinod Rai, the candidate from the [[Gondwana Ganatantra Party]], came in third with 52,657 votes.<ref name=":0" />

== See also ==
* [[2024 Indian general election in Madhya Pradesh]]
* [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh Lodhi, Dharmendra Bhav}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Mughal people

2026-04-30T04:52:32Z

Himanshuucharan: Starting basic details first draft

{{Short description|Ethnic group in South Asia}}
{{for|the people of Central Asia|Moghol people}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Mughal
| image = File:Aquil Hussain Barlas.jpg
| image_caption = [[Aqil Hussain Barlas|Mirza Aqil Hussain Barlas]]
| region1 = {{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Pakistan]]
| region2 = {{flagicon|India}} [[India]]
| region3 = {{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Bangladesh]]
| langs = [[Urdu]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Bengali language|Bangla]] [[Persian language|Persian]] (formerly)
| rels = [[Sunni Islam]]
| related = [[Indian people]], [[Bangladeshi people]], [[Punjabi Muslims]], [[Sindhis]]
}}
The '''Mughal people''' or '''Mughals''' are a [[Muslim]] [[ethnic group]] in [[South Asia]], primarily in [[Bangladesh]], [[India]] and [[Pakistan]].<ref name=Levin>{{Cite encyclopedia |first=S. F.|last=Levin|title=Mughal|url-access=registration|url=http://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofpa0000unse_u8i3 |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Pakistan|editor-first1=Hafeez|editor-last1= Malik |editor-last2=Gankovsky|editor-first2=Yuri V.|editor1-link=Hafeez Malik|date=2006 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-597735-6}}</ref> They are descended from the [[Mongolic peoples|Mongolic]]-origin [[Barlas]] tribe<ref>{{Cite web |last=Newspaper |first=From the |date=2010-12-22 |title=Who were the Mughals? — another view |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/592643/who-were-the-mughals-another-view |access-date=2026-04-16 |website=Dawn |language=en}}</ref> and historically settled in the [[Indian subcontinent]] during the [[Mughal India|Mughal Empire]] and mixed with the native Indian population.<ref name="Levin" /><ref name=":Genetic Genealogy">{{Cite journal|author = Сабитов Ж. М., Баймуханов Н. Б.|editor= |format= |url= https://www.academia.edu/17004570|title= Y-STR гаплотипы узбеков, уйгуров, таджиков, пуштунов, хазарейцев, моголов из базы данных Family Tree DNA|type= |orig-year= |agency = |journal= The Russian Journal of Genetic Genealogy|year= 2015|volume= |number= 2|pages = 22–23|series= |issn = |doi = |bibcode = |arxiv = |pmid = |language= ru|quote= }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Atlas Of World History|author=Liz Wyse and Caroline Lucas|year=1997|publisher=Geddes & Grosset|location=Scotland}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
The term ''Mughal'' literally means Mongol.<ref>{{cite book|title=Collins Compact Dictionary|year=2002|publisher=HarperCollins|location=Glasgow|isbn=0-00-710984-9}}</ref>

== History ==

=== Pakistan ===
In Pakistan, Mughal people are mostly settled in the region of Azad Kashmir, and in the provinces of [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] and [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]].<ref name="Levin" />{{Page needed|date=June 2025}} In India, the Mughals commonly use "Mirza" as their surname.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jBOh24IJ9t8C&dq=mughal+caste&pg=PA71 | title= Indian Society, Institutions and Change |author= Rajendra K. Sharma | date= 2004 |page= 71 | publisher= Atlantic Publishers & Dist | isbn= 978-81-7156-665-5 }}</ref> They are also sometimes referred to as [[Chughtai]]s or Chagatai Turks named after [[Chagatai language|Chagatai Turkic language]] spoken by the [[Barlas]] and other Central Asian tribes.{{cn|date=July 2025}}

=== India ===
In [[Uttar Pradesh]], the Sambhal, who claim Turkic descent, identify as a Biradari, literally translating to "brotherhood", which is the word used for a social unit based on kinship such as tribe or clan.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=umNgDwAAQBAJ&dq=biradari+tribe&pg=PT93 |title=Forging the Ideal Educated Girl:The Production of Desirable Subjects in Muslim South Asia |author= Shenila Khoja-Moolji |date=2018 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-97053-3 }}</ref> The chief of the Biradari is the [[Sardar]], who is usually an elder man annually elected as the greatest man in the Biradari. Decisions on important matters are taken only after consulting the Biradari, and once taken binding on every member.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.25924/page/n573/mode/2up |title=Agriculture and Live Stock In India Vol-viii |author=Khan Amanat |date=1938 |page=485 |publisher=The Imperial Council Agriculture Research}}</ref> In Gujarat, the community had traditionally served as soldiers in the armies of the various Indo-Muslim dynasties which ruled the [[Indian subcontinent]]. They were and still are a community of small to medium-sized farmers. A good many are also traders. Like other [[Gujarati Muslim]]s, they have a caste association known as the Jamat, which acts both as a welfare organisation and an instrument of social control.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=djb5zQEACAAJ |title=People of India: Gujarat, Volume XXI, Part Three |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India / Popular Prakashan |year=2003 |isbn=9788179911068 |editor1-last=Lal |editor1-first=R. B. |volume=XXI |location=Mumbai |pages=1394–1399 |editor2-last=Padmanabham |editor2-first=P. B. S. V. |editor3-last=Krishnan |editor3-first=G. |editor4-last=Mohideen |editor4-first=M. Azeez}} </ref> In North India, the term Mughal refers as Gürkani or [[Timurid dynasty|Timurids]].

== See also ==
* [[Turco-Mongol tradition]]
* [[Gurkani (disambiguation)|Gurkani]]
* [[Changezi]]
* [[Qizilbash]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian Muslim}}
{{Mongol Yastan}}
{{Turco-Mongol}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mughal}}
[[Category:Mongol peoples]]
[[Category:Turkic peoples]]
[[Category:Surnames]]
[[Category:Punjabi tribes]]
[[Category:Mughal clans of Pakistan|*]]
[[Category:Tribes of India]]
[[Category:Tribes of Pakistan]]
[[Category:India–Mongolia relations]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:Mongolia–Pakistan relations]]

Sahid Express

2026-04-29T17:13:58Z

Himanshuucharan: made new post added tags

{{short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Sahid Express
| image = Ministry of Railways India.svg
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Superfast]]
| locale =
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2010|07|04}}
| last =
| operator = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{rws|Howrah}} (HWH)
| stops = 7
| end = {{rws|Rampurhat}} (RPH)
| distance = {{convert|207|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 3 hours 35 minutes
| frequency = Daily{{efn|Runs seven days in a week for every direction.}}
| class = AC Chair Car, Non AC Chair Car, 3rd AC Sleeper, Non AC Sleeper, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack = Overhead racks
| catering = E-catering only
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = Yes
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1676mm}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 12347 / 12348
| speed = {{convert|58|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map =
| map_state =
}}

The 12347 / 12348 '''Sahid Express''' is a superfast express train of the Indian Railways connecting [[Howrah Junction railway station|Howrah Junction]] in [[West Bengal]] and [[Rampurhat Junction railway station|Rampurhat Junction]] of [[West Bengal]]. It is currently being operated with train numbers 12347/12348 on a daily basis.<ref>[http://www.nr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=5147&did=14529271685727B9543B3AA625A7F2605544C8B82637A.web91 CANCELLATION/DIVERSION OF TRAINS DUE TO NON-INTERLOCKED WORKING AT JAMMU TAWI STATION YARD IN CONNECTION WITH PANEL INSTALLATION AND DOUBLING WORK IN YARD FROM 18.01.2016 to 23.01.2016]</ref><ref>[http://www.eastcoastrail.indianrailways.gov.in/index.jsp?lang=0 SERVICE TO PASSENGERS AND CLEANLINESS BEING GIVEN SPECIAL ATTENTION: RAJIV VISHNOI]</ref>

== Service==

The 12347/Howrah - Rampurhat Sahid SF Express has an average speed of 56 km/h and covers 207 km in 3 hrs 40 mins. 12348/Rampurhat - Howrah Sahid SF Express has an average speed of 56 km/h and covers 207 km in 3 hrs 40 mins.

==Coach composite==

The train has standard LHB rakes with max speed of 130 kmph. The train consists of 14 coaches :

{| class="wikitable"
|+ '''Coach Composition of Rampurhat – Howrah Sahid Superfast Express'''
|- style="background:lightblue; text-align:center;"
! Position !! Coach !! Description
|-
| Loco || [[File:BSicon LDER.svg|25px|Loco]] || Locomotive Engine
|-
| 1 || style="background:#FFD700;" title="SLR – Seating-cum-Luggage Rake" | 🚉 SLR || Seating-cum-Luggage Rake
|-
| 2 || style="background:#ADD8E6;" title="C1 – AC Chair Car" | 💺 B1 || 3rd AC Sleeper (3A)
|-
| 3 || style="background:#ADD8E6;" title="C2 – AC Chair Car" | 💺 C1 || AC Chair Car
|-
| 4 || style="background:#87CEFA;" title="D1 – Second Class Reserved Seating" | 🪑 S1 || Non AC Sleeper (SL)
|-
| 5 || style="background:#87CEFA;" title="D2 – Second Class Reserved Seating" | 🪑 D1 || Second Class Reserved Seating
|-
| 6 || style="background:#87CEFA;" title="D3 – Second Class Reserved Seating" | 🪑 D2 || Second Class Reserved Seating
|-
| 7 || style="background:#87CEFA;" title="D4 – Second Class Reserved Seating" | 🪑 D3 || Second Class Reserved Seating
|-
| 8 || style="background:#90EE90;" title="GN – General Unreserved" | 🟩 GEN || General Unreserved
|-
| 9 || style="background:#90EE90;" title="GN – General Unreserved" | 🟩 GEN || General Unreserved
|-
| 10 || style="background:#90EE90;" title="GN – General Unreserved" | 🟩 GEN || General Unreserved
|-
| 11 || style="background:#90EE90;" title="GN – General Unreserved" | 🟩 GEN || General Unreserved
|-
| 12 || style="background:#90EE90;" title="GN – General Unreserved" | 🟩 GEN || General Unreserved
|-
| 13 || style="background:#FFD700;" title="LDS – Luggage-cum-Disabled-friendly Coach" | ♿ LDS || Luggage-cum-Disabled-friendly Coach
|-
| EOG || style="background:#FFA500;" title="EOG – End-On Generator" | ⚡ EOG || End-On Generator
|}

==Schedule==
The schedule of this 12347/12348 Howrah–Rampurhat Sahid SF Express is given below:-
{| class="wikitable" width="65%" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="5" align="center" style="background:brown;" |''HWH - RPH - HWH Sahid SF Express''
|+
! colspan="2" |12347
! rowspan="2" |Stations
! colspan="2" |12348
|-
|'''Arrival'''
|'''Departure'''
|'''Arrival'''
|'''Departure'''
|-
| SRC
|12:15
|[[Howrah railway station|'''Howrah Junction''']]
|20:15
| DSTN
|-
|12:36
|12:37
|[[Kamarkundu railway station|Kamarkundu]]
|19:10
|19:12
|-
|13:17
|13:19
|[[Barddhaman Junction railway station|Barddhaman Junction]]
|18:20
|18:22
|-
|13:59
|14:01
|[[Guskara railway station|Guskara]]
|17:41
|17:42
|-
|14:16
|14:18
|[[Bolpur Shantiniketan railway station|Bolpur Shantiniketan]]
|17:24
|17:26
|-
|14:26
|14:28
|[[Prantik railway station|Prantik]]
|17:18
|17:19
|-
|14:43
|14:44
|[[Ahmadpur Junction railway station|Ahmedpur Junction]]
|17:04
|17:05
|-
|14:57
|14:59
|[[Sainthia Junction railway station|Sainthia Junction]]
|16:52
|16:53
|-
|15:50
| DSTN
|[[Rampurhat Junction railway station|'''Rampurhat Junction''']]
| SRC
|16:40
|}

== Traction==

Both trains are hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Howrah|Howrah Loco Shed]] based [[WAP 4]] / [[WAP-5]] / [[WAP 7]] electric locomotive from [[Howrah railway station|Howrah]] to [[Rampurhat Junction railway station|Rampurhat]] and vice versa.

== Rake sharing==

The train shares its rake with 13017/18 [[Ganadevata Express]] and 13015/16 [[Howrah–Jamalpur Kavi Guru Express]].

== See also ==

* [[Howrah Junction railway station]]
* [[Rampurhat Junction railway station]]
*[[Maa Tara Express]]
*[[Viswabharati Fast Passenger]]
*[[Tarapith]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== External links ==

* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/1377 12347/Howrah - Rampurhat (Sahid) SF Express]
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/rampurhat-howrah-shahid-express-12348/639/439/1 12348/Rampurhat - Howrah (Sahid) Express]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Howrah - Rampurhat Express}}
[[Category:Rail transport in Howrah]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2010]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Arra, Purba Bardhaman

2026-04-27T11:43:25Z

Himanshuucharan: made a article w/ infobox...

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Arra
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 2821
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| area_total_km2 =
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 713125
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]] code
| area_code = 0342
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Bardhaman-Durgapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bardhaman-Durgapur]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Bhatar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhatar]]
| website = {{URL|purbabardhaman.gov.in/}}
| elevation_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| other_name =
| subdivision_type = Country
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal # India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23|21|32.1|N|87|54|47.3|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| area_footnotes =
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}

'''Arra''' is a village in [[Bhatar (community development block)|Bhatar]] [[Community development block in India|CD block]] in [[Bardhaman Sadar North subdivision]] of [[Purba Bardhaman district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]] with total 671 families residing. It is located about {{convert|20|km}} from [[West Bengal]] on [[National highways of India|National Highway]] towards [[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]].<ref>{{cite book|title=District Census Handbook|year=1985|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z9nRpjG7WFsC&q=burdwan+ratanpur,bhatar+handbook+census}}</ref>

==Transport==
At around {{convert|20|km}} from [[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]], the journey to Arra from the town can be made by bus.<ref>{{cite web|title=District Census Handbook Barddhaman, Series 20 Part XII A, Census of India 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1909_PART_A_DCHB_BARDDHAMAN.pdf|access-date=21 January 2019|work=Page 637: Map of Bhatar CD Block|publisher=Directorate of Census Operations 2011}}</ref>

==Population==
Most of the villagers are from [[Schedule Caste]]s (SC), which constitute 38.60% while [[Schedule Tribe]]s (ST) were 2.62% of the total [[Population (human biology)|population]] in Arra village.<ref name="census3-2011">{{cite web|title=2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html|access-date=26 February 2017|work=West Bengal – District-wise|publisher=Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bardhaman|url=http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook|archive-date=21 January 2019|access-date=25 January 2019|work=Table 2.2|publisher=Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal}}</ref>

==Population and house data==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Particulars
!Total
!Male
!Female
|-
|Total no. of houses
|'''671'''
| -
| -
|-
|Population
|'''2,821'''
|1,433
|1,388
|-
|Child (0–6)
|'''274'''
|153
|121
|-
|Schedule Caste
|'''1,089'''
|551
|538
|-
|Schedule Tribe
|'''74'''
|35
|39
|}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Purba Bardhaman District}}

[[Category:Villages in Purba Bardhaman district]]

{{WestBengal-geo-stub}}

M. A. Ganapathy (police officer)

2026-04-27T09:38:47Z

Himanshuucharan: Starting initial data needs work

{{Short description|Indian police officer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = M A Ganapathy
| honorific_suffix = [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
| image = M A Ganapathy.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1964|03|01|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Kodagu]] (Coorg)
| education = Graduation in [[Economics]] Post Graduation in [[International Studies]] [[LLB]]
| occupation = [[Director General]] [[File:NSG OF-8.svg|20px|NSG OF-8]]
| organization = [[National Security Guard]] (NSG)
| awards = {{ubl|[[Police Medal (India)|Police Medal]] for Meritorious Services (2002) {{Ribbon devices|ribbon=IND Police Medal for Meritorious Service.png|width=50}}|[[President's Police Medal]] for Distinguished Services (2010)[[File:IND President's Police Medal for Distinguished Service.svg|50px]]}}
}}
'''M. A. Ganapathy''' (born 1 March 1964) is a retired [[Indian Police Service]] Officer of the 1986 batch of Uttarakhand cadre,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Mandarins is Exclusive News, Views and Analysis News portal on Indian bureaucracy, governance, PSUs and Corporate |url=https://www.indianbureaucracy.com/twenty-six-ips-from-1986-batch-empanelled-as-dg-in-government-of-india/ |access-date=2021-09-24 |website=IndianMandarins |date=10 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref> served as the [[Director General of the National Security Guard]] from 18 March 2021 to 29 February 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|title=MA Ganapathy Takes Charge As Director General Of Counter-Terror Force NSG|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ma-ganapathy-takes-charge-as-director-general-of-counter-terror-force-national-security-guard-2393864|access-date=2021-09-24|website=NDTV.com}}</ref> He has previously served as Director General of [[Bureau of Civil Aviation Security]]<ref>{{Cite web|author=Saurabh Sinha|date=7 Oct 2020|title=Senior IPS officer M A Ganapathy appointed DG of BCAS - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/senior-ips-officer-m-a-ganapathy-appointed-dg-of-bcas/articleshow/78525428.cms|access-date=2021-09-24|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> and [[Director general of police|Director General]] of Police, Uttarakhand.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-05-02|title=M A Ganapathy takes charge as U'khand DGP|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/543850/m-ganapathy-takes-charge-ukhand.html|access-date=2021-09-24|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==

M. A. Ganapathy was born in [[Kodagu district|Kodagu]] (Coorg) district, [[Karnataka]]. He completed his school education in Kodagu. He graduated in [[Economics]] from [[Madras Christian College]], [[Chennai]] (1984) and did his [[Master's degree]] in [[International studies|International Studies]] from [[Jawaharlal Nehru University|Jawahar Lal Nehru University]], [[Delhi]] (1986). He also holds a [[LLB|Degree in Law]] from [[Delhi University|University of Delhi]] (2007).

== Career in Indian Police Service ==

=== Uttar Pradesh ===
M. A. Ganapathy was initially allotted [[Uttar Pradesh]] Cadre and served there between 1987 and 1999. During this period, inter-alia, he worked as Senior/[[Superintendent of police (India)|Superintendent of Police]] in districts like [[Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh|Kanpur City]], [[Meerut]], [[Allahabad]], [[Nainital]], [[Hardoi]], [[Sonebhadra]] etc. The policing challenges in these assignments were varied and included tackling communal issues, city policing, serious crimes investigation, anti-dacoity operations, naxal problem etc.

=== Central Bureau of Investigation ===
M. A. Ganapathy served in the [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] as SP/DIG between 1999 and 2007. During this period, as SP he supervised the enquiry into allegations of [[South Africa cricket match fixing|Cricket match fixing (2000)]], which culminated in action against certain cricketers by the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]. M A Ganapathy features in a book on Cricket match fixing by sports journalist Ed Hawkins titled ''Bookie, Gambler, Fixer, Spy: A journey into the heart of crickets underworld'' ([[Bloomsbury Publishing|Bloomsbury]], 2012),<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.scribd.com/book/250024230/Bookie-Gambler-Fixer-Spy-A-Journey-to-the-Heart-of-Cricket-s-Underworld|title=Read Bookie Gambler Fixer Spy Online by Ed Hawkins {{!}} Books|language=en}}</ref> where his role as investigator in the cricket match fixing enquiry of CBI in 2000 is discussed in detail. Subsequently, upon promotion, M A Ganapathy was DIG of Anti-Corruption-I, Delhi, which investigates corruption cases.

=== Uttarakhand ===
M. A. Ganapathy was allocated [[Uttarakhand]] cadre after the creation of the new State in 2000. He served there in various capacities as IG Crime/Law & Order, IG Garhwal Range, IG [[Haridwar]] [[Kumbh Mela|Mahakumbh]]-2010, etc. He was appointed as DGP of Uttarakhand in May, 2016 at the age of 53.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/m-a-ganapathy-takes-charge-as-state-dgp/articleshow/52057475.cms|title=M a Ganapathy takes charge as state DGP | Dehradun News - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=30 April 2016 }}</ref> During his tenure as DGP, he focused on rules based policing and also introduced many community policing models based on local needs.

=== Ministry of Home Affairs ===
M. A. Ganapathy served as [[Joint secretary to the Government of India|Joint Secretary]], [[Naxalism|Left Wing Extremism]] and Joint Secretary, Internal Security-I, [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|MHA]], between 2011 and 2016. As JS, LWE, he supervised implementation of projects like fortified police stations, installation of telecom towers, up-gradation of special forces, etc. in LWE affected States. He also formulated the initial draft of the comprehensive policy framework of the Central Government's Counter LWE strategy (National Policy and Action Plan-2015).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-17|title=National Policy and Action Plan on LWE, 2015 - JournalsOfIndia|url=https://journalsofindia.com/national-policy-and-action-plan-on-lwe-2015/|access-date=2021-09-29|language=en-US}}</ref> As Joint Secretary, Internal Security, he was instrumental in drafting the National Security Clearance Policy of MHA (2015).<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ptinews.com/news/8602385_MHA-security-nod-to-nearly-3-300-investment-proposals-in-3yrs | title=Pti }}</ref> He also took part in various JWG deliberations on Counter Terrorism and Financial Action Task Force (FATF)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fatf-gafi.org/ |title=Home |website=fatf-gafi.org}}</ref> plenary sessions.

=== Central Industrial Security Force ===
M. A. Ganapathy served as Spl. DG/ADG, Airport Sector, [[Central Industrial Security Force|CISF]], between 2017 and 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsmobile.in/articles/2017/07/13/ips-officer-ma-ganapathy-appointed-cisf-adg/|title = IPS officer MA Ganapathy appointed as CISF ADG | Newsmobile| date=13 July 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indianmandarins.com/news/cisf:-pateria-&-ganapathy-elevated-as-special-dg/19078|title = CISF: Pateria & Ganapathy elevated as Special DG}}</ref> During this period introduction of [[state of the art]] technology in [[aviation security]] became a focus area. Also, steps were initiated to downsize manpower in [[Airport Security]] through rationalization and use of technology. The professional competence of CISF personnel was also up-graded through training collaboration with global leaders in aviation security.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}

=== Bureau of Civil Aviation Security ===
M. A. Ganapathy served as DG, [[Bureau of Civil Aviation Security|BCAS]] between 2020 and 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://psuwatch.com/govt-appoints-ma-ganapathy-ips-as-dg-bcas|title = Govt appoints MA Ganapathy (IPS) as DG of BCAS| date=7 October 2020 }}</ref>

=== National Security Guard ===
M. A. Ganapathy was appointed as [[Director General of the National Security Guard|Director General]] of the [[National Security Guard]] on 18 March 2021 and served their till 29 February 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saurabh |date=2024-03-01 |title=IPS Officer Daljit Singh Chaudhary Named NSG's New Director General |url=https://currentaffairs.adda247.com/ips-officer-daljit-singh-chaudhary-named-nsgs-new-director-general/ |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=adda247 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Training ==
* National Security and Strategic Affairs, [[National Defence College (India)|National Defence College]], Delhi (2006)
* [[University of Oxford|Oxford University]] Programme on 'Negotiations' (2012)
* [[Harvard University]], [[Harvard Kennedy School|Kennedy School]] Programme on 'Leadership in the 21st century: Chaos, Conflict and Courage (2013)

== Awards/commendations ==

* Police Medal for Meritorious Services (2002).<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://policeservicemedals.gov.in/pmaquery/default.aspx|title=Police Medal Awardees List|website=policeservicemedals.gov.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303202937/https://policeservicemedals.gov.in/pmaquery/default.aspx|archive-date=3 March 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> {{Ribbon devices|ribbon=IND Police Medal for Meritorious Service.png|width=106}}
* President's Police Medal for Distinguished Services (2010).<ref name="auto"/> {{Ribbon devices|ribbon=IND President's Police Medal for Distinguished Service.svg|width=106}}

== Articles and publications ==

* "[https://www.deccanherald.com/content/334655/a-virtuous-process-needed-stop.html A virtuous process needed to stop the evil]" (article on [[cricket match-fixing]]). ''[[Deccan Herald]]''. 25 May 2013.
* "[https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/open-page/a-tryst-with-wild-places/article66420823.ece A tryst with wild places: A police officer rates roaming the forests as his best non-professional reward]". ''[[The Hindu]]''. 29 January 2023.
* In the abode of lovely nature. https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/open-page/in-the-abode-of-lovely-nature/article68725241.ece There is a gentle breeze that blows ever so often from the Kunda Betta and the old trees sway gently, as if in sheer delight. Published - October 13, 2024 02:58 am IST '''M.A. Ganapathy'''
* ‘Networked X-ray machines for baggage checks are the best answer to hoax bomb threats’ https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/toi-edit-page/networked-x-ray-machines-for-baggage-checks-are-the-best-answer-to-hoax-bomb-threats/ The ongoing deluge of threats to airlines is unprecedented. Ex-IPS officer '''MA Ganapathy''', who headed NSG, BCAS & airport sector of CISF, tells TOI, tech solutions that can isolate and play back images of flight baggage for review will minimise flight diversions when faced with such threats.
*"[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bd3aTdXM1_E NSG ex-chief MA Ganapathy talks about his new book. Ideal cop, beautiful locations, the supernatural"] Former National Security Guard Chief- '''M A Ganapathy''' has written a book called ''''Whisper in the Shadows’''' that chronicles the journey of a police officer, Avinash, and a paranormal twist. In this conversation with '''Bismee Taskin''', Ganapathy sheds light on the facts behind fiction, how Avinash is his alter ego and why he added supernatural elements to his book.3 Feb 2025.
*"[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6_8be2QJJxU Exploring the Paranormal with M.A Ganapathy]" A talk with '''M.A.Ganapathy''', Ex NSG Chief about his new book ''''''Whispers in the Shadows: Paranormal Experiences of a Policeman'''''' and about his childhood in Coorg/ Kodagu, in conversation with '''Anindya Somaiah'''.7 Feb 2025
*"[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4kmDrb1rFWE The Master Storyteller IPS Officer Leaves Readers Guessing | M A Ganapathy |"] '''MA Ganapathy''', the 1986-batch IPS officer,Ex NSG Chief and former DGP of Uttarakhand talks about his debut book, a compilation of stories: '''''Whispers in the Shadows – Paranormal Encounters Of A Policeman'''''''. 3 Feb 2025
*"[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Lx-353L87U Conducting Haridwar Mahakumbh in 2010 Was More Challenging Than 2025 Mahakumbh M.A Ganapathy,IPS]" '''M.A Ganapathy''',the 1986-batch IPS officer,Ex NSG Chief and former DGP of Uttarakhand discussed how he investigated the match fixing as SP CBI and conducted the '''Haridwar,Mahakumbh''' in 2010 without any untoward incident." 17 Feb 2025
*"[https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/national/2024/12/14/lst2-book-ganapathy.html Ex-NSG DG Ganapathy pens collection of short stories]" A collection of short stories authored by '''M A Ganapathy''', former Director General of National Security Guard (NSG), is a mix of policing incidents and the paranormal.14 December 2024
*"[https://www.thedailyjagran.com/india/book-review-spirits-in-the-north-block-and-stranger-things-10214196 Spirits In The North Block And Stranger Things!]" The book titled ''''Whispers in the Shadows'''<nowiki/>', by M A GANAPATHY, Ex NSG Chief chronicling the strange escapades of Avinash, the protagonist police officer in the stories is making waves and attracting attention due to the unusual nature of its content. 22 Jan 2025.
*'''Murder mysteries with spooky twists: NSG ex-chief M A Ganapathy’s book treads a road less travelled.''' Unlike cops who describe their achievements by recounting their careers in a book after retirement, M A Ganapathy has chosen to fictionalise his professional experiences. https://indianexpress.com/article/india/murder-mysteries-spooky-twists-nsg-ex-chief-m-a-ganapathys-book-9737553/
*'''Ex-NSG chief debut novel chronicles his brush with the 'supernatural'.''' Retired IPS officer M.A. Ganapathy debuts with 'Whispers in the Shadows,' a collection of paranormal short stories. Drawing inspiration from Ruskin Bond, Ganapathy's tales explore spooky encounters in various settings, from his native Coorg to his alma mater. The protagonist, Avinash, mirrors Ganapathy's own life, narrating chilling, often incredible experiences with the supernatural. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ex-nsg-chief-debut-novel-chronicles-his-brush-with-the-supernatural/articleshow/116322494.cms
*'''‘Whispers in the Shadows’ book review: An unusual-yet-captivating supernatural read that humanises the police.''' Ex-NSG chief M.A. Ganapathy takes the supernatural route in his debut work, ‘Whispers in the Shadows: Paranormal Encounters of a Policeman’. https://www.theweek.in/review/books/2024/12/30/ma-ganapathy-debut-book-Whispers-in-the-Shadows-book-review.html
*'''Whispers in the Shadows: Ex-NSG DG Ganapathy pens short stories on policing, paranormal.''' The stories in "Whispers in the Shadows" relate to adventures of a low-profile and conscientious police officer named Avinash.https://newsmeter.in/lifestyle/whispers-in-the-shadows-ex-nsg-dg-ganapathy-pens-short-stories-on-policing-paranormal-740626

==See also==

* [[Director General of the National Security Guard]]
* [[Jayanta Narayan Choudhury]]
* [[Ranjit Shekhar Mooshahary]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ganapathy, M. A.}}
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Police Service officers]]
[[Category:People from Kodagu district]]
[[Category:Madras Christian College alumni]]
[[Category:Jawaharlal Nehru University alumni]]
[[Category:Faculty of Law, University of Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:Illegal drug trade in Asia]]
[[Category:Anti-corruption measures in India]]
[[Category:Anti-gambling advocates]]
[[Category:People from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:People from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:National Defence College, India alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Oxford]]
[[Category:Harvard Kennedy School alumni]]
[[Category:Indian police chiefs]]

Mir Nasir Khan Talpur

2026-04-22T10:31:18Z

Himanshuucharan:

{{Short description|Mir of Hyderabad from 1839 to 1843}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Nasir Khan Talpur
| title =
| image = Portrait of Mir Nasir Khan Talpur.jpg
| caption = Posthumous portrait by [[Colesworthey Grant]], {{circa|1851}}
| succession = [[List of monarchs of Sindh#Talpur dynasty (1783–1843 AD)#Talpurs of Hyderabad|Mir of Hyderabad]]
| reign = {{Nowrap|24 December 1839 – 24 March 1843}}
| cor-type =
| coronation = 24 December 1839 [[Pacco Qillo]]
| regent = Hassan Ali Khan Talpur
| reg-type = [[Heir apparent]]
| regent2 = Ahmad Khan Leghari
| reg-type2 = Prime Minister
| predecessor = Noor Muhammad Khan Talpur
| successor = ''Position abolished'' ([[Charles James Napier]] as [[List of commissioners and governors of Sind (British India)|Governor of Sind]])
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1804|05|17|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Sind State]] (modern-day [[Sindh]], Pakistan)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1845|04|14|1804|05|17|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[Company Raj]] (modern-day [[West Bengal]], India)
| issue = Hassan Ali Khan Talpur Abbas Ali Khan Talpur
| burial_place = [[Tombs of the Talpur Mirs|Cubbas, Hyderabad]]
| burial_date =
| spouse =
| dynasty = [[Talpur dynasty|Talpur]]
| house = [[Talpur dynasty#Branches#Shahdadani Talpurs of Hyderabad|Shahdadani]]
| religion = [[Shia Islam]]{{efn|School of [[Fiqh|Jurisprudence]]: [[Ja'fari school|Ja'fari]]}}
| father = Murad Ali Khan Talpur
| mother =
| signature = Signature of Mir Nasir Khan Talpur.png
}}

'''[[Mir (title)|Mir]] Muhammad Nasir Khan Talpur'''{{efn|{{langx|fa|{{nq|میر محمد نصیر خان تالپور}}}}, {{langx|bal|{{nq|میر محمد نصیر خان تالپور}}}}, {{langx|sd|{{nq|مير محمد نصير خان ٽالپر}}}}}} (17 May 1804 – 14 April 1845) was the sixth [[List of monarchs of Sindh#Talpur dynasty (1783–1843 AD)#Talpurs of Hyderabad|Mir of Hyderabad]] from 1839 until [[Battle of Miani|his deposition]] and subsequent exile in 1843. He is remembered as the last independent monarch of [[Sindh]].

Nasir Khan was one of the most active administrators and fighters after the decline of the [[Mughal Empire]].<ref>{{cite book |last= Alexander |first=David Geoffrey |year=2015 |title=Islamic Arms and Armor in the Metropolitan Museum of Art|publisher= Metropolitan Museum of Art |page=287 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Islamic_Arms_and_Armor_in_The_Metropolit/QS-pCwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0|isbn=9781588395702}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=u4tlEAAAQBAJ&dq=talpurs+sindhi&pg=PA28 |title=Paradoxes of Pakistan: A Glimpse |page=28 |quote= ..A very exacting Nawab provoked a revolt led by the Talpurs, Balochi people backed by the Mughals and the Persians. The Talpurs won the battle of Halani..|author= Belkacem Belmekki, Michel Naumann
|date=2022 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=9783838216034 }}</ref> He made [[Hyderabad, Sindh|Hyderabad]] the capital of his empire<ref name=":edward">{{cite book |last1= Beasley |first1= Edward |title=The Chartist General |date=2016 |page=373|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Chartist_General/yiklDwAAQBAJ?hl=en}}</ref>.

He was a strong follower of the [[Sufi]] tradition. He donated a lot of his personal wealth to the Tomb of [[Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai]] at [[Bhit|Bhit Shah]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2026}} He and his 30,000 forces were defeated by the forces of the [[British Empire]] led by [[Charles James Napier|Charles Napier]] at the [[Battle of Miani]] on 17 February 1843.<ref>{{cite book |last= Jalali |first=Ali Ahmad |year=2017 |title=A Military History of Afghanistan|publisher= University Press of Kansas |page=169 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_Military_History_of_Afghanistan/KhGrEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0|isbn=9780700624072}}</ref> His defeat was an ill omen for the last [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Bahadur Shah Zafar]]. Following the 24 March 1843<ref>{{cite book |last= Showalter |first=Dennis |year=2013 |title=Imperial Wars 1815–1914|publisher= Amber Books Limited |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Imperial_Wars_1815_1914/AvKxAgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Nasir+Talpur++baluch&pg=PA1843&printsec=frontcover|isbn=9781782741251}}</ref>
[[Battle of Hyderabad]], Sindh was annexed to [[British India]].<ref>{{cite book |last1= Beasley |first1= Edward |title=The Chartist General |date=2016 |page=214|publisher= Taylor & Francis |isbn= 978-1-315-51728-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yiklDwAAQBAJ}}</ref>

==Early life and ascension==

Mir Muhammad Nasir Khan Talpur was born on 17 May 1804 (7th [[Safar]] 1219 [[Islamic calendar|AH]]) in [[Hyderabad, Pakistan|Hyderabad]], the capital of [[Sind State|Sindh]], as the second son of the Mir of Hyderabad Murad Ali Khan Talpur. Murad was the younger brother of Mir Fateh Ali Khan, the first Mir of Hyderabad. Nasir's great-grandfather, [[Mir Bahram Khan Talpur|Mir Bahram Khan]], was the [[Vizier]] of [[Ghulam Shah Kalhoro]]. Nasir's mother was from Shoran in [[Khanate of Kalat|Kalat]] and was the daughter of Sher Muhammad Khan Rind the Sardar of the [[Rind (tribe)|Rind]] tribe.{{Citation needed|date=April 2026}} Through him, Nasir is also a direct descendant of the legendary [[Baloch people|Baloch]] mercenary [[Mir Chakar Rind|Mir Chakar Khan Rind]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2026}}

Nasir was brought up in the court of his uncle Mir Ghulam Ali Khan, the then Mir of Hyderabad. He got his early education from a leading Sindhi scholar and poet, Akhund Muhammad Bachal, with [[nom de plume]] Anwar.{{Citation needed|date=April 2026}} Bachal also served as the court poet later in his reign and died in 1861. From a young age, Nasir was fluent in [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], [[Persian language|Persian]], [[English language|English]] {{Citation needed|date=April 2026}}. He also had an interest in philosophy, religion and poetry. He started composing poetry as early as 19.{{Citation needed|date=April 2026}} For much of his life, Nasir focused on his military training than the duties of a prince, but due to the untimely death of his brother Noor Muhammad Talpur, the Mir of Hyderabad, he was asked by the tribal elders to ascend the throne. Thus, on 24 December 1839, Nasir proclaimed himself the [[Rais]] in the [[Pacco Qillo]] and became the sixth and subsequently the last Mir of Hyderabad.

==Early reign==
[[File:Illustrirte Zeitung (1843) 23 356 3 Die Emirs von Sind.png|thumb|220px|Die Emirs von Sind: Mir Mahomed, Mir Mussir Khan und Mir Nur Mahud. From [[Illustrirte Zeitung]], Vol. 1, No. 23, Saturday, December 2, 1843, page 356.]]
During his early rule, Mir Nasir Khan Talpur’s authority was weakened by internal family arrangements. Following the death of his elder brother, his nephews (Mir Sobdar and Mir Hussain Ali) were granted the same position in the [[Durbar (court)|durbar]] as their father, which limited Nasir Khan’s influence.{{Citation needed|date=April 2026}} The nephews were also able to appeal directly to the British representative in Sindh.{{Citation needed|date=April 2026}}

Contemporary accounts describe Nasir Khan as avaricious and indecisive, which contributed to disputes within the Talpur household.{{Citation needed|date=April 2026}}His disposition led to constant quarrels among the Amirs and prevented the establishment of firm leadership within the dynasty. To maintain dynastic prestige.{{Citation needed|date=April 2026}}
[[File:Armor of Mail and Plate, Sindh, Pakistan.jpeg|thumb|200px|Armor of Mail and Plate from 19th century, Talpur Sindh, [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]]]

The Talpur Amirs were considered to be extremely wealthy, particularly Mir Nasir Khan himself. Despite this, the general condition of the people of Sindh remained poor, and the wealth of the ruling family was not reflected in the welfare of the population.{{Citation needed|date=April 2026}}

In a notable religious initiative, Nasir Khan commissioned the construction of a shrine to house the footprints of [[Ali|Caliph Ali]]. The relic was made accessible to the public, and the shrine became a site of visitation for the people of Sindh.{{Citation needed|date=April 2026}}

==War with the East India Company==
{{Main|British conquest of Sindh}}
[[File:Edward Armitage (1817-96) - The Battle of Meeanee, 17 February 1843 - RCIN 407185 - Royal Collection.jpg|thumb|250px|''[[The Battle of Meeanee]]'' by [[Edward Armitage]] (1847) depicting the [[Battle of Miani]]]]
[[File:Plan of the Battle of Dubba.jpg|left|thumb|A British map of the battle depicting [[military strategy]]]]
During Nasir Khan’s reign, relations between Sindh and the [[East India Company]] became increasingly strained. In 1838, the Talpurs were compelled to sign a treaty that allowed a British political residency at Hyderabad and authorized the stationing of British troops in Sindh to support operations in [[Emirate of Afghanistan|Afghanistan]]. The Amirs, including Nasir Khan, viewed these conditions as an infringement upon their sovereignty but accepted them under duress. The arrangement also required them to provide resources for British forces, which created resentment among the ruling family and the population.

By 1842, the political climate shifted with the arrival of Major General [[Charles James Napier]]. Napier pursued a more aggressive policy than his predecessor [[Sir James Outram]], alleging that the Amirs, particularly Nasir Khan, were secretly corresponding with Afghan leaders and raising forces against British interests. Although these accusations were contested, the Company used them as justification for direct intervention. Nasir Khan attempted to maintain the traditional authority of the Talpurs but was increasingly isolated by the growing influence of the British residency.

The dispute escalated into open conflict in early 1843. On 17 February, the [[Battle of Miani]] was fought near Hyderabad. Mir Nasir Khan commanded a Talpur army estimated at over 20,000 men, largely composed of Baluchi levies and local allies, while Napier’s force numbered fewer than 3,000. Despite their numerical advantage, the Talpurs were decisively defeated due to the superior discipline, firepower, and artillery of the British troops. Nasir Khan was present on the battlefield and attempted to rally his men, but the defeat broke the military strength of the Talpur state.

Following Miani, resistance continued briefly under Talpur leaders who regrouped at [[Battle of Dubbo|Dubbo]]. On 24 March 1843, another engagement took place, resulting once again in a decisive British victory. After the defeat, Nasir Khan and the remaining Talpur rulers were compelled to surrender Hyderabad. Sindh was annexed to British India, with Napier famously reporting his conquest in a single word: “Peccavi” (“I have sinned/Sindh”).

The annexation marked the end of Talpur sovereignty and the loss of Sindh’s independence. Nasir Khan, along with other members of the ruling family, was taken into British custody and sent into exile. His defeat symbolized the collapse of local resistance to British expansion in the region and paved the way for the consolidation of colonial rule over Sindh.

==Personal life==
Nasir Khan Talpur was deeply inclined towards literary pursuits and was recognized for his poetic abilities. According to Dr. James Humes, he had completed a Diwan of ghazals before the age of twenty-five. His works include Masnavi Mirza Sahiban, Mukhtarnama, and Diwan-e-Jafari.

He adhered to [[Twelver Shia Islam]] and followed [[Ja'fari school]] along with other [[Sufi]] traditions. In admiration of Imam [[Ja'far al-Sadiq]], he adopted Jaffery as his pen name in poetry.

===Personality===
Contemporary accounts describe him as engaging, generous, and frank, and as the most popular among the Talpur princes. He excelled in martial and physical exercises and was particularly esteemed by the soldiery. His manners were likened to those of a refined English nobleman. Although corpulent, he was regarded as handsome. A lover of music and dance, he combined his appreciation for the arts with his literary pursuits, which contributed to his recognition as a poet of princely standing.

===Family===
[[File:Mir Hassan Ali Khan Talpur.jpeg|thumb|Portrait of Mir Hassan Ali Khan on the book cover of Fatehnama-e-Sindh]]
Nasir Khan Talpur was married twice. His first wife was from the Nizamani tribe of [[Tando Qaiser]], the daughter of Muhammad Ali, son of Rahim Khan and grandson of Qaiser Khan Nizamani. His second wife belonged to the [[Marri (tribe)|Marri]] tribe of [[Tando Adam Khan]].

From his Nizamani wife, he had a son, Mir Hassan Ali Khan Talpur (b. 12 July 1824), and a daughter who married her cousin Mir Hussain Ali, the son of Mir Noor Muhammad Talpur. From his Marri wife, he had a son, Mir Abbas Ali Khan Talpur (b. 1822).

==Exile and death==
[[File:Entrance to tombs of Talpur Mirs.jpg|thumb|250px|Entrance to the [[tombs of Talpur Mirs]]]]
Following the defeat of the Talpurs in the [[Battle of Miani]] in February 1843, Nasir Khan was taken into British custody. He was initially sent to [[Bombay]], later transferred to [[Pune]], and eventually exiled to [[Calcutta]], where he spent the last years of his life.

There are differing accounts regarding the date of his death. According to ''Yadgar-e-Raftagan'' by [[Makhdoom Muhammad Zaman Talibul Moula]], he died on 14 April 1845 (6 [[Rabi' al-Thani]] 1261 [[Islamic calendar|AH]]), while ''Galhiyun Goth Wannan Joon'' by [[Hassam-ud-Din Rashidi]] records his death as 16 March 1845 (7 [[Rabi' al-Awwal]] 1261 [[Islamic calendar|AH]]).

Nasir Khan expressed a wish to be buried in [[Karbala]], which was denied by the authorities. He was temporarily buried in Calcutta for about a year before his remains were transferred to [[Hyderabad, Pakistan|Hyderabad, Sindh]], where he was interred in the [[Cubbas]], the Talpur royal necropolis.

==Legacy==
[[File:Badshahi Bungalow 004.jpg|thumb|200px|Badshahi Bungalow, [[Hyderabad, Pakistan|Hyderabad]]]]
Nasir Khan Talpur’s son, Mir Hassan Ali Khan Talpur, became noted for his literary and architectural contributions. He authored the Fatehnama-e-Sindh, a poetic-historical chronicle written in [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Urdu]], and [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] that describes the rise of the Talpurs over the Kalhoras and the establishment of their rule in Sindh.

In 1863, Hassan Ali Khan commissioned the construction of the Badshahi Bungalow at [[Latifabad|Latifabad, Hyderabad]], which today serves as the Talpur mansion. He died on 30 January 1907 without issue. Initially buried within the courtyard of the bungalow, his remains were later transferred to Karbala, where they were reinterred on 9 May 1912.

The legacy of Nasir Khan Talpur and his descendants is also preserved through the [[Tombs of the Talpur Mirs]] (Cubbās) at [[Hirabad, Hyderabad]]. These mausoleums, which house the graves of Talpur rulers and princes, remain an important cultural and historical landmark of Sindh.

== References ==
{{reflist}}
==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Mir Nasir, Talpur}}

[[Category:1804 births]]
[[Category:1845 deaths]]
[[Category:Baloch people]]
[[Category:19th-century Mughal Empire people]]
[[Category:Talpur dynasty]]
[[Category:Monarchs of Sindh]]

Kalyan Kale

2026-04-19T22:18:01Z

Himanshuucharan: created new post

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1963)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Dr. Kalyan Kale
| image =
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency1 = [[Jalna Lok Sabha constituency|Jalna]]
| predecessor1 = [[Raosaheb Danve]]
| term_start1 = 2024
| term_end1 = 
| office2 = Member of [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 2009
| term_end2 = 2014
| predecessor2 = constituency established
| successor2 = [[Haribhau Kisanrao Bagde]]
| constituency2 = [[Phulambri Assembly constituency|Phulambri]]
| term_start3 = 2004
| term_end3 = 2009
| predecessor3 = [[Haribhau Kisanrao Bagde]]
| successor3 = [[Rajendra Darda]]
| constituency3 = [[Aurangabad East Assembly constituency|Aurangabad East]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1963|7|19|df=y}}<ref name="sarkarnama profile"/>
| birth_place = Pisadevi, Maharashtra
| parents =
| education = Bhagwan homeopathic college ([[Bachelor of Homeopathic Medicine and Surgery|BHMS]])
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse = Rekha Kale
| children = 3
| source =
| parliament = Indian
}}

Dr. '''Kalyan Vaijinathrao Kale''' is an Indian politician who represents the [[Jalna (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalna constituency]] in [[Lok Sabha]]. He is a member of the [[Indian National Congress]] party. He previously served as the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] for the [[Phulambri Assembly constituency]] in the [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]] [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] ( [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Maharashtra legislative assembly, 2009]]).

== Personal life ==
Kalyan Kale was born to Vaijinathrao Kale on 19 July 1963 in Pisadevi village near [[Sambhaji Nagar|Sambaji Nagar/Aurangabad]]. He is married to Rekha Kale. They have three children and all those are adult<ref name="sarkarnama profile">{{cite news |last1=इधाटे |first1=नवनाथ |title=Jalna Lok Sabha Constituency : रावसाहेब दानवेंना धडकी भरवणारे काँग्रेसचे कल्याण काळे पुन्हा मैदानात उतरणार? |url=https://sarkarnama.esakal.com/maharashtra/marathwada/jalna-kalyan-kale-profile-in-marathi-gt96 |access-date=5 June 2024 |work=[[Sarkarnama]] |date=10 January 2024 |language=mr}}</ref><ref name="Doctors {{!}} Healthy corps">{{cite news|last1=India Today|title=Doctors {{!}} Healthy corps|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-doctors-healthy-corps-2565856-2024-07-13|accessdate=9 November 2024|date=13 July 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241109153202/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-doctors-healthy-corps-2565856-2024-07-13|archivedate=9 November 2024|language=en}}</ref>

==Position held==
*2009-14: Member, [[Phulambri Assembly constituency|Phulambri Assembly Legislative]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=सरदेशमुख |first1=सुहास |title=डॉ. कल्याण काळे यांच्या उमेदवारीने जालन्याची लढत आता लक्षवेधक ठरणार |url=https://www.loksatta.com/politics/jalna-lok-sabha-election-on-interesting-mode-congress-declared-dr-kalyan-kale-candidacy-announced-print-politics-news-asj-82-4310877/ |access-date=5 June 2024 |work=[[Loksatta]] |date=11 April 2024 |language=mr}}</ref>
*2024 Onwards: Member, [[Jalna Lok Sabha constituency|Jalna Lok Sabha]]<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Jalna">{{cite news |date=4 June 2024 |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Jalna |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S1318.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250601180248/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S1318.htm |archivedate=1 June 2025 |accessdate=1 June 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=जालनेकरांचा यंदा रावसाहेब दानवे यांनाच 'चकवा'; 'कांटे की टक्कर' कल्याण काळेंनी जिंकली |url=https://www.lokmat.com/jalana/jalana-lok-sabha-result-2024-this-year-raosaheb-danve-magic-not-works-chakwa-kante-ki-takkar-was-won-by-kalyan-kale-a-a320/ |access-date=5 June 2024 |work=[[Lokmat]] |date=4 June 2024 |language=mr}}</ref>
*26-Sep-2024 onwards: ''Member, Committee on Chemicals and Fertilizers''

== References ==
{{Reflist}}


{{s-start}}
{{s-bef|before={{nowrap|Raosaheb Danve}}}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member of [[Lok Sabha]] for [[Jalna (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalna]]|years=2024-}}
{{s-inc}}

{{s-end}}



{{DEFAULTSORT:Kale, Kalyan Vaijinathrao}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:People from Aurangabad district, Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Politicians from Marathwada]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance candidates in 2024 Indian general election]]

{{Maharashtra-INC-politician-stub}}

Nashik Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:25:09Z

Himanshuucharan: Starting a data nd citations

{{Short description|Former constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Nashik
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| district =
| division =
| loksabha_cons = [[Nashik Lok Sabha constituency|Nashik]]
| constituency_no =
| established = 1955
| reservation =
| abolished = 2008
| electors =
}}
'''[[Nashik]]''' Vidhan Sabha seat was one of the constituencies of [[Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha]], in [[India]]. It was a segment of [[Nashik Lok Sabha constituency]]. Nashik seat existed until the 2004 elections after which it became defunct in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website |accessdate=12 October 2017 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225084439/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |archivedate=25 February 2009 }}</ref>

==Members of Vidhan Sabha==
{|class=wikitable
! Year
! Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nashik Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/nashik-maharashtra-assembly-constituency |access-date= |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party

|-
| rowspan=2| [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || Kamble S. L. (Sc) || {{Full party name with color|Scheduled Castes Federation}}
|-
| Pandurang Mahadeo Murkute || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || rowspan=2 | Vasant Narayan Naik || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Lonari Vilas Murlidhar
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Upadhye Vasant Ganesh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || Wavare Shantarambapu Kondaji || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || [[Daulatrao Aher|Dr. Daulatrao Aher Sonuji]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || Kathe Ganpatrao Pundalik
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || rowspan=2 | [[Daulatrao Aher|Dr. Daulatrao Aher Sonuji]]
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || [[Bachhav Shobha Dinesh]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2004===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Nashik}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Bachhav Shobha Dinesh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 85,786 |percentage = 45.38% |change={{increase}}24.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Daulatrao Aher|Dr. Daulatrao Aher Sonuji]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 79,625 |percentage = 42.12% |change={{decrease}}5.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr. D. L.Karad |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 15,415 |percentage = 8.15% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sayyad Mushir Muniroddin |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 5,594 |percentage = 2.96% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,161 |percentage = 3.26% |change= {{decrease}}12.15 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,89,086 |percentage = 42.94% |change= {{decrease}}1.98 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,89,037}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,40,300|ref = |change= {{increase}}27.69 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}2.13 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Nashik<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Daulatrao Aher|Dr. Daulatrao Aher Sonuji]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 73,591 |percentage = 47.51% |change={{decrease}}0.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr. Pawar Vasant Nivrutti |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 49,717 |percentage = 32.10% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chhajed Jayprakash Jitmal |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 31,576 |percentage = 20.39% |change={{decrease}}2.85 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 23,874 |percentage = 15.41% |change= {{decrease}}9.56 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,60,608 |percentage = 46.58% |change= {{decrease}}14.96 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,54,884}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,44,826|ref = |change= {{increase}}4.94 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}0.70 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Nashik<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Daulatrao Aher|Dr. Daulatrao Aher Sonuji]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 94,852 |percentage = 48.21% |change={{decrease}}0.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mane Murlidhar Pandurang |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 45,717 |percentage = 23.24% |change={{decrease}}20.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Wavare Shantarambapu Kondaji |party=Independent politician |votes = 31,170 |percentage = 15.84% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Adv. Sou. Karad Vasudha Dhondiram |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 11,306 |percentage = 5.75% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Patil Gopal Baburao |party=Samata Party |votes = 2,603 |percentage = 1.32% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jadhav Sampatrao Rambhau |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,777 |percentage = 0.90% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Khandave Panditrao Runjaji |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,586 |percentage = 0.81% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 49,135 |percentage = 24.97% |change= {{increase}}20.76 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 2,00,041 |percentage = 60.88% |change= {{increase}}6.20 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,96,745}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,28,590|ref = |change= {{increase}}32.13 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}0.06 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Nashik<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Kathe Ganpatrao Pundalik |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 64,425 |percentage = 48.27% |change={{increase}}3.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Khaire Pandharinath Sadhavrao |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 58,801 |percentage = 44.05% |change={{increase}}1.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chavan Shantaram (Bhau) Pandurang |party=Janata Dal |votes = 8,937 |percentage = 6.70% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,624 |percentage = 4.21% |change= {{increase}}1.77 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,35,088 |percentage = 54.32% |change= {{decrease}}1.45 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,33,480}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,48,682|ref = |change= {{increase}}45.26 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}3.72 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1985===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Nashik<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Daulatrao Aher|Dr. Daulatrao Aher Sonuji]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 42,030 |percentage = 44.54% |change={{increase}}13.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chhajed Jayprakash Jitmal |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 39,721 |percentage = 42.09% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kardak Waman Tabaji |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 7,759 |percentage = 8.22% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sanap Vijay Bhaurao |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,161 |percentage = 2.29% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Thorat Keshav Yashwant |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,703 |percentage = 1.80% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,309 |percentage = 2.45% |change= {{decrease}}1.44 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 95,357 |percentage = 55.70% |change= {{increase}}7.09 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 94,363}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,71,195|ref = |change= {{increase}}15.58 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}9.54 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Nashik<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Wavare Shantarambapu Kondaji |party=Independent politician |votes = 24,900 |percentage = 35.00% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kathe Ganpatrao Pundalik |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 22,133 |percentage = 31.11% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chhajed Jayprakash Jitmal |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 18,802 |percentage = 26.43% |change={{decrease}}13.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Upadhaya Vasant Ganesh |party=Janata Party |votes = 4,846 |percentage = 6.81% |change={{decrease}}35.68 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,767 |percentage = 3.89% |change= {{increase}}1.55 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 72,097 |percentage = 48.68% |change= {{decrease}}13.67 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 71,141}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,48,113|ref = |change= {{increase}}18.38 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}7.49 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Nashik<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Upadhye Vasant Ganesh |party=Janata Party |votes = 32,809 |percentage = 42.50% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Wavare Shantarambapu Kondaji |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 31,001 |percentage = 40.15% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Lonari Vilas Murlidhar |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 10,605 |percentage = 13.74% |change={{decrease}}49.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kansara Damodar Parasharam |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,756 |percentage = 2.27% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,808 |percentage = 2.34% |change= {{decrease}}28.87 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 78,576 |percentage = 62.80% |change= {{increase}}8.36 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 77,206}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,25,118|ref = |change= {{increase}}17.20 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}20.54 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Nashik<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Lonari Vilas Murlidhar |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 35,894 |percentage = 63.03% |change={{increase}}15.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kathe Ganpatrao Pundalik |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 18,121 |percentage = 31.82% |change={{decrease}}7.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dashrath Kisan Tambe |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,687 |percentage = 2.96% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ramdas Laxman Khaire |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 955 |percentage = 1.68% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 17,773 |percentage = 31.21% |change= {{increase}}22.79 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 58,062 |percentage = 54.39% |change= {{decrease}}4.59 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 56,946}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,06,755|ref = |change= {{increase}}31.08 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}15.30 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Nashik<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Vasant Narayan Naik |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 22,521 |percentage = 47.73% |change={{decrease}}1.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhilkchand Vedushet Vadnagare |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 18,550 |percentage = 39.31% |change={{increase}}24.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=S. H. Bismilla |party=Independent politician |votes = 4,454 |percentage = 9.44% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=P. D. Takle |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes = 1,122 |percentage = 2.38% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=S. K. Rathi |party=Independent politician |votes = 286 |percentage = 0.61% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,971 |percentage = 8.42% |change= {{decrease}}22.53 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 50,951 |percentage = 62.56% |change= {{increase}}2.34 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 47,185}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 81,441|ref = |change= {{increase}}10.21 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}1.85 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1962===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Nashik<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Vasant Narayan Naik |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 20,371 |percentage = 49.58% |change={{increase}}28.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ramchandra Jagannath Pande |party=Independent politician |votes = 7,657 |percentage = 18.64% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhilkchand Vedushet Vadnagare |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 6,266 |percentage = 15.25% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ramchandra Namdeo Bhangare |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 4,810 |percentage = 11.71% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shivaram Rama Jadhao |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,031 |percentage = 2.51% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sakhahari Laxman Kambale |party=Independent politician |votes = 495 |percentage = 1.20% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,714 |percentage = 30.95% |change= {{increase}}28.74 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 44,808 |percentage = 60.64% |change= {{decrease}}49.95 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 41,085}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 73,893|ref = |change= {{decrease}}36.42 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Scheduled Castes Federation |swing= {{increase}}23.26 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1957===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Nashik<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Kamble S. L. (Sc) |party=Scheduled Castes Federation |votes = 32,287 |percentage = 26.32% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Vithalrao Hande|Vithalrao Ganpatrao Hande]] |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 29,587 |percentage = 24.12% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kale Dattatray Tulshiram (Sc) |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 26,428 |percentage = 21.54% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Abad Lakhmichand Ramchandra |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 23,758 |percentage = 19.37% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ghute Khanderao Sajan |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,348 |percentage = 2.73% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Barve Indirabai Parshuram |party=Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad |votes = 2,597 |percentage = 2.12%|change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Lokhande Kisan Rajaram (Sc) |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,476 |percentage = 2.02% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,700 |percentage = 2.20% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,22,669 |percentage = 105.55% |change= }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,22,669}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,16,223|ref = |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Scheduled Castes Federation |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Maharashtra}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nashik Assembly constituency}}
[[Category:Nashik district]]
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Pankaj Kumar Rajak

2026-04-13T06:29:07Z

Himanshuucharan: bio

{{Short description|Indian field hockey player (born 1999)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox field hockey player
| name = Pankaj Kumar Rajak
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| full_name = 
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1999|03|30|df=y}}
| birth_place = Hurhuru-Patratu, [[Hazaribagh district|Hazaribagh]], [[Bihar]] (now in [[Jharkhand]]), India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| height =
| weight =
| position = [[Goalkeeper (field hockey)|Goalkeeper]]
| currentclub =
| youthyears1 =
| youthclubs1 =
| years1 =
| clubs1 = Indian Oil
| years2 =
| clubs2 =
| nationalyears1 = 2015–2020
| nationalteam1 = [[India men's national under-21 field hockey team|India U21]]
| nationalcaps(goals)1 =
| nationalyears2 = 2016–
| nationalteam2 = [[India men's national field hockey team|India]]
| nationalcaps(goals)2 = 2
|medaltemplates=
{{MedalSport|Men's [[field hockey]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Men's Hockey Asia Cup|Asia Cup]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2022 Men's Hockey Asia Cup|2022 Jakarta]]|}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Field hockey at the South Asian Games|South Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2016 South Asian Games|2016 Guwahati/Shillong]]|[[Field hockey at the 2016 South Asian Games|Team]]}}
| updated = 26 May 2022
}}

'''Pankaj Kumar Rajak''' (born 30 March 1999) is an Indian [[field hockey]] player who plays as a [[Goalkeeper (field hockey)|goalkeeper]]. He was a member of the [[India men's national field hockey team|Indian national team]] that won the silver medal at the [[2016 South Asian Games]].<ref>{{cite news |title=South Asian Games: India lose to Pakistan 1-2 in men's hockey |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/hockey/top-stories/south-asian-games-india-lose-to-pakistan-1-2-in-mens-hockey/articleshow/50906273.cms |access-date=23 May 2022 |work=The Times of India |agency=Press Trust of India |date=8 February 2016 |language=en |archive-date=23 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523060430/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/hockey/top-stories/south-asian-games-india-lose-to-pakistan-1-2-in-mens-hockey/articleshow/50906273.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Biography ==
Rajak hails from Hurhuru-Patratu, a village in the [[Hazaribagh district]] of India's [[States and union territories of India|State]] of [[Jharkhand]] (then a part of [[Bihar]]). His father Dadan Prasad Rajak is a washerman. Pankaj Kumar is the youngest among four siblings.<ref name="toi1">{{cite news |title=rajak: Goalie Ends State’s Long Wait To Book India Men’s Team Berth |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/goalie-ends-states-long-wait-to-book-india-mens-team-berth/articleshow/91503095.cms |access-date=23 May 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=12 May 2022 |language=en |archive-date=12 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512005538/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/goalie-ends-states-long-wait-to-book-india-mens-team-berth/articleshow/91503095.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Career ==
Rajak enrolled in the Hazaribagh Day Boarding Centre in 2009 and was suggested to take up goalkeeping by his first coach Koleshwar Gope. Rajak trained there till 2012 before moving to [[Sports Authority of India]], [[Ranchi]] where he stayed till 2014. He was a part of the Jharkhand squad in 2013 and 2014 for the sub-junior national championships. He subsequently moved to SAIL Hockey Academy in [[Rourkela]], where he was picked for the [[India men's national under-21 field hockey team|under-21 national team]] that competed at the Volve Hockey Open Cup the following year in England. Rajak then played at the [[2016 South Asian Games]] and won silver with the under-21 team that India fielded for the Games. He also featured in the squads that won gold at the Under-18 Asia Cup and bronze at the Under-21 Sultan of Johor Cup during this time. In the club level, he plays for his employer Indian Oil.<ref name="toi1"/>

In May 2022, Rajak was named in the 20-member squad for the [[2022 Men's Hockey Asia Cup|Asia Cup]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lamba |first1=Harpreet Kaur |title=Asia Cup Hockey: Similar Pitch, Different Targets as Old Foes India-Pak Clash |url=https://www.thequint.com/sports/hockey/india-vs-pakistan-hockey-asia-cup-2022-preview |access-date=23 May 2022 |work=TheQuint |date=22 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{India FH Squad 2022 Asia Cup}}

[[Category:1999 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian men's field hockey players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Field hockey players from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Men's field hockey goalkeepers]]
[[Category:South Asian Games silver medalists for India]]
[[Category:South Asian Games medalists in field hockey]]

Dungar Ram Gedar

2026-04-04T20:31:24Z

Himanshuucharan: starting basic details basic info...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Dungar Ram Gedar
| office = Member of the [[16th Rajasthan Assembly]]
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| constituency = [[Suratgarh Assembly constituency|Suratgarh]]
| country = {{flag|India}}
| assembly =
| predecessor = Ram Pratap Kashniya
| successor =
| term_start = 3 December 2023
| term_end =
| source =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| birth_place = [[Rajasthan]]
| occupation = Politician
| education = [[Bachelor of Arts]]
| alma_mater = [[Maharshi Dayanand Saraswati University]]
}}
'''Dungar Ram Gedar''' is an Indian [[politician]] and a member of the [[16th Rajasthan Assembly]] representing [[Suratgarh Assembly constituency]].<ref name="prs">{{cite web |url=https://prsindia.org/mlatrack/dungarram-gedar |title=Dungarram Gedar |publisher=[[PRS Legislative Research]] |access-date=29 May 2024}}</ref><ref name="rla">{{cite web |url=https://assembly.rajasthan.gov.in/Containers/Members/ConstituencyWise.aspx |title=Rajasthan Legislative Assembly |publisher=[[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] |access-date=29 May 2024}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name="prs" /><ref name="rla" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/partywisewinresult-742S20.htm |title=General Elections to Assembly Constituencies: Trends & Results Dec-2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=29 May 2024}}</ref>

==Education==

Dungar Ram Gedar did his graduation with a [[Bachelor of Arts]] at [[Maharshi Dayanand Saraswati University]] in 1989.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.myneta.info/Rajasthan2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=105 |title=Dungarram Gedar(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- SURATGARH(GANGANAGAR) |publisher=myneta.info |access-date=29 May 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gedar, Dungar Ram}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:People from Sri Ganganagar district]]
{{Rajasthan-INC-politician-stub}}

Krishnachandra Roy

2026-04-01T23:09:29Z

Himanshuucharan: created data

{{Short description|Zamindar of Krishnagar, Nadia from 1728 to 1783}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox Royalty
| name = Raja Krishnachandra
| full name = Krishnachandra Roy
| birth_date = {{circa}} 1710
| birth_place = [[Krishnanagar, Nadia|Krishnanagar]], [[Nadia Raj]] (now in West Bengal, India)
| death_date = {{circa}} {{death year and age|1783|1710}}
| death_place = [[Nadia Raj]] (now in West Bengal, India)
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| father = Raghuram Ray
| title = Maharaja & Zamindar of Nadia
| succession = [[Nadia Raj|Raja of Nadia]]
| reign = 1728 – 1783
| house = Krishnanagar Rajbari
| predecessor = Raja Raghuram Ray
| successor = Śiva Chandra Roy
}}

'''Raja Krishnachandra''' (born '''Krishnachandra Roy'''; 1710–1783) was a [[raja]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qckUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA14|title=Social Ideas and Social Change in Bengal 1818-1835|author1=A. F. Salahuddin Ahmed|author2=Aly Fouad Ahmed|publisher=Brill Archive|year=1965|page=14}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Cultures of History in Early Modern India: Persianization and Mughal Culture in Bengal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=53UwAQAAIAAJ|author=Kumkum Chatterjee|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2009|page=100|isbn = 9780195698800|quote=Maharaja Krishnachandra Roy of Nadia, one of the most powerful zamindars of eighteenth century Bengal.}}</ref> and [[zamindar]] in [[Nadia district|Nadia]]{{efn|now in [[West Bengal]]}} from 1728 to 1782.<ref name="Rodrigues2003">{{cite book|last=Rodrigues|first=Hillary|title=Ritual Worship of the Great Goddess: The Liturgy of the Durga Puja with Interpretations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=onyaEhwhJBUC&pg=PA20|year=2003|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-8844-7|page=20}}</ref> He belonged to the [[Nadia Raj|Nadia Raj family]] and [[Shakta]] [[Brahmin]] tradition. He is credited not only with his resistance to the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] rule, but with his expansion and patronage of the arts in his kingdom.<ref name="Rodrigues2003"/> He was also a part of the group that conspired against [[Siraj-ud-Daulah|Siraj ud-Daulah]], which eventually lead to establishment of British rule in India.

==Reign==
According to Atul Chandra Roy, Krishnachandra was "the most important man of the period in the Hindu society of Bengal."<ref name="Roy1968">{{cite book|last=Roy|first=Atul Chandra|title=History of Bengal: Mughal period, 1526-1765 A.D.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AacsAAAAMAAJ|year=1968|publisher=Nababharat Publishers|page=362}}</ref> During his reign, Krishnachandra was highly influential for Hindu religious practices, for which reason [[Rajballabh Sen|Raja Rajballabh Sen]] of [[Bikrampur]] sought the assistance of Krishnachandra's [[pandit]]s in supporting the overturning of the prohibition on Hindu widows' remarriage after his own daughter was widowed young.<ref name="Bidyāsāgara2013">{{cite book|last=Bidyāsāgara|first=Īśvaracandra|title=Hindu Widow Marriage|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=91xAzuqbha0C&pg=PA15|date=13 August 2013|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-52660-9|pages=14–15}}</ref> However, Krishnachandra strongly opposed the measure. To illustrate his feelings, legend relates, he had the visitors served the meat of a buffalo calf. Offended, they rejected the food on their honor as orthodox Hindus, and when challenged indicated that though it was not explicitly prohibited it was not practice nor custom. Krishnachandra's courtiers pointed out that they had taken umbrage at being presented something not forbidden but against custom, but that they expected Krishnachandra to accept their own unorthodox proposal.<ref name="Bidyāsāgara2013"/> With the opposition of Krishnachandra, Rajballabh failed to achieve the change he sought.<ref name="Pruthi2004">{{cite book|last=Pruthi|first=R.K.|title=Brahmo Samaj and Indian Civilization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7cG3JbOdPHAC&pg=PA43|date=1 January 2004|publisher=Discovery Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7141-791-9|page=43}}</ref>

Another legend connected to Krishnachandra involved the conflict between his [[Diwan (title)|Dewan]], Raghunandan, and Manikchandra, then Dewan of [[Bardhaman Raj]] but in future to become [[Raja]] himself.<ref name="McLane2002">{{cite book|last=McLane|first=John R.|title=Land and Local Kingship in Eighteenth-Century Bengal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YH6ijJnUPmcC&pg=PA169|date=25 July 2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-52654-8|page=169}}</ref> After Raghunandan and Manikchandra quarreled, Manikchandra accused the other man of theft and had sufficient power to order and see to his execution. John McLane speculates that the root of the disagreement may have been Manikchandra's well-known resentment of Krishnachandra's patronage of the poet [[Bharatchandra]], who had insulted the Burdwan raj family in a poem in retaliation for their depriving him of his own family estate.<ref name="McLane2002"/>

Krishnachandra is also legendarily associated with the popularization of the worship of the goddess [[Jagaddhatri]].<ref name="Charleston2004">{{cite book|last=Charleston|first=June McDaniel Associate Professor in the Department of Philosophy and Religious Studies College of|title=Offering Flowers, Feeding Skulls : Popular Goddess Worship in West Bengal: Popular Goddess Worship in West Bengal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=caeJpIj9SdkC&pg=PA220|date=9 July 2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-534713-5|page=220}}</ref> According to the story, Krishnachandra had been imprisoned by [[Alivardi Khan]] for not paying tribute, causing him to miss the celebration of [[Durga Puja]]. Durga appeared to him in the form of Jagaddhatri and ordered him to worship her in one month, which he did, commissioning a sculptor to create a statue of the goddess. [[Bharatchandra Ray]] is said to be the court poet of Krishnachandra.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roy |first=Tapti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rrF5DwAAQBAJ&dq=ramprasad+sen+court+poet+of+krishnachandra+roy&pg=PT68 |title=Print and Publishing in Colonial Bengal: The Journey of Bidyasundar |date=2018-11-13 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-429-67351-1 |language=en}}</ref> He was also the patron of Sadhak [[Ramprasad Sen]].

Krishna Chandra was part of the group, which included [[Jagat Seth]], [[Mir Jafar]], [[Omichund]], Yar Lutuf Khan, Rai Durlabh and others, which conspired against Siraj ud-Daulah and colluded with [[Robert Clive]], which lead to defeat of Siraj ud-Dullah in [[Battle of Plassey]] and eventual foundation of [[British Raj|British rule in India]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Calcutta Review|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xKugAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA97|accessdate=4 April 2017|year=1874|publisher=University of Calcutta.|page=97}}</ref><ref name="Banu1992">{{cite book |last=Banu |first=U. A. B. Razia Akter |year= 1992 |title=Islam in Bangladesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XyzqATEDPSgC&pg=PA26 |publisher=BRILL |page=26 |isbn=90-04-09497-0}}</ref> It is arguable that Krishnachandra or other members of the conspiracy group had no particular intention to found British rule in India, rather they were purely interested in their own political futures.<ref name = ""conspiracy">{{cite book |last=Ray |first=Rajatkanta |year= 1994 |title= Palashir Sharajantra O Sekaler Samaj |url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/6108164-palashir-sarajantra-o-sekaler-samaj}}</ref> Krishnachandra remained on friendly terms with the British and especially with [[Robert Clive]]. This relationship served him well in the 1760s when Bengal Nawab [[Mir Qasim]] ordered Krishnachandra's execution, for Clive not only overruled it but gifted Krishnachandra five cannons, the title [[maharaja]], and governance as zamindar of the area of [[Krishnanagar, Nadia|Krishnanagar]].<ref name="Chatterjee2010">{{cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Pranab |year=2010 |title=A Story of Ambivalent Modernization in Bangladesh and West Bengal: The Rise and Fall of Bengali Elitism in South Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lAR1D0Wi2rsC&pg=PA166 |publisher=Peter Lang |page=166 |isbn=978-1-4331-0820-4}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
{{no citations|section|date=June 2023}}
Raja Krishnachandra features in all stories depicting the wit of the famous court jester [[Gopal Bhar]]. While it is debated whether Gopal Bhar was real or fictitious, the corpus of stories paint a vigorous portrait of Krishnachandra, as a ruler who was whimsical but humble, sometimes eager to display his punitive power and at other times accepting the lessons that Gopal taught him through his jokes. His depiction also shows character depth in the sense that, while the king is clearly in awe of Gopal's wit, he is also jealous and seeking revenge due to past embarrassments caused by Gopal's scathing remarks, and this dichotomy often creates comic situations.

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Roy, Krishnachandra}}
[[Category:1783 deaths]]
[[Category:1710 births]]
[[Category:People from Krishnagar]]
[[Category:Bengali zamindars]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:Shaktas]]
[[Category:Krishnanagar]]
[[Category:People from the Bengal Subah]]
[[Category:18th-century Bengali people]]

Shalivahana

2026-03-31T12:37:50Z

Himanshuucharan: made new bio basic info

{{Short description|Legendary Indian monarch}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{confuse|Raja Sálbán}}
'''Shalivahana''' ([[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: Śālivāhana) was a legendary emperor of ancient India, who is said to have ruled from [[Pratishthana]] (present-day [[Paithan]], [[Maharashtra]]). He is believed to be based on a [[Satavahana]] king (or kings).

There are several contradictory legends about him. Most legends associate him with another legendary emperor, [[Vikramaditya]] of [[Ujjain]], in some way. In some legends, he is presented as an enemy of Vikramaditya; in other legends, he is named as a grandson of Vikramaditya; and in a few legends, the title Vikramaditya is applied to the ruler of Pratishthana. According to some historically inaccurate legends, his birth or one of his battle victories marked the beginning of the Shalivahana [[calendar era]], which is another name for the [[Saka era]].

== Legends ==

=== ''Viracharita'' ===

Ananta's heroic poem ''Viracharita'' (12th century CE) mentions Shalivahana as a rival of the king [[Vikramaditya]] of [[Ujjain]]. According to it, Shalivahana defeated and killed Vikramaditya, and then ruled from [[Pratishthana]]. Shudraka was a close associate of Shalivahana and his son Shakti Kumara. Later, Shudraka allied with Vikramaditya's successors and defeated Shakti Kumara. This legend is full of mythological stories.{{sfn|Moriz Winternitz|1985|p=377}}<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EPljAAAAMAAJ |title=Shudraka |author=Viśvanātha Devaśarmā |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |year=1999 |isbn=9788126006977 |page=4 }}</ref>

=== ''Bhavishya Purana'' ===

[[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]]-era legends associate the Paramara rulers with legendary kings, in order to enhance the Paramara imperial claims. In the ''[[Bhavishya Purana]]'', the Paramara king [[Bhoja]] is described as a descendant of Shalivahana, who is named as a grandson of Vikramaditya.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gXcQAQAAIAAJ |title=Indian eras |author=Kota Venkatachelam |year=1956 |pages=63–70 }}</ref> According to the text (3.1.6.45-7.4), the first Paramara king was Pramara, born from a fire pit at [[Mount Abu]] (thus belonging to the [[Agnivansha]]). Vikramaditya, Shalivahana and [[Bhoja]] are described as the descendants of Pramara, and thus, members of the Paramara dynasty.<ref name="AH_2009">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MMFdosx0PokC&pg=PA263 |title=Rethinking India's Oral and Classical Epics: Draupadi among Rajputs, Muslims, and Dalits |author=Alf Hiltebeitel |author-link=Alf Hiltebeitel |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=2009 |isbn=9780226340555 |pages=254–275 }}</ref>

''Bhavishya Purana'' mentions that Vikramaditya ruled ''[[Bharatavarsha]]'' (India) bounded by [[Indus River]] in the west, Badaristhana ([[Badrinath]]) in the north, Kapila in the east and Setubandha ([[Rameswaram]]) in the south. A hundred years after his death, many languages and many religions had developed in the 18 kingdoms of the Aryadesha (country of the [[Indo-Aryans|Aryas]]). When the outsiders such as the [[Śaka]]s heard about the destruction of ''[[dharma#Hinduism|dharma]]'' (righteousness, law and order) in Aryadesha, they raided the country by crossing the Indus and the Himalayas. They plundered Aryas and returned to their countries with the wives of the Aryas. Shalivahana, the grandson of Vikramaditya, then subjugated the Śakas and other barbarians. He defined the ''maryada'' to distinguish the Aryans from the [[mleccha]]s, and established Indus as the border between the Aryan lands and the land of the mlecchas.<ref name="AH_2009" />

Subsequently, Shalivahana once came to a snowy mountain in the land of the [[Hunas]]. There, he met ''Isamasi'' ([[Jesus Christ]]), who had appeared because the truth had been destroyed in the land of the mlecchas. Shalivahana bowed to him and then returned home. In Aryadesha, he performed an [[ashvamedha]] sacrifice, and then ascended to the heaven. 500 years after Shalivahana, his descendant [[Bhoja]] also fought against foreign invaders including "Mahamada", a character modeled on [[Muhammad]] and possibly [[Mahmud of Ghazni|Mahamud Ghazanvi]].<ref name="AH_2009"/>

The text presents the doctrine of Jesus as consistent with the [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic dharma]], while Muhammad is presented as demonic. According to [[Theodor Aufrecht]], the passages about Jesus were inserted by an employee of the [[Sri Venkateswar Steam Press|Venkatesvara Press]], which published its first printed edition of the text in 1897. According to Giorgio Bonazzoli, this part was inserted by "some clever pandit" in the 19th century.<ref name="AH_2009"/>

=== ''Chola Purva Patayam'' ===

The ''Chola Purva Patayam'' ("Ancient [[Chola Empire|Chola]] Record"), a [[Tamil language]] manuscript of uncertain date, contains the following legend about Shalivahana (also known as Bhoja in this story):<ref name="WCT">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X4MoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA49 |title=Examination and Analysis of the Mackenzie Manuscripts Deposited in the Madras College Library |author=William Cooke Taylor |author-link=William Cooke Taylor |publisher=Asiatic Society |year=1838 |pages=49–55 }}</ref>

Shalivahana was born in [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]], in a potter's house, by the grace of [[Shesha]]. When he grew up, he became a king and defeated Vikramaditya, marking the beginning of the Shalivahana calendar era. Shalivahana was an alien [[Nastika]] [[Shramana]] (possibly a [[Jainism|Jain]]), and persecuted all those who refused to convert to his faith. He revoked all the privileges that the Hindus had received from Vikramaditya. The non-Shramana ascetics started retiring to wilderness, and prayed to Shiva and Vishnu to stop the new king's atrocities.<ref name="WCT"/>

Shiva then appealed to the [[Para Brahman]] (the supreme being) to be allowed to start a rain of fire in Shalivahana's kingdom. Shesha appeared in Shalivahana's dream and warned him about the upcoming disaster. Shalivahana asked his people to build stone houses or hide in the river ([[Kaveri river|Kaveri]]) to escape the rain of fire. When Shiva opened his [[third eye]] and started raining fire, the people survived thanks to Shalivahana's advice. Shiva then sent down a rain of mud. Those hiding in the stone houses suffocated to death, as the mud blocked the openings. Those hiding in the rivers, including Shalivahana and his army, survived.<ref name="WCT"/>

To destroy Shalivahana, Shiva now created the [[Three Crowned Kings]]: Vira [[Chola dynasty|Cholan]], Ula [[Chera dynasty|Cheran]], and Vajranga [[Pandyan dynasty|Pandyan]]. The three kings came to bathe together at the [[triveni sangam|Triveni Sangam]] (three-river confluence) in Thirumukkoodal, and formed an alliance against Shalivahana. Next, they went through a number of adventures at various places, including [[Varanasi|Kashi]] and [[Kanchipuram|Kanchi]]. With the blessings of [[Durga]], they found treasure and inscriptions of [[Hindu king]]s from the age of [[Shantanu]] to [[Vikramaditya]]. They then reached Cudatturiyur (possibly [[Uraiyur]]), where Vira Cholan wrote letters to all those who worshipped Shiva and Vishnu, seeking their help against Shalivahana. A number of people assembled at Cudatturiyur to support the three kings' campaign. When Shalivahana heard of this preparation, he marched towards south and took possession of the strong citadel at [[Tiruchirappalli]].<ref name="WCT"/>

The three kings sent their envoy to Shalivahana, asking him to surrender and renounce his faith. When he refused, they and their allies assembled an army at [[Thiruvanaikaval]]. From an inscription that they had earlier found at Kanchi, they realized that there was a subterraneous entry into the Tiruchirappalli fort. They sent a few soldiers who entered the fort and opened its ''Chintamani'' gate. Their forces then entered the fortress, and defeated Shalivahana. The ''Chola Purva Patayam'' dates Shalivahana's defeat to the year 1443 of an uncertain calendar era (possibly from the beginning of the [[Kali Yuga]]).<ref name="WCT"/>

=== Others ===

Jain scholar [[Hemachandra]] (12th century) names Shalivahana among the four learned kings. Another Jain writer, Jina Prabhu Suri, mentions him in ''Kalpa Pradipa''.<ref name="JASB_1875"/> In some of the legends that present Shalivahana and Vikramaditya as rivals, their political rivalry is extended to patronage of language, with Vikramaditya supporting [[Sanskrit]] and Shalivahana supporting [[Prakrit]].{{sfn|D. C. Sircar|1969|p=109}}

== Shalivahana era ==

According to some historically inaccurate legends, one of Shalivahana's victories marked the beginning of the [[Saka era]] (also known as "Shalivahana era").<ref name="JASB_1875"/><ref name="DCS_1965"/> The earliest association of Shalivahana with the era beginning in 78 CE is found in the [[Kannada language]] work ''Udbhatakavya'' by Somaraja (1222 CE). The next earliest association is found in the Tasgaon plates (1251 CE) of the [[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty|Yadava]] king [[Krishna of Devagiri|Krishna]].<ref name="DCS_1965"/> Some works, such as ''Muhurta-Martanda'' suggest that this era starts from Shalivahana's birth. Others, such as ''Kalpa-Pradipa'' (c. 1300 CE) of Jinaprabha Suri, suggest that the era marks Shalivahana's victory over Vikramaditya.<ref name="DCS_1965"/>

[[Dineshchandra Sircar]] suggests that the association of the northern king Vikramaditya with [[Vikrama era]] (also historically inaccurate) might have led the southern scholars to fabricate a similar legend of their own. An attempt to forget the foreign association of the era's name might have been another factor.<ref name="JASB_1875"/> Shalivahanas belong to the [[Kulala]] caste.{{cn|date=July 2025}}

The Shalivahana Era is started by the Shalivahana king who is the grandson of legendary king Vikramaditya. Chandramana is adopted in the Shalivahana Era. Chandramana is the easiest one compared to Suryamana.

== Historicity ==

Many of the legends about Shalivahana feature [[fantasy]] and [[mythology|mythical]] elements, but some scholars believe that he is based on a historical figure (or figures). According to scholars such as [[Moriz Winternitz]] and K. R. Subramanian, Shalivahana is same as [[Satavahana]], and was a generic family name or title of the Satavahana kings.{{sfn|Moriz Winternitz|1985|p=114}}<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vnO2BMPdYEoC&pg=PA61 |title=Buddhist Remains in Āndhra and the History of Āndhra Between 225 & 610 A.D. |author=K. R. Subramanian |publisher=Asian Education Services |year=1989 |isbn=9788120604445 |page=61 }}</ref> According to [[Dinesh Chandra Sircar|D. C. Sircar]], the legendary "Shalivahana" was based on the exploits of multiple Satavahana kings; the legendary Vikramaditya was also based on multiple kings, and the distinction between these individual kings was lost over time. He believes the historically inaccurate notion that the "Shalivahana era" was based on the victory of the Satavahana ruler [[Gautamiputra Satakarni]] over some Saka ([[Western Kshatrapa]]) kings.{{sfn|D. C. Sircar|1969|p=161}}
<ref name="DCS_1965">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hXMB3649biQC&pg=PA262 |title=Indian Epigraphy |author=D. C. Sircar |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |year=1965 |pages=262–266 |isbn=9788120811669 |access-date=26 January 2016 |archive-date=11 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240311054542/https://books.google.com/books?id=hXMB3649biQC&pg=PA262#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>

Literary works such as ''Prabodha Chintamani'' and ''Chaturavinshati Prabandha'' suggest that Shalivahana composed 400,000 [[Gatha (India)|gatha]]s (single-verse poems). ''[[Gatha Saptashati]]'', compiled by the Satvahana king [[Hāla]], contains 700 verses in [[Maharashtri Prakrit]]. For this reason, Hāla is identified as Shalivahana.<ref name="JASB_1875">{{cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oOqyrxaeqgYC&pg=PR41 |title=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bombay |volume=10 |publisher=Asiatic Society of Bombay |year=1875 |pages=xli-xliii }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&pg=PA1531 |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature |volume=2 |author=Amaresh Datta |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |year=1988 |page=1531 |isbn=9788126011940 }}</ref> Although Jain chroniclers claim that he was a Jain, this does not appear to be correct, as the work invokes [[Shiva]].<ref name="JASB_1875"/> ''[[Kathasaritsagara]]'' (based on the now-lost ''[[Brihatkatha]]'') also contains some legends about a king named Satavahana, but this king is obviously different from Hāla.<ref name="JASB_1875"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book |author=D. C. Sircar |title=Ancient Malwa And The Vikramaditya Tradition |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |year=1969 |isbn=978-8121503488 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V6qfuAEACAAJ |access-date=11 July 2018 |archive-date=11 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240311054752/https://books.google.com/books?id=V6qfuAEACAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |author=Moriz Winternitz |title=History of Indian Literature |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ql0BmInD1c4C&pg=PA377 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1985 |isbn=9788120800564 }}
{{Refend}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Legendary Indian people]]
[[Category:Panchatantra]]
[[Category:Satavahana dynasty]]

Mohan Lal Lohia

2026-03-29T00:22:37Z

Himanshuucharan: Starting a data w/ refs

{{Short description|Indian businessman}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox person/Wikidata | fetchwikidata=ALL
| birth_place = Calcutta, [[British Raj]]
| death_date =
| death_place = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
| occupation = [[businessman]]
| spouse = Kanchan Devi
| children = 4, including [[Sri Prakash Lohia|Sri Prakash]] and [[Aloke Lohia]]
}}

'''Mohan Lal Lohia''' (21 December 1930 – 1 June 2017) was an Indian businessman and [[business magnate]], who founded the [[Indorama Corporation]] and the Lohia Foundation. The billionaires, [[Sri Prakash Lohia]] and [[Aloke Lohia]] are his sons.

==Early life and education==
Mohan Lal Lohia was born on 21 December 1930, in [[Ratangarh, Churu|Ratangarh]], Rajasthan, India.<ref name="Biyani2006">{{cite book |last1=Biyani |first1=Prakash |title=Shunya Se Shikhar |date=2006 |publisher=[[Rajkamal Prakashan]] |isbn=978-81-267-0910-6 |pages=171–173 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2zkH70YcauAC&dq=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&pg=PA171 |language=hi |chapter=16. Shunya Se Shikhar: Indian Corporates}}</ref><ref name=Era>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2017|title=End of an Era|url=https://www.indoramafertilizers.com/images/Obituary%20Ad_for%20web.pdf|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=indoramafertilizers}}</ref> He was educated in [[Jogbani]], near the [[India–Nepal border]].<ref name="Biyani2006"/>

==Career==
In 1950 Lohia travelled to Burma (Myanmar), where he started working as a raw material purchase manager for an embroidery and lace manufacturing production.<ref name="Biyani2006"/> This job frequently took him to other countries such as Singapore and Japan.<ref name="Biyani2006"/> In the same year he started his own business as a textile manufacturer.<ref name="Biyani2006"/> According to his eldest son, Om Prakash, Lohia predicted the reforms passed by the Burmese government in 1963, which ordered foreign manufacturers to vacate their businesses and move out of Burma.<ref name="Biyani2006"/> Prior to that he had already established an embroidery and lace factory in Bangkok and a knitting, weaving and pressing mill in Nepal.<ref name="Biyani2006"/>

In 1973, he co-founded the [[Indorama Corporation]], with his son, Sri Prakash Lohia.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://qz.com/519831/how-this-synthetics-tycoon-went-from-teenage-indian-emigrant-to-one-of-indonesias-richest-men/|title=How this synthetics tycoon went from teenage Indian emigrant to one of Indonesia's richest men|first=Manu|last=Balachandran|date=20 October 2015 |access-date=6 June 2018}}</ref> His son credits the foundation of the Indorama group to his father.<ref name="Biyani2006"/> It was after the 1985 [[Ministry of Textiles|textile policy]], which was introduced by then Indian Prime minister [[Rajiv Gandhi]], that Lohia felt that India became a suitable environment for business and subsequently decided to establish a business in India.<ref name="Biyani2006"/>

In 1991, at the age of 61, he stepped out of the family business to take on an advisory role in business decisions and divided the company between his three sons.<ref name="Biyani2006"/> The eldest was made chief executive officer of Indorama Synthetics in India, Prakash Lohia was handed the Indorama Chemicals based in Thailand, and Ajay Prakash Lohia got the [[Woolworth (India)|Woolworth]] business based in Kolkata.<ref name="Biyani2006"/> Critical decisions continued to require his approval.<ref name="Biyani2006"/>

He is the founder of the Lohia Foundation.<ref name=LF>{{cite web|url=http://www.lohiafoundation.org/ |title=Lohia Foundation |publisher=Lohia Foundation |date=2014-05-29 |access-date=2016-04-08}}</ref> In November 2017, Lohia family had an estimated net worth of US$8.7 billion.<ref name="Forbes profile">{{cite web |title=Forbes profile: Lohia family |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/lohia/ |website=Forbes |access-date=6 June 2018}}</ref> Described as a [[business magnate]], he was named in connection with the [[Panama Papers]].<ref name="indianexpress1"/>

== Personal life and death ==
He was married to Kanchan Devi.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Times of India: Latest News India, World & Business News, Cricket & Sports, Bollywood |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Smt-Kanchan-DeviLohia/tributeshow/53725984.cms |access-date=8 November 2021 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> The billionaires [[Sri Prakash Lohia]] and [[Aloke Lohia]] are their sons.<ref name="bloomberg1">{{cite web|author=Mohan Lal Lohia |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=49438875&privcapId=2534191&previousCapId=40421598&previousTitle=INDORAMA%20VENTURES%20PCL |title=Mohan Lal Lohia: Executive Profile & Biography - Businessweek |website=Bloomberg.com |access-date=2016-04-08}}</ref><ref name="indianexpress1">{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/panama-papers-india-part-1-list-garware-shishir-k-bajoria-harish-salve/ |title=#PanamaPapersIndia Part 1: Clients who knocked on a Panama door |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=2016-04-08}}</ref>

He died in New Delhi on 1 June 2017.<ref name=Era/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lohia, Mohan Lal}}
[[Category:1930s births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Kolkata]]
[[Category:People named in the Panama Papers]]
[[Category:Indian billionaires]]
[[Category:Lohia family|Mohan Lal]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Rajinimurugan (soundtrack)

2026-03-27T10:24:18Z

Himanshuucharan: stub

{{Unreliable sources|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Rajinimurugan
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[D. Imman]]
| cover = Rajinimurugan (soundtrack).jpg
| alt =
| released = 10 June 2015
| recorded = 2014–2015
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 50:11
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = [[Sony Music India]]
| producer = [[D. Imman]]
| prev_title = [[10 Endrathukulla (soundtrack)|10 Endrathukulla]]
| prev_year = 2015
| next_title = [[Miruthan]]
| next_year = 2016
| misc = {{singles
| name = Rajini Murugan
| type = soundtrack
| single1 = Yennamma Ippadi Panreengalema
| single1date = 25 May 2015
}}
}}

'''''Rajinimurugan''''' is the [[soundtrack album]] composed by [[D. Imman]] for the 2015 [[Tamil Film|Tamil film]] [[Rajinimurugan|of the same name]] directed by [[Ponram]], starring [[Sivakarthikeyan]]. The film marked Imman's third collaboration with Sivakarthikeyan and second collaboration with Ponram. The album featured ten tracks in entirety, including a remix and karaoke versions of the songs, with lyrics written by [[Yugabharathi]]. The song "Yennamma Ippadi Panreengalema" was released as a single on 25 May 2015, and the album in its entirety was released on 10 June 2015 by [[Sony Music India]]. The album received positive response and topped the charts.<ref>{{Cite web|last=V.P|first=Nicy|date=2015-06-10|title='Rajinimurugan' Music Review Round-up: Imman Composes Perfect Album for Sivakarthikeyan [Songs+Lyrics]|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/rajinimurugan-music-review-round-imman-composes-perfect-album-sivakarthikeyan-songslyrics-636019|access-date=2021-07-09|website=www.ibtimes.co.in|language=en|archive-date=10 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710083717/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/rajinimurugan-music-review-round-imman-composes-perfect-album-sivakarthikeyan-songslyrics-636019|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Development ==
As ''Rajinimurugan'' marked the reunion of Sivakarthikeyan, Imman and Ponram after ''[[Varuthapadatha Valibar Sangam]]'', whose soundtrack became chartbuster, expectations for the film's soundtrack being increased among fans.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Imman's 'Oodha color ribbon' is the favorite song|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/immans-oodha-color-ribbon-is-the-favorite-song/articleshow/37944307.cms|access-date=2021-07-09|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=11 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711191940/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/immans-oodha-color-ribbon-is-the-favorite-song/articleshow/37944307.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> During December 2014, Imman had composed and recorded vocals for the track titled "Yennamma Ippadi Panreengalema" based on a popular phrase used by [[Lakshmy Ramakrishnan]] in the TV Series ''[[Solvathellam Unmai (TV series)|Solvathellam Unmai]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Imman sings for Sivakarthikeyan|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/imman-sings-for-sivakarthikeyan/articleshow/45978839.cms|access-date=2021-07-09|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=11 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711191943/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/imman-sings-for-sivakarthikeyan/articleshow/45978839.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Yennama Ipadi Panringalema song for Sivakarthikeyan|url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/7059/yennama-ipadi-panringalema-song-for-sivakarthikeyan|access-date=2021-07-09|website=www.moviecrow.com|archive-date=10 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710083717/https://www.moviecrow.com/News/7059/yennama-ipadi-panringalema-song-for-sivakarthikeyan|url-status=live}}</ref> The song featured Sivakarthikeyan and Soori being seen dancing in the busy streets of Madurai.<ref>{{Cite news|title='Ennama Ipdi Pangreengalema' song to be shot in Madurai|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/ennama-ipdi-pangreengalema-song-to-be-shot-in-madurai/articleshow/45966518.cms|access-date=2021-07-09|website=The Times of India|date=13 January 2017|language=en|archive-date=11 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711214500/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/ennama-ipdi-pangreengalema-song-to-be-shot-in-madurai/articleshow/45966518.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Sivakarthikeyan sang the titular track for the fourth time, which is a middle-eastern type of music set in [[Vakulabharanam]] raga.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Rajinimurugan (Music review), Tamil – D.Imman by Milliblog!|url=https://milliblog.com/2015/06/19/rajinimurugan-music-review-tamil-d-imman/|access-date=2021-07-09|archive-date=10 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710083722/https://milliblog.com/2015/06/19/rajinimurugan-music-review-tamil-d-imman/|url-status=live}}</ref> In February 2015, Imman tweeted in his microblogging page that he roped in debutant singer [[Mahalingam]] and mimicry artist-cum-actor [[Badava Gopi]] for a fun track.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Imman introduces new singer|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/imman-introduces-new-singer/articleshow/46184020.cms|access-date=2021-07-09|website=The Times of India|date=13 January 2017|language=en|archive-date=11 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711191942/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/imman-introduces-new-singer/articleshow/46184020.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2015-02-11|title=After Rajini, Kamal, it's Sivakarthikeyan - Tamil News|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/after-rajini-kamal-its-sivakarthikeyan-tamil-news-125219|access-date=2021-07-09|website=IndiaGlitz.com|archive-date=10 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710083718/https://www.indiaglitz.com/after-rajini-kamal-its-sivakarthikeyan-tamil-news-125219|url-status=live}}</ref> Imman also recorded a romantic track in March 2015, by which the composition has been wrapped.<ref name=":2" />

== Marketing and release ==
The team planned to release "Yennamma Ippadi Panreengalema" as the lead single due to the phrase being popular among young audiences; initially the single was supposed to be released on 24 January 2015, coinciding Imman's birthday, which did not happen.<ref name=":0" /> The song was released on 25 May 2015 at the [[Vijay TV's Super Singer (TV series)|Super Singer World Tour]],<ref>{{Cite web|title='Rajini Murugan' single track from May 25|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/rajini-murugan-single-track-from-may-29-news-tamil-pfzr7Ubgiahcg.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527233023/http://www.sify.com/movies/rajini-murugan-single-track-from-may-29-news-tamil-pfzr7Ubgiahcg.html|archive-date=27 May 2015|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-09|website=[[Sify]]|language=en}}</ref> held at [[Suntec City]] in [[Singapore]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-05-21|title=Rajini Murugan single track to be released in Singapore|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-15/rajini-murugan-single-to-release-in-singapore.html|access-date=2021-07-09|website=Behindwoods|archive-date=14 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714152832/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-15/rajini-murugan-single-to-release-in-singapore.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Rajini Murugan single from May 25|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/rajini-murugan-single-from-may-29/articleshow/47426129.cms|access-date=2021-07-09|website=The Times of India|date=13 January 2017|language=en|archive-date=11 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711190434/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/rajini-murugan-single-from-may-29/articleshow/47426129.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Brothers|first=Thirrupathi|date=2015-05-21|title=#SingaporelaSingle! "Yennamma Ippadi Panreengalema Single" from May 25th, at the Super Singer World Tour, Suntec City in Singapore|url=https://twitter.com/RDRajaofficial/status/602773684223250432|access-date=2020-03-19|website=@ThirrupathiBros|language=en|archive-date=5 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805015420/https://twitter.com/rdrajaofficial/status/602773684223250432|url-status=live}}</ref> The song released through streaming platforms on the midnight, due to technical gliches.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-05-25|title=Rajini Murugan single to be released today|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150528/entertainment-kollywood/article/rajini-murugan-single-be-released-today|access-date=2021-07-09|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|archive-date=10 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710085812/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150528/entertainment-kollywood/article/rajini-murugan-single-be-released-today|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-05-26|title=Sivakarthikeyan Releases 'Rajini Murugan' single in Singapore - Tamil News|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/rajini-murugan-single-yennamma-ippadi-panreengalaema-released-in-singapore-tamil-news-134124|access-date=2021-07-09|website=IndiaGlitz.com|archive-date=10 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710083719/https://www.indiaglitz.com/rajini-murugan-single-yennamma-ippadi-panreengalaema-released-in-singapore-tamil-news-134124|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=D. Imman|author-link=D. Imman|date=2015-05-30|title=Yennamma Ippadi Panreengalaema (From "Rajinimurugan") - Single|url=https://music.apple.com/ng/album/yennamma-ippadi-panreengalaema-from-rajinimurugan-single/1001127963|access-date=2021-07-09|publisher=iTunes|archive-date=11 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711203115/https://music.apple.com/ng/album/yennamma-ippadi-panreengalaema-from-rajinimurugan-single/1001127963|url-status=live}}</ref> A video making of this song also revealed on the same day, which featured dubsmash of various celebrities including [[Anirudh Ravichander]], [[Sri Divya]], [[Vimal (actor)|Vimal]], [[Sathish]], [[Rajendran]], [[Jiiva]], [[Arya (actor)|Arya]] and [[Bobby Simha]] amongst others.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title='Yennamma Ippadi Panreengalaema' is a hit!|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/yennamma-ippadi-panreengalaema-is-a-hit-news-tamil-pf4li2eijbfgi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530125853/http://www.sify.com/movies/yennamma-ippadi-panreengalaema-is-a-hit-news-tamil-pf4li2eijbfgi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 May 2015|access-date=2021-07-09|website=[[Sify]]|language=en}}</ref> Within hours after its release both the song and its video went viral, and eventually topped the charts online.<ref name=":3" /> The video footage of this song garnered 1 million views within a month.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Is Rajini Murugan Much Like VVS?|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2015/jun/20/is-rajini-murugan-much-like-vvs-772011.html|access-date=2021-07-09|website=The New Indian Express|archive-date=10 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710083717/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2015/jun/20/Is-Rajini-Murugan-Much-Like-VVS-772011.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-06-18|title="Ennama Ippadi panreengale ma"- Tracing the most epic dialogue on Tamil TV|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ennama-ippadi-panreengale-ma-tracing-most-epic-dialogue-tamil-tv-32720|access-date=2021-07-09|website=The News Minute|language=en|archive-date=10 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710085220/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ennama-ippadi-panreengale-ma-tracing-most-epic-dialogue-tamil-tv-32720|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 20 March 2015, the film's production company hinted about the release strategies of the film,<ref>{{Cite web|title='Rajini Murugan' release plans announced|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/rajini-murugan-release-plans-announced-news-tamil-pdvkfyafbdjfj.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150321092528/http://www.sify.com/movies/rajini-murugan-release-plans-announced-news-tamil-pdvkfyafbdjfj.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 March 2015|access-date=2021-07-09|website=[[Sify]]|language=en}}</ref> with the audio of the film was scheduled to be launched on 30 May 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sivakarthikeyan's Rajini Murugan release strategies|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-15/sivakarthikeyans-rajini-murugan-first-look-on-april-25th-music-release-on-7th-june-and-film-release-on-17th-july.html|access-date=2021-07-09|website=www.behindwoods.com|archive-date=11 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411132520/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-15/sivakarthikeyans-rajini-murugan-first-look-on-april-25th-music-release-on-7th-june-and-film-release-on-17th-july.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-04-17|title=Sivakarthikeyan Bang on Target - Tamil News|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/sivakarthikeyan-keerthi-sures-wraps-up-thirupathi-brothers-rajini-murugan-shoot-tamil-news-130563|access-date=2021-07-09|website=IndiaGlitz.com|archive-date=10 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710083716/https://www.indiaglitz.com/sivakarthikeyan-keerthi-sures-wraps-up-thirupathi-brothers-rajini-murugan-shoot-tamil-news-130563|url-status=live}}</ref> But the release of the music album was later postponed to 5 June,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Brothers|first=Thirrupathi|date=2015-05-09|title=#Rajinimurugan Grand Audio Launch on June 5th|url=https://twitter.com/RDRajaofficial/status/601571503495188480|access-date=2020-03-19|website=@ThirrupathiBros|language=en|archive-date=4 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804090118/https://twitter.com/rdrajaofficial/status/601571503495188480|url-status=live}}</ref> and eventually the makers finalised that the audio will be launched on 10 June 2015.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Rajini Murugan audio on June 10|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/rajini-murugan-audio-on-june-16/articleshow/47597650.cms|access-date=2021-07-09|website=The Times of India|date=13 January 2017|language=en|archive-date=11 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711214458/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/rajini-murugan-audio-on-june-16/articleshow/47597650.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The promotions for the soundtrack began on 6 June 2015, four days ahead of the music launch.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Brothers|first=Thirrupathi|date=2015-05-31|title=#Rajinimurugan audio Releasing on June 10th. Promotions start from 6th|url=https://twitter.com/RDRajaofficial/status/607258841177137152|access-date=2020-03-19|website=@ThirrupathiBros|language=en|archive-date=22 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210622042042/https://twitter.com/RDRajaofficial/status/607258841177137152|url-status=live}}</ref> Initially, [[Madurai]] was considered as the venue for the event,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-05-22|title=Sivakarthikeyan's 'Rajini Murugan' Audio Launch Venue Revealed - Tamil News|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/sivakarthikeyans-rajini-murugan-audio-release-in-madurai-on-june-7th-tamil-news-133409|access-date=2021-07-09|website=IndiaGlitz.com|archive-date=10 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710083717/https://www.indiaglitz.com/sivakarthikeyans-rajini-murugan-audio-release-in-madurai-on-june-7th-tamil-news-133409|url-status=live}}</ref> but the audio launch was held at the [[Taj Coromandel]] hotel on 10 June with a live telecast being held on [[Thanthi TV]];<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ramanujam|first=Srinivasa|date=2015-06-17|title=Rajini Murugan is here|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/rajini-murugan-is-here/article7325863.ece|access-date=2021-07-09|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=30 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030102033/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/rajini-murugan-is-here/article7325863.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Brothers|first=Thirrupathi|date=2015-06-09|title=Happy to announce @Siva_Kartikeyan's #Rajinimurugan audio launch live on @thanthitv tmro 6.30pm IST onwards from Taj Coromandel|url=https://twitter.com/RDRajaofficial/status/610287264908734466|access-date=2020-03-19|website=@ThirrupathiBros|language=en|archive-date=6 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806114503/https://twitter.com/rdrajaofficial/status/610287264908734466|url-status=live}}</ref> the event was hosted by Anjana Rangan,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Brothers|first=Thirrupathi|date=2015-06-09|title=@AnjanaVJ anchoring @Siva_Kartikeyan's #Rajinimurugan audio launch tmro 6.30pm @ Taj coromandel|url=https://twitter.com/RDRajaofficial/status/610327893839736832|access-date=2020-03-19|website=@ThirrupathiBros|language=en|archive-date=1 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210801055517/https://twitter.com/rdrajaofficial/status/610327893839736832|url-status=live}}</ref> with the presence of cast and crew and other celebrities.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Brothers|first=Thirrupathi|date=2015-06-10|title=#Rajinimurugan audio launched|url=https://twitter.com/RDRajaofficial/status/610750690541998080|access-date=2020-03-19|website=@ThirrupathiBros|language=en|archive-date=9 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809014210/https://twitter.com/rdrajaofficial/status/610750690541998080|url-status=live}}</ref> The film's teaser was released on the launch event.<ref>{{Cite web|title='Rajini Murugan' audio & teaser launched|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/rajini-murugan-audio--teaser-launched-imagegallery-kollywood-pgrkCNjajifag.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617112939/http://www.sify.com/movies/rajini-murugan-audio--teaser-launched-imagegallery-kollywood-pgrkCNjajifag.html|archive-date=17 June 2015|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-09|website=[[Sify]]|language=en}}</ref> The songs were released on the same day midnight.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Brothers|first=Thirrupathi|date=2015-06-09|title=#Rajinimurugan album songs tonight at 12:00 a.m. on @SonyMusicSouth|url=https://twitter.com/RDRajaofficial/status/610508596158185472|access-date=2020-03-19|website=@ThirrupathiBros|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|last=D. Imman|author-link=D. Imman|date=2015-06-10|title=Rajinimurugan (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)|url=https://music.apple.com/gb/album/rajinimurugan-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1004536513|access-date=2021-07-09|publisher=iTunes|archive-date=12 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712041917/https://music.apple.com/gb/album/rajinimurugan-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1004536513|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Track listing ==
The official tracklist of the film was unveiled by Imman on 7 June 2015,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Brothers|first=Thirrupathi|date=2015-06-07|title=#RajiniMurugan Tracklist will be revealed by @immancomposer @ 8pm|url=https://twitter.com/ThirrupathiBros/status/609717098999250946|access-date=2020-03-19|website=@ThirrupathiBros|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-06-13|title='Rajini Murugan' Tracklist - Tamil News|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/rajini-murugan-tracklist-tamil-news-135272|access-date=2021-07-09|website=IndiaGlitz.com|archive-date=10 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710083720/https://www.indiaglitz.com/rajini-murugan-tracklist-tamil-news-135272|url-status=live}}</ref> which features ten tracks, consisting of five songs, a remix, and a karaoke version,<ref name=":5" /> all of them were written by lyricist [[Yugabharathi]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Brothers|first=Thirrupathi|date=2015-06-07|title=#RajiniMurugan Tracklist is here|url=https://twitter.com/ThirrupathiBros/status/609733532861100032|access-date=2020-03-19|website=@ThirrupathiBros|language=en|archive-date=2 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802132844/https://twitter.com/thirrupathibros/status/609733532861100032|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-06-14|title=Rajini Murugan's tracklist with music composed by D Imman|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-15/rajini-murugans-tracklist-with-music-composed-by-d-imman.html|access-date=2021-07-09|website=Behindwoods|archive-date=10 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810164457/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-15/rajini-murugans-tracklist-with-music-composed-by-d-imman.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The film featured three more tracks apart from the original songs, and these tracks were released separately as an extended album on 24 February 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|last=D. Imman|author-link=D. Imman|date=2016-02-24|title=Rajinimurugan (Extended Soundtrack)|url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/rajinimurugan-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-bonus/1085477973|access-date=2021-07-09|publisher=iTunes|archive-date=12 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712041914/https://music.apple.com/in/album/rajinimurugan-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-bonus/1085477973|url-status=live}}</ref>{{track listing
| headline = Original tracklist
| extra10 = Instrumental
| length11 =
| title12 =
| length12 =
| title13 =
| length13 =
| title14 =
| length14 =
| title15 =
| length15 =
| title16 =
| length16 =
| length10 = 4:23
| title18 =
| length17 =
| length18 =
| title19 =
| length19 =
| title20 =
| length20 =
| total_length =
| all_lyrics =
| note6 = D. Imman Mix
| note7 = Karaoke
| note8 = Karaoke
| note9 = Karaoke
| all_writing =
| title11 =
| title17 =
| title10 = Yennamma Ippadi Panreengalema
| length5 = 4:42
| extra1 = [[Sivakarthikeyan]]
| length1 = 4:51
| title2 = Un Mela Oru Kannu
| extra2 = [[Jithin Raj (singer)|Jithin Raj]], [[Mahalakshmi Iyer]]
| length2 = 4:31
| title3 = Aavi Parakkum Teakadai
| extra3 = V. M. Mahalingam, [[Badava Gopi]]
| length3 = 4:55
| title4 = Yennamma Ippadi Panreengalema
| extra4 = [[D. Imman]]
| length4 = 4:23
| extra5 = [[Diwakar]], [[Kalpana Raghavendar]]
| title5 = Jigiru Jigiru
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title6 = Yennamma Ippadi Panreengalema
| extra6 = D. Imman, [[Aaryan Dinesh Kanagaratnam]]
| length6 = 4:23
| title7 = Rajini Murugan
| extra7 = [[Instrumental]]
| length7 = 4:51
| title8 = Un Mela Oru Kannu
| extra8 = Instrumental
| length8 = 4:31
| title9 = Aavi Parakkum Teakadai
| extra9 = Instrumental
| length9 = 4:55
| title1 = Rajini Murugan
| note10 = Karaoke
}}{{Track listing
| all_writing =
| length7 =
| headline = Extended soundtrack
| collapsed =
| extra3 = Jayamoorthy
| extra2 = Jayamoorthy
| extra1 = Santhosh Hariharan, Deepak
| total_length =
| length10 =
| title10 =
| length9 =
| title9 =
| length8 =
| title8 =
| title7 =
| title1 = Chella Kutty
| length6 =
| title6 =
| length5 =
| title5 =
| length4 =
| title4 =
| length3 = 1:05
| title3 = Naa Adicha
| length2 = 1:33
| title2 = Maamadurai Seemaiyila
| length1 = 1:06
| extra_column = Singer(s)
}}

== Reception ==
The audio album opened to positive response and eventually topped the charts online.<ref name=":4" /> Nandita Ravi from ''[[The Times of India]]'', reviewed the album as "it is sure to have more than one track feature as a chart topper."<ref>{{Cite news|title=Music Review: Rajini Murugan|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Music-Review-Rajini-Murugan/articleshow/47815496.cms|access-date=2020-03-19|website=The Times of India|date=13 January 2017|language=en|archive-date=12 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712083236/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Music-Review-Rajini-Murugan/articleshow/47815496.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''Behindwoods'' rated the album 3 out of 5 stars, saying "Another mainstream treat from the VVS trio (Sivakarthikeyan, Imman and Ponram)".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-06-10|title=Rajini Murugan (aka) Rajni Murugan songs review|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/rajini-murugan/rajini-murugan-songs-review.html|access-date=2019-09-15|website=Behindwoods|archive-date=26 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126100718/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/rajini-murugan/rajini-murugan-songs-review.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Indiaglitz'' rated the album 3 out of 5 and summarised that "Imman brings back the magic from VVS days" and further added that "the songs will be interesting to see the songs with the visuals if retains the treat".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rajini Murugan Music review songs lyrics|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/rajini-murugan-songs-review-tamil-movie-19444|access-date=2019-09-15|website=IndiaGlitz.com|archive-date=10 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710083717/https://www.indiaglitz.com/rajini-murugan-songs-review-tamil-movie-19444|url-status=live}}</ref> Ramesh S. Kannan of ''Moviecrow'' rated the album 2.5 out of 5 stars, saying "Rajini Murugan's soundtrack is average" and "far behind the enjoyable Ponram-Imman's work in VVS".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rajini Murugan Songs - Music Review|url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/8516/rajini-murugan-songs---music-review|access-date=2019-09-15|website=www.moviecrow.com|archive-date=10 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710083716/https://www.moviecrow.com/News/8516/rajini-murugan-songs---music-review|url-status=live}}</ref>

Siddharth K. of ''[[Sify]]'' rated the album 3 out of 5, saying that the songs "Un Mela Oru Kannu" and "Aavi Parakkum" work for their uncomplicated approach and "Yennamma Ippadi Panreengalema" as a "mass favourite number". He then concluded, "an album where the emphasis of the album has been given to funny lyrics and simplistic tunes".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rajini Murugan-Audio reviewed & rated|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/rajini-murugan-audio-reviewed--rated-news-tamil-pgqlL4jagbbch.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150616110940/http://www.sify.com/movies/rajini-murugan-audio-reviewed--rated-news-tamil-pgqlL4jagbbch.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 June 2015|access-date=2020-03-19|website=[[Sify]]|language=en}}</ref> Karthik Srinivasan of ''Milliblog'' stated that "Imman's formula is less effective".<ref name=":1" />

== Controversy ==
[[Lakshmy Ramakrishnan]], who is known for the popular TV Series ''[[Solvathellam Unmai (TV series)|Solvathellam Unmai]]'' criticised Sivakarthikeyan for using the title "Yennamma Ippadi Panreengalema" into a song. She expressed her displeasure about this and posted a tweet against the actor, saying that Sivakarthikeyan was arrogant when responding to why they used the line and made it a song rather than talk about it in a light-hearted way.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Team|first=DNA Web|date=2016-01-21|title=Lakshmy Ramakrishnan takes on Sivakarthikeyan over 'Rajini Murugan' song|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-lakshmy-ramakrishnan-takes-on-sivakarthikeyan-over-rajini-murugan-song-2168487|access-date=2020-03-19|website=DNA India|language=en|archive-date=10 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710085219/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-lakshmy-ramakrishnan-takes-on-sivakarthikeyan-over-rajini-murugan-song-2168487|url-status=live}}</ref> She reacted in a similar way when Ramar parodied the tagline and also the entire episode in the comedy show ''Adhu Idhu Yedhu'' in 2015.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Lakshmy Ramakrishnan hits back at Sivakarthikeyan|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/lakshmy-ramakrishnan-hits-back-at-sivakarthikeyan/articleshow/50611580.cms|access-date=2021-07-09|website=The Times of India|date=17 January 2016|language=en|archive-date=11 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711190436/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/lakshmy-ramakrishnan-hits-back-at-sivakarthikeyan/articleshow/50611580.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{D. Imman}}{{Authority control}}
[[Category:2015 soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:Tamil film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Sony Music India soundtracks]]
[[Category:Soundtracks by Indian artists]]
[[Category:Action film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Comedy film soundtracks]]
[[Category:D. Imman soundtracks]]

Lokmanya: Ek Yugpurush

2026-03-17T11:17:33Z

Himanshuucharan:

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}{{Use Indian English|date = December 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Lokmanya: Ek Yugpurush
| image = Lokmanya_ek_yug_purush.jpg
| caption = Theatrical film poster
| director = [[Om Raut]]
| producer = Neena Raut
| writer = Om Raut Kaustubh Savarkar<ref name="IE">{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/lokmanya-ek-yugapurush-a-film-on-lokmanya-tilak/ |title=Lokmanya Ek Yugapurush: A film on Lokmanya Tilak |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=21 November 2014 |place=Mumbai }}</ref>
| narrator = [[Nana Patekar]]
| starring = [[Subodh Bhave]] [[Chinmay Mandlekar]] [[Priya Bapat]]
| music = Ajit-Sameer
| cinematography = Prasad Bhende
| editing = Ashish Mhatre Apurva Motiwale
| studio = Neena Raut Films
| distributor = [[Essel Vision Productions]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2015|01|02}}
| runtime = 139 min
| country = India
| language = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| budget = {{INR}} 9 crore
| gross = {{INRConvert |13|C }}<ref name="indianexpress.com"/>
}}

'''''Lokmanya: Ek Yugpurush''''' is a 2015 Indian [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-language [[biographical film]] directed by [[Om Raut]] and produced by Neena Raut Entertainment. The film is based on the life story of [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]], a social reformer and the freedom fighter of the [[Indian independence movement]]. The film stars [[Subodh Bhave]], [[Chinmay Mandlekar]], and [[Priya Bapat]] in pivotal roles. Subodh Bhave plays the title role of Indian nationalist and social reformer [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]]. The film is the directorial debut of Om Raut and is produced by Neena Raut. The screenplay is written by Om Raut and Kaustubh Savarkar and the music is composed by duo Ajit-Sameer.<ref name="IE" />

The film was released on 2 January 2015 and received positive reviews from audience as well as critics.

== Plot ==
The film is a biopic of legendary leader Baal Gangadhar Tilak, respectfully addressed as Lokamanya, meaning "Approved of People", also called "Father of Indian Unrest". The story begins with an ambitious boy making his way into bigger stage of nationalism. Tilak, a man of strong will, runs his newspapers as a mission, and writes books. His speeches thrill and provoke the audiences against British rulers. He suffers imprisonments and writes his own philosophy there. Every day brings him new challenges and he faces them. Every situation looks like an opportunity for his nation, his dream of a powerful Indian state.

==Cast==
* [[Subodh Bhave]] as [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]]
* Shweta Mahadik as Satyabhamabai (wife of Lokmanya Tilak)
* [[Chinmay Mandlekar]] as Makarand
* [[Priya Bapat]] as Sameera
* Angad Mhaskar as Daji Khare
* [[Sameer Vidwans]] as [[Gopal Ganesh Agarkar]]
* Prashant Uthale as [[Chapekar brothers|Damodar Hari Chapekar]]
* Bharat Dabholakar as British Police Officer Mr. Bruin
* Dipesh Shah as [[Mahatma Gandhi]]
* Sahil Koparde as Dharap
* Uma Bapat as Sameer's Mother
* Bharat Dabholkar as Mr. Burns
* J. Brandon Hill as [[Walter Charles Rand]]
* Rohit Batwal as Nandargikar
* Ashish Mhatre as [[Khudiram Bose]]
* Noel as [[George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston|Lord Curzon]]
* Marco Bojic as British Officer
* Alex Gabriel as Judge [[Arthur Strachey]]
* Swati Chaudhary as Shewanta Bai
* [[Nana Patekar]] as Narrator

==Production==
The filmmakers spent nearly 1.3 crore on visual effects.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/1-3-cr-spent-on-Lokmanyas-visual-effects/articleshow/45473283.cms|title=1.3 cr spent on Lokmanya's visual effects – Times of India}}</ref>

==Critical reception==
The film was praised by audience as well as critics. A reviewer for [[DB Corp|Divya Marathi]] wrote "A lot of footage is wasted trying to combine the current state. Nevertheless, it is good to experience this burning embers of popular thoughts on screen".<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 July 2017 |title= Movie Review: लोकमान्य एक युगपुरुष |url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/BOL-REV-movie-review-lokmanya-ek-yugpurush-4860081-NOR.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106093110/https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/BOL-REV-movie-review-lokmanya-ek-yugpurush-4860081-NOR.html |archive-date=6 January 2023 |access-date=6 January 2023 |website= [[DB Corp|Divya Marathi]] |language=Marathi
}}</ref> A reviewer for [[Loksatta]] wrote "Subodh Bhave has mastered the challenge of portraying the character of Lokmanya Tilak on screen. Chinmoy Mandlekar has played the difficult role of showing how confused Makarand is. The director has got the best support in the departments of costumes, music, background score, acting.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 January 2015 |title= रिव्ह्यू : 'लोकमान्य एक युगपुरुष' |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/film-review-lokmanya-ek-yugpurush-1057528/lite/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106093210/https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/film-review-lokmanya-ek-yugpurush-1057528/lite/ |archive-date=6 January 2023 |access-date=6 January 2023 |website= [[Loksatta]] |language=Marathi
}}</ref> Soumitra Pote of ''[[Maharashtra Times]]'' wrote "In summary, showing such a Himalaya comes out if its surrounding shadows are as strong. However, today Om Raut has met the unimaginable challenge of making a film on popular Tilak in Marathi. It seems that he has worked honestly on this movie".<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 January 2015 |title= काळापुढच्या तत्त्वांचा 'लोकमान्य' जागर |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/lokmanya-ek-yugpurush/moviereview/45735427.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106093315/https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/lokmanya-ek-yugpurush/moviereview/45735427.cms |archive-date=6 January 2023 |access-date=6 January 2023 |website= [[Maharashtra Times]] |language=Marathi
}}</ref> Mihir Bhanage of ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote "'Lokmanya – Ek Yugpurush' raises many questions that get you thinking whether we have forgotten the sacrifices that got us freedom and more importantly, are we really free? Probably the power has changed but we are still being ruled and exploited".<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 April 2016 |title= LOKMANYA – EK YUGPURUSH MOVIE REVIEW |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/lokmanya-ek-yugpurush/movie-review/45728175.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106151348/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/lokmanya-ek-yugpurush/movie-review/45728175.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=6 January 2023 |access-date=6 January 2023 |website= [[The Times of India]] }}</ref>

==Box office==
Lokmanya:Ek Yug Purush fared well over the first weekend, collecting {{INRConvert|2.5|c}}. The collections rose to {{INRConvert|13|c}} after 5 weeks, making it one of the highest grossers in Subodh Bhave's career.<ref name="indianexpress.com">{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/pk-becomes-the-highest-bollywood-grosser-ever/2/|title=PK becomes the highest Bollywood grosser ever|date=9 January 2015}}</ref>

== Awards and nominations ==
* Official Selection in Indian Panorama Section at International Film Festival of India (2015)
* Official Selection at 17th London Asian Film Festival (2015)
* 52nd Maharashtra State Awards 2015: Best Film

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|4219894}}

[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:Marathi-language biographical films]]
[[Category:2015 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Memorials to Bal Gangadhar Tilak]]
[[Category:2015 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Om Raut]]
[[Category:Films based on Marathi people]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bhor]]

Veturi

2026-03-16T21:13:13Z

Himanshuucharan: correct information for clarity and updated info for consistency

{{Short description|Indian lyricist and poet (1936–2010)}}
{{For|the surname|Veturi (surname)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Veturi Sundarama Murthy
| birth_name = Veturi Sundararama Murthy
| image = Veturi Sundararama Murthy.jpg
| caption = Portrait of Veturi
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1936|1|30}}
| birth_place = [[Pedakallepalli]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]] (present-day [[Andhra Pradesh]], India)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2010|5|22|1936|1|30}}
| death_place = [[Hyderabad]], Andhra Pradesh, India (present-day [[Telangana]])
| other_names =
| occupation = Poet, lyricist, songwriter
| height =
| spouse = Seeta Mahalakshmi
| children = 3
| website =
}}
'''Veturi Sundararama Murthy''' (30 January 1936 – 22 May 2010), known mononymously by his [[surname]] '''Veturi''', was an Indian poet and lyricist who is known for his works in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] literature and cinema. Veturi is a recipient of the [[National Film Award for Best Lyrics|National Film Award]], various [[Nandi Awards|Nandi Award]]s, [[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards]], and other state honors. His career in [[Telugu cinema]] spanned more than four decades.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/05/24/stories/2010052456250400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107044820/http://www.hindu.com/2010/05/24/stories/2010052456250400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-11-07 |work=[[The Hindu]] |title=News Archives |date=2010-05-24 |access-date=2015-09-16}}</ref>

==Early life==
Veturi was born to Chandrasekhar Sastry and Kamalamba in [[Pedakallepalli]], near [[Challapalli]], [[Krishna district|Krishna]] into a [[Telugu Brahmin]] family.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120329044924/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOI&BaseHref=TOIH/2010/05/23&PageLabel=1&EntityId=Pc00112&ViewMode=HTML&GZ=T "Veturi Passes Away"] ''The Times of India''.</ref><ref>[http://www.merinews.com/article/lyricist-veturi-sundararama-murthy-dies-big-loss-for-telugu-film-industry/15814665.shtml "Big loss to Telugu"] Merinews. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100525075256/http://www.merinews.com/article/lyricist-veturi-sundararama-murthy-dies-big-loss-for-telugu-film-industry/15814665.shtml |date=25 May 2010 }}</ref> Veturi was a nephew of the Telugu Research Scholar [[Veturi Prabhakara Sastri]]. His grandfather Veturi Sundara Sastry was also a poet.<ref>{{Cite book |last=VISSA APPA RAO (JUNIOR) |url=http://archive.org/details/prajna-prabhakaram-english-edition.-1 |title=Prajna Prabhakaram English Edition. 1 |date=2021-05-21}}</ref>

===Education===
Veturi completed his schooling in Diviseema, [[Jaggayyapeta]], near [[Vijayawada]] in Krishna district, and SSLC in his grandmother's village. Later, Veturi went to Chennai for his intermediate studies and came back to [[Vijayawada]] where he completed his degree at S.R.R. Government College. He was a student of the legendary [[Viswanatha Satyanarayana]] at this college.

==Career as a journalist==
Veturi joined ''[[Andhra Prabha]]'' as a journalist in 1952, after his education.<ref>{{YouTube|xOC62FQj8vY}}</ref> He learned the basics of editing a news [[Article (publishing)|article]] from his senior at [[Andhra Prabha]], [[Narla Venkateswara Rao]], whom he considers his first teacher. In 1959, he joined a weekly called [[Andhra Patrika]], where [[Bapu (director)|Bapu]] and [[Mullapudi Venkata Ramana]] were his colleagues.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/05/24/stories/2010052458090600.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100530131136/http://www.hindu.com/2010/05/24/stories/2010052458090600.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 May 2010 |title='AIR gave Veturi the break' – ANDHRA PRADESH |date=24 May 2010 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2015-09-16}}</ref> He was the in-charge of the Cinema section at ''Andhra Patrika''. He also worked for the [[Pradesh Congress Committee|Andhra Pradesh Congress Committee]]'s official daily newspaper, called ''Andhra Janata'', as an editor.

In 1962, he became the first and only Telugu journalist to interview the then Prime Minister, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], who came to inaugurate the [[Srisailam Dam|Srisailam]] [[Hydroelectricity]] project. He covered the speeches of national leaders like [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]]. In 1964, he worked as an [[Legislative Assembly|assembly]] reporter.

His articles are said to be very catchy and witty. For instance, he referred to the meeting of [[Member of the Legislative Assembly|MLAs]] in Hotel Dwaraka, near the [[Andhra Pradesh State Assembly]] as "Adigo Dwaraka - Ivigo Alamandalu" ("This is Dwaraka and here are the cattle") ({{langx|te|అదిగో ద్వారక - ఇవిగో అలమంధలు}}). His writing style caught the attention of the film industry due to his use of traditional poetic rules related to [[alliteration]] and [[rhyme]] for describing [[Current affairs (news format)|current affairs]].

==Career as a lyricist==

===Entry into films===

Veturi had contacts with the [[Cinema of Andhra Pradesh|Telugu film industry]] during his days as a journalist. He used to meet veteran [[Lyricist|lyric writer]] [[Daasaradhi Krishnamacharyulu|Dasarathi]] often. Legendary director [[V. Nagayya]] offered him a role in his film, ''[[Naa Illu]]'' (1953).<ref>[http://www.eenadu.net/archives/archive-23-5-2010/ncineshow.asp?qry=cinefront1]{{dead link|date=September 2015}}</ref> However, two days before the shooting began, Veturi decided not to act as he felt that he was not fit for acting, and wrote a letter of apology to Nagayya for rejecting his offer. [[N. T. Rama Rao]], has invited him to join the film industry as a lyricist. In 1974, he wrote his first song, "Bharatanaari Charitamu" ({{langx|te|భారతనారి చరితము}}), in the form of [[Harikatha]], for ''[[O Seeta Katha]]'' (1974) under the direction of [[K. Viswanath]].

===1970s===

In 1978, [[K. Viswanath|K Viswanath]]'s ''[[Siri Siri Muvva]]'' proved his prowess in expressing diverse emotions with poetry.
In 1977, actor [[N. T. Rama Rao|Sr. N.T.R]]'s ''[[Adavi Ramudu (1977 film)|Adavi Ramudu]]'' showcased Veturi's talent for penning inspirational and romantic lyrics. The album was an instant hit among various audiences. [[Acharya Aatreya]], the leading lyricist in those days, was known to take days for writing a song. Veturi became the first choice for directors and producers too because of his ability to write a song to the director's taste in a few minutes. He went on to pen more than 5,000 songs in his career. He wrote more mass numbers for movies like ''Vetagadu'' and ''Driver Ramudu'', and classics for movies like ''[[Sankarabharanam (1980 film)|Sankarabharanam]]'' and [[Sagara Sangamam]]. In particular, ''[[Sankarabharanam (1980 film)|Sankarabharanam]]'' stood as a landmark in the [[Cinema of Andhra Pradesh|Telugu film industry]].

===1980s===

After the surge of his popularity during the 1970s, he went on to work with a variety of directors and actors in the 1980s. He wrote classics for directors like [[Singeetam Srinivasa Rao]], [[Dasari Narayana Rao]], [[Bapu (director)|Bapu]], [[Jandhyala]], [[Vamsy]] and mass numbers for directors like [[Kovelamudi Raghavendra Rao|Raghavendra Rao]], [[A. Kodandarami Reddy]], [[Vijaya Bapineedu]]. He delivered a number of hits for senior actors like [[N. T. Rama Rao|Sr. N.T.R]], [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]], [[Ghattamaneni Krishna]], [[Shobhan Babu]], [[Krishnam Raju]] and upcoming stars like [[Chiranjeevi]], [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]], [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]], [[Daggubati Venkatesh]]. This golden period in his career saw memorable albums like ''[[Saptapadi (1981 film)|Saptapadi]]'', ''Subhodayam'', ''[[Subhalekha]]'', ''[[Sagara Sangamam]]'', ''[[Meghasandesam]]'', ''Mudda Mandaram'', ''Malle Pandiri'', ''Nalugu Stambhalata'', ''Rendu Jalla Seeta'', ''[[Amarajeevi]]'', ''[[Sreevariki Prema Lekha]]'', ''[[Ananda Bhairavi (Telugu film)|Ananda Bhairavi]]'', ''Srivari Sobhanam'', ''Mogudu Pellalu'', ''[[Chantabbai]]'', ''[[Sitaara]]'', ''[[Anveshana]]'', ''[[Alapana]]'', ''[[Mayuri (film)|Mayuri]]'', ''Amavasya Chandrudu'', ''Janaki Ramudu'' and ''[[Geethanjali (1989 film)|Geetaanjali]]''.

===1990s===

During the late 1980s, Veturi's mass numbers garnered a lot of response from the public resulting in directors demanding more and more of them. However, Veturi still maintained his balance between classics and mass-numbers with movies like ''[[Jagadeka Veerudu Atiloka Sundari]]'', ''Sarigamalu'', ''Sitaramayya Gaari Manavaralu'', ''[[Matru Devo Bhava]]'', and ''[[Mechanic Alludu]]''. Veturi was given the opportunity to dub many [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Malayalam]] and [[Hindi]] movies. Some of his dubbed albums, for instance ''Iruvar'' and ''[[Devaraagam]]'', received wide acclaim.

===2000s===

During this period, Veturi created classics like ''[[Gangotri (2003 film)|Gangotri]]'' and ''[[Swarabhishekam]]''. His association with young directors like [[Sekhar Kammula]] and [[Gunasekhar]] produced some memorable albums, like ''[[Anand (2004 film)|Anand]]'', ''[[Godavari (2006 film)|Godavari]]'', ''[[Varudu]]'', ''[[Arjun (2004 film)|Arjun]]'', ''[[Kaadhal|Premishte]]'' (Dubbed version of Kaadhal) and ''[[Leader (2010 film)|Leader]]''.

==Awards and honors==
Veturi received several national and regional awards for his contributions to literature and films. He has been conferred an honorary Doctorate in the 23rd convocation of [[Acharya Nagarjuna University]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/07/26/stories/2007072656110600.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107044939/http://www.hindu.com/2007/07/26/stories/2007072656110600.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 November 2012 |title=Honorary doctorate for Veturi, two others – ANDHRA PRADESH |date=26 July 2007 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2015-09-16}}</ref> In 2007, he received the Jandhyala Memorial Award.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/01/15/stories/2007011516690300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106041336/http://www.hindu.com/2007/01/15/stories/2007011516690300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 November 2012 |title=Veturi given Jandhyala award – ANDHRA PRADESH |date=15 January 2007 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2015-09-16}}</ref>
[[File:Veturi, Tummalapalli Kshetrayya Kalakshetram Vijayawada.JPG|thumb|Bust of Veturi at Tummalapalli Kshetrayya Kalakshetram, [[Vijayawada]]]]

===National Awards===

He got the [[National Film Award for Best Lyrics]] for the song "Ralipoye Puvva" ({{langx|te|రాలిపోయె పువ్వా}}) in the film [[Matrudevobhava]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sify.com/movies/telugu/fullstory.php?id=14942740 |title=T'wood mourns death of Dr Veturi Sundara Ramurthy |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=10 August 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120718190451/http://sify.com/movies/telugu/fullstory.php?id=14942740 |archive-date=18 July 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> making him the second Telugu film lyricist to achieve the distinction after the revolutionary poet, [[Srirangam Srinivasarao|Sri Sri]]. In 2006, he declared that he would return the National Award if Telugu is not given the status of Classical Language by the [[Government of India]].<ref name="The Hindu">[https://web.archive.org/web/20080101125626/http://www.hindu.com/2006/02/03/stories/2006020311020400.htm "Andhra Pradesh / Hyderabad News: Going all out for 'classical' tag"]. ''The Hindu''.</ref> In 2008, the [[Government of India]] declared [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as a classical language.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid%3D44340 |title=Declaration of Telugu and Kannada as classical languages |work=PIB |access-date=2013-02-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216124306/http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=44340 |archive-date=16 December 2008 |df=dmy }}</ref>

===Filmfare Awards===

He received [[Filmfare Best Lyricist Award (Telugu)|filmfare award]] for the song, ''Uppongele Godavari'' ({{langx|te|ఉప్పొంగెలే గోదావరి}}) in the 2006 movie, [[Godavari (2006 film)|Godavari]]. In 2008, he received the [[Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award (South)|Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/48703.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090803150625/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/48703.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 August 2009 |title=56th Filmfare awards Tollywood winners – Telugu Movie News |website=IndiaGlitz.com |date=1 August 2009 |access-date=2015-09-16}}</ref>

===Nandi Awards===

He received the Nandi award for best lyrics, from the Government of Andhra Pradesh, six times. They are listed here.

{| class="wikitable"

|-
! Year !! Song !! Movie
|-
| 1977 || Maanasa Veenaa Madhu Geetam (Telugu: మానసవీణ మధుగీతం) || [[Panthulamma]]
|-
| 1979 || Sankara Naadasareeraparaa (Telugu: శంకరా నాదశరీరాపర) || [[Sankarabharanam (1980 film)|Sankarabharanam]]
|-
| 1984 || Brundavani Vundi (Telugu: బృందావని ఉంది) || [[Kanchana Ganga (1984 film)|Kanchana Ganga]]
|-
| 1985 || Ee Duryodhana Dushaasana (Telugu: ఈ దుర్యోధనదుశ్శాశన) || [[Pratighatana]]
|-
| 1991 || Pavuraniki Panjaraniki (Telugu: పావురానికి పంజరానికి) || [[Chanti (1992 film)|Chanti]]
|-
| 1992 || All Songs || [[Rajeswari Kalyanam]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008)|trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008)|publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]]|access-date=21 August 2020}}(in [[Telugu language|Telugu]])</ref>
|}

===Manaswini Awards===

He received two Manaswini awards.<ref name="telugucinema.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/starsprofile/tribute_veturi.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101231000138/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/starsprofile/tribute_veturi.php |date=31 December 2010|archive-date=31 December 2010|title=Lyricist Veturi passed away|work=Telugu Cinema }}</ref>
#Song: ''Venuvai vachchaanu'' ({{langx|te|వేణువై వచ్చాను}}), Movie: ''[[Matrudevobhava]]'', Year: 1993.
#Song: ''Aakaashaana suryudundadu'' ({{langx|te|ఆకాశాన సూర్యుడుండడు}}), Movie: ''Sundarakanda'', Year: 1992.

==Filmography==
He wrote thousands of songs as a lyricist for many successful Telugu films. He has also acted in very few films in cameo roles. He acted as a fake swamiji in a film, which succeeded in producing good comedy. He also penned Dialogues along with writer Jandhyala for the movie ''[[Siri Siri Muvva]]''.

===1970s===
* ''[[O Seeta Katha]]'' (1974) (lyrics)
* ''[[Adavi Ramudu (1977 film)|Adavi Ramudu]]'' (1977) (lyrics)
* ''[[Pantulamma]]'' (1977) (lyrics)
* ''[[Siri Siri Muvva]]'' (1978) (lyrics)
* ''[[Gorintaku (1979 film)|Gorintaku]]'' (1979) (lyrics)
* ''[[Sankarabharanam (1980 film)|Sankarabharanam]]'' (1979) (lyrics)

===1980s===
* ''[[Challenge Ramudu]]'' (1980)
* ''[[Love in Singapore (1980 Telugu film)|Love in Singapore]]'' (1980)
* ''[[Gharana Donga]]'' (1980)
* ''[[Yedanthasthula Meda]]'' (1980)
* ''[[Rowdy Ramudu Konte Krishnudu]]'' (1980)
* ''[[Mogudu Kaavali|Mogudu Kavali]]'' (1980)
* ''[[Sarada Ramudu]]'' (1980)
* ''[[Aarani Mantalu|Aarani Manthalu]]'' (1980)
* ''[[Bhale Krishnudu]]'' (1980)
* ''[[Superman (1980 film)|Superman]]'' (1980)
* ''[[Alludu Pattina Bharatam]]'' (1980)
* ''[[Sita Ramulu]]'' (1980)
* ''[[Punnami Naagu (1980 film)|Punnami Naagu]]'' (1980)
* ''[[Circus Ramudu]]'' (1980)
* ''[[Ram Robert Rahim]]'' (1980)
* ''[[Aatagadu]]'' (1980)
* [[Saptapadi (1981 film)|Saptapadi]] (1981)
* ''[[Puli Bidda]]'' (1981)
* ''[[Mudda Mandaram]]'' (1981)
* ''Priya'' (1981)
* ''[[Kondaveeti Simham]]'' (1981)
* ''[[Thodu Dongalu (1981 film)|Thodu Dongalu]]'' (1981)
* ''[[Ragile Jwala]]'' (1981)
* ''[[Prema Simhasanam]]'' (1981)
* ''[[Srirasthu Subhamasthu]]'' (1981)
* ''Devudu Mavayya'' (1981)
* [[Viswaroopam (1981 film)|Viswaroopam]] (1981)
* ''[[Seethakoka Chilaka]]'' (1981)
* ''[[Nyayam Kavali]]'' (1981)
* ''[[Ooruki Monagadu]]'' (1981)
* ''[[Maha Purushudu]]'' (1981)
* ''[[Parvathi Parameswarulu]]'' (1981)
* ''[[Satyam Sivam]]'' (1981)
* ''Sri Vemana Charithra'' (1981)
* ''[[Doctor Cine Actor]]'' (1982)
* ''[[Manchu Pallaki]]'' (1982)
* ''[[Bobbili Puli]]'' (1982)
* ''[[Nalugu Stambhalata (film)|Nalugu Stambalata]]'' (1982)
* ''[[Bangaru Kanuka]]'' (1982)
* ''[[Tingu Rangadu]]'' (1982)
* ''[[Gopala Krishnudu]]'' (1982)
* ''[[Talli Kodukula Anubandham]]'' (1982)
* ''[[Vayyari Bhamalu Vagalamari Bhartalu]]'' (1982)
* ''[[Edi Dharmam Edi Nyayam?]]'' (1982)
* ''[[Justice Chowdary]]'' (1982)
* ''[[Pagabattina Simham]]'' (1982)
* ''[[Yamakinkarudu]]'' (1982)
* ''[[Raaga Deepam]]'' (1982)
* ''[[Naa Desam]]'' (1982)
* ''[[Anuraga Devatha]]'' (1982)
* ''[[Subhalekha]]'' (1982)
* ''[[Bandhalu Anubandhalu|Bandalu Anubandhalu]]'' (1982)
* ''[[Patnam Vachina Pativrathalu]]'' (1982)
* ''[[Khaidi (1983 film)|Khaidi]]'' (1983)
* ''[[Poratam]]'' (1983)
* ''[[Manthri Gari Viyyankudu]]'' (1983)
* ''[[Meghasandesham]]'' (1983)
* ''[[Sangharshana]]'' (1983)
* ''[[Mundadugu]]'' (1983)
* ''[[Abhilasha (1983 film)|Abhilasha]]'' (1983)
* ''[[Siripuram Monagadu]]'' (1983)
*''[[Puli Bebbuli]]'' (1983)
*''[[Sivudu Sivudu Sivudu|Shivudu Shivudu Shivudu]]'' (1983)
*''[[Simham Navvindi]]'' (1983)
*''[[Prema Pichollu]]'' (1983)
*''[[Bezawada Bebbuli]]'' (1983)
*''[[Kirayi Kotigadu]]'' (1983)
*''[[Ramarajyamlo Bheemaraju]]'' (1983)
*''[[Moodu Mullu]]'' (1983)
*''[[Rendu Jella Sita]]'' (1983)
*
*''[[Palletoori Monagadu]]'' (1983)
* ''[[Sagara Sangamam]]'' (1983)
* ''[[Amarajeevi (1983 film)|Amarajeevi]]'' (1983)
* ''[[Sitaara]]'' (1983)
* ''[[Devanthakudu (1984 film)|Devanthakudu]]'' (1984)
* ''[[Bobbili Brahmanna]]'' (1984)
* ''[[Sampoorna Premayanam]]'' (1984)
* ''[[Rustum (1984 film)|Rustum]]'' (1984)
* ''[[Vasantha Geetam]]'' (1984)
* ''[[Anubandham (1984 film)|Anubandham]]'' (1984)
*''[[Sahasame Jeevitham]]'' (1984)
*''Merupu Daadi'' (1984)
*''[[Goonda (film)|Goonda]]'' (1984)
*''[[Swathi (1984 film)|Swathi]]'' (1984)
*''Pralaya Simham'' (1984)
*''[[Agni Gundam]]'' (1984)
*''[[Tandava Krishnudu]]'' (1984)
*''[[Disco King (film)|Disco King]]'' (1984)
*''[[Nayakulaku Saval]]'' (1984)
*''[[Mahanagaramlo Mayagadu]]'' (1984)
*''[[Illalu Priyuralu]]'' (1984)
*''[[Srivariki Premalekha]]'' (1984)
*''[[Naagu]]'' (1984)
*''[[Janani Janmabhoomi]]'' (1984)
*[[Intiguttu (1984 film)|''Intiguttu'']] (1984)
*''[[Kathanayakudu (1984 film)|Kathanayakudu]]'' (1984)
*''[[Challenge (1984 film)|Challenge]]'' (1984)
*''[[Pattabhishekam (1985 film)|Pattabhishekam]]'' (1985)
*''[[Rakta Sindhuram|Raktha Sindhuram]]'' (1985)
*''[[Surya Chandra]]'' (1985)
*''[[America Alludu]]'' (1985)
*''[[Dampatyam]]'' (1985)
* ''[[Agni Parvatam]]'' (1985) (lyrics)
* ''[[Darja Donga]]'' (1985)
* ''[[Adavi Donga]]'' (1985)
* ''[[Kattula Kondayya]]'' (1985)
* ''[[Bullet (1985 film)|Bullet]]'' (1985)
* ''[[Illale Devata]]'' (1985)
* ''[[Pachani Kapuram]]'' (1985)
* ''[[Donga (film)|Donga]]'' (1985)
* ''[[Aatmabalam]]'' (1985)
* ''[[Vijetha (1985 film)|Vijetha]]'' (1985)
* ''[[Nyayam Meere Cheppali]]'' (1985)
*''[[Puli (1985 film)|Puli]]'' (1985)
*''[[Babai Abbai]]'' (1985)
*''[[Kotha Pelli Koothuru]]'' (1985)
*''[[Preminchu Pelladu]]'' (1985)
*''Terror'' (1985)
*''Punnami Rathri'' (1985)
*''Kanchu Kavacham'' (1985)
*''[[Anveshana]]'' (1985) (writer)
* ''[[Seetharama Kalyanam (1986 film)|Seetharama Kalyanam]]'' (1986)
* ''[[Chantabbai]]'' (1986)
* ''[[Kaliyuga Pandavulu]]'' (1986)
* ''[[Vikram (1986 Telugu film)|Vikram]]'' (1986)
* ''[[Kondaveeti Raja]]'' (1986)
* ''[[Nippulanti Manishi (1986 film)|Nippulanti Manishi]]'' (1986)
* ''[[Kirathakudu]]'' (1986)
* ''[[Anasuyamma Gari Alludu]]'' (1986)
* ''[[Magadheerudu]]'' (1986)
* ''[[Driver Babu]]'' (1986)
* ''[[Kaliyuga Krishnudu]]'' (1986)
*''[[Brahma Rudrulu]]'' (1986)
*''[[Santhi Nivasam (1986 film)|Santhi Nivasam]]'' (1986)
*''[[Kashmora (1986 film)|Kashmora]]'' (1986)
*''[[Dhairyavanthudu]]'' (1986)
*''[[Aranyakanda (film)|Aranyakanda]]'' (1986)
*''[[Krishna Garadi]]'' (1986)
*''[[Desoddharakulu]]'' (1986)
*''[[Chanakya Sapatham]]'' (1986)
*''[[Apoorva Sahodarulu]]'' (1986)
*''[[Rakshasudu (1986 film)|Rakshasudu]]'' (1986)
*''[[Simhasanam (1986 film)|Simhasanam]]'' (1986)
*''[[Oka Radha Iddaru Krishnulu]]'' (1986)
*''[[Rendu Rellu Aaru]]'' (1986)
*''[[Khaidi Rudrayya]]'' (1986)
*[[Brahmastram (1986 film)|''Brahmastram'']] (1986)
*''[[Padaharella Ammayi]]'' (1986)
*''[[Jayam Manade (1986 film)|Jayam Manade]]'' (1986)
*''[[Karu Diddina Kapuram]]'' (1986)
*''[[Thandri Kodukula Challenge]]'' (1987)
*''[[Makutamleni Maharaju]]'' (1987)
* ''[[Padamati Sandhya Ragam]]'' (1987) (lyrics)
* ''[[Bhargava Ramudu]]'' (1987)
*''[[Ajeyudu]]'' (1987)
*''[[Sardar Krishnama Naidu]]'' (1987)
*''[[Dharmapatni (1987 film)|Dharmapatni]]'' (1987)
*''[[Allari Krishnayya]]'' (1987)
*''[[Sankharavam (1987 film)|Sankharavam]]'' (1987)
*''[[Vijetha Vikram]]'' (1987)
*''[[Donga Garu Swagatham]]'' (1987)
*''[[Ramu (1987 film)|Ramu]]'' (1987)
*''[[Dammit Katha Addam Thirigindi]]'' (1987)
*''[[Chakravarthy (1987 film)|Chakravarthy]]'' (1987)
*''[[Aha! Naa Pellanta!!]]'' (1987)
*''[[Collector Gari Abbai|Collector Gari Abbayi]]'' (1987)
*''Prema Samrat'' (1987)
*''[[Trimurtulu|Trimurthulu]]'' (1987)
*''[[Kirayi Dada]]'' (1987)
*''[[Srinivasa Kalyanam (1987 film)|Srinivasa Kalyanam]]'' (1987)
*''[[Muddayi]]'' (1987)
*''[[Bhanumati Gari Mogudu]]'' (1987)
*''[[Agni Putrudu]]'' (1987)
*''[[Pasivadi Pranam]]'' (1987)
*''[[Sahasa Samrat]]'' (1987)
*''[[Gundamma Gari Krishnulu|Gundammagari Krishnulu]]'' (1987)
*''[[Jebu Donga (1987 film)|Jebu Donga]]'' (1987)
*''[[President Gari Abbai]]'' (1987)
*''[[Maa Voori Magadu]]'' (1987)
*''[[Donga Pelli]]'' (1988)
*''[[Chuttalabbayi]]'' (1988)
*''[[Bava Marudula Saval]]'' (1988)
*''[[Aakhari Poratam]]'' (1988)
*''[[Bazaar Rowdy]]'' (1988)
*''[[Yamudiki Mogudu (1988 film)|Yamudiki Mogudu]]'' (1988)
*[[Asthulu Anthasthulu]] (1988)
* ''[[Marana Mrudangam]]'' (1988)
* ''[[Jeevana Jyothi (1988 film)|Jeevana Jyothi]]'' (1988)
* ''[[Chikkadu Dorakadu (1988 film)|Chikkadu Dorakadu]]'' (1988)
* ''[[Varasudochadu]]'' (1988)
* ''[[Samsaram (1988 film)|Samsaram]]'' (1988)
* ''[[Tiragabadda Telugubidda]]'' (1988)
* ''[[Mugguru Kodukulu]]'' (1988)
* ''[[Chinababu]]'' (1988)
* ''[[Raktabhishekam]]'' (1988)
* ''Jeevana Ganga'' (1988)
* ''[[Inspector Pratap]]'' (1988)
* ''[[Jhansi Rani (1988 film)|Jhansi Rani]]'' (1988)
* ''[[Rowdy No.1]]'' (1988)
* ''[[Trinetrudu]]'' (1988)
* ''Chinnodu Peddodu'' (1988)
*''[[Bharatamlo Bala Chandrudu]]'' (1988)
*''[[Khaidi No. 786]]'' (1988)
*''[[Janaki Ramudu]]'' (1988)
*''Ugra Nethrudu'' (1988)
*''[[Aswaddhama]]'' (1988)
*''[[Rao Gari Illu]]'' (1988)
*''[[Yuddha Bhoomi]]'' (1988)
*''[[Ramudu Bheemudu (1988 film)|Ramudu Bheemudu]]'' (1988)
*''[[Donga Kollu]]'' (1988)
*''[[Raktha Tilakam]]'' (1988)
*''[[Vivaha Bhojanambu (1988 film)|Vivaha Bhojanambu]]'' (1988)
*''[[Goonda Rajyam]]'' (1989)
*
*
*''[[Koduku Diddina Kapuram]]'' (1989)
*''[[Bhale Donga]]'' (1989)
*''Palnati Rudraiah'' (1989)
*''[[Attaku Yamudu Ammayiki Mogudu]]'' (1989)
*''[[Gudachari 117]]'' (1989)
*''[[Ajatha Satruvu]]'' (1989)
*''[[Vicky Daada|Vicky Dada]]'' (1989)
*''Bhale Dampathulu'' (1989)
*''[[Baamma Maata Bangaru Baata|Baamma Mata Bangaru Baata]]'' (1989)
*''[[Sahasame Naa Oopiri]]'' (1989)
*[[Dhruva Nakshatram (1989 film)|''Dhruva Nakshatram'']] (1989)
*[[Prema (1989 film)|''Prema'']] (1989)
*''Zoo Laka Taka'' (1989)
*''[[Sarvabhoumudu|Sarvabhomudu]]'' (1989)
*''[[Vijay (1989 film)|Vijay]]'' (1989)
*''[[Gaduggayi|Gaduggai]]'' (1989)
*''[[Bala Gopaludu]]'' (1989)
*''[[State Rowdy]]'' (1989)
*''[[Rudranetra]]'' (1989)
*''[[Agni (1989 film)|Agni]]'' (1989)
*''[[Two Town Rowdy]]'' (1989)
*''[[Siva (1989 Telugu film)|Siva]]'' (1989)
*''[[Bandhuvulostunnaru Jagratha]]'' (1989)
* ''[[Geethanjali (1989 film)|Geetaanjali]]'' (1989) (lyrics)

===1990s===
* ''[[Iddaru Iddare]]'' (1990)
* ''[[Jagadeka Veerudu Athiloka Sundari]]'' (1990) (lyrics)
* ''[[Kodama Simham]]'' (1990)
* ''[[Aayudham (1990 film)|Aayudham]]'' (1990)
* ''[[Prema Zindabad]]'' (1990)
* ''[[Chinnari Muddula Papa]]'' (1990)
* ''[[Nari Nari Naduma Murari]]'' (1990)
* ''[[Prananiki Pranam]]'' (1990)
* ''[[Balachandrudu]]'' (1990)
* ''[[Anna Thammudu (1990 film)|Anna Thammudu]]'' (1990)
* [[Dagudumuthala Dampathyam|''Dagudumuthula Dampathyam'']] (1990)
* ''[[Neti Siddhartha]]'' (1990)
* ''[[Kondaveeti Donga]]'' (1990)
* ''[[Aggiramudu|Aggi Ramudu]]'' (1990)
* ''[[Kokila (1990 film)|Kokila]]'' (1990)
* ''[[Inspector Rudra]]'' (1990)
* ''[[Prema Yuddham]]'' (1990)
* ''[[Raja Vikramarka (1990 film)|Raja Vikramarka]]'' (1990)
* ''[[Surya IPS]]'' (1991)
* ''[[Attintlo Adde Mogudu]]'' (1991)
* ''[[Peddintalludu|Peddinti Alludu]]'' (1991)
* ''[[Talli Tandrulu]]'' (1991)
* ''[[Vichitra Prema]]'' (1991)
* ''[[Parama Sivudu]]'' (1991)
* ''[[Gang Leader]]'' (1991) (lyrics)
* ''[[Nirnayam (1991 film)|Nirnayam]]'' (1991) (lyrics)
* ''[[Aditya 369]]'' (1991)
* ''[[Minor Raja]]'' (1991)
* ''[[Sathruvu|Shatruvu]]'' (1991)
* ''[[Jagannatakam]]'' (1991)
* ''[[Alludu Diddina Kapuram]]'' (1991)
* ''[[Chaitanya (film)|Chaitanya]]'' (1991)
* [[Shanti Kranti]] (1991)
* ''[[Dharma Kshetram]]'' (1992) (lyrics)
* ''[[Chanti (1992 film)|Chanti]]'' (1992) (lyrics)
* ''[[Dharma Kshetram]]'' (1992)
* ''[[Appula Appa Rao]]'' (1992)
* ''[[Balarama Krishnulu]]'' (1992)
* ''[[Chitram! Bhalare Vichitram!!|Chitram Bhalare Vichitram]]'' (1992)
* ''[[Seetharatnam Gari Abbayi]]'' (1992)
* ''[[Aa Okkati Adakku]]'' (1992)
* ''[[President Gari Pellam]]'' (1992) (lyrics)
* ''[[Sundarakanda (1992 film)|Sundarakanda]]'' (1992) (lyrics)
* [[Killer (1992 film)|''Killer'']] (1992)
* ''[[Pellaniki Premalekha Priyuraliki Subhalekha]]'' (1992)
* ''[[Aswamedham (film)|Aswamedham]]'' (1992)
* ''[[Sahasam (1992 film)|Sahasam]]'' (1992)
* ''[[Govinda Govinda (1994 film)|Govinda Govinda]]'' (1993) (lyrics)
* ''[[Kondapalli Raja]]'' (1993)
* ''[[Nippu Ravva]]'' (1993)
* ''[[Alibaba Ara Dozen Dongalu|Ali Baba Aradajanu Dongalu]]'' (1993)
* ''[[Muta Mestri]]'' (1993)
* ''[[Rajeswari Kalyanam]]'' (1993)
* ''[[Bava Bavamaridi]]'' (1993)
* ''[[Rakshana (1993 film)|Rakshana]]'' (1993)
* ''[[Mister Pellam]]'' (1993)
* ''[[Allari Priyudu]]'' (1993)
* ''[[Matru Devo Bhava]]'' (1993)
* ''[[Allari Alludu]]'' (1993)
* ''[[Mechanic Alludu]]'' (1993)
* ''[[Abbayigaru]]'' (1993)
* ''[[Varasudu]]'' (1993)
* ''[[Allari Premikudu]]'' (1994)
* ''[[Bhairava Dweepam]]'' (1994)
* ''[[Gangmaster (film)|Gang Master]]'' (1994)
* ''[[Super Police]]'' (1994)
* ''[[Bhale Pellam]]'' (1994)
* ''[[Mugguru Monagallu (1994 film)|Mugguru Monagallu]]'' (1994)
* ''[[Bobbili Simham]]'' (1994)
* ''[[Police Brothers]]'' (1994)
* ''[[Jailor Gaari Abbayi|Jailor Gari Abbayi]]'' (1994)
* ''[[Bangaru Kutumbam]]'' (1994)
* ''[[Govinda Govinda (1994 film)|Govinda Govinda]]'' (1994)
* ''[[Muddula Priyudu]]'' (1994)
* ''[[Gandeevam]]'' (1994)
* ''[[Hello Brother (1994 film)|Hello Brother]]'' (1994)
* ''[[Rikshavodu]]'' (1995)
* ''[[Bhale Bullodu]]'' (1995)
* ''[[Ketu Duplicate|Ketu Duplicatu]]'' (1995)
* ''[[Pokiri Raja]]'' (1995)
* ''[[Gharana Bullodu]]'' (1995)
* ''[[Rambantu]]'' (1995)
* ''[[Alluda Majaka]]'' (1995)
* ''[[Ramudochadu]]'' (1996) (lyrics)
* ''[[Dharma Chakram]]'' (1996)
* ''[[Jabilamma Pelli]]'' (1996)
* ''[[Adirindi Alludu]]'' (1996)
* ''[[Vamsanikokkadu]]'' (1996)
* ''[[Sahasa Veerudu Sagara Kanya]]'' (1996)
* ''[[Ramudochadu]]'' (1996)
* ''[[Sri Krishnarjuna Vijayam]]'' (1996)
* ''[[Iddaru]]'' (1997) (Dubbed version)
* ''[[Peddannayya]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Annamayya (film)|Annamayya]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Chilakkottudu]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Muddula Mogudu (1997 film)|Muddula Mogudu]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Hitler (1997 film)|Hitler]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Choodalani Vundi]]'' (1998) (lyrics)
* ''[[Manasichi Choodu (film)|Manasichi Choodu]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Ganesh (1998 film)|Ganesh]]'' (1998)
* ''Yuvarathna Rana'' (1998)
* ''[[Sneham Kosam]]'' (1999)
* ''[[Krishna Babu]]'' (1999)
* ''[[Seenu (1999 film)|Seenu]]'' (1999)
* ''[[Ravoyi Chandamama]]'' (1999) (lyrics)
* ''[[Sultan (1999 film)|Sultan]]'' (1999)
* Adbhutam (1999) (lyrics)
* ''[[Samarasimha Reddy]]'' (1999)
* ''[[Rajakumarudu]]'' (1999)

===2000s===
* ''[[Badri (2000 film)|Badri]]'' (2000) (writer: ''Vevela Mainala Ganam'' ''Chali Pidugullo'')<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ragalahari.com/devotionaldetail.asp?mvname=Badri |title=Badri |work=Ragalahari |access-date=2012-03-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613233000/http://www.ragalahari.com/devotionaldetail.asp?mvname=Badri |archive-date=13 June 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
* ''[[Annayya (2000 film)|Annayya]]'' (2000) (writer: ''Himaseemallo'', ''Gusagusale'', ''Vaana vallappa'')
* ''sakhi'' (2000, Dubbed version) (lyrics: ''sakhiya celiya'', ''alai pongera kanna'', ''kaay love chedugudu'', ''kalalai poyenu na premalu'', ''snehituda snehituda'', ''September maasam September maasam'', ''ede ede vayyari varudu'')
* ''[[Bava Nachadu]]'' (2001) (lyrics: ''Akka Bava Nachada'')
* ''[[Mrigaraju]]'' (2001) (writer: ''Ramaiah Paadaletti'', ''Satamanamannadile'', ''Yelaley Yelalamma'')
* ''[[Indra (2002 film)|Indra]]'' (2002) (writer: ''Ammadu Appachi'')
* ''[[Tagore (film)|Tagore]]'' (2003) (writer: ''Manmadha Manmadha'')
* ''[[Simhadri (2003 film)|Simhadri]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Anand (2004 film)|Anand]]'' (2004) (writer: ''Vacche Vacche'', ''Yamunatheeram'', ''Nuvvena'', ''Charumati I Love You'', ''Telisi Telisi'', ''Yedalogaanam'')
* ''[[Arjun (2004 film)|Arjun]]'' (2004) (lyrics: ''Madhura Madhura Meenakshi'')
* ''[[Arya (2004 film)|Arya]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Kaadhal|Premisthe]]'' (2004, Dubbed version)
* ''[[Chatrapathi (2005 film)|Chatrapati]]'' (2005)
*[[Ghajini (2005 film)]] (lyrics: Hrudayam Ekkadunnadi, Oku Maru Kalisina)
* ''[[Godavari (2006 film)|Godavari]]'' (2006) (lyrics: ''Uppongele Godavari'')
* ''[[Sainikudu]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Madhumasam]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Happy Days (2007 film)|Happy Days]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Vaaranam Aayiram|Surya S/o Krishnan]]'' (2008) (Telugu version)
* ''Dashavataram'' (2008, Dubbed version)
* ''[[Kantri]]'' (2008) (lyrics: ''Vayasunamy'')
* ''[[Sundarakanda (2008 film)|Sundarakanda]]'' (2008) (lyricist)
* ''[[Malli Malli]]'' (2009) (lyricist)
* ''[[Bendu Apparao R.M.P]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Varudu]]'' (2010) (lyrics: ''All songs'')
* ''[[Leader (2010 film)|Leader]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Simha (film)|Simha]]'' (2010) (lyrics: Kanulara Chudhamu)
* ''Villain'' (2010) (dubbed version of ''[[Raavanan (2010 film)|Raavanan]]'')
* ''[[Badrinath (film)|Badrinath]]'' (2011) (lyrics: ''omkareshwari'')
* ''Abhi''(2011)("lyrics: Vangathota malupu kada")
* [[Bus Stop (2012 film)|Bus Stop]] (2012) ("Lyrics: "Rekkalocchina Prema" and "Pattuko Pattuko")

==Books==

===''Sirikaakolanu Chinnadi''===

This book was originally a "musical play" telecasted on the All India Radio. The story describes the culture and people during the time of the king [[Krishna Deva Raya]] through the story of a Devadasi.<ref>[http://www.avkf.org/BookLink/display_author_books.php?author_id=211 Review]. AVKF.</ref> The original play has music by the great music director [[Pendyala Nageswara Rao]]. One can see the beauty of the Telugu language in this book.
Veturi was introduced to the director [[K. Viswanath]] through this book and later their combination was a big hit. [[N.T.Rama Rao]] was so impressed by the story of this book that he wanted to make it as a movie. It is believed that there were some discussions on the script but the movie was never produced.

===''Komma Kommako Sannaayi''===

A book titled ''komma kommako sannAyi'' was published by "Veturi Sahitii Samiti". This book contains 27 articles written by Veturi celebrating his association with some famous personalities in the Telugu film industry. It also contains descriptions of some of his songs. The personalities covered include the following:
# '''Music directors:''' Pendyala Nageswara Rao, [[S. Rajeswara Rao]], [[K. V. Mahadevan]], Adi Narayana Rao, Ramesh Naidu, Rajan – Nagendra, Chakravarty, Ilayaraja, MM Keeravaani & A.R.Rahman
# '''Singers:''' [[S.P. Balasubrahmanyam|S._P._Balasubrahmanyam]]
# '''Lyricists:''' Daita Gopalam, Samudrala (Sr), Atreya, Dasarathi,
# '''Actors:''' Nagayya, Jagayya, [[N. T. Rama Rao]] & Relangi
# '''Directors and producers:''' Nagi Reddy, Jandhyala, Bapu – Ramana

Many of these articles were originally published in a Telugu magazine called ''Haasam''. Veturi's prowess in the Telugu language & literature and his vast knowledge of Carnatic music can be seen in this book. Veturi often quotes many of his own lyrics in this book and those examples offer a glimpse of his genius. In particular, his explanation of the song ''Swararaaga gangaa pravaahamE'' (Movie: ''Sarigamalu'') is a masterpiece.

==Personal life==
Veturi was married to Seeta Maha Lakshmi and has three sons: Ravi Prakash, Chandrasekhar and Nanda Kishore<ref name="eenadu.net">{{cite web|url=http://www.eenadu.net/archives/archive-24-5-2010/story.asp?qry1=1&reccount=25 |title=Veturi |work=Eenadu |access-date=29 May 2010 }}{{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

==Controversies==
In March 2010, Veturi openly criticized the [[Film nagar|Film Nagar Cooperative Society]] officials for not handing over the 1000 sq.yard land that was allotted to him about 28 years ago. He alleged that several juniors and ineligible people were given plots ahead of him. He was allegedly offered a double bedroom flat for 1.5 million.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinejosh.com/news/1/6778/filmnagar-society-cheats-lyricist-veturi-land.html|title=Filmnagar society denies Veturi's land |work=Cine Josh |date=30 March 2010 |access-date=1 June 2010 }}</ref>

After his death, noted singer [[Mano (singer)|Mano]] and senior actor Vijay Chandar demanded the government to give the land to his family.<ref name="expressbuzz.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2010/may/24/his-work-would-please-even-gods-k-viswanath-158771.html|title=His work would please even gods |work=Express Buzz |access-date=31 May 2010 }}</ref>

==Death==
Veturi died of a [[pulmonary hemorrhage]] at a private hospital in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] on 22 May 2010, aged 74, at about 9:30 p.m. local time. He was admitted to the hospital two days earlier and was kept in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) there as his health was deteriorating.<ref name="Lyricist Veturi no more |Deccan Chronicle 2010-05-23">{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/hyderabad/lyricist-veturi-no-more-095|title=Lyricist Veturi no more|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100630123842/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/hyderabad/lyricist-veturi-no-more-095 |date=30 June 2010 |archive-date=30 June 2010|work=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

K. Viswanath, who introduced Veturi to the film industry, stated that "his works would please even the gods".<ref name="expressbuzz.com"/> Director [[Sekhar Kammula]], who worked with him to deliver some critically acclaimed songs, wrote a four-page article in the daily ''[[Sakshi (magazine)|Sakshi]]'' describing Veturi's death as his "personal loss".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sakshi.com/main/WeeklyDetails.aspx?Newsid%3D55218%26Categoryid%3D11%26subcatid%3D25 |title=Veturi died |work=Sakshi |access-date=31 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306213558/http://www.sakshi.com/main/WeeklyDetails.aspx?Newsid=55218&Categoryid=11&subcatid=25 |archive-date=6 March 2012 }}</ref>

==Legacy==
Appaji Ambarisha Darbha, a creative digital-media professional turned actor made a font with the name "Veturi" which was inaugurated by Telugu lyricist [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]] in 2018.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.telugujunction.com/profile/viewprofile/profile_id/5281 List of Veturi Movies]
* Lyricist Sirivennela's [https://web.archive.org/web/20120515005414/http://www.manasirivennela.com/veturi.html article] on Veturi, originally published in the magazine ''Haasam''
* Srinivas Kanchibhotla's [http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/realstars/veturi.html article] on Veturi in Idlebrain
* Sekhar kammula's extensive article on veturi [http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/sekharkammula-veturi.html] on Idlebrain

{{National Film Award Best Lyrics}}
{{FilmfareLifetimeAchievementAwardSouth}}{{Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist – Telugu}}{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Veturi}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:2010 deaths]]
[[Category:Telugu-language lyricists]]
[[Category:Telugu poets]]
[[Category:Deaths from pulmonary hemorrhage]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:Writers from Krishna district]]
[[Category:Film musicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Poets from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian composers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian composers]]
[[Category:Indian lyricists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Best Lyrics National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Respiratory disease deaths in India]]

Ismail Haniyeh

2026-03-15T03:22:18Z

Himanshuucharan:

{{Short description|Palestinian politician (c.1962–2024)}}
{{Pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ismail Haniyeh
| native_name = {{nobold|إسماعيل هنية}}
| native_name_lang = ar
| image = 03-03-2020 Ismail Haniyeh (3x4 cropped).jpg
| caption = Haniyeh in 2020
| order1 = 3rd
| office1 = List of leaders of Hamas#List of chairmen of political bureau{{!}}Chairman of the Hamas Political Bureau
| term_start1 = 6 May 2017
| term_end1 = 31 July 2024
| deputy1 = [[Saleh al-Arouri]]
| predecessor1 = [[Khaled Mashal]]
| successor1 = Khaled Mashal (acting) [[Yahya Sinwar]]
| office2 = Deputy Chairman of the Hamas Political Bureau
| 1blankname2 = Chairman
| 1namedata2 = Khaled Mashal
| term_start2 = 4 April 2013
| term_end2 = 6 May 2017
| predecessor2 = [[Mousa Abu Marzook]]
| successor2 = Saleh al-Arouri
| office3 = 1st [[Gaza Strip under Hamas#Hamas leader in the Gaza Strip|Leader of Hamas in the Gaza Strip]]
| term_start3 = 14 June 2007<ref name="economist22">{{cite news |date=5 October 2017 |title=The Palestinians try to reconcile |url=https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21730026-latest-effort-likely-fail-palestinians-try-reconcile |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |access-date=3 August 2024 |archive-date=7 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507041529/https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21730026-latest-effort-likely-fail-palestinians-try-reconcile |url-status=live }}</ref>
| term_end3 = 13 February 2017
| predecessor3 = ''Position created''{{efn|After Hamas took control of Gaza in 2007, Haniyeh served as the de-facto leader of Gaza Strip after [[Gaza Strip under Hamas#Prelude to division|a dispute]] with [[President of the State of Palestine|President]] [[Mahmoud Abbas]]. However, their rule over Gaza Strip was never recognized by any state. Haniyeh [[Hamas government of June 2007|formed the government]] in the Gaza Strip on the same month.}}
| successor3 = Yahya Sinwar
| office4 = [[Prime Minister of the Palestinian National Authority]]
| term_start4 = 29 March 2006
| term_end4 = 2 June 2014{{Break}}[[#Disputed dismissal|Disputed]]: 14 June 2007 – 6 January 2013{{Efn|Haniyeh was dismissed on 14 June 2007 by Abbas, who appointed [[Salam Fayyad]] instead. This was deemed illegal by the [[Palestinian Legislative Council|Legislative Council]], which continued to recognise Haniyeh. The [[Palestinian National Authority|Palestinian Authority]] governs the [[West Bank]] while [[Hamas]] governs the [[Gaza Strip]]. A [[Palestinian unity government of 2014|unity government]] was formed in 2014.}}
| president4 = {{Plainlist|
* [[Mahmoud Abbas]] ([[Ramallah]])
* [[Aziz Dweik]] ([[Gaza Strip]])
}}
| predecessor4 = [[Ahmed Qurei]]
| successor4 = [[Rami Hamdallah]] (as [[Prime Minister of the State of Palestine]])
| office5 = [[Ministry of Youth and Sports (Palestine)|Minister of Youth and Sports]]
| term_start5 = 29 March 2006
| term_end5 = 17 March 2007
| president5 = Mahmoud Abbas
| primeminister5 = ''Himself''
| predecessor5 = {{ill|Sakhr Bseiso|ar|صخر بسيسو}}
| successor5 = [[Basem Naim]]
| office6 = Member of the [[Palestinian Legislative Council]]
| term_start6 = 18 February 2006
| term_end6 = 31 July 2024
| predecessor6 =
| successor6 =
| party = [[Hamas]]
| nationality = [[Palestinian]]
| birth_name = Ismail Abd al-Salah Ahmad Haniyeh
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1962|1|29|df=yes}}{{efn|name=DOB}}
| birth_place = [[Al-Shati refugee camp]], [[Egyptian-administered Gaza Strip, Palestine]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2024|7|31|1962|1|29|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Tehran]], Iran
| death_manner = [[Assassination of Ismail Haniyeh|Assassination]]
| residence =
| alma_mater = [[Islamic University of Gaza]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])
| spouse = Amal<ref name="Guardian Obituary" />
| children = 13{{efn|Three killed in an Israeli airstrike on 10 April 2024.<ref name="Hazem Amir Muhammad" />}}
| parents =
| resting_place = Lusail royal cemetery, [[Lusail]], [[Qatar]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Israel war on Gaza updates: Regional tensions rise as Haniyeh laid to rest |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/8/2/israels-war-on-gaza-live-israel-wants-gaza-war-to-engulf-region-turkey?update=3089444 |date=2 August 2024 |website=[[Al Jazeera]] |access-date=3 August 2024 |archive-date=4 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240804103533/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/8/2/israels-war-on-gaza-live-israel-wants-gaza-war-to-engulf-region-turkey?update=3089444 |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

'''Ismail Haniyeh'''{{Efn|Sometimes transliterated as '''Haniya''', '''Haniyah''', '''Hanieh''', or '''Haniyyeh'''.}} ({{langx|ar|إسماعيل هنية|Ismāʿīl Haniyyah}},<ref name="AJ EP" /><ref name="Guardian Obituary" /><ref name="britannica">{{Cite web |date=31 July 2024 |title=Ismail Haniyeh |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ismail-Haniyeh |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240801060706/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ismail-Haniyeh |archive-date=1 August 2024 |access-date=31 July 2024 |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |quote=born 1962?}}</ref> {{pronunciation|Ismailhaniyya.ogg}};{{Efn|Full name: '''Ismail Abd al-Salam Ahmad Haniyeh'''; {{langx|ar|إسماعيل عبد السلام احمد هنية|Ismāʿīl Abd al-Salam Ahmad Haniyyah|links=no}}.<ref name="F24 Abdel Salam" />}} 29 January 1962{{efn|name=DOB}} – 31 July 2024) was a Palestinian politician who served as third [[chairman of the Hamas Political Bureau]] from May 2017 until [[Assassination of Ismail Haniyeh|his assassination]] in July 2024.<ref name="BBC Who 1">{{Cite web |last=Alshawabkeh |first=Lina |date=17 October 2023 |title=Who are the leaders of Hamas? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67103298 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019162128/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67103298 |archive-date=19 October 2023 |access-date=19 February 2024 |website=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Jazaeri |first=Iliya |title=Who Was Slain Hamas Leader Ismail Haniyeh? |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/iran-israel-haniyeh-gaza-hamas-profile/33057957.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802090830/https://www.rferl.org/a/iran-israel-haniyeh-gaza-hamas-profile/33057957.html |archive-date=2 August 2024 |access-date=2024-08-02 |work=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty |language=en}}</ref> He also served as the [[Prime Minister of the Palestinian National Authority|prime minister of the Palestinian National Authority]] from March 2006 until June 2014 and the first [[Gaza Strip under Hamas#Hamas leader in the Gaza Strip|Hamas leader in the Gaza Strip]] from June 2007 until February 2017, where he was succeeded by [[Yahya Sinwar]].

Haniyeh was born in the [[al-Shati refugee camp]] in the then [[Egyptian-administered Gaza Strip, Palestine|Egyptian-administered]] Gaza Strip in 1962 or 1963,{{efn|name=DOB}}<ref name="WP 1963">{{Cite news |last=Vinall |first=Frances |date=31 July 2024 |title=What to know about Ismail Haniyeh, the Hamas leader killed in Iran |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/07/31/who-is-hamas-leader-ismail-haniyeh-killed/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731125427/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/07/31/who-is-hamas-leader-ismail-haniyeh-killed/ |archive-date=31 July 2024 |access-date=31 July 2024 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |quote=Haniyeh was born in January 1963, according to the Hamas media office [...]}}</ref><ref name="britannica" /><ref name="nytimes-ismail-haniyeh-dead">{{Cite news |last1=Livni |first1=Ephrat |last2=Abdulrahim |first2=Raja |date=31 July 2024 |title=Ismail Haniyeh, a Top Hamas Leader, Is Dead at 62 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/31/world/middleeast/ismail-haniyeh-dead.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731065214/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/31/world/middleeast/ismail-haniyeh-dead.html |archive-date=31 July 2024 |access-date=31 July 2024 |work=[[The New York Times]] |quote=Mr. Haniyeh was born in 1962 [...]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fischbach |first=Michael R. |title=Haniyeh, Ismail |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/international/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/haniyeh-ismail-1962 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731132943/https://www.encyclopedia.com/international/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/haniyeh-ismail-1962 |archive-date=31 July 2024 |access-date=31 July 2024 |website=[[encyclopedia.com]] |quote=Haniyeh was born in 1962 (some sources say January 1963) [...]}}</ref> to parents who were [[1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight|expelled or fled]] from [[Al-Jura]] (now part of [[Ashkelon]]) during the [[1948 Palestine war]].<ref name="AJ EP" /><ref name="Guardian Obituary" /><ref name="bbcprofile" /> He earned a bachelor's degree in [[Arabic literature]] from the [[Islamic University of Gaza]] in 1987,<ref name="bbcprofile" /><ref name="tbt" /> where he first became involved with Hamas, which was formed during the [[First Intifada]] against the [[Israeli-occupied territories|Israeli occupation]]. His involvement led to his imprisonment for three short periods after participating in protests. After his release in 1992, he was exiled to Lebanon, returning a year later to become a dean at Gaza's Islamic University. Haniyeh was appointed to head a Hamas office in 1997 and subsequently rose in the ranks of the organization.<ref>{{cite web |date=31 July 2024 |title=Who was Ismail Haniyeh, the Hamas political leader killed in Tehran? |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2024/07/31/middleeast/ismail-haniyeh-death-hamas-profile-intl-hnk/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806001953/https://edition.cnn.com/2024/07/31/middleeast/ismail-haniyeh-death-hamas-profile-intl-hnk/index.html |archive-date=6 August 2024 |access-date=31 July 2024 |publisher=[[CNN]]}}</ref>

Haniyeh was head of the Hamas list that won the [[2006 Palestinian legislative election|Palestinian legislative elections of 2006]], which campaigned on [[armed resistance]] against Israel, and so became [[Prime Minister of the State of Palestine]]. However, Mahmoud Abbas, the [[President of the Palestinian National Authority|Palestinian president]], dismissed Haniyeh from office on 14 June 2007. Due to the then-ongoing [[Fatah–Hamas conflict]], Haniyeh did not acknowledge Abbas' decree and continued to exercise prime ministerial authority in the [[Gaza Strip]].<ref name="bbc_dissolve">{{cite news |date=14 June 2007 |title=Abbas sacks Hamas-led government |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6754499.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070827140345/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6754499.stm |archive-date=27 August 2007 |access-date=25 June 2024 |newspaper=BBC News}}</ref> Haniyeh was the leader of Hamas in the Gaza Strip from 2006 until February 2017, when he was replaced by Yahya Sinwar. Haniyeh was seen by many diplomats as one of the more pragmatic and moderate figures in Hamas.<ref name="r111" /> From 2017 until his assassination in 2024, he had mostly lived in [[Qatar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ismail Haniyeh |url=https://www.counterextremism.com/extremists/ismail-haniyeh |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028182247/https://www.counterextremism.com/extremists/ismail-haniyeh |archive-date=28 October 2023 |access-date=28 October 2023 |website=Counter Extremism Project}}</ref>

On 6 May 2017, Haniyeh was elected chairman of Hamas's Political Bureau, replacing [[Khaled Mashal]]; at the time, Haniyeh relocated from the Gaza Strip to Qatar.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=5 September 2016 |title=Ex-Gaza leader Haniyeh reportedly to replace Mashaal as Hamas head |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/ex-gaza-leader-haniyeh-reportedly-to-replace-mashaal-as-hamas-head/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014112706/https://www.timesofisrael.com/ex-gaza-leader-haniyeh-reportedly-to-replace-mashaal-as-hamas-head/ |archive-date=14 October 2023 |access-date=25 June 2024 |newspaper=The Times of Israel}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Akram |first=Fares |date=7 May 2017 |title=Hamas says Ismail Haniyeh chosen as Islamic group's leader |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/hamas-says-ismail-haniyeh-chosen-120916580.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170506232016/https://www.yahoo.com/news/hamas-says-ismail-haniyeh-chosen-120916580.html |archive-date=6 May 2017 |access-date=7 May 2017 |work=Yahoo News |publisher=Associated Press}}</ref> Under his tenure, Hamas launched the [[October 7 attacks]], and subsequently Israel declared its intention to [[Assassination|assassinate]] all Hamas leaders.<ref name=":1" /> In May 2024, [[Karim Ahmad Khan|Karim Khan]], the [[prosecutor of the International Criminal Court]], announced his intention to apply for an [[arrest warrant]] for Haniyeh, and other Hamas leaders, for [[war crime]]s and [[crimes against humanity]], as part of the [[International Criminal Court investigation in Palestine#Arrest warrants|ICC investigation in Palestine]].<ref name="ICCAW">{{cite web |last=Khan |first=Karim A.A. |date=20 May 2024 |title=Statement of ICC Prosecutor Karim A.A. Khan KC: Applications for arrest warrants in the situation in the State of Palestine |url=https://www.icc-cpi.int/news/statement-icc-prosecutor-karim-aa-khan-kc-applications-arrest-warrants-situation-state |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520105912/https://www.icc-cpi.int/news/statement-icc-prosecutor-karim-aa-khan-kc-applications-arrest-warrants-situation-state |archive-date=20 May 2024 |access-date=20 May 2024 |website=icc-cpi.int |publisher=International Criminal Court}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ray |first=Siladitya |date=20 May 2024 |title=ICC Seeks Arrest Warrants For Benjamin Netanyahu And Hamas Leader Yahya Sinwar |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/siladityaray/2024/05/20/icc-seeks-arrest-warrants-for-benjamin-netanyahu-and-hamas-leader-yahya-sinwar/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240522012326/https://www.forbes.com/sites/siladityaray/2024/05/20/icc-seeks-arrest-warrants-for-benjamin-netanyahu-and-hamas-leader-yahya-sinwar/?sh=7675a4ec5815 |archive-date=22 May 2024 |access-date=22 May 2024 |website=[[Forbes]]}}</ref><ref name="ICCAW CNN">{{Cite web |last=Kottasová |first=Ivana |date=20 May 2024 |title=EXCLUSIVE: ICC seeks arrest warrants against Sinwar and Netanyahu for war crimes over October 7 attack and Gaza war |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/05/20/middleeast/icc-israel-hamas-arrest-warrant-war-crimes-intl/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520113208/https://www.cnn.com/2024/05/20/middleeast/icc-israel-hamas-arrest-warrant-war-crimes-intl/index.html |archive-date=20 May 2024 |access-date=20 May 2024 |website=CNN}}</ref> On 31 July 2024, Haniyeh was assassinated by an explosive device planted in his guesthouse in [[Tehran]], likely by Israeli [[Mossad]] agents.<ref>{{cite web |last=Graham-Harrison |first=Emma |last2=Kierszenbaum |first2=Quique |last3=McKernan |first3=Bethan |last4=Christou |first4=William |date=31 July 2024 |title=Hamas leader Ismail Haniyeh killed in raid on Iran residence, says Palestinian group |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/jul/31/hamas-leader-ismail-haniyeh-death-raid-iran-home-israel-gaza-war |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240804110024/https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/jul/31/hamas-leader-ismail-haniyeh-death-raid-iran-home-israel-gaza-war |archive-date=4 August 2024 |access-date=31 July 2024 |work=The Guardian}}</ref><ref name="nytimes-ismail-haniyeh-dead"/><ref name="nytbombplot"/> At the time of his death, he had been leading cease-fire negotiations with Israel for Hamas.<ref name="Reuters China 14">{{cite news |last=Chen |first=Laurie |last2=Al-Mughrabi |first2=Nidal |date=24 July 2024 |title=China brokers Palestinian unity deal, but doubts persist |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/hamas-fatah-meet-with-media-china-after-reconciliation-talks-2024-07-23/ |access-date=4 August 2024 |work=Reuters |quote=Israel dismisses deal, says Hamas rule in Gaza will be crushed}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web |date=August 2024 |title=How Hamas and Iran will respond to the assassinations of top Hamas leaders |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/assassination-hamas-chief-ismail-haniyeh-iran-israel-war-in-gaza/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240804123303/https://www.politico.eu/article/assassination-hamas-chief-ismail-haniyeh-iran-israel-war-in-gaza/ |archive-date=4 August 2024 |access-date=4 August 2024}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Ismail Abdulsalam Ahmed Haniyeh was born to a family of [[Islam in Palestine|Muslim Palestinians]] in the [[al-Shati refugee camp]] of the [[Administration of the Gaza Strip by Egypt|Egyptian-administered Gaza Strip, Palestine]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Profile: Ismail Haniya, Hamas' political chief |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2017/5/9/profile-ismail-haniya-hamas-political-chief |access-date=5 June 2024 |website=[[Al Jazeera]] |date=9 May 2017 |archive-date=24 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524140336/https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2017/5/9/profile-ismail-haniya-hamas-political-chief |url-status=live }}</ref> His parents were [[1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight|expelled or fled]] from Al-Jura in what is now [[Ashkelon]] during the [[1948 Palestine war]], part of the territory where Israel was then established.<ref name=bbcprofile /><ref>{{cite web|title= Ismail Haniyeh: From a Gaza refugee camp to Hamas leadership|url= https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/ismail-haniyeh-gaza-refugee-camp-hamas-leadership|website=Middle East Eye|date=31 July 2024|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20250719181331/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/ismail-haniyeh-gaza-refugee-camp-hamas-leadership|archive-date=19 July 2025|last=Fayyad|first=Huthifa|access-date=19 July 2025}}</ref> In his youth, he worked in [[Israel]] to support his family.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 January 2024 |title=Legitimacy of Israel's War on Hamas Undermined by Civilian Toll |website=Diplomacy in Ireland – The European Diplomat |url=https://diplomacyireland.eu/legitimacy-of-israels-war-on-hamas-undermined-by-civilian-toll/ |access-date=1 May 2024|archive-date=1 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501184122/https://diplomacyireland.eu/legitimacy-of-israels-war-on-hamas-undermined-by-civilian-toll/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He attended [[United Nations]]–run schools and graduated from the [[Islamic University of Gaza]] with a degree in [[Arabic literature]] in 1987.<ref name=bbcprofile/><ref name=tbt/> He became involved with [[Hamas]] while at university.<ref name=bbcprofile/> From 1985 to 1986, he was head of the students' council representing the [[Muslim Brotherhood]].<ref name=tbt/> He played as a [[midfielder]] in the Islamic Association [[association football|football]] team.<ref name=tbt/> He graduated at about the time that the [[First Intifada]] against the [[Israeli occupation]] broke out, during which he participated in protests against Israel.<ref name=bbcprofile/>

== Early activism ==
Haniyeh participated in protests in the First Intifada and was given a short prison sentence by an Israeli military court.<ref name=bbcprofile/> He was detained by Israel again in 1988 and imprisoned for six months.<ref name=bbcprofile/> In 1989, he was imprisoned for three years.<ref name=bbcprofile/>

Following his release in 1992, the Israeli military authorities of the [[occupied Palestinian territories]] [[1992 deportation of Hamas members|exiled him to]] [[Lebanon]] with senior Hamas leaders [[Abdel-Aziz al-Rantissi]], [[Mahmoud Zahhar]], [[Aziz Duwaik]], and 400 other activists.<ref name=bbcprofile/> The activists stayed at [[Marj al-Zahour]] in southern Lebanon for over a year, where, according to [[BBC News]], Hamas "received unprecedented media exposure and became known throughout the world".<ref name=bbcprofile/> A year later, he returned to [[Gaza City|Gaza]] and was appointed dean of the Islamic University.<ref name=bbcprofile/>

== Political career ==
=== Hamas ===
After Israel released [[Ahmed Yassin]] from prison in 1997, Haniyeh was appointed to head his office.<ref name=bbcprofile/> His prominence within Hamas grew due to his relationship with Yassin and he was appointed as the representative to the Palestinian Authority.<ref name=bbcprofile/> His position within Hamas continued to strengthen during the [[Second Intifada]] due to his relationship with Yassin, and because of the assassinations of much of the Hamas leadership by the [[Israeli security forces]]. He was targeted by the [[Israel Defense Forces]] for his alleged involvement in attacks against Israeli citizens. Following a [[Suicide attack|suicide bombing]] in [[Jerusalem]] in 2003, he was slightly injured on his hand by an [[Israeli Air Force]] bomb attack attempting to eliminate the Hamas leadership. In December 2005, Haniyeh was elected{{Citation needed|date=January 2009}} to head the Hamas list, which won the Legislative Council elections the following month. Haniyeh succeeded [[Khaled Mashal|Khaled Mashaal]]'s head leadership of Hamas in elections held in 2016.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/khaled-mashaal-to-step-down-as-hamas-leader-report/|title=Khaled Mashaal to step down as Hamas leader – report|newspaper=The Times of Israel|access-date=25 June 2024|archive-date=21 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221160550/http://www.timesofisrael.com/khaled-mashaal-to-step-down-as-hamas-leader-report/|url-status=live|first=Dov |last=Lieber |date=15 June 2016}}</ref>

=== Prime minister ===
[[File:Gaza police graduation ceremony in 2012 (19).jpg|thumb|Graduation ceremony of police forces in Gaza, 16 June 2012]]
[[File:Numan Kurtulmuş İsmail Heniye.jpeg|thumb|Haniyeh with Turkish Minister of Culture [[Numan Kurtulmuş]], 20 November 2012]]
[[File:25th anniversary of Hamas (25).jpg|thumb|Haniyeh and [[Khaled Mashal]] in Gaza, 8 December 2012]]
{{See also|First Haniyeh Government}}
Haniyeh was nominated as prime minister on 16 February 2006 following the Hamas "List of Change and Reform" victory on 25 January 2006. He was formally presented to [[President of the State of Palestine|president]] [[Mahmoud Abbas]] on 20 February and was sworn in on 29 March 2006.

==== Western reaction ====
Israel implemented a series of punitive measures, including economic sanctions, against the Palestinian Authority following the election. [[Prime Minister of Israel|Acting Prime Minister]] [[Ehud Olmert]], announced that Israel would not transfer to the [[Palestinian Authority]] an estimated $50 million per month in tax receipts that were collected by Israel on behalf of the Palestinian Authority. Haniyeh dismissed the sanctions, stating that Hamas would neither disarm nor would it recognize Israel.

Haniyeh expressed regret that Hamas was subjected to punitive measures, adding that "it [Israel] should have responded differently to the democracy expressed by the Palestinian people".{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}

The United States demanded that $50 million in unexpended foreign aid funds for the Palestinian Authority be returned to the United States, which Palestinian Economic Minister [[Mazen Sonokrot]] agreed to do.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-02/19/content_4200756.htm |title=PNA agrees to return 50-million-dollar fund to US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080419202638/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-02/19/content_4200756.htm |archive-date=19 April 2008 |website=[[Xinhua News Agency|Xinhua]] |date=19 February 2006}}</ref> On the loss of foreign aid from the United States and the [[European Union]], Haniyeh commented that: "The West is always using its donations to apply pressure on the Palestinian people."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4731058.stm |title=Hamas dismisses Israeli sanctions |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060519023427/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4731058.stm |archive-date=19 May 2006 |website=[[BBC]] |date=20 February 2006 |url-status=live |access-date=25 June 2024}}</ref>

Several months after Hamas' 2006 election victory, Haniyeh sent a letter to U.S. President [[George W. Bush]], in which he called on the "American government to have direct negotiations with the elected government", offered a [[Israeli–Palestinian peace process|long-term truce with Israel]], while accepting a [[State of Palestine|Palestinian state]] within [[Green Line (Israel)|the 1967 borders]] and urged an end to the international boycott, claiming that it would "encourage violence and chaos". The U.S. government did not respond and maintained its boycott.<ref name=h20081114>{{cite news|title=In 2006 letter to Bush, Haniyeh offered compromise with Israel|url=https://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/in-2006-letter-to-bush-haniyeh-offered-compromise-with-israel-1.257213|newspaper=Haaretz|date=14 November 2008|access-date=25 June 2024|archive-date=25 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125215124/http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/in-2006-letter-to-bush-haniyeh-offered-compromise-with-israel-1.257213|url-status=live|first=Barak |last=Ravid}}</ref>

==== Dispute with Abbas ====
{{See also|Fatah–Hamas conflict}}

An agreement with Abbas was to have been reached to stop Abbas's call for new elections. On 20 October 2006, on the eve of this deal to end factional fighting between Fatah and Hamas, Haniyeh's convoy came under gunfire in Gaza and one of the cars was set on fire.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6070116.stm |title=Haniya unhurt in convoy shooting |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080308090837/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6070116.stm |archive-date=8 March 2008 |website=[[BBC]] |date=20 October 2006 |url-status=live |access-date=25 June 2024}}</ref> Haniyeh was not hurt in the attack. Hamas sources said that this was not an assassination attempt. Palestinian Authority security sources reported that the attackers were the relatives of a Fatah man killed by clashes with Hamas.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.haaretz.co.il/hasite/spages/777458.html |script-title=he:יועצו של הנייה: התקדמות משמעותית במשא ומתן לשחרור החייל גלעד שליט |language=he |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061023112033/http://www.haaretz.co.il/hasite/spages/777458.html |archive-date=23 October 2006 |website=[[Haaretz]] |date=20 October 2006}}</ref>

==== Denied re-entry to Gaza ====
During the simmering [[Fatah–Hamas conflict (2006–07)|Fatah–Hamas conflict]], on 14 December 2006, Haniyeh was denied entry to Gaza from Egypt at the [[Rafah Border Crossing]]. The border crossing was closed by order of Israeli [[Defense Minister of Israel|Minister of Defence]] [[Amir Peretz]]. Haniyeh was returning to Gaza from his first official trip abroad as prime minister. He was carrying an estimated US$30 million in cash, intended for Palestinian Authority payments. Israeli authorities later stated that they would allow Haniyeh to cross the border provided he left the money in Egypt, which would reportedly be transferred to an [[Arab League]] bank account. A gun battle between Hamas militants and the Palestinian Presidential Guard was reported at the Rafah Border Crossing in response to the incident. The [[EU]] monitors who operated the crossing were reportedly evacuated safely.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/6180823.stm |title=Palestinian PM denied Gaza entry |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007024710/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6180823.stm |archive-date=7 October 2015 |website=[[BBC]] |date=14 December 2006 |url-status=live |access-date=25 June 2024}}</ref> When Haniyeh later attempted to cross the border, an exchange of gunfire left one bodyguard dead and Haniyeh's eldest son wounded. Hamas denounced the incident as an attempt by rival Fatah on Haniyeh's life, prompting firefights in the West Bank and Gaza Strip between Hamas and Fatah forces. Haniyeh was quoted as saying that he knew who the alleged perpetrators were, but declined to identify them and appealed for Palestinian unity. Egypt offered to mediate the situation.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6184951.stm |title=Egypt seeks to ease Gaza tensions |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007002903/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6184951.stm |archive-date=7 October 2015 |website=[[BBC]] |date=15 December 2006 |url-status=live |access-date=25 June 2024}}</ref>

==== Palestinian National Unity Government of March 2007 ====
{{main|Second Haniyeh Government}}

[[File:Hamas leader Ismail Haniyeh meeting Iranian Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei.jpg|thumb|Haniyeh and Iranian Supreme Leader [[Ali Khamenei]] in 2012]]
Haniyeh resigned on 15 February 2007 as part of the process to form a national unity government between Hamas and Fatah.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6366367.stm |title=Palestinian unity deal under way |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070217034010/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6366367.stm |archive-date=17 February 2007 |website=[[BBC]] |date=15 February 2007 |url-status=live |access-date=25 June 2024}}</ref> He formed a new government on 18 March 2007 as head of a new cabinet that included Fatah as well as Hamas politicians.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Palestine (West Bank and Gaza) Education System and Policy Handbook Volume 1 Strategic Information and Developments|date=3 March 2008|publisher=[[Lulu.com]]|isbn=978-1-4330-6755-6|pages=15}}</ref>

On 14 June 2007, amid the [[Battle of Gaza (2007)|Battle of Gaza]], President Mahmoud Abbas announced the dissolution of the March 2007 unity government and the declaration of a [[state of emergency]].<ref name=fox_disolve>{{cite news|title=Abbas Dissolves Palestinian Authority Government in Wake of Hamas-Fatah War|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,282195,00.html|date=14 June 2007|access-date=14 June 2007|work=Fox News|archive-date=16 June 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070616164426/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0%2C2933%2C282195%2C00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=telegraph_dissolve>{{cite news|first=Charles|last=Levinson|author2=Matthew Moore|title=Abbas declares state of emergency in Gaza|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/06/14/wgaza614.xml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070618102009/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/06/14/wgaza614.xml |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 June 2007 |date=14 June 2007|access-date=14 June 2007|location=London|work=The Daily Telegraph}}</ref> Haniyeh was dismissed and Abbas ruled Gaza and the West Bank by presidential decree.<ref name=bbc_dissolve/>

=== After the Battle of Gaza ===
Around 2016, Haniyeh relocated from Gaza to [[Qatar]]. He maintained an office in [[Doha]].<ref name=":1"/>

On 13 October 2016, the Legal Committee of the [[Palestinian Legislative Council]] (PLC) endorsed a request for the return of Haniyeh's government to the Gaza Strip, following its resignation on 2 June 2014. The endorsement was made in response to PLC's review of a study submitted by members of Hamas' parliament, angry about perceived government failings following Haniyeh's resignation. In Hamas' own words, denouncing the consensus government's "reneging on the internal accord between Hamas and factions of the [[Palestine Liberation Organization]] to form the 2014 consensus government, and replacing several ministers with [[Fatah]] leaders – turning it into a Fatah government." Despite the PLC recommendation and Hamas' plea, both the consensus government and Fatah refused the request, citing in a press release its illegality and risk of further divisions between Hamas-controlled Gaza and the West Bank.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2016/10/hamas-return-haniyeh-government-gaza.html|title=Hamas calls for return of Haniyeh's government|date=21 October 2016|newspaper=Al-Monitor|access-date=25 June 2024|archive-date=7 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307144557/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2016/10/hamas-return-haniyeh-government-gaza.html|url-status=live |first=Ahmad |last=Abu Amer}}</ref>

=== Head of Hamas political bureau ===
As of November 2016, reports circulated regarding Haniyeh's succession of Khaled Mashaal as leader of Hamas.<ref name=":0"/> Mashaal, Haniyeh and Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas met in Qatar recently to discuss national reconciliation and the upcoming national elections.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/.premium-1.749573|title=Abbas, Hamas leaders hold first talks in two years to discuss Palestinian unity|newspaper=Haaretz|access-date=25 June 2024|archive-date=5 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161205211020/http://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/.premium-1.749573|url-status=live|first=Jack|last=Khoury|date=27 October 2016}}</ref> This meeting signaled that Haniyeh had been selected over the other two likely candidates, senior Hamas member [[Mousa Abu Marzook]] and Hamas co-founder and former Palestinian Authority foreign minister [[Mahmoud al-Zahar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=79808|title=Will there be changes under new Hamas and Fatah leaders?|last=Alabbasi|first=Mamoon|date=15 November 2016|website=Middle East Online|access-date=9 December 2016|archive-date=20 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220172043/http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=79808|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2017, Hamas changed its core policy, saying it will accept a [[State of Palestine|Palestinian state]] based on [[Green Line (Israel)|pre-1967 borders]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Wintour |first=Patrick |date=1 May 2017 |title=Hamas presents new charter accepting a Palestine based on 1967 borders |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/may/01/hamas-new-charter-palestine-israel-1967-borders |work=The Guardian}}</ref>

In 2018 he was placed on [[United States]]' list of specially designated global terrorists.<ref>{{cite web |title=State Department Terrorist Designations of Ismail Haniyeh, Harakat al-Sabireen, Liwa al-Thawra, and Harakat Sawa'd Misr (HASM) |url=https://il.usembassy.gov/state-department-terrorist-designations-ismail-haniyeh-harakat-al-sabireen-liwa-al-thawra-harakat-sawad-misr-hasm/ |website=U.S. Embassy in Israel |publisher=US Department of State |date=31 January 2018 |access-date=28 December 2023 |archive-date=14 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114093621/https://il.usembassy.gov/state-department-terrorist-designations-ismail-haniyeh-harakat-al-sabireen-liwa-al-thawra-harakat-sawad-misr-hasm/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Haniyeh left Gaza in September to visit a series of Arab and Muslim states in preparation for his new role and officially relocated to the Qatari capital of Doha, where Mashaal has been residing.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/shadowy-hamas-official-with-ties-to-iran-tapped-to-lead-gaza/#ifrndnloc|title=Shadowy Hamas official with ties to Iran tapped to lead Gaza|newspaper=The Times of Israel|access-date=25 June 2024|archive-date=29 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029055402/https://www.timesofisrael.com/shadowy-hamas-official-with-ties-to-iran-tapped-to-lead-gaza/#ifrndnloc|url-status=live|first=Avi|last=Issacharoff |date=14 November 2016}}</ref> It is expected of the head of Hamas' [[politburo]] to live outside of the Gaza Strip.<ref name=":0" />

In February 2020, Haniyeh met with Turkish President [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]]; the meeting was criticised by the U.S. State Department.<ref>{{cite news|title=US Criticizes Turkey for Hosting Hamas Leaders|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/usa_us-criticizes-turkey-hosting-hamas-leaders/6194990.html|work=[[Voice of America]] News|date=26 August 2020|access-date=25 June 2024|archive-date=26 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200826172008/https://www.voanews.com/usa/us-criticizes-turkey-hosting-hamas-leaders|url-status=live}}</ref>

In August 2020, Haniyeh called Mahmoud Abbas and rejected the [[Israel–United Arab Emirates normalization agreement|normalization agreement between Israel and the United Arab Emirates]], something which [[Reuters]] called a "rare show of unity".<ref>{{cite news|title=Israel hails UAE deal but Palestinians – and settlers – dismayed|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-israel-emirates-trump-reactions/israel-hails-uae-deal-but-palestinians-and-settlers-dismayed-idUSKCN2592R5|work=Reuters|date=13 August 2020|first=Stephen|last=Farrell|access-date=10 September 2020|archive-date=15 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115060408/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-israel-emirates-trump-reactions/israel-hails-uae-deal-but-palestinians-and-settlers-dismayed-idUSKCN2592R5|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 26 July 2023, Haniyeh met with Erdoğan and Palestinian Authority President Mahmoud Abbas. Behind the meeting was Turkey's effort to reconcile Fatah with Hamas.<ref>{{cite news |title=Erdogan hosts PA's Abbas, Hamas head Haniyeh to prepare for détente talks |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/erdogan-hosts-pas-abbas-hamas-head-haniyeh-to-prepare-for-detente-talks/ |work=The Times of Israel |date=26 July 2023 |access-date=31 October 2023 |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031114555/https://www.timesofisrael.com/erdogan-hosts-pas-abbas-hamas-head-haniyeh-to-prepare-for-detente-talks/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Gaza war ====
{{main|Gaza war}}
On 7 October 2023, the day of the [[October 7 attacks]], Haniyeh was in [[Istanbul]], Turkey.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tastekin |first1=Fehim |title=Eying Gaza mediator role, Turkey cools Hamas ties, Erdogan restrains rhetoric |date=22 October 2023 |url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2023/10/eying-gaza-mediator-role-turkey-cools-hamas-ties-erdogan-restrains-rhetoric |publisher=Al-Monitor |access-date=15 November 2023 |archive-date=15 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115105111/https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2023/10/eying-gaza-mediator-role-turkey-cools-hamas-ties-erdogan-restrains-rhetoric |url-status=live }}</ref> Footage from his office in the Qatari capital of Doha showed Haniyeh celebrating the Hamas-led October 7 attack with other Hamas officials, before they prayed and praised God. According to the Telegraph, Haniyeh became the "public face" of the attack, publicly describing it as the start of a new era in the [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict|Israeli-Palestinian conflict]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last1=Makoii |first1=Akhtar |last2=Confino |first2=Jotam |last3=Zagon |first3=Chanel |last4=Cleave |first4=Iona |date=31 July 2024 |title=Israel-Hamas war latest: Hamas political leader Ismail Haniyeh assassinated in Iran |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2024/07/31/israel-hamas-war-latest-news-leader-ismail-haniyeh-killed/ |access-date=31 July 2024 |work=The Telegraph |issn=0307-1235 |archive-date=31 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731040020/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2024/07/31/israel-hamas-war-latest-news-leader-ismail-haniyeh-killed/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last1=Rothwell |first1=James |last2=Shamalakh |first2=Siham |date=8 October 2023 |title=Ismael Haniyeh profile: Hamas leader who cheered Oct 7 and led ceasefire negotiations |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2023/10/08/hamas-leader-ismail-haniyeh-behind-attack-on-israel/ |access-date=31 July 2024 |work=The Telegraph |issn=0307-1235 |archive-date=15 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115213404/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2023/10/08/hamas-leader-ismail-haniyeh-behind-attack-on-israel/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Haniyeh gave a televised address in which he cited threats to [[Al-Aqsa mosque]], the Israeli [[Blockade of the Gaza Strip|blockade of Gaza]], and plight of [[Palestinian refugees]]:<ref name=reuters>{{cite news|title=Israel vows 'mighty vengeance' after surprise attack|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/sirens-warning-incoming-rockets-sound-around-gaza-near-tel-aviv-2023-10-07/|access-date=30 December 2023|archive-date=8 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008133733/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/sirens-warning-incoming-rockets-sound-around-gaza-near-tel-aviv-2023-10-07/|url-status=live|work=Reuters|date=7 October 2023|first1=Maayan |last1=Lubell |first2=Nidal |last2=Al-Mughrabi |first3=Ammar |last3=Awad}}</ref> "How many times have we warned you that the Palestinian people have been living in refugee camps for 75 years, and you refuse to recognise the rights of our people?"<ref name=reuters/> He went on to say that Israel, "which cannot protect itself in the face of resistors", could not provide protection for other Arab countries, and that "all the [[Abraham Accords|normalization agreements]] that you signed with that entity cannot resolve this [Palestinian] conflict."<ref>{{cite web |title=Hamas leader Haniyeh: Battle 'will spread to West Bank, Jerusalem' |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2387146/middle-east |work=Arab News |date=8 October 2023 |publisher=Retuers, Associated Press |access-date=15 November 2023 |archive-date=15 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115211714/https://www.arabnews.com/node/2387146/middle-east |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Hamas leader Haniyeh says Israel can't provide protection for Arab countries |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/hamas-leader-haniyeh-says-israel-cant-provide-protection-arab-countries-2023-10-07/ |work=Reuters |date=7 October 2023 |access-date=15 November 2023 |archive-date=15 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115052135/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/hamas-leader-haniyeh-says-israel-cant-provide-protection-arab-countries-2023-10-07/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{quote box|
'''PCPSR opinion poll on [[Next Palestinian presidential election|Palestinian presidential election]] candidates'''<ref>{{cite news|title=Public Opinion Poll No (90)|publisher=Palestinian Center for POLICY and SURVEY RESEARCH|url=https://www.pcpsr.org/sites/default/files/Poll%2090%20English%20Full%20text%20Dec%202023.pdf|date=13 December 2023|access-date=30 December 2023|archive-date=29 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231229144021/http://pcpsr.org/sites/default/files/Poll%2090%20English%20Full%20text%20Dec%202023.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{ #invoke:Chart | bar-chart
| height = 200
| width = 400
| stack = 1
| group 1 = 50 : 82 : 64 : 71
| group 2 = 43 : 10 : 33 : 24
| colors = green : orange
| group names = Ismail Haniyeh: Mahmoud Abbas
| units suffix = %
| x legends = WestBank (Sep 2023): WestBank (Dec 2023) : GazaStrip (Sep 2023) : GazaStrip (Dec 2023)
}}
}}

On 10 October, Haniyeh said Hamas would not consider the release of any Israeli captives until the war was over. He claimed that the scope of Israel's retaliation was a reflection of the "resounding impact" the 7 October attack had on the country, and reiterated that the Palestinian people in Gaza had a "willingness to sacrifice all that is precious for the sake of their freedom and dignity." He added that Israel "will pay a heavy price for their crimes and terrorism [against the people of Palestine]."<ref>{{cite web |title=Haniyeh says Israeli prisoner issue won't be dealt with until war ends |url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20231011-haniyeh-says-israeli-prisoner-issue-wont-be-dealt-with-until-war-ends/ |work=Middle East Monitor |date=11 October 2023 |access-date=15 November 2023 |archive-date=15 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115215217/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20231011-haniyeh-says-israeli-prisoner-issue-wont-be-dealt-with-until-war-ends/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 15 October 2023, ''[[The Times of Israel]]'' reported that Haniyeh "was politely sent away" from Turkey; Turkey officially denied these reports.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ankara officially denies booting Hamas chief over October 7 massacres |work=The Times of Israel |date=23 October 2023 |first=Lazar |last=Berman|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/ankara-officially-denies-booting-hamas-chief-over-october-7-massacres/|access-date=30 December 2023|archive-date=30 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230183705/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/ankara-officially-denies-booting-hamas-chief-over-october-7-massacres/|url-status=live}}</ref> Haniyeh later met with Iranian Foreign Minister [[Hossein Amir-Abdollahian]] in Doha.<ref name="timesofisrael-haniyeh">{{cite news |title=Report: Hamas chiefs were asked to leave Turkey after October 7 attacks |first=Gianluca |last=Pacchiani |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/report-hamas-chiefs-were-asked-to-leave-turkey-after-october-7-attacks/ |work=The Times of Israel |date=23 October 2023 |access-date=31 October 2023 |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031104447/https://www.timesofisrael.com/report-hamas-chiefs-were-asked-to-leave-turkey-after-october-7-attacks/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 16 October 2023, Haniyeh and Turkey's Foreign Minister [[Hakan Fidan]] discussed the possibility of releasing the [[Gaza war hostage crisis|hostages]] taken during the Hamas attack on Israel.<ref>{{cite news |title=Turkey discusses with Hamas the release of civilian hostages -foreign ministry source |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/turkey-discusses-with-hamas-release-civilian-hostages-source-2023-10-16/ |work=Reuters |date=16 October 2023 |access-date=31 October 2023 |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031113156/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/turkey-discusses-with-hamas-release-civilian-hostages-source-2023-10-16/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On 21 October 2023, Haniyeh spoke with Turkish President [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] about the latest developments in the [[Gaza war]] and the current situation in Gaza.<ref>{{cite news |title=Turkey's Erdogan discussed Gaza with Hamas leader – Turkish presidency |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/turkeys-erdogan-discussed-gaza-with-hamas-leader-turkish-presidency-2023-10-21/ |work=Reuters |date=21 October 2023 |access-date=31 October 2023 |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031113157/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/turkeys-erdogan-discussed-gaza-with-hamas-leader-turkish-presidency-2023-10-21/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 13 December, an opinion poll showed that Haniyeh would defeat incumbent Mahmoud Abbas by a landslide for the position of President of the State of Palestine (78% for Haniyeh and 16% for Abbas).<ref>{{cite news|title=Palestinian poll shows a rise in Hamas support and close to 90% wanting US-backed Abbas to resign|url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-palestinians-opinion-poll-wartime-views-a0baade915619cd070b5393844bc4514|access-date=30 December 2023|archive-date=31 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231115942/https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-palestinians-opinion-poll-wartime-views-a0baade915619cd070b5393844bc4514|url-status=live |work=Associated Press |date=13 December 2013 |first=Karin |last=Laub}}</ref> However, in a three-way race between Haniyeh, Abbas, and [[Marwan Barghouti]], Barghouti would win 47%, Haniyeh would win 43% and Abbas would win 7%. Barghouti is under solitary imprisonment by Israel.<ref>{{cite news|title=Israel Finally Reveals New Location for Marwan Barghouti|url=https://www.palestinechronicle.com/israel-finally-reveals-new-location-for-marwan-barghouti/|access-date=30 December 2023|archive-date=30 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230181353/https://www.palestinechronicle.com/israel-finally-reveals-new-location-for-marwan-barghouti/|url-status=live |work=The Palestine Chronicle |date=17 December 2023}}</ref>

In April 2024, Haniyeh met with Fatah's deputy head, [[Mahmoud Aloul]], in China to discuss reconciliation. On 23 July, a further round of talks between Hamas and Fatah resulted in an agreement to form an “interim national reconciliation government” to maintain Palestinian control in the Gaza Strip after the war.<ref name="AJ China 14" /><ref name="Reuters China 14"/>

At the time of his death, he had been leading [[January 2025 Gaza war ceasefire|cease-fire negotiations]] for Hamas.<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.axios.com/2024/07/31/us-hamas-leader-assassination-gaza-hostage-ceasefire-deal|title=U.S. concerned Hamas leader's assassination could derail Gaza hostage-ceasefire talks|date=31 July 2024 |access-date=4 August 2024|archive-date=6 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806001927/https://www.axios.com/2024/07/31/us-hamas-leader-assassination-gaza-hostage-ceasefire-deal|url-status=live}}</ref> President [[Joe Biden]] said publicly that Israel's killing of Haniyeh, a key negotiator in the ceasefire talks, "doesn't help" efforts to secure a ceasefire in Gaza.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 August 2024 |title=Killing of Hamas leader 'doesn't help' ceasefire talks, says Biden |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cql8ly2g10no |website=BBC |access-date=2 August 2024 |archive-date=2 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802151103/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cql8ly2g10no |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Legal case ==
On 20 May 2024, an arrest warrant for Haniyeh, as well as for other Palestinian and Israeli leaders, was requested by the [[International Criminal Court]] (ICC) prosecutor [[Karim Ahmad Khan|Karim Khan]] as part of the [[International Criminal Court investigation in Palestine#Arrest warrants|ICC investigation in Palestine]], on several counts of [[war crime]]s and [[crimes against humanity]] during the Gaza war.<ref name="ICCAW"/><ref name="ICCAW CNN"/>

== Views ==
{{Palestinian nationalism sidebar|People}}
Haniyeh was seen as relatively one of the more pragmatic and moderate figures in Hamas.<ref name="r111">{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/obituary-tough-talking-haniyeh-was-seen-more-moderate-face-hamas-2024-07-31/|title=Tough-talking Haniyeh was seen as the more moderate face of Hamas|work=Reuters|date=31 July 2024|access-date=31 July 2024}}</ref>

=== Relations with Israel ===
In March 2002, during the [[Second Intifada]], Haniyeh was quoted as saying, "Jews love life more than any other people, and they prefer not to die," reflecting the view that [[Palestinian suicide attacks|Palestinian suicide bombings]] had exposed Israel's greatest vulnerability after years of conflict.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hoffman |first=Bruce |title=Inside Terrorism |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2017 |isbn=978-0-231-54489-4 |edition=3rd |series=Columbia Studies in Terrorism and Irregular Warfare |pages=164}}</ref>

In August 2006, on his first visit abroad as prime minister to Iran, Haniyeh said: "We will never recognize the usurper Zionist government and will continue our jihad-like movement until the liberation of Jerusalem".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2006-12-08-palestinian-pm_x.htm|title=Palestinian prime minister vows not to recognize Israel|date=8 December 2006|work=USA Today|access-date=1 September 2017|archive-date=10 December 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061210030210/http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2006-12-08-palestinian-pm_x.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In December 2010, Haniyeh stated at a news conference in Gaza, "We accept a Palestinian state on the borders of 1967, with Jerusalem as its capital, the release of Palestinian prisoners, and the resolution of the issue of refugees." In addition, he said that if the Palestinian electorate approves such a peace agreement with Israel, his government will abide by it notwithstanding previous Hamas positions on the issue.<ref name="haaretz10">{{cite news|title=Hamas vows to honor Palestinian referendum on peace with Israel|url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/hamas-vows-to-honor-palestinian-referendum-on-peace-with-israel-1.328234|access-date=25 June 2024|newspaper=Haaretz|date=1 December 2010|archive-date=15 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015233322/http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/hamas-vows-to-honor-palestinian-referendum-on-peace-with-israel-1.328234|url-status=live |agency=Reuters}}</ref>

On 23 March 2014, during a festival commemorating the tenth anniversary of the assassination of Sheik [[Ahmad Yassin]], Haniyeh delivered a speech to a crowd of Hamas supporters, saying "From within Gaza, I repeat again and again: We will not recognize Israel... The Gaza blockade is unfortunately getting tighter and tighter." During this speech, the crowd chanted "Move forward Hamas, move! We are the cannon and you are the bullets. ... Oh [[Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades|Qassam]], our beloved, bombard [[Tel Aviv]]."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/03/hamas-gaza-rally-crisis-siege-anniversary-yassin.html##ixzz392Bm5WzV |title=Low turnout at Hamas rally sign of declining support? |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520114741/https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2014/03/hamas-gaza-rally-crisis-siege-anniversary-yassin.html |archive-date=20 May 2024 |first=Asmaa |last=al-Ghoul |work=Al Monitor |date=27 March 2014 |url-status=live |access-date=25 June 2024}}</ref>

On 1 November 2023, Haniyeh accused Israel of committing "barbaric massacres against unarmed civilians" after Israel [[31 October 2023 Jabalia refugee camp airstrike|conducted an attack on the Jabalia refugee camp]] in an operation targeting senior Hamas member [[Ibrahim Biari]], and resolved that fighting would continue until "Palestinians obtain their 'legitimate rights to freedom, independence and return'".<ref>{{cite news |title=Hamas leader accuses Israel of 'barbaric massacres' after refugee camp hit |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/1/hamas-leader-accuses-israel-of-barbaric-massacres-after-refugee-camp-hit |work=Al Jazeera |date=1 November 2023 |access-date=6 November 2023 |archive-date=4 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104214730/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/1/hamas-leader-accuses-israel-of-barbaric-massacres-after-refugee-camp-hit |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 2 November 2023, Haniyeh stated that if Israel agreed to a [[Calls for a ceasefire during the Gaza war|ceasefire]] and the opening of humanitarian corridors to bring more [[Humanitarian aid during the Gaza war|aid into Gaza]], Hamas would be "ready for political negotiations for a [[two-state solution]] with Jerusalem as the capital of Palestine," adding that "Israeli captives are subjected to the same destruction and death as our people."<ref>{{cite news |title=Haniyeh says Hamas ready for negotiations on a two-state solution if Israel stops war on Gaza |url=https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/58/1262/511435/War-on-Gaza/War-on-Gaza/Haniyeh-says-Hamas-ready-for-negotiations-on-a-two.aspx |work=Al-Ahram |date=1 November 2023 |access-date=6 November 2023 |archive-date=20 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240320153323/https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/58/1262/511435/War-on-Gaza/War-on-Gaza/Haniyeh-says-Hamas-ready-for-negotiations-on-a-two.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Pope Benedict XVI Islam controversy ===
During the [[Pope Benedict XVI Islam controversy]] in 2006, Haniyeh strongly objected to the Pope's remarks: "In the name of the Palestinian people, we condemn the Pope's remarks on [[Islam]]. These remarks go against the truth and touch the heart of our faith." Haniyeh also denounced the Muslim attacks on churches in the [[West Bank]] and Gaza that occurred in reaction to the controversy.<ref>{{cite news |last=Fisher |first=Ian |date=16 September 2006 |title=Pope Apologizes for Uproar over His Remarks |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/17/world/europe/17cnd-pope.html?ex=1316145600&en=bd45a56d2f9e575a&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss&pagewanted=print |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090423081127/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/17/world/europe/17cnd-pope.html?ex=1316145600&en=bd45a56d2f9e575a&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss&pagewanted=print |archive-date=23 April 2009 |access-date=5 May 2010 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>

=== Osama bin Laden ===
On 2 May 2011, [[Osama bin Laden]] was [[Operation Neptune Spear|killed by U.S. forces]] in Pakistan, and the killing was praised by Hamas's rival Fatah.<ref name="reuters.com"/> Haniyeh instead referred to bin Laden as an "Arab holy warrior"<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 May 2011 |title=Bush, victims, world leaders react to bin Laden's death |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna42853022 |access-date=1 May 2024 |website=NBC News |archive-date=20 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220061613/https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna42853022 |url-status=live }}</ref> and condemned his killing as "the continuation of the American oppression and shedding of blood of Muslims and Arabs".<ref name="reuters.com">{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-binladen-palestinians-idUSTRE7414SS20110502 |title=Abbas government welcomes bin Laden death, Hamas deplores |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822153418/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-binladen-palestinians-idUSTRE7414SS20110502 |archive-date=22 August 2017 |work=Reuters |date=2 May 2011 |url-status=live |access-date=25 June 2024 |first=Nidal |last=al-Mughrabi}}</ref> Political analysts said the remarks were an attempt to cool differences in the [[Gaza Strip]] with [[Al-Qaeda]]-inspired [[Islamist anti-Hamas groups in the Gaza Strip|Salafi groups]], which condemn Hamas as too moderate.<ref name="reuters.com"/> Another analyst wrote that Haniyeh's statement was directed at an Arab audience, and he saw an opportunity to distinguish Hamas from Fatah and exploit [[anti-American sentiment]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Lazar Berman|title=Did Hamas Really Just Say That?|url=https://www.aei.org/foreign-and-defense-policy/terrorism/did-hamas-really-just-say-that/|access-date=2 November 2023|archive-date=2 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102014824/https://www.aei.org/foreign-and-defense-policy/terrorism/did-hamas-really-just-say-that/|url-status=live |date=2 May 2011 |work=[[American Enterprise Institute]]}}</ref> The United States government condemned his remarks as "outrageous".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/us-hamas-leaders-bin-laden-remarks-outrageous--121187969/172923.html |title=US: Hamas Leader's bin Laden Remarks 'Outrageous' |first=David |last=Gollust |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120131081629/http://www.voanews.com/english/news/usa/US-Hamas-Leaders-Bin-Laden-Remarks-Outrageous--121187969.html |archive-date=31 January 2012 |work=[[Voice of America]] |date=3 May 2011 |url-status=live |access-date=25 June 2024}}</ref>

== Personal and family life ==
[[File:Qasem Soleimani funeral 2.jpg|thumb| Haniyeh standing behind Khamenei during the [[funeral of Qasem Soleimani]]. ]]

Haniyeh was married and had 13 children,<ref name="YNET07152014">{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4543634,00.html|title=Hamas got rich as Gaza was plunged into poverty|last=Peskin|first=Doron|date=15 July 2014|work=[[Ynet]]|access-date=25 June 2024|archive-date=15 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715170021/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4543634,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref> three of whom were killed in 2024. In 2009, the family lived in [[Al-Shati]] refugee camp in the northern Gaza Strip.<ref name=tbt>{{cite news|title=Hamas PM Ismail Haniyeh at war with Israel – and his own rivals|url=http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/world-news/hamas-pm-ismail-haniyeh-at-war-with-israel-and-his-own-rivals-28459936.html|newspaper=Belfast Telegraph|date=3 January 2009|first=Donald |last=Macintyre|access-date=25 June 2024|archive-date=19 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619043148/http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/world-news/hamas-pm-ismail-haniyeh-at-war-with-israel-and-his-own-rivals-28459936.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2010, Haniyeh purchased a {{convert|2500|m2|acre|1|adj=on}} parcel of land in [[Rimal]], a Gaza City beachfront neighborhood.<ref name="YNET07152014" /> Haniyeh registered the land in the name of his son-in-law.<ref name="YNET07152014" /> Subsequently, Haniyeh reportedly purchased additional homes and registered them under the names of his children.<ref name="YNET07152014" /> According to a 2014 ''[[Ynet]]'' article, Haniyeh was a millionaire, stemming from the 20% tax charged on all items entering through [[tunnels from Egypt to the Gaza Strip]].<ref name="YNET07152014" /> Haniyeh's eldest son was arrested by Egyptian authorities at the [[Gaza–Egypt border#Rafah Border Crossing|Rafah Border Crossing]] with several million dollars, which he intended to take into Gaza.<ref name="YNET07152014" />

Haniyeh's sisters, Kholidia, Laila, and Sabah, are Israeli citizens and live in the [[Bedouin]] town of [[Tel as-Sabi]] in southern Israel.<ref name="CNN-News18">{{cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/world/as-israel-arrests-ismail-haniyehs-sister-in-terror-probe-find-out-how-hamas-chiefs-siblings-live-as-israeli-citizens-8835799.html|title=As Israel Arrests Ismail Haniyeh's Sister In Terror Probe, Find Out How Hamas Chief's Siblings Live As Israeli Citizens|last=Sarkar|first=Shankhyaneel|date=April 2, 2024|work=[[CNN-News18]]|access-date=September 5, 2024}}</ref><ref name=tt06022006>{{cite news|title=Hamas leader's three sisters live secretly in Israel as full citizens|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/israel/1520134/Hamas-leaders-three-sisters-live-secretly-in-Israel-as-full-citizens.html|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=2 June 2006|access-date=3 April 2018|archive-date=14 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014105336/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/israel/1520134/Hamas-leaders-three-sisters-live-secretly-in-Israel-as-full-citizens.html|url-status=live |first=Tim |last=Butcher}}</ref> Kholodia moved to Tel as-Sabi first and then her two sisters followed.<ref name="tt06022006" /> Kholidia's husband said, "Our life is normal here and we want it to continue."<ref name="tt06022006" /> Laila and Sabah are both widowed but remain in Tel as-Sabi, presumably to retain their Israeli citizenship.<ref name="tt06022006" /> Some of the children of the three sisters have served in the Israel Defense Forces (IDF), according to ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]''.<ref name="CNN-News18" /><ref name="tt06022006" />

In early 2012, Israeli authorities granted a request to travel by Haniyeh's sister, Suhila Abd el‑Salam Ahmed Haniyeh, and her critically ill husband for emergency heart treatment that could not be treated by hospitals in Gaza.<ref name=aa20120808>{{cite news|title=Hamas PM's brother-in-law treated in Israeli hospital|url=http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/08/08/231069.html|newspaper=Al Arabiya|date=8 August 2012|access-date=25 June 2024|archive-date=15 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215172555/https://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/08/08/231069.html|url-status=live}}</ref> After successful treatment at the [[Rabin Medical Center]] in [[Petah Tikva]], Israel, the couple returned to Gaza.<ref name="aa20120808" /> Haniyeh's granddaughter was treated in an Israeli hospital in November 2013 and his mother-in-law was treated in an Israeli hospital in June 2014.<ref name="reuters10192014">{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-gaza-hamas-daughter-idUSKCN0I80LO20141019|title=Hamas leader's daughter received medical treatment in Israel: sources|last=Williams|first=Dan|date=19 October 2014|work=[[Reuters]]|access-date=5 July 2021|archive-date=14 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014105605/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-gaza-hamas-daughter-idUSKCN0I80LO20141019|url-status=live}}</ref> In October 2014, a few months after the 2014 Israel–Gaza War, Haniyeh's daughter spent a week in an Israeli hospital in Tel Aviv for emergency treatment after she suffered complications from a routine procedure.<ref name="reuters10192014" />

In September 2016, Haniyeh left Gaza with his wife and two of his sons for the annual pilgrimage to [[Mecca]], known as the [[Hajj]]. This trip, interpreted as a campaign commencement, bolstered reports that Haniyeh was to replace Mashaal.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/the-arcane-pathway-to-hamass-top-post-and-who-might-win-it/|title=The arcane pathway to Hamas's top post, and who might win it|newspaper=The Times of Israel|access-date=25 June 2024|archive-date=21 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221160530/http://www.timesofisrael.com/the-arcane-pathway-to-hamass-top-post-and-who-might-win-it/|url-status=live|first=Avi|last=Issacharoff |date=19 September 2016}}</ref> He went to [[Qasem Soleimani|Qassim Suleimani]]'s funeral, in Tehran, Iran in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|date=6 January 2020|title=Hamas leader Haniyeh attends Soleimani's funeral in Iran|url=https://arab.news/5ufpt|access-date=21 May 2021|website=Arab News|publisher=Associated Press|archive-date=24 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524135423/https://platform.twitter.com/embed/Tweet.html?creatorScreenName=Arab_News&creatorUserId=69172612&dnt=false&embedId=twitter-widget-13&features=eyJ0ZndfZXhwZXJpbWVudHNfY29va2llX2V4cGlyYXRpb24iOnsiYnVja2V0IjoxMjA5NjAwLCJ2ZXJzaW9uIjpudWxsfSwidGZ3X2hvcml6b25fdHdlZXRfZW1iZWRfOTU1NSI6eyJidWNrZXQiOiJodGUiLCJ2ZXJzaW9uIjpudWxsfSwidGZ3X3R3ZWV0X2VtYmVkX2NsaWNrYWJpbGl0eV8xMjEwMiI6eyJidWNrZXQiOiJjb250cm9sIiwidmVyc2lvbiI6bnVsbH19&frame=false&hideCard=false&hideThread=false&id=1396806938965549058&lang=en&origin=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabnews.com%2Fnode%2F1609061%2Fmiddle-east&sessionId=c111e8c74474a484a6ad4566cb3eb43c252b87e7&siteScreenName=Arab_News&siteUserId=69172612&theme=light&widgetsVersion=82e1070%3A1619632193066&width=550px|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=6 January 2020|title=Hamas leader attends Soleimani's funeral in Iran|url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2020/01/06/Hamas-leader-attends-Soleimani-s-funeral-in-Iran|access-date=21 May 2021|website=Al Arabiya English|publisher=Associated Press|archive-date=24 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524135429/https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2020/01/06/Hamas-leader-attends-Soleimani-s-funeral-in-Iran|url-status=live}}</ref>

During the last few years of his life, Haniyeh lived in Qatar.<ref name="BBC Who 1" /><ref>{{cite web|first=Evan|last=Dyer|title=How tiny Qatar hosts the leaders of Hamas without consequences|date=18 October 2023|work=CBC News|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/qatar-hamas-israel-1.6999416|access-date=20 October 2023|archive-date=19 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019223624/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/qatar-hamas-israel-1.6999416|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=2 November 2023 |last=Stein |first=Jeff |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2023/11/02/hamas-funding-ismail-haniyeh-us-sanctions/ |title=Far from war in Gaza, Hamas chief oversees vast financial network |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=4 November 2023 |archive-date=17 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217194737/http://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2023/11/02/hamas-funding-ismail-haniyeh-us-sanctions/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=12 October 2023 |title=Who is Ismail Haniyeh? Senior Hamas leader who leads a lavish lifestyle in Qatar |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/us/who-is-ismail-haniyeh-senior-hamas-leader-who-leads-a-lavish-lifestyle-in-qatar/articleshow/104347525.cms |access-date=9 December 2023 |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=26 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126224425/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/us/who-is-ismail-haniyeh-senior-hamas-leader-who-leads-a-lavish-lifestyle-in-qatar/articleshow/104347525.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Targeting of family members by Israel ===
{{anchor|FKBI}}

More than sixty members of his extended family have been killed by Israel.<ref name="NYT 60" >{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/06/25/world/middleeast/strike-haniyeh-hamas-gaza.html |title=Strike Kills Sister of Hamas's Political Leader |work=The New York Times |date=25 June 2024 |access-date=3 August 2024 |archive-date=3 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240803125248/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/06/25/world/middleeast/strike-haniyeh-hamas-gaza.html |url-status=live |last1=Yazbek |first1=Hiba }}</ref>

In October 2023, fourteen members of his family were killed in an Israeli airstrike on his family home in Gaza City, among them a brother and nephew.<ref>{{cite news |title=Israel strikes Gaza home of Hamas political leader-in-exile, killing 14 |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/israel-strikes-gaza-home-of-hamas-political-leader-in-exile-killing-14/ |work=The Times of Israel |date=17 October 2023 |access-date=6 November 2023 |archive-date=6 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106223357/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/israel-strikes-gaza-home-of-hamas-political-leader-in-exile-killing-14/ |url-status=live |first=Gianluca |last=Pacchiani}}</ref>

In November 2023, his granddaughter Roaa Haniyeh<ref name="toi Roaa" /> was reportedly killed in an Israeli airstrike in Gaza City.<ref name="toi Roaa" /> Later that month his eldest grandson was killed in an Israeli strike.<ref>{{Cite news | url= https://www.ynetnews.com/article/b1iwnl5vp |title=Palestinian media: Ismail Haniyeh's grandson killed in IDF attack in Gaza | access-date= 25 June 2024 | archive-date= 21 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121171937/https://www.ynetnews.com/article/b1iwnl5vp | url-status=live | work= YNet News | first=Einav | last=Halabi | date= 21 November 2023}}</ref><ref name="toi Roaa" />

On 10 April 2024, {{visible anchor | three}} of his sons—Hazem, Amir, and Muhammad—<ref name= "Hazem Amir Muhammad" /> and four of his grandchildren were killed during an Israeli airstrike on their family car in the Gaza Strip.<ref name= "Hazem Amir Muhammad" >{{cite news | title= Israel-Gaza war: Hamas leader Ismail Haniyeh says three sons killed in air strike | url= https://www.bbc.com/news/68783840 | access-date= 1 August 2024 | work= [[BBC]] | date= 10 April 2024 | archive-date= 4 August 2024 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240804103812/https://www.bbc.com/news/68783840 | url-status= live }}</ref><ref name="AJ111">{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/4/10/israels-war-on-gaza-live-israel-bombards-gaza-kills-14-in-nuseirat-camp?update=2828708|title=Israeli air attack kills 3 children, 3 grandchildren of Hamas leader Haniyeh: Report|work=Al Jazeera|date=10 April 2024|access-date=10 April 2024|archive-date=10 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240410152442/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/4/10/israels-war-on-gaza-live-israel-bombards-gaza-kills-14-in-nuseirat-camp?update=2828708|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name= "CNN 3 + 3" >{{cite web | url= https://edition.cnn.com/2024/04/10/middleeast/hamas-leader-ismail-haniyeh-sons-killed-israel-gaza-intl-hnk/index.html | title= Israeli airstrike kills three sons of Hamas political leader in Gaza as ceasefire talks stutter | work= CNN | access-date= 11 April 2024 | archive-date= 11 April 2024 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240411034522/https://edition.cnn.com/2024/04/10/middleeast/hamas-leader-ismail-haniyeh-sons-killed-israel-gaza-intl-hnk/index.html | url-status=live | first1= Jeremy | last1= Diamond | first2= Kareem | last2= Khadder | first3= Zeena | last3= Saifi | first4= Benjamin | last4= Brown | date= 11 April 2024 }}</ref> The three sons and three of the grandchildren died that day.<ref name= "CNN 3 + 3" /><ref name= "AJ111" /> ''[[The New Arab]]'' reported that a fifth granddaughter, named Malak, who had also been in the car, died of her injuries a week later.<ref name= "NA Malak" >{{cite news | title= Granddaughter of Hamas chief Ismail Haniyeh dies of wounds sustained in Israeli strike that killed her father, uncles | url= https://www.newarab.com/news/haniyehs-granddaughter-dies-wounds-israeli-strike | access-date= 2 August 2024 | work= [[The New Arab]] | date= 15 April 2024 | archive-date= 1 August 2024 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240801205637/https://www.newarab.com/news/haniyehs-granddaughter-dies-wounds-israeli-strike | url-status= live }}</ref> The [[BBC]] named the four grandchildren as Mona, Amal, Khaled, and Razan.<ref name= "Hazem Amir Muhammad" /> Israel claimed Haniyeh's sons were "Hamas operatives" and were "on their way to carry out terrorist activities".<ref name= "NA Malak" /><ref>[https://www.idf.il/en/mini-sites/idf-press-releases-israel-at-war/april-24-press-releases/3-hamas-terrorist-operatives-sons-of-ismail-haniyeh-eliminated-in-gaza/ 3 Hamas Terrorist Operatives, Sons of Ismail Haniyeh, Eliminated in Gaza]</ref> According to Haniyeh's relatives, the family members had been traveling together to [[Eid al-Fitr]] celebrations.<ref>{{cite news|title=Hamas leader Haniyeh's three sons, four grandchildren killed in Israeli airstrike on Eid day|url=https://www.tbsnews.net/hamas-israel-war/hamas-leader-haniyehs-three-sons-four-grandchildren-killed-israeli-airstrike-eid|access-date=1 August 2024|work=[[The Business Standard]]|date=11 April 2024|language= en|archive-date=4 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240804105953/https://www.tbsnews.net/hamas-israel-war/hamas-leader-haniyehs-three-sons-four-grandchildren-killed-israeli-airstrike-eid|url-status= live|quote=The three sons and four grandchildren were making family visits during the first day of the Muslim Eid al-Fitr holiday in Shati, their home refugee camp in Gaza City, according to relatives.}}</ref> ''[[Middle East Eye]]'' released a video filmed on a mobile phone that allegedly shows one of Haniyeh's granddaughters "moments before fatal Israeli strike", excited about the festivities and yelling, "Eid has come".<ref name="Eid has come" >{{cite news | title= Video shows Hamas leader Ismail Haniyeh's granddaughter moments before fatal Israeli strike | url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zhCxSJIfQ30 | access-date= 1 August 2024 | work= [[Middle East Eye]] on YouTube | date= 16 May 2024 | archive-date= 1 August 2024 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240801205633/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zhCxSJIfQ30 | url-status= live }}</ref>

On 25 June 2024, ten members of his family, including his 80-year-old sister Zahr Abdel Salam Haniyeh, were killed in an Israeli airstrike in al-Shati refugee camp.<ref>{{Cite web | title= Israeli airstrike kills family members of Hamas political chief | url= https://www.voanews.com/a/israeli-airstrike-kills-family-members-of-hamas-political-chief/7669126.html | access-date= 25 June 2024 | website= [[Voice of America]] | date= 25 June 2024 | archive-date= 25 June 2024 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240625092703/https://www.voanews.com/amp/israeli-airstrike-kills-family-members-of-hamas-political-chief/7669126.html | url-status= live }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web | title= Israeli air strike kills 10 family members of Hamas chief Haniyeh in Gaza | url= https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/6/25/israeli-air-strike-kills-10-family-members-of-hamas-chief-haniyeh-in-gaza | access-date= 25 June 2024 | website= Al Jazeera | date= 25 June 2024 | archive-date= 6 August 2024 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240806001948/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/6/25/israeli-air-strike-kills-10-family-members-of-hamas-chief-haniyeh-in-gaza | url-status= live }}</ref><ref>[https://www.ynetnews.com/article/rjcd9900uc Ismail Haniyeh's older sister killed in airstrike near Gaza City]</ref> The nine other family members killed were Nahed Haniyeh Abu Ghazi, Iman Haniyeh Umm Ghazi, Ismail Nahed Haniyeh, Muhammad Nahed Haniyeh, Moamen Nahed Haniyeh, Zahra Nahed Haniyeh, Amal Nahed Haniyeh, Shahad Nahed Haniyeh, and Sumaya Nahed Haniyeh.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/10-relatives-of-hamas-chief-killed-in-israeli-strike-say-gaza-officials-101719322309088.html|title=10 relatives of Hamas chief killed in Israeli strike, say Gaza officials|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=25 June 2024 |access-date=5 August 2024|archive-date=27 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627161022/https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/10-relatives-of-hamas-chief-killed-in-israeli-strike-say-gaza-officials-101719322309088.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Assassination ==
{{Main|Assassination of Ismail Haniyeh}}

On 31 July 2024, Haniyeh was assassinated in [[Tehran]], where he was attending the inauguration of newly elected [[President of Iran]] [[Masoud Pezeshkian]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/7/31/hamass-political-chief-ismail-haniyeh-assassinated-in-iran-state-media |title=Hamas's political chief Ismail Haniyeh assassinated in Iran |website=[[Al Jazeera]] |date=31 July 2024 |access-date=31 July 2024 |archive-date=31 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731034454/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/7/31/hamass-political-chief-ismail-haniyeh-assassinated-in-iran-state-media |url-status=live }}</ref> Hamas said that he was killed, along with one of his bodyguards, by a "Zionist" airstrike on a residence.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aggarwal |first=Mithil |date=31 July 2024 |title=Hamas chief Ismail Haniyeh killed in Israeli airstrike in Iran, Hamas says |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/hamas-chief-ismail-haniyeh-killed-israeli-airstrike-iran-hamas-says-rcna164425 |access-date=31 July 2024 |website=NBC |archive-date=31 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731034620/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/hamas-chief-ismail-haniyeh-killed-israeli-airstrike-iran-hamas-says-rcna164425 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="arabiya">{{cite web | title=Palestinian President Abbas 'strongly condemns' killing of Hamas chief Haniyeh | website=al-Arabiya | date=31 July 2024 | url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2024/07/31/palestinian-president-abbas-strongly-condemns-killing-of-hamas-chief-haniyeh | access-date=31 July 2024 | archive-date=31 July 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731051348/https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2024/07/31/palestinian-president-abbas-strongly-condemns-killing-of-hamas-chief-haniyeh | url-status=live }}</ref> He was 62 at the time. According to ''[[The New York Times]]'' and other sources, Haniyeh was assassinated using a remotely detonated explosive device hidden in his guesthouse room two months earlier, which was triggered once he was confirmed to be inside.<ref name="nytbombplot">{{Cite news | last1=Bergman | first1=Ronen | last2=Mazzetti | first2=Mark | last3=Fassihi | first3=Farnaz | date=2024-08-01 | title=Bomb Smuggled Into Tehran Guesthouse Months Ago Killed Hamas Leader | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/08/01/world/middleeast/how-hamas-leader-haniyeh-killed-iran-bomb.html | access-date=2024-08-01 | work=[[The New York Times]] | language=en-US | issn=0362-4331 | archive-date=1 August 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240801133058/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/08/01/world/middleeast/how-hamas-leader-haniyeh-killed-iran-bomb.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://ara.tv/j23c7|title=هنية قتل بعبوة ناسفة كانت مزروعة داخل غرفته.. مصادر تكشف|newspaper=العربية }}</ref> The [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps]] of Iran said that Haniyeh was killed by "a short-range projectile carrying about 7kg [15.4lb] of explosive materials" that was launched from outside the building he was staying in.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 August 2024 |title=Haniyeh killed by 'short-range projectile' fired from outside home: IRGC residence |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/8/3/haniyeh-killed-by-short-range-projectile-fired-from-outside-home-irgc |access-date=3 August 2024 |work=Al Jazeera |archive-date=3 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240803113623/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/8/3/haniyeh-killed-by-short-range-projectile-fired-from-outside-home-irgc |url-status=live }}</ref>

A funeral was held for Haniyeh in Tehran on 1 August, with Iran's supreme leader [[Ali Khamenei]] leading prayers. Haniyeh's remains were then taken to Qatar and buried in [[Lusail]] the following day.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/haniyheh-funeral-tehran-khamenei/33058880.html |title=Haniyeh Funeral Procession Under Way In Iran |date=August 1, 2024 |work=RFE/RL |access-date=1 August 2024 |archive-date=1 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240801073259/https://www.rferl.org/a/haniyheh-funeral-tehran-khamenei/33058880.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c9wvwyx07m1o |title=Hamas leader Haniyeh buried in Qatar |date=2 August 2024 |work=[[BBC]] |access-date=3 August 2024 |archive-date=3 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240803101458/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c9wvwyx07m1o |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Writings ==
* "Hamas: An Analysis of the Vision and Experience in Power" (book chapter) in Dr. Mohsen M. Saleh (editor), ''The Islamic Resistance Movement (Hamas): Studies of Thoughts & Experience'', Al-Zaytouna Centre, 2017, pp. 469–483.

Opinion pieces in ''[[The Guardian]]'' by Ismail Haniyeh
* {{cite news |author1=Ismail Haniyeh – the new Palestinian prime minister and a Hamas leader |title=A just peace or no peace |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2006/mar/31/israel |access-date=3 August 2024 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=30 March 2006 |language=en}}
* {{cite news |author1=Ismail Haniyeh – the Palestinian prime minister |title=1967: Our rights have to be recognised |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2007/jun/06/israel.comment |access-date=3 August 2024 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=5 June 2007 |language=en}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist|
{{efn|name=DOB|
There are contradictory reports on his date of birth:
* 23 January 1962 or{{spaces}}1963<ref name="AJ EP" /><ref name="WP 1963" />
* or 8 May 1963<ref name="Guardian Obituary" /> }}
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em| refs=

<ref name="AJ China 14">{{cite news | title= Palestinian rivals Hamas and Fatah sign unity deal aimed at Gaza governance | url= https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/7/23/palestinian-rivals-hamas-and-fatah-sign-unity-deal-brokered-by-china | access-date= 4 August 2024 | work= [[Al Jazeera English]] | date= 23 July 2024 | language= en | quote= Palestinian factions have signed a “national unity” agreement aimed at maintaining Palestinian control over Gaza once Israel’s war on the enclave concludes. The deal, finalised on Tuesday in China after three days of intensive talks, lays the groundwork for an “interim national reconciliation government” to rule post-war Gaza, said Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi. The agreement was signed by long-term rivals Hamas and Fatah, as well as 12 other Palestinian groups. | archive-date= 25 July 2024 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240725225739/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/7/23/palestinian-rivals-hamas-and-fatah-sign-unity-deal-brokered-by-china | url-status= live }}</ref>

<ref name="AJ EP" >{{cite news | script-title= ar: إسماعيل هنية.. لاجئ من مخيم الشاطئ قاد حركة حماس | trans-title= Ismail Haniyeh.. A refugee from the Shati refugee camp who led the Hamas movement | url= https://aja.me/rmfonp | access-date= 4 August 2024 | work= الجزيرة نت {{!}} الموسوعة {{!}} فلسطين | publisher= [[Al Jazeera Net]] | date= 2024-07-31 | quote= ولد إسماعيل عبد السلام أحمد هنية يوم 23 يناير/كانون الثاني 1962 (أو 1963) في قطاع غزة بمخيم الشاطئ للاجئين، الذي كانت أسرته قد لجأت إليه من قرية الجورة الواقعة في قضاء مدينة عسقلان المحتلة. {{!}} Ismail Abdel Salam Ahmed Haniyeh was born on 23 January 1962 (or 1963) in the Gaza Strip, in the Shati refugee camp, where his family had fled from the village of Al-Jura, located in the occupied city of Ashkelon. | archive-date= 4 August 2024 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240804105954/https://www.aljazeera.net/encyclopedia/2011/5/9/%d8%a5%d8%b3%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%8a%d9%84-%d9%87%d9%86%d9%8a%d8%a9 | url-status= live }}</ref>

<ref name=bbcprofile>{{cite news | title= Profile: Hamas PM Ismail Haniya | url= https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4655146.stm | newspaper= BBC | date= 14 December 2006 | access-date= 25 June 2024 | archive-date= 18 December 2021 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211218062008/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4655146.stm | url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="F24 Abdel Salam" >{{cite web | url= https://f24.my/AVcM | trans-title= From the Beach Camp in Gaza to his assassination in Tehran... What are the most prominent political stations in Ismail Haniyeh's life? | script-title= ar: من مخيم الشاطئ في غزة إلى اغتياله بطهران... ما هي أبرز المحطات السياسية في حياة إسماعيل هنية؟ | access-date= 4 August 2024 | work= فرانس 24 / [[France 24]] | date= 31 July 2024 |language=ar}}</ref>

<ref name="Guardian Obituary" >{{cite news | title= Obituary | url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/aug/01/ismail-haniyeh-obituary | work= [[The Guardian]] | quote= Haniyeh is survived by his wife, Amal, with whom he had had 13 children … Ismail Abd al-Salah Ahmad Haniyeh, politician, born 8 May 1963; died 31 July 2024 }}</ref>

<ref name="toi Roaa" >{{Cite web | title= Granddaughter of Hamas chief Haniyeh reportedly killed in Gaza | url= https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/granddaughter-of-hamas-chief-haniyeh-reportedly-killed-in-gaza/ | access-date= 15 November 2023 | archive-date= 16 November 2023 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20231116030756/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/granddaughter-of-hamas-chief-haniyeh-reportedly-killed-in-gaza/ | url-status=live | work= [[The Times of Israel]] | date= 10 November 2023 }}</ref>









}}

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{cite news|title=Profile: Ismail Haniya|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/archive/2006/02/20084916260799585.html|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=19 February 2006}}
* {{cite news|title=We Do Not Wish to Throw Them into the Sea|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/02/24/AR2006022402317_pf.html|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=26 February 2006}}
* {{cite news|title=Spiegel Interview with Palestinian Prime Minister Ismail Haniyeh: 'We Want Peace and Stability'|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/spiegel-interview-with-palestinian-prime-minister-ismail-haniyeh-we-want-peace-and-stability-a-421332.html|newspaper=Der Spiegel|date=12 June 2006}}
* {{cite news|author=David Margolick|date=September 2006|title=The Most Dangerous Job in Gaza|url=http://www.vanityfair.com/politics/features/2006/09/gaza200609|newspaper=Vanity Fair}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Ahmed Qurei]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Prime Minister of the Palestinian National Authority]]|years=2006–2014 (in dissidence in the Gaza Strip only from 14 June 2007)}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Rami Hamdallah]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before={{ill|Sakhr Bseiso|ar|صخر بسيسو}}}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Ministry of Youth and Sports (Palestine)|Minister of Youth and Sports]]|years=2006–2007}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Basem Naim]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Palestinian prime ministers}}
{{Hamas leaders}}
{{Hamas}}
{{Gaza war}}
{{Israeli–Palestinian conflict}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Haniyeh, Ismail}}
[[Category:Ismail Haniyeh| ]]
[[Category:1960s births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Palestinian politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Palestinian politicians]]
[[Category:Anti-Americanism]]
[[Category:Assassinated Hamas members]]
[[Category:Assassinated Palestinian politicians]]
[[Category:Assassinations in Iran]]
[[Category:Individuals designated as terrorists by the United States government]]
[[Category:Islamic University of Gaza alumni]]
[[Category:Members of the 2006 Palestinian Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Palestinian billionaires]]
[[Category:Palestinian expatriates in Qatar]]
[[Category:Palestinian nationalists]]
[[Category:Palestinian people of the Gaza war]]
[[Category:Palestinian people murdered abroad]]
[[Category:Palestinian refugees]]
[[Category:People from Gaza Governorate]]
[[Category:People killed in the Gaza war]]
[[Category:Politicians assassinated in 2024]]
[[Category:Politicians from the Gaza Strip]]
[[Category:Prime ministers of the Palestinian National Authority]]
[[Category:People of the Second Intifada]]
[[Category:Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons List]]

Ganda Singh Bhangi

2026-03-11T18:41:08Z

Himanshuucharan: starting new bio initial version...

{{one source|date=April 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ganda Singh
| honorific_suffix = Bhangi|
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date = 1775
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| years_active =
| other_names =
| known_for = Sardar of [[Lahore]], [[Amritsar]], [[Sialkot]], [[Gujrat city|Gujrat]], [[Chiniot]], [[Jhang]], [[Bhera]], [[Rawalpindi]], [[Hasan Abdal]] from 1774-1775
| children =
| predecessor =
| successor = Desa Singh Bhangi
}}

'''Ganda Singh Bhangi''' (died 1775) was a Sikh warrior and figure of the [[Bhangi Misl]] during the late 18th century. Moreover, he was the [[Sardar]] of [[Amritsar]], [[Lahore]], [[Multan]], [[Chiniot]], [[Jhang]], [[Bhera]], [[Rawalpindi]], [[Hasan Abdal]], [[Sialkot]] and [[Gujrat city|Gujrat]] in present-day [[Pakistan]]. His father was [[Hari Singh Dhillon|Hari Singh]], a known Sikh warrior.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Grewal |first=J. S. |title=The Sikhs of the Punjab |date=Oct 8, 1998 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521637640 |pages=91–94 |chapter=Rise to Political Power}}</ref> He also had a famous warrior brother [[Jhanda Singh Dhillon|Jhanda Singh]].<ref name=":0" /> He was appointed [[commander in chief]] of the forces by his older brother Jhanda Singh and after his death he became leader and sardar of the [[misl]].<ref name="gupta">{{Cite book|author=Hari Ram Gupta|title= History of the Sikhs: The Sikh Commonwealth|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S1wwAQAAIAAJ|publisher= Munshirm Manoharlal Pub Pvt Ltd|isbn=9788121501651|date=2001}}</ref> Ganda Singh and his brother Jhanda Singh conquered Multan and controlled it until 1780.<ref name=":0" />

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| title = [[Sardar]] of [[Amritsar]], [[Lahore]], [[Multan]], [[Chiniot]], [[Jhang]], [[Bhera]], [[Rawalpindi]], [[Hasan Abdal]], [[Sialkot]]
| before = [[Jhanda Singh Bhangi]]
| after = [[Desa Singh]]
| years = 1774–1775
}}
{{s-end}}

== See also ==
* [[Misl]] (Sikh Confederacy)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
*''The Sikh Commonwealth or Rise and Fall of Sikh Misls. Edition:2001.''

{{Sikhism}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhillon, Ganda Singh}}
[[Category:Misl leaders]]
[[Category:1776 deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]

{{India-royal-stub}}

Ghanashyam House

2026-03-05T00:10:57Z

Himanshuucharan: starting initial info added tags...

{{Short description|18th-century brick monument}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Ghanashyam House
| native_name =
| image = Ghanashyam house.jpg
| caption = Ghanashyam house
| coordinates = {{coord|26.9503|94.6182|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| location = [[Sivasagar, Assam]], India
| engineer =
| construction_start_date = early 18th-century
| completion_date =
| main_contractor = [[Rudra Singha]]
| demolished_date =
| cost =
| structural_system = Bricks and Indigenous type of cement
| architectural_style = Hybrid
| size =
}}
'''Ghanashyam House''' or '''Nati Gosain dol''' is an early 18th-century brick monument built during the reign of the king [[Rudra Singha]] dedicated to the architect Ghanashyam.<ref>{{harvcol|Konwar|2018|p=44}}</ref> This monument is situated on the west bank of [[Joysagar Tank]]. It is 4 km away from [[Sivasagar]] town towards west.

== Architecture and history ==
It was constructed by one Ghanasyamuddin Khanikar later renamed as Ghanashyam, an architect from Bengal or [[Cooch Behar State|Cooch Behar]] who was brought by king [[Rudra Singha]], he entrusted him with the duty of designing the city of [[Rangpur, Assam|Rangpur]].<ref>"Ghanashyam, the artisan from Bengal employed to construct the Ranghar and the Kareng of Rangpur city, was put to death after being caught red handed with a map of the city concealed
between two layers of a water pot." {{Harvcol|Gogoi|2017|p=71}}</ref> It is believed that Ghanashyam was earlier a Muslim who was converted to [[Hinduism]]. As a result of Ghanashyam's influence, this monument has mixture of [[Islamic architecture|Islamic architectural elements]] as well as [[Hindu architecture|Hindu architectural elements]]. The temple resembles a Bengal ekaratha structure but its cells contain a typical mihrab found in mosques. Islamic architectural influence can be heavily noticed in the architecture of this building.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ghanashyam's House, Joysagar |url=http://asiguwahaticircle.gov.in/ghanshyam%20house%20joysagar.html |website=Guwahati Circle Archeological Survey of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Soulful Sivasagar |url=http://indianculture.gov.in/stories/soulful-sivasagar |access-date=2023-03-02 |website=INDIAN CULTURE |language=en}}</ref>

The temple is enriched with beautiful terracotta plaques depicting Lingas, scenes of [[Ramayana]], avatars of gods, floral and geometrical designs. It also depicts mythical animals, hunting scenes, and demons. The temple has slightly bent due to previous earthquakes. The temples contain three arched gatehouses, with its flat roof crowned with a row of battlements is Islamic in outlook.

The temple for some reasons is also known as Nati-Gosain dol.<ref>''As''
Siva Singha was a disciple of Parvotiya Gosain, he took the charge of making
‘Daul’ for Nati Gosain who was supposed to be the grandson of Parbotia Gosain. The
date of the construction of this temple is not exactly mentioned early chronicles.'' {{harvcol|Konwar|2018|p=45}}''</ref><ref>{{harvcol|Biswas|2011|p=49}}</ref> It is also stated that according to some theories, this temple was built by [[Rajeswar Singha]] for the grandson of Parvatiya Gosain (Krishnaram Bhattacharya), who was the royal preceptor of Ahom Kings while some other place it to the reign of [[Pramatta Singha]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghanashyam House {{!}} Sivasagar {{!}} Government Of Assam, India |url=https://sivasagar.assam.gov.in/tourist-place-detail/330 |access-date=2023-03-02 |website=sivasagar.assam.gov.in |archive-date=2 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302181418/https://sivasagar.assam.gov.in/tourist-place-detail/330 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== References ==

* {{Citation |last1=Konwar |first1=Nirmal Jyoti |title=History And Management Of The Temples Of Upper Assam From The 16th To The 20th Century A D |date=2018}}
* {{Citation |last1=Biswas |first1=S.S. |title=Sibsagar |date=2011}}
* {{cite book |last1=Gogoi |first1=Khagen |title=Ahom warfare evolution nature and strategy |date=2017 |location=Gauhati University}}

{{Monuments in India}}

{{Hindu Temples in Assam}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Assam]]
[[Category:Sivasagar]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Assam]]
[[Category:Tourism in Assam]]
[[Category:18th-century Hindu temples]]
[[Category:Tourism in India]]

Sri Valli (1961 film)

2026-03-04T05:15:50Z

Himanshuucharan: made new details needs work

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sri Valli
| image = Sri Valli 1961 poster.jpg

| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[T. R. Ramanna]]
| screenplay = [[Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass]]
| producer = {{unbulleted list|K. Venkatesan|L. Venkatraman}}
| starring = {{unbulleted list|[[Sivaji Ganesan]]|[[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]]}}
| cinematography = {{unbulleted list|K. H. Kapadia|Babubhai Mistry}}
| editing = R. Rajagopal
| music = [[G. Ramanathan]]
| studio = Narasu Studios
| released = {{film date|1961|7|1|df=y|ref1=<ref>{{Cite web |title=71-80 |url=http://nadigarthilagam.com/filmographyp8.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126232053/http://nadigarthilagam.com/filmographyp8.htm |archive-date=26 January 2016 |access-date=23 November 2014 |website=nadigarthilagam.com}}</ref>}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Sri Valli''''' is a 1961 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Hindu mythological film]] directed by [[T. R. Ramanna]]. Based on the folk tale of [[Valli]], the film stars [[Sivaji Ganesan]] and [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]], supported by [[T. R. Mahalingam (actor)|T. R. Mahalingam]], E. R. Sahadevan, C. K. Saraswathi and [[J. P. Chandrababu]]. This film was taken in [[Gevacolor]]. It was released on 1 July 1961 and was not successful. The film also featured [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]] in her on-screen debut as the child version of the titular character.

== Plot ==
Goddess Valli had her heart and soul dedicated to Lord Subramanya and would always pray with fervent devotion and love, to be with Him. The Lord was moved by the highest form of love expressed by the mountain princess, and so He planned to appease Her in person by creating the perfect situation after the enactment of His Lila.

The mountain chief planned to develop a field for growing millet and assigned Valli to take charge of protecting the field from birds and animals who might devour the crops. Lord Murugan saw this as an opportunity to meet the Goddess, and therefore He assumed the form of a handsome tribal hunter and appeared before her as if he had lost his way on chasing a deer during hunting. Valli did not recognise the stranger and promptly asked him to leave the place. The Hunter was about to leave and at that moment the chief was returning to the place bringing honey and fruits for Valli. God, in order to avoid being caught, turned himself into a tree. After the chief and his followers left the place, God changed back into the hunter form and proposed his love to Valli.

The princess who had only the Mountain God in her heart was infuriated at the proposal and lashed out at the hunter. (This form of Lord Muruga called the 'Veduvan Kolam' can be seen at the Lord Palaniapaar temple at Belukurichi). The chief and his followers were again returning to the place, so the hunter changed himself into an old man, without being noticed by Valli. The chief, on seeing the old man, requested him to stay with Valli till they returned from the hunt.

The old man was hungry and asked Valli for food, she gave Him a mixture of millet flour and honey, but it made him thirsty and He asked for water. She provided water from a nearby stream and the Lord jokingly remarked that she had satisfied his thirst and she could quench his thirst for a companion. The Goddess has angered again and started to leave the place. The Lord requested assistance from His brother, Lord Ganesha to appear as a wild elephant at that time. On seeing the wild elephant, Valli was scared and ran back to the old man, pleading with Him to save Her from the elephant. Lord Muruga proposed to save Her only if She agreed to marry Him. In the heat of the moment, she agrees and the Lord reveals His true form. It was then Valli realised that it was her beloved Lord, who was with her all the time. After the millet harvest was over, the chief with his daughter and entourage returned to their native land. The Lord again returned for His devotee and The Divine Couple enjoyed their time away from Valli's family. Nambi Raja on being alerted about Valli's absence flew into a rage and went in search of Her. When they finally found The Lord along with Valli, the chief and followers shot arrows at Him, but they all failed to even touch the Lord and instead, the chief and his sons fell lifeless. Goddess Valli was disheartened to see the lifeless bodies of her kith and kin and requested the Lord to bring them back to life. Lord Murugan instructed Her to revive them Herself and by Her mere touch, everyone was brought back to life. The chief Nambi Raja and his tribesmen realised that it was their God of Mountains, in the form of the old man and prayed to Him. Lord Muruga took his true form and blessed the tribesmen, and the chief conducted the marriage of his daughter and the Lord.

== Cast ==
''Cast adapted from the film's song book<ref name="song book" /> and the opening credits:''
{{Col-begin|width=60%}}
{{col-break|width=50%}}
; Male cast
* [[Sivaji Ganesan]] as [[Kartikeya|Lord Muruga]]
* [[T. R. Mahalingam (actor)|T. R. Mahalingam]] as [[Narada]]
* [[E. R. Sahadevan]] as Nambi Raja
* [[J. P. Chandrababu]] as Valli's brother
* V. R. Rajagopal as Killi
* [[C. R. Parthiban]] as [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]]
*[[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Master Vijayakumar]] as Child Muruga
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Female cast
* [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]] as [[Valli]]
* [[Ragini (actress)|Ragini]] as Valli's friend
* [[Kumari Rukmani|Kumari Rukmini]] as Deivaanai/Devasena
* [[Helen (actress)|Helen]] as a Dancer
* Baby Uma as Valli's sister
* [[C. K. Saraswathi]] as Nambi Raja's wife
* [[Lakshmi (actress)|Baby Lakshmi]] as Child Valli
{{col-end}}
;Supporting cast
* C. S. Pandian, Chittam Pillai Venkataraman, S. V. Shanmugam, Karikol Raj, Nandi Velayutham, Ramaiah, Ponnandi, Subramaniam, Pattammal, Vathsala.

== Production ==
After the success of ''[[Amara Deepam (1956 film)|Amara Deepam]]'' (1956), director [[T. Prakash Rao]] and co-writer [[C. V. Sridhar]] wanted their next film to be on a grander scale. Rao decided on the folk tale of [[Valli]], and he and Sridhar approached [[Sivaji Ganesan]] to star. Ganesan refused, saying another producer was adapting the story (as ''Sri Valli'') and paid him an advance to star in it.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 July 2017 |title=பார்த்தது படித்தது ரசித்தது – சுதாங்கன் – 30–07–17 |url=http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/web/news/31915/%25E0%25AE%25AA%25E0%25AE%25BE%25E0%25AE%25B0%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%25A4%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%25A4%25E0%25AE%25A4%25E0%25AF%2581-%25E0%25AE%25AA%25E0%25AE%259F%25E0%25AE%25BF%25E0%25AE%25A4%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%25A4%25E0%25AE%25A4%25E0%25AF%2581-%25E0%25AE%25B0%25E0%25AE%259A%25E0%25AE%25BF%25E0%25AE%25A4%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%25A4%25E0%25AE%25A4%25E0%25AF%2581-%25E2%2580%2593-%25E0%25AE%259A%25E0%25AF%2581%25E0%25AE%25A4%25E0%25AE%25BE%25E0%25AE%2599%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%2595%25E0%25AE%25A9%25E0%25AF%258D-%25E2%2580%2593-30%25E2%2580%259307%25E2%2580%259317 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620102221/http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/web/news/31915/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81-%E2%80%93-%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D-%E2%80%93-30%E2%80%9307%E2%80%9317 |archive-date=20 June 2018 |access-date=22 July 2022 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |location=Nellai |language=ta}}</ref> The film was directed by [[T. R. Ramanna]], while [[Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass]] wrote the screenplay.<ref name="RandorGuy" /> Actor [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]] made his debut through the film playing the younger role of [[Kartikeya|Muruga]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ashok Kumar |first=S.R. |date=8 December 2005 |title=For Vijayakumar, work is always worship |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/12/08/stories/2005120815220200.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=27 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051210022048/http://www.hindu.com/2005/12/08/stories/2005120815220200.htm |archive-date=10 December 2005}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=11 June 2013 |title=புதுமுகங்களுக்கான தேர்வில் விஜயகுமார் |language=ta |work=[[Dinakaran]] |url=http://www.thinakaran.lk/2013/06/11/?fn=f1306114 |url-status=live |access-date=27 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222213806/http://www.thinakaran.lk/2013/06/11/?fn=f1306114 |archive-date=22 February 2014}}</ref> and [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]] too made her debut through the film playing the younger role of Valli.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vinothkumar |first=S |date=26 April 2022 |title=ராஜ்குமார் வாழ்நாள் சாதனையாளர் விருதை வென்ற பிரபல நடிகை லட்சுமி…! |url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-news/famous-actress-lakshmi-wins-lifetime-achievement-award/articleshow/91099200.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018092038/https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-news/famous-actress-lakshmi-wins-lifetime-achievement-award/articleshow/91099200.cms |archive-date=18 October 2022 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=[[Samayam]] |language=Tamil}}</ref> [[T. R. Mahalingam (actor)|T. R. Mahalingam]], who portrayed Muruga in the [[Sri Valli (1945 film)|1945 film version of ''Sri Valli'']], portrayed [[Narada]] in this film. This was the first Tamil film based on Valli to be in colour as the previous ones were in black-and-white.<ref name="RandorGuy" /> The film was colourised using [[Gevacolor]].<ref name="song book" />

== Soundtrack ==
This album contains 20 songs composed by [[G. Ramanathan]], written by Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass.<ref name="song book" />

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Song !! Singers !! Length
|-
| "Vigna Vinaayagaa" || [[Seerkazhi Govindarajan]] || 01:35
|-
| "Unakkaagavae Pirandha Azhagan" || [[T. R. Mahalingam (actor)|T. R. Mahalingam]] || 03:33
|-
| "Chinnanjiru Kuruvigala" || [[P. Susheela]] and chorus || 04:17
|-
| "Vanna Thaamaraiyil Minnum Neerkumizhi" || Seerkazhi Govindarajan || 01:59
|-
| "Nittham Iranggi Varuvaai" || [[A. P. Komala]] & [[A. G. Rathnamala]] || 02:51
|-
| "Vannamigum Paravaigalaa" || [[T. M. Soundararajan]] & P. Susheela || 03:44
|-
| "Aiyo Machaan Mannaaru" || [[J. P. Chandrababu]] || 01:57
|-
| "Thanthaikku Annalil" || T. R. Mahalingam and chorus || 02:10
|-
| "Vanthanga Maappillainga" || P. Susheela and chorus || 04:00
|-
| "Maanai Thedi Vandhavare" || [[Jikki]] || 02:53
|-
| "Aadhi Andham Illaadha" || T. M. Soundararajan || 02:25
|-
| "Yechuputten Naan Yechuputten" || Seerkazhi Govindarajan & P. Susheela || 03:58
|-
| "Paayaadha Kadal Paayaa" || T. M. Soundararajan || 03:44
|-
| "Mogana Punnagaiyil" || T. R. Mahalingam || 01:59
|-
| "Thaagam Thanindhadhu Anname" || Seerkazhi Govindarajan & P. Susheela || 02:39
|-
| "Malai Naattu Kuravar Naanga"|| Jikki || 03:49
|-
| "Shanmugaa...Idhayak Koyil Irukka" || P. Susheela || 04:15
|-
| "Karpagachcholaiyile" || T. R. Mahalingam || 02:41
|}

== Release and reception ==
''Sri Valli'' was released on 1 July 1961.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 July 1961 |title=Sri Valli |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19610701&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=15 August 2018 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=12 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In its review of the film, ''[[Kumudam]]'' filled a whole page with only two words: "Om Muruga".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Baskaran |first=S. Theodore |title=Sivaji Ganesan: Profile of an Icon |publisher=Wisdom Tree |year=2015 |isbn=9788183281096 |pages=31 |author-link=S. Theodore Baskaran |orig-date=2008}}</ref> ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' appreciated the film's colour sequences, and said the elephant acted the best among the cast.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=16 July 1961 |title=வள்ளி |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1961/jul/16-07-1961/p47.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220722091617/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1961/jul/16-07-1961/p47.jpg |archive-date=22 July 2022 |access-date=22 July 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=47 |language=Ta}}</ref> ''[[The Indian Express]]'' described the film's cinematography and music as its highlights.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 July 1961 |title=Sri Valli |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19610707&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=23 July 2022 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The film was an average success as Tamil audiences by then were no longer interested in films based on mythology, instead focusing on films set in present day.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 July 2022 |title=ஒரிஜினலில் நாயகனாகவும், ரீமேக்கில் துணை நடிகராகவும் தோன்றிய முன்னாள் சூப்பர் ஸ்டார் |url=https://tamil.news18.com/news/entertainment/cinema-tamil-cinema-classic-superstar-tr-mahalingam-in-sri-valli-movie-jbr-766252.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708023438/https://tamil.news18.com/news/entertainment/cinema-tamil-cinema-classic-superstar-tr-mahalingam-in-sri-valli-movie-jbr-766252.html |archive-date=8 July 2022 |access-date=22 July 2022 |website=[[News18]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="song book">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/download/sok.SriValli_T.R.Ramanna_1961/43.%20SriValli_T.R.Ramanna_1961.pdf |title=ஸ்ரீ வள்ளி |publisher=Narasu Studios |year=1961 |language=ta |type=[[song book]] |access-date=26 November 2021 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>
<ref name="RandorGuy">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=26 February 2011 |title=Blast from the past: Srivalli 1961 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Blast-from-the-past-Srivalli-1961/article15459707.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200314035235/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Blast-from-the-past-Srivalli-1961/article15459707.ece |archive-date=14 March 2020 |access-date=30 August 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

</references>

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|1445740}}

{{T. R. Ramanna}}

[[Category:1961 Indian films]]
[[Category:1961 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1961 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by T. R. Ramanna]]
[[Category:Films scored by G. Ramanathan]]
[[Category:Hindu mythological films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Pyar Ke Kabil

2026-03-03T23:50:35Z

Himanshuucharan: added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=May 2012}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pyar Ke Kabil
| image =

| alt =
| caption =
| director = [[Anil Ganguly]]
| producer = Suresh K Grover
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on =
| narrator =
| starring = [[Rishi Kapoor]] [[Padmini Kolhapure]]
| music = [[Bappi Lahiri]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1987|02|21}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Pyar Ke Kabil''''' is a 1987 [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[Bollywood]] film directed by Anil Ganguly and produced by Suresh Grover. It stars [[Rishi Kapoor]] and [[Padmini Kolhapure]], with [[Bindu (actress)|Bindu]], [[Utpal Dutt]] and [[Deven Verma]] in supporting roles. It is a loose copy of 1968 film ''[[Do Kaliyaan|Do Kaliyan]]'', starring [[Biswajeet]] and [[Mala Sinha]].

==Cast==
* [[Rishi Kapoor]] ... Amar Kapoor
* [[Padmini Kolhapure]] ... Sangeeta Kapoor
* [[Bindu (actress)|Bindu]] ... Rukmani
* [[Utpal Dutt]] ... Rukmini's Husband
* [[Deven Verma]] ... Nandkishore Govardhan
* [[Tiku Talsania]]
* [[Gulshan Grover]] ... Kallu Kalan Kaalia "Kalidas"
* [[Asha Sachdev]] ... Chanchal (Dance Teacher)
* [[Shubha Khote]] ... Komal (Chanchal's Mother)

==Soundtrack==
Lyrics: Indeevar

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song
! Singer
|-
| "Red Light, No Green Light"
| [[Kishore Kumar]]
|-
| "Tere Jaisa Mukhda (Male)"
| Kishore Kumar
|-
| "Tere Jaisa Mukhda"
| [[S. Janaki]]
|-
| "Bachche To Bhagwaan Ki"
| S. Janaki
|-
| "Aaj Ki Raat"
| [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
| "Meri Pyari Baby"
| Asha Bhosle
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=0362999}}

[[Category:1987 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1987 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Bappi Lahiri]]
[[Category:Films directed by Anil Ganguly]]

{{1980s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Hu Tu Tu

2026-03-03T23:33:41Z

Himanshuucharan: page fix

{{Short description|1999 Indian film directed by Gulzar}}
{{Other uses|Kabaddi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Hu Tu Tu
| image = HuTuTuFilmPoster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Gulzar]]
| producer = Dhirajlal Shah
| screenplay = Gulzar [[Meghna Gulzar]]
| starring = [[Nana Patekar]] [[Sunil Shetty]] [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] [[Suhasini Mulay]]
| music = [[Vishal Bhardwaj]]
| cinematography = [[Manmohan Singh (film director)|Manmohan Singh]] Rajan Kothari
| editing = Ram Koti Ram Sada
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1999|01|22}}
| runtime = 173 Mins
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}

'''''Hu Tu Tu''''' is a 1999 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[drama film]] directed by [[Gulzar (lyricist)|Gulzar]], starring [[Nana Patekar]], [[Sunil Shetty]], [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] and [[Suhasini Mulay]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2019/jan/22/18289/20-years-of-hu-tu-tu-gulzar-s-political-diatribe-that-failed-to-fire-the-imagination | title=20 years of Hu Tu Tu: Gulzar's political diatribe that failed to fire the imagination | access-date=18 July 2022 | archive-date=18 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718081747/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2019/jan/22/18289/20-years-of-hu-tu-tu-gulzar-s-political-diatribe-that-failed-to-fire-the-imagination | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Plot==
The story opens with the kidnapping of Panna Barve, the daughter of Chief Minister Malti Barve. The responsible gang's demand is that one of their members be released from police custody. While in captivity, Panna reminisces about her childhood, where she had to struggle to grow up with a power hungry and inconsiderate mother and a simple, quiet, and spineless father. Panna's mother had also been carrying on a rather open affair with party co-member Sawantrao Gadre. Flashback over and Panna soon meets the man behind her kidnapping Aditya Patel who Panna knows from before.

Via second flashback, we learn that Panna and "Adi" were lovers once upon a time. Their closeness stemmed from the fact that he also was struggling with a corrupt parent in the form of businessman father, P.N. Patel. Panna and Adi both find solace in a poor basti with the company of Adi's old teacher Joshi Master and in the philosophy of poet Bhau, much to the dismay of the couple's respective parents. Bhau even goes to the extent of becoming Malti's most vociferous opponent. Due to a sudden car accident, however, Adi is presumed dead and Panna loses Adi's out-of-wedlock baby before it can be born. Thus ends the second flashback.

Getting back to the kidnapping, Adi and Panna reunite after quite some time. They talk to each other and piece together the events that have occurred since their separation. Just then, the missing gang member is sent back to Adi. It is none other than Bhau, who is returned to the gang with his brain destroyed by electric shock. News also comes that Joshi Master is killed in jail and it is portrayed as a suicide. Panna and Adi then decide what the best form of poetic justice will be for their parents. They both sneak into an election campaign of Malti Barve and P.N. Patel, and explode bombs attached to them, thus destroying everything. The film ends with Panna's father working as headmaster in a school.

Gulzar suggests that although we have already ruined the world for Generation X, we should focus our efforts into the protection and education of our school children. If we shield them from this corruption, they will become the leaders of tomorrow, and they will run the country the way it should be.

==Cast==
* [[Nana Patekar]] as Bhau
* [[Sunil Shetty]] as Aditya Patel (Adi)
* [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] as Panna Barve
* [[Suhasini Mulay]] as Maltibai Barve
* [[Shivaji Satam]] as Barve
* [[Mohan Agashe]] as Sawantrao Gadre
* [[Kulbhushan Kharbanda]] as P.N. Patel
* [[Raj Zutshi]] as Arun Barve
* [[Gracy Singh]] as Shanti
* [[Ajit Vachani]] as Police Commissioner J.D.
* [[Rajesh Khera]]

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Hu Tu Tu
| type = [[Soundtrack album]]
| artist = [[Vishal Bhardwaj]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1998
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[Tips Music]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
Music by Vishal Bhardwaj.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://planetbollywood.com/Music/hututu.html | title=Planet-Bollywood - Music Review - Hu Tu Tu | access-date=18 July 2022 | archive-date=18 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718081747/https://planetbollywood.com/Music/hututu.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
#"Itna Lamba Kash Lo Yaaro" - [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
#"Bandobast Hai, Jabardast Hai" - [[Roop Kumar Rathod]]
#"Chhai Chhap Chhai, Chhapa Ke Chhai" - Lata Mangeshkar, Hariharan
#"Ghapla Hai, Ghapla Hai, Ghapla Hai Bhai" - Roop Kumar Rathod
#"Jago Jago Jagte Raho, Jago Jago Jagte Raho" - Roop Kumar Rathod
#"Jai Hind Hind, Guru Manter Mera" - Lata Mangeshkar
#"Nikla Neem Ke Talese Nikla" - [[Anuradha Paudwal]], [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]], Roop Kumar Rathod
#"Ye Ankhe, Ye Num Ankhe" - Lata Mangeshkar

==Reception==
A critic from ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote that "''Hu Tu Tu'' ranks as one of Gulzar's finest and is a must see".<ref>{{cite web|last=Verma |first=Suparn |url=http://in.rediff.com/movies/1999/jan/21hut.htm |title=The power game |work=[[Rediff.com]] |date=21 January 1999 |access-date=4 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712111751/http://in.rediff.com/movies/1999/jan/21hut.htm |archive-date=12 July 2015 }}</ref> A critic from ''[[India Today]]'' wrote that "''Hu Tu Tu'' may well be Gulzar's political manifesto. The brutally honest and uncompromising statement doesn't make it easy for even the audience or the box office".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19990201-film-review-hu-tu-tu-starring-nana-patekar-sunil-shetty-tabu-kulbhushan-kharbanda-825023-1999-02-01 | title=Film review: 'HU TU TU', starring Nana Patekar, Sunil Shetty, Tabu | access-date=18 July 2022 | archive-date=18 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718081747/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19990201-film-review-hu-tu-tu-starring-nana-patekar-sunil-shetty-tabu-kulbhushan-kharbanda-825023-1999-02-01 | url-status=live |work=[[India Today]] | date=February 1999 }}</ref>

==Accolades==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
!scope="col"| Year
!scope="col"| Award
!scope="col"| Category
!scope="col"| Nominee(s)
!scope="col"| Result
|-
| rowspan="4"|2000
| rowspan="3"|[[45th Filmfare Awards|Filmfare Awards]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| rowspan="2"|[[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress|Best Actress (Critics)]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| rowspan="2"|[[Suhasini Mulay]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[46th National Film Awards|National Film Awards]]
| [[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| {{won}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|id=0246687}}

{{Gulzar}}
{{Meghna Gulzar filmography}}

[[Category:1999 films]]
[[Category:1999 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films featuring a Best Supporting Actress National Film Award–winning performance]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vishal Bhardwaj]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Gulzar]]
[[Category:Films directed by Gulzar]]

Lakshmi's NTR

2026-03-03T21:48:52Z

Himanshuucharan: General improvements and edits

{{short description|2019 Telugu-language film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Lakshmi's NTR
| image = Lakshmi's NTR.jpg
| director = [[Ram Gopal Varma]] Agasthya Manju
| producer = Rakesh Reddy Deepthi Balagiri
| writer = Ram Gopal Varma Narendra Chary
| starring = J.K.Vijay Kumar [[Yagna Shetty]] [[Sritej]]
| music = [[Kalyani Malik]]
| cinematography = Rammy
| editing = Ballu Saluja
| based_on =
| studio = [[GV Films]]
| distributor = NH Studioz
| released = {{film date|df=y|2019|03|29}}
| runtime = 152 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = {{INR|2.5 [[crore]]}}<ref name="sakshi" />
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR|7 [[crore]]}}<ref name="sakshi">{{Cite web|date=31 December 2019|title=2019లో భారీ వసూళ్లు రాబట్టిన సినిమాలివే..|url=https://www.sakshi.com/news/family/roundup-2019-special-story-tollywood-movies-1252065|access-date=6 August 2020|website=Sakshi|language=te}}</ref>
}}

'''''Lakshmi's NTR''''' is a 2019 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[biographical film|biographical]] [[drama film]] based on the life of former film actor and chief minister of undivided [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[N. T. Rama Rao]]<ref name="dh1">{{cite web |title=RGV releases 'Lakshmi's NTR' poster in Tirumala |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/south/rgv-releases-lakshmis-ntr-698828.html |website=Deccan Herald |language=en |date=20 October 2018}}</ref><ref name="in1">{{cite web |title=Vennupotu song: Ram Gopal Varma stirs up controversy with his Lakshmi's NTR |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vennupotu-song-ram-gopal-varma-stirs-up-controversy-with-his-lakshmi-s-ntr-1415349-2018-12-22 |website=India Today |accessdate=22 December 2018 |language=en}}</ref> from the perspective of his second wife, [[Lakshmi Parvathi|Lakshmi Parvati]] as well as Rao during his last days. It is co-directed by [[Ram Gopal Varma]], and Agasthya Manju.<ref name="ht1">{{cite web |title=Ram Gopal Varma finds a producer for Lakshmi's NTR, but his family members against film |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/ram-gopal-varma-finds-a-producer-for-lakshmi-s-ntr-but-his-family-members-against-film/story-2VKE3P06G6mHBEaUUhM6FL.html |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |date=9 October 2017}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* P Vijay Kumar as [[N. T. Rama Rao]]
* [[Yagna Shetty]] as [[Lakshmi Parvathi]]
* [[Sritej]] as [[Nara Chandrababu Naidu]]
* Aningi Rajasekhar as Rama Subba Reddy
*Vj Balu as [[Nandamuri Balakrishna|Balakrishna]]
* Swarnakanth as [[Devineni Nehru]]

== Production ==
On 4 July 2017, RGV announced through his YouTube channel that he would be directing NTR's biopic with the title ''RGV's NTR'', in which [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]] was to act. Due to differences they both did two different movies on NTR. The film's title was later changed to ''Lakshmi's NTR''.

=== Casting ===
After various speculation and rumours as to who would be cast in the lead roles, it was revealed that P Vijay Kumar<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rgvs-clarification-about-who-plays-ntr-in-lakshmis-ntr/articleshow/67623660.cms|title=RGV's clarification about who plays NTR in 'Lakshmi's NTR'|website=The Times of India}}</ref> as N. T. Rama Rao, Sritej<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mirchi9.com/movienews/rgv-chandrababu-naidu-is-menacing-lakshmis-ntr/|title=RGV's Chandrababu Naidu Is Menacing|website=Mirchi9.}}</ref> as Nara Chandrababu Naidu and Yagna Shetty<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/120119/yagna-shetty-to-play-lakshmi-parvathi.html|title=Yagna Shetty to play Lakshmi Parvathi|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> as Lakshmi Parvathi would reprise their roles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gulte.com/movienews/72334/Pics-Lakshmi-Parvathi-Chandrababu-of-Lakshmis-NTR|title=Pics: Lakshmi Parvathi & Chandrababu of 'Lakshmi's NTR'|website=Gulte.}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Lakshmi's NTR
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Kalyani Malik]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2019
| recorded = 2018
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = Mango Music
| producer = [[Kalyani Malik]]
| prev_title = [[Ammammagarillu]]
| prev_year = 2018
| next_title =
| next_year = 2019
}}

Music is composed by [[Kalyani Malik]] and released on Mango Music label.

{{track listing
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = Vennupotu
| lyrics1 = Sira Sri
| extra1 = [[Kalyani Malik]]
| length1 = 03:16
| title2 = Endhuku
| lyrics2 = Sira Sri
| extra2 = [[Kalyani Malik]], Sri Krishna
| length2 = 04:54
| title3 = Nee Uniki
| lyrics3 = Sira Sri
| extra3 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length3 = 02:12
| title4 = Avasaram
| lyrics4 = Sira Sri
| extra4 = Wilson Herald
| length4 = 02:06
| title5 = Garjana
| lyrics5 = Sira Sri
| extra5 = [[P. Ravi Shankar]]
| length5 = 02:29
| title6 = Vijayam
| lyrics6 = Sira Sri
| extra6 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Mohana Bhogaraju]]
| length6 = 01:36
| tittle7 = Nenem Chesano
| lyrics7 = Sira Sri
| extra7 = Uma Neha
| length7 = 02:01
| all_writing =
| title8 = Gelupu Votami
| lyrics8 = Sira Sri
| extra8 = [[Shweta Mohan]]
| length8 = 06:43
| title9 = Sisiraniki
| lyrics9 = Sira Sri
| extra9 = [[Kalyani Malik]], [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]
| length9 = 03:56
| title10 =
| length10 =
| title11 =
| length11 =
| title12 =
| length12 =
| title13 =
| length13 =
| title14 =
| length14 =
| title15 =
| length15 =
| title16 =
| length16 =
| title17 =
| length17 =
| title18 =
| length18 =
| title19 =
| length19 =
| title20 =
| length20 =
| title7 = Nenem chesano
}}

== Release ==
Initially it was scheduled to release on 22 March 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/ram-gopal-varma-s-lakshmi-s-ntr-to-hit-screens-on-march-22/story-0SRntJBNWDxtPOUHp306ZO.html|title=Ram Gopal Varma's Lakshmi's NTR to hit screens on March 22|date=2 March 2019|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=3 March 2019|archive-date=6 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506195043/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/ram-gopal-varma-s-lakshmi-s-ntr-to-hit-screens-on-march-22/story-0SRntJBNWDxtPOUHp306ZO.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/020319/all-eyes-on-ram-gopal-varmas-film-lakshmis-ntr.html|title=All eyes on Ram Gopal Varma's film Lakshmi's NTR|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/lakshmis-ntr-rgvs-controversial-film-set-to-hit-the-theatres-on-march-22/articleshow/68198073.cms|title='Lakshmi's NTR': RGV's controversial film set to hit the theatres on March 22|website=The Times of India}}</ref> There are many political pressures on Election Commission and Central Board of Film Certification (CBFC) to stop the release of the movie in the mode of the conduct basis. As RGV fought back against the EC and CBFC, the petitions against the release of the movie were filed in the Telangana High Court.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://english.sakshi.com/entertainment/2019/03/19/lakshmis-ntr-release-can-not-be-stopped-hc|title=Lakshmi's NTR Release Can Not Be Stopped: HC|website=Sakshipost|language=en|access-date=20 March 2019}}</ref> The HC after a thorough inquiry, directed that every individual has the right to express his feelings so the release of the movie cannot be stopped. Due to some Post production and Pre-release formalities it was rescheduled to release on 29 March 2019 in Telangana<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/lakshmis-ntr-gets-new-release-date-513308|title=Lakshmi's NTR Gets New Release Date|website=TheHansIndia.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/ram-gopal-varma-blames-cbfc-for-refusing-to-certify-lakshmi-s-ntr-then-calls-it-misunderstanding-1480853-2019-03-18|title=Ram Gopal Varma blames CBFC for refusing to certify Lakshmi's NTR, then calls it misunderstanding|website=India Today}}</ref> and on 1 June in Andhra Pradesh. 'Weekend Cinema' released the movie overseas.

=== Marketing ===
First track ‘Vennupotu’(Backstabbing) was released on 21 December 2018, which went on to make controversies. A case was filed by TDP MLA from Pithapuram S V S N Varma saying that it was aiming at Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh Nara Chandra Babu Naidu. So the High Court issued notices to censor board and producer of Lakshmi's NTR.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/after-petition-tdp-mla-telangana-hc-issues-notice-makers-lakshmis-ntr-95511|title=After petition by TDP MLA, Telangana HC issues notice to makers of 'Lakshmi's NTR'|website=Thenewsminute.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/notices-to-censor-board-producer-of-ntr-biopic/article26064000.ece|title=Notices to censor board, producer of NTR biopic|website=The Hindu}}</ref>

The second track ‘Enduku’(Why?) was released on 8 January 2019, questioning why did NTR marry Lakshmi Parvathi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telugucinema.com/news/rgv-releases-enduku-song|title=RGV releases Enduku song|website=Telugucinema.}}</ref>

On 18 January 2019, A teaser was released which gives a brief glance into the characters.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/lakshmis-ntr-teaser-ram-gopal-varmas-depiction-of-former-andhra-pradesh-cm-promises-authenticity-5932411.html|title=Lakshmi's NTR teaser: Ram Gopal Varma's depiction of former Andhra Pradesh CM promises authenticity|website=Firstpost.}}</ref>

First official trailer was released on 14 February 2019, at 9:27 AM by Ram Gopal Varma on Valentine's Day signifying the love between NTR and Lakhsmi Parvathi.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/lakshmis-ntr-trailer-controversial-to-the-core/articleshow/67986738.cms|title=Lakshmi's NTR Trailer: Controversial to the core!|newspaper=The Times of India | date=14 February 2019 | accessdate=14 March 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/regional-cinema-lakshmi-s-ntr-trailer-ram-gopal-varma-unveils-most-intense-dramatic-love-story-ever-on-valentine-s-day-504403|title=Lakshmi's NTR Trailer: Ram Gopal Varma unveils 'most intense, dramatic love story ever' on Valentine's Day|website=IndiatvNews.}}</ref>

=== Home media ===
After the release of the trailer, a big Telugu channel acquired the satellite rights for ₹3 Crore.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}

== Reception ==
=== Critical reception ===
''Cinema Express'' gave 3 out of 5 stars stating "Lakshmi's NTR, which traverses the unexplored events that happened in the life of NTR, makes for an interesting watch".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/telugu/2019/mar/29/lakshmis-ntr-review-an-untold-story-of-emotions-10794.html|title=Lakshmi's NTR Review: An untold story of emotions.|website=CinemaExpress}}{{Rating|3|5}}</ref>

Firstpost gave 2.5 out of 5 stars stating "Lakshmi's NTR ends up being yet another drama from RGV's factory which doesn't pack a punch despite its inherent drama".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/lakshmis-ntr-movie-review-rgvs-political-film-fails-to-pack-a-punch-despite-its-inherent-drama-6357421.html|title=Lakshmi's NTR movie review: RGV's political film fails to pack a punch despite its inherent drama.|website=Firstpost}}{{Rating|2.5|5}}</ref>

[[The Times of India]] gave 2.5 out of 5 stars stating "Lakshmi's NTR does tell the story of an important and less talked about phase in the legendary actor-politician's life. But a good story doesn't always make for a good film".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/lakshmis-ntr/movie-review/68630905.cms|title=LAKSHMI'S NTR MOVIE REVIEW.|website=The Times of India}}{{Rating|2.5|5}}</ref>

''Sify'' gave 2.5 out of 5 stars stating "Lakshmi's NTR that focused on later life of legendary actor and politician late NT Rama Rao is fairly faithful to the political events of 1989 to 1996. While the film paints Chandrababu Naidu as a villain in NTR's life, it also goes extra length to show Lakshmi Parvathi as a woman sans blemishes. It is an okay political movie with slow narration".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/lakshmis-ntr-review-an-okay-fairly-faithful-political-movie-review-telugu-td3rxlihbjhfd.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330082240/http://www.sify.com/movies/lakshmis-ntr-review-an-okay-fairly-faithful-political-movie-review-telugu-td3rxlihbjhfd.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 March 2019|title=Lakshmi's NTR review: An okay, fairly faithful political movie.|website=[[Sify]]}}{{Rating|2.5|5}}</ref>

[[The Indian Express]] gave 1 out of 5 stars stating "Ram Gopal Varma needs to cultivate new tricks of storytelling, should he ever aspire to make a decent film again".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/lakshmis-ntr-movie-review-rating-5648918/|title=Lakshmi's NTR movie review: RGV's inept exercise in propaganda.|website=TheIndianExpress}}{{Rating|1|5}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=tt9319884}}
{{Ram Gopal Varma|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:2019 Indian films]]
[[Category:2019 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Biographical films about politicians]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of N. T. Rama Rao]]
[[Category:Films directed by Ram Gopal Varma]]
[[Category:Films about N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
[[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian biographical films]]

Manchurian (dish)

2026-03-03T12:56:43Z

Himanshuucharan: fixed issues

{{Short description|Deep-fried savory dish in Indo-Chinese cuisine}}
{{Infobox food
| name = Manchurian
| image = Chicken Manchurian (Hyderabad Style) (11960049916).jpg
| image_alt =
| caption = Chicken Manchurian served in [[Hyderabad, India]]
| alternate_name =
| type = [[Fritter]]
| course = Snack
| country = [[Mumbai]], India
| creator = [[Nelson Wang]]
| region =
| national_cuisine =
| year = 1975
| mintime =
| maxtime =
| served =
| main_ingredient =Cauliflower {{small|(for [[vegetarian]] variant)}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://food.ndtv.com/recipe-veg-manchurian-952029?amp=1&akamai-rum=off |title=Veg Manchurian Recipe |website=food.ndtv.com |access-date=2022-08-20}}</ref> Chicken {{small|(for meat variant)}}
| minor_ingredient = Chopped onion, capsicum, garlic
| variations =
| serving_size =
| calories =
| protein =
| fat =
| carbohydrate =
| glycemic_index =
| similar_dish =
| other =
}}

'''Manchurian''' is a class of [[Indian Chinese cuisine|Indian Chinese]] dishes made by roughly chopping and deep-frying ingredients such as [[Chicken as food|chicken]], [[cauliflower]] (''gobi''), [[Shrimp and prawn as food|prawns]], [[Fish as food|fish]], [[mutton]], and [[paneer]], and then sautéeing them in a sauce flavored with [[soy sauce]].<ref name="Parida2003">{{cite book|author = Laxmi Parida | title = Purba: Feasts from the East: Oriya Cuisine from Eastern India | year = 2003 | publisher=iUniverse | isbn=978-0-595-26749-1 | pages=191}}</ref><ref name="AsiaOne">{{cite web|title=Manchurian chicken|work=The Straits Times|date=2007-06-03|page=77|url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Issue/straitstimes20070603-1|via=NewspaperSG, National Library Board}} {{cite web|last=Thng|first=Lay Teen|work=The Straits Times|date=2007-06-03|access-date=2010-04-21|title=Manchurian chicken|url=http://www.asiaone.com/Wine,Dine+&+Unwind/Recipes/Courses/Main/Story/A1Story20070625-16215.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110207072312/http://www.asiaone.com/Wine%2CDine+%26+Unwind/Recipes/Courses/Main/Story/A1Story20070625-16215.html|archive-date=2011-02-07}}</ref> While not a Chinese dish, it is the result of the adaptation of [[Chinese cuisine|Chinese cooking]] and seasoning techniques specifically aimed to suit [[Indian cuisine|Indian tastes]] and has become a staple of Indian-Chinese cuisine.<ref>{{cite web | title=The story of India's iconic Chinese-inspired chicken Manchurian dish | date=12 April 2023 | url=https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/food-drink/article/3216668/chicken-manchurian-story-indias-chinese-inspired-iconic-fusion-dish-and-rise-chindian-cuisine }}</ref>

==History==
The word ''Manchurian'' means native or inhabitant of [[Manchuria]] (in northeast China); the dish, however, is a creation of Chinese restaurants in India, and bears little resemblance to traditional [[Manchu cuisine]] or [[Northeastern Chinese cuisine]].<ref name="Mukherjee 131–142">{{cite book|last1=Mukherjee|first1=Sipra|title=Calcutta Mosaic: Essays and Interviews on the Minority Communities of Calcutta|last2=Gooptu|first2=Sarvani|publisher=Anthem Press|isbn=978-81-905835-5-8|editor-last=Banerjee|editor-first=Himadri|pages=131–142|chapter=The Chinese community of Calcutta|year=2009}}</ref> It is said to have been invented in 1975 by [[Nelson Wang]], a cook at the [[Cricket Club of India]] in [[Mumbai]], when a customer asked him to create a new dish, rather than what was on the menu.<ref name="CNNGo">{{citation|periodical=CNN Go|url=http://www.cnngo.com/mumbai/none/indian-chinese-food-598134|title=The short history of Indian Chinese food and where to breathe fire in Mumbai|date=2010-02-11|accessdate=2010-04-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121027080218/http://www.cnngo.com/mumbai/none/indian-chinese-food-598134|archive-date=27 October 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Wang described the invention process as starting from the basic ingredients of an Indian dish, namely chopped [[garlic]], [[ginger]], and [[green chili]]s, but next, instead of adding ''[[garam masala]]'', he put in soy sauce, followed by [[cornstarch]] and the chicken itself.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-life/article1682241.ece|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203213815/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-life/article1682241.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 3, 2013|website=The Hindu Businessline|date=2007-05-04|access-date=2010-04-21|title=Taste and disdain … A tour of the country's interesting eating habits with a roving journalist|last=Bhagat|first=Rasheeda}}</ref> The dish is popular across South Asia.<ref>{{cite web|last=Shah |first=Zainab |url=https://cooking.nytimes.com/recipes/1023892-chicken-manchurian |title=Chicken Manchurian Recipe |work=NYT Cooking|access-date=29 March 2023}}</ref> A popular vegetarian variant replaces chicken with cauliflower,<ref name="AsiaOne"/> and is commonly known as ''gobi manchurian''.

==Variations==
There are two different variants of Manchurian: dry or semi-dry, and with gravy. Both variants are prepared by using common ingredients like corn flour, [[maida flour]], spring onion, bell peppers, soy sauce, [[chili sauce]], minced garlic, and ground pepper, and are typically garnished with spring onion. Some recipes call for use of [[Monosodium glutamate|monosodium glutamate (MSG)]] to increase the taste profile, though there are those who avoid it due to the [[Chinese restaurant syndrome|common misconception that it causes headaches]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Tu|first=Chau|url=http://www.pri.org/stories/2014-10-03/science-suggests-msg-really-isnt-bad-your-health-after-all|title=Science suggests MSG really isn't bad for your health after all|date=3 October 2014 |website=The World}}</ref> Its taste can vary from mildly spicy to hot and fiery based on the recipe and personal preference.
{{multiple image
| perrow = 2
| align = centre
| total_width = 400
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Gobi Manchurian.jpg
| caption1 =Semi-dry gobi (cauliflower) Manchurian
| image2 = Chicken Manchurian.JPG
| caption2 =Chicken Manchurian with gravy
}}
=== Dry or crispy Manchurian ===
The fritters are served comparatively dry, often as a snack or starter with tomato ketchup as dipping sauce. It is popular among alcohol drinkers as a bar snack, and has been described as "an excellent drinking companion to cold beer".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://food.ndtv.com/food-drinks/indian-chinese-food-how-hakka-noodles-and-manchurian-started-a-cult-cuisine-1735894|title=Indian Chinese Food: How Hakka Noodles and Manchurian Started a Cult Cuisine |work=NDTV Food }}</ref>

=== Manchurian with gravy ===
The fritters are coated with a thick sauce like spicy [[gravy]] [[curry]] made of corn flour. It is generally served with varieties of rice dishes like [[Cooked rice|steamed rice]], [[Chinese fried rice]], or [[Sichuan cuisine|Sichuan]] [[fried rice]], as the main course.

==See also==
{{Portal|China|Food|India}}
* [[China–India relations]]
** [[Chindians]]
** [[History of China–India relations|Historical and cultural relations between China and India]]
* [[List of deep-fried foods]]
* [[List of vegetable dishes]]
* [[Manchow soup]]
* [[Manchu cuisine]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Vegetable dishes]]
[[Category:Chicken dishes]]
[[Category:Indian vegetable dishes]]
[[Category:Vegetarian dishes of India]]
[[Category:Indian chicken dishes]]
[[Category:Brassica oleracea dishes]]
[[Category:Deep fried foods]]
[[Category:Indian Chinese cuisine]]
[[Category:Pakistani Chinese cuisine]]

Kyo Kii... Main Jhuth Nahin Bolta

2026-03-03T12:04:03Z

Himanshuucharan: quick enhance details per standard format and improved wording

{{short description|2001 film by David Dhawan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kyo Kii... Main Jhuth Nahin Bolta
| image = Kyo Kii... Main Jhuth Nahin Bolta.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[David Dhawan]]
| producer = [[Ekta Kapoor]] [[Shobha Kapoor]]
| writer =
| screenplay = Yunus Sajawal, Imtiaz Patel
| story = David Dhawan
| starring = [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]] [[Sushmita Sen]] [[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]]
| music = [[Anand Raj Anand]]
| cinematography = K. P. Prakash Rao
| editing = David Dhawan
| studio = [[Balaji Motion Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|2001|9|21|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross = {{INR|14.34 [[crore]]}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=673 |title=Box office collections: Kyo Kii Main Jhoot Nahi Bolta |access-date=15 April 2020 |archive-date=9 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609094941/https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=673 |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

'''''Kyo Kii... Main Jhuth Nahin Bolta''''' ({{translation|Because... I do not lie}}) rarely abbreviated as '''''KMJNB''''' is a 2001 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[fantasy comedy]] film directed by David Dhawan, starring [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]], [[Sushmita Sen]], [[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]], [[Anupam Kher]], [[Satish Kaushik]], [[Mohnish Bahl]], and [[Ashish Vidyarthi]]. It is unofficial remake of the American film ''[[Liar Liar]]'' (1997) starring [[Jim Carrey]].<ref>{{cite news |author=Pankaj Kapoor |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/calcutta-times/Liar-Liar-Govinda-Jhoot-Nahin-Bolta/articleshow/2081298422.cms |title=Liar, Liar? Govinda Jhoot Nahin Bolta! |newspaper=The Times of India |date=28 August 2011 |access-date=20 February 2017 |archive-date=22 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222090130/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/calcutta-times/Liar-Liar-Govinda-Jhoot-Nahin-Bolta/articleshow/2081298422.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Movies: The Rediff review: Kyo Kii...Main Jhuth Nahin Bolta |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/sep/21kyu.htm |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=www.rediff.com |archive-date=4 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204213954/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/sep/21kyu.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/hollywood-remakes-that-failed-at-the-box-office/kyo-kii-main-jhuth-nahin-bolta/photostory/59770619.cms | title='Kyo Kii.. Main Jhuth Nahin Bolta' | newspaper=The Times of India | access-date=4 December 2022 | archive-date=9 October 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009180902/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/hollywood-remakes-that-failed-at-the-box-office/Kyo-Kii-Main-Jhuth-Nahin-Bolta/photostory/59770619.cms | url-status=live }}</ref> This was later remade into a Telugu film as ''[[Mayagadu]]''.

== Plot ==
Raj, a small-town laywer, travels to Mumbai to make it big. He initially moves in with his friend, Mohan, who despite being in the city for a decade, has not found success. Tejpal is the most successful lawyer in the city, whose elder daughter is married to another lawyer, Adarsh. Adarsh went from rags to riches overnight, and Raj hopes to do the same. He sets his sights on Tejpal's younger daughter, Sonam. Through guile and charm, he seduces and marries Sonam, becoming a Tejpal son-in-law in the process. The plan backfires though, as Sonam refuses to live off her father's money. She makes Raj return to Mohan's house, where they start their newly married life together.

Forced to start over, Raj now seeks another high-profile case. He comes across underworld don, Kalra, whose brother is accused of murder. Raj signs on as his defence attorney, and gets Kalra's brother acquitted. Winning the case opens up opportunities for him, and he starts working exclusively for the underworld. He also starts an extramarital affair with Kalra's secretary, Tara. Seven years later, Raj has become rich and successful, eclipsing Tejpal in the process.

Kalra's brother is accused of another murder, and Raj takes up the case as the prosecutor this time. He assures Kalra he will lose the case, thereby letting his brother walk free. Sonam overhears this, and disgusted at Raj's dishonesty, walks out on him. She takes their seven-year old son with them. At night, Raj's son prays that his parents not get divorced and that Raj stops lying. This 'wish' comes true miraculously, as Raj is unable to lie at all, despite his best efforts.

Within a day, Raj's personal and professional life turns on its head, as he goes about telling people the unfiltered truth. Sonam files for divorce, Tara leaves him, and Kalra is upset at Raj for truthfully questioning their false witnesses. Raj runs away, but uncovers evidence that proves Kalra and his brother committed the crime. By nightfall, Raj's son has rolled back his 'wish', but Raj is now convinced to fight for the truth. In court, he presents evidence that proves Kalra's guilt. Kalra and his brother are convicted, and Raj reunites with Sonam, who is finally happy her husband has resumed his honest ways.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]] as Raj Malhotra
* [[Sushmita Sen]] as Sonam "Sona" Singh, Tejpal's daughter and Raj's wife
* [[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]] as Tara Ahuja, Kalra's assistant with whom Raj has an extramarital affair
* [[Satish Kaushik]] as Mohan Sharma, Raj's friend and also a lawyer, who invites Raj to live with him in his house
* [[Anupam Kher]] as Tejpal Singh, a famous and respected lawyer in the city
* [[Sharad Kapoor]] as Adarsh, Sonam’s brother-in-law, married to her elder sister
* [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] as Kalra, an underworld don who hires Raj to fight his brother's case
* [[Shahbaz Khan (actor)|Shahbaz Khan]] as Vinod, brother to the underworld don Kalra
* [[Kiran Kumar]] as Khurana, a businessman who helps Raj secure his first case
* [[Razzak Khan]] as Kala Bhai, Kalra's henchman
* [[Anant Mahadevan]] as Anand Mhatre, a tenant who is murdered by Vinod for refusing to vacate his landlord's house
* [[Jaya Bhattacharya]] as Kavita Mhatre, wife of Anand Mhatre, who is murdered by Vinod
* [[Mohnish Behl]] as Rajat Shukla, a journalist who films Anand Mhatre being murdered by Vinod
* Rammohan Sharma as Mr. Rahul Pange
* [[Jibraan Khan]] as Chintu Malhotra, Raj and Sonam's son
* Ghanshyam Rohera as Mishra Khanna
* Shashi Kiran as Doctor Sadanand
* [[Guddi Maruti]] as Tisha Singh
* [[Ajit Vachani]] as Mr. Amit Vachhani
* Anil Nagrath as Judge Roopchand
* [[Amit Behl]] as Doctor Ajay Jastotia
* [[Mahavir Shah]] as Public Prosecutor Arvind Kumar Choudhry
}}

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Kyo Kii... Main Jhuth Nahin Bolta
| type = [[Soundtrack album]]
| artist = [[Anand Raj Anand]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2001
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
The music has been composed by [[Anand Raj Anand]].

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Title !! Singer(s) !! Lyricist(s)

|-
| "Ek Ladki Chahiye"
| [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Jaspinder Narula]]
| Dev Kohli
|-
| "Ek Ladki Deewani Si"
| Pratik Joseph
| Pratik Joseph
|-
| "Paa Liya Hain Pyar Tera"
| [[Udit Narayan]], [[Alka Yagnik]]
| Dev Kohli
|-
| "Hai Udd Gayi"
| [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Anuradha Sriram]]
| Dev Kohli
|-
| "Suno Miya Suno"
| [[Udit Narayan]], [[Sadhana Sargam]], [[Sushma Shrestha|Poornima]]
| Dev Kohli
|-
| "Kaun Kehta Hai"
| [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya|Abhijeet]]
| Dev Kohli
|}

== Awards and nominations ==

* Nominated – [[Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Comic Role]] - Govinda

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|id=0297241|title=Kyo Kii... Main Jhuth Nahin Bolta}}

{{David Dhawan}}
{{Balaji Telefilms}}

[[Category:2001 films]]
[[Category:Indian courtroom films]]
[[Category:2001 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by David Dhawan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anand Raj Anand]]
[[Category:2000s fantasy comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy comedy films]]
[[Category:Balaji Motion Pictures films]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of American films]]
[[Category:2001 comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian legal films]]
[[Category:Films about dysfunctional families]]
[[Category:Films about father–son relationships]]
[[Category:Films about lawyers]]
[[Category:Films about wish fulfillment]]
[[Category:Legal comedy films]]
[[Category:Magical realism films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Glasgow]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of English films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language fantasy comedy films]]

Aaranyam

2026-03-03T03:10:24Z

Himanshuucharan: made first article added tags...

{{Short description|2015 Tamil film by Guberji}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aaranyam
| image = Aaranyam.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Official poster
| native_name = 
| director = Guberji
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer =
| starring = Ram Neeraja
| narrator =
| cinematography = Salai Sagadevan
| editing =
| music = S. R. Ram
| studio = Aaha Oho Productions
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2015|11|20}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Aaranyam''''' ({{translation|Jungle}}) is a 2015 Indian Tamil-language romantic drama film directed by Guberji and starring Ram and Neeraja.

== Cast ==
*Ram as Arvind
*Neeraja as Divya
*[[Shaji Chen]] as Inspector Duraipandi
*[[Ilavarasu]] as Kumaresan
*[[Singamuthu]] as Forest Guard
*[[Crane Manohar]] as Forest Guard
*Theni Murugan
*[[Theepetti Ganesan]]

== Music ==
The music for the film was composed by S. R. Ram.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 July 2015 |title=Aaranyam Songs, Download Aaranyam Movie Songs For Free Online at Saavn.com |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/aaranyam/NXEo3Qjmy8w_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704170742/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/aaranyam/NXEo3Qjmy8w_ |archive-date=4 July 2023 |access-date=4 July 2023 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline = Track listing
| title1 = Kadhal Maayavalai
| extra1 = Vishnu, [[Radhika Sarathkumar]]
| lyrics1 = Meenakshi Sundaram
| length1 = 4:09
| title2 = Maranji Kedandha
| extra2 = A. R. Thomas, Radhika Sarathkumar
| lyrics2 = Meenakshi Sundaram
| length2 = 3:52
| title3 = Jimkhan
| extra3 = [[Anthony Daasan]], S. R. Ram, A. R. Thomas, Pavan Karthik, Velan Sagadevan
| lyrics3 = Ekadasi
| length3 = 4:27
| title4 = Kannula Unna
| extra4 = Gopi, Sameera Baradwaj
| lyrics4 = Meenakshi Sundaram
| length4 = 4:04
| title5 = Siragai Madithu
| extra5 = Radhika Sarathkumar
| lyrics5 = Meenakshi Sundaram
| length5 = 0:37
| title6 = Azhagaga Tholainthen
| extra6 = Radhika Sarathkumar, Amrutha
| lyrics6 = Meenakshi Sundaram
| length6 = 1:09
| title7 = Jimkhan Dubstep
| extra7 = Anthony Daasan, Rap Immanuel
| lyrics7 = Ekadasi
| length7 = 3:00
| title8 = Aaranyam (Instrumental)
| extra8 = {{mdash}}
| lyrics8 = {{mdash}}
| length8 = 3:39
| total_length = 24:57
}}

== Reception ==
Nandita Ravi of ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote that "With no script whatsoever, lack-luster performances from the cast, juvenile jokes, music with absolutely no recall value, and really bad dialogues, you’d think this film had at least one saving grace to boast of. Sadly, there is none".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nandita Ravi |title=Aaranyam Movie Review {1/5}: Critic Review of Aaranyam by The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/aaranyam/movie-review/49868456.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Sudhir Srinivasan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' criticised the film as a whole and called the storyline "dated, dreadful and predictable".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sudhir Srinivasan |date=21 November 2015 |title=Aaranyam: Positively dreadful |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/aaranyam-positively-dreadful/article7903895.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810015605/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/aaranyam-positively-dreadful/article7903895.ece |archive-date=10 August 2022 |access-date=11 August 2022 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Malini Mannath of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' opined that "Though a laudable first-time effort, the unnecessary humour and an abrupt ending overshadow the better moments of the film".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Malini Mannath |date=21 November 2015 |title=Aaranyam Review: A Twist Unlike Heaven |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2015/nov/21/aaranyam-review-a-twist-unlike-heaven-845891.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810015610/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2015/nov/21/Aaranyam-Review-A-Twist-Unlike-Heaven-845891.html |archive-date=10 August 2022 |access-date=11 August 2022 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Dinamalar]]'' gave the film a negative review while praising the cinematography.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 November 2015 |title=ஆரண்யம் |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/movie-review/1851/Aaranyam/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810015605/https://cinema.dinamalar.com/movie-review/1851/Aaranyam/ |archive-date=10 August 2022 |access-date=11 August 2022 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref> SMK of ''Nowrunning'' said that "Apart from few middling performances, there is nothing to root for in Aaranyam, which is a terribly cliched film-making with overflowing banalities and caricatured characters".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aaranyam Tamil Movie |url=https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/17524/tamil/aaranyam/5282/review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205201120/http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/17524/tamil/aaranyam/5282/review |archive-date=5 February 2017 |access-date=11 August 2022 |website=Nowrunning}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2015 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2015 Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

IRNSS-1E

2026-02-27T12:09:28Z

Himanshuucharan: expand formatting per standard format and added references to improve readability

{{Short description|Indian navigation satellite}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{use Indian English|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox spaceflight
| name = PSLV-C31/IRNSS-1E
| names_list = 


| image = 
| image_caption = 
| image_alt = 
| image_size = 


| mission_type = [[Satellite navigation|Navigation]]
| operator = [[ISRO]]
| COSPAR_ID = 2016-003A<ref>[https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2016-003A NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive]</ref>
| SATCAT = 41241<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.satcat.com/sats/41241|title=IRNSS 1E, 41241|publisher=satcat.com|access-date=August 2, 2025}}</ref>
| website = http://www.isro.gov.in/Spacecraft/irnss-1e
| mission_duration = Planned: 12 years Elapsed: {{time interval|20 January 2016|show=ymd|sep=,}}


| spacecraft = IRNSS-1E
| spacecraft_type = Satellite
| spacecraft_bus = [[I-1K]]
| manufacturer = [[Indian Space Research Organisation Satellite Centre|ISRO Satellite Centre]] [[Space Applications Centre]]
| dry_mass = {{convert|598|kg|lb}}
| launch_mass = {{convert|1425|kg|lb}}
| power = 1660 W


| launch_date = {{start date|df=yes|2016|01|20|09|31|00|7=Z}}
| launch_rocket = [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle|PSLV-C31]]
| launch_site = [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre|Satish Dhawan]] [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre Second Launch Pad|Second]]<ref>{{Cite web|title = PSLV-C31/IRNSS-1E - ISRO|url = http://www.isro.gov.in/launcher/pslv-c31-irnss-1e|website = isro.gov.in|access-date = 12 January 2016|archive-date = 14 January 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160114231433/http://www.isro.gov.in/launcher/pslv-c31-irnss-1e|url-status = dead}}</ref>
| launch_contractor = [[Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO]]


| disposal_type =
| deactivated =
| last_contact =
| decay_date =


| orbit_epoch =
| orbit_reference = [[geocentric orbit|Geocentric]]
| orbit_regime = [[Geosynchronous orbit|Geosynchronous]]
| orbit_periapsis =
| orbit_apoapsis =
| orbit_inclination = 28.09°<ref name="Isroirnss">{{cite web |url=http://www.isro.gov.in/irnss-programme/towards-self-reliance-navigation-irnss |title=Towards Self Reliance in Navigation-IRNSS |publisher=ISRO |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310163951/http://www.isro.gov.in/irnss-programme/towards-self-reliance-navigation-irnss |archive-date=10 March 2016 }}</ref>
| orbit_period =
| orbit_longitude = 111.75°E<ref name="Isroirnss"/>
| apsis =


| programme = [[NavIC]]
| previous_mission = [[IRNSS-1D]]
| next_mission = [[IRNSS-1F]]


| insignia = 
| insignia_caption = 
| insignia_alt = 
| insignia_size = 
}}

'''IRNSS-1E''' is the fifth out of seven in the [[Indian Regional Navigational Satellite System|Indian Regional Navigational Satellite System (IRNSS)]] series of satellites after [[IRNSS-1A]], [[IRNSS-1B]], [[IRNSS-1C]] and [[IRNSS-1D]]. It is one among the seven of the IRNSS constellation of satellites launched to provide navigational services to the region. The satellite was placed in [[geosynchronous orbit]].<ref name="skyrocket">{{cite web|url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/irnss.htm|title=IRNSS |publisher=space.skyrocket.de |access-date=6 December 2014}}</ref> IRNSS-1E has been successfully launched into orbit on 20 January 2016<ref name= deccan_chronicle>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/science/200116/isro-chairman-congratulates-team-on-successful-launch.html|title=Deccan chronicle ISRO chairman congratulates team on successful launch}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/successful-commercial-launches-boost-isro-s-reputation-in-2015-115122900399_1.html|title=Successful commercial launches boost ISRO's reputation in 2015 |newspaper=Business Standard India |date=29 December 2015 |access-date=30 December 2015}}</ref> In 2025, IRNSS-1E was planned to be replaced at its orbital slot of 111.75ºE by [[NVS-02]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=C.S |first=Hemanth |date=2025-01-29 |title=ISRO successfully launches NVS-02 satellite; creates history with the 100th launch from Sriharikota |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/isro-successfully-launches-nvs-02-satellite/article69153254.ece |access-date=2025-02-02 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> However, following the failure of NVS-02, IRNSS-1E will countinue to remain at its slot.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ISRO's Latest Mission Hits A Hurdle, Satellite Faces Technical Glitch |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/isro-100th-mission-hits-a-hurdle-satellite-faces-technical-glitch-7618493 |access-date=2025-02-02 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Satellite ==
IRNSS-1E will help augmenting the satellite based navigation system of India which is currently under development. The navigational system so developed will be regional, targeted towards South Asia. The satellite will provide navigation, tracking and mapping services.<ref name="irnss1b_itv">{{cite news | url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/isro-after-gslv-launch-pslv-c-with-irnss-b-likely-in-march--32118.html | title=ISRO: After GSLV launch, PSLV C24 with IRNSS-1B likely in March | publisher=India TV | date=5 January 2014 | access-date=6 January 2014 | archive-date=6 January 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106193940/http://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/isro-after-gslv-launch-pslv-c-with-irnss-b-likely-in-march--32118.html | url-status=dead }}</ref>

The satellite will have two payloads: a navigation payload and CDMA ranging payload in addition with a laser retro-reflector. The payload generates navigation signals at L5 and S-band. The design of the payload makes the IRNSS system interoperable and compatible with [[Global Positioning System|Global Positioning System (GPS)]] and [[Galileo (satellite navigation)|Galileo]].<ref name="skyrocket"/> The satellite is powered by two solar arrays, which generate power up to 1,660 watts, and has a designed life-time of twelve years.<ref name = deccan_chronicle/>

== Launcher ==
The [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle]], in its 33rd flight (PSLV-C31), launched IRNSS-1E from the Second Launch Pad (SLP) of [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]] (SDSC), Sriharikota. As in the previous four launches of IRNSS satellites, PSLV-C31 will use ‘XL’ version of PSLV.<ref name=archive201601142314>[http://www.isro.gov.in/launcher/pslv-c31-irnss-1e PSLV-C31/IRNSS-1E] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114231433/http://www.isro.gov.in/launcher/pslv-c31-irnss-1e |date=14 January 2016 }}, ISRO. Retrieved 14 January 2016</ref>

{{multiple image
| align = left
| direction = horizontal
| width = 200
| header = Animation of IRNSS
| image1 = Animation of IRNSS orbit around Earth.gif
| caption1 = Around the Earth
| image2 = Animation of IRNSS orbit around Earth - Polar view.gif
| caption2 = Around the Earth - Polar view
| image3 = Animation of IRNSS orbit - Earth fixed - front view.gif
| caption3 = [[ECEF|Earth fixed frame]] - Equatorial view, front
| image4 = Animation of IRNSS orbit - Earth fixed - side view.gif
| caption4 = [[ECEF|Earth fixed frame]] - Equatorial view, side
| image5 = Animation of IRNSS orbit - Earth fixed - polar view.gif
| caption5 = [[ECEF|Earth fixed frame]] - Polar view
| footer = {{legend2| RoyalBlue | Earth}}{{·}}{{legend2| magenta |[[IRNSS-1B]] }}{{·}}{{legend2| lime |[[IRNSS-1C]] }}{{·}}{{legend2| Cyan |IRNSS-1E }}{{·}}{{legend2|Gold|[[IRNSS-1F]] }}{{·}}{{legend2| OrangeRed|[[IRNSS-1G]] }}{{·}}{{legend2| Red|[[IRNSS-1I]]}}
}}
{{clear}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Spaceflight|India}}
* [[List of IRNSS satellites]]
* [[Communication-Centric Intelligence Satellite|Communication-Centric Intelligence Satellite (CCI-Sat)]]
* [[GPS-aided geo-augmented navigation|GPS-aided geo-augmented navigation (GAGAN)]]
* [[Satellite navigation]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.isro.gov.in/launcher/pslv-c31-irnss-1e PSLV-C31/IRNSS-1E] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114231433/http://www.isro.gov.in/launcher/pslv-c31-irnss-1e |date=14 January 2016 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304193335/http://maadhyam.isro.gov.in/ ISRO Media Online Registration for Launch Coverage]
* [http://www.isro.org/scripts/futureprogramme.aspx ISRO Future Programmes]
* [https://satellitecoverage.net/satellite-tracking/?satellite=41241 IRNSS-1E Real Time Tracking] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131133130/https://satellitecoverage.net/satellite-tracking/?satellite=41241 |date=31 January 2016 }}

{{IRNSS satellites}}
{{Indian spacecraft}}
{{Orbital launches in 2016}}

[[Category:Spacecraft launched by India in 2016]]
[[Category:IRNSS satellites]]
[[Category:Spacecraft launched by PSLV rockets]]

Mani Ratnam

2026-02-23T13:00:53Z

Himanshuucharan:

{{short description|Indian film director, film producer and screenwriter (born 1956)}}
{{about||the 1994 Tamil film|Mani Rathnam (film)|the 2014 Malayalam film|Money Ratnam}}
{{Indian patronymic|Subramaniam or his professional name Mani Ratnam|Gopalaratnam}}
{{good article}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| birth_name = Gopalaratnam Subramaniam
| image = Mani Ratnam and Suhasini At The Vaanam Kottatum Audio Launch2 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Mani Ratnam at ''[[Vaanam Kottattum]]'' Audio Launch
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1956|06|02|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Madurai]], [[Madras State]], [[India]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Suhasini Maniratnam|Suhasini Charuhasan]]|1988}}
| children = 1
| alma mater = [[Jamnalal Bajaj Institute of Management Studies]]
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Film director]]|[[film producer]]|[[screenwriter]]}}
| works = [[Mani Ratnam filmography|Full list]]
| relatives = {{Ubl|[[G. Venkateswaran]] (brother)|[[Charuhasan]] (father-in-law)|[[Kamal Haasan]] (uncle-in-law)}}
| years_active = 1983–present
| awards = [[List of awards and nominations received by Mani Ratnam|Full list]]
| honours = [[Padma Shri]] (2002)
}}

'''Gopalaratnam Subramaniam''' (born 2 June 1956), known professionally as '''Mani Ratnam''', is an Indian film director, film producer and screenwriter who predominantly works in [[Tamil cinema]] and a few [[Hindi]], [[Malayalam]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], and [[Kannada]] films. He is known as one of the most prominent and greatest directors in the history of Indian cinema.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 April 2023 |title=Fantastic that films now recognised as Indian, not from north, or south: Mani Ratnam |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/fantastic-that-films-now-recognised-as-indian-not-from-north-or-south-mani-ratnam-8578688/ |access-date=7 June 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

He has won seven [[National Film Awards]], four [[Filmfare Awards]], seven [[Filmfare Awards South]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Everyone loves the black lady |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Everyone-loves-the-black-lady/articleshow/2274109.cms|access-date=18 July 2015 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=12 August 2007|archive-date=11 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151111114439/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Everyone-loves-the-black-lady/articleshow/2274109.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> and numerous awards at various film festivals across the world. In 2002, the [[Government of India]] honoured him with the [[Padma Shri]], acknowledging his contributions to film.

Despite being born into a film family, Mani Ratnam did not develop any interest in films when he was young.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=66 things you probably didn't know about the living legend Mani Ratnam |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/66-things-you-probably-didnt-know-about-the-living-legend-mani-ratnam/2695e2f8b5217 |access-date=7 June 2024 |work=[[HT Media]] |language=en}}</ref> Upon completion of his post graduation in management, he started his career as a consultant.<ref name=":0" /> He entered the film industry through the 1983 [[Kannada cinema|Kannada film]], ''[[Pallavi Anu Pallavi]]''. The failure of his subsequent films would mean that he would be left with fewer offers. After working in Telugu and Malayalam Cinema, he made his major breakthrough with ''[[Mouna Ragam]]'' (1986), established him as a leading filmmaker in Tamil cinema which won him his first [[Filmfare Best Director Award (Tamil)|Filmfare Best Director Award]]. He was the director of the critically acclaimed ''[[Nayakan]]'' (1987) and ''[[Anjali (1990 film)|Anjali]]'' (1990), both of which qualified as India's official entry for [[The Academy Awards]]. He found success with the crime drama ''[[Thalapathi]]'', romantic terrorism drama ''[[Roja (film)|Roja]]'' (1992), ''[[Bombay (1995 film)|Bombay]]'' (1995), ''[[Dil Se..]]'' (1998), and his romantic trilogy of ''[[Mouna Ragam]]'' (1986), ''[[Alai Payuthey]]'' (2000), ''[[O Kadhal Kanmani]]'' (2015).

Each of his films contain its own unique style, with beautifully photographed songs and unique back-lighting. Exploring success in romantic, terrorism war and drama films. His epic historical dramas, ''[[Ponniyin Selvan: I]]'' (2022) and ''[[Ponniyin Selvan: II]]'' (2023), based on the Indian epic written by [[Kalki Krishnamurthy]], were critical and commercial blockbusters with the former becoming the [[List of highest-grossing films in India|35th highest-grossing film in India]] and [[List of highest-grossing Tamil films|5th highest-grossing Tamil film]].

== Early life ==

Mani Ratnam was born on 2 June 1956 in a Tamil [[Iyer]] family in [[Madurai, Tamil Nadu]] as the second child of a family that was closely associated with film production.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The timeless duo: Mani Ratnam and Ilaiyaraaja |url=https://www.theweek.in/leisure/society/2018/06/04/timeless-duo-mani-ratnam-ilaiyaraja.html |website=The Week |language=en|access-date=19 June 2020|archive-date=22 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622025724/https://www.theweek.in/leisure/society/2018/06/04/timeless-duo-mani-ratnam-ilaiyaraja.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=1994IT>{{cite web |last1=Shetty |first1=Kavitha |title=A shooting success |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/profile/story/19940215-technical-finesse-superb-craft-make-mani-ratnam-the-hottest-director-on-the-scene-808792-1994-02-14 |website=[[India Today]] |date=15 February 1994 |access-date=28 December 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723031410/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/technical-finesse-superb-craft-make-mani-ratnam-the-hottest-director-on-the-scene/1/292778.html |archive-date=23 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nynnat |first=Sophia |date=23 January 2021 |title=White and Brahmin-Aryan Supremacism: A Journey Across the Film World |url=https://aninjusticemag.com/white-and-brahmin-aryan-supremacism-a-journey-across-the-film-world-9fec80e48391 |access-date=1 August 2023 |website=Medium |language=en}}</ref> His father, S. Gopalaratnam, was a film distributor who worked for Venus Pictures,<ref name=gvenk/> while his uncle, "Venus" Krishnamurthy, was a film producer. His elder brother [[G. Venkateswaran]] (died 2003) would go on to produce some of his films.<ref name=gvenk>{{cite web |last=N |first=Sathiya Moorthy |title=Film producer GV commits suicide |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/may/03gv.htm |publisher=Rediff |access-date=17 September 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170107125855/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/may/03gv.htm |archive-date= 7 January 2017}}</ref><ref name="jmnlal"/><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2003/05/10/stories/2003051007390300.htm |title=The seamier side of film financing |date=10 May 2003 |access-date=22 May 2012 |author=S, Shivakumar |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130718191848/http://www.hindu.com/2003/05/10/stories/2003051007390300.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=18 July 2013}}</ref> His younger brother G. Srinivasan (died 2007), like G. Venkateswaran, would also co-produce some of his films.<ref name=srinivasan>{{cite news |title=Film producer G. Srinivasan dead |url=http://hindu.com/2007/05/28/stories/2007052806831200.htm |date=28 May 2007 |access-date=17 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811140947/http://www.hindu.com/2007/05/28/stories/2007052806831200.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=11 August 2011}}</ref> Mani Ratnam grew up in [[Madras]] (now Chennai),<ref name="The New Indian Express">{{cite web |last=Singh |first=Vidya |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/interviews/article277550.ece |title=Maniratnam, the filmmaker |work=The New Indian Express |date=3 November 2011 |access-date=26 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023141426/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/interviews/article277550.ece |archive-date=23 October 2013}}</ref> along with his siblings and cousins. Despite being a film family, the children were not allowed to watch films as the elders considered them taboo.{{Sfn|Rangan|2014|loc= chpt. Pallavi Anupallavi, Unaru, Pagal Nilavu, Idhayakoil}} "As a youngster, films seemed like a waste of time", he claimed in a 1994 interview;<ref name=1994IT /> however, he started watching films more actively when he was studying at the Besant Theosophical School.{{Sfn|Rangan|2014|loc= chpt. Pallavi Anupallavi, Unaru, Pagal Nilavu, Idhayakoil}} During this time, he developed an admiration for actors like [[Sivaji Ganesan]] and [[Nagesh]]; watching all their films. When he discovered the legendary director [[K. Balachander]], he became his fan. Upon completing his schooling, he graduated with a degree in commerce from the [[Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda College]], affiliated to the [[University of Madras|Madras University]]. Later, he did his [[Master of Business Administration]] (MBA) in finance from [[Jamnalal Bajaj Institute of Management Studies]] in [[Mumbai]].<ref name="jmnlal">{{cite news |title=Mani mantra for B-school |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070910/asp/bengal/story_8298530.asp |access-date=10 September 2011 |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=10 September 2007 |location=Calcutta, India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114103655/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070910/asp/bengal/story_8298530.asp |archive-date=14 January 2012}}</ref> After finishing his post-graduation in 1977, he was employed in a firm in Madras as a management consultant, and continued to work there for sometime.<ref name="jmnlal"/>

== Personal life ==

Ratnam married actress [[Suhasini Maniratnam|Suhasini]] on 26 August 1988.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2018 |title=Suhasini wishes her husband Mani Ratnam on their wedding anniversary |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suhasini-wishes-her-husband-mani-ratnam-on-their-wedding-anniversary/articleshow/65552064.cms|access-date=6 July 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en|archive-date=11 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711092449/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suhasini-wishes-her-husband-mani-ratnam-on-their-wedding-anniversary/articleshow/65552064.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The couple have a son.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/mani-ratnams-son-a-hit-at-party-meet/291216/ |title=Mani Ratnam's son a hit at party meet |work=The Indian Express |date=2 April 2008 |access-date=21 May 2012 |agency=Press Trust of India|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110051113/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/mani-ratnams-son-a-hit-at-party-meet/291216/ |archive-date=10 November 2012}}</ref> The family resides in [[Alwarpet]], Chennai, where he runs his production company, [[Madras Talkies]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Search&Key=TOICH/2009/09/19/37/Ar03700.xml&CollName=TOI_CHENNAI_ARCHIVE_2009&DOCID=94358&Keyword=(%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3Ekrishna%3Cand%3E%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3Eramkumar)&skin=pastissues2&AppName=2&ViewMode=HTML&GZ=T |title=Planet plush! |work=The Times of India |access-date=23 May 2012 |author=Ramkumar, Krishna |date=19 September 2009 |page=37 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126051449/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Search&Key=TOICH%2F2009%2F09%2F19%2F37%2FAr03700.xml&CollName=TOI_CHENNAI_ARCHIVE_2009&DOCID=94358&Keyword=%28%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3Ekrishna%3Cand%3E%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3Eramkumar%29&skin=pastissues2&AppName=2&ViewMode=HTML&GZ=T |archive-date=26 November 2013}}</ref><ref name=gvv>{{cite news |title=Security cover for Mani Ratnam reviewed |url=http://www.hindu.com/2003/01/18/stories/2003011807920300.htm |access-date=10 September 2011 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=18 January 2003 |location=Chennai, India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913235418/http://www.hindu.com/2003/01/18/stories/2003011807920300.htm |archive-date=13 September 2012}}</ref>

In 1995, Mani Ratnam was wounded and hospitalised after homemade bombs were thrown at his home by attackers, suspected by police as [[Islamic extremism|Islamic extremists]], in the wake of opposition to his film ''[[Bombay (1995 film)|Bombay]]'' which portrayed the romance of a [[Hindus|Hindu]] man with a [[Muslims|Muslim]] woman.

An FIR was filed against Mani Ratnam and 49 others in 2019 when they wrote to [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] listing statistics and expressing concern over the rise in [[communal violence]] against minorities including [[Muslims]], [[Christians]], and [[Dalit]]s since Modi's [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) took power in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 July 2019 |title=Did Mani Ratnam Sign Letter Written to Modi Over Mob Lynching? Yes |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/webqoof/did-mani-ratnam-sign-the-letter-written-to-modi-over-mob-lynching-fact-check|access-date=24 December 2021 |website=The Quint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 October 2019 |title='How is it sedition?': Stalin condemns FIR against Mani Ratnam, Revathi and others |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/how-it-sedition-stalin-condemns-fir-against-mani-ratnam-revathi-and-others-110039|access-date=24 December 2021 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>

== Film career ==

=== Beginnings: 1975–1982 ===
Mani Ratnam was not satisfied with his job as a consultant as he found it to be a mere extension of his academics. During this time his friend Ravi Shankar, son of director [[B. R. Panthulu]], was in the process of making his first film. Mani Ratnam, Ravi Shankar and another friend Raman, son of filmmaker [[S. Balachander]], worked on the script of the film.{{Sfn|Rangan|2014|loc= chpt. Pallavi Anupallavi, Unaru, Pagal Nilavu, Idhayakoil}} Mani Ratnam took a sabbatical from his job to ensure his participation in the making of the film. Being inexperienced, the makers were largely dependent upon the ''[[American Cinematographer]]'' magazine. The principal cast included [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]], [[Srinath (Tamil actor)|Srinath]], [[Ambareesh]], [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]], and [[Roja Ramani]]. When the filming was about to begin in [[Kolar, Karnataka]], Mani Ratnam left his consulting job and joined the crew. The film, however, did not take off and was eventually shelved. Nevertheless, he was firm in his idea of becoming a film-maker. Although not impressed with many of the films made in Tamil cinema, he was "amazed" at [[Bharathiraja]]'s ''[[16 Vayathinile]]'' (1977), [[K. Balachander]]'s ''[[Apoorva Raagangal]]'' (1975), and [[Mahendran (filmmaker)|Mahendran]]'s ''[[Mullum Malarum]]'' (1978) and ''[[Uthiripookkal]]'' (1979). During this time, he befriended a group of people namely [[P. C. Sreeram]], [[Santhana Bharathi]], and [[P. Vasu]], who shared his interest of entering into the film industry.{{Sfn|Rangan|2014|loc= chpt. Pallavi Anupallavi, Unaru, Pagal Nilavu, Idhayakoil}}

With a script in hand, Mani Ratnam had an idea to either get a producer for his film or to narrate the script to a "celebrated" film-maker, so that he could get a chance to work along with them and get to know about the various aspects involved in film-making. He chose three directors—Balachander, Bharathiraja, and Mahendran. As the attempts to meet and convince all the three proved to be unsuccessful, he decided to look out for a producer. In the process, he along with [[P. C. Sreeram]]—who would collaborate with him in most of his future projects—met around 20 people; however, all the efforts turned out to be unsuccessful.{{Sfn|Rangan|2014|loc= chpt. Pallavi Anupallavi, Unaru, Pagal Nilavu, Idhayakoil}}

=== Early years and struggle: 1983–1986 ===
Mani Ratnam developed a script—originally written in English—into a film and named it ''[[Pallavi Anu Pallavi]]''. His uncle Krishnamurthy agreed to produce the film but imposed a condition that it should be made under a limited budget in [[Kannada]], to which he agreed. He persuaded [[Balu Mahendra]] to do the cinematography as he found the latter's work to be very impressive.<ref name=debut/> He managed to get other crew members [[B. Lenin]] (for Film editing), [[Thota Tharani]] (for [[Production designer|art direction]]) and [[Ilaiyaraaja]] (for composer music), all leading craftsmen in their respective fields. For the male lead, he cast [[Anil Kapoor]] after watching his performance in the Telugu film ''[[Vamsa Vruksham]]'' (1980). [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]] was signed up as the female lead.<ref name="debut">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/08/27/stories/2010082750800200.htm |title=A life in cinema |date=27 August 2010 | access-date=11 March 2012 |author=P. K, Ajith Kumar | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320031457/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/08/27/stories/2010082750800200.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] | archive-date=20 March 2012}}</ref> The film explored the relationship between a young man and an older woman. Although an average grosser at the box-office, the film fetched Mani Ratnam the [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay Award]] from the [[Karnataka State Film Awards|Karnataka State Government]] for the year 1983.<ref name="dff114">{{cite web |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm34ndNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=34NFA.pdf |title=Directorate of Film Festival |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|access-date=11 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017014114/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm34ndNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=34NFA.pdf |archive-date=17 October 2014}}</ref> After watching ''Pallavi Anu Pallavi'', N. G. John offered him a chance to direct a film in [[Malayalam]]. Scripted by [[T. Damodaran]] and featuring [[Mohanlal]] as hero, ''[[Unaroo]]'' was about the corruption in labour unions of [[Kerala]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/03/02/stories/2005030200630100.htm |title=Mani on Mani |date=2 March 2005 |access-date=11 March 2012 |author=Subramanian, Samanth |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320034837/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/03/02/stories/2005030200630100.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=20 March 2012}}</ref> The film was completed within two months and released in April 1984. Mani Ratnam attributed the failure of the film to the conflict of interests that he and the producer had.{{Sfn|Rangan|2014|loc= chpt. Pallavi Anupallavi, Unaru, Pagal Nilavu, Idhayakoil}} Following this, he entered Tamil cinema when [[G. Thyagarajan]] of [[Sathya Jyothi Films]] offered him a chance to direct ''[[Pagal Nilavu]]'' (1985). The film had [[Murali (Tamil actor)|Murali]] and [[Revathi Menon|Revathi]] playing lead roles.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Srinivasan |author2=Pavithra |url=http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/sep/09/slide-show-1-south-looking-at-muralis-films.htm |title=Pagal Nilavu (1985) |publisher=Rediff |date=9 September 2010 |access-date=11 March 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403134225/http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/sep/09/slide-show-1-south-looking-at-muralis-films.htm |archive-date= 3 April 2012}}</ref> It was different from his previous two films in that it included dance sequences and a "comedy track". The same year, he directed another Tamil film ''[[Idaya Kovil]]'', a [[romantic drama]]. He remodelled a ready made script on the lines of [[Charlie Chaplin]]'s ''[[Limelight (1952 film)|Limelight]]'' (1952). Despite being unsatisfied with the final product, the film was a major box-office success.<ref name="dff114"/> The phase between 1983 and 1986 was the toughest of his career with only ''Pallavi Anupallavi'' feeling satisfactory; the other three completed with a lot of "compromises".{{Sfn|Rangan|2014|loc= chpt. Pallavi Anupallavi, Unaru, Pagal Nilavu, Idhayakoil}}

=== Breakthrough: 1986–1991 ===
In 1986, Mani directed the Tamil romantic drama ''[[Mouna Ragam]]'', which starred [[Revathi]] and [[Mohan (actor)|Mohan]]. The film was critically acclaimed for portraying urban [[Tamil people|Tamils]] in a "realistic" manner.<ref name=venice/> Specifically, it told the story of the friction between a newly-wed couple.<ref name="dff114"/> The score by Ilaiyaraaja was appreciated along with SPB in background score and became popular upon release.<ref name=nayagan87>{{cite web |title=Nayagan (1987) |url=http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/jun/09/slide-show-1-looking-at-mani-ratnams-landmark-movies.htm |publisher=[[Rediff]] |access-date=11 September 2011 |date=9 June 2010 |first=Pavithra |last=Srinivasan |location=Chennai |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006132648/http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/jun/09/slide-show-1-looking-at-mani-ratnams-landmark-movies.htm |archive-date= 6 October 2014}}</ref> ''Mouna Raagam'' was subsequently dubbed into [[Telugu language|Telugu]] under the same title and became a hit in [[Andhra Pradesh]] as well.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://southscope.in/telugu/article/evolution-dubbed-films-andhra-pradesh |title=Evolution of Dubbed Films in Andhra Pradesh |author=Hemanth |work=[[South Scope]] |date=9 November 2010 |access-date=5 September 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021035422/http://southscope.in/telugu/article/evolution-dubbed-films-andhra-pradesh |archive-date=21 October 2013}}</ref> The film elevated Mani's status as a director, and won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil]] at the [[34th National Film Awards]]. He won his first [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Tamil|Filmfare Award]] for directing the film.<ref name="dff114"/>{{Sfn|Nagappan|2011|p=172}}

In 1987, Mani directed ''[[Nayakan]]'' starring [[Kamal Haasan]], and the film became a huge success and brought him recognition at the national level.<ref name=venice/>{{Sfn|Chaudhuri|2005|p=161}} Inspired by the 1972 American crime film, ''[[The Godfather]]'',<ref name=jmnlal/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-bollywoods-godfather-effect/20110329.htm |title=Nayagan/Dayavan |publisher=Rediff |date=29 March 2011 |access-date=1 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120518042727/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-bollywoods-godfather-effect/20110329.htm |archive-date=18 May 2012}}</ref> the film was based on the real-life story of underworld don [[Varadarajan Mudaliar]],<ref name=venice/><ref>{{cite news |url=http://newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article288683.ece |title=Tragedy brings back memories of Nayagan |work=The Indian Express |date=7 October 2010 |access-date=1 June 2012 |author=Babu Jayakumar, G |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721225624/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article288683.ece |archive-date=21 July 2015}}</ref> and tells the story of an orphaned slum-dweller and his rise to top of the [[Mumbai underworld|Bombay underworld hierarchy]].<ref name="nayagan87" /> It was included in ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine's [[Time's All-TIME 100 Movies|All-Time 100 Greatest Movies]] in 2005.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=299855 |title=Apu Trilogy, Pyasa, Nayakan in Time list of 100 great films |work=Outlook |access-date=18 April 2012 |date=23 May 2005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724023653/http://www.outlookindia.com/news/article/apu-trilogy--pyasa--nayakan-in-time-list-of-100-great-films/299855 |archive-date=24 July 2015}}</ref> [[Satyajit Ray]]'s [[The Apu Trilogy]] and [[Guru Dutt]]'s ''[[Pyaasa]]'' are the only other Indian films that have appeared in the list.<ref>{{cite web |title=Three Indian films make it to top 100 list |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/three-indian-films-make-it-to-top-100-list-news-bollywood-kkfv4igcfbe.html |agency=[[Reuters]] |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=10 September 2011 |first=Bob |last=Tourtellotte |location=Los Angeles |date=24 May 2005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022134315/http://www.sify.com/movies/three-indian-films-make-it-to-top-100-list-news-bollywood-kkfv4igcfbe.html |archive-date=22 October 2012}}</ref> Indian critics dubbed the film as India's answer to ''The Godfather''.{{Sfn|India Today|1994|p=49}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/sridevi-was-like-a-sibling-to-me-says-kamal-haasan/99484-8.html |title=Sridevi calls me sir, says Kamal Hassan |publisher=[[CNN-IBN]] |date=19 August 2009 |access-date=1 June 2012 |author=Parameswaran, Prathibha |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130824013706/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/sridevi-was-like-a-sibling-to-me-says-kamal-haasan/99484-8.html |archive-date=24 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/07/15/stories/2005071514830200.htm |title=Nayagan, Sarkar stand on their own |date=15 July 2005 |access-date=1 June 2012 |author=Kamath, Sudhish |location=Chennai |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130718193204/http://www.hindu.com/2005/07/15/stories/2005071514830200.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=18 July 2013}}</ref> ''Nayakan'' was both commercially successful and critically acclaimed winning three National Awards—[[National Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]], [[National Film Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]] and [[National Film Award for Best Art Direction|Best Art Direction]]—at the [[35th National Film Awards]].<ref name=nayagan87/>{{Sfn|Chaudhuri|2005|p=161}} The film was India's [[List of submissions to the 60th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film|official entry to the Oscars for Best Foreign Language Film at the 60th Academy Awards]], but was not nominated.<ref>{{cite news |last=Roy |first=Piyush |title=India's Oscar drill |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/indias-oscar-drill/265710/0|access-date=31 May 2012 |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=27 January 2008}}</ref>

Following these two commercial successes, Mani wrote and directed {{Lang|ta-latn|[[Agni Natchathiram]]}} in 1988.{{Sfn|National Film Development Corporation of India|1988|p=77}} The film deals with the story of half-brothers played by [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] and [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]]<ref name=nayagan87/> and is notable for its use of new techniques in camera framework, especially during the songs.<ref>{{cite news |last=K |first=Jeshi |title=When a maestro cranks the camera |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/06/18/stories/2005061802930100.htm |access-date=31 May 2012 |date=18 June 2005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130718182230/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/06/18/stories/2005061802930100.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=18 July 2013}}</ref> The film had a successful run in the box office.<ref name=jmnlal/>{{Sfn|National Film Development Corporation of India|1988|p=77}}

In 1989, Telugu actor [[Akkineni Nagarjuna|Nagarjuna]] and Mani Ratnam collaborated for a Telugu film and it remains the only Telugu film directed by Ratnam.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/nagarjuna-mahesh-babu-to-star-in-mani-ratnams-next/20140410.htm |title=Nagarjuna, Mahesh Babu to star in Mani Ratnam's next |first=Subhash K. |last=Jha |website=Rediff|access-date=15 July 2021|archive-date=15 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715164158/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/nagarjuna-mahesh-babu-to-star-in-mani-ratnams-next/20140410.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The film ''[[Geethanjali (1989 film)|Geethanjali]]'' which had [[Akkineni Nagarjuna|Nagarjuna]] and [[Girija Shettar]] in the lead, told the story of an ill-fated couple, both of whom are suffering from terminal diseases.<ref name=jmnlal/> ''Geethanjali'' was critically acclaimed and won the [[National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment]] in 1990. In addition, it won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Telugu|Best Director]] and [[Nandi Award for Best Story Writer]] for Mani.<ref name="37thawards">{{cite web |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/37nfa.pdf |title=37th National Film Awards |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|access-date=25 May 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002235001/http://dff.nic.in/2011/37nfa.pdf |archive-date= 2 October 2013}}</ref> Mani maintained a momentum of making emotional stories of under-served people through the film ''[[Anjali (1990 film)|Anjali]]'' in 1990, which starred [[Baby Shamili]] as the central character. The film which also had [[Raghuvaran]] and [[Revathy]], told the story of an [[Intellectual disability|intellectually disabled]] child who changed the lives of people around her.<ref name="NFA1991">{{cite web |title=38th National Film Festival, 1991 |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm38thNFAAward.aspx |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |page=69|access-date=31 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105174944/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm38thNFAAward.aspx |archive-date=5 November 2013}}</ref> The film proved to be a commercial success and was nominated as India's official entry to the Oscars in the Best Foreign Language Film category at the [[63rd Academy Awards]].<ref name="NFA1991"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm38thNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=38NFA.pdf |title=38th National Film Festival |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]] |page=79 |access-date=31 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326034004/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm38thNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=38NFA.pdf |archive-date=26 March 2012}}</ref> Following ''Anjali's'' release, Mani later made another underworld-themed Tamil film, ''[[Thalapathi]]'' (1991), starring [[Rajinikanth]] and [[Mammootty]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Rajinikanth's Thalapathi to be remade in Bollywood |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/news/2011/rajinikanth-thalapathi-remade-bollywood-221111.html |publisher=[[Oneindia.in]] |date=22 November 2011 |access-date=29 May 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515042912/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/tamil/news/2011/rajinikanth-thalapathi-remade-bollywood-221111.html |archive-date=15 May 2013}}</ref> The film was loosely based on [[Mahabharata]], dealt with the friendship between [[Karna]] and [[Duryodhana]] portrayed by Rajinikanth and Mammmooty respectively.<ref name=nayagan87/><ref>{{cite web |title=Rajni's Tamil Top 10 |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/may/22sli9.htm |publisher=Rediff |access-date=11 September 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102104610/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/may/22sli9.htm |archive-date= 2 November 2012}}</ref> The film met with both critical acclaim and commercial success upon release.<ref>{{cite web |last=S Thakkar |first=Mehul |title=Mani Ratnam reunites with Bharat Shah |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-21/news-interviews/30425290_1_mani-s-ratnam-s-mani-ratnam-hindi-film|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521234543/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-21/news-interviews/30425290_1_mani-s-ratnam-s-mani-ratnam-hindi-film|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 May 2013 |date=11 November 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=29 May 2012}}</ref> Ilaiyaraaja's musical score and Mani's work were highly appreciated as they both went on to win the [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Tamil|Music Director]] and [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Tamil|Best Director]] awards respectively at the [[Filmfare Awards South|39th Filmfare Awards]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=Won from the heart-39th Annual Filmfare Awards Nite-Winners |journal=[[Filmfare]] |date=May 1993}}</ref>

=== National acclaim: 1992–1999 ===
With ''[[Thalapathy]]'', Mani ended his long-term association with music director Ilaiyaraaja, bringing in debutant music director [[A. R. Rahman]] to score his Tamil classic ''[[Roja (film)|Roja]]'' (1992). The venture was successful, earning Mani various awards. ''Roja'', a romantic film, was about terrorism in the [[Kashmir]] region.<ref name=jmnlal/> Starring [[Arvind Swamy]] and [[Madhoo]], it was nominated for the Golden St. George Award at the [[18th Moscow International Film Festival]].<ref name="Moscow1993">{{cite web |url=http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=1993 |title=18th Moscow International Film Festival (1993) |access-date=9 March 2013 |work=MIFF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140403093721/http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=1993 |archive-date= 3 April 2014}}</ref> It became highly popular, gaining an iconic status in Indian cinema and was dubbed into other languages and met similar success in other regions.{{Sfn|Chaudhuri|2005|p=162}} Mani took a more light-hearted approach with his next film—''[[Thiruda Thiruda]]'' (1993). Scripted by [[Ram Gopal Varma]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/jun/18/raja-sen-reviews-raavan.htm |title=Raavan is unforgivably boring |publisher=Rediff |date=18 June 2010 |access-date=29 May 2012 |author=Sen, Raja |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201083702/http://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/jun/18/raja-sen-reviews-raavan.htm |archive-date= 1 February 2015}}</ref> the film was a fun filled caper,{{Sfn|Thoraval|2000|p=339}} which was a departure from Mani's previous style and fared moderately well at the box office. ''Thiruda Thiruda'' was premiered at the [[Toronto International Film Festival]] in 1994.<ref name="asiaone">{{cite news |last=Nayar |first=Parvathi |title=Jewel of Indian cinema |url=https://www.asiaone.com/News/Latest+News/Asia/Story/A1Story20100625-223964.html |work=[[AsiaOne]] |date=25 June 2010 |access-date=27 December 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009123606/http://news.asiaone.com/News/Latest%2BNews/Asia/Story/A1Story20100625-223964.html |archive-date=9 October 2014}}</ref>

Mani again teamed up with Ram Gopal Varma to provide the screenplay for the latter's Telugu film ''[[Gaayam]]'', a socio-politico film loosely based on ''[[The Godfather]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Retrospect: Gaayam (1993) |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/movieretrospect/gaayam_retro0909.php |website=[[Telugucinema.com]] |access-date=6 March 2012 |date=16 July 2009 |author=Sri |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303100648/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/movieretrospect/gaayam_retro0909.php |archive-date=3 March 2012}}</ref> In 1995, Mani returned to [[Tamil language]] drama through ''[[Bombay (1995 film)|Bombay]]'' starring [[Arvind Swamy]] and [[Manisha Koirala]], which told the story of a Hindu-Muslim couple in the midst of the 1993 religious [[Bombay riots]] and [[1993 Bombay bombings|bombings]]. It was also the first Indian film to focus on marriage between Hindu and Muslim people.{{Sfn|Chaudhuri|2005|p=163}} The film met with controversy and censorship upon release.{{Sfn|Chaudhuri|2005|p=163}} It was subsequently dubbed into Hindi where it gained commercial success and appreciation by critics.{{Sfn|Chaudhuri|2005|p=163}} It won a number of awards, such as [[Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration]], [[Award|Political Film Society Awards|Special Award from the Political Film Society]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Previous Political Film Society Award Winners |url=http://www.polfilms.com/previous.html |publisher=Political Film Society |access-date=11 September 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110818035134/http://www.polfilms.com/previous.html |archive-date=18 August 2011}}</ref> In the Spirit of Freedom Award at the [[Jerusalem Film Festival|Jerusalem International Film Festival]]<ref>{{cite web |title=13th JFF |url=http://www.jff.org.il/?CategoryID=450 |work=Jerusalem Film Festival |access-date=11 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120524172233/http://www.jff.org.il/?CategoryID=450 |archive-date=24 May 2012}}</ref> and the Gala Award at the [[Edinburgh International Film Festival]].{{Sfn|British Federation of Film Societies|1994|p=15}}

Mani produced his wife's directorial debut film, ''[[Indira (film)|Indira]]'',<ref>{{cite web |title=A change of guard |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/1998/nov/03ss.htm |publisher=Rediff |date=3 November 1998 |access-date=29 May 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219165922/http://www.rediff.com/movies/1998/nov/03ss.htm |archive-date=19 December 2014}}</ref> and then directed the critically successful ''[[Iruvar]]'' with [[Mohanlal]], [[Aishwarya Rai]], [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] and [[Prakash Rai|Prakash Raj]] in the lead. ''Iruvar'' was awarded the Best Film at the "Festival of the Auteur Films" at the [[FEST (Belgrade)|FEST film festival]] held in [[Belgrade]].<ref name=babylon>{{cite web |title=The Director – Mani Ratnam |url=http://www.berlinbabylon14.net/ger/presse2011/presskits/presskit_indien.pdf |work=berlinbabylon14 |access-date=27 May 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130720215624/http://www.berlinbabylon14.net/ger/presse2011/presskits/presskit_indien.pdf |archive-date=20 July 2013}}</ref> In 1998 came the third part of his "terrorism trilogy", named ''[[Dil Se..]]'' and starring [[Shah Rukh Khan|Shahrukh Khan]] and [[Manisha Koirala]], with the latter fabricating the second collaboration.<ref name=yuva1/> It showed the relationship between a young man and a dangerous, disturbed woman. Although they fall in love, she is unable to take the romance further due to her bleak past. The soundtrack album, again composed by A. R. Rahman, gained mass appeal and gave Rahman his next [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Tamil|Filmfare Award for Best Music Direction]] in 1999.{{Sfn|Gopalan|2005|p=9}}<ref name="PFSprevious">{{cite web |title=Political Film Society – Previous Award Winners |work=Political Film Society |url=http://www.polfilms.com/previous.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120527064914/http://www.polfilms.com/previous.html |archive-date=27 May 2012}}</ref> Unlike his previous two projects, ''Dil Se..'' opened with little note among film critics and performed poorly in the domestic market,<ref name=ibnlive>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/1940-3.html |title=Mani Ratnam's best in Bollywood |work=IBN Live |access-date=27 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010104645/http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/1940-3.html |archive-date=10 October 2013}}</ref> despite being a success overseas.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2022076_2022068_2022065,00.html |title=Five Essential Bollywood Movies to Netflix |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=27 October 2010 |access-date=27 May 2012 |author=Sattar, Miral |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529055113/http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0%2C28804%2C2022076_2022068_2022065%2C00.html |archive-date=29 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Nahta |first=Komal |title=Bollywood films strike gold! |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/sep/21phoren.htm |publisher=Rediff |date=21 September 2000 |access-date=24 May 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517162524/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/sep/21phoren.htm |archive-date=17 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=204&catName=MTk5OA== |title=Box Office 1998 |website=Box Office India |access-date=24 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017072524/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=204&catName=MTk5OA%3D%3D |archive-date=17 October 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> It was screened in many international film festivals, and won the Netpac award (Ex-Aqueo) in the [[Berlin International Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite web |title=1999 Winners |url=http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1999/02_programm_1999/02_Programm_1999.html |publisher=Berlin International Film Festival |access-date=11 September 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329144603/http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1999/02_programm_1999/02_Programm_1999.html |archive-date=29 March 2014}}</ref> The film over the years has achieved [[cult classic]] status.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mensxp.com/special-features/features/46903-as-dil-se-completes-20-years-we-wonder-why-bollywood-stopped-making-great-movies-like-these.html |title=As 'Dil Se' Completes 20 Years, We Wonder Why Bollywood Stopped Making Great Movies Like These |date=21 August 2018 |access-date=21 November 2019 |archive-date=8 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191008160202/https://www.mensxp.com/special-features/features/46903-as-dil-se-completes-20-years-we-wonder-why-bollywood-stopped-making-great-movies-like-these.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.scoopwhoop.com/inothernews/flops-to-cult-classics/ |title=17 Bollywood Cult Classics You Won't Believe Were Actually Flops |date=20 September 2014 |access-date=21 November 2019 |archive-date=21 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521052835/https://www.scoopwhoop.com/inothernews/flops-to-cult-classics/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2000, Mani directed the romantic drama ''[[Alai Payuthey]]'' that starred [[R. Madhavan]] and [[Shalini Kumar|Shalini]]. The film focussed on marriage and explored relationships and their consequences, and garnered critical recognition.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://hindu.com/2000/04/21/stories/09210225.htm |title=Film Review: ''Alaipayuthey'' |access-date=29 May 2012 |date=21 April 2000 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014165140/http://hindu.com/2000/04/21/stories/09210225.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=14 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Weaving emotions into celluloid |url=http://www.hindu.com/2000/04/21/stories/09210221.htm |access-date=29 May 2012 |date=21 April 2000 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130718182938/http://www.hindu.com/2000/04/21/stories/09210221.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=18 July 2013}}</ref> It was also screened at the Berlin International Film Festival.<ref>{{cite web |title=2000 Winners |url=http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/2001/02_programm_2001/02_Filmdatenblatt_2001_20012425.php |publisher=Berlin International Film Festival |access-date=11 September 2011 |year=2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120709143336/http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/2001/02_programm_2001/02_Filmdatenblatt_2001_20012425.php |archive-date= 9 July 2012}}</ref>

Along with [[Vasanth]], he was instrumental in organising ''[[Netru, Indru, Naalai]]'',<ref>{{cite news |last=R. Kamath |first=Sudhish |title=Rahman musical extravaganza in the offing |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/06/15/stories/2005061515900400.htm |access-date=3 February 2012 |date=15 June 2005 |location=Chennai, India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130718183827/http://www.hindu.com/2005/06/15/stories/2005061515900400.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=18 July 2013}}</ref> a stage musical that marked the first theatre production, with numerous other artistes, to aid [[The Banyan]], an organisation that rehabilitates women and children with mental illness.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kamath |first=Sudhish |title=The making of Planet Kollywood |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/08/04/stories/2005080400650100.htm |access-date=3 February 2005 |date=4 August 2005 |location=Chennai, India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120814182942/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/08/04/stories/2005080400650100.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=14 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Banyan pulls out of Dial 100 Mental Health Helpline services |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/11/23/stories/2008112350610200.htm |access-date=3 February 2012 |date=23 November 2008 |location=Chennai, India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130718192134/http://www.hindu.com/2008/11/23/stories/2008112350610200.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=18 July 2013}}</ref>

=== ''Kannathil Muthamittal'' and onwards: 2002–2010 ===
Mani's next film, ''[[Kannathil Muthamittal]]'', dealt with the story of a child of [[Sri Lankan Tamil people|Sri Lankan Tamil]] parentage adopted by Indian parents, who wishes to meet her biological mother during the [[Sri Lankan civil war|Sri Lankan Civil War]].<ref name=kann>{{cite web |last=Tulika |first=Pearl |title=Delicate flower caught in a storm |url=http://in.rediff.com/movies/2002/feb/16kan.htm |publisher=Rediff |date=26 February 2012 |access-date=11 September 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604021138/http://in.rediff.com/movies/2002/feb/16kan.htm |archive-date= 4 June 2011}}</ref> The film was critically acclaimed and commercially successful, winning six [[National Film Awards]], [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Tamil|Filmfare Award for Best Direction in Tamil]], In the Spirit of Freedom Award at the Jerusalem Film Festival,<ref>{{cite web |title=The 20th JFF |url=http://www.jff.org.il/?CategoryID=475 |work=Jerusalem Film Festival |access-date=11 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110819060337/http://www.jff.org.il/?CategoryID=475 |archive-date=19 August 2011}}</ref> and an award at the [[Indian Film Festival of Los Angeles]].<ref>{{cite web |title=IFFLA 2003 Film Schedule |url=http://www.indianfilmfestival.org/archive/2003/film03.html |work=Indian Film Festival of Los Angeles |access-date=11 September 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809235824/http://www.indianfilmfestival.org/archive/2003/film03.html |archive-date= 9 August 2011}}</ref> In 2004, he made ''[[Aayutha Ezhuthu]]'', which tells the story of how one incident sends the lives of three youths on a collision course and received positive reviews.<ref name=yuva>{{cite news |last=Kehr |first=Dave |title=Portraits From the Class Struggle in Modern India |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/21/movies/21YUVA.html |access-date=10 September 2011 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=21 May 2004 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522052919/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/21/movies/21YUVA.html |archive-date=22 May 2013}}</ref> Mani made the film simultaneously in Hindi as ''[[Yuva]]'', his second venture into Bollywood. [[Ajay Devgn]], [[Abhishek Bachchan]], and [[Vivek Oberoi]] replaced [[Suriya (actor)|Surya Sivakumar]], [[R. Madhavan]], and [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]], respectively in the Hindi version.<ref name=yuva/> Unlike ''Yuva'', ''Aayutha Ezhuthu'' was appreciated by critics. Mani suffered his first heart attack while shooting ''Aayutha Ezhuthu''.<ref name=yuva1>{{cite news |title=Mani Ratnam admitted to hospital |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Mani-ratna.../447218/|access-date=10 September 2011 |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=15 April 2009}}</ref>

In 2007, Mani made ''[[Guru (2007 film)|Guru]]'', a biographical film based on the life of [[Dhirubhai Ambani]], a business magnate from India.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-1186226,prtpage-1.cms |work=The Times of India |first1=Priyanka |last1=Dasgupta |title=Spinning a yarn? |date=14 January 2007 |access-date=17 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105135311/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-1186226%2Cprtpage-1.cms |archive-date= 5 November 2012}}</ref> The film starred Abhishek Bachchan and [[Aishwarya Rai]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Devi. K |first=Sangeetha |title=This is as big as it gets |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/10/06/stories/2006100601920100.htm |access-date=10 September 2011 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=6 October 2006 |location=Chennai, India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110150424/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/10/06/stories/2006100601920100.htm |archive-date=10 November 2012}}</ref> The film, set in the early 1950s, became a box office success and received critical acclaim.<ref>{{cite news |last=SALAM |first=ZIYA US |title=Twinkle, twinkle, all stars! |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2007/12/28/stories/2007122851010100.htm |access-date=10 September 2011 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=28 December 2007 |location=Chennai, India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110150643/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2007/12/28/stories/2007122851010100.htm |archive-date=10 November 2012}}</ref> Guru was screened at the Tous Les Cinemas du Monde (World Cinema) section of the [[2007 Cannes Film Festival]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.monstersandcritics.com/movies/features/article_1304644.php/Preview_Acceptance_in_Cannes_bestows_prestige_and_honour|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120930195151/http://www.monstersandcritics.com/movies/features/article_1304644.php/Preview_Acceptance_in_Cannes_bestows_prestige_and_honour|url-status=dead |title=Preview: Acceptance in Cannes bestows prestige and honour|archive-date=30 September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/index.asp?layout=cannes2007&jump=features&id=2542&articleid=VR1117965596 |title=Cannes, India celebrate 60 years |work=Variety |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812160533/http://www.variety.com/index.asp?layout=Cannes2007 |archive-date=12 August 2011}}</ref> In 2010, Mani worked on a bilingual film, titled ''[[Raavanan (2010 film)|Raavanan]]'' starting [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]], [[Aishwarya Rai]] and [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] in Tamil where in the film look was unveiled at [[2010 Cannes Film Festival]], as part of its marketing campaign.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/05/14/stories/2010051466372200.htm |title=Cannes fete off to a start with 'Robin Hood' |agency=Press Trust of India |date=14 May 2010 |access-date=9 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406120816/http://www.hindu.com/2010/05/14/stories/2010051466372200.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date= 6 April 2012}}</ref> and ''[[Raavan (2010 Hindi film)|Raavan]]'' in Hindi.<ref name=Raavan>{{cite news |title=Mani Ratnam to be honoured at Venice |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/mani-ratnam-to-be-honoured-at-venice/620448/ |access-date=9 September 2011 |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=18 May 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100524091433/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/mani-ratnam-to-be-honoured-at-venice/620448 |archive-date=24 May 2010}}</ref> The film was released worldwide on 18 June 2010.<ref>{{cite news |last=Saltz |first=Rachael |title=An Indian Epic With Bollywood Glamour |url=https://movies.nytimes.com/2010/06/18/movies/18raavan.html |access-date=10 September 2011 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=18 June 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120624224254/http://movies.nytimes.com/2010/06/18/movies/18raavan.html |archive-date=24 June 2012}}</ref>

The film is loosely based on the Hindu epic [[Ramayana]]; its narrative occurs over 14 days when a revolutionist named Veera, who lives in a forest, kidnaps a policeman's wife to avenge his sister's death. The Tamil version received positive reviews from the critics compared to its other versions.<ref name="bettertamil">{{cite web |author=Sivaswamy, Saisuresh |title=Vikram's Raavanan is better, as is Prithviraj's Dev |publisher=[[Rediff]] |date=18 June 2010 |access-date=25 May 2012 |url=http://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/jun/18/review-raavanan-is-better-than-raavan.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403152010/http://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/jun/18/review-raavanan-is-better-than-raavan.htm |archive-date= 3 April 2012}}</ref> The ''[[New York Times]]'' called the movie a "critics' pick". However, the reviewers of the Hindi version panned the film; [[Rajeev Masand]] said it was "a crushing bore of a film, a disappointment on virtually every count"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/masand-raavan-is-a-bore-of-a-film/124771-47-84.html |title=Masand: 'Raavan' is a bore of a film |author=Rajeev Masand |publisher=[[CNN-IBN|IBN Live]] |date=19 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201083205/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/masand-raavan-is-a-bore-of-a-film/124771-47-84.html |archive-date= 1 February 2015}}</ref> The Tamil version was declared a box office success.<ref>{{cite news |title=Going Places |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1101010/jsp/7days/story_13040099.jsp |access-date=30 January 2013 |newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]] |date=10 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619094839/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1101010/jsp/7days/story_13040099.jsp |archive-date=19 June 2012}}</ref>

=== Comeback: 2013–present ===
[[File:Mani Ratnam, AR Rahman & Vairamuthu at the Chekka Chivantha Vaanam Audio Launch.jpg|right|thumb|Mani Ratnam with [[AR Rahman]] & [[Vairamuthu]] at the Chekka Chivantha Vaanam Audio Launch]]
Mani's film, ''[[Kadal (2013 film)|Kadal]]'' was released worldwide on 1 February 2013 to mixed reviews from critics and became a box office failure. Later the distributor of the film filed a police complaint against Mani on account of the huge losses suffered by him.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Mani-Ratnam-gets-police-protection/articleshow/18726849.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130624215645/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-28/news-interviews/37351892_1_mani-ratnam-police-protection-theatrical-rights|url-status=live|archive-date=24 June 2013 |title=Mani Ratnam gets police protection |date=28 February 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=12 February 2014}}</ref>

His next film, [[Romantic drama film|romantic drama]] ''[[O Kadhal Kanmani]]'' starring [[Dulquer Salmaan]] and [[Nithya Menen]] as the lead pair, was released in April 2015. The [[cinematography]] and editing of the film was handled by [[P.C. Sreeram]] and [[A. Sreekar Prasad]] respectively, while music was scored by [[A. R. Rahman]]. The film depicted the life of a young couple in a [[Live-in relationships in India|live-in relationship]] in Mumbai, and was said to be a "reflection of the modern mindset of urban India", dealing with issues such as marriage and traditional values.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/dil-raju-suggested-ok-bangaram-title-to-mani-ratnam |title=Dil Raju suggested 'Ok Bangaram' title to Mani Ratnam |date=23 March 2015 |access-date=25 March 2015 |newspaper=The Indian Express |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403015701/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/dil-raju-suggested-ok-bangaram-title-to-mani-ratnam/ |archive-date= 3 April 2015}}</ref> Made at a small budget of 6 crores, the film achieved widespread critical acclaim and commercial success.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kanchana-2-and-ok-kanmani-are-super-hits-news-tamil-pevjEngjjhfde.html |title=''Kanchana 2'' and ''OK Kanmani'' are superhits |website=[[Sify]] |date=21 April 2015 |access-date=4 October 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005050821/http://www.sify.com/movies/kanchana-2-and-ok-kanmani-are-super-hits-news-tamil-pevjEngjjhfde.html |archive-date= 5 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/ok-kanmani-review-round-dulquer-salmaan-nithya-menens-film-gets-positive-response-629757 |title='Ok Kanmani' Review Round-up: Dulquer Salmaan-Nithya Menen's Film Gets Positive Response |last=Upadhyaya |first=Prakash |newspaper=International Business Times |date=20 April 2015 |access-date=24 March 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305025834/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/ok-kanmani-review-round-dulquer-salmaan-nithya-menens-film-gets-positive-response-629757 |archive-date= 5 March 2016}}</ref>

His next was ''[[Kaatru Veliyidai]]'', starring [[Karthi]], [[Aditi Rao Hydari]] and [[RJ Balaji]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/mani-ratnam-releases-kaatru-veliyidai-poster-karthi-and-aditi-rao-hydari-in-lead-2898924/ |title=Mani Ratnam releases Kaatru Veliyidai poster, Karthi and Aditi Rao Hydari in lead |work=The Indian Express |date=7 July 2016 |access-date=7 July 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160707091718/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/mani-ratnam-releases-kaatru-veliyidai-poster-karthi-and-aditi-rao-hydari-in-lead-2898924/ |archive-date= 7 July 2016}}</ref> The film, set in 1999 during the [[Kargil War]], followed a pilot who, during his time as a prisoner of war, reflects on his failed love life. Kaatru Veliyidai was released in April 2017 to mixed reviews and received an average box office return.

After ''Kattru Veliyadai'', Ratnam's next film was the crime thriller ''[[Chekka Chivantha Vaanam]]'', starring [[Arvind Swami]], [[Silambarasan]], [[Arun Vijay]] and [[Vijay Sethupathi]] as the lead actors, while [[Jyothika]], [[Aishwarya Rajesh]], [[Aditi Rao Hydari]] and Dayana Erappa, [[Prakash Raj]], [[Thiagarajan]], and [[Mansoor Ali Khan (actor)|Mansoor Ali Khan]] rounded out the supporting cast. The film followed three children as they battled for complete power of their crime family following their father's unexpected demise. ''Chekka Chivantha Vaanam'' opened in September 2018 to positive reviews and was a box office success. His next project was confirmed to be ''[[Ponniyin Selvan: I]]'', based on the Indian epic written by [[Kalki Krishnamurthy]]. The film has an ensemble cast consisting of [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]], [[Karthi]], [[Jayam Ravi]], [[Jayaram]], [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]], [[Aishwarya Rai]], [[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]], [[Aishwarya Lekshmi]], [[R. Parthiban]], [[Lal (actor)|Lal]], [[Babu Antony]], [[Ashwin Kakumanu]], [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]], [[R. Sarathkumar|Sarathkumar]], [[Sobhita Dhulipala]], [[Vikram Prabhu]] and many more, play the prominent roles. The venture was jointly produced by Mani Ratnam and [[Allirajah Subaskaran|Subaskaran]] under their banners, [[Madras Talkies]] and [[Lyca Productions]]. The music was composed by [[A. R. Rahman]], while [[Ravi Varman]] handled the cinematography of the film. [[A. Sreekar Prasad]] was the editor.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/mani-ratnam-jyothika-simbu-vijay-sethupathi-fahadh-faasil-1045992-2017-09-16 |title=Its official! Mani Ratnams next to star Jyothika, Simbu, Vijay Sethupathi, Fahadh Faasil|access-date=18 September 2017|archive-date=19 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170919013300/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/mani-ratnam-jyothika-simbu-vijay-sethupathi-fahadh-faasil/1/1049238.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/cast-mani-ratnams-next-announced-68511 |title=Cast for Mani Ratnam's next announced |date=16 September 2017 |work=The News Minute|access-date=18 September 2017|archive-date=18 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918154554/http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/cast-mani-ratnams-next-announced-68511|url-status=live}}</ref> Initially planned as one film, reminiscent of ''[[Mughal-E-Azam]]'', ''Ponniyin Selvan'' was divided into two parts. This was done to ensure that the audience would not be confused with the screenplay and story, adapted from the five books of the epic. The first part, ''[[Ponniyin Selvan: I]]'', was released theatrically, on 30 September 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karthi confirms Mani Ratnam's Ponniyin Selvan is a two-part epic, part 1 will release in 2022. |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/karthi-confirms-mani-ratnams-ponniyin-selvan-is-a-two-part-epic-7412182/|url-status=live |website=[[Indian Express Limited|Indian Express]] |date=20 July 2021|access-date=3 September 2021|archive-date=3 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903085433/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/karthi-confirms-mani-ratnams-ponniyin-selvan-is-a-two-part-epic-7412182/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 March 2022 |title=Mani Ratnam's 'Ponniyin Selvan: Part One' to release on September 30, first looks out |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/mani-ratnams-ponniyin-selvan-part-one-to-release-on-september-30-first-looks-out/article65183573.ece |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The second part, ''[[Ponniyin Selvan: II]]'' released on 28 April 2023. His next film was ''[[Thug Life (2025 film)|Thug Life]]'' (2025) starring an ensemble cast of Kamal Hassan, Silambarasan, Trisha, [[Abhirami (actress, born 1983)|Abhirami]], [[Joju George]], and Nassar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-07 |title=Thug Life teaser: Kamal Haasan unleashes fury in Mani Ratnam's epic; film to release on June 5, 2025 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/thug-life-teaser-kamal-haasan-unleashes-fury-in-mani-ratnams-epic-film-to-release-on-june-5-2025-9657847/ |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Craft, style, and technical collaborations ==
Mani Ratnam grew up watching the films of [[K. Balachander]], [[Guru Dutt]] and [[Sivaji Ganesan]].<ref name="Mani_inter">{{cite news |url=http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/46F92C7098337DF365256940004C8B0B |title=Straight From The Heart |author1=Padmanabhan |author2=Gautam |work=[[Asian Age]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405021303/http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/%28docid%29/46F92C7098337DF365256940004C8B0B |archive-date=5 April 2012 |access-date=19 May 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> He is greatly influenced by the film-making styles of [[Akira Kurosawa]], [[Martin Scorsese]], [[Krzysztof Kieślowski]], [[Ingmar Bergman]] and [[Mahendran (filmmaker)|Mahendran]].<ref name="Mani_inter"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Cannes is not my goal |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/04/12/stories/2002041201050100.htm |access-date=28 March 2014 |date=12 April 2002 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030908023239/http://hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/04/12/stories/2002041201050100.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date= 8 September 2003}}</ref>

Unlike most of his contemporaries, Mani Ratnam did not assist anybody in film-making prior to entering the industry.<ref name=early>{{cite web |last=Jayanthi |first=K. |title=What makes Mani? |work=The Indian Express |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320055240/http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/%28docid%29/24DFE2FA7D520FBD65256940004C8AEE |url=http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/24DFE2FA7D520FBD65256940004C8AEE |archive-date=20 March 2012 |date=15 October 1995 |access-date=29 February 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A majority of his films are characterised by a string of [[Political sociology|socio-political]] themes.<ref name=Tiff>{{cite web |url=http://www.tiburonfilmfestival.com/contactInfo.php?contact_id=1694 |title=Tiburon International Film Festival – Mani Ratnam |work=Tiburon International Film Festival |access-date=19 May 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126000748/http://www.tiburonfilmfestival.com/contactInfo.php?contact_id=1694 |archive-date=26 November 2013}}</ref> Because of his idea of combining art and commercial elements, most of his films garnered both critical acclaim and commercial success.<ref name=Tiff/> ''Nayakan'', ''Bombay'' and ''Iruvar'' were inspired from real-life incidents, while ''Thalapathi'' and ''Raavan'' were based on Indian epics.<ref name="asiaone"/>

Mani Ratnam handled screenplays for a majority of his films. Lauded for his casting in each of his films, he claimed in an interview that "I am not a director who performs and shows. I discuss the role, the scene with my actors and let them bring life to it".<ref name="asiaone"/> Right from the beginning of his career, his works were noted for their technical expertise in areas such as cinematography, art direction, editing and background score. For his debut film, he managed to handpick Balu Mahendra, [[Thotta Tharani]], [[B. Lenin]], and [[Ilaiyaraaja]], leading craftsmen in their respective fields.{{Sfn|Rangan|2014|loc= chpt. Filmography and Awards}} As his career progressed, he worked with his childhood friend [[P. C. Sreeram]] and continued his collaborations with him until ''Geethanjali''. In 1991 for his film ''Thalapathi'', he chose [[Santosh Sivan]] and [[Suresh Urs]]—both newcomers to the Tamil film industry—to do cinematography and editing respectively.{{Sfn|Rangan|2014|loc= chpt. Thalapathy}}<ref>{{cite news |title=A different role |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/showbitz/article2741683.ece|access-date=8 October 2013 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=23 December 2011 |author=S. R. Ashok Kumar|archive-date=27 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927122137/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/showbitz/article2741683.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Both would later become a part of his regular crew.<ref name=sify1>{{cite web |title=Santhosh Sivan on the sets of Raavan |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/santhosh-sivan-on-the-sets-of-raavan-imagegallery-kollywood-kgjr2Ociebc.html |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=8 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120923002152/http://www.sify.com/movies/Santhosh-Sivan-on-the-sets-of-Raavan-imagegallery-kollywood-kgjr2Ociebc.html |archive-date=23 September 2012}}</ref> While working on ''Raavan'', Santosh Sivan noted "any cameraman can hone his skills just working with Mani" and described Mani Ratnam's films as difficult to film.<ref name=sify1 /> From his debut project till ''Thalapathi'', Ilaiyaraaja was his regular composer.<ref name=IR>{{cite news |title=Ilayaraja, Mani Ratnam bury differences? |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-05/news-interviews/38306038_1_ilayaraja-ar-rahman-balki|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408060256/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-05/news-interviews/38306038_1_ilayaraja-ar-rahman-balki|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 April 2013|access-date=8 October 2013 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=5 April 2013}}</ref> For his next film ''Roja'' (1992), he collaborated with debutant [[A. R. Rahman]], who has been his regular composer for all his films to date.<ref name=IR /> Among cinematographers, he has also worked with [[Madhu Ambat]], [[Rajiv Menon]], [[Ravi K. Chandran]], [[V. Manikandan]] and [[Ravi Varman]] while switching between [[P. C. Sreeram|Sreeram]] and [[Santosh Sivan]] otherwise.<ref>{{cite news |title=Encountering transitions |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/encountering-transitions/article4349435.ece |access-date=8 October 2013 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=27 January 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403032452/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/encountering-transitions/article4349435.ece |archive-date= 3 April 2013}}</ref> Since ''Alai Payuthey'', [[Sreekar Prasad]] has been his regular film editor.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sreekar Prasad on editing a bilingual |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/may/20sreekar.htm |publisher=Rediff |date=20 May 2004 |access-date=8 October 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303224941/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/may/20sreekar.htm |archive-date= 3 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Let him say what he wants to! |url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2010/jun/240610-Raavan-editor-Amitabh-Bachchan-A-Sreekar-Prasad.htm |work=[[Mid-Day]] |access-date=8 October 2013 |author=Subhash K Jha |date=24 June 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100728090916/http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2010/jun/240610-Raavan-editor-Amitabh-Bachchan-A-Sreekar-Prasad.htm |archive-date=28 July 2010}}</ref>

== Awards and honours ==
{{see also|List of awards and nominations received by Mani Ratnam}}
Mani is well recognised outside India with a retrospective of his films held at various film festivals around the world such as [[Toronto International Film Festival]], [[Busan International Film Festival]], [[Tokyo Filmex]] and Birmingham International Film Festival.<ref name=babylon/> His films are screened regularly at many film festivals such as [[Venice Film Festival]], [[Rotterdam Film Festival]], [[Montreal World Film Festival]] and [[Palm Springs International Film Festival]].<ref name=babylon/>

The [[Government of India]] honoured Mani with the [[Padma Shri]] in 2002.<ref>{{cite web |title=Padma Awards |url=http://india.gov.in/myindia/advsearch_awards.php?start=1170&award_year=&state=&field=&p_name=&award=PS&awardsubcat=&search=search |work=[[Government of India]] |publisher=[[National Informatics Centre]]}}</ref> He has won several [[National Film Awards]], [[Filmfare Awards]], [[Filmfare Awards South]] and state awards. Apart from these awards, many of his films have been screened at various film festivals and have won numerous accolades. ''Geethanjali'', directed by him won the [[National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment|Golden Lotus Award for Best Popular Film]] at the [[37th National Film Awards]]. Other films like ''[[Mouna Ragam]]'', ''[[Anjali (1990 film)|Anjali]]'', and ''[[Kannathil Muthamittal]]'' have won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil|Best Regional Film awards at the National Film Awards]]. Two of his films, ''[[Roja (film)|Roja]]'' and ''[[Bombay (1995 film)|Bombay]]'' have won the [[Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration]]. The former was also nominated for Best Film category at the [[18th Moscow International Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=1993 |title=Competition program: XVIII MIFF (1–12 july 1993) |work=34th Moscow International Film Festival |access-date=24 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140403093721/http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=1993 |archive-date= 3 April 2014}}</ref> In 2010, Mani was honoured with [[67th Venice International Film Festival|Jaeger-Lecoultre Glory to the Filmmaker]] at the 67th Venice International Film Festival.<ref name=venice>{{cite news |last=Bhaskaran |first=Gautaman |title=Venice honours Mani Ratnam |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Venice-honours-Mani-Ratnam/Article1-597191.aspx |access-date=9 September 2011 |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=7 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110214160438/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Venice-honours-Mani-Ratnam/Article1-597191.aspx |archive-date=14 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.labiennale.org/en/cinema/news/venezia67-awards.html |title=Venezia 67 Awards |publisher=[[Venice Film Festival]] |access-date=11 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100913153106/http://www.labiennale.org/en/cinema/news/venezia67-awards.html |archive-date=13 September 2010}}</ref> In July 2015, he was honoured with the [[Sun Mark]] Lifetime Achievement Award at the Bagri Foundation [[London Indian Film Festival]] for his esteemed contribution to international cinema.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://londonindianfilmfestival.co.uk/awards.htm |title=London Indian Film Festival Awards |publisher=[[London Indian Film Festival]] |access-date=20 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150719071303/http://londonindianfilmfestival.co.uk/awards.htm |archive-date=19 July 2015}}</ref> Around the same time, the [[Museum of the Moving Image (New York City)|Museum of the Moving Image]], New York City, paid a special tribute to Mani. His films ''Roja'', ''Bombay'', and ''Dil Se'' were screened at the museum as a retrospective.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Dore |first1=Shalini |title=Mani Ratnam Tribute Set at Museum of the Moving Image |url=https://variety.com/2015/film/news/mani-ratnam-tribute-set-at-museum-of-the-moving-image-1201517701/ |magazine=Variety |access-date=30 November 2015 |date=11 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208164322/http://variety.com/2015/film/news/mani-ratnam-tribute-set-at-museum-of-the-moving-image-1201517701/ |archive-date= 8 December 2015}}</ref>

The [[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]] invited Mani Ratnam to join its Directors Branch in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=THE ACADEMY INVITES 398 TO MEMBERSHIP |url=http://press.oscars.org/news/academy-invites-398-membership |access-date=2025-08-14 |website=press.oscars.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-29 |title=Karan Johar, Ram Charan, Jr NTR, Mani Ratnam, Siddharth Roy Kapur invited to join Film Academy, will be eligible to vote for Oscars |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/hollywood/taylor-swift-austin-butler-keke-palmer-and-ke-huy-quan-invited-to-join-film-academy-8691716/ |access-date=2025-08-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{Main|Mani Ratnam filmography}}

== See also ==
* [[List of films directed by Mani Ratnam featuring A. R. Rahman]]
* [[List of awards and nominations received by Mani Ratnam]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{cite book |last=Nagappan |first=Ramu |title=Speaking Havoc: Social Suffering and South Asian Narratives |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Iqc4eTMa4y0C |date=1 December 2011 |publisher=University of Washington Press |isbn=978-0-295-80171-1|access-date=22 September 2016|archive-date=13 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813150645/https://books.google.com/books?id=Iqc4eTMa4y0C|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Thoraval |first=Yves |title=The cinemas of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-OpkAAAAMAAJ |date=1 February 2000 |publisher=Macmillan India |isbn=978-0-333-93410-4|access-date=22 September 2016|archive-date=31 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231194906/http://books.google.com/books?id=-OpkAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |title=Film |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JAcIAQAAMAAJ |year=1994 |publisher=British Federation of Film Societies |ref={{harvid|British Federation of Film Societies|1994}}|access-date=22 September 2016|archive-date=12 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212130813/http://books.google.com/books?id=JAcIAQAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |title=Indian cinema |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting |author=National Film Development Corporation of India (NFDC), Directorate of Film Festivals |year=1988 |ref={{harvid|National Film Development Corporation of India|1988}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Chaudhuri |first=Shohini |title=Contemporary world cinema: Europe, the Middle East, East Asia and South Asia |chapter=Cinema of South India and Sri Lanka |year=2005 |publisher=[[Edinburgh University Press]] |isbn=9780748617999 |pages=199}}
* {{cite journal |journal=[[India Today]] |year=1994 |volume=21 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uWwpAQAAIAAJ |title=1994 India |publisher=Aroon Purie for Living Media India Ltd |ref={{harvid|India Today|1994}}}}
* {{cite journal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sYwMAQAAMAAJ |title=1988 India |journal=India Today |year=1988 |volume=13 |page=96 |publisher=[[Living Media|Living Media India Limited]] |ref={{harvid|India Today|1988}}|access-date=22 September 2016|archive-date=12 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212131357/http://books.google.com/books?id=sYwMAQAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |last=Gopalan |first=Lalitha |title=Bombay: BFI Film Classics |publisher=[[British Film Institute|BFI Publishing]] |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-85170-956-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |title=Conversations with Mani Ratnam |title-link=Conversations with Mani Ratnam |year=2014|author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |publisher=[[Penguin Books|Penguin Books Limited]] |isbn=978-81-8475-690-6}}
* {{cite book |last1=Rangan |first1=Baradwaj |last2=Sachidanandam |first2=Aravindh |title=Maniratnam Padaippugal or Uraiyadal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RsVeDwAAQBAJ |year=2014|author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |publisher=Kizhakku Pathippagam |isbn=9789351351573}}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bal |first=Mieke |title=Narrative Theory: Critical Concepts in Literary and Cultural Studies |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-415-31661-3 |pages=1680 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Benjamin |first=S. |title=A rose by any other name: exploring the politics of Mani Ratnam's Roja. |publisher=Contemporary South Asia |date=2006 |pages=423–435 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Mallhi |first=Angie |title=The Illusion of Secularism: Mani Ratnam's Bombay and the Consolidation of Hindu Hegemony |year=2006 |publisher=CAPI Occasional Paper #31.Victoria: Centre for Asia-Pacific Initiatives |location=University of Victoria |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Terska Ciecko |first=Anne |title=Contemporary Asian Cinema: Popular culture in a Global Frame |chapter=National Cinema and State Authority |publisher=Berg Publishers |year=2006 |location=[[Berg Publishers|Berg]] |isbn=978-1-84520-237-8|url-access = registration |url=https://archive.org/details/contemporaryasia0000unse |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Gopalan |first=Lalitha |title=Bombay: BFI Film Classics |publisher=[[British Film Institute|BFI Publishing]] |year=2005 |location=London |isbn=978-0-85170-956-7 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Nagappan |first=Ramu |title=Speaking Havoc: Social Suffering & South Asian Narratives |chapter=Momentary Pleasures of Reconciliation |publisher=[[University of Washington Press]] |year=2005 |location=[[Washington (state)|Washington]] |url=https://archive.org/details/speakinghavocsoc0000naga|url-access = registration |isbn=978-0-295-98488-9 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Velayutham |first=Selvaraj |title=Tamil Cinema: The Cultural Politics of India's Other Film Industry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=65Aqrna4o5oC |year=2008 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-39680-6|access-date=22 September 2016|archive-date=2 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102122957/https://books.google.com/books?id=65Aqrna4o5oC|url-status=live |ref=none}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* {{commons category-inline}}
* {{IMDb name|id=0711745|name=Mani Ratnam}}

{{Navboxes
|title = Awards for Mani Ratnam
|list =
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
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{{TamilNaduStateAwardForBestDirector}}
}}

{{Mani Ratnam}}
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Asika

2026-02-23T06:20:53Z

Himanshuucharan:

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{AI-generated|date=February 2026|reason=[[Special:Diff/1312772459|this fall 2025 rewrite]]; note [[WP:AISIGNS]] including undue emphasis on broader trends, vocab distribution typical of 2024-25 LLM text etc}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Asika
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = File: Img Satya Narayan Temple Aska.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = View of Satya Narayan Temple before Rain
| nickname = The Sugar City
| pushpin_map = India Odisha#India#Asia#World
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Odisha, India, Asia, World
| coordinates = {{coord|19.6|N|84.65|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Odisha]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ganjam district|Ganjam]]
| subdivision_type3 = Sub-division
| subdivision_name3 = [[Bhanjanagar]]
| established_title = 
| government_type = Municipality
| governing_body = Asika Municipality
| leader_title = Chairperson
| leader_name = Bineta Swain ([[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]])
| leader_title1 = [[Asika (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Member of Legislative Assembly]]
| leader_name1 = [[Saroj Kumar Padhi]]([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]])
| leader_title2 = [[Aska (Lok Sabha constituency)|Member of Parliament]]
| leader_name2 = [[Anita Subhadarshini]] ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]])
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 = 8
| elevation_m = 30
| population_total = 30,545
| population_rural = 143,770
| population_as_of = 2022
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 761110
| area_code = 06822
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = OD-07 (Ganjam) OD-32 (Bhanjanagar)
| demographics1_info1 = [[Odia language|Odia]]
| official_name =
| footnotes =
| other_name = Sugar City
| area_rank = 2nd in Ganjam District by Population
}}

'''Asika''' (also spelled as '''Aska''') is a town and municipality in the [[Ganjam district]] of the Indian state of Odisha. Known locally as the ''Sugar city''. Asika lies near the confluence of the Rushikulya and Badanadi rivers and is a minor regional centre for trade and agro-processing. The shrine of Maa Khambeswari is an important local landmark.<ref>{{Cite book |url= |title=South Asian Handbook |date=1994 |publisher=Trade & Travel Publications |isbn=978-0-900751-47-9 |language=en}}</ref>

==Geography==
Aska is located at {{Coord|19.6|N|84.65|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/21/Asika.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Asika]</ref> Aska is located at approximately 19.6°N, 84.65°E, with an average elevation of about 30 m. It sits around 40 km north of [[Berhampur|Brahmapur]], 35 km south of [[Bhanjanagar]], and 37 km west of [[Surada]]. The nearby river confluence hosts the annual Baruni Yatra.

== Etymology ==
The name is linked by local accounts to the archaic Sanskrit-Prakrit (असिक) (aśik/Asik) ("whinyard", "obelisk" or “dagger”), in reference to the dagger-like landform created by the meeting of the Rushikulya and Badanadi rivers. During the colonial period Aska’s central location within Ganjam made it into a local administrative and military hub.

==Demographics==
As of the [[2011 Census of India]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2011: Data from the 2011 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref>{{update after|2022}} Aska has a population of more than 30, 000 as of 2024 hence make it the second largest city in terms of population [[Ganjam district]] after [[Brahmapur, Odisha|Brahmapur]]. Including Mukundapur CT more than 10,000 people are living in the satellite area of this town namely Kalasandhapur, Babanpur, Nuagam Baragam, and College Square. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Aska has an average literacy rate of 85.76%, higher than the national average of 72.87%; with 56% of the males and 44% of females literate. 12% of the population is under 6 years of age.
{{bar box
|title=Religion in Asika<ref>{{cite web |title=Urban Agglomerations/Cities having Census 2011-2020 in Orissa |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/data/town/801868-asika-orissa.html |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |access-date=10 October 2014}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|Hinduism|orange|98.54}}
{{bar percent|Islam|green|1.25}}
{{bar percent|Christianity|red|0.14}}
{{bar percent|Sikh|Blue|0.01}}
{{bar percent|Buddhist|orange|0.01}}
{{bar percent|Jain|gray|0.00}}
{{bar percent|Not Stated|Black|0.05}}
{{bar percent|Other|red|0.00}}
}}

On 30 Aug 2025, the [[Government of Odisha]] upgraded Aska NAC to be a Municipality.<ref>{{Cite news|date=24 February 2024|title=Odisha creates 39 urban local bodies for socio-economic development|work=The Print|url=https://theprint.in/india/odisha-creates-39-urban-local-bodies-for-socio-economic-development/1977869/|access-date=19 March 2024}}</ref>

Aska is governed by a municipality and is divided into 18 wards. It also serves a wider rural hinterland through markets and services.
*Ward no. 1- Raghunath Nagar
*Ward no. 2- Bani Bihar
*Ward no. 3- Khambeswari Patna
*Ward no. 4- Khambeswari Patna
*Ward no. 5- M.G. Road
*Ward no. 6- Gopabandhu Nagar
*Ward no. 7, 8 & 9- Sunamba Street
*Ward no. 10- Taluka Road
*Ward no. 11- Harihar Nagar
*Ward no. 12- Kalinga Road
*Ward no. 13- Binayak Bazar, Laxmi Bazar, Hatapada and Kalimukhi Street
*Ward no. 14- Niranjan Nagar
*Ward no. 15- UB Road
*Ward no. 16- Lacchman Palli and Gandhi Nagar
*Ward no. 17- Lala Sasan and Shastri Nagar
*Ward no. 18- Pakalla Palli

==Industries==
===Aska Sugar Factory===
Industrial sugar-making at Aska can be traced to the mid-nineteenth century, when a factory attributed to Binny & Co. operated in the then Madras Presidency alongside other early mills at [[Nellikuppam]] and [[Bheemunipatnam|Bimlipatam]].<ref>{{Citation |title=East Indian Sugar versus Slave Sugar |date=2013 |work=The Sugar Plantation in India and Indonesia: Industrial Production, 1770–2010 |pages=44–87 |editor-last=Bosma |editor-first=Ulbe |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/sugar-plantation-in-india-and-indonesia/east-indian-sugar-versus-slave-sugar/9E874DDE44834166CD2AB53571078B4C |access-date=2025-09-22 |series=Studies in Comparative World History |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-03969-8}}</ref> Local narratives further credit F. J. V. Minchin (“Minchin Sahib”) with purchasing a loss-making unit in the 1850s, importing continental machinery, and substantially redesigning the works; contemporary technical notes from the late 1850s indicate significant activity at Aska at that time.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-19 |title=Chakkarai, Cheeni, Askã in the 1970s Madras |url=https://madrasmusings.com/vol-32-no-9/chakkarai-cheeni-aska-in-the-1970s-madras/ |access-date=2025-09-22 |website=Madras Musings |language=en}}</ref> The chronology and precedence of these ventures are, however, contested. One strand of local and corporate lore asserts that Aska hosted “Asia’s first sugar factory”, often dated to 1824 and sometimes described as a French initiative later taken over by Binny; by contrast, industry histories and EID Parry’s own corporate records consistently identify Nellikuppam (South Arcot) as India’s first modern sugar plant, started in the 1840s. A cautious characterisation used by several scholars is that Aska was among the earliest industrial sugar works in the Presidency, even if its primacy over Nellikuppam is not demonstrated to the standards of modern historiography. There is also disagreement over early proprietorship: some accounts emphasise Parry’s presence at Aska, while others link the nineteenth-century unit primarily to Binny: and over exact dates in the sequence (with 1848 frequently given for a jaggery or sugar works and 1856 for Minchin’s rebuild, though some late retellings introduce a likely erroneous “1948” start).

Following changes in ownership, local histories hold that the privately run factory later passed to the Sahu family and ceased operations by 1936, reflecting broader headwinds for cane sugar in the late colonial period. The modern phase began with the registration of Aska Cooperative Sugar Industries Limited (ACSIL) in 1956 and the commencement of crushing in 1963–64 with a roughly 1,000 TCD plant, subsequently balanced to about 1,200 TCD and expanded during the 1990s to around 2,500 TCD. The cooperative also operates a molasses-based distillery producing rectified spirit and allied products. Estimates of the economic footprint vary by source: ACSIL commonly cites engagement with roughly 20,000 cane growers in its command area and, when counting dependants and allied livelihoods, a figure of “about 35,000 families”.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-31 |title=Aska sugar plant starts ops, sets enhanced target |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/aska-sugar-plant-starts-ops-sets-enhanced-target/articleshow/107277354.cms |access-date=2025-09-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Relations between the mill and growers have periodically been strained by payment delays and cane-price disputes. Farmer organisations and press reports have, at times, alleged arrears running into crores of rupees (for example, coverage of dues in 2013), while cooperative announcements have also highlighted upward revisions to the cane price (such as a rise to ₹3,500 per tonne in early 2025). Such revisions do not automatically change the centrally notified Fair and Remunerative Price (FRP) or any state-specific additional price (SAP), and year-to-year realisations depend on a mix of policy, recovery rates, and market conditions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=archive |first=From our online |date=2020-12-10 |title=Odisha's sugarcane farmers seek early crushing, increase in MSP |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2020/Dec/10/sugarcane-farmers-seek-early-crushing-increase-in-msp-2234266.html |access-date=2025-09-22 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Environmental compliance has been another recurring theme. In 2011–12, the Central Pollution Control Board issued closure directions/notices concerning the distillery linked to ACSIL, citing deficiencies in effluent treatment and zero-liquid-discharge arrangements; subsequent correspondence and reporting refer to upgrades undertaken to meet tightening national norms for distillery effluents. In recent years, the Government of Odisha has framed Aska’s modernisation as part of a wider effort to stabilise crushing seasons, support cane cultivation, and strengthen cooperative governance, including the constitution of task forces in 2024–25 to examine revival models used in other states.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-07-13 |title=Central Pollution Control Board serves closure notice on Aska sugar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/central-pollution-control-board-serves-closure-notice-on-aska-sugar/articleshow/14856770.cms |access-date=2025-09-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Beyond factory gates, the sugar story has also entered regional memory and language. Nostalgic writing from the Madras/Chennai region sometimes claims that refined sugar from Aska was colloquially called “aska” in parts of Tamil Nadu in the early twentieth century; while striking, this linguistic note remains anecdotal and is best presented as such.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-19 |title=Chakkarai, Cheeni, Askã in the 1970s Madras |url=https://madrasmusings.com/vol-32-no-9/chakkarai-cheeni-aska-in-the-1970s-madras/ |access-date=2025-09-22 |website=Madras Musings |language=en}}</ref>

== Tourist Attraction ==
[[File:Image of Aska Bhanjanagar NH in evening.jpg|right|100px|Aska-Bhanjanagar Highway at Jhadadei Square|alt=Asika-Bhanjanagar Highway at Jhadadei Square]]
There are many peacock reserves found near Aska at Cheramaria, Nalabanta, Pakidi Hill, Karnoli and Khandadeuli area. [[Blackbuck|Blackbucks]] too are frequently found in the western region of Aska. There are many mandirs situated at the top of small hills in the periphery making it an ideal spot for picnic. Maa Kankan Devi Mandir is one of them.

==Religious Places==
* Maa Khambeswari Mandir
[[File:Image_of_Maa_Khambeswari,Aska.jpg|right|100px|Maa Khambeswari of Aska|alt=Maa Khambeswari of Asika]]
Baisakhi Jatra of Maa Khambeswari in Aska is held in Hindu month of Chaitra every year. Lots of devotees come for their children's well being by donating their hairs. Many folk dances and dramas are presented in roadside during the festival.
* Satyanarayan Mandir, Binayak Bazar
* Maa Fulakasuni Mandir, Odia Sahi
* Rameshwar Mandir, KS Patna
* Jagannath Mandir, Sunambo Sahi
* Panchamuki Hanuman Mandir
* Jagannath Mandir, Nuagam
* Kali Mandir, Nuagam
* Bhagabat Mandir, Nuagam
* Radha Krushna Mandir, Nuagam
* Ram Mandir, Nuagam
* Pudageswar Mandir
* Subarneswar Mandir
* Nilakantheswar Mandir
* Maa Karanjei Mandir
* Balunkeswar Mandir
* Tirupati Balaji Mandir
* Ram Mandir
* Hanuman Mandir
* Maa Kali Mandir
* Maa Kalimukhi Mandir
* Narasingha Mandir
* Maa Thakurani Mandir, Gondopuli
* Jaganath Mandir, Kalasandhapur
* Hunuman Mandir, Kalasandhapur
* Radha Krishna Mandir, Banibihar
* Sai Mandir
* Maa Kankana Devi Mandir, Bhetanai
* Ellama Potturaj Mandir, Damodarpalli
* Maa Rajjamma Kanekamma Mandir, Dhobapalli
* Hanuman Mandir, Kotibadi
* Gopinath Mandir, Raipalli
* Radhakrishna Mandir, Chadhiapalli
[[File:Durga Puja aska.jpg|thumb|Durga Puja At Aska Busstand occurred By Aska Private Bus Association.]]

==Climate and regional setting==
Aska has a [[tropical savanna climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Aw''). Maximum summer temperature is {{convert|37|°C|°F|1|disp=or}}; minimum winter temperature is {{convert|16|°C|°F|1|disp=or}}, and mean daily temperature varies from {{convert|22|to|33|°C|°F|1}}. May is the hottest month; December the mildest. The average annual rainfall is {{convert|1150|mm|in|0|disp=or}} and the region receives [[monsoon of South Asia|the monsoon]] and the majority of annual rainfall from June to October.

{{Weather box
| location = Asika, Odisha
| metric first = Y
| single line = yes
| temperature colour = pastel
| Jan high C = 27
| Feb high C = 30
| Mar high C = 34
| Apr high C = 36
| May high C = 37
| Jun high C = 34
| Jul high C = 32
| Aug high C = 31
| Sep high C = 32
| Oct high C = 32
| Nov high C = 30
| Dec high C = 28
| Jan low C = 16
| Feb low C = 19
| Mar low C = 23
| Apr low C = 27
| May low C = 29
| Jun low C = 28
| Jul low C = 27
| Aug low C = 27
| Sep low C = 26
| Oct low C = 23
| Nov low C = 20
| Dec low C = 16
| Jan rain mm = 12.4
| Feb rain mm = 17.4
| Mar rain mm = 18.6
| Apr rain mm = 15.0
| May rain mm = 40.3
| Jun rain mm = 150.0
| Jul rain mm = 282.1
| Aug rain mm = 272.8
| Sep rain mm = 180.0
| Oct rain mm = 93.0
| Nov rain mm = 33.0
| Dec rain mm = 18.6
| rain colour = green
|source= [https://www.msn.com/en-in/weather/today/asikaorissaindia/we-city?q=asika-orissa&form=PRWLAS&iso=IN&el=bu%2bGqwZrwDV6BPIfAycG7g%3d%3d MSM Weather]
}}

==Education==
===Colleges===
* Aska Science College, Kotinada [http://www.askasciencecollege.com]
* Niranjan Govt. Women's College, Khambeswari Patna
* Mac Mickle Sanskrit College, Niranjan Nagar
* Nimina Brundaban Chandra College, Kendupadar
===Schools===
* Harihar High School
* A.S.I High School Nuagam
* Kendriya Vidyalaya [http://www.kvaska.org.in]
* Odisha Aadarsh Vidyalaya, Nimina
* Saraswati Vidya Mandir Higher Secondary School
* Saraswati Sishu Vidya Mandir
* NAC High School
* Mac Mickle Sanskrit Vidyalaya
* Harihar Nagar UP School
* Bediri Sahi UP School
* Govt. Technical High School
* Govt. Girl's High School
* Aryan Public School[http://www.apsAska.in]
* DePaul School
* Mom School of Excellency[http://www.mom.org.in]
* Sri Aurobindo Integral Education Center, R.Damodarpalli
* Utkal Public School, Kishore Chandrapalli
* Ramakrushna Adarsha Vidya Mandir, Gayatri Nagar

==Financial Institutions/Banks==
* [[State Bank of India]]
* Aska Central Co-operative Bank Ltd
* SBI [[Agriculture Development Bank]]
* [[Union Bank of India]]
* [[Axis Bank]]
* [[ICICI Bank]]
* [[Bank of India]]
* [[Utkal Grameen Bank]]
* [[Indian Overseas Bank]]
* [[Karur Vysya Bank]]
* [[Punjab National Bank]]
* [[HDFC Bank]]
* SBI Sme Branch

==Transport==

===Road===
Aska is connected with [[National Highway 59 (India)]] (Khariar – Brahmapur), [[National Highway 326 (India)]] and [[National Highway 157 (India)]] (Purunakatak – Aska) which connect Aska to other cities and towns of Odisha.

===Rail===
* [[Brahmapur railway station]]

===Air===
* [[Biju Patnaik International Airport]]
* [[Berhampur Airport]]

===Port===
* [[Gopalpur port]]

==Politics==
[[Aska (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]] includes Aska NAC Aska block and 12 GPs (Subalaya, Kaniari, Barida, Paikajamuna, Sunapalli, Sialia, Nandiagada, Borasingi, Ambapua, Baliasara, Bolasara and Sunarijhola) of Kabisuryanagar block. The current [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from Aska Assembly Constituency is Saroj Kumar Padhi from [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]. Previous MLAs from this seat was Smt. Manjula Swain from 2019 to 2024 of BJD, Debaraj Mohanty from [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]] in 1914, Duti Krushna Panda of [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] in 1990, Raghaba Parida who won representing the [[Indian National Congress]] in 1985 and 1980, and [[Harihar Swain]] of [[Janata Party|JNP]] in 1977.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://archive.eci.gov.in/March2004/pollupd/ac/states/s18/Partycomp68.htm
|title=State Elections 2004 - Partywise Comparison for 68-Aska Constituency of Odisha
|publisher=Election Commission of India
|access-date=2008-09-25
}}{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Aska is part of [[Aska (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2000/background/S18/Orissa_AC_Dist_PC.pdf
|title=Assembly Constituencies - Corresponding Districts and Parliamentary Constituencies of Odisha
|publisher=Election Commission of India
|access-date=2008-09-25
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304184320/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2000/background/S18/Orissa_AC_Dist_PC.pdf
|archive-date=2009-03-04
}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Ganjam district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Ganjam district]]

Hyderabad Queer Pride

2026-02-18T19:34:30Z

Himanshuucharan: created a page

{{Short description|LGBT event in Hyderabad, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}

'''Hyderabad Queer Pride''' has been celebrated on one of the Sundays in February since 2013. First held on 3 February 2013, Hyderabad became the 12th Indian city to join the queer pride march bandwagon, fourteen years after the first Indian pride march was held in [[Kolkata]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/out-in-the-open-they-long-for-acceptance/article4375695.ece|title=Out in the open, they long for acceptance|author=Staff Reporter|date=2013-02-04|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-06-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223063744/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/out-in-the-open-they-long-for-acceptance/article4375695.ece|archive-date=2020-02-23|url-status=live|language=en|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/hyderabad-gets-its-own-first-queer-parade-153759-2013-02-11|title=Gay pride and a colour riot: Hyderabad gets its own first queer parade|website=India Today|date=11 February 2013 |language=en|access-date=2018-06-30}}</ref> In 2015 it was renamed as Hyderabad Queer Swabhimana Pride, emphasising the self-respect and the acceptance of the community of themselves, as they are.<ref name=":8">{{Cite news|url=http://www.gaylaxymag.com/exclusive/in-pics-telanganas-1st-queer-pride-march-and-hyderabads-3rd/#gs.ehShWWw|title=IN PICS: TELANGANA'S 1ST QUEER PRIDE MARCH (AND HYDERABAD'S 3RD)|last=Matta|first=Avinash|date=2015-02-10|work=Gaylaxy Magazine|access-date=2018-06-30}}</ref> In 2016 it was altered to Hyderabad Queer Swabhimana Yatra and has been retained since.

== Political difficulties ==
The march was originally to be held in 2012, however the organisers were denied permission by the police.<ref name=":7">{{Cite news|url=https://pink-pages.co.in/news-digest/hyderabads-gay-pride-march-refused-permission/|title=Hyderabad's Gay Pride march refused permission - Pink Pages|date=2012-09-23|work=Pink Pages|access-date=2017-06-17|language=en-US|archive-date=30 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630134626/https://pink-pages.co.in/news-digest/hyderabads-gay-pride-march-refused-permission/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Scheduled on 14 October 2012, the organisers had to cancel the march when police denied them permission stating that ‘there are too many marches these days’.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2013/feb/04/freedom-at-mid-day-447222.html|title=Freedom at mid-day|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=2017-06-17}}</ref> Hyderabad is a conservative city in terms of culture and takes pride in its culture, which is highly influenced by the Nizams.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Hyderabad-to-witness-its-first-gay-pride-parade-this-year/articleshow/15114087.cms|title=Hyderabad to witness its first gay pride parade this year - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-06-17}}</ref> The [[LGBTIQ culture in Hyderabad|LGBTQI culture in Hyderabad]] is seen as a threat to the existing cultural fabric.<ref name=":6" />

== 2013 ==
For the first time ever, [[Necklace Road]] was opened up for a cultural events. Named the Hyderabad Queer Pride 2013, the event was initiated by 42 organisations, consisting a mixture of LGBT support groups and NGOs like Suraksha<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hyderbadfirstqueerpride.blogspot.in/ |title=Home |website=hyderbadfirstqueerpride.blogspot.in}}</ref> as well as corporate groups like [[Facebook]], [[Google]], [[General Electric|GE]], [[Accenture]] and others.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/hyderabad-gets-its-own-first-queer-parade-153759-2013-02-10|title=Gay pride and a colour riot: Hyderabad gets its own first queer parade|access-date=2017-06-17}}</ref> The participants were mostly youngsters marching from PV Narasimha Rao's Samadhi to the People's Plaza.<ref name=":7" />

== 2014 ==
The second Hyderabad queer pride was held on 23 February 2014, flagged off by actress [[Lakshmi Manchu]] and ended at [[Shilpakala Vedika|Shilpa Kala Vedika]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.gaylaxymag.com/articles/current-affairs/glimpses-from-2nd-hyderabad-queer-pride-parade/#gs.PjF3gC4|title=Glimpses From 2nd Hyderabad Queer Pride Parade - Gaylaxy Magazine|website=www.gaylaxymag.com|date=24 February 2014|language=en-US|access-date=2017-06-17}}</ref> There were difficulties with the march, which was stopped by the police 10 minutes after its start and resumed after proper documents were checked.<ref name=":0" />

== 2015 ==
The third Hyderabad, and the first Telangana, queer pride was held on 8 February 2015.<ref name=":8" /> The march was renamed Queer Swabhimana Pride, where 'swabhimana' stands for self-respect.<ref name=":8" /> Mobilised by the Telangana Transgender and Hijra Association, the march drew its energy from the murder of Pravallika, a hijra sex worker with an MBA, the previous month, and saw attendance of transgender men and women from the working class.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Queer-pride-parade-held-in-city-with-much-pomp/articleshow/46168914.cms|title=Queer pride parade held in city with much pomp - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-06-17}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://scroll.in/article/705540/on-display-in-hyderabad-queer-pride-without-class-divide|title=On display in Hyderabad, queer pride without class divide|last=Nemana|first=Vivekananda|work=Scroll.in|access-date=2017-06-17|language=en-US}}</ref> The march which was held from [[Goshala|Gowshala]] in [[Kavadiguda]] to [[Indira Park]], was steeped in cultural expressions of Telangana as Bathukamma and Pothuraju, which are part of Bonalu festivities, made their appearance in the event.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Queer-pride-parade-held-in-city-with-much-pomp/articleshow/46168914.cms|title=Queer pride parade held in city with much pomp - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-06-30}}</ref> The Dalit rights activist Kancha Ilaiah was also present and delivered a speech on the necessity of the Constitution to protect the rights of the citizens irrespective of their identities.<ref name=":1" />

== 2016 ==
The fourth Hyderabad queer pride march renamed as the Queer Swabhimana Yatra, 2016 was held on 21 February 2016.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://gaysifamily.com/2016/02/18/hyderabad-queer-swabhimana-yatra-2016/|title=Hyderabad Queer Swabhimana Yatra 2016|date=2016-02-18|website=Gaysi|access-date=2017-06-17}}</ref> The theme for the year was 'My Child, My Pride', thereby inviting the mothers of queer individuals to walk for the yatra.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pressreader.com/india/deccan-chronicle/20160225/282527247508390 |title=Mum's the word: There is something different about this week's pride paparade - the mothers were leading from the front |last=Dhiman |first=Anisha |date=February 25, 2016 |website=PressReader |access-date=June 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320223700/http://www.pressreader.com/india/deccan-chronicle/20160225/282527247508390 |archive-date=March 20, 2020}}</ref> The walk was held from Dabeerapura Railway station to Khilawat ground.<ref name=":3" />

== 2017 ==
The fifth [[Hyderabad]] Queer Swabhimana Yatra was held on 19 February 2017.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/galleries/nation/2017/feb/19/in-pictures--hyderabad-queer-swabhimana-yatra-100248.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221071158/http://www.newindianexpress.com/galleries/nation/2017/feb/19/in-pictures--hyderabad-queer-swabhimana-yatra-100248.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 February 2017|title=IN PICTURES {{!}} Hyderabad Queer Swabhimana Yatra|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=2017-06-17}}</ref> The yatra started from Krishnakanth Park and ended at BK Guda Park.<ref name=":4" /> The march has presently become a major social event in the city's calendar.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/lgbt-folk-warm-up-for-the-swabhimana-yatra/articleshow/57145808.cms|title=LGBT folk warm up for the Swabhimana Yatra - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-06-17}}</ref>

== 2018 ==
Celebrated on 18 February, the sixth Hyderabad Queer Swabhimana Yatra was organised by Queer Campus, Hyderabad in association with various allied organisations and civil societies.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/hyderabad-pride-parade-soaks-city-in-rainbow-colours/articleshow/62986876.cms|title=Hyderabad Pride Parade soaks city in rainbow colours - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-06-30}}</ref> The annual march traversed 4 kilometers from [[Kacheguda railway station|Kacheguda Railway Station]] to GHMC park, Amberpet to protest against the section 377 of the Indian Penal Code (IPC) which criminalizes sexual intercourse 'against the order of nature'.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/500-march-for-gay-rights-pride-from-kacheguda-stn-to-amberpet/articleshow/62977022.cms|title=500 march for gay rights & pride from Kacheguda stn to Amberpet - Times of India|date=2018-02-19|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824123005/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/500-march-for-gay-rights-pride-from-kacheguda-stn-to-amberpet/articleshow/62977022.cms|archive-date=2019-08-24|url-status=live}}</ref> Over 50 police personnel helped more than 500 participants consisting of both, members from the LGBTQ+ community and allies to march through the city.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/hyderabad-pride-march-2018-queer-people-allies-talk-about-need-to-extend-debate-beyond-section-377-4359571.html|title=Hyderabad Pride march 2018: Queer people, allies talk about need to extend debate beyond Section 377 - Firstpost|website=www.firstpost.com|date=20 February 2018|access-date=2018-06-30}}</ref>

== 2019 ==
Hyderabad celebrated its 7th edition of the [[Queer]] Swabhimana Yatra on 10 March. Starting from Begumpet Police station, the parade marched on till Shenoy Grounds covering a 4 km walk. Over 300 members from the community, and several other allies, marched for equal rights, inclusion and [[dignity]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2019/mar/11/one-year-after-377-hyderabad-marches-with-pride-1949547.html|title=One year after 377, Hyderabad marches with pride|website=The New Indian Express|date=11 March 2019 |access-date=2019-06-15}}</ref>

This was the first Pride Parade since [[homosexuality]] was decriminalized [<nowiki/>[[Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code|Section 377]] was held unconstitutional in September 2018]. At the Swabhimana Yatra, the [[LGBT community|LGBTQ+]] community celebrated [[gender]] variance and [[sexual diversity]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lbb.in/hyderabad/queer-swabhimana-yatra/|title=There Is A Pride March Happening In Hyderabad & We're Going {{!}} LBB|website=LBB, Hyderabad|access-date=2019-06-15}}</ref> While the struggle for equality continues, the scars the LGBTQ+ community has faced are slowly healing, paving way to an open and inclusive society.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/positive-energy-marked-the-annual-gay-pride-rally/article26509521.ece|title=Walk with Pride|newspaper=The Hindu|date=12 March 2019|last1=Thatipalli|first1=Mallik}}</ref>

== 2022 ==
The parade was suspended for three years due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. In 2022, it was announced that the next occurrence of the parade would take place on November 13, with predictions that about a thousand people would participate.<ref>{{cite web|first1=Telangana|last1=Today|access-date=2022-11-11|title=After 3 yrs, Hyderabad to host Pride March on Nov 13|url=https://telanganatoday.com/after-3-yrs-hyderabad-to-host-pride-march-on-nov-13|date=1 November 2022|website=Telangana Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/021122/hyderabads-queers-to-showcase-pride-through-november-13-walk.html |title=Hyderabad's queers to showcase pride through November 13 walk |date=3 November 2022 |website=Deccan Chronicle |access-date=April 2, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103015229/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/021122/hyderabads-queers-to-showcase-pride-through-november-13-walk.html |archive-date=November 3, 2022}}</ref> Ultimately, 400 to 600 people participated in the walk, which was held that afternoon.<ref>{{cite web|first1=Veena|last1=Nair|access-date=2022-11-16|title=After a gap of 3 years, Hyderabad welcomed 'March for Pride' with pride|url=https://www.siasat.com/after-three-years-hyderabad-welcomed-march-for-pride-with-pride-2455997/|date=14 November 2022|website=The Siasat Daily}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first1=Amrutha|last1=Kosuru|access-date=2022-11-16|title='Queer Swabhimana Yatra': LGBTQ community marches through Hyderabad; calls for treating all humans equally|url=https://newsmeter.in/hyderabad/queer-swabhimana-yatra-lgbtq-community-marches-through-hyderabad-calls-for-treating-all-humans-equally-703558|date=14 November 2022|website=newsmeter.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=2022-11-16|title=LGBTQIA holds Pride March after three years|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/141122/lgbtqia-holds-pride-march-after-three-years.html|date=14 November 2022|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

== 2024 ==
In February 2024, Hyderabad hosted its annual queer Pride Parade, with more than 1,000 participants marching from Divyasree NSL Orion near Raidurg Police Station to Shilparamam, carrying rainbow flags and placards calling for inclusion and diversity. Also in 2024, the Queer Swabhimana Yatra, in its ninth edition, saw hundreds of participants from diverse sexual orientations traverse a 4 km route from Gachibowli to Shilparamam. During the march, organisers presented ten key demands, including: A 2% horizontal reservation for transgender persons across OBC, Dalit, and Tribal categories, The establishment of short-stay homes for LGBTQIA+ individuals, And implementation of inclusive healthcare policies.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2024-02-13 |title=Stride with pride |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2024/Feb/13/stride-with-pride |access-date=2025-08-17 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
== 2025 ==
In June 2025, the Mobbera Foundation organised Queer Fiesta to mark ten years of Pride activities in Hyderabad. The event drew over 800 participants, making it one of the largest queer gatherings in the city. Alongside performances, it highlighted ongoing challenges faced by LGBTQ+ communities, including barriers in education and employment, and stressed the need for inclusion of non-binary and gender-nonconforming people in state policies.
On 14 June 2025, Hyderabad hosted India’s first Interfaith Pride Fest at Bagh Bean Café, Jubilee Hills. Organised by Dragvanti, Rubaroo, Mobbera Foundation and other groups, the festival sought to create dialogue between queer identity and spirituality through performances, storytelling and discussion.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dutta |first=Rohan |date=2025-06-23 |title=Queer Fiesta 2025 brings pride, performance and community together |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/queer-fiesta-2025-brings-pride-performance-and-community-together/article69724775.ece |access-date=2025-08-17 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[LGBTQ rights in Telangana]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Portal bar|Hyderabad|Society|India|LGBTQ}}
{{Hyderabad topics}}
{{LGBT in India}}
{{Pride parades}}

[[Category:2013 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Annual events in India]]
[[Category:Pride parades in India]]
[[Category:Recurring events established in 2013]]
[[Category:Culture of Hyderabad, India]]

Prabhakar Jog

2026-02-16T04:41:08Z

Himanshuucharan: new

{{use dmy dates|date = February 2026}}
{{Short description|Indian violinist (1932–2021)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Prabhakar Jog
| image = 
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1932|12|25|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Haregaon]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2021|10|31|1932|12|25|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| death_cause = 
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Violinist, music director and composer
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works = 
| spouse = Neela Jog
| children =
| awards = [[Lata Mangeshkar Award]]
| website = {{URL|http://www.prabhakarjog.in/}}
}}
'''Prabhakar Jog''' (25 December 1932 {{emdash}} 31 October 2021) was a noted Indian [[violinist]], [[music director]] and [[composer]], who worked in Hindi and Marathi film industry.<ref>{{cite news |title=स्वराधीन होताना.. |url=https://www.loksatta.com/chaturang/violin-player-prabhakar-jog-226607/ |publisher=[[Loksatta]] |date=October 19, 2013 |language=Marathi}}</ref> His critically acclaimed works were the ''[[Geet Ramayan]]a'' series with [[Sudhir Phadke]]. He was also known for his stage shows, notably ''Swar Aale Duruni'', ''Gaanare Violin'' and ''Gata Rahe Mera Violin''.<ref name=ht/><ref>{{cite book |author1=Gregory D. Booth |title=Behind the Curtain Making Music in Mumbai's Film Studios |date=2008 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]], USA |isbn=9780195327632 |page=47 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EIA8DwAAQBAJ&dq=Prabhakar+Jog&pg=PA47}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Chaubal |first1=Aabha |title=Strings That Sing |url=http://prabhakarjog.in/press/news10.jpg |access-date=6 January 2022}}</ref>

== Biography ==
Prabhakar Jog was born in [[Haregaon]], Maharashtra, on December 25, 1932. He got interested in music in his childhood. For around five years, he was trained in classical vocal from Pandit [[Gajananrao Joshi]] and Pandit Narayanrao Marulkar.<ref name=ht/>

He performed in more than 80 solo events as part of Ganare Violin. He worked for the Marathi and Hindi film industry and was a part of [[All India Radio]] (AIR), Pune. He worked with many music directors, including [[S. D. Burman]], [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]], [[Shankar–Jaikishan]], [[Nadeem–Shravan]] and [[Anu Malik]]. He has released 12 music albums.<ref name=news9live/><ref name=ht/>

As a music director, his first song was ''Lapvilpas Tu Hirva Chafa'', which was broadcast on [[All India Radio|Akashwani]] (All India Radio) and the song was sung by his wife Neela Jog. ''Lapvilpas Tu Hirva Chafa'' is one of the popular Marathi songs. He made his first debut as a violinist with the Marathi film called Shri Gurudev Datta.<ref name=news9live>{{cite news |last1=Khanna |first1=Shailaja |title=Prabhakar Jog's incomparable mastery in rendering 'song violin' to film music will endure |url=https://www.news9live.com/art-culture/prabhakar-jog-death-obituary-song-violin-in-indian-films-music-career-130780 |publisher=News9 |date=November 21, 2021}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
In 2015, the State [[Government of Maharashtra]] awarded him with the [[Lata Mangeshkar Award]] for Lifetime Achievement for his contribution to music. The award carries a cash prize of ₹5 lakh rupees, a citation, a shawl and a trophy.<ref>{{cite news |title=Prabhakar Jog declared as the winner of Maharashtra Lata Mangeshkar Award for Lifetime Achievement 2015 |url=https://www.india.com/education/prabhakar-jog-declared-as-the-winner-of-maharashtra-lata-mangeshkar-award-for-lifetime-achievement-2015-1578041/ |publisher=[[India.com]] |date=September 29, 2015}}</ref>

He was awarded the 2019 [[Zee Entertainment Enterprises|Zee]] Chitra Gaurav 2019 Lifetime Achievement Award by [[Zee Marathi]].<ref>{{cite news |title=झी चित्र गौरवने प्रभाकर जोग यांना 'जीवन गौरव' देऊन केले सन्मानित |url=https://www.lokmat.com/television/zee-chitra-gaurav-honoured-prabhakar-jog-jivan-gaurav-award/ |publisher=[[Lokmat]] |date=March 25, 2019 |language=Marathi}}</ref>

== Death ==
On October 31, 2021, Prabhakar Jog died at his residence at Sahakar Nagar in [[Pune]]. He was 88 years old.<ref name=ht>{{cite news |last1=Bari |first1=Prachi |title=Violinist Prabhakar Jog passes away in Pune at 88 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/violinist-prabhakar-jog-passes-away-in-pune-at-88-101635663442360.html|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=October 31, 2021}}</ref>

The [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra]], [[Uddhav Thackeray]], said, “The singing violin goes silent. The music field has lost a true sadhak, while Maharashtra state governor [[Bhagat Singh Koshyari]] expressed his deep condolence by tweeting, “Deeply saddened by the news of the demise of renowned violinist and musician Prabhakar Jog. He enriched the world of art with his melodious renditions.”
<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nath |first1=Dipanita |title=Pune: Music maestro Prabhakar Jog, who made the violin sing, dies at 88 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/music-maestro-prabhakar-jog-who-made-the-violin-sing-dies-at-88-7600351/ |publisher=[[Indian Express]] |date=November 1, 2021}}</ref> [[Lata Mangeshkar]] also paid tribute to him over [[Twitter]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Violinist Prabhakar Jog dies at 88: Lata Mangeshkar and others pay tribute |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities/violinist-prabhakar-jog-dies-at-88-lata-mangeshkar-cm-uddhav-thackeray-others-pay-tribute-743109 |publisher=[[India TV]] |date=October 31, 2021}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|1638839}}
* {{URL|http://www.prabhakarjog.in/|Official website}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jog, Prabhakar}}
[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Hindustani violinists]]
[[Category:Musicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian violinists]]

James Bellett Richey

2026-02-07T23:01:09Z

Himanshuucharan: created a post

{{Short description|British administrator}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sir James Bellett Richey
| honorific_suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|sep=,|KCIE|CSI}}
| image = 
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date text|1834}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = 27 June {{Death year and age|1902|1834}}
| death_place = [[London]], [[England]]
| other_names =
| occupation = administrator
| years_active =
| known_for = [[Bombay Presidency]]
| notable_works =
| father = Rev. James Richey
| mother = Elizabeth Bellett
| education = [[Exeter College, Oxford]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Blanche Perkins|1872}}
| children = [[James Alexander Richey]]
}}
'''Sir James Bellet Richey''', {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|sep=,|KCIE|CSI}} (1834 – 27 June 1902) was a British administrator in [[Bombay Presidency]].

==Biography==
Richey was born in 1834, the son of Rev. James Richey, rector of Nympton St. George, [[Devonshire]], by his wife Elizabeth Bellett, daughter of J. Bellett, of [[Sampford Arundel]], [[Somerset]]. He was educated at [[Exeter College, Oxford]], and joined the [[Bombay Civil Service]] in 1856. After serving in various capacities in the service until 1879, he was that year appointed junior collector and magistrate at [[Ahmednagar district]], advancing to senior collector the following year. In 1885 he became chief secretary to the [[Government of Bombay]], covering the political, secret, judicial, educational and separate departments. He was nominated an acting member of the Council of the Governor in 1886, and confirmed as such the following year, when he was also appointed a Companion of the [[Order of the Star of India]] (CSI).<ref name=TTobit /> He retired from the service in 1890, and was created a Knight Commander of the [[Order of the Indian Empire]] (KCIE) in the [[1890 Birthday Honours]].<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 26053 |pages=2965–2966 |date= 20 May 1890 }}</ref>

He died in [[London]] on 27 June 1902.<ref name=TTobit>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Obituary - Sir James Bellett Richey |date=30 June 1902 |page=4 |issue=36807}}</ref>

==Family==
Richey married, in 1872, Blanche Perkins, daughter of William Perkins, of Somerset, [[Louisiana]].<ref name=TTobit /> [[James Alexander Richey]] (1874–1931) was their son.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Richey, Sir James Bellett}}
[[Category:1834 births]]
[[Category:1902 deaths]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:British people in British India]]
[[Category:Members of the Bombay Legislative Council]]

{{UK-politician-stub}}

Amit Bose

2026-02-06T05:24:25Z

Himanshuucharan: made the data needs work...

{{Short description|Indian filmmaker (1930–2019)}}
{{for|another person|Amit Bose (government official)}}
{{more citations needed|date=August 2008}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Amit Bose
| native_name =
| image = Amit Bose.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date|1930|2|26|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Jamshedpur]], [[Bihar]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2019|12|13|1930|2|26}}
| mother = Meera Devi
| alma_mater = [[Visva-Bharati University]]
| occupation = filmmaker
| spouse = Monica
}}
'''Amit Bose''' (26 February 1930 – 13 December 2019) was an Indian filmmaker, film director and editor, who directed all-time classics like ''[[Abhilasha (1968 film)|Abhilasha]]'' (1968) and, as an Editor, worked on movies like ''[[Madhumati]]'' (1958), ''[[Sujata (1959 film)|Sujata]]'' (1959), ''[[Parakh (1960 film)|Parakh]]'' (1960), ''[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0054430/ Usne Kaha Tha]'' (1960), ''[[Kabuliwala (1961 film)|Kabuliwala]]'' (1961), ''[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0056367/ Prem Patra]'' (1962), ''[[Bandini (1963 film)|Bandini]]'' (1963) and ''[[Shakespeare Wallah]]'' (1965). He worked as Chief Film Editor for [[Bimal Roy]] and with several other directors including [[Sanjay Khan]].

== Early life ==
Bose was born in [[Jamshedpur]]/[[Bihar]], India. His grandfather was the geologist [[Pramatha Nath Bose]], who discovered rich iron ores, that made the Empire of [[J.R.D. Tata]] possible, which today belong to the [[Tata Group]]. Eminent economic historian and civil servant [[Romesh Chunder Dutt]] was his great grandfather. Dutt's daughter Kamala Dutt Bose, a renowned educator who founded the "Kamala Girls School" at [[Ballygunge]] was married to Pramatha Nath Bose and was his grandmother. His mother Meera Devi (born Sharma) was a Bengali actress. After her first marriage ended in divorce, she married the classical singer and actor [[Pahari Sanyal]]), who was like a father to Bose. Amit's name was given by [[Rabindranath Tagore]], who was a cousin of Bose's mother in [[Kolkata]].

== First steps in filmmaking ==
[[File:Amit Bose - Vittorio De Sica - Il Tetto - Rome - 1954-55.jpg|thumb|Bose with Vittorio De Sica on the set of "Il Tetto" ("The Roof") in Rome (1954/55).]]

As a child Bose was a student in [[Rabindranath Tagore]]'s open-air institution [[Visva-Bharati University|Visva Bharati]] in [[Bolpur]], [[Santiniketan]]. As a young man he took his first steps in the film industry in 1946 in [[Kolkata]]. He worked as an assistant to the film director Nimai Ghosh during the making of ''Chinna Mul'' (''"Broken Branch"'' - a movie reflecting the up-rooting of the nation during the Great Famine). This film won several awards, both in India and abroad. It is still hailed as one of the great classics of Indian Cinema. Bose then went to [[Mumbai]] and worked as an assistant to the Director [[Phani Majumdar]] at [[Bombay Talkies|Bombay Talkies Studios]] in [[Malad]], in 1947. He also appeared in a bit-part in Majumdar's film ''[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0139635/ Tamasha]'', which starred the Great Indian Screen Heroine of all time, [[Meena Kumari]].

In 1952, Bose went to England, where he did an apprenticeship at [[Pinewood Studios]] and [[Pathé|A.B. Pathé]].

In 1953 he directed and performed in [[Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay|Sharat Chandra Chatterji's]] classic novel, ''[[Devdas]]'', as Devdas on stage (in English, translated by Monica Sen).

During the next few years he did his diploma in film direction, screenplay writing and film editing at [[Centro Sperimentale di Cinematografia]] in [[Rome]], Italy. During that period in Rome he also was an apprentice assistant to [[Luigi Zampa]] (during the making of ''[[Girls of Today (1955 film)|Ragazze d'oggi]]'' / ''"Girls of Today"'', 1955), [[Vittorio De Sica]] (''[[Terminal Station (film)|Stazione Termini]]'' / ''"Terminal Station"'', 1953 & ''[[Il Tetto]]'' / ''"The Roof"'', 1956) and [[Mario Soldati]] (''[[War and Peace (1956 film)|Guerra e Pace]]'' / ''"War And Peace"'', 1956).

== Life and work ==
On his return to India, and after his marriage in Kolkata in September 1957, Bose settled in [[Mumbai]], where he worked as the Chief Film Editor for [[Bimal Roy]]. He edited films like ''[[Madhumati]]'' (1958, the shorter English version for entry to the American [[Academy Award|Oscars]]), ''[[Sujata (1959 film)|Sujata]]'' (1959), ''[[Parakh (1960 film)|Parakh]]'' (1960), ''[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0054430/ Usne Kaha Tha]'' (1960), ''[[Kabuliwala (1961 film)|Kabuliwala]]'' (1961), ''[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0056367/ Prem Patra]'' (1962) and ''[[Bandini (1963 film)|Bandini]]'' (1963), which he left before completion, because of an opportunity to direct a Children's Film, for which he was awarded the Best Director Award in the same year.

In India, he worked with directors from [[Bimal Roy]] to [[Sanjay Khan]], [[Krishna Shah]], Firoze Khan, Kewal Kashyap and many others, knowing actors like [[Sunil Dutt]], [[Nutan]], [[Sadhana]], [[Meena Kumari]], [[Shashi Kapoor]], [[Raaj Kumar]], [[Felicity Kendal]], [[Rex Harrison]], [[John Saxon]], [[Ruby Myers|Sulochana]], [[Kamini Kaushal]], [[Dharmendra]] and [[Rehman (actor)|Rehman]] closely.

Abroad he worked in the [[United Kingdom]], [[United States]], [[Italy]], [[France]], [[Germany]], [[Cyprus]], [[Mauritius]] and [[Lebanon]], amongst many other countries. He directed and/or edited more than thirty feature films around the world, working with such prestigious directors as [[Vittorio De Sica]], [[Luigi Zampa]], [[Franco Zeffirelli]], [[Louis Malle]], [[James Ivory (director)|James Ivory]] and many other well known Filmmakers around the world.

He also directed the children's film ''Five Puppets (Panch Puthliyan)'' for the [http://www.cfsindia.org/ Children's Film Society India], for which he was awarded best Director by the President of India, [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]], in 1964.

Among many other feature films, Bose edited a documentary on the [[China|Chinese]] invasion of [[India]], produced by the Films Division in [[Mumbai]], that took place in 1961/1962.

His credits include movies like ''[[Chori Chori (1956 film)|Chori Chori]]'' (1956), ''[[Godaan]]'' (1963), ''[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0139398/ Kaajal]'' (1965, as Ghost Director and Editor, winner of over 40 awards), ''[[Abhilasha (1968 film)|Abhilasha]]'' (1968), ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20120927124429/http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/139123 At Five Past Five]'' (1969) (a play about the assassination of [[Mahatma Gandhi]]), ''[[Chandi Sona]]'' (1977) and ''[[The Courtesans of Bombay]]'' (1983).

Bose taught film technology in the Film Institute in [[Pune]], [[India]]. He introduced and helped many unknown actors to stardom and more than 20 editors, from assistantship to full editorship. He helped young talents grow, by telling them all his secrets, as [[Vittorio De Sica|De Sica]] once upon a time told him.

Bose was retired and lived with his wife Monica in [[London]], [[United Kingdom]]. In his spare time, he worked, as a volunteer, at the local Association for the Blind. His daughters Roma and Papri-Tara are settled with their families in [[Germany]] and [[England]]. He has five grandchildren, including television producer [[Simone Thorogood]].

== Selected works ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Picture/Sound/Music Editor
! Year/Country
! Production Notes
|-
| ''[[Shakespeare Wallah]]''
| 1965/US
| [[Merchant Ivory Productions|Merchant Ivory Production]], that won acclaim all over [[Europe]] and [[United States|America]].
|-
| ''[[Shalimar (1978 film)|Shalimar]]''
| 1978/India/US
| Directed by [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0787452/ Krishna Shah].
|-
| ''[[Cinema Cinema]]''
| 1979/India
| Directed by [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0787452/ Krishna Shah].
|-
| ''In Search of God''
| 1981/[[Cyprus]]
| Directed by [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0409514/ Evangelos Ioannidis].
|-
| ''Gathering Storm''
| 1982/UK
| [[Channel 4]] production.
|-
| ''[[The Courtesans of Bombay]]''
| 1983/UK
| [[Merchant Ivory Productions|Merchant Ivory TV-Production]].
|-
| ''[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0088706/ American Drive-In]''
| 1985/US
| Directed by [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0787452/ Krishna Shah].
|-
| ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20120208163837/http://www.citwf.com/film77245.htm Dabbawallahs]''
| 1985/UK
| [[Channel 4]] production.
|-
| ''[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0258988/ Street Musicians Of Bombay]''
| 1994/UK
| [[Merchant Ivory Productions|Merchant Ivory Production]].
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Dubbing/Sound Editor
! Year/Country
! Production Notes
|-
| ''[[Lovespell|Summer of the Falcon]]''
| 1981/US
| AKA ''Lovespell''.
|-
| ''[[Anna (German TV series)|Anna Ballerina (Series)]]''
| 1987/Germany
| German TV series.
|-
| ''[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0094661/ Anna Ballerina (Movie)]''
| 1988/Germany
| Movie based on the series.
|-
| ''[[Young Toscanini]]''
| 1988/Italy/France
| [[Franco Zeffirelli]] production.
|-
| ''[[May Fools|Milou en mai]]''
| 1990/France/Italy
| [[Louis Malle]] production.
|}

Bose was specialized in dubbing films from different languages to English and vice versa. To name a few, the following is a short list:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Dubbing
! Year/Country
! Dubbing Languages
! Production Notes
|-
| ''[[Diva (1981 film)|Diva]]''
| 1981/Italy/France
| French/English
| A film by [[Jean-Jacques Beineix]].
|-
| ''[[Lovespell|Summer of the Falcon]]''
| 1981/US
| German/English/German
| AKA ''Lovespell''. Featuring [[Richard Burton]].
|-
| ''[[The Children of Noisy Village (film)|The Children of Noisy Village]]''
| 1986/Sweden
| Dutch/English
| Written by [[Astrid Lindgren]].
|-
| ''[[A Boy from Calabria]]''
| 1987/Italy/France
| Italian/English
| A film by [[Luigi Comencini]].
|-
| ''[[Anna (German TV series)|Anna Ballerina (Series)]]''
| 1987/Germany
| German/English/German
| German TV series.
|-
| ''[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0094661/ Anna Ballerina (Movie)]''
| 1988/Germany
| German/English/German
| Movie based on the series.
|-
| ''[[Young Toscanini|Franco Zeffirelli's Young Toscanini]]''
| 1988/Italy/France
| English/Italian/English
| Featuring [[Elizabeth Taylor]] and [[Sophie Ward]].
|-
| ''[[Eurocops]]''
| 1988/Spain/Italy/France/Germany/ UK/Austria/Switzerland
| English/French/Italian/ Spanish/German
| TV series 1988–1993. Featuring [[Heiner Lauterbach]].
|-
| ''[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0098181/ The Year Of The Black Butterflies]''
| 1989/Germany
| German/English
| N/A.
|-
| ''{{ill|African Timber (film)|de|3=African Timber|lt=African Timber}}''
| 1989/Germany/France
| English/English
| Featuring [[Heiner Lauterbach]].
|-
| ''[[Peter in Magicland]]''
| 1990/Germany
| German/English/German
| Full length Animation film.
|-
| ''[[May Fools|Louis Malle's Milou en mai]]''
| 1990/France/Italy
| French/English
| US Title: ''May Fools''
|}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|97859}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120208163828/http://www.citwf.com/person483649.htm Amit Bose] at CITWF (Complete Index to World Film).

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bose, Amit}}
[[Category:1930 births]]
[[Category:2019 deaths]]
[[Category:Film directors from Bihar]]
[[Category:Bengali film directors]]
[[Category:Hindi film editors]]
[[Category:Centro Sperimentale di Cinematografia alumni]]
[[Category:Visva-Bharati University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Jamshedpur]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Film editors from Bihar]]
[[Category:Directors who won the Best Children's Film National Film Award]]

Bishnupur, Manipur

2026-01-20T15:55:50Z

Himanshuucharan: small cleanup page after review and cleaned formatting as per guidelines

{{About|the municipality in Manipur, India|its namesake district|Bishnupur district}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bishnupur
| other_name = Lamangdong
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = Vishnu temple, Bishnupur 02.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Vishnu temple after which Bishnupur is named
| pushpin_map = India Manipur#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Manipur, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.6333|N|93.7667|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Manipur]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bishnupur district|Bishnupur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 16704
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Language(s)
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Meiteilon]] (officially called [[Manipuri language|Manipuri]])<ref name=langoff>{{cite web |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM47thReport.pdf |title=Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 47th report (July 2008 to June 2010) |pages=78 |publisher=Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, [[Ministry of Minority Affairs]], [[Government of India]] |access-date=16 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513161847/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM47thReport.pdf |archive-date=13 May 2012 }}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 795126
| registration_plate = MN
| website = {{URL|https://bishnupur.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}
'''Bishnupur''' is a town in [[Bishnupur district]] in the state of [[Manipur]], [[India]]. It derived its name from an ancient [[Vishnu]] temple located in the town. There is no official record of when exactly the town was named but it is likely during the reign of Bhagyachandra in the mid 18th century. Bishunupur is the administrative headquarters of Bishnupur District.

In ancient times, Tongjei Maril, [[literal meaning|lit.]] 'tubehole') through Bishnupur was the sole road linking Manipur with the rest of India. Bishnupur was one of the sites of the World War II where fierce fightings between the Allied Forces and the Japanese Forces took place. The British war hero, Major-General [[Orde Wingate]], the founder of the [[Chindits]] force, died in a plane crash near Bishnupur while flying back from Chindit-held bases in Burma. Many descendants of Japanese armed forces who died here during the War visit Bishnupur to pay homage to their departed ancestors.

== Civic administration ==

Bishnupur is a [[municipal council]]. There are 12 wards in Bishunpur Municipal Council.

== Demographics ==
{{update after|2022}}
As of the [[2011 Census of India]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=16 June 2004|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=1 November 2008|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Bishnupur has a population of about 16,264. Males (5,324) constitute 52% of the population and females (4,940) 48%. Bishnupur has an average literacy rate of 82%; with male literacy of 82% and female literacy of 72%. 12% of the population is under 6 years of age. This town is home to Meiteis, Pangals (Manipuri Muslims) and Scheduled Tribes.

== Economy ==

===Agriculture===
The main occupation of the people of Bishnupur is agriculture. Rice, potato, cabbage, pulses, brinjal and tomato are the main crops cultivated and produced in the town. All the crops and vegetables grown in the hills and lakes are available in Bishupur.

== Tourist attractions ==

===Loukoipat===
Loukoipat, a small natural lake sandwiched between two knolls is a picturesque tourist spot in Bishnupur. Here, the beauty of hills converges with the beauty of lake. The panoramic view of the Manipur valley from the higher slopes of Loukoipat tourist lodge is sure to please the viewers' senses. Loukoipat is further being developed with an ecological park.

===Vishnu Temple===
Vishnu Temple at Bishnupur is a 15th-century temple dedicated to [[Vishnu|Lord Vishnu]]. King Kyamba of Manipur along with Chaopha Khe Khomba, the king of Pong, conquered Kyang, a Shan kingdom in [[Kabaw Valley|the Kabaw Valley]] of present Myanmar. Jubilant at the victory, an idol of Lord Vishnu was given by the Pong king to King Kyamba. King Kyamba started worshipping the idol at Lumlangdong which then came to be known as Bishnupur i.e. abode of Vishnu. Subsequently, he built a Vishnu Temple of brick at Bishnupur which has now become a protected historical monument under the Ministry of H.R.D (Archeology), Government of India. It is now standing as a symbol of the remains of ancient times. And the statue got by Kyamba from the Pong king is very important since it gives us the idea of the religious beliefs of those days and the very name that it had given.

During the rule of Kyamba the worship of Vishnu began in Manipur again. A little image of Lord Vishnu was presented by the King of Pong when he concluded a treaty with the king of Manipur in 1470 AD. Kyamba built a brick temple at Bishnupur and installed the image there. In this way the worship of Lord Vishnu began in Manipur again. But "in spite of regular worship of Vishnu Kyamba was not initiated to Vaishnavism by a preceptor."

==Politics==
Bishnupur is a part of [[Inner Manipur (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2002/background/S14/Dist_PC_AC.pdf
| title = Assembly Constituencies - Corresponding Districts and Parliamentary Constituencies
| accessdate = 7 October 2008
| work = Manipur
| publisher = Election Commission of India
}}{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Municipalities of Manipur}}

[[Category:Bishnupur, Manipur| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Bishnupur district]]

1833 Bihar–Nepal earthquake

2026-01-08T19:20:08Z

Himanshuucharan:

{{Short description|Earthquake in Nepal and India}}
{{Infobox earthquake
| name = 1833 Bihar–Nepal earthquake
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| location = {{coord|27.7|N|85.7|E|display=inline,title}}<ref name="Ambraseys" />
| map2 = {{Location map+|Nepal
| places =
{{Location map~|Nepal|lat=28.3|long=85.5|mark=Bullseye1.png|marksize=50}}
{{Location map~|Nepal|lat= 27.7|long=85.3|label=Kathmandu|label_size=100|position=left|mark=Green pog.svg}}
| relief = yes
| width = 250
| float = center|border=infobox
| caption = }}
| timestamp =
| isc-event =
| anss-url =
| local-date = 26 August 1833
| local-time = 22:58 [[Nepal Standard Time|NPT]]
| duration =
| magnitude = 7.6–7.9 {{M|w|link=yes}}<ref name=":0" />
| depth =
| fault = [[Main Himalayan Thrust]]
| type = [[Fault (geology)|Thrust]]<ref name="Himalayan earthquakes" /> ([[Blind thrust earthquake|Blind]])
| affected = [[Nepal]], [[India]] & [[Tibet]]
| damages =
| intensity = {{MMI|X}}
| pga =
| pgv =
| tsunami =
| landslide =
| foreshocks = 2
| aftershocks = Yes<ref name="Himalayan earthquakes" />
| casualties = ~500 dead
| citations =
| pre-1900 = yes
}}

The '''1833 Nepal–India earthquake''' occurred on August 26 at 22:58 [[Nepal Standard Time|local time (NPT)]].<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Significant Earthquake Information NEPAL: KATHMANDU; INDIA: BIHAR|url=https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/earthquake/event-more-info/1758|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322184948/https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/earthquake/event-more-info/1758 |archive-date=2022-03-22 |access-date=12 December 2020|website=NGDC}}</ref> This earthquake had an estimated moment magnitude ({{M|w|link=y}}) of 7.6–7.9 and struck with an epicenter somewhere in or near the [[Kathmandu Valley]]. The earthquake caused major destruction in numerous towns and villages in Nepal, northern India, and Tibet. The earthquake was also felt in [[Chittagong]], [[Bangladesh]]. Despite the extent of the damage, the number of fatalities resulting from the earthquake was surprisingly low, at approximately 500. This was because the [[mainshock]] was preceded by two smaller but intense [[foreshock]]s earlier that day, causing many residents to take refuge outside their homes.

==Geology==
The [[Main Himalayan Thrust]] is a [[décollement]] structure that defines the boundary between the [[Indian Plate]] and [[Eurasian Plate]]. This thrust fault is the source of most of Nepal's earthquakes. The earthquake of 1833 has been suggested by geologists to be a repeat of the 1344 earthquake, and the [[April 2015 Nepal earthquake|2015 Gorkha earthquake]] was a repeat of the 1833 event. All of which failed to release all the strain that had been building over the past centuries thus was an incomplete rupture of the Main Himalayan Thrust.<ref name="Himalayan earthquakes" /><ref>{{cite news|last=Metcalfe|first=John|date=14 June 2016|title=Study: Nepal Could Be Due for Another Major Earthquake|work=Bloomberg|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-06-13/nepal-could-be-hit-by-another-major-earthquake-say-scientists|access-date=12 Dec 2020}}</ref>

The décollement rupture area of the 1833 event is likely the same as in 2015, but closer to Kathmandu.<ref name=":0" /> Both earthquakes occurred along the MHT but did not rupture to the surface, thus, were [[blind thrust earthquake]]s.<ref name="Ground Motions" /> Inferring from [[isoseismal map]]s prepared after the quake, researchers believe the earthquake was caused by an 80–120 km × 40 km section of the megathrust rupturing.<ref name=":0" /> The same fault patch that ruptured in 1833 would re-rupture again during the {{M|w}} 8.0 [[1934 Nepal–India earthquake|1934 Bihar earthquake]], as the 1833 event did little to release the elastic tension along the décollement.

Very little is known about the [[epicenter]] location of the earthquake due to the poor constrains in data. Researcher and seismologist [[Nicholas Ambraseys]] determined the epicenter coordinates was {{coord|27.7|N|85.7|E}}.<ref name="Ambraseys" /> Another epicenter area located roughly 130 km west of the 1934 earthquake epicenter, at the eastern edge of a seismic gap has been favoured by many authors.<ref name="Location and Magnitude" />

==Earthquake==
At about 6:00 pm, the first foreshock was felt in [[Kathmandu]] for 40 seconds, it was significant but not strong enough to cause any fatalities. Plants and trees were seen swaying from the crowns to their roots. The next foreshock occurred at 10:45 pm, which had similar effects like the one five hours earlier.<ref name="Historiography" /> These foreshocks would have a large influence on the number of casualties caused by the mainshock.

Fifteen minutes later, another earthquake rocked the city. It was described in the beginning as gentle rocking, followed by some rumbling sounds. Shaking then escalated to a more violent characteristic; trees were seen bending, and houses ripped from their foundations.<ref name="II" /> Horses and cattle escaped from their stalls, frightened by the earthquake. The earthquake was so strong that people found it difficult to walk, like those seen in footages of the 2015 earthquake.<ref name="Himalayan earthquakes" /> It lasted an approximate three minutes.<ref name="Historiography" /> Many terrified residents got to the ground and began to pray during the earthquake.

In [[Kathmandu]], the earthquake was assigned a modified [[Mercalli intensity scale]] rating of VIII (''Severe'') to X (''Extreme''). In an article published by [[The India Gazette]] on September 12 the same year, the earthquake was perceived as wave-like with long rolls and peaks, in a northeast and southwest direction.<ref name="Location and Magnitude" />

At [[Chhapra]], [[Bihar]], the mainshock was still strong enough to be felt even from Nepal. It shook houses and woke many residents from their sleep. Many people rushed out of their houses even as more strong shock rocked the city. Huge chunks of cornice and plasters fell from walls during the quake.<ref name="Location and Magnitude" /> Several native dwellings were reportedly destroyed, and at least three people died from house collapses.<ref name="Location and Magnitude" /> A massive fissure also tore through the ground some two miles from the city.

The foreshocks were also distinctly felt in [[Gorakhpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], jolting many people from their sleep, including the Europeans settling in the area. Almost all the Europeans residing in an establishment ran out of their residences for fear that they would crumble. Tremors were still felt even 20 minutes later.<ref name="Location and Magnitude" /> The mainshock struck at just before midnight, described as more violent than earlier events, and as if being "seized by several hands and shaken violently backward and forwards". All the local residents in the city dashed out of their homes. The earthquake was so intense that standing was nearly impossible.<ref name="Location and Magnitude" />

===Aftershocks===
An [[aftershock]] sequence immediately followed after the mainshock, but it gradually decayed after persisting for several weeks. Strong aftershocks were felt on October 4, October 18, and November 26 of 1833.<ref name="Ground Motions" />

In 1835, a major aftershock struck the same region.<ref name="Himalayan earthquakes" /> The estimated magnitude of this aftershock is on the order of {{M|w}} 6.5 or greater. Thirty-three years later, another large earthquake struck on May 23, 1866. Estimates of this magnitude range between {{M|w}} 6.8 and 7.4, too small to cause any surface ruptures.<ref name=":0" /> Its epicenter location remains uncertain although some geologists suggest it was in the same location as the [[May 2015 Nepal earthquake]], or it might be a deeper event like that of the [[1988 Nepal earthquake|Bihar earthquake in 1988]].<ref name="Himalayan earthquakes" />

==Impact==
[[File:Kathmandu Bhimsen Tower.jpg|200px|thumb|The newly restored [[Dharahara Tower]] in 1920.]]

The earthquake was felt over an area roughly 1 million km2 in Nepal, northern India, and southern Tibet. Large [[landslides]], rockfalls and avalanches in the mountainous region destroyed over 4,600 homes and temples. The two foreshocks occurring a few hours to minutes before the larger quake may have greatly reduced the death toll. Residents were driven out of their homes and dwellings due to panic caused by the two shocks. Had the two foreshocks not happened, many residents would have been killed.

At least 30% or more of all homes in northern Nepal and the southern [[Tibet]] region were totally destroyed. In the [[Kathmandu Valley]], 400 buildings crumpled to the ground, burying many occupants residing in them. One of the two towers of the [[Dharahara]], built by [[Bhimsen Thapa]] collapsed completely and was never rebuilt.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hutt|first=Michael|date=2019|title=Revealing What is Dear: the post-earthquake iconisation of the Dharahara, Kathmandu|url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/30148/8/Hutt%20Revealing%20What%20is%20Dear.pdf|journal=Journal of Asian Studies|volume=78|issue=3 |pages=549–576|doi=10.1017/S0021911819000172 |s2cid=165687047 |via=}}</ref> The other tower suffered minor damage and was repaired shortly after.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Karki |first1=Shristi |title=Had a great fall, and lived |url=https://www.nepalitimes.com/banner/had-a-great-fall-and-lived/ |access-date=23 April 2021 |agency=Nepali Times |date=22 April 2021}}</ref> The new tower stood over the city until 1934 when the magnitude 8.0 earthquake would knock it down again.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Stott |first1=Rory |title=Nepal's Historic Architecture Destroyed By Earthquake |url=https://www.archdaily.com/624272/nepal-s-historic-architecture-destroyed-by-earthquake |website=ArchDaily |access-date=23 April 2021 |date=2015}}</ref> The other was partially damaged and quickly restored, only to be destroyed once again during the [[1934 Nepal–India earthquake|1934 Bihar earthquake]]. The home of [[Mathabarsingh Thapa|Matabarsing Thapa]], was completely destroyed, and the garden houses belonging to [[Bhimsen Thapa]] became unfit for occupancy. In all, a total of 18,000 buildings were totally wiped out, with over 4,000 having collapsed in the Kathmandu Valley region.

In the town of [[Bhaktapur]] (then Bhatgaon), east of the Kathmandu Valley, at least 200 individuals were killed, making it the worst affected area outside the valley. One quarter (25%) to 70% of the town suffered major destruction, including at least 2,000 homes and six to eight temples.<ref name="Historiography" />

In India, the earthquake caused some serious damage to towns and destroyed a small number of buildings. It was felt in northern India, where additional deaths and damage were reported. Damage there was generally less widespread, with fewer deaths recorded. The capital of [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Lucknow]], felt four distinct shocks with the last two causing homes to creak, and lamps to swing about. The shaking caused animals including birds, elephants, and snakes to behave unusually. Residents of the city ran out of their homes, fearing it would collapse on them, and began to pray. The same effects were observed in other parts of India, where many people and animals became frightened.<ref name="Historiography" />

==See also==
*[[List of earthquakes in Nepal]]
*[[List of earthquakes in India]]
*[[List of historical earthquakes]]

==References==
<references>

<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |author1=L. Bollinger |author2=P. Tapponnier |author3=S. N. Sapkota |author4=Y. Klinger |date=2016 |title=Slip deficit in central Nepal: omen for a repeat of the 1344 AD earthquake? |url=https://earthobservatory.sg/files/publications/pdf/Slip%20deficit%20in%20central%20Nepal-%20omen%20for%20a%20repeat%20of%20the%201344%20AD%20earthquake%3F%20-%20Bollinger%2C%20Tapponnier%20et%20al.pdf |journal=Earth, Planets and Space |volume=68 |page=12 |doi=10.1186/s40623-016-0389-1 |bibcode=2016EP&S...68...12B |s2cid=32078899 |via=Earth Observatory of Singapore |doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name="Ambraseys">{{cite journal |author1=[[Nicholas Ambraseys]] |title=Three little known early earthquakes in India |journal=Current Science |date=2004 |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=506–508 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24107899 |publisher=Current Science Association |jstor=24107899 |access-date=25 July 2021}}</ref>

<ref name="Ground Motions">{{cite journal |author1=Stacey S. Martin |author2=Susan E. Hough |author3=Charleen Hung |title=Ground Motions from the 2015 Mw 7.8 Gorkha, Nepal, Earthquake Constrained by a Detailed Assessment of Macroseismic Data |journal=Seismological Research Letters |date=2015 |volume=86 |issue=6 |pages=1524–1532 |doi=10.1785/0220150138 |bibcode=2015SeiRL..86.1524M |hdl=10356/104422 |hdl-access=free}}</ref>

<ref name="Himalayan earthquakes">{{cite journal |last1=Bilham |first1=Roger |title=Himalayan earthquakes: a review of historical seismicity and early 21st century slip potential |journal=Geological Society, London, Special Publications |date=2019 |volume=483 |issue=1 |pages=423–482 |doi=10.1144/SP483.16 |bibcode=2019GSLSP.483..423B |url=https://sp.lyellcollection.org/content/483/1/423 |doi-access=free |access-date=23 April 2021}}</ref>

<ref name="Historiography">{{cite journal |author1=Sujit Dasgupta |author2=Basab Mukhopadhyay |title=Historiography and Commentary on the Nepal–India Earthquake of 26 August 1833 |journal=Indian Journal of History of Science |date=2015 |volume=50 |issue=3 |pages=491–513 |url=https://pdfcookie.com/documents/historiography-and-commentary-from-archives-on-the-kathmandu-nepal-india-earthquake-of-26-august-1833-ex20k6z8q9v3 |access-date=22 April 2021}}</ref>

<ref name="II">{{cite book |author1=Asiatic Society of Bengal |editor1-last=Prinsep |editor1-first=James |title=The Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Volume 2 |date=1833 |pages=564–567 |url=https://archive.org/details/JournalOfTheAsiaticSocietyOfBengalVolIi1833/page/n23/mode/2up |access-date=24 April 2021}}</ref>

<ref name="Location and Magnitude">{{cite journal |last1=Bilham |first1=Roger |title=Location and Magnitude of the 1833 Nepal Earthquake and its Relation to the Rupture zones of Contiguous Great Himalayan earthquakes |journal=Current Science |date=1995 |volume=69 |issue=2 |pages=101–128 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/24097233 |publisher=Current Science Association |jstor=24097233 |access-date=23 April 2021}}</ref>

</references>

{{Himalayan earthquakes}}
{{Earthquakes in Nepal}}
{{Earthquakes in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bihar-Nepal earthquake}}
[[Category:August 1833]]
[[Category:Earthquakes in Nepal]]
[[Category:Earthquakes in India]]
[[Category:Earthquakes in Tibet]]
[[Category:1833 earthquakes]]
[[Category:Natural disasters in Bihar]]
[[Category:Buried rupture earthquakes]]
[[Category:1833 in India]]
[[Category:1833 in Nepal]]
[[Category:1830s disasters in Asia]]

Shantinatha

2025-12-08T11:19:51Z

Himanshuucharan: made a post basic info

{{short description|16th Tirthankara in Jainism in current cycle of Jain cosmology}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Jain
| deity_of = 16th [[Tirthankara]], 5th [[Chakravarti (Sanskrit term)#Jainism|Chakravarti]], and 11th [[Kamadeva]]
| image = File:Gujarat, shantinatha, xii secolo.jpg
| caption = A 12th century [[Śvetāmbara]] idol of Tirthankara Shantinatha at [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya]]
| alt =
| venerated_in = [[Jainism]]
| symbol = [[Deer]] or [[Antelope]]
| color = [[Gold (color)|Golden]]
| spouse = Yaśomatī
| father = Viśvasena
| mother = Acalādevī
| height = 40 [[Dhanusha (unit)|bows]] (120 metres) (393.701 feet)
| age = 100,000 years
| tree = [[Toona ciliata|Nandi tree]]
| predecessor = [[Dharmanatha]]
| successor = [[Kunthunatha]]
| birth_place = [[Hastinapur]]{{sfn|Tandon|2002|p=45}}
| moksha_place = [[Shikharji|Sammed Shikhar]]
| dynasty = [[Solar dynasty|Kuruvaṁśa—Ikṣvākuvaṁśa]]
}}
{{Jainism}}

'''Śāntinātha''' ({{langx|sa|शान्तिनाथ}}) or '''Śānti''' is the sixteenth {{lang|sa-Latn|[[tīrthaṅkara]]}} of [[Jainism]] in the present age ({{lang|sa|[[Avasarpini]]}}).{{sfn|Tukol|1980|page=31}} According to Jain beliefs, he was one of the three {{lang|sa|tirthankaras}} to have also held the status of a {{lang|sa|[[Chakravarti (Sanskrit term)|Chakravarti]]}} (universal monarch) and a {{lang|sa|[[Kamadeva]]}} (being of supreme beauty) in the same lifetime. He is traditionally revered as the deity of peace ({{lang|sa|Shanti}}) and is invoked by devotees to avert calamities and epidemics.

Jain texts describe his life as a transition from imperial sovereignty to total renunciation. Born in [[Hastinapur]] to King Vishvasena and Queen Aćira of the [[Ikshvaku dynasty]], he is said to have ruled for 25,000 years. As a {{lang|sa|Chakravarti}}, traditional accounts state he possessed the "fourteen jewels" ({{lang|sa|ratna}}) and "nine treasures" ({{lang|sa|nidhi}}), symbolizing absolute material dominion, before renouncing his empire to become a [[Jain monasticism|Jain monk]]. After sixteen years of asceticism, he is believed to have attained {{lang|sa|[[Kevala Jnana]]}} (omniscience) and subsequently achieved {{lang|sa|[[Moksha (Jainism)|Moksha]]}} (liberation) at [[Shikharji]].

Along with [[Rishabhanatha]], [[Neminatha]], [[Parshvanatha]] and [[Mahavira]], Shantinatha is considered one of the five most worshipped {{lang|sa|tirthankaras}} in the Jain tradition. He is the central figure in the {{lang|sa|Shantikarma}} rituals, performed to bring peace and ward off negative karmic influences. His legacy is preserved in major literary works like the {{lang|sa|Shantipurana}} (c. 10th century) by the poet [[Ponna (poet)|Ponna]] and in significant architectural monuments. Prominent sites dedicated to him include the UNESCO World Heritage [[Shantinatha temple, Khajuraho]], the [[Jain temples of Deogarh|Shantinatha Temple, Deogarh]], the colossal statues at [[Gopachal rock-cut Jain monuments|Gopachal]], and major temple complexes at Hastinapur and [[Sonagiri]].

==Legendary Biography==
According to [[Jain cosmology]], Shantinatha is the 16th {{lang|sa|tirthankara}} of the {{lang|sa|[[Avasarpiṇī]]}} (the present descending time cycle).{{sfn|Tukol|1980|p=31}}{{refn|group=note|Heinrich Zimmer: "The cycle of time continually revolves, according to the Jainas. The present "descending" (''avasarpini'') period was preceded and will be followed by an "ascending" (''utsarpini''). Sarpini suggests the creeping movement of a "serpent" (''sarpin''); ava- means "down" and ut- means up."{{sfn|Zimmer|1953|p=224}} A ''Tirthankara'' ([[Ford (crossing)|ford]]-maker, saviour or spiritual teacher) signifies the founding of a ''[[Tirtha (Jainism)|tirtha]]'', a passage across the sea of [[Saṃsāra (Jainism)|birth-and-death cycles]].{{sfn|Zimmer|1953|p=181}}<ref name="britannica">{{Cite encyclopedia |title= Tirthankara {{!}} Definition, Names, & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/596895/Tirthankar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015033744/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/596895/Tirthankara |archive-date=October 15, 2013 |access-date=October 15, 2013 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]]|url-status=live}}</ref> }} He holds a unique position in Jain universal history as one of the three beings to attain the triple status of {{lang|sa|tirthankara}}, {{lang|sa|[[Chakravarti (Sanskrit term)|Chakravarti]]}} (Universal Monarch), and {{lang|sa|[[Kamadeva]]}} (Being of Supreme Beauty) within a single lifetime.{{sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1987|p=151}}

His successor, [[Kunthunatha]], is said to have been born 1/2 {{lang|sa|palya}} after him.{{sfn|Finegan|1952|p=190}}

=== Previous incarnations ===
[[File:King Meghrath.jpg|thumb|King Megharath, one of the Shantinatha previous incarnation, saving pigeons life by sacrificing his own limbs]]
Jain tradition holds that the soul of Shantinatha accumulated merit through a series of virtuous past lives before his final birth. Traditional accounts, such as [[Hemachandra]]'s {{lang|sa|[[Trishashti-Shalakapurusha-Charitra]]}}, describe his life as King Srisena, a benevolent ruler who had two wives, Abhinanditā and Śikhinanditā. Abhinanditā is described as the mother of his two sons Induṣeṇa and Binduṣeṇa.{{sfn|Johnson|1931}}{{pn|date=November 2025}} In next birth, he is described as being born as Yugalika in Uttar [[Kurukshetra]] and after that as a {{lang|sa|[[Deva (Jainism)|Deva]]}} in {{lang|sa|Saudharma}} heaven.{{sfn|Johnson|1931}}{{pn|date=November 2025}}

In next birth as Amitateja, prince of Arkakirti, who later became a Jain monk under the influence of {{lang|sa|[[Acharya]]}} Abhinandana.{{sfn|Johnson|1931}}{{pn|date=November 2025}} followed by birth as a heavenly {{lang|sa|deva}} in 10th heaven {{lang|sa|Pranat}} (20 {{lang|sa|sagars}} life span){{refn|group=note|1 sagars is several million years}} After that he was born as Aparajit Baldeva in East Mahavideha (life span of 84,00,000 {{lang|sa|[[purva]]}}){{refn|group=note|1 Purva is 8,400,0002 years}} and then as a heavenly {{lang|sa|[[Indra]]}} in 12th heaven {{lang|sa|Achyuta}} (22 {{lang|sa|sagars}} life span). In the subsequent birth, he ruled as Vajrāyudha Chakri, the son of {{lang|sa|tirthankara}} Kṣemaṅkara in the East Mahavideha region, where he eventually renounced his throne to become a Jain ascetic with his father becoming an {{lang|sa|[[Arihant (Jainism)|Arihant]]}}.{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1925|p=307}} He is said to have been named Vajrāyudha as his mother, Lakṣmīvatī's, dreamed of a thunderbolt as one of the [[Auspicious dreams in Jainism|fourteen auspicious dreams]] indicating that he would become a {{lang|sa|Vajrin}} ({{lang|sa|Indra}}).{{sfn|Johnson|1931}}{{pn|date=November 2025}} After that he was born as a heavenly {{lang|sa|deva}} in {{lang|sa|Navgraivayak}} heaven (25 {{lang|sa|sagars}} life span).{{sfn|Johnson|1931}}{{pn|date=November 2025}}

His most significant previous incarnation was as King Megharath, son of Dhanarath in East Mahavideha.{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|2004|p=67}}{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2015|p=198}}{{sfn|Tanu Jain|2011|p=26}} In a famous legend depicted frequently in [[Jain art]], King Megharath demonstrated absolute compassion by saving a [[pigeon]] from a pursuing [[falcon]] (who was a deity named Sarupa testing his vow).{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1925|p=307}}{{sfn|Mehta|1970|p=21}} He did this by slicing off his own flesh equal in weight to the bird to satisfy the falcon's hunger, symbolizing the ultimate commitment to {{lang|sa|[[Ahimsa (Jainism)|ahimsa]]}}.{{sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1987|p=152}} Following this life, he was reborn as a heavenly {{lang|sa|deva}} in {{lang|sa|Sarvartha Siddha}} heaven (33 {{lang|sa|sagars}} life span) before descending for his final incarnation.{{sfn|Johnson|1931|p=}}{{pn|date=November 2025}}

=== Birth and Early Life ===
Shantinatha was born in the ancient capital of [[Hastinapur]] to King Vishvasena and Queen Aćira of the [[Ikshvaku dynasty]].{{sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1987|p=151}} His birth occurred on the 13th day of the dark half of the {{lang|sa|[[Jestha]]}} month.{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2015|p=199}} Tradition states that his mother saw the [[Auspicious dreams in Jainism|auspicious dreams]] (fourteen according to the {{lang|sa|[[Śvetāmbara]]}} tradition and sixteen according to the {{lang|sa|[[Digambara]]}} tradition) foretelling the birth of a {{lang|sa|tirthankara}}.{{sfn|Johnson|1931|p=}}{{pn|date=November 2025}}

He was named Shantinatha ("Lord of Peace") because his presence in the womb was believed to have pacified a raging epidemic and quelled all misery in the kingdom.{{sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1987|p=151}} Chronologically, he was born three {{lang|sa|sagara}} (ocean-measured time units) less three-quarters {{lang|sa|palya}} after the fifteenth {{lang|sa|tirthankara}}, [[Dharmanatha]].{{sfn|Finegan|1952|p=190}}

=== Reign as {{lang|sa|Chakravarti}} ===
Before embarking on his spiritual conquest, Shantinatha achieved the zenith of material power. Standing 40 {{lang|sa|[[Dhanusha (unit)|dhanusha]]}} (approximately 120 feet) tall, he spent 25,000 years as a youth and ascended the throne at the age of 25,000.{{sfn|Finegan|1952|p=190}}{{sfn|Mittal|2006|p=689}} He ruled for 50,000 years, during which he conquered the six distinct divisions of the earth, establishing a global empire.{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2015|pp=198-199}} He married a beautiful princess Yaśomatī.{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1925|p=307}}

As the fifth {{lang|sa|Chakravarti}}, canonical texts attribute to him the possession of the "14 jewels" ({{lang|sa|ratna}}) and "nine treasures" ({{lang|sa|nidhi}}).{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1925|p=307}}{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2015|p=199}} These assets included animate and inanimate symbols of sovereignty, such as the divine wheel ({{lang|sa|[[Sudarshana chakra|chakraratna]]}}), the state elephants and the divine horses.{{sfn|Mittal|2006|p=689}} His reign is traditionally characterized as a Golden Age of justice and is associated with the {{lang|sa|Shantikarma}} rituals, which are performed to ward off diseases, famine, and foreign invasions.{{sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1987|p=152}}{{sfn|Mehta|1970|p=138}} During his time, an epidemic of [[epilepsy]] broke out and he helped to control it.{{sfn|Mittal|2006|p=689}}

=== Renunciation and Omniscience ===
[[File:Raja Dharma Mitra offering food to Tirthankara Shantinatha - Unknown, Rajasthan School - Google Cultural Institute.jpg|thumb|King Dharma Mitra offering first meal to {{lang|sa|[[tirthankara]]}} Shantinatha, 19th century (Digambara Tradition)]]

Despite possessing absolute material dominion, Shantinatha renounced his empire upon realizing the transient nature of worldly power.{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2015|p=199}} He adopted the life of a Jain monk, engaging in rigorous penance for sixteen years.{{sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1987|p=152}} He meditated under a [[Toona ciliata|nandi tree]], abstaining from food and sleep, until he destroyed the {{lang|sa|ghati}} (obscuring) {{lang|sa|[[karma]]s}}.{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2015|p=199}} On the ninth bright day of the month of {{lang|sa|[[Pausha]]}}, he attained [[Kevala Jnana]] (omniscience).{{sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1987|p=152}}

After achieving ''{{lang|sa|kevala jnana}}'' he visited Somanasapur, and was offered first ''{{lang|sa-Latn|ahara}}'' (food) by King Dharma Mitra and his wife.{{sfn|Art and Culture|Raja Dharma Mitra offering food to Tirthankara Shantinatha}}

=== Nirvana and moksha ===
He is said to have lived 1 lakh ({{Lakh|1}}) years and spent many years spreading his knowledge.{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1925|p=307}}{{sfn|Finegan|1952|p=190}} On the 13th day of the dark half of the month [[Jyeshtha (month)|Jyestha]] (May–June), he attained [[moksha (Jainism)|nirvana]] at [[Sammed Shikharji]],{{sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1987|p=152}}{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2015|p=199}}{{refn|group=note|Some texts refer to the place as Mount Sammeta.{{sfn|Jacobi|1964|p=275}} This place is revered in Jainism because 20 out of 24 Jinas died here.{{sfn|Cort|2010|pp=130–133}} }} known contemporaneously as the [[Parasnath Hills]] in northern [[Jharkhand]].{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1991|p=13}}

The ''[[yaksha]]'' and ''[[yakshi]]'' of Shantinatha are Kimpurusha and Mahamanasi according to [[Digambara]] tradition and [[Garuda]] and Nirvani according to [[Śvētāmbara]] tradition.{{sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1987|p=152}}

=== Disciples ===
According to Jain texts, Cakrayudha Svami was the leader of the Shantinatha disciples.{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2015|p=199}}{{sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1987|p=151}}

== Legacy ==

=== Worship ===
[[File:Tirthankar Shantinath.jpg|Miniature painting of Shantinatha surrounded by ascetics, devotees and animals, 18th century|thumb]]

Śhāntinātha being an idea of peace and tranquillity, it is believed that chanting the name Śhāntinātha averts calamities and epidemics and bestows welfare to worshippers.{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|2004|p=179}} In the [[Śvetāmbara]] tradition, Nirvāṉi, the yakshi of Śhāntinātha, is also associated with Shantinatha as Śhānti-devī in prayers for peace.{{sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1987|p=152}} During the last rites, recitation of [[Namokar Mantra]] and hymns to the ''Jina'' and ''Śhāntinātha'' are performed.{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|2004|p=208}}

''Shanti Snaatra Puja'' is a special prayer for universal peace and the welfare of all living beings. During the prayer, offerings are made 27 or 108 times to Shantinatha.{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|2004|p=182}} The ''Laghnu-Shanti-stavaa'', compiled by Manadeva suri in the 7th century, is a hymn to Shantinatha full of [[Tantra#Jainism and other religions|tantric]] usage and identify Shantinatha as ''Siva'', the Lord of ''Shanta''.{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|2004|p=193}} According to Jinaprabha Suri, the temples dedicated to Shantinatha existed in [[Kishkindha]], [[Lanka]] and [[Trikuta]].{{sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1987|p=152}}

According to ''Santistava'' compiled by Acharya Manadevasuri, an [[Acharya (Jainism)|Acharya]] of the [[Śvetāmbara]] sect in the third century, mere recitation of Shantinatha's name negates all bad omens, brings peace and protects devotees from problems.{{sfn|Cort|2001|p=198}} ''Santistava'' is considered by [[Śvetāmbara]]s as one of the four most beautifully written ''stavans'' (hymn{{sfn|Chapple|2015|p=246}}{{sfn|Kelting|2001|p=9}}).{{sfn|Kelting|2001|p=96}} ''Jinastotrāņi'' is a collection of hymn dedicated to Shantinatha along with [[Munisuvrata]], [[Chandraprabha]], Neminatha, Mahavira, Parshvanatha and Rishabhanatha. Other [[Śvetāmbara]] hymns that are dedicated to Shantinatha are the ''Ajit-Shanti Stotra'' (a hymn dedicated to Shantinatha and the 2nd [[Tirthankara]] [[Ajitanatha]]) and the ''Bruhad-Shanti Stotra'' (a hymn dedicated to Shantinatha that is recited during the ''Snaatra Puja'' as per the [[Śvetāmbara]] tradition)''.'' During the ''Chaityavandan'' (a ritual that consists of a series of hymns in obeisance to a Tirthankara), lay-followers of the [[Śvetāmbara]] tradition recite a hymn ''Sakalkushalvalli'' which is dedicated to Shantinatha and the 23rd [[Tirthankara]] [[Parshvanatha]].{{sfn|Lienhard|1984|p=137}}

[[Samantabhadra (Jain monk)|Samantabhadra's]] ''Svayambhustotra'' praises the twenty-four ''tirthankaras'', and its eight [[shloka]]s (songs) adore Shantinatha.{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2015|pp=104–167}} One such ''shloka'' reads:

{{blockquote|First, Lord Śhāntinātha Jina, for a long period of time, wielded supremacy as a king and provided protection to his subject from enemies; later on, on his own, became an ascetic and, as the embodiment of benevolence, pacified evil tendencies.|Svayambhūstotra (16-1-76){{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2015|p=104}} }}

=== Literature ===
[[File:Hemachandra - Leaf from a Jain Manuscript- Yoga-shastra- Seated Yellow Jina Shantinatha E - 1971.128.2 - Cleveland Museum of Art.tif|thumbnail|Image of Shantinath on a leaf from [[Yogaśāstra]], 12th century ]]

The [[Shantinatha Charitra]], by Acharya Ajitprabhasuri in 14th century, describes the life of the 16th Jain Tirthankara Shantinatha. This text is the oldest example of miniature painting and has been declared as a global treasure by [[UNESCO]].{{sfn|Shāntinātha Charitra, UNESCO}} * ''Santyastaka'' is a hymn in praise of Śāntinātha composed by Acharya [[Pujyapada]] in the fifth century.{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2014|p=15}} Acharya [[Hemachandra]]'s ''Trishashti-Shalakapurush-Charitra'' describes the previous births as well as the final birth of Shantinatha in detail as per the [[Śvetāmbara]] tradition. ''Shantipurana'', written around the 10th century by [[Sri Ponna]], is considered to be one of the three gems of Kannada literature.{{sfn|Das|2005|p=143}}{{sfn|Rice|1982|p=30}}{{sfn|Surebankar|2013|p=215}}

''Ajitasanti'' or ''Ajita-Śhānti-stava'' composed by Acharya Nandisenasuri, a seventh century Jain monk, a famous [[Śvetāmbara]] hymn, has alternate verses praising Ajitnatha and Shantinatha.{{sfn|Cort|2001|p=236}}{{sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1987|p=152}} ''Mahapurusha Charitra,'' compiled by [[Merutunga]] in the 13th—14th centuries, talks about Shantinatha.{{sfn|Dalal|2014|p=791}} ''Santikara'' was compiled by Munisundarasuri in the 15th century.{{sfn|Cort|2001|p=197}}

=== Iconography ===
Shantinatha is usually depicted in a sitting or standing meditative posture with the symbol of a deer or antelope beneath him.{{sfn|Doniger|1999|p=550}}{{sfn|Dalal|2010|p=369}} Every {{Transliteration|sa|tīrthankara}} has a distinguishing emblem that allows worshippers to distinguish similar-looking idols of the {{Transliteration|sa|tirthankaras}}.{{Sfn|Encyclopædia Britannica}}{{Sfn|Krishna|2014|p=34}}{{sfn|Zimmer|1953|p=225}} The deer or antelope emblem of Shantinath is usually carved below the legs of the {{Transliteration|sa|tirthankara}}. Like all {{Transliteration|sa|tirthankaras}}, Shantinath is depicted with ''[[Shrivatsa]]''{{refn|group=note|A special symbol that marks the chest of a ''Tirthankara''. The yoga pose is very common in Buddhism, Hinduism, and Jainism. Each tradition has had a distinctive auspicious chest mark that allows devotees to identify a meditating statue as a symbolic icon for their theology. There are several ''srivasta'' found in ancient and medieval Jain artworks, and these are not found on Buddhist or Hindu art works.}} and downcast eyes.{{Sfn|Moore|1977|p=138}}

<gallery>
File:30 Close-up of a statue of Shantinath.jpg|Shantinatha idol inside [[Pakbirra Jain temple]]
File:Shantinatha (sedicesimo jina dei tirthankara), da varavan nel circondario nord del distretto di thar e parkar, sind, 1130 dc.jpg|[[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya]], 12th century
File:Seated image of Shantinatha with old Kannada inscription on pedestal in Shantinatha Basadi.JPG|[[Shantinatha Basadi, Jinanathapura]], 1117 CE
File:Jain shrine from Vikrama Samvat in western India, dated 1459 CE, bronze, HAA.JPG|[[Honolulu Academy of Arts]], 15th century
</gallery>

==== Colossal statues ====
In 2016, the tallest statue of Shantinatha, with a height of {{convert|54|ft|m}}, was erected in Ajmer.{{sfn|Tiwari|2016}} The {{convert|32|ft|m|adj=on}} statue of Shantinath at [[Digamber Jain Mandir Hastinapur|Prachin Bada Mandir]], [[Hastinapur]] and [[Shri Mahavirji#Shantinath Jinalaya|Shantinath Jinalaya]], [[Shri Mahavirji]]. Aggalayya Gutta in [[Warangal]] has a {{convert|30|ft|m|adj=on}} image carved in 11th century CE.{{sfn|The New Indian Express|2019}} The {{convert|22.5|ft|m|adj=on}} statue of Shantinath at [[Bhojpur, Madhya Pradesh#Jain temples|Bhojpur Jain Temple]].

[[Aharji Jain Teerth|Aharji]] enshrines a {{convert|22|ft|m|adj=on}} idol installed in 1180 CE.{{sfn|Reddy|2023|p=197}} [[Jain temples, Halebidu|Shantinatha basadi]], [[Halebidu]] houses a {{convert|18|ft|m}} idol.{{Sfn|ASI|Shantinatha Basti, Halebid}} [[Naugaza Digambar Jain temple]] in [[Alwar]] has {{convert|17.5|ft|m|adj=on}} colossi dated 922 CE.{{Sfn|Neelkanth}} The {{convert|15|ft|m|adj=on}} image at [[Shantinatha temple, Khajuraho]] and Shantinath Basadi, [[Chandragiri Hill|Chandragiri]].{{Sfn|Javid|Javeed|2008|p=209}} The {{convert|12.5|ft|m|adj=on}} statue in [[Bahuriband]] and [[Pawagiri Jain temple|Pawagiri]], built in the 12th century.{{Sfn|Cunningham|1879|p=40}}{{sfn|Mishra|1973|pp=149-150}}

<gallery perrow="4">
File:Mahaveerji Shantinath Statue.png|{{convert|32|ft|m}} colossal at [[Shri Mahavirji#Shantinath Jinalaya|Shantinath Jinalaya]], [[Shri Mahavirji]]
File:Jain Prachin Bada Mandir - Shantinath Statue (2) (cropped).jpg|{{convert|32|ft|m}} colossal at [[Digamber Jain Mandir Hastinapur|Prachin Bada Mandir]], [[Hastinapur]]
File:Aggalaiah gutta 01 (cropped).jpg| {{convert|30|ft|m|adj=on}} rock carved image at Aggalayya Gutta in [[Warangal]]
File:JainTempleIdols.jpg|{{convert|30|ft|m}} statue at [[Bhojpur, Madhya Pradesh#Jain temples|Bhojpur Jain Temple]]
File:18 ft tall idol of Lord Shantinath at ahaar ji near Tikamgarh(1180 ad).jpg|{{convert|22|ft}} [[Aharji Jain Teerth|Aharji]] Shantinatha statue installed in 1180 CE.
File:Eighteen feet tall sculpture of Shantinatha in the Shantinatha basadi at Halebidu.JPG|{{convert|18|ft}} [[Jain temples, Halebidu|Shantinatha basadi]], [[Halebidu]]
File:Jain statue of Parshvanath, Naugaza temple, Alwar district, Rajasthan.jpg|[[Naugaza Digambar Jain temple]], 923 CE
</gallery>

=== Temples ===
[[File:Devgarha2.jpg|[[Shantinath Temple, Deogarh|Shantinath Temple]], [[Deogarh, Uttar Pradesh|Deogarh]]|thumb]]

Along with [[Rishabhanatha]], [[Neminatha]], [[Parshvanatha]] and [[Mahavira]], Shantinatha is one of the five Tirthankaras who attract the most devotional worship among the Jains.{{Sfn|Cort|2010|p=215}} Various Jain temple complexes across India feature him, and these are important pilgrimage sites in Jainism. [[Digamber Jain Mandir Hastinapur|Hastinapur]], for example, is a hilly part of Uttar Pradesh, which is believed to have been a place of Shantinath, along with [[Aranatha]] and [[Kunthunath]].{{sfn|Chapple|2020|p=173}}{{sfn|Mercer|Maher|2014|p=88}} Important Shantinatha temple complexes include [[Shantinatha temple, Khajuraho|Shantinatha Temple]] in [[Khajuraho]] ([[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]]), [[Semliya|Semliya Śvetāmbara Tirth]], Bhopawar Śvetāmbara Tirth, [[Shantinatha temple, Halebidu]], [[Digamber Jain Mandir Hastinapur|Prachin Bada Mandir]], [[Hastinapur]], [[Shantinath Temple, Deogarh|Shantinath Temple]] in [[Deogarh, Uttar Pradesh|Deogarh]], [[Shantinatha Basadi, Jinanathapura]], [[Shantinath Jain Teerth]], [[Aharji Jain Teerth]], [[Shantinath Jain temple, Kothara]], [[Odegal basadi]], [[Pawagiri Jain temple|Pavagiri Tirth]], [[Kanch Mandir]] of [[Indore]], [[Ladnu Jain temple]], [[Beenaji]] and Shantinath Jain Temple in [[Leicester]], [[United Kingdom]].{{Sfn|Wilson|Ravat|2017|p=23}}

<gallery>
File:Inde-0987.jpg|[[Shantinatha temple, Khajuraho]]
File:Rear view of Shantinatha basadi at Jinanathapura.JPG|[[Shantinatha Basadi, Jinanathapura]]
File:0101821 Shantinath Jain Mandir, Ramtek, Maharashtra 079.jpg|[[Ramtek Jain temple|Shantinath temple]], [[Ramtek]]
File:Shri 1008 Shantinath Jain Temple.JPG|[[Shantinath Jain Teerth]]
File:Vishal-singh-dwaar-big.jpg|'Singh Dwaar' of [[Digamber Jain Mandir Hastinapur|Prachin Bada Mandir]], [[Hastinapur]]
File:Shringar Chori (Shringar Chauri) CHITTORGARH FORT.jpg|Shringar Chori, [[Chittor Fort]]
</gallery>

==See also==
{{commons category}}
*[[God in Jainism]]
*[[Jainism and non-creationism]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
===Citations===
{{reflist|23em}}

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==== Web ====
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* {{cite journal | last=Surebankar | first=Smita | title=Women Donors Of Karnataka (9 -13 Century Ad) - Issues Of Gender And Faith | journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress | publisher=[[Indian History Congress]] | volume=74 | year=2013 | pages=212–18 | jstor=44158817 | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/44158817 | access-date=10 February 2023 }}
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{{refend}}

{{Jain Gods}}
{{Jainism topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Tirthankaras|Shantinath]]

Surapura

2025-11-21T06:43:09Z

Himanshuucharan: made basic data more to come

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Shorapur
| nicknames = Surpur Paddy, Pulses and Cotton City
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = File:Surapura Taluk.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Surapura Taluk Map
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{coord|16.52|N|76.76|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Yadagiri]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of Constituencies of the Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha Constituency]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Raichur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title = [[Municipal commissioner]]
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 428
| population_total = 4,12,291
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 585224
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 08443
| registration_plate = KA 33
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
[[File:Shorapur Taluk Map - Old.jpg|thumb|Shorapur Taluk Map before creation of Hunasagi Taluk]]
'''Shorapur''', is a city and taluka in [[Yadgir district]] in the Indian [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Karnataka]] and a historical place. Surapura was the land of the famous prince of Surapura aasthana, [[Raja Venkatappa Nayaka]], the young rebel freedom fighter against British rule.

==Demographics==
[[File:Shorapur Taluk Zilla Panchayat Map - OLD.jpg|thumb|left|Shorapur Taluk Zilla Panchayat Map before creation of Hunasagi Taluk]]
[[File:Shorapur Taluk Panchayat Map - OLD.jpg|thumb|left|Shorapur Taluk Panchayat Map before creation of Hunasagi Taluk]]
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Surapura had a population of 43,591. Males constituted 51% of the population and females 49%. Surapura has an average literacy rate of 55%, lower than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 65% and female literacy is 46%. In Surapura, 16% of the population is under 6 years of age.

Surapura is known for the Shree Venugopala Swami Temple. Even today, all the disciplines offered in the Tirumala Temple at Tirupati were started from the contributions of the then Surapura (Shorapur) kings. They never visit the Tirumala temple, but a representative would be sent on their behalf. From 1703 the bedara (tribal) kingdom rose and ruled it up to 1858, with the last king being Raja Nalvadi Venkatappa Naayaka. [[Bonal Bird Sanctuary]] is located about 10 km from Surapura.

The major occupation of the people in and around Surapura is farming. Surapura is a large producer of cotton, pulses and paddy. Major attractions are the fort (Durbaar), Taylor Manzil, Gopalswami Temple, Jain Temple and Devar Baavi.

== Literature ==
The town has been vividly described in the Jamiya Masjid of Timmapur.

== See also ==
* [[Nayakas of Shorapur]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*[[Philip Meadows Taylor]]. [https://archive.org/details/cu31924013558162 ''The story of my life'', by M. Taylor. Ed. by his daughter (A.M. Taylor)]. Oxford University, 1882.

==External links==
* {{Cite web|title=Official Website of Yadgir District|url=http://yadgir.nic.in}}
{{Clear}}

{{Yadgir district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Yadgir district]]
[[Category:Taluks in Yadgiri district]]

{{Yadgir-geo-stub}}

Velu Aasaan

2025-11-08T20:45:25Z

Himanshuucharan: made initial info first draft

{{Short description|Parai artist from India}}

'''Velu Aasaan''' is a [[Parai]] artist and teacher from [[Alanganallur]] in [[Madurai district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India. He is widely credited for revitalizing Parai, a traditional [[percussion instrument]], both in India and internationally.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Velu Aasan: Padma Shri recipient and 'parai' virtuoso |url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/leisure/2025/07/05/padma-shri-awarded-parai-musician-velu-aasan.html |access-date=2025-09-11 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref> In recognition of his contributions, he was awarded the [[Padma Shri]], India's fourth highest civilian honor, in 2025.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-26 |title=Madurai artist Velu Aasaan gets Padma Shri for reviving Parai Isai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/madurai-artist-velu-aasaan-gets-padma-shri-for-reviving-parai-isai/articleshow/117562691.cms |access-date=2025-09-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Velu Aasaan (his birth name is Velmurugan) was born into a Dalit family in Mettamalai village near Sattur, [[Virudhunagar]] municipality, Tamil Nadu. From a young age, he showed a keen interest in the Parai, a drum traditionally played at funerals and public events. His father, Ramayya, and other family elders played the instrument, but social stigma discouraged him from formally pursuing it. His first Parai was a gift from his uncle when he was 10.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2025-02-17 |title=A drummer's beat, a bard's voice |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/a-drummers-beat-a-bards-voice/articleshow/118337429.cms |access-date=2025-09-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Despite family resistance, Aasaan began practicing at 13, learning from local masters such as Malaichaami Vaadhiyaar and Saegu Vaadhiyaar, who are his elder brothers. Financial hardship forced him to take on numerous odd jobs, but his passion for music persisted.<ref name=":1" />

== Career ==
Aasaan's career began after his first public performance at a village festival in Alanganallur, where audiences recognized his talent. Despite early setbacks and an eight-year hiatus due to lack of support at home, he later returned to the Parai, dedicating his life to its promotion.<ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=2025-01-26 |title='Prince Of Parai' Velu Aasan Honoured With Padma Shri For Reviving TN's Traditional Art |url=https://news.abplive.com/news/india/velu-aasan-prince-of-parai-honoured-with-padma-shri-for-reviving-tamil-nadu-traditional-art-1746926 |access-date=2025-09-11 |website=ABP Live |language=en}}</ref>

He founded the ''Alanganallur Thappisai Kuzhu'', now Tamil Nadu's largest Parai troupe, and later established ''Samar Kazhaikuzhu'' in 2001 to train new generations of artists. Aasaan is known for breaking gender barriers by training women performers in a field traditionally dominated by men.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2025-01-27 |title=Parai artiste Velu Murugan honoured with Padma Shri award |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2025/Jan/27/parai-artiste-velu-murugan-honoured-with-padma-shri-award |access-date=2025-09-11 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-26 |title=Madurai artist Velu Aasaan gets Padma Shri for reviving Parai Isai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/madurai-artist-velu-aasaan-gets-padma-shri-for-reviving-parai-isai/articleshow/117562691.cms |access-date=2025-09-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

His overseas performances include China, United States, Dubai, Singapore, Malaysia, and Sri Lanka, where he both performed and taught Parai Isai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2025-01-27 |title=Parai artiste Velu Murugan honoured with Padma Shri award |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2025/Jan/27/parai-artiste-velu-murugan-honoured-with-padma-shri-award |access-date=2025-09-11 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-26 |title=Madurai artist Velu Aasaan gets Padma Shri for reviving Parai Isai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/madurai-artist-velu-aasaan-gets-padma-shri-for-reviving-parai-isai/articleshow/117562691.cms |access-date=2025-09-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Recognition ==
In 2025, he was conferred the Padma Shri by the [[government of India]].<ref name=":0" /> Apart from this, he has won numerous other awards in the last couple of decades.<ref>{{Cite web |last=சரவணகுமார் |first=லஷ்மி |date=2022-01-17 |title=`கலை மட்டும்தான் நிரந்தரம்' - பறை இசைக் கலைஞர் வேலு ஆசான் {{!}} இவர்கள் {{!}} பகுதி 18 |url=https://www.vikatan.com/literature/arts/parai-isai-artist-velu-asan-ivargal-part-18 |access-date=2025-09-11 |website=www.vikatan.com/ |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==

{{Reflist}}



{{DEFAULTSORT:Aasaan, Velu}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Indian folk artists]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Ekavyāvahārika

2025-10-20T23:59:38Z

Himanshuucharan: starting some info first draft...

{{Short description|Early Buddhist school}}
[[File:Ajanta caves 3.jpg|thumb|right|Cave temple associated with the [[Mahāsāṃghika]] sect. [[Ajanta Caves|Ajaṇṭā Caves]], [[Maharashtra|Mahārāṣtra]], India]]
{{EarlyBuddhism}}
The '''Ekavyāvahārika''' ({{langx|sa|एकव्यावहारिक}}; {{CJKV|t=一說部|p=Yī Shuō Bù|v=Nhất thuyết bộ}}) was one of the [[early Buddhist schools]], and is thought to have separated from the [[Mahāsāṃghika]] sect during the reign of [[Asoka|Aśoka]].

==History==

===Relationship to Mahāsāṃghika===
[[Taranatha|Tāranātha]] viewed the Ekavyāvahārikas, [[Lokottaravāda|Lokottaravādins]], and [[Gokulika]]s as being essentially the same.<ref>Baruah, Bibhuti. ''Buddhist Sects and Sectarianism.'' 2008. p. 48.</ref> He even viewed ''Ekavyāvahārika'' as being a general term for the Mahāsāṃghikas.<ref>Baruah, Bibhuti. ''Buddhist Sects and Sectarianism.'' 2008. p. 19.</ref> The Ekavyāvahārikas, Gokulikas, and Lokottaravādins are the three groups that emerged from the first split in the Mahāsāṃghika sect. [[A. K. Warder]] notes that the Ekavyāvahārikas were hardly known in later times and may have simply have been considered part of the Mahāsāṃghika.<ref>Warder, A. K. ''Indian Buddhism''. 2000. p. 281.</ref>

===Early history===
The 6th century CE Indian monk [[Paramartha (Chinese monk)|Paramārtha]] wrote that 200 years after the [[parinirvana|parinirvāṇa]] of the Buddha, much of the Mahāsāṃghika school moved north of [[Rajgir|Rājagṛha]], and were divided over whether the [[Mahāyāna]] teachings should be incorporated formally into their [[Tripiṭaka]].<ref>Walser, Joseph. ''Nāgārjuna in Context: Mahāyāna Buddhism and Early Indian Culture.'' 2005. pp. 50–51.</ref> According to this account, they split into three groups based upon the relative manner and degree to which they accepted the authority of these Mahāyāna texts.<ref>Walser, Joseph. ''Nāgārjuna in Context: Mahāyāna Buddhism and Early Indian Culture.'' 2005. p. 51.</ref> According to Paramārtha, the Ekavyāvahārikas accepted the [[Mahayana sutras|Mahāyāna sūtras]] as the words of the Buddha (''[[buddhavacana]]'').<ref>Sree Padma. Barber, Anthony W. ''Buddhism in the Krishna River Valley of Andhra.'' 2008. p. 68.</ref>

==Doctrines==
===Forty-eight theses===
The ''Samayabhedoparacanaćakra'' of [[Vasumitra (Buddhism)|Vasumitra]] regards the Ekavyāvahārikas, Gokulikas, and Lokottaravādins as being doctrinally indistinguishable.<ref>Walser, Joseph. ''Nāgārjuna in Context: Mahāyāna Buddhism and Early Indian Culture.'' 2005. p. 214.</ref> According to Vasumitra, 48 theses were held in common by these three Mahāsāṃghika sects.<ref>Walser, Joseph. ''Nāgārjuna in Context: Mahāyāna Buddhism and Early Indian Culture.'' 2005. p. 214.</ref> Of the 48 special theses attributed by the ''Samayabhedoparacanaćakra'' to these sects, 20 points concern the supramundane nature of [[buddhahood|buddha]]s and [[bodhisattva]]s.<ref>Sree Padma. Barber, Anthony W. ''Buddhism in the Krishna River Valley of Andhra.'' 2008. p. 56.</ref> According to the ''Samayabhedoparacanaćakra'', these four groups held that the Buddha is able to know all ''[[Dharma (Buddhism)|dharma]]s'' in a single moment of the mind.<ref>Yao, Zhihua. ''The Buddhist Theory of Self-Cognition.'' 2005. p. 11.</ref> Yao Zhihua writes:<ref>Yao, Zhihua. ''The Buddhist Theory of Self-Cognition.'' 2005. p. 11.</ref>

{{quote|In their view, the Buddha is equipped with the following supernatural qualities: transcendence (''lokottara''), lack of defilements, all of his utterances [[Dharma Wheel|preaching his teaching]], expounding all his teachings in a single utterance, all of his sayings being true, his physical body being limitless, his power (''prabhāva'') being limitless, the length of his life being limitless, never tiring of enlightening sentient beings and awakening pure faith in them, having no sleep or dreams, no pause in answering a question, and always in meditation (''[[Samadhi (Buddhism)|samādhi]]'').}}

===Trascendent speech===
The name of the Ekavyāvahārikas refers to their doctrine that the Buddha speaks with a single and unified transcendent meaning.<ref>Sree Padma. Barber, Anthony W. ''Buddhism in the Krishna River Valley of Andhra.'' 2008. p. 67.</ref> They emphasised the transcendence of the [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]], asserting that he was eternally enlightened and essentially non-physical. Just as the words of the Buddha were held to be spoken with one transcendent meaning, the [[Four Noble Truths]] were understood to be perfectly realised with one wisdom.<ref>Rockhill, William. ''The Life of Buddha and the Early History of His Order Derived from Tibetan.'' pp. 187–188.</ref>

===Fundamentally pure mind===
The Ekavyāvahārikas held that sentient beings possessed an originally or fundamentally pure mind, but that it has been encumbered and obscured by suffering.<ref>Baruah, Bibhuti. ''Buddhist Sects and Sectarianism.'' 2008. p. 90.</ref> This conception of the nature of the mind as being fundamentally the same as that of the Buddha, has been identified with the Mahāyāna doctrines of [[Buddha-nature]] and the Buddha's [[Dharmakāya]], as well as compared favorably with doctrines in Mahāyāna sūtras such as the ''[[Lotus Sūtra]]'' and the ''{{IAST|[[Avatamsaka Sutra|Avataṃsaka Sūtra]]}}''.<ref>Baruah, Bibhuti. ''Buddhist Sects and Sectarianism.'' 2008. p. 90.</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==See also==
* [[Early Buddhist schools]]
* [[Nikaya Buddhism|Nikāya Buddhism]]
* [[Schools of Buddhism]]

{{Buddhism topics}}

[[Category:Nikaya schools]]
[[Category:Mahāsāṃghika]]
[[Category:Early Buddhist schools]]

SEQU3L

2025-10-19T22:43:29Z

Himanshuucharan: Created a redirect

{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}{{short description|Indian DJ and producer}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = SEQU3L
| image = SEQU3L.jpg
| caption = 
| image_size =
| birth_name = Nakul Ambilkar
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1986|01|01}}
| birth_place = [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]], [[India]]
| origin = 
| genre = [[Electronic dance music|Dance]], [[progressive house]]
| occupation = [[DJ]], [[record producer]], [[remixer]]
}}

'''Nakul Ambilkar''' (born 1 January 1986), better known by his stage name '''SEQU3L''', is an Indian [[Disc jockey|DJ]], [[record producer]] and remixer.
SEQU3L has worked on production and [[remix]] projects with many notable [[electronic music]] artists such as Funkagenda, Paul Thomas, Andrea Bertolini, Steve Haines, Max Freegrant {{Citation needed|date=February 2024}}.

In 2012 SEQU3l won "Sunburn Anthem Contest 2012" and performed at [[Sunburn Festival]], Asia's biggest dance music festival.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140808045851/http://lite.epaper.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=31&edlabel=PMIR&mydateHid=03-01-2013&pubname=&edname=&articleid=Ar03103&format=&publabel=MM The Times of India: Talk of the town – SEQU3L]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiatimes.com/music/pics-sunburn-goa-2012_-52524.html|title=PICS: Sunburn Goa 2012|date=31 December 2012 |publisher=|accessdate=12 December 2017}}</ref> SEQU3L has been nominated twice for [[VH1]] MyFav Dj of the year awards (House Dj category) {{Citation needed|date=February 2024}}.

== Career ==

=== DJ ===

Born in [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]], India,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.punemirror.in/news/india/The-Dance-floor-crackers/articleshow/31575924.cms/|title=Pune Mirror: The Dance Floor Crackers|publisher=|accessdate=12 December 2017}}</ref> and raised in a musical family, SEQU3L developed an early interest in melody and rhythm.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kinkyradio.gr/interviews/410-sequ3l-kinkyradio/|title=Kinky Radio: Interview with SEQU3L|publisher=|accessdate=12 December 2017}}</ref> In 2005 he moved to Pune city where he first garnered attention as a DJ.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.friskyradio.com/show/frisky_loves_india/03-29-2014/sequ3l-at-03-29-2014/|title=Home|publisher=|accessdate=12 December 2017}}</ref> From the very early days he performed alongside India's best DJs and had been touring regularly all over India for [[music festivals]] like [[Sunburn Festival|Sunburn]] in Goa,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thebanginbeats.com/2014/12/29/sunburn-goa-highlights-day-2/|title=The Bangin Beats: Sunburn Goa Highlights: Day 2|publisher=|accessdate=12 December 2017}}</ref><ref>[http://planetgoaonline.com/pages/Krewella-Knife-Party-Paul-Oakenfold-at-Sunburn/ Planet Goa: Krewella, Knife Party and Paul Oakenfold take the stage on the 2nd day of Sunburn]</ref> The Mud Rush (Pune),<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/international-djs-bands-to-perform-at-asias-first-mud-rush-in-kolad/articleshow/18048734.cms|title=International DJs, bands to perform at Asia's first mud-rush in Kolad - Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India |date=16 January 2013 |publisher=|accessdate=12 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://popsplat.in/2013/09/03/pictures-the-mud-rush-monsoon-edition-pune/|title=PopSplat: The Mud Rush, Monsoon Edition, Pune|publisher=|accessdate=12 December 2017}}</ref> Dfusion (Lonavala),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thebanginbeats.com/2013/11/20/gig-review-dfusion-music-festival-at-della-adventure-park-lonavala/|title=The Bangin Beats: Gig Review – Dfusion Music Festival at Della Adventure Park|publisher=|accessdate=12 December 2017}}</ref> Dance Electrique (Guwahati), Enchanted Valley Carnival festival.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thebanginbeats.com/2014/12/18/10-homegrown-acts-to-watch-out-for-at-enchanted-valley-carnival/|title=The Bangin Beats: 10 Homegrown acts to watch out for at Enchanted Valley Carnival|publisher=|accessdate=12 December 2017}}</ref> SEQU3L has played in the parties and clubs all over Middle East and Asia, including India's hottest spots like – Blue Frog (Mumbai),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thebanginbeats.com/2013/09/05/gig-review-ben-gold-at-blue-frog-mumbai/|title=The Bangin Beats: Gig review: Ben Gold at Blue Frog, Mumbai|publisher=|accessdate=12 December 2017}}</ref> Kitty Su (Delhi), Penthouze (Pune), Cape Town Cafe (Goa), Cloud 9 (Shillong).

It was not long before his parties would provide him the success and creative stimulation necessary to move to the next rational step and build a studio at his home<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.punemirror.in/others/leisure/Sounds-of-the-future/articleshow/31575957.cms|title=Sounds of the future - Pune Mirror -|publisher=|accessdate=12 December 2017}}</ref> where music production would become his full-time focus.

[[File:SEQU3L at Mud Rush Festival, India, 2013.jpg|thumb|SEQU3L at Mud Rush Festival, India, 2013.jpg]]

=== Producer ===

In 2013 SEQU3L went from locally-known DJ to an internationally-rising producer which landed him collaborations with artists like Paul Thomas, Scott James, Steve Haines.

His first track ''"We Evolve"'' has received massive support by other international artists, such as [[trance music|trance]] duo Grube & Hovsepian who played the track in [[Winter Music Conference]] 2013 (Miami) as well as by top Indian DJs such as [[Nikhil Chinapa]] who played the track in his radio show "In the Mix" on Radio One. Eventually, it got signed by [[Markus Schulz]] for [[Buenos Aires '13]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://usatrancemovement.com/home/2013/10/01/compilation-review-markus-schulz-buenos-aires-13/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140824210820/http://usatrancemovement.com/home/2013/10/01/compilation-review-markus-schulz-buenos-aires-13/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=24 August 2014|title=Compilation Review: Markus Schulz - Buenos Aires '13 - United States Trance Movement|website=usatrancemovement.com|accessdate=12 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.overloadradio.com/review-markus-schulz-buenos-aires-13/|title=Review – Markus Schulz – Buenos Aires '13|date=24 September 2013|publisher=|accessdate=12 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.edmsauce.com/2013/10/07/review-markus-schulz-new-album-buenos-aires-13/|title=Review of Markus Schulz New Album "Buenos Aires '13"|last=Stevo|date=7 October 2013|publisher=|accessdate=12 December 2017}}</ref> compilation CD on [[Armada Music]].<ref>[http://bpmmag.co.za/news/music-news/soon-markus-schulz-buenos-aires-13/ BPM Music Culture Magazine: Out Now: Marcus Schulz – Buenos Aires'13]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.schulzarmy.com/2013/09/30/review-buenos-aires-13-by-markus-schulz-plus-signed-cd-giveaway/|title=Review: Buenos Aires '13 by Markus Schulz Plus Signed CD Giveaway|date=30 September 2013|publisher=|accessdate=12 December 2017}}</ref>
His second original track ''"Ataraxia"'' <ref>[http://change-underground.com/sequ3l-a-starfall-night-ataraxia-movement-recordings/ Change Underground: Review of SEQU3L – A Starfall Night/Ataraxia]</ref> landed in [[Beatport]]'s chart "Top 10 Must Hear Progressive House" <ref>{{cite web |title=10 Must Hear Progressive House Tracks Week 19: Tracks on Beatport |url=http://www.beatport.com/charts/10-must-hear-progressive-house-tracks-week-19/178154 |accessdate=12 December 2017 |website=www.beatport.com}}</ref> and received support from the industry legends such as [[Nick Warren]].

His remixes of 21street ''"Jakarta dream"'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youredm.com/2013/12/29/sunrise-sessions-016-21-street-jakarta-dream-sequ3l-remix-deep-progressive/|title=Sunrise Sessions 016: 21 Street - Jakarta Dream (SEQU3l Remix) [Deep Progressive] - Your EDM|date=29 December 2013|publisher=|accessdate=12 December 2017}}</ref> Paul Thomas & Steve Haines "''Shillong''", Future Disciple ''"Jupiter Fruit"'' received regular air plays on top radio shows by well-known [[electronic music]] artists such as [[Above & Beyond (band)|Above & Beyond]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aboveandbeyond.nu/radio/abgt080|title=Above & Beyond|website=www.aboveandbeyond.nu|accessdate=12 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aboveandbeyond.nu/radio/abgt081|title=Above & Beyond|website=www.aboveandbeyond.nu|accessdate=12 December 2017}}</ref> [[Markus Schulz]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.markusschulz.com/news/global-dj-broadcast-may-15-2014/|title=Global DJ Broadcast (May 15, 2014) - Markus Schulz - Official Website|date=27 May 2014|publisher=|accessdate=12 December 2017}}</ref> [[Max Graham]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tranceattack.net/cycles-radio-165-01-07-2014-with-max-graham/|title=Cycles Radio 165 (01.07.2014) with Max Graham|date=2 July 2014|publisher=|accessdate=12 December 2017}}</ref> Jaytech,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jaytechmusic.com/podcast/episode/jaytech-music-podcast-068/|title=Jaytech Music Podcast 068 - Official website of Anjunabeats DJ and Producer Jaytech|website=www.jaytechmusic.com|accessdate=12 December 2017}}</ref> [[Paul van Dyk]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iheartevolution.com/onair/paul-van-dyk-51464/vonyc-sessions-122614-13104569/|title=About Paul van Dyk's VONYC Sessions - Get Articles, Bio & Show Info - Evolution|publisher=|accessdate=12 December 2017}}</ref> [[Gareth Emery]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://garethemery.com/episodes/259-2/|title=Gareth Emery|last=Dancefoundation.com|website=Gareth Emery|accessdate=12 December 2017}}</ref> [[Jes Brieden|Jes]],<ref>{{cite web |url= http://unleashthebeat.com/jes-unleashthebeat-mixshow-108/ |title= JES #UnleashTheBeat Mixshow 108 - JES - Unleash The Beat |date= 3 December 2014|publisher= |accessdate= 12 December 2017}}</ref> Steve Haines,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://djstevehaines.podomatic.com/|title=Charged Radio with Steve Haines|website=PodOmatic|accessdate=12 December 2017}}</ref> Paul Thomas and many more.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.punemirror.in/entertainment/variety/Colouring-the-divine/articleshow/40318591.cms|title=Colouring the divine - Pune Mirror -|publisher=|accessdate=12 December 2017}}</ref>

== Discography ==

=== Singles ===

*2014 : ''Booka Booka''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youredm.com/2014/06/30/techno-sequ3l-booka-booka-original-mix-ultraviolet-music/|title=Techno: SEQU3L - Booka Booka (Original Mix) [UltraViolet Music] - Your EDM|date=30 June 2014|publisher=|accessdate=12 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://powerstrugglemusic.com/sequ3l-booka-booka-original-mix/|title=SEQU3l- Booka Booka (Original Mix) - Power Struggle Music|website=powerstrugglemusic.com|accessdate=12 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.crossfadr.com/2014/07/18/back-to-the-acid-2014s-acid-house-revival/|title=Back to the Acid: 2014's Acid House Revival|website=www.crossfadr.com|date=18 July 2014 |accessdate=12 December 2017}}</ref> (UltraViolet Music)
*2015 : "Every Goodbye"<ref name="auto">{{cite web |url= http://www.blackholerecordings.com/music/albums/jes-unleash-the-beat-3/ |title=JES - Unleash the Beat 3 |last=SiteSupport |website= blackholerecordings.com, Black Hole Recordings |accessdate= 12 December 2017}}</ref> ([[Magik Muzik]])
*2015 : "Ignite" with Scott James <ref name="auto"/> ([[Magik Muzik]])
*2014 : "Every Goodbye" (Freegrant Music)
*2014 : ''Ignite'' with Scott James (Ultraviolet Music)
*2013 : ''Ataraxia'' (Movement Recordings)
*2013 : ''A Starfall Night'' (Movement Recordings)
*2013 : ''We Evolve'' ([[Armada Music]])
*2013 : ''We Evolve'' (original mix)(Freegrant Music)

=== Remixes ===

*2015 : Paul Thomas & Steve Haines – Shillong Nights ([[Black Hole Recordings]])
*2015 : Steve Haines & CBM – Memphis ([[Perfecto Records]]) (Black)
*2014 : Paul Thomas & Steve Haines – Shillong (UltraViolet Music)
*2014 : Max Freegrant – Revive (Freegrant Music)
*2014 : Steve Ness – Veterans (OLD SQL)
*2014 : Kasper Koman – All Ein (Movement Recordings)
*2014 : Future Disciple – Jupiter Fruit<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thinkinelectronic.com/2014/05/future-disciple-jupiter-fruit-music.html|title=thinkinelectronic|website=www.thinkinelectronic.com|accessdate=12 December 2017}}</ref> (Music Matters)
*2014 : CBM – Zagg (Discover Deep)
*2014 : Simon Firth – Stress Test (Juicebox Music)
*2013: Andrea Bertolini – Lazy Monday (Freegrant Music)
*2013 : Magitman & Tash – Volt Afterhours (Movement Recordings)
*2013 : Smooth Vision & Alaris – Liberty (Pleasure Records)
*2013: 21street – Jakarta Dream (Outta Limits)
*2013 : Scott James & Alex Draym – Terminal (Pleasure Records)
*2013 : Stan Kolev & Matan Caspi – Kalimankude (Outta Limits)

== References ==

{{reflist|2}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:1986 births]]
[[Category:Dance musicians]]
[[Category:Indian DJs]]
[[Category:Indian male musicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Musicians from Pune]]

Nihar Kanti Chakma

2025-10-06T10:44:29Z

Himanshuucharan:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=October 2019}}
{{More footnotes|date=May 2022}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Nihar Kanti Chakma
|office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Mizoram Legislative Assembly]]
|term = 2018-23
|term_end =
|predecessor =
|successor =
|constituency = [[West Tuipui Assembly constituency|West Tuipui]]
|birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1969|01|05}}
|birth_place = Nunsury, [[Mizoram]], India
|party = [[Indian National Congress]]
}}

'''Nihar Kanti Chakma''' (born 5 January 1969) is an Indian politician who represented [[West Tuipui Assembly constituency|West Tuipui]] in the [[Mizoram Legislative Assembly]] from 1998 till 2023.<ref name="Mizoram Legislative Assembly - Member of Legislative Assembly Profile - Nihar Kanti Chakma">{{cite web |title=Member of Legislative Assembly Profile -Nihar Kanti Chakma |url=https://www.mizoramassembly.in/members/details/29 |website=Mizoram Legislative Assembly Eighth Assembly |publisher=[[Mizoram Legislative Assembly]] |access-date=25 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name="National Informatics Centre - Members of Eighth Mizoram State Legislative Assembly - Members of Eighth Mizoram State Legislative Assembly">{{cite web |title=National Informatics Centre - National Informatics Centre, Mizoram State Centre |url=https://mizoram.nic.in/gov/mla.htm |website=[[National Informatics Centre#Data Centers and Offices]] |publisher=[[National Informatics Centre]] |access-date=25 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Nihar Kanti Chakma was born to Late Hari Kristo Chakma, a resident of Nunsury village, and a former MLA of the same constituency. Earlier, he held the post of Minister of Veterinary & Rehabilitation department<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.mizoramassembly.in/members/details/29 | title=Mizoram Legislative Assembly }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/west-tuipui-election-result-2018-live-updates-nihar-kanti-chakma-of-congress-wins-1969457.html | title=West Tuipui Election Result 2018 Live Updates: Nihar Kanti Chakma of Congress Wins | date=11 December 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://dipr.mizoram.gov.in/post/brief-report-of-mizoram-legislative-assembly-session-28-10-2009-(wednesday) | title=BRIEF REPORT OF MIZORAM LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY SESSION 28.10.2009 (Wednesday) }}</ref> in Mizoram. He made his political debut as a member of the Mizoram Legislative Assembly in 1998 after his father's death. He lost in 2023.
==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://myneta.info/mizoram2018/candidate.php?candidate_id=288 Nihar Kanti Chakma(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- WEST TUIPUI(LUNGLEI) - Affidavit Information of Candidate:]
* [https://mizoram.nic.in/gov/mla.htm Member of Mizoram Legislative Assembly]

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Chakma people]]
[[Category:Indian Buddhists]]
[[Category:People from Lunglei district]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Mizoram]]
[[Category:Mizoram MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Mizoram MLAs 2018–2023]]

Tenneru Halt railway station

2025-08-16T22:11:42Z

Himanshuucharan: made new info from scratch

{{Short description|Railway station in Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Tenneru Halt
| type = [[Indian Railways]] station
| address = [[Tenneru]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| image = Tenneru railway station name board.jpg
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|16.4854463|80.8199662|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|21|m|ft}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| line = [[Vijayawada–Gudivada section|Vijayawada–Gudivada line]]
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = TNRU
| zone = [[South Coast Railway zone]]
| division = {{rwd|Vijayawada}}
}}
| electrified = Yes
| status = Operational
| open =
| close =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways|line=Vijayawada–Nidadavolu loop line|left=Uppalur|right=Tarigoppula}}
}}

'''Tenneru Halt railway station''' (station code:TNRU<ref>{{cite web |title=Distances in kilometers between stations on the Uppalur – Gudivada Jn. section |url=http://rbs.indianrail.gov.in/ShortPath/Rbs_pdf/LdtPart-i/ldtpart-i_scr.pdf |website=Indian Railways |access-date=30 April 2019 |page=41 |format=PDF |date=12 September 2009 |archive-date=14 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170414150809/http://rbs.indianrail.gov.in/ShortPath/Rbs_pdf/LdtPart-i/ldtpart-i_scr.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>), is located in the village of Tenneru in Andhra Pradesh. It serves the villages of Tenneru and Manthena.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiarailinfo.com/station/blog/tenneru-tnru/3938|title=TNRU/Tenneru Railway Station Forum/Discussion – Railway Enquiry|website=India Rail Info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://rbs.indianrail.gov.in/ShortPath/Rbs_pdf/LdtPart-i/ldtpart-i_scr.pdf|title=Stations on the Gudivada–Machilipatnam section|date=12 September 2009|website=Indian Railways Passenger Reservation Enquiry|publisher=Ministry of Indian Railways|page=34|format=PDF|access-date=23 June 2017|archive-date=14 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170414150809/http://rbs.indianrail.gov.in/ShortPath/Rbs_pdf/LdtPart-i/ldtpart-i_scr.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> It lies on the [[Vijayawada–Nidadavolu loop line]] and is administered under [[Vijayawada railway division]] of [[South Coast Railway zone]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Vijayawada railway division]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Krishna district]]

{{AndhraPradesh-railstation-stub}}

Fatehabad, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency

2025-08-08T04:59:31Z

Himanshuucharan: quick enhanced layout for consistency further and updated info for accuracy

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Fatehabad (फतेहाबाद)
| constituency_no = 93
| map_image = 93-Fatehabad, Uttar Pradesh.svg
| mla = [[Chotelal Verma]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Agra district|Agra]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 427320 (2022)
| type= SLA
}}

'''Fatehabad Assembly constituency''' is one of the 403 constituencies of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is a part of the [[Agra district|Agra]] district and one of the five assembly constituencies in the [[Fatehpur Sikri Lok Sabha constituency]]. First election in this assembly constituency was held in 1957 after the "DPACO (1956)" (delimitation order) was passed in 1956.<ref name="DPACO (1956)">{{cite news|title=DPACO (1956)|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/eci_publications/books/deli/DPACO-56-DCI.pdf}}</ref> After the "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order" was passed in 2008, the constituency was assigned identification number 93.<ref name="Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008">{{cite news|title= Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008|publisher= [[Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh]]|url= http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111113181505/http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-date= 13 November 2011|url-status= dead}}</ref><ref name="Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008">{{cite news|title= Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf}}</ref><ref name="All MLAs from Assembly constituency">{{cite news|title=All MLAs from Assembly constituency|publisher=Elections.in|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/fatehabad.html}}</ref><ref name="Member list">{{cite news|title=Member list|publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] website|url=http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/member-list.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630050217/http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/member-list.htm|archive-date=30 June 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Wards / Areas==
Extent of Fatehabad Assembly constituency is Fatehabad Tehsil.<ref name="Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008"/>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! From !! [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly#List of Assemblies|Term]] !! Name !! Party
|-
| 1952 || [[01st Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|01st Vidhan Sabha]]
| colspan=2 | Constituency not in existence<ref name="1951 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 1951 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_UP.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 1957 || [[02nd Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|02nd Vidhan Sabha]] || Laxmi Narain Bansal <ref name="1957 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 1957 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_UP_1957.pdf}}</ref> || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 1962 || [[03rd Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|03rd Vidhan Sabha]] || Banwari Lal Pipra<ref name="1962 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 1962 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_UP_1962.pdf}}</ref> || [[Republican Party of India]]
|-
| 1967 || [[04th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|04th Vidhan Sabha]] || rowspan="2" | Hukam Singh Parihar<ref name="1967 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 1967 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201967%20.pdf}}</ref> || rowspan="2" | [[Samyukta Socialist Party]]
|-
| 1969 || [[05th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|05th Vidhan Sabha]]<ref name="1969 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 1969 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/Statistical%20Report%201969%20Uttar%20Pradesh.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 1974 || [[06th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|06th Vidhan Sabha]] || Rajendra Prasad Doneria<ref name="1974 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 1974 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1974/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201974.pdf}}</ref> || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 1977 || [[07th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|07th Vidhan Sabha]] || Hukam Singh Parihar <ref name="1977 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 1977 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201977.pdf}}</ref>|| [[Janata Party]]
|-
| 1980 || [[08th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|08th Vidhan Sabha]] || Mahesh Upadhyaya <ref name="1980 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 1980 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201980.pdf}}</ref>|| [[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
| 1985 || [[09th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|09th Vidhan Sabha]] || Amitab Lavania <ref name="1985 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 1985 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201985.pdf}}</ref>|| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 1989 || [[10th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|10th Vidhan Sabha]] || Bahadur Singh<ref name="1989 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 1989 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report_%20UP_1989.pdf}}</ref> || rowspan="2" | [[Janata Dal]]
|-
| 1991 || [[11th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|11th Vidhan Sabha]] || Vijay Pal Singh <ref name="1991 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 1991 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/Stat_Rep_UP_91.pdf}}</ref>
|-
|1993|| [[12th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|12th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Chotelal Verma]]<ref name="1993 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 1993 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatisticalReport_UP_1993.pdf}}</ref> || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 1996 || [[13th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|13th Vidhan Sabha]] || Vijay Pal Singh<ref name="1996 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 1996 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-UP96.pdf}}</ref> || [[Janata Dal]]
|-
| 2002 || [[14th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|14th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Chotelal Verma]]<ref name="2002 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 2002 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_UP_2002.pdf}}</ref>|| rowspan="2" | [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 2007 || [[15th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|15th Vidhan Sabha]] || Rajendra Singh <ref name="2007 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 2007 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_UTTAR_PRADESH.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 2012|| [[16th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|16th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Chotelal Verma]]<ref name="2012 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 2012 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf}}</ref>|| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|-
| 2017 || [[Seventeenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|17th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Jitendra Verma]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 2022 || [[Eighteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|18th Vidhan Sabha]]||[[Chotelal Verma]]|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Fatehabad<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Chhotey Lal Verma
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:108811}}
|percentage = 50.46
|change = +1.86
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Roopali Dixit
|votes = {{formatnum:55576}}
|percentage = 25.77
|change = -6.45
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Shailendra Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:40958}}
|percentage = 18.99
|change = +2.28
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Rajesh Singh Kushwah
|party = Jan Adhikar Party
|votes = {{formatnum:3585}}
|percentage = 1.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2472}}
|percentage = 1.15
|change = +0.44
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:53235}}
|percentage = 24.69
|change = +8.31
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:215626}}
|percentage = 66.86
|change = -3.65
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Fatehabad<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |date=2018-08-16 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Jitendra Verma
|votes = {{formatnum:101960}}
|percentage = 48.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Rajendra Singh]]
|votes = {{formatnum:67596}}
|percentage = 32.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Umesh Sharma
|votes = {{formatnum:35050}}
|percentage = 16.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1470}}
|percentage = 0.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:34364}}
|percentage = 16.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:209793}}
|percentage = 70.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|loser = Bahujan Samaj Party
|winner = Bhartiya Janta Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=2012 General Elections: Fatehabad}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = [[Chotelal Verma]]
|votes = 73,098
|percentage = 39.7
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Rajendra Singh
|votes = 72,399
|percentage = 39.32
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Girraj Singh Kushwaha
|votes = 20,502
|percentage = 11.13
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party =
|candidate = Remainder 9 candidates
|votes = 18,136
|percentage = 9.85
|change = -
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 699
|percentage = 0.38
|change = -
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 184,135
|percentage = 69.53
|change = -
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|winner = Bahujan Samaj Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

<ref name="2012 Election Results"/>

==See also==
*[[Agra district]]
*[[Fatehpur Sikri Lok Sabha constituency]]
*[[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Vidhan Bhawan]]

{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

== References ==

{{Reflist|colwidth=40em}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh|state=collapsed}}
{{Uttar Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Politics of Agra district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1956]]
[[Category:1956 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]