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Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar

2026-05-08T06:25:06Z

Himalayan Dream Treks: put up initial pg w/ refs...

{{Short description|Indian-American physicist (1910–1995)}}
{{EngvarB|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Indian patronymic|Chandrasekhar|Subrahmanyan}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = ta
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|FRS}}
| image = File:Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1910|10|19}}
| birth_place = [[Lahore]], [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present-day [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]])
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1995|08|21|1910|10|19}}
| death_place = [[Chicago, Illinois]], U.S.
| citizenship = {{ubl|British India (1910–1947)|Indian (1947–1953)|United States (1953–1995)<ref>[https://www.refworld.org/legal/legislation/natlegbod/1951/en/97165 refworld.org]</ref>}}
| education = {{Plainlist|
* [[University of Madras]] ([[BSc]])
* [[Trinity College, Cambridge]] ([[MSc]], [[PhD]]) }}
| spouse = {{marriage|Lalitha Doraiswamy|1936}}
| family = [[Chandrasekhar family]]
| thesis_title = Polytropic distributions
| thesis_year = 1933
| doctoral_advisor = [[Ralph H. Fowler]] [[Arthur Eddington]]
| doctoral_students = {{Plainlist|
* [[Donald Edward Osterbrock]]
* [[Guido Münch]]
* [[Roland Winston]]
* [[Jeremiah P. Ostriker]]
* [[Jerome Kristian]]
* [[Yousef Sobouti]]
* [[Anne Barbara Underhill]]
* [[Arthur Code]]
* [[Surindar Kumar Trehan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id=70801&fChrono=1|title=Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar – The Mathematics Genealogy Project|website=www.genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604162044/https://www.genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id=70801&fChrono=1|archive-date=2024-06-04|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
| known_for = {{Plainlist|
* {{nowrap|[[Chandrasekhar limit]]}}
* {{nowrap|[[Chandrasekhar number]]}}
* {{nowrap|[[Chandrasekhar friction]]}}
* {{nowrap|[[Emden–Chandrasekhar equation]]}}
* {{nowrap|[[Chandrasekhar–Fermi method]]}}
* [[Chandrasekhar–Friedman–Schutz instability]]
* {{nowrap|[[Chandrasekhar–Page equations]]}}
* {{nowrap|[[Chandrasekhar waves]]}}
* {{nowrap|[[Batchelor–Chandrasekhar equation]]}}
* {{nowrap|[[Kramers–Chandrasekhar equation]]}}
* {{nowrap|[[Chandrasekhar–Kendall function]]}}
* {{nowrap|[[Chandrasekhar's H-function]]}}
* {{nowrap|Chandrasekhar transformation}}
* {{nowrap|[[Chandrasekhar potential energy tensor|Chandrasekhar tensor]]}}
* {{nowrap|[[Chandrasekhar virial equations]]}}
* {{nowrap|[[Schönberg–Chandrasekhar limit]]}}
* {{nowrap|[[Chandrasekhar's white dwarf equation]]}}
* {{nowrap|[[Chandrasekhar polarization]]}}
* {{nowrap|[[Chandrasekhar algorithm]]}}
* {{nowrap|[[Chandrasekhar's X- and Y-function]]}}
* {{nowrap|[[Discrete Ordinates Method]]}}
* ''[[List of things named after Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar|Others in list form]]''}}
| signature = Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar signature.png
| footnotes =
| field = [[Astrophysics]] [[General relativity]] [[Fluid dynamics]] [[Radiation]] [[Quantum chemistry|Quantum theory]]
| work_institutions = [[University of Chicago]] [[Yerkes Observatory]] [[Ballistic Research Laboratory]] [[University of Cambridge]]
| prizes = {{Plainlist|
* [[Fellow of the Royal Society|FRS]] (1944)<ref name="Tayler1996"/>
* [[Adams Prize]] (1948)
* [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] (1983)
* [[Copley Medal]] (1984)
* [[National Medal of Science]] (1966)
* [[Royal Medal]] (1962)
* [[Padma Vibhushan]] (1968)
* [[Dannie Heineman Prize for Mathematical Physics|Heineman Prize]] (1974)
* [[International Center for Relativistic Astrophysics |Marcel Grossman Award]] (1994)}}
}}
'''Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˌ|tʃ|ə|n|d|r|ə|ˈ|ʃ|eɪ|k|ər}} {{Respell|CHƏN|drə|SHAY|kər}};<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n-lJjR7pM7k&t=16s|title=Great Indians: Professor Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar|date=26 January 2014 |via=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> {{Langx|ta|சுப்பிரமணியன் சந்திரசேகர்|Cuppiramaṇiyaṉ Cantiracēkar|translit-std=ISO}}}} (19 October 1910 – 21 August 1995)<ref name=NYTObit>{{cite news| last=Sullivan| first=Walter| author-link=Walter Sullivan (journalist)| title=Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, 84, Is Dead; Nobel Laureate Uncovered 'White Dwarfs' | date=August 22, 1995| work=[[The New York Times]]| url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1995/08/22/798995.html?pageNumber=69}}</ref><ref name="Osterbrock 1998 pp. 658–665">{{cite journal |title=Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar (19 October 1910 – 21 August 1995) |first=Donald E. |last=Osterbrock |author-link=Donald Edward Osterbrock |journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society |volume=142 |issue=4 |date=December 1998 |pages=658–665 |publisher=American Philosophical Society |jstor=3152289 |issn=0003-049X }} {{link note|note=Registration or subscription required}}</ref> was an [[Indian Americans|Indian-American]] [[theoretical physicist]]. He shared the 1983 [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] "for his theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the [[stellar structure| structure]] and [[stellar evolution| evolution]] of the stars."<ref name=N83> The other half went to [[William A. Fowler]] "for his theoretical and experimental studies of the nuclear reactions of importance in the [[stellar nucleosynthesis | formation of the chemical elements in the universe]]."{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 1983 | publisher = [[Nobel Foundation]] | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1983/index.html | access-date = 9 October 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081013101810/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1983/index.html | archive-date = 13 October 2008 | url-status = live }}</ref> His mathematical treatment of stellar evolution yielded many of the current theoretical models of the later evolutionary stages of massive stars.<ref name=currentscience>{{cite journal | last=Vishveshwara | first=C.V. | title=Leaves from an unwritten diary: S. Chandrasekhar, Reminiscences and Reflections| journal=Current Science | volume=78 | issue=8 | pages=1025–1033 |date=25 April 2000 | url=http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/apr252000/generalia.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Horgan | first1 = J. | author-link = John Horgan (American journalist) | year = 1994 | title = Profile: Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar – Confronting the Final Limit | journal = [[Scientific American]] | volume = 270 | issue = 3| pages = 32–33 | doi = 10.1038/scientificamerican0394-32 | issn = 0036-8733 }}</ref> The [[Chandrasekhar limit]] describes the maximum mass of a [[white dwarf]] (1.44 [[solar masses]]). Above it, a stellar remnant will collapse to form a [[neutron star]] or [[black hole]]. Many concepts, institutions and inventions, including the [[Chandra X-ray Observatory|Chandra X-Ray Observatory]], are named after him.<ref name="Sreenivasan">{{Cite journal | last=Sreenivasan | author-link=K. R. Sreenivasan| first=K. R. | title=Chandrasekhar's Fluid Dynamics | journal=Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics| volume=51| issue=1| pages=1–24| date=2019 |doi=10.1146/annurev-fluid-010518-040537 | issn = 0066-4189 | bibcode=2019AnRFM..51....1S| doi-access=free}}</ref>

Born in the late [[British Raj]], Chandrasekhar worked on a wide variety of problems in physics during his lifetime, contributing to the contemporary understanding of [[stellar structure]], [[white dwarf]]s, [[stellar dynamics]], [[stochastic process]], [[radiative transfer]], the [[Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules|quantum theory]] of the [[hydrogen anion]], [[Hydrodynamic stability|hydrodynamic]] and [[Hydromagnetics|hydromagnetic]] stability, [[turbulence]], equilibrium and the stability of [[Jacobi ellipsoid|ellipsoidal figures of equilibrium]], [[general relativity]], mathematical theory of black holes and theory of colliding [[gravitational wave]]s.<ref name = standrews/> At the [[University of Cambridge]], he developed a theoretical model explaining the structure of white dwarf stars that took into account the relativistic variation of mass with the velocities of electrons that comprise their [[degenerate matter]]. Chandrasekhar revised the models of stellar dynamics first outlined by [[Jan Oort]] and others by considering the effects of fluctuating gravitational fields within the [[Milky Way]] on stars rotating about the galactic center. His solution to this complex dynamical problem involved a set of twenty [[partial differential equation]]s, describing a new quantity he termed "[[dynamical friction]]", which has the dual effects of decelerating the star and helping to stabilize clusters of stars. Chandrasekhar extended this analysis to the interstellar medium, showing that clouds of galactic gas and dust are distributed very unevenly.

Chandrasekhar studied at [[Presidency College, Chennai|Presidency College, Madras]] (now [[Chennai]]) and the [[University of Cambridge]]. A longtime professor at the [[University of Chicago]], he did some of his studies at the [[Yerkes Observatory]], and served as editor of ''[[The Astrophysical Journal]]'' from 1952 to 1971. He was on the faculty at Chicago from 1937 until his death in 1995 at the age of 84, and was the [[Morton D. Hull]] Distinguished Service Professor of Theoretical Astrophysics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/StarChild/whos_who_level2/chandra.html|title=Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar|website=starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov|access-date=2017-10-19}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Chandrasekhar was born in [[Lahore]] on 19 October 1910 of the [[British Raj]] (present-day [[Pakistan]]) into a [[Tamil Brahmin]] family,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/who-is/who-is-subrahmanyan-chandrasekhar-nobel-prize-winner-physics-4897568/|title=Who was S Chandrasekhar?|date=19 October 2017|website=The Indian Express|language=en|access-date=2019-01-13}}</ref> to Sita Balakrishnan and Chandrasekhara Subrahmanya Ayyar,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1983/chandrasekhar/biographical/|title=Subramanyan Chandrasekhar Biographical |website=NobelPrize.org|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-24}}</ref> who was stationed in Lahore as Deputy Auditor General of the [[North Western Railway zone|Northwestern Railways]] at the time of Chandrasekhar's birth. Chandra, as Chandrasekhar was known, had two elder sisters, Rajalakshmi and Balaparvathi, three younger brothers, Vishwanathan, Balakrishnan, and Ramanathan, and four younger sisters, Sarada, Vidya, Savitri, and Sundari. His paternal uncle was the Indian physicist and Nobel laureate [[Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman]]. His mother was devoted to intellectual pursuits, had translated [[Henrik Ibsen]]'s ''[[A Doll's House]]'' into [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and is credited with arousing Chandra's intellectual curiosity at an early age.<ref name="www.aljazeera.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/10/chandrasekhar-google-honours-171018135910958.html|title=S Chandrasekhar: Why Google honours him|website=www.aljazeera.com|access-date=2017-10-18}}</ref> The family moved from Lahore to [[Prayagraj|Allahabad]] in 1916, and finally settled in [[Madras]] in 1918.

Chandrasekhar was tutored at home until the age of 12.<ref name="www.aljazeera.com" /> In middle school his father taught him [[mathematics]] and [[physics]] and his mother taught him [[Tamil language|Tamil]]. He attended the [[The Hindu Higher Secondary School|Hindu High School]], [[Triplicane]], [[Chennai|Madras]] in 1922–25. From 1925 to 1930, he studied at [[Presidency College, Chennai|Presidency College, Madras]] (affiliated to the [[University of Madras]]), writing his first paper, "The [[Compton Scattering]] and the [[Fermi–Dirac statistics|New Statistics]]", in 1929 after being inspired by a lecture by [[Arnold Sommerfeld]].<ref name="Chandra_bio_INSA">{{Cite journal | last1 = Trehan | first1 = Surindar Kumar | url =http://insaindia.res.in/BM/BM23_0207.pdf | title = Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar 1910–1995 | journal = Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy| volume = 23 | pages = 101–119 | year = 1995 }}</ref> He obtained his bachelor's degree, BSc (Hon.), in physics, in June 1930. In July 1930, Chandrasekhar was awarded a Government of India scholarship to pursue graduate studies at the [[University of Cambridge]], where he was admitted to [[Trinity College, Cambridge|Trinity College]]. The scholarship was secured by [[Ralph H. Fowler]], to whom Chandrasekhar had sent his first paper. During his travels to [[England]], Chandrasekhar spent his time working out the [[statistical mechanics]] of the [[Degenerate matter#Degenerate gases|degenerate electron gas]] in [[white dwarf]] stars, providing [[special relativity|relativistic]] corrections to Fowler's previous work (see [[#Legacy|Legacy]] below).

==University of Cambridge==
In his first year at Cambridge, as a research student of Fowler, Chandrasekhar spent his time calculating mean [[opacity (optics)|opacities]] and applying his results to the construction of an improved model for the limiting mass of a degenerate star. At the meetings of the [[Royal Astronomical Society]], he met [[E. A. Milne]]. At the invitation of [[Max Born]] he spent the summer of 1931, his second year of post-graduate studies, at Born's institute at [[Göttingen]], working on opacities, [[Atomic spectral line#Emission and absorption coefficients|atomic absorption coefficients]], and [[model photosphere|model stellar photospheres]]. On the advice of [[Paul Dirac]], he spent his final year of graduate studies (September 1932 to May 1933) at the [[Niels Bohr Institute|Institute for Theoretical Physics]] in [[Copenhagen]], where he met [[Niels Bohr]]. At Copenhagen, he became friends with [[Victor Weisskopf]], [[Léon Rosenfeld]], [[George Placzek]] and [[Max Delbrück]] as they were all living in the same pension.

After receiving a bronze medal for his work on degenerate stars, Chandrasekhar was awarded his PhD degree at Cambridge in the summer of 1933, with a thesis on rotating self-gravitating [[polytrope]]s. On 9 October, he was elected to a Prize Fellowship at Trinity College for the period 1933–1937, becoming only the second Indian to receive a Trinity Fellowship after [[Srinivasa Ramanujan]] 16 years earlier. He had been so certain of failing to obtain the fellowship that he had already made arrangements to study under Milne that autumn at Oxford, even going to the extent of renting a flat there.<ref name="Chandra_bio_INSA"/>

In 1934, Chandrasekhar visited [[Leningrad]], [[Russia]] and met other astrophysicists including [[Viktor Ambartsumian]] and [[Nikolai Aleksandrovich Kozyrev]]. He also met [[Lev Landau]].

During this time, Chandrasekhar became acquainted with British physicist Sir [[Arthur Eddington]]. Eddington took an interest in his work, but in January, 1935, gave a talk severely criticizing Chandrasekhar's work (see [[#Dispute with Eddington]] and [[Chandrasekhar–Eddington dispute]]).

==Career and research==
[[File:Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar harvard.jpg|thumb|Chandrasekhar in 1934]]
===Early career===
In 1935, Chandrasekhar was invited by the director of the Harvard Observatory, [[Harlow Shapley]], to be a visiting lecturer in theoretical astrophysics for a three-month period. He travelled to the United States in December. During his visit to Harvard, Chandrasekhar greatly impressed Shapley, but declined his offer of a Harvard research fellowship. At the same time, Chandrasekhar met [[Gerard Kuiper]], a noted Dutch astrophysical observationalist who was then a leading authority on white dwarfs. Kuiper had recently been recruited by [[Otto Struve]], the director of the [[Yerkes Observatory]] in [[Williams Bay, Wisconsin]], which was run by the [[University of Chicago]], and the university's president, [[Robert Maynard Hutchins]]. Having known of Chandrasekhar, Struve was then considering him for one of three faculty posts in astrophysics, along with Kuiper; the other opening had been filled by [[Bengt Stromgren]], a Danish theorist.<ref name="Chandra_bio_INSA"/> Following a recommendation from Kuiper, Struve invited Chandrasekhar to Yerkes in March 1936 and offered him the job. Though Chandrasekhar was keenly interested, he initially declined the offer and left for England; after Hutchins sent a radiogram to Chandrasekhar during the voyage, he finally accepted, returning to Yerkes as an assistant professor of Theoretical Astrophysics in December 1936.<ref name="Chandra_bio_INSA"/> Hutchins also intervened on an occasion where Chandra's participation on teaching a course organised by Struve, was vetoed by the dean [[Henry Gale (astrophysicist)|Henry Gale]] based on a racial prejudice; Hutchins said "By all means have Mr. Chandrasekhar teach".<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.nap.edu/read/5859/chapter/4|doi=10.17226/5859|title=Biographical Memoirs|year=1997|isbn=978-0-309-05788-2}}</ref>

Chandrasekhar remained at the University of Chicago for the rest of his career, 1937-1995. He was promoted to associate professor in 1941 and to full professor two years later at the age of 33.<ref name="Chandra_bio_INSA"/> In 1946, when [[Princeton University]] offered Chandrasekhar a position vacated by [[Henry Norris Russell]] with a salary double that of Chicago's, Hutchins incremented his salary matching with that of Princeton's and persuaded Chandrasekhar to stay in Chicago. In 1952, he became the [[Morton D. Hull]] Distinguished Service Professor of Theoretical Astrophysics and [[Enrico Fermi Institute]], upon [[Enrico Fermi]]'s invitation. In 1953, he and his wife, Lalitha Chandrasekhar, took American citizenship.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/science/s-chandrashekhar-indias-great-astrophysicist-why-google-doodle-is-celebrating-the-nobel-prize-winner/899544/ |title=S Chandrashekhar, India's great astrophysicist: Why Google Doodle is celebrating the Nobel prize winner |date=19 October 2017 |work=The Financial Express |access-date=2017-10-19 |language=en-US}}</ref>

After the Laboratory for Astrophysics and Space Research (LASR) was built by NASA in 1966 at the university, Chandrasekhar occupied one of the four corner offices on the second floor. (The other corners housed [[John Alexander Simpson|John A. Simpson]], [[Peter Meyer (astrophysicist)|Peter Meyer]], and [[Eugene N. Parker]].) Chandrasekhar lived at 4800 Lake Shore Drive after the high-rise apartment complex was built in the late 1960s, and later at 5550 Dorchester Building.

=== Dispute with Eddington ===
{{Main|Chandrasekhar–Eddington dispute}}
After graduating from Cambridge, Chandrasekhar, who was in close contact with Arthur Eddington, presented a full solution to his stellar equation at the [[Royal Astronomical Society]] meeting in 1935. Eddington booked a talk right after Chandrasekhar, where he openly criticized Chandrasekhar's theory. This depressed Chandrasekhar and sparked a scientific dispute. Eddington refused to accept a limit for the mass of a star and proposed an alternative model.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Wali |first=Kameshwar C. |date=1982-10-01 |title=Chandrasekhar vs. Eddington—an unanticipated confrontation |journal=Physics Today |language=en |volume=35 |issue=10 |pages=33–40 |doi=10.1063/1.2914790 |bibcode=1982PhT....35j..33W |issn=0031-9228|doi-access=free }}</ref>

Chandrasekhar sought support from prominent physicists like [[Léon Rosenfeld]], [[Niels Bohr]] and [[Christian Møller]] who found Eddington's arguments lacking. The tension persisted through 1930s, as Eddington continued to openly criticize Chandrasekhar during meetings and the two compared each other's theories in publications. Chandrasekhar ultimately completed his theory of white dwarfs in 1939, receiving praise from others in the field. Eddington died in 1944, and despite their disagreements, Chandrasekhar continued to state that he admired Eddington and considered him a friend.<ref name=":0" />

===World War II===

During World War II, Chandrasekhar worked at the [[Ballistic Research Laboratory]] at the [[Aberdeen Proving Ground]] in Maryland. While there, he worked on problems of [[ballistics]], resulting in reports such as 1943's ''[[:s:On the Decay of Plane Shock Waves|On the decay of plane shock waves]]'', ''[[:s:Optimum height for the bursting of a 105mm shell|Optimum height for the bursting of a 105mm shell]]'', ''[[:s:On the Conditions for the Existence of Three Shock Waves|On the Conditions for the Existence of Three Shock Waves]]'',<ref>{{cite report |last=Chandrasekhar |first=S. |year=1943 |title=On the conditions for the existence of three shock waves |publisher=Ballistic Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground |id=367}}</ref> ''[[:s:On the Determination of the Velocity of a Projectile from the Beat Waves Produced by Interference with the Waves of Modified Frequency Reflected from the Projectile|On the Determination of the Velocity of a Projectile from the Beat Waves Produced by Interference with the Waves of Modified Frequency Reflected from the Projectile]]''<ref>{{cite report |last=Chandrasekhar |first=S. |year=1943 |title=On the Determination of the Velocity of a Projectile from the Beat Waves Produced by Interference with the Waves of Modified Frequency Reflected from the Projectile |publisher=Ballistic Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground |id=365}}</ref> and ''[[:s:The normal reflection of a blast wave|The normal reflection of a blast wave]]''.<ref>{{cite report |last=Chandrasekhar |first=S. |year=1943 |title=Optimum Height for the Bursting of a 105mm Shell |id=BRL-MR-139 |publisher=Army Ballistic Research Lab Aberdeen Procing Ground MD |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/492801.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191129131115/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/492801.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 November 2019}}</ref><ref name=standrews>{{cite web|last=O'Connor|first=J. J.|title=Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar|url=http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Chandrasekhar.html|website=Biographies|publisher=School of Mathematics and Statistics University of St Andrews, Scotland|access-date=21 May 2012|author2=Robertson, E. F }}</ref> Chandrasekhar's expertise in hydrodynamics led [[Robert Oppenheimer]] to invite him to join the [[Manhattan Project]] at Los Alamos, but delays in the processing of his security clearance prevented him from contributing to the project. It has been rumoured that he visited the [[Calutron]] project.

===Philosophy of systematization===

He wrote that his scientific research was motivated by his desire to participate in the progress of different subjects in science to the best of his ability, and that the prime motive underlying his work was ''systematization''. "What a scientist tries to do essentially is to select a certain domain, a certain aspect, or a certain detail, and see if that takes its appropriate place in a general scheme which has form and coherence; and, if not, to seek further information which would help him to do that".<ref>''The Works of the Mind'', p.176, edited by Robert B. Heywood, University of Chicago Press, 1947.</ref>

Chandrasekhar developed a unique style of mastering several fields of physics and astrophysics; consequently, his working life can be divided into distinct periods. He would exhaustively study a specific area, publish several papers in it and then write a book summarizing the major concepts in the field. He would then move on to another field for the next decade and repeat the pattern. Thus he studied [[stellar structure]], including the theory of [[white dwarfs]], during the years 1929 to 1939, and subsequently focused on [[stellar dynamics]], theory of [[Brownian motion]] from 1939 to 1943. Next, he concentrated on the theory of [[radiative transfer]] and the quantum theory of the [[hydrogen anion|negative ion of hydrogen]] from 1943 to 1950. This was followed by sustained work on [[turbulence]] and hydrodynamic and hydromagnetic stability from 1950 to 1961. In the 1960s, he studied both the equilibrium and the stability of ellipsoidal figures of equilibrium, and general relativity. During the period, 1971 to 1983 he studied the mathematical theory of [[black holes]], and, finally, during the late 80s, he worked on the theory of colliding [[gravitational waves]].<ref name = standrews/>

===Work with students===
Chandrasekhar worked closely with his students and expressed pride in the fact that over a 50-year period (from roughly 1930 to 1980), the average age of his co-author collaborators had remained the same, around 30. He insisted that students address him as "Professor Chandrasekhar" until they received their PhD degree, after which they (as other colleagues) were encouraged to call him "Chandra". When he was working at the Yerkes Observatory in 1940s, he drove {{convert|150|mi|km}} each way every weekend to teach a course at the University of Chicago. Two of the students who took the course, [[Tsung-Dao Lee]] and [[Chen-Ning Yang]], won the Nobel prize before Chandrasekhar did. Of classroom interactions during his lectures, astronomer [[Carl Sagan]] said that "frivolous questions" from unprepared students were "dealt with in the manner of a summary execution", while questions of merit "were given serious attention and response".<ref name="C.)-1991">{{Cite book|title=Chandra: a biography of S. Chandrasekhar| last=Wali | first=Kameshwar C. |date=1991|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0226870540|location=Chicago|pages=[https://archive.org/details/chandrabiography0000wali/page/9 9]|oclc=21297960|url=https://archive.org/details/chandrabiography0000wali/page/9}}</ref> Sagan recalled, "I discovered what true mathematical elegance is from Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar."<ref>{{cite book |last=Sagan |first=Carl | author-link=Carl Sagan| title=[[The Demon-Haunted World]] | p= xiv | year=1996}}</ref>

===Other activities===

From 1952 to 1971 Chandrasekhar was editor of ''[[The Astrophysical Journal]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal | author=Helmut A. Abt | date=1 December 1995 | title= Obituary – Chandrasekhar, Subrahmanyan | journal=Astrophysical Journal | volume=454 | pages=551 | bibcode=1995ApJ...454..551A|doi = 10.1086/176507 | issn = 0004-637X}}</ref> When [[Eugene Parker]] submitted a paper on his discovery of [[solar wind]] in 1957, two eminent reviewers rejected the paper. However, since Chandra as an editor could not find any mathematical flaws in Parker's work, he went ahead and published the paper in 1958.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Parker |first1=E. N. |title=Dynamics of the Interplanetary Gas and Magnetic Fields. |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |date=1 November 1958 |volume=128 |pages=664 |doi=10.1086/146579 |bibcode=1958ApJ...128..664P |url=https://adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/1958apj...128..664p |access-date= |issn=0004-637X}}</ref>

During the years 1990 to 1995, Chandrasekhar worked on a project devoted to explaining the detailed geometric arguments in Sir [[Isaac Newton]]'s ''[[Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica]]'' using the language and methods of ordinary calculus. The effort resulted in the book ''Newton's Principia for the Common Reader'', published in 1995.

Chandrasekhar also worked on collision of gravitational waves,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Chandrasekhar|first1=S.|last2=Xanthopoulos|first2=B. C.|year=1985|title=Some exact solutions of gravitational waves coupled with fluid motions|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences|volume=402|issue=1823|pages=205–224|doi=10.1098/rspa.1985.0115|bibcode=1985RSPSA.402..205C |s2cid=120942390 }}</ref> and algebraically special perturbations.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Chandrasekhar|first=S.|year=1984|title=On algebraically special perturbations of black holes|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences|volume=392|issue=1802|pages=1–13|doi=10.1098/rspa.1984.0021|bibcode=1984RSPSA.392....1C |s2cid=122585164 }}</ref> He had a strong interest in literature and the arts. In 1975, he lectured on patterns of creativity in [[Shakespeare]], [[Beethoven]] and Newton.<ref>{{cite journal| last=Chandrasekhar| first=Subrahmanyan| title=Shakespeare, Newton and Beethoven or patterns of creativity| journal=[[Current Science]]| volume=70| pp=810-822| url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24099932}}</ref>

==Personal life==
{{see also|Chandrasekhar family}}
[[File:S. Chandrasekhar with family.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|S. Chandrasekhar with his brothers and sisters in Madras [Chennai], India. From left to right seated are: Bala, Savitri, Chandra, Sarada, Rajam; standing: Vidya, Balakrishnan, Vishwam, Ramanathan, Sundari.]]

Chandrasekhar was the nephew of [[C. V. Raman]], who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1930.

Chandrasekhar married Lalitha Doraiswamy in September 1936. He met her as a fellow physics student at [[Presidency College, Chennai|Presidency College]]. Doraiswamy's enthusiasm for physics mainly came from her interest in [[Marie Curie]] and India awarding the Nobel Prize in Physics to C. V. Raman. She wanted to continue her studies in England, but her mother did not agree to this, which led Doraiswamy to earn an LT (teaching degree) from the [[University of Madras]] and Lady Willingdon Training College in 1932. She spent the next few years teaching physics, chemistry, math, and physical education at various institutions. She earned her master's degree in physics from Presidency College in 1934. Doraiswamy eventually gave up her studies to focus on supporting her husband's career by primarily managing their household so he could focus on his work.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guide to the Lalitha Chandrasekhar Papers 1920-2013 |url=https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/scrc/findingaids/view.php?eadid=ICU.SPCL.CHANDRASEKHARL#id10 |access-date=2026-03-12 |website=www.lib.uchicago.edu}}</ref>

Chandrasekhar became a [[naturalized citizen]] of the U.S. in 1953. Many considered him warm, positive, generous, unassuming, meticulous, and open to debate, while others found him private, intimidating, impatient and stubborn about non-scientific matters,<ref name="C.)-1991" /> and unforgiving to those who ridiculed his work.<ref name="Imperial College Press-1997">{{Cite book|title=S. Chandrasekhar: the man behind the legend|date=1997|publisher=Imperial College Press| editor-last=Wali | editor-first=Kameshwar C. |isbn=978-1860940385|location=London|pages=[https://archive.org/details/schandrasekharma0000unse/page/107 107]|oclc=38847561|url=https://archive.org/details/schandrasekharma0000unse/page/107}}</ref> Chandrasekhar was a [[Vegetarianism|vegetarian]].<ref name="NYTObit" />

Chandrasekhar died of a [[Myocardial infarction|heart attack]] at the University of Chicago Hospital in 1995 after surviving a heart attack in 1975.<ref name="C.)-1991" /> He was survived by his wife, who died on 2 September 2013 at the age of 102.<ref>{{Cite news|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/nobel-laureates-wife-lalitha-chandrasekhar-dies-at-102/article5101654.ece|title=Nobel laureate's wife Lalitha Chandrasekhar dies at 102|date=7 September 2013}}</ref> She was a serious student of literature and western classical music.<ref name="Imperial College Press-1997" />

In a discussion of the [[Bhagavad Gita]], Chandrasekhar once said: "I should like to preface my remarks with a personal statement in order that my later remarks will not be misunderstood. I consider myself an atheist".<ref>''S. Chandrasekhar: the man behind the legend,'' Kameshwar C. Wali. Imperial College Press (1 January 1997) {{ISBN|978-1860940385}}</ref> This was also confirmed many times in his other talks. Kameshwar C. Wali quoted him saying: "I am not religious in any sense; in fact, I consider myself an atheist."<ref>{{cite book |title=Chandra: A Biography of Chandrasekhar |url=https://archive.org/details/chandrabiography0000wali |url-access=registration |date=1991 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=9780226870557 |page=[https://archive.org/details/chandrabiography0000wali/page/304 304] |author=Kameshwar C. Wali |quote=SC: I am not religious in any sense; in fact, I consider myself an atheist.}}</ref> In an October 1987 interview, Chandrasekhar said: "Of course, he ([[Otto Struve]]) knew I was an atheist, and he never brought up the subject with me".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aip.org/history/ohilist/4552.html|title=Interview with Dr. S. Chandrasekhar|publisher=American Institute of Physics|access-date=13 January 2010|archive-date=2 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202064758/http://www.aip.org/history/ohilist/4552.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In deference to Chandrasekhar's atheistic views, his wife refrained from displaying the small religious icons of deities she had brought with her.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jacobsen |first=Knut A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Oj7VEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22subrahmanyan%22+%22Chandrasekhar%22+%22Hinduism%22&pg=PA183 |title=Hindu Diasporas |date=2023 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-886769-2 |pages=184 |language=en}}</ref>

==Awards, honours and legacy==

===Nobel prize===

Chandrasekhar was awarded half of the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] in 1983 for his studies on the physical processes important to the [[stellar structure|structure]] and [[stellar evolution|evolution of stars]]. Chandrasekhar accepted this honour, but was upset the citation mentioned only his earliest work, seeing it as a denigration of a lifetime's achievement. He shared it with [[William A. Fowler]].

===Other awards and honors===
{{div col|colwidth=35em}}
* [[List of Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1944|Elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1944]]<ref name="Tayler1996"/>
* [[American Philosophical Society]], Member (1945)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Subrahmanyan+Chandrasekhar&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced|title=APS Member History|website=search.amphilsoc.org}}</ref>
* [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]], Member (1946)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amacad.org/person/subrahmanyan-chandrasekhar|title=Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar|website=American Academy of Arts & Sciences|date=9 February 2023 }}</ref>
* [[Henry Norris Russell Lectureship]] (1949)<ref>{{cite web|title=Grants, Prizes and Awards |url=http://aas.org/grants/awards.php#russell |publisher=American Astronomical Society |access-date=24 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100124125308/http://aas.org/grants/awards.php |archive-date=24 January 2010 }}</ref>
* [[Bruce Medal]] (1952)<ref>{{cite web|title=Past Winners of the Catherine Wolfe Bruce Gold Medal|url=http://astrosociety.org/membership/awards/pastbruce.html|publisher=Astronomical Society of the Pacific|access-date=24 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721092933/http://astrosociety.org/membership/awards/pastbruce.html|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society]] (1953)<ref>{{cite web|title=Winners of the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society |url=http://www.ras.org.uk/awards-and-grants/awards/268 |publisher=Royal Astronomical Society |access-date=24 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525064844/http://www.ras.org.uk/awards-and-grants/awards/268 |archive-date=25 May 2011 }}</ref>
* United States [[National Academy of Sciences]], Member (1955)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/deceased-members/57017.html|title=S. Chandrasekhar|website=www.nasonline.org}}</ref>
* [[Rumford Prize]] of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] (1957)<ref name=Rumford>{{cite web|title=Past Recipients of the Rumford Prize|url=http://www.amacad.org/about/rumford.aspx|publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences|access-date=24 February 2011|archive-date=27 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120927075008/http://www.amacad.org/about/rumford.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[National Medal of Science]], USA (1966)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nsf.gov/od/nms/recip_details.cfm?recip_id=73|title=The President's National Medal of Science: Recipient Details – NSF – National Science Foundation|website=www.nsf.gov}}</ref>
* [[Padma Vibhushan]] (1968)
* [[Henry Draper Medal]] of the [[United States National Academy of Sciences|National Academy of Sciences]] (1971)<ref name=Draper>{{cite web|title=Henry Draper Medal |url=http://www.nasonline.org/about-nas/awards/henry-draper-medal.html |publisher=National Academy of Sciences |access-date=24 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126003930/http://www.nasonline.org/about-nas/awards/henry-draper-medal.html |archive-date=26 January 2013 }}</ref>
* [[Marian Smoluchowski Medal]] (1973)
* [[Copley Medal]] of the [[Royal Society]] (1984)
* [[Gordon J. Laing Award]] (1989)
* Golden Plate Award of the [[Academy of Achievement|American Academy of Achievement]] (1990)<ref>{{cite web|title= Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement |website=www.achievement.org|publisher=[[American Academy of Achievement]]|url=https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#science-exploration}}</ref>
* [[National Radio Astronomy Observatory#Jansky Prize|Jansky Lectureship]] before the [[National Radio Astronomy Observatory]]
{{div col end}}

===Legacy===

Chandrasekhar's most notable work is on the [[astrophysics|astrophysical]] [[Chandrasekhar limit]]. The limit gives the maximum mass of a [[white dwarf]] star, ~1.44 [[solar mass]]es, or equivalently, the minimum mass that must be exceeded for a star to collapse into a [[neutron star]] or [[black hole]] (following a [[supernova]]). The limit was first calculated by Chandrasekhar in 1930 during his maiden voyage from India to [[Cambridge, England]] for his graduate studies. In 1979, [[NASA]] named the third of its four "[[Great Observatories program|Great Observatories]]" after Chandrasekhar. This followed a naming contest which attracted 6,000 entries from fifty states and sixty-one countries. The [[Chandra X-ray Observatory]] was launched and deployed by [[Space Shuttle Columbia|Space Shuttle ''Columbia'']] on 23 July 1999. The [[Chandrasekhar number]], an important [[dimensionless number]] of [[magnetohydrodynamics]], is named after him. The [[asteroid]] [[1958 Chandra]] is also named after Chandrasekhar. The [[Indian Astronomical Observatory#Facilities|Himalayan Chandra Telescope]] is named after him. In the ''Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society of London'', R. J. Tayler wrote: "Chandrasekhar was a classical applied mathematician whose research was primarily applied in astronomy and whose like will probably never be seen again."<ref name="Tayler1996">{{Cite journal | last1 = Tayler | first1 = R. J. | author-link = Roger Tayler| doi = 10.1098/rsbm.1996.0006 | title = Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar. 19 October 1910 – 21 August 1995 | journal = [[Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society]] | volume = 42 | pages = 80–94| year = 1996 | s2cid = 58736242 | issn = 0080-4606 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

Chandrasekhar supervised 45 PhD students.<ref name="Singh2011">{{cite journal|last1=Singh|first1=Virendra|title=S Chandrasekhar: His Life and Science|journal=[[Resonance (journal)|Resonance]]|date=26 October 2011|volume=16|issue=10|page=960|doi=10.1007/s12045-011-0094-0|s2cid=119945333| issn = 0971-8044}}</ref> After his death, his wife Lalitha Chandrasekhar made a gift of his Nobel Prize money to the [[University of Chicago]] towards the establishment of the Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar Memorial Fellowship. First awarded in the year 2000, this fellowship is given annually to an outstanding applicant to graduate school in the PhD programs of the department of physics or the department of astronomy and astrophysics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://astrophysics.uchicago.edu/academics/|title=Academics | Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics | The University of Chicago|website=astrophysics.uchicago.edu}}</ref> S. Chandrasekhar Prize of Plasma Physics is an award given by Association of Asia Pacific Physical Societies (AAPS) to outstanding plasma physicists, started in the year 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://aappsdpp.org/AAPPSDPPF/CSPrize.html|title=prizeaward|website=aappsdpp.org}}</ref>

The Chandra Astrophysics Institute (CAI) is a program offered for high school students who are interested in astrophysics mentored by [[MIT]] scientists<ref name="Hartman Ashton Porro Ahmed">{{cite web | last1=Hartman | first1=Mark | last2=Ashton | first2=Peter | last3=Porro | first3=Irene | last4=Ahmed | first4=Shakib | last5=Kol | first5=Simba | title=Chandra Astrophysics Institute | website=MIT OpenCourseWare | url=https://ocw.mit.edu/high-school/physics/chandra-astrophysics-institute/ | access-date=2017-10-20}}</ref> and sponsored by the [[Chandra X-ray Observatory]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chandra.harvard.edu/blog/node/84|title=The Chandra Astrophysics Institute – ChandraBlog – Fresh Chandra News|website=chandra.harvard.edu}}</ref>

In 2010, on account of Chandra's 100th birthday, [[University of Chicago]] conducted a symposium titled ''Chandrasekhar Centennial Symposium 2010'' which was attended by leading astrophysicists such as [[Roger Penrose]], [[Kip Thorne]], [[Freeman Dyson]], [[Jayant V. Narlikar]], [[Rashid Sunyaev]], [[G. Srinivasan (physicist)|G. Srinivasan]], and [[Clifford Will]]. Its research talks were published in 2011 as a book titled ''Fluid flows to Black Holes: A tribute to S Chandrasekhar on his birth centenary''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kersten.uchicago.edu/event_video/chandrasekhar_symposium/chandrasekhar_symposium.html|title=KPTC Event Video – Colloquia|website=kersten.uchicago.edu|access-date=2019-01-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://videolectures.net/chandrasekhar_centennial_symposium2010/|title=The 100th anniversary of the birth of Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar: Chandrasekhar Centennial Symposium 2010 – Chicago |website=VideoLectures – VideoLectures.NET|language=en|access-date=2019-01-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1039863|title=NSF Award Search: Award#1039863 – Chandrasekhar Centennial Symposium; Chicago, IL; October 16–17, 2010|website=www.nsf.gov|access-date=2019-01-13}}</ref>

On 19 October 2017, Chandrasekhar was celebrated in a [[Google Doodle]] honouring his 107th birthday.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.google.com/logos/doodles/2017/s-chandrasekhars-107th-birthday-5671696282419200-2xa.gif|title=S. Chandrasekhar's 107th Birthday|via=www.google.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ruIRv6gLOQs |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/ruIRv6gLOQs| archive-date=2021-12-11 |url-status=live|title=S. Chandrasekhar Google Doodle|last=Rajamanickam Antonimuthu|date=18 October 2017|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

==Publications==

===Books===
{{div col|colwidth=35em}}
* {{cite book |last=Chandrasekhar |first=S. |title=An Introduction to the Study of Stellar Structure |year=2010 |orig-year=1939/58 |publisher=Dover |location=New York |isbn=978-0-486-60413-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Chandrasekhar |first=S. |title=Principles of Stellar Dynamics |date=2005 |orig-year=1942 |publisher=Dover |location=New York |isbn=978-0-486-44273-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Chandrasekhar |first=S. |title=Radiative Transfer |url=https://archive.org/details/radiativetransfe0000chan |url-access=registration |year=2011 |orig-year=1950/1960 |publisher=Dover |location=New York |isbn=978-0-486-60590-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Chandrasekhar |first=S. |title=Plasma Physics |date=1975 |orig-year=1960 |publisher=The University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |isbn=978-0-226-10084-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Chandrasekhar |first=S. |title=Hydrodynamic and Hydromagnetic Stability |date=1981 |orig-year=1961 |publisher=Dover |location=New York |isbn=978-0-486-64071-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Chandrasekhar |first=S. |title=Ellipsoidal Figures of Equilibrium |date=1987 |orig-year=1969 |publisher=Dover |location=New York |isbn=978-0-486-65258-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Chandrasekhar |first=S. |title=The Mathematical Theory of Black Holes |date=1998 |orig-year=1983 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-19-850370-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Chandrasekhar |first=S. |title=Eddington: The Most Distinguished Astrophysicist of His Time |date=1983 |orig-year=1983 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521257466}}
* {{cite book |last=Chandrasekhar |first=S. |title=Truth and Beauty. Aesthetics and Motivations in Science |date=1990 |orig-year=1987 |publisher=The University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |isbn=978-0-226-10087-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Chandrasekhar |first=S. |title=Newton's Principia for the Common Reader |date=1995 |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-851744-3}}
* {{cite book |last=Spiegel |first=E.A. |title=The Theory of Turbulence : Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar's 1954 Lectures |date=2011 |orig-year=1954 |publisher=Springer |location=Netherlands |isbn=978-94-007-0117-5}}
{{div col end}}

===Notes===
{{div col|colwidth=35em}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Chandrasekhar |first=S. |title=The Dynamics of Stellar Systems. I–VIII |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=90 |issue=1 |pages=1–154 |date=1939 |bibcode=1939ApJ....90....1C |doi=10.1086/144094 |issn=0004-637X |doi-access=free}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Chandrasekhar |first=S. |title=Stochastic Problems in Physics and Astronomy |journal=Reviews of Modern Physics |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=1–89 |date=1943 |bibcode=1943RvMP...15....1C |doi=10.1103/RevModPhys.15.1 |issn=0034-6861}}
* {{cite book |last=Chandrasekhar |first=S. |title=Classical general relativity |date=1993 |publisher=Royal Society}}
* {{cite book |last=Chandrasekhar |first=S. |title=The Role of General Relativity: Retrospect and Prospect |date=1979 |publisher=Proc. IAU Meeting}}<ref>{{Cite journal |bibcode = 1980HiA.....5...45C|title = The role of general relativity in astronomy – Retrospect and prospect|journal = Highlights of Astronomy|volume = 5|pages = 45–61|last1 = Chandrasekhar|first1 = S|year = 1980 | issn = 1539-2996 |doi = 10.1017/S1539299600003749|doi-access = free}}</ref>
* {{cite book |last=Chandrasekhar |first=S. |title=New methods in stellar dynamics |date=1943 |publisher=New York Academy of Sciences}}
* {{cite journal |last=Chandrasekhar |first=S. |title=The illumination and polarization of the sunlit sky on Rayleigh scattering |journal=Transactions of the American Philosophical Society |date=1954 |volume=44 |issue=6 |pages=643–728 |publisher=American Philosophical Society |doi=10.2307/1005777 |jstor=1005777 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1005777 |url-access=subscription}}
* {{cite journal |last=Chandrasekhar |first=S. |title=On Stars, their evolution and their stability, Nobel lecture |journal=Reviews of Modern Physics |date=1983 |volume=56 |issue=2 |pages=137–147 |publisher=Nobel Foundation |location=Stockholm |doi=10.1103/RevModPhys.56.137 |url=https://journals.aps.org/rmp/abstract/10.1103/RevModPhys.56.137}}
* {{cite book |last=Chandrasekhar |first=S. |title=New horizons of human knowledge: a series of public talks given at Unesco |date=1981 |publisher=Unesco Press |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000047482}}
* {{cite journal |last=Chandrasekhar |first=S. |title=Shakespeare, Newton, and Beethoven: Or, Patterns of Creativity |journal=Current Science |date=1975 |volume=70 |issue=9 |pages=810–822 |publisher=University of Chicago |jstor=24099932 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24099932}}
* {{cite journal |last=Chandrasekhar |first=S. |title=P.A.M. Dirac on his seventieth birthday |journal=Contemporary Physics |date=July 1973 |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=389–394 |doi=10.1080/00107517308210761 |bibcode=1973ConPh..14..389C |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00107517308210761 |access-date= |language=en |issn=0010-7514 |url-access=subscription}}
* {{cite book |last=Chandrasekhar |first=S. |editor-last=Heywood |editor-first=Robert B. |title=The Works of the Mind:The Scientist |pages=159–179 |year=1947 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |oclc=752682744}}
* {{cite book |last=Chandrasekhar |first=S. |title=Reminiscences and discoveries on Ramanujan's bust |date=1995 |publisher=Royal Society |asin=B001B12NJ8}}
* {{cite book |last=Chandrasekhar |first=S. |title=How one may explore the physical content of the general theory of relativity |date=1990 |publisher=American Mathematical Society |asin=B001B10QTM}}
{{div col end}}

===Journals===
Chandrasekhar published around 380 papers<ref>{{cite journal | url=http://adsbit.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?1996JApA...17..269C&defaultprint=YES&filetype=.pdf | title=Publications by S. Chandrasekhar | publisher= Indian Academy of Sciences | access-date=15 May 2017 |bibcode= 1996JApA...17..269C | last1=Chandrasekhar | first1=S. | journal=Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy | year=1996 | volume=17 | page=269 }}</ref><ref name="Tayler1996"/> in his lifetime. He wrote his first paper in 1928 when he was still an undergraduate student about [[Compton effect]]<ref>{{cite journal | title = Thermodynamics of the Compton Effect with Reference to the Interior of the Stars | url = http://arxiv.iacs.res.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/10821/487/1/Chandrasekhar_S_Thermodynamics_Compton-Effect.pdf | journal = Indian Journal of Physics | volume = 3 | pages = 241–50 |hdl= 10821/487 }}</ref> and last paper which was accepted for publication just two months before his death was in 1995 which was about non-radial oscillation of stars.<ref name="ChandrasekharFerrari1995">{{cite journal |last1=Chandrasekhar |first1=Subrahmanyan |last2=Ferrari |first2=Valeria |author2-link=Valeria Ferrari |title=On the Non-Radial Oscillations of a Star: V. A Fully Relativistic Treatment of a Newtonian Star |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences |publisher=The Royal Society |volume=450 |issue=1939 |date=8 August 1995 |issn=1364-5021 |doi=10.1098/rspa.1995.0094 |pages=463–475|bibcode=1995RSPSA.450..463C |s2cid=120769457 }}</ref> The [[University of Chicago Press]] published selected papers of Chandrasekhar in seven volumes.

{{div col|colwidth=35em}}
* {{cite book |last=Chandrasekhar |first=S. |title=Selected Papers, Vol 1, Stellar structure and stellar atmospheres |date=1989 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |isbn=9780226100890 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/stellarstructure0000chan}}
* {{cite book |last=Chandrasekhar |first=S. |title=Selected Papers, Vol 2, Radiative transfer and negative ion of hydrogen |date=1989 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |isbn=9780226100920}}
* {{cite book |last=Chandrasekhar |first=S. |title=Selected Papers, Vol 3, Stochastic, statistical and hydromagnetic problems in Physics and Astronomy |date=1989 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |isbn=9780226100944 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/stochasticstatis0003chan}}
* {{cite book |last=Chandrasekhar |first=S. |title=Selected Papers, Vol 4, Plasma Physics, Hydrodynamic and Hydromagnetic stability, and applications of the Tensor-Virial theorem |date=1989 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |isbn=9780226100975 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/plasmaphysicshyd0000chan}}
* {{cite book |last=Chandrasekhar |first=S. |title=Selected Papers, Vol 5, Relativistic Astrophysics |date=1990 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |isbn=9780226100982}}
* {{cite book |last=Chandrasekhar |first=S. |title=Selected Papers, Vol 6, The Mathematical Theory of Black Holes and of Colliding Plane Waves |date=1991 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |isbn=9780226101019}}
* {{cite book |last=Chandrasekhar |first=S. |title=Selected Papers, Vol 7, The non-radial oscillations of star in General Relativity and other writings |date=1997 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |isbn=9780226101040}}
{{div col end}}

==References==
===Footnotes===
{{notelist}}
===Citations===
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Sources===
{{div col|colwidth=35em}}
* {{cite book |last=Miller |first=Arthur I. |title=Empire of the Stars: Friendship, Obsession, and Betrayal in the Quest for Black Holes |date=2005 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |location=Boston |isbn=978-0-618-34151-1 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/empireofstarsobs00mill}}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Srinivasan |editor1-first=G. |editor1-link=G. Srinivasan (physicist) |title=From White Dwarfs to Black Holes: The Legacy of S. Chandrasekhar |date=1997 |publisher=The University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |isbn=978-0-226-76996-7}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Penrose |author-link=Roger Penrose |first=Roger |title=Chandrasekhar, Black Holes and Singularities |journal=Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy |volume=17 |issue=3–4 |pages=213–231 |date=1996 |bibcode=1996JApA...17..213P |doi=10.1007/BF02702305 |issn=0250-6335 |citeseerx=10.1.1.496.2529 |s2cid=119807977 |url=http://www-old.ias.ac.in/jarch/jaa/17/213-231.pdf |access-date=4 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723153030/http://www-old.ias.ac.in/jarch/jaa/17/213-231.pdf |archive-date=23 July 2018 |url-status=dead}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Parker |author-link=Eugene Parker |first=E. |title=S. Chandrasekhar and Magnetohydrodynamics |journal=Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy |volume=17 |issue=3–4 |pages=147–166 |date=1996 |bibcode=1996JApA...17..147P |doi=10.1007/BF02702301 |issn=0250-6335 |s2cid=122374065}}
* {{cite book |last=Wali |first=Kameshwar C. |author-link=Kameshwar C. Wali |title=Chandra: A Biography of S. Chandrasekhar |url=https://archive.org/details/chandrabiography0000wali |url-access=registration |date=1991 |publisher=The University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |isbn=978-0-226-87054-0}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Wali |editor-first=Kameshwar C. |title=Chandrasekhar: The Man Behind the Legend – Chandra Remembered |date=1997 |publisher=imperial College Press |location=London |isbn=978-1-86094-038-5 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/schandrasekharma0000unse}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Wali |editor-first=Kameshwar C. |title=A Quest For Perspectives |date=2001 |publisher=World Scientific Publishing Co. Ptd Ltd. |location=Singapore |isbn=978-1-86094-201-3}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Wali |editor-first=Kameshwar C. |title=S Chandrasekhar: Selected Correspondence and Conversations |date=2020 |publisher=World Scientific Publishing Co. Ptd Ltd. |isbn=978-9811208324}}
* {{cite journal |editor-last=Wignesan |editor-first=T. |title=The Man who Dwarfed the Stars |date=2004 |journal=The Asianists' Asia |issn=1298-0358}}
* {{cite book |last=Venkataraman |first=G. |title=Chandrasekhar and His Limit |date=1992 |publisher=Universities Press |location=Hyderabad, India |isbn=978-81-7371-035-3}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Saikia |editor-first=D J. |display-editors=etal |title=Fluid flows to Black Holes: A tribute to S Chandrasekhar on his birth centenary |date=2011 |publisher=World Scientific Publishing Co. Ptd Ltd. |location=Singapore |isbn=978-981-4299-57-2}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Ramnath |editor-first=Radhika |title=S. Chandrasekhar: Man of Science |date=2012 |publisher=Harpercollins |asin=B00C3EWIME}}
* {{Cite book |editor-last=Kameshwar |editor-first=C Wali |title=A Scientific Autobiography: S Chandrasekhar |publisher=A Scientific Autobiography: S Chandrasekhar. Edited by K C Wali. Published by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd |date=2011 |isbn=978-981-4299-57-2 |bibcode=2010sasc.book.....W |last1=Alic |first1=Kameshwar C |doi=10.1142/7686}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Salwi |editor-first=Dilip |title=S. Chandrasekhar: The scholar scientist |date=2004 |publisher=Rupa |isbn=978-8129104915}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Pandey |editor-first=Rakesh Kumar |title=Chandrasekhar Limit: Size of White Dwarfs |date=2017 |publisher=Lap Lambert Academic Publishing |isbn=978-3330317666}}
{{div col end}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite journal |last1=Struve |first1=Otto | author-link= Otto Struve |title=The Award of the Bruce Gold Medal to Dr. S. Chandrasekhar |journal=Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific |date=1 April 1952 |volume=64 |issue=377 |pages=55 |doi=10.1086/126422 |bibcode=1952PASP...64...55S |s2cid=119668926 |url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/PASP./0064//0000055.000.html |issn=0004-6280|doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Parker |first1=E. N. | author-link= Eugene Parker |title=Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar. 1910-1995 |journal=Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences |date=1997 |volume=72 |pages=28–49 |url=http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/chandrasekhar-s.pdf}}

'''Obituaries'''
* {{cite journal |last1=Devorkin |first1=David H. |title=Obituary: Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, 1910-1995 |journal=Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society |date=1 January 1996 |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=1448 |bibcode=1996BAAS...28.1448D |url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/BAAS./0028//0001448.000.html}}
* {{cite journal |last1=McCrea |first1=W. |title=Obituary: Subramanyan Chandrasekhar |journal=The Observatory |date=1 April 1996 |volume=116 |pages=121–124 |bibcode=1996Obs...116..121M |url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/Obs../0116//0000121.000.html |issn=0029-7704}}
** Comment: {{cite journal |last1=Cronin |first1=J. W. |title=Subramanyan Chandrasekhar |journal=The Observatory |date=1 February 1998 |volume=118 |pages=24 |bibcode=1998Obs...118...24C |url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/Obs../0118//0000024.000.html |issn=0029-7704}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Garstang |first1=R. H. |title=Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar (1910-1995) |journal=Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific |date=1 February 1997 |volume=109 |pages=73–77 |doi=10.1086/133864 |bibcode=1997PASP..109...73G |s2cid=123095503 |url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/PASP./0109//0000073.000.html |issn=0004-6280|doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Spruit |first1=H. C. |title=A 'curve of growth' of astronomers on the Citation Index |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society |date=1 March 1996 |volume=37 |pages=1–9 |bibcode=1996QJRAS..37....1S |url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/QJRAS/0037//0000261.000.html |issn=0035-8738}}

==External links==
{{sister project links|b=no|n=no|v=no|wikt=no|author=yes|commonscat=yes|d=Q148109}}
* [http://www.ndtv.com/video/shows/great-indians/great-indians-professor-subrahmanyan-chandrasekhar-305874 Great Indians: Professor Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar] – Video of Chandra's last interview at Chicago.
* Audio – Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar(1988) ''[http://www.mediatheque.lindau-nobel.org/videos/31542/the-founding-of-general-relativity-and-its-excellence-1988/laureate-chandrasekhar The founding of general relativity and its excellence]''.
* Audio – Cain/Gay (2010) [http://www.astronomycast.com/history/ep-191-chandrasekhar/ Astronomy Cast] Chandrasekhar.
* [http://www.nap.edu/readingroom/books/biomems/schandrasekhar.html National Academy of Sciences biography]
* [http://chandra.harvard.edu/about/chandra.html Harvard's site on Chandrasekhar]
* [http://www.nobel-winners.com/Physics/subrahmanyan_chandrasekhar.html Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060528140547/http://www.iasf.org/subraman.htm Subramaniam Chandrashekhar]
* [http://www.phys-astro.sonoma.edu/BruceMedalists/Chandrasekhar/index.html Bruce Medal page]
* [https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/4551-1 Oral History interview transcript with Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar on 17 May 1977, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives] - Session I
* [https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/4551-2 Oral History interview transcript with Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar on 18 May 1977, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives] - Session II
* [https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/4551-3 Oral History interview transcript with Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar on 31 October 1977, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives] - Session III
* [https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/4552 Oral History interview transcript for Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar on 6 October 1987, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives]
* [http://genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id=70801 Mathematics Genealogy Project]
* [http://archives.concordia.ca/chandrasekhar Concordia University Honorary Degree Citation], June 1988, Concordia University Records Management and Archives
* [https://archive.org/details/RadiativeTransfer Free PDF of ''Radiative Transfer'' on Archive.org]
* [https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/scrc/findingaids/view.php?eadid=ICU.SPCL.CHANDRASEKHAR Guide to the Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar Papers 1913-2011] at the [https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/scrc/ University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center]
* {{Nobelprize}}

{{Nobel Prize in Physics Laureates 1976–2000}}
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Persecution of Buddhists

2026-05-07T02:13:00Z

Himalayan Dream Treks: Added a data

{{Short description|none}} 
{{lead too short|date=March 2024}}
{{Status of religious freedom|persecution}}
Many adherents of [[Buddhism]] have experienced [[religious persecution]] because of their adherence to the Buddhist practice, including unwarranted arrests, imprisonment, beating, torture, and/or execution. The term also may be used in reference to the confiscation or destruction of property, temples, monasteries, centers of learning, meditation centers, historical sites, or the incitement of hatred towards Buddhists.{{citation needed|date=September 2023}}

==Pre-modern persecutions of Buddhism==

===Sasanian Empire===
[[File:Tapa Shotor lunette.jpg|thumb|right|Painting of an underground meditation chamber's [[lunette]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=GREENE |first1=ERIC M. |title=Death in a Cave: Meditation, Deathbed Ritual, and Skeletal Imagery at Tape Shotor |journal=Artibus Asiae |date=2013 |volume=73 |issue=2 |pages=265–294 |doi=10.61342/TKXC3155 |jstor=24240815 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24240815 |issn=0004-3648|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The [[Sarvāstivāda|Sarvāstivādin]] [[vihāra]] of [[Tapa Shotor]], period VI (350–450).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Vanleene |first1=Alexandra |editor1-last=Rienjang |editor1-first=Wannaporn |editor2-last=Stewart |editor2-first=Peter |title=The Geography of Gandhāran Art Proceedings of the Second International Workshop of the Gandhāra Connections Project, University of Oxford, 22nd-23rd March, 2018 |date=2019 |publisher=Archaeopress Archaeology |location=Oxford |page=154 |chapter=Differences and similarities in Gandhāran art production: the case of the modelling school of Haḍḍa (Afghanistan)|url=https://www.beazley.ox.ac.uk/PublicFiles/media/Geography%20of%20Gandharan%20Art%20published%20files/10_32028-9781789691863P143-163.pdf}}</ref>]]
In the 3rd century, the [[Sasanian Empire]] overran [[Bactria]], overthrowing the [[Kushan Empire]].<ref name="Berzin">{{Cite web |last=Berzin |first=Alexander |year=2001 |title=History of Buddhism in Afghanistan |url=https://studybuddhism.com/en/advanced-studies/history-culture/buddhism-in-central-asia/history-of-buddhism-in-afghanistan |access-date=2023-01-02 |website=studybuddhism.com |language=en}}</ref> Although strong supporters of [[Zoroastrianism]], the Sasanians tolerated Buddhism and allowed the construction of more [[vihāra]]s. It was during their rule that [[Lokottaravāda|Lokottaravādins]] erected the two [[Buddhas of Bamiyan]].<ref name="Berzin"/>

During the second half of the third century, [[Kartir]], the Zoroastrian ''mowbadān-mowbad'' of the Empire, dominated the state's official religious policy.<ref name="Berzin"/> He ordered the destruction of several [[Buddhism in Afghanistan|Buddhist monasteries in Afghanistan]], since the amalgam of Buddhism and Zoroastrianism manifested in the form of Buddha-[[Ahura Mazda|Mazda]] appeared to him as [[heresy]].<ref name="Berzin"/> Buddhism quickly recovered after his death.<ref name="Berzin"/>

===Hepthalites===
Central Asian and Northwestern Indian Buddhism weakened following the [[Hephthalites]] invasion, who followed traditional religious practices as well as [[Manichaeism]].<ref name="Berzin"/> Around 440, they conquered [[Sogdia]] then conquered [[Gandhara]] and pushed on into the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]].<ref name="Berzin"/> King [[Mihirakula]], who ruled starting in 515, suppressed Buddhism, destroying monasteries as far as what is now [[Allahabad]] before his son reversed the policy.<ref name="Berzin"/>

===Hun invasions (6th century)===
Chinese scholars traveling through the region between the 5th and 8th centuries, such as [[Faxian]], [[Xuanzang]], [[Yijing (monk)|Yijing]], Hui-sheng, and Sung-Yun, began to speak of a decline of the Buddhist ''[[Sangha]]'' in the Northwestern parts of the Indian subcontinent, especially in the wake of the [[Huna people|Hun]] invasion from central Asia in the 6th century CE.<ref name="Merriam155">{{cite book|author=Wendy Doniger|title=Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440 |url-access=registration|year=1999|publisher=Merriam-Webster|isbn=978-0-87779-044-0 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440/page/155 155]–157 }}</ref> Xuanzang wrote that numerous monasteries in north-western India had been reduced to ruins by the Huns.<ref name="Merriam155"/><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Buddhism/Historical-Development#toc68658|title=Historical Development of Buddhism in India – Buddhism under the Guptas and Palas|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=12 September 2015}}</ref>

The Hun ruler [[Mihirakula]], who ruled from 515 CE in the north-western region (modern Afghanistan, Pakistan and north India), suppressed Buddhism as well. He did this by destroying monasteries as far away as modern-day [[Prayagraj]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Nakamura |first=Hajime |title=Indian Buddhism: A Survey With Bibliographical Notes |year=1980 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publications |isbn=8120802721 |page=146}}</ref>

== Persecution under Hindus ==
{{main| Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent}}

=== In India ===
D N Jha claims, based on the Rajatarangini exclusively, that persecution of Buddhists took place in the time of King Gonandiya-Ashoka (different from King Ashoka of the Mauryan Empire). Jha writes that according to a book Rajatarangini, dated to the 12th century, [[Jalauka]] was a Shaivite and was responsible for the destruction of many Buddhist monasteries.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://www.caravanmagazine.in/reviews-and-essays/dn-jha-destruction-buddhist-sites|title=Monumental Absence The destruction of ancient Buddhist sites|last=Jha|first=DN|date=1 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709153810/http://www.caravanmagazine.in/reviews-and-essays/dn-jha-destruction-buddhist-sites|archive-date=2018-07-09|url-status=dead|access-date=9 July 2018}}</ref> The story of Jalauka is essentially legendary and no independent corroboration of the Kashmir tradition has ever been discovered.<ref name="Smith99">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W0EbAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA180|title=The Early History of India|publisher=Oxford University|year=1908|pages=180|oclc=235958116|last1=Smith|first1=Vincent A.|isbn=9788185205212|author-link=Vincent A. Smith}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> Moreover, the Rajatarangini itself places Gonandiya-Ashoka in the second millennium BCE and Romila Thapar equates him with [[Kunala]], who also lived in the 3rd Century BCE, while the Rajatarangini is a 12th-Century text.

King [[Pushyamitra Shunga]] allegedly persecuted Buddhists in North India, a claim that has been continuously refuted by many historians for several reasons, and on various grounds.<ref>Encyclopedia of Buddhism: "Persecutions", P. 640.</ref> A non-contemporary Buddhist text states that Pushyamitra cruelly persecuted Buddhists (The text belongs to centuries after Pushyamitra Shunga's period). While some scholars believe he did persecute Buddhists based on the Buddhist accounts most consider them biased because of him not patronising them.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdu1AAAAIAAJ |title=Indigenous states of northern India, circa 200 B.C. to 320 A.D. |first=Bela |last=Lahiri |publisher=University of Calcutta |year=1974 |pages=34–35}}</ref> Many scholars have expressed skepticism about the Buddhist claims on the whole. [[Étienne Lamotte]] points out that the Buddhist legends are not consistent about the location of Pushyamitra's anti-Buddhist campaign and his death: "To judge from the documents, Pushyamitra must be acquitted through lack of proof."<ref>Lamotte, E., Dantinne, J., & Webb-Boin, S. (1988). History of Indian Buddhism: From the origins to the Śaka era. Louvain-la-Neuve: Université Catholique de Louvain, Institut Orientaliste.</ref> Agreeing with him, D. Devahuti states that Pushyamitra's sudden destruction after offering rewards for Buddhist heads is "manifestly false". R. C. Mitra states that "The tales of persecution by Pushyamitra as recorded in ''[[Divyavadana]]'' and by [[Taranatha]] bear marks of evident absurdity."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Simmons|first1=Caleb|last2=Sarao|first2=K. T. S.|editor1-last=Danver|editor1-first=Steven L.|title=Popular Controversies in World History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=slVobUjdzGMC&pg=RA1-PA98 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2010 |isbn=9781598840780 |page=98 }}</ref>

The Asokavadana legend has been likened to a Buddhist version of Pushyamitra's attack on the Mauryas, reflecting the declining influence of Buddhism in the Shunga Imperial court. The [[decline of Buddhism in India]] did not set in until the Gupta dynasty. According to other scholars, the Shunga kings were seen as more amenable to Buddhism, and as having contributed to the building of the stupa at [[Bharhut]]<ref>Akira Hirakawa, Paul Groner, ''A History of Indian Buddhism: From Sakyamuni to Early Mahayan'', Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1996, {{ISBN|978-81-208-0955-0}}, p. 223</ref> and an inscription at Bodh Gaya at the [[Mahabodhi Temple]] records the construction of the temple as follows, "The gift of Nagadevi the wife of King Brahmamitra". Another inscription reads: "The gift of Kurangi, the mother of living sons and the wife of King Indragnimitra, son of Kosiki. The gift also of Srima of the royal palace shrine."<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Old Buddhist Shrines at Bodh-Gaya Inscriptions |url=http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-ENG/bar.htm |access-date=2023-01-02 |author1=B.M. Barua |journal=The Indian Historical Quarterly |volume=VI |issue=1 |date=March 1930 |pages=1–31}}</ref>

[[Patanjali]], a famous grammarian stated in his ''[[Mahābhāṣya|Mahabhashya]]'', that Brahmins and [[Shramanas|Śramaṇa]], which included Buddhists, were eternal enemies.<ref name="auto"/>

With the emergence of Hindu rulers of the [[Gupta Empire]], Hinduism saw a major [[Hindu revivalism|revivalism]] in the Indian subcontinent which challenged Buddhism which was at that time at its zenith. Even though the Gupta Empire was tolerant towards Buddhism and patronized Buddhist arts and religious institutions, Hindu revivalism generally became a major threat to Buddhism which led to its decline.

A Buddhist illustrated palm leaf manuscript from the [[Pala Empire|Pala period]] (one of the earliest Indian illustrated manuscripts to survive in modern times) is preserved in the University of Cambridge library. Composed in the year 1015, the manuscript contains a note from the year 1138 by a Buddhist believer called Karunavajra which indicates that without his efforts, the manuscript would have been destroyed during a political struggle for power. The note states that 'he rescued the ''Perfection of Wisdom'', incomparable Mother of the Omniscient' from falling into the hands of unbelievers (who according to Camillo Formigatti were most probably people of Brahmanical affiliation).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lib.cam.ac.uk/news/1000-year-old-manuscript-and-stories-it-tells|title=The 1,000-year-old manuscript and the stories it tells|last=Harper|first=Francesca|date=2015-05-12|publisher=University of Cambridge|access-date=2018-06-03}}</ref>

The existence of religious violence between Hinduism and Buddhism in ancient India has been highly disputed.<ref>Akira Hirakawa, Paul Groner, ''A History of Indian Buddhism: From Sakyamuni to Early Mahayan'', Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1996, {{ISBN|81-208-0955-6}}, p. 223</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=India's Ancient Art|first=Tom |last=O'Neill |others=Benoy K. Behl |publisher=National Geographic Magazine |date=January 2008 |quote=The flow between faiths was such that for hundreds of years, almost all Buddhist temples, including the ones at Ajanta, were built under the rule and patronage of Hindu kings. |url=http://www.buddhistchannel.tv/index.php?id=4,5605,0,0,1,0}}</ref>
The fictional tales of Divyavadana are considered by scholars<ref name="rotman">Andy Rotman (Translator), Paul Harrison et al (Editors), Divine Stories - The Divyāvadāna Part 1, Wisdom Publications, Boston, {{ISBN|0-86171-295-1}}, Introduction, [http://www.wisdompubs.org/sites/default/files/preview/Divine%20Stories%20Book%20Preview_0.pdf Preview summary of book] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805101928/http://www.wisdompubs.org/sites/default/files/preview/Divine%20Stories%20Book%20Preview_0.pdf|date=2017-08-05}}</ref> as being of doubtful value as a historical record. [[Moriz Winternitz]], for example, stated, "these legends [in the Divyāvadāna] scarcely contain anything of much historical value".<ref name=rotman/> Similarly, Paul Williams states that the persecution claims with alleged dates of Buddha's nirvana (400 BCE) and the subsequent Pusyamitra reign, as depicted in the Mahasanghika school of early Buddhism are the "most far fetched of all the arguments and hardly worth of any further discussion".<ref>{{cite book|author=Paul Williams|title=Buddhism: Buddhist origins and the early history of Buddhism in South and Southeast Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tg2-QU2J10YC |year=2005|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-33227-9 |pages=66 footnote 8 }}</ref>

== Persecution under other Kingdoms ==
===Emperor Wuzong of Tang===
{{main|Huichang Persecution of Buddhism}}
[[Emperor Wuzong of Tang]] (814–846) indulged in indiscriminate religious persecution, solving a financial crisis by seizing the property of Buddhist monasteries. Buddhism had developed into a major religious force in Tang empire during the [[Tang period]], and its monasteries had tax-exempt status. Wuzong closed many Buddhist shrines, confiscated their property, and sent the monks and nuns home to lay life. Apart from economic reasons, Wuzong's motivation was also philosophical or ideological. As a zealous [[Taoist]], he considered Buddhism a foreign religion that was harmful to Chinese society. He went after other foreign religions as well, all but eradicating [[Zoroastrianism]] and [[Manichaeism]] in China, and his persecution of the growing [[Church of the East|Nestorian Christian]] churches sent Chinese Christianity into a decline from which it never recovered.

{{see also|Four Buddhist Persecutions in China}}

===King Langdarma of Tibet===
[[Langdarma]] was a Tibetan King, who reigned from 838 to 841 CE. He is believed to have been anti-Buddhist and a follower of the [[Bön]] religion.

===Oirat Mongols===
The [[Oirats]] (Western Mongols) converted to [[Tibetan Buddhism]] around 1615. The [[Dzungars]] were a confederation of several [[Oirats|Oirat]] tribes that emerged suddenly in the early 17th century. The Dzungar Khanate was the last great [[nomadic empire]] in Asia. In the 18th century, the Dzungars were annihilated by [[Qianlong Emperor]] in several campaigns. About 80% of the Dzungar population, or around 500,000 to 800,000 people, were killed during or after the [[Zunghar Genocide]] by Manchu Bannermen and Khalkha Mongols during the Manchu conquest in 1755–1757.<ref>[http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/uploads/approved/adt-QGU20061121.163131/public/02Whole.pdf Michael Edmund Clarke, ''In the Eye of Power'' (doctoral thesis), Brisbane 2004, p37] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706114903/http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/uploads/approved/adt-QGU20061121.163131/public/02Whole.pdf |date=2011-07-06 }}</ref>

The [[Kalmyk people|Kalmyk Khanate]] was founded in the 17th century with Tibetan Buddhism as its main religion, following the earlier migration of the [[Oirats]] from Dzungaria through Central Asia to the steppe around the mouth of the [[Volga River]]. During the course of the 18th century, they were absorbed by the Russian Empire, which was then expanding to the south and east. The Russian Orthodox church pressured many [[Kalmyks]] to adopt Orthodoxy. In the winter of 1770–1771, about 300,000 Kalmyks set out to return to China. Their goal was to retake control of Dzungaria from the [[Qing dynasty]] of China.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tibetan-museum-society.org/java/arts-culture-Kalmyk-People.jsp|title=The Kalmyk People: A Celebration of History and Culture|author=Asian Art|access-date=8 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327193010/http://www.tibetan-museum-society.org/java/arts-culture-Kalmyk-People.jsp|archive-date=27 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Along the way many were attacked and killed by [[Kazakhs]] and [[Kyrgyz people|Kyrgyz]], their historical enemies based on intertribal competition for land, and many more died of starvation and disease. After several months of travel, only one-third of the original group reached [[Dzungaria]] and had no choice but to surrender to the Qing upon arrival.<ref>{{cite web|title=Republic of Kalmykia in Transition: Natural Resource Management After Disintegration of the Soviet Union|url=http://casestudies.lead.org/index.php?csp=17|website=lead.org|publisher=Lead International|access-date=28 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720192137/http://casestudies.lead.org/index.php?csp=17|archive-date=20 July 2011|location=London}}</ref>

==Persecution by Muslim Empires==
{{Islam and other religions}}

=== Arab invasions ===
[[Qutaybah ibn Muslim]], the Arab general of [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]] conquered a number of territories in Central Asia including [[Samarkand]] where he broke a number of images.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780333631423 |url-access=registration |title=History of The Arabs |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |author=Phillip K. Hitti |page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780333631423/page/213 213] |year=2002 |isbn=9781137039828}}</ref> Several instances of Buddhist shrines being destroyed by the advancing Muslims are recorded though the religion continued to survive in some places for a considerable period of time. Bertolf Spuler cites the writings of [[Narshakhi]] while stating that the residents of [[Bukhara]] had reconverted from Islam to Buddhism four times until it was conquered by Qutayba in 712–13. A mosque was built in the city in place of a Buddhist monastery. Buddhists continued to live there until the tenth century. Similarly, Buddhism continued to exist in other places like Old Bukhara, Simingan in southern [[Tukharistan]], [[Bamiyan]] and Kabul with suburbs inhabited by "Indians" which were also home to Buddhists. However, the religion could no longer develop as a power or distribute propaganda and its adherents also had to abandon the conversion of peoples in these regions.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G-FTBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA207 |title=Iran in the Early Islamic Period: Politics, Culture, Administration and Public Life between the Arab and the Seljuk Conquests, 633-1055 |publisher=Bertold Spuler |author=Brill Publishers |page=207 |year=2014 |isbn=9789004282094}}</ref> Scholars like [[Richard Nelson Frye]] have doubted the story of Marshaki, pointing out that unlike its statement, Qutayba ibn Muslim did not live during the time of [[Umayyad]] Caliph Mu'awiya, as this story suggests, but rather much later.<ref>The History of Bukhara by Narshaki (Tras. Richard Nelson Fyre), Commentary, Pg 137</ref> In addition to discrimination, emigration, and the conversion of the laity, Buddhism and its monasteries also declined with the Muslims taking over the trade along the [[Silk Road]] as well as in [[Sindh]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yPZzBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA230 |title=An Archaeological History of Indian Buddhism |publisher=Oxford University Press |author=Lars Fogelin |page=230 |isbn=9780199948239 |year=2015}}</ref><ref name=Communities/><ref name=Elverskog/>

During their conquest of Sindh, the Arabs brought the non-Muslims into the category of ''[[ahl al-kitab]]'', considering them ''ahl al-dhimmah'' (protected subjects) and thus practicing a certain amount of non-interference in their religious lives under the condition that they fulfil a number of obligations that came with this status. Since both Buddhism and Hinduism are literate religions with scriptures, the precedent of assimilating [[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrians]] into the category of ''ahl al-kitab'' was extended to them as well. The ''[[dhimmis]]'' were obligated to pay the [[jizya]] for following their ancestral religion. The historian [[Al-Baladhuri]] notes a decision by [[Muhammad bin Qasim]] in relation to a Buddhist [[vihara]] and [[Aror]] that after conquering the city through a treaty (''[[sulh]]'') he agreed not to kill the people and enter their temple, in addition to imposing [[kharaj]] on them.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xxAVAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA41| author=Derryl L. MacLean|title=Early History Of Buddhism |publisher=Brill Publishers |year=1989| isbn=978-9004085510}}</ref> The Buddhists had petitioned the Arabs for the right to restore one of their temples and it was granted by [[Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf]]. However, this decision was later violated by the [[Pact of Umar]] and subsequent Muslim law codes which prohibited the restoration of existing non-Muslim religious structures as well as the building of new ones. Despite this fact, Buddhist inscriptions were still being recorded in the eleventh century.<ref name=Elverskog>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N7_4Gr9Q438C&pg=PA50| author=Johan Elverskog|title= Buddhism and Islam on the Silk Road|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |year=2011|pages=48, 50, 52–54| isbn=978-0812205312}}</ref> Some Buddhists also fled and emigrated from Muslim-ruled areas into other regions. Unlike Brahmanical worship, Buddhism rapidly declined in Sindh after the eighth century and it virtually disappeared by the eleventh century.<ref name=Elverskog/><ref name=Communities>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NBwissQ0_dcC&pg=PA38| author=Alka Patel|title= Building Communities in Gujarāt: Architecture and Society During the Twelfth Through Fourteenth Centuries|publisher= Brill Publishers |year=2004|pages=38–39| isbn=978-9004138902}}</ref>

The Arabs conquered [[Balkh]] which was a centre of Buddhism. Many people in Balkh were sympathetic to Buddhism after the conquest and they were harshly denounced by adherents of Islamic orthodoxy.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kW8PAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA98|title=Lost Enlightenment: Central Asia's Golden Age from the Arab Conquest to Tamerlane|publisher=Princeton University Press|author=S. Frederick Starr|page=98|year=2013|isbn=9781400848805}}</ref> The Buddhist monastery of Nava Vihara which had become a symbol of national resistance was damaged under [[Muawiyah I]] in 663.<ref>{{cite book|title=Buddhism: Art and Values : a Collection of Research Papers and Keynote Addresses on the Evolution of Buddhist Art and Thought Across the Lands of Asia|publisher=International Academy of Indian Culture and Aditya Prakashan|author=Lokesh Chandra|year=2007|page=269}}</ref> The Arabs allowed the non-Muslims to practice their religion as long as they paid the poll-tax called [[jizya]].<ref name=Alikuza>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YZJcAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA118|title=A Concise History of Afghanistan in 25 Volumes, Volume 14|publisher=Trafford Publishing|author=Hamid Wahed Alikuza|year=2013|pages=118, 120|isbn=9781490714417}}</ref> In addition to the destruction of Buddhist temples, part of the old city was also destroyed during the Arab conquest.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KjQ_AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT278|title=The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History|publisher=Oxford University Press|author=Touraj Daryaee|year=2012|page=278|isbn=9780190208820}}</ref> Nava Vihara continued to remain open according to historical accounts.<ref name=Alikuza/> Along with it, many other viharas evidently continued to function in Central Asia for at least a century after the Arab conquests.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Beckwith |first1=Christopher I. |author-link=Christopher I. Beckwith |editor-last1=Akasoy |editor-first1=Anna |editor-last2=Burnett |editor-first2=Charles S. F. |editor-last3=Yoeli-Tlalim |editor-first3=Ronit |chapter=The Sarvāstivādin Buddhist Scholastic Method in Medieval Islam and Tibet |title=Islam and Tibet: Interactions Along the Musk Routes |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZfWXIfbynwYC&pg=PA168 |year=2011 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |page=168 |isbn=978-0-7546-6956-2}}</ref> [[Al-Biruni]] records the existence of the religion and its monasteries in the early eleventh century.<ref name=Elverskog/> The eighth-century Korean traveller [[Hyecho|Hui'Chao]] records [[Hinayana|Hinayanists]] in Balkh under Arab rule.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y7IHmyKcPtYC&pg=PA958 |title=The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian Periods |series=The Cambridge History of Iran |volume=3 |editor-last=Yarshater |editor-first=Esham |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1983 |issue=2 |page=958 |isbn=978-0-521-24693-4}}</ref> The city was reduced to ruins by 705 as a result of frequent revolts.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6tFvlaM1LmgC&pg=PA308|title=The Places Where Men Pray Together: Cities in Islamic Lands, Seventh Through the Tenth Centuries|publisher=University of Chicago Press|page=308|year=2001|isbn=9780226894287}}</ref>

It is visible from some copper-plate inscriptions that some Buddhists had moved to other domains.<ref name=Elverskog/> [[Al-Ma'mun]] (r. 813-833 A.D.) while visiting Khorasan, launched an attack on Kabul, whose ruler submitted to taxation.<ref Name="Majumdar1">RC Majumdar (ed), History of Bengal, Dacca, 1943</ref> The king of Kabul was captured and he then converted to Islam.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=883OZBe2sMYC&pg=PA470|title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750|author=Ahmad Hasan Dani, B.A. Litvinsky|publisher=UNESCO|page=470|isbn=9789231032110|date=1996-01-01}}</ref> Per sources, when the Shah submitted to al-Ma'mun, he sent his crown and bejeweled throne, later seen by the [[Mecca]]n historian [[al-Azraqi]] to the Caliph who praised Fadl for "curbing polytheists, breaking idols, killing the refractory" and refers to his successes against Kabul's king and ''ispahabad''. Other near-contemporary sources however refer to the artifacts as a golden jewel-encrusted idol sitting on a silver throne by the [[Hindu Shahi]] ruler or by an unnamed ruler of "Tibet" as a sign of his conversion to Islam.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OLNE_li8C10C&pg=PA30|title=Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval "Hindu-Muslim" Encounter|publisher= Princeton University Press|author=Finbarr B. Flood|page=30|isbn=978-0691125947|date=2009-05-03}}</ref>

=== India ===

{{See also|Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent}}
[[File:The end of Buddhist Monks, A.D. 1193.jpg|thumb|The image, in the chapter on India in ''Hutchison's Story of the Nations'' edited by [[James Meston, 1st Baron Meston|James Meston]], depicts the Muslim Turkic general Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khilji's massacre of Buddhist monks in Bihar. Khaliji destroyed the [[Nalanda]] and [[Vikramshila]] universities during his raids across North Indian plains, massacring many [[Buddhist]] and [[Brahmin]] scholars.<ref name="Sanyal 130–1">{{cite book|last=Sanyal|first=Sanjeev|title=Land of seven rivers: History of India's Geography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xu-O9eNmQXMC&pg=PT130|date=15 November 2012|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=978-81-8475-671-5|pages=130–1}}</ref>]]
According to Lars Fogelin, the [[Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent]] is "not a singular event, with a singular cause; it was a centuries-long process."<ref>Fogelin, Lars, An Archaeological History of Indian Buddhism, Oxford University Press, p. 218.</ref>

Various personages involved in the revival of Buddhism in India such as [[Anagarika Dharmapala]] and [[Maha Bodhi Society|The Mahabodhi Movement]] of the 1890s as well as Dr. [[B. R. Ambedkar]] hold the Muslim Rule and Brahmanism in India responsible for the decay of Buddhism in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sasnet.lu.se/EASASpapers/19SwapnaBhattacharya.pdf |title=A Close View of Encounter between British Burma and British Bengal |access-date=2015-09-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607054212/http://www.sasnet.lu.se/EASASpapers/19SwapnaBhattacharya.pdf |archive-date=7 June 2007 }}</ref><ref name="Maha Bodhi Society page 205">The Maha-Bodhi By Maha Bodhi Society, Calcutta (page 205)</ref><ref>The Maha-Bodhi By Maha Bodhi Society, Calcutta (page 58)</ref><ref>''The Philosophy of Mahatma Gandhi: And Other Essays, Philosophical and Sociological'' by [[Ardeshir Ruttonji Wadia]] (page 483)</ref><ref>B.R. Ambedkar: ''Writings and Speeches'', vol.3, p.229-230.</ref>

In 1193, [[Qutb-ud-din Aybak]], the founder of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] and [[Islamic rulers in the Indian subcontinent|first Muslim ruler in India]], left defenseless the northeastern territories that were the heart of Buddhist India. The [[Mahabodhi Temple]] was almost completely destroyed by the invading Muslim forces.<ref name="Maha Bodhi Society page 205"/>

One of Qutb-ud-Din's generals, [[Ikhtiar Uddin Muhammad Bin Bakhtiyar Khilji]], who later becomes the first Muslim ruler of [[Bengal]] and [[Bihar]], invaded [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] and destroyed the Buddhist shrines and institutions at [[Nalanda]], [[Vikramasila]] and [[Odantapuri]], which declined the practice of [[Buddhism]] in [[East India]].<ref name="Sanyal 130–1"/><ref>''The Maha-Bodhi'' by Maha Bodhi Society, Calcutta (page 8)</ref><ref name="Maha Bodhi Society page 205"/> Many monuments of ancient Indian civilization were destroyed by the invading armies, including Buddhist sanctuaries<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=The Turkish conquest|url=http://kids.britannica.com/oscar/article-46902|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|access-date=28 September 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305205850/http://kids.britannica.com/oscar/article-46902|archive-date=5 March 2016}}</ref> near [[Benares]]. Buddhist monks who escaped the massacre fled to [[Nepal]], [[Tibet]] and [[South India]].<ref name="ak56">''Islam at War: A History'' by Mark W. Walton, George F. Nafziger, Laurent W. Mbanda (page 226)</ref>

[[Tamerlane]] destroyed Buddhist establishments and raided areas in which Buddhism had flourished.<ref>''Sir Aurel Stein: Archaeological Explorer'' by Jeannette Mirsky</ref><ref>''Ethnicity & Family Therapy'' edited by Nydia Garcia-Preto, Joe Giordano, Monica McGoldrick</ref>

[[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] rule also contributed to the decline of Buddhism. They are reported to have destroyed many Hindu temples and Buddhist shrines alike or converted many sacred Hindu places into Muslim shrines and mosques.<ref>''War at the Top of the World: The Struggle for Afghanistan, Kashmir, and Tibet'' by Eric S. Margolis page 165</ref> Mughal rulers like [[Aurangzeb]] destroyed Buddhist temples and monasteries and replaced them with mosques.<ref>''Buddhism and Dalits: Social Philosophy and Traditions'', by C. D. Naik, 2010, Page 35</ref>

=== Others ===

The [[Saffarids]] had sent looted Buddhist and Hindu icons to the Abbasids as gifts.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t7TDDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA31|title=Authority and Identity in Medieval Islamic Historiography: Persian Histories from the Peripheries|publisher= Cambridge University Press|author=Mimi Hanaoka|page=31|isbn=9781107127036|date=2016-09-09}}</ref> The Mongol ruler [[Ghazan]] called on Buddhists to convert to Islam or leave the [[Ilkhanate]] and ordered their temples to be destroyed, but he later adopted a slightly less severe position.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ubgBCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA72 |title=Medieval Persia 1040-1797 |edition=Second |publisher=Routledge |author=David Morgan |year=2016 |orig-year=First published 1987 |page=72 |isbn=978-1-317-41567-1}}</ref> Though he had earlier supported their persecution as well as the persecution of other non-Muslims, his religious policies changed after the death of [[Nawrūz (Mongol emir)|Nowruz]] with punishments imposed on perpetrators of religious intolerance and attempts to restore relations with non-Muslims.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4gB9DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA149|publisher= ABC-CLIO|title=The Mongol Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]: A Historical Encyclopedia|author=Timothy May|date=7 November 2016|page=141|isbn= 9781610693400}}</ref> Although the religion survived there,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N7_4Gr9Q438C&pg=PA141|publisher= Harvard University Press|title=Buddhism and Islam on the Silk Road|author=Johan Elverskog|page=141|isbn= 978-0812205312|date= 2011-06-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZRIt9sZaTREC&pg=PA188|publisher= Reaktion Books|title=The Mongol Conquests in World History|author=Timothy May|page=188|isbn= 9781861899712|date= 2013-02-15}}</ref> it never recovered from the assault by Ghazan.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZRIt9sZaTREC&pg=PA188|publisher= Prus24.pl|title=Towards Rewriting?: New Approaches to Byzantine Archaeology and Art : Proceedings of the Symposium on Byzantine Art and Archaeology, Cracow, September 8 - 10, 2008|page=188|isbn= 9781861899712|date= 2013-02-15}}</ref>

===Xinjiang===
{{main|History of Xinjiang|Turkic settlement of the Tarim Basin|Kingdom of Khotan}}

The historical area of what is modern day [[Xinjiang]] consisted of the distinct areas of the [[Tarim Basin]] and [[Dzungaria]], and it was originally populated by [[Proto-Indo-Europeans|Indo-European]] [[Tocharians|Tocharian]] and [[Iranian peoples|Iranic]] [[Saka]] peoples who practiced the Buddhist religion. The area was subjected to Turkification and Islamification at the hands of invading Turkic Muslims.

====Conquest of Buddhist Khotan====

The Islamic attacks and conquest of the Buddhist cities east of Kashgar was started by the Turkic Karakhanid Satok Bughra Khan who in 966 converted to Islam and many tales emerged about the Karakhanid ruling family's war against the Buddhists, Satok Bughra Khan's nephew or grandson Ali Arslan was slain by the Buddhists during the war. Buddhism lost territory to Islam during the Karakhanid reign around the Kashgar area.<ref name="RingSalkin1994">{{cite book |author1=Trudy Ring |author2=Robert M. Salkin |author3=Sharon La Boda |title=International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vWLRxJEU49EC&pg=PA457 |year=1994 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-884964-04-6 |pages=457–}}</ref> A long war ensued between Islamic Kashgar and Buddhist Khotan which eventually ended in the conquest of Khotan by Kashgar.<ref name="MichellGollings2008">{{cite book |author1=George Michell |author2=John Gollings |author3=Marika Vicziany |author4=Yen Hu Tsui |title=Kashgar: Oasis City on China's Old Silk Road |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hMJC0JSfBkEC&pg=PA13 |year=2008 |publisher=Frances Lincoln |isbn=978-0-7112-2913-6 |pages=13–}}</ref>

Iranic Saka peoples originally inhabited Yarkand and Kashgar in ancient times. The Buddhist Iranic Saka Kingdom of Khotan was the only city-state that was not conquered yet by the Turkic Uyghur (Buddhist) and the Turkic Qarakhanid (Muslim) states and its ruling family used Indian names and the population were devout Buddhists. The Buddhist entitites of Dunhuang and Khotan had a tight-knit partnership, with intermarriage between Dunhuang and Khotan's rulers and Dunhuang's Mogao grottos and Buddhist temples being funded and sponsored by the Khotan royals, whose likenesses were drawn in the Mogao grottoes.<ref name="Millward2007">{{cite book |author=James A. Millward |title=Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8FVsWq31MtMC&pg=PA55 |year=2007 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-13924-3 |pages=55–}}</ref> The rulers of Khotan were aware of the menace they faced since they arranged for the Mogao grottoes to paint a growing number of divine figures along with themselves. Halfway in the 10th century Khotan came under attack by the Qarakhanid ruler Musa, and in what proved to be a pivotal moment in the Turkification and Islamification of the Tarim Basin, the Karakhanid leader Yusuf Qadir Khan conquered Khotan around 1006.<ref name="Millward2007" />

The Taẕkirah is a genre of literature written about Sufi Muslim saints in [[Altishahr]]. Written sometime in the period from 1700 to 1849, the Eastern Turkic language (modern Uyghur) '' Taẕkirah of the Four Sacrificed Imams'' provides an account of the Muslim Karakhanid war against the Khotanese Buddhists, containing a story about Imams, from Mada'in city (possibly in modern-day Iraq) came four Imams who traveled to help the Islamic conquest of Khotan, Yarkand, and Kashgar by Yusuf Qadir Khan, the Qarakhanid leader.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Thum |first=Rian |date=August 2012 |title= Modular History: Identity Maintenance before Uyghur Nationalism |url= https://www.academia.edu/1558522 |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |publisher=The Association for Asian Studies |volume=71 |issue=3 |page=632 |doi= 10.1017/S0021911812000629 |jstor=23263580 |s2cid=162917965 |access-date=29 September 2014}}</ref> Accounts of the battles waged by the invading Muslims upon the indigenous Buddhists takes up most of the Taẕkirah with descriptions such as "blood flows like the Oxus", "heads litter the battlefield like stones" being used to describe the murderous battles over the years until the "infidels" were defeated and driven towards Khotan by Yusuf Qadir Khan and the four Imams, but the Imams were assassinated by the Buddhists prior to the last Muslim victory so Yusuf Qadir Khan assigned Khizr Baba, who was born in Khotan but whose mother originated from western Turkestan's Mawarannahr, to take care of the shrine of the four Imams at their tomb and after Yusuf Qadir Khan's conquest of new land in Altishahr towards the east, he adopted the title "King of the East and China".<ref>{{cite journal |last=Thum |first=Rian |date=August 2012 |title= Modular History: Identity Maintenance before Uyghur Nationalism |url= https://www.academia.edu/1558522 |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |publisher=The Association for Asian Studies |volume=71 |issue=3 |page=633 |doi= 10.1017/S0021911812000629 |jstor=23263580 |s2cid=162917965 |access-date=29 September 2014}}</ref> Due to the Imams deaths in battle and burial in Khotan, Altishahr, despite their foreign origins, they are viewed as local saints by the current Muslim population in the region.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Thum |first=Rian |date=August 2012 |title= Modular History: Identity Maintenance before Uyghur Nationalism |url= https://www.academia.edu/1558522 |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |publisher=The Association for Asian Studies |volume=71 |issue=3 |page=634 |doi= 10.1017/S0021911812000629 |jstor=23263580 |s2cid=162917965 |access-date=29 September 2014}}</ref>

Muslim works such as [[Ḥudūd al-ʿĀlam]] contained anti-Buddhist rhetoric and polemic against Buddhist Khotan,<ref name="Elverskog2011">{{cite book |author=Johan Elverskog |title=Buddhism and Islam on the Silk Road |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N7_4Gr9Q438C&pg=PA94 |year=2011 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-0531-2 |pages=94–95}}</ref> aimed at "dehumanizing" the Khotanese Buddhists, and the Muslims Kara-Khanids conquered Khotan just 26 years following the completion of Ḥudūd al-ʿĀlam.<ref name="Elverskog2011"/>

Muslims gouged the eyes of Buddhist murals along Silk Road caves and Kashgari recorded in his Turkic dictionary an anti-Buddhist poem/folk song.<ref name="AkasoyBurnett2011">{{cite book |last1=Elverskog |first1=Johan |editor-last1=Akasoy |editor-first1=Anna |editor-last2=Burnett |editor-first2=Charles S. |editor-last3=Yoeli-Tlalim |editor-first3=Ronit |chapter=Ritual Theory across the Buddhist-Muslim Divide in Late Imperial China |title=Islam and Tibet: Interactions Along the Musk Routes |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZfWXIfbynwYC&pg=PA295 |year=2011 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |page=295 |isbn=978-0-7546-6956-2}}</ref>

The [[Kara-Khanid Khanate|Karakhanid]] leader Satuq Bughra Khan and his son proselytized Islam among the Turks and ordered the destruction of Buddhist temples.<ref>{{cite book |author=Valerie Hansen |year=2012 |title=The Silk Road: A New History |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=226–227 |isbn=978-0-19-993921-3}}</ref> The Islamic conquest of Khotan led to alarm in the east. Dunhuang's Cave 17, which contained Khotanese literary works, may have been sealed, possibly after its caretakers heard that Khotan's Buddhist buildings were razed by the Muslims, and Khotan had suddenly ceased to be Buddhist.<ref name="Hansen2012">{{cite book |author=Valerie Hansen |year=2012 |title=The Silk Road: A New History |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=227–228 |isbn=978-0-19-993921-3}}</ref>

In 1006, the Muslim Kara-Khanid ruler Yusuf Kadir (Qadir) Khan of Kashgar conquered Khotan, ending Khotan's existence as an independent state. The war was described as a Muslim [[Jihad]] (holy war) by the Japanese Professor Takao Moriyasu. The Karakhanid Turkic Muslim writer [[Mahmud al-Kashgari]] wrote a poem on the conquest:

<blockquote><poem>
We came down on them like a flood,
We went out among their cities,
We tore down the idol-temples,
We shat on the Buddha's head!
<ref name="Elverskog2011" /><ref name="AkasoyBurnett2011" /><ref name="Hansen2012" /><ref name="Dankoff2008">{{cite book|author1-link=Robert Dankoff |last=Dankoff |first=Robert |date=2008 |title=From Mahmud Kaşgari to Evliya Çelebi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KaYZAQAAIAAJ |publisher=Isis Press |page=79 |isbn=978-975-428-366-2}}</ref><ref name="Institute1980">{{cite journal |last1=Dankoff |first1=Robert |title=Three Turkic Verse Cycles Relating to Inner Asian Warfare |journal=Harvard Ukrainian Studies |date=1979–1980 |volume=3/4 |page=160 |jstor=41035824}}</ref>{{efn|{{langx|ug-latn|kälginläyü aqtïmïz; kändlär üzä čïqtïmïz; furxan ävin yïqtïmïz; burxan üzä sïčtïmïz}}<ref name="Moriyasu2004">{{cite book |author=Takao Moriyasu |title=Die Geschichte des uigurischen Manichäismus an der Seidenstrasse: Forschungen zu manichäischen Quellen und ihrem geschichtlichen Hintergrund |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_uOrQKcnMkAC&pg=PA207 |year=2004 |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |isbn=978-3-447-05068-5 |pages=207–}}</ref>}}</poem></blockquote>

Idols of "infidels" were subjected to desecration by being defecated upon by Muslims when the "infidel" country was conquered by the Muslims, according to Muslim tradition.<ref name="Moriyasu2004" />

====Islamic conquest of the Buddhist Uighurs====
The Buddhist Uyghurs of the Kingdom of Qocho and Turfan were converted to Islam by conquest during a ghazat (holy war) at the hands of the Muslim Chagatai Khizr Khwaja.<ref>{{cite book |author=James A. Millward |year=2007 |title=Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8FVsWq31MtMC&pg=PA69 |publisher=Columbia University Press |pages=69– |isbn=978-0-231-13924-3}}</ref>

[[Kara Del]] was a Mongolian who ruled an Uighur-populated Buddhist Kingdom. The Muslim Chagatai Khan Mansur invaded and used the sword to make the population convert to Islam.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hami.gov.cn/10037/10037/00016/00013/00004/2004/11719.htm |title=哈密回王简史-回王家族的初始 |access-date=2015-09-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090601094645/http://www.hami.gov.cn/10037/10037/00016/00013/00004/2004/11719.htm |archive-date=1 June 2009 }}</ref>{{better source needed|date=August 2017}}

After being converted to Islam, the descendants of the previously [[Kingdom of Qocho|Buddhist Uyghurs in Turfan]] failed to retain memory of their ancestral legacy and falsely believed that the "infidel Kalmuks" ([[Dzungar people|Dzungars]]) were the ones who built Buddhist monuments in their area.<ref name="GibbLewis1998">{{cite book |author1=Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen Gibb |author2=Bernard Lewis |author3=Johannes Hendrik Kramers |author4=Charles Pellat |author5=Joseph Schacht |title=The Encyclopaedia of Islam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PJPrAAAAMAAJ&q=...+and+forgetting+all+the+other+highlights+of+their+past,+they+attributed+the+Buddhist+and+other+monuments+to+the+%22infidel+Kalmuks%22.+Both+the+Djungars+and+their+successors+the+Chinese+of+the+Ching+%28Manchu%29+dynasty+who+destroyed+the+Djungars+in+... |year=1998 |publisher=Brill |page=677}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PJPrAAAAMAAJ&q=...+and+forgetting+all+the+other+highlights+of+their+past,+they+attributed+the+Buddhist+and+other+monuments+to+the+%22infidel+Kalmuks%22.+...+Archaeologie+und+Kunstgeschichte+Chinesisch-^entralasiens+%28Xinjiang%29,+Leiden+1987,+118-42;+Emel+Esin,+IA+art. |title=The Encyclopaedia of Islam - Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen Gibb, Bernard Lewis, Johannes Hendrik Kramers, Charles Pellat, Joseph Schacht |date=2009-12-08 |access-date=2015-09-27|last1=Gibb |first1=Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen |last2=Lewis |first2=Bernard |last3=Kramers |first3=Johannes Hendrik |last4=Pellat |first4=Charles |last5=Schacht |first5=Joseph }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PJPrAAAAMAAJ&q=infidels+art+buddhist+xinjiang |title=The Encyclopaedia of Islam - Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen Gibb, Bernard Lewis, Johannes Hendrik Kramers, Charles Pellat, Joseph Schacht |date=2009-12-08 |access-date=2015-09-27|last1=Gibb |first1=Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen |last2=Lewis |first2=Bernard |last3=Kramers |first3=Johannes Hendrik |last4=Pellat |first4=Charles |last5=Schacht |first5=Joseph }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PJPrAAAAMAAJ&q=infidel+Kalmuks |title=The Encyclopaedia of Islam - Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen Gibb, Bernard Lewis, Johannes Hendrik Kramers, Charles Pellat, Joseph Schacht |date=2009-12-08 |access-date=2015-09-27|last1=Gibb |first1=Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen |last2=Lewis |first2=Bernard |last3=Kramers |first3=Johannes Hendrik |last4=Pellat |first4=Charles |last5=Schacht |first5=Joseph }}</ref>

==Persecution by militaristic regimes==

===Imperial Japan===
{{main|Haibutsu kishaku}}
The [[Meiji Restoration|Meiji reformers]] sought to suppress Buddhism and its social network of temple parishes, replacing people's religious allegiance to local Buddhist groups with integration into the hierarchical state religion of Shinto.<ref name=":21">{{Cite journal |last=Goossaert|first=Vincent|title=1898: The Beginning of the End for Chinese Religion?|journal=[[Journal of Asian Studies]]|volume=65|issue=2|pages=307-366|doi=10.1017/S0021911806000672|date=2006}}</ref>{{Reference page|page=311}} Some Buddhist monks were forced to return to the laity, Buddhist property was confiscated, Buddhist institutions were closed, and Buddhist schools were reorganized under state control in order to separate [[Shinto]] from Buddhism. However, this persecution was short lived.<ref>James Edward Ketelaar, ''Of Heretics and Martyrs in Meiji Japan''; {{ISBN|0-691-02481-2}}</ref> The state-control of Buddhism was part of Imperial Japanese policy both at home and abroad in [[Korea under Japanese rule|Korea]] and other conquered territories.<ref>Brian Victoria, ''Zen War Stories'', {{ISBN|0-7007-1581-9}}</ref>

===Persecution in Burma===
The [[Politics of Myanmar|Burmese military government]] has attempted to control Buddhist institutions through coercive means, including the intimidation, torture, and murder of monks.<ref>{{cite web|editor1-last=Isla|editor1-first=Natasha|title=Burma: A Land Where Buddhist Monks Are Disrobed and Detained in Dungeons|url=http://www.aappb.org/monkreport.pdf|website=aappb.org|publisher=Assistance Association for Political Prisoners (Burma)|access-date=28 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102212221/http://www.aappb.org/monkreport.pdf|location=Mae Sot|date=November 2004|archive-date=2 January 2014}} Translated by Ko Kyaw Ye Aung</ref> After monks played an active role in the protest movements against the [[Burmese Way to Socialism|then-ruling socialist military dictatorship]] and later the [[State Peace and Development Council|then-ruling military dictatorship]] in [[8888 Uprising|1988]] during the [[Revolutions of 1989|Fall of Socialism]] and [[Saffron Revolution|2007]], the state cracked down on [[Buddhist monk]]s and [[Kyaung|monasteries]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Chopra |first=Anuj |date=20 September 2007 |title=Burma's Buddhist monks take to the streets |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/2007/0920/p06s01-wosc.html |newspaper=The Christian Science Monitor |access-date=8 August 2015}}</ref>

==Persecution by nationalist political parties==

===Persecution in the Republic of China under the Kuomintang===
During the [[Northern Expedition]], in 1926 in [[Guangxi]], [[Kuomintang]] Muslim General [[Bai Chongxi]] led his troops in destroying Buddhist temples and smashing statues, forcefully turning the temples into schools and Kuomintang party headquarters.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tCA9AAAAIAAJ&q=muslim |title=Region and nation: the Kwangsi clique in Chinese politics, 1925-1937 |author=Diana Lary |year=1974 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=98 |isbn=978-0-521-20204-6 |access-date=2010-06-28}}</ref> It was reported that almost all Buddhist monasteries in Guangxi were destroyed by Bai in this manner. The monks were removed.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LxDUeWdMubkC&pg=PA146 |title=Toward a modern Chinese Buddhism: Taixu's reforms |author=Don Alvin Pittman |year=2001 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |page=146 |isbn=978-0-8248-2231-6 |access-date=2010-06-28}}</ref> Bai led a wave of anti-foreignism in Guangxi, attacking Americans, Europeans, and other foreigners and missionaries, and generally making the province unsafe for foreigners. Westerners fled from the province, and some [[Christianity in China|Chinese Christians]] were also attacked as imperialist agents.<ref name=Lary99>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tCA9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA99 |title=Region and nation: the Kwangsi clique in Chinese politics, 1925-1937 |author=Diana Lary |year=1974 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=99 |isbn=978-0-521-20204-6 |access-date=2010-06-28}}</ref> The three goals of his movement were anti-foreignism, anti-imperialism, and anti-religion. Bai led the anti-religious movement, against [[superstition]]. Muslims have hostile attitude toward idol-worship and his personal faith may have influenced Bai to take action against the statues of deities in the temples and the superstitious practices rampant in China. [[Huang Shaoxiong]], also a Kuomintang member of the New Guangxi Clique, supported Bai's campaign, and Huang was not a Muslim; the anti-religious campaign was agreed upon by all Guangxi Kuomintang members.<ref name=Lary99/>

During the [[Kuomintang Pacification of Qinghai]] the Muslim General [[Ma Bufang]] destroyed Tibetan Buddhist monasteries with support from the Kuomintang government.<ref name=Bulag54>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g3C2B9oXVbQC&q=genocidal |title=Dilemmas The Mongols at China's edge: history and the politics of national unity |author=Uradyn Erden Bulag |year=2002 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |page=54 |isbn=978-0-7425-1144-6 |access-date=2010-06-28}}</ref> Ma served as a general in the [[National Revolutionary Army]], and sought to expand the [[Republic of China]]'s control over all of Qinghai, as well as the possibility of bringing Tibet back into the Republic by force. When Ma Bufang launched seven expeditions into [[Golog]], killing thousands of Tibetans, the Republic of China government, known as the Kuomintang, supported Ma Bufang.<ref name=Bulag54/> Ma was highly anti-communist, and he and his army wiped out many Tibetans in the northeast and eastern Qinghai, and destroyed [[Tibetan Buddhist]] temples.<ref name="David S. G. Goodman 2004 72">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DbkfQATHikQC&pg=PA72 |title=China's campaign to "Open up the West": national, provincial, and local perspectives|author=David S. G. Goodman |year=2004 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=72 |isbn=978-0-521-61349-1 |access-date=2010-06-28}}</ref>

==Persecution by Muslims==
{{main|Religious persecution}}

===Afghanistan===
{{main|Buddhas of Bamiyan}}

The Muslim Mughal emperor, [[Aurangzeb]], tried to use heavy artillery to destroy the Buddha statues but failed. Another failed attempt to destroy the Bamiyan statues was made by the 18th-century Persian king [[Nader Shah|Nader Afshar]], who directed cannon fire at them.<ref>''Asian Art'', chap. "History of attacks on the Buddhas"</ref>

The enormous statues, the male Salsal ("light shines through the universe") and the (smaller) female Shamama ("Queen Mother"),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.christian-frei.info/dvd/christian_frei-booklet_en.pdf |title=booklet web E.indd |access-date=9 October 2013}}</ref> as they were called by the ignorant locals, did not fail to fire the imagination of Islamic writers in centuries past. The larger statue reappears as the malevolent giant Salsal in medieval Turkish tales.<ref>Laban Kaptein, ''Eindtijd en Antichrist'', p. 127. Leiden 1997. {{ISBN|90-73782-89-9}}</ref>

Afghan Muslim King [[Abdur Rahman Khan]] destroyed its face during a military campaign against the Shia Hazara rebellion.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=54808 |title=Ancient Buddhas Will Not Be Rebuilt – UNESCO |publisher=Inter Press Service |access-date=9 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110913032140/http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=54808 |archive-date=13 September 2011 }}</ref> An explorer named Alexander Burnes made a sensationalized drawing of the statues in the 1830s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.idb.arch.ethz.ch/files/04_ag-remondino_zhang_photogr.record.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150824114215/http://www.idb.arch.ethz.ch/files/04_ag-remondino_zhang_photogr.record.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2015-08-24 |title=Photogrammetric reconstruction of the Great Buddha of Bamiyan, Afghanistan |publisher=Idb.arch.ethz.ch |access-date=2015-09-27 }}</ref>

The Bamiyan Buddhas were eventually destroyed by the fundamentalist Islamist [[Taliban]] regime in 2001 after not able to get monetary funding, in defiance of worldwide condemnation. The statues were blown up and fired upon by rockets and gunfire.

Excavators at the Buddhist site of [[Mes Aynak]] have been denounced as "promoting Buddhism" and threatened by the Taliban and many of the Afghan excavators who are working for purely financial reasons do not feel any connection to the Buddhist artifacts.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bloch |first=Hannah |date=September 2015 |title=Mega Copper Deal in Afghanistan Fuels Rush to Save Ancient Treasures |url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2015/09/mes-aynak/bloch-text |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150814062203/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2015/09/mes-aynak/bloch-text |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 August 2015 |journal=National Geographic }}</ref>

===Pakistan===

[[Swat Valley]] in Pakistan has many Buddhist carvings, stupas and Jehanabad contains a Seated Buddha statue. Kushan era Buddhist stupas and statues in the Swat valley were demolished by the Taliban and after two attempts by the Taliban, the Jehanabad Buddha's face was dynamited.<ref name="Yousafzai2013">{{cite book |author=Malala Yousafzai |title=I Am Malala: The Girl Who Stood Up for Education and Was Shot by the Taliban |url=https://archive.org/details/iammalalastoryof0000yous |url-access=registration |date=8 October 2013 |publisher=Little, Brown |isbn=978-0-316-32241-6 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/iammalalastoryof0000yous/page/123 123]–124}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Wijewardena |first=W.A. |date=17 February 2014 |title='I am Malala': But then, we all are Malalas, aren't we? |url=http://www.ft.lk/article/255420/%E2%80%98I-am-Malala---But-then--we-all-are-Malalas--aren-t-we? |newspaper=Daily FT}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Wijewardena |first=W.A |date=17 February 2014 |title='I am Malala': But Then, We All Are Malalas, Aren't We? |url=https://www.colombotelegraph.com/index.php/i-am-malala-but-then-we-all-are-malalas-arent-we/ |newspaper=Colombo Telegraph}}</ref> Only the Bamiyan Buddhas were larger than the carved giant Buddha statues in Swat near Manglawar which the Taliban attacked.<ref>{{cite news |date=12 September 2007 |title=Attack on giant Pakistan Buddha |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/6991058.stm |work=BBC News}}</ref> The government did nothing to safeguard the statue after the initial attempt at destroying the Buddha, which did not cause permanent harm, and when the second attack took place on the statue, the feet, shoulders, and face were demolished.<ref>{{cite news |date=10 November 2007 |title=Another attack on the giant Buddha of Swat |url=http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Another-attack-on-the-giant-Buddha-of-Swat-10761.html |newspaper=AsiaNews.it}}</ref> Islamists such as the Taliban and looters destroyed much of Pakistan's Buddhist artifacts left over from the Buddhist Gandhara civilization, especially in the Swat Valley.<ref>{{cite news |date=22 October 2012 |title=Taliban and traffickers destroying Pakistan's Buddhist heritage |url=http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Taliban-and-traffickers-destroying-Pakistan's-Buddhist-heritage-26142.html |newspaper=AsiaNews.it}}</ref> The Taliban deliberately targeted Gandhara Buddhist relics for destruction.<ref>{{cite news |date=27 November 2009 |title=Taliban trying to destroy Buddhist art from the Gandhara period |url=http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Taliban-trying-to-destroy-Buddhist-art-from-the-Gandhara-period-16984.html |newspaper=AsiaNews.it}}</ref> The Christian Archbishop of Lahore [[Lawrence John Saldanha]] wrote a letter to Pakistan's government denouncing the Taliban activities in the Swat Valley, including their destruction of Buddha statues and their attacks on Christians, Sikhs, and Hindus.<ref>{{cite news |last=Felix |first=Qaiser |date=21 April 2009 |title=Archbishop of Lahore: Sharia in the Swat Valley is contrary to Pakistan's founding principles |url=http://www.asianews.it/index.php?l=en&art=15040&size=A |newspaper=AsiaNews.it}}</ref> Gandhara Buddhist artifacts were illegally looted by smugglers.<ref>{{cite news |last=Rizvi |first=Jaffer |date=6 July 2012 |title=Pakistan police foil huge artefact smuggling attempt |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-18738909 |work=BBC News}}</ref> A rehabilitation attempt on the Buddha was made by Luca Olivieri from Italy.<ref>{{cite news |date=25 June 2012 |title=Buddha attacked by Taliban gets facelift in Pakistan |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/729361/buddha-attacked-by-taliban-gets-facelift-in-pakistan |newspaper=Dawn |location=Karachi, Pakistan |agency=Associated Press}}</ref> A group of Italians helped repair the Buddha.<ref>{{cite news |last=Khaliq |first=Fazal |date=7 November 2016 |title=Iconic Buddha in Swat valley restored after nine years when Taliban defaced it |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1294246 |newspaper=Dawn}}</ref>

===Bangladesh===
{{See also|2012 Ramu violence|||||}}

In [[Bangladesh]], the persecution of the indigenous tribes of the [[Chittagong Hill Tracts]] such as the [[Chakma people|Chakma]], Marma, Tripura and others who are mainly Buddhists, Hindus, Christians, and Animists, has been described as genocidal.{{sfn|Gray|1994}}{{sfn|O'Brien|2004}}{{sfn|Mey|1984}}{{sfn|Mohsin|2003}}{{sfn|Roy|2000}} The Chittagong Hill Tracts are located bordering India, Myanmar and the Bay of Bengal, and is the home to 500,000 indigenous people. The perpetrators of are the Bangladeshi military and the [[Bengali people|Bengali]] Muslim settlers, who together have burned down Buddhist and Hindu temples, killed many Chakmas, and carried out a policy of gang-rape against the indigenous people. There are also accusations of Chakmas being forced to convert to Islam, many of them children who have been abducted for this purpose. The conflict started soon after Bangladeshi independence in 1972 when the Constitution imposed Bengali as the sole official language – with no cultural or linguistic rights to minority populations. Subsequently, the government encouraged and sponsored massive settlement by Bangladeshis in region, which changed the demographics from 98 percent indigenous in 1971 to fifty percent by 2000. The government allocated a full third of the Bangladeshi military to the region to support the settlers, sparking a protracted guerilla war between Hill tribes and the military.{{sfn|O'Brien|2004}} During this conflict which officially ended in 1997, and in the subsequent period, a large number of human rights violations against the indigenous peoples have been reported, with violence against indigenous women being particularly extreme.{{sfn|Chakma|Hill|2013}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Chittagong Hill Tracts: Sabita Chakma's Murder Condemned By CHT Commission|url=http://unpo.org/article/16867|publisher=[[Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization]]|date=19 February 2014}}</ref> Bengali settlers and soldiers have raped native Jumma (Chakma) women "with impunity" with the Bangladeshi security forces doing little to protect the Jummas and instead assisting the rapists and settlers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/10141 |title=Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh – rapists act with impunity |last1=McEvoy |first1=Mark |date= 3 April 2014 |website=Survival International - The movement for tribal peoples }}</ref> The Karuna Bihar Buddhist temple was attacked by Bengali settlers.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chittagong Hill Tracts: Town of Chakma Villagers Attacked and Houses Burned Down|url=http://unpo.org/article/17798|publisher=[[Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization]]|date=18 December 2014}}</ref>

[[Chittagong Hill Tracts]] had 98.5% Buddhist and Hindu population in 1947 during the partition of India.<ref name=Singh>{{cite book |last= Singh |first=Deepak K. |title=Stateless in South Asia The Chakmas Between Bangladesh and India |year=2010|publisher=Sage Publications |isbn=978-8132104940|pages=33}}</ref> The British gave the Buddhist dominated land to East Pakistan against the principles of partition and against wishes of indigenous people. Chittagong Hill Tracts is the traditional home of the [[Chakma people|Chakma]], [[Marma people|Marma]], [[Tripuri people|Tripura]], [[Mru people|Mro]], Khumi and other indigenous tribes who mainly practice Buddhism. Successive Pakistan and Bangladeshi governments had been encouraging Muslim migration into the Chittagong Hill Tracts to dilute the indigenous Buddhist population. Indigenous Buddhist people of Chittagong Hill Tracts resisted the colonization of their land by demographic engineering. In response Bangladesh government sent tens of thousands of military personnel to the Chittagong Hill Tracts to protect the Muslim settlers and fight the indigenous resistance movement named [[Shanti Bahini]].

[[Bangladesh Army]] in league with the Muslim settlers committed 13 major massacres in the span of 15 years between 1980 and 1995 slaughtering hundreds of indigenous Buddhist people in each massacre.<ref>{{cite book |last1=IWGIA |title=Life Is Not Ours |date=2000 |publisher=The Chittagong Hill Tracts Commission |location=Denmark |page=34}}</ref> They committed numerous other massacres killing 10 to 20 people since birth of Bangladesh in 1971. Apart from mass killing Bangladesh and Muslim settlers are involved in extrajudicial execution of the indigenous people. Indigenous people are victims of arbitrary arrest and detention. Bangladesh Army and Muslim settlers often subject them to severe torture and beating. Indigenous Buddhist women and even minor girls are vulnerable to rape by Muslim settlers and Bangladesh army. Bangladesh army and Muslim settlers had raped thousands of indigenous Buddhist women and girls. Indigenous Buddhist people are subjected to systematic proselytization by the Bangladesh government and many Saudi funded Islamic missionary organizations. Bangladesh army also resort to forcible conversion. Bangladesh Army and Muslim settlers destroyed and desecrated hundreds of Buddhist temples in Chittagong Hill Tracts.

====Massacres====
Between 1980 and 1995, [[Bangladesh Army]] and Muslim settlers committed at least 13 major massacres against the indigenous Buddhist people in the [[Chittagong Hill Tracts]]. No military personnel or settler was ever tried for these massacres. The massacres are usually carried out to evict indigenous people from their villages or in retaliation to [[Shanti Bahini]] attacks.<ref name="Amnesty International">{{cite book |title=Unlawful Killings in Chittagong Hill Tracts |date=1986 |publisher=Amnesty International |location=London, United Kingdom |isbn=0862101107 |page=11}}</ref>

;Kaukhali Massacre 25 March 1980
The commander of the Bangladesh army at Kaukhali ordered the indigenous Buddhist people to gather at Kaukhali Bazar in the morning of 25 March 1980 to discuss the repair of the Poapara Buddhist Vihara. On 25 March 1980, when indigenous Buddhist people gathered at Kaukhali Bazar, [[Bangladesh Army]] and Muslim settlers suddenly attacked and massacred an estimated 300 [[Chakma people|Chakma]] and [[Marma people|Marma]] Buddhists at [[Kawkhali Upazila, Rangamati|Kaukhali]] in Rangamati district.<ref name="Amnesty International"/>

;Barkal Massacre 31 May 1984
[[Bangladesh Army]] and Muslim settlers attacked several Buddhist villages of Bhusanchara, Bhusanbagh, Het Baria, Suguri Para, Goranstan, Tarengya Ghat in [[Barkal Upazila|Barkal]] and massacred more than 400 [[Chakma people|Chakma]] Buddhists. [[Amnesty International]] collected 67 names killed in the massacre.<ref>{{cite book |title=Unlawful Killings in Chittagong Hill Tracts |date=1986 |publisher=Amnesty International |location=London, United Kingdom |isbn=0862101107 |page=13}}</ref>

;Panchari Massacre 1–2 May 1986
[[Bangladesh Army]] and Muslim settlers attacked indigenous Buddhist villages of Golakpatimachara, Kalanal, Soto Karmapara, Shantipur, Mirjibil, Hetarachara, Pujgang, Logang, Hathimuktipara, Sarveshwarpara, Napidpara and Dewan Bazar. Bangladesh Army and Muslim settlers randomly opened fire on indigenous people massacred hundreds of [[Chakma people|Chakma]] Buddhists. [[Amnesty International]] collected more than 50 names killed in the massacre.<ref>{{cite book |title=Unlawful Killings in Chittagong Hill Tracts |date=1986 |publisher=Amnesty International |location=London, United Kingdom |isbn=0862101107 |page=15}}</ref>

;Matiranga Massacre 1–7 May 1986
Between 1 and 7 May 1986, widespread military operation and persecution forced a group of [[Tripuri people]] to take refuge in the jungle between Sarveswarpara and Manudaspara in [[Matiranga Upazila|Matiranga]]. While they were trying to reach India, [[Bangladesh Army]] detected and ambushed them. Bangladesh army massacred at least 60 indigenous Tripuri people.<ref>{{cite book |title=Unlawful Killings in Chittagong Hill Tracts |date=1986 |publisher=Amnesty International |location=London, United Kingdom |isbn=0862101107 |page=23}}</ref>

;Matiranga Massacre 18–19 May 1986
To escape systematic persecution, a large group of indigenous [[Tripuri people]] were trying to reach India by following jungle trails. However Bangladesh army discovered and surrounded them. Bangladesh army took them to a narrow valley between Comillatila and Taidong in [[Matiranga Upazila|Matiranga]]. Bangladesh army suddenly opened fire in the restricted space and killed at least 200 indigenous Tripuri people.<ref>{{cite book |title=Unlawful Killings in Chittagong Hill Tracts |date=1986 |publisher=Amnesty International |location=London, United Kingdom |isbn=0862101107 |page=24}}</ref>

;Baghaichari Massacre 3–10 August 1988
[[Bangladesh Army]] and Muslim settlers launched a week long campaign of terror in retaliation for [[Shanti Bahini]] attacks on Bangladeshi armed forces and Muslim settlements. Bangladesh Army and Muslim settlers attacked Durchari, Khedamara, Battuli, Sarwatuli villages in [[Baghaichari Upazila|Baghaichari]] and murdered more than 500 indigenous Chakma Buddhists.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dewan |first1=R.S. |title=Jana Samhati |journal=Jana Samhati Report |date=December 1988 |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=3, 4, 5}}</ref>

;Langadu Massacre 4 May 1989
Un-identified gunmen murdered a Muslim community leader Abdur Rashid of [[Langadu Upazila|Langadu]]. Bangladesh military and civil administration suspected Buddhist resistance movement [[Shanti Bahini]] murdered the Muslim leader. [[Bangladesh Army]] agitated the Muslim settlers. Muslim settlers attacked the indigenous [[Chakma people|Buddhist people]] of [[Langadu Upazila|Langadu]] with the encouragement of the Bangladesh military ad civil authorities. More than 50 indigenous Buddhist people were massacred with swords and lances.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dewan |first1=R.S. |title=Jana Samhati |journal=Jana Samhati Report |date=September 1989 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=1, 2, 3}}</ref>

;Malya Massacre 2 Feb 1992
A commuter ferry loaded with people was sailing from Marishya to Rangamati. A bomb exploded at Malya in [[Langadu Upazila]]. According to eyewitnesses, two Bangladesh military personnel planted the bomb. Bangladesh government had settled many Muslim settlers at Malya by displacing indigenous Buddhist people. The survivors of the explosion swam to the shore. But Muslim settlers were waiting for them with weapons and attacked them when reached the shore. More than 30 indigenous [[Chakma people|Buddhist people]] were massacred.<ref>{{cite book |title=Life Is Not Ours |date=1994 |publisher=The Chittagong Hill Tracts Commission |location=The Netherlands |page=20 |edition=Update 2 }}</ref>

;Logang Massacre 10 April 1992
2 Muslim settlers armed with swords attempted to rape indigenous [[Chakma people|Buddhist]] girls who were grazing cows at Logang in [[Panchhari Upazila|Panchari]]. An indigenous man defended the girls and was killed in the brawl. The Muslim settler ran to the [[Bangladesh Army]] camp and spread the rumor that indigenous people attacked them. In reprisal Bangladesh Army and Muslim settlers attacked indigenous people at Logang and massacred more than 500 indigenous people.<ref name="Life Is Not Ours">{{cite book |title=Life Is Not Ours |date=April 1994 |publisher=The Chittagong Hill Tracts Commission |location=Armsterdam |page=20 |edition=Update 2}}</ref>

;Naniachar Massacre 17 November 1993
Indigenous [[Chakma people|Buddhist]] people demanded the [[Bangladesh Army]] check post at Naniachar in [[Rangamati]] be removed. Bangladesh Army often harassed indigenous Buddhist people from the check post at Naniachar Ferry Stoppage. Indigenous Buddhist people gathered at Naniachar Bazar to protest harassment. Muslim settlers with the direct help from the Bangladesh Army attacked the peaceful demonstration of the indigenous people and murdered at least 66 indigenous people.<ref name="Life Is Not Ours"/>

====Unlawful killing====
Besides mass killing, indigenous [[Chakma people|Buddhist]] people are also killed in small numbers by [[Bangladesh Army]] and Muslim settlers. Most common form of killing occurs when indigenous people are detained and beaten in numerous Bangladeshi military, intelligence and police installations in the [[Chittagong Hill Tracts|CHT]]. Killings also occur when Bangladesh Army randomly open fire at villagers. [[Bangladesh Government]] provides weapons to Muslim settlers and they are also responsible for killing of indigenous people. The Muslim settlers often join the armed forces in raid of indigenous villages and involved in killing indigenous people by firearms or crude sharp weapons. The settlers also take part in communal riots instigated by the Bangladesh Army and kill indigenous Buddhist people.<ref>{{cite book |title=Bangladesh Unlawful Killings and Torture in the Chittagong Hill Tracts |date=September 1986 |publisher=Amnesty International |location=London, United Kingdom |isbn=0862101107 |page=10}}</ref>

====Detention and torture====
Indigenous people are detained without warrant and often tortured in the custody of [[Bangladesh Army|Bangladeshi armed forces]]. Bangladeshi armed forces detain and torture indigenous [[Chakma people|Buddhist]] people on mere suspicion of being members of the [[Shanti Bahini]] or helping the Shanti Bahini. There were numerous check posts on highways and ferries in the [[Chittagong Hill Tracts]]. Bangladeshi armed forces interrogate and detain indigenous travelers from these check posts. Bangladeshi armed forces raid indigenous Buddhist villages and torture indigenous people on suspicion of sheltering and feeding the Shanti Bahini.<ref>{{cite book |title=Unlawful Killings in Chittagong Hill Tracts |date=September 1986 |publisher=Amnesty International |location=London, United Kingdom |isbn=0862101107 |pages=26–29}}</ref>

Indigenous people who are detained in military camps and cantonments are subjected to severe beating, electrocution, water boarding, hanging upside down, shoving burning cigarettes on bodies etc. Prisoners are detained in pits and trenches. Bangladeshi soldiers sprinkle hot water on indigenous prisoners. Indigenous captives are then taken out for interrogation one at a time. Indigenous people are often tortured during interrogation.

====Rape and abduction====
[[Bangladesh Government]] tacitly encourages [[Bangladesh Army]] and Muslim settlers to rape indigenous girls and women as tool to expel them from their traditional land. As a result, thousands of indigenous girls and women were raped by the armed forces and settlers since independence of Bangladesh in 1971.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Charge of Genocide |date=1986 |publisher=Organizing Committee Chittagong Hill Tracts Campaign |location=The Netherlands |pages=66–67}}</ref>

====Land Grab====
Since vast majority of the indigenous people are farmers and cultivators, land is very important and only means of survival. The government's sponsored settlement in the [[Chittagong Hill Tracts|CHT]] dispossessed many indigenous people of their lands.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Life is Not Ours |journal=Chittagong Hill Tracts Commission |date=May 1991 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=58–62}}</ref>

During the [[2012 Ramu violence]] a 25,000-strong mob set fire to at least five temples and dozens of homes throughout the town and surrounding villages after seeing a picture of an allegedly desecrated Quran, which they claimed had been posted on Facebook by Uttam Barua, a local Buddhist man.<ref>{{cite news |title=Protesters burn Bangladesh Buddhist temples |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia/2012/09/201293092057855387.html |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |date=30 September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Religious attacks lead to 300 arrests in Bangladesh |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-10-02/an_bangladesh-riots/4291778 |work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |date=2 October 2012 |language=en-AU}}</ref>

===India===
{{See also|Bodh Gaya bombings}}

The [[Ladakh Buddhist Association]] has said: "There is a deliberate and organised design to convert Kargil's Buddhists to Islam. In the last four years, about 50 girls and married women with children were taken and converted from village Wakha alone. If this continues unchecked, we fear that Buddhists will be wiped out from Kargil in the next two decades or so. Anyone objecting to such allurement and conversions is harassed."<ref>Tundup Tsering and Tsewang Nurboo, in: ''Ladakh visited'', Pioneer, 4/12/1995.</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=13 January 2000 |title=Conversions: LBA blames govt |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000113/j&k.htm#2 |newspaper=The Tribune |location=Chandigarh, India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110163047/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000113/j%26k.htm |archive-date=10 November 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The [[Mahabodhi Temple]], a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]], is one of the most sacred [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] temple in [[Bodh Gaya]], marking the location where [[Gautama Buddha]] is said to have attained [[Enlightenment (Buddhism)|Enlightenment]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/travel/world-heritage-day-five-must-visit-sites-in-india/story-gJYb3KG93fXKBcX6dgFfOM.html |title=World Heritage Day: Five must-visit sites in India |work=Hindustan Times |date=18 April 2015}}</ref> On 7 July 2013, a series of ten bombs exploded in and around the Mahabodhi Temple complex. Five people, including two Buddhist monks, were injured by the blasts. Three other devices were defused by bomb-disposal squads at a number of locations in [[Gaya, India|Gaya]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/5-injured-in-multiple-blasts-at-Mahabodhi-temple-in-Bodh-Gaya/articleshow/20951736.cms? |title=5 injured in multiple blasts at Mahabodhi temple in Bodh Gaya |work=The Times of India |date=7 July 2013 |access-date=7 July 2013}}</ref><ref name="13 bombs were planted">{{cite news |title=13 bombs were planted in Mahabodhi temple complex: Shinde |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/13-bombs-were-planted-in-mahabodhi-temple-complex-shinde/articleshow/20970721.cms |access-date=14 July 2013 |date=8 July 2013 |agency=Press Trust of India |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref> On 4 November 2013, the [[National Investigation Agency]] announced that the [[Islamic terrorist]] group [[Indian Mujahideen]] was responsible for the bombings.<ref>{{cite news |last=Tiwari |first=Deeptiman |title=Ranchi document helps NIA crack Bodh Gaya blast case |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Ranchi-document-helps-NIA-crack-Bodh-Gaya-blast-case/articleshow/25281931.cms? |access-date=6 November 2013 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=6 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Gaikwad |first1=Rahi |title=Patna terror cell behind Bodh Gaya strike too: NIA |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/patna-terror-cell-behind-bodh-gaya-strike-too-nia/article5322815.ece |access-date=7 November 2013 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=7 November 2013 |first2=Yadav |last2=Anumeha |first3=Pandey |last3=Devesh |location=Patna, Ranchi, New Delhi}}</ref>

===Maldives===
{{main|Buddhism in the Maldives|National Museum (Maldives)|}}

The destruction of the Buddhist artifacts by Islamists took place on the day in which Mohamed Nasheed was toppled as president in a coup.<ref>{{cite news |last=Wright |first=Tom |date= 11 February 2012 |title=Islamism Set Stage for Maldives Coup |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970203824904577215050907606404 |url-access=subscription |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> Buddhist antiquities were obliterated by Islamist radicals in the National Museum.<ref>{{cite news |last=Bajaj |first=Vikas |date=13 February 2012 |title=Vandalism at Maldives Museum Stirs Fears of Extremism |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/14/world/asia/political-turmoil-threatens-archaeological-treasures-in-maldives.html |newspaper=The New York Times }}</ref> The Museum was stormed by Islamists who destroyed the Buddhist artifacts.<ref>{{cite news |date=8 February 2012 |title=Maldives mob smashes Buddhist statues in national museum |url=http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/02/08/193376.html |publisher=Al Arabiya |agency=Agence France-Presse}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=16 February 2012 |title=Self-denial of heritage in Maldives sends message to Establishments |url=http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=79&artid=34884 |newspaper=TamilNet }}</ref> The non Muslim artifacts of Buddhist provenance were specifically singled out by the attackers.<ref>{{cite news |last=Lubna |first=Hawwa |date=9 February 2012 |title=Mob storms National Museum, destroys Buddhist statues: "A significant part of our heritage is lost now" |url=http://minivannews.com/society/mob-storms-national-museum-destroys-buddhist-statues-a-significant-part-of-our-heritage-is-lost-now-31813 |newspaper=Minivan News |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120211043056/http://minivannews.com/society/mob-storms-national-museum-destroys-buddhist-statues-a-significant-part-of-our-heritage-is-lost-now-31813 |archive-date=2012-02-11 }}</ref> The destruction was caught on camera.<ref>{{cite AV media |people=Interviewer Zoe Hatten, Ismail Ashraf |date=1 April 2013 |title=Attack on the Maldives National Museum (After the Island President) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vU-jTyaZNZc |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211213/vU-jTyaZNZc |archive-date=2021-12-13 |url-status=live|publisher=M Stewart }}{{cbignore}}</ref> Most of Maldive's Buddhist physical history was obliterated.<ref>{{cite news |date= 12 February 2012 |title=Trouble in paradise: Maldives and Islamic extremism |url=http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/02/12/194095.html |publisher=Al Arabiya |agency=Agence France-Presse }}</ref> Hindu artifacts were also targeted for obliteration and the actions have been compared to the attacks on the Buddhas of Bamiyan by the Taliban.<ref>{{cite news |date=23 February 2012 |title=35 Invaluable Hindu and Buddhist Statues Destroyed in Maldives by Extremist Islamic Group |url=http://www.chakranews.com/invaluable-hindu-amd-buddhist-statues-destroyed-in-maldives-by-extremist-islamic-group/2224 |newspaper=The Chakra News |location=Maldives }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=15 February 2012 |title=Vandalised Maldives museum to seek India's help |url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/south-asia/vandalised-maldives-museum-to-seek-indias-help_758586.html |newspaper=Zee News }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Francis |first= Krishan |date=14 February 2012 |title=Maldives museum reopens minus smashed Hindu images |url=http://archive.boston.com/news/world/asia/articles/2012/02/14/maldives_museum_reopens_minus_smashed_hindu_images/ |newspaper=Boston Globe |agency=Associated Press }}</ref> 7 February 2012 was the date of the anti-Buddhist attack by the Islamists.<ref>{{cite news |date=15 February 2012 |title=Islamists destroy some 30 Buddhist statues |url=http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Islamists-destroy-some-30-Buddhist-statues-23986.html |newspaper=AsiaNews }}</ref>

===Myanmar===
The violence and long lasting tension was reignited on 28 May 2012. It was reported that daughter of U Hla Tin, of Thabyechaung Village named Ma Thida Htwe aged 27 was violently raped then murdered by three Muslims. These men were later arrested.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://twocircles.net/2012jul22/rapemurder_buddhist_girl_muslims_led_riots_myanmar_ambassador.html|title=Rape-Murder of a Buddhist girl by Muslims led to riots: Myanmar Ambassador|date=22 July 2012|access-date=8 August 2015}}</ref>

Tensions between Buddhist and Muslim ethnic groups flared into [[2013 Myanmar anti-Muslim riots|violent clashes]] in [[Meiktila]], [[Mandalay Division]] in 2013. The violence started on 20 March after a Muslim gold shop owner, his wife, and two Muslim employees assaulted a Buddhist customer and her husband in an argument over a golden hairpin. A large Buddhist mob formed and began to destroy the shop. The heavily outnumbered police reportedly told the mob to disperse after they had destroyed the shop.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url = http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/asia/south-east-asia/burma-myanmar/251-the-dark-side-of-transition-violence-against-muslims-in-myanmar.pdf|title = The Dark Side of Transition: Violence Against Muslims in Myanmar|date = 1 October 2013|access-date = 21 February 2015|publisher = The International Crisis Group|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150319013504/http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/asia/south-east-asia/burma-myanmar/251-the-dark-side-of-transition-violence-against-muslims-in-myanmar.pdf|archive-date = 19 March 2015}}</ref><ref name=Reuters/>

On the same day, a local Buddhist monk passing on the back of a motorbike was attacked by four Muslims. According to witnesses, the driver was attacked with a sword, causing him to crash, while the monk was also hit in the head with the sword. Per a witness, one of the men doused the monk with fuel and burnt him alive. The monk died in the hospital.<ref name=Reuters>{{cite news|title=Special Report: Buddhist monks incite Muslim killings in Myanmar |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-myanmar-violence-specialreport-idUSBRE9370AP20130408 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=8 April 2013 |access-date=25 October 2013 |author=Jason Szep |archive-date=18 October 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018005444/https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/08/us-myanmar-violence-specialreport-idUSBRE9370AP20130408}}</ref> The killing of the monk caused the relatively contained situation to explode, greatly increasing intensity and violence.<ref name=":0" />

=== Thailand ===
{{See also|South Thailand insurgency}}
Primarily Thai central government has been involved in a civil war with [[Muslim]] insurgents in Thailand's three southernmost Muslim-majority provinces of Yala, [[Narathiwat]] and [[Pattani Province|Pattani]]. There are quite a number of cases of Buddhist civilians in these regions that have been [[Beheading in Islam|beheaded]] by Muslim insurgents,<ref>{{cite news |title=Insurgents Behead Buddhist in Thailand |url=http://www.foxnews.com/wires/2007Jan14/0,4670,ThailandSouthernViolence,00.html |access-date=17 September 2015 |publisher=[[Fox News]] |date=14 January 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080212123214/http://www.foxnews.com/wires/2007Jan14/0%2C4670%2CThailandSouthernViolence%2C00.html |archive-date=12 February 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Buddhist monks and Buddhist school teachers are frequently threatened with death and murdered.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mydans |first1=Seth |title=In Muslim Thailand, teachers face rising threat |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2005/07/03/news/thai.php |access-date=17 September 2015 |work=[[International Herald Tribune]] |date=4 July 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thailandnews.co/2014/03/woman-teacher-shot-dead-in-pattani-body-burned/ |title=Thailand News Woman teacher shot dead in Pattani, body burned |work=Thailand News |date=14 March 2014 |access-date=28 November 2014}}</ref> Shootings of [[Buddhist]]s are quite frequent in the South,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/HL07Ae02.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061210053931/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/HL07Ae02.html |url-status=unfit |archive-date=2006-12-10 |title=Southeast Asia news – South Thailand: 'They're getting fiercer' |work=Asia Times |date=2006-12-07 |access-date=2015-09-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Surapan |last=Boonthanom |title=Three Buddhist women dead in south Thailand attack |date=2007-03-19 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUSBKK34991 |work=Reuters |access-date=2007-09-22}}</ref> as are bombings,<ref>{{cite news |title=Four soldiers killed in roadside attacks in Thailand's insurgency-plagued south |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jun/04/four-soldiers-killed-in-road-side-attacks-in-thailands-insurgency-plagued-south |access-date=28 September 2015 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=4 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Thepgumpanat |first1=Panarat |last2=Petty |first2=Martin |last3=Williams |first3=Alison |title=Motorcycle blast kills two in southern Thailand bomb attacks |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-thailand-south-idUSKCN0RH2IT20150917 |access-date=28 September 2015 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=17 September 2015 |location=Bangkok}}</ref> and attacks on Buddhist temples.<ref>{{cite news |title=Three Buddhist Temples Attacked With Explosives (Thailand) |date=2004-05-16 |agency=Reuters |publisher=Pluralism Project |url=http://www.pluralism.org/news/article.php?id=7046 |access-date=2007-09-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080213110923/http://www.pluralism.org/news/article.php?id=7046 |archive-date=2008-02-13 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Xinjiang===
During the [[Kumul Rebellion]] in Xinjiang in the 1930s, Buddhist murals were deliberately vandalized by Muslims.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=13 December 1943 |title=Old Sterile Death Leaves its Mark Over Sinkiang |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FVUEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA99 |magazine=Life |page=99 |volume=15 |number=24 |issn=0024-3019}}</ref>

Buddhist murals at the [[Bezeklik Thousand Buddha Caves]] were damaged by local Muslim population whose religion [[Aniconism in Islam|proscribed figurative images]] of sentient beings, the eyes and mouths in particular were often gouged out. Pieces of murals were also broken off for use as fertilizer by the locals.<ref name="whitfield">{{cite book | title=Conservation of ancient sites on the Silk Road: proceedings of the second International Conference on the Conservation of Grotto Sites, Mogao Grottoes, Dunhuang, People's Republic of China | editor-first=Neville | editor-last=Agnew | publisher=Getty Publications | year=2010 | isbn=978-1-60606-013-1 | chapter=A place of safekeeping? The vicissitudes of the Bezeklik murals | first=Susan | last=Whitfield | author-link=Susan Whitfield |pages=95–106 | chapter-url=http://www.getty.edu/conservation/publications_resources/pdf_publications/2nd_silkroad3.pdf | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030073844/http://www.getty.edu/conservation/publications_resources/pdf_publications/2nd_silkroad3.pdf | archive-date=2012-10-30 }}</ref>

Uyghur Muslim opposition to a Buddhist Aspara statue in Ürümqi in Xinjiang was cited as a possible reason for its destruction in 2012.<ref>{{cite news |last= Dasgupta |first= Saibal |date= 22 August 2012 |title= Mystery grips Urumqi as Apsara statue demolished |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/china/Mystery-grips-Urumqi-as-Apsara-statue-demolished/articleshow/15595238.cms?referral=PM |newspaper= The Times of India }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Dasgupta |first= Saibal |date= 22 August 2012 |title='Flying Apsara' statue razed in China |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrint_TOINEW&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOIKM/2012/08/22&ID=Ar01409 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925211427/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrint_TOINEW&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOIKM/2012/08/22&ID=Ar01409 |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 September 2015 |newspaper=The Times of India |location=Kolkata |page=14 }}</ref> A Muslim Kazakh viewed a giant Buddha statue near Ürümqi as "alien cultural symbols".<ref>{{cite news |last=Wind |first=Beige |date= 4 August 2014 |title=Dispatches From Xinjiang: The Rise Of Buddhism In The Far West |url=http://beijingcream.com/2014/08/dfxj-the-giant-buddhas-of-the-western-region/ |newspaper= Beijing Cream }}</ref>

===Indonesia===
{{See also|1985 Borobudur bombing|2013 Ekayana Monastery bombing}}
Nine bombs were detonated at the [[Borobudur|Borobudur Buddhist temple]] located in [[Central Java]] on 21 January 1985, causing nine [[stupas]] to be badly damaged. There were no human casualties in this attack.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nine bombs exploded in the 1,100-year-old Borobudur temple in... |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1985/01/21/Nine-bombs-exploded-in-the-1100-year-old-Borobudur-temple-in/7717475131600/ |work=United Press International}}</ref> A Buddhist monastery in Jakarta was attacked by suspected local Islamic militants on 4 August 2013 at 6:53 p.m. Three people were injured in this attack.<ref>{{cite news |title=3 Orang terluka akibat bom di Vihara Ekayana |url=http://news.detik.com/read/2013/08/04/234347/2324211/10/3-orang-terluka-akibat-bom-di-vihara-ekayana |access-date=8 August 2014 |work=detik.com |date=4 August 2014 |language=id}}</ref>

In the village of Kebon Baru ([[Banten]]), an Islamic group forced a Buddhist monk, Mulyanto Nurhalim to sign an agreement to force him to abandon his home and wrongfully accused him of religious proselytism.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.asianews.it/news-en/Buddhist-monk-threatened-by-Islamists-(Video)-43076.html |title=Buddhist monk threatened by Islamists (Video) |work=Asia Times |access-date= 2022-08-04}}</ref>

On 29 July 2016, several Buddhist vihara were plundered and burnt down by Muslim mobs in Tanjung Balai of North Sumatra.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2016/07/30/vihara-pagodas-burned-down-plundered-in-n-sumatra.html |title=Vihara, pagodas burned down, plundered in N. Sumatra |work=The Jakarta Post |access-date=2022-08-04}}</ref> On 26 November 2016, a homemade bomb was discovered in front of Vihara Buddha Tirta, a Buddhist temple in Lhok Seumawe of Aceh.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2016/11/06/bomb-placed-near-buddhist-temple-door-in-aceh.html |title=Bomb placed near Buddhist temple door in Aceh |work=The Jakarta Post |access-date=2022-08-04}}</ref>

==Persecution by Christians==
{{main|Buddhism and Christianity|History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance}}

=== India ===
The [[National Socialist Council of Nagaland]] has been accused of demanding money and food from Buddhists living along the Assam-Arunachal border. It has also been accused by Buddhists of forcing locals to convert to Christianity. The NSCN is also suspected of burning down the Rangphra temple in [[Arunachal Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.worthynews.com/400-missionaries-arrested-in-northeast-india |title=Missionaries Arrested in Northeast India |date=2003-08-15 |work=Worthy Christian News |access-date=2018-04-23}}</ref>

The [[National Liberation Front of Tripura]] has shut down and attacked Hindu and Buddhist orphanages, hospitals, temples and schools in [[Tripura]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://christianaggression.org/2016/04/29/national-liberation-front-of-tripura-nlft/|title=National Liberation Front of Tripura (NLFT) - Christian Aggression|date=2016-04-29|work=Christian Aggression|access-date=2018-04-23|archive-date=2018-04-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424135358/http://christianaggression.org/2016/04/29/national-liberation-front-of-tripura-nlft/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/tripura/terrorist_outfits/NLFT_tl.htm|title=Incidents involving National Liberation Front of Tripura, India, South Asia Terrorism Porta|website=satp.org|access-date=2018-04-29}}</ref> They have also been falsely accused of force converting Buddhists to Christianity.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S0qWTxjASKAC|title=The Politics Behind Anti Christian Violence: A Compilation of Investigation Committee Reports Into Acts of Violence Against the Christian Minorities|last=Puniyani|first=Ram|date=2006|publisher=Media House|isbn=9788174952370|language=en}}</ref>

A mass scale ethnic riot was initiated by the Baptist Church in Tripura in 1980 by which both [[Hindu]] and [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] tribes faced systematic ethnic cleansing. Thousands of women were kidnapped and then raped and even forced to convert to Christianity. Reports state that the terrorists received aid from international Christian groups. The Christian tribals also received aid from the [[National Liberation Front of Tripura|NLFT]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://christianaggression.org/2016/04/27/christian-conversions-and-terrorism-in-north-east-india/|title=Christian Conversions and Terrorism in North-East India - Christian Aggression|date=2016-04-27|work=Christian Aggression|access-date=2018-04-29|archive-date=2018-04-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180430050402/http://christianaggression.org/2016/04/27/christian-conversions-and-terrorism-in-north-east-india/|url-status=dead}}</ref> This was the state's worst ethnic riot.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/717775.stm|title=Church backing Tripura rebels|work=BBC News|access-date=2018-04-29}}</ref>

=== Japan ===
In [[Sengoku period]] Japan, as several [[daimyo]] and their subjects converted to [[Christianity in Japan|Christianity]] via the efforts of [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] missionaries, the destruction of Buddhist and Shinto temples and shrines would often accompany it, with some Jesuits encouraging the destruction and persecutions, and others (notably [[Francisco Cabral (Jesuit)|Francisco Cabral]] and [[Alessandro Valignano]]) condemning anti-Buddhist violence.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Strathern |first=Alan |date=2020-11-18 |title=The Many Meanings of Iconoclasm: Warrior and Christian Temple-Shrine Destruction in Late Sixteenth Century Japan |journal=Journal of Early Modern History |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=163–193 |doi=10.1163/15700658-BJA10023 |s2cid=229468278 |issn=1385-3783|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite web |last=Akito |first=Ishikawa |date=2019-11-22 |title=A Little Faith: Christianity and the Japanese |url=https://www.nippon.com/en/japan-topics/g00769/a-little-faith-christianity-and-the-japanese.html |access-date=2022-04-26 |website=Nippon.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ross |first=Andrew C. |title=A vision betrayed: the Jesuits in Japan and China, 1542-1742 |date=1994 |publisher=Orbis Books |isbn=978-0-88344-991-2 |location=Maryknoll, N.Y |pages=47}}</ref> Buddhist monks could face persecution by being forcefully evicted out of the temples which would then be reused as churches.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mase-Hasegawa |first=Emi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z96wCQAAQBAJ |title=Christ in Japanese Culture: Theological Themes in Shusaku Endo's Literary Works |publisher=BRILL |year=2008 |isbn=978-90-474-3321-7 |pages=23 |language=en}}</ref> Christian daimyo could also force Buddhist monks to marry.<ref name=":1" /> Some Christian converts believed that Shinto and Buddhist deities were evil spirits whose influence could be eliminated via the destruction of their religious sites.<ref name=":1" />

Efforts to convert the Japanese populace from pluralistic religion and replace it with a different creed altogether were a phenomenon never experienced before in Japan, and the notion was seen as foreign. The destruction of religious sites by Christians even in peacetime and as a purely religious act was also seen as unparalleled by the Japanese authorities.<ref name=":1"/> A 1587 edict by [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]] states that "Japan is the land of the Gods and so it is undesirable that evil doctrines from Christian lands be propagated. To approach the inhabitants of our lands, make them into followers and destroy shrines and temples is unprecedented behavior."<ref name=":1" />

===South Korea===
There was also a series of Buddhist temple burnings in the 1980s and 1990s, and attacks on Buddhist artwork have continued. In one instance, a Protestant minister used a microphone on a cord as a bolo weapon and smashed temple paintings and a statue. In other instances, red crosses have been painted on temple walls, murals, and statues. Buddha statues have also been decapitated. Furthermore, students at Buddhist universities report aggressive attempts by Christians to convert them on campus, especially near campus temples.<ref>See Frank Tedesco's "Questions for Buddhist and Christian Cooperation in Korea," ''Buddhist-Christian Studies'' 17 (1997).</ref>

Some South Korean Buddhists have denounced what they view as discriminatory measures against them and their religion by the administration of President [[Lee Myung-bak]], which they attribute to Lee's membership in the [[Somang Presbyterian Church]] in [[Seoul]].<ref name="Rahn">{{cite news |author=Kim Rahn |date=30 July 2008 |title=President Embarrassed Over Angry Buddhists |url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2008/07/117_28491.html |newspaper=The Korea Times |access-date=2015-09-27 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914141501/http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2008/07/117_28491.html |archive-date=2008-09-14}}</ref> Of particular note was after Lee Myung-bak's ascendence to the Presidency when the high proportion of Christians in relation to Buddhists in the public sector became known–particularly the president's cabinet, where there were twelve Christians to only one Buddhist.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_national/305984.html |title=Buddhists set to protest against Lee's religious bias |date=22 August 2008 |publisher=HANKYOREH}}</ref>

The Buddhist [[Jogye]] Order has accused the Lee government of discriminating against Buddhism and favoring Christianity by ignoring certain Buddhist temples but including Christian churches in certain public documents.<ref name="Rahn"/> In 2006, according to the ''[[Asia Times]]'', "Lee also sent a video prayer message to a Christian rally held in the southern city of Busan in which the worship leader prayed feverishly: 'Lord, let the Buddhist temples in this country crumble down!{{'"}}<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Korea/JB01Dg01.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512022433/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Korea/JB01Dg01.html |url-status=unfit |archive-date=12 May 2008 |title=Korea News and Korean Business and Economy, Pyongyang News |work=Asia Times |date=1 February 2008 |access-date=2015-09-27}}</ref> Further, according to an article in ''Buddhist-Christian Studies'': "Over the course of the last decade [1990s] a fairly large number of Buddhist temples in South Korea have been destroyed or damaged by fire by misguided Christian fundamentalists. More recently, Buddhist statues have been identified as idols, and attacked and decapitated in the name of Jesus. Arrests are hard to effect, as the arsonists and vandals work by stealth of night." A 2008 incident in which police investigated protesters who had been given sanctuary in the Jogye temple in Seoul and searched a car driven by Jigwan, executive chief of the Jogye order, led to protests by Buddhists who claimed that police had treated Jigwan as a criminal.<ref name="Rahn"/>

In March 2009, in an effort to reach out to Buddhists affected by recent events, the President and First Lady participated in a Korean Buddhist conference where he and his wife were seen [[Añjali Mudrā|joining palms]] in prayer during chanting along with participants.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.buddhistchannel.tv/index.php?id=45,7926,0,0,1,0Korean|title=News & Issues - Korean President reaches out to Buddhist leaders|access-date=8 August 2015}}</ref> The discomfort among the Buddhists has gradually decreased since then.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2008/10/01/2008100100032.html |title=대구·경북 범불교도대회 '정부규탄' 대신 '호법결의'로 – 1등 인터넷뉴스 조선닷컴 |publisher=News.chosun.com |access-date=2010-06-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://media.daum.net/culture/religion/view.html?cateid=100028&newsid=20080930162403155&p=yonhap |title=Daum 미디어다음 – 뉴스 |work=Daum 뉴스 |language=ko |publisher=Media.daum.net |date=30 September 2008 |access-date=2010-06-15}}</ref>

===Sri Lanka===
In 1815, the [[British Army]] captured the [[Kingdom of Kandy]] and deposed the Sinhalese monarch, ending a line of [[List of Sri Lankan monarchs|Sinhalese Buddhist kings]] which lasted for over 2300 years. The [[British Empire|British]] would rule over the island of Sri Lanka until 1948. Like the Dutch, the British refused to register unbaptized infants or accept non-Christian marriages. Christians were openly favored for jobs and promotions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.buddhanet.net/sacred-island/kelaniya.html |title=BuddhaNet.Net: Sacred Island - A Buddhist Pilgrim's Guide to Sri Lanka: Kelaniya |access-date=8 August 2015 |archive-date=19 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019221641/http://www.buddhanet.net/sacred-island/kelaniya.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The British also supported various Christian missionary groups to established Christian schools on the island. Education in these Christian schools (which disparaged Buddhism) was a requirement to serve in a government office. Missionaries also wrote tracts in Sinhalese attacking Buddhism and promoting Christianity.<ref>{{Cite web |author1=H.R. Perera |year=2007 |website=accesstoinsight.org|publisher=Buddhist Publication Society |title=Buddhism in Sri Lanka: A Short History |url=https://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/perera/wheel100.html |access-date=2023-01-02 }}</ref> [[Sir Robert Inglis, 2nd Baronet|Robert Inglis]], a 19th-century British Conservative, likened Buddhism to "[[idolatry]]" during a parliamentary debate in 1852 over the relationship of "Buddhist priests" to the British colonial government.<ref>''Hansard'', 3rd Series, cxxiii, 713–714.</ref> In the 19th century, a national Buddhist revival movement began as a response to Christian proselytization and suppression, and was empowered by the results of a [[Panadura]] debate between Christian priests and Buddhist monks such as [[Migettuwatte Gunananda Thera]] and [[Hikkaduwe Sri Sumangala Thera]], which was widely seen as a victory for the Buddhists.<ref>[http://www.dailynews.lk/?q=local/buddhists-must-safeguard-religion-sangha-thera Buddhists must safeguard religion, Sangha – Thera] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416202308/http://www.dailynews.lk/?q=local%2Fbuddhists-must-safeguard-religion-sangha-thera |date=2015-04-16 }}, Daily News</ref>

===United States===
In February 1942, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed into law [[Executive Order 9066]]. This gave the military discretion to do whatever it deemed necessary to secure the safety and security of the United States.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Williams |first=Duncan Ryuken |year=2019 |title=American Sutra |publisher=Harvard University Press |page=3 |isbn=978-0-674-23708-7}}</ref> The wartime incarceration, which the religion played in the evaluation of whether or not they could be considered fully American because the vast majority of them were [[Buddhism|Buddhist]]s.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Williams |first=Duncan Ryuken |year=2019 |title=American Sutra |publisher=Harvard University Press |pages=20–22 |isbn=978-0-674-23708-7}}</ref>

In 2020, [[Christian fundamentalism|Christian fundamentalists]] vandalized six Buddhist temples amid growing [[Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic|anti-Asian violence]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://nextshark.com/buddhist-temples-vandalized-orange-county/ |title=6 Buddhist Temples Vandalized in OC in November, 2 Women Caught on Camera |date=30 November 2020 |publisher=NextShark}}</ref> The following year, a Buddhist temple in Los Angeles was burned and suffered other damages, including a broken glass door and a knocked down [[Tōrō|lantern]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://abc7.com/10374367/ |title=LAPD investigates vandalism incident at Buddhist temple in Little Tokyo |date=26 February 2021}}</ref>

===Vietnam===
{{main|Buddhist crisis}}

As early as 1953, complaints surfaced alleging raids against Buddhists by French-armed Catholic militiamen{{where|date=November 2025}} in Vietnam. By 1961, the shelling of [[pagoda]]s{{which|date=November 2025}} in Vietnam was being reported in the Australian and American media.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Bernard B. Fall |date=16 May 1975 |type=book review |title=Errors Escalated Too |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/98/03/15/home/halberstam-quagmire.html |access-date=2023-01-02 |website=The New York Times}}</ref>

After the [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] [[Ngô Đình Diệm]] came to power in [[South Vietnam]], backed by the United States, he allegedly favoured his relatives and fellow Catholics over Buddhists and dedicated the country to the Virgin Mary in 1959. Buddhists also required special government permits to hold large meetings, a stipulation generally made for meetings of trade unions.<ref name="time">{{cite magazine |title=The Religious Crisis |url=https://time.com/archive/6812543/south-viet-nam-the-religious-crisis/ |magazine=Time |date=14 June 1963 |page=37}}</ref> In May 1963, the government forbade the flying of [[Buddhist flag]]s on [[Vesak]]. After Buddhist protesters clashed with government troops, nine people were killed.<ref name="time"/> In protest, the Buddhist monk [[Thích Quảng Đức]] burned himself to death in Saigon.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ngo Dinh Diem: South Vietnamese president |url=http://www.cnn.com/interactive/specials/0004/vietnam.profiles/diem.html |publisher=CNN |access-date=28 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218190701/http://www.cnn.com/interactive/specials/0004/vietnam.profiles/diem.html |archive-date=18 December 2008}}</ref> On 21 August, the [[Xá Lợi Pagoda raids]] led to a death toll estimated in the hundreds.{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}}

Portrayals by Western media at the time were distorted.<ref name="Moyar07">{{cite magazine |last1=Moyar |first1=Mark |title=Halberstam's History |url=https://www.nationalreview.com/2007/07/halberstams-history-mark-moyar/ |magazine=National Review |date=5 July 2007}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=March 2026}} In reality, South Vietnam saw Buddhism flourish under Diệm's First Republic; a United Nations independent fact-finding team later found that the South Vietnamese government had not engaged in the systematic oppression of Buddhists.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nguyen Quoc |first1=Tan Trung |title=Rethinking History and News Media in South Vietnam |url=https://usvietnam.uoregon.edu/en/rethinking-history-and-news-media-in-south-vietnam/ |website=US–Vietnam Research Center |publisher=University of Oregon |date=November 20, 2023}}</ref> With the aim of harnessing religious nationalism and promoting spiritual values against communism's atheism, Diệm's Personalist Revolution amplified religious consciousness that ultimately challenged the state's authority.<ref name="NPV 2018">{{Cite journal |last=Nguyen |first=Phi-Vân |title=A Secular State for a Religious Nation: The Republic of Vietnam and Religious Nationalism, 1946–1963 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-asian-studies/article/secular-state-for-a-religious-nation-the-republic-of-vietnam-and-religious-nationalism-19461963/6686A381A12183648E76430BC646BC85 |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |date=2018 |volume=77 |issue=3 |pages=741–771 |doi=10.1017/S0021911818000505 }}</ref>

==Persecution in Sri Lanka==
===Transitional period===
[[Kalinga Magha|Magha]], the Hindu invader from [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]] who seized power in [[Polonnaruwa]] in the 13th century CE with the help of his soldiers and mercenaries from the modern [[Kerala]] and [[Tamil Nadu|Damila]] (Tamil Nadu) regions in India,{{sfn|de Silva|2005|p=91&92}} in the ''[[Cūḷavaṃsa|Culavamsa]]'' was the spreading of false faith.<ref name="Schalk1988">{{Cite journal |last=Schalk |first=Peter |date=1988-01-01 |title="Unity" and "Sovereignty": Key Concepts of a Militant Buddhist Organization in the Present Conflict in Sri Lanka |journal=Temenos - Nordic Journal for Study of Religion |language=en |volume=24 |pages=71 |doi=10.33356/temenos.6162 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The ''Pujavaliya'' composed in the aftermath of Magha's invasion declares that the unbelievers will never have permanent residence on the island reserved for Buddhism and that it is only suitable for Buddhist rulers.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Clough |first=Bradley S. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9P4TU-0zEs8C&pg=PA337 |title=Religious Tolerance in World Religions |date=2008 |publisher=Templeton Foundation Press |isbn=978-1-59947-136-5 |pages=337 |language=en |chapter=A Policy of Intolerance: The Case of Sinhala Buddhist Nationalism}}</ref> But Māgha's rule of 21 years and its aftermath are a watershed in the history of the island, creating a new political order.{{sfn|de Silva|2005|p=85}}

A second poilitical center emerged in the north of the island where [[Tamil immigration to Sri Lanka|Tamil settlers]] from previous Indian incursions occupied the [[Jaffna Peninsula]] and the [[Vanni (Sri Lanka)|Vanni]].{{efn|The land between Anuradhapura and Jaffna}} Many Tamil members of invading armies, mercenaries, joined them rather than returning to India with their compatriots. By the 13th century the Tamils too withdrew from the Vanni almost entirely into the Jaffna peninsula where an independent [[Jaffna Kingdom|Tamil kingdom]] had been established.{{sfn|de Silva|2005|p=87}} {{sfn|Indrapala|1969|p=16}} Māgha, a bigoted Hindu, persecuted Sinhalese Buddhists, despoiling the temples and giving away lands of the Sinhalese to his followers.{{sfn|Codrington|1926|p=67}} His priorities in ruling were to extract as much as possible from the land and overturn as many of the traditions of [[Rajarata]] as possible. His reign saw the Killing of many Sinhalese by his army and massive migration of the [[Sinhalese people]] to the south and west of Sri Lanka, and into the mountainous interior, in a bid to escape his power.
<ref name="gov">{{cite web|url=http://www.edupub.gov.lk/Final%20History%20Grade%207%20%2010.04.2008(Eng)/Chapter%204.pdf|title=The Kingdom of Polonnaruwa|publisher=Educational Publications Department, Sri Lanka|access-date=2009-04-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222173948/http://www.edupub.gov.lk/Final%20History%20Grade%207%20%2010.04.2008(Eng)/Chapter%204.pdf|archive-date=2012-02-22|url-status=dead}}</ref> {{sfn|Indrapala|1969|p=16}}
The increasing influence of Hinduism on the island starting from the 13th century CE was resisted by the Sangha who decried the worship of Hindu gods and ridiculed Hindu customs such as wearing the [[Vibhuti|sacred ash]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Holt |first1=John Clifford |editor-last1=Deegalle |editor-first1=Mahinda |year=2006 |chapter=Hindu influences on medieval Sri Lankan Buddhist culture |title=Buddhism, Conflict and Violence in Modern Sri Lanka |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=83qhTJ_0i-8C&pg=PA61 |publisher=Routledge |pages=61–64 |isbn=978-0-415-35920-7}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Tambiah |first=Stanley Jeyaraja |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J8LjxsG1_h8C&pg=PA143 |title=Buddhism Betrayed?: Religion, Politics, and Violence in Sri Lanka |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-226-78950-7 |pages=143 |language=en}}</ref> However, the Sinhalese kingdoms continued to decline, under the attacks by South Indian states. The last Sinhala king to rule from Polonnaruva was [[Parakramabahu III of Dambadeniya|Parākramabāhu III]] (1302–1310), who was actually a client king of the Pandyas and later had to retreat to [[Dambadeniya]].{{sfnp|de Silva|1981|p=82}} After this, Sinhala kings were forced to retreat further to the south (to cities like [[Kurunegala|Kurunagala]] and [[Gampola]]), mainly in search of security from South Indian states and from the expansive Tamil [[Jaffna Kingdom|kingdom of Jaffna]] (a Hindu realm which now controlled the north-west of the island).{{sfnp|de Silva|1981|pp=82–84}}

=== Kandyan period===
In the Sri Lankan [[Sinhalese people|Sinhalese]] society, king [[Rajasinha I of Sitawaka]] reverted to Saiva Siddhantism<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.divaina.com/2010/01/20/feature02.html |title=ගණින්නාන්සේලා කියවිය යුතු සංඝරජ වැලවිට සරණංකර චරිතය |access-date=2010-01-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170120202643/http://www.divaina.com/2010/01/20/feature02.html |archive-date=2017-01-20 |url-status=dead }}</ref> after a prolonged domination of [[Theravada|Theravada Buddhism]] following the conversion of king [[Devanampiya Tissa of Anuradhapura|Devanampiya Tissa]].

King Rajasinha arranged the marriage of his Tamil minister Mannamperuma Mohottala to a sister of a junior queen known as the "iron daughter" He converted to Shaiva Siddhanta<ref>[http://www.island.lk/index.php?page_cat=article-details&page=article-details&code_title=25778 Mayadunne and Rajasinha I] The Island - 20 May 2011</ref> He was reported to have settled [[Brahmans]] Adi Shaivas and [[Vellalar|Tamil Shaivite Velalars]] at significant [[Buddhist]] sites such as [[Sri Pada]], etc. The ''Velala Gurukkals'' acted as religious mentors of the King and strengthened ''Shaiva Siddhantism'' at these centres. Under the advice of Mannamperuma Mohottala, he razed many Buddhist religious sites to the ground. Buddhism remained in decline thereafter until the formation of the [[Siam Nikaya]] and [[Amarapura Nikaya]] with the support of the Portuguese and [[Dutch East India Company]] respectively.

=== Post-indepndence===
During the [[1958 anti-Tamil pogrom|1958 riots]], Tamil rioters attacked the Sri Naga Vihara in [[Jaffna]] and the [[Nagadeepa Purana Vihara]], completely destroying the latter.<ref name="vittachi">{{cite book |last1=Vittachi |first1=Tarzie |title=Emergency '58: The Story of the Ceylon Race Riots |publisher=Andre-Deutsch |url=https://tamilnation.org/books/eelam/vitachi.pdf |access-date=7 September 2023}}</ref> Two decades later, several Sinhalese witnesses testified to the Sansoni commission that there had been damage done to ancient Buddhist monuments and buildings in the [[Trincomalee District]] in the early 1970s. Justice [[Miliani Sansoni]] opined that the damage to ancient Buddhist sites in the [[Northern Province, Sri Lanka|Northern]] and [[Eastern Province, Sri Lanka|Eastern Provinces]] was a cause of the [[1977 anti-Tamil pogrom|1977 riots]]. During the riots, a Buddhist temple in [[Kilinochchi]] was burned by a Tamil mob as part of anti-Sinhalese rioting.<ref name="sansoni">{{cite report |author=M. C. Sansoni |date=July 1980 |title=Report of the Presidential Commission of Inquiry Into the Incidents Which Took Place Between 13th August and 15th September |url=https://lankafreelibrary.com/2019/10/15/sansoni-commission-1980/ |publisher=Government Printing, Sri Lanka |docket= |access-date= }}</ref>

During the [[Sri Lankan civil war]], there had been a number of attacks by the [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]] and other [[Sri Lankan Tamil militant groups|Tamil militant groups]] at Buddhist sites such as the [[1998 Temple of the Tooth attack|Dalada Maligawa]], often involving the massacre of Sinhalese Buddhist civilians.<ref name="tambiah">{{cite book |last1=Tambiah |first1=Stanley |title=Buddhism Betrayed?: Religion, Politics, and Violence in Sri Lanka |date=15 July 1992 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |page=75 |isbn=9780226789491 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3MO_86VwNSkC&pg=PA75 |access-date=8 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite report |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Report Submitted to the Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate and Committee on Foreign Affairs, U.S. House of Representatives by the Department of State in Accordance with Sections 116(d) and 502B(b) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as Amended |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KDfINilTi4gC&pg=PA1380 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |page=1380 |docket= |access-date= }}</ref><ref>{{cite report |title=Annual Report on International Religious Freedom 2004, November 2004, 108-2 Joint Committee Print, S. Prt. 108-59, * |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q0zPzrCn2o8C&pg=RA4-PA674 |page=674 |docket= |access-date= }}</ref><ref>{{cite report |date=16 October 1990 |title=The War And Its Consequences in the Amparai District |url=https://www.uthr.org/SpecialReports/spreport3.htm#_Toc15893102 |publisher=University Teachers for Human Rights (Jaffna) |docket= |access-date= |quote=The local LTTE leader, Regan, ordered the Sri Vijayrama Buddhist temple to be blasted.}}</ref> Sociologist Sasanka Perera remarked that, while the militants sought to destroy Buddhist sites to erase signs of Sinhalese heritage in their claimed territories, they were actually destroying their own heritage.<ref name="sasanka">{{cite journal |last1=Perera |first1=Sasanka |title=Formation of Ethnocentrism and the Perpetuation of Hatred: The Role of Socialization and Media in the Sri Lankan Conflict |journal=Sri Lanka Journal of Social Sciences |year=1995 |volume=18 |issue=1–2 |page=71 |url=https://dl.nsf.gov.lk/bitstream/handle/1/4966/JSS_18_55.pdf?sequence=4&isAllowed=y#page=17 |access-date=30 September 2023}}</ref>

==Persecution in Nepal==
{{See also|Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal}}

The banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal was part of a Rana government campaign to suppress the resurgence of [[Theravada Buddhism]] in Nepal in the early decades of the 20th century.<ref name="Dietrich">{{cite news|last=Dietrich|first=Angela|title=Buddhist Monks and Rana Rulers: A History of Persecution|url=http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-BH/bh117536.htm|access-date=17 March 2011|newspaper=Buddhist Himalaya: A Journal of Nagarjuna Institute of Exact Methods|year=1996|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131001124156/http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-BH/bh117536.htm|archive-date=1 October 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> There were two deportations of monks from Kathmandu, in 1926 and 1944.<ref name="Dietrich"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lumbini.org.uk/bd_n_thera_t.html |title=Theravada Buddhism in Modern Nepal |publisher=Lumbini Nepalese Buddha Dharma Society (UK) |access-date=15 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140804160554/http://www.lumbini.org.uk/bd_n_thera_t.html |archive-date=4 August 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Tuladhar">{{cite news|last=Tuladhar|first=Kamal Ratna|title=The monks in yellow robes|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/2012/04/07/saturday-features/the-first-word--the-monks-in-yellow-robes/351932.html|access-date=17 May 2013|newspaper=The Kathmandu Post|date=7 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120408200957/http://www.ekantipur.com/2012/04/07/saturday-features/the-first-word--the-monks-in-yellow-robes/351932.html|archive-date=8 April 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Hilker |first= DS Kansakar |title= Syamukapu: The Lhasa Newars of Kalimpong and Kathmandu |year=2005 |publisher= Vajra Publications |location= Kathmandu |isbn=978-99946-644-6-7 |page=58 |chapter= Expulsion of Buddhist monks from Nepal}}</ref>

The exiled monks were the first group of monks to be seen in Nepal since the 14th century. They were at the forefront of a movement to revive Theravada Buddhism which had disappeared from the country more than five hundred years ago. The [[Rana dynasty|Rana]] regime disapproved of Buddhism and [[Nepal Bhasa]], the mother tongue of the [[Newar]] people. It saw the activities of the monks and their growing following as a threat. When police harassment and imprisonment failed to deter the monks, all of whom were Newars, they were deported.<ref name="Dietrich"/><ref name="Tuladhar"/>

Among the charges made against them were preaching a new faith, converting [[Hindu]]s, encouraging women to renounce and thereby undermining family life and writing books in Nepal Bhasa.<ref>LeVine, Sarah and Gellner, David N. (2005). ''Rebuilding Buddhism: The Theravada Movement in Twentieth-Century Nepal.'' Harvard University Press. {{ISBN|0-674-01908-3}}, {{ISBN|978-0-674-01908-9}}. Page 48.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lumbini.org.uk/bd_n_thera_t.html|title=Theravada Buddhism in Modern Nepal|publisher=Lumbini Nepalese Buddha Dharma Society (UK)|access-date=9 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140804160554/http://www.lumbini.org.uk/bd_n_thera_t.html|archive-date=4 August 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Persecution under Communism==

===Cambodia under the Khmer Rouge===
The [[Khmer Rouge]], under its policy of [[state atheism]],<ref name="Wessinger">{{Cite book |last=Salter |first=Richard C. |title=Millennialism, Persecution, and Violence: Historical Cases |title-link=Millennialism, Persecution, and Violence |publisher=[[Syracuse University Press]] |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-8156-0599-7 |editor-last=Wessinger |editor-first=Catherine |editor-link=Catherine Wessinger |language=en |chapter=Time, Authority, and Ethics in the Khmer Rouge: Elements of the Millennial Vision in Year Zero |page=282 |quote=Democratic Kampuchea was officially an atheist state, and the persecution of religion by the Khmer Rouge was matched in severity only by the persecution of religion in the communist states of Albania and North Korea, so there were not any direct historical continuities of Buddhism into the Democratic Kampuchea era.}}</ref> actively imposed an atheistic agrarian revolution, resulting in the persecution of ethnic minorities and Buddhist monks during their reign from 1975 to 1979.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gsp.yale.edu/case-studies/cambodian-genocide-program/publications/chronology-cambodian-events-1950|title=Chronology, 1994-2004 - Cambodian Genocide Program - Yale University|access-date=8 August 2015}}</ref><ref name="NYTi" /> Buddhist institutions and temples were destroyed, and Buddhist monks and teachers were killed in large numbers.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sptimes.com/News/050300/NIE/Remembering_the_death.shtml |title=Nie: Remembering the deaths of 1.7-million Cambodians |work=St Petersburg Times |access-date=2015-09-27}}</ref> A third of the nation's [[monastery|monasteries]] were destroyed along with numerous holy texts and items of high artistic quality. 25,000 Buddhist monks were massacred by the regime.<ref name="NYTi">{{Cite news|last=Shenon|first=Philip|date=1992-01-02|title=Phnom Penh Journal; Lord Buddha Returns, With Artists His Soldiers|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/01/02/world/phnom-penh-journal-lord-buddha-returns-with-artists-his-soldiers.html|access-date=2023-01-02|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> [[Pol Pot]] believed that Buddhism was a decadent affectation, and he sought to eliminate its 1,500-year-old mark on [[Cambodia]],<ref name="NYTi" /> while still maintaining the structures of the traditional Buddhist base.<ref name="Wessinger2000">{{Cite book |last=Salter |first=Richard C. |title=Millennialism, Persecution, and Violence: Historical Cases |title-link=Millennialism, Persecution, and Violence |publisher=[[Syracuse University Press]] |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-8156-0599-7 |editor-last=Wessinger |editor-first=Catherine |editor-link=Catherine Wessinger |language=en |chapter=Time, Authority, and Ethics in the Khmer Rouge: Elements of the Millennial Vision in Year Zero |pages=282–283|quote=Khmer Buddhist influences still persisted and they are also recognizable in the Khmer Rouge's worldview, particularly in their notions of time, authority, and normative ethics ... Though the Khmer Rouge was officially nonreligious, its worldview, especially its notions of time, authority and its normative ethics can be understood as having structural parallels with the Buddhist worldview.}}</ref>

===China===
{{main|Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party}}

{{further|Chinese Buddhism|Cultural Revolution|Four Olds}}

Since the [[Chinese Communist Revolution]], Buddhism has been severely restricted and brought under state control at times.{{citation needed|date=August 2017}} In addition, "[[Marxist–Leninist atheism]] has been widely publicized, resulting in steadily decreasing religious communities", especially in areas with developed economies. In 1989, less than 12% of the population held religious beliefs.<ref>{{cite book|title=Population Aging in China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pHD-AAAAMAAJ|access-date=1 July 2016|year=1989|publisher=Economic and Social Commission for Asia and Pacific|language=en |page=48|quote=Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, [[Marxist–Leninist atheism]] has been widely publicized, resulting in steadily decreasing religious communities, especially in predominantly [[Han Chinese|Han]] and the coastal areas with a developed economy.}}</ref> During the [[Cultural Revolution]], Chinese Buddhists were actively persecuted and sent for re-education, while [[Four Olds|Buddhist temples, statues, and sutras were vandalized and destroyed]] by the [[Red Guards]] for many years due to [[antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party]]. In recent years, Buddhism in China has been undergoing a revival, but most Buddhist institutions are within the confines of the state.<ref name=":02">{{Cite news |last=Joske |first=Alex |author-link=Alex Joske |date=9 May 2019 |title=Reorganizing the United Front Work Department: New Structures for a New Era of Diaspora and Religious Affairs Work |language=en-US |website=[[Jamestown Foundation]] |url=https://jamestown.org/program/reorganizing-the-united-front-work-department-new-structures-for-a-new-era-of-diaspora-and-religious-affairs-work/ |access-date=2019-11-18}}</ref>

====Tibet====
{{main|Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China}}

{{further|Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party|Cultural Revolution|Four Olds}}

Although many Buddhist temples and monasteries have been rebuilt after the [[Cultural Revolution]], Tibetan Buddhists have largely been confined by the [[Government of China|Government of the People's Republic of China]].<ref>{{Cite news |year=2007 |title=Human rights abuses up as Olympics approach |url=https://www.asianews.it/index.php?l=en&art=10025 |access-date=2023-01-02 |work=AsiaNews |language=en}}</ref> According to reports, Tibetan Buddhist monks and nuns have been incarcerated, tortured, and killed by the [[People's Liberation Army]], according to all human rights organizations.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=10 March 2001 |title=Area Tibetans mourn their nation's lost independence |journal=Minneapolis Star Tribune |last=Zavoral |first=Nolan |via=HighBeam Research |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-71575498.html |access-date=2023-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516194802/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-71575498.html |archive-date=2011-05-16}}</ref> There were over 6,000 [[List of Tibetan monasteries|Buddhist monasteries in Tibet]], and nearly all of them were ransacked and destroyed by the Chinese communists, mainly during the Cultural Revolution.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2008-03-20 |work=The Guardian |title=Tibetan monks: A controlled life |language=en-GB |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7307495.stm |access-date=2023-01-02}}</ref> Witness statements document that many Tibetan Buddhist monasteries were destroyed by the Chinese communists before the Cultural Revolution.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tG32DwAAQBAJ |last=Kuzmin |first=Sergius L. |editor1=Andrey Terentyev |title=Hidden Tibet: History of Independence and Occupation |year=2011 |publisher=Library of Tibetan Works and Archives |isbn=978-93-80359-47-2 |pages=214–215}}</ref> Moreover, the "[[Chinese Communist Party]] has launched a three-year drive to [[Propaganda in China|promote atheism]] in the Buddhist region of Tibet", with Xiao Huaiyuan, a leader in the [[Publicity Department of the Chinese Communist Party|Chinese Communist Party Propaganda Department]] in Tibet, stating that it would "help peasants and herdsmen free themselves from the negative influence of religion. Intensifying propaganda on atheism is especially important for Tibet because atheism plays an extremely important role in promoting economic construction, social advancement and socialist spiritual civilization in the region." He further said it would push "people of all ethnic groups in the region to raise their ideological and ethical quality, to learn a civilized and healthy life style and to strive to build a united, prosperous and civilized new Tibet."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/monitoring/253345.stm |title=China announces "civilizing" atheism drive in Tibet |date=12 January 1999 |publisher=[[British Broadcasting Corporation]] (BBC) |access-date=1 July 2016}}</ref>

===Mongolia===
Buddhist monks were persecuted in [[Mongolia]] during communist rule up until [[Mongolian Revolution of 1990|revolutionary]] [[democratization]] in 1990.<ref name="TVNZ_791031">{{cite news|url=http://tvnz.co.nz/view/news_travel_story_skin/791031 |title=Mongolia's monks make a comeback |date=18 July 2006 |work=[[Television New Zealand]] |access-date=2 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516095640/http://tvnz.co.nz/view/news_travel_story_skin/791031 |archive-date=16 May 2011 }}</ref> [[Khorloogiin Choibalsan]] declared 17,000 of the monks to be enemies of the state and deported them to [[Siberia]]n labor camps, where many perished. Almost all of Mongolia's over 700 Buddhist monasteries were looted or destroyed.<ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Cramer|first1=Marc|title=Mongolia: The Bhudda {{sic|nolink=y}} and the Khan|url=http://www.orientmag.com/8-30.htm|magazine=Orient Magazine|access-date=28 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100818173717/http://www.orientmag.com/8-30.htm|archive-date=18 August 2010}}</ref>

===North Korea===
''The Oxford Handbook of Atheism'' states that "North Korea maintains a state-sanctioned and enforced atheism".<ref name="BullivantRuse2013">{{cite book|last1=Bullivant|first1=Stephen|last2=Ruse|first2=Michael|title=The Oxford Handbook of Atheism|date=21 November 2013|publisher=OUP Oxford|language=en |isbn=9780191667398|pages=506|quote=Plagued with poverty and starvation, and characterized by the entrenched denial of basic human or civil rights, North Korea maintains a state-sanctioned and enforced atheism, with the only 'religion' permissible being that of the worship of the dictator.}}</ref> During the 1960s and 1970s, "North Korea effectively exterminated all signs of Buddhism" in the country.<ref name="RossRoss2015">{{cite book|last=Ross|first=Jeffrey Ian|title=Religion and Violence: An Encyclopedia of Faith and Conflict from Antiquity to the Present|date=4 March 2015|publisher=Routledge|language=en |isbn=9781317461098|page=776|quote=In the 1960s and 1970s, the Burmese government persecuted approximately 2,000 Buddhist monks who, refusing to ahdere to government rule that ultimately contravened Buddhist philosophy, were either arrested or bayoneted by government troops. During that time, North Korea effectively exterminated all signs of Buddhism, and Cambodia's Pol Pot regime implemented a similar extermination program of Buddhist clergy.}}</ref>

===Soviet Union===
[[Buddhism]] was persecuted and looked down upon by the Soviet authorities under the government policy of [[state atheism]].<ref name="Bräker2008">{{cite journal |last=Bräker |first=Hans |year=2008 |title=Buddhism in the Soviet Union: Annihilation or survival? |journal=Religion in Communist Lands |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=36–48 |issn=0307-5974 |doi=10.1080/09637498308431057 |quote=The Party and State countered with the argument that Buddhist atheism had nothing to do with militant atheism, which was based on the Marxist-materialist interpretation of the laws of nature and society. The precise and binding outcome of this "new" attitude is to be found in the article on Buddhism in the second edition of the Great Soviet Encyclopaedia. This argued that the theory that Buddhism was an atheist religion or a philosophical system was totally untenable, and that it was an attempt by the ideologues of the exploiting class to gloss over the reactionary nature of Buddhism. In reality, Buddhism was no more than an instrument erected by the feudal lords to exploit the working masses. However, since ideological means did not prove all that effective in the struggle against Buddhism, administrative measures were adopted and implemented at the same time. As early as 1928, heavy taxes were imposed upon the monasteries (which were maintained by the population). In 1929, many monasteries were forcibly closed and many monks arrested and sent into exile. In 1934 even Agvan Dordzhiev was exiled to Leningrad. He was arrested there in 1937 and transferred to a prison in Ulan-Ude, where he died in 1938 (possibly as a result of torture)".}}</ref> Adherents were attacked by the authorities.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.atimes.com/c-asia/AH26Ag01.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000925131251/http://atimes.com/c-asia/AH26Ag01.html |url-status=unfit |archive-date=2000-09-25 |title=Asia Times: Buddhist revival tangles with politics |work=Asia Times |date=1999-08-26 |access-date=2015-09-27}}</ref> In 1929, the government of the USSR closed many [[monasteries]] and arrested [[monk]]s, sending them into exile.<ref name="Bräker2008"/> As government efforts brought [[Sovietization]] to [[Buryatia]] and [[Kalmykia]], the clergy were reduced.<ref name="GeraciKhodarkovsky2001">{{cite book |last1=Geraci |first1=Robert P. |last2=Khodarkovsky |first2=Michael |title=Of Religion and Empire: Missions, Conversion, and Tolerance in Tsarist Russia |date=2001 |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=978-0-8014-8703-3 |language=en |quote=Despite the onset of antireligious persecution, the Soviet government, desiring the support of Muslims and Buddhists, stopped short of launching an all-out war against their religious beliefs and institutions. However, it was predictable that such a situation would be only temporary. As Sovietization advanced further into Buriat and Kalmyk regions, the number of Lamaist clergy and ''khuruls'' was reduced.}}</ref>

===Vietnam===
During the [[First Indochina War]], Buddhists living under the communist-led [[Viet Minh]] faced greater repression than those under the nationalist [[State of Vietnam]]. They came into conflict with the attitudes and actions of militant atheist Viet Minh; many believers, both monastic and lay, became victims of repression. Numerous Buddhist leaders in Viet Minh areas were isolated and placed under restrictions.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Nguyễn Lang |author-link=Thích Nhất Hạnh |title=Việt Nam Phật giáo Sử luận |year=2019 |orig-year=1973 |language=vi |chapter=Chương 36 : Thế đứng của Phật giáo Việt Nam |chapter-url=https://langmai.org/tang-kinh-cac/vien-sach/giang-kinh/viet-nam-phat-giao-su-luan/chuong-36-the-dung-cua-phat-giao-viet-nam/}}</ref> Particularly since 1975, Buddhism has faced hostility from the communist regime in [[Vietnam]]. According to ''[[Human Rights Watch|Human Rights News]]'', "Vietnam continues to systematically imprison and persecute independent Buddhists as well as followers of other religions."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/english/docs/2008/05/08/vietna18774.htm|title=Vietnam: Religious Freedom Denied|date=8 May 2008 |publisher=Human Rights Watch|access-date=8 August 2015}}</ref> The leaders of the [[Unified Buddhist Congregation of Vietnam]], [[Thích Huyền Quang]] and [[Thích Quảng Độ]], were imprisoned for decades. [[Thích Nhất Hạnh]] has spoken out about the wiping out of his spiritual tradition in Vietnam.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.buddhachannel.tv/portail/spip.php?article10879|title=Vietnam — Thich Nhat Hanh responds to Bat Nha crackdown with Zen koan - Buddhachannel|website=buddhachannel.tv|access-date=2017-04-08|archive-date=2017-04-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408171503/http://www.buddhachannel.tv/portail/spip.php?article10879|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[History of Buddhism]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|last1=Chakma|first1=Kabita|title=Everyday Occupations: Experiencing Militarism in South Asia and the Middle East|chapter=Indigenous Women and Culture in the Colonized Chittagong Hills Tracts of Bangladesh|year=2013|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=978-0812244878|first2=Glen |last2=Hill|editor=Kamala Visweswaran|pages=132–157}}
* {{cite book |last1=Codrington |first1=H. W. |author-link1=Humphrey William Codrington |title=A Short History Of Ceylon |date=1926 |publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan & Co]] |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.208024/page/n9}}
*{{cite book |last1=de Silva |first1=K. M. |author-link1=K. M. de Silva |title=A History of Sri Lanka |date=1981 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |isbn=9780520043206 |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_dByI_qil26YC/page/n1}}
*{{cite book |last1=de Silva |first1=K. M. |author-link1=K. M. de Silva |title=A History of Sri Lanka |date=2005 |publisher=Vijitha Yapa Publications |location=Colombo |isbn=9789558095928 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PWbRAqsIJgIC}}
* {{cite journal|first=Richard A. |last=Gray|year=1994|title=Genocide in the Chittagong Hill tracts of Bangladesh|journal=Reference Services Review|volume=22|issue=4|pages=59–79|doi=10.1108/eb049231}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Indrapala |first1=K. |author-link1=K. Indrapala |title=Early Tamil Settlements in Ceylon. |journal=The Journal of the Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland |date=1969 |volume=13 |pages=43–63 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43483465 |location=JSTOR|jstor=43483465 }}
* {{cite book|last=O'Brien|first=Sharon|chapter=The Chittagong Hill Tracts|title=Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes against Humanity|editor=Dinah Shelton|publisher=Macmillan Library Reference|year=2004|pages=176–177}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Mey |editor-first=Wolfgang |year=1984 |title=Genocide in the Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh |location=Copenhagen |publisher=International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs ([[IWGIA]]) }}
* {{cite book|last=Mohsin|first=A.|year=2003|title=The Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh: On the Difficult Road to Peace|location=Boulder, Col.|publisher=Lynne Rienner Publishers}}
* {{cite book|last=Roy|first=Rajkumari|year=2000|title=Land Rights of the Indigenous Peoples of the Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh |location=Copenhagen |publisher=International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=al-Balādhurī |author-link=Al-Baladhuri |translator-last=Murgotten |translator-first=Francis Clark |date=1924 |title=The Origins of the Islamic State |url=https://archive.org/details/originsoftheisla032520mbp |volume=Part II |location=New York |publisher=Columbia University |oclc=6396175}}
* {{cite journal |last=Dudink |first=Adrian |year=2000 |title=Nangong Shudu (1620), Poxie Ji (1640), and Western Reports on the Nanjing Persecution (1616/1617) |journal=Monumenta Serica |publisher=Maney Publishing |volume=48 |pages=133–265 |jstor=40727263 |doi=10.1080/02549948.2000.11731345 |s2cid=192064160}}
* Elliot and Dowson (1867–1877). ''[[The History of India as told by its own Historians]]'', London: Trübner. Reprint, New Delhi 1990.
* Majumdar, R. C. (ed.), ''[[The History and Culture of the Indian People]]'', Volume VII, The Mughal Empire, Bombay, 1973.
{{refend}}

{{Wikiquote}}
{{commons category|Persecution of Buddhists}}
{{Religious persecution}}
{{Buddhism topics}}
{{Theology}}
{{Buddhist crisis}}
{{Discrimination}}

[[Category:Persecution of Buddhists| ]]
[[Category:Anti-Buddhism]]
[[Category:Religious persecution by communists|Buddhists]]
[[Category:Religious persecution by victim|Buddhists]]

Bardhaman–Durgapur Lok Sabha constituency

2026-05-07T00:48:35Z

Himalayan Dream Treks: Created new article

{{Short description|Lok Sabha constituency in West Bengal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Bardhaman–Durgapur {{Small|WB-39}}
| constituency_no =
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/West Bengal/Bardhaman-Durgapur.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Bardhaman-Durgapur Lok Sabha Constituency
| established = 2009-present
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| mp = [[Kirti Azad]]
| party = {{Party index link|Trinamool Congress}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = Purba Bardhaman & Pashim Bardhaman
| assembly_cons = [[Bardhaman Dakshin Assembly constituency|Bardhaman Dakshin]] [[Monteswar Assembly constituency|Manteshwar]] [[Bardhaman Uttar Assembly constituency|Bardhaman Uttar]] [[Bhatar Assembly constituency|Bhatar]] [[Galsi Assembly constituency|Galsi]] [[Durgapur Purba Assembly constituency|Durgapur Purba]] [[Durgapur Paschim Assembly constituency|Durgapur Paschim]]
| electors = 18,51,780 (2024)<ref>{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526095942/https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf |date=26 May 2024}}</ref>
}}

'''Bardhaman–Durgapur Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 543 [[Lok Sabha|parliamentary]] constituencies in [[India]]. The constituency is spread across [[Paschim Bardhaman district]] and [[Purba Bardhaman district]] in [[West Bengal]]. While five of the assembly seats of Bardhaman–Durgapur Lok Sabha constituency are in Purba Bardhaman district, two assembly segment is in Paschim Bardhaman district.

As per order of the [[Delimitation Commission]] in respect of the [[delimitation of constituencies]] in the West Bengal, [[Burdwan Lok Sabha constituency]], [[Katwa Lok Sabha constituency]] and [[Durgapur Lok Sabha constituency]] ceased to exist from 2009 and new constituencies came into being: [[Bardhaman Purba Lok Sabha constituency]] and Bardhaman–Durgapur Lok Sabha constituency.<ref name =delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 | access-date = 2009-05-27 | work = Table B – Extent of Parliamentary Constituencies | publisher =Government of West Bengal}}</ref>

==Overview==
[[File:Westbengalen Wahlkreise Lok Sabha.svg|thumb|300 px|right|'''Parliamentary constituencies in West Bengal''' - 1. Cooch Behar, 2. Alipurduars, 3. Jalpaiguri, 4. Darjeeling, 5. Raiganj, 6. Balurghat, 7. Maldaha Uttar, 8. Maldaha Dakshin, 9. Jangipur, 10. Baharampur, 11. Murshidabad, 12. Krishnanagar, 13. Ranaghat, 14. Bangaon, 15. Barrackpore, 16. Dum Dum, 17. Barasat, 18. Basirhat, 19. Jaynagar, 20. Mathurapur, 21. Diamond Harbour, 22. Jadavpur, 23. Kolkata Dakshin, 24. Kolkata Uttar, 25. Howrah, 26. Uluberia, 27. Serampore, 28. Hoghly, 29. Arambagh, 30. Tamluk, 31, Kanthi, 32. Ghatal, 33. Jhargram, 34. Medinipur, 35. Purulia, 36. Bankura, 37. Bishnupur, 38. Bardhaman Purba, 39. '''Bardhaman Durgapur''', 40. Asansol, 41. Bolpur, 42. Birbhum]]

Bardhaman–Durgapur Lok Sabha constituency is a new constituency that includes both the Bardhaman and Durgapur cities and the intermediate villages. In a pre-poll feature about the constituency, ''The Statesman'' wrote, "Shivnath Ghosh, a 55-year-old farmer of Belkash village, says, ‘I want the Left Front to be removed from power at the earliest as their sons and family members grab every facility, employment and trade all across the region.’ ... Shivnath's locality has witnessed a change in the guard after the Assembly and the panchayat polls, after the storm of ‘parivartan’ but still remains gasping for a ‘real wind of change’... 'Ahead of the Lok Sabha polls, we have new zamindars in the villages, especially the ‘Red Trinamul’ cadres and they dictate the terms leaving us in absolute jeopardy.'<ref name=statesman>{{cite web | url = http://www.thestatesman.net/news/52067-burdwan-durgapur-voters-await-real-wind-of-change.html | title = People complain of ailing industries, retrenchments and closed CPSUs | first = Kanchan | last = Sidiqui | newspaper = The Statesman | date = 29 April 2014 | access-date = 17 June 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140430071158/http://www.thestatesman.net/news/52067-Burdwan-Durgapur-voters-await-real-wind-of-change.html | archive-date = 30 April 2014 | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all }}</ref>

"The Lok Sabha constituency has 15.81 lakh voters, 72 per cent of which comprise rural voters and 7.61 lakh female voters - the highest in the district…The state’s rice bowl also houses uncountable ailing industries…Nearly 1.5 lakh persons have lost their jobs due to retrenchment caused by the collapse of industries."<ref name=statesman/>

==Assembly segments==
Bardhaman–Durgapur Lok Sabha constituency (parliamentary constituency no. 39) is composed of the following assembly segments:<ref name =delimitation/>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! #
! Name
! District
! Member
! colspan="2" |[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026 Winner]]
! colspan="2" |2024 Lead
|-
|260
|[[Bardhaman Dakshin Assembly constituency|Bardhaman Dakshin]]
|rowspan="5" |[[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]]
|Moumita Biswas Mishra
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|{{party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=6}}
|-
|263
|[[Monteswar Assembly constituency|Monteswar]]
|Saikat Panja
|-
| 266
|[[Bardhaman Uttar Assembly constituency|Bardhaman Uttar]] (SC)
|[[Nisith Kumar Malik]]
|{{party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|-
|267
|[[Bhatar Assembly constituency|Bhatar]]
|Soumen Karfa
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
|274
|[[Galsi Assembly constituency|Galsi]] (SC)
|Raju Patra
|-
|276
|[[Durgapur Purba Assembly constituency|Durgapur Purba]]
|rowspan="2" |[[Paschim Bardhaman district|Paschim Bardhaman]]
|Chandra Shekhar Banerjee
|-
|277
|[[Durgapur Paschim Assembly constituency|Durgapur Paschim]]
|[[Lakshman Chandra Ghorui]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| [[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
| [[Saidul Haque]]<ref name=loksabha2009>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |title = General Elections, 2009 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 25 May 2014}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
| [[Mamtaz Sanghamita|Dr. Mamtaz Sanghamita]]<ref name=loksabha2014>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2014/33%20-%20Constituency%20wise%20detailed%20result.pdf |title = General Elections 2014 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 19 June 2016 }}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|-
| [[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[S. S. Ahluwalia]]<ref name=loksabha2019>{{cite web| url = https://www.news18.com/news/politics/bardhaman-durgapur-election-results-2019-live-updates-burdwan-durgapur-winner-loser-leading-trailing-2153007.html |title = Bardhaman Durgapur |work = West Bengal |date = 23 May 2019 | publisher = News 18|access-date = 23 May 2019 }}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Kirti Azad| Kirti Azad Jha]]
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|}

For Members of Parliament from this area in previous years see [[Durgapur Lok Sabha constituency]], [[Burdwan Lok Sabha constituency]] and [[Katwa Lok Sabha constituency]].

==Election results==
===2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: Bardhaman–Durgapur<ref name="Bardhaman Durgapur Constituency Lok Sabha Election Result 2024">{{cite news |title=Bardhaman Durgapur Constituency Lok Sabha Election Result 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/west-bengal/bardhaman-durgapur |access-date=27 March 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250327163051/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/west-bengal/bardhaman-durgapur |archive-date=27 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Bardhaman-Durgapur">{{cite news |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Bardhaman-Durgapur |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2539.htm |access-date=27 March 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250327163122/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2539.htm |archive-date=27 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party=All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate=[[Kirti Azad]]
|votes={{formatnum:720667}}
|percentage=47.99
|change={{increase}}6.41
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Dilip Ghosh (politician)|Dilip Ghosh]]|votes={{formatnum:582686}}|percentage=38.8|change={{decrease}}2.95
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Sukriti Ghoshal|votes={{formatnum:153829}}|percentage=10.24|change={{decrease}}1.02
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above]]|votes={{formatnum:21595}}|percentage=1.44|change={{increase}}0.15
}}
{{Election box majority||votes={{formatnum:137981}}|percentage=9.19|change=
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes={{formatnum:1501773}}|percentage=81.10|change={{decrease}}1.56}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors ={{formatnum:1851780}}|ref = }}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = 4.68
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general election]]: [[Bardhaman]]-[[Durgapur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[S. S. Ahluwalia]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 598,376
|percentage = 41.75
|change = +23.95
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate=[[Mamtaz Sanghamita|Dr. Mamtaz Sanghamita]]
|party= Trinamool Congress
|votes= 595,937
|percentage= 41.58
|change= -4.06
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Abhas Roy Chowdhury
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = 161,329
|percentage = 11.26
|change = -22.33
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate= Ranajit Mukherjee
|party=Indian National Congress
|votes= 38,516
|percentage= 2.69
|change= -0.64
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate= Ramkrishna Malik (Dev)
|party=Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes= 13,766
|percentage= 0.96
|change=+0.07
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate= Sucheta Kundu (Banerjee)
|party= Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|votes= 6,543
|percentage= 0.46
|change=-0.10
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 18,540
|percentage = 1.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 2,439
|percentage = 0.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 14,33,007
|percentage = 82.66
|change = -1.40
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 17,33,578
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing = +12.01
}}

{{Election box end}}

===General election 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Bardhaman]]-[[Durgapur]]<ref name=loksabha2014/> }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Mamtaz Sanghamita]]
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|votes = 5,54,521
|percentage = 41.65
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Prof. S. K. Saidul Haque|Saidul Haque]]
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = 4,47,190
|percentage = 33.59
|change = -16.92
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Debasree Chaudhuri]]
|votes = 2,37,205
|percentage = 17.81
|change = +13.40
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Pradip Agasthi
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 44,355
|percentage = 3.33
|change = -37.65
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Md. Harun
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 11,862
|percentage = 0.89
|change = +0.05
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Sunil Kumar Purkait
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|votes = 7,574
|percentage = 0.56
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Dr. Dhanapati Das
|party = Bahujan Mukti Party
|votes = 6,665
|percentage = 0.50
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Saradamoni Samanta
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 4,984
|percentage = 0.37
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 1,07,331
|percentage = 8.06
|change = -1.47
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 13,31,242
|percentage = 84.07
|change = +0.20
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = +33.19
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Bardhaman]]-[[Durgapur]]<ref name=loksabha2009/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Prof. S. K. Saidul Haque|Saidul Haque]]
|votes = 5,73,399
|percentage = 50.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Nargis Begam
|votes = 4,65,162
|percentage = 40.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Syed Ali Afzal Chand
|votes = 50,081
|percentage = 4.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Shyamali Roy Chowdhury
|votes = 13,316
|percentage = 1.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Assam United Democratic Front
|candidate = Madhu Sudan Shet
|votes = 13,018
|percentage = 1.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Shiba Pada Biswas
|votes = 9,627
|percentage = 0.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = RDMP
|candidate = Suman Sarkar
|votes = 5,826
|percentage = 0.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Ashoke Taru Mallick
|votes = 5,099
|percentage = 0.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 1,08,237
|percentage = 9.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 11,35,028
|percentage = 83.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}
{{Paschim Bardhaman topics}}
{{Purba Bardhaman topics}}
{{coord|23.4|87.6|display=title}}
{{West Bengal elections}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bardhaman-Durgapur Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Paschim Bardhaman district]]
[[Category:Politics of Purba Bardhaman district]]
[[Category:Durgapur]]

List of edicts of Ashoka

2026-05-05T06:18:09Z

Himalayan Dream Treks:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox artefact
| name = List of the Edicts of Ashoka
| image =
| image_caption =
| material =
| size =
| writing =
| created = 3rd century BCE
| discovered =
| location = India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Bangladesh
| id =
| registration =
| map ={{Map of the Edicts of Ashoka}}
}}
The following is an overview of [[Edicts of Ashoka]],<ref>{{Harvnb |Keay|2000|pp.= 93}}</ref> and where they are located.

==Minor Rock Edicts==
{{main|Minor Rock Edicts}}
*[[Kandahar]], Afghanistan
*[[Lampaka]], Afghanistan
*[[Ashokan Edicts in Delhi#Rock edict in Delhi|Bahapur]], [[Delhi]]
*[[Bairat]], near [[Jaipur]], Rajasthan
*Bhabru, second hill at Bairat, [[Rajasthan]]
*Gujarra, near [[Jhansi]], [[Datia district]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]
*Rupnath, on the [[Kaimur Range|Kaimur Hills]] near [[Jabalpur]], Madhya Pradesh
*Ratanpurwa, on the [[Kaimur Range|Kaimur Hills]] near Kharauli-Basaha Road, Bihar
*Panguraria, [[Sehore district]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]
*Sohgaura, [[Gorakhpur district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Sasaram|Sahasram]], [[Rohtas district]], [[Bihar]]
*[[Barabar Caves]], Bihar (donatory inscriptions to the [[Ājīvika]] sect)
*[[Mahasthan]], [[Bogra district]], Bangladesh
*Rajula-Mandagiri, near [[Pattikonda]], [[Kurnool district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
*Jonnagiri, [[Kurnool district|Kurnool]] district, [[Andhra Pradesh]]
*[[Palkigundu and Gavimath, Koppal]] district, [[Karnataka]]
*[[Brahmagiri archaeological site|Brahmagiri]], [[Chitradurga district]], Karnataka
*Jatinga-Rameshwara, near Brahmagiri, Karnataka
*Siddapur, near Brahmagiri, Karnataka
*[[Maski]], [[Raichur district]], Karnataka
*Nittur, [[Bellary district]], Karnataka
*Udegolam, [[Bellary district]], Karnataka

==Minor Pillar Edicts==
{{main|Minor Pillar Edicts}}
*[[Lumbini]] (Rummindei), [[Rupandehi district]], Nepal (the upper part broke off when struck by lightning; the original horse capital mentioned by [[Xuanzang]] is missing)
*Nigali-Sagar (or Nigliva), near Lumbini, Rupandehi district, Nepal (originally near the Buddha Konakarnana stupa)
*[[Sarnath]], near [[Varanasi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] (Pillar Inscription, Schism Edict)
*[[Allahabad]], Uttar Pradesh (originally located at [[Kausambi]] and probably moved to Allahabad by [[Jahangir]]; Pillar Edicts I-VI, Queen's Edict, Schism Edict)
*[[Sanchi]], near [[Bhopal]], Madhya Pradesh (Schism Edict)

==Major Rock Edicts (set of 14)==
{{main|Major Rock Edicts}}
*[[Kandahar Greek Inscription]] (portions of Rock Edicts 12 and 13in Greek) and [[Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription]] (bilingual [[Greek language|Greek]]-[[Aramaic language|Aramaic]]), in [[Kandahar]], Afghanistan.
*[[Shahbazgarhi]], [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], Pakistan (in [[Kharosthi script]])
*[[Mansehra Rock Edicts]], [[Mansehra]], [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] province, Pakistan (in [[Kharosthi script]])
*Kalsi, near [[Chakrata]], [[Dehradun district]], [[Uttarakhand]]
*[[Girnar]], near [[Junagadh]], [[Gujarat]] ([[Ashoka's Major Rock Edict]])
*[[Sopara]], [[Thane district]], [[Maharashtra]] (fragments Rock Edicts 8 and 9)
*[[Dhauli]], near [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha|Orissa]] (includes Kalinga Edict, excludes Rock Edicts 11–13)
*[[Jaugada]], [[Ganjam district]], [[Odisha|Orissa]] (includes Kalinga Edict, excludes Rock Edicts 11–13)
*[[Sannati]], [[Kalaburagi district]], [[Karnataka]] (separate Rock Edicts 1 and 2, fragments Rock Edicts 13 and 14)
*Yerragudi, near [[Gooty]], [[Kurnool district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] (Major Rock Edicts and Minor Rock Edict)

==Major Pillar Edicts (set of 7)==
{{Main|Major Pillar Edicts}}
*[[Kandahar]], Afghanistan (fragments of Pillar Edicts VII)
*[[Ranigat]], [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], Pakistan
*[[Ashokan Edicts in Delhi#Delhi-Meerut pillar|Delhi-Meerut]], [[Delhi ridge]], [[Delhi]] (Pillar Edicts I, II, III, IV, V, VI; moved from [[Meerut]] to [[Delhi]] by [[Feroz Shah]])
*[[Ashokan Edicts in Delhi#Pillar edicts in Delhi|Delhi-Topra]], [[Feroz Shah Kotla]], Delhi (Pillar Edicts I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII; moved from Topra to Delhi by Feroz Shah)
*[[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vaishali]], [[Bihar]] (has no inscription)
*[[Rampurva]], [[Champaran]], [[Bihar]] (Pillar Edicts I, II, III, IV, V, VI)
*[[Lauria Nandangarh|Lauriya-Nandangarth]], Champaran, Bihar (Pillar Edicts I, II, III, IV, V, VI)
*Lauriya-Araraj, Champaran, Bihar (Pillar Edicts I, II, III, IV, V, VI)

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
* Related topics
** [[Ancient iron production]]
** [[Ashokan Edicts in Delhi]]
** [[Ashoka's Major Rock Edicts]]
** [[Dhar iron pillar]]
** [[Gandharan Buddhism]]
** [[Greco-Buddhism]]
** [[History of metallurgy in South Asia]]
** [[Iron pillar of Delhi]]
** [[Pillars of Ashoka]]
** [[Stambha]]
* Other similar topics
** [[Burmese pagoda]]
** [[Early Indian epigraphy]]
** [[Vihāra|Buddhist temple architecture]]
** [[History of India]]
** [[Indian copper plate inscriptions]]
** [[Indian rock-cut architecture]]
** [[List of rock-cut temples in India]]
** [[Outline of ancient India]]
** [[South Indian Inscriptions]]
** [[Tagundaing]]
{{col div end}}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
*{{cite book | first= John| last= Keay | authorlink= John Keay| year=2000 | title= India, a History | publisher= Harper Collins Publishers | location= New York, United States| isbn= 0-00-638784-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3aeQqmcXBhoC&pg=PA93 }}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Upinder|title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century|year=2008|chapter=Chapter 7: Power and Piety: The Maurya Empire, c. 324-187 BCE|publisher=Pearson Education|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-317-1677-9|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA320}}

==External links==
{{commons|Edicts of Ashoka}}
*[http://www.katinkahesselink.net/tibet/asoka-locations.htm The Geographical Locations of The Rock Edicts of Asoka]

[[Category:Monumental columns in India|Edicts of Ashoka]]
[[Category:Edicts of Ashoka| ]]
[[Category:India history-related lists|Edicts of Ashoka]]
[[Category:Lists of buildings and structures in India|Edicts of Ashoka]]
[[Category:Memorials to Ashoka]]
[[Category:Lists of monuments and memorials in India]]

Assi (film)

2026-05-01T23:44:09Z

Himalayan Dream Treks: Created a info

{{Short description|2026 Hindi-language film by Anubhav Sinha}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Assi
| image = Assi film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Anubhav Sinha]]
| writer = [[Gaurav Solanki (writer)|Gaurav Solanki]] Anubhav Sinha
| producer = {{ubl|[[Bhushan Kumar]]|[[Krishan Kumar (actor)|Krishan Kumar]]|Anubhav Sinha}}
| starring = {{ubl|[[Taapsee Pannu]]|[[Kani Kusruti]]|[[Revathy]]|[[Manoj Pahwa]]|[[Kumud Mishra]]|[[Mohammed Zeeshan Ayyub]]}}
| cinematography = [[Ewan Mulligan]]
| editing = Amarjit Singh
| music = [[Ranjit Barot]]
| studio = Benaras Media Works [[T-Series (company)|T-Series Films]]
| distributor = [[Panorama Studios]]
| released = {{Film date|2026|02|20|df=y}}
| runtime = 133 minutes<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/assi-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmta5nzky|title=''Assi'' (18) |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |date=13 February 2026 |access-date=19 February 2026}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = ₹30 crore<ref>{{cite web |last= |first= |title=2026 Biggest Courtroom Drama Assi Earn 95 Lakh at Opening Day in 30 Cr Budget Will Taapsee Pannu Film Flop |website=Zee News |date=21 February 2026 |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/entertainment/bollywood/2026-biggest-courtroom-drama-assi-earn-95-lakh-at-opening-day-in-30-cr-budget-will-taapsee-pannu-film-flop/3117213 |access-date=23 February 2026}}</ref>
| gross = {{estimation}} ₹13.43 crore<ref>{{cite web |last= |first= |title=Assi Box Office Collection |website=Bollywood Hungama |date= |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/assi/box-office/ |access-date=17 April 2026}}</ref>
}}

'''''Assi''''' ({{Translation|Eighty}}) is a 2026 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[courtroom drama]] film directed by [[Anubhav Sinha]] and starring [[Taapsee Pannu]] in the lead role. The film is produced by [[Bhushan Kumar]], [[Krishan Kumar (actor)|Krishan Kumar]] and Anubhav Sinha under the banners of Benaras Mediaworks and [[T-Series (company)|T-Series Films]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 February 2026 |title=Assi box office prediction: Can Taapsee, Anubhav Sinha recreate Thappad magic? Film to open at Mulk, Emergency levels |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/assi-box-office-prediction-taapsee-pannu-anubhav-sinha-recreate-thappad-magic-film-may-open-at-mulk-emergency-levels-101771475165602.html |access-date=19 February 2026 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

The film was released in theatres on 20 February 2026.<ref>{{cite web |title=Taapsee Pannu Reunites With Anubhav Sinha For 'Assi'; Trailer Attached With 'Border 2' |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/taapsee-pannu-reunites-with-anubhav-sinha-for-assi-trailer-attached-with-border-2 |date=27 January 2026 |website=The Hollywood Reporter India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Shbham|last=Kulkarni|title=Assi Trailer Out: Taapsee Pannu Reunites With Anubhav Sinha For Yet Another Courtroom Drama|url=https://varietyindia.com/assi-trailer-out-taapsee-pannu-reunites-with-anubhav-sinha-for-yet-another-courtroom-drama/|date=4 February 2026|website=Variety India}}</ref>
It received positive reviews from critics but emerged as a [[Box office failure|commercial failure]].<ref>{{cite web|first=Arpita|last=Sarkar|title=Assi: Amid positive responses, director Anubhav Sinha says 'mid-size films have the highest chance of good returns'|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/assi-amid-positive-responses-anubhav-sinha-says-mid-size-films-have-the-highest-chance-of-good-returns/490b94002e3|date=22 February 2026|website=OTT Play}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Assi: Amid positive responses, director Anubhav Sinha says 'mid-size films have the highest chance of good returns'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/box-office/assi-box-office-collection-day-6-taapsee-pannu-starrer-courtroom-drama-crosses-rs-6-crore-struggles-to-score-big-despite-having-a-talented-cast/articleshow/128798890.cms|date=26 February 2026|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Parima is a Malayali school teacher living in Delhi with her husband Vinay and their young son, leading a modest but content middle‑class life. One night while returning home from a staff gathering, she is abducted near a metro station by five young men in a car, who brutally gang‑rape her for hours, film parts of the assault, and then dump her on a railway track, assuming she will die. Severely injured, half‑clothed, and bleeding, Parima is discovered by a passerby and rushed to the hospital, where she survives but is left with deep physical and psychological trauma. Her assault quickly becomes a national news story, framed as yet another horrific Delhi rape case, and the film repeatedly reminds viewers that the title “Assi” refers to the statistic of roughly 80 reported rapes a day in India.

The police launch an investigation, rounding up the five accused, but from the beginning the system feels indifferent and corrupt, with hints of bribery, tampered evidence, and half‑hearted paperwork. Vinay struggles between caring for his wife and protecting their son from the media circus and social stigma, while his friend and colleague Kartik grows increasingly disillusioned and angry at how the case is being handled. Around them, Parima’s school distances itself to avoid controversy, neighbours gossip and blame, and some of her own acquaintances falter in their support, illustrating how victims are socially isolated even as their stories are consumed by the public.

Enter Raavi, a fiery, idealistic criminal lawyer who decides to represent Parima and make the case a test of the justice system itself. Much of the film plays out as intense courtroom drama, with Raavi facing a smug and ruthless defence lawyer who uses victim‑blaming tactics: he probes Parima’s character, her clothing, her movements that night, and every inconsistency in her testimony to suggest she is unreliable or complicit. A stern female judge presides, often watching in silence as the trial exposes misogyny embedded in legal procedure, media narratives, and public opinion. Outside court, a corrupt investigating officer wrestles with guilt as he participates in or tolerates the manipulation of crucial forensic evidence and witness intimidation, showing how even “good” individuals get pulled into a rotten system.

As the case drags on, key DNA evidence is compromised, witnesses retract or contradict earlier statements, and the investigation appears to be falling apart, making it look increasingly likely that the accused will walk free. During this middle stretch, the film also tracks a growing undercurrent of public rage: we see protests, social media storms, and ominous shots of ordinary people moving through rain‑soaked streets carrying black umbrellas. These scattered images gradually coalesce into the urban legend of the “Umbrella Man,” a mysterious vigilante or network rumoured to target sexual predators when the courts fail, turning anonymous citizens with umbrellas into a symbol of extra‑legal, crowd‑sourced justice.

The climax hinges on both the verdict and how this vigilante myth plays out. In the official courtroom narrative, after months of gruelling cross‑examination and emotional breakdowns, Raavi manages to rebuild the case using survivor‑focused testimony, corroborating circumstantial evidence, and exposing contradictions in the defendants’ accounts. Against the backdrop of public pressure and her own moral conviction, the judge finally delivers a verdict in Parima’s favour, finding the five men guilty and sentencing them, formally acknowledging the crime and granting Parima legal justice. However, the film frames this legal victory as heavy and sombre rather than triumphant, emphasising that no verdict can reverse the harm or fix the systemic failures that made the case so precarious.

In the parallel “Umbrella Man” thread, the film strongly suggests that while the court has spoken, a shadow form of community justice has also taken root, with hints that other unpunished offenders are being tracked and punished off‑screen by this diffuse, umbrella‑carrying collective. The closing sequences show Parima gaining some emotional closure, but she and the audience are left acutely aware that her case is just one among many, and that the apparent victory emerges from a system that nearly failed her at every step. The final tone is deliberately unsettling: justice arrives, but it feels fragile, conditional, and reliant on both public outrage and the threat of vigilante action, underlining the film’s bleak view of institutional accountability.

== Cast ==
* [[Taapsee Pannu]] as [[Advocate]] Raavi Bhatkal
* [[Kani Kusruti]] as Parima
* [[Revathi|Revathy]] as Vasudha
* [[Manoj Pahwa]] as Deepraj Saini
* [[Kumud Mishra]] as Kartik
* [[Mohammed Zeeshan Ayyub]] as Vinay
* [[Satyajit Sharma]] as Opposition lawyer Adv Prakash Jaiswal, B.A. L.L.B
* Advik Jaiswal as Dhruv
* Vipul Guptta as Ballu
* Jatin Goswami as Inspector Sanjay Chautala
* Sahil Sethi as Sameer
* Abhishek Kaushal as Bunty
* Tejender Singh as Ghool
* Abhishant Rana as Nikka
* Sudhana Sankar as Meera
* Pahal Samyani as Shweta
* Tripti Thakur as Savita
* Akshara Padwal as Vidya
* Neelam Gehlot as Suman
* Gauri Dhawal as Megha
* Devendra Chauhan as Sandeep
* Anaya Goyal as Sana
* Divyansh Mohan as Charlie
* Akanksha Choudhary as Kaveri

'''Special appearances'''
* [[Seema Pahwa]] as school principal
* [[Supriya Pathak]] as Deepraj’s wife
* [[Naseeruddin Shah]] as the umbrella man

== Production ==

The film was developed by [[Anubhav Sinha]] under his banner Benaras Media Works in collaboration with [[T-Series (company)|T-Series Films]]. The screenplay was written by Sinha along with [[Gaurav Solanki (writer)|Gaurav Solanki]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Assi box office prediction: Can Taapsee, Anubhav Sinha recreate Thappad magic? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/assi-box-office-prediction-taapsee-pannu-anubhav-sinha-recreate-thappad-magic-film-may-open-at-mulk-emergency-levels-101771475165602.html |access-date=19 February 2026 |work=Hindustan Times |date=19 February 2026}}</ref> The project marked another collaboration between Sinha and [[Taapsee Pannu]] following their earlier films together.<ref>{{cite web |title=Taapsee Pannu Reunites With Anubhav Sinha For 'Assi'; Trailer Attached With 'Border 2' |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/taapsee-pannu-reunites-with-anubhav-sinha-for-assi-trailer-attached-with-border-2 |date=27 January 2026 |work=The Hollywood Reporter India}}</ref> [[Principal photography]] took place in 2025. The film’s cinematography was handled by [[Ewan Mulligan]], with editing by Amarjit Singh. The music and background score were composed by [[Ranjit Barot]].<ref>{{cite web |title=ASSI: Mann Hawa (Song) |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/videos/movie-songs/assi-mann-hawa-song-taapsee-pannu-rochak-kohli-mohit-chauhan-parampara-anubhav-sinha-bhushan-kumar/ |access-date=19 February 2026 |work=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Assi
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Ranjit Barot]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2026|2|1}}
| recorded = 2025–2026
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer = [[Ranjit Barot]]
}}
The songs featured in the film are composed by [[Ranjit Barot]]. The [[film score]] is also composed by Barot.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |title=ASSI: Mann Hawa (Song) {{!}} Taapsee Pannu {{!}} Rochak Kohli, Mohit Chauhan, Parampara {{!}} Anubhav Sinha {{!}} Bhushan Kumar - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/videos/movie-songs/assi-mann-hawa-song-taapsee-pannu-rochak-kohli-mohit-chauhan-parampara-anubhav-sinha-bhushan-kumar/ |access-date=19 February 2026 |language=en}}</ref> The first single from the film, titled "Mann Hawa", was released ahead of the theatrical launch.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |first2= |date=9 February 2026 |title=Assi: Mann Hawa song from Taapsee Pannu's film is a celebration of Mohit Chauhan's return {{!}} Watch |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/news/assi-mann-hawa-song-from-taapsee-pannu-s-film-is-a-celebration-of-mohit-chauhan-s-return-watch-2026-02-09-1029550 |access-date=19 February 2026 |website=India TV News |language=en}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 9:43
| title1 = Mann Hawa
| extra1 = [[Mohit Chauhan]], [[Parampara Tandon]], [[Rochak Kohli]]
| lyrics1 = [[Kumaar]]
| music1 = [[Rochak Kohli]]
| length1 = 5:30
| title2 = Maai Teri Yaad
| extra2 = [[Swanand Kirkire]]
| lyrics2 = Swanand Kirkire
| music2 = Swanand Kirkire
| length2 = 4:13
}}

== Release ==
The film was released in theatres on 20 February 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Praveen |date=23 January 2026 |title=Taapsee Pannu's Assi Sparks Debate Ahead of February 2026 Release |url=https://tmv.in/article/taapsee-pannus-assi-sparks-debate-ahead-of-february-2026-release |access-date=17 February 2026 |website=The Morning Voice |language=en}}</ref>

=== Home media ===
After its theatrical run, it is expected to be made available for streaming in [[ZEE5]] on 17 April 2026.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/assi-ott-release-when-and-where-to-watch-taapsee-pannus-courtroom-drama-online-after-its-theatrical-release/articleshow/128507653.cms |title='Assi' OTT release: When and where to watch Taapsee Pannu's courtroom drama online after its theatrical release |date=18 February 2026 |access-date=12 April 2026 |work=[[Times of India]] }}</ref>

==Reception==
''Assi'' received positive reviews from critics. {{Rotten Tomatoes prose|90|7.2|10|access-date={{RT data|access date}}}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Assi {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/assi |access-date=2026-03-02 |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |language=en}}</ref>

Rahul Desai of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter India]]'' commented that "Anubhav Sinha attempts to recreate the urgency of '[[Mulk (film)|Mulk]],' but something is amiss this time, and When heavy-handed intent consumes storytelling"<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desai|first=Rahul |date=20 February 2026 |title=Assi' Movie Review: A Social Drama That Expects Complete Surrender|url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/theatrical/assi-movie-review-a-social-drama-that-expects-complete-surrender|access-date=20 February 2026 |website=The Hollywood Reporter India |language=en}}</ref>
[[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 3 stars out of 5 and writes that "Taapsee Pannu film is totally and deliberately in your face, with the filmmakers clearly hoping that you will never be able to get it out of your mind and heart."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta|first=Shubhra |date=20 February 2026 |title=Assi movie review: Kani Kusruti, Taapsee Pannu star in urgent, imperative call to arms, a must-watch|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/assi-movie-review-kani-kusruti-taapsee-pannu-star-in-urgent-imperative-call-to-arms-a-must-watch-10542017/|access-date=20 February 2026 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Nandini Ramnath of ''[[Scroll.in]]'' stated that "Harrowing, hard-hitting and high-minded – Assi proudly wears the triple-H crown of the conscience-pricking Bollywood social drama."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramnath|first=Nandini|date=20 February 2026 |title=Review: 'Assi' reaches for shock treatment to talk about rape culture|url=https://scroll.in/reel/1090847/review-assi-reaches-for-shock-treatment-to-talk-about-rape-culture|access-date=20 February 2026 |website=Scroll.in|language=en}}</ref>
Savera R Someshwar writing for ''[[Rediff.com]]'' rated it 3/5 strars and observed that "There are moments in Assi when you will get scared, when you will get angry, when you will feel helpless... when you will realise the enormity of the crime."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Someshwar|first=Savera R|date=20 February 2026 |title=Assi Review: The Message Is Very Strong|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/assi-review-taapsee-pannu-anubhav-sinha/20260216.htm|access-date=20 February 2026 |website=Rediff.com|language=en}}</ref>

A critic of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' gave 3.5 stars out of 5 and writes that "ASSI is a hard-hitting courtroom drama that unsettles and stays with you, powered by a gripping premise and solid performances, especially by Taapsee Pannu and Kani Kusruti."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama|first=Bollywood|date=20 February 2026 |title=Assi Movie Review: ASSI is a hardhitting courtroom drama.|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/assi/critic-review/assi-movie-review/assi-is-a-hard-hitting-courtroom-drama/|access-date=20 February 2026 |website=Bollywood Hungama|language=en}}</ref>
Rishabh Suri of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' gave 3 stars out of 5 and writes that "This is not a comfortable film, nor does it aim to be. It wants to provoke, to keep the wound open just long enough for the viewer to sit with the discomfort. Assi may not always find the most nuanced way to make its point, but its heart is in the right place, and in today’s climate, that urgency still counts for something."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suri|first=Rishabh|date=20 February 2026 |title=Assi review: This Taapsee Pannu-Anubhav Sinha film is important, impactful, inconsistent|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/assi-review-this-taapsee-pannu-anubhav-sinha-film-is-important-impactful-inconsistent-101771313556125.html|access-date=20 February 2026 |website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

Anuj Kumar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' observed that "The good thing is, despite being deeply political, Assi’s subtext is not confined to any one side of the ideological discourse on the problem."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar|first=Anuj|date=20 February 2026 |title='Assi' movie review: An unyielding indictment of collective complicity|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/assi-movie-review-taapsee-pannu-anubhav-sinha-an-unyielding-indictment-of-collective-complicity/article70646517.ece|access-date=20 February 2026 |website=The Hindu|language=en}}</ref>
Dhaval Roy of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 4 stars out of 5 and said that "Though hard-hitting, the narrative resists melodrama, making it more thought-provoking than sensational. It adopts a forward-looking stance through the children who appear during the proceedings, suggesting the need to sensitise the next generation."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roy|first=Dhaval|date=16 February 2026 |title=Assi Movie Review: Hard-hitting, horrifying, and heartfelt, this courtroom drama is impossible to ignore|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/assi/movie-review/128338037.cms|access-date=20 February 2026 |website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

Vineeta Kumar of ''[[India Today]]'' gave 3.5 stars out of 5 and writes that "Anubhav Sinha's Assi is not an easy watch, and it isn't meant to be. The film confronts sexual violence, patriarchy and the justice system without offering comfort."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar|first=Vineeta|date=16 February 2026 |title=Assi review: Not easy. Not optional. Like the truth we avoid about women's safety|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/assi-review-not-easy-nassi-movie-review-taapsee-pannu-anubhav-sinha-film-is-not-easy-not-optional-like-the-truth-we-avoid-about-women-safetyot-pptional-like-the-truth-we-avoid-about-womens-safety-2868408-2026-02-15|access-date=20 February 2026 |website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>
Devesh Sharma of ''[[Filmfare]]'' rated it 4/5 stars and stated that "Assi is, ultimately, a film about complicity, familial, institutional and societal. It acknowledges police overwork and corruption without caricature."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma|first=Devesh|date=14 February 2026 |title=Assi Movie Review: A Searing Analyses of The Rape Culture|url=https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/assi-movie-review-a-searing-analyses-of-the-rape-culture-81741.html|access-date=20 February 2026 |website=Filmfare|language=en}}</ref>
Sarita A Tanwar writing for ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety India]]'' stated that "Anubhav Sinha’s ‘Assi’ manages to unsettle you to the core. The impact of the film lingers on your mind long after you’ve left the cinema hall."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tanwar|first=Sarita A|date=14 February 2026 |title='Assi' Review: Manages to unsettle you to the core, impact lingers long after credits roll|url=https://varietyindia.com/assi-review-manages-to-unsettle-you-to-the-core-impact-lingers-long-after-credits-roll/|access-date=21 February 2026 |website=Variety|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt39392533|Assi}}
* {{BH movie|assi}}
{{Anubhav Sinha}}

[[Category:Films directed by Anubhav Sinha]]
[[Category:2026 Indian films]]
[[Category:2026 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:T-Series (company) films]]
[[Category:Films about lawyers]]
[[Category:Films about social issues in India]]
[[Category:Indian courtroom films]]
[[Category:Films about rape in India]]
[[Category:Films about women in India]]

Bihar University of Health Sciences

2026-05-01T00:02:39Z

Himalayan Dream Treks: Created a article

{{Short description|Public medical university in Bihar, India}}
{{Infobox university
| name = '''Bihar University of Health Sciences'''
| native_name = '''बिहार स्वास्थ्य विज्ञान विश्वविद्यालय'''
| native_name_lang = iso 15919
| image = File:Bihar University of Health Sciences Logo.svg
| caption = Official [[Seal (emblem)|seal]] of BUHS
| other_name = BUHS, Patna
| motto = {{native phrase|sa|Swasthyam Sarvārtha-Sādhanam |italics=on}}
| motto_lang = sa
| mottoeng = Health is the means to all achievements
| established = {{start date and age|1 July 2022}}
| budget =
| chancellor = [[Chief Minister of Bihar]]
| vice_chancellor = Dr. Bindey Kumar ''(acting)''
| city = [[Patna]]
| state = [[Bihar]]
| country = [[India]] [[File:Flag of India.svg|25px]]
| coordinates = {{coord|25.592382|N|85.134976|E|type:edu|display=title}}
| type = [[Public university|Public]] [[Medical University]]
| campus = [[Urban area|Urban]]
| language = [[English language|English]] [[Hindi]]
| colors = {{color box|purple}} {{color box|blue}} Purple & Blue
| affiliations = {{hlist|[[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]|[[Association of Indian Universities|AIU]]}}
| website = {{URL|http://buhs.ac.in/}}
| logo = File:BHU EN(3).svg
| logo_size =
| logo_upright =
| logo_alt =
}}
[[File:Bihar University of Health Sciences, Patna.jpg|300px|thumb|Bihar University of Health Sciences, Patna]]

'''Bihar University of Health Sciences''' (abbreviated as '''BUHS''')<ref>{{cite web |title=BUHS logo color interpretation|url= https://buhs.ac.in/buhs/BHUEDU/BUHS_LOGO_for_website.pdf?}}</ref> is a [[Public university|Public]] [[medical university]] in [[Patna]] established on 1 July 2022 by the [[Government of Bihar]] through the enactment of The Bihar University of Health Sciences Act 2021 (Bihar Act No. 19 of 2021) <ref>{{cite news |title= Bihar University of Health Sciences Act 2021|date=2023-03-15|url=https://buhs.ac.in/BHUEDU/UploadedImage/Act_Image/doct2023102615539953.pdf|access-date=2023-04-14}}</ref> to affiliate all the existing health science colleges and institutions, set up by the Government and/or Trust or Society, which were earlier affiliated to the conventional universities in Bihar with a purpose of ensuring proper, systematic and uniform instruction, teaching, training and research in modern and Indians systems of medicine.

==Administration==
===Governance===
The [[Chief Minister of Bihar]] Mr. [[Samrat Choudhary]] is the chancellor of the [[Bihar University of Health Sciences|BUHS]]. This university became active with the appointment of Dr. Surendra Nath Sinha as the first vice-chancellor of BUHS.<ref>{{cite news|title= BUHS चिकित्सा एवं पैरामेडिकल परीक्षाओं में तेजी लाएगा|newspaper=The Times of India |date=7 April 2023 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/buhs-to-expedite-medical-paramedical-exams/articleshow/99311175.cms|access-date=28 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=बिहार स्वास्थ्य विज्ञान विश्वविद्यालय को मिला पहला कुलपति|url=https://www.shiksha.com/news/medicine-health-sciences-bihar-health-science-university-gets-its-first-vice-chancellor-blogId-97639|access-date=28 June 2023}}</ref>

===Affiliations===
The Bihar University of Health Science is an affiliating university and has jurisdiction over all the medical, nursing<ref>{{cite news|title= पटना हाईकोर्ट का बड़ा फैसला: बिहार स्वास्थ्य विज्ञान विश्वविद्यालय को मिला नर्सिंग पाठ्यक्रमों की परीक्षा और संबद्धता का अधिकार|newspaper= Jagran|date=19 October 2025 |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/patna-city-patna-high-court-bihar-health-sciences-university-gets-nursing-exam-rights-40013889.html}}</ref>, and paramedical colleges of the entire state of Bihar. The [[Bihar University of Health Sciences|BUHS]]<ref>{{cite news|title= CM नीतीश ने BUHS और BEU परिसरों का किया दौरा, निर्माण कार्य समय पर पूरा करने का दिया निर्देश|newspaper= Patna Press|date=24 December 2025 |url=https://patnapress.com/nitish-kumar-inspects-bihar-universities-mithapur-speedy-completion/}}</ref> is currently operating from the office of [[Aryabhatta Knowledge University|AKU]].

== Government Medical Colleges (Allopathy)==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! S.No
! College name !! Location !! District !! Established year !! No. of Seats(MBBS) !! Stream
|-
|01
| [[Patna Medical College and Hospital]] || [[Patna]] || [[Patna district]] || 1925 || 200 || Allopathy
|-
|02
| [[Darbhanga Medical College and Hospital]] || [[Darbhanga]] || [[Darbhanga district]] || 1946 || 120 || Allopathy
|-
|03
| Anugrah Narayan Magadh Medical College and Hospital || [[Gaya (India)|Gaya]] || [[Gaya district]] || 1969 || 120 || Allopathy
|-
|04
| [[Nalanda Medical College and Hospital]] || [[Patna]] || [[Patna district]] || 1970 || 150 || Allopathy
|-
|05
| [[Sri Krishna Medical College and Hospital]] || [[Muzaffarpur]] || [[Muzaffarpur district]] || 1970 || 120 || Allopathy
|-
|06
| Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Bhagalpur || [[Bhagalpur]] || [[Bhagalpur district]] || 1971 || 120 || Allopathy
|-
|07
| Government Medical College, Bettiah || [[Bettiah]] || [[West Champaran district]] || 2013 || 120 || Allopathy
|-
|08
| Bhagwan Mahavir Institute of Medical Sciences || [[Pawapuri]] || [[Nalanda district]] || 2013 || 120 || Allopathy
|-
|09
| [[Jannayak Karpoori Thakur Medical College and Hospital, Madhepura]] || [[Madhepura]] || [[Madhepura district]] || 2020 || 100 || Allopathy
|-
|10
|[[ESIC Medical College and Hospital, Patna]]|| [[Bihta]] || [[Patna district]] || 2021 || 100 || Allopathy
|-
|11
| [[Government Medical College and Hospital, Purnea]] || [[Purnea]] || [[Purnea district]] || 2023 || 100 || Allopathy
|-
|12
| [[Shri Ram Janki Medical College and Hospital]] || [[Sarairanjan]] || [[Samastipur district]] || 2024 || 100 || Allopathy
|-
|13
| [[Government Medical College and Hospital, Chapra]] || [[Chhapra|Chapra]] || [[Saran district]] || 2025 || 100 || Allopathy
|-
|}

== Private Medical Colleges (Allopathy)==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! S.No
! College name !! Location !! District !! Established year !! No. of Seats(MBBS) !! Stream
|-
|01
| [[Lord Buddha Koshi Medical College and Hospital]] || [[Saharsa]] || [[Saharsa district]] || 2012 || 150 || Allopathy
|-
|02
| Madhubani Medical College and Hospital || [[Madhubani, Bihar|Madhubani]] || [[Madhubani district]] || 2018 || 150 || Allopathy
|-
|03
| [[Netaji Subhas Medical College and Hospital]] || [[Bihta]] || [[Patna district]] || 2020 || 150 || Allopathy
|-
|04
| Radha Devi Jageshwari Memorial Medical College and Hospital || [[Muzaffarpur]] || [[Muzaffarpur district]] || 2021 || 150 || Allopathy
|-
|05
| Shree Narayan Medical Institute and Hospital || [[Saharsa]] || [[Saharsa district]] || 2021 || 150 || Allopathy
|}

== Nursing Colleges ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! S.No
! College name !! Location !! District !! Established year !! No. of Seats(B.Sc Nursing) !! Type
|-
|01
| AHS Nursing College & Hospital || [[Samastipur]] || [[Samastipur district]] || 2023 || 60 || Private
|-
|02
| [[Alay Fatima Hai College of Nursing]] || [[Patna]] || [[Patna district]] || 2023 || 60 || Private
|-
|}

== Pharmacy Colleges ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! S.No
! College name !! Location !! District !! Established year !! No. of Seats(B. Pharma) !! Type
|-
|01
| [[Government Pharmacy Institute, Patna]] || [[Patna]] || [[Patna district]] || 1958 || 100 || Government
|-
|02
| Chanakya College of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Bhojpur || Chanakya Nagar || [[Bhojpur district, India|Bhojpur]] || 2008 || 100 || Private
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Affiliated colleges==
* Affiliated colleges under [[Bihar University of Health Sciences]][https://buhs.ac.in/buhs/BHUEDU/Affiliated_Colleges.aspx]

{{Universities in Bihar}}
{{Education in India}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Medical and health sciences universities in India]]
[[Category:Medical colleges in Bihar]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2022]]
[[Category:2022 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:Universities in Patna]]

Kaari (film)

2026-04-27T10:24:32Z

Himalayan Dream Treks:

{{Short description|2022 Indian film by Hemanth}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kaari
| image = Kaari poster.jpeg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Hemanth
| writer = Hemanth
| producer = S. Lakshman Kumar
| starring = [[M. Sasikumar]] [[Parvathy Arun]] [[J. D. Chakravarthy]] [[Balaji Sakthivel]]
| cinematography = Ganesh Chandhrra
| editing = T. Shivanandeeswaran
| music = [[D. Imman]]
| studio = Prince Pictures
| distributor =
| released ={{film date|2022|11|25|df=y}}
| runtime = 142 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Kaari''''' ({{Translation|Effective}}) is a 2022 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[sports film|sports]] [[action drama film|action drama]] film written and directed by Hemanth, in his directorial debut, and produced by S. Lakshman Kumar under the banner of Prince Pictures.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2022 |title=Sasikumar's rural action entertainer titled Kaari |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sasikumars-rural-action-entertainer-titled-kaari/articleshow/90507112.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619102959/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sasikumars-rural-action-entertainer-titled-kaari/articleshow/90507112.cms |archive-date=19 June 2022 |access-date=19 June 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film stars [[M. Sasikumar]], [[Parvathy Arun]], [[J. D. Chakravarthy]] and [[Balaji Sakthivel]], with [[Aadukalam Naren]], [[Ammu Abhirami]], [[Redin Kingsley]] and [[Nagineedu]] in supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 June 2022 |title=Sasikumar's 'Kaari' trailer gets over 2 million views in a day |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=970352 |website=[[Daijiworld Media]]}}</ref> The music was composed by [[D. Imman]], and cinematography and editing handled by Ganesh Chandhrra and T. Shivanandeeswaran, respectively.

This is the eighth collaboration of Sasikumar and Namo Naryana after ''[[Naadodigal]]'', ''[[Poraali]]'', ''[[Kutti Puli]]'', ''[[Asuravadham]]'', ''[[Naadodigal 2]]'', ''[[Udanpirappe]]'', ''[[MGR Magan]]'' and ''[[Raajavamsam]]'' and Sasikumar's first collaboration with Hemanth. The film were predominantly shot in [[Chennai]] and [[Ramanathapuram]].

The film was released in theatres on 25 November 2022<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 October 2022 |title=சசிகுமாரின் மாறுபட்ட நடிப்பில் 'காரி'... ரிலீஸ் தேதி அறிவிப்பு ! |url=https://ttncinema.com/kollywood/Sasikumar-Kaari-movie-release-date-announced!/cid8961329.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023191318/https://ttncinema.com/kollywood/Sasikumar-Kaari-movie-release-date-announced!/cid8961329.htm |archive-date=23 October 2022 |access-date=23 October 2022 |website=TTN Cinema}}</ref> and received positive reviews.

==Plot==
{{More plot|date=November 2022}}

A champion race jockey, a multi millionaire, and a simple village girl, these three characters and the rustic villagers of Kariyoor are so apart and distant that they don’t know each other until one day their lives change when fate brings them on a direct collision course. The ensuing screenplay is a race of action, stunts, and events that roller coaster though high emotion, pain, love, betrayal and sacrifice.

==Cast==

*[[M. Sasikumar]] as Sethu
*[[Parvathy Arun]] as Meena
*[[J. D. Chakravarthy]] as SKR<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 April 2022 |title=Sasikumar to face-off against JD Chakravarthy in Kaari |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sasikumar-to-face-off-against-jd-chakravarthy-in-kaari/articleshow/90597658.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619103000/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sasikumar-to-face-off-against-jd-chakravarthy-in-kaari/articleshow/90597658.cms |archive-date=19 June 2022 |access-date=19 June 2022 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
*[[Balaji Sakthivel]] as Meena's father
*[[Aadukalam Naren]] as Vellasaamy, Sethu's father
*[[Ammu Abhirami]] as Sethu's friend
*[[Redin Kingsley]] as Sethu's friend
*[[Nagineedu]] as Duraipandi
*[[Ramkumar Ganesan]] as Sethu's coach
*Samyuktha Shanmuganathan as SKR's wife
*[[Prem Kumar (Tamil actor)|Prem]] as Sethu's friend
*[[Namo Narayana]] as MLA
*Arunmozhithevan as village villain in Jallikattu
*Rajapandi as Village Founder

==Production==
On 29 March 2022, the film's official title was unveiled as ''Kaari''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2022 |title=Sasikumar to headline Kaari |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/mar/29/sasikumar-to-headline-kaari-30552.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205105643/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/mar/29/sasikumar-to-headline-kaari-30552.html |archive-date=5 December 2022 |access-date=19 June 2022 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Kaari
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[D. Imman]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 14 October 2022
| recorded = 2022
| venue =
| studio = D. Imman Sound Factory, Chennai
| genre = [[soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = Tamil
| label = [[Sony Music India]]
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Captain (2022 film)|Captain]]
| prev_year = 2022
| next_title = [[DSP (film)|DSP]]
| next_year = 2022
| misc = {{Singles
| single1 = Goppamavaney
| single1date = 30 March 2022
| single2 = Saanjikkava
| single2date = 14 July 2022
| single3 = Engum Oli Pirakkumay
| single3date = 1 July 2022
| single4 = Thalaimaganey
| single4date = 9 December 2022 (After the film's release)
}}
}}
[[D. Imman]] composed the soundtrack and background score of the film while collaborating with actor Sasikumar for fourth time after ''[[Vetrivel]]'', ''[[Kennedy Club]]'' and ''[[Udanpirappe]]'' and director Hemanth for first time. The audio rights were acquired by [[Sony Music India]]. The first single "Goppamavaney" was released on 30 March 2022.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1509080137660530695 |user=SonyMusicSouth |title=Make way for the first single from #Kaari to be launched by VijaySethupathi at 7PM today! 🥁💥 |date=30 March 2022}}</ref> The second single "Saanjikkava" was released on 14 June 2022.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1536337568207237120 |user=Prince_Pictures |title=#Saanjikkava - a cute love melody from the movie #KAARI in the voice of @sidsriram is on its way and will arrive by 2moro @ 06:00 pm |date=13 June 2022}}</ref> The third single "Engum Oli Pirakkumay" was released on 1 July 2022.<ref>{{Cite tweet |date=30 June 2022 |title=#EngumOliPirakkumay #KAARI's Third single drops tomorrow @ 5:30 pm Sung by MuthuChippi! |user=immancomposer|number=1542527199232016384}}</ref> The last single "Thalaimaganey" was released on 9 December 2022 after the film's release.{{fact|date=October 2025}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Goppamavaney
| length1 = 4:42
| extra1 = [[Kailash Kher]], [[Madhu Balakrishnan]]
| lyrics1 = Lalithanand
| title2 = Saanjikkava
| length2 = 4:05
| extra2 = [[Sid Sriram]]
| lyrics2 = Lalithanand
| title3 = Engum Oli Pirakkumay
| length3 = 4:14
| extra3 = Muthu Sirpi
| lyrics3 = Hemanth
| title4 = Thalaimaganey
| length4 = 2:36
| extra4 = Swasthika Swaminathan
| lyrics4 = Hemanth
| total_length = 14:97
}}

==Release==

===Theatrical===
The film was released in theatres on 25 November 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-15 |title=Sasikumar-starrer 'Kaari' to release on November 25 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2022/Nov/15/sasikumar-starrer-kaari-to-release-on-november-25-2518555.html |access-date=2026-04-27 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

===Home media===
The film began [[ZEE5]] from 23 December 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 October 2022 |title=Sasikumar's 'Kaari' to release on December 23 in OTT |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sasikumars-kaari-to-release-on-december-23-in-ott/articleshow/96342799.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226070823/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sasikumars-kaari-to-release-on-december-23-in-ott/articleshow/96342799.cms |archive-date=26 December 2022 |access-date=7 January 2024 |website=Times Of India}}</ref>

==Reception==
Logesh Balachandran of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "Kaari is interesting and engaging in parts, but it isn't impactful enough for the audience to remember."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kaari Movie Review : A decent rural action drama with some engaging moments |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/kaari/movie-review/95755375.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125050421/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/kaari/movie-review/95755375.cms |archive-date=25 November 2022 |access-date=25 November 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> ''[[Dinamalar]]'' rated the film 2 out of 5 stars.<ref>{{Cite web |title=காரி - விமர்சனம் {2/5} |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/movie-review/3236/Kaari/ |access-date=25 November 2022 |website=[[Dinamalar]]}}</ref> A critic for ''[[News18]]'' wrote "On the technical front, including cinematography and music, Kaari doesn’t disappoint. Ganesh Chandra’s camerawork is brilliant in this Tamil film."<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 November 2022 |title=Kaari Review: M Sasikumar Gives Power-packed Performance In This Sports Actioner |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/kaari-review-m-sasikumar-gives-power-packed-performance-in-this-sports-actioner-6470389.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125141159/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/kaari-review-m-sasikumar-gives-power-packed-performance-in-this-sports-actioner-6470389.html |archive-date=25 November 2022 |access-date=25 November 2022 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref> Navein Darshan of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' wrote "But ironically, the tasteful ingredients in Kaari don't blend well together as a wholesome dish."<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 November 2022 |title=Kaari Movie Review: Much to like in this rural actioner |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2022/nov/25/kaari-movie-reviewmuch-to-like-in-this-rural-actioner-37043.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128201607/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2022/nov/25/kaari-movie-reviewmuch-to-like-in-this-rural-actioner-37043.html |archive-date=28 January 2023 |access-date=7 January 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]]'' gave the film 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "In D. Imman’s music, the songs and background score help to carry the heavy story with ease."<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 November 2022 |title=காரி: திரை விமர்சனம் |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/904404-kaari-movie-review-2.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201052722/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/904404-kaari-movie-review-2.html |archive-date=1 December 2022 |access-date=7 January 2024 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]]}}</ref> A critic for ''[[Cinema Vikatan]]'' wrote that "If only one issue had been approached with more depth and clarity of understanding, this Kaari would have been furious!"<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 November 2022 |title=காரி விமர்சனம்: ஒரு படத்துல ஓராயிரம் மெசேஜா? இந்த ஜல்லிக்கட்டு சினிமா பாய்கிறதா, பதுங்குகிறதா? |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/kaari-review-sasikumars-yet-another-average-village-affair |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204185123/https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/kaari-review-sasikumars-yet-another-average-village-affair |archive-date=4 February 2023 |access-date=7 January 2024 |website=[[Cinema Vikatan]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|21610148}}
*[https://www.zee5.com/movies/details/kaari/0-0-1z5273917 ''Kaari''] on [[ZEE5]]

[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:2022 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2022 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian sports drama films]]
[[Category:2020s sports drama films]]
[[Category:2022 sports films]]
[[Category:2022 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2022 action drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by D. Imman]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Sports action films]]

Sarasa Venkatanarayana Bhatti

2026-04-23T09:02:41Z

Himalayan Dream Treks: put up the article nd citations...

{{Short description|Judge of the Supreme Court of India}}
{{BLP sources|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sarasa Venkatanarayana Bhatti
| image = Justice S. V. Bhatti.jpg
| caption =
| office = Judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]]
| term_start = 14 July 2023
| term_end =
| appointer = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| nominator = [[Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud]]
| office1 = 37th Chief Justice of the [[Kerala High Court]]
| term_start1 = 1 June 2023
| term_end1 = 13 July 2023
| nominator1 = [[Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud]]
| appointer1 = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| office2 = Acting Chief Justice of the [[Kerala High Court]]
| appointer2 = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| term_start2 = 24 April 2023
| term_end2 = 31 May 2023
| office3 = Judge of the [[Kerala High Court]]
| term_start3 = 19 March 2019
| term_end3 = 23 April 2023
| appointer3 = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| nominator3 = [[Ranjan Gogoi]]
| office4 = Judge of the [[Andhra Pradesh High Court]]
| term_start4 = 12 April 2013
| term_end4 = 18 March 2019
| appointer4 = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| nominator4 = [[Altamas Kabir]]
| alma_mater = Jagadguru Renukacharya College, [[Bengaluru]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1962|5|6|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Madanapalle]], [[Chittoor district|Chittoor]], [[Andhra Pradesh|AP]]
| father = Ramakrishnaiah
| mother = Annapurnamma
| spouse =
| children =
| website =
| signature =
| predecessor1 = [[S. Manikumar]]
| successor1 = [[Ashish Jitendra Desai]]
}}
'''Sarasa Venkatanarayana Bhatti''' (born 6 May 1962) is a judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]] and a former chief justice of the [[Kerala High Court]]. He has also served as the acting chief justice of the [[Kerala High Court]]<ref name="R1">{{cite web|url=https://hckerala.gov.in/judges.php|title=Official|via=Official website High Court of Kerala|date=|access-date=12 Mar 2022}}</ref><ref name="R2">{{cite web|url=https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2019/03/07/kerala-hc-justice-sarasa-venkatanarayana-bhatti-transferred-from-andhra-pradesh-hc/|title=Justice Sarasa Venkatanarayana Bhatti transferred from Andhra Pradesh HC|via=New Indian Express News|date=7 Mar 2019|access-date=12 Mar 2022}}</ref><ref name="R3">{{cite web|url=https://doj.gov.in/sites/default/files/Transfer%20order%20of%20Justice%20S%20V%20Bhatti%20Judge%20of%20AP%20HC%20as%20a%20Judge%20of%20Kerala%20HC%20%2805.03.2019%29.pdf|title=Transfer order|via=Department of Justice|date=5 Mar 2019|access-date=12 Mar 2022}}</ref> and judge of the [[Kerala High Court]] and [[Andhra Pradesh High Court]].

==Early life and education==
Bhatti was born to Ramakrishnaiah and Annapurnamma at [[Madanapalle]], [[Chittoor district|Chittoor]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He attended Giri Rao Theosophical High School, [[Madanapalle]] for primary education, graduated in commerce from [[Besant Theosophical College|Beasant Theosophical College, Madanapalle]] and obtained a degree in law from Jagadguru Renukacharya College, [[Bengaluru]].

==Career==
Bhatti enrolled as an advocate on 21 January 1987 and started practicing in [[Andhra Pradesh High Court]] at Hyderabad. During his practice, he served as standing counsel for [[Hindustan Shipyard]], Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board, [[Indian Maritime University]], [[Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited]], [[Bharat Electronics]], BHPV, RSVP etc. and also served as Special Government Pleader during 2000–2003. On 12 April 2013 he was elevated as Additional Judge of High Court of Andhra Pradesh and served as judge of High Court of Judicature at Hyderabad for the State of [[Telangana]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]] until bifurcation and establishment of High Court of Andhra Pradesh at [[Amaravathi]] on 1 June 2014 and continued to serve at Amaravathi till 18 March 2019 and upon transfer, from 19 March 2019 he served as permanent judge of Kerala High Court and Chairman of Kerala High Court Legal Services Committee.<ref name="R1"/><ref name="R4">{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/telangana-andhra-pradesh-to-get-separate-high-courts-5511101/|title=Telangana, Andhra Pradesh to get separate High Courts|via=Indian Express|date=27 Dec 2018|access-date=12 Mar 2022}}</ref><ref name="R5">{{cite web|url=https://hc.ap.nic.in/hcapnew/svbj.html|title=Official Website of High Court of AP|via=Official Website|access-date=12 Mar 2022}}</ref><ref name="R6">{{cite web|url=https://www.kelsa.nic.in/members.htm|title=Official Website of High Court Legal Service Committee|via=Official Website|access-date=12 Mar 2022}}</ref> He was appointed as acting chief justice of the [[Kerala High Court]] on 24 April 2023. He was appointed as chief justice of the [[Kerala High Court]] on 1 June 2023. He was appointed as the [[Judge]] of the [[Supreme Court of India]] on 14 July 2023.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Sitting Judges of the Supreme Court of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhatti, Sarasa Venkatanarayana}}
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:Judges of the Andhra Pradesh High Court]]
[[Category:Judges of the Kerala High Court]]
[[Category:Justices of the Supreme Court of India]]
[[Category:People from Chittoor district]]

Deviya Rane

2026-04-19T05:29:34Z

Himalayan Dream Treks: starting a bio

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Deviya Vishwajit Rane
| image = Deviya Rane.png
| caption = Rane in 2024
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Goa]], India
| office = '''Member of [[Goa Legislative Assembly]]'''
| term_start = 10 March 2022
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Pratapsingh Rane]]
| successor =
| office1 =
| term_start1 =
| term_end1 =
| successor1 =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse = [[Vishwajit Rane]]
| children =
| relatives = [[Pratapsingh Rane]] (father-in-law)
| constituency = [[Poriem (Goa Assembly constituency)|Poriem]]
}}

'''Deviya Vishwajit Rane''' is an Indian politician. She was elected to the [[Poriem (Goa Assembly constituency)|Poriem Assembly constituency]] in the [[2022 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] as a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/india/goa-election-2022-pramod-sawant-vishwajit-rane-atanasio-monserrate-cm-post-challengers-r8kann | title=After victory, behind-the-scenes drama over Goa CM's chair | publisher=Asianet News | date=11 March 2022 | accessdate=12 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/poiem-goa-assembly-election-results-2022-live-updates-1923510-2022-03-10 | title=Poiem, Goa Assembly Election Results 2022 LIVE Updates: BJP's Deviya Vishwajit Rane defeats AAP's Vishwajit Rane with 13943 votes | date=10 March 2022 | publisher=India Today | accessdate=12 March 2022}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Deviya Vishwajit Rane studied at the Bhatikar Model English School and the [[Parvatibai Chowgule College]] in [[Margao]]. She obtained her [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery|MBBS]] degree from the [[Goa Medical College]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://affidavit.eci.gov.in/show-profile/eyJpdiI6IkxpbGE5UzQ4WitYXC9xZ2x4YVlKampBPT0iLCJ2YWx1ZSI6Iis1NEZHVVwveEFsd3pPa3lFMmNiZnhRPT0iLCJtYWMiOiIyNjM5YTFjOTI0ZWE2ZDQ0YjU1OTdlNmE3ZDVhMWJiYTE3MzY4NDQ5OTExZDQ5ZjE3ZjQzYzk4ZjBhMTMxZjlkIn0=/MjM=/MTM=/Mw==/QUM= | title=Election Commission of India }}</ref> She is married to politician [[Vishwajit Rane]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://affidavit.eci.gov.in/show-profile/eyJpdiI6IkxpbGE5UzQ4WitYXC9xZ2x4YVlKampBPT0iLCJ2YWx1ZSI6Iis1NEZHVVwveEFsd3pPa3lFMmNiZnhRPT0iLCJtYWMiOiIyNjM5YTFjOTI0ZWE2ZDQ0YjU1OTdlNmE3ZDVhMWJiYTE3MzY4NDQ5OTExZDQ5ZjE3ZjQzYzk4ZjBhMTMxZjlkIn0=/MjM=/MTM=/Mw==/QUM= | title=Election Commission of India }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rane, Deviya Vishwajit}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Goa MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Goa]]
[[Category:Women members of the Goa Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Politicians from North Goa district]]

{{Goa-BJP-politician-stub}}

Shivani Toppo

2026-04-17T20:00:18Z

Himalayan Dream Treks: put up basic article added tags...

{{Short description|Indian footballer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Shivani Toppo
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| fullname =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2007|10|17|df=y}}
| birth_place = Hutup, [[Ranchi district]], [[Jharkhand]], India
| height =
| position = [[Midfielder]]
| currentclub = [[Garhwal United FC|Garhwal United]]
| clubnumber = 12
| years1 =
| clubs1 = FC United Kanke
| caps1 =
| goals1 =
| years2 = 2022–2023
| clubs2 = [[East Bengal FC (women)|East Bengal]]
| caps2 =
| goals2 =
| years3 = 2024–2025
| clubs3 = [[Sribhumi FC|Sribhumi]]
| caps3 =
| goals3 =
| years4 = 2025–
| clubs4 = [[Garhwal United FC|Garhwal United]]
| caps4 =
| goals4 =
| nationalyears1 = 2023
| nationalteam1 = [[India women's national under-17 football team|India U17]]
| nationalcaps1 =
| nationalgoals1 =
| nationalyears2 = 2024
| nationalteam2 = [[India women's national under-20 football team|India U20]]
| nationalcaps2 =
| nationalgoals2 =
| nationalyears3 = 2024–
| nationalteam3 = [[India women's national football team|India]]
| nationalcaps3 = 2
| nationalgoals3 = 0
| club-update =
| nationalteam-update = 2 January 2025
}}
'''Shivani Toppo''' (born 17 October 2007)<ref>{{Cite web |title=AIFF - Senior National Team - 21 Shivani Toppo |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/199311 |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=The AIFF}}</ref> is an Indian professional [[association football|footballer]] from [[Jharkhand]], who plays as a defender for the [[Indian Women's League]] club [[Garhwal United FC|Garhwal United]] and the [[India women's national football team]]. She has also represented the [[Jharkhand women's football team|Jharkhand]] state team in the domestic tournaments.

== Early life and career ==
Toppo was born in Hutup village, [[Ranchi district]], Jharkhand. She is born in a poor family but her mother Jhari Devi and grandfather Dukhan Pathan encouraged her to play football. She was trained under [[Franz Gastler]] who runs [[Yuwa-India|Yuwa India]], a [[non-government organisation]] which trains rural girls in football with an aim to bring social development through football.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2014-02-14 |title=Jharkhand's girl footballers wait for govt. land |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/jharkhands-girl-footballers-wait-for-govt-land/article5690868.ece |access-date=2025-02-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Career ==
Toppo began football as a 13-year old and played her first international tour was to Spain with her NGO team.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shah |first=Ashiya |date=2013-08-02 |title=TBI Inspirations: An Incredible Journey From Jharkhand To Spain For This All-Girls Football Team |url=https://thebetterindia.com/7571/tbi-inspirations-an-incredible-journey-from-jharkhand-to-spain-for-this-all-girls-football-team/ |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=The Better India |language=en-US}}</ref> Later, she went to [[Sri Lanka]] in June 2016. Two girls from Yuwa were selected for the India under[[Non-government organisation|-]]14 team's Lanka tour and she was one of them.<ref name=":0" />

She was selected in the 23-player Indian squad by Indian coach [[Joakim Alexandersson]] and she played the two FIFA international friendlies against Maldives on December 30 and January 2 at the [[Padukone - Dravid Centre for Sports Excellence|Padukone-Dravid Centre for Sports Excellence]] in [[Bengaluru]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2024-12-29 |title=India women's football team coach Alexandersson announced 23-member squad for Maldives friendly |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/india-womens-football-team-23-member-squad-maldives-friendly-full-team-venue-time/article69039441.ece |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India complete a Maldives massacre in FIFA Women's Friendly |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/football/india-complete-a-maldives-massacre-in-fifa-womens-friendly20241230205547/ |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-30 |title=9 from NE in 23-member Women's India Football Squad |url=https://northeastlivetv.com/topnews/9-from-ne-in-23-member-womens-india-football-squad-to-play-friendlies-against-maldives/#google_vignette |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=Northeast Live |language=en-US}}</ref> She also represented the SAAF Under[[Non-government organisation|-]]17 Women's Football Championship games at Dhaka in March 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-17 |title=7 state players in U17 Women's SAFF meet squad |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/7-state-players-in-u17-womens-saff-meet-squad/articleshow/98720496.cms |access-date=2025-02-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> She also played the women Asia Cup qualifiers in April 2023 at Indonesia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shivani's strike guided Indian under-17 women to beat Kyrgyzsthan Republic 1-0 |url=https://parallelsports.in/news/shivanis-strike-guided-indian-under-17-women-to-beat-kyrgyzsthan-republic-1-0 |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=ParallelSports.in |language=English}}</ref>

==Career statistics==
===International===
{{Updated|2 January 2025}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
!National team!!Year!!Caps!!Goals
|-
| rowspan=2|[[India women's national football team|India]]
|2024
|1
|0
|-
|2025
|1
|0
|-
! colspan=2|Total
!2
!0
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/199311 Shivani Toppo] at [[All India Football Federation]].

{{DEFAULTSORT:Toppo, Shivani}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2007 births]]
[[Category:Indian women's footballers]]
[[Category:India women's international footballers]]
[[Category:India women's youth international footballers]]
[[Category:Women's association football defenders]]
[[Category:Footballers from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:People from Ranchi district]]
[[Category:East Bengal FC Women players]]
[[Category:Sribhumi FC players]]
[[Category:Garhwal United FC players]]
[[Category:Indian Women's League players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

Broadway, Kochi

2026-04-15T16:12:11Z

Himalayan Dream Treks: starting details

{{Short description|Shopping street in Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox street
| name = Broadway, Ernakulam
| image = Broadway during lockdown.jpg
| former_names =
| length_km = 2.0
| width =
| location = [[Ernakulam]], [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]], India
| coordinates =
| direction_a =
| terminus_a = Basin Road
| direction_b =
| terminus_b = Chamber Road
| junction =
}}

'''Broadway Ernakulam''' is a shopping street situated at [[Kochi]] in [[Kerala]] state, [[India]]. It is one of the oldest shopping areas in the city. Most wholesale dealers in the city of kochi have their base of operations here, therefore broadway street is popular among local retailers and regular customers.

==History==
Broadway was the only shopping street in [[Ernakulam]] during early 20th century. Initially the shopping street was located at [[Mattancherry]]. When the British took over Cochin from the Dutch, the market moved out of Mattancherry to [[Kochi]], which had everything from safety pins to clothes and hardware on offer. Broadway had set of coveted tailors right from the start of 20th century. Prominent among those were J. Newfield and Company, which made the best three-piece suits at the time, Koya Hassan and the Bharatha Tailoring Company, which was famous for the uniforms it made for the State chauffeurs. The White Hall Silk Palace, set up in the 1920s by a Muslim trader from Palakkad, was a textile hotspot. Valavi and Company is a shop which started in 1899 on broadway street. They did business in paper, tyres and liquor imported from Europe.<ref>{{cite news |title=Business as usual on Broadway|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/business-as-usual-on-broadway/article4123195.ece|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>

==Shopping Street==
[[File:ChristmasStarShopsAlley.jpg|thumb|A street of Christmas star shops]]
Broadway Shopping street covers an area of two kilometer radius road which is sandwiched between [[Marine Drive, Kochi]] and [[Mahatma Gandhi Road (Kochi)|MG Road]]. Quite ironically given its name, the area is characterized by narrow roads. The market canal passes through Broadway and Market Road. The shopping street is a car-free pedestrian zone. Broadway adjoins Ernakulam Market where there are many wholesale shops as well.

==Shops==
At Broadway, one can find almost everything - ranging from old copper pots (ready to smelt) to latest fashion in clothing and jewellery, [[books]], [[perfumes]], [[spices]].<ref>{{cite news |title=A Smell of Kochi |url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/mapping-the-city-of-kochi-on-its-smells/article18377444.ece |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> One can even find one of the best furniture shops in town run by a [[Cochin Jews|Cochin Jew]]. Broadway has many roadside shops selling electronic goods, leather items, stationery, watches, jewelry and umbrellas. The Spice market of Kochi at Broadway street is a wholesale market where one can buy good quality spices and condiments.<ref>{{cite news |title=Spicing up Broadway|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/spicing-up-broadway/article4860273.ece|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>

==Footfalls==
There are around 1,000 shops functioning in the two-km radius of Broadway. It is estimated that the market sees a footfall of minimum 5,000 people on holidays but the numbers would touch 20,000 on working days.<ref>{{cite news |title=Broadway to get facelift, shops to be open till 11pm |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/Broadway-to-get-facelift-shops-to-be-open-till-11pm/articleshow/55549363.cms|newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> In 2016, sales at the Broadway market averaged 5 crore per month as per Broadway Shop Owners Association.<ref>{{cite news |title=De-mon devours business on Broadway despite Vishu, Easte|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2017/apr/13/de-mon-devours-business-on-broadway-despite-vishu-easter-1593023--1.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210015758/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2017/apr/13/de-mon-devours-business-on-broadway-despite-vishu-easter-1593023--1.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 December 2017}}</ref>

===Peak Shopping Seasons===
The peak shopping season at Broadway Kochi is during festivals of [[Vishu]], [[Onam]] and [[Christmas]].

==Broadway Renovation Project==
In 2009, Centre for Heritage Environment and Development and the Kerala Sustainable Urban Development Project, had submitted a Rs. 30-crore-project for the conservation efforts of the Broadway.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rs. 30-crore Broadway renovation project planned |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/Rs.-30-crore-Broadway-renovation-project-planned/article16465296.ece |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> Though the project was submitted in the first phase of JNNURM, it failed to take off due to cost escalation and flaws in the DPR.
In 2013, a revised detailed project report (DPR) was submitted for funding under the JNNURM transition funding period. The estimated cost for the project was Rs. 25 cr<ref>{{cite news |title=Broadway plan gets a leg-up|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/131114/news-current-affairs/article/broadway-plan-gets-leg|newspaper=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Economy of Kochi]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Kochi]]
[[Category:Shopping districts and streets in India]]
[[Category:Roads in Kochi]]

Raj Shekhar

2026-04-10T10:46:39Z

Himalayan Dream Treks:

{{short description|Indian lyricist}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:Raj Shekhar}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Raj Shekhar
| image =
| birthname =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| education =
| occupation = Lyricist
| yearsactive = 2009–present
| spouse =
| children =
| parents =
}}

'''Raj Shekhar''' is an Indian lyricist who works in [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] films. He made his debut as a lyricist with the 2011 film ''[[Tanu Weds Manu]]''. He went on to write the lyrics for other notable films including ''[[Tanu Weds Manu Returns]]'', ''[[Tumbbad]]'', ''[[Veere Di Wedding]]'', ''[[Hichki]]'' and ''[[Uri: The Surgical Strike]]''.

==Career==
{{expand section|date=April 2025}}
He started his career as an assistant director to [[Aanand L. Rai]].<ref name="IE">{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Anvita |title=Lyricist Raj Shekhar: I collect all my material for a song from my life |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/lyricist-rajshekhar-bollywood-songs-5153689/ |accessdate=12 July 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=29 April 2018 |language=en-IN}}</ref> He made his debut as a lyricist for the film ''[[Tanu Weds Manu]]'', directed by Rai starring [[R. Madhavan]] and [[Kangana Ranaut]].<ref name="IE"/> He assisted [[Abbas Tyrewala]] in ''[[Jaane Tu... Ya Jaane Na]]'' and [[Sujoy Ghosh]] in ''[[Home Delivery]]''.<ref>[http://www.raaga.com/channels/hindi/lyricist/Rajshekhar.html Raaga – Hindi – Lyricist – Rajshekhar]</ref>

<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2025/music/news/india-composers-screenwriters-fair-credit-deal-1236322293/|date=Feb 27, 2025|title=India's Music Composers, Screenwriters Associations Ink Historic Fair Credit Deal; Vishal Bhardwaj Hails 'Collaborative Future' (EXCLUSIVE)|author=Naman Ramachandran|website=Variety}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/feature/ishq-hai-is-indias-top-bridal-entry-song-lyricist-raj-shekhar-gave-it-soul/2548443/|title=Ishq Hai is India's top bridal entry song. Lyricist Raj Shekhar gave it soul|author=Tina Das|date=15 March 2025|website=The Print}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/animal-mismatched-lyricist-raj-shekhar-says-he-hasnt-been-credited-for-nearly-30-songs-sometimes-you-get-tunes-on-whatsapp-13863793.html|title='Animal', 'Mismatched' Lyricist Raj Shekhar Says He Hasn't Been Credited For nearly 30 Songs: 'Sometimes You Get Tunes On WhatsApp'|date=February 16, 2025|website=First Post}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
=== As lyricist ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Film
!Title
!Composer
!Notes
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="6" |2011
| colspan="1" rowspan="6" |''[[Tanu Weds Manu]]''
|<nowiki>''Mannu Bhaiya''</nowiki>
| rowspan="6" |[[Krsna Solo]]
|
|-
|<nowiki>''Jugni''</nowiki>
|
|-
|<nowiki>''Yun Hi''</nowiki>
|
|-
|<nowiki>''Piya''</nowiki>
|
|-
|<nowiki>''Rangrez''</nowiki>
|
|-
|<nowiki>''Rangrez (Wadali Bros)''</nowiki>
|
|-
|2013
|''[[Issaq]]''
|<nowiki>''Enne Unne''</nowiki>
|[[Sachin-Jigar]]
|
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="6" |2015
| colspan="1" rowspan="6" |''[[Tanu Weds Manu Returns]]''
|<nowiki>''Ho Gaya Hai Pyaar''</nowiki>
| rowspan="11" |Krnsa Solo
|
|-
|<nowiki>''Move On''</nowiki>
|
|-
|<nowiki>''Old School Girl''</nowiki>
|
|-
|<nowiki>''O Saathi Mere''</nowiki>
|
|-
|<nowiki>''Mat Ja Re''</nowiki>
|
|-
|<nowiki>''Ghani Bawari''</nowiki>
|
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="5" |2016
| colspan="1" rowspan="5" |''Cute Kameena''
|<nowiki>''Single Chal Reya Hun''</nowiki>
|
|-
|<nowiki>''Yeh Sheher Mehboob Hai Ji''</nowiki>
|
|-
|<nowiki>''Da Di Dada''</nowiki>
|
|-
|<nowiki>''Shaam Hote Hi''</nowiki>
|
|-
|<nowiki>''Rafa Dafa''</nowiki>
|
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="3" |2017
|[[FU: Friendship Unlimited|''Friendship Unlimited'']]
|<nowiki>''Tere Bin O Yara''</nowiki>
| rowspan="3" |[[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]]
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]] film
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="2" |''[[Qarib Qarib Singlle]]''
|<nowiki>''Khatam Kahani''</nowiki>
|
|-
|<nowiki>''Jaane De''</nowiki>
|
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="7" |2018
|''[[Veere Di Wedding]]''
|<nowiki>''Suicide Kargi Re''</nowiki>
|[[Shashwat Sachdev]]
|
|-
|''[[Tumbbad]]''
|<nowiki>''Tumbbad Anthem''</nowiki>
|[[Ajay-Atul]]
|
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="2" |''[[Hichki]]''
|<nowiki>''Madamji Go Easy''</nowiki>
| rowspan="2" |[[Jasleen Royal]]
|
|-
|<nowiki>''Khol De Par''</nowiki>
|
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="3" |''[[Meri Nimmo]]''
|<nowiki>''Bulbula''</nowiki>
|Krsna Solo
|
|-
|<nowiki>''Tumse Hi''</nowiki>
|Mangesh Dhadke
|
|-
|<nowiki>''Ye Bhi Beet Jayega''</nowiki>
|Krsna Solo
|
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="12" |2019
|''[[Uri: The Surgical Strike]]''
|<nowiki>''Beh Chala''</nowiki>
|Shashwat Sachdev
|
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="3" |''[[Jabariya Jodi]]''
|<nowiki>''Ki Honda Pyaar (Male version)''</nowiki>
| rowspan="15" |Vishal Mishra
|
|-
|<nowiki>''Ki Honda Pyaar (Female version)''</nowiki>
|
|-
|<nowiki>''Macchardani''</nowiki>
|
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="8" |''[[Saand Ki Aankh]]''
|<nowiki>''Udta Teetar''</nowiki>
|
|-
|<nowiki>''Womaniya''</nowiki>
|
|-
|<nowiki>''Aasmaa''</nowiki>
|
|-
|<nowiki>''Baby Gold''</nowiki>
|
|-
|<nowiki>''Jhunna Jhunna''</nowiki>
|
|-
|<nowiki>''Womaniya (Raw version)''</nowiki>
|
|-
|<nowiki>''Aasmaa (Film version)''</nowiki>
|
|-
|<nowiki>''Aasmaa''</nowiki>
|
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="13" |2020
| colspan="1" rowspan="4" |''[[Bamfaad]]''
|<nowiki>''Bamfaad (Title Track)''</nowiki>
|
|-
|<nowiki>''Ishq Ka Itar''</nowiki>
|
|-
|<nowiki>''Munasib''</nowiki>
|
|-
|<nowiki>''Yaar Mera Ho Mere Rubaru''</nowiki>
|
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="2" |''[[Khaali Peeli]]''
|<nowiki>''Duniya Sharma Jaayegi''</nowiki>
| rowspan="2" |[[Vishal–Shekhar]]
|Co-written with [[Kumaar]]
|-
|<nowiki>''Shana Dil''</nowiki>
|
|-
|''[[Mismatched]]''
|<nowiki>''Aise Kyun''</nowiki>
|[[Anurag Saikia]]
|
|-
|''[[Raat Akeli Hai]]''
|<nowiki>''Aadhe Aadhe Se''</nowiki>
|[[Sneha Khanwalkar]]
|
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="5" |''[[Meenakshi Sundareshwar]]''
|<nowiki>''Mann Kesar Kesar''</nowiki>
| rowspan="5" |[[Justin Prabhakaran]]
|
|-
|<nowiki>''Titar Bitar''</nowiki>
|
|-
|<nowiki>''Vaada Machaney''</nowiki>
|
|-
|<nowiki>''Tu Yahin Hai''</nowiki>
|
|-
|<nowiki>''Ratti Ratti Reza Reza''</nowiki>
|
|-
| colspan="1" |2021
|''[[Kathmandu Connection]]''
|Syahi Syahi
|Sneha Khanwalkar
|Web series
|-
| rowspan="20" |2022
| colspan="1" rowspan="5" |''[[Ittu Si Baat]]''
|<nowiki>''Gulaabi''</nowiki>
| rowspan="5" |Vishal Mishra
|
|-
|<nowiki>''Sun Bhi Le''</nowiki>
|
|-
|<nowiki>''Dar Badar''</nowiki>
|
|-
|<nowiki>''Middle Class''</nowiki>
|
|-
|<nowiki>''17 Lakh Da Gajra''</nowiki>
|
|-
|''[[Doctor G]]''
|<nowiki>''O Sweety Sweety''</nowiki>
|[[Amit Trivedi]]
|
|-
|[[Mismatched season 2|''Mismatched Season 2'']]
|<nowiki>''Aise Kyun (Gazal Version)''</nowiki>
|Anurag Saikia, Raj Shekhar
|
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="6" |''[[Good Luck Jerry]]''
|<nowiki>''Mor Mor''</nowiki>
| rowspan="6" |Parag Chhabra
|
|-
|<nowiki>''Paracetamol''</nowiki>
|
|-
|<nowiki>''Jogan''</nowiki>
|
|-
|<nowiki>''Jhand Ba (Sad)''</nowiki>
|
|-
|<nowiki>''Jhand Ba''</nowiki>
|
|-
|<nowiki>''Cutie Cutie''</nowiki>
|
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="6" |''[[Nazar Andaaz]]''
|<nowiki>''Sukoon (Male version)''</nowiki>
| rowspan="6" |Vishal Mishra
|
|-
|<nowiki>''Sukoon (Female version)''</nowiki>
|
|-
|<nowiki>''Lootre Aagye''</nowiki>
|
|-
|<nowiki>''Andekhe Rang''</nowiki>
|
|-
|<nowiki>''Aadhi Kahaani''</nowiki>
|
|-
|<nowiki>''Jadoo''</nowiki>
|
|-
|[[Rocketry: The Nambi Effect|''Rocketry : The Nambi Effect'']]
|<nowiki>''Behne Do''</nowiki>
|[[Sam C. S.]]
|
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="6" |2023
| colspan="1" rowspan="3" |[[Animal (2023 Indian film)|''Animal'']]
|<nowiki>''Papa Meri Jaan (Childs's version)''</nowiki>
| rowspan="2" |Harshvardhan Rameshwar
|
|-
|<nowiki>''Papa Meri Jaan''</nowiki>
|
|-
|<nowiki>''Pehle Bhi Main''</nowiki>
|Vishal Mishra
|
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="2" |''[[Pachuvum Athbutha Vilakkum]]''
|<nowiki>''Thinkal Poovin''</nowiki>
| rowspan="2" |Justin Prabhakaran
|
|-
|<nowiki>''Chalte Raho''</nowiki>
|
|-
|''[[Akelli]]''
|<nowiki>''Umeedon Ki Titliyaan''</nowiki>
|[[Hitesh Sonik]]
|
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="7" |2024
| colspan="1" rowspan="2" |''[[Bhakshak]]''
|<nowiki>''Ganga''</nowiki>
| rowspan="2" |Anurag Saikia, Anuj Garg
|
|-
|<nowiki>''Shaamil Hain''</nowiki>
|
|-
|[[Crew (film)|''Crew'']]
|<nowiki>''Kiddan Zalima''</nowiki>
|Vishal Mishra
|
|-
|[[Savi (film)|''Savi'']]
|<nowiki>''Humdum''</nowiki>
|Vishal Mishra
|
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="2" |[[Mismatched|''Mismatched 3'']]
|<nowiki>''Ishq Hai''</nowiki>
| rowspan="2" |Anurag Saikia, Raj Shekhar
|
|-
|<nowiki>''Sab Thik Hai''</nowiki>
|
|-
|[[Phir Aayi Hasseen Dillruba|''Phir Aayi Haseen Dilruba'']]
|<nowiki>''Haste Haste''</nowiki>
|[[Sachet-Parampara]]
|
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="5" |2025
| colspan="1" rowspan="3" |[[Deva (2025 film)|''Deva'']]
|<nowiki>''Bhasad Macha''</nowiki>
| rowspan="4" |Vishal Mishra
|
|-
|<nowiki>''Bas Tera Pyaar Hai''</nowiki>
|
|-
|<nowiki>''Bas Tera Pyaar Hai (Palak Version)''</nowiki>
|
|-
|''[[Saiyaara (film)|Saiyaara]]''
|"Tum Ho Toh"
|
|-
|''[[Hridayapoorvam]]''
|"Tuk Tuk Tuk Tu"
|[[Justin Prabhakaran]]
|[[Malayalam]] film
|-
|2026
|[[Toxic (2026 film)|''Toxic'']]
|"Tabaahi"
|[[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]]
|
|}

== Discography ==

=== Singles ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Song
!Singer
|-
|2021
|<nowiki>''Sheher''</nowiki>
|[[Anurag Saikia]], Raj Shekhar
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
|<nowiki>''Boli Tujhse''</nowiki>
|[[Amit Trivedi]]
|-
|<nowiki>''</nowiki>Hairaan"
|[[Javed Ali]]
|-
|2023
|<nowiki>''</nowiki>Baarish Hai Janam"
|[[Payal Dev]]
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|nm6962871}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shekhar, Raj}}
[[Category:Indian lyricists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Hindi-language lyricists]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Nirontor (2020 film)

2026-04-10T04:46:57Z

Himalayan Dream Treks: Added pg!

{{Short description|2019 Bengali drama film}}
{{About||the song by Halsey|Hopeless Fountain Kingdom}}
{{No plot|date=July 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| native_name = {{Infobox name module|bn|Nirontor}}
| name = The Prologue
| image = nirontor.jpg
| director = Chandrasish Ray
| producer = [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]]
| writer = Chandrasish Ray
| music = Avijit Kundu
| cinematography = Soumik Haldar
| studio = Nideas Production
| distributor = [[Zee5]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2019|10||MAMI|ref1=<ref>{{cite web|url=https://shorted.in/short-films/festival/mami/|title=MAMI Mumbi Film Festival|work=Shorted|access-date=5 October 2020}}</ref>|2020|06|28}}
| country = India
| language = Bengali
}}
'''''The Prologue''''' ({{langx|bn|'''Nirontor'''}}) is a 2019 Bengali drama film directed by Chandrasish Ray and produced by [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ghosh|first=Sankhayan|date=2020-06-29|title=Nirontor, on Zee5, is more Affecting when it is Meandering and Mysterious, and not looking for Meaning|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/bengali-review/zee5-nirontor-movie-review-prosenjit-chatterjee/|access-date=2020-07-03|website=Film Companion|language=en-US}}</ref> The film premiered through [[Zee5]] on 28 June 2020.

== Plot ==
Director Chandrasish Ray tries to explore themes of life, and the solitude and responsibilities it often entails. However woeful things may seem, life goes on, and it's futile to stop and complain, Ray argues. The story follows a group of people who are in search of a virgin location to set up a resort in an exotic, remote mountain area. The main characters, Biplab and Bhaskar, are in Nepal to finalize the contract of acquiring a plot of land. Biplab is often irritated at Bhaskhar's presence, sometimes without a clear reason. They frequently engage in squabbles and quarrels over petty issues, such as eating pork without permission or obsession with their mobile phones. Bhaskar is shown in a new light, as he tries to show Biplab the reality of this age where it is too easy to stay connected with anyone and that affects relationships. The two men with different personalities gradually form a bonding to introspect their "selves". Bhaskar reveals he is married, and his wife Jonaki (Ankita Majhi) has suffered a miscarriage. He expresses his dejection at nobody being there for him, although he fulfils everything expected of him. After returning from the trip, Biplab decides to stay at home for a while and look after Jonaki himself. His loneliness is reflected from his sightings of a couple who go for a walk at night, cleaning his books, discovering a book meant for the householder. Only this time, their voices and conversation can be clearly heard from behind the camera.

== Cast ==
* [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]] as Biplab Sen
* Satyam Bhattacharya as Bhaskar
* Ankita Majhi as Jonaki
* Pranay Narayan as Michael
* Poonam Gurung as Binsa
* Nima Norbu Lama as Ben
* [[Ekavali Khanna]] as Nandini

== Release ==
The film premiered in ''India story'' section of [[Mumbai Academy of the Moving Image|Mumbai Film Festival 2019]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mumbai Academy of Moving Image - ProgrammeDetail Site|url=https://www.mumbaifilmfestival.com/programmeDetail/669|access-date=2020-07-05|website=www.mumbaifilmfestival.com}}</ref>

The film was released through [[Zee5]] on 28 June 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ZEE5|url=https://comingsoon.zee5.com/comingsoon/index.php|access-date=2020-07-03|website=comingsoon.zee5.com}}</ref>

== Reception ==
The film received positive feedback and appreciation from other filmmakers.<ref>{{Cite web|title='For me, the central theme is nothing but the journey of life' — Director Chandrasish Ray decodes Nirontor|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/for-me-the-central-theme-is-nothing-but-the-journey-of-life-director-chandrasish-ray-decodes-nirontor/cid/1785084|access-date=2020-07-03|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the movie 3.5 out of 5 stars.<ref>{{Citation|title=Nirontor Review: A poetic journey that falters midway|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/bengali/nirontor/webseriesshow/76682974.cms|access-date=2020-07-03}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|12527188}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prologue, The}}
[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2019 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]

{{2010s-Bengali-film-stub}}

James David Sifton

2026-04-10T00:48:31Z

Himalayan Dream Treks: Made a info

{{Short description|British civil servant}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sir James David Sifton
| office1 = [[List of Governors of Bihar and Orissa|Governor of Bihar and Orissa]]
| office2 = [[Governor of Bihar]]
| honorific_prefix =
| honorific_suffix = [[Order of the Star of India|KCSI]], [[Order of the Indian Empire|KCIE]]
| image =
| monarch =
| predecessor1 = [[Hugh Lansdown Stephenson|Sir Hugh Lansdown Stephenson]]
| successor1 = Position Abolished
| predecessor2 = Position Created
| successor2 = [[Maurice Garnier Hallett|Sir Maurice Garnier Hallett]]
| birth_date = {{birth date text|17 April 1878|}}<ref name = "magdalen">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/magdalencolleger00magduoft|title=The Magdalen College Record|last=Magdalen College (University of Oxford)|date=1922|publisher=London, J. Murray|others=Gerstein – University of Toronto}}</ref>
| birth_place = London
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1952|1|24|1878|4|17}}
| death_place = [[Sussex]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Harriet May|14 August 1907}}<ref name="magdalen" />
| relations =
| children =
| alma_mater = [[St Paul's School, London]], [[Magdalen College, Oxford]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_3VQTAAAAYAAJ|page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_3VQTAAAAYAAJ/page/n617 613]|quote=james sifton.|title=The India List and India Office List|date=1819|publisher=Harrison.}}</ref>
| occupation = [[Administrator of the Government|Administrator]]
| term_start1 = 7 April 1932
| term_end1 = 31 March 1936
| term_start2 = 1 April 1936
| term_end2 = 10 March 1937<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://governor.bih.nic.in/OldGovernors.htm|title=Governor of Bihar|website=governor.bih.nic.in|access-date=2018-01-11|archive-date=4 February 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080204085311/http://governor.bih.nic.in/OldGovernors.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
}}

'''Sir''' '''James David Sifton''', [[Order of the Star of India|KCSI]], [[Order of the Indian Empire|KCIE]] (17 April 1878 – 1952) was a British civil servant who was the Governor of [[Bihar and Orissa]] from 7 April 1932 to 31 March 1936 and then [[Governor of Bihar]] from 1 April 1936 to 10 March 1937. He was the first Governor of Bihar after division of province from [[Orissa]]. He was a member of the [[Imperial Civil Service]] appointed in 1902 and served in [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]] and later in Bihar and Orissa Province.

==Early life and education==
Sifton was born to Thomas Elgood Sifton and Susanna Sifton on 17 April 1878 in London. The family resided at 53 Shepherd's Bush Green, [[Shepherd's Bush]], London.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/admissionregist01gardgoog|title=The Admission Registers of St. Paul's School from 1876 to 1905|last=Robert Barlow Gardiner|date=1906|publisher=Bell|others=Harvard University}}</ref> His father was a clerk in savings bank in [[Marylebone]], [[Middlesex]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TKtbAAAAQAAJ&q=Thomas+Elgood+Sifton&pg=PA59|title=Accounts and Papers of the House of Commons|last=Commons|first=Great Britain Parliament House of|date=1857|publisher=Ordered to be printed}}</ref> He received his early education at [[St Paul's School, London|St Paul's School]], London and went on to complete his higher education from [[Magdalen College, Oxford]]. He was a [[Demyship|Demy]] scholar at the college and graduated [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] in 1901.<ref name="magdalen" />

==Civil Service Career==
Sifton joined the [[Indian Civil Service]] (ICS) in 1902 and served in Bengal and later in Bihar and Orissa Province when the province was separated from Bengal presidency. His civil service career spanned from 1902 to 1937. During this span he held several positions including Financial Secretary to the Government of Bihar and Orissa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gypsyscholar.com/402unpublishedt.html|title=Introduction|website=gypsyscholar.com|access-date=2018-01-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32178/supplement/6/data.pdf|title=The London Gazette|website=The London Gazette}}</ref>

==Governor of Bihar and Orissa==
Sifton was appointed Governor of Bihar and Orissa in November 1931 and held the position from 7 April 1932. He was the last Governor of undivided Bihar and Orissa. In 1936, the province was divided into [[Bihar Province]] and [[Orissa Province]]. After division, he continued on his post of Governor of Bihar, making him the inaugural holder of the office of Governor of Bihar. His salary as Governor was Rs. 8,333.5.7 per month.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k4zJDQAAQBAJ&q=sir+james+david+sifton+salary&pg=PA152|title=The Statesman's Year-Book: Statistical and Historical Annual of the States of the World for the Year 1932|last=Epstein|first=M.|date=2016-12-23|publisher=Springer|isbn=9780230270619}}</ref>

==Other Positions held==
Sifton was appointed a member of the Executive Council of the Governor of Bihar and Orissa in 1927.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/33274/page/3127/data.pdf|title=The London Gazette|website=The London Gazette}}</ref>

==Awards and honours==
Sir James Sifton was awarded [[Order of the Indian Empire|Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire]] (CIE) in 1921, [[Order of the Star of India|Companion of the Order of the Star of India]] (CSI) in 1929, [[Order of the Indian Empire|Knight Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]] (KCIE) in 1931 and [[Order of the Star of India|Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India]] (KCSI) in 1932.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32178/supplement/6/data.pdf|title=The London Gazette|website=The London Gazette}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/33472/supplement/1438/data.pdf|title=The London Gazette|website=The London Gazette}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/33722/supplement/3627/data.pdf|title=The London Gazette|website=The London Gazette}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/33805/page/1491/data.pdf|title=The London Gazette|website=The London Gazette}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Sir James married Harriet May, daughter of E. Shettle of [[Eye, Suffolk]], on 14 August 1907.<ref name="magdalen" /> His grave lies in Eye Cemetery.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/9616d170-2758-4af4-a5bf-3b8b9c4a3d52 Archives relating to Sir James David Sifton] at [[The National Archives (United Kingdom)|The National Archives]]

{{s-start}}
{{s-gov}}
{{succession box
| title = [[Governor of Bihar and Orissa]]
| years = 1932–1936
|before = [[Hugh Lansdown Stephenson|Sir Hugh Lansdown Stephenson]]
| after = Position Abolished
}}
{{succession box
| title = [[Governor of Bihar]]
| years = 1936–1937
|before = Position Created
| after = [[Sir Maurice Garnier Hallett]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sifton, James}}
[[Category:1878 births]]
[[Category:1952 deaths]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers]]
[[Category:Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford]]

Ugadi (2007 film)

2026-04-03T22:36:13Z

Himalayan Dream Treks: put up basic article w/ refs...

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
|name = Ugadi
|image =
|caption =
|director = [[Om Sai Prakash]]
|producer = A Ganesh J Narayan
|writer = [[Dasaradh]]
|narrator =
|starring = [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V. Ravichandran]] [[Meka Srikanth]] [[Kamna Jethmalani]] [[Jennifer Kotwal]]
|music = [[R. P. Patnaik]]
|cinematography = H. C. Venu
|editing = Muniraj
|studio = Mega Hit Productions
|released = {{Film date|2007|07|06|df=y}}
|runtime = 144 minutes
|country = India
|language = Kannada
|budget =
}}

'''''Ugadi''''' is a 2007 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[romantic drama film]] directed by [[Om Sai Prakash]] and produced by Mega Hit Productions. The film stars [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V. Ravichandran]], Telugu actor [[Meka Srikanth|Srikanth]], [[Kamna Jethmalani]] and [[Jennifer Kotwal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/full-time-acting-for-ravichandran/story-OCFH2YvRvfepK7IM67nzQK.html|title=Full-time acting for Ravichandran|publisher=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]|via=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=2006}}</ref> The film is a remake of the successful [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film ''[[Santosham (2002 film)|Santosham]]'' (2002) directed by [[Dasaradh]] and starred [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]] and [[Prabhudeva]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.viggy.com/english/current_ugadi.asp|title='Ugadi' - Ravichandran's latest|publisher=Viggy.com|date=2007}}</ref>

The film was released on 6 August 2007 to average response.
==Cast==
* [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V. Ravichandran]] as Sanjay
* [[Kamna Jethmalani]] as Kaveri
* [[Jennifer Kotwal]] as Priya
* [[Meka Srikanth|Srikanth]] as Arjun
* [[Srinivasa Murthy]]
* [[Vinaya Prasad]]
* [[Ramakrishna (Kannada actor)|Ramakrishna]]
* [[Rangayana Raghu]]
* Vijay Kashi
* [[Bullet Prakash]]
* [[Sadhu Kokila]]
* [[Sathyajith (Kannada actor)|Sathyajith]]
* [[Chitra Shenoy]]

==Soundtrack==
The music of the film was composed by [[R. P. Patnaik]] and lyrics written by [[K. Kalyan]] except for one song. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://open.spotify.com/album/4T2wiMQOQKTW1xn8f5cHNq|title=Ugadi (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |work=[[spotify.com]]}}</ref> Patnaik used the tunes from the original Telugu version which he had composed in 2002.

{{Infobox album
| name = Ugadi
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[R. P. Patnaik]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2007|}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = Jhankar Music
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

{{Track listing
| total_length =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = So Much to Say
| lyrics1 = [[K. Kalyan]]
| extra1 = [[Rajesh Krishnan]]
| length1 = 1:29
| title2 = Devare Dharegiliyali
| lyrics2 = K. Kalyan
| extra2 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Nanditha]]
| length2 = 3:38
| title3 = Diri Diri Vaare
| lyrics3 = K. Kalyan
| extra3 = Rajesh Krishnan, Nanditha
| length3 = 4:10
| title4 = Preethisuve Ninna
| extra4 = Rajesh Krishnan, [[K. S. Chithra]]
| lyrics4 = K. Kalyan
| length4 = 5:10
| title5 = Preethi Endare
| extra5 = K. S. Chithra
| lyrics5 = K. Kalyan
| length5 = 1:40
| title6 = Enayito Nanna Olage
| extra6 = Rajesh Krishnan
| lyrics6 = K. Kalyan
| length6 = 1:29
| title7 = Dhin Dhinak
| extra7 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| lyrics7 = [[Kaviraj (lyricist)|Kaviraj]]
| length7 = 4:14
| title8 = Naa Nannagenu
| extra8 = K. S. Chithra
| lyrics8 = K. Kalyan
| length8 = 5:19
}}
==Release and reception==
The film released on 6 July 2007 to average response where the critics called it as an "ordinary" remake<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/jul/09ssugadi.htm|title=Ugadi is an ordinary remake|work=Rediff.com|date=9 July 2007}}</ref> and "the only redeeming factor of this film is the last 20 minutes of the film". Nowrunning.com reviewed the film as "just another remake which does not raise above the ordinary levels and certainly does not reach the standards of its original film".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/4157/kannada/ugadi/1216/review.htm|title=Ugadi Review|publisher=nowrunning.com|date=2007|access-date=13 May 2014|archive-date=13 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140513222915/http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/4157/kannada/ugadi/1216/review.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> ''Sify'' wrote "Director Saiprakash seems to have lost interest half way through making this remake of the hit Telugu film 'Santosham'. First and foremost the casting could have been better and the unnecessary comedy mars the tempo. And the basic story resembles Ravichandran's own film 'Ondagona Baa'".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sify.com/movies/kannada/review.php?id=14491761&ctid=5&cid=2427|title=Ugadi|website=Sify|access-date=20 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514004254/http://www.sify.com/movies/ugadi-review-kannada-14491761.html|archive-date=14 May 2014}}</ref> Ironically, the film which itself was a remake from Telugu, was later dubbed again in Telugu language and released as ''America Alludu'' (2011).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/i-am-not-the-hero-in-america-alludu-srikanth-telugu-news-62354|title = I am not the hero in 'America Alludu': Srikanth - Telugu News|date = 15 December 2010}}</ref>
==References==
{{reflist}}

==External source==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140514004254/http://www.sify.com/movies/ugadi-review-kannada-14491761.html Sify reviews Ugadi]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070715214943/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/review/9176.html Indiaglitz reviews Ugadi]
{{Sai Prakash}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ugadi}}
[[Category:2007 films]]
[[Category:2007 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romance films]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Om Sai Prakash]]
[[Category:2007 romance films]]
[[kn:ಯುಗಾದಿ]]

Epic Music

2026-04-03T13:37:42Z

Himalayan Dream Treks:

#REDIRECT [[IN10 Media Network]]

[[Category:IN10 Media Network]]

Gujarat

2026-03-30T07:51:59Z

Himalayan Dream Treks: info - done

{{Short description|State in western India}}
{{About|the state in India| other uses|Gujrat (disambiguation)}}
{{pp-move-indef}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian state or territory
| name = Gujarat
| official_name = State of Gujarat
| type = State
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 280
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/2/2/2/2/2/1
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Rani ki vav 02.jpg
| caption1 = [[Rani ki Vav]]
| image2 = Statue of Unity - View from the other bank of Narmada.jpg
| caption2 = [[Statue of Unity]]
| image3 = Somanath mandir (cropped).jpg
| caption3 = [[Somnath temple|Somnath Temple]]
| image4 = Dwarakadheesh Temple, 2014.jpg
| caption4 = [[Dwarkadhish Temple]]
| image5 = Safed Rann, Kutch.jpg
| caption5 = [[Great Rann of Kutch|The Great Rann of Kutch]]
| image6 = Dattatreya Temple of Girnar.JPG
| caption6 = [[Girnar|Jain Mahatirth at Girnar]]
| image7 = Garba playing.jpg
| caption7 = [[Navaratri]]
| image8 = Gir lion-Gir forest,junagadh,gujarat,india.jpeg
| caption8 = [[Gir National Park|Sasan Gir]]
| image9 = LakshmiVilas Palace.jpg
| caption9 = [[Lakshmi Vilas Palace, Vadodara|Lakshmi Vilas Palace]]
| image10 = Surat Diamond Bourse Aerial View.jpg
| caption10 = [[Surat Diamond Bourse]]
| image11 = Sabarmati riverside.jpg|250px
| caption11 = [[Sabarmati Riverfront]]
| image_alt =}}
| image_seal = Government Of Gujarat Seal In All Languages.svg{{!}}class=skin-invert
| seal_size = 100
| etymology = "Land of the [[Gurjar]]s"
| nickname = "Jewel of Western India"
| motto = [[Satyameva Jayate]] ([[Sanskrit]]) "Truth alone triumphs"{{force singular}}
| anthem = [[Jai Jai Garavi Gujarat]] ([[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]) "Victory to Proud Gujarat"<ref name="DeshGujarat2011">{{Cite web |date=7 May 2011 |title=Newest version of Jay Jay Garvi Gujarat song launched(Video) |url=http://deshgujarat.com/2011/05/07/newest-version-of-jay-jay-garvi-gujarat-song-launchedvideo/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161113115131/http://deshgujarat.com/2011/05/07/newest-version-of-jay-jay-garvi-gujarat-song-launchedvideo/ |archive-date=13 November 2016 |access-date=12 November 2016 |website=Desh Gujarat}}</ref>
| image_map = IN-GJ.svg
| coordinates = {{Coord|23.220|N|72.655|E|region:IN-GJ_type:adm1st|display=inline,title}}
| region = West India
| before_was = [[Bombay State]]
| formation_date3 = formation
| formation_date4 = 1 May 1960
| capital = Gandhinagar
| largestcity = Ahmedabad
| metro = Ahmedabad
| districts = [[List of districts of Gujarat|34]]
| Governor = [[Acharya Devvrat]]
| Chief_Minister = [[Bhupendrabhai Patel]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| Deputy_CM = [[Harsh Sanghavi]] ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]])
| judiciary = [[Gujarat High Court]]
| legislature_type = Unicameral
| assembly = [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
| assembly_seats = 182 seats
| rajya_sabha_seats = 11 seats
| lok_sabha_seats = 26 seats
| area_total_km2 = 196024
| area_rank = 5th
| length_km = 590
| width_km = 500
| elevation_m =
| elevation_max_m = 1,145
| elevation_max_point = [[Girnar]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=DGFASLI REPORT |url=http://dgfasli.nic.in/publication/reports/gujarat/Chapter2.htm |access-date=24 March 2023 |archive-date=20 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820085038/http://dgfasli.nic.in/publication/reports/gujarat/Chapter2.htm }}</ref>
| elevation_min_m = 0
| elevation_min_point = [[Arabian Sea]]
| population_total = {{Increase}} 60,439,692
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank = 9th
| population_urban = 42.6%
| population_rural = 57.4%
| population_density = 308
| population_demonym = [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]]<ref name="langoff">{{Cite web |date=16 July 2014 |title=50th Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708012438/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |archive-date=8 July 2016 |access-date=6 November 2016 |page=118}}</ref>
| 0fficial_Langs = {{hlist|[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]|[[Hindi]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/4501/1/officiallanguages.pdf |title=The Gujarat Official Languages Act, 1960 |publisher=indiacode.nic.in |year=1961 |access-date=21 December 2022 |archive-date=21 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221090052/https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/4501/1/officiallanguages.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Benedikter2009">{{Cite book |last=Benedikter |first=Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vpZv2GHM7VQC&pg=PA89 |title=Language Policy and Linguistic Minorities in India: An Appraisal of the Linguistic Rights of Minorities in India |publisher=LIT Verlag Münster |year=2009 |isbn=978-3-643-10231-7 |page=89 |access-date=13 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425230812/https://books.google.com/books?id=vpZv2GHM7VQC&pg=PA89 |archive-date=25 April 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>}}
| official_script = {{hlist|[[Gujarati script]]|[[Devanagari script]]}}
| GDP_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|title= Gujarat budget analysis 2026–27|url=https://cmogujarat.gov.in/en/gujarat-budget-2026-2027}}</ref>
| GDP_total = {{Increase}}{{INRConvert|3324676|c|=r}}
| GDP_year = 2026–2027
| GDP_rank = 4th
| GDP_per_capita = {{IncreaseNeutral}}{{INRConvert|336875|lk=r}}
| GDP_per_capita_rank = 11th
| HDI = {{Increase}} 0.646 {{color|#fc0|Medium}}<ref>{{cite web |title=India: Subnational HDI |url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/table/shdi/IND/ |website=Global Data Labs |access-date=8 June 2025}}</ref>
| HDI_year = 2022
| HDI_rank = 25th
| literacy = 84.6%<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/AnnualReport_PLFS2023-24L2.pdf |title=Annual Report, Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) (July 2023 – June 2024) |date=23 September 2024 |publisher=National Sample Survey Office, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India |pages=A-10 |chapter=Appendix-A: Detailed tables, Table (7): Literacy rate (in per cent) of persons of different age groups for each State/UT (persons, age-group (years): 7 & above, rural+urban (column 6))}}</ref>
| literacy_year = 2024
| literacy_rank = 20th
| sex_ratio = 919[[female|♀]]/1000 [[male|♂]]<ref name="pc-census2011">{{Cite web |title=Census 2011 (Final Data) – Demographic details, Literate Population (Total, Rural & Urban) |url=http://planningcommission.gov.in/data/datatable/data_2312/DatabookDec2014%20307.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127163347/http://planningcommission.gov.in/data/datatable/data_2312/DatabookDec2014%20307.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2018 |access-date=3 October 2018 |website=planningcommission.gov.in |publisher=Planning Commission, Government of India}}</ref>
| sexratio_year = 2011
| sexratio_rank = 16th
| iso_code = IN-GJ
| registration_plate = GJ
| website = gujaratindia.gov.in
| footnotes = {{note|cap|†}}The state of Bombay was divided into two states i.e. Maharashtra and Gujarat by the Bombay (Reorganisation) Act 1960.
| foundation_day = Gujarat Day
| mammal = [[Asiatic lion]]<ref name="ToI2016">{{Cite web |date=14 January 2016 |title=Gujarat forgets state bird, tree and flower |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Gujarat-forgets-state-bird-tree-and-flower/articleshow/29893945.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227222448/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Gujarat-forgets-state-bird-tree-and-flower/articleshow/29893945.cms |archive-date=27 December 2016 |access-date=14 July 2017 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
| bird = [[Greater flamingo]]
| flower = [[Tagetes|Marigold]]<ref name="ToI2016" />
| tree = [[Banyan]]<ref name="ToI2016" />
| fruit = [[Mango]]<ref name="Nri Gujarati News">{{Cite web |title=Which is State Fruit of Gujarat India – Mango (Keri) |url=http://www.nrigujarati.co.in/Topic/3631/1/which-is-state-fruit-of-gujarat-india-mango-keri-verities-photos-types-of-mango-images.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201031530/http://www.nrigujarati.co.in/Topic/3631/1/which-is-state-fruit-of-gujarat-india-mango-keri-verities-photos-types-of-mango-images.html |archive-date=1 December 2017 |access-date=14 July 2017 |website=Nri Gujarati News}}</ref>
| fish = [[Blackspotted croaker]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nair |first=Avinash |date=21 November 2023 |title='Ghol' declared state fish of Gujarat at Global Fisheries Conference, Ahmedabad |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/ghol-declared-state-fish-gujarat-global-fisheries-conference-9036238/ |work=The Indian Express |access-date=21 November 2023 |archive-date=21 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121203230/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/ghol-declared-state-fish-gujarat-global-fisheries-conference-9036238/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| image_highway = SH IN-GJ.png
| SH_numbers = [[List of state highways in Gujarat|GJ SH1 – GJ SH173]]
}}

'''Gujarat''' ({{Indic Transl|gu|Gujarāt|ˈɡudʒəɾaːt|Gujarat.ogg}}) is a [[States of India|state]] along the [[Western India|western coast]] of [[India]]. Its coastline of about {{cvt|2340|km|mi}} is the longest in the country, most of which lies on the [[Kathiawar]] peninsula. Gujarat is the [[List of states and union territories of India by area|fifth-largest Indian state by area]], covering some {{cvt|196024|km2|mi2}}; and the [[List of states and union territories of India by population|ninth-most populous state]], with a population of 60.4 million in 2011. It is bordered by [[Rajasthan]] to the northeast, [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]] to the south, [[Maharashtra]] to the southeast, [[Madhya Pradesh]] to the east, and the [[Arabian Sea]] and the [[Pakistan]]i province of [[Sindh]] to the west. Gujarat's capital city is [[Gandhinagar]], while its largest city is [[Ahmedabad]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gujarat Population 2018 |url=http://worldpopulationreview.com/territories/gujarat-population/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125015346/http://worldpopulationreview.com/territories/gujarat-population/ |archive-date=25 January 2018 |access-date=24 January 2018 |website=worldpopulationreview.com}}</ref> The [[Gujarati people|Gujaratis]] are indigenous to the state, and their language, [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], is the state's official language.

Gujarat state [[List of Indus Valley civilisation sites#List of Indus Valley sites discovered|encompasses 23 sites]] of the ancient [[Indus Valley Civilisation]] (more than any other state). The most important sites are [[Lothal]] (the world's first dry dock), [[Dholavira]] (the fifth largest site), and [[Gola Dhoro]] (where five uncommon seals were found). Lothal is believed to have been one of the world's first [[Historical ports|seaports]].<ref name="kulke">{{Cite book |last1=Kulke |first1=Professor of Asian History Hermann |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RoW9GuFJ9GIC |title=A History of India |last2=Kulke |first2=Hermann |last3=Rothermund |first3=Dietmar |date=2004 |publisher=[[Psychology Press]] |isbn=978-0-415-32920-0 |pages=26–27 |language=en |access-date=2 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923072146/https://books.google.com/books?id=RoW9GuFJ9GIC |archive-date=23 September 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Gujarat Sultanate|Gujarat's]] coastal cities, chiefly [[Bharuch]] and [[Khambhat]],<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Baṭṭūṭa |first1=Ibn |title=The Rehla of Ibn Battuta (India, Maldive Islands and Ceylon) |last2=Husain |first2=Mahdi |publisher=Oriental Institute |year=1976 |location=Baroda |page=172}}</ref> served as ports and trading centres during the [[Maurya Empire|Maurya]] and [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]] empires, and during the succession of royal [[Saka]] dynasties in the [[Western Satraps]] era.<ref name="Hinduism and modernity">{{Cite book |last=David Smith |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x-aRSuypah8C&pg=PA62 |title=Hinduism and modernity |date=2003 |publisher=Blackwell |isbn=978-0-631-20862-4 |location=Oxford |page=62 |quote=Surat was then the place of embarkation of pilgrims to Mecca; known as Bab al-Makkah or the Gate of Mecca, it was almost a sacred place for the Muslims of India. It was the main city for foreign imports, where many merchants had their bases, and all the European trading companies were established. Its population was more than 100,000.}}</ref><ref name="books.google.com">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lJtRAQAAIAAJ |title=The journal of Asian studies, Volume 35, Issues 1–2 |year=1975 |quote=For a pious emperor, Surat had more than economic and political importance; it was the port from which the hajj (pilgrimage) ships left Mughal India for the Red Sea. The port was variously known as Bab-al-Makkah, the Bab-ul-Hajj, the Dar-al-Hajj, and the Bandar-i-Mubarak. |access-date=22 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304110046/https://books.google.com/books?id=lJtRAQAAIAAJ |archive-date=4 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
Along with [[Bihar]], [[Mizoram]] and [[Nagaland]], Gujarat is one of four Indian states to [[Alcohol prohibition in India|prohibit the sale of alcohol]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 April 2016 |title=States with total and phase-wise prohibition of alcohol in India |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/bihar-liquor-ban-states-having-total-prohibition-gujarat-kerala/ |access-date=2 August 2021 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=5 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210605154304/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/bihar-liquor-ban-states-having-total-prohibition-gujarat-kerala/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Gir National Park]] in Gujarat is home to the only wild population of the [[Asiatic lion]] in the world.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Aeshita |last2=Borad |first2=C.K. |date=1 October 2004 |title=Integrated approach towards conservation of Gir National Park: the last refuge of Asiatic Lions, India |journal=Biodiversity & Conservation |language=en |volume=13 |issue=11 |pages=2165–2182 |doi=10.1023/B:BIOC.0000040009.75090.8c |bibcode=2004BiCon..13.2165M |issn=1572-9710 |s2cid=35893400 }}</ref>

Gujarat is regarded as one of the most industrialised states and has a low [[List of states and union territories of India by unemployment rate|unemployment rate]].<ref name="Gujarat_info1">
* {{Cite web |title=Periodic Labour Force Survey (2017–18) |url=http://www.mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/Annual%20Report%2C%20PLFS%202017-18_31052019.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704192359/http://www.mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/Annual%20Report%2C%20PLFS%202017-18_31052019.pdf |archive-date=4 July 2019 |access-date=3 May 2019 |publisher=[[Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)|Ministry of Labour and Employment]] |page=212}}
* {{Cite web |last=M Saraswathy |date=5 February 2020 |title=Electronic appliance makers eye Gujarat as new manufacturing hub |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/companies/electronic-appliance-makers-eye-gujarat-as-new-manufacturing-hub-4909051.html |access-date=4 March 2017 |publisher=[[CNBC TV18]] |archive-date=5 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205094701/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/companies/electronic-appliance-makers-eye-gujarat-as-new-manufacturing-hub-4909051.html |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite web |last=Pradeep Udhas |title=Accelerating growth in Gujarat |url=http://www.in.kpmg.com/pdf/Gujarat.pdf |access-date=4 July 2020 |publisher=[[KPMG]] |archive-date=23 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923223130/http://www.in.kpmg.com/pdf/Gujarat.pdf |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Tomar |first1=Anita |last2=Oza |first2=Heena |date=September 2015 |title=Green supply chain management practices implementation and effect on organizational performance of ISO14001 certified manufacturing companies of India |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337562800 |journal=Abhinav International Monthly Refereed Journal of Research in Management & Technology |publisher=Abhinav Publication |volume=4 |issue=9 |page=21 |issn=2320-0073 |access-date=5 July 2020}}</ref> The [[economy of Gujarat]] is the [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP|fifth-largest in India]], with a [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP|gross state domestic product (GSDP)]] of {{INRConvert|16.55|t|lk=r|year=2021}} and has the country's [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP per capita|10th-highest GSDP per capita]] of {{INRConvert|215|k}}.<ref name="Gujarat_GSDP">{{cite web|url=https://financedepartment.gujarat.gov.in/Documents/Bud-Eng_1096_2022-3-3_683.pdf|title=Socio-Economic Review 2021–2022|work=[[Government of Gujarat]]|page=30|access-date=11 February 2022}}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Gujarat has the [[List of Indian states and union territories by exports|highest exports of all states]], accounting for around one-third of national exports.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NIRYAT |url=https://niryat.gov.in/india#?start_date=202204&end_date=202303&default_table=default&sort_table=export_achieved-sort-desc |access-date=7 February 2024 |website=niryat.gov.in |archive-date=18 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118005123/https://niryat.gov.in/india#?start_date=202204&end_date=202303&default_table=default&sort_table=export_achieved-sort-desc |url-status=live }}</ref> It ranks [[List of Indian states and territories by Human Development Index|21st among Indian states and union territories in human development index]].<ref name="snhdi-gdl">{{Cite web |title=Sub-national HDI – Area Database |url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923120638/https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/ |archive-date=23 September 2018 |access-date=25 September 2018 |website=Global Data Lab |publisher=Institute for Management Research, Radboud University}}</ref> The world's largest data center will also be built in Jamnagar, Gujarat, by [[Reliance Industries]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mukesh Ambani to build world's largest data centre in Jamnagar |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/electronics/mukesh-ambani-to-build-worlds-largest-data-centre-in-jamnagar/articleshow/117503440.cms |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389 |date=24 January 2025 |access-date=16 July 2025}}</ref> The state has one of the lowest crime rates, with Ahmedabad, Vadodara and Surat crowned among the five safest cities in India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gujarat: Police Commissioner hails Ahmedabad's rank as India's safest city |website=India Tribune |date=12 August 2025 |url=https://www.indiatribune.com/public/index.php/gujarat-police-commissioner-hails-ahmedabads-rank-as-indias-safest-city |access-date=27 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Top 10 safest cities in India and what makes them so |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/travel/things-to-do/top-10-safest-cities-in-india-according-to-reports/articleshow/124498105.cms |work=The Times of India |date=12 October 2025 |access-date=22 November 2025}}</ref>

==Etymology==
Gujarat is derived from the [[Gurjaras]], who ruled Gujarat in the 8th and 9th centuries CE.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d8yFaNRcYcsC |title=Gujarat, Part 1 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |year=2003 |isbn=978-81-7991-104-4 |quote=The Gurjars of Chitrakuta and Gurjars of lta were mentioned in Rashtrakuta inscriptions |access-date=8 August 2020 |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414154406/https://books.google.com/books?id=d8yFaNRcYcsC |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gujarat Government |title=Gujarat state official site |url=http://www.gujaratindia.com/about-gujarat/history-1.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100203081044/http://www.gujaratindia.com/about-gujarat/history-1.htm |archive-date=3 February 2010 |access-date=21 January 2010 |quote=The State took its name from the Gurjara, the land of the [[Gujjar]], who ruled the area during the 700s and 800s.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ramesh Chandra Majumdar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8QhuAAAAMAAJ |title=The History and Culture of the Indian People:The classical age |last2=Bhāratīya Itihāsa Samiti |publisher=G. Allen & Unwin |year=1954 |page=64 |access-date=8 August 2020 |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414152820/https://books.google.com/books?id=8QhuAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Gujarat |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Gujarat |access-date=27 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019053624/https://www.britannica.com/place/Gujarat |archive-date=19 October 2016 |quote=Gujarat draws its name from the Gurjara, who ruled the area during the 8th and 9th centuries CE. |url-status=live}}</ref> Parts of modern [[Rajasthan]] and Gujarat were known as ''Gurjarat'' or ''Gurjarabhumi'' for centuries before the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] period.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ramesh Chandra Majumdar |title=The History and Culture of the Indian People: The classical age |last2=Achut Dattatrya Pusalker |last3=A. K. Majumdar |last4=Dilip Kumar Ghose |last5=Vishvanath Govind Dighe |last6=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |year=1977 |page=153}}</ref>

== History ==
{{Main|History of Gujarat}}

=== Ancient history ===
Gujarat was one of the main central areas of the Indus Valley Civilisation, which was spread across modern-day northern India and Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 October 2017 |title=Devdutt Pattanaik explores Gujarat through the ages and finds, in its archaeology, its myths and legends, its cultures and histories, a microcosm of the multilayered country he loves |url=https://www.cntraveller.in/story/india-via-gujarat/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171027131256/https://www.cntraveller.in/story/india-via-gujarat/ |archive-date=27 October 2017 |access-date=27 October 2017}}</ref> It contains ancient metropolitan cities from the [[Indus Valley Civilisation]] such as [[Lothal]], [[Dholavira]] and [[Gola Dhoro]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 October 2017 |title=Where does history begin? |url=https://www.cntraveller.in/story/india-via-gujarat/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171027131256/https://www.cntraveller.in/story/india-via-gujarat/ |archive-date=27 October 2017 |access-date=27 October 2017}}</ref> The ancient city of Lothal was where India's first port was established.<ref name=kulke /> The ancient city of Dholavira is one of the largest and most prominent archaeological sites in India, belonging to the Indus Valley Civilisation. The most recent discovery was [[Gola Dhoro]]. Altogether, about fifty Indus Valley settlement ruins have been discovered in Gujarat.<ref name="mapsofindia.com">{{Cite web |title=History of Gujarat |url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/gujarat/history/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100526165223/http://www.mapsofindia.com/gujarat/history/ |archive-date=26 May 2010 |access-date=16 July 2010 |publisher=Mapsofindia.com}}</ref>

{{multiple image
| caption_align = center
| align = center
| title = [[Indus Valley Civilisation]]
| image1 = DHOLAVIRA SITE (24).jpg
| caption1 = [[Dholavira]], one of the largest cities of Indus Valley Civilisation, with [[stepwell]] steps to reach the water level in artificially constructed reservoirs<ref name="news">{{Cite journal |author=Shuichi Takezawa |journal=Journal of Architecture and Building Science |volume=117 |issue=1492 |date=August 2002 |page=24 |url=http://news-sv.aij.or.jp/jabs/s1/jabs0208-019.pdf |title=Stepwells – Cosmology of Subterranean Architecture as seen in Adalaj |access-date=18 November 2009 |archive-date=20 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720175341/http://news-sv.aij.or.jp/jabs/s1/jabs0208-019.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
| image2 = The drainage system at Lothal 2.JPG
| caption2 = Archaeological remains of washroom drainage system at [[Lothal]]
}}

The ancient history of Gujarat was enriched by the commercial activities of its inhabitants. There is clear historical evidence of trade and commerce ties with [[Egypt]], [[Bahrain]] and [[Sumer]] in the [[Persian Gulf]] during the time period of 1000 to 750 BCE.<ref name="mapsofindia.com" /><ref>S. R. Rao (1985). Lothal. Archaeological Survey of India. p. 11.</ref> There was a succession of various polities such as the [[Mauryan dynasty]], [[Satavahana dynasty]], [[Gupta Empire]], [[Gurjara-Pratihara]] Empire, as well as regional ones such as the [[Western Satraps]], the [[Kingdom of Valabhi]], the Kingdom of Gujarat, the [[Sultanate of Gujarat]], and finally the [[Kingdom of Baroda]].

The early history of Gujarat includes the imperial grandeur of [[Chandragupta Maurya]] who conquered a number of earlier states in what is now Gujarat. Pushyagupta, a [[Vaishya]], was appointed the governor of [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] by the Mauryan regime. He ruled Girinagar (modern-day [[Junagadh]]) (322 BCE to 294 BCE) and built a dam on the Sudarshan lake. Emperor [[Ashoka|Ashoka the Great]], the grandson of [[Chandragupta Maurya]], not only ordered his edicts engraved in the rock at Junagadh, but also asked Governor Tusherpha to cut canals from the lake where an earlier Indian governor had built a dam. Between the decline of Mauryan power and Saurashtra coming under the sway of the [[Samprati]] Mauryas of [[Ujjain]], there was an [[Indo-Greek]] defeat in Gujarat of [[Demetrius I of Bactria|Demetrius]]. In 16th-century manuscripts, there is an apocryphal story of a merchant of King [[Gondophares]] landing in Gujarat with [[Apostle Thomas]]. The incident of the cup-bearer torn apart by a lion might indicate that the port city described is in Gujarat.<ref>The Acts of Judas Thomas, M.R. James, Tr. by M.R. James, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1924.</ref><ref>Medlycott, A. E. [http://www.indianchristianity.com/html/chap4/chapter4a.htm India and the Apostle Thomas] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034342/http://www.indianchristianity.com/html/chap4/chapter4a.htm |date=24 September 2015 }}</ref>

For nearly 300 years from the start of the 1st century CE, [[Saka]] rulers played a prominent part in Gujarat's history. The weather-beaten rock at [[Junagadh]] gives a glimpse of the ruler [[Rudradaman I]] (100 CE) of the Saka satraps known as [[Western Satraps]], or Kshatraps. Mahakshatrap [[Rudradaman I]] founded the [[Kardamaka]] dynasty which ruled from [[Anupa]] on the banks of the [[Narmada]] up to the [[Aparanta]] region bordering Punjab. In Gujarat, several battles were fought between the Indian dynasties such as the [[Satavahana dynasty]] and the Western Satraps. The greatest and the mightiest ruler of the Satavahana dynasty was [[Gautamiputra Satakarni]] who defeated the Western Satraps and conquered some parts of Gujarat in the 2nd century CE.<ref>Trade And Trade Routes In Ancient India, von Moti Chandra, page: 99</ref>

[[File:Gujuras of Sindh Circa AD 570-712.jpg|thumb|Coin of the Gujuras of [[Sindh]], [[Chavda dynasty]], {{circa|570|lk=no}}–712 CE. Crowned [[Sasanian Empire|Sasanian]]-style bust right / Fire altar with ribbons and attendants; star and crescent flanking flames.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CNG: eAuction 343. INDIA, Post-Gupta (Gujura Confederacy). Gujuras of Sindh. Circa AD 570–712. AR Drachm (25 mm, 3.84 g, 9h). |url=https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=277200 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811103733/https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=277200 |archive-date=11 August 2017 |access-date=15 July 2017 |publisher=cngcoins.com}}</ref>]]

The Kshatrapa dynasty was replaced by the [[Gupta Empire]] with the conquest of Gujarat by [[Chandragupta Vikramaditya]]. Vikramaditya's successor [[Skandagupta]] left an inscription (450 CE) on a rock at Junagadh which gives details of the governor's repairs to the embankment surrounding Sudarshan lake after it was damaged by floods. The [[Anarta]] and [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] regions were both parts of the Gupta empire. Towards the middle of the 5th century, the Gupta empire went into decline. Senapati Bhatarka, the general of the Guptas, took advantage of the situation and in 470 set up the [[Kingdom of Valabhi]]. He shifted his capital from Giringer to [[Valabhi]], near [[Bhavnagar]], on Saurashtra's east coast. The [[Maitraka]]s of Vallabhi became very powerful with their rule prevailing over large parts of Gujarat and adjoining [[Malwa]]. A university was set up by the Maitrakas, which came to be known far and wide for its scholastic pursuits and was compared with the noted [[Nalanda University]]. It was during the rule of Dhruvasena Maitrak that Chinese philosopher-traveler [[Xuanzang]]/ [[I Tsing]] visited in 640 along the [[Silk Road]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mote |first=Sally Hovey Wriggins; with a foreword by Frederick W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RwQLAAAAYAAJ |title=Xuanzang: a Buddhist pilgrim on the Silk Road |date=1996 |publisher=Westview Press |isbn=978-0-8133-2801-0 |location=Boulder, Colo. |access-date=22 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304110046/https://books.google.com/books?id=RwQLAAAAYAAJ |archive-date=4 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Gujarat was known to the [[ancient Greeks]] and was familiar with other Western centres of civilisation through the end of the European [[Middle Ages]]. The oldest written record of Gujarat's 2,000-year maritime history is documented in a Greek book titled ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea|The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]: Travel and Trade in the Indian Ocean by a Merchant of the First Century''.<ref>{{Citation |last=Vashi |first=Ashish |title=Saga of Barygaza |date=21 October 2010 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Saga-of-Barygaza/articleshow/6782964.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121042919/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-10-21/ahmedabad/28239734_1_bharuch-port-book |quote=The book describes an episode of a foreigner bringing costly gifts for kings, saying, 'And for the King there are very costly vessels of silver, singing boys, beautiful maidens for the harem, fine wines, thin clothing of the finest weaves, and the choicest ointments.' |access-date=19 August 2014 |archive-date=21 January 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=William H. Schoff |title=The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea: Travel and Trade in the Indian Ocean by a Merchant of the First Century |url=http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/periplus/periplus.html |year=1912 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110224165507/http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/periplus/periplus.html |place=New York |format=digitalized |quote=As a sign of these places to those approaching from the sea there are serpents, very large and black; for at the other places on this coast and around Barygaza, they are smaller, and in color bright green, running into gold ... Now the whole country of India has very many rivers, and very great ebb and flow of the tides; increasing at the new moon, and at the full moon for three days, and falling off during the intervening days of the moon. But about Barygaza it is much greater, so that the bottom is suddenly seen, and now parts of the dry land are sea, and now it is dry where ships were sailing just before; and the rivers, under the inrush of the flood tide, when the whole force of the sea is directed against them, are driven upwards more strongly against their natural current, for many stadia. |access-date=1 October 2013 |archive-date=24 February 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Medieval history ===
In the early 8th century, the [[Arabs]] of the [[Umayyad Caliphate]] established an empire in the name of the rising religion of [[Islam]], which stretched from [[Spain]] in the west to [[Afghanistan]] and modern-day [[Pakistan]] in the east. Al-Junaid, the successor of [[Muhammad ibn Qasim|Qasim]], finally subdued the Hindu resistance within [[Sindh]] and established a secure base. The Arab rulers tried to expand their empire southeast, which culminated in the [[Caliphate campaigns in India]] fought in 730; they were defeated and expelled west of the [[Indus]] river, probably by a coalition of the Indian rulers [[Nagabhata I]] of the [[Gurjara-Pratihara]] dynasty, [[Vikramaditya II]] of the [[Chalukya]] dynasty and [[Bappa Rawal]] of the [[Guhila dynasty]]. After this victory, the Arab invaders were driven out of Gujarat. General [[Avanijanashraya Pulakeshin|Pulakeshin]], a Chalukya prince of [[Lata (region)|Lata]], received the title ''Avanijanashraya'' (refuge of the people of the earth) and honorific of "Repeller of the unrepellable" by the Chalukya emperor [[Vikramaditya II]] for his victory at the battle at [[Navsari]], where the Arab troops suffered a crushing defeat.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Blankinship |first=Khalid Yahya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pNGq6sU-xbgC&pg=PA187 |title=The end of the jihād state: the reign of Hishām ibn ʻAbd al-Malik and the collapse of the Umayyads |publisher=State University of New York Press |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-7914-1828-4 |location=Albany |page=189 |quote=The Syrian troops became increasingly reluctant to serve on the ill-omened Indian front, which seemed, after so many failures, to be well on its way to becoming the worst front. |access-date=19 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304110046/https://books.google.com/books?id=pNGq6sU-xbgC&pg=PA187 |archive-date=4 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In the late 8th century, the Kannauj Triangle period started. The three major Indian dynasties – the northwestern Indian Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty, the southern Indian [[Rashtrakuta dynasty]] and the eastern Indian [[Pala Empire]] {{ndash}} dominated India from the 8th to 10th centuries. During this period the northern part of Gujarat was ruled by the northern Indian Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty and the southern part of Gujarat was ruled by the southern Indian [[Rashtrakuta dynasty]].<ref name="ReferenceC">Ancient India by Ramesh Chandra Majumdar p. 366</ref> However, the earliest epigraphical records of the Gurjars of [[Bharuch|Broach]] attest that the royal bloodline of the Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty of [[Gurjaras of Lata|Dadda I, II and III]] (650–750) ruled south Gujarat.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Manjulal Ranchholdlal Majmudar |title=Historical and cultural chronology of Gujarat, Volume 1 |publisher=Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda |year=1960 |page=147}}</ref> Southern Gujarat was ruled by the Indian [[Rashtrakuta dynasty]] until it was captured by the Indian ruler [[Tailapa II]] of the [[Western Chalukya Empire]].<ref name="Gajrani 32">History, Religion and Culture of India, by S. Gajrani p.32</ref>

[[Zoroastrians in Iran|Zoroastrians]] from [[Greater Iran]] migrated to the western borders of India (Gujarat and [[Sindh]]) during the 8th or 10th century,<ref name="Hodivala 1920 88">{{harvnb|Hodivala|1920|p=88}}</ref> to avoid [[Persecution of Zoroastrians|persecution]] by Muslim invaders who were in the process of conquering Iran. The descendants of those Zoroastrian refugees came to be known as the [[Parsi]].<ref name="boy148">{{harvnb|Boyce|2001|p=148}}</ref><ref name="khan17">{{harvnb|Khanbaghi|2006|p=17}}</ref><ref name="jack">{{harvnb|Jackson|1906|p=27}}</ref><ref name="bleek212">{{harvnb|Bleeker|Widengren|1971|p=212}}</ref>

Subsequently, [[Lata (region)|Lāṭa]] in southern Gujarat was ruled by the [[Rashtrakuta dynasty]] until it was captured by the [[Western Chalukyas|Western Chalukya]] ruler [[Tailapa II]].<ref name="Gajrani 32" /><ref name="Wink1991">{{Cite book |last=André Wink |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bCVyhH5VDjAC&pg=PA283 |title=Al- Hind: The slave kings and the Islamic conquest. 2 |publisher=BRILL |year=1991 |isbn=978-90-04-09509-0 |page=283 |access-date=17 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304110046/https://books.google.com/books?id=bCVyhH5VDjAC&pg=PA283 |archive-date=4 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The Chaulukya dynasty<ref name="horace_glossary_punjab_nwfp">{{Cite book |last1=Rose |first1=Horace Arthur |title=Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North West Frontier Province |last2=Ibbetson |publisher=Asian Educational Services |year=1990 |isbn=978-81-206-0505-3 |page=300}}</ref> ruled the Kingdom of Gujarat from 960 to 1243. Gujarat was a major center of Indian Ocean trade, and their capital at [[Anhilwara]] ([[Patan, Gujarat|Patan]]) was one of the largest cities in India, with a population estimated at 100,000 in the year 1000. After 1243, the Solankis lost control of Gujarat to their feudatories, of whom the [[Vaghela dynasty|Vaghela]] chiefs of [[Dholka]] came to rule the Kingdom of Gujarat. In 1292, the Vaghelas became tributaries of the [[Seuna Yadavas of Devagiri|Yadava]] dynasty of [[Daulatabad, Maharashtra|Devagiri]] in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]]. Karandev of the [[Vaghela dynasty]] was the last Hindu ruler of Gujarat. He was defeated and overthrown by the superior forces of [[Alauddin Khalji]] from Delhi in 1297. With his defeat, Gujarat became part of the [[Delhi Sultanate]], and the Rajput hold over Gujarat would never be restored.

Fragments of printed cotton from Gujarat have been discovered in Egypt, providing evidence for medieval trade in the western Indian Ocean.<ref name=Barnes2017/> These fragments represent the Indian cotton traded in Egypt during the [[Fatimid Caliphate|Fatimid]], [[Ayyubid dynasty|Ayyubid]] and [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk]] periods, from the 10th to 16th centuries. Similar cotton was also traded as far east as Indonesia.<ref name="Barnes2017">{{Cite journal |last=Barnes |first=Ruth |year=2017 |title=Indian Cotton for Cairo: The Royal Ontario Museum's Gujarati Textiles and the Early Western Indian Ocean Trade |journal=Textile History |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=15–30 |doi=10.1080/00404969.2017.1294814 |issn=0040-4969 |s2cid=194752057}}</ref>

{{multiple image
| align = center
| caption_align = center
| image_style = border:none;
| image1 = Jain Ruins of Mehsana.jpg
| caption1 = Ruins of Jain temples in [[Mehsana district|Mehsana]], attacked by [[Alauddin Khalji]] in 12th century CE.
| image2 = Rani ki vav1.jpg
| caption2 = [[Rani ki Vav]], 11th century
| image3 = Sun Temple Panorama.jpg
| caption3 = [[Sun Temple, Modhera|Sun Temple of Modhera]], with [[stepwell]] surrounding the ''[[Temple tank|kunda]]'' (tank), was built by [[Bhima I]], King of Gujarat in 1026. It is one of the finest examples of [[History of stepwells in Gujarat|stepwell architecture of Gujarat]].
| image4 = Tarangaji Jain temple.jpg
| caption4 = [[Taranga Jain temple]] constructed by [[Kumarapala (Chaulukya dynasty)|Kumarapala]] (1143–1172)
}}

=== Muslim rule ===
[[File:Sindh campaigns 711-715 CE.png|thumb|300px|right|Muhammad ibn Qasim's conquest of Sindh (711–715 CE). 
{{legend|yellow|Desert areas ([[Registan Desert]] and [[Thar Desert]])}}
{{legend|#FFD700|[[Zunbils]]}}
{{legend|#DEB887|[[Kingdom of Sindh]] (c. 632–712 CE)}}
{{legend|#7FFF00|[[Kingdom of Valabhi]] (c. 475 – c. 776 CE)}}]]

==== Islamic conquests (1197–1614) ====
[[File:Farrukh Beg. Akbar's Triumphal Entry into Surat. Akbarnama, 1590-95, Victoria and Albert Museum, London.jpg|thumb|The [[Mughal Emperor]] Akbar triumphantly enters [[Surat]].]]

After the [[Ghoris]] had assumed a position of Muslim supremacy over North India, [[Qutbuddin Aibak]] attempted to conquer Gujarat and annexe it to his empire in 1197, but failed in his ambitions.<ref name="Handbuch der Orientalistik">{{Cite book |last=Schimmel |first=Annemarie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TYImm1TnemwC&pg=PA65 |title=Handbuch der Orientalistik |date=1980 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-06117-0 |location=Leiden |page=65}}</ref> An independent Muslim community continued to flourish in Gujarat for the next hundred years, championed by Arab merchants settling along the western coast. From 1297 to 1300, [[Alauddin Khalji]], the Turko-Afghan [[Sultanate of Delhi|Sultan of Delhi]], destroyed the Hindu metropolis of [[Anhilwara]] and incorporated Gujarat into the [[Delhi Sultanate]]. After [[Timur]] sacked [[Delhi]] at the end of the 14th century, weakening the Sultanate, Gujarat's Muslim [[Khatri]] governor Zafar Khan Muzaffar ([[Muzaffar Shah I]]) asserted his independence, and his son, Sultan [[Ahmed Shah of Gujarat|Ahmed Shah]] (ruled 1411–1442), established [[Ahmedabad]] as the capital. [[Khambhat]] eclipsed Bharuch as Gujarat's most important trade port. Gujarat's relations with [[Egypt]], which was then the premier Arab power in the Middle East, remained friendly over the next century and the [[Egyptian people|Egyptian]] scholar, ''Badruddin-ad-Damamimi'', spent several years in Gujarat in the shade of the Sultan before proceeding to the [[Bahmani Sultanate]] on the Deccan Plateau.<ref name="wink143">{{Cite book |last=Wink |first=André |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nyYslywJUE8C&pg=PA143 |title=Indo-Islamic society: 14th – 15th centuries |date=1990 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-13561-1 |page=143 |language=en |quote=Zafar Khan Muzaffar, the first independent ruler of Gujarat was not a foreign muslim but a Khatri convert, of a low subdivision called Tank, originally from Southern Punjab. |access-date=18 November 2021 |archive-date=18 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118142817/https://books.google.com/books?id=nyYslywJUE8C&pg=PA143 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Muhammed Ibrahim Dar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m6gBAAAAMAAJ |title=Literary and Cultural Activities in Gujarat Under the Khaljis and Sultanate |date=1952 |publisher=Bazm-i-Ishaʻat, Ismail Yusuf College |page=51 |access-date=22 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304110046/https://books.google.com/books?id=m6gBAAAAMAAJ |archive-date=4 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Shah e Alam]], a famous Sufi saint of the [[Chishti]] order who was the descendant of Makhdoom [[Jahaniyan Jahangasht]] from [[Bukhara]], soon arrived in a group that included Arab theologian ''Ibn Suwaid'', several [[Sayyid]] Sufi members of the [[Abu Bakr al-Aydarus|Aydarus family]] of [[Tarim, Yemen|Tarim]] in [[Yemen]],<ref name="Sufiorders">J. Spencer Trimingham, John O. Voll, ''The Sufi Orders in Islam'', pg 73</ref> Iberian court interpreter ''Ali al-Andalusi'' from [[Granada]],<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Subrahmanyam |first2=Muzaffar |last2=Alam |first1=Sanjay |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9mmLOKuzT-IC&pg=PA41 |title=Writing the Mughal world: studies on culture and politics |date=2012 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-15811-4 |location=New York |page=41}}</ref> and the Arab jurist ''Bahraq'' from [[Hadramaut]] who was appointed a tutor of the prince.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Richard Maxwell Eaton |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j2F9BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA127 |title=The Sufis of Bijapur, 1300–1700: Social Roles of Sufis in Medieval India |date=8 March 2015 |publisher=Princeton University Press, 2015 |isbn=978-1-4008-6815-5 |page=127}}</ref> Among the illustrious names who arrived during the reign of [[Mahmud Begada]] was the philosopher ''Haibatullah Shah Mir'' from [[Shiraz]], and the scholar intellectual ''Abu Fazl Ghazaruni'' from [[Persia]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Achyut Yagnik |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ivMAUx6Hdl8C&pg=PT57 |title=Ahmedabad: From Royal city to Megacity |date=2 February 2011 |publisher=Penguin UK, 2011 |isbn=978-81-8475-473-5 |access-date=18 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mansooruddin Quraishi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=20UDAAAAMAAJ |title=Muslim education and learning in Gujarat, 1297–1758 |publisher=Faculty of Education and Psychology, Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda |year=1972 |page=47 |access-date=22 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304110046/https://books.google.com/books?id=20UDAAAAMAAJ |archive-date=4 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> who tutored and adopted [[Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak]], author of the ''[[Akbarnama]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Alvi Azra |title=Socio Religious Outlook of Abul Fazl |publisher=Vanguard Books |year=1985 |isbn=978-0-210-40543-7 |location=Lahore Pakistan |page=6}}</ref> Later, a close alliance between the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] [[Turkish people|Turks]] and Gujarati sultans to effectively safeguard [[Jeddah]] and the [[Red Sea]] trade from Portuguese [[imperialism]], encouraged the existence of powerful [[Rumi]] elites within the kingdom who took the post of [[viziers]] in Gujarat keen to maintain ties with the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman state]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Giancarlo Casale |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xf3h3Z1YQtIC&pg=PA104 |title=The Ottoman Age of Exploration |date=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-979879-7 |page=104}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ali Anooshahr |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pTN8AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA43 |title=The Ghazi Sultans and the Frontiers of Islam: A Comparative Study of the Late Medieval and Early Modern Periods |date=2008 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-04134-3 |page=43 |quote=Nevertheless, there were indeed people in India, specifically in Gujarat, who by about 1486 knew the Ottomans as the primary Ghazi sultans of western domains of the abode of Islam, and had tried to elevate their own standing by posing as comrade ghazis fighting irreligion in the east.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HKmXcBCKEcAC&pg=PA7 |title=India's naval traditions: the role of Kunhali Marakkars |date=1997 |publisher=Northern Book Centre |isbn=978-81-7211-083-3 |editor-last=Kurup |editor-first=K.K.N. |location=New Delhi |page=7 |quote=Gujarati merchants had very long-standing relations with the Persian Gulf and Red Sea regions. Aden, Ormuz, and Mecca were frequently visited by them. They took gold, quicksilver, vermilion, copper, rose-water, camlets, scarlet-in-grain, coloured woollen cloth, glass beads and weapons which were brought by merchants from Cairo to Aden. The above mentioned items were collected by merchants from Italy, Greece, and Damascus. Horses from various parts of Arabia and Persia, especially from Ormuz, were brought by the Gujarati merchants to India.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Arthur Percival Newton |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA23 |title=The Cambridge History of the British Empire |date=1936 |publisher=CUP Archive |page=23 |quote=The annual pilgrimages of Indian Muslim to Mecca, whose route lay through Gujarat (which was called the Gate of Mecca) had been for some years interrupted by the domination of the Arabian Sea by the Portuguese and also by the disorder prevailing in Gujarat. |access-date=24 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ho |first=Engseng |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YMcZU0VHdG0C&pg=PA122 |title=The graves of Tarim genealogy and mobility across the Indian Ocean |date=2006 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-93869-4 |location=Berkeley |page=122 |quote=From the other direction, the enhanced security of the Hejaz provided not only profits for Gujarati merchants but succor for Gujarat's Muslim sultans. In times of insecurity, Gujarati sultans would send their families and treasures to the Hejaz for safekeeping ... the sultanate indeed fell, in 1573, and the triumphant emperor Akbar, retained his services giving him charge of pious endowments in Gujarat dedicated to Mecca and Medina.}}</ref>

[[Humayun]] also briefly occupied the province in 1536, but fled due to the threat [[Bahadur Shah of Gujarat|Bahadur Shah]], the Gujarat king, imposed.<ref>{{Cite book |last=A.V. Williams |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/britishraj/Jackson3/chapter09.html |title=Chapter 9 – The Ebb of the Tide – Humayun – 1530–1556 A.D. |page=228 |access-date=30 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131003111225/http://www.ibiblio.org/britishraj/Jackson3/chapter09.html |archive-date=3 October 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Sultanate of Gujarat]] remained independent until 1572, when the Mughal emperor [[Akbar]] conquered it and annexed it to the [[Mughal Empire]].<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-93-80607-34-4 |pages=115–116}}</ref>

The [[Surat]] port (the only Indian port facing west) then became the principal port of India during Mughal rule, gaining widespread international repute. The city of Surat, famous for its exports of silk and [[diamonds]], had reached a par with contemporary [[Venice]] and [[Beijing]], great mercantile cities of Europe and Asia,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Poros |first=Maritsa V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_tm_n7uSXT8C&pg=PT30 |title=Modern migrations: Gujarati Indian networks in New York and London |date=2011 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-7222-8 |location=Stanford, Calif. |quote=Indeed, Fernand Braudel likened Surat to some of the great mercantile cities of Europe and Asia, such as Venice and Beijing ... Godinho estimated that Surat's population was more than 100, 000, with people from all over the world residing in the city or frequenting it for business. He even claimed that it surpasses our "Evora in grandeur"}}</ref> and earned the distinguished title, ''Bab al-Makkah'' (Gate of Mecca).<ref name="Hinduism and modernity" /><ref name="books.google.com" />

Drawn by the religious renaissance taking place under Akbar, [[Mohammed Ghaus]] moved to Gujarat and established spiritual centers for the [[Shattari]] Sufi order from Iran, founding the [[Ek Toda Mosque]] and producing such devotees as [[Wajihuddin Alvi]] of Ahmedabad whose many successors moved to [[Bijapur]] during the height of the [[Adil Shahi dynasty]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Richard Maxwell Eaton |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j2F9BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA127 |title=The Sufis of Bijapur, 1300–1700: Social Roles of Sufis in Medieval India |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-4008-6815-5 |page=60}}</ref> At the same time, Zoroastrian high priest [[Azar Kayvan]] who was a native of [[Fars province|Fars]], immigrated to Gujarat founding the Zoroastrian school of [[Illuminationism|illuminationists]] which attracted key Shi'ite Muslim admirers of the [[Safavid]] philosophical revival from [[Isfahan]].

Early 14th-century [[Maghrebis|Maghrebi]] adventurer, [[Ibn Batuta]], who famously visited India with his entourage, recalls in his memoirs about Cambay, one of the great emporia of the Indian Ocean that indeed:

{{blockquote| [[Cambay]] is one of the most beautiful cities as regards the artistic architecture of its houses and the construction of its mosques. The reason is that the majority of its inhabitants are foreign merchants, who continually build their beautiful houses and wonderful mosques – an achievement in which they endeavor to surpass each other.}}

{{multiple image
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| image1 = Codice Casanatense Gujarati Farmers.jpg
| caption1 = {{font|size=100%|font=|text=|16th-century Portuguese illustration from the [[Códice Casanatense]], depicting inhabitants of Gujarat}}
}}

Many of these "foreign merchants" were transient visitors, men of [[South Arabia]]n and [[Persian Gulf]] ports, who migrated in and out of Cambay with the rhythm of the monsoons. But others were men with Arab or Persian patronyms whose families had settled in the town generations, even centuries earlier, intermarrying with Gujarati women, and assimilating everyday customs of the Hindu hinterland.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dunn |first=Ross E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZF2spo9BKacC&pg=PA218 |title=the Adventures of Ibn Battuta, a Muslim Traveler of the Fourteenth Century |publisher=University of California Press |year=1986 |isbn=978-0-520-05771-5 |location=Berkeley |page=218 |access-date=19 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304110046/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZF2spo9BKacC&pg=PA218 |archive-date=4 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Age of Discovery]] heralded the dawn of pioneer Portuguese and Spanish long-distance travel in search of alternative [[trade routes]] to "[[Indies|the East Indies]]", moved by the trade of [[gold]], [[silver]] and [[spices]]. In 1497, Portuguese explorer [[Vasco da Gama]] is said to have discovered the [[Discovery of the sea route to India|Europe-to-India]] sea route which changed the course of history, thanks to [[Kutchi people|Kutchi]] sailor Kanji Malam, who showed him the route from the East African coasts of [[Mozambique]] sailing onwards to [[Calicut]] off the [[Malabar coast]] in India.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 October 2010 |title=Gujarati showed Vasco 'da' way |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Gujarati-showed-Vasco-da-way/articleshow/6674395.cms |url-status=live |access-date=1 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131001090714/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-10-03/ahmedabad/28223775_1_gama-vasco-da-gujarati |archive-date=1 October 2013 |quote=Historians have differed over the identity of the sailor, calling him a Christian, a Muslim and a Gujarati. According to another account, he was the famous Arab navigator Ibn Majid. Some historians suggest Majid could not have been near the vicinity at the time. German author Justus says it was Malam who accompanied Vasco ... Italian researcher Sinthia Salvadori too has concluded that it was Malam who showed Gama the way to India. Salvadori has made this observation in her 'We Came In Dhows', an account written after interacting with people in Gujarat.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=N. Subrahmanian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CbgBAAAAMAAJ |title=Homage to a Historian: A Festschrift |last2=Tamil̲an̲pan̲ |last3=S. Jeyapragasam |publisher=Dr. N. Subrahmanian 60th Birthday Celebration Committee |year=1976 |page=62 |access-date=19 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304110046/https://books.google.com/books?id=CbgBAAAAMAAJ |archive-date=4 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Darwis Khudori |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R6zZAAAAMAAJ |title=Rethinking solidarity in global society: the challenge of globalisation for social and solidarity movements: 50 years after Bandung Asian-African Conference 1955 |publisher=Strategic Information and Research Development Centre |year=2007 |isbn=978-983-3782-13-0 |location=Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia |page=35 |access-date=1 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304110046/https://books.google.com/books?id=R6zZAAAAMAAJ |archive-date=4 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> Later, the Gujarat Sultanate allied with the [[Ottoman Turks|Ottomans]] and [[Mamluks|Egyptian Mamluks]] naval fleets led by governor-generals [[Malik Ayyaz]] and [[Amir Husain Al-Kurdi]], vanquished the Portuguese in the 1508 [[Battle of Chaul]] resulting in the first Portuguese defeat at sea in the [[Indian Ocean]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Peter Padfield |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ACI-AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA62 |title=Tide of Empires: 1481–1654 |publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul |year=1979 |isbn=978-0-7100-0150-4 |page=62 |access-date=19 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102052018/https://books.google.com/books?id=ACI-AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA62 |archive-date=2 January 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

To 16th-century European observers, Gujarat was a fabulously wealthy country. The customs revenue of Gujarat alone in the early 1570s was nearly three times the total revenue of the whole [[Portuguese Empire]] in Asia in 1586–87, when it was at its height.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pearson |first=M. N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yVPn43u846AC&pg=PA108 |title=Merchants and Rulers in Gujarat: The Response to the Portuguese in the Sixteenth Century |publisher=University of California Press |year=1976 |isbn=978-0-520-02809-8 |edition=illustrated |location=Berkeley |page=109 |access-date=19 October 2015 |archive-date=12 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712204153/https://books.google.com/books?id=yVPn43u846AC&pg=PA108 |url-status=live }}</ref> Indeed, when the British arrived on the coast of Gujarat, houses in [[Surat]] already had windows of [[Venetian glass]] imported from [[Constantinople]] through the [[Ottoman Empire]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Goody |first=Jack |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xXsaTLDG5HcC&pg=PA113 |title=The East in the West |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-521-55673-6 |edition=1998 Repr. |location=Cambridge |page=113 |access-date=19 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304110046/https://books.google.com/books?id=xXsaTLDG5HcC&pg=PA113 |archive-date=4 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 1514, the Portuguese explorer [[Duarte Barbosa]] described the cosmopolitan atmosphere of [[Rander]] known otherwise as ''City of Mosques'' in Surat province, which gained the fame and reputation of illustrious Islamic scholars, Sufi-saints, merchants and intellectuals from all over the world:<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-rQBAAAAYAAJ |title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Gujarát Surat and Broach Volume 2, Part 1 of Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency, Bombay (India: State) |date=30 April 2007 |publisher=Printed at the Government Central Press |page=299 |format=Digitized |access-date=19 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304110046/https://books.google.com/books?id=-rQBAAAAYAAJ |archive-date=4 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

{{blockquote| Ranel (Rander) is a good town of the [[Moors]], built of very pretty houses and squares. It is a rich and agreeable place ... the Moors of the town trade with [[Malacca]], [[Bengal]], Tawasery (Tannasserim), [[Pegu]], [[Martaban]], and [[Sumatra]] in all sort of spices, drugs, silks, musk, benzoin and porcelain. They possess very large and fine ships and those who wish Chinese articles will find them there very completely. The Moors of this place are white and well dressed and very rich they have pretty wives, and in the furniture of these houses have china vases of many kinds, kept in glass cupboards well arranged. Their women are not secluded like other Moors, but go about the city in the day time, attending to their business with their faces uncovered as in other parts.}}

The conquest of the Kingdom of Gujarat marked a significant event of Akbar's reign. Being the major trade gateway and departure harbour of pilgrim ships to Mecca, it gave the Mughal Empire free access to the Arabian sea and control over the rich commerce that passed through its ports. The territory and income of the empire were vastly increased.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Tsukasa Mizushima |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L2OeBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA88 |title=Hinterlands and Commodities: Place, Space, Time and the Political Economic Development of Asia over the Long Eighteenth Century European Expansion and Indigenous Response |last2=George Bryan Souza |last3=Dennis O. Flynn |date=2014 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-28390-9 |page=88 |access-date=22 December 2016 |archive-date=12 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712204224/https://books.google.com/books?id=L2OeBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA88 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== The Sultanate of Gujarat and the merchants ====
[[File:Pundole Agiary Udvada.jpg|thumb|right|upright|A [[Zoroastrian]] [[Agiary]] in [[Udvada]], Gujarat]]

For the best part of two centuries, the independent [[Khatri]] [[Sultanate of Gujarat]] was the cynosure of its neighbours on account of its wealth and prosperity, which had long made the Gujarati merchant a familiar figure in the ports of the Indian Ocean.<ref name="wink143" /><ref name="Mehta1991">{{Cite book |last=Mehta |first=Makrand |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9lz3gNDMbWEC&pg=PA21 |title=Indian Merchants and Entrepreneurs in Historical Perspective |date=11 January 1991 |publisher=Academic Foundation |isbn=978-81-7188-017-1 |page=1 |access-date=8 August 2020 |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414154259/https://books.google.com/books?id=9lz3gNDMbWEC&pg=PA21 |url-status=live }}</ref> Gujaratis, including Hindus and Muslims as well as the enterprising [[Parsi]] class of [[Zoroastrians]], had been specialising in the organisation of overseas trade for many centuries, and had moved into various branches of commerce such as [[commodity trade]], [[brokerage]], [[money-changing]], [[money-lending]] and [[banking]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Haider |first1=Irfan Habib with contributions from Najaf |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K8kO4J3mXUAC&pg=PA171 |title=Economic history of medieval India, 1200–1500 |last2=Khan |first2=Iqtidar Alam |last3=Moosvi |first3=Shireen |last4=Prasad |first4=Pushpa |date=2011 |publisher=Pearson Education |isbn=978-81-317-2791-1 |location=New Delhi |page=171 |access-date=22 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304110046/https://books.google.com/books?id=K8kO4J3mXUAC&pg=PA171 |archive-date=4 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

By the 17th century, [[Arab (Gujarat)|Chavuse]] and [[Baghdadi Jews]] had assimilated into the social world of the Surat province, later on their descendants would give rise to the [[David Sassoon (treasurer)|Sassoons]] of Bombay and the [[Ezra Mir|Ezras]] of Calcutta, and other influential Indian-Jewish figures who went on to play a philanthropical role in the commercial development of 19th-century British Crown Colony of [[Shanghai]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lentin |first=Sifra Samuel |title=India's Jewish heritage: ritual, art, & life-cycle |date=2002 |editor-last=Weil |editor-first=Shelve |location=Mumbai |pages=22–35 |language=en |chapter=The Jewish presence in Bombay}}</ref> Spearheaded by [[Khoja]], [[Mustaali|Bohra]], [[Bhatia caste|Bhatiya]] [[shahbandar]]s and Moorish [[nakhuda]]s who dominated sea navigation and shipping, Gujarat's transactions with the outside world had created the legacy of an international transoceanic empire which had a vast commercial network of permanent agents stationed at all the great port cities across the [[Indian Ocean]]. These networks extended to the [[Philippines]] in the east, [[East Africa]] in the west, and via maritime and the inland caravan route to [[Russia]] in the north.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bwJD2WBNtNMC&pg=PA28 |title=The South Asian Diaspora: Transnational Networks and Changing Identities |publisher=Routledge |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-134-10595-3 |editor-last=Rajesh Rai |page=1 |access-date=19 October 2015 |editor-last2=Peter Reeves |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304110046/https://books.google.com/books?id=bwJD2WBNtNMC&pg=PA28 |archive-date=4 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Tomé Pires]], a Portuguese official at [[Malacca City|Malacca]], wrote of conditions during the reigns of Mahmud I and Mozaffar II:

{{blockquote|[[Cambay]] stretches out two arms; with her right arm she reaches toward [[Aden]] and with the other towards Malacca<ref>Pires, I, p. 41</ref>}}

He also described Gujarat's active trade with [[Goa]], the [[Deccan Plateau]] and the [[Malabar region|Malabar]]. His contemporary, [[Duarte Barbosa]], describing Gujarat's maritime trade, recorded the import of horses from the Middle East and elephants from Malabar, and lists exports which included muslins, chintzes and silks, carnelian, ginger and other spices, aromatics, opium, indigo and other substances for dyeing, cereals and legumes.<ref>Barbosa, I, pp. 108–58</ref> [[Persia]] was the destination for many of these commodities, and they were partly paid for in [[horses]] and [[pearls]] taken from [[Hormuz Island|Hormuz]].<ref>Barbosa, I, p. 82</ref> The latter item, in particular, led Sultan [[Sikandar Lodi]] of [[Delhi]], according to Ali-Muhammad Khan, author of the Mirat-i-Ahmadi, to complain that the

{{blockquote|support of the throne of Delhi is wheat and barley but the foundation of the realm of Gujarat is coral and pearls<ref>apud Bayley, p. 20</ref>}}

Hence, the sultans of Gujarat possessed ample means to sustain lavish patronage of religion and the arts, to build madrasas and ḵānaqāhs, and to provide douceurs for the literati, mainly poets and historians, whose presence and praise enhanced the fame of the dynasty.<ref name="iranicaonline.org">[http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/gujarat GUJARAT – Encyclopædia Iranica] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121117040036/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/gujarat |date=17 November 2012 }}. Iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 28 July 2013.</ref>

[[File:Jama Masjid, Ahmedabad 01.jpg|thumb|[[Jama Mosque, Ahmedabad|Jama Masjid]], Ahmedabad]]

Even at the time of [[Tomé Pires]]' travel to the [[East Indies]] in the early 16th century, Gujarati merchants had earned an international reputation for their commercial acumen and this encouraged the visit of merchants from [[Cairo]], [[Armenia]], [[Ethiopian Empire|Abyssinia]], [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]], [[Shiraz]], [[Turkestan]] and [[Gilan Province|Guilans]] from Aden and Hormuz.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Freeman-Grenville |first1=G.S.P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3fKoAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA250 |title=Historical atlas of Islam |last2=Munro-Hay |first2=Stuart Christopher |date=2002 |publisher=Continuum |isbn=978-0-8264-1417-5 |edition=Rev. and expanded |location=New York [u.a.] |page=250 |access-date=22 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304110046/https://books.google.com/books?id=3fKoAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA250 |archive-date=4 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> Pires noted in his ''Suma Orientale'':<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bwJD2WBNtNMC&pg=PA28 |title=The South Asian Diaspora: Transnational Networks and Changing Identities |publisher=Routledge |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-134-10595-3 |editor-last=Rajesh Rai |page=31 |access-date=19 October 2015 |editor-last2=Peter Reeves |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304110046/https://books.google.com/books?id=bwJD2WBNtNMC&pg=PA28 |archive-date=4 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

{{blockquote| These [people] are [like] Italians in their knowledge of and dealings in merchandise ... they are men who understand merchandise; they are so properly steeped in the sound and harmony of it, that the ''Gujaratees'' say that any offence connected with merchandise is pardonable. There are ''Gujaratees'' settled everywhere. They work some for some and others for others. They are diligent, quick men in trade. They do their accounts with fingers like ours and with our very writings.}}

==== Gujarat in the Mughal Empire ====
[[File:Aurangzeb-portrait.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Portrait of Mughal Emperor [[Aurangzeb]]]]

Gujarat was one of the twelve original [[subah]]s (imperial top-level provinces) established by [[Mughal Emperor]] (''Badshah'') [[Akbar]], with a seat at Ahmedabad, bordering on [[Thatta]] (Sindh), [[Ajmer]], [[Malwa]] and later Ahmadnagar subahs.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

[[Aurangzeb]], the sixth Mughal Emperor, was born in [[Dahod]], Gujarat. He was the third son and sixth child of [[Shah Jahan]] and [[Mumtaz Mahal]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jacobsen |first1=Knut A. |title=Routledge Handbook of South Asian Religions |date=29 November 2020 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-429-62206-9 |page=190 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yNgDEAAAQBAJ&dq=Aurangzeb+born+Dahod&pg=PA190}}</ref> At the time of his birth, his father, Shah Jahan, was then the Subahdar (governor) of Gujarat, and his grandfather, [[Jehangir]], was the Mughal Emperor. Before he became emperor, Aurangzeb was made Subahdar of Gujarat subah as part of his training and was stationed at Ahmedabad.{{citation needed|date=January 2024}}

Aurangzeb had great love for his place of birth. In 1704, he wrote a letter to his eldest son, [[Muhammad Azam Shah]], asking him to be kind and considerate to the people of Dahod as it was his birthplace. Muhammad Azam was then the Subedar (governor) of Gujarat.<ref name="DNA_May2012"/>

In his letter, Aurangzeb wrote:<ref name="DNA_May2012">{{Cite news |last=Vashi |first=Ashish |date=1 May 2012 |title=Aurangzeb loved Dahod till the end |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/1682952/report-aurangzeb-loved-dahod-till-the-end |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927142458/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/1682952/report-aurangzeb-loved-dahod-till-the-end |archive-date=27 September 2013 |work=Daily News and Analysis |access-date=4 October 2013 |quote=Eminent historian Manekshah Commissariat has quoted from this letter in his book 'A History of Gujarat: Mughal period, from 1573 to 1758'.}}</ref>

{{blockquote| My son of exalted rank, the town of Dahod, one of the dependencies of Gujarat, is the birthplace of this sinner. Please consider a regard for the inhabitants of that town as incumbent on you.}}

=== Maratha Empire ===

When the cracks had started to develop in the edifice of the [[Mughal Empire]] in the mid-17th century, the [[Maratha Confederacy|Marathas]] were consolidating their power in the west, [[Chatrapati Shivaji]], the great Maratha ruler, attacked Surat in southern Gujarat twice first in 1664 and again in 1672.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Patel |first=Aakar |date=6 April 2012 |title=Blame the British Raj on bankers – Livemint |url=http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/zgaDxyMuIrH3QWHElwkX3M/Blame-the-British-Raj-on-bankers.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807152732/http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/zgaDxyMuIrH3QWHElwkX3M/Blame-the-British-Raj-on-bankers.html |archive-date=7 August 2017 |access-date=7 August 2017 |website=livemint.com |publisher=Livemint}}</ref> These attacks marked the entry of the Marathas into Gujarat. However, before the Maratha had made inroads into Gujarat, the Europeans had made their presence felt, led by the Portuguese, and followed by the Dutch and the English.

The [[Peshwa]]s had established sovereignty over parts of Gujarat and collected taxes and tributes through their representatives. [[Damaji Rao Gaekwad]] and [[Kadam (clan)|Kadam]] Bande divided the Peshwa territory between them,<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/60443/8/08_chapter%204.pdf |title=MULTIPLE AUTHORITIES – DISPUTED SOVEREIGNTY |access-date=7 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807152712/http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/60443/8/08_chapter%204.pdf |archive-date=7 August 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> with Damaji establishing the sway of [[Gaekwad dynasty|Gaekwad]] over Gujarat and making [[Baroda]] (present day [[Vadodara]] in southern Gujarat) his capital. The ensuing internecine war among the Marathas was fully exploited by the British, who interfered in the affairs of both Gaekwads and the Peshwas.

In [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]], as elsewhere, the Marathas were met with resistance.<ref name="cpc">{{Cite book |last1=Behera |first1=Deepak Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R--XMUsk7sIC&pg=PA198 |title=The concept of tribal society |last2=Pfeffer |first2=Georg |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |year=2002 |isbn=978-81-7022-983-4 |page=198}}</ref> The decline of the [[Mughal Empire]] helped form larger peripheral states in Saurashtra, including [[Junagadh State|Junagadh]], [[Nawanagar State|Jamnagar]], [[Bhavnagar State|Bhavnagar]] and a few others, which largely resisted the Maratha incursions.<ref name=cpc />

=== European colonialism (1614–1947) ===
[[File:Portuguese possessions in the Province of North.jpg|thumb|Territory ceded by the [[Gujarat Sultanate|Sultanate of Gujarat]] to Portugal in 1534 according to the [[Treaty of Bassein (1534)|Treaty of Bassein]].]]

In the 1600s, the Dutch, French, English and [[Portugal|Portuguese]] all established bases along the western coast of the region. Portugal was the first European power to arrive in Gujarat, and after the [[Battle of Diu]], acquired several enclaves along the Gujarati coast, including [[Daman and Diu]] as well as [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]. These enclaves were administered by [[Portuguese India]] under a single union territory for over 450 years, only to be later incorporated into the [[Republic of India]] on 19 December 1961 by military conquest.

The [[British East India Company]] established a [[Factory (trading post)|factory]] in [[Surat]] in 1614 following the commercial treaty made with Mughal Emperor Nuruddin Salim [[Jahangir]], which formed their first base in India, but it was eclipsed by [[Mumbai|Bombay]] after the English received it from Portugal in 1668 as part of the marriage treaty of [[Charles II of England]] and [[Catherine of Braganza]], daughter of [[King John IV of Portugal]]. The state was an early point of contact with the west, and the first British commercial [[Outpost (military)|outpost]] in India was in Gujarat.<ref name="wingsbirds.com">[http://wingsbirds.com/tours/india-west-gujarat-rann-kutch/ WINGS Birding Tours to India: the West – Gujarat and the Rann of Kutch – Itinerary] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730052857/http://wingsbirds.com/tours/india-west-gujarat-rann-kutch/ |date=30 July 2013 }}. Wingsbirds.com (14 December 2011). Retrieved 28 July 2013.</ref>

17th-century French explorer [[François Pyrard de Laval]], who is remembered for his 10-year sojourn in South Asia, bears witness in his account that the Gujaratis were always prepared to learn workmanship from the Portuguese, and in turn imparted skills to the Portuguese:<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rai |first1=Rajesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zb_X3L96AfgC&pg=PA31 |title=The South Asian diaspora transnational networks and changing identities |last2=Reeves, Peter |publisher=Routledge |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-203-89235-0 |location=London |page=31 |access-date=19 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304110046/https://books.google.com/books?id=zb_X3L96AfgC&pg=PA31&lpg=PA31 |archive-date=4 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

{{blockquote| I have never seen men of wit so fine and polished as are these Indians: they have nothing barbarous or savage about them, as we are apt to suppose. They are unwilling indeed to adopt the manners and customs of the ''Portuguese''; yet do they regularly learn their manufactures and workmanship, being all very curious and desirous of learning. In fact, the ''Portuguese'' take and learn more from them than they from the ''Portuguese''.}}

Later in the 17th century, Gujarat came under control of the Hindu [[Maratha Empire]] that arose, defeating the Muslim Mughals who had dominated the politics of India. Most notably, from 1705 to 1716, [[Senapati]] [[Khanderao Dabhade]] led the Maratha Empire forces in Baroda. [[Pilaji Gaekwad]], first ruler of [[Gaekwad dynasty]], established the control over Baroda and other parts of Gujarat.

The [[British East India Company]] wrested control of much of Gujarat from the Marathas during the [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]] in 1802–1803. Many local rulers, notably the Maratha Gaekwad Maharajas of Baroda ([[Vadodara]]), made a separate peace with the British and acknowledged British sovereignty in return for retaining local self-rule.

An epidemic in 1812 killed half the population of Gujarat.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Petersen |first1=Eskild |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VPEjDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA8 |title=Infectious Diseases: A Geographic Guide |last2=Chen |first2=Lin Hwei |last3=Schlagenhauf-Lawlor |first3=Patricia |date=14 February 2017 |isbn=978-1-119-08573-7 |page=8 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |access-date=2 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903073809/https://books.google.com/books?id=VPEjDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA8 |archive-date=3 September 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Gujarat was placed under the political authority of the [[Bombay Presidency]], with the exception of [[Baroda State]], which had a direct relationship with the [[Governor-General of India]]. From 1818 to 1947, most of present-day Gujarat, including [[Kathiawar]], Kutch and northern and eastern Gujarat were divided into hundreds of [[princely states]], but several districts in central and southern Gujarat, namely [[Ahmedabad district|Ahmedabad]], Broach ([[Bharuch district|Bharuch]]), Kaira ([[Kheda district|Kheda]]), [[Panchmahal district|Panchmahal]] and [[Surat district|Surat]], were governed directly by British officials. In 1819, [[Swaminarayan|Sahajanand Swami]] established the first [[Swaminarayan Temple, Ahmedabad|Swaminarayan Mandir]] in [[Kalupur]], [[Ahmedabad]].

<gallery mode="packed" heights="150">
File:Baroda-gujarat.png|Princely states of Gujarat in 1924
File:Bombay Prov north 1909.jpg|Bombay Presidency in 1909, northern portion
File:Gandhi at Dandi, 5 April 1930.jpg|[[Mahatma Gandhi]] picking salt at [[Dandi Beach|Dandi beach]], [[South Gujarat]], ending the [[Salt satyagraha]] on 5 April 1930
File:Shree Swaminarayan Sampraday, Ahmedabad.jpg|Foundational Swaminarayan Mandir, est. 1819
</gallery>

=== Post-independence (1947–present) ===
[[File:Bombay 1956-1960.svg|thumb|300px|Gujarat in Bombay state]]
[[File:Gujarat-High-Court.jpg|thumb|[[Gujarat High Court]] in Ahmedabad]]
[[File:Gandhinagar Capital Railway Station.jpg|thumb|[[Gandhinagar Capital railway station]]]]

Initially there was confusion over whether Junagadh would join India or Pakistan. This was resolved in 1947 with a [[plebiscite]] for full union with India following the next year.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/research/five-states-that-refused-to-join-india-after-independence/ |title=Five states that refused to join India after Independence |date=August 2017 |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113171155/https://indianexpress.com/article/research/five-states-that-refused-to-join-india-after-independence/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

After [[Independence of India|Indian independence]] and the [[partition of India]] in 1947, the new Indian government grouped the former princely states of Gujarat into three larger units; [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]], which included the former princely states on the [[Kathiawad]] peninsula, [[Kutch]], and [[Bombay state]], which included the former British districts of Bombay Presidency together with most of [[Baroda State]] and the other former princely states of eastern Gujarat. Bombay state was enlarged to include Kutch, Saurashtra (Kathiawar) and parts of [[Hyderabad state]] and [[Madhya Pradesh]] in central India. The new state had a mostly Gujarati-speaking north and a Marathi-speaking south. Agitation by Gujarati nationalists, the [[Mahagujarat Movement]], and Marathi nationalists, the [[Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti|Samyukta Maharashtra]], for their own states led to the split of [[Bombay state]] on linguistic lines; on 1 May 1960, it became the new states of Gujarat and [[Maharashtra]]. In [[1969 Gujarat riots|1969 riots]], at least 660 died and properties worth millions were destroyed.<ref name="Yasmeen2007">{{Cite book |last=Peer |first=Yasmeen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y0J4T6Rt-90C&pg=PA103 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528094126/http://books.google.com/books?id=y0J4T6Rt-90C&pg=PA103 |title=Communal Violence in Gujarat: Rethinking the Role of Communalism and Institutionalised Injustices in India |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-549-51753-5 |pages=103–104 |access-date=6 February 2013 |archive-date=28 May 2013 }}</ref><ref name="LaurentChris2012">{{Cite book |last1=Gayer |first1=Lauren |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EpGLmAEACAAJ&pg=PA53 |title=Muslims in Indian Cities: Trajectories of Marginalisation |last2=Jaffrelot |first2=Christophe |date=30 May 2012 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-70308-6 |pages=53–60 }}</ref>

The first capital of Gujarat was [[Ahmedabad]]. The capital of Gujarat was moved to [[Gandhinagar]] in 1970. ''[[Nav Nirman]] Andolan'' was a socio-political movement of 1974. It was a students' and [[middle class]] people's movement against economic crisis and corruption in public life. This was the first and last successful agitation after the Independence of India that ousted an elected government.<ref name="it">{{Cite magazine |last=Shah |first=Ghanshyam |date=20 December 2007 |title=Pulse of the people |magazine=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20071231-pulse-of-the-people-734871-2007-12-20 |url-status=live |access-date=22 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120917002911/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Pulse+of+the+people/1/2727.html |archive-date=17 September 2012}}</ref><ref name="avk">{{Cite book |last=Krishna |first=Ananth V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8v7Vr2iQUHkC&pg=PA120 |title=India Since Independence: Making Sense Of Indian Politics |publisher=Pearson Education India |year=2011 |isbn=978-81-317-3465-0 |page=117 |access-date=19 October 2015 }}</ref><ref name="bs">{{Cite news |last=Dhar |first=P. N. |year=2000 |title=Excerpted from 'Indira Gandhi, the "emergency", and Indian democracy' published in ''Business Standard'' |work=Business Standard India |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=http://business-standard.com/india/news/the-nav-nirman-movement/80363/ |access-date=23 November 2012 |isbn=978-0-19-564899-7 |archive-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809043300/https://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/the-nav-nirman-movement-100021901024_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Gujarat has emerged as an important industrial hub in India. In Western India [[Surat]] was among the strongest industrial clusters in the 1970s. Between 1971 and 1981 [[diamond cutting]] was established as industry in Surat. At the same time the production of [[artificial silk]] and a substantial [[petrochemical industry]] became a fixture in Surat.<ref>{{Cite book|title= Dispossession and Resistance in India: The River and the Rage | author1= Alf Gunvald Nilsen |publisher= Taylor & Francis |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-136-99432-6 | pages=24}}</ref>

The [[Morvi dam failure]], in 1979, resulted in the death of thousands of people and large economic loss.<ref name="expi">{{Cite news |date=25 July 2012 |title=Book on 1979 Morbi dam disaster rubbishes 'Act of God' theory |publisher=The Indian Express |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/book-on-1979-morbi-dam-disaster-rubbishes-act-of-god-theory/979087/0 |url-status=live |access-date=18 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617040543/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/book-on-1979-morbi-dam-disaster-rubbishes-act-of-god-theory/979087/0 |archive-date=17 June 2013}}</ref> In the 1980s, a [[Reservation in India|reservation policy]] was introduced in the country, which led to anti-reservation protests in 1981 and 1985. The protests witnessed violent clashes between people belonging to various [[Indian caste system|castes]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yagnik |first=Achyut |date=May 2002 |title=The pathology of Gujarat |url=http://www.india-seminar.com/2002/513/513%20achyut%20yagnik.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060322112252/http://www.india-seminar.com/2002/513/513%20achyut%20yagnik.htm |archive-date=22 March 2006 |access-date=10 May 2006 |publisher=Seminar Publications |location=New Delhi}}</ref>

The [[2001 Gujarat earthquake]] was located about 9 km south-southwest of the village of [[Chobari]] in the [[Bhachau]] taluka of [[Kutch]] District. This magnitude 7.7 shock killed around 20,000 people (including at least 18 in South-eastern Pakistan), injured another 167,000 and destroyed nearly 400,000 homes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Historic Earthquakes |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqarchives/year/2001/2001_01_26.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101003339/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqarchives/year/2001/2001_01_26.php |archive-date=1 November 2014 |access-date=20 December 2014 |publisher=Earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref>

In February 2002, the [[Godhra train burning]] led to statewide [[2002 Gujarat violence|riots]], resulting in the deaths of 1,044 people – 790 Muslims and 254 Hindus, and hundreds missing still unaccounted for.<ref name="Riots toll">[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4536199.stm BBC News. 11 May 2005] , These figures were reported to the Rajya Sabha by the Union Minister of State for Home Affairs Sriprakash Jaiswal in May 2005</ref> The [[Swaminarayan Akshardham (Gandhinagar)|Swaminarayan Akshardham in Gandhinagar]] was [[Akshardham Temple attack|attacked]] by two terrorists in September 2002, killing 32 people and injuring more than 80 others. [[National Security Guard]]s intervened to end the siege killing both terrorists.<ref name="akshar">{{Cite news |last=Dasgupta, Manas |date=1 June 2010 |title=Death sentence for Akshardham temple attack convicts upheld |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/death-sentence-for-akshardham-temple-attack-convicts-upheld/article443455.ece |url-status=live |access-date=16 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203214449/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/death-sentence-for-akshardham-temple-attack-convicts-upheld/article443455.ece |archive-date=3 December 2013}}</ref> On 26 July 2008 a [[2008 Ahmedabad serial blasts|series of seventeen bomb blasts]] rocked Ahmedabad, killing and injuring several people.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 July 2008 |title=17 bomb blasts rock Ahmedabad, 15 dead |publisher=CNN-IBN |url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/index.html |url-status=live |access-date=26 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080628002847/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/index.html |archive-date=28 June 2008}}</ref>

== Geography ==
{{Main|Geography of Gujarat}}

{{See also|Climate of Gujarat|List of rivers of Gujarat}}
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Gujarat borders the [[Tharparkar District|Tharparkar]], [[Badin District|Badin]] and [[Thatta District|Thatta]] districts of [[Pakistan]]'s [[Sindh]] province to the northwest, is bounded by the Arabian Sea to the southwest, the state of [[Rajasthan]] to the northeast, Madhya Pradesh to the east, and by Maharashtra, the [[Union Territory]] of [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]] to the south. Historically, the north was known as [[Anarta]], the Kathiawar peninsula, "Saurastra", and the south as "Lata".<ref>P. Page xvii ''Historical and Cultural Chronology of Gujarat'' edited by Manjulal Ranchholdlal Majmudar</ref> Gujarat was also known as Pratichya and Varuna.<ref>P. 391 ''The Hindu World: An Encyclopedic Survey of Hinduism'' by Benjamin Walker</ref> The Arabian Sea makes up the state's western coast. The capital, Gandhinagar is a [[planned city]]. Gujarat has an area of {{cvt|75686|sqmi|km2}} with the longest coastline (24% of Indian sea coast) {{cvt|1600|km}}, dotted with 41 ports: one major, 11 intermediate and 29 minor.

The [[Narmada River|Narmada]] is the largest river in Gujarat followed by the [[Tapti River|Tapi]]. The [[Sabarmati River|Sabarmati]] has the longest course through the state.
The Sardar Sarovar Project is built on Narmada, one of the major rivers of [[peninsular India]] where it is one of only three major rivers that run from east to west – the others being the Tapi and the [[Mahi River|Mahi]]. It is about {{cvt|1312|km}} long. Several riverfront embankments have been built on the Sabarmati River.

The eastern borders have fringes of low mountains of India, the [[Aravalli Range|Aravalli]], [[Western Ghats|Sahyadri (Western Ghats)]], [[Vindhya Range|Vindhya]] and [[Saputara]]. Apart from this the Gir hills, Barda, Jessore and [[Chotila]] together make up a large minority of Gujarat. [[Girnar]] is the tallest peak and [[Saputara]] is the only hill-station (hilltop resort) in the state.

=== Rann of Kutch ===
{{Main|Rann of Kutch}}

Rann (રણ) is Gujarati for desert. The [[Rann of Kutch]] is a seasonally marshy saline clay desert in the [[Thar Desert]] biogeographic region between the Pakistani province of [[Sindh]] and the rest of the state of Gujarat; it commences {{cvt|8|km}} from the village of Kharaghoda, Surendranagar District.

<gallery mode="packed" heights="134">
File:Kutch White Rann Tents (8335851293).jpg|The colourful Rann Utsav Festival is held annually in the Rann of Kutch.
File:People in the Twilight.jpg|People enjoying Raan Utsav at [[Dhordo]], [[Kutch]]
File:Kutch Adventures India.jpg|Camel ride in the Rann of Kutch
File:Greater Flamingo at Kutch.jpg|[[Greater flamingo]] at the Rann of Kutch
</gallery>

=== Flora and fauna ===
{{Main|Fauna of Gujarat|List of national parks and wildlife sanctuaries of Gujarat, India}}

==== Prehistoric fauna ====
[[File:Dinosaurs Park.jpg|thumb|Indroda [[Dinosaur]] and Fossil Park, [[Gandhinagar]]]]

In the early 1980s, palaeontologists found [[dinosaur egg]] hatcheries and [[fossil]]s of at least 13 species in [[Balasinor]].<ref name="bbc_jurassic"/> The most important find was that of a carnivorous [[Abelisauridae|abelisaurid]] dinosaur named ''[[Rajasaurus|Rajasurus narmadensis]]'' which lived in the [[Late Cretaceous]] period.<ref name="bbc_jurassic">{{cite news |title=The wonders of India's Jurassic Park |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/8671676.stm |access-date=2 January 2024 |work=BBC |date=11 May 2010 |archive-date=10 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510111635/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8671676.stm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Smithsonian"/> A notable discovery in the village of Dholi Dungri was that of ''[[Sanajeh indicus]]'', a primitive [[Madtsoiidae|madtsoiid]] snake that likely preyed on [[sauropod]] dinosaur hatchlings and embryos.<ref name="Smithsonian">{{cite news |last1=Dixit |first1=Neha |date=21 January 2016 |last2=Mehta |first2=Vishal |title=Meet India's Dinosaur Princess |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/balasinor-dinosaur-fossil-park-raiyoli-gujarat-india-princess-aaliya-sultana-babi-180957798/ |work=[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]] |access-date=2 January 2024 |archive-date=2 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102120728/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/balasinor-dinosaur-fossil-park-raiyoli-gujarat-india-princess-aaliya-sultana-babi-180957798/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wilson |first1=Jeffrey A. |last2=Mohabey |first2=Dhananjay M. |last3=Peters |first3=Shanan E. |last4=Head |first4=Jason J. |title=Predation upon Hatchling Dinosaurs by a New Snake from the Late Cretaceous of India |journal=PLOS Biology |date=2 March 2010 |volume=8 |issue=3 |article-number=e1000322 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.1000322 |doi-access=free |pmid=20209142 |pmc=2830453 |issn=1544-9173}}</ref>

==== Extant species ====
As of 2023, Gujarat has {{formatnum:15016.64}} km2 of forest cover, which is about {{formatnum:7.65}}% of its geographical area. The total recorded forest area in the state is {{formatnum:21870.35}} km2 ({{formatnum:11.14}}%).<ref name="TOI2025Forest">
{{Cite news|title = Tree cover outside forest area grew by 241 sq km in Gujarat|work = The Times of India|date = 6 May 2025|url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/tree-cover-outside-forest-area-grew-by-241-sq-km-in-gujarat/articleshow/122327156.cms|access-date = 28 September 2025}}</ref> Among the districts, [[the Dangs]] has the largest area under forest cover. Gujarat has four national parks and 21 sanctuaries. It is the only home of Asiatic lions and, outside [[Africa]], is the only present natural habitat of lions.<ref name="Singh2011">{{Cite journal |last1=Singh, H. S. |last2=Gibson, L. |year=2011 |title=A conservation success story in the otherwise dire megafauna extinction crisis: The Asiatic lion (''Panthera leo persica'') of Gir forest |url=http://www.dbs.nus.edu.sg/lab/cons-lab/documents/Singh_Gibson_Biol_Cons_2011.pdf |journal=Biological Conservation |volume=144 |issue=5 |pages=1753–1757 |doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2011.02.009 |bibcode=2011BCons.144.1753S |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808105532/http://www.dbs.nus.edu.sg/lab/cons-lab/documents/Singh_Gibson_Biol_Cons_2011.pdf |archive-date=8 August 2017 |access-date=18 July 2017 | issn=0006-3207}}</ref> [[Gir Forest National Park]] in the southwest part of the state covers part of the lions' habitat. [[Indian leopard]]s are also found in the state. They are spread across the large plains of Saurashtra and the mountains of South Gujarat. Other national parks include [[Vansda National Park]], [[Blackbuck National Park, Velavadar]], and [[Marine National Park, Gulf of Kutch|Narara Marine National Park, Gulf of Kutchh, Jamnagar]]. Wildlife sanctuaries include [[Wild Ass Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Nal Sarovar Bird Sanctuary]], [[Porbandar Bird Sanctuary]], [[Kutch Desert Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Kutch Bustard Sanctuary]], [[Narayan Sarovar Sanctuary]], [[Jessore Sloth Bear Sanctuary]], Anjal, [[Balaram Ambaji Wildlife Sanctuary|Balaram-Ambaji]], [[Barda Wildlife Sanctuary|Barda]], [[Jambughoda Wildlife Sanctuary|Jambughoda]], [[Khavda]], Paniya, [[Purna Wildlife Sanctuary|Purna]], Rampura, [[Ratan Mahal Wildlife Sanctuary|Ratan Mahal]], and Surpaneshwar.

In February 2019, a [[Bengal tiger]] claimed to be from [[Ratapani Tiger Reserve|Ratapani]] in Madhya Pradesh was spotted in the area of [[Lunavada]] in [[Mahisagar district]], in the eastern part of the state,<ref name="HT 02-2019">{{Cite news |date=18 February 2019 |title=Like humans, animals too have a right to migrate |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/editorials/like-humans-animals-too-have-a-right-to-migrate/story-61db8VDgKftuIkBtPNO6eL.html |url-status=live |access-date=17 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227174147/https://www.hindustantimes.com/editorials/like-humans-animals-too-have-a-right-to-migrate/story-61db8VDgKftuIkBtPNO6eL.html |archive-date=27 February 2019}}</ref><ref name="DTE 02-2019">{{Cite news |last=Ghai |first=Rajat |date=12 February 2019 |title=Camera trap proves Gujarat now has tiger |work=[[Down To Earth (magazine)|Down To Earth]] |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/wildlife-biodiversity/camera-trap-proves-gujarat-now-has-tiger-63216 |access-date=17 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212203213/https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/wildlife-biodiversity/camera-trap-proves-gujarat-now-has-tiger-63216 |archive-date=12 February 2019}}</ref> before being found dead later that month, likely from starvation.<ref name="TOI 03-2019">{{Cite news |last=Kaushik |first=Himashu |date=9 March 2019 |title=Tiger that trekked from MP to Gujarat died of starvation: Post-mortem report |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/68327799.cms |access-date=17 March 2019 |archive-date=28 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228102726/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/68327799.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="200">
File:Asiatic Lioness with around 30 days old cub.jpg|A family of [[Asiatic lion]]s, which live in and around [[Gir National Park]]
File:Greater Flamingo, Jamnagar, Rangilo Gujarati 01.jpg|[[Greater flamingo]]s at the [[Nal Sarovar Bird Sanctuary]]
File:Striped Hyena (Hyaena hyaena).jpg|[[Striped hyena]] at the [[Gir National Park]]
</gallery>

== Demographics ==
{{Main|Gujarati people}}

{{Historical populations
| source = [[Census of India]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Census of India Website: Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html |access-date=10 December 2019 |website=censusindia.gov.in |archive-date=8 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808131957/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| 1901 | 9094748
| 1911 | 9803587
| 1921 | 10174989
| 1931 | 11489828
| 1941 | 13701551
| 1951 | 16263000
| 1961 | 20633000
| 1971 | 26697000
| 1981 | 34086000
| 1991 | 41310000
| 2001 | 50671000
| 2011 | 60383628
}}

The population of Gujarat was 60,439,692 (31,491,260 males and 28,948,432 females) according to the 2011 census data.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gujarat Profile |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/stock/profiles/en/IND024_Gujarat.pdf |access-date=16 March 2020 |website=censusindia.gov.in |archive-date=19 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919152632/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/stock/profiles/en/IND024_Gujarat.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The population density is {{convert|308|/km2|/mi2|disp=preunit|persons |persons}}, lower than other Indian states. As per the census of 2011, the state has a sex ratio of 918 females for every 1000 males, one of the lowest (ranked 24) among the 29 states in India.

While Gujarati speakers constitute a majority of Gujarat's population, the metropolitan areas of Ahmedabad, [[Vadodara]] and [[Surat]] are cosmopolitan, with numerous other ethnic and language groups. [[Marwari people|Marwaris]] compose large minorities of economic migrants; smaller communities of people from the other states of India have also migrated to Gujarat for employment. [[Luso-Indian]]s, [[Anglo-Indian]]s, [[Jew]]s and [[Parsi]]s also live in the areas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Taraporevala |first=Sooni |title=Parsis – the Zoroastrians of India |url=http://www.the-south-asian.com/april2001/Parsis-Arrival%20in%20India.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170725090319/http://www.the-south-asian.com/april2001/Parsis-Arrival%20in%20India.htm |archive-date=25 July 2017 |access-date=7 August 2017 |website=the-south-asian.com}}</ref> [[Sindhi people|Sindhi]] presence is traditionally important here following the [[Partition of India]] in 1947.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to Indian Institute of Sindhology |url=http://www.sindhology.org/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218103548/http://sindhology.org/ |archive-date=18 December 2014 |access-date=20 December 2014 |publisher=Sindhology.org}}</ref> The [[Koli people|Koli]] forms the largest caste-cluster, comprising 24% of the total population of the state.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Rajneesh |date=13 December 2017 |title=गुजरात: बनिये का दिमाग़ और मियांभाई की बहादुरी |language=hi |work=BBC News हिंदी |url=https://www.bbc.com/hindi/india-42334430 |access-date=19 January 2021 |archive-date=19 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119163651/https://www.bbc.com/hindi/india-42334430 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Shah |first=Ghanshyam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Aou17T8KaEEC&q=koli+thakor&pg=PA297 |title=Caste and Democratic Politics in India |date=2004 |publisher=Permanent Black |isbn=978-81-7824-095-4 |language=en |access-date=13 February 2021 |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414105622/https://books.google.com/books?id=Aou17T8KaEEC&q=koli+thakor&pg=PA297 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Gujarat ranked fifth in the Fiscal Health Index (FHI) 2025, with a score of 50.5.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gupta |first=Cherry |date=28 January 2025 |title=India's top 10 best-performing states in the Fiscal Health Index 2025 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/trending/top-10-listing/indias-top-10-best-performing-states-in-the-fiscal-health-index-2025-9801341/ |work=The Indian Express |access-date=19 February 2025}}</ref>

=== Religion ===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religion in Gujarat (2011)<ref name="census2011" />
|label1 = [[Hinduism]]
|value1 = 88.57
|color1 = DarkOrange
|label2 = [[Islam]]
|value2 = 9.67
|color2 = Green
|label3 = [[Jainism]]
|value3 = 0.96
|color3 = Brown
|label4 = [[Christianity]]
|value4 = 0.52
|color4 = Blue
|label5 = [[Sikhism]]
|value5 = 0.1
|color5 = DarkKhaki
|label6 = [[Buddhism]]
|value6 = 0.05
|color6 = Gold
|label7 = Others
|value7 = 0.03
|color7 = Grey
|label8 = Not stated
|value8 = 0.1
|color8 = Black
}}

According to 2011 census, the religious makeup in Gujarat was 88.57% [[Hindu]], 9.67% [[Muslim]], 0.96% [[Jain]], 0.52% [[Christians|Christian]], 0.10% [[Sikh]], 0.05% [[Buddhist]] and 0.03% others. Around 0.1% [[Irreligion|did not state any religion]].<ref name="census2011">{{Cite web |title=Population by religion community – 2011 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825155850/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS |archive-date=25 August 2015 |website=Census of India, 2011 |publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref> Hinduism is the majority religion, and is over 93% in rural areas. [[Gujarati Muslims|Muslims]] are the biggest minority in the state accounting for 9.7% of the population. Gujarat has the third-largest population of [[Jain]]s in India, following [[Maharashtra]] and [[Rajasthan]], almost all of whom live in urban areas like Vadodara, Ahmedabad and Surat.<ref name="Religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Gujarat |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11373/download/14486/DDW24C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |access-date=30 January 2023 |archive-date=10 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221110075348/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11373/download/14486/DDW24C-01%20MDDS.XLS |url-status=live }}</ref><gallery mode="packed" heights="100">
File:Sheth Hutheesinh Temple.jpg|[[Hutheesing Jain Temple|Hutheesing Temple]], [[Ahmedabad]]
File:Palitana.jpg|[[Palitana temples|Shatrunjaya Mahatirth]], [[Palitana]]
File:Gurudwara Govinddham.JPG|Gurudwara Govinddham, Ahmedabad
File:Ahmedabad Synagogue.jpg|[[Magen Abraham Synagogue|Magen Abraham]] Jewish Synagogue, Ahmedabad
</gallery>

=== Language ===

[[File:Language Map of Gujarat (2011 Census).svg|left|thumb|Languages spoken by district 
'''Gujarati'''
{{legend|#ffc4b8|40–50%}}
{{legend|#ff9985|50–60%}}
{{legend|#ff6f52|60–70%}}
{{legend|#ff441f|70–80%}}
{{legend|#eb2700|80–90%}}
{{legend|#cc2200|90–100%}}
'''Bhil languages'''
{{legend|#b78ad1|50–60%}}
]]

[[File:Gujarati Script Sample.svg|thumb|right|[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] written in [[Gujarati alphabet|Gujarati script]]]]
{{Pie chart
| caption = Languages of Gujarat (2011)
| thumb = right
| label1 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| value1 = 85.97
| color1 = skyblue
| label2 = [[Hindi]]
| value2 = 7.06
| color2 = orange
| label3 = [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]
| value3 = 1.96
| color3 = limegreen
| label4 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| value4 = 1.52
| color4 = red
| label5 = [[Bhili language|Bhili]]
| value5 = 1.37
| color5 = indianred
| label6 = [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
| value6 = 0.79
| color6 = green
| label7 = [[Odia language|Odia]]
| value7 = 0.30
| color7 = brown
| label8 = [[Khandeshi language|Khandeshi]]
| value8 = 0.25
| color8 = coral
| label9 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| value9 = 0.13
| color9 = pink
| label10 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| value10 = 0.12
| color10 = steelblue
| label11 = Others
| value11 = 0.52
| color11 = grey
}}

[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] is the official language of the state of Gujarat. An [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan language]], it is spoken natively by 86% of the state's population, or 52 million people (as of 2011). Hindi is the second-most frequently spoken language in the state, being spoken by more than 6% of the population. Marathi also is spoken in urban areas.<ref name="language">{{cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Gujarat |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10212/download/13324/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2700.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |access-date=30 January 2023 |archive-date=18 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718113847/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10212/download/13324/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2700.XLSX |url-status=live }}</ref>

People from the Kutch region of Gujarat also speak in the [[Kutchi language|Kutchi]] mother tongue and, to a great extent, understand [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] as well. [[Memoni]] is the mother tongue of Kathiawar and Sindhi Memons, most whom are Muslims.

Almost 88% of the [[Gujarati Muslims]] speak Gujarati as their mother tongue and the remaining 12% speak [[Urdu]]. A sizeable proportion of Gujarati Muslims are bilingual in the two languages.

In rural areas among the tribals, various Bhil dialects are spoken by approximately 1.37% of the population. In the northeast part of the state [[Bhili language|Bhili]] is spoken, in the central part of the state [[Bhili language|Bhili]], [[Bhilali language|Bhilali]], and [[Vasavi language|Vasava]] are spoken, while in the southeast part of the state [[Dhanki language|Dangi]], [[Varli language|Varli]], [[Chodri language|Chodri]], and [[Dhodia-Kukna language|Dhodia]] (which are related to Marathi) are spoken.

Apart from this, English, [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Kannada]], [[Malayalam]], [[Marwari language|Marwari]], [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], and others are spoken by a considerable number of economic migrants from other states of India who are seeking employment.<ref name="CensusLang2011">{{Cite web |title=C-16 Population By Mother Tongue – Gujarat |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10203/download/13315/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2400.XLSX |access-date=6 July 2022 |website=censusindia.gov.in |archive-date=6 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706185603/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10203/download/13315/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2400.XLSX |url-status=live }}</ref>

Under the ''[[three-language formula]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2016 |title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |archive-date=25 May 2017 |access-date=15 February 2018 |website=nclm.nic.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]] |page=96}}</ref> the languages taught in schools are:

'''First language''': Gujarati/Hindi/English

'''Second language''': Gujarati/English

'''Third language''': Hindi

== Governance and administration ==
{{Main|Politics of Gujarat|Government of Gujarat|Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Districts of Gujarat|Cities of Gujarat|Talukas of Gujarat}}

{{See also|Chief Ministers of Gujarat|Gujarat Council of Ministers}}

{{Wide image|SACHIVALAY PANORAMA.jpg|1200px|{{center|[[Gandhinagar]], the capital of Gujarat State. The picture shown above is of the Legislative Assembly and seat of Gujarat government.}}}}
Gujarat is governed by a [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] of 182 members. Members of the Legislative Assembly are elected on the basis of adult suffrage from one of 182 constituencies, of which 13 are reserved for [[Scheduled Castes and Tribes|scheduled castes]] and 27 for [[scheduled tribe]]s. The term of office for a member of the Legislative Assembly is five years. The Legislative Assembly elects a [[Speaker of the Legislative Assembly (India)|speaker]] who presides over the meetings of the legislature. A [[List of governors of Gujarat|governor]] is appointed by the [[President of India]], and is to address the state legislature after every general election and the commencement of each year's first session of the Legislative Assembly. The leader of the majority party or coalition in the legislature (Chief Minister) or his or her designee acts as the Leader of the Legislative Assembly. The [[List of governors of Gujarat|Governor]] is the constitutional head of the state, while the [[Gujarat Council of Ministers]], headed by the [[Chief Minister of Gujarat|Chief Minister]], exercises executive authority and functions as the de facto government.<ref>https://gad.gujarat.gov.in/introduction.htm</ref>
[[File:Maganbhai Ninama, a Class IV Karma Yogi in Secretariat belonging to Adivasi community inaugurated Swarnim Sankul 2 (12534098875).jpg|thumb|right|Swarnim Sankul 2, Office of Gujarat Government]]

After the [[independence of India]] in 1947, the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) ruled the [[Bombay State]] (which included present-day Gujarat and Maharashtra). Congress continued to govern Gujarat after the state's creation in 1960.

During and after India's [[The Emergency (India)|State of Emergency of 1975–1977]], public support for the INC eroded, but it continued to hold government until 1995 with the brief rule of nine months by [[Janata Morcha]]. In the 1995 Assembly elections, the Congress lost to the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) led by [[Keshubhai Patel]] who became the Chief Minister. His government lasted only two years. The fall of that government was provoked by a split in the BJP led by [[Shankersinh Vaghela]]. BJP again won election in 1998 with clear majority. In 2001, following the loss of two assembly seats in by-elections, Keshubhai Patel resigned and yielded power to [[Narendra Modi]]. BJP retained a majority in the 2002 election, and Narendra Modi remained as Chief Minister. On 1 June 2007, Narendra Modi became the longest serving Chief Minister of Gujarat.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 July 2016 |title=Raman Singh breaks Modi's record to be longest serving BJP CM |work=Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/raman-singh-breaks-modi-s-record-to-be-longest-serving-bjp-cm/story-5bakVFEDVU9MrSQIlDCYdK.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170514064535/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/raman-singh-breaks-modi-s-record-to-be-longest-serving-bjp-cm/story-5bakVFEDVU9MrSQIlDCYdK.html |archive-date=14 May 2017 |access-date=29 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Yahoo |url=http://in.news.yahoo.com/070606/43/6gpdc.html |access-date=7 February 2016}}{{dead link|fix-attempted=yes|date=February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Narendra Modi to complete 12 years as Gujarat's chief minister tomorrow |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Narendra-Modi-to-complete-12-years-as-Gujarats-chief-minister-tomorrow/articleshow/23610694.cms |url-status=live |access-date=29 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110050753/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Narendra-Modi-to-complete-12-years-as-Gujarats-chief-minister-tomorrow/articleshow/23610694.cms |archive-date=10 January 2017}}</ref> BJP retained the power in subsequent elections in 2007 and 2012 and Narendra Modi continued as the chief minister. After Narendra Modi became the prime minister of India in 2014, [[Anandiben Patel]] became the first female chief minister of the state. [[Vijay Rupani]] took over as chief minister and Nitin Patel as deputy chief minister on 7 August 2016 after [[Anandiben Patel]] resigned earlier on 3 August. [[Bhupendrabhai Patel]] became chief minister in September 2021 after the resignation of Vijay Rupani.

The incumbent [[Chief secretary (India)|chief secretary]] of Gujarat is Raj Kumar<ref>{{Cite web |title=About the Chief Secretary |url=https://gad.gujarat.gov.in/chief-secretary.htm#:~:text=Shri%20Raj%20Kumar%2C%20IAS%20has,January%2C%202023%20(AN). |website=Gad.gujarat.gov.in |access-date=21 April 2023 |archive-date=21 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421085204/https://gad.gujarat.gov.in/chief-secretary.htm#:~:text=Shri%20Raj%20Kumar%2C%20IAS%20has,January%2C%202023%20(AN). }}</ref> and [[director general of police]] (DGP) is Vikas Sahay.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Vikas Sahay appointed as Gujarat DGP |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/vikas-sahay-appointed-as-dgp/articleshow/98349969.cms |website=The Times of India |date=2 March 2023 }}</ref>

Gujarat has 34 districts, listed below:
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
*[[Ahmedabad District|Ahmedabad]]
*[[Surat District|Surat]]
*[[Bharuch District|Bharuch]]
*[[Dang District, India|Dang]]
*[[Navsari District|Navsari]]
*[[Tapi District|Tapi]]
*[[Valsad District|Valsad]]
*[[Narmada District|Narmada]]
*[[Vadodara District|Vadodara]]
*[[Anand District|Anand]]
*[[Chhota Udaipur District|Chhota Udaipur]]
*[[Dahod District|Dahod]]
*[[Kheda District|Kheda]]
*[[Mahisagar District|Mahisagar]]
*[[Panchmahal District|Panchmahal]]
*[[Gandhinagar District|Gandhinagar]]
*[[Aravalli District|Aravalli]]
*[[Banaskantha District|Banaskantha]]
*[[Mehsana District|Mehsana]]
*[[Patan District|Patan]]
*[[Sabarkantha District|Sabarkantha]]
*[[Rajkot District|Rajkot]]
*[[Jamnagar District|Jamnagar]]
*[[Amreli District|Amreli]]
*[[Bhavnagar District|Bhavnagar]]
*[[Botad District|Botad]]
*[[Devbhoomi Dwarka District|Devbhoomi Dwarka]]
*[[Gir Somnath District|Gir Somnath]]
*[[Junagadh District|Junagadh]]
*[[Morbi District|Morbi]]
*[[Porbandar District|Porbandar]]
*[[Surendranagar District|Surendranagar]]
*[[Kachchh district|Kachchh]]
*[[Vav-Tharad district|Vav-Tharad]]
{{Div col end}}

{{Largest cities
| country = Gujarat
| stat_ref = As of the [[List of cities in Gujarat|2011 Census]]
| list_by_pop = List of cities in Gujarat
| div_name = District
| div_link = List of districts of Gujarat{{!}}District

| city_1 = Ahmedabad
| div_1 = Ahmedabad district{{!}}Ahmedabad
| pop_1 = 6,357,693
| city_2 = Surat
| div_2 = Surat district{{!}}Surat
| pop_2 = 5,935,000
| city_3 = Vadodara
| div_3 = Vadodara district{{!}}Vadodara
| pop_3 = 4,065,771
| city_4 = Rajkot
| div_4 = Rajkot district{{!}}Rajkot
| pop_4 = 1,390,640
| city_5 = Bhavnagar
| div_5 = Bhavnagar district{{!}}Bhavnagar
| pop_5 = 605,882

| city_6 = Jamnagar
| div_6 = Jamnagar district{{!}}Jamnagar
| pop_6 = 479,920

| city_7 = Junagadh
| div_7 = Junagadh district{{!}}Junagadh
| pop_7 = 319,462

| city_8 = Gandhinagar
| div_8 = Gandhinagar district{{!}}Gandhinagar
| pop_8 = 292,167

| city_9 = Gandhidham
| div_9 = Kutch district{{!}}Kutch
| pop_9 = 248,705

| city_10 = Nadiad
| div_10 = Kheda district{{!}}Kheda
| pop_10 = 225,071

| city_11 = Morbi
| div_11 = Morbi district{{!}}Morbi
| pop_11 = 210,451

| city_12 = Anand, Gujarat{{!}}Anand
| div_12 = Anand district{{!}}Anand
| pop_12 = 209,410

| city_13 = Mehsana
| div_13 = Mehsana district{{!}}Mehsana
| pop_13 = 190,753

| city_14 = Surendranagar Dudhrej
| div_14 = Surendranagar district{{!}}Surendranagar
| pop_14 = 177,851

| city_15 = Veraval
| div_15 = Gir Somnath district{{!}}Gir Somnath
| pop_15 = 171,121

| city_16 = Navsari
| div_16 = Navsari district{{!}}Navsari
| pop_16 = 171,109

| city_17 = Bharuch
| div_17 = Bharuch district{{!}}Bharuch
| pop_17 = 169,007

| city_18 = Vapi
| div_18 = Valsad district{{!}}Valsad
| pop_18 = 163,630

| city_19 = Porbandar
| div_19 = Porbandar district{{!}}Porbandar
| pop_19 = 152,760

| city_20 = Bhuj
| div_20 = Kutch district{{!}}Kutch
| pop_20 = 148,834
}}
{{Administrative structure of Gujarat}}

== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of Gujarat}}

[[File:Adani Mundra Port Kutch Gujarat.jpg|thumb|right|[[Mundra Port]], Kutch]]

Gujarat is the most industrialised state in India and has the highest industrial output when compared to other states in the country.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://m.rbi.org.in/scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=22109 |date=15 November 2023|access-date=13 March 2024 |title=Handbook of Statistics on Indian States|website=Reserve Bank of India}}</ref> It has the highest exports of any Indian state, accounting for 30.7% of all Indian exports in 2024–2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Soupramanien |first=Sindhu Hariharan & Avantika |date=29 April 2025 |title=Telangana and Tamil Nadu clock highest growth in exports in FY25 |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/data-stories/data-focus/southern-states-grow-their-share-as-indias-export-basket-diversifies/article69503849.ece |access-date=28 May 2025 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref> It leads in diverse industrial sectors such as chemicals, petrochemicals, dairy, drugs and pharmaceuticals, cement and ceramics, gems and jewellery, textiles and engineering.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GSDP of Gujarat, Economic Growth Presentation and Reports {{!}} IBEF |url=https://www.ibef.org/states/gujarat-presentation |access-date=3 January 2024 |website=India Brand Equity Foundation}}</ref> It has the highest electricity production capacity<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 March 2023 |title=Gujarat pips Maharashtra in power generation capacity: Report |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/gujarat-no-1-in-installed-power-capacity/articleshow/98886266.cms |access-date=3 January 2024 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and maritime port cargo volume<ref>{{Cite web |title=India: cargo traffic volume at ports by state 2022 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/692571/cargo-traffic-volume-at-ports-by-state-india/ |access-date=3 January 2024 |website=Statista}}</ref> among all states in India.
Major agricultural produce of the state includes cotton, [[peanut|groundnuts]] (peanuts), [[Date (fruit)|dates]], [[sugar cane]], milk and milk products. Industrial products include cement and [[gasoline|petrol]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 December 2008 |title=Reliance commissions worlds biggest refinery |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/reliance-commissions-worlds-biggest-refiner/402999/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516044443/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/reliance-commissions-worlds-biggest-refiner/402999 |archive-date=16 May 2013 |access-date=20 December 2014 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref>
Gujarat is ranked number one in the [[pharmaceutical industry in India]], with a 33% share in drug manufacturing and 28% share in drug exports. The state has 130 USFDA certified drug manufacturing facilities. Ahmedabad and Vadodara are considered as pharmaceutical hubs, as there are many big and small pharmaceutical companies established in these cities.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 March 2021 |title=Despite Covid-19, fresh investments flowing into Gujarat's Pharma Sector |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/despite-covid-19-fresh-investments-flowing-into-gujarats-pharma-sector/articleshow/81488146.cms |access-date=3 May 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=3 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503094424/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/despite-covid-19-fresh-investments-flowing-into-gujarats-pharma-sector/articleshow/81488146.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

Gujarat has the longest coastline in India (1600 km), and its ports (both private and public sector) handle around 40% of India's ocean cargo, with [[Mundra Port]] located in [[Gulf of Kutch]] being the largest port of India by cargo handled (144 million tons) due to its favourable location on the westernmost part of India and closeness to global shipping lanes. Gujarat also contributes around 20% share in India's industrial production and merchandise exports. According to a 2009 report on [[economic freedom]] by the [[Cato Institute]], Gujarat is the most free state in India (the second one being [[Tamil Nadu]]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Executive Summary |url=http://www.cato.org/economic-freedom-india/ExecutiveSummary.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130924142234/http://www.cato.org/economic-freedom-india/ExecutiveSummary.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2013 |access-date=20 December 2014 |publisher=Cato.org}}</ref> [[Reliance Industries]] operates the oil refinery at [[Jamnagar]], which is the world's largest grass-roots refinery at a single location. The world's largest shipbreaking yard is in Gujarat near Bhavnagar at [[Alang]]. India's only Liquid Chemical Port Terminal at [[Dahej]], developed by Gujarat Chemical Port Terminal Co Ltd. Gujarat has two of the three liquefied natural gas (LNG) terminals in the country (Dahej and Hazira). Two more LNG terminals are proposed, at [[Pipavav]] and [[Mundra]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

According to most recent data, Gujarat is considered the fourth richest state in India.<ref>{{Cite news |last=GUpta |first=Cherry |date=21 February 2025 |title=Top 10 richest states in India by GDSP and GDP per capita, as of 2024 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/trending/top-10-listing/top-10-richest-states-in-india-by-gdsp-and-gdp-per-capita-as-of-2024-9601172/ |work=The Indian Express |access-date=2 March 2025}}</ref>

Gujarat has 85% village connectivity with all‐weather roads.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Uday Mahurkar |date=11 September 2006 |title=Gujarat – Physical fitness |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20060911-gujarat-ranks-best-when-it-comes-to-quality-of-roads-783992-2006-09-10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006074907/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/gujarat-ranks-best-when-it-comes-to-quality-of-roads/1/182220.html |archive-date=6 October 2014 |access-date=20 December 2014 |website=India Today}}</ref> Nearly 100% of Gujarat's 18,000 villages have been connected to the electrical grid for 24-hour power to households and eight hours of power to farms, through the [[Jyotigram Yojana]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 October 2013 |title=Claim Check: Narendra Modi on Gujarat's Jyotigram Yojana |work=livemint.com |url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/NjBbkbKEVhIAYnW3iB7qtN/Claim-Check-Narendra-Modi-on-Gujarats-Jyotigram-Yojana.html |url-status=live |access-date=22 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202015558/http://www.livemint.com/Politics/NjBbkbKEVhIAYnW3iB7qtN/Claim-Check-Narendra-Modi-on-Gujarats-Jyotigram-Yojana.html |archive-date=2 February 2017}}</ref> {{As of|2015}}, Gujarat ranks [[States of India by installed power capacity|first nationwide]] in gas-based thermal electricity generation with a national market share of over 8%, and second nationwide in nuclear electricity generation with national market share of over 1%.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Executive summary of month of November 2015 |url=http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/monthly/installedcapacity/2015/installed_capacity-11.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051607/http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/monthly/installedcapacity/2015/installed_capacity-11.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=22 January 2017 |website=cea.nic.in |publisher=Central Electricity Authority, Ministry of Power, Government of India}}</ref>

The state registered 12.8% agricultural growth in the last five years against the national average of 2%.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 November 2010 |title=Gujarat Brand |work=Business Standard |agency=Press Trust of India |url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/modi-woos-investors-in-state-markets-brand-gujarat/415381/ |url-status=live |access-date=20 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012155436/http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/modi-woos-investors-in-state-markets-brand-gujarat/415381/ |archive-date=12 October 2012}}</ref>

Gujarat records highest decadal agricultural growth rate of 10.97%. Over 20% of the ''S&P CNX 500'' conglomerates have corporate offices in Gujarat.<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of S&P CNX 500 conglomerates |url=https://www.nseindia.com/products-services/indices-nifty500-index |website=NSE India |access-date=4 May 2022 |archive-date=4 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504103917/https://www.nseindia.com/products-services/indices-nifty500-index |url-status=live }}</ref> As per RBI report{{which|date=June 2022}}, in year 2006–07, 26% of total bank finance in India was in Gujarat.{{citation needed|date=June 2022}}

According to a 2012 survey report of the Chandigarh Labour Bureau, Gujarat had the lowest unemployment rate of 1% against the national average of 3.8%.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 July 2012 |title=Survey says Gujarat has lowest unemployment; Narendra Modi is 'delighted' |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/survey-says-gujarat-has-lowest-unemployment-narendra-modi-is-delighted-242173?pfrom=home-otherstories |url-status=live |access-date=11 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120713222924/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/survey-says-gujarat-has-lowest-unemployment-narendra-modi-is-delighted-242173?pfrom=home-otherstories |archive-date=13 July 2012}}</ref>

[[Legatum Institute]]'s Global Prosperity Index 2012 recognised Gujarat as one of the two highest-scoring among all states of India on matters of social capital.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The 2012 Legatum Prosperity Index |url=https://www.prosperity.com/download_file/view_inline/2837 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170624103332/http://www.prosperity.com/download_file/view_inline/2837 |archive-date=24 June 2017 |access-date=29 April 2019 |publisher=Legatum Institute |page=20 |format=PDF}}</ref> The state ranks 15th alongside Germany in a list of 142 nations worldwide: higher than several developed nations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DNA India: Latest News Headlines, Breaking News & Live Updates on Politics, Business, Sports, Bollywood at Daily News & Analysis |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_gujarat-in-list-of-top-15-prosperous-states-globally_175965 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141220155532/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_gujarat-in-list-of-top-15-prosperous-states-globally_175965 |archive-date=20 December 2014 |access-date=13 February 2013}}</ref>

=== Infrastructure ===
[[File:Tallest Building in Gujarat Gift One.jpg|thumb|Tallest building in Gujarat: [[Gujarat International Finance Tec-City|GIFT One]]]]

The tallest tower in Gujarat, GIFT One was inaugurated on 10 January 2013. One other tower called GIFT Two has been finished and more towers are planned.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 January 2009 |title=India's tallest proposed building Diamond Tower showcased (video) |url=http://deshgujarat.com/2009/01/22/indias-tallest-proposed-building-diamond-tower-showcasedvideo/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006113234/http://deshgujarat.com/2009/01/22/indias-tallest-proposed-building-diamond-tower-showcasedvideo/ |archive-date=6 October 2014 |access-date=30 September 2014 |publisher=Deshgujarat.com}}</ref> [[Narendra Modi Stadium]], the largest overall stadium in the world by capacity, is located in Gujarat. The [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Sports Enclave]], the largest of its kind in India, is under construction in [[Ahmedabad]] and will help host the [[2030 Commonwealth Games]].

=== Industrial growth ===
Gujarat's major cities include Ahmedabad, [[Surat]], [[Vadodara]], [[Rajkot]], [[Jamnagar]] and [[Bhavnagar]]. In 2010, ''[[Forbes]]''{{'}} list of the world's fastest growing cities included Ahmedabad at number 3 after [[Chengdu]] and [[Chongqing]] from China.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kotkin |first=Joel |title=In pictures- The Next Decade's fastest growing cities |work=[[Forbes]] |url=https://www.forbes.com/2010/10/07/cities-china-chicago-opinions-columnists-joel-kotkin_slide_4.html |url-status=live |access-date=10 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101014101651/http://www.forbes.com/2010/10/07/cities-china-chicago-opinions-columnists-joel-kotkin_slide_4.html |archive-date=14 October 2010}}</ref><ref name="07 October 2010">{{Cite news |title=In Pictures: The Next Decade's Fastest-Growing Cities |work=Forbes |url=https://www.forbes.com/2010/10/07/cities-china-chicago-opinions-columnists-joel-kotkin_slide_4.html |url-status=live |access-date=25 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101014101651/http://www.forbes.com/2010/10/07/cities-china-chicago-opinions-columnists-joel-kotkin_slide_4.html |archive-date=14 October 2010}}</ref> The state is rich in [[calcite]], [[gypsum]], [[manganese]], [[lignite]], [[bauxite]], [[limestone]], [[agate]], [[feldspar]], and [[quartz sand]], and successful mining of these minerals is done in their specified areas. Jamnagar is the hub for manufacturing [[brass]] parts. Gujarat produces about 98% of India's required amount of soda ash, and gives the country about 78% of the national requirement of salt. It is one of India's most prosperous states, having a per-capita GDP significantly above India's average.[[Mehsana]], [[Kalol (Panchmahal)|Kalol]], Khambhat, and [[Ankleshwar]] are today known for their oil and natural gas production. Dhuvaran has a thermal power station, which uses coal, oil, and gas. Also, on the Gulf of Khambhat, {{cvt|50|km|mi}} southeast of Bhavnagar, is the Alang Ship Recycling Yard (the world's largest). [[MG Motor India]] manufactures its cars at Halol near [[Vadodara]], The world's least expensive car, the [[Tata Nano]], was manufactured in [[Sanand]] near Ahmedabad. [[Surat]], a city by the [[Gulf of Khambhat]], is a hub of the global diamond trade. In 2003, 92% of the world's diamonds were cut and polished in Surat.<ref name="time.com">{{Cite magazine |last=Adiga |first=Aravind |date=12 April 2004 |title=Uncommon Brilliance |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,501040419-610100,00.html |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100729170654/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,501040419-610100,00.html |archive-date=29 July 2010 |access-date=4 May 2010}}</ref> The diamond industry employs 500,000 people in Gujarat.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lum |first=Kathryn |date=16 October 2014 |title=The rise and rise of Belgium's Indian diamond dynasties |publisher=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]] |url=http://theconversation.com/the-rise-and-rise-of-belgiums-indian-diamond-dynasties-32332 |url-status=live |access-date=17 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180518054721/http://theconversation.com/the-rise-and-rise-of-belgiums-indian-diamond-dynasties-32332 |archive-date=18 May 2018}}</ref>

At an investor's summit entitled "Vibrant Gujarat Global Investor Summit", arranged between 11 and 13 January 2015, at Mahatma Mandir, Gandhinagar, the state government signed 21000 Memoranda of Understanding for Special Economic Zones worth a total of {{Indian Rupee}} 2.5 million crores ([[Long and short scales|short scale]]).<ref>{{Cite web |title='Vibrant Gujarat' signs 21000 MoUs worth Rs 25 lakh cr |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-01-12/news/57982792_1_lakh-crore-mous-narendra-modi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150115190330/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-01-12/news/57982792_1_lakh-crore-mous-narendra-modi |archive-date=15 January 2015 |access-date=20 December 2014 |website=The Economic Times Line}}</ref> However, most of the investment was from domestic industry.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Vibrant Gujarat sees one foreign investor, the Business Standard |url=http://www.business-standard.com/economy/storypage.php?leftnm=3&subLeft=1&chklogin=N&autono=271739&tab=r |access-date=30 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108232701/http://www.business-standard.com/economy/storypage.php?leftnm=3&subLeft=1&chklogin=N&autono=271739&tab=r |archive-date=8 January 2009}}</ref> In the fourth Vibrant Gujarat Global Investors' Summit held at Science City, Ahmedabad, in January 2009, there were 600 foreign delegates. In all, 8668 MOUs worth {{Indian Rupee}} 12500 billion were signed, estimated to create 2.5 million new job opportunities in the state.<ref name="in.rediff.com">{{Cite web |date=10 March 2008 |title=Gujarat aims at 15% industrial growth: Rediff.com Business |url=http://in.rediff.com/money/2008/mar/10guj.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622031757/http://in.rediff.com/money/2008/mar/10guj.htm |archive-date=22 June 2011 |access-date=16 July 2010 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> In 2011, Vibrant Gujarat Global Investors' Summit MOUs worth {{Indian Rupee}} 21 trillion ({{USD}} 463 billion) were signed.

Gujarat is a state with surplus electricity.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 July 2014 |title=How Gujarat became a power surplus State |work=Business Line |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/how-gujarat-became-a-power-surplus-state/article6105053.ece |access-date=16 February 2016}}</ref> The [[Kakrapar Atomic Power Station]] is a nuclear power station run by NPCIL that lies in the proximity of the city of Surat. According to the official sources, against demand of 40,793 million units during the nine months since April 2010, Gujarat produced 43,848 million units. Gujarat sold surplus power to 12 states: Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Delhi, Haryana, Karnataka, Chhattisgarh, Uttarakhand, Madhya Pradesh, and West Bengal.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 March 2011 |title=Gujarat sold surplus power to 12 states |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Gujarat-sold-surplus-power-to-12-states/articleshow/7650494.cms |url-status=live |access-date=20 December 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708120149/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-03-08/ahmedabad/28667798_1_surplus-power-industrial-units-uninterrupted-power-supply |archive-date=8 July 2012}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="200">
File:Nano.jpg|Shown here is the [[Tata Nano]], the world's least expensive car.<ref name="forbes.com">{{Cite news |last=Robyn Meredith |date=16 April 2007 |title=The Next People's Car |work=Forbes |url=https://www.forbes.com/home/free_forbes/2007/0416/070.html |url-status=live |access-date=17 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118032004/http://www.forbes.com/home/free_forbes/2007/0416/070.html |archive-date=18 January 2012}}</ref> The [[Tata Nano]] was manufactured in [[Sanand]], Gujarat.
File:GauravPath1.jpg|[[Surat]] is one of the fastest growing cities in the world.
File:Alang Ship Breaking - panoramio.jpg|[[Alang]] shipbreaking yard
</gallery>

=== Energy ===
{{see also|Solar power in Gujarat}}
[[File:Astonfield 11.5MW Solar Plant Gujarat.jpg|thumb|Astonfield's 11.5 MW solar plant in Gujarat]]

As of May 2024, the peak power requirement of state is 25,088 MW.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/states-peak-power-demand-grew-by-66-in-9-years/articleshow/110606882.cms | title=State's peak power demand grew by 66% in 9 years | newspaper=The Times of India | date=June 2024 }}</ref> As of March 2024, total installed power generation capacity is 52,945.13 MW. Of this 23,643.41 MW belongs to thermal power generation capacity while 27,461.72 MW (51.87%) belongs to renewable energy generation capacity including 1990 MW [[Hydropower]]. The rest 1840 MW is nuclear power generation capacity.<ref>{{cite web|title= Western region installed capacity|url=https://npp.gov.in/public-reports/cea/monthly/installcap/2024/MAR/capacity2-Western-2024-03.pdf|website=National Power Portal|access-date=9 May 2024}}</ref> The renewable energy installed capacity includes 11,823 MW wind power and 14,182 MW solar power totalling 26,005 MW, as of June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramesh |first=M. |date=16 June 2024 |title=Gujarat plans ₹96,000 crore transmission infrastructure push |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/gujarat-plans-96000-crore-transmission-infrastructure-push/article68297114.ece |access-date=17 June 2024 |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |language=en}}</ref> Total rooftop solar power installation capacity of state is 3455.90 MW, as of April 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 5 States In Rooftop Solar In India – Saur Energy International |url=https://www.saurenergy.com/solar-energy-blog/top-5-states-in-rooftop-solar-in-india |access-date=17 June 2024 |website=www.saurenergy.com|date=24 April 2024 }}</ref>

=== Agriculture ===
[[File:SherdiImage6.JPG|thumb|right|Traditional farming]]
The total geographical area of Gujarat is 19,602,400 hectares, of which crops take up 10,630,700 hectares.{{Verify source|date=July 2013}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Agriculture and Co-operation Department, Government of Gujarat: Information, Statistics |url=http://agri.gujarat.gov.in/informations/statistics.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208034720/http://agri.gujarat.gov.in/informations/statistics.htm |archive-date=8 February 2013 |access-date=24 February 2013 |publisher=Agriculture and Co-operation Department, Government of Gujarat}}</ref> The three main sources of growth in Gujarat's agriculture are from cotton production, the rapid growth of high-value foods such as livestock, fruits and vegetables, and from wheat production, which saw an annual average growth rate of 28% between 2000 and 2008 (According to the [[International Food Policy Research Institute]]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gujarat State Portal |url=http://www.gujaratindia.com/initiatives/initiatives.htm?enc=TEnmkal8rLd9cWRBUEX85lswwfZZ+o8b+w+YfQPy7dU93tk/rntr0H+OnwOK0bubU/5kzexyi+JTm2rA12QenK3wnOMJgYTOqvtfZeqRdaaFE5dh5rbDG2NUzRJa12on+xN1tLzJGwcCVbF2GvgkPA== |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130102042740/http://www.gujaratindia.com/initiatives/initiatives.htm?enc=TEnmkal8rLd9cWRBUEX85lswwfZZ+o8b+w+YfQPy7dU93tk%2Frntr0H+OnwOK0bubU%2F5kzexyi+JTm2rA12QenK3wnOMJgYTOqvtfZeqRdaaFE5dh5rbDG2NUzRJa12on+xN1tLzJGwcCVbF2GvgkPA%3D%3D |archive-date=2 January 2013 |access-date=20 February 2013 |publisher=Government of Gujarat}}</ref> Other major produce includes bajra, groundnut, cotton, rice, maize, wheat, mustard, sesame, pigeon pea, green gram, sugarcane, mango, banana, sapota, lime, guava, tomato, potato, onion, cumin, garlic, isabgul and fennel. Whilst, in recent times, Gujarat has seen a high average annual growth of 9% in the agricultural sector, the rest of India has an annual growth rate of around 3%. This success was lauded by former President of India, APJ Abdul Kalam.<ref>{{Cite news |year=2012 |title=Gujarat's agriculture turnaround an eye opener for the entire nation: Dr. Kalam |work=IBTL for CNBC |url=http://www.ibtl.in/video/6413/gujarats-agriculture-turnaround-an-eye-opener-for-the-entire-nation-dr-kalam/ |access-date=20 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130214033503/http://www.ibtl.in/video/6413/gujarats-agriculture-turnaround-an-eye-opener-for-the-entire-nation-dr-kalam |archive-date=14 February 2013}}</ref>

The strengths of Gujarat's agricultural success have been attributed to diversified crops and cropping patters; climatic diversity (8 climatic zones for agriculture); the existence of 4 agricultural universities in the state, which promote research in agricultural efficiency and sustainability;<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pattanayak |first=Debi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aQYICqUZJ8UC&pg=PA15 |title=Multilingualism in India |publisher=Multilingual Matters Ltd. |year=1990 |isbn=978-1-85359-072-6 |location=USA |access-date=8 August 2020 |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414155116/https://books.google.com/books?id=aQYICqUZJ8UC&pg=PA15 |url-status=live }}</ref> co-operatives; adoption of hi-tech agriculture such as tissue culture, green houses and shed-net houses; agriculture export zones; strong marketing infrastructure, which includes cold storage, processing units, logistic hubs and consultancy facilities.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Modi |first=Narendra |title=Agricultural Exhibition and Conference |url=http://www2.kenes.com/agritech-asia/about/Pages/About_Gujarat.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130629005930/http://www2.kenes.com/agritech-asia/about/Pages/About_Gujarat.aspx |archive-date=29 June 2013 |access-date=20 February 2013 |publisher=Agritech Asia}}</ref>

Gujarat is the main producer of tobacco, cotton, and groundnuts in India. Other major food crops produced are rice, wheat, ''jowar, bajra'', maize, ''tur'', and ''gram''. The state has an agricultural economy; the total crop area amounts to more than one-half of the total land area.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Gujarat State Agriculture Marketing Board |url=http://agri.gujarat.gov.in/gujarati/boards_corporations/gs-agri-mark-board/agri_profile.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110204125421/http://agri.gujarat.gov.in/gujarati/boards_corporations/gs-agri-mark-board/agri_profile.htm |archive-date=4 February 2011 |access-date=16 July 2010 |publisher=Agri.gujarat.gov.in}}</ref>

Animal husbandry and dairying have played vital roles in the rural economy of Gujarat. Dairy farming, primarily concerned with milk production, functions on a co-operative basis and has more than a million members. Gujarat is the largest producer of milk in India. The [[Amul]] milk co-operative federation is well known all over India, and it is Asia's biggest dairy.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 September 2006 |title=Amul to become world's largest liquid milk brand-Food-Cons. Products-News By Industry-News |work=The Economic Times |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/News-By-Industry/Cons-Products/Food/Amul-to-become-worlds-largest-liquid-milk-brand/articleshow/1988793.cms |url-status=live |access-date=16 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518071424/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/News-By-Industry/Cons-Products/Food/Amul-to-become-worlds-largest-liquid-milk-brand/articleshow/1988793.cms |archive-date=18 May 2014}}</ref> Among the livestock raised are, buffaloes and other cattle, sheep, and goats. As per the results of livestock census 1997, there were 20.97 million head of livestock in Gujarat State. In the estimates of the survey of major livestock products, during the year 2002–03, Gujarat produced 6.09 million tonnes of milk, 385 million eggs and 2.71 million kg of wool. Gujarat also contributes inputs to the textiles, oil, and soap industries.

The adoption of cooperatives in Gujarat is widely attributed to much of the success in the agricultural sector, particularly sugar and dairy [[cooperative]]s. Cooperative farming has been a component of India's strategy for agricultural development since 1951. Whilethe success of these was mixed throughout the country, their positive impact on the states of Maharashtra and Gujarat have been the most significant. In 1995 alone, the two states had more registered co-operatives than any other region in the country. Out of these, the agricultural cooperatives have received much attention. Many have focused on subsidies and credit to farmers and rather than collective gathering, they have focused on facilitating collective processing and marketing of produce. However, whilethey have led to increased productivity, their effect on equity in the region has been questioned, because membership in agricultural co-operatives has tended to favour landowners whilelimiting the entry of landless agricultural labourers.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ebrahim |first=Alnoor |year=2000 |title=Agricultural cooperatives in Gujarat, India: Agents of equity or differentiation? |journal=Development in Practice |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=178–188 |doi=10.1080/09614520050010214 |s2cid=154497407}}</ref> An example of co-operative success in Gujarat can be illustrated through dairy co-operatives, with the particular example of [[Amul]] (Anand Milk Union Limited).
[[File:Amul Plant at Anand.jpg|thumb|right|Amul plant at [[Anand, Gujarat|Anand]]]]

Amul was formed as a dairy cooperative in 1946,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bellur |first1=Venkatakrishna |last2=Saraswathi P. Singh |last3=Radharao Chaganti |last4=Rajeswararao Chaganti |year=1990 |title=The white revolution—How Amul brought milk to India |journal=Long Range Planning |volume=23 |issue=6 |pages=71–79 |doi=10.1016/0024-6301(90)90104-C}}</ref> in the city of Anand, Gujarat. The cooperative, Gujarat Co-operative Milk Marketing Federation Ltd.
(GCMMF), is jointly owned by around 2.6 million milk producers in Gujarat. Amul has been seen as one of the best examples of cooperative achievement and success in a developing economy and the Amul pattern of growth has been taken as a model for rural development, particularly in the agricultural sector of developing economies. The company stirred the White Revolution of India (also known as [[Operation Flood]]), the world's biggest dairy development program, and made the milk-deficient nation of India the largest milk producer in the world, in 2010.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 December 2011 |title=India largest milk producing nation in 2010–11: NDDB |work=Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Ahmedabad/India-largest-milk-producing-nation-in-2010-11-NDDB/Article1-785018.aspx |access-date=23 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426131554/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Ahmedabad/India-largest-milk-producing-nation-in-2010-11-NDDB/Article1-785018.aspx |archive-date=26 April 2013}}</ref> The "Amul Model" aims to stop the exploitation by middlemen and encourage freedom of movement since the farmers are in control of procurement, processing and packaging of the milk and milk products.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Amul Model |url=http://www.amul.com/m/about-us |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130306085945/http://www.amul.com/m/about-us |archive-date=6 March 2013 |access-date=23 February 2013 |publisher=Amul}}</ref> The company is worth 2.5 billion US dollars ({{as of|2012|lc=y}}).<ref>{{Cite web |title=News Release: Taste of India Continues to Commemorate its Producers |url=http://www.amul.com/files/pdf/ENGLISH-AGM-PRESS-RELEASE.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130202224507/http://www.amul.com/files/pdf/ENGLISH-AGM-PRESS-RELEASE.pdf |archive-date=2 February 2013 |access-date=23 February 2013 |publisher=GCMMF}}</ref>

70% of Gujarat's area is classified as semi-arid to arid climatically, thus the demand on water from various economic activities puts a strain on the supply.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Suran |first=B |date=10 June 2012 |title=Is Agriculture in Gujarat on a Different Growth Trajectory? |journal=Social Science Research Network |publisher=National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) |ssrn=2080876}}</ref> Of the total gross irrigated area, 16–17% is irrigated by government-owned canals and 83–84% by privately owned tube wells and other wells extracting groundwater, which is the predominant source of irrigation and water supply to the agricultural areas. As a result, Gujarat has faced problems with [[overdrafting|groundwater depletion]], especially after demand for water increased in the 1960s. As access to electricity in rural areas increased, submersible electric pumps became more popular in the 1980s and 1990s. However, the Gujarat Electricity Board switched to flat tariff rates linked to the horsepower of pumps, which increased tubewell irrigation again and decreased the use of electric pumps. By the 1990s, groundwater abstraction rates exceeded groundwater recharge rate in many districts, while only 37.5% of all districts has "safe" recharge rates. Groundwater maintenance and preventing unnecessary loss of the available water supplies is now an issue faced by the state.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gulati |first=Ashok |url=http://www.gujaratcmfellowship.org/document/Agriculture/Agriculture%20Performance%20in%20Gujarat%20since%202000_IWMI%20&%20IFPRI%20Report-_May%202009.pdf |title=Agriculture performance in Gujarat since 2000 |publisher=International Water Management Institute & International Food Policy Research Institute |year=2009 |page=10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221231/http://www.gujaratcmfellowship.org/document/Agriculture/Agriculture%20Performance%20in%20Gujarat%20since%202000_IWMI%20%26%20IFPRI%20Report-_May%202009.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2016 }}</ref> The Sardar Sarovar Project, a debated dam project in the Narmada valley consisting of a network of canals, has significantly increased irrigation in the region. However, its impact on communities who were displaced is still a contested issue. In 2012 Gujarat began an experiment to reduce water loss due to evaporation in canals and to increase sustainability in the area, by constructing solar panels over the canals. In a one megawatt (MW) solar power project set up at Chandrasan, Gujarat uses solar panels fixed over a 750-metre stretch of an irrigation canal. Unlike many solar power projects, this one does not take up large amounts of land since the panels are constructed over the canals, and not on additional land. This results in lower upfront costs since land does not need to be acquired, cleared or modified to set up the panels. The Chandrasan project is projected to save 9 million litres of water per year.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sharma |first=D.C. |date=June 2012 |title=India Launches Solar Power Project |journal=Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment |volume=10 |issue=5 |page=230 |doi=10.1890/i1540-9295-10-5-228 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

The Government of Gujarat, to improve [[soil management]] and introduce farmers to new technology, started on a project which involved giving every farmer a Soil Health Card. This acts like a ration card, providing permanent identification for the status of cultivated land, as well as farmers' names, account numbers, survey numbers, [[soil fertility]] status and general fertiliser dose. Samples of land from each village are taken and analysed by the [[Gujarat Narmada Valley Fertilisers|Gujarat Narmada Valley Fertiliser Corporation]], State Fertiliser Corporation and [[Indian Farmers Fertiliser Cooperative Limited|Indian Farmers Fertilisers Co-operative]]. 1,200,000 [[soil test]] data from the villages was collected as of 2008, from farmer's field villages have gone into a database. Assistance and advice for this project was given by local agricultural universities and crop and soil-specific data was added to the database. This allows the soil test data to be interpreted and recommendations or adjustments made in terms of fertiliser requirements, which are also added to the database.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Attri |first=S.D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tmqIGTngveIC&pg=PA266 |title=Challenges and Opportunities in Agrometeorology |publisher=Springer |year=2011 |isbn=978-3-642-19360-6 |location=Heidelberg |page=265 |access-date=8 August 2020 |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414105621/https://books.google.com/books?id=tmqIGTngveIC&pg=PA266 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Culture ==
{{Main|Culture of Gujarat}}

=== Literature ===
{{Main|Gujarati literature}}

[[File:Hemachandra JCNJ.jpg|thumb|200px|Idol of Hemchandra Acharya at a Jain temple in [[New Jersey]], regarded as the father of Gujarati language.]]
The city of [[Patan, Gujarat|Patan]] was renowned for its collection of ancient Jain manuscripts and as a royal capital of Jain learning,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kudalk |first1=J. S. |title=The Jain Manuscript-Bhandars at Patan a Final Word on Their Search |journal=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute |date=1920 |volume=3 |pages=35–52 |jstor=44526773 }}</ref> which has drawn the admiration of many scholars. [[British people|British]] [[Indologist]] and [[Sanskrit|Sanskritist]] Peter Peterson described the collection as follows:

{{blockquote|I know of no town in India and only a few in the world which can boast of so great a store documents of venerable antiquity. They would be the pride and jealously guarded treasure of any University Library in Europe.<ref>{{cite web |title=Proceedings and Transactions of the All-India Oriental Conference — General President's Address by A. N. Upadhye (1969) |url=https://archive.org/details/xtgk_proceedings-and-transactions-of-the-all-india-oriental-confeence-ed-by-a.-s.-alt/page/19/mode/2up |publisher=Gurukul Kangri University |date=1969 |page=19 |access-date=25 September 2025}}</ref>}}

The history of [[Gujarati literature]] may be traced back to 1000 CE. Well-known laureates of Gujarati literature include [[Hemchandracharya]], [[Narsinh Mehta]], [[Mirabai]], [[Akho]], [[Premanand Bhatt]], [[Shamal Bhatt]], [[Dayaram]], [[Dalpatram]], [[Narmad]], [[Govardhanram Tripathi]], [[Mahatma Gandhi]], [[K. M. Munshi]], [[Umashankar Joshi]], [[Suresh Joshi]], [[Swaminarayan]], [[Pannalal Patel]] and [[Rajendra Shah (author)|Rajendra Shah]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gujarati Writers in India, Gujarati Novelists of India, Gujarati Poets |url=http://www.culturopedia.com/Literature/gujarati_gems.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502000438/http://www.culturopedia.com/Literature/gujarati_gems.html |archive-date=2 May 2014 |access-date=20 December 2014 |publisher=Culturopedia.com}}</ref>

[[Kavi Kant]], [[Zaverchand Meghani]] and [[Kalapi]] are famous Gujarati poets.{{cn|date=September 2025}}

[[Gujarat Vidhya Sabha]], [[Gujarat Sahitya Sabha]], and [[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]] are Ahmedabad based literary institutions promoting the spread of Gujarati literature.
[[Saraswatichandra (novel)|Saraswatichandra]] is a landmark novel by [[Govardhanram Tripathi]]. Writers like Aanand Shankar Dhruv, Ashvini Bhatt, [[Balwantray Thakore]], Bhaven Kachhi, [[Bhagwatikumar Sharma]], [[Chandrakant Bakshi]], [[Gunvant Shah]], Harindra Dave, Harkisan Mehta, Jay Vasavada, Jyotindra Dave, Kanti Bhatt, Kavi Nanalal, Khabardar, [[Tribhuvandas Luhar|Sundaram]], Makarand Dave, Ramesh Parekh, Suresh Dalal, Tarak Mehta, Vinod Bhatt, Dhruv Bhatt and Varsha Adalja have influenced Gujarati thinkers.{{cn|date=September 2025}}

[[File:Shrimad Rajchandra and Ambalal.jpg|200px|thumb|Depiction of Shrimad Rajchandra writing ''Atmasiddhi'' in single sitting of 1.5 hrs, one of the longest Gujarati poems based on [[Jain philosophy]].]]
A notable contribution to Gujarati literature came from the [[Bhagwan Swaminarayan|Swaminarayan]] paramhanso, like [[Brahmanand Swami]], Premanand, with prose like [[Vachanamrut]] and poetry in the form of [[bhajans]].<ref name="Williams">{{Cite book |last=Williams |first=Raymond |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tPkexi2EhAIC |title=Introduction to Swaminarayan Hinduism |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-521-65422-7 |pages=187–190 |access-date=8 August 2020 |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414154258/https://books.google.com/books?id=tPkexi2EhAIC |url-status=live }}</ref>

Shrimad Rajchandra Vachnamrut and Shri [[Atma Siddhi]] Shastra, written in 19th century by Jain philosopher and poet [[Shrimad Rajchandra]] (Mahatma Gandhi's guru) are very well known.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shrimad Rajchandra |url=https://archive.org/details/shrimadvachanamrutweb |title=Shrimad Rajchandra Vachanamrut |access-date=14 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019221956/https://archive.org/details/shrimadvachanamrutweb |archive-date=19 October 2017 |url-status=live |via=Internet Archive}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Atma Siddhi |url=http://www.rajsaubhag.org/atmasiddhi/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180214202803/http://www.rajsaubhag.org/atmasiddhi/ |archive-date=14 February 2018 |access-date=14 February 2018 |website=Shree Raj Saubhag}}</ref>

Gujarati theatre owes a lot to [[Bhavai]]. Bhavai is a [[Folk music|folk]] musical performance of stage plays. [[Ketan Mehta]] and [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]] explored artistic use of bhavai in films such as ''[[Bhavni Bhavai]]'', ''[[Oh Darling! Yeh Hai India]]'' and ''[[Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam]]''. Dayro (gathering) involves singing and conversation reflecting on human nature.{{cn|date=September 2025}}

Mumbai theatre veteran, [[Alyque Padamsee]], best known in the English-speaking world for playing [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] in Sir [[Richard Attenborough]]'s ''[[Gandhi (film)|Gandhi]]'', was from a traditional Gujarati-Kutchi family from Kathiawar.<ref name="Padamsee1999">{{Cite book |last1=Padamsee |first1=Alyque |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oWsdGDA2j8EC&pg=PA63 |title=A Double Life: My Exciting Years in Theatre and Advertising |last2=Prabhu |first2=Arun |date=11 January 2007 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0-14-024071-9 |page=1 |access-date=8 August 2020 |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414105640/https://books.google.com/books?id=oWsdGDA2j8EC&pg=PA63 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Cuisine ===
{{Main|Gujarati cuisine}}

[[File:Gujarati Dish.jpg|thumb|Gujarati thali]]

Gujarati food is primarily vegetarian. The typical Gujarati ''[[thali]]'' consists of ''[[roti|rotli]]'' or ''[[bhakri|bhakhari]] or thepala or rotlo'', ''[[dal]]'' or ''[[kadhi]]'', ''[[khichdi]]'', Bhat and ''[[Curry|shak]]''. [[South Asian pickle#India|Athanu (Indian pickle)]] and ''[[chhundo]]'' are used as [[condiment]]s. The four major regions of Gujarat all bring their own styles to Gujarati food. Many Gujarati dishes are distinctively sweet, salty, and spicy at the same time. In the [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra region]] & Kutch region ''[[chass|chhash]]'' (buttermilk) is believed to be a must-have in their daily food.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

=== Cinema ===
{{Main|Gujarati cinema}}

The [[Gujarati film industry]] dates back to 1932, when the first Gujarati film, ''[[Narsinh Mehta (1932 film)|Narsinh Mehta]]'', was released.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 March 2009 |title=Narsinh Mehta |url=http://gujaratirocks.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=57:narsinh-mehta&catid=34:gujarati-films&Itemid=29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512105953/http://gujaratirocks.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=57:narsinh-mehta&catid=34:gujarati-films&Itemid=29 |archive-date=12 May 2012 |access-date=12 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |date=4 May 2007 |title=NEWS: Limping at 75 |url=http://www.screenindia.com/old/fullstory.php?content_id=15692 |magazine=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]]}}{{dead link|date=November 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=22 April 2007 |title='Dhollywood' at 75 finds few takers in urban Gujarat |work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/printer/news/104966/ |access-date=1 October 2016 |archive-date=2 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602081522/https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/news-and-the-ugly-truth/1080794/ |url-status=live }}</ref> After flourishing through the 1960s to 1980s, the industry saw a decline. The industry is revived in recent times. The film industry has produced more than one thousand films since its inception.<ref name="Thou2011">{{Cite web |date=29 July 2011 |title=Golly! Gujarati films cross 1k mark |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Golly-Gujarati-films-cross-1k-mark/articleshow/9401332.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018215219/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Golly-Gujarati-films-cross-1k-mark/articleshow/9401332.cms |archive-date=18 October 2015 |access-date=15 July 2015 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> The Government of Gujarat announced a 100% entertainment [[tax exemption]] for Gujarati films in 2005<ref name="Roy 2005">{{Cite news |last=Roy |first=Mithun |date=3 May 2005 |title=Crisis-hit Gujarati film industry gets 100% tax rebate |work=Business Standard India |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/crisis-hit-gujarati-film-industry-gets-100-tax-rebate-105050301103_1.html |url-status=live |access-date=13 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714025118/http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/crisis-hit-gujarati-film-industry-gets-100-tax-rebate-105050301103_1.html |archive-date=14 July 2015}}</ref> and a policy of incentives in 2016.<ref name="polic2016">{{Cite web |last=DeshGujarat |date=2 February 2016 |title=Gujarat govt announces new policy for incentives to Gujarati films |url=http://deshgujarat.com/2016/02/02/gujarat-govt-announces-new-policy-for-incentives-to-gujarati-films/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204040324/http://deshgujarat.com/2016/02/02/gujarat-govt-announces-new-policy-for-incentives-to-gujarati-films/ |archive-date=4 February 2016 |access-date=4 February 2016 |website=DeshGujarat}}</ref>

=== Music ===
{{Main|Music of Gujarat}}

Gujarati folk music, known as ''Sugam Sangeet'', is a hereditary profession of the [[Barot (caste)|Barot]] community. [[Gadhvi]] and [[Charan]] communities have contributed heavily in modern times. The omnipresent instruments in Gujarati folk music include wind instruments, such as {{transliteration|gu|turi}}, {{transliteration|gu|bungal}}, and {{transliteration|gu|pava}}, [[string instrument]]s, such as the {{transliteration|gu|ravan hattho}}, {{transliteration|gu|ektaro}}, and {{transliteration|gu|jantar}} and percussion instruments, such as the {{transliteration|gu|manjira}} and {{transliteration|gu|zanz}} pot drum.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dance & Music |url=http://www.nri.gujarat.gov.in/gujarat-dances.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213195733/http://www.nri.gujarat.gov.in/gujarat-dances.htm |archive-date=13 February 2012 |access-date=14 February 2012 |publisher=NRI Division [[Government of Gujarat]]}}</ref>

=== Festivals ===
<gallery mode="packed" heights="134">
File:Navratri Garba.jpg|[[Garba (dance)|Garba]] during Navaratri in [[Ahmedabad]]
File:Navratri garba at Ambaji temple.jpg|Navratri Garba at [[Ambaji Mata Temple]]
File:Dandiya Raas.jpg|Tourists playing [[Dandiya Raas]]
File:International Kite Festival,India.JPG|[[International Kite Festival in Gujarat – Uttarayan|International Kite Festival]], Ahmedabad
</gallery>

The folk traditions of Gujarat include {{transliteration|gu|[[bhavai]]}} and {{transliteration|gu|[[Dandiya Raas|raas]]-[[Garba (dance)|garba]]}}. ''Bhavai'' is a folk theatre; it is partly entertainment and partly ritual, and is dedicated to [[Durga|Amba]]. The {{transliteration|gu|raas-garba}} is a folk dance done as a celebration of [[Navratri]] by Gujarati people. The [[folk costume]] of this dance is ''[[Gagra choli|chaniya choli]]'' for women and {{transliteration|gu|kedia}} for men. Different styles and steps of {{transliteration|gu|garba}} include {{transliteration|gu|dodhiyu}}, simple five, simple seven, {{transliteration|gu|popatiyu}}, {{transliteration|gu|trikoniya}} (hand movement which forms an imagery triangle), {{transliteration|gu|lehree}}, {{transliteration|gu|tran taali}}, butterfly, {{transliteration|gu|hudo}}, two claps and many more. {{transliteration|gu|Sheri garba}} is one of the oldest form of garba where all the women wear red patola sari and sing along while dancing. It is a very graceful form of garba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Navratri |url=http://www.gujaratindia.com/about-gujarat/navratri.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120725085151/http://gujaratindia.com/about-gujarat/navratri.htm |archive-date=25 July 2012 |access-date=12 February 2012 |publisher=[[Government of Gujarat]]}}</ref>

''[[Makar Sankranti]]'' is a festival where people of Gujarat fly kites. In Gujarat, from December through to ''Makar Sankranti'', people start enjoying kite flying. ''[[Undhiyu]]'', a special dish made of various vegetables, is a must-have of Gujarati people on ''Makar Sankranti''. Surat is especially well known for the strong string which is made by applying glass powder on the row thread to provide it a cutting edge.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kite Festival |url=http://www.gujaratindia.com/about-gujarat/kite-festival.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120103200212/http://www.gujaratindia.com/about-gujarat/kite-festival.htm |archive-date=3 January 2012 |access-date=12 February 2012 |publisher=[[Government of Gujarat]]}}</ref>

Apart from Navratri and Makar Sankranti (Uttarayana), [[Diwali]], [[Holi]], [[Janmashtami]], [[Raksha Bandhan]], [[Vijayadashami|Dusshera]], [[Rama Navami]], [[Mahavir Jayanti|Mahavir Janma Kalyanak]], [[Muslim holidays|Eid]], [[Chup Tazia|Tazia]], [[Paryushan]], [[Bhavnath fair]], and others are also celebrated.

=== Diffusion of culture ===

Due to close proximity to the Arabian Sea, Gujarat has developed a mercantile ethos which maintained a cultural tradition of [[seafaring]], long-distance trade, and overseas contacts with the outside world since ancient times, and the diffusion of culture through Gujarati [[diaspora]] was a logical outcome of such a tradition. During the pre-modern period, various European sources have observed that these merchants formed diaspora communities outside of Gujarat, and in many parts of the world, such as the [[Persian Gulf]], Middle East, [[Horn of Africa]], Hong Kong, [[Indonesia]], and [[Philippines]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rai |first1=Rajesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zb_X3L96AfgC&pg=PA41 |title=The South Asian Diaspora: Transnational networks and changing identities |last2=Reeves |first2=Peter |publisher=Routledge |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-203-89235-0 |editor-last=Rajesh Rai, Peter Reeves |page=41 |quote=The Gujarati merchant diaspora can still be found in the littoral cities of West Asia and Africa on the one hand and in Southeast Asia on the other. |access-date=8 August 2020 |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414153225/https://books.google.com/books?id=zb_X3L96AfgC&pg=PA41 |url-status=live }}</ref> long before the internal rise of the [[Maratha]] dynasty, and the [[British Raj]] colonial occupation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 December 2012 |title=Even British were envious of Gujaratis |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/Even-British-were-envious-of-Gujaratis/articleshow/17575976.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928112046/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-11/vadodara/35748553_1_gujaratis-maritime-history-subcontinent |archive-date=28 September 2013 |access-date=25 September 2013 |website=[[The Times of India]] |quote='Most people perceive that British dominated everything in the 19th century when the Indian sub-continent was under their control. But Gujarati merchants, especially those from Kutch, dominated the economy all along the East African coast. So while British were ruling, Gujaratis were making all the money,' said Pearson. 'As financers, they (Gujarati merchants) had agents to collect tax, they had money to provide loans, they dominated the merchandise business and they were also into slavery business at [[Nairobi]], [[Mombasa]], [[Zanzibar]] on the East African coast and to some extent their influence was also on the South African region,' he said. 'In fact, the dominance of Gujarati merchants on economy was to such an extent that at one point of time the British even complained about it. They, however, couldn't make any difference as most of them were either administrators or soldiers,' said Pearson}}</ref>

Early 1st-century Western historians such as [[Strabo]] and [[Dio Cassius]] are testament to Gujarati people's role in the spread of Buddhism in the Mediterranean, when it was recorded that the ''[[Shramana|sramana]]'' monk [[Zarmanochegas]] (Ζαρμανοχηγὰς) of [[Barygaza]] met [[Nicholas of Damascus]] in [[Antioch]] while Augustus ruled the Roman Empire, and shortly thereafter proceeded to [[Athens]] where died by [[self-immolation|setting himself on fire]] to demonstrate his faith.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Strabo, Geography, NOTICE. |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239&layout=&loc=15.1.73 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081004061428/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239&layout=&loc=15.1.73 |archive-date=4 October 2008 |access-date=20 December 2014 |publisher=Perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cassius Dio – Book 54 |url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/54*.html |access-date=20 December 2014 |publisher=Penelope.uchicago.edu |archive-date=25 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925090709/https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/54%2A.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A tomb to the ''sramana'', was still visible in the time of [[Plutarch]],<ref>Plutarch. 'Life of Alexander' in The Lives of the Noble Grecians and Romans. (trans John Dryden and revised Arthur Hugh Clough) The Modern Library (Random House Inc). New York. p.850</ref> which bore the mention "ΖΑΡΜΑΝΟΧΗΓΑΣ ΙΝΔΟΣ ΑΠΟ ΒΑΡΓΟΣΗΣ" ("The ''sramana'' master from Barygaza in India").<ref>Elledge CD. Life After Death in Early Judaism. Mohr Siebeck Tilbringen 2006 {{ISBN|3-16-148875-X}} pp. 122–125</ref>

The progenitor of the [[Sinhala language]] is believed to have been [[Prince Vijaya]], son of King Simhabahu, who ruled Simhapura (modern-day Sihor near Bhavnagar).<ref>P. 25 ''Historical and cultural chronology of Gujarat, Volume 1'' by Manjulal Ranchholdlal Majmudar</ref> Prince Vijaya was banished by his father for his lawlessness and set forth with a band of adventurers. This tradition was followed by other Gujaratis. For example, in the [[Ajanta Caves|Ajanta]] frescoes, a Gujarati prince is shown entering [[Sri Lanka]].<ref name="ReferenceB">P. 4 ''Shyamji Krishna Varma, the unknown patriot'' by Ganeshi Lal Verma, India. Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. Publications Division</ref>

Many Indians migrated to [[Indonesia]] and the [[Philippines]], most of them Gujaratis. King Aji Saka, who is said to have come to Java in Indonesia in year 1 of the Saka calendar, is believed by some to have been a king of Gujarat.<ref name="ReferenceA">P. 67 ''An era of peace'' By Krishna Chandra Sagar</ref> The first Indian settlements in the [[Philippines]] and Java Island of Indonesia are believed to have been established with the coming of Prince Dhruvavijaya of Gujarat, with 5000 traders.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> Some stories propose a Brahmin named Tritresta was the first to bring Gujarati migrants with him to Java, so some scholars equate him with Aji Saka.<ref>P. 158 ''Foreign Influence on Ancient India'' By Krishna Chandra Sagar</ref> A Gujarati ship has been depicted in a sculpture at Borabudur, [[Java]].<ref name="ReferenceB" />

== Tourism ==
{{Main|Tourism in Gujarat}}

[[File:Saputara, Gujarat, India - panoramio (5).jpg|thumb|[[Saputara]] – a hill station in Gujarat]]

Gujarat's natural environment includes the [[Great Rann of Kutch]] and the hills of [[Saputara]], and it is the sole home of pure Asiatic lions in the world.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 January 2010 |title=Amitabh Bachchan offers to become brand ambassador of Gujarat |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Amitabh-Bachchan-offers-to-become-brand-ambassador-of-Gujarat/articleshow/5418507.cms |url-status=live |access-date=14 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130419042844/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-01-07/india/28113940_1_brand-ambassador-harivansh-rai-bachchan-amitabh-bachchan |archive-date=19 April 2013}}</ref> During the reigns of the sultans, Hindu craftsmanship blended with [[Islamic architecture]], giving rise to the [[Indo-Saracenic]] style. Many structures in the state are built in this fashion. It is also the birthplace of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel]], figures of [[Indian independence movement|India's Independence]] movement. [[Amitabh Bachchan]] is currently the brand ambassador of Gujarat Tourism.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TAAI award for Gujarat Tourism |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/TAAI-award-for-Gujarat-Tourism/article20373068.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026035058/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/economy/article2735467.ece?homepage=true |archive-date=26 October 2012 |access-date=10 December 2019 |website=@businessline}}</ref>
[[File:Statue of Unity in 2018.jpg|thumb|[[Statue of Unity]] facing the [[Sardar Sarovar Dam]] on the river [[Narmada]] in Kevadiya colony]]

=== Museums and memorials ===
Gujarat has a variety of museums on different genres that are run by the state's Department of Museums located at the principal state museum, [[Baroda Museum & Picture Gallery]] in [[Vadodara]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Contact us |url=http://sycd.gov.in/museum/mus_contact_us.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111103165553/http://sycd.gov.in/museum/mus_contact_us.htm |archive-date=3 November 2011 |access-date=14 February 2012 |publisher=[[Government of Gujarat]]}}</ref> which is also the location of the [[Maharaja Fateh Singh Museum]]. The [[Kirti Mandir, Porbandar]], [[Sabarmati Ashram]], and [[Kaba Gandhi No Delo]] are museums related to Mahatma Gandhi, the former being the place of his birth and the latter two where he lived in his lifetime. Kaba Gandhi No Delo in [[Rajkot]] exhibits part of a rare collection of photographs relating to the life of Mahatma Gandhi. Sabarmati Ashram is the place where Gandhi initiated the [[Dandi March]]. On 12 March 1930 he vowed that he would not return to the Ashram until India won independence.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gandhi |first=Mohandas |title=Gandhi Ashram Official Website |url=http://www.gandhiashram.org.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=20&Itemid=41 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111205221519/http://www.gandhiashram.org.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=20&Itemid=41 |archive-date=5 December 2011}}</ref>

The Maharaja Fateh Singh Museum is housed within [[Lakshmi Vilas Palace]], the residence of the erstwhile [[Maharaja]]s, located in [[Vadodara]].

The [[Calico Museum of Textiles]] is managed by the Sarabhai Foundation and is one of the most popular tourist spots in Ahmedabad.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pancholi |first=Preksha |date=25 April 2023 |title=Museums of the World: The Calico Museum of Textiles |url=https://www.re-thinkingthefuture.com/travel-and-architecture/a9943-museums-of-the-world-the-calico-museum-of-textiles/ |access-date=4 December 2024 |website=RTF {{!}} Rethinking The Future |language=en-US}}</ref>{{citation needed|date=July 2019}}

The Lakhota Museum at Jamnagar is a palace transformed into museum, which was residence of the Jadeja Rajputs. The collection of the museum includes artefacts spanning from 9th to 18th centuries, pottery from medieval villages nearby and the skeleton of a whale.

Other well-known museums in the state include the [[Kutch Museum]] in [[Bhuj]], which is the oldest museum in Gujarat founded in 1877, the [[Watson Museum]] of human history and culture in [[Rajkot]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Watson Museum |url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/gujarat/rajkot/sights/other/watson-museum-library |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220115535/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/gujarat/rajkot/sights/other/watson-museum-library |archive-date=20 February 2012 |access-date=14 February 2012 |publisher=[[Lonely Planet]]}}</ref> [[Gujarat Science City]] and [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Memorial]] in Ahmedabad. In October 2018, the world's tallest statue commemorating the independence leader Sardar Patel was unveiled. At 182 metres tall the [[Statue of Unity]] is the newest tourist attraction with over 30,000 visitors every day.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statue of Unity – Project Features, Progress & Major Facts |url=http://www.statueofunity.in/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327091552/http://www.statueofunity.in/ |archive-date=27 March 2019 |access-date=26 March 2019 |website=statueofunity.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=3 December 2018 |title=Statue of Unity now getting 30k daily visitors: Guj officials |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/statue-of-unity-now-getting-30k-daily-visitors-guj-officials/articleshow/66920618.cms |url-status=live |access-date=26 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327151106/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/statue-of-unity-now-getting-30k-daily-visitors-guj-officials/articleshow/66920618.cms |archive-date=27 March 2019}}</ref>

=== Religious sites ===
Religious sites play a major part in the tourism of Gujarat. [[Somnath]] is the first of the twelve [[Jyotirlinga]]s, and is mentioned in the [[Rigveda]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}} The [[Dwarkadhish Temple]], [[Radha Damodar Temple, Junagadh]] and [[Dakor]] are holy pilgrimage sites with temples dedicated to [[Krishna]]. The [[Sun Temple, Modhera]] is a ticketed monument, handled by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sun Temple, Modhera |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_tktd_gujarat_suntemple.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120416092518/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_tktd_gujarat_suntemple.asp |archive-date=16 April 2012 |access-date=14 February 2012 |publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]]}}</ref> Other religious sites in state include [[Ambaji]], [[Dakor]], [[Shamlaji]], [[Chotila]], [[Becharaji]], [[Mahudi]], [[Shankheshwar]] etc. The [[Palitana temples|Shatrunjaya Mahatirth]] of [[Jainism]] on Mount [[Shatrunjaya]], [[Palitana]] are considered the holiest of all [[Tirtha (Jainism)|pilgrimage places]] by the [[Svetambara]] and [[Digambara]] [[Jain community]].<ref>{{Cite web |title="Murtipujakas, Jainism", ''Encyclopedia of World Religions'' (PHILTAR), University of Cambria |url=http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/jainism/murti.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013131021/http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/jainism/murti.html |archive-date=13 October 2007 |access-date=30 September 2014 |publisher=Philtar.ucsm.ac.uk}}</ref> Palitana is the world's only mountain with more than 900 temples.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 April 2013 |title=World's only mountain that has more than 900 temples |url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/JM-world---s-only-mountain-that-has-more-than-900-temples-4225137-PHO.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131121080531/http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/JM-world---s-only-mountain-that-has-more-than-900-temples-4225137-PHO.html |archive-date=21 November 2013 |access-date=6 February 2018}}</ref> [[Girnar|Girnar Mahatirth]] is another major pilgrimage destination for Jains.<ref>https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.53162/page/n386/mode/1up</ref><ref name="Ginas">{{Cite web |title=Jaina Sutras, Part I (SBE22): Lives of the Ginas: Life of Arishtanemi |url=https://sacred-texts.com/jai/sbe22/sbe2287.htm |access-date=22 September 2024 |website=sacred-texts.com}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

=== Fairs ===
[[File:Tarnetar01.jpg|thumb|right|Tarnetar Fair, [[Tarnetar]] ]]
[[File:Tarnetar Fair 09.jpg|thumb|A man in traditional costumes during [[Tarnetar]] fair]]

A five-day festival is held during [[Maha Shivaratri]] at the fort of [[Girnar]], Junagadh, known as the Bhavanth Mahadev Fair (Gujarati: ભવનાથ નો મેળો). The Kutch Festival or Rann Festival (Gujarati: કચ્છ or રણ ઉત્સવ) is a festival celebrated at Kutch during [[Mahashivratri]]. The ''Modhra Dance Festival'' is a festival for classical dance, arranged by the [[Government of Gujarat]]'s Cultural Department, to promote tourism in state and to keep traditions and culture alive.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Modhra Dance Festival |url=http://www.gujaratindia.com/about-gujarat/modhera-festival.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302202810/http://www.gujaratindia.com/about-gujarat/modhera-festival.htm |archive-date=2 March 2012 |access-date=14 February 2012 |publisher=[[Government of Gujarat]]}}</ref>

The Ambaji Fair is held in the Hindu month of Bhadrapad (around August–September) at Ambaji, during a time which is particularly suitable for farmers, when the busy monsoon season is about to end. The Bhadrapad fair is held at Ambaji which is in the Danta Taluka of Banaskantha district, near the Gujarat-Rajasthan border. The walk from the bus station to the temple is less than one kilometre, under a roofed walkway. Direct buses are available from many places, including Mount Abu (45 km away), Palanpur (65 km away), Ahmedabad and Idar.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}
The Bhadrapad fair is held in the centre of the Ambaji village just outside the temple premises. The village is visited by the largest number of sanghas (pilgrim groups) during the fair. Many of them go there on foot, which is particularly enriching as it happens immediately after the monsoon, when the landscape is rich with greenery, streams are full of sparkling water and the air is fresh. About 1.5 million devotees are known to attend this fair each year from all over the world. Not only Hindus, but some devout Jains and Parsis also attend the functions, while some Muslims attend the fair for trade.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

The [[Tarnetar]] Fair is held during the first week of ''Bhadrapad'', (September–October according to [[Gregorian calendar]]), and mostly serves as a place to find a suitable bride for tribal people from Gujarat. The region is believed to be the place where [[Arjuna]] took up the difficult task of piercing the eye of a fish, rotating at the end of a pole, by looking at its reflection in the pond water, to marry [[Draupadi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tarnetar Fair |url=http://www.gujaratindia.com/about-gujarat/tarnetar-mela.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111018082543/http://gujaratindia.com/about-gujarat/tarnetar-mela.htm |archive-date=18 October 2011 |access-date=14 February 2012 |publisher=[[Government of Gujarat]]}}</ref>
Other fairs in Gujarat include Dang Durbar, Shamlaji Fair, Chitra Vichitra Fair, Dhrang Fair and Vautha Fair.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

The Government of Gujarat has [[Alcohol laws of India|banned alcohol]] since 1960.<ref name="articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com">{{Cite web |title=Narendra Modi justifies gutkha ban in Gujarat |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-10-02/news/34218094_1_gutkha-ban-gujarat-chief-minister-prohibition-policy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006174131/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-10-02/news/34218094_1_gutkha-ban-gujarat-chief-minister-prohibition-policy |archive-date=6 October 2014 |access-date=30 September 2014 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref> In 2024, the Gujarat police seized around 82 lakh bottles of Indian-made foreign liquor, amounting to ₹144 crore.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 March 2025 |title=In dry Gujarat, a liquor bottle seized every 4 seconds |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/in-dry-gujarat-a-liquor-bottle-seized-every-4-seconds/articleshow/118696390.cms |access-date=7 March 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Gujarat government collected the ''Best State Award'' for 'Citizen Security' by IBN7 Diamond States on 24 December 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |title=STATE PROFILE |url=http://gujaratindia.com/state-profile/awards.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206120740/http://gujaratindia.com/state-profile/awards.htm |archive-date=6 February 2015 |access-date=20 December 2014 |publisher=Gujaratindia.com}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="134">
File:Statue of Gandhi at Sabarmati Ashram.jpg|Statue of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] in [[Sabarmati Ashram]], [[Ahmedabad]]
File:Shrimad Rajchandra Spiritual Centre.jpg| Shrimad Rajchandra Spiritual Centre, [[Valsad]]
File:Somnath-current.jpg|[[Somnath Temple]], [[Veraval]]
File:Dwarkadheesh temple.jpg|[[Dwarkadhish Temple]], [[Dwarka]]
File:Damodar Kund - Junagadh - Gujarat - DSC001.jpg|[[Radha Damodar Temple, Junagadh]]
File:Vadnagar Torana.JPG|Kirti Toran, [[Vadnagar]]
File:Akshardham Gandhinagar Gujarat.jpg|[[Akshardham (Gandhinagar)|Akshardham]], [[Gandhinagar]]
File:Jama masjid in Champaner.JPG|[[Jama Mosque, Champaner]]
File:Lakhota Lake Museum.JPG|Lakhota Museum, [[Jamnagar]]
File:Sun Temple, Modhera 06.jpg|[[Sun Temple, Modhera]]
File:Laxmi Vilas Palace - Vadodara.jpg|[[Laxmi Vilas Palace, Vadodara|Laxmi Vilas Palace]], [[Vadodara]]
File:Vijay Vilas - 2009.JPG|[[Vijay Vilas Palace]], [[Mandvi]], [[Kutch]]
File:Bahauddin Maqbara by Kshitij.jpg|[[Mahabat Maqbara]], [[Junagadh]]
File:Kutch Bhadreshwar Jain Temple.jpg|[[Vasai Jain Temple]], [[Kutch]]
File:Wankaner-palace.png|[[Ranjit Vilas Palace (Wankaner)|Ranjit Vilas Palace]], [[Wankaner]]
File:Mandvi Beach.jpg|[[Mandvi]] Beach, [[Kutch]]
</gallery>

== Transport ==
=== Air ===
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{{main|List of airports in Gujarat}}

{{Map/Airports in Gujarat}}
There are four international airports ([[Ahmedabad Airport|Ahmedabad]], [[Surat Airport|Surat]], [[Rajkot International Airport|Rajkot Int'l]], [[Vadodara Airport|Vadodara]]), eight domestic airports ([[Bhavnagar Airport|Bhavnagar]], [[Bhuj Airport|Bhuj]], [[Jamnagar Airport|Jamnagar]], [[Kandla Airport|Kandla]], [[Porbandar Airport|Porbandar]], [[Rajkot Airport|Rajkot]], [[Amreli Airport|Amreli]], [[Keshod Airport|Keshod]]), two private airports ([[Mundra Airport|Mundra]], [[Mithapur]]) and three military bases ([[Bhuj Rudra Mata Air Force Base|Bhuj]], [[Jamnagar Airport|Jamnagar]], [[Naliya Air Force Station|Naliya]]) in Gujarat. Three more airports ([[Dholera International Airport|Dholera]], [[Ankleshwar Airport|Ankleshwar]], [[Deesa Airport|Deesa]]) are under construction. There are two infrequently used airports situated at [[Mandvi]] and [[Mehsana Airport|Mehsana]]; the latter serving as a flying school. Gujarat State Aviation Infrastructure Company Limited (GUJSAIL) has been established by the Government of Gujarat to foster development of aviation infrastructure in the state.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Gujarat {{!}} Gujarat State Aviation Infrastructure Company Limited |url=https://gujsail.gujarat.gov.in/gujarat.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190521063246/https://gujsail.gujarat.gov.in/gujarat.htm |archive-date=21 May 2019 |access-date=21 May 2019 |website=gujsail.gujarat.gov.in}}</ref>

These airports are operated and owned by either the [[Airports Authority of India]], [[Indian Air Force]], Government of Gujarat or private companies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Airports {{!}} Gujarat State Aviation Infrastructure Company Limited |url=https://gujsail.gujarat.gov.in/airports.htm |access-date=21 May 2019 |website=gujsail.gujarat.gov.in}}{{Dead link|date=December 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="GCAP">{{Cite web |title=Gujarat Civil Aviation Policy 2010 |url=http://cadgog.org/images/civil-aviation-policy-of-gujarat.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818221315/http://cadgog.org/images/civil-aviation-policy-of-gujarat.pdf |archive-date=18 August 2013 |access-date=19 April 2012 |publisher=Government of Gujarat}}</ref>

=== Rail ===
{{Main|:Category:Railway stations in Gujarat|l1 = Railway stations in Gujarat|:Indian Railways}}

{{Further|Pune – Mumbai – Ahmedabad High-Speed Passenger Corridor }}
Gujarat comes under the [[Western Railway Zone]] of the [[Indian Railways]]. [[Ahmedabad Junction railway station|Ahmedabad Junction Railway Station]] is the most important, centrally located and biggest railway station in Gujarat which connects to all important cities of Gujarat and India. [[Vadodara Junction railway station|Vadodara Junction Railway Station]] is the busiest railway station junction in Gujarat and the fifth busiest railway station in India. [[Surat railway station|Surat Railway Station]], [[Rajkot Junction railway station|Rajkot Junction Railway Station]], and [[Sabarmati Junction railway station|Sabarmati Junction Railway Station]] are the other busy and well connected railway stations in the state. Other important railway stations are [[Mahesana Junction railway station|Mahesana Junction]], [[Palanpur Junction railway station|Palanpur Junction]], [[Bhavnagar Terminus railway station|Bhavnagar Terminus]], [[Nadiad Junction railway station|Nadiad Junction]], [[Valsad railway station|Valsad Railway Station]], [[Bharuch Junction railway station|Bharuch Junction]], [[Gandhidham Junction railway station|Gandhidham Junction]], [[Anand Junction railway station|Anand Junction]], [[Godhra Junction railway station|Godhra Junction Railway Station]], etc.

Indian Railways is planning a dedicated rail freight route Delhi–Mumbai passing through the state of Gujarat.

[[High-speed rail in India|India's first high speed rail line]] is set to run from [[Ahmedabad]], the largest city in Gujarat to [[Mumbai]], the [[Financial centre|financial hub]] of India, with a top speed of 320 km/h (200 mph).

{{cvt|60.06|km|mi}} long tracks of [[Ahmedabad Metro]], a [[rapid transit|metro rail system]] for Ahmedabad and Gandhinagar is currently operational. The construction started on 14 March 2015.<ref name="DeshGuj32015">{{Cite web |last=DeshGujarat |date=14 March 2015 |title=First 6 km works of Ahmedabad Metro to complete by September 2016:CM |url=http://deshgujarat.com/2015/03/14/first-6-km-works-of-ahmedabad-metro-to-complete-by-september-2016cm/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404045909/http://deshgujarat.com/2015/03/14/first-6-km-works-of-ahmedabad-metro-to-complete-by-september-2016cm/ |archive-date=4 April 2015 |access-date=12 April 2015 |website=DeshGujarat}}</ref><ref name="gujarat">{{Cite web |title=Gujarat plans 12 giant industrial hubs |url=http://business.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/oct/21/slide-show-1-gujarat-plans-12-giant-industrial-hubs.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721034644/http://business.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/oct/21/slide-show-1-gujarat-plans-12-giant-industrial-hubs.htm |archive-date=21 July 2011 |access-date=25 October 2010 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref>

=== Sea ===
{{Map/Ports and harbours of Gujarat}}
Gujarat State has the longest sea coastline of 1214 km in India.
[[Mundra Port]] is the largest port as well as the highest capacity port in India, and it is also the largest container port by volume in the country. It is India's first private port owned and operated by [[Adani Ports & SEZ]]. [[Kandla Port]], owned by the central government and operated by Deendayal Port Authority, is one of the largest and busiest ports serving Western India. It has the third-highest cargo capacity in India. Other important ports in Gujarat are the [[Port of Navlakhi]], [[Port of Magdalla]], [[Port Pipavav]], [[Jamnagar|Bedi Port]], Port of [[Porbandar]], Port of [[Veraval]] and the privately. The state also has [[Dahej–Ghogha Sea Connect]], a Ro-Ro ferry service.<ref>{{Citation |title=What is Gujarat's Ro-Ro ferry service? |date=22 October 2017 |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/what-is/what-is-gujarat-ro-ro-ferry-service-ghogha-dahej-4900767/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171022074819/http://indianexpress.com/article/what-is/what-is-gujarat-ro-ro-ferry-service-ghogha-dahej-4900767/ |access-date=22 October 2017 |archive-date=22 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
{{Further|List of ports and harbours of Gujarat}}

=== Road ===
{{Main|List of National Highways in India#Gujarat|l1 = List of National Highways in Gujarat|List of state highways in Gujarat}}

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[[Gujarat State Road Transport Corporation]] (GSRTC) is the primary body responsible for providing the bus services within the state of Gujarat and also with the neighbouring states. It is a public transport corporation providing bus services and public transit within Gujarat and to the other states in India. Apart from this, there are a number of services provided by GSRTC.
*Mofussil Services – connects major cities, smaller towns and villages within Gujarat.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=GSRTC Services |url=http://www.discoveredindia.com/gujarat/gujarat-state-road-transport-corporation/services.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180503044915/http://www.discoveredindia.com/gujarat/gujarat-state-road-transport-corporation/services.htm |archive-date=3 May 2018}}</ref>
*Intercity Bus Services – connects major cities – Ahmedabad,Mehsana, Surat, Veraval, Vapi, Vadodara, Rajkot, Bharuch etc.<ref name=":0" />
*Interstate Bus Services – connects various cities of Gujarat with the neighbouring states of Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Rajasthan.<ref name=":0" />
*City Services – GSRTC provides city bus services at Surat, Vadodara, Vapi, Gandhinagar and Ahmedabad, within the state of Gujarat.<ref name=":0" />
*Parcel Services – service used for transporting goods.<ref name=":0" />

Apart from this, the GSRTC provides special bus services for festivals, industrial zones, schools, colleges and pilgrim places also buses are given on contract basis to the public for certain special occasions.<ref name=":0" />

*There are also city buses in cities like Ahmedabad ([[Ahmedabad Municipal Transport Service|AMTS]] and [[Ahmedabad BRTS]]), Surat ([[Surat BRTS]]), Bhavnagar (BMC CITY BUS), Vadodara (Vinayak Logistics), Gandhinagar (VTCOS), Mehsana (Mehsana Municipal Bus Service), Rajkot (RMTS and [[Rajkot BRTS]]), Anand (VTCOS), Bharuch (Gurukrupa) etc.
[[Auto rickshaw]]s are common mode of transport in Gujarat. The Government of Gujarat is promoting bicycles to reduce pollution by the way of initiative taken by free cycle rides for commuters.

== Education and research ==
{{Main|Education in Gujarat}}

{{See also|List of institutions of higher education in Gujarat}}

The [[Gujarat Secondary and Higher Secondary Education Board]] (GSHSEB) are in charge of the schools run by the Government of Gujarat. However, most of the private schools in Gujarat are affiliated to the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] (CBSE) and [[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations]] (CISCE) board. Gujarat has 30 state universities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=University grant commissions |url=https://www.ugc.gov.in/universitydetails/university?type=LZ1FUMk6U2JWGNLvhWfVSA== |access-date=12 April 2025 |archive-date=26 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240626131419/https://www.ugc.gov.in/universitydetails/university?type=LZ1FUMk6U2JWGNLvhWfVSA== }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Central board of seconday education |url=https://www.cbse.gov.in/cbsenew/cbse.html}}</ref>

=== Universities ===
The [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]], Vadodara, is a premier university of Gujarat. It is one of the oldest universities of Gujarat and provides education in [[Faculty of Fine Arts]], Engineering, Arts, Journalism, Education, Law, Social Work, Medicine, Science and Performing Arts. Originally known as the Baroda College of Science (established 1881), it became a university in 1949 after the independence of the country and later renamed after its benefactor Maharaja Sayajirao Gaekwad III, the former ruler of Baroda State.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda |url=https://msubaroda.ac.in/}}</ref>

[[Gujarat National Law University]], founded in 2004, located in the capital city Gandhinagar, was ranked 3rd best law school in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Consortium of NLUs |url=https://consortiumofnlus.ac.in/ |access-date=12 April 2025 |website=consortiumofnlus.ac.in}}</ref>

Institutes for Engineering and Research in the area include [[IIT Gandhinagar]],[[Gujarat Technological University]], [[Indian Institute of Information Technology, Vadodara|Indian Institute of Information Technology Vadodara (IIITV)]], [[Institute of Infrastructure, Technology, Research and Management|Institute of Infrastructure Technology Research and Management (IITRAM)]], [[Dhirubhai Ambani Institute of Information and Communication Technology]] ([[DA-IICT]]) also in Gandhinagar, [[Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology]] ([[SVNIT]]) and [[P P Savani University]] in Surat, [[Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University]] (PDPU) in Gandhinagar, [[Nirma University]] in Ahmedabad, M.S. University in Vadodara, Marwadi Education Foundation's Group of Institutions (MEFGI) in Rajkot and [[Birla Vishwakarma Mahavidyalaya]] (BVM) in Vallabh Vidyanagar (a suburb in Anand district).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Engineering Colleges in Gujarat {{!}} List of Engineering Colleges in Gujarat |url=https://targetstudy.com/colleges/engineering-colleges-in-gujarat.html |access-date=12 April 2025 |website=targetstudy.com}}</ref>

MICA, [[MICA (institute)|Mudra Institute of Communications Ahmedabad]], is a residential institute dedicated to marketing and communication.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About MICA |url=https://www.mica.ac.in/introduction/about-mica |website=MICA}}</ref>

[[Institute of Rural Management Anand]] (IRMA), a part of [["Tribhuvan" Sahkari University]], is one of the leading sectoral institution in rural management. IRMA is a unique institution in the sense that it provides professional education to train managers for rural management.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Knowing IRMA True learning at its core |url=https://irma.ac.in/about-irma/knowing-irma |access-date=12 April 2025 |website=Institute of Rural Management Anand |language=en-us}}</ref>

The [[National Institute of Design, Ahmedabad|National Institute of Design]] (NID) in Ahmedabad and Gandhinagar is a multi-disciplinary institution in the field of design education and research.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About us |url=https://www.nid.edu/about |access-date=12 April 2025 |website=www.nid.edu}}</ref> Centre for Environmental Planning & Technology University (CEPT) is a planning and architectural school providing various technical and professional courses.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CEPT University |url=https://cept.ac.in/ |access-date=12 April 2025 |website=cept.ac.in}}</ref>

[[Gujarat University]], [[Kadi Sarva Vishwavidyalaya]], [[Sardar Patel University]], [[Ahmedabad University]], [[Saurashtra University]], [[Veer Narmad South Gujarat University]], Dharmsinh Desai University and [[Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University]] are also among reputed universities, affiliating many reputed colleges.<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of State Universities |url=https://uap.gujarat.gov.in/Home/Contents/ListofStateUniversities |website=University action plan Government of Gujarat }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="134">
File:Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad, panorama 2006.jpg|[[Indian Institute of Management]], [[Ahmedabad]]
File:Gujarat National Law University, Administrative Block.jpg|The [[Gujarat National Law University]], [[Gandhinagar]]
File:Daiict-campus.jpg|Campus at [[Dhirubhai Ambani Institute of Information and Communication Technology]], [[Gandhinagar]]
File:Gujarat University Tower Building, 2006-2.jpg|The clock tower in [[Gujarat University]], Ahmedabad
File:Baroda Techo.jpg|Kala Bhavan, [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]], [[Vadodara]]
</gallery>

=== Research ===
[[File:Rocket at Science City, Ahmedabad.JPG|thumb|upright|Rocket model at Science City, Ahmedabad]]

The [[Space Applications Centre]] (SAC) is an institution for space research and satellite communication in Ahmedabad, India, under the aegis of the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO). [[Vikram Sarabhai]], a renowned scientist, industrialist, and visionary Gujarati, played an important role in it. He also founded [[Physical Research Laboratory]], a research institute encompasses Astrophysics, Solar System, and cosmic radiation. He also envisioned [[Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad]], one of the internationally reputed management research institute that is located in Gujarat's commercial capital Ahmedabad and is the top ranked management institutes in the country.<ref>{{Cite news |title=India's top 50 business schools |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Images/HTEditImages/Images/top-50-business-school.jpg |access-date=23 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120201080409/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Images/HTEditImages/Images/top-50-business-school.jpg |archive-date=1 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Top B-schools in India |url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/mccode/bestbschools/top_b_schools_in_India.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218202628/http://www.moneycontrol.com/mccode/bestbschools/top_b_schools_in_India.php |archive-date=18 February 2012 |access-date=23 February 2012 |publisher=CNBC-TV18}}</ref>

[[Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute]] has been established under [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] Government of India at Bhavnagar. It was inaugurated by Late Pandit [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], the [[List of Prime Ministers of India|first]] [[Prime Minister of India]] on 10 April 1954, with a view to carry out research on marine salt, and salt from inland lakes and sub-soil brine. It is working on [[reverse osmosis]], electro membrane process, salt and marine chemicals, analytical science, marine biotechnology, and other related fields. The [[Gujarat National Law University]] situated at Gandhinagar is the 5th Best Law School currently in India.

[[Gujarat Science City]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 June 2010 |title=Gujarat Science City |url=http://www.scity.org/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100726171222/http://www.scity.org/ |archive-date=26 July 2010 |access-date=16 July 2010 |publisher=Scity.org}}</ref> is a government initiative to draw more students towards education in science, which hosts India's first [[IMAX]] 3D theatre, an energy park, a hall of science, an [[amphitheatre]], and dancing [[musical fountain]]s among others. Institute of Management under Nirma University is constantly ranked among the top MBA colleges in India. [[International Institute of Management and Technical Studies]] affiliated with Gujarat Knowledge Society, [[European Association for Distance Learning]], Association of Indian Management Schools and [[Ahmedabad Textile Industry's Research Association]] has performed globally for its [[higher education]] certification courses for working professionals. IIMT STUDIES also launched GET SET GO programme in 2013 in affiliation with [[Gujarat Technological University]] and Gujarat Knowledge Society, [[Department of Technical Education]]- [[Government of Gujarat]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY |url=http://www.gtu.ac.in/circulars/14May/13052014.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140802142737/http://www.gtu.ac.in/circulars/14May/13052014.pdf |archive-date=2 August 2014 |access-date=20 December 2014 |publisher=Gtu.ac.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gujarat Knowledge Society |url=http://gksgujarat.org/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217081456/http://gksgujarat.org/ |archive-date=17 December 2014 |access-date=20 December 2014 |publisher=Gksgujarat.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IIMT -International Institute of Management and Technical Studies-Distance Education Distance Learning Institute |url=http://iimtstudies.edu.in/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218123529/http://iimtstudies.edu.in/ |archive-date=18 December 2014 |access-date=20 December 2014 |publisher=Iimtstudies.edu.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Association of Indian Management Schools (AIMS) |url=http://www.aims.org.in/cmspage.php?sid=UzI0NDQ= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224112241/http://www.aims.org.in/cmspage.php?sid=UzI0NDQ= |archive-date=24 December 2014 |access-date=20 December 2014 |publisher=Aims.org.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India |url=http://www.eadl.org/members/india/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102052018/http://www.eadl.org/members/india/ |archive-date=2 January 2016 |access-date=20 December 2014 |publisher=Eadl.org}}</ref> [[B.K. School of Business Management]] is ranked sixth in financial management. [[K. S. School of Business Management]] is also an MBA college in [[Gujarat University]] providing a five-year integrated MBA course. Shanti Business School in Ahmedabad is a business school offering a post-graduate diploma in management through a corporate citizenship initiative.

The Institute of Seismological Research (ISR) was established by the Science and Technology Department, Government of Gujarat, in 2003 and is registered as a society. ISR campus is at Raisan, Gandhinagar, on the banks of Sabarmati river. Aims and objectives include assigning optimum seismic factors for buildings in different regions and long-term assessment of potential. The ISR is the only institute in India fully dedicated to seismological research and is planned to be developed into a premier international institute in few years time.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

== Notable people ==
{{See also|List of people from Gujarat}}
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* [[Gautam Adani]], founder and chairman of [[Adani Group]]; from [[Ahmedabad]], Gujarat
* [[Lal Krishna Advani]], ex-president of [[BJP]] and Deputy Prime Minister of India (1999–2004)
* [[Dhirubhai Ambani]], founder of [[Reliance Industries]]; from [[Chorvad]], Gujarat<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 January 2020 |title=Dhirubhai Ambani – The founder of Reliance |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Dhirubhai-Ambani |access-date=20 May 2020 |website=Britannica |language=en-US |archive-date=7 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807102732/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Dhirubhai-Ambani |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Jasprit Bumrah]], Indian bowler who plays for Indian National Cricket team (all formats), from [[Ahmedabad]].
* [[Morarji Desai]], 4th Prime Minister of India (1977–1979); from Valsad
* [[Urvashi Dholakia]], Television & Bollywood actress
* [[Balkrishna Vithaldas Doshi]], Architect, Pritzker Architecture Prize laureate
* [[Dadudan Gadhvi]] (Kavi DadBapu), poet, singer and lyricist of [[Gujarati cinema|Gujarati Cinema]], [[Padma Shri|Padmashri]] title given in 2021
* [[Mahatma Gandhi]], spearheaded the [[Indian independence movement]] against [[British India|British colonial rule]]; Gujarati<ref>{{Cite web |title=Modern Gujarat |url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/gujarat/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405024600/https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/gujarat/ |archive-date=5 April 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |publisher=Mapsofindia.com}}</ref>
* [[Ravindra Jadeja]], Indian all-rounder & part of the Indian U-19 cricket team, from [[Navagam Ghed]]
* [[Sanjeev Kumar]] a Versatility Bollywood actor, Born in [[Surat]]
* [[Shri Gopinathji Maharaj]], family founder
* [[Narendra Modi]], 14th and current [[Prime Minister of India]]; from [[Vadnagar]], Gujarat<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 May 2020 |title=narendra modi |url=https://www.narendramodi.in/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191002045436/https://www.narendramodi.in/ |archive-date=2 October 2019 |access-date=21 May 2020 |website=narendramodi.in}}</ref>
* [[Asha Parekh]] influential actress in Hindi cinema, she was born in Ahmedabad
* [[Urjit Patel]], former Governor of Reserve Bank of India; from [[Kheda district]], Gujarat
* [[Vallabhbhai Patel]], Independent India's first Deputy Prime Minister and Home Minister; from [[Karamsad]]
* [[Falguni Pathak]], a female singer and performing artist born & brought up in [[Vadodara]], who currently resides in Mumbai
* [[Azim Premji]], software magnate and chairman of [[Wipro Limited]]; ethnically Gujarati<ref>{{Cite news |last=Patel, Aakar |date=16 May 2016 |title=The Muslim businessmen of India |work=DNA |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/comment_the-muslim-businessmen-of-india_1383602 |url-status=live |access-date=4 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130203054158/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/comment_the-muslim-businessmen-of-india_1383602 |archive-date=3 February 2013}}</ref>
* [[Cheteshwar Pujara]], Indian batter who plays fior Indian National Cricket Test team, from [[Rajkot]].
* [[Shrimad Rajchandra]], poet, philosopher and reformer best known as the spiritual guru of Mahatma Gandhi<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jathar, Dnyanesh |date=16 July 2016 |title=Indian who inspired Gandhi |work=The Week |url=http://www.theweek.in/theweek/statescan/mahatma-gandhis-mentor-shrimad-rajchandra.html |url-status=live |access-date=4 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180217195207/http://www.theweek.in/theweek/statescan/mahatma-gandhis-mentor-shrimad-rajchandra.html |archive-date=17 February 2018}}</ref>
* [[Paresh Rawal]], Indian film actor and politician of Gujarati origin born in Mumbai
* [[Vikram Sarabhai]], "father of the Indian space programme"; from Ahmedabad<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=30 December 2013 |title=Vikram Sarabhai, the father of the Indian Space Program passed away 45 years ago |url=https://www.firstpost.com/tech/news-analysis/vikram-sarabhai-the-father-of-the-indian-space-program-passed-away-45-years-ago-3695105.html |magazine=First Post |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405024557/https://www.firstpost.com/tech/news-analysis/vikram-sarabhai-the-father-of-the-indian-space-program-passed-away-45-years-ago-3695105.html |archive-date=5 April 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018}}</ref>
* [[Dayananda Saraswati]] is an Indian philosopher, social leader and founder of the Arya Samaj, Born in [[Tankara]]
* [[Amit Shah]], 31st and [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Current Home Minister of India]], former [[Minister of State]], Government of Gujarat; born in [[Mumbai]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Balan |first=Premal |date=10 July 2014 |title=Amit Shah: An organisation man at helm |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/amit-shah-an-organisation-man-at-helm-114071000099_1.html |access-date=15 February 2021 |archive-date=15 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115205507/https://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/amit-shah-an-organisation-man-at-helm-114071000099_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Jamsetji Tata]], pioneer industrialist, founder of the [[Tata Group]]; from a [[Parsi]] family of [[Navsari]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tata Steel |url=http://www.tatasteel100.com/people/index.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208061222/http://www.tatasteel100.com/people/index.asp |archive-date=8 December 2014 |access-date=20 December 2014 |publisher=Tatasteel100.com}}</ref>
* [[Shyamji Krishna Varma]], an Indian revolutionary fighter, an Indian patriot, lawyer and journalist From Kutch




==Sister states==

* {{flag|New Jersey}}, United States (September 2019)<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 September 2019 |title=Gujarat, New Jersey ink sister state MoU |work=Business Standard India |agency=Press Trust of India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/gujarat-new-jersey-ink-sister-state-mou-119092100944_1.html |access-date=12 April 2020 |archive-date=13 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413002227/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/gujarat-new-jersey-ink-sister-state-mou-119092100944_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* {{flag|Delaware}}, United States (September 2019)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gujarat Govt, Delaware State of America sign MoU for sister state |url=http://www.newsonair.com/Main-News-Details.aspx?title=Gujarat-Govt,-Delaware-State-of-America-sign-MoU-for-sister-state&id=371134 |access-date=12 April 2020 |website=newsonair.com |archive-date=12 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712203325/http://www.newsonair.com/Main-News-Details.aspx?title=Gujarat-Govt,-Delaware-State-of-America-sign-MoU-for-sister-state&id=371134 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* {{flag|California}}, United States<ref>{{Cite web |title=Senate Concurrent Resolution No. 4 {{!}} Senate Office of International Relations |url=https://soir.senate.ca.gov/scr42001 |access-date=13 April 2020 |website=soir.senate.ca.gov |archive-date=13 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413002225/https://soir.senate.ca.gov/scr42001 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* {{flag|Hyōgo Prefecture}}, Japan (November 2019)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Japan Information & Study Centre |url=https://www.japancentreatama.com/ |access-date=13 April 2020 |website=Japan Information and Study Centre |archive-date=13 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413002229/https://www.japancentreatama.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Experts |first=Disha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h_yzDwAAQBAJ&q=gujarat+sister+state+hyogo&pg=PA65 |title=Quarterly Current Affairs Vol. 3 – July to September 2019 for Competitive Exams |date=25 September 2019 |publisher=Disha Publications |isbn=978-93-89418-63-7 |language=en |access-date=25 October 2020 |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414110128/https://books.google.com/books?id=h_yzDwAAQBAJ&q=gujarat+sister+state+hyogo&pg=PA65 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* {{flagicon|China}} [[Guangdong]], China (2014)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Panda |first=Jagannath P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zi8lDwAAQBAJ&q=gujarat+sister+state&pg=PA28 |title=India-China Relations: Politics of Resources, Identity and Authority in a Multipolar World Order |date=4 October 2016 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-317-56381-5 |language=en |access-date=25 October 2020 |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414105711/https://books.google.com/books?id=Zi8lDwAAQBAJ&q=gujarat+sister+state&pg=PA28 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=IANS |date=7 June 2019 |title=Gujarat, Guangdong look to strengthen trade relations |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/gujarat-guangdong-look-to-strengthen-trade-relations-119060800006_1.html |access-date=12 April 2020 |archive-date=13 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413002227/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/gujarat-guangdong-look-to-strengthen-trade-relations-119060800006_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* {{flag|Astrakhan Oblast}}, Russia<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Upadhyay |first1=Dadan |last2=RIR |first2=specially for |date=9 December 2015 |title=Modi to reconnect in Russia with Astrakhan |url=https://www.rbth.com/economics/cooperation/2015/12/09/modi-to-reconnect-in-russia-with-astrakhan_548683 |access-date=12 April 2020 |website=rbth.com |archive-date=12 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412234439/https://www.rbth.com/economics/cooperation/2015/12/09/modi-to-reconnect-in-russia-with-astrakhan_548683 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Upadhyay |first=Dadan |date=16 January 2017 |title=Russia, India turn to Gujarat to help increase trade turnover |url=https://www.rbth.com/economics/business/2017/01/16/russia-india-turn-to-gujarat-to-help-increase-trade-turnover_681841 |access-date=12 April 2020 |website=rbth.com |archive-date=13 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413002227/https://www.rbth.com/economics/business/2017/01/16/russia-india-turn-to-gujarat-to-help-increase-trade-turnover_681841 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Cuttanee]]
* [[Dharasana Satyagraha]]
* [[Navnirman Andolan]]
* [[Outline of Gujarat]]

== Citations ==
{{Reflist}}

== General and cited sources ==
* {{Cite book |last1=Bleeker |first1=Claas Jouco |year=1971 |title=Historia Religionum: Religions of the present |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3rrQY1tzLQUC |volume=II |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-02598-1 |last2=Widengren |first2=Geo}}
* {{Cite book |last=Boyce |first=Mary |year=2001 |title=Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a6gbxVfjtUEC |edition=2nd |place=New York |publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul |isbn=978-0-415-23902-8}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hodivala |first=Shahpurshah Hormasji |year=1920 |title=Studies in Parsi History |url=https://archive.org/details/studiesinparsihi00hodiuoft&printsec=frontcover |place=Bombay |publisher=Captain Print Works}}
* {{Cite book |last=Jackson |first=Abraham Valentine Williams |year=1906 |title=Persia Past and Present: A Book of Travel and Research, with More Than Two Hundred Illustrations and a Map |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R9coAAAAYAAJ |publisher=The Macmillan Company}}
* {{Cite book |last=Khanbaghi |first=Aptin |year=2006 |title=The Fire, the Star and the Cross: Minority Religions in Medieval and Early Modern Iran |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7iAbUEaXnfEC |edition=reprint |publisher=I. B. Tauris |isbn=978-1-84511-056-7}}

== Further reading ==
* Yazdani, Kaveh (2017). ''India, Modernity and the Great Divergence: Mysore and Gujarat (17th to 19th C.)''. Leiden: Brill. xxxi + 669 pp. [http://eh.net/?s=gujarat Online review].

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|voy=Gujarat}}
; Government
* {{Official website}}
* [https://igod.gov.in/sg/GJ/categories Gujarat web directory]
* [https://www.gujarattourism.com/ Official tourism site 1]
* [https://tourism.gujarat.gov.in/ Official tourism site 2]{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
; General information
* {{GovPubs|Gujarat}}
* {{Britannica|249059|Gujarat}}
* {{osmrelation-inline|1949080}}

{{Geographic location
| Centre = Gujarat
| North = [[Rajasthan]]
| Northeast = [[Rajasthan]]
| East = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| Southeast = [[Daman and Diu]] [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] [[Maharashtra]]
| South = ''[[Arabian Sea]]'' [[Maharashtra]]
| Southwest = ''[[Arabian Sea]]''
| West = ''[[Arabian Sea]]''
| Northwest = [[Sindh]], {{flagu|Pakistan}}
}}
{{Gujarat}}
{{States and territories of India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Gujarat| ]]
[[Category:1960 establishments in India]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1960]]
[[Category:States and union territories of India]]

Subhash Chandra Bose Aapda Prabandhan Puraskar

2026-03-27T16:09:17Z

Himalayan Dream Treks:

{{Short description|Indian Award}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox award
| name = Subhash Chandra Bose Aapda Prabandhan Puraskar
| subheader = 
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| awarded_for = Excellent work in [[Disaster Management]]
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| location = [[New Delhi]], India
| country = {{flag| India}}
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}}

'''Subhash Chandra Bose Aapda Prabandhan Puraskar''' ({{langx|hi|सुभाष चंद्र बोस आपदा प्रबंधन पुरस्कार}}, {{lit|[[Subhas Chandra Bose]] Disaster Management Award}}) is an Indian National Award for [[Disaster Management Act, 2005|disaster management]] those who served selfless service for the country.<ref name="SCBAPP">{{cite news |title=Govt. announces Subhas Chandra Bose Aapda Prabandhan Puraskar for 2022 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/govt-announces-subhash-chandra-bose-aapda-prabandhan-puraskar-for-2022/article38313336.ece |date=23 January 2022}}</ref> Every individuals and organisations awarded by the [[Government of India|Government Of India]] on every year on January 23, the birth anniversary of freedom fighter Netaji [[Subhash Chandra Bose]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Subhash Chandra Bose Aapda Prabandhan Puraskar 2020 winners announced |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/subhash-chandra-bose-aapda-prabandhan-puraskar-2020-winners-announced-1579853111-1 |date=25 January 2021}}</ref>

Gujarat Institute of Disaster Management (GIDM) selected in Institutional Category and Vice Chairman of Sikkim State Disaster Management Authority's, Vinod Sharma have been selected in Individual Category for the [[Subhash Chandra Bose]] Aapda Prabandhan Puraskar 2022 for his strategic work in disaster management.<ref>{{cite news |title=PM Modi to confer Subhas Chandra Bose Aapda Prabandhan Puraskar 2022 to GIDM, professor Vinod Sharma |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pm-modi-gidm-professor-vinod-sharma-disaster-management-subhas-chandra-bose-aapda-prabandhan-puraskar-2022-1903387-2022-01-23 |date=23 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=नेताजी की जयंती पर पुरस्कार का ऐलान, इन लोगों को मिला सुभाष चंद्र बोस आपदा प्रबंधन अवॉर्ड |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/government-made-a-big-announcement-and-announced-subhash-chandra-bose-aapda-prabandhan-award/1078295 |date=23 January 2022}}</ref>

== History ==
The award was instituted on the 125th birth anniversary of [[Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose]] to recognise and honour the invaluable contribution and selfless service rendered by individuals and organisations in India in the field of disaster management.<ref name="SCBAPP"/>
According to the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] statement, Gujarat Institute of Disaster Management (GIDM) and Professor Vinod Sharma was honoured “for their excellent work and Those who were selected in 2019, 2020 and 2021 also received the award on the birth ceremony of [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] on Sunday 23 January 2022 By [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Narendra Modi]].<ref>{{cite news |title=PM Confers Subhash Chandra Bose Awards For Disaster Management For 2019-22 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/pm-modi-gujarat-institute-disaster-management-subhash-chandra-bose-aapda-prabandhan-puraskar-7737539/ |date=24 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Subhas Chandra Bose Aapda Prabandhan Puraskar 2022 presented to GIDM, Prof. Vinod Sharma |url=https://newsonair.gov.in/News?title=GIDM-Professor-Vinod-Sharma-selected-for-Subhash-Chandra-Bose-Aapda-Prabandhan-Puraskar-2022&id=434046 |date=23 January 2022}}</ref>

==Awardees==
Details of [[Subhas Chandra Bose|Subhash Chandra Bose]] Aapda Prabandhan Award are as given below:<ref>{{cite web |title=Subhash Chandra Bose Aapda Prabhandhan Puraskar Award |url=https://ndmindia.mha.gov.in/medals# |website=ndmindia.mha}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Govt announces Subhash Bose Aapda Prabandhan Puraskar 2021 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/govt-announces-subhash-bose-aapda-prabandhan-puraskar-2021-101611414939640.html |date=23 January 2021}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" | Year
! colspan=2| Recipient
! rowspan=2| Ref(s)
|-
! Individual !! Institution
|-
| 2019
| —
| 8th Bn [[National Disaster Response Force]], [[Ghaziabad]]
| <ref>{{cite news |title=PM Modi confers Subhas Chandra Bose Aapda Prabandhan Puraskar to NDRF |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/pm-modi-confers-subhas-chandra-bose-aapda-prabandhan-puraskar-to-ndrf20220124002815/ |date=24 January 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2020
| Shri Kumar Munnan Singh
| Disaster Mitigation & Management Centre, [[Uttarakhand]]
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Subhash Chandra Bose Aapda Prabandhan Puraskar 2020 announced |url=https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1600326 |website=pib |access-date=23 January 2020}}</ref>
|-
| 2021
| Dr. Rajendra Kumar Bhandari
| Sustainable Environment and Ecological Development Society (SEEDS)
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Rajendra Kumar Bhandari Selected For Subhash Chandra Bose Aapda Prabandhan Puraskar |url=http://www.businessworld.in/article/Rajendra-Kumar-Bhandari-selected-for-Subhash-Chandra-Bose-Aapda-Prabandhan-Puraskar/23-01-2021-369135/ |date=23 January 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 2022
| Prof. Vinod Sharma
| Gujarat Institute of Disaster Management (GIDM)
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Gujarat Institute of Disaster Management, professor selected for Netaji award |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/gidm-professor-vinod-sharma-selected-for-subhash-chandra-bose-aapda-prabandhan-puraskar-2022-11642914784148.html |access-date=2 February 2022 |work=Livemint |date=23 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2023
| —
| Odisha State Disaster Management Authority (OSDMA) and Lunglei Fire Station (LFS), Mijoram.
|-
|2024
| –
|60 Parachute Field Hospital, Uttar Pradesh
|-
|2025
| --
|Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS)
|
|}

==See also==
* [[Orders, decorations, and medals of India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
[[Category:Indian awards]]
[[Category:Government of India]]
[[Category:Ministry of Home Affairs (India)]]
[[Category:Emergency management in India]]

Hare Krishna (mantra)

2026-03-25T23:22:47Z

Himalayan Dream Treks: small changes

{{Short description|Vaishnava mantra}}
{{for|the religious organization known as the Hare Krishna movement|International Society for Krishna Consciousness}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
[[File:Hare Krishna.png|thumb|Hare Krishna (Maha Mantra) in the [[Devanagari]] ({{transliteration|sa|devanāgarī}}) script.]]
[[File:Mahamantra.png|thumb|Hare Krishna (Maha Mantra) in the [[Bengali language]]]]
The '''Hare Krishna''' ([[Sanskrit|Devanagari]]: {{lang |sa | हरे कृष्ण}}) [[mantra]], also referred to reverentially as the '''{{IAST|Mahā-mantra}}''' ([[Sanskrit|Devanagari]]: {{lang |sa | महामन्त्र}}; {{lit|Great Mantra}}), is a 16-word [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] Hindu mantra mentioned in the [[Kali-Saṇṭāraṇa Upaniṣad]].{{sfn|Beck|1993|p=199}} In the 15th century, it rose to importance in the [[Bhakti movement]] following the teachings of [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]]. This mantra is composed of three [[Sanskrit]] names – "[[Krishna]]", "Rama", and "Hare".<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://www.krishna.com/info/hare-krishna-mantra| title=Hare Krishna mantra| work=Krishna| access-date=28 July 2015| archive-date=5 August 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150805150315/http://www.krishna.com/info/hare-krishna-mantra| url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.iskconhk.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=37&Itemid=115&lang=en| title=Chant and be happy| work=iskcon| access-date=28 July 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020135346/http://www.iskconhk.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=37&Itemid=115&lang=en| archive-date=20 October 2017| url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Rosen2006">{{cite book
| author = Rosen, S.
| year = 2006
| title = Essential Hinduism
| publisher = Praeger Publishers
| isbn = 0-275-99006-0
}}P.4: It was preserved in the confidential sampradayas, or esoteric lineages, that were guardian to these truths from the beginning. p.244:
In a more esoteric sense, the word "Hare" is a vocative form of "Harā," which refers to Mother Harā, or Sri Radha.</ref>

Since the 1960s, the mantra has been widely known outside India through [[A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada]] and his movement, [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness]] (commonly known as the Hare Krishnas or the Hare Krishna movement).<ref>[http://www.religion-encyclopedia.com/H/hare_krishna.htm Religion Encyclopedia – Hare Krishna (ISKCON)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701152023/http://www.religion-encyclopedia.com/H/hare_krishna.htm |date=1 July 2007 }}</ref>

==Mantra==
The mantra as rendered in the oldest source, the [[Kali-Saṇṭāraṇa Upaniṣad|''Kali-Santaraṇa Upaniṣad'']], is as follows:{{sfn|Beck|1993|p=199}}

{{poemquote|
Hare Rāma Hare Rāma
Rāma Rāma Hare Hare
Hare Kr̥ṣṇa Hare Kr̥ṣṇa
Kr̥ṣṇa Kr̥ṣṇa Hare Hare
|source=Kali-Santaraṇa Upaniṣad}}

==History==
{{Hinduism small}}
{{Vaishnavism}}
The mantra is first attested in the {{IAST|''[[Kali-Santaraṇa Upaniṣad]]''}} (Kali Santarana [[Upanishads]]), an Upanishad, which is commented on by Raghunandan Bhattacharya in his work {{transliteration|sa|Harinamarthah-ratna-dipika}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Prominence of Hari-Naam in Hinduism: Benefits of Chanting "Hare Krishna" Mahamantra|date=3 June 2020|website=NewsGram|url=https://www.newsgram.com/prominence-hari-naam-hinduism-benefits-hare-krishna-mahamantra/|access-date=10 February 2021|archive-date=26 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226094150/https://www.newsgram.com/prominence-hari-naam-hinduism-benefits-hare-krishna-mahamantra/|url-status=live}}</ref> In this [[Upanishads|Upanishad]], [[Narada]] is instructed by [[Brahma]] (in the translation of K. N. Aiyar):

{{blockquote|Hearken to that which all [[Śruti|Shruti]]s (the [[Vedas]]) keep secret and hidden, through which one may cross the [[Saṃsāra]] (mundane existence) of [[Kali (demon)|Kali]]. He shakes off (the evil effects of) Kali through the mere uttering of the name of Lord [[Narayana]], who is the primeval [[Purusha]].}}

Narada asks to be told this name of [[Narayana]], and Brahma replies:

{{blockquote|Hare Rama Hare Rama, Rama Rama Hare Hare, Hare Krishna Hare Krishna, Krishna Krishna Hare Hare; these sixteen names are destructive of the evil effects of Kali.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_upanishhat/kalisantarana_upan.html?lang=sa|title=Kalisantarana Upanishat|website=sanskritdocuments.org|access-date=2 December 2018|archive-date=2 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202202602/https://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_upanishhat/kalisantarana_upan.html?lang=sa|url-status=live}}</ref> No better means than this is to be seen in all the Vedas.}}

Popular tradition believes that [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]] received this mantra at his initiation (''[[diksha]]'') in [[Gaya, India]]; however, biographies of Chaitanya state he received a ten-syllabled mantra.{{sfn|Beck|1993|p=199}}

==Popular culture==
{{further|Hare Krishna in popular culture}}
[[File:Hare Krishna Tree.jpg|thumb|upright|The Hare Krishna Tree, an [[Ulmus americana|American elm]] in [[Tompkins Square Park]], [[New York City]], under which Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada began the first recorded public chanting of the Hare Krishna mantra outside India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nycgovparks.org/sub_your_park/historical_signs/hs_historical_sign.php?id=10823|title=Hare Krishna Tree|access-date=27 March 2007|archive-date=2 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090602190814/http://www.nycgovparks.org/sub_your_park/historical_signs/hs_historical_sign.php?id=10823|url-status=live}}</ref>]]
The Hare Krishna mantra appears in a number of famous songs, notably those of [[George Harrison]]. His first solo single "[[My Sweet Lord]]" topped charts around the world in 1970–71. Harrison put a Hare Krishna sticker on the back of the headstock of [[Eric Clapton]]'s 1964 [[Gibson ES-335]]; the sticker also appears on Gibson's 2005 reproduction of the guitar.

Produced by Harrison, [[Radha Krishna Temple]]'s recording "Hare Krishna Mantra" was issued as a single on the Beatles' [[Apple Records|Apple]] record label in 1969. The single was a commercial success, peaking at number 12 in the UK, and led to the Temple devotees appearing on the popular British [[UK Singles Chart|music chart]] television programme ''[[Top of the Pops]]''.

The [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] musical [[Hair (musical)|''Hair'']] has a song, "Hare Krishna", containing the mantra, along with some additional lyrics.

[[The Muppet Movie|The Muppet Movie (1979)]] has a [[running gag]] in which characters respond to people being lost by suggesting Hare Krishna. The second time this occurs [[Kermit the Frog]] acknowledges that this has become a running gag and it's used throughout the rest of the film.

The mantra also prominently appears in [[Jesus Loves You (band)|Jesus Loves You]]'s "[[Bow Down Mister]]" (1990) and in [[the Pretenders]]' "Boots of Chinese Plastic" from their 2008 album, ''[[Break Up the Concrete]]''.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}} Stevie Wonder used the devotees chanting Hare Krishna in his song "Pastime Paradise".{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}

Less well-known recordings of the Hare Krishna mantra include versions by [[the Fugs]] on their 1968 album [[Tenderness Junction]] (featuring poet [[Allen Ginsberg]]), by [[Nina Hagen]], in multiple songs by English psychedelic rock band [[Quintessence (English band)|Quintessence]] (produced by [[John Barham]], a frequent collaborator of George Harrison), the American psychedelic rock band [[Mad River (band)|Mad River]] featured the Hare Krishna mantra on an early version of their song Wind Chimes, recorded in 1967, and by [[Hüsker Dü]] on their 1984 album ''[[Zen Arcade]]''. [[Kula Shaker]], [[Boy George]], and members of [[the Rubettes]] have recorded music tracks about Krishna Consciousness.

In a 2010 experimental study involving both devotees and non-devotees, singing vowels like "ah" and "eh" was found to be more joyful than singing vowels like "oh" and "uh", possibly due to a [[Facial feedback hypothesis|facial feedback]] effect.<ref>Böttger, D. (2010) ''To say "Krishna" is to smile – emotion psychology and the neurology of mantra singing.'' In "The Varieties of Ritual Experience" (ed. Jan Weinhold & [[Geoffrey Samuel]]) in the series "Ritual Dynamics and the Science of Ritual", Volume II: "Body, performance, agency and experience". Wiesbaden, Germany: Harrassowitz. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aZkgFTzlX14 Video summary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202022151/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aZkgFTzlX14 |date=2 February 2017 }}</ref>

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* ''[[Hari Om]]''
* ''[[Om Namo Bhagavate Vāsudevāya]]''
* ''[[Om Namo Narayanaya]]''
* [[Svayam Bhagavan]]
{{div col end}}

==Footnotes==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Sources==

{{Wikiquote}}
* {{cite book|surname=Beck |given=Guy L. |title=Sonic Theology: Hinduism and Sacred Sound
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cY1Xw1ZlIeQC |place=Columbia, SC |publisher=University of South Carolina Press |year=1993 |series=Studies in Comparative Religion |isbn=0872498557}}
*{{cite web
|url = http://www.celextel.org/108upanishads/kalisantarana.html
|title = English translation of the Kali Santarana Upanishad
|publisher = www.celextel.org
|access-date = 2008-05-06
|translator = K. Narayanasvami Aiyar
|first =
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080511193912/http://www.celextel.org/108upanishads/kalisantarana.html
|archive-date = 11 May 2008
|df = dmy-all
}}












{{Vaishnava philosophy}}

[[Category:Hindu denominations]]
[[Category:Hindu mantras]]
[[Category:Kirtan]]
[[Category:Krishna]]
[[Category:Meditation]]
[[Category:Vaishnavism]]
[[Category:Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]]

Kidarites

2026-03-20T16:02:54Z

Himalayan Dream Treks: Updated formatting and improved readability

{{Short description|320–467 CE dynasty of nomads in Central and South Asia}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox country
| native_name = Kidarites
| common_name = Kidarites
| currency =
| government_type = [[Monarchy]]
| era = [[Late Antiquity]]
| year_start = 320 CE
| year_end = 467 CE
| p1 = Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom
| p2 = Kushan Empire
| s2 = Hephthalites
| s1 = Alchon Huns
| image_flag =
| flag_type = Kidarite Tamga
| image_coat = Kidarite_Tamga.png
| symbol_type = [[Tamga]] of the Kidarites
| image_map =
{{Continental Asia in 400 CE|center|||Map of the Kidarites.png|none}}
| image_map_caption = Territory of the Kidarite kingdom, and main Asian polities {{circa|400}}
| image_map2 =
{{Location map+
|Kidarites
|float = center
|width = 300 
|border =none
|nodiv = 1
|mini = 1
|relief=yes
|places =
{{Annotation|235|165|[[Gupta Empire|GUPTA EMPIRE]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=9|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|157|30|[[Xionites|XIONITES]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=8|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|157|140|[[Sasanian Hind|SASANIAN HIND]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=8|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|83|35|[[Afrighids|AFRIGHIDS]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|50|105|[[Sasanian Empire|SASANIAN EMPIRE]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=9|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|250|55|[[Tocharians|TOCHARIANS]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
|caption=
}}
| image_map2_caption = Territory of the Kidarites, {{circa|400}}
| common_languages = [[Bactrian language|Bactrian]] (written)
| capital = [[Bactria]]
| religion = [[Buddhism]] [[Hinduism]]
| title_leader = [[Kushanshah]]
| leader1 = [[Kidara]]
| year_leader1 = fl. 320
| leader2 = Varhran I
| year_leader2 = fl. 425
| leader3 = Kandik
| year_leader3 = fl. 500
| today =
}}
The '''Kidarites''', or '''Kidara Huns''',<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bakker |first1=Hans T. |title=The Alkhan: A Hunnic People in South Asia |date=12 March 2020 |publisher=Barkhuis |isbn=978-94-93194-00-7 |page=17|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZLnVDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA17 |language=en}}</ref> were a dynasty that ruled [[Bactria]] and adjoining parts of Central Asia and India in the 4th and 5th centuries. The Kidarites belonged to a complex group of peoples known collectively in India as the [[Huna people|Huna]], and in Europe as the [[Chionites]] (from the [[Iranian language|Iranian]] names ''Xwn''/''Xyon''), and may even be considered as identical to the '''Chionites'''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bakker |first1=Hans T. |title=The Alkhan: A Hunnic People in South Asia |date=12 March 2020 |publisher=Barkhuis |isbn=978-94-93194-00-7 |page=10|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZLnVDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA10 |language=en}}</ref> The 5th century [[Byzantine]] historian [[Priscus]] called them Kidarite Huns, or "Huns who are Kidarites".{{sfn|Cribb|2010|p=91}}<ref name="Litvinsky119">{{cite book |last1=Dani |first1=Ahmad Hasan |last2=Litvinsky |first2=B. A. |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750 |date=1996 |publisher=UNESCO |isbn=9789231032110 |pages=119–120 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=883OZBe2sMYC&pg=PA119 |language=en}}</ref> Chinese annals referred to them as the Ta Yüeh-chih, or Lesser Yüeh-chih.<ref>{{Cite book |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia |publisher=UNESCO |year=2006 |isbn=978-9231032110 |pages=123}}</ref> The Huna/Xionite tribes are often linked, albeit controversially, to the [[Huns]] who invaded Eastern Europe around the same period. They are entirely different from the [[Hephthalites]], who replaced them about a century later.<ref name="Litvinsky119"/>

The Kidarites were named after [[Kidara]] (Chinese: 寄多羅 ''Jiduoluo'', [[Middle Chinese|MC]]: ''Kjie-ta-la''){{sfn|Cribb|2010|pp=95–96}}{{sfn|Daryaee|2014|p=17}} one of their main rulers. The Kidarites appear to have been a part of a Huna horde known in Latin sources as the "Kermichiones" (from the Iranian ''Karmir Xyon'') or "Red Huna". The Kidarites established the first of four major Xionite/Huna states in Central Asia, followed by the [[Alchon]], the [[Hephthalites]] and the [[Nezak]].

In 360–370 CE, a Kidarite kingdom was established in Central Asian regions previously ruled by the [[Sasanian Empire]], replacing the [[Kushano-Sasanians]] in [[Bactria]].<ref name="SSS"/><ref name="Maas">The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Attila, Michael Maas, Cambridge University Press, 2014 [https://books.google.com/books?id=e0dcBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA284 p.284sq]</ref> Thereafter, the Sasanian Empire was limited to [[Merv]].<ref name="Maas"/> Next, circa 390-410 CE, the Kidarites invaded northwestern India, where they replaced the remnants of the [[Kushan Empire]] in the area of [[Punjab]].

==Origins==
{{see also|Origins of the Huns}}
[[File:Kidara I portrait.jpg|thumb|upright=1|left|Portrait of [[Kidara]], king of the Kidarites, circa 350–386. The coinage of the Kidarites imitated [[Sasanian coinage|Sasanian imperial coinage]], with the exception that they displayed clean-shaven faces, instead of the beards of the Sasanians, a feature relating them to [[Altaic]] rather than [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]] lineage.<ref name="Maas"/><ref name="EI"/>]]

A nomadic people, the Kidarites appear to have originated in the [[Altai Mountains]] region. The terms Huns/Chionites seem to reflect the general ethnic appellation of these people, whereas Kidarites should be understood as a dynastic designation derived from the name of their king, Kidara.<ref>{{Cite book |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia |publisher=UNESCO |year=2006 |isbn=978-9231032110 |pages=124}}</ref> On Kidarite coins their rulers are depicted as beardless or clean-shaven – a feature of [[Altai Mountains|Altaic]] cultures at the time (as opposed, for example, to the Iranian cultures of South Central Asia).<ref name="EI">Encyclopaedia Iranica, article Kidarites: "On Gandhāran coins bearing their name the ruler is always clean-shaven, a fashion more typical of Altaic people than of Iranians" in {{cite journal |title=KIDARITES – Encyclopaedia Iranica |website=www.iranicaonline.org |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kidarites}}</ref> They may have been [[Oghuric]] speakers originally, as may have been the [[Chionites]] and the [[Hephthalites]], before adopting the [[Bactrian language]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=DE LA VAISSIÈRE |first1=ÉTIENNE |title=Is There a "Nationality of the Hephtalites"? |journal=Bulletin of the Asia Institute |date=2003 |volume=17 |page=124 |jstor=24049310 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24049310 |issn=0890-4464}}</ref> The Kidarites were depicted as [[mounted archers]] on the [[Obverse and reverse|reverse]] of coins.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dani |first1=Ahmad Hasan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=883OZBe2sMYC&pg=PA120 |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750 |last2=Litvinsky |first2=B. A. |last3=Unesco |date=1996-01-01 |publisher=UNESCO |isbn=978-92-3-103211-0 |language=en}}</ref> They were also known to practice [[artificial cranial deformation]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Attila |first=Michael |last=Maas |page=185 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=67dUBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA185 |isbn=9781107021754 |year=2015 |publisher=Cambridge University Press }}</ref>

The Kidarites appear to have been synonymous with the ''Karmir Xyon'' ("Red Xionites" or, more controversially, "Red Huns"),<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mitterwallner |first=Gritli von |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uufVAAAAMAAJ |title=Kuṣāṇa Coins and Kuṣāṇa Sculptures from Mathurā |date=1986 |publisher=Department of Cultural Affairs, Government of U.P., Lucknow |language=en}}</ref><ref>Ancient Coin Collecting VI: Non-Classical Cultures, Wayne G. Sayles, p. 79, https://books.google.com/books?id=YTGRcVLMg6MC&pg=PA78</ref> – a major subdivision of the [[Chionites]] (Xionites), alongside the ''[[Spet Xyon]]'' ("White Xionites"). In a recently discovered seal with the image of a ruler similar to those of the Kidarite coins, the ruler named himself in Bactrian "King of the Huns and Great Kushan Shah" (''uonano shao o(a)zarko (k)oshanoshao''). The discovery was reportedly made in [[Swat District|Swat]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Grenet |first1=Frantz |title=A Hunnish Kushanshah |journal=Journal of Inner Asian Art and Archaeology |date=2006 |pages=125–131 |url=https://www.academia.edu/24463151 |language=en}}</ref>{{sfn|Cribb|2010|p=97}}

[[File:Fire attendants wearing the kaftan and holding swords on the coinage of Kidara.jpg|thumb|upright|Fire attendants with the [[kaftan]] tunic worn over trousers tucked into knee-high boots, and holding swords, on the coinage of Kidara]]
The name of their eponymous ruler ''[[Kidara]]'' ([[fl.]] 350–385) may be cognate with the [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] word ''Kidirti'' meaning "west", suggesting that the Kidarites were originally the westernmost of the Xionites, and the first to migrate from Inner Asia.<ref name="Hyun">The Huns, Hyun Jin Kim, Routledge, 2015 [https://books.google.com/books?id=mcf4CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT50 p.50 sq]</ref> Chinese sources suggest that when the [[Hephthalite Empire#Uar|Uar]] (滑 ''Huá'') were driven westward by the [[Later Zhao]] state, circa 320, from the area around [[Linfen|Pingyang]] (平陽; modern [[Linfen]], [[Shanxi]]), it put pressure on Xionite-affiliated peoples, such as the Kidarites, to migrate. Another theory is that climate change in the Altai during the 4th century caused various tribes to migrate westward and southward.<ref name="Hyun"/>

Contemporary Chinese and Roman sources suggest that, during the 4th century, the Kidarites began to encroach on the territory of [[Greater Khorasan]] and the [[Kushan Empire]] – migrating through [[Transoxiana]] into [[Bactria]],<ref name="HCCE 119">History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Ahmad Hasan Dani, B. A. Litvinsky, [[Unesco]] [https://books.google.com/books?id=883OZBe2sMYC&pg=PA119 p.119 sq]</ref> where they were initially [[vassal]]s of the Kushans and adopted many elements of Kushano-Bactrian culture. The Kidarites also initially put pressure on the [[Sasanian Empire]], but later served as mercenaries in the Sassanian army, under which they fought the Romans in Mesopotamia, led by a chief named [[Grumbates]] (fl. 353–358 CE). Some of the Kidarites apparently became a ruling dynasty of the Kushan Empire, leading to the epithet "Little Kushans".<ref>{{cite journal |title=Coins of the Tochari, Kushâns, or Yue-Ti |first=A. |last=Cunningham |journal=The Numismatic Chronicle and Journal of the Numismatic Society |volume=9 |pages=268–311 |jstor=42680025 |year=1889 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=A Note on Kidara and the Kidarites |first=William |last=Samolin |journal=Central Asiatic Journal |volume=2 |issue=4 |year=1956 |pages=295–297 |quote=The Yueh-chih origin of Kidara is clearly established... |jstor=41926398 }}</ref>

==Kidarite kingdom==
===First appearance in literary sources===
{{multiple image
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| header=Inclusion of the Kidarite tamgha
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| image1 = Kushano-Sasanian ruler Vahrām (Bahram) I Balkh mint Struck under Kidarite kings Yasada and Kirada, circa CE 340-345.jpg
| image2 = Kidarite tamgha symbol on coins of Varahran I.jpg
| footer=Coin in the name of [[Kushano-Sasanian]] king [[Varahran Kushanshah|Varahran]], struck under Kidarite ruler [[Kirada]], circa 340-345. The Kidarite [[tamga]] symbol ([[File:Kidarite_Tamga.png|15px]]) appears to the right of the standing king. [[Balkh]] mint.
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The first evidence are gold coins discovered in [[Balkh]] dating from the mid-4th century. The [[Kushano-Sasanian]] ruler [[Varahran Kushanshah|Varahran]] during the second phase of his reign, had to introduce the Kidarite [[tamga]] ([[File:Kidarite_Tamga.png|15px]]) in his coinage minted at [[Balkh]] in [[Bactria]], circa 340–345.{{sfn|Cribb|2010|p=99}} The tamgha replaced the [[nandipada]] symbol which had been in use since [[Vasudeva I]],{{sfn|Cribb|2010|p=99}} suggesting that the Kidarites had now taken control, first under their ruler [[Kirada]].{{sfn|Cribb|2018|p=23}} Then ram horns were added to the effigy of Varahran on his coinage for a brief period under the Kidarite ruler [[Peroz (Kidarite)|Peroz]], and raised ribbons were added around the crown ball under the Kidarite ruler [[Kidara]].{{sfn|Cribb|2010|p=109}}{{sfn|Cribb|2010|p=123}}{{sfn|Cribb|2010|p=99}}{{sfn|Cribb|2018|p=23}} In effect, Varahran has been described as a "puppet" of the Kidarites.{{sfn|Cribb|Donovan|2014|p=4}} By 365, the [[Kidarite]] ruler [[Kidara I]] was placing his name on the coinage of the region, and assumed the title of Kushanshah.{{sfn|Cribb|2018|p=23}} In Gandhara too, the Kidarites minted silver coins in the name of Varahran, until Kidara also introduced his own name there.{{sfn|Cribb|2018|p=23}}

Archaeological, numismatic, and sigillographic evidence demonstrates the Kidarites ruled a realm just as refined as that of the Sasanians. They swiftly adopted Iranian imperial symbolism and titulature, as demonstrated by a seal; "Lord Ularg, the king of the Huns, the great Kushan-shah, the Samarkandian, of the Afrigan (?) family."{{sfn|Payne|2015|p=285}}

Most other data we currently have on the Kidarite kingdom are from Chinese and Byzantine sources from the middle of the 5th century. The Kidarites were the first Huna to bother India. Indian records note that the ''Hūna'' had established themselves in modern [[Afghanistan]] and the [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|North-West Frontier Province]] by the first half of the 5th century, and the Gupta emperor [[Skandagupta]] had repelled a ''Hūna'' invasion in 455. The Kidarites are the last dynasty to regard themselves (on the legend of their coins) as the inheritors of the [[Kushan Empire|Kushan]] empire, which had disappeared as an independent entity two centuries earlier.{{original research inline|date=May 2021}}

===Migration into Bactria===
[[File:Kidara coin.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Kidara]], circa 425–457. AR Drachm (29mm, 3.76 g, 3h). Mint C in [[Gandhara]]. Crowned bust facing slightly right. [[Brahmi]] legend around the head: [[File:Gupta_allahabad_ki.jpg|13px]][[File:Gupta ashoka d.svg|13px]][[File:Gupta allahabad r.svg|13px]][[File:Gupta allahabad ku.jpg|15px]][[File:Gupta_gujarat_ss.svg|13px]][[File:Gupta ashoka nn.svg|13px]][[File:Gupta_gujarat_ss.svg|13px]] ''Ki-da-ra Ku-ṣa-ṇa-ṣa''/ Fire altar flanked by attendants.<ref>[https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=359788 A similar coin with reading of the legend]</ref> The use of the 3/4 portrait is sometimes attributed to the influence of [[:File:Arcadius.gif|the coinage]] of [[Byzantine Empire]] ruler [[Arcadius]] (377–408 CE).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lerner |first1=Judith A. |title=Observations on the Typology and Style of Seals and Sealings from Bactria and the Indo-Iranian Borderlands, in Coins, Art and Chronology II. The First Millennium CE in the Indo-Iranian Borderlands |date=210 |publisher=ÖAW |location=Vienna |page=246, note 7 |url=https://www.academia.edu/743914 |language=en}}</ref>]]
{{South Asia in 350 CE|right|South Asian polities circa 350 CE, and location of the Kidarites in [[Bactria]], on the eve of their expansion into the Indian subcontinent.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |pages=25, 145 |isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=062 |archive-date=7 February 2025 |access-date=6 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250207024910/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=062 |url-status=dead }}</ref>|{{Annotation|2|2|[[File:Long Rectangle (plain).png|44px]]}}}}
Around 350, the Sasanian Emperor [[Shapur II]] (ruled 309 to 379) had to interrupt his conflict with the Romans, and abandon the siege of [[Nisibis]],<ref name="Hyun"/> in order to face nomadic threats in the east: he was attacked in the east by [[Scythian]] [[Massagetae]] and other Central Asian tribes.{{sfn|Daryaee|2009}} Around this time, [[Xionite]]/[[Huna people|Huna]] tribes, most likely the Kidarites, whose king was [[Grumbates]], make an appearance as an encroaching threat upon Sasanian territory as well as a menace to the [[Gupta Empire]] (320–500).{{sfn|Daryaee|2014|p=17}}

After a prolonged struggle (353–358) they were forced to conclude an alliance, and their king [[Grumbates]] accompanied [[Shapur II]] in the war against the Romans, agreeing to enlist his light cavalrymen into the Persian army and accompanying Shapur II. The presence of "Grumbates, king of the Chionitae" and his Xionites with Shapur II during campaigns in the Western [[Caspians|Caspian]] lands, in the area of [[Corduene]], is described by the contemporary eyewitness [[Ammianus Marcellinus]]:<ref name="HCCE 38">History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Ahmad Hasan Dani, B. A. Litvinsky, [[Unesco]] [https://books.google.com/books?id=883OZBe2sMYC&pg=PA38 p.38 sq]</ref>

{{blockquote|''Grumbates Chionitarum rex novus aetate quidem media rugosisque membris sed mente quadam grandifica multisque victoriarum insignibus nobilis''. "Grumbates, the new king of the Xionites, while he was middle aged, and his limbs were wrinkled, he was endowed with a mind that acted grandly, and was famous for his many, significant victories."|[[Ammianus Marcellinus]], 18.6.22.<ref>[[Ammianus Marcellinus]] [http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/ammianus_18_book18.htm 18.6.22]</ref>}}

The presence of Grumbates alongside Shapur II is also recorded at the successful [[Siege of Amida (359)|Siege of Amida]] in 359, in which Grumbates lost his son:<ref name="Hyun"/>

{{blockquote|"Grumbates, king of the Chionitae, went boldly up to the walls to effect that mission, with a brave body of guards; and when a skilful reconnoitrer had noticed him coming within shot, he let fly his balista, and struck down his son in the flower of his youth, who was at his father's side, piercing through his breastplate, breast and all; and he was a prince who in stature and beauty was superior to all his comrades. "|[[Ammianus Marcellinus]], 19.1.7.<ref>[[Ammianus Marcellinus]] [http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/ammianus_19_book19.htm 18.6.22]</ref>}}

Later the alliance fell apart, and by the time of [[Bahram IV]] (388–399) the Sasanians had lost numerous battles against the Kidarites.<ref name="Hyun"/> The migrating Kidarites then settled in [[Bactria]], where they replaced the [[Kushano-Sasanids]], a branch of the [[Sasanids]] that had displaced the weakening [[Kushans]] in the area two centuries before.<ref name="SSS">Sasanian Seals and Sealings, Rika Gyselen, Peeters Publishers, 2007, [https://books.google.com/books?id=RjWAXVYNIzkC&pg=PA1 p.1]</ref> It is thought that they were in firm possession of the region of Bactria by 360.<ref name="Hyun"/> Since this area corresponds roughly to [[Kushanshahr]], the former western territories of the [[Kushans]], Kidarite ruler [[Kidara]] called himself "Kidara King of the Kushans" on his coins.<ref name="CC">The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Attila, Michael Maas [https://books.google.com/books?id=e0dcBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA286 p.286]</ref>

According to [[Priscus]], the [[Sasanian Empire]] was forced to pay tribute to the Kidarites, until the rule of [[Yazdgird II]] (ruled 438–457), who refused payment.<ref name="CC287">The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Attila, Michael Maas [https://books.google.com/books?id=e0dcBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA287 p.287]</ref>

The Kidarites based their capital in [[Samarkand]], where they were at the center of [[Central Asian]] trade networks, in close relation with the [[Sogdians]].<ref name="Maas"/> The Kidarites had a powerful administration and raised taxes, rather efficiently managing their territories, in contrast to the image of barbarians bent on destruction given by Persian accounts.<ref name="Maas"/>

====Fortresses====
[[File:Kafir-kala.jpg|thumb|left|Fortress of [[Kafir-kala]] ([[Uzbekistan]]).<ref>{{cite web |title=Antiquities of Samarkand. Kurgan in the Vicinity of Samarkand. Location of Kafir Kala |url=https://www.wdl.org/en/item/3709/ |website=wdl.org |language=en |date=1868}}</ref>]]
[[Kafir-kala]] is an ancient fortress 12 kilometers south of the city center of [[Samarkand]] in [[Uzbekistan]], protecting the southern border of the Samarkand oasis.<ref name="SM">{{cite journal |last1=Mantellini |first1=Simone |title=Change and Continuity in the Samarkand Oasis: Evidence for the Islamic Conquest from the Citadel of Kafir Kala |journal=Journal of Inner Asian Art and Archaeology |date=2012 |volume=7 |pages=227–253 |doi=10.1484/J.JIAAA.4.2017012 |hdl=11585/572547 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317108188|hdl-access=free }}</ref> It consists in a central citadel built in mud-bricks and measuring 75 × 75 meters at its base has six towers and is surrounded by a moat, still visible today.<ref name="SM"/> Living quarters were located outside the citadel.<ref name="SM"/> The citadel was first occupied by the Kidarites in the 4th-5th century, whose coinage and bullae have been found.<ref>{{cite web |title=Administration, law and urban organization in the Late Antique and Early Medieval period |url=https://www.uib.no/fg/rames/111875/administration-law-and-urban-organization-late-antique-and-early-medieval-period |website=Universitetet i Bergen |language=nb |access-date=18 October 2020 |archive-date=18 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018141329/https://www.uib.no/fg/rames/111875/administration-law-and-urban-organization-late-antique-and-early-medieval-period |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Kidarites in Bactria |url=http://pro.geo.univie.ac.at/projects/khm/showcases/showcase3?language=en |website=pro.geo.univie.ac.at |publisher=Coin Cabinet of the Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna |access-date=18 October 2020 |archive-date=18 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018102415/http://pro.geo.univie.ac.at/projects/khm/showcases/showcase3?language=en |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Expansion to northwest India===
[[File:HUNNIC TRIBES Kidarites Kidara Circa CE 350-385.jpg|thumb|290px|[[Kidara]] gold coin, circa 350–385, derived from the [[Kushans]]. Vertical [[Brahmi]] legends from right to left: ''Kushana'' ([[File:Gupta allahabad ku.jpg|14px]][[File:Gupta_gujarat_ss.svg|14px]][[File:Gupta_ashoka_nn.svg|14px]] ''Ku-shā-ṇa'') ''Kidara'' ([[File:Gupta allahabad ki.jpg|16px]][[File:Gupta allahabad d.svg|14px]][[File:Gupta ashoka r.svg|14px]] ''Ki-da-ra'') ''Kushana'' ([[File:Gupta allahabad ku.jpg|14px]][[File:Gupta_gujarat_ss.svg|14px]][[File:Gupta_ashoka_nn.svg|14px]] ''Ku-shā-ṇa''). Enthroned goddess [[Ardoxsho]] on the back.]]
The Kidarites consolidated their power in Northern Afghanistan before conquering [[Peshawar]] and parts of northwest India including [[Gandhara]] probably sometime between 390 and 410,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dani |first1=Ahmad Hasan |last2=Litvinsky |first2=B. A. |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750 |date=1996 |publisher=UNESCO |isbn=9789231032110 |page=122 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=883OZBe2sMYC&pg=PA122 |language=en}}</ref> around the end of the rule of Gupta Emperor [[Chandragupta II]] or beginning of the rule of [[Kumaragupta I]].<ref>"The entry of the Kidarites into India may firmly be placed some time round about the end of rule of Candragupta II or beginning of the rule of Kumaragupta I (circa 410-420 a.d.)" in {{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Parmeshwari Lal |last2=Kulashreshtha |first2=Sarojini |title=Kuṣāṇa Coins and History |date=1994 |publisher=D.K. Printworld |isbn=9788124600177 |page=122 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q1caAAAAYAAJ |language=en}}</ref> It is probably the rise of the Hephthalites and the defeats against the Sasanians which pushed the Kidarites into northern India.

====Economy====
The Kidarites issued gold coins on the model of Kushan coinage, inscribing their own names but still claiming the Kushan heritage by using the title "Kushan".<ref name="INCC"/> The volume of Kidarite gold coinage was nevertheless much smaller than that of the Great Kushans, probably owing to a decline of commerce and the loss of major international trade routes.<ref name="HCCA167">{{cite book |last1=Dani |first1=Ahmad Hasan |last2=Litvinsky |first2=B. A. |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750 |date=1996 |publisher=UNESCO |isbn=9789231032110 |page=167 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=883OZBe2sMYC&pg=PA167 |language=en}}</ref>

Coins with the title or name [[Gadahara]] seem to be the first coins issued by the invading Kidarites in the [[Kushan Empire|Kushan]] realm in India.<ref name="RF128">{{cite book |last1=Agrawal |first1=Ashvini |title=Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas |date=1989 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=9788120805927 |page=128 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hRjC5IaJ2zcC&pg=PA128 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="INS112"/> The additional presence of the names of foreign rulers such as the [[Kushano-Sassanian]] [[Peroz III Kushanshah|Piroz]] or the [[Gupta Empire]] [[Samudragupta]] on the coins may suggest some kind of suzerainty at a time when the remnants of Kushan power were torn between these two powers.<ref name="RF128"/><ref name="INS112"/> The "Gadahara" issues seem to come chronologically just before the issues of the famous Kidarite ruler [[Kidara]].<ref name="CH253">{{cite book |title=A Comprehensive History of India |date=1957 |publisher=Orient Longmans |page=253 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xQ9uAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref><ref name="INS112">"Gadahara. The last branch, in course of time, yielded to Samudragupta, as is borne out by certain coins of this branch having the name Samudra. There is a good deal of similarity between the coins of the Gadaharas and the Kidara Kushanas." in {{cite book |last1=Bajpai |first1=K. D. |title=Indian Numismatic Studies |date=2004 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=9788170170358 |page=112 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=chGrJUMarHoC&pg=PA112 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="INCC">{{cite journal |last1=Tandon |first1=Pankaj |title=An Important New Copper Coin of Gadahara |journal=Journal of the Oriental Numismatic Society |date=2009 |issue=200 |page=19 |url=https://www.academia.edu/2771790 |language=en}}</ref>

====Religion====
[[File:Miracle of Sravasti.2.jpg|thumb|The ''Miracle of Sravasti'' from [[Paitava]], possibly belongs to the Kidarite period.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cambon |first1=Pierre |title=Fouilles anciennes en Afghanistan (1924-1925). Païtāvā, Karratcha |journal=Arts Asiatiques |date=1996 |volume=51 |page=20 |doi=10.3406/arasi.1996.1383 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/arasi_0004-3958_1996_num_51_1_1383}}</ref>]]
It seems [[Buddhism]] was rather unaffected by Kidarite rule, as the religion continued to prosper.<ref name="HCCA167"/> The Chinese pilgrim [[Fa-hsien]] visited the region {{circa|400 CE}}, and described a wealthy Buddhist culture.<ref name="HCCA167"/> Some aspects of the [[Greco-Buddhist art|Buddhist art of Gandhara]] seem to have incorporated [[Zoroastrian]] elements conveyed by the Kidarites at that time, such as the depiction of fire altars on the bases of numerous Buddhist sculptures.<ref name="HCCA167"/>

It has been argued that the spread of Indian culture and religions as far as [[Sogdia]] corresponded to the rule of the Kidarites over the regions from Sogdia to Gandhara.{{sfn|Cribb|2010|pp=95–96}}

Some Buddhist works of art, in a style marking some evolution compared to the art of [[Gandhara]], have been suggested as belonging to the Kidarite period, such as the sculptures of [[Paitava]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cambon |first1=Pierre |title=Fouilles anciennes en Afghanistan (1924-1925). Païtāvā, Karratcha |journal=Arts Asiatiques |date=1996 |volume=51 |page=20 |doi=10.3406/arasi.1996.1383 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/arasi_0004-3958_1996_num_51_1_1383}}</ref>

[[File:Kushan or Kidarite devotees around Maitreya.jpg|thumb|upright=2|center|Devotees around [[Maitreya]], the Buddha of the future (center). [[Paitava]]. The sculptures of Paitava may belong to the period of the Kidarites.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cambon |first1=Pierre |title=Fouilles anciennes en Afghanistan (1924-1925). Païtāvā, Karratcha |journal=Arts Asiatiques |date=1996 |volume=51 |page=20 |doi=10.3406/arasi.1996.1383 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/arasi_0004-3958_1996_num_51_1_1383}}</ref>]]

====Conflicts with the Gupta Empire====
[[File:Ajanta Cave 17 horseman holding recurve bow.jpg|thumb|The Buddhist paintings of [[Ajanta Caves|Ajanta]], dated to {{circa|460}}–480, are contemporary of the end of the Kidarite invasion of northwestern India, and some scenes probably received the influence of the Kidarites or the [[Hephthalites]] after them.<ref>"The figures represented here, although given a Buddhist significance, are probably modelled on the Hephthalites or earlier Kidarites who had conquered India's northwest provinces" {{cite book |last1=Duchesne-Guillemin |first1=Jacques |title=Hommage universel: actes du congrès de Shiraz 1971, et autres études rédigées à l'occasion du 2500e anniversaire de la fondation de l'empire perse |date=1974 |publisher=Bibliothèque Pahlavi |isbn=9789004039025 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uYtCAAAAYAAJ |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Brancaccio |first1=Pia |title=The Buddhist Caves at Aurangabad: Transformations in Art and Religion |date=2010 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004185258 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m_4pXm7dD78C |language=en}}</ref>]]
The Kidarites may have confronted the [[Gupta Empire]] during the rule of [[Kumaragupta I]] (414–{{circa|455}}) as the latter recounts some conflicts, although very vaguely, in his [[Mandsaur]] inscription.<ref>Malwa Through the Ages, from the Earliest Times to 1305 A.D by Kailash Chand Jain [https://books.google.com/books?id=_3O7q7cU7k0C&pg=PA242 p.242]</ref> The [[Bhitari pillar inscription of Skandagupta]], inscribed by his son [[Skandagupta]] ({{circa|455|467}}), recalls much more dramatically the near-annihilation of the Gupta Empire, and recovery though military victories against the attacks of the [[Pushyamitras]] and the [[Hunas]].<ref name="Hyun"/> The Kidarites are the only Hunas who could have attacked India at the time, as the [[Hephthalites]] were still trying to set foot in [[Bactria]] in the middle of the 5th century.<ref name="HCCE 119"/> In the Bhitari inscription, Skandagupta clearly mentions conflagrations with the Hunas, even though some portions of the inscription have disappeared:

{{blockquote|"(Skandagupta), by whose two arms the earth was shaken, when he, the creator (of a disturbance like that) of a terrible whirlpool, joined in close conflict with the [[Huna people|Hûnas]]; . . . . . . among enemies . . . . . . arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . proclaimed . . . . . . . . . . . . just as if it were the roaring of (the river) [[Ganga]], making itself noticed in (their) ears."|[[Bhitari pillar inscription of Skandagupta]] L.15}}

Even after these encounters, the Kidarites seem to have retained the western part of the Gupta Empire, particularly central and western [[Punjab]], until they were displaced by the invasion of the [[Alchon Huns]] at the end of the 5th century.<ref name="HCCC123">{{cite book |last1=Dani |first1=Ahmad Hasan |last2=Litvinsky |first2=B. A. |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750 |date=1996 |publisher=UNESCO |isbn=9789231032110 |pages=123–126 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=883OZBe2sMYC&pg=PA123 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Hyun"/> While they still ruled in [[Gandhara]], the Kidarites are known to have sent an embassy to China in 477.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dani |first1=Ahmad Hasan |last2=Litvinsky |first2=B. A. |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750 |date=1996 |publisher=UNESCO |isbn=9789231032110 |page=141 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=883OZBe2sMYC&pg=PA141 |language=en}}</ref>

The Huna invasion are said to have seriously damaged [[Indo-Roman trade relations]], which the Gupta Empire had greatly benefited from. The Guptas had been exporting numerous luxury products such as [[silk]], leather goods, fur, iron products, [[ivory]], [[pearl]] or pepper from centers such as [[Nasik]], [[Paithan]], [[Pataliputra]] or [[Benares]] etc. The Huna invasion probably disrupted these trade relations and the tax revenues that came with it.<ref>Longman History & Civics ICSE 9 by Singh [https://books.google.com/books?id=EXPouL4BYTMC&pg=PA81 p.81]</ref> These conflicts exhausted the [[Gupta Empire]]: the gold coinage of Skandagupta is much fewer and of a lesser quality than that of his predecessors.<ref name="HCCC123"/>

The Kidarites were cut from their Bactrian nomadic roots by the rise of the [[Hephthalites]] in the 450s. The Kidarites also seem to have been defeated by the Sasanian emperor [[Peroz I|Peroz]] in 467 CE, with Peroz reconquering [[Balkh]] and issuing coinage there as "Peroz King of Kings".<ref name="Maas"/>

====Conflict with Sasanian emperor Peroz I and the Hephthalites====
[[File:Seal of lord Uglarg, the King of the Huns, the great Kushanshah, the Afshiyan of Samarkand.jpg|thumb|Seal of "lord Uglarg, the King of the Huns, the great [[Kushanshah]], the [[Afshin|Afshiyan]] of [[Samarkand]]" ([[Bactrian language|Bactrian]]: βαγο ογλαρ(γ)ο – υονανο þ(α)ο οα(ζ)-αρκο κο(þανοþ)[αοσαμαρ] /-κανδο – αφþιιανο). This ruler has "characteristic features identifying him as a Kidarite".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=ALRAM |first1=MICHAEL |title=From the Sasanians to the Huns New Numismatic Evidence from the Hindu Kush |journal=The Numismatic Chronicle |date=2014 |volume=174 |page=270 |jstor=44710198 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44710198 |issn=0078-2696}}</ref> Private collection of Aman ur Rahman.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lerner |first1=Judith A. |last2=Sims-Williams |first2=Nicholas |author-link2=Nicholas Sims-Williams|title=Seals, sealings and tokens from Bactria to Gandhara : 4th to 8th century CE |date=2011 |publisher=Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften |location=Wien |isbn=978-3700168973 |pages=72–75}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bakker |first1=Hans |author-link=Hans Bakker|title=Masters of the Steppe: The Impact of the Scythians and Later Nomad Societies of Eurasia: Proceedings of a conference held at the British Museum, 27-29 October 2017 |date=21 January 2021 |publisher=Archaeopress Publishing Ltd |isbn=978-1-78969-648-6 |page=18 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W6MWEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Rezakhani |first1=Khodadad|author-link=Khodadad Rezakhani |title=ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity |date=15 March 2017b |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=978-1-4744-0030-5 |page=100 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bjRWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA100 |language=en}}</ref>]]
[[File:Kidarites ruler King B Late 4th-early 5th century CE.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Kidarites ruler "King B", late 4th–early 5th century. A vase has been placed to the right of the Zoroastrian fire altar, the Indian/Hindu ''[[purnaghata]]'', or "Vase of plenty".{{sfn|Alram|2014|p=272}}]]
Since the foundation of the Sasanian Empire, its rulers had demonstrated the sovereignty and power of their realm through collection of tribute, particularly from the Romans.{{sfn|Payne|2016|p=18}} However, the Sasanian efforts were disrupted in the early 5th century by the Kidarites, who forced [[Yazdegerd I]] ({{reign|399|420}}), [[Bahram V]] ({{reign|420|438}}), and/or [[Yazdegerd II]] ({{reign|438|457}}) to pay them tribute.{{sfn|Payne|2016|p=18}}{{sfn|Payne|2015|p=287}} Although this did not trouble the Sasanian treasury, it was nevertheless humiliating.{{sfn|Bonner|2020|p=100}} Yazdegerd II eventually refused to pay tribute, which would later be used as the ''[[casus belli]]'' of the Kidarites, who declared war against the ruling Sasanian king [[Peroz I]] in {{circa}} 464.{{sfn|Potts|2018|pp=291, 294}}{{sfn|Payne|2015|p=287}} Peroz lacked manpower to fight, and therefore asked for financial aid by the Byzantine Empire, who declined his request.{{sfn|Zeimal|1996|p=130}} He then offered peace to the king of the Kidarites, Kunkhas, and offered him his sister in marriage, but sent a woman of low status instead.<ref>{{Cite book |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia |publisher=UNESCO |year=2006 |isbn=978-9231032110 |pages=130}}</ref> After some time Kunkhas found about Peroz's false promise, and then in turn tried to trick him, by requesting him to send military experts to strengthen his army.{{sfn|Zeimal|1996|p=130}}

When a group of 300 military experts arrived to the court of Kunkhas at Balaam (possibly [[Balkh]]), they were either killed or disfigured and sent back to Iran, with the information that Kunkhas did this due to Peroz's false promise.{{sfn|Zeimal|1996|p=130}} Around this time, Peroz allied himself with the Hephthalites or the [[Alchon Huns]] of [[Mehama]], the ruler of Kadag in eastern Bactria.{{sfn|Rezakhani|2017|pp=102, 121}} With their help, he finally vanquished Kidarites in 466, and brought Bactria briefly under Sasanian control, where he issued gold coins of himself at Balkh.{{sfn|Rezakhani|2017|pp=102, 121, 127}}{{sfn|Payne|2015|p=285}} The style of the gold coin was largely based on the Kidarite coins, and displayed Peroz wearing his second crown.{{sfn|Cribb|2018|p=23}}{{sfn|Alram|2014|p=271}} The following year (467), a Sasanian embassy arrived to the Byzantine capital of [[Constantinople]], where the victory over the Kidarites was announced. The Sasanian embassy sent to the [[Northern Wei]] in 468 may have likewise done the same.{{sfn|Bonner|2020|p=126}}

[[File:Kidarites. Goboziko. Circa mid 5th century CE (facing).jpg|thumb|A coin of the late ruler [[Goboziko]], imitating Sasanian king [[Bahram IV]], in the [[Bactrian script]]. Crowned bust right; tamgha before. Fire altar with attendants. Circa mid 5th century CE.]]
Although the Kidarites still controlled some places such as [[Gandhara]] and [[Punjab]], they would never be an issue for the Sasanians again.<ref name="SSS"/> But in India itself, the Kidarites may also have been losing territory to the Gupta Empire, following the victories of [[Skandagupta]] of 455.<ref name="HTB">{{cite book |last1=Bakker |first1=Hans T. |title=The Alkhan: A Hunnic People in South Asia |date=12 March 2020 |publisher=Barkhuis |isbn=978-94-93194-00-7 |page=18|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZLnVDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18 |language=en}}</ref> This created a power vacuum, which the [[Alchon Huns]] were then able to fill, allowing them to reclaim the lost territories of the Kidarites.<ref name="HTB"/>

====Continental synchronism of Hunnic wars====
There is an astounding synchronism between, on the one hand, the conflicts between the Kidarite Huns and the [[Sasanian Empire]] and the [[Gupta Empire]], and, on the other hand, the campaigns of the [[Huns]] under [[Attila]] in Europe, leading to their defeat at the [[Catalaunian Plains]] in 451.<ref name="HB14"/> It is almost as if the imperialist empire in the east and west had combined their response to a simultaneous Hunnic threat across Eurasia.<ref name="HB14"/> In the end, Europe succeeded in repelling the Huns, and their power there quickly vanished, but in the east, both the Sasanian Empire and the Gupta Empire were left much weakened.<ref name="HB14">{{cite book |last1=Bakker |first1=Hans T. |title=The Alkhan: A Hunnic People in South Asia |date=12 March 2020 |publisher=Barkhuis |isbn=978-94-93194-00-7 |pages=14–15 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZLnVDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA14 |language=en}}</ref>

A few gold coins of the Kidarites were also found as far as [[Hungary]] and [[Poland]] in Europe, as a result of Asiatic migrations.{{sfn|Alram|2014|p=271}}

===Kidarite successors===
[[File:Yinayaditya of Kashmir Late 5th century CE.jpg|thumb|Coin of king Yinayaditya (also Vinayaditya), one of the "Kidarite successors", late 5th century, [[Jammu]] and [[Kashmir]].]]
Many small Kidarite kingdoms seem to have survived in northwest India, and are known through their coinage. They were particularly present in [[Jammu]] and [[Kashmir]], such as king [[Vinayaditya (Kidarite ruler)|Vinayaditya]], but their coinage was much debased. They were then conquered by the [[Alchon Huns]], sometimes considered as a branch of the [[Hephthalites]], during the last quarter of the 5th century.<ref name=Rene>{{Cite book |last=Grousset |first=Rene |title=The Empire of the Steppes |publisher=Rutgers University Press |year=1970 |isbn=0-8135-1304-9 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppesh00prof/page/68 68–69] |url=https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppesh00prof/page/68 }}</ref><ref name="HCCE 38"/> The [[Alchon Huns]] followed the Kidarites into India circa 500, invading Indian territory as far as [[Eran]] and [[Kausambi]].

The numismatic evidence as well as the so-called "Hephthalite bowl" from [[Gandhara]], now in the [[British Museum]], suggests a period of peaceful coexistence between the Kidarites and the Alchons, as it features two Kidarite noble hunters wearing their characteristic crowns, together with two Alchon hunters and one of the Alchons inside a medallion.{{sfn|Alram|2014|pp=274–275}} At one point, the Kidarites withdrew from Gandhara, and the Alchons took over their mints from the time of [[Khingila]].{{sfn|Alram|2014|pp=274–275}} By 520, Gandhara was definitely under Hephthalite (Alchon Huns) control, according to Chinese pilgrims.<ref name="Hyun"/>

{{clear}}
{{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=600|caption_align=center
| align = center
| direction =horizontal
| image1 = SilverBowlNFPPakistan5-6thcenturyCE.JPG
| caption1=Silver bowl, showing an [[Alchon]] horseman
| image2 = Two Kidarite Princes. Silver bowl 460-479 CE. Swat District, Pakistan. British Museum 1963,1210.1.jpg
| caption2=Two Kidarite princes on the bowl
| footer=The so-called "[[Hephthalite bowl]]" from [[Gandhara]], features two Kidarite royal hunters wearing their characteristic horned crowns (right), similar to those in Kidarite coins (see [[Peroz (Kidarite)|Peroz]]), as well as two Alchon hunters (one of them shown here (left), with [[skull deformation]]), suggesting a period of peaceful coexistence between the two entities.{{sfn|Alram|2014|pp=274–275}} [[Swat District]], [[Pakistan]], 460–479. [[British Museum]].<ref>Iaroslav Lebedynsky, "Les Nomades", p172.</ref><ref name="British Museum notice">[https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/A_1963-1210-1 British Museum notice]</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sims |first1=Vice-President Eleanor G. |last2=Sims |first2=Eleanor |last3=Marshak |first3=Boris Ilʹich |last4=Grube |first4=Ernst J. |last5=I |first5=Boris Marshak |title=Peerless Images: Persian Painting and Its Sources |date=January 2002 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-09038-3 |pages=13–14 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XUyajzkDJ50C&pg=PA14 |language=en}}</ref>
| footer_align=center
}}

[[Anania Shirakatsi]] states in his ''[[Ashkharatsuyts]]'', written in 7th century, that one of the [[Bulgars|Bulgar]] tribes, known as the ''Kidar'' were part of the Kidarites. The ''Kidar'' took part in Bulgar migrations across the [[Volga]] into [[Europe]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Bulgarians: From Pagan Times to the Ottoman Conquest |year=1976 |first=David Marshall |last=Lang |pages=31 and 204 |publisher=Westview Press |quote=Armenian geographer states that the principal tribes of Bulgars were called Kuphi-Bulgars, Duchi-Bulgars, Oghkhundur-Bulgars, and Kidar-Bulgars, by the last-named of which he meant the Kidarites, a branch of the Huns. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8EppAAAAMAAJ&q=kidar |isbn=9780891585305 }}</ref>

====Ushrushana====
[[File:Rakhanch coin portrait.jpg|thumb|Portrait of ruler [[Rakhanch]] of the [[Principality of Ushrusana]], from his coinage, 7th century CE]]
{{main|Principality of Ushrusana}}
Remnants of the Kidarites in Eastern Sogdiana may have been associated with the [[Principality of Ushrusana]].<ref name="KR100"/><ref name="KR101"/> The Kidarites may have survived and possibly established a Kidarite kingdom in [[Usrushana]].<ref name="KR100">{{cite book |last1=Rezakhani |first1=Khodadad |author-link=Khodadad Rezakhani|title=ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity |date=15 March 2017b |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=978-1-4744-0031-2 |page=100 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bjRWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA100 |language=en|quote=Apart from Gandhara, however, a Kidarite kingdom may have survived in Sogdiana, possibly in the area of Ustrushana.}}</ref> This connection may be apparent from the analysis of the coinage,<ref name="KR100"/> and in the names of some Ushrusana rulers such as [[Khaydhar ibn Kawus al-Afshin]], whose personal name is attested as "Khydhar", and was sometimes written wrongly as "Haydar" in Arabic. In effect, the name "Kydr" was quite popular in Usrushana, and is attested in many contemporary sources.<ref name="KR101">{{cite book |last1=Rezakhani |first1=Khodadad |title=ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity |date=15 March 2017b |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=978-1-4744-0031-2 |page=101 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VjVYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT145 |author-link=Khodadad Rezakhani|language=en|quote=However, we should not assume that the Kidarite presence in eastern Sogdiana disappeared quickly after their demise in Tokharistan. Indeed, centuries later, in the early ninth century, the local king of Ustrushana and the Abbasid general Al-Afshin bore the personal name of Khydhar...}}</ref> The title ''[[Afshin]]'' used by the rulers of Usrushana is also attested in the Kidarite ruler of [[Samarkand]] of the 5th century named [[:File:Seal of lord Uglarg, the King of the Huns, the great Kushanshah, the Afshiyan of Samarkand.jpg|Ularg]], who bore the similar title ''"Afshiyan"'' ([[Bactrian script]]: αφϸιιανο).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rezakhani |first1=Khodadad |title=ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity |date=15 March 2017b |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=978-1-4744-0031-2 |page=100 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bjRWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA100 |language=en}}</ref>

==Main Kidarite rulers==

{| class="wikitable"
|Yosada||c.335 CE{{sfn|Cribb|Donovan|2014|p=4}}
|-
|[[Kirada]]||c.335-345{{sfn|Cribb|Donovan|2014|p=4}}
|-
|[[Peroz (Kidarite)|Peroz]]||c.345-350{{sfn|Cribb|Donovan|2014|p=4}}
|-
|[[Kidara]]||c.350-390{{sfn|Cribb|Donovan|2014|p=4}}
|-
|[[Grumbates]]||c.359
|-
|Kungas||?
|-
|Brahmi Buddhatala||fl. c. 370
|-
|Piro||fl. 388/400
|-
|Varhran (II)||fl. c. 425
|-
|[[Goboziko]]||fl. c. 450
|-
|Salanavira||mid 400s
|-
|Vinayaditya||late 400s
|-
|Kandik||early 500s
|}

== See also ==
{{History of Tajikistan}}
{{History of Turkmenistan}}
{{History of Afghanistan}}
* [[Uar (tribe)]]
* "[[Iranian Huns]]"
* [[Sasanian - Kidarite Wars]]

== References and notes ==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite journal |last=Alram|first=Michael|year=2014 |title=From the Sasanians to the Huns New Numismatic Evidence from the Hindu Kush |journal=The Numismatic Chronicle |volume=174 |pages=261–291|jstor=44710198 }} {{Registration required}}
* {{cite book | last = Bonner | first = Michael | title = The Last Empire of Iran | year = 2020 | publisher = Gorgias Press | location = New York | pages = 1–406 | isbn = 978-1463206161 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Cribb |first1=Joe |author-link=Joe Cribb| editor-last1 = Rienjang | editor-first1 = Wannaporn | editor-last2 = Stewart| editor-first2 = Peter |title=Problems of Chronology in Gandhāran Art: Proceedings of the First International Workshop of the Gandhāra Connections Project, University of Oxford, 23rd-24th March, 2017 |isbn=978-1-78491-855-2 |date=2018 |publisher=University of Oxford The Classical Art Research Centre Archaeopress |url=https://archive.org/details/ProblemsOfChronologyInGandharanArt/page/n27}} {{free access}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Cribb|first1=Joe|editor-last = Alram | editor-first = M. | title=The Kidarites, the numismatic evidence.pdf |journal= Coins, Art and Chronology Ii, Edited by M. Alram et al|date=2010 |pages=91–146|publisher= Coins, Art and Chronology II|url=https://www.academia.edu/38112559}} {{free access}}
* {{cite book |last1=Cribb |first1=Joe |last2=Donovan |first2=Peter |title=Kushan, Kushano-Sasanian, and Kidarite Coins A Catalogue of Coins From the American Numismatic Society by David Jongeward and Joe Cribb with Peter Donovan |date=2014 |page=4 |url=https://www.academia.edu/11049999 |language=en}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | article = Šāpur II | last = Daryaee | first = Touraj | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/shapur-ii | encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Iranica | year = 2009 }}
* {{cite book | title = Sasanian Persia: The Rise and Fall of an Empire | year = 2014 | publisher = I.B.Tauris | last = Daryaee| first = Touraj | author-link = Touraj Daryaee | pages = 1–240 | isbn = 978-0857716668 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=LU0BAwAAQBAJ }}
* {{cite book |last=Payne |first=Richard|title=The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Attila |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-107-63388-9 |editor-last=Maas |editor-first=Michael |pages=282–299|chapter=The Reinvention of Iran: The Sasanian Empire and the Huns}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Payne|first1=Richard|title=The Making of Turan: The Fall and Transformation of the Iranian East in Late Antiquity |journal=Journal of Late Antiquity |date=2016 |volume=9 |pages=4–41 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|doi=10.1353/jla.2016.0011|s2cid=156673274}}
* {{cite book |first1=Daniel T. |last1=Potts|editor1-last=Mass|editor1-first=Michael|editor2-last=Di Cosmo|editor2-first=Nicola|title=Empires and Exchanges in Eurasian Late Antiquity |date=2018 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |chapter=Sasanian Iran and its northeastern frontier |pages=1–538|isbn=9781316146040|chapter-url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/empires-and-exchanges-in-eurasian-late-antiquity/4E63CF99C760BDCF906093F021984D34}}
* {{cite book | title = ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity | year = 2017 | publisher = Edinburgh University Press | last = Rezakhani | first = Khodadad | pages = 1–256 | isbn = 9781474400305 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=bjRWDwAAQBAJ&q=false}}
* {{cite book | title = History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Volume III: The Crossroads of Civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750. | year = 1996 | publisher = UNESCO | location = Paris | last = Zeimal | first = E. V. | chapter = The Kidarite kingdom in Central Asia | pages = 119–135 | isbn = 92-3-103211-9 | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=883OZBe2sMYC&q=false}}
* ENOKI, K., « On the Date of the Kidarites (I) », Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko, 27, 1969, p. 1–26.
* GRENET, F. « Regional Interaction in Central Asia and North-West India in the Kidarite and Hephtalite Period », in SIMS-WILLIAMS, N. (ed.), Indo-Iranian Languages and Peoples, (Proceedings of the British Academy), London, 2002, p. 203–224.

==Further reading==
* {{ODLA|last=Angelov|first=Alexander|title=Kidarites|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001/acref-9780198662778-e-2653?rskey=sTgHue&result=1}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Wan |first1=Xiang |title=寄多罗人年代与族属考 (On the dates and the nationality of the Kidarites) |url=https://www.academia.edu/1483234 |language=zh}}
{{Huns}}

[[Category:Kidarites| ]]
[[Category:Former monarchies in Pakistani history]]
[[Category:Former monarchies of India]]
[[Category:Bactria]]
[[Category:Dynasties of Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Nomadic groups in Eurasia]]
[[Category:Historical Iranian peoples]]
[[Category:Iranian nomads]]
[[Category:Huns]]
[[Category:Ancient peoples of Afghanistan]]
[[Category:320 establishments]]
[[Category:Former monarchies of Asia]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in the 5th century]]

Valluvar year

2026-03-13T08:37:48Z

Himalayan Dream Treks: put up initial data more to come...

{{short description|Calendar system used in Tamil Nadu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
[[File:S-TN-87_Thiruvalluvar_Statue.jpg|thumb|The Thiruvalluvar Year is a Tamil calendar based on [[Valluvar|Valluvar's]] birthday.]]
'''Valluvar year''', also known as the '''Thiruvalluvar year''', is an officially recognized [[Tamil culture|Tamil]] [[calendar system]] for use in [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is calculated on the basis of the supposed year of birth of the Tamil poet-philosopher [[Valluvar]]. When comparing it with the widely used [[Gregorian calendar]], Thiruvalluvar year will have an additional 31 years.<ref>{{cite book |author=Iraikkuruvanar |title= திருக்குறளின் தனிச்சிறப்புக்கள் [Tirukkural Specialities] |year= 2009 |publisher= Iraiyagam |location= Chennai}}</ref> For instance, the year {{CURRENTYEAR}} in Gregorian calendar way is {{NEXTYEAR|31}} in the Thiruvalluvar year.

== History ==
=== Thiruvalluvar day ===
[[File:Thiruvalluvar_Temple.JPG|thumb|The 600-year-old Mylapore Valluvar Temple. The birthday of Valluvar celebrated here was turned as the Thiruvalluvar Day.<ref name="vsrc">{{Cite web|url=http://vsrc.in/index.php/articles/2014-07-30-08-57-48/item/435-2014-07-23-19-11-29|title=வைகாசி அனுடம் வள்ளுவர் திருநாள் தமிழினத்தை ஒன்றுபடுத்தும் நாள்|language= ta|date=15 May 2014|publisher=Vedic Science Research Centre}}</ref>]]

[[Valluvar]] was chosen as the [[Tamil language|Tamil language's]] greatest [[historical figure]] after Tamil scholars unanimously agreed to the proposal, chiefly owing to Valluvar's non-denominational work of the [[Tirukkural]]. As a result, a resolution to celebrate a day known as "Thiruvalluvar Day" for him by all Tamils was passed on 17 January 1935 by Kali Sivakannuswami Pillai and Padmashri V. Suppaya.<ref name="vsrc"/> Owing to their efforts, Thiruvalluvar Day Association was formed and a decision to celebrate the day in Tamil Nadu and across the globe was made. The first Thiruvalluvar Day was celebrated on 17 and 18 May 1935 in [[Pachaiyappa's College|Chennai Pachaiappan College]] in the presence of [[Maraimalai Adigal]], [[T. P. Meenakshisundaram|T.P. Meenakshisundaram]] and [[Thiru. V. Kalyanasundaram]].<ref name="Ninan2018">{{cite book|author=M. M. Ninan|title=The Acts of the Apostle Thomas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z3VvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA148|date=11 September 2018|publisher=Lulu.com|isbn=978-0-359-08188-2|pages=148–}}</ref><ref name="hindu">{{Cite web|url=http://www.tamilhindu.com/2012/02/thai-tamil-year-false-history-an-update/|title=திரிபே வரலாறாக? – தமிழ்ப் புத்தாண்டு சர்ச்சை குறித்து..|language=ta|date=23 February 2012|publisher=[[The Hindu (Tamil)]]}}</ref>

When Thiruvalluvar Day slowly went obsolete, [[Eelam Tamil]] scholar and politician [[K. P. Ratnam]] in 1954 took efforts to continue the celebration of the Thiruvalluvar Day in [[Tamil Nadu]] and foreign nations, chiefly [[Sri Lanka]] and [[Myanmar]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.noolaham.net/project/51/5082/5082.pdf|title=கொழும்புத் தமிழ்ச்சங்கம் பதினேழாவது ஆண்டறிக்கை|publisher= Colombo Tamil Sangam|year=1959|pages=2}}</ref>

=== Thiruvalluvar Day in Tamil January ===
[[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]], celebrated during the Tamil month of ''[[Tamil calendar#Months|Tai]]'' had been considered ''<nowiki/>'Tamilar Thirunal''' among the Tamil people. As Tamilar Thirunal was on Pongal day, Tamil scholar [[K. A. P. Viswanatham]] wanted the Thiruvalluvar Day to be celebrated on the same day. In 1954, he wrote to the [[Tiruchi]] radio station and K. A. Ratnam regarding this.<ref name="vsrc"/><ref name="hindu"/> Since ''[[Vaikaasi]] anudam'' can vary from year to year, in 1966, the second day of June was made a [[Public holidays in Tamil Nadu|government holiday]] to celebrate Thiruvalluvar Day every year.<ref name="uvan">{{Cite web|url=http://www.uvangal.com/Home/getPostView/1281|title=தமிழ் வானியலும் புத்தாண்டும் – ஒரு அலசல்|publisher=uvangal.com|access-date=26 December 2018|archive-date=13 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813145607/http://www.uvangal.com/Home/getPostView/1281|url-status=dead}}</ref> However, it was transferred to the first date of the month in 1971.<ref name="கணே">{{Cite web|url=http://arch.kumarinadu.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2665:2012-05-04-16-32-54&catid=1:2009-09-08-19-02-01&Itemid=71|title=திருவள்ளுவர் திருநாள் அளித்த நாவலர் சோமசுந்தர பாரதியார் - நா.கணேச|date=5 May 2012|publisher=kumarinadu.com|access-date=26 December 2018|archive-date=30 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181230130547/http://arch.kumarinadu.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2665:2012-05-04-16-32-54&catid=1:2009-09-08-19-02-01&Itemid=71|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Thiruvalluvar year ===
Several anniversaries have been used to mark the years in Tamil. Notable among them is the [[Shaka era]], [[Vikram Samvat]] and [[Kali Yuga]]. Kollam calendar was used in [[Kerala]]. But none of these were distinctive for the Tamils. In this situation, there was a need to propose a great calendar for Tamil.

[[Maraimalai Adigal]] had already proposed year 31 BCE as the birth year of Valluvar.<ref name="Ninan2018" /><ref name="illu">{{Cite journal|year=1968|title=Reader's Write|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IWw6AQAAIAAJ|journal=The Illustrated Weekly of India|volume= 89|issue=Part 1|pages=61}}</ref> Many Tamil scholars, including K. R. Rathinatham, who have celebrated Thiruvalluvar Thirunal in [[M. Karunanidhi]]'s [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK government]] initiated this year as the Thiruvalluvar Year on Thiruvalluvar Thirunal, which was inaugurated by the then DMK government.<ref name="கணே" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kokuvilhindu.net/detail.php?MyNewsID=63|title=தைத்திருநாள் வாழ்த்துக்கள்|date=14 January 2007|publisher=kokuvilhindu.net}}</ref> In 1971, Thiruvalluvar Year was released in the Tamil Gazette and came into existence in 1972. At the [[World Tamil Conference|Madurai World Tamil Conference]] in 1981, the then Chief Minister, [[M. G. Ramachandran]], issued a formal order for official use of the same in all government documents.{{fact|date=July 2020}}`

==See also==
* [[Tirukkural]]
* [[Valluvar]]
* [[Tamil calendar]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [http://www.tamildigitallibrary.in/book-detail.php?id=jZY9lup2kZl6TuXGlZQdjZp6l0Uy&tag=%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%20%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%20%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%20%20:%20%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%20%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%20%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%20%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%20%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%88%20%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%20%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D Thiruvalluvar day book, 1955.05.15, Colombo Tamil Association (E-Book)]
* [http://www.tamildigitallibrary.in/book-detail.php?id=jZY9lup2kZl6TuXGlZQdjZp6jZty&tag=%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%20%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%20%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D Thiruvalluvar day festive issue, 1968, Release of the Association of Nellai Sasivithyanatha (E-Book)]
* [http://www.tamilhindu.com/2010/01/tamil-new-year-starts-in-chithirai-1/ சித்திரையில் தொடங்கும் புது வருடம் - 1]

{{Portal bar|Tamils|India}}
{{Tirukkural}}

[[Category:Tirukkural]]
[[Category:Memorials to Valluvar]]
[[Category:Tamil culture]]
[[Category:Ancient Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Calendar eras]]

Margaret Cousins

2026-03-09T22:30:02Z

Himalayan Dream Treks: Adding first article more to come

{{Short description|Irish-indian suffragist and feminist}}
{{for|the American editor and writer|Margaret Cousins (editor)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Hiberno-English|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Margaret Cousins
| image = Margaret E. Cousins, 1932.png
| caption = Cousins in 1932
| birth_name = Margaret Elizabeth Gillespie
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1878|11|17}}
| birth_place = [[Boyle, County Roscommon|Boyle]], County Roscommon, Ireland
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1954|3|11|1878|11|17}}
| death_place = [[Adyar, Chennai|Adyar]], [[Madras State|Madras]], India
| education = [[Royal University of Ireland]], [[Bachelor of Music|BMus]], 1902
| occupation = {{flatlist|
* [[education|Educationist]]
* [[Suffrage|suffragist]]
* [[Theosophy|Theosophist]]
}}
| known_for = Founder of the [[All India Women's Conference]] (AIWC) Co-founder of the [[Women's Indian Association]] (WIA)
| spouse = {{marriage|[[James Cousins]]|1903}}
}}
'''Margaret Elizabeth Cousins''' ({{nee|Gillespie}}; 7 November 1878 – 11 March 1954), known as '''Gretta Cousins''', was an Irish-Indian educationist, suffragist and [[Theosophy|Theosophist]], known for founding the [[All India Women's Conference]] (AIWC) and co-founding the [[Women's Indian Association]] (WIA).<ref name="Clarke">{{cite web |last1=Clarke |first1=Frances |title=Cousins, Margaret ('Gretta') Elizabeth |url=https://www.dib.ie/biography/cousins-margaret-gretta-elizabeth-a2111 |website=Dictionary of Irish Biography |publisher=Royal Irish Academy |access-date=31 December 2025 |location=Dublin |date=2009}}</ref><ref name="Nair">{{cite web |last1=Nair |first1=Usha |title=AIWC at a Glance: The First Twenty-five Years, 1927–1952 |url=http://www.aiwc.org.in/data/History.pdf |publisher=[[All India Women's Conference]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118170830/http://aiwc.org.in/data/History.pdf |archive-date=18 January 2016 |date=23 January 2014}}</ref><ref name="ODNB"/>

Cousins is credited with preserving the tune of the Indian National Anthem ''[[Jana Gana Mana]]'', and was a member of the Flag Presentation Committee which presented the [[Flag of India|National Flag]] to the [[Constituent Assembly of India|Constituent Assembly]] on 14 August 1947.<ref name="we two together">{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/WeTwoTogether/page/n363/mode/2up|title=Home|year=1950 }}</ref><ref name="lksb"/>

==Early life and education==
Margaret Elizabeth Gillespie was born on 7 November 1878 in [[Boyle, County Roscommon|Boyle]], County Roscommon to Joseph Gillespie, a [[petty session]] [[Law clerk|clerk]], and Margaret Annie Gillespie (née Shera).<ref name="Clarke"/><ref name="ODNB">{{Cite ODNB|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/46323 |title=Cousins [née Gillespie], Margaret Elizabeth (1878–1954), social reformer and women's activist |last=Ramusack |first=Barbara N. |author-link = Barbara N. Ramusack |date=2004 |location=Oxford}}</ref> The eldest of 15 siblings, Cousins was raised in an [[Unionism in Ireland|Unionist]] and [[Methodism|Methodist]] household.<ref name="Clarke"/><ref name="Jayawardena1995">{{cite book|author=Kum Jayawardena|title=The White Woman's Other Burden: Western Women and South Asia During British Rule|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vJ9MCPdcGrsC&pg=PA147|access-date=10 October 2012|year=1995|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-91104-7|pages=147–155}}</ref>

In 1894, Cousins was awarded a scholarship to study at Victoria High School for Girls in [[Derry]].<ref name="Clarke"/><ref name="UglowHendry1999">{{cite book|editor=Jennifer S. Uglow|others=Maggy Hendry|title=The Northeastern Dictionary of Women's Biography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zlQKDvU1WV0C&pg=PA140|access-date=10 October 2012|year=1999|publisher=UPNE|isbn=978-1-55553-421-9|page=140}}</ref><ref name="ODNB"/> In 1898, Cousins moved to Dublin and studied music at the [[Royal Irish Academy of Music]] before attending the [[Royal University of Ireland]].<ref name="Clarke"/><ref name="ODNB"/> Cousins graduated with a [[Bachelor of Music|BMus]] in 1902.<ref name="Clarke"/><ref name="ODNB"/>

==Activism==
===Ireland===
Following her marriage to [[James Cousins]] in 1903, Cousins worked as a part-time [[Musical education|music teacher]].<ref name="Clarke"/> During the wedding reception Cousins announced her commitment to [[vegetarianism]], a practice which James Cousins followed.<ref name="ODNB"/>

In 1906, after attending a National Conference of Women meeting in [[Manchester]], Cousins joined the Irish branch of the NCW. In 1907 she and her husband attended the London Convention of the [[Theosophical Society]], and she made contacts with [[suffragettes]], vegetarians, [[National Anti-Vivisection Society|anti-vivisectionists]], and [[occultists]] in London.<ref name="Jayawardena1995" />

Cousins was a vegetarian and was a speaker for the [[Vegetarian Society]] in 1907. She was also involved with the Irish Vegetarian Society.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Leneman|first=Leah|date=June 1997|title=The awakened instinct: vegetarianism and the women's suffrage movement in Britain|journal=Women's History Review|volume=6|issue=2|pages=271–287|doi=10.1080/09612029700200144|s2cid=144004487 |issn=0961-2025|doi-access=free}}</ref> Cousins co-founded the [[Irish Women's Franchise League]] with [[Hanna Sheehy-Skeffington]] in 1908, serving as its first treasurer.<ref name="GordonDoughan2005">{{cite book|author1=Peter Gordon|author2=David Doughan|title=Dictionary of British Women's Organisations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XRVunRT9TH0C&pg=PA66|access-date=10 October 2012|year=2005|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-7130-4045-6|page=66}}</ref> In 1910 she was one of six Dublin women attending the [[Parliament of Women]], which attempted to march to the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] to hand a resolution to the Prime Minister. After 119 women marching to the House of Commons had been arrested, 50 requiring medical treatment, the women decided to break the windows of the houses of Cabinet Ministers. Cousins was arrested and sentenced to a month in [[Holloway Prison]].<ref name="Jayawardena1995"/>

Vacationing with [[W. B. Yeats]] in 1912, Cousins and her husband heard Yeats read translations of poems by [[Rabindranath Tagore]]. In 1913, breaking the windows of [[Dublin Castle]] on the reading of the [[Second Home Rule Bill]], Cousins and other suffragists Mabel Purser, Barbara Hoskins and [[Meg Connery]] were arrested and sentenced to one month in [[Tullamore Jail]].<ref>{{Cite web |title="You never saw such excitement" – Richmond Barracks |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/exhibit/you-never-saw-such-excitement/JAJSWRI_Y2-KIA |access-date=2024-04-06 |website=Google Arts & Culture |language=en}}</ref> The women demanded to be treated as [[political prisoners]], and went on [[hunger strike]] to achieve release.<ref name="Jayawardena1995"/>

===Britain===
In 1913, Cousinses moved to [[Garston, Liverpool|Garston]] (present-day [[Liverpool]]) where James Cousins worked at a vegetarian food factory.<ref name="ODNB"/> During this period Cousins struggled to form ties with local suffragists.<ref name="ODNB"/>

In 1915, James Cousins secured a position in Adyar, Madras as a literary editor at the [[New India (newspaper)|New India]] newspaper founded by [[Annie Besant]], the then president of the [[Theosophical Society]].<ref name="ODNB"/>

===India===
On 11 November 1915, the Cousinses arrived in Madras.<ref name="ODNB"/><ref name="Candy">{{Cite ODNB|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/46537 |title=Cousins, James Henry Sproull (1873–1956), writer and educationist |last=Candy |first= Catherine |date=2004 |location=Oxford}}</ref> James Cousins initially worked for New India before Besant was forced to dismiss him for an article praising the [[Easter Uprising]].<ref name="ODNB"/><ref name="Jayawardena1995" /> In 1916, Cousins became the first non-Indian member of the [[SNDT Women's University|Indian Women's University]] at Poona (present-day [[Pune]]).<ref name="UglowHendry1999"/> In late 1916, the Cousinses moved to [[Madanapalle]] where Cousins taught English at Besant's newly founded [[Besant Theosophical College|Madanapalle College]] where James Cousins was appointed the Vice-Principal.<ref name="Jayawardena1995" />

In 1917 Cousins co-founded the [[Women's Indian Association]] (WIA) with Besant and [[Dorothy Jinarajadasa]].<ref name="ODNB"/> Cousins edited the WIA's journal, ''Stri Dharma''.<ref name="Jayawardena1995"/> In 1919–1920 Cousins was the first Head of the National Girls' School at [[Mangalore]]. In 1922, she became the first woman [[magistrate]] in India. In 1927, she co-founded the [[All India Women's Conference]], serving as its president in 1936.<ref name="Jayawardena1995"/>

In 1932, she was arrested and jailed for speaking against the Emergency Measures.<ref name="UglowHendry1999"/> By the late 1930s she felt conscious of the need to give way to indigenous Indian feminists:
{{blockquote|I longed to be in the struggle, but I had the feeling that direct participation by me was no longer required, or even desired by the leaders of India womanhood who were now coming to the front.<ref>Margaret Cousins and James Cousins, ''We Two-Together'', 1950, p.746. Quoted in Jayawardena.</ref>}}

She was a member of the Flag Presentation Committee, which was a committee of 74 Indian women led by [[Hansa Mehta]] at the [[Constituent Assembly of India|Constituent Assembly]]. The committee presented the National Flag of India on behalf of the women of India to the House on 14 August 1947.<ref>{{cite news|title=Flag presented|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/National-flag-presentation-on-behalf-of-women-on-August-15-1947/article60307725.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=14 August 2015}}</ref><ref name="lksb">{{cite news|title=CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY OF INDIA DEBATES (PROCEEDINGS)- VOLUME V: PRESENTATION OF THE NATIONAL FLAG |url=https://loksabha.nic.in/writereaddata/cadebatefiles/C14081947.pdf|publisher=Lok Sabha|website=loksabha.nic.in|access-date=24 January 2023}}</ref>

==Personal life==
On 9 April 1903 Cousins married James Cousins, whom she had met in 1900.<ref name="ODNB"/>

A stroke left Cousins paralysed from 1943 onwards. She received financial support from the Madras government, and later [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], in recognition of her services to India.<ref name="UglowHendry1999"/>

On the 1 March 1954 Cousins died in [[Adyar, Chennai|Adyar]], [[Madras State]] (present-day, [[Chennai]], Tamil Nadu) aged 75.<ref name="Clarke"/> Her manuscripts are dispersed in various collections across the world.<ref name="James H. Cousins (1873-1956) and Margaret E. Cousins (1878-1954): A Bio-bibliographical Survey">{{cite book|editor=Alan Denson|title=James H. Cousins (1873–1956) and Margaret E. Cousins (1878–1954): A Bio-bibliographical Survey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1YOWtgAACAAJ|access-date=10 October 2012|year=1967|publisher=published by the author|location=Kendal}}</ref>

==Publications==
* {{cite book |last1=Cousins |first1=Margaret E. |title=The Awakening of Asian Womanhood' |date=1922 |publisher=Ganesh & Co. |location=Madras |url=https://archive.org/details/awakeningofasian00cous/mode/2up}}
* {{cite book |last1=Cousins |first1=Margaret E. |title=The Music of Orient and Occident; Essays Towards Mutual Understandings |date=1935 |publisher=B.G. Paul & Co. Publishers |location=Madras |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.46617/mode/2up}}
* {{cite book |last1=Cousins |first1=Margaret E. |title=Indian Womanhood Today |date=1941 |series=Kitabistan Series No.5 |publisher=Kitabistan |location=Allahabad |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.237227/mode/2up}}
*{{cite book |last1=Cousins |first1=James H. |last2=Cousins |first2=Margaret E. |title=We Two Together |date=1950 |publisher=Ganesh & Co. |location=Madras |url=https://archive.org/details/WeTwoTogether}}

==See also==
*[[List of suffragists and suffragettes]]
*[[List of women's rights activists]]
*[[Timeline of women's rights (other than voting)]]
*[[Timeline of women's suffrage]]
*[[List of suffragists and suffragettes#Major suffrage organizations|Women's suffrage organisations]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{citation | last = Ramusack | first = Barbara N. | author-link = Barbara Ramusack | contribution = Catalysts or helpers? British feminists, Indian women's rights, and Indian independence | editor-last = Minault | editor-first = Gail | title = The extended family: women and political participation in India and Pakistan | pages = [https://archive.org/details/extendedfamilywo0000unse/page/109 109–150] | publisher = South Asia Books | location = Columbia, Missouri | year = 1981 | isbn = 9780836407655 | postscript = . | url = https://archive.org/details/extendedfamilywo0000unse/page/109 }}
* {{Cite journal | last = Ramusack | first = Barbara N. | author-link = Barbara Ramusack | title = Cultural missionaries, maternal imperialists, feminist allies: British women activists in India, 1865–1945 | journal = [[Women's Studies International Forum]] | volume = 13 | issue = 4 | pages = 309–321 | doi = 10.1016/0277-5395(90)90028-V | date = 1990 }}
* {{Cite journal | last = Ramusack | first = Barbara N. | author-link = Barbara Ramusack | title = Embattled advocates: The debate over birth control in India, 1920-1940 | journal = [[Journal of Women's History]] | volume = 1 | issue = 2 | pages = 34–64 | doi = 10.1353/jowh.2010.0005 | date = Fall 1989 | s2cid = 144635807 }}
* {{Cite journal | last = Candy | first = Catherine | title = Relating feminisms, nationalisms and imperialisms: Ireland, India and Margaret Cousins's sexual politics | journal = [[Women's History Review]] | volume = 3 | issue = 4 | pages = 581–594 | doi = 10.1080/09612029400200066 | date = 1994 | doi-access = free }}
* {{cite thesis |type=Ph.D.| first = Catherine | last = Candy |title=The occult feminism of Margaret Cousins in modern Ireland and India, 1878–1954 |publisher= [[Loyola University Chicago|Loyola University of Chicago]] | date = 1996 | oclc = 35053040 }}
* {{cite book | last = Candy | first = Catherine | contribution = Margaret Cousins 1878–1954 | editor-last1 = Cullen | editor-first1 = Mary | editor-last2 = Luddy | editor-first2 = Maria | title = Female activists: Irish women and change 1900-1960 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/femaleactivistsi0000unse/page/113 113–141] | publisher = Woodfield Press | location = Dublin | year = 2001 | isbn = 9780953429301 | url = https://archive.org/details/femaleactivistsi0000unse/page/113 }}
* {{Cite journal | last = Candy | first = Catherine | title = Mystical internationalism in Margaret Cousins's feminist world | journal = [[Women's Studies International Forum]] | volume = 32 | issue = 1 | pages = 29–34 | doi = 10.1016/j.wsif.2009.01.003 | date = January–February 2009 }}
* {{cite book | last = Candy | first = Catherine | contribution = 'Untouchability', vegetarianism and the suffragist ideology of Margaret Cousins | editor-last1 = Ryan | editor-first1 = Louise | editor-last2 = Ward | editor-first2 = Margaret | title = Irish women and the vote: Becoming citizens | pages = 154–171 | publisher = Irish Academic Press | location = Dublin | year = 2007 | isbn = 9780716533931 }}
* {{Cite journal | last = Candy | first = Catherine | title = The inscrutable Irish-Indian feminist management of Anglo-American hegemony, 1917-1947 | journal = Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History | volume = 2 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–28 | doi = 10.1353/cch.2001.0003 | date = Spring 2001 | s2cid = 162101371 }}
* {{cite book | last = Candy | first = Catherine | contribution = 'Untouchability', vegetarianism and the suffragist ideology of Margaret Cousins | editor-last1 = Ryan | editor-first1 = Louise | editor-last2 = Ward | editor-first2 = Margaret | title = Irish women and the vote: Becoming citizens | pages = 154–171 | publisher = Irish Academic Press | location = Dublin | year = 2007 | isbn = 9780716533931 }}
* {{citation | last = Candy | first = Catherine | contribution = Competing transnational representations of the 1930s Indian franchise question | editor-last1 = Fletcher | editor-first1 = Ian Christopher | editor-last2 = Nym Mayhall | editor-first2 = Laura E. | editor-last3 = Levine | editor-first3 = Philippa | title = Women's suffrage in the British Empire: citizenship, nation, and race | pages = 191–207 | publisher = Routledge | location = London New York | year = 2000 | isbn = 9780415208055 | postscript = .}}
* {{cite book | last = Munro | first = Keith |url=http://bahai-library.com/pdf/m/munro_margaret_cousins_suffragette.pdf|title=Through the Eyes of Margaret Cousins: Irish and Indian Suffragette|publisher = Hive Studio Books|year=2018|isbn= 9781999347918}}
{{Suffrage|state=expanded}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cousins, Margaret}}
[[Category:1878 births]]
[[Category:1954 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century Irish women writers]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Irish women writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:Hunger Strike Medal recipients]]
[[Category:Indian feminists]]
[[Category:Indian people of Irish descent]]
[[Category:Naturalised citizens of India]]
[[Category:Indian suffragists]]
[[Category:Indian Theosophists]]
[[Category:Indian women's rights activists]]
[[Category:Irish emigrants to India]]
[[Category:Irish feminists]]
[[Category:Irish suffragists]]
[[Category:Irish Theosophists]]
[[Category:Irish vegetarianism activists]]
[[Category:People from Boyle, County Roscommon]]
[[Category:People from Chennai]]
[[Category:Women Indian independence activists]]
[[Category:Writers from County Roscommon]]
[[Category:Indian vegetarianism activists]]

Baksho Rahashya (film)

2026-03-07T06:14:20Z

Himalayan Dream Treks: cleanup

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| image = dvd_baksha_rahasya.jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = [[Sandip Ray]]
| producer = Chhayabani Pvt. Ltd
| writer = [[Satyajit Ray]]
| based_on = ''[[Baksho Rahashya (novel)|Baksho-Rahashya]]'' by [[Satyajit Ray]]
| narrator =
| starring = [[Sabyasachi Chakrabarty]] [[Rabi Ghosh]] [[Saswata Chatterjee]] [[Haradhan Bandopadhyay]]
| music = [[Satyajit Ray]]
| cinematography = Barun Raha
| editor = Subrata Roy
| network =
| released = {{Start date|1996}}
| runtime = 98 minutes
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| budget =
}}

'''''Baksho Rahashya''''' ({{langx|bn|বাক্স রহস্য}}) is a 1996 Bengali mystery-thriller film directed by [[Sandip Ray]] and based on the [[Baksho Rahashya (novel)|story of the same name]] by [[Satyajit Ray]]. It was the first telefilm made for ''[[Feluda in film|Feluda 30]]'', the TV film series, which aired on [[DD Bangla]]. Later it was released at [[Nandan (Kolkata)|Nandan Complex]] and the DVD and VCD were released in 2001.{{citation needed|date=May 2014}} The film is the sequel to ''[[Joi Baba Felunath (film)|Joy Baba Felunath]]'' (1979).

==Plot==
[[Feluda]] is approached by an established businessman who claims to have mistakenly swapped his suitcase (baksho) in a train with one belonging to one of his co-passengers and now wants Feluda to put it straight. This simple looking problem lands Feluda, Topshe and Lalmohon Ganguly in [[Shimla]], and into a realm of deceit and mystery involving a long forgotten diamond and a priceless manuscript,''A Bengalee in Lamaland''. Besides the trio, there is Dinanath Lahiri, the rich kind-hearted businessman, his nephew, Prabeer Lahiri who is a striving actor but too much obsessed with his only weakness, his voice. The other three characters in this story are the ones who were with Dinanath Lahiri in his first class compartment: Mr.Pakrashi who is a manuscript collector, Mr. Brijmohan and Mr. Dhameeja who got his suitcase exchanged with Mr. Lahiri. Feluda's investigations finally put the wrong-doers behind bars.

==Cast==
* [[Sabyasachi Chakrabarty]] as [[Feluda]]
* [[Saswata Chatterjee]] as [[Topshe]]
* [[Rabi Ghosh]] as [[Lalmohan Ganguly|Lalmohan "Jatayu" Ganguly]]<ref>
{{Cite web
|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080418/jsp/entertainment/story_9155135.jsp
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203180222/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080418/jsp/entertainment/story_9155135.jsp
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=3 February 2013
|title=Blood and brandy
|publisher=The Telegraph
|accessdate=2009-03-12
|last=
|first=
}}
</ref>
* [[Haradhan Bandopadhyay]] as Dinanath Lahiri
* [[Ajit Bandyopadhyay (actor)|Ajit Bandopadhyay]] as Sidhu Jyatha
*[[Pradip Mukherjee]] as Prabir Lahiri
* [[Dibya Bhattacharya]] as Naresh Chandra Pakrashi
* [[Rajaram Yagnik]] as G.C.Dhameeja

==See also==
* [[Feluda in film]]
* [[Soumitra Chatterjee]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090326135411/http://www.newagebd.com/2007/aug/03/aug03/xtra_also1.html Feluda: A genre, an escape and a philosophy] (archived 26 March 2009)
* {{IMDb title|1159914|Baksho Rahashya}}

{{Sandip Ray}}
{{Satyajit Ray}}
{{Feluda}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Baksho Rahashya (Film)}}
[[Category:1996 films]]
[[Category:1996 Indian films]]
[[Category:1996 television films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian children's films]]
[[Category:Indian detective films]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Satyajit Ray]]
[[Category:Doordarshan television films]]
[[Category:Action television films]]
[[Category:Thriller television films]]
[[Category:1996 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sandip Ray]]
[[Category:Feluda (film series)]]
[[Category:Bengali-language detective films]]

{{1990s-Bengali-film-stub}}
{{tv-thriller-film-stub}}

Sussi (cloth)

2026-03-06T08:11:42Z

Himalayan Dream Treks: put up basic details v1

{{Short description|Striped cloth}}
{{about|the woven cloth||Sussi (disambiguation)}}
[[File:Studying for the chance to become a teacher.jpg|thumb|A girl wearing Sossi fabric dress in Sindh.]]
'''Sussi''' or susi (Soosey, Sousae)<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|last=Montgomery|first=Florence M.|url=http://archive.org/details/textilesinameric00mont|title=Textiles in America 1650-1870 : a dictionary based on original documents, prints and paintings, commercial records, American merchants' papers, shopkeepers' advertisements, and pattern books with original swatches of cloth|date=1984|publisher=New York; London : Norton|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-0-393-01703-8|pages=349}}</ref> is a term for multicolored [[Stripe (pattern)|striped]] or [[Check (pattern)|checked]] [[cloth]]<ref name=":4" /> produced mainly in [[Sindh]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bunting |first=Ethel-Jane W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FZiFAAAAIAAJ&q=susi+fabric+sindh |title=Sindhi Tombs and Textiles: The Persistence of Pattern |date=1980 |publisher=Maxwell Museum of Anthropology : University of New Mexico Press |isbn=978-0-8263-0540-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bullo |first=Momin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rGCw4dayM7MC&q=susi+fabric+sindh |title=Matiari: The Cultural Capital of Sindh |date=2011 |publisher=District Government, Matiari |language=en}}</ref> and in some parts of [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]]<ref>{{cite web
|title=Woven Textiles
|url=https://asiainch.org/craft/woven-textiles/
|website=Asia InCH – Encyclopedia of Intangible Cultural Heritage
|access-date=28 July 2025
|quote=At one time sussi cloth made in Multan was highly valued in England.
}}
</ref>. Sussi is thin [[Loom|handloom]] fabric made of cotton, silk, or a blend of the two, with colored [[Warp and weft|warp]] stripes.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Tortora|first1=Phyllis G.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LTYfAQAAQBAJ|title=The Fairchild Books Dictionary of Textiles|last2=Johnson|first2=Ingrid|date=2013-09-17|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-1-60901-535-0|pages=600|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Arts and Crafts of Pakistan|date=1994|publisher=Export Promotion Bureau, Government of Pakistan|pages=48|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Industries|first1=Pakistan Ministry of|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8ldQAAAAMAAJ&q=Sussi+cloth+use|title=Threadlines Pakistan|last2=Yacopino|first2=Feliccia|date=1977|publisher=Ministry of Industries, Government of Pakistan|pages=7, 58, 131|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Woven Textiles – Asia InCH – Encyclopedia of Intangible Cultural Heritage|url=https://asiainch.org/craft/woven-textiles/|access-date=2020-12-07|language=en-US}}</ref> Sindh<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Askari |first1=Nasreen |author-link=Nasreen Askari |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jWRQAAAAMAAJ&q=susi+fabric+sindh |title=Colours of the Indus: Costume and Textiles of Pakistan |last2=Crill |first2=Rosemary |date=1997 |publisher=M. Holberton |isbn=978-1-85894-045-8 |language=en}}</ref> region was known for its production and exports during the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal period]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Baden-Powell|first=Baden Henry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gg_JAAAAMAAJ|title=Hand-book of the Manufactures & Arts of the Punjab: With a Combined Glossary & Index of Vernacular Trades & Technical Terms ... Forming Vol. Ii to the "Hand-book of the Economic Products of the Punjab" Prepared Under the Orders of Government|date=1872|publisher=Punjab printing Company|isbn=|location=|pages=6, 37, 48, 58|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The living textile traditions of Sindh. - Free Online Library |url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/The+living+textile+traditions+of+Sindh.-a0188157368 |access-date=2023-06-11 |website=www.thefreelibrary.com}}</ref> Sussi was most often made with red and blue, blue and white, or green and white stripes, but other patterns were also produced.<ref name=":3" /> The fabric was exported to [[England]], where sousaes were in great demand in the 18th century.<ref name=":4" />

== Name ==
Sussi was the [[Hyponymy and hypernymy|umbrella term]] used for all striped fabrics.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" />

== Texture ==
Sussi is a plain fabric with [[Warp and weft|warp]] vertical [[Stripe (pattern)|stripes]].<ref>susi / Swedish hemp susi A group of plain weave fabrics made in India and Pakistan for use in women's trousers and for belts or sashes. ... In Pakistan, they are made with colored tussah silk stripes on cotton ground, bright-colored warp stripes of silk or cotton, and colored wool or silk stripes [https://books.google.com/books?id=LTYfAQAAQBAJ&dq=warp+faced+susi+cloth&pg=PA600 https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Fairchild_Books_Dictionar]

[https://books.google.com/books?id=LTYfAQAAQBAJ&dq=warp+faced+susi+cloth&pg=PA600 Dictionary of Textiles - Page 600]

[https://books.google.com/books?id=LTYfAQAAQBAJ&dq=warp+faced+susi+cloth&pg=PA600 Phyllis G. Tortora, Ingrid Johnson · 2013 Read page 600]</ref><ref name=":3" /> Sussi is produced with cotton, with silk, or with [[Textile|blended]] cotton and silk.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Service|first=Tribune News|title=Amritsar to Chennai: Journey of salwar kameez|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/amritsar-to-chennai-journey-of-salwar-kameez-858149|access-date=2020-12-06|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Harris|first=Jennifer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lJb0DwAAQBAJ&q=sussi+cloth&pg=PA179|title=A Companion to Textile Culture|date=2020-09-16|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-76890-7|pages=179|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Parshad|first=Gopal|title=Industrial Development in Northern India: A Study of Delhi, Punjab and Haryana, 1858-1918|date=2007|publisher=National Book Organisation|isbn=978-81-87521-20-4|pages=59|language=en}}</ref>

== Dimensions ==
The fabric was 10 to 20 yards long and one yard in width.<ref name=":4" />

== Sussi Types and Production ==
Sussi along with other cotton varieties is produced at [[Hala, Sindh|Hala]], [[Naserpur|Nasarpur]], [[Hyderabad, Sindh|Hyderabad]], [[Thatta District|Thatta]], [[Hoshiarpur]], [[Gurdaspur]], [[Lahore]], [[Multan]], [[Amritsar]], [[Ludhiana]], [[Jhang]], [[Shahpur, Pakistan|Shahpur]], [[Jalandhar]], [[Delhi]], [[Gurgaon]], [[Rohtak]], [[Karnal]], [[Rewari]], [[Panipat]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Parshad|first=Gopal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H_nsAAAAMAAJ&q=Sufu+susi+cloth|title=Industrial Development in Northern India: A Study of Delhi, Punjab and Haryana, 1858-1918|date=2007|publisher=National Book Organisation|isbn=978-81-87521-20-4|pages=48|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Saḥrāʼī|first=Tāju|title=Lake Manchar: The Most Ancient Seat of Sindhu Cultures|date=1997|publisher=Sindhi Kitab Ghar|isbn=978-969-8281-01-4|pages=172|language=en}}</ref> Salari was a type of handloom-produced sussi made at Kalabagh in Mianwali District, Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Tortora|first1=Phyllis G.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LTYfAQAAQBAJ|title=The Fairchild Books Dictionary of Textiles|last2=Johnson|first2=Ingrid|date=2013-09-17|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-1-60901-535-0|pages=525|language=en}}</ref>

== Use ==
The cloth was used to make lowers such as pajamas and [[salwar]]s (loose trousers).<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /> Blended sussi was used for [[pajamas]] and [[petticoat]]s.<ref name=":0" />

== See also ==
* [[Bayadere (fabric)]]
* [[Gingham]]
* [[Madras (cloth)]]
* [[Salu (cloth)]]
* [[Tartan]]
* [[Tapsel (cloth)]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Punjab, India}}
{{Punjab, Pakistan}}

[[Category:Woven fabrics]]
[[Category:Patterns]]
[[Category:Textile arts of India]]
[[Category:Textile arts of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Cotton]]

Takatak (film)

2026-03-04T09:41:22Z

Himalayan Dream Treks: put up a post nd citations...

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Takatak
| image = Takatak 2019 film.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Milind Kavde
| writer = '''Story and screenplay''': Ajay Thakur Milind Kavde '''Dialogues''': Sanjay Navgire
| producer = Om Prakash Bhatt Sujay Shankarwar Ravi Bahri Inderjeet Singh Ajay Thakur Dhananjay Singh Masoom Rabindra Choubey
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*[[Prathamesh Parab]]
*[[Ritika Shrotri]]
*Abhijeet Amkar
*Pranali Bhalerao
}}
| cinematography = Hazarath Shaikh (Vali)
| editing = Pranav Patel
| music = [[Varun Likhate]]
| studio = Purple Bull Entertainment
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2019|06|28}}
| runtime = 144 minutes
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| gross = {{INR|14.27 crore}}<ref name=":0" />
}}

'''''Takatak''''' is a 2019 Indian [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-language [[adult comedy]] film directed by Milind Kavde and produced by Purple Bull Entertainment. The film starring [[Prathamesh Parab]], [[Ritika Shrotri]], Abhijeet Amkar and Pranali Bhalerao in the leading roles. The film was a commercial success grossed over {{INRConvert|14.27|c}} in three weeks.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2019-07-24 |title='टकाटक'ने मिळवलं 4 आठवड्यात 14 कोटी कलेक्शन, 4 भाषांमध्ये होणार रिमेक |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/marathi/maharashtra/sitara/cinema/marathi-film-takatak-success-party/mh20190724095157521 |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=[[ETV Bharat News]] |language=mr}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Calm and experienced Kamakshi's marriage to a porn addict and Minakshi's involvement in a romantic triangle set her and her wild and impetuous younger sister on a roller coaster trip.

== Cast ==

* [[Prathamesh Parab]] as Ganya
* [[Ritika Shrotri]] as Minakshi
* Abhijeet Amkar as Chandu
* Pranali Bhalerao as Kamakshi
* Milind Bhagwat as Kamakshi's father
* Vassu Bhagwat as Vashya
* Umesh Bolke as Ganya's father
* [[Bharat Ganeshpure]] as Chandu's father
* Ananda Karekar as Dinesh
* Sanket Korlekar as Aditya
* Vijaya Mahajan as Chandu's mother
* [[Prabhakar More (actor)|Prabhakar More]] as Baban
* Narendra Mudholkar as Government officer 2
* Pragati Naik as Dinesh's wife
* Shubhda Naik as Ganya's mother
* Sanjay Navgire as Government officer 1
* Achala Panchal as Chandu's grandmother
* Akash Patel as Pitya<ref>{{Cite web |title=Takatak (2019) |url=https://www.avclub.com/film/reviews/takatak-2019 |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=The A.V. Club |language=en}}</ref>

== Release ==
The film was theatrically released on 28 June 2019 throughout Maharashtra.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-05-14 |title='Takatak': Prathamesh Parab's upcoming romantic flick's trailer to be released on this date |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/takatak-prathamesh-parabs-upcoming-romantic-flicks-trailer-to-be-released-on-this-date/articleshow/69321537.cms |access-date=2024-03-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Critical reception ==
Mihir Bhanage of ''[[The Times of India]]'' said, "Takatak has more dreambaks than plus points. The climax (no pun intended) comedy with a message of taking it easy and not jumping the gun (again, no pun intended) when it comes to physical relationships. But it build up is a task to endure, unless you are a fan of this genre".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Takatak Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/takatak/movie-review/69993619.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-03-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> A reviewer from ''Just Marathi'' wrote "The film is not suitable for a watch to watch as it has a number of third-grade double meaning humor, which remains the part and parcel of the story".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-30 |title=Takatak Movie Review: Double Meaning Dialogues and Situations ruin the entertainment value of the film |url=https://www.justmarathi.com/takatak-movie-review-double-meaning-dialogues-and-situations-ruin-the-entertainment-value-of-the-film/ |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=JustMarathi.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-06-30 |title=Music review:Takatak |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/music/music-reviewtakatak/articleshow/70001046.cms |access-date=2024-03-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
| extra_column = Singer (s)
| title1 = Aapla Haat Jagannath
| length1 = 3:18
| lyrics1 = Jai Atre
| music1 = Varun Likhate
| extra1 = Anand Shinde
| title2 = Ye Chandrala
| length2 = 4:23
| lyrics2 = Jai Atre
| music2 = Varun Likhate
| extra2 = Shruti Rane
}}

== Sequel ==
The sequel of the film ''[[Takatak 2]]'' was released on 28 August 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-07-19 |title=Prathamesh Parab's 'Takatak 2' gets a new release date, film to hit the theatres on August 18 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/prathamesh-parabs-takatak-2-gets-a-new-release-date-film-to-hit-the-theatres-on-august-18/articleshow/92974404.cms |access-date=2024-03-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=10340618}}

[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:2010s sex comedy films]]
[[Category:2019 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2019 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Marathi-language comedy drama films]]
[[Category:Marathi-language romance films]]
[[Category:Indian sex comedy films]]
[[Category:Teen sex comedy films]]
[[Category:Films about sexual addiction]]
[[Category:Films about vacationing]]
[[Category:Films released in separate parts]]

Mr. India (1987 film)

2026-03-03T23:50:36Z

Himalayan Dream Treks: revise

{{short description|1987 film by Shekhar Kapur}}
{{good article}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2021}}
{{For|the 1961 film|Mr. India (1961 film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mr. India
| image = Mr. India (1987 film) poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical poster
| director = [[Shekhar Kapur]]
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* [[Boney Kapoor]]
* [[Surinder Kapoor]]
}}
| writer = [[Salim–Javed]]
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Anil Kapoor]]
* [[Sridevi]]
* [[Amrish Puri]]
}}
| music = [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
| cinematography = [[Baba Azmi]]
| editing = {{Plainlist|
* Waman Bhonsle
* Gurudutt Shirali
}}
| studio = Narsimha Enterprises
| distributor = Sujata Films
| released = {{Film date|1987|05|29|df=y}}
| runtime = 179 minutes<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Mr. India |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XCvGG_mxQbU |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211219/XCvGG_mxQbU |archive-date=2021-12-19|date=25 May 1987 |last=Kapur |first=Shekhar |language=hi|publisher=Narsimha Enterprises |author-link=Shekhar Kapur |place=India |medium=Motion picture |url-status=live |access-date=18 May 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR|38 million}}<ref name="Boney Kapoor">{{Cite news |last=Mukherjee |first=Madhureeta |date=29 May 2017 |title=Boney Kapoor: People thought I was crazy to make 'Mr. India' |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/boney-kapoor-people-thought-i-was-crazy-to-make-ofmr-india/articleshow/58881398.cms |url-status=live |access-date=31 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418044819/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/boney-kapoor-people-thought-i-was-crazy-to-make-mr-india/articleshow/58881398.cms |archive-date=18 April 2021}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR|100 million}} (India)<ref name="BOI">{{Cite web |title=Box Office 1987 |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=193&catName=MTk4Nw== |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012172152/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=193&catName=MTk4Nw== |archive-date=12 October 2012 |access-date=28 March 2021 |website=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref>
}}

'''''Mr. India''''' is a 1987 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[science fiction]] [[superhero film]] directed by [[Shekhar Kapur]] and produced jointly by [[Boney Kapoor]] and [[Surinder Kapoor]] under the Narsimha Enterprises banner. The story and screenplay was written by the duo [[Salim–Javed]] in what was their last collaboration before their split. Starring [[Anil Kapoor]], [[Sridevi]], and [[Amrish Puri]], the film tells the story of Arun Verma (Kapoor), a humble violinist and philanthropist. He receives a [[cloaking device]] that provides [[invisibility]]. While renting out his house to pay his debts, he meets a journalist Seema Sahni (Sridevi) and falls in love with her. Meanwhile, criminal [[Mogambo (character)|Mogambo]] (Puri) has plans to conquer India.

After watching his previous directorial venture ''[[Masoom (1983 film)|Masoom]]'', a 1983 family drama about children, Boney Kapoor approached Kapur to make another film with a similar theme. [[Principal photography]] was handled by [[Baba Azmi]], and took place in [[Srinagar]], [[Mumbai]], and other locations in India, starting in July 1985, and finished after 350 days. [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]] composed the soundtrack, while Akhtar wrote the lyrics. After filming ended, Waman Bhonsle and Gurudutt Shirali jointly edited it. Veteran cameraman Peter Pereira was responsible for the special effects in the movie. Arun Patil handled mechanical components of these effects. In the pre-digital era, these effects were achieved using masking techniques as well as traditional and in-camera tricks.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Meet Peter Pereira, the man who made Mr India disappear|author=Kamayani Sharma|url=https://scroll.in/reel/928801/meet-peter-pereira-the-man-who-made-mr-india-disappear|publisher=Scroll| date=29 June 2019}}

</ref>

''Mr. India'' was released on 29 May 1987. It emerged as a commercial success and became the second highest-grossing film of the year at the Indian box office behind ''[[Hukumat]]'', where it earned {{INRConvert|100|m|year=1987|mode=historical}} against a {{INRConvert|38|m|year=1987|mode=historical}} budget; it was also an overseas hit in China. It received widespread acclaim from contemporary and modern critics, with most of them appreciating the performances of Anil Kapoor and Sridevi. In 2013, Sridevi was awarded the [[Filmfare Special Award|Special Award]] at the [[58th Filmfare Awards]].

''Mr. India'' was a breakthrough for its director and cast members and became a milestone in [[Hindi cinema]] for its rarely filmed superhero genre, which was followed by several Indian films in later years. It was remade in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''[[En Rathathin Rathame]]'' (1989) and [[Kannada]] as ''[[Jai Karnataka]]'' (1989). A [[3D film|3D]] sequel, titled ''Mr. India 2'', was announced in 2011 but has not yet entered production.

== Plot ==

Mogambo is a criminal with a private army and a goal to conquer India. From his hidden island, he monitors all the crimes perpetrated by his henchmen to destabilise India. He has complete loyalty of his army who acknowledge him with the phrase "Hail Mogambo!". Mogambo, is also seen as ill tempered and his entire staff is mostly relieved when he says "Mogambo khush hua" (Hindi for "Mogambo is happy").

Mogambo's ultimate aim is to get a device that would turn people invisible, this, he thinks, will help him conquer India and the rest of the world more easily. Meanwhile Arun Verma(the protagonist) is a street violinist and philanthropist who rents an old house that he calls a "hostel" to take care of orphaned children with the help of his cook named "Calendar". Arun is seldom able to make ends meet and is in deep debt, so he decides to rent out a room on the first floor. Seema Soni, his first tenant, is a local journalist who eventually becomes friends with everyone.

One day Arun meets a family friend, Professor Sinha and learns that Arun's late father, a renowned scientist, had created a [[cloaking device]] that would make its user invisible. It is also revealed in a [[Flashback (narrative)|flashback]] that Mogambo was responsible for Arun's father's death. Later, Sinha is identified by Mogambo's henchmen and they try to abduct him to get the device but Sinha flees.

Arun then receives a letter from Sinha that explains where the device is hidden. With the directions in the letter, and accompanied by his ward, Arun enters his father's old laboratory, where he finds the device. He then wears the device and when he activates it, he becomes invisible. It is revealed that the invisibility does not work on the color Red and the person can be seen under red light or through red glass. Arun decides to use the invisibility to fight crime with another identity and calls himself "Mr. India". He starts by fighting corrupt businesses in his neighbourhood, which happen to be Mogambo's.

Meanwhile, Seema being a crime reporter for a local news daily assumes the identity of a Hawaiian dancer "Hawa Hawaii" and infiltrates a lavish party hosted by Daga, one of Mogambo's goons. But she is identified and caught by Daga. She is, however rescued by Mr. India. Seema subsequently falls in love with Mr. India. On another occasion, Arun uses the device to trick one of Mogambo's henchmen to foil his criminal plan of stealing a gold idol of the Hindu god [[Hanuman]] from a temple. On hearing about the invisible Mr. India, Mogambo is pleased that he finally has a way to get to the invisibility device. He, then orders bombs to be placed around the country so that Mr. India can be baited to help and then be caught.

Tina, a child who stays at Arun's hostel is killed by one such bomb disguised as a toy. Mogambo, understands that though Mr. India tries to protect the entire country he is particularly fond of the kids in Arun's hostel. Hence, Arun, Seema, Calendar, and the other children at the hostel are abducted by Mogambo and brought to his secret hideout on the remote island. Arun admits to being Mr. India when Mogambo threatens to kill two of the children; but because Arun has lost the device by accidentally dropping it somewhere during the capture, he cannot become invisible to prove himself. Mogambo gives them time to correctly identify Mr. India and sends them into a cell.

They manage to escape after stealing the keys from a guard. Meanwhile, Mogambo activates four [[intercontinental ballistic missile]]s, which are poised to destroy all of India. Arun confronts him, the two fight, and Arun gains an upper hand. But as he is about to stop the missiles, Mogambo warns that the missiles have been fuelled and if he stops them now they will fail to launch and blow the island up . Nevertheless, Arun deactivates the launch, and the missiles detonate on the [[launch pad]]. Arun, Seema, Calendar, and the children escape; Mogambo's fortress is destroyed, and Mogambo dies. It is later shown in an epilogue that Mr. India is being facilitated and all the children, Arun and Seema are at the ceremony.

== Cast ==
{{div col begin}}
* [[Anil Kapoor]] as Arun Verma/Mr. India<ref name="Mixed fare">{{Cite news |last=Aravind |first=C. D. |date=31 July 1987 |title=Mixed fare |page=5 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19870731&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |url-status=live |access-date=29 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418043620/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19870731&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |archive-date=18 April 2021}}</ref>
* [[Sridevi]] as Seema Soni<ref name="Mixed fare" />
* [[Amrish Puri]] as [[Mogambo (character)|Mogambo]]<ref name="Mixed fare" />
* [[Ashok Kumar]] as Prof. Sinha<ref name="Cast & Crew" />
* [[Annu Kapoor]] as Mr. Gaitonde, Seema's newspaper editor<ref name="Cast & Crew">{{Cite web |title=Mr India Cast & Crew |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/mr-india-2/cast/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180306220607/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/mr-india-2/cast/ |archive-date=6 March 2018 |access-date=28 March 2021 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Chaudhuri|2015|pp=147–179}}
* [[Ramesh Deo]] as a police inspector<ref name="Cast & Crew" />
* [[Ajit Vachani]] as Teja <ref name="Mixed fare" />{{sfn|Chaudhuri|2015|pp=147–179}}
* [[Bob Christo]] as Mr. Wolcott<ref name="Cast & Crew" />
* [[Harish Patel]] as Roopchand <ref name="Cast & Crew" />{{sfn|Chaudhuri|2015|pp=147–179}}
* [[Anjan Srivastav]] as Baburam<ref name="Cast & Crew" />
* [[Satish Kaushik]] as Calendar{{sfn|Chaudhuri|2015|pp=147–179}}
* [[Ahmed Khan (choreographer)|Ahmed Khan]] as an orphan kid<ref name="Cast & Crew" />
* [[Aftab Shivdasani]] as Orphan<ref name="Cast & Crew" />
* [[Yunus Parvez]] as Maniklal<ref name="Cast & Crew" />
* [[Sharat Saxena]] as Daga{{sfn|Chaudhuri|2015|pp=147–179}}
* Gurbachan Singh as Captain Zorro<ref name="Cast & Crew" />
{{div col end}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
After watching [[Shekhar Kapur]]'s family film ''[[Masoom (1983 film)|Masoom]]'' (1983), producer Boney Kapoor approached him to make another film with themes related to children; Kapur immediately accepted the offer and received a {{INRConvert|10|k|year=1987|mode=historical}} salary.<ref name="Dedhia, Sonia" /> Kapur had been a fan of [[comic books]] and always wanted to make a superhero film. He had written several comic books that received international acclaim: ''Devi'', ''Snakewoman'', ''The Warlord'', ''The Omega Crystal'', and ''Mantra''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kamath |first=Sudhish |author-link=Sudhish Kamath |date=18 December 2011 |title=No full stops! |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/no-full-stops/article2726230.ece |url-status=live |access-date=1 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418043602/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/no-full-stops/article2726230.ece |archive-date=18 April 2021}}</ref> [[Salim–Javed]], a duo consisting of [[Salim Khan]] and [[Javed Akhtar]], was signed to write the story and screenplay for {{INRConvert|70|k|year=1987|mode=historical}}.<ref name="Boney Kapoor" /><ref name="Mixed fare" /><ref name="Dedhia, Sonia" /> Several publications claimed they took inspiration from the science fiction films ''Mr. X'' (1957) and ''Mr. X In Bombay'' (1964), but Kapur denied these reports saying that he never found copies of the films.<ref name="Dedhia, Sonia">{{Cite web |last=Dedhia |first=Sonia |date=25 May 2012 |title=Shekhar Kapur: Mr India was a product of fearlessness |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-interview-with-shekhar-kapur-on-mr-india/20120525.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930192256/https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-interview-with-shekhar-kapur-on-mr-india/20120525.htm |archive-date=30 September 2020 |access-date=29 March 2021 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |location=Mumbai, India}}</ref> Kapur wrote the dialogue in [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], a mix of [[Hindi]] and [[Urdu]].{{sfn|Akhtar|Kabir|2003|p=49}} Boney Kapoor co-produced the film alongside his father, [[Surinder Kapoor]], under the Narsimha Enterprises banner.<ref name="Cast & Crew" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=27 February 2020 |title=Shekhar Kapur intends to go the legal route against makers of Mr. India reboot |work=[[Filmfare]] |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/shekhar-kapur-intends-to-go-the-legal-route-against-makers-of-mrindia-reboot-39286.html |url-status=live |access-date=6 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523124335/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/shekhar-kapur-intends-to-go-the-legal-route-against-makers-of-mrindia-reboot-39286.html |archive-date=23 May 2020}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
Anil Kapoor and Sridevi were cast as the main protagonists,<ref>{{Cite news |date=1–15 May 1987 |title=(unknown title) |work=Filmfare |url=https://asridevi.blogspot.com/2020/01/tbt-anil-kapoor-on-working-with-sridevi.html |url-status=live |access-date=29 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418043636/https://asridevi.blogspot.com/2020/01/tbt-anil-kapoor-on-working-with-sridevi.html |archive-date=18 April 2021}}</ref> [[Amrish Puri]] as the principal antagonist. Anil Kapoor plays Arun, a poor street violinist and philanthropist who rents a large, old house to help ten orphans. Salim–Javed made the role specifically for [[Rajesh Khanna]], but later they asked [[Amitabh Bachchan]] to play it when they found Khanna did not suit the role. Bachchan, however, felt that the concept of an invisible man would overshadow his performance, saying, "The real hero of the film is an invisible character. So why do you need me?".{{sfn|Chaudhuri|2015|pp=147–179}}<ref name="Stardust">{{Cite news |last=Rai |first=K. K. |date=February 2005 |title=Mr. India |work=[[Stardust (magazine)|Stardust]] |url=http://www.stardust.co.in/display_Standard.asp?section=classics&subsection=&xml=February2005_classics_standard66 |url-status=dead |access-date=30 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050318093841/http://www.stardust.co.in/display_Standard.asp?section=classics&subsection=&xml=February2005_classics_standard66 |archive-date=18 March 2005}}</ref> The duo took this as an "insult", and at a [[Holi]] festival held a few days later, Akhtar told him that neither he nor Khan would work with him again. In fact, Khan never said that and blamed Akhtar for this misunderstanding. This resulted in their split, making ''Mr. India'' their final collaboration.{{sfn|Chaudhuri|2015|pp=147–179}} In an interview with [[Rediff.com]], Anil Kapoor admitted he added his "own style" to the role so the audience would not realize it "was going to be done" by Bachchan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srivastava |first=Sanjeev |date=27 July 2007 |title='Amitabh Bachchan was to do Mr India initially' |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/jul/27anil.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210330150035/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/jul/27anil.htm |archive-date=30 March 2021 |access-date=30 March 2021 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref>

Sridevi was given the role of Seema Sahni, a journalist who becomes a friend and then falls in love with Arun. After watching several of her [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language films from the 1970s, Boney Kapoor cast his future wife in the film and went to [[Madras]] (present-day Chennai) to meet her.<ref name="ThePrint" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Vijayakumar |first=Hazeeda |date=20 August 2013 |title=Story of Madras |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/kids/story-of-madras/article5041625.ece |url-status=live |access-date=3 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301161213/https://www.thehindu.com/features/kids/story-of-madras/article5041625.ece |archive-date=1 March 2021}}</ref>  Kapur said he cast Sridevi solely because she "represented every Indian male's dreams" with "her baby-face" and "luscious body".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ghosh |first=Shobha V. |date=1 November 1995 |title=The Lady and the Vamp |work=Humanscape |url=http://www.cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/43E2A887DDECDD91E5256C64007D9263 |url-status=live |access-date=30 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080430214029/http://www.cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/43E2A887DDECDD91E5256C64007D9263 |archive-date=30 April 2008}}</ref> Having established herself as one of the most popular actresses, she charged the producer {{INRConvert|800|k|year=1987|mode=historical}} to {{INRConvert|850|k|year=1987|mode=historical}},<ref name="ThePrint" /> while her mother Rajeswari Yanger, who often accompanied her, asked for {{INRConvert|1|m|year=1987|mode=historical}}.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Badhani |first=Priyanka |date=2 March 2018 |title=A woman of few words |work=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] |url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/cover/2018/03/02/sridevi-the-introvert.html |url-status=live |access-date=5 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406033729/https://www.theweek.in/theweek/cover/2018/03/02/sridevi-the-introvert.html |archive-date=6 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=எம். |first=குமரேசன் |date=1 March 2018 |title=ஸ்ரீதேவி, மிதுன், போனி கபூர்... ராம் கோபால் வர்மா சொன்னதும் நிஜத்தில் நடந்ததும் என்ன? |language=ta |trans-title=Sridevi, Mithun, Boney Kapoor... What did Ram Gopal Varma say and what was really happened? |work=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/bollywood/117912-sridevi-and-her-relationships-with-boney-kapoor-and-midhun |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=5 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418043559/https://cinema.vikatan.com/bollywood/117912-sridevi-and-her-relationships-with-boney-kapoor-and-midhun |archive-date=18 April 2021}}</ref> Kapur actually paid her a higher amount, around {{INRConvert|1.1|m|year=1987|mode=historical}}. This was the first film Kapur had shot with the actress.<ref name="ThePrint" />

Satish Kaushik, who also served as an associate director alongside [[Raj Kanwar]], portrays Calendar, Arun's assistant.<ref name="Annu Kapoor" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=John |first=Ali Peter |date=27 October 2001 |title=Satish Kaushik: An amazing all-rounder, a success story |work=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]] |url=http://www.screenindia.com/20001027/fartic.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=30 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001208232200/http://www.screenindia.com/20001027/fartic.htm |archive-date=8 December 2000}}</ref> When asked by ''[[The Hindu]]'' about his character's name, he explained it originated from his father's (a [[Delhi]]-based salesman) dealer who liked to insert the word ''calendar'' while talking. After hearing the story from his father, Kaushik suggested the idea to Kapur, who liked it immediately.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Yadav |first=Sidharth |date=23 December 2016 |title=A date with Calendar! |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/A-date-with-Calendar/article16932993.ece |url-status=live |access-date=30 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017002715/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/A-date-with-Calendar/article16932993.ece |archive-date=17 October 2020}}</ref> Annu Kapoor features as Gaitonde, Sridevi's newspaper editor; he was paid {{INRConvert|5000|year=1987|mode=historical}}.<ref name="Annu Kapoor" /> Amrish Puri was cast as Mogambo, a character that was inspired by [[Ibn-e-Safi]]'s ''[[Jasoosi Dunya]]'', following his meeting with Boney Kapoor and Kapur while shooting the 1987 thriller ''[[Loha (1987 film)|Loha]]'' in [[Ooty]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Jai Arjun |date=11 May 2011 |title=From Where Javed Akhtar Drew Mogambo |work=[[Open (Indian magazine)|Open]] |url=https://openthemagazine.com/lounge/books/from-where-javed-akhtar-drew-mogambo/ |url-status=live |access-date=30 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227162154/https://openthemagazine.com/lounge/books/from-where-javed-akhtar-drew-mogambo/ |archive-date=27 February 2021}}</ref> It was reported that he received a salary of {{INRConvert|10|m|year=1987|mode=historical}}, making him the highest-paid Indian villain actor of all time.<ref name="Amrish Puri khush hua">{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=V. S. |date=17 March 1998 |title=Amrish Puri khush hua |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/1998/mar/17am.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418043600/https://m.rediff.com/movies/1998/mar/17am.htm |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=31 March 2021 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref>{{sfn|Puri|Sabharwal|2006|p=213}} The part was initially offered to [[Anupam Kher]], however, after his screen test, the crew believed he looked "more funny than ferocious". According to Kaushik, Puri was chosen later because of his "menacing" persona.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhattacharya |first=Roshmilla |date=4 February 2014 |title=In focus: Flipping through Mr India's Calendar |work=[[Mumbai Mirror]] |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/in-focus-flipping-through-mr-indias-calendar/articleshow/29832462.cms |url-status=live |access-date=30 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418043601/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/in-focus-flipping-through-mr-indias-calendar/articleshow/29832462.cms |archive-date=18 April 2021}}</ref> Kapur asked him to imagine he is playing a [[William Shakespeare|Shakespearean]] character to "nine-year-old kid" while portraying Mogambo.{{sfn|Chaudhuri|2015|pp=147–179}}

=== Filming ===
[[File:Mr. India (1987 film) scene.png|thumb|300px|The scene where a child sees the invisible Arun through a red glass. According to Pereira, Azmi would shoot Arun's part normally with a black paper covering the lower-half and a red filter on the lens. He later combined the image with the scene where the child sees him through a red glass.<ref name="Peter Pereira">{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Kamayani |date=29 July 2019 |title=Meet Peter Pereira, the man who made Mr India disappear |url=https://scroll.in/reel/928801/meet-peter-pereira-the-man-who-made-mr-india-disappear |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318235247/https://scroll.in/reel/928801/meet-peter-pereira-the-man-who-made-mr-india-disappear |archive-date=18 March 2021 |access-date=31 March 2021 |website=Scroll.in}}</ref>]]
[[Baba Azmi]] began the [[principal photography]] of ''Mr. India'' on 6 July 1985.<ref name="Cast & Crew" /><ref name="Annu Kapoor">{{Cite web |last=Dedhia |first=Sonia |date=24 May 2012 |title=Annu Kapoor: It was phenomenal to be a part of Mr India |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-interview-with-annu-kapoor-on-mr-india/20120524.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125125225/https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-interview-with-annu-kapoor-on-mr-india/20120524.htm |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=31 March 2021 |website=Rediff.com |location=Mumbai, India}}</ref> In later years, Kapur recalled it as "terrible days" for him and spoke the difficulties he and the film's cast and crew members faced in this period.<ref name="From criticism" /> According to Kapur, "[It] had to be shot slowly because of all the trick photography and technical innovation it entailed."<ref name="From criticism">{{Cite news |date=29 July 1987 |title=Shekhar—from criticism to praises |page=14 |work=[[New Straits Times]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |location=New Delhi, India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V2NPAAAAIBAJ |url-status=live |access-date=31 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418043600/https://books.google.co.id/books?id=V2NPAAAAIBAJ&dq= |archive-date=18 April 2021}}</ref> [[Saroj Khan]] and [[Veeru Devgan]] were the choreographer and action director, respectively, while [[Bijon Dasgupta]] finished the production design.<ref name="Cast & Crew" /> A big set was built at the R. K. Studio for Mogambo's sequences.<ref name="Boney Kapoor" /> The film's opening scene, featuring a group of governmental officers alighting from heavily armoured vehicles, was shot at the [[Sophia College for Women]] in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raman |first=Sruthi Ganapathy |date=6 September 2017 |title=Location scouting: Mumbai's prettiest college is also one of the most film-friendly |url=https://scroll.in/reel/841180/location-scouting-mumbais-prettiest-college-is-also-one-of-the-most-film-friendly |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303051026/https://scroll.in/reel/841180/location-scouting-mumbais-prettiest-college-is-also-one-of-the-most-film-friendly |archive-date=3 March 2021 |access-date=31 March 2021 |website=[[Scroll.in]]}}</ref>

The sequences where Sridevi dresses up as [[Charlie Chaplin]]'s on-screen character [[The Tramp]] took between 30 and 35 days to finish.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Nilesh |first=P. |date=May 1996 |title=High On: Anil Kapoor sized up the two queen bees in his life... Sridevi and Madhuri Dixit |url=https://asridevi.blogspot.com/2011/05/high-on-heroines.html |url-status=live |magazine=Filmfare |pages=30–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924022227/https://asridevi.blogspot.com/2011/05/high-on-heroines.html |archive-date=24 September 2020 |access-date=31 March 2021}}</ref> In an interview in ''[[Filmfare]]''{{'s}} December 1992 issue, she called the sequences "my all-time favourite" and revealed that the film's crew loved her while she wore the costume.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Mohamed |first=Khalid |author-link=Khalid Mohamed |date=December 1992 |title=Sridevi: Dangerous |url=https://www.sridevi.biz/interviews/Filmfare,DEC,1992.htm |url-status=dead |magazine=Filmfare |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110315001132/https://www.sridevi.biz/interviews/Filmfare,DEC,1992.htm |archive-date=15 March 2011 |access-date=31 March 2021}}</ref> The song "Kate Nahin Kat Te" was shot in [[Srinagar]].<ref name="Goddess">{{Cite news |last1=Pillai |first1=Sreedhar |last2=Chengappa |first2=Raj |date=30 June 1987 |title=Sridevi: The new box office goddess |work=[[India Today]] |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19870630-sridevi-emerges-as-the-undisputed-empress-of-tinsel-town-the-highest-paid-indian-actress-799027-1987-06-30 |url-status=live |access-date=31 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219164851/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19870630-sridevi-emerges-as-the-undisputed-empress-of-tinsel-town-the-highest-paid-indian-actress-799027-1987-06-30 |archive-date=19 December 2018}}</ref> Saroj Khan found it to be the "most difficult song" of her career, and said she took fifteen minutes to do the choreography, requiring her to create "sensuous movements".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kabir |first=Nasreen Muni |date=4 July 2020 |orig-date=1999 |title=How Saroj Khan approached choreography: 'The words tell us what the story is' |url=https://scroll.in/reel/966356/how-saroj-khan-approached-choreography-the-words-tell-us-what-the-story-is |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201212080918/https://scroll.in/reel/966356/how-saroj-khan-approached-choreography-the-words-tell-us-what-the-story-is |archive-date=12 December 2020 |access-date=31 March 2021 |website=Scroll.in}}</ref> Filming was finished after 350 days and Waman Bhonsle and Gurudutt Shirali edited it.<ref name="Boney Kapoor" /> Kapur asked them to cut several repeats of the line, "Mogambo khush hua", as he felt it appeared too often in the film. Akhtar disagreed with him, convincing him that the line would be popular with the audience. Peter Pereira handled the special effects.{{sfn|Akhtar|Kabir|2003|p=57}} He used [[mechanical effects]] to make Anil Kapoor's character invisible and [[Stop motion|stop-motion]] technique for his footprints.<ref name="Peter Pereira" />

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Mr. India
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 30 October 1986
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack|Feature-film Soundtrack]]
| length = {{duration|m=38|s=46}}
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer = Laxmikant–Pyarelal

}}
The duo [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]] composed the film's soundtrack with lyrics written by [[Javed Akhtar]].<ref name="Cast & Crew" /><ref name="iTunes">{{Cite web |title=Mr. India (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/mr-india-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1151397812 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210316153608/https://music.apple.com/us/album/mr-india-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1151397812 |archive-date=16 March 2021 |access-date=31 March 2021 |website=[[iTunes]]}}</ref> The title of the song "Hawa Hawai"—initially "Kahate Hain Mujhko Hawa Hawai" ("They Call Me Hawa Hawai")—originated from an Urdu phrase, "''Bhai kahan hawa hawai ghoom rahe ho?''" ("Brother, how come you are floating about?"). Akhtar used only the words ''hawa hawai'' because he felt it was "more interesting".{{sfn|Akhtar|Kabir|2003|p=108}} [[Anuradha Paudwal|Kishore Kumar]], [[Anuradha Paudwal]], [[Alisha Chinai|Kavita Krishnamurthy]], [[Alisha Chinai]] and [[Shabbir Kumar]] sang the songs. "Hawa Hawai" was originally to be sung by [[Asha Bhosle]] but Laxmikant–Pyarelal retained Krishnamurthy once they determined she was the "perfect" choice.<ref name="ThePrint">{{Cite web |last=Sood |first=Samira |date=1 March 2020 |title=Mr India may have been played by Anil Kapoor but Sridevi was the best thing about it |url=https://theprint.in/features/reel-take/mr-india-may-have-been-played-by-anil-kapoor-but-sridevi-was-the-best-thing-about-it/373387/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418043602/https://theprint.in/features/reel-take/mr-india-may-have-been-played-by-anil-kapoor-but-sridevi-was-the-best-thing-about-it/373387/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 April 2021 |website=[[ThePrint]]}}</ref>

[[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] released the album on 30 October 1986; it became a commercial success.<ref name="iTunes" /> 2.5 million cassettes were sold, according to a 24 July 1987 ''[[The Indian Express]]'' report.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 July 1987 |title=25,00,000 Cassettes Sold! |page=5 |work=The Indian Express |location=Madras, India |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19870724&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |url-status=live |access-date=22 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417043735/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19870724&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |archive-date=17 April 2021}}</ref> M. Rahman of ''[[India Today]]'' wrote it "has started a trend and film-goers will be hearing similar music over and over again in several forthcoming films".<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Rahman |first=M. |date=30 November 1987 |title=Playback singers: Filling the void |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8uYOAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live |magazine=[[India Today]] |volume=12 |issue=18–24 |page=82 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418043601/https://books.google.co.id/books?id=8uYOAQAAIAAJ&q= |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=2 April 2021 }} [https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/19871130-host-of-new-playback-singers-in-the-reckoning-799550-1987-11-30 Alt URL]</ref> In 2018, [[Scroll.in]] praised Kapur's ability to "insert grown-up feelings into an otherwise family-friendly film without being tasteless" in "Kaate Nahin Kat Te". The song, which [[Nikhat Kazmi]] labelled as the "encapsulation of the feminine nonpareil",{{sfn|Kazmi|1998|p=49}} was parodied in ''[[Rangeela (1995 film)|Rangeela]]'' (1995), ''[[Aiyyaa]]'' (2012), and ''[[Gunday]]'' (2014), and sampled in "O Janiya" from ''[[Force 2]]'' (2016).<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 February 2019 |title=The funny afterlife of the 'Mr India' song with Sridevi in a blue sari |url=https://scroll.in/reel/913898/the-funny-afterlife-of-the-mr-india-song-with-sridevi-in-a-blue-sari |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125235407/https://scroll.in/reel/913898/the-funny-afterlife-of-the-mr-india-song-with-sridevi-in-a-blue-sari |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=3 April 2021 |website=Scroll.in}}</ref> "Hawa Hawai" was referenced in ''[[Salaam Bombay!]]'' (1988),<ref name="Sunday">{{Cite magazine |date=21–27 June 1992 |title=Sridevi's landmark films: From Sadma to Khuda Gawah |url=https://4.bp.blogspot.com/_qH_qUkRVSwQ/TScAi6MnaFI/AAAAAAAAHIA/EMx9-1PpoHM/s1600/Page%2B50.jpg |url-status=live |magazine=Sunday |page=50 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418043600/https://4.bp.blogspot.com/_qH_qUkRVSwQ/TScAi6MnaFI/AAAAAAAAHIA/EMx9-1PpoHM/s1600/Page%2B50.jpg |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=2 April 2021}}</ref> inspired the title of [[Amole Gupte]]'s [[Hawaa Hawaai|2014 drama film]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 January 2014 |title=Sridevi approached for Amol Gupte's Hawaa Hawaai |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |agency=Press Trust of India |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/sridevi-approached-for-amol-gupte-s-hawaa-hawaai/story-am0TKjHVnokEY6JJylY9UI.html |url-status=live |access-date=2 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418043625/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/sridevi-approached-for-amol-gupte-s-hawaa-hawaai/story-am0TKjHVnokEY6JJylY9UI.html |archive-date=18 April 2021}}</ref> and was remixed for ''[[Tumhari Sulu]]'' in 2018;<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nair |first=Vipin |date=9 November 2017 |title=Suitably mellow |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/suitably-mellow/article20049367.ece |url-status=live |access-date=2 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418043602/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/suitably-mellow/article20049367.ece |archive-date=18 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=7 March 2018 |title=Superstars Inc: When women rule the roost in Indian cinema |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/superstars-inc-anushka-shetty-jyothika-nayanthara-kangana-ranaut-vidya-balan/article22964856.ece |url-status=live |access-date=2 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012032103/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/superstars-inc-anushka-shetty-jyothika-nayanthara-kangana-ranaut-vidya-balan/article22964856.ece |archive-date=12 October 2020}}</ref> Sridevi performed it at the Hope '86 concert in [[Calcutta]] (present-day Kolkata).<ref name="Boney Kapoor" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Srivatsa |first=Sharath S. |date=26 September 2012 |title=A survivor's account of Calcutta's Black Hole |work=The Hindu |location=Bangalore, India |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/a-survivors-account-of-calcuttas-black-hole/article3936002.ece |url-status=live |access-date=4 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418043628/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/a-survivors-account-of-calcuttas-black-hole/article3936002.ece |archive-date=18 April 2021}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Mr. India (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)<ref name="iTunes" />
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Kate Nahin Kat Te
| extra1 = [[Kishore Kumar]], [[Alisha Chinai]]
| length1 = 6:37
| title2 = Karte Hain Hum Pyaar Mr. India Se
| extra2 = Kishore Kumar, [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]
| length2 = 6:36
| title3 = Zindagi Ki Yahi Reet Hai
| note3 = Part 1
| extra3 = Kishore Kumar
| length3 = 5:13
| title4 = Zindagi Ki Yahi Reet Hai
| note4 = Part 2
| extra4 = Kavita Krishnamurthy
| length4 = 1:25
| title5 = Zindagi Ki Yahi Reet Hai
| note5 = Part 3 - Khelate Khelate Ek
| extra5 = Kishore Kumar/[[Mohammed Aziz|Md Aziz]]
| length5 = 1:29
| title6 = Parody Song
| extra6 = [[Shabbir Kumar]], [[Anuradha Paudwal]]
| length6 = 9:24
| title7 = Hawa Hawai
| extra7 = Kavita Krishnamurthy
| length7 = 7:02
| total_length = 38:46
}}

== Release ==
''Mr. India'' was one of the most anticipated Indian films of 1987, and journalists expected it to be a breakthrough for Anil Kapoor's acting career.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 May 1987 |title=Screen: May 15, 1987 highlights |page=6 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |location=Madras, India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sYJlAAAAIBAJ |url-status=live |access-date=1 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418043603/https://books.google.co.id/books?id=sYJlAAAAIBAJ&dq= |archive-date=18 April 2021}}</ref>{{sfn|Puri|Sabharwal|2006|p=215}} Made on a budget of {{INRConvert|38|m|year=1987}}, a big budget for an Indian film at the time, Sujata Films distributed the film and released it on 25 May 1987.<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 July 1987 |title=Mr. India: An explosion of entertainment |page=4 |work=The Indian Express |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=joNlAAAAIBAJ |url-status=live |access-date=4 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418043603/https://books.google.co.id/books?id=joNlAAAAIBAJ&dq= |archive-date=18 April 2021}}</ref><ref name="Verma, Sukanya">{{Cite web |last=Verma |first=Sukanya |author-link=Sukanya Verma |date=4 June 2018 |title=Mr India, the Bollywood superhero everybody loves |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/mr-india-the-bollywood-superhero-everybody-loves/20180604.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109013702/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/mr-india-the-bollywood-superhero-everybody-loves/20180604.htm |archive-date=9 November 2020 |access-date=1 April 2021 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> It ran at theatres for over 175 days, becoming a [[silver jubilee]] film.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Baksi |first1=Dibyojyoti |last2=Mangaokar |first2=Shalvi |date=29 April 2013 |title=Bollywood's iconic films mark their silver jubilee this year |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |location=Mumbai, India |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/bollywood-s-iconic-films-mark-their-silver-jubilee-this-year/story-qWsFi7bRVnOHShUFCsZrxM.html |url-status=live |access-date=2 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170515135728/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/bollywood-s-iconic-films-mark-their-silver-jubilee-this-year/story-qWsFi7bRVnOHShUFCsZrxM.html |archive-date=15 May 2017}}</ref>{{efn|A silver jubilee film is one that completes a theatrical run of 25 weeks or 175 days.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishnamoorthy |first=Suresh |date=29 December 2014 |title=Disappointing year for Telugu film industry |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/disappointing-year-for-telugu-film-industry/article6733046.ece |url-status=live |access-date=2 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416081923/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/disappointing-year-for-telugu-film-industry/article6733046.ece |archive-date=16 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Salam |first=Ziya Us |author-link=Ziya Us Salam |date=25 September 2011 |title=Life after The End |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/life-after-the-end/article2484778.ece |url-status=live |access-date=2 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417140607/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/life-after-the-end/article2484778.ece |archive-date=17 April 2021}}</ref>}} The ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' declared it "the talk of the town" in [[Bombay]] (present-day Mumbai),{{sfn|Chaudhuri|2015|pp=147–179}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Menon |first=Meeta |date=2 March 2010 |title=Mumbai now, Bombay then |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/Mumbai-now-Bombay-then/article16462561.ece |url-status=live |access-date=3 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606185600/https://www.thehindu.com/books/Mumbai-now-Bombay-then/article16462561.ece |archive-date=6 June 2020}}</ref> while ''Sunday'' magazine reported Kapur had become one of Bombay's "hottest directors".<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Sanghvi |first=Malavika Rajbans |date=15–21 January 1989 |title=Shekhar Kapur: From anonymity to fame |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.110160/page/n221/mode/2up?q=Mr+India |magazine=Sunday |location=Bombay, India |volume=16 |issue=5–13 |page=49 |access-date=5 April 2021}}</ref> Trade analysts raved about Sridevi's performance, suggesting the film's title be changed to ''Miss India''.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=3–9 June 1988 |title=Sunday Special: People in the news |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.99415/page/n53/mode/2up?q=Mr+India |magazine=Sunday |volume=15 |issue=6 |page=54 |access-date=5 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Doshi |first1=Aatmi |last2=Srivastava |first2=Shabdita |date=21 January 2012 |title=Ladies First? |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.co.in/ladies-first-2/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130122092323/http://www.boxofficeindia.co.in/ladies-first-2/ |archive-date=22 January 2013 |access-date=6 April 2021 |website=Box Office India}}</ref>

Several film festivals have screened ''Mr. India'' since its release. In August 2002, it was shown at the [[Locarno International Film Festival]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhasi |first=Ishara |date=8 July 2002 |title=Swiss romance |work=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/international/story/20020708-locarno-international-film-festival-to-screen-30-indian-films-794882-2002-07-08 |url-status=live |access-date=5 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418044819/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/international/story/20020708-locarno-international-film-festival-to-screen-30-indian-films-794882-2002-07-08 |archive-date=18 April 2021}}</ref> On 22 April 2007, the film was selected for the Bollywood by Night section at the [[Indian Film Festival of Los Angeles]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mr. India |url=https://www.indianfilmfestival.org/archive/2007/movies07/mrindia.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418044849/https://www.indianfilmfestival.org/archive/2007/movies07/mrindia.html |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=5 April 2021 |website=[[Indian Film Festival of Los Angeles]]}}</ref> Anil Kapoor attended a special screening for the film at [[Indiana University]] on 7 October 2014.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 October 2014 |title=It was amazing: Anil Kapoor on screening 'Mr. India' at Indiana University |work=The Indian Express |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |location=Mumbai, India |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/it-was-amazing-anil-kapoor-on-screening-mr-india-at-indiana-university/ |url-status=live |access-date=7 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610191941/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/it-was-amazing-anil-kapoor-on-screening-mr-india-at-indiana-university/ |archive-date=10 June 2016}}</ref> Following Sridevi's death, on 23 June 2018, the [[London Indian Film Festival]] screened it as a tribute to her.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 June 2018 |title=Sridevi tribute. Mr India |url=https://londonindianfilmfestival.co.uk/sridevi-tribute-mr-india/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411022637/https://londonindianfilmfestival.co.uk/sridevi-tribute-mr-india/ |archive-date=11 April 2021 |access-date=6 April 2021 |website=[[London Indian Film Festival]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bakshi |first=Harsharan |date=25 February 2018 |title=Fans gather outside Sridevi's house, mortal remains to arrive in Mumbai tonight |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/fans-gather-outside-sridevis-house-mortal-remains-to-arrive-tonight/article22849371.ece |url-status=live |access-date=6 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109025432/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/fans-gather-outside-sridevis-house-mortal-remains-to-arrive-tonight/article22849371.ece |archive-date=9 November 2020}}</ref> ''Mr. India'' was released on [[DVD]] in all [[DVD region code|regions]] as a single-disc pack in [[NTSC]] and [[PAL]] widescreen formats on 9 August 2007 and 10 February 2009, respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 August 2007 |title=Mr. India |url=https://www.amazon.com/Mr-India-Anil-Kapoor/dp/B0016GOO8G |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424065815/http://www.amazon.com/Mr-India-Anil-Kapoor/dp/B0016GOO8G |archive-date=24 April 2016 |access-date=6 April 2021 |website=[[Amazon (company)|Amazon]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 February 2009 |title=Mr. India |url=https://www.amazon.com/Mr-India-Anil-Kapoor/dp/B0000X7SK2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319234441/http://www.amazon.com/Mr-India-Anil-Kapoor/dp/B0000X7SK2 |archive-date=19 March 2014 |access-date=6 April 2021 |website=Amazon}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
A commercial success, it emerged as the second highest-grossing film of the year at the Indian box office; the film-trade website [[Box Office India]] estimated the total earnings at {{INRConvert|100|m|year=1987|mode=historical}}.<ref name="BOI" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Motwani |first=Monica |date=20 September 2001 |title=1987 files |work=Screen |url=http://www.screenindia.com/20010928/f19.html |url-status=dead |access-date=2 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011031023302/http://www.screenindia.com/20010928/f19.html |archive-date=31 October 2001}}</ref> ''Mr. India'' was also an [[List of highest-grossing Indian films in overseas markets|overseas box office]] hit [[List of highest-grossing films in China|in China]], upon its release there in February 1990.<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Films popular in China |title=Data India |date=1990 |publisher=[[Press Institute of India]] |page=111 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K4FDAAAAYAAJ |access-date=15 May 2022 |quote=Cinegoers in China are raving over Indian films, which have caught the imagination of the young and old alike, and topping them all on the popularity chart is 'Mr. India', 'P'I'I' reported Feb. 21.}}</ref>

Adjusted for inflation, the film grossed the equivalent of {{INR|{{#expr:{{Inflation|US|7.72|1987|r=1}}*(1000/{{To USD|1000|IND}})/1000 round 2}} billion}} ({{US$|{{Inflation|US|7.72|1987|r=1}} million|long=no}}) in {{Inflation/year|US}}.

=== Critical reception ===
''Mr. India'' garnered positive reviews, with most critics praising Anil Kapoor and Sridevi's performances.<ref name="Goddess" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Tripathi |first=Salil |date=31 March 1989 |title=Anil Kapoor: Joker in the pack |work=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/19890331-unconventional-actor-anil-kapoor-steals-the-lead-815916-1989-03-31 |url-status=live |access-date=31 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418044853/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/19890331-unconventional-actor-anil-kapoor-steals-the-lead-815916-1989-03-31 |archive-date=18 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Nandy |first=Pritish |author-link=Pritish Nandy |date=6 March 1988 |title=Guftagu |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.13141/page/n647/mode/2up?q=Mr.+India |magazine=[[The Illustrated Weekly of India]] |page=67 |access-date=6 April 2021}}</ref> On 31 May, ''[[The Illustrated Weekly of India]]''{{'s}} editor [[Pritish Nandy]] described it as an "enjoyable potboiler", and opined Sridevi's ''[[joie de vivre]]'' uplifted the film. He praised, "Her sense of spoof: the effortless sensuality that results in collective orgasm at the rise of a single eyebrow, let alone elaborate song sequences in the rain where she flaunts her every single asset, with easy insouciance."<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Nandy |first=Pritish |date=31 May 1987 |title=Editor's Choice – Film |url=http://dspace.wbpublibnet.gov.in:8080/jspui/handle/10689/12254 |magazine=The Illustrated Weekly of India |volume=1–26 |issue=108 |page=70 |access-date=30 March 2021}}</ref> On 30 June, ''India Today'' said that Sridevi "breathes life into every scene that she appears in", adding that she had delivered a "scintillating" performance.<ref name="Goddess" /> In his 31 July review for ''The Indian Express'', the critic C. D. Aravind praised Anil Kapoor for giving "a reasonably good performance". He also appreciated Sridevi, writing that she was the "perfect choice" for the role of Seema; he felt the film's special effects were "commendable" and "on [a] par with any foreign film".<ref name="Mixed fare" /> In October 1987, a reviewer from ''Sunday'' observed she has "given the best performance" of her career, attributing the film's success to the actress.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=18–24 October 1987 |title=Khaas Baat |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.23503/page/n409/mode/2up?q=Mr+India |magazine=Sunday |volume=14–15 |page=74 |access-date=6 April 2021}}</ref> ''Bombay: The City Magazine''—in the 1987 issue—commended the film for heralding "a new hero who does the disappearing act to turn the tables on the enemies of the nation".<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=June–July 1987 |title=Mr India: Desi Superman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ByzQ3_fEALkC&q=Mr.%20India%201987%20Boney%20Kapoor |url-status=live |magazine=Bombay: The City Magazine |volume=VIII |issue=21 |page=61 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418044826/https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Bombay/ByzQ3_fEALkC?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=Mr.+India+1987+Boney+Kapoor |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=6 April 2021}} </ref>

''Mr. India'' received favourable reviews in the twenty-first century; several reviewers considered it to be a "balance between novelty, technology and all the ingredients of a typically entertaining potboiler".<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2017 |title=Wow! Anil Kapoor-Sridevi starrer Mr. India completes 30 years! |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/wow-anil-kapoor-sridevi-starrer-mr-india-completes-30-years/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190127235351/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/wow-anil-kapoor-sridevi-starrer-mr-india-completes-30-years/ |archive-date=27 January 2019 |access-date=2 April 2021 |website=Bollywood Hungama }}</ref> [[Saibal Chatterjee]] summarized, "The comic-strip simplicity of narrative and the infectious exuberance of the storytelling made it extremely easy for the massed to relate to the film."<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Chatterjee |first=Saibal |author-link=Saibal Chatterjee |date=December 2000 |title=Mr India: Uncommon Commoner |url=https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-GqC9wXI0iDE/XiagW60smAI/AAAAAAABPBg/lM9UoSooz4EOHENTQ8orGAIlbvF7w0JawCNcBGAsYHQ/s1600/bANVlTzPYlI.jpg |url-status=live |magazine=Zee Premiere |page=62 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427020608/https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-GqC9wXI0iDE/XiagW60smAI/AAAAAAABPBg/lM9UoSooz4EOHENTQ8orGAIlbvF7w0JawCNcBGAsYHQ/s1600/bANVlTzPYlI.jpg |archive-date=27 April 2021 |access-date=6 April 2021}}</ref> K. K. Rai, writing for ''[[Stardust (magazine)|Stardust]]'', found the screenplay to be "fun-filled" and complimented Kapur for directing the film with "spirit".<ref name="Stardust" /> [[Sukanya Verma]] wrote, "Shekhar Kapur's 1987 classic is a labour of love, ambition and ingenuity. Under his direction and Salim–Javed's penmanship, it celebrates compassion and human spirit with generous doses of humour, thrills, music and contrivances." She observed the special effects "don't feel dated" and likened it to the [[computer-generated images]] from nowadays' films.<ref name="Verma, Sukanya" /> Planet Bollywood's Shahid Khan felt the director "deftly mixes all the elements of sci-fi, romance and comedy so well. The mixture is so irresistible that the film tempts more than one viewing."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Shahid |title=Mr. India |url=https://planetbollywood.com/displayReview.php?id=041406055306 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130830004419/http://www.planetbollywood.com/displayReview.php?id=041406055306 |archive-date=30 August 2013 |access-date=2 April 2021 |website=Planet Bollywood}}</ref> ''The Indian Express''{{'}} Shaikh Ayaz noted that the film "features one of Sridevi's most immensely enjoyable performances".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ayaz |first=Shaikh |date=24 February 2020 |title=Song of the Month: The life philosophy behind Mr India's Zindagi ki yehi reet hai |work=The Indian Express |location=Mumbai, India |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/song-of-the-month-mr-india-zindagi-ki-yehi-reet-hai-6284255/ |url-status=live |access-date=4 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610080915/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/song-of-the-month-mr-india-zindagi-ki-yehi-reet-hai-6284255/ |archive-date=10 June 2020}}</ref>

=== Accolades ===
In 2013, Sridevi was awarded a [[Filmfare Special Award|Special Award]] by the [[Filmfare Awards]] for her performances in both the film and ''[[Nagina (1986 film)|Nagina]]'' (1986).<ref>{{Cite episode |title=Filmfare Awards 2013 |series=Filmfare Awards |network=[[Sony Entertainment Television]] |date=20 January 2013}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
[[File:Shekhar kapur 02.jpg|thumb|195px|''Mr. India'' is regarded as one of the best works of Kapur (pictured), and gave him a reputation as "the Steven Spielberg of India"]]
''Mr. India'' attained [[Cult film|cult status]] in Hindi cinema,<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 September 2016 |title=Sridevi prepping for Mr India sequel |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/sridevi-prepping-for-mr-india-sequel-299652 |url-status=live |access-date=3 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427021149/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/sridevi-prepping-for-mr-india-sequel-299652 |archive-date=27 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mukkath |first=Rini |date=7 November 2015 |title=Mr. India team relives gags and thrills |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/mr-india-team-relives-gags-and-thrills/article7852001.ece |url-status=live |access-date=4 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418044217/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/mr-india-team-relives-gags-and-thrills/article7852001.ece |archive-date=18 April 2021}}</ref> and many critics have considered it one of the greatest Indian films of all time.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Devesh |date=13 August 2020 |title=Birthday Special: Best Sridevi Movies |work=Filmfare |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/birthday-special-best-sridevi-movies-42819.html |url-status=live |access-date=4 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929191246/https://www.filmfare.com/features/birthday-special-best-sridevi-movies-42819.html |archive-date=29 September 2020}}</ref> Director and critic [[Raja Sen]] claimed the film "remains one of the most watchable of that decade, a groundbreaking piece of work with the power to create a new Bollywood genre".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sen |first=Raja |author-link=Raja Sen |date=13 June 2006 |title=Superheroes, all over the place |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/jun/13raja.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111130600/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/jun/13raja.htm |archive-date=11 November 2013 |access-date=3 April 2021 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> Rediff.com's Suparn Verma said it "belongs to every kid and teenager of the 1980s [...] It was a film that gave us hope, a film that made us believe in something extraordinary existing amongst us."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Verma |first=Suparn |date=23 May 2012 |title=25 years on, Mr India holds remarkably well |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-mr-india-remains-one-of-the-best-superheo-films-ever-made/20120523.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126014702/https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-mr-india-remains-one-of-the-best-superheo-films-ever-made/20120523.htm |archive-date=26 January 2021 |access-date=5 April 2021 |website=Rediff.com |location=Mumbai, India}}</ref> It is dubbed as the first mainstream Bollywood science fiction film,<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Mohan |first1=Ashutosh |last2=Sequeira |first2=Gayle |date=27 March 2021 |title=Videochats on the Moon, Immortality Pills: What Early Indian Sci-Fi Looked Like |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/videochats-on-the-moon-immortality-pills-what-early-indian-sci-fi-looked-like-aditya-369-kalai-arasi-mr-x-elaan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210327062635/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/videochats-on-the-moon-immortality-pills-what-early-indian-sci-fi-looked-like-aditya-369-kalai-arasi-mr-x-elaan/ |archive-date=27 March 2021 |access-date=3 April 2021 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref> and became a turning point for Kapur.<ref name="Turning point">{{Cite news |last=Somaaya |first=Bhawana |author-link=Bhawana Somaaya |date=24 November 2000 |title=The highs and lows—a recollection |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/the-highs-and-lows-a-recollection/article28056054.ece |url-status=live |access-date=5 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208132238/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/the-highs-and-lows-a-recollection/article28056054.ece |archive-date=8 December 2020}}</ref> In an article published in ''[[Verve (Indian magazine)|Verve]]'', Karthik Keramalu credited the film for "[opening] the gates to the idea of a superhero" and "[inspiring] a generation of directors".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Keramalu |first=Karthik |date=8 January 2020 |title=Why Indian superheroes aren't faring well on the big screen |work=[[Verve (Indian magazine)|Verve]] |url=https://www.vervemagazine.in/arts-and-culture/why-indian-superheroes-arent-faring-well-on-the-big-screen |url-status=live |access-date=4 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124071714/https://www.vervemagazine.in/arts-and-culture/why-indian-superheroes-arent-faring-well-on-the-big-screen |archive-date=24 November 2020}}</ref> According to Scottish tabloid ''[[Glasgow Times]]'', he has built a reputation as "the [[Steven Spielberg]] of India".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Duffy |first=Jim |date=17 March 1990 |title=An Iceland adventure |page=15 |work=[[Glasgow Times]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X9FAAAAAIBAJ |url-status=live |access-date=3 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418044217/https://books.google.co.id/books?id=X9FAAAAAIBAJ&dq= |archive-date=18 April 2021}}</ref> Kapur has said:

{{Centered pull quote
| quote="What has turned out in the last 25 years is it's not the visual effects but the characters that have stayed with the audience. It's always important for me that the actors and characters are what make my films [...] In a way I thank god that we didn't have advance technology because the characters in ''Mr. India'' created the awe factor of visual effects."<ref name="Dedhia, Sonia" />
}}
Following its success, people asked him to make another film with the same cast of children, and several producers offered him a chance to direct their films. Kapur said, "[...] someone told me I would make a lot of money, I realised it was a fundamental reason not to make a film, as it is the beginning of making a bad film".<ref name="Dedhia, Sonia" /> [[Kunal Kohli]], who had watched the film 200 times as of 2008, elaborated that the film's "spirit and essence is just fantastic" and said he had always wanted to make the same type of film.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhirani |first=Radhika |date=18 June 2008 |title=Mr India inspired Thoda Pyaar...: Kunal Kohli |work=Hindustan Times |agency=Press Trust of India |location=New Delhi, India |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/mr-india-inspired-thoda-pyaar-kunal-kohli/story-60pS4Vx0gqgl8sO8XF3eDN.html |url-status=live |access-date=4 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116181931/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/mr-india-inspired-thoda-pyaar-kunal-kohli/story-60pS4Vx0gqgl8sO8XF3eDN.html |archive-date=16 January 2021}}</ref> [[Prawaal Raman]] declared it as his "all-time favourite", adding, "That's why while making ''[[Gayab]]'' [(2004)], I never even thought of comparing my film to ''Mr. India''. It is a classic."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Verma |first=Sukanya |date=14 July 2004 |title='I never even thought of comparing Gayab to Mr India' |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/jul/14gayab.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707014903/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/jul/14gayab.htm |archive-date=7 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2021 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> The film was remade in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''[[En Rathathin Rathame]]'' and [[Kannada]] as ''[[Jai Karnataka]]'' (both 1989).<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 March 1989 |title=Eyecatchers |work=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/19890315-pierre-cardin-invites-indian-model-noyanika-chatterjee-to-paris-815859-1989-03-15 |url-status=live |access-date=3 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418044232/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/19890315-pierre-cardin-invites-indian-model-noyanika-chatterjee-to-paris-815859-1989-03-15 |archive-date=18 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Prashant |date=25 May 2013 |title=Arjun Kapoor in the next Mr India |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/arjun-kapoor-in-the-next-mr-india/story-M3YJxOJcPAa3vwp6bFmKII.html |url-status=live |access-date=6 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406132449/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/arjun-kapoor-in-the-next-mr-india/story-M3YJxOJcPAa3vwp6bFmKII.html |archive-date=6 April 2019}}</ref>

{{Quote box
| quote = "The iconic bad guy, who was so bad he was fun. Mogambo was an instant hit. Yes, he was caricatured to the nth degree, but Mogambo was cool. After all, he could send you plummeting into an acid tank with the press of a single button and simply sign off with, 'Mogambo... khush hua!'"
| source = —''Filmfare'', 2013<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.filmfare.com/details.php?id=17 |title=Masquerade parade |date=23 September 2009 |work=[[Filmfare]] |access-date=29 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091004155640/http://www.filmfare.com/details.php?id=17 |archive-date=4 October 2009 }}</ref>
| width = 25%
| align = left
}}

''Mr. India'' also became a landmark for Anil Kapoor and Sridevi's career,{{sfn|Somaaya|2003|p=159}} and in 1992, ''Sunday'' featured the film amongst the latter's "landmark films".<ref name="Sunday" /><ref name="Turning point" /> The actress [[Vidya Balan]] told ''The Hindu'' that she was impressed by Sridevi's acting, and thought that "[i]f there ever was an encyclopaedia on acting, it would be called Sridevi".<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Rosario |first1=Kennith |last2=Panicker |first2=Anahita |date=9 October 2017 |title=Fair before the festival |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/fair-before-the-festival/article19829885.ece |url-status=live |access-date=4 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111235743/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/fair-before-the-festival/article19829885.ece |archive-date=11 November 2020}}</ref> In 2003, the ''[[Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema]]'' noted, "''Mr. India'' is most remembered for the outrageously exaggerated villainy of Mogambo who seems to have been inspired by the combined eccentricities of the [[List of James Bond villains|[James] Bond villains]]."{{sfn|Gulzar|Nihalani|Chatterjee|2003|p=155}} ''Filmfare'', in 2013, named Mogambo the second-most iconic villain in the history of Indian cinema.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hashmi |first=Parampara Patil |date=3 May 2013 |title=Iconic villains of Indian cinema |work=Filmfare |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/iconic-villains-of-indian-cinema-3038-3.html |url-status=live |access-date=6 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170720010446/http://www.filmfare.com/features/iconic-villains-of-indian-cinema-3038-3.html |archive-date=20 July 2017}}</ref> Puri's dialogue, "Mogambo khush hua", became popular, and he was subsequently offered the same type of roles in later films.<ref name="Amrish Puri khush hua" /><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.screenindia.com:80/20020816/fpro.html |title=Mogambo's most memorable movies |date=16 August 2002 |last=Puri |first=Amrish |author-link=Amrish Puri |work=Screen |access-date=15 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050330192614/http://www.screenindia.com/20020816/fpro.html |archive-date=30 March 2005 |url-status=dead }}</ref> His son, Rajeev Puri, revealed that the actor would be asked to speak the dialogue at every award function he attended. He became the highest-paid villain actor at the time.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Farook |first=Farhana |date=22 June 2015 |title=Hail Mogambo! |work=Filmfare |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/hail-mogambo-9566.html |url-status=live |access-date=4 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603222044/http://www.filmfare.com/features/hail-mogambo-9566.html |archive-date=3 June 2016}}</ref> The dialogue was included in several listings, including ''[[Film Companion]]''{{'s}} "50 Iconic Bollywood Dialogues",<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 September 2020 |title=50 Iconic Bollywood Dialogues You've Probably Used IRL |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/bollywood-features/best-bollywood-dialogues-you-have-probably-used-irl-mere-paas-maa-hai-kitne-aadmi-the-hows-the-josh-all-izz-well/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131153457/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/bollywood-features/best-bollywood-dialogues-you-have-probably-used-irl-mere-paas-maa-hai-kitne-aadmi-the-hows-the-josh-all-izz-well/ |archive-date=31 January 2021 |access-date=3 April 2021 |website=Film Companion}}</ref> ''Filmfare''{{'s}} "20 Most Famous Bollywood Dialogue",<ref>{{Cite news |last=Fernandes |first=Bradley |date=3 February 2015 |title=20 most famous Bollywood dialogue |work=Filmfare |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/20-most-famous-bollywood-dialogue-8350.html |url-status=live |access-date=4 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028221718/https://www.filmfare.com/features/20-most-famous-bollywood-dialogue-8350.html |archive-date=28 October 2020}}</ref> and [[NDTV]]'s "10 Killer Lines Made Famous by Bollywood Villains".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kohli |first=Amrita |date=11 September 2014 |title=10 Killer Lines Made Famous by Bollywood Villains |url=https://www.ndtv.com/offbeat/10-killer-lines-made-famous-by-bollywood-villains-662428 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820212440/https://www.ndtv.com/offbeat/10-killer-lines-made-famous-by-bollywood-villains-662428 |archive-date=20 August 2019 |access-date=4 April 2021 |website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> The actor [[Sunny Deol]]'s role in ''[[The Hero: Love Story of a Spy]]'' (2003) and the musician [[Riz Ahmed]]'s 2018 single (from ''[[The Long Goodbye (Riz Ahmed album)|The Long Goodbye]]'' album) were modelled and named, respectively, after the character.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gumaste |first=Deepa |date=11 April 2003 |title=A comicbook spy movie |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/apr/11hero.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200803041747/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/apr/11hero.htm |archive-date=3 August 2020 |access-date=5 April 2021 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=30 September 2018 |title=Tom Hardy recreates Amrish Puri's 'Mogambo khush hua' |work=The Hindu |agency=Press Trust of India |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tom-hardy-recreates-amrish-puris-mogambo-khush-hua/article25088375.ece |url-status=live |access-date=5 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418044240/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tom-hardy-recreates-amrish-puris-mogambo-khush-hua/article25088375.ece |archive-date=18 April 2021}}</ref>

Several lists have featured the film. In 2005, Rachna Kanwar of ''[[The Times of India]]'' considered it to be one of "25 must-see Bollywood movies", noting, "The audiences were thrilled every time Amrish Puri glared down at them with his fiercely bulbous eyes sporting an atrocious blond wig and garish knee high silver heeled boots. They came back again and again to hear him mouth possibly the most repeated line of Hindi cinema (post 80s) [...]"<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kanwar |first=Rachna |date=3 October 2005 |title=25 Must See Bollywood Movies |work=The Times of India |url=http://movies.indiatimes.com/Special-Features/25-Must-See-Bollywood-Movies/articleshow/msid-1250837,curpg-2.cms |url-status=dead |access-date=15 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100301152157/http://movies.indiatimes.com/Special-Features/25-Must-See-Bollywood-Movies/articleshow/msid-1250837,curpg-2.cms |archive-date=1 March 2010}}</ref> The film was featured by [[CNN-IBN]] on their 2013 list of "100 Greatest Indian Films of All Time".<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 April 2013 |title=100 Years of Indian Cinema: The 100 greatest Indian films of all time |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/13200-26.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813162517/http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/13200-26.html |archive-date=13 August 2014 |access-date=4 April 2021 |website=[[CNN-IBN]]}}</ref> The next year, ''Filmfare'' included it in their list "100 Filmfare Days".<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 June 2014 |title=100 Filmfare Days: 66- Mr India |work=Filmfare |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/100-filmfare-days-66-mr-india-6560.html |url-status=live |access-date=6 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107223136/http://www.filmfare.com/features/100-filmfare-days-66-mr-india-6560.html |archive-date=7 January 2016}}</ref> As part of [[Independence Day (India)|Indian Independence Day]]'s celebration in 2015, the ''Hindustan Times'' listed it on its "Top 10 Patriotic Bollywood Films" list.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 August 2015 |title=Independence Day: Top 10 patriotic Bollywood films |work=Hindustan Times |location=New Delhi, India |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/independence-day-top-10-patriotic-bollywood-films/story-2CreoRVhgcXH72JW7HYvHK.html |url-status=live |access-date=6 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180120080843/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/independence-day-top-10-patriotic-bollywood-films/story-2CreoRVhgcXH72JW7HYvHK.html |archive-date=20 January 2018}}</ref> The newspaper ''[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]'' has featured the film in their listings three times: "10 Bollywood Superhero Films"<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jha |first=Lata |date=29 August 2016 |title=Ten Bollywood superhero films |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/tFZgxKW56xd8nGJM8215XK/Ten-Bollywood-superhero-films.html |url-status=live |access-date=6 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180109025301/http://www.livemint.com/Consumer/tFZgxKW56xd8nGJM8215XK/Ten-Bollywood-superhero-films.html |archive-date=9 January 2018}}</ref> and "Children's Day: 10 Memorable Bollywood Films" in 2016,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jha |first=Lata |date=14 November 2016 |title=Children's Day: 10 memorable Bollywood films |work=Mint |url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/djhr8pnc7PcV5dguS98WXJ/Ten-memorable-Bollywood-childrens-films.html |url-status=live |access-date=6 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117193232/https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/djhr8pnc7PcV5dguS98WXJ/Ten-memorable-Bollywood-childrens-films.html |archive-date=17 November 2018}}</ref> and "70 Iconic Films of Indian Cinema" in 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 August 2017 |title=70 iconic films of Indian cinema |work=Mint |url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/bQ0uThQTjybnvoYe13twlJ/70-iconic-films-of-Indian-cinema.html |url-status=live |access-date=6 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818020209/https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/bQ0uThQTjybnvoYe13twlJ/70-iconic-films-of-Indian-cinema.html |archive-date=18 August 2017}}</ref>

== Sequel ==
Boney Kapoor announced in 2011 that ''Mr. India'' will have a [[3D film|3D]] sequel, titled ''Mr. India 2'', and was expected for release in November 2014.<ref name="Salman Khan">{{Cite news |last=Jain |first=Priyanka |date=8 August 2011 |title='Salman kicked up about playing Mogambo' |work=Hindustan Times |location=New Delhi, India |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/salman-kicked-up-about-playing-mogambo/story-g5g9yrv0ugQB4tDJb1lAlO.html |url-status=live |access-date=7 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418044218/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/salman-kicked-up-about-playing-mogambo/story-g5g9yrv0ugQB4tDJb1lAlO.html |archive-date=18 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 March 2016 |title=Mr. India sequel to be made in 3D |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/mr-india-sequel-to-be-made-in-3d/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180306190356/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/mr-india-sequel-to-be-made-in-3d/ |archive-date=6 March 2018 |access-date=7 April 2021 |website=Bollywood Hungama }}</ref> While Anil Kapoor and Sridevi would reprise their roles, [[Salman Khan]] was cast for the role of Mogambo, marking his third collaboration with the producer after ''[[No Entry]]'' (2005) and ''[[Wanted (2009 film)|Wanted]]'' (2009). Co-produced the film with Sahara Motion Pictures, Boney Kapoor chose [[A. R. Rahman]] as the music director. With a budget of {{INRConvert|1.5|b|year=2012|mode=historical}}, the filming was originally planned to start in 2012; however, as of April 2021, it has not begun production.<ref name="Salman Khan" /> In June 2018, at the [[19th IIFA Awards]], Anil Kapoor admitted that Sridevi's death four months before and the absence of Puri (who died in January 2005)<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2005 |title=Amrish Puri is dead |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/jan/12puri.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205181135/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/jan/12puri.htm |archive-date=5 December 2020 |access-date=7 April 2021 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> affected the production, but he added: "We will try our best to follow their legacies so that we can make them proud that we made good films and they all appreciate what we have done."<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 June 2018 |title=Anil Kapoor speaks about possibility of 'Mr India' sequel after Sridevi's demise |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |agency=Press Trust of India |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-anil-kapoor-speaks-about-possibility-of-mr-india-sequel-after-sridevi-s-demise-2629002 |url-status=live |access-date=7 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509074340/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-anil-kapoor-speaks-about-possibility-of-mr-india-sequel-after-sridevi-s-demise-2629002 |archive-date=9 May 2019}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|1980s|Bollywood|Film|India}}
* [[Science fiction films in India]]
* [[List of Indian superhero films]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Akhtar |first1=Javed |title=Talking Films: Conversations on Hindi Cinema with Javed Akhtar |last2=Kabir |first2=Nasreen Munni |date=2003 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-566462-1 |author-link=Javed Akhtar |author-link2=Nasreen Munni Kabir}}
* {{Cite book |last=Chaudhuri |first=Diptakirti |title=Written by Salim–Javed: The Story of Hindi Cinema's Greatest Screenwriters |date=1 October 2015 |publisher=[[Penguin Group]] |isbn=978-93-52140-08-4}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Gulzar |title=Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema |title-link=Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema |last2=Nihalani |first2=Govind |last3=Chatterjee |first3=Saibal |publisher=[[Popular Prakashan]] |year=2003 |isbn=978-81-7991-066-5 |author-link=Gulzar |author-link2=Govind Nihalani |author-link3=Saibal Chatterjee}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kazmi |first=Nikhat |title=The Dream Merchants of Bollywood |date=1998 |publisher=UBS Publishers' Distributors |isbn=978-81-74761-81-1 |author-link=Nikhat Kazmi}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Puri |first1=Amrish |title=The Act of Life |title-link=The Act of Life |last2=Sabharwal |first2=Jyoti |date=2006 |publisher=Stellar Publishers |isbn=978-81-90224-74-1 |author-link=Amrish Puri}}
* {{Cite book |last=Somaaya |first=Bhawana |title=The Story So Far: On Screen Off Screen |title-link=The Story So Far (book) |date=2003 |publisher=[[Indian Express Limited|Indian Express Group]] |isbn=978-81-223-1016-0 |author-link=Bhawana Somaaya}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{Shekhar Kapur}}
{{Salim–Javed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mister India (1987 film)}}
[[Category:1980s children's adventure films]]
[[Category:1987 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1987 Indian films]]
[[Category:1980s science fiction action films]]
[[Category:1980s science fiction adventure films]]
[[Category:1980s superhero films]]
[[Category:1980s vigilante films]]
[[Category:1987 films]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Charlie Chaplin]]
[[Category:Films about nuclear war and weapons]]
[[Category:Films directed by Shekhar Kapur]]
[[Category:Films produced by Boney Kapoor]]
[[Category:Films scored by Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Salim–Javed]]
[[Category:Hindi films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Indian children's adventure films]]
[[Category:Indian science fiction action films]]
[[Category:Indian science fiction adventure films]]
[[Category:Indian superhero films]]
[[Category:Indian vigilante films]]

Rettai Vaal Kuruvi

2026-03-03T05:13:54Z

Himalayan Dream Treks: added info

{{short description|1987 film by Balu Mahendra}}
{{for|the TV series|Rettai Vaal Kuruvi (TV series)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Rettai Vaal Kuruvi poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Balu Mahendra]]
| screenplay = Balu Mahendra
| story = Gauri
| producer = Abdul Kader
| starring = {{ubl|[[Mohan (actor)|Mohan]]|[[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]]|[[Archana (actress)|Archana]]}}
| cinematography = Balu Mahendra
| editing = Balu Mahendra
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = Saagar Combines
| released = {{film date|1987|2|27|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Rettai Vaal Kuruvi''''' ({{Translation|Two-tailed Sparrow}}){{efn|While "Rettai Vaal Kuruvi" correctly translates to "two-tailed sparrow", it is also a sly reference to Mohan's two-timing character.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Sudhir |date=17 January 2015 |title=Going wild over titles |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/going-wild-over-titles/article6796878.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702083835/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/going-wild-over-titles/article6796878.ece |archive-date=2 July 2019 |access-date=22 April 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>}} is a 1987 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film directed, written and photographed by [[Balu Mahendra]], starring [[Mohan (actor)|Mohan]], [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]] and [[Archana (actress)|Archana]]. It is based on the 1984 American film ''[[Micki & Maude]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajendran |first=Sowmya |date=24 February 2014 |title=Balu Mahendra, master of complex relationships |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/balu-mahendra-master-of-complex-relationships-news-kollywood-ocyrFPibeicsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625185701/http://www.sify.com/movies/balu-mahendra-master-of-complex-relationships-news-kollywood-ocyrFPibeicsi.html |archive-date=25 June 2018 |access-date=18 February 2018 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The film was released on 27 February 1987.

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=April 2021}}
The story sets back to the vintage Madras Presidency. Gopi works in the National TV Station under his handler Margabandhu, a confidant and good friend. Though Gopi has already been married to Thulasi, the rightful daughter of his aunt, he finds love in Radha, who is a reputed singer. Gopi swaps between the two consorts, and the film sets in a mood of hilarious, romantic journey. This goes on until it ends up in admitting both of the wives at a same hospital due to different reasons. He manages to cover up his secret love to be known from each other, which fails in the end. Finally, the film ends on a happy note sharing the lives between the trio and two beautiful little kids.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Mohan (actor)|Mohan]] as Gopi<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajendran |first=Sowmya |date=11 April 2017 |title=From 'Sakalakala Vallavan' to 'Kaatru Veliyidai': Tracing Kollywood's portrayal of abusive love |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/sakalakala-vallavan-kaatru-veliyidai-tracing-kollywood-s-portrayal-abusive-love-60193 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612123938/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/sakalakala-vallavan-kaatru-veliyidai-tracing-kollywood-s-portrayal-abusive-love-60193 |archive-date=12 June 2020 |access-date=12 June 2020 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref>
* [[Archana (actress)|Archana]] as Tulasi<ref>{{Cite web |last=கணேஷ் |first=எஸ். |date=27 November 2016 |title=ஓல்டு இஸ் கோல்டு: ரெண்டு பொண்டாட்டிக்காரன் கதை! |trans-title=Old is Gold: The story of a man with two wives! |url=http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/web/news/18746 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623125435/http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/web/news/18746 |archive-date=23 June 2020 |access-date=23 June 2020 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta |location=Nellai}}</ref>
* [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]] as Radha<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vasudevan |first=K. V. |date=26 November 2016 |title=A filmy reunion |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/A-filmy-reunion/article16725010.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623125555/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/A-filmy-reunion/article16725010.ece |archive-date=23 June 2020 |access-date=18 February 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
* [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]] as S. Margabandhu
* [[Thengai Srinivasan]] as T. S. Vasan
* [[Senthamarai (actor)|Senthamarai]] as T. S. Arumugham
* [[Usilai Mani]]
* [[Idichapuli Selvaraj]]
* [[Ilaiyaraaja]] as himself
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rettai Vaal Kuruvi Tamil Film EP Vinyl Record by Ilayaraja |url=https://mossymart.com/product/rettai-vaal-kuruvi-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029091104/https://mossymart.com/product/rettai-vaal-kuruvi-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja-2/ |archive-date=29 October 2021 |access-date=29 October 2021 |website=Mossymart}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rettai Vaal Kuruvi (1987) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=T0000153 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131227084046/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=T0000153 |archive-date=27 December 2013 |access-date=27 December 2013 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref> The song "Kannan Vanthu" is set in the [[Carnatic raga]] known as [[Natabhairavi]],{{sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=137}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=ராமானுஜன் |first=டாக்டர் ஆர். |date=7 September 2018 |title=ராகயாத்திரை 21: ஆனந்த ராகம் கேட்கும் காலம் |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/174616-21.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200905153447/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/174616-21.html |archive-date=5 September 2020 |access-date=27 April 2021 |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref> while "Raja Raja Chozhan" is set in [[Keeravani]].{{sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=156}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Saravanan |first=T. |date=20 September 2013 |title=Ragas hit a high |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/ragas-hit-a-high/article5149905.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213163350/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/ragas-hit-a-high/article5149905.ece |archive-date=13 December 2014 |access-date=18 February 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> This song involves a "switch from [[Time signature#Compound|12/8]] to [[Shuffle note|shuffle]]".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangan |first=Bharadwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=28 June 2009 |title=The beat is on |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/books/2009/jun/28/the-beat-is-on-62866.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627145409/https://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/books/2009/jun/28/the-beat-is-on-62866.html |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> For the dubbed [[Telugu language|Telugu]] version ''Rendu Thokala Pitta'', all songs were written by [[Rajasri (writer)|Rajasri]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rendu Tokala Pitta |url=https://gaana.com/album/rendu-tokala-pitta |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426054520/https://gaana.com/album/rendu-tokala-pitta |archive-date=26 April 2021 |access-date=26 April 2021 |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Tamil
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Raja Raja Chozhan
| lyrics1 = [[Mu. Metha]]
| extra1 = [[K. J. Yesudas]]
| length1 = 4:55
| title2 = Kannan Vanthu
| lyrics2 = [[Na. Kamarasan]]
| extra2 = [[S. Janaki]]
| length2 = 4:11
| title3 = Suthanthiratha Vaangi Puttom
| lyrics3 = [[Gangai Amaran]]
| extra3 = [[P. Jayachandran]], [[K. S. Chithra]], Saibaba
| length3 = 5:42
| title4 = Thathedutha Muthu Pillai
| lyrics4 = [[Mu. Metha]]
| extra4 = [[P. Susheela]], K. S. Chithra
| length4 = 4:36
| total_length = 19:24 
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Telugu
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Naa Andamaina
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length1 = 4:40
| title2 = Sandhyavela Paadinadi
| extra2 = [[S. Janaki]]
| length2 = 4:20
| title3 = Swatantraanni Tecchukunnam
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[S. P. Sailaja]]
| length3 = 5:47
| total_length = 14:47 
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Rettai Vaal Kuruvi'' was released on 27 February 1987.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ராம்ஜி |first=வி. |date=29 April 2020 |title='உன்னை ஆடியன்ஸ் திட்டப்போறாங்க பாரு'; நடிகர் மோகனிடம் சொன்ன பாலுமகேந்திரா! |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/551941-rettaivaalkuruvi-mohan.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200524093824/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/551941-rettaivaalkuruvi-mohan.html |archive-date=24 May 2020 |access-date=18 May 2020 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref> N. Krishnaswamy of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote, "Mohan, Archana and Radhika carry themselves with ease. Balu's photography, as usual, is marked by [[chiaroscuro]], play of light and shade."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishnaswamy |first=N. |date=6 March 1987 |title=Bigamist's woes |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19870306&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=27 December 2018 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=14 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> [[Subha (writers)|Jayamanmadhan]] of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' were surprised to see Balu Mahendra directing an [[A certificate|A rated]] film while praising the performances of Mohan, Archana and Radhika while also praising Mahendra's cinematography and Ilaiyaraaja's music and concluded saying latter half of the film should be watched again by the censor board.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=ஜெயமன்மதன் |author-link=Subha (writers) |date=22 March 1987 |title=ரெட்டை வால் குருவி |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1987/mar/22-03-1987/p48.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220803101648/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1987/mar/22-03-1987/p48.jpg |archive-date=3 August 2022 |access-date=29 May 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=48 |language=ta}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Sundararaman |title=Raga Chintamani: A Guide to Carnatic Ragas Through Tamil Film Music |publisher=Pichhamal Chintamani |year=2007 |edition=2nd |oclc=295034757 |orig-date=2005}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|0235489}}

{{Balu Mahendra}}

[[Category:1987 Indian films]]
[[Category:1987 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1987 films]]
[[Category:1987 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Fiction about polygamy]]
[[Category:Films directed by Balu Mahendra]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of American films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Kovil (film)

2026-03-03T04:31:18Z

Himalayan Dream Treks: added layout to improve readability and cleaned formatting

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kovil
| image = Kovil film poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Hari (director)|Hari]]
| writer = Hari
| producer = [[A. M. Rathnam]]
| starring = [[Silambarasan]] [[Sonia Agarwal]]
| cinematography = [[Priyan]]
| editing = [[V. T. Vijayan]]
| music = [[Harris Jayaraj]]
| studio = [[A. M. Rathnam|Sri Suriya Movies]]
| released = {{film date|df=y|2004|1|10}}
| runtime = 148 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Kovil''''' ({{translation|Temple}}) is a 2004 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic drama film]] written and directed by [[Hari (director)|Hari]] and produced by [[A. M. Rathnam]]. It stars [[Silambarasan]] and [[Sonia Agarwal]] while [[Vadivelu]], [[Rajkiran]], [[Charle]] and [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] play supporting roles. The music was composed by [[Harris Jayaraj]], with editing done by [[V. T. Vijayan]] and cinematography by [[Priyan]]. The film was released on 10 January 2004 and became a box-office hit.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chandramouli |first=Rajesh |date=14 July 2004 |title=Tamil films under stress |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tamil-films-under-stress/articleshow/778146.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125044901/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tamil-films-under-stress/articleshow/778146.cms |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=18 January 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=August 2022}}
Puliyankulam and [[Veppankulam]] are adjacent villages with an enmity that has lasted for generations. Periyasamy is a [[Hinduism|Hindu]] from Puliyankulam and is widely respected by the villagers. Michael Soosai is a devout [[Protestant]] from Veppankulam and does not trust followers of other religions. Sakthivel is Periyasamy's son, who studies in a college in [[Nagercoil]]. Angel is Michael's daughter, who also attends the same college. Sakthivel and Angel meet in college and fall in love. Angel is afraid that her father will never allow her to marry a Hindu, especially from the rival village. Michael and Periyasamy learn about the relationship between Sakthivel and Angel. Michael gets enraged and scolds his daughter, while Periyasamy agrees for the wedding. Michael does not want an inter-[[religion]] marriage and decides to force his daughter to become a [[nun]]. Periyasamy arrives and tells the truth in front of everyone that Angel Devi is Michael Susai's adopted daughter whose real name is Fathima Begum was born to [[Muslim]] parents Jaffer Hussain and Ayesha Beevi. Michael realises his mistake and agrees for the wedding.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Silambarasan]] as Shakthivel
* [[Sonia Agarwal]] as Fathima Begum / Angel Devi
* [[Vadivelu]] as 'Bullet' Pandi, Shakthivel's younger paternal uncle
* [[Rajkiran]] as Periyasamy
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Michael Susai, Angel Devi's adoptive father
* [[Rekha Harris|Rekha]] as Mary, Angel Devi's adoptive mother
* [[Charle]] as Boothapandi
* [[Sathyan (Tamil actor)|Sathyan]] as Murugan, Shakthivel's friend
* [[Ganeshkar]] as Senthil, Shakthivel's friend
* [[Rajesh (Tamil actor)|Rajesh]] as Church Father Anthony James
* [[S. N. Lakshmi]] as Kamatchi, Shakthivel's grandmother
* [[Singamuthu]] as Astrologer Shanmugam
* Sathya Rangavasan as Sivagami, Shakthivel's mother
* Akash as Joseph, Angel Devi's adoptive cousin
* [[Bava Lakshmanan]] as Cycle Susai
* S. Ramana Girivasan as Namasivayam, Police Control Room Officer
* [[Paravai Muniyamma]] (special appearance in the song "Kadhal Panna")
}}

== Production ==
Filming was held in locations including Tenkasi, Coutralam, Nagercoil and Munnar, and was completed within 59 days and two duet songs were shot at Thirunelveli.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=9 December 2003 |title='Kovil' |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/location/kovil.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040426122515/http://www.chennaionline.com/location/kovil.asp |archive-date=26 April 2004 |access-date=29 April 2013 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=9 October 2003 |title=Devotees to visit Kovil during December! |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/09102003-3.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031212001850/http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/09102003-3.shtml |archive-date=12 December 2003 |access-date=15 November 2024 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Harris Jayaraj]]. All lyrics were written by [[Snehan]], except for "Collegikku" ([[Na. Muthukumar]]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kovil Tamil Film Audio CD by Harris Jayaraj |url=https://mossymart.com/product/kovil-tamil-film-audio-cd-by-harris-jayaraj/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115081915/https://mossymart.com/product/kovil-tamil-film-audio-cd-by-harris-jayaraj/ |archive-date=15 January 2023 |access-date=15 January 2023 |website=Mossymart}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline = Track listing<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 January 2003 |title=Kovil |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/kovil/NZE6Eq75gvE_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523231642/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/kovil/NZE6Eq75gvE_ |archive-date=23 May 2022 |access-date=18 January 2023 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref>
| total_length = 27:37
| title1 = Arali Vidhaiyil
| extra1 = [[Palakkad Sreeram]]
| lyrics1 = [[Snehan]]
| length1 = 3:06
| title2 = Collegikku
| extra2 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
| lyrics2 = [[Na. Muthukumar]]
| length2 = 5:16
| title3 = Kadhal Panna
| extra3 = Kovai Kamala, [[Silambarasan]], [[Vadivelu]], [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]
| lyrics3 = Snehan
| length3 = 4:33
| title4 = Kokku Meena
| extra4 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Srilekha Parthasarathy]]
| lyrics4 = Snehan
| length4 = 4:37
| title5 = Puyalae Puyalae
| extra5 = Karthik , [[Mahathi (singer)|Mahathi]]
| lyrics5 = Snehan
| length5 = 4:59
| title6 = Silu Silu
| extra6 = Tippu
| lyrics6 = Snehan
| length6 = 5:06
}}

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline = Telugu track listing<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rudrudu |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/rudrudu/F65PW5JC6JI_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208104619/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/rudrudu/F65PW5JC6JI_ |archive-date=8 December 2022 |access-date=18 January 2023 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref>
| total_length = 31:56
| title1 = Ravika Leni
| extra1 = [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]], Sumangali
| lyrics1 = Sahithi
| length1 = 4:48
| title2 = Kasi Kasiga
| note2 = Happy Version
| extra2 = [[Harish Raghavendra]]
| lyrics2 = Sahithi
| length2 = 5:05
| title3 = Poovamma
| extra3 = [[Khushi Murali|Murali]], Sumangali
| lyrics3 = Sahithi
| length3 = 5:00
| title4 = Vishapu Vanilo
| extra4 = Dr. Narayana
| lyrics4 = Sahithi
| length4 = 2:06
| title5 = Gunde Ninda Dhairyam
| extra5 = Murali, [[Malgudi Subha]]
| lyrics5 = Ponduri
| length5 = 4:33
| title6 = Kasi Kasiga
| note6 = Sad Version
| extra6 = Harish Raghavendra
| lyrics6 = Sahithi
| length6 = 5:04
| title7 = Collegeki Podam
| extra7 = Ranjith
| lyrics7 = Ponduri
| length7 = 5:20
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Kovil'' was released on 10 January 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2004 |title=Pongal Attractions |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/pongal-attractions-news-tamil-kkfvNUhhgiesi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170129122414/http://www.sify.com/movies/pongal-attractions-news-tamil-kkfvNUhhgiesi.html |archive-date=29 January 2017 |access-date=24 March 2020 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Malathi Rangarajan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' praised Silambarasan's performance as being "restrained and mature", but criticised the story for lack of originality.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=30 January 2004 |title="Kovil" |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/kovil/article28575527.ece |url-status=live |access-date=24 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219213344/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/kovil/article28575527.ece |archive-date=19 December 2019}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' reviewed the film more negatively, criticising its similarities to ''[[Alaigal Oivathillai]]'' (1981) and said, "Anyone who sees the film can find this out and is sure to compare it with the original". The reviewer appreciated Silambarasan because he was lacking "his usual mannerisms and style looks cool and is a relief to watch", although they criticised Aggarwal's performance and Harris Jayaraj's music.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2004 |title=Kovil |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/kovil-review-tamil-pclvyUagdjcca.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170129124718/http://www.sify.com/movies/kovil-review-tamil-pclvyUagdjcca.html |archive-date=29 January 2017 |access-date=24 March 2020 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Visual Dasan of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised Hari for handling a controversial subject while also appreciating Priyan's cinematography and Harris Jayaraj's music.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=தாசன் |first=விஷுவல் |date=25 January 2004 |title=கோவில் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2004-01-25/page/n97/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230208083033/https://archive.org/details/kalki2004-01-25/page/n97/mode/2up |archive-date=8 February 2023 |access-date=11 January 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=95 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> Malini Mannath wrote for ''Chennai Online'', "The director's two earlier films ''[[Thamizh]]'' and ''[[Saamy|Samy]]'' reveald him as a maker who thought differently. But this film is a routine, same romance, predictable and a little outdated".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=17 January 2004 |title=Kovil |url=http://chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov323.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040302013347/http://chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov323.asp |archive-date=2 March 2004 |access-date=8 February 2023 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref> ''Cinesouth'' wrote "The screenplay fumbles like the lovers do when they arent able to make the right decision. Unfortunately, the solutions they think up only gets the screenplay into further troubles".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cinesouth.com/scopes/reviews/kovil.shtml|website=Cinesouth|access-date=13 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040412194936/http://cinesouth.com/scopes/reviews/kovil.shtml|archive-date=12 April 2004|title=Tamil cinema review - Koviel review by Cinesouth}}</ref> ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote "Hari beginning the movie with scene of religious misunderstanding between two sects of people arouses interest. But the screenplay is inconsistent and is predictable".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/feb152004/mr3.asp|title=Kovil|first=G. |last=Ulaganathan|website=Deccan Herald|access-date=16 March 2025|date=15 February 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040829133111/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/feb152004/mr3.asp|archive-date=29 August 2004}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}
{{Hari (director)}}
[[Category:2004 Indian films]]
[[Category:2004 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2004 films]]
[[Category:2004 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Hari (director)]]
[[Category:Films scored by Harris Jayaraj]]
[[Category:Films shot in Munnar]]
[[Category:Films shot in Tirunelveli]]
[[Category:Indian interfaith romance films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films produced by A. M. Rathnam]]

Nirmal Mahto (Jharkhand politician)

2026-03-01T16:50:17Z

Himalayan Dream Treks:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox politician|office= Member of the [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]}}
'''Nirmal Mahto''' (born 1984)<ref name="myneta">{{Cite web |title=Nirmal Mahto(AJSU Party):Constituency- MANDU(HAZARIBAGH) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=https://www.myneta.info/Jharkhand2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=866 |access-date=25 November 2024 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Jharkhand]]. He is an MLA from [[Mandu Assembly constituency]] in [[Hazaribagh district|Hazaribagh District]]. He won the [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]], representing the [[All Jharkhand Students Union]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mandu Election Result 2024 LIVE: Nirmal Mahto of AJSUP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/mandu-election-result-2024-live-leading-winner-mla-9130262.html |access-date=25 November 2024 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 November 2024 |title=Mandu (Jharkhand) Assembly Election Results 2024 Live: Winner, Runner-up, Candidates List |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/mandu-jharkhand-assembly-election-results-2024-live-winner-runner-up-candidates-9684259/ |access-date=25 November 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Mahto is from [[Mandu (community development block)|Mandu]], Hazaribagh District, Jharkhand. He is the son of Tulsi Mahto. He studied Class 10 at Rail Shramik High School, [[Patratu]], and passed the examination conducted by the Bihar School Examination Committee.<ref name="myneta"/>

== Career ==
Mahto won from Mandu Assembly constituency representing [[All Jharkhand Students Union]] in the 2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Live: Mandu Election Results 2024 {{!}} Jharkhand Election Results {{!}} Elections 2024|url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/jharkhand-assembly-election-results-2024/mandu |access-date=25 November 2024 |website=ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref> He polled 90,871 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[Jai Prakash Bhai Patel]] of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a narrow margin of 231 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 November 2024 |title=Mandu, Jharkhand Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: AJSUP's Nirmal Mahto defeats INC's Jai Prakash Bhai Patel with 231 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/mandu-jharkhand-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-jaelb-2638441-2024-11-23 |access-date=25 November 2024 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> He lost the [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]] losing to Jai Prakash, then with BJP, by a margin of 2,062 votes.<ref name="indiatimes">{{Cite news |date=24 November 2024 |title=AJSU MLA offers seat for Sudesh Mahto after lone victory in Jharkhand elections |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ajsu-mla-offers-seat-for-sudesh-mahto-after-lone-victory-in-jharkhand-elections/articleshow/115631863.cms |access-date=25 November 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> However, after the victory, he offered to resign the seat and requested party president to enter the assembly by winning the by election.<ref name="indiatimes"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pioneer |first=The |title=Nirmal Mahato will leave Mandu seat for Sudesh |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2024/state-editions/nirmal-mahato-will-leave-mandu-seat-for-sudesh.html |access-date=25 November 2024 |website=The Pioneer |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahto, Nirmal}}
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:All Jharkhand Students Union politicians]]
[[Category:Jharkhand MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:People from Hazaribagh district]]

Alivardi Khan

2026-03-01T07:57:00Z

Himalayan Dream Treks: content update

{{short description|Nawab of Bengal from 1740 to 1756}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2014}}
{{Infobox royalty
| image = [[File:The musnud of Murshidabad (1704-1904) being a synopsis of the history of Murshidabad for the last two centuries, to which are appended notes of places and objects of interest at Murshidabad (1905) (14774447504).jpg|200px]]
| caption =
| name = Alivardi Khan
| title = {{noitalic|Shuja ul-Mulk (Valiant of the country){{Sfn|Datta|1939|p=92}} Hashim ud-Daula (Sword of the state) Mahabat Jang (Horror in War) [[Nawabs of Bengal|Nawab of Bengal]]}}
| full name = Shuja ul-Mulk Hashim ud-Daula Mahabat Jang Mirza Muhammad Alivardi Khan
| birth_date = 1676
| birth_place = [[Deccan Plateau]], [[Mughal Empire]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1756|04|09|1676}}
| death_place = [[Murshidabad]], [[Bengal Subah|Bengal]], Mughal Empire
| burial_place = [[Khushbagh]], West Bengal, India
| succession = [[Nawabs of Bengal|Nawab of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa]]
| reign = 29 April 1740 – March 1751
| predecessor = [[Sarfaraz Khan]]
| successor = ''Himself (as Nawab Nazim of Bengal and Bihar)'' ([[Raghoji I of Nagpur|Raghoji I]] in Orissa)
| succession1 = [[Nawabs of Bengal|Nawab Nazim of Bengal and Bihar]]
| reign1 = March 1751 – 9 April 1756
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 = [[Siraj ud-Daulah]]
| father = Mirza Muhammad Shah Quli Khan Madani
| mother = A descendant of the [[Afshar tribe]]
| spouse = Sharfunnesa
| issue = {{ubl|[[Ghaseti Begum]]|Maimuna Begum|[[Amina Begum]]}}
| religion = [[Shia Islam]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |author-link=Jadunath Sarkar |title=The History of Bengal |date=2004 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.283729/page/n447/mode/2up |volume=II |orig-date=1948 |publisher=[[University of Dhaka]] |location=Dhaka |isbn=978-81-7646-239-6 |page=224 |quote=The climax of the movement was reached after [[Murshid Quli Khan]] had established in Bengal what was practically a [[Shia]] dynasty, ever ready to welcome and honour the wandering talent and piety of the centre of that [[Shia Islamic beliefs and practices|creed]].}}</ref><ref name="Rizvi1986">{{cite book |last=Rizvi |first=Saiyid Athar Abbas |author-link=Saiyid Athar Abbas Rizvi |title=A Socio-intellectual History of the Isnā 'Asharī Shī'īs in India: 16th to 19th century A.D |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Z0OAAAAIAAJ |volume=2 |year=1986 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers |pages=46–47 |oclc=15406211 |quote=Ghulām Husayn Tabātabā'ī's account of 'Alīwardī's death reinforces the suggestion that he was a Shī'ī.}}</ref><ref name="Rieck2016">{{cite book |last=Rieck |first=Andreas |title=The Shias of Pakistan: An Assertive and Beleaguered Minority |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t6aKCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA3 |date=15 January 2016 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-061320-4 |page=3 |quote=From 1701 until the British conquest of 1757, [[Bengal]] was ruled by [[Shia]] [[Nawabs of Bengal|governors]] appointed by the [[Mughals]] but de facto almost independent. Since that time huge [[Husayniyya|imâmbârgâhs]] were built and estates designated as auqâf for the promotion of [[Mourning of Muharram|'azâdârî]] by Iranian merchants and their descendants in Bengal towns like [[Murshidabad]] and [[Hugli-Chinsura|Hoogly]], which also attracted many [[Shia clergy|Shia 'ulamâ']] from both India and Iran.}}</ref>
| module = {{Infobox military person
| embed = yes
| serviceyears =
| battles =
{{Tree list}}
* [[Battle of Giria#The First Battle of Giria, 1740|Battle of Giria]]
* [[Capture of Odisha (1741)]]
** [[Battle of Phulwari]]
* '''[[Maratha invasions of Bengal|Maratha invasions]]'''
** [[First Maratha invasion of Bengal|First invasion]]
*** [[Battle of Katwa (1742)]]
** [[Second Maratha invasion of Bengal|Second invasion]]
** [[Third Maratha invasion of Bengal|Third invasion]]
** [[Fourth Maratha invasion of Bengal|Fourth invasion]]
*** [[Battle of Bhagalpur (1745)]]
** [[Fifth Maratha invasion of Bengal|Fifth invasion]]
*** [[Siege of Cuttack (1749)]]
* '''[[Afghan insurrections in Bengal Subah|Afghan rebellions]]'''
** [[Battle of Rani Sarai]]
{{Tree list/end}}
}}
}}

'''Alivardi Khan''' (1676 – 9 April 1756) was the fourth [[Nawab of Bengal]] from 1740 to 1756. He toppled the Nasiri dynasty of Nawabs by defeating [[Sarfaraz Khan]] in 1740 and assumed power himself.

During much of his reign Alivardi encountered frequent Maratha raids under [[Raghoji I Bhonsle|Raghuji Bhonsle]], culminating in the surrender of the province of [[Orissa]] in a peace settlement in 1751. He also faced separatist rebellions in [[Bihar]] as well as a revolt from his grandson [[Siraj ud-Daulah]], though these were suppressed.

Alivardi spent the latter part of his reign rebuilding Bengal. He was a patron of the arts and resumed the policies of [[Murshid Quli Khan]]. He maintained a politically neutral stance with the European powers in the [[Indian Subcontinent|subcontinent]] and prevented any infighting amongst them in his dominions. He was succeeded by Siraj ud-Daulah in 1756.

==Early life==
Originally Mirza Bande or Mirza Muhammad Ali, Alivardi was a native of the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] who was born in 1676.{{Sfn|Datta|1939|p=2}}<ref>{{cite book |title=Hooghly:The Global History of a River |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6eMJEAAAQBAJ&dq=AlIVARDI+NATIVE+DECCAN&pg=PA51 |page=51 |last=Ivermee |first=Robert |year=2020 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-1-78738-325-8}}</ref><ref name="Sarkar1948">{{cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |author-link=Jadunath Sarkar |title=The History of Bengal |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.283729/page/n447/mode/2up |volume=II |year=1948 |publisher=University of Dhaka |location=Dhaka |isbn=978-81-7646-239-6 |page=436}}</ref> Alivardi himself was possibly of [[Afghan (ethnonym)|Afghan]] origin,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Burnard |first=Trevor |url=https://books.google.ca/books/about/The_Oxford_Handbook_of_the_Seven_Years_W.html?id=8GkTEQAAQBAJ&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y |title=The Oxford Handbook of the Seven Years' War |last2=Hart |first2=Emma |last3=Houllemare |first3=Marie |date=2024 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-762260-5 |language=en|page=311}}</ref> while his father Mirza Muhammad Madani, who was of [[Arabs|Arab]] descent, was the son of a foster-brother of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Aurangzeb]]; Madani himself began his career as a [[cup-bearer]] under the latter's son [[Muhammad Azam Shah|Azam Shah]].<ref name="Sarkar1948"/><ref name="Sensarma1977">{{cite book |author=Sensarma |first=P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l8ABAAAAMAAJ |title=The Military History of Bengal |publisher=Darbari Udjog |year=1977 |location=Kolkata |page=172}}</ref> Muhammad Ali's mother was a [[Deccanis|Deccani Muslim]] descending from the [[Iranian Turkmen]] [[Afshar (tribe)|Afshar]] tribe of [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]]. Through her, he was a cousin of [[Shuja-ud-Din Muhammad Khan]], also known as Mirza Deccani.<ref name="Sarkar1948"/>{{NoteTag|Historian Abdus Subhan reported that Muhammad Ali and Shuja-ud-Din shared the same grandfather, Nawab Aqil Khan.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Subhan |first=Abdus |title=Early Career of Nawab Ali Vardi Khan of Bengal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=js8VAQAAMAAJ |journal=Journal of Indian History |volume=XLVIII |issue=III |year=1970 |publisher=University of Kerala |location=Trivandrum |page=536}}</ref> However, Karam Ali's ''Muzaffarnama'', a contemporary history, notes that he and Aqil Khan merely had the same ancestry "in their 3rd / 4th upward generation".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ali |first1=Karam |last2=Khan |first2=Shayesta |title=Tārīk̲h̲-i Bangāl va Bihār sadah-ʼi hīzhdahum |trans-title=Bihar and Bengal in the 18th century: a critical edition and translation of Muzaffarnama, a contemporary history |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qolEAAAAIAAJ&q=%22Shuja+Khan+was+the+grandson+of+Nawab+Aqil+Khan%22 |year=1992 |publisher=Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Public Library |location=Patna}}</ref>}}<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mplcEAAAQBAJ&dq=Mirza+Deccani+shuja+ud+din&pg=PA125 |title=Merchant Cultures:A Global Approach to Spaces, Representations and Worlds of Trade, 1500–1800 |page=124 |year=2022 |last1=Antunes |first1=Cátia |last2=Bethencourt |first2=Francisco |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-50657-2 |quote=Another Deccani, Shuja succeeded Murshid Quli from 1727.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qVtuAAAAMAAJ&q=He+was+succeeded+by+his+son+-+in+-+law+Shujaud+-+din+Muhammad+Khan+Bahadur+who+was+also+called+Mirza+Deccani |title=Encyclopaedia of Muslim Biography: I–M |last=Singh |first=Nagendra Kr. |year=2001 |publisher=A.P.H. Publishing Corporation |isbn=978-81-7648-233-2}}</ref>

Like their father, he and his elder brother Mirza Ahmad (later known as Haji Ahmad) found favour under Azam Shah. Muhammad Ali was named superintendent of the ''feelkhana'' (elephant-stables) as well as being given responsibility over the ''zardozkhana'' (department of embroidered cloths). However, following Azam Shah's death in 1707, the family fell into poverty. They migrated to [[Cuttack]] in Orissa, then under the deputy-governorship of their relative Shuja-ud-Din. Finding employment with the latter, Muhammad Ali and Mirza Ahmad proved themselves capable in supporting his government, later even aiding Shuja-ud-Din in becoming [[Nawabs of Bengal and Murshidabad|Nawab of Bengal]].<ref>{{harvtxt|Sarkar|1948|pp=436–37}}</ref>

==Rise to power==
{{Multiple image
| image1 = 'ALIVARDI KHAN AND A COURTIER.jpg
| image2 = Alivardi Khan in 1748.jpg
| direction = horizontal
| total_width = 300
| caption1 = Alivardi Khan with a courtier, Murshidabad, {{circa|1745}}
| caption2 = Alivardi Khan hosting his nephew Shahamat Jang’s adoption of his grandson Ikram ud-Daula after the death of Ikram's father [[Zain ud-Din Ahmed Khan]] in Patna. {{circa|1748}}
}}
In 1728, Shuja-ud-Din promoted Muhammad Ali to ''[[Faujdar]]'' (General) of [[Rajmahal]] and entitled him as ''Alivardi Khan''.<ref name=bpedia/> In 1733, he was assigned as the ''Naib Nazim'' (Deputy ''[[Subahdar]]'') of [[Bihar]]. A year later, he was titled ''Shuja ul-Mulk'' (Hero of the country), ''Hassemm ud-Daula'' (Sword of the state) and ''Mahabat Jang'' (Horror in War) and the rank of ''Paach Hazari [[Mansabdar]]'' (The rank holder of 5000) by Nawab Shuja ud-Din and returned to [[Azimabad]].

Alivardi aspired for larger authority. On 10 April 1740 in the [[Battle of Giria]], he defeated and killed Shuja ud-Din's successor, [[Sarfaraz Khan]].<ref name=bpedia>{{cite book |last=Shah |first=Mohammad |year=2012 |chapter=Alivardi Khan |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Alivardi_Khan |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> Thus he took control of Bengal and Bihar. Then on 3 March 1741, he defeated Rustam Jang, deputy governor of Orissa and a relative of Sarfaraz Khan, in the [[Battle of Phulwari]].<ref name=bpedia/> Orissa also came under Alivardi's control. Alivardi Khan defeated a rebellion in Orissa led by [[Agha Baqer Khan|Mirza Baqer Khan]], and invading Orissa a second time, he subdued the [[Sadaat-e-Bara|Barha Sayyids]] with great difficulty,<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FgUeAAAAMAAJ&q=Now+Baqar+and+Murshid+Quli+with+Sayyids+of+Barha+were+engaged+in+a+terrific+battle+,+For+sometime+Alivardi%27s |title=Orissa Under the Mughals:From Akbar to Alivardi : a Fascinating Study of the Socio-economic and Cultural History of Orissa |last=Rāẏa |first=Bhabānī Caraṇa |year=1981}}</ref> and installed a brave warrior Shaikh Masum as governor.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ajduAAAAMAAJ&q=alivardi+khan+baqir+khan |title=History of Orissa |page=347 |last1=Sahu |first1=N. K. |last2=Miśra |first2=Prabodhakumāra |last3=Sahu |first3=Jagna Kumar |year=1981}}</ref>

==Reign==
[[File:Capture of two prisoners at an important battle by Allahvardi Khan Jahangiri..jpg|thumb|Capture of two prisoners at an important battle by Aliverdi Khan]]
[[File:Silver Rupee struck during the tenure of Bengal Nawab Alivardi Khan in Murshidabad mint, in the name of Mughal emperor Ahmad Shah Bahadur, photographed in West Bengal, India, September 18, 2024.jp.jpg|thumb|Silver Rupee struck during the tenure of Alivardi Khan as Nawab of Bengal, in Murshidabad mint, in the name of Mughal emperor Ahmad Shah Bahadur, with his regnal year 3 (RY3) in Persian Julus Formula, AD 1751.]]

Immediately after his usurpation of power, Alivardi had his takeover legitimized by the Mughal Emperor [[Muhammad Shah]] and resumed the policies of [[Murshid Quli Khan]]. He also chose ''Faujdars'' from various regions such as [[Patna]], [[Dacca]] and Orissa.<ref>{{cite book |last=Markovits |first=Claude |year=2004 |title=A History of Modern India, 1480–1950 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uzOmy2y0Zh4C&pg=PA194 |publisher=Anthem Press |pages=194– |isbn=978-1-84331-004-4}}</ref>

Since 1742, the [[Maratha Empire]] [[Maratha invasions of Bengal|raided Bengal]] repeatedly, ravaging its territories. Alivardi almost immediately had a long ditch, called the ''Maratha ditch'', dug around [[Calcutta]]. Alivardi was a brilliant artillery tactician, though his armies were overrun by the large force of the Marathas from [[Berar Subah|Berar]] who had arrived to pillage and conquer the territories of Bengal under the command of [[Raghoji I Bhonsle]].

In the year 1747, the Marathas led by Raghoji began to raid, pillage and annex the territories of Alivardi. During the Maratha invasion of Orissa, its ''Subedar'' [[Mir Jafar]] completely withdrew all forces until the arrival of Alivardi and the [[Mughal army]] at the Battle of Burdwan, where Raghoji and his Maratha forces were completely routed. The enraged Alivardi then dismissed the shamed Mir Jafar.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Jaques |first=Tony |year=2007 |title=Burdwan {{!}} 1747 {{!}} Later Mughal-Maratha Wars |encyclopedia=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges |volume=1 |location= |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-313-33537-2 |page=175}}</ref>

Alivardi's defending armies were overrun in [[Orissa, India|Orissa]] in the year 1751, despite receiving some assistance from [[Shuja-ud-Daula]]. But Orissa was ultimately surrendered to the ravaging [[Maratha]]s. These Maratha attacks continued until March 1751 when a peace treaty was settled between Alivardi and Raghoji.<ref name="Mehta2005">{{Cite book |author1=Mehta |first=Jaswant Lal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC&dq=marathas+in+bengal+chauth+mir+habib&pg=PA201 |title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707-1813 |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-932705-54-6 |access-date=15 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423154208/https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC&pg=PA201&lpg=PA201&dq=marathas+in+bengal+chauth+mir+habib#q=marathas%20in%20bengal%20chauth%20mir%20habib |archive-date=23 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1750, Alivardi faced a revolt from [[Siraj ud-Daulah]], his daughter's son, who seized Patna. Alivardi forgave him.<ref name="Dalrymple, W. 2019 p87">{{cite book |last=Dalrymple |first=William |author-link=William Dalrymple (historian) |year=2019 |title=The Anarchy: The Relentless Rise of the East India Company |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iRuoDwAAQBAJ |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |page=84 |isbn=978-1-4088-6440-1}}</ref> Alivardi also subdued the revolt of a few unruly Afghans who were trying to separate Bihar from his administration,<ref name=bpedia/> and chastised the [[Banjaras]] who were marauding through Bihar and chased them towards the [[Terai]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kUueDwAAQBAJ&dq=alivardi+khan+banjaras&pg=PT264 |title=Mughal Administration and the Zamindars of Bihar |last=Ansari |first=Tahir Hussain |year=2019 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-000-65152-2}}</ref>

According to some historians, Alivardi Khan's reign of 16 years was mostly engaged in various wars against the Marathas. Towards the end, he turned his attention to rebuilding and restoring Bengal.

[[File:AlivardiKhanTomb.jpg|thumb|Alivardi Khan's tomb at [[Khushbagh]]]]
He also saved Bengal from the effects of war of succession in Austria through proper vigilance and precautions, unlike south India, which got caught up in it. He maintained a policy of neutrality towards European powers and forbade the British, French and Dutch to have any hostility against each other in his dominion.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Datta |first=Kalikinkar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p4wdAAAAMAAJ |title=The Dutch in Bengal and Bihar, 1740-1825 A.D. |year=1948 |publisher=University of Patna |pages=12 |language=en}}</ref>

==Cultural and musical development==
[[File:Gujjari Ragini.jpg|thumb|A young woman playing a [[Veena]] to a [[Parakeet]], a symbol of her absent lover. Painting in the provincial [[Mughal painting|Mughal]] style of the [[Nawab of Bengal]].]]
Alivardi Khan was a patron of various musical instruments such as the [[Veena]] and [[Khol]] drums. He also patronized many manuscripts of the [[Shahnameh]].

==Death and succession==
Alivardi Khan died at 5{{nbsp}}am on 9 April 1756, aged at least 80. He was buried in [[Khushbagh]] next to his mother's grave.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dalrymple |first=William |author-link=William Dalrymple (historian) |year=2019 |title=The Anarchy: The Relentless Rise of the East India Company |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iRuoDwAAQBAJ |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |pages=84, 87 |isbn=978-1-4088-6440-1}}</ref> He was succeeded by his daughter's son, [[Siraj-ud-Daula]], who was aged 23 at the time.

==Family==
Unlike many of his contemporaries, Alivardi had only one wife, Sharfunnesa.<ref name="Skelton1979">{{cite book |last1=Skelton |first1=Robert |last2=Francis |first2=Mark |title=Arts of Bengal: The Heritage of Bangladesh and Eastern India : an Exhibition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B8TYAAAAMAAJ |year=1979 |publisher=Whitechapel Art Gallery |location=London |isbn=978-0-85488-047-8 |page=35}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Rahim |first=A. |title=Society and Culture of the Eighteenth Century Bengal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q8sVAQAAIAAJ |journal=Bengali Literary Review |volume=4 |issue=I & II |year=1959 |publisher=University of Karachi |page=127 |issn=0405-413X}}</ref> They had three daughters,<ref name="Islam1997">{{cite book |last=Islam |first=Sirajul |author-link=Sirajul Islam |title=History of Bangladesh, 1704-1971 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CeNtAAAAMAAJ |volume=3 |year=1997 |publisher=Asiatic Society of Bangladesh |isbn=978-984-512-337-2}}</ref> of whom at least two married sons of his elder brother Haji Ahmad.<ref name="Datta1967">{{cite book |last=Datta |first=K.K. |title=Early Career of Siraj-ud-daulah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TxbjAAAAMAAJ |series=Bengal, Past & Present: Journal of the Calcutta Historical Society |volume=LXXXVI |year=1967 |publisher=Calcutta Historical Society |page=142}}</ref><ref name="Sen1987">{{cite book |last=Sen |first=Ranjit |title=Metamorphosis of the Bengal Polity (1700–1793) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u3EeAAAAMAAJ |year=1987 |publisher=Rabindra Bharati University |location=Kolkata |page=87 |oclc=17918965}}</ref> Alivardi outlived his sons-in-law and, having had no sons of his own, he was succeeded by his maternal grandson [[Siraj ud-Daulah]].<ref name="Sengupta2011">{{cite book |last=Sengupta |first=Nitish Kumar |author-link=Nitish Sengupta |title=Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kVSh_TyJ0YoC&pg=PA162 |year=2011 |publisher=Penguin Books India |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-0-14-341678-4 |pages=162, 164}}</ref> Alivardi's issue are as follows:<ref name="Datta1967"/><ref name="Sen1987"/>
* Mehrunnesa ([[Ghaseti Begum]]): married [[Nawazish Muhammad Khan|Nawazish Muhammad Shahmat Jang]], [[Naib Nazim of Dhaka|governor]] of [[Dhaka]] (1740–1755)
* Maimuna Begum:<ref name="Islam1997"/> according to some historians was married to [[Sayyid Ahmad Saulat Jang]], governor of [[Purnia]] (1749–1756), and had one son:
** Shaukat Jung
* [[Amina Begum]]: married [[Zain ud-Din Ahmed Khan|Zainuddin Ahmad Haibat Jang]], governor of [[Patna]] (1740–1747)
** [[Siraj ud-Daulah]], Nawab of Bengal
** Ikram ud-Daulah
** Mirza Mahdi

Alivardi also had a number of half-siblings, including Muhammad Amin Khan and Muhammad Yar Khan, who served under him as a general and governor of [[Hugli-Chuchura|Hugli]] respectively.<ref name="Salim1975">{{cite book |last=Salim |first=Ghulam Hussain |author-link=Ghulam Husain Salim |translator=Abdus Salam |title=Riyazu-s-Salatin, A History of Bengal |url=https://archive.org/details/riyazussalatinhi00saliuoft/page/335/mode/1up |year=1902 |location=Calcutta |publisher=The Baptist Mission Press |page=335}}</ref><ref>{{harvtxt|Sarkar|1948|p=445}}</ref><ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Datta|1939|p=69}}</ref> His half-sister Shah Khanum was the wife of [[Mir Jafar]], who later claimed the throne of Bengal in 1757.<ref name="Mukhopadhyay1980">{{cite book |last=Mukhopadhyay |first=Subhas Chandra |title=Diwani in Bengal, 1765: Career of Nawab Najm-ud-Daulah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uXEeAAAAMAAJ |year=1980 |publisher=Vishwavidyalaya Prakashan |location=Varanasi |page=3 |oclc=8431066}}</ref><ref name="Rashid2001">{{cite book |last=Rashid |first=Abdur |title=From Makkah to Nuclear Pakistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zORtAAAAMAAJ |year=2001 |publisher=Ferozsons |location=Lahore |isbn=978-969-0-01691-1 |page=143}}</ref> The historian [[Ghulam Hussain Khan]] was also a relative.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Askari |first=Syed Hasan |author-link=Syed Hasan Askari |title=Saiyid Ghulam Hussain Khan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TwlDAAAAYAAJ |issue=I |journal=The Panjab Past and Present |volume=XII |date=April 1978 |publisher=Department of Punjab Historical Studies, Punjabi University |page=257 |issn=0031-0786}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Nawabs of Bengal]]
* [[List of rulers of Bengal]]
* [[History of Bengal]]
* [[History of India]]

==Notes==
{{notefoot}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Datta |first=Kalikinkar |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279485/mode/1up |title=Alivardi and His Times |publisher=University of Kolkata |year=1939 |location=Kolkata |language=en}}

{{refend}}
==Further reading==
{{Commons category}}
* ''Decisive Battle of India,'' G. B. Malleson, {{ISBN|81-7536-291-X}}, published by Books For All, 2002.
* {{cite DIB |wstitle=Aliverdi Khan |ref=none}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|||Before 10 May 1671|10 April|1756}}
{{s-bef
| before = [[Sarfaraz Khan]]
}}
{{s-ttl
| title=[[Nawab of Bengal]]
| years = 29 April 1740 – 9 April 1756
}}
{{s-aft
| after = [[Siraj ud-Daulah]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Bengal Zamindars}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Alivardi}}
[[Category:1671 births]]
[[Category:1756 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Shia Muslims]]
[[Category:Nawabs of Bengal]]
[[Category:18th-century Mughal Empire people]]
[[Category:Deaths from edema]]

M. V. S. Haranatha Rao

2026-02-28T01:00:31Z

Himalayan Dream Treks: Adding a bio first draft

{{Short description|Indian film writer and actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = M. V. S. Haranatha Rao
| image = MvsHaranathRaoGaru.jpg
| caption =
| birthname =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1948|07|27}}<ref name="tv1part1"/>
| birth_place = [[Guntur]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]<ref name="tv1part1">{{cite web|last1=TV1|title=Jevannatakam, TV1 interview with M.V.S|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wRRRsxmNS5M|website=youtube.com|publisher=TV1|accessdate=12 July 2016}}</ref>
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2017|10|09|1948|07|27}}<ref name="telugucinema.com">{{cite web|title=Acclaimed writer MVS Haranatha Rao passes away|url=http://telugucinema.com/news/acclaimed-writer-mvs-haranatha-rao-passes-away|website=[[Telugucinema.com]]|accessdate=9 October 2017}}</ref>
| death_place = [[Ongole]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
| occupation = Playwright, Director, Writer, Actor
| father = Rangacharyulu<ref name="Eenadu sunday article">{{cite book|last1=Staff Reporter|title=ఈనాడు ఆదివారం వ్యాసం: దరిద్రమంటే అంత కసి|date=23 December 2007|publisher=Eenadu Group|location=Hyderabad|page=20|url=http://telugucinemacharitra.com/category/dailogue-writers/page/2/|accessdate=25 October 2016}}</ref>
| mother = Satyavathi Devi<ref name="Namaste Telangana">{{cite web|title=దివికేగిన విప్లవకేతనం|url=https://www.ntnews.com/CinemaNews-in-Telugu/senior-dialogue-writer-and-actor-mvs-haranatha-rao-passes-away-in-ongole-2-1-477360.html|website=ntnews.com|publisher=Namaste Telangana|accessdate=9 October 2017}}</ref>
| relatives = [[Marudhuri Raja]] (younger brother)
| spouse = Koteswari
| children = Kumar Sahitya, Sri Suktha, Natya Sasi
}}

'''M. V. S. Haranatha Rao''' (27 July 1948 – 9 October 2017) was a noted Telugu playwright,<ref name="The Hindu - 24 June 2014 - Haranatha Rao's play wins award">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/haranatha-raos-play-wins-award/article6080748.ece|title=Haranatha Rao's play wins award|date=24 June 2014|work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=12 July 2016}}</ref> script writer and actor. He wrote dialogues for more than 150 films.<ref name="sify news">{{cite web|title=Acclaimed writer MVS Haranatha Rao passes away|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/acclaimed-writer-mvs-haranatha-rao-passes-away-news-telugu-rkjpWIbbafggj.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009143623/http://www.sify.com/movies/acclaimed-writer-mvs-haranatha-rao-passes-away-news-telugu-rkjpWIbbafggj.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 October 2017|website=[[Sify]]|accessdate=9 October 2017}}</ref> His notable films include ''[[Pratighatana]]'', ''[[Anna (1994 film)|Anna]]'', and ''[[Ammayi Kapuram]]'', and he received five [[Nandi Awards]].<ref name="Eenadu sunday article"/>

M.V. S. Haranatha Rao entered the cine field through noted film maker [[T. Krishna]].<ref name="Sakshi">{{cite web|title=ప్రముఖ సినీ రచయిత హరనాథరావు కన్నుమూత|url=https://www.sakshi.com/news/movies/mvs-haranatha-rao-passes-away-942137|website=sakshi.com|date=9 October 2017|publisher=Sakshi|accessdate=9 October 2017}}</ref> He worked as a story and dialogue writer for such award-winning films as ''[[Swayamkrushi]]'', and ''[[Sutradharulu]]''. He also played significant roles in ''[[Rakshasudu (1986 film)|Rakshasudu]]'' and ''[[Swayamkrushi]]''. Most of his dialogues are progressive in nature and for the betterment of the society.<ref name="Kavirayani">{{cite web|last1=Kavirayani|first1=Suresh|title=Writer Haranatha Rao passes away|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/101017/writer-haranatha-rao-passes-away.html|website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|publisher=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=9 October 2017}}</ref>

==Personal life==
M.V. S. Haranatha Rao studied in [[Guntur]]. He was interested in theater arts since his childhood.<ref name="tollywood.net">{{cite web|title=Senior Dialogue Writer and actor MVS Haranatha Rao passes away in Ongole|url=http://www.tollywood.net/topstories/senior-dialogue-writer-and-actor-mvs-haranatha-rao-passes-away-in-ongole|website=tollywood.net|accessdate=9 October 2017}}</ref> He started acting in stage dramas since his third standard. His father Rangacharyulu was a clerk <ref name="Eenadu sunday article"/> and mother was a carnatic music professional.

He used to go to mythological dramas along with his father.<ref name="tv1part1"/> When his mother got transferred to Ongole, Haranatha Rao also went there and joined Sarma College.<ref name="Eenadu sunday article"/>

He was married to Koteswari who is a Govt school teacher in Ongole. Haranatha Rao used to travel from Ongole to Chennai/Hyderabad to have a good work life balance. Koteswari supported Haranatha Rao in every aspect of life. They have three children (two sons and a daughter).<ref name="tv1part1" />

==Theater==
The first play he wrote was ''Rakta Bali'' (Blood sacrifice). He was a good friend of [[T. Krishna]] from his college days.<ref name="ibtimes.co.in">{{cite web|last1=Hooli|first1=Shekhar|title=Veteran Telugu dialogue writer MVS Haranatha Rao, anchor Mallika pass away|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/veteran-telugu-dialogue-writer-mvs-haranatha-rao-anchor-mallika-pass-away-744975|website=ibtimes.co.in|date=9 October 2017|accessdate=9 October 2017}}</ref> They both used to work together on stage plays. After they witnessed dramas in [[Vijayawada]] as part of stage celebrations, he was inspired to do a thorough research and wrote a play called ''Jagannatha Ratha Chakralu'' (The wheels of chariot of Lord [[Jagannath]]a). This novel is about the philosophical existence of god. He got a critical response from people like [[Kodavatiganti Kutumbarao|Kodavatiganti]], Gora, and [[Acharya Aatreya]].<ref name="tv1part1"/> He also got invitation to enter into film world, but he did not go.

His play ''Kanya Vara sulkam'' has won the best drama award of the Andhra Pradesh Cultural Affairs Department.<ref name="The Hindu - 24 June 2014 - Haranatha Rao's play wins award"/> ''Kshira Sagara Mathanam'' (Churning of mythological ocean) got him Sahitya academy award. In addition to writing the plays, he also directed and composed music for some of the plays.

In 1980, when ''Andhra Nataka Parishat'', Rajamandri conducted competitions for stage plays and his four plays won 20 out of 25 awards.<ref name="Eenadu sunday article"/>

=== List of stage plays ===
* ''Raktabali''
* ''Jagannatha Ratha Chakralu''
* ''Kshirasagara Mathanam''
* ''Antham Kadidi Arambham''
* ''Yakshaganam''
* ''Redlight Area''
* ''Mee Peremiti?''
* Boochi
* Adavilo aksharalu
* Ledi panja
* Tere naam
* Harmonium
* Thalangu Thakadhimi
* Janani Jaiahe
* Khadga Srushti
* ''Prajakavi Vemana''
* Naivedyam

== Filmography ==
He wrote dialogues for more than 150 films.<ref name="Eenadu sunday article"/> He received four Nandi Awards for the films [[Pratighatana]], Bharata Nari, [[Anna (1994 film)|Anna]], [[Ammayi Kapuram]], ''Idaa Prapancham'' for his story/dialogues. He also acted in more than 30 films.

=== As a writer ===
{{colbegin}}
*''[[Pratighatana]]''
*''Bharata Nari''
*''Idaa Prapancham''
*''Desamlo Dongalu Paddaru''
*''Devalayam''
*''[[Repati Pourulu]]''
*''[[Manchi Donga]]''
*''[[Yuddha Bhoomi]]''
*''[[Rakshasudu (1986 film)|Rakshasudu]]''
*''[[Ramayanam (film)|Ramayanam]]''
*''[[Inspector Pratap]]''
*''[[Dharma Chakram]]''
*''Adapilla''
*''Adigo Alladigo''
*''Akali Neeku Joharlu''
*''[[Ammayi Kapuram]]''
*''[[Anna (1994 film)|Anna]]''
*''Aruna Kiranam''
*''Athagaru Swagatham''
*''[[Bharatasimha Reddy]]''
*''[[Broker (2010 film)|Broker]]''
*''Chalo Assembly''
*''Dr. Ambedker''
*''[[Evandi Aavida Vachindi]]''
*''[[Jai (2004 Telugu film)|Jai]]''
*''[[Kallu (film)|Kallu]]''
*''Kodukulu''
*''Kondapalli Rathaiah''
*''Kuthuru''
*''Leader''
*''[[M. Dharmaraju M.A.]]''
*''Maa Ayina Bangaram''
*''Manavudu Dhanavudu''
*''[[Manchi Donga]]''
*''[[M.L.A. Yedukondalu]]''
*''Modilla Muchata''
*''Nenu Saitam''
*''Paruvu Pratishta''
*''[[Praanam]]''
*''[[Punya Bhoomi Naa Desam]]''
*''Sagatu Manishi''
*''[[Sardar Krishnama Naidu]]''
*''Seetakka''
*''[[Sutradharulu]]''
*''[[Srimathi Vellostha|Srimathi velostha]]''
*''[[Stuartpuram Police Station]]''
*''[[Subapradam|Subhapradam]]''
*''Swarnakka''
*''[[Swati Kiranam]]''
*''[[Yerra Mandaram]]''
*''[[Yuddha Bhoomi]]''
*''[[Vande Mataram (1985 film)]]''
*''[[Taraka Ramudu]]''
*''Navayugam''
*''Encounter''
*''Repati Rowdy''
*''Pichi Pullayya''
*''Atha Nee Koduku Jagartha''
*''Oka Yadardha Prema Katha''
*''Vadani Malli''
*''Vadina Gari Gajulu''
*''Vamsam''
*''[[Goonda Rajyam]]''
*''Mamathala Kovela''
*''Pathala Bhairavi'' (Hindi) - Translated by Kader Khan
*''Andam''
{{colend}}

=== As an actor ===
* ''Kalyana Veena'' (1983)
* ''[[M. Dharmaraju M.A.]]'' (1984)
* ''Akkali Neeku Joharlu'' (1984)
* ''[[Devalayam]]'' (1985)
* ''Moodilla Muchata'' (1985)
* ''[[Rakshasudu (1986 film)|Rakshasudu]]'' (1986) as Narakasurudu
* ''Artharatri Swatantram'' (1986)
* ''[[Swayamkrushi]]'' (1987)
* ''[[Sardar Krishnama Naidu]]'' (1987) as Kaleshwara Rao
* ''[[Bhargava Ramudu]]'' (1987)
* ''Kulala Kurukshetram'' (1987)
* ''[[Sarvabhoumudu]]'' (1989) as Professor Jayadev
* ''[[Goonda Rajyam]]'' (1989)
* ''Aadapilla'' (1991)
* ''Paruvu Pratishta'' (1993)
* ''[[Dharma Chakram]]'' (1996)
* ''[[Chitram]]'' (2000)
* ''Chalo Assembly'' (2000)
* ''1 2 3 from Amalapuram'' (2005)
* ''[[Sambhavami Yuge Yuge (2006 film)|Sambhavami Yuge Yuge]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Broker (2010 film)|Broker]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Hora Hori]]'' (2015)

== Awards ==
; [[Nandi Awards]]
* [[Nandi Award for Best Dialogue Writer|Best Dialogue Writer]], 1985 -'' [[Pratighatana]] ''
* Best Dialogue Writer, 1987 - ''Idaa Prapancham''
* 'Best Dialogue Writer, 1989 - ''Bharata Naari''
* Best Dialogue Writer, 1994 - ''[[Anna (1994 film)|Anna]]''
* [[Nandi Award for Best Story Writer|Best Story Writer]], 1995 - ''Ammayi Kapuram '' <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008)|trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008)|publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]]|access-date=21 August 2020}}(in [[Telugu language|Telugu]])</ref>

; Other Awards
# AndhraPradesh Sahitya Academy Award for Best Writer
# Pinnisetty Smarka Award
# Acharya Aatreya Award
# Dasari Swarna Kankanam
# Putchalapalli Sundaraiah Smaraka Award
# Chatla Sriramulu Trust Award
# Kandukuri Rangasthala Award

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|0363628}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, M. V. S. Haranatha}}
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]
[[Category:Telugu screenwriters]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:People from Guntur]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Indian male dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Indian male stage actors]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Andhra Pradesh]]

Sukanya Datta

2026-02-26T19:51:05Z

Himalayan Dream Treks: put up new stub w/ infobox

{{short description|Indian zoologist and author (1961- ) of both popular science books and sf short stories}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Sukanya Datta
| image = Sukanya Datta.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_name = Sukanya Datta
| birth_date = 1961
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Writer
| nationality = Indian
| period =
| genre =
| subject =
| movement =
| magnum_opus =
| influences =
| influenced =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Sukanya Datta''' (born 1961) is an [[Indian people|Indian]] zoologist and author who popularises science through books, radio scripts, articles, and book reviews.<ref name="NBTI">{{cite web |title=Welcome to National Book Trust India |url=http://www.nbtindia.gov.in/books_detail__11__popular-science__1227__social-life-of-plants.nbt |website=www.nbtindia.gov.in}}</ref>

==Life and career==
Born in [[Calcutta]] in 1961, Datta was educated in the [[University of Calcutta]] where she attained her doctorate in [[zoology]].<ref name="NBTI"/> She has superannuated as Chief Scientist at the [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]].<ref>{{cite news |title=The fabulous women writers who’ve enlivened – and are enriching – Indian SF {{!}} FactorDaily |url=https://factordaily.com/women-writers-indian-science-fiction/ |work=FactorDaily |date=10 March 2018}}</ref> She has written numerous books on both science and science fiction. In 2018, Gautham Shenoy wrote for ''[[FactorDaily]]'', "Infused with humour, Datta's stories span the gamut of possibilities – from stories set on Mars, to tales based amongst tribes, and many set in the near future."<ref>{{cite news |title=Scientists doing scientifiction: The science fiction of India’s people of science |last=Shenoy|first=Gautham|url=https://factordaily.com/indian-scientists-science-fiction-authors/ |work=[[FactorDaily]] |date=10 February 2018}}</ref> Her works are written in English and have been translated into Bangla, Hindi and Marathi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Authors : Datta, Sukanya : SFE : Science Fiction Encyclopedia |url=http://www.sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/datta_sukanya |website=www.sf-encyclopedia.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==

*''A Kite's Story'' (New Delhi, [[National Book Trust]])
*''A Touch of Glass'' (New Delhi, National Book Trust, 2016)
*''Adventures of Jhilik'' (New Delhi, [[Publications Division]])
* ''Amazing Adaptations'' (New Delhi, National Book Trust, 2012)
*''[[Animal architecture|Animal Architecture]]'' (National Book Trust, 2020)
* ''Beyond the Blue: A Collection of Sci-Fi Stories'' (New Delhi, India: [[Rupa Publications|Rupa and Company]], 2008)<ref name="Shenoy 2020">{{cite news |last1=Shenoy |first1=TG |title=SpecFix: Here’s to the fabulous, magical women of Indian sci |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/others/specfix-heres-to-the-fabulous-magical-women-of-indian-sci-fi/articleshow/74501734.cms |access-date=23 June 2021 |work=Bangalore Mirror |date=March 6, 2020}}</ref>
*''Golden Treasury of Science & Technology'' (New Delhi, [[National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources|NISCAIR]]) [Co-authored]
*''How?'' (New Delhi, NISCAIR) [Co-authored]
* ''[[Indian Scientists]]: The Saga of Inspired Minds'' (New Delhi, India: [[Vigyan Prasar]], 2018) [Contributor]<ref>{{cite news |title=Book on inspiring moments of great scientists released |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/science-technology/book-on-inspiring-moments-of-great-scientists-released-59880 |language=en}}</ref>
*''Life of Earth'' (New Delhi, Vigyan Prasar)
* ''Once Upon a Blue Moon: Science Fiction Stories'' (New Delhi, India: National Book Trust, 2006)
*''Operation Gene'' (New Delhi; NISCAIR)
* ''Other Skies'' (New Delhi, India: Vigyan Prasar, 2017)
* ''Plants Make Friends Too'' (New Delhi, [[Wisdom Tree]], 2015)
* ''[[Rain Rain Come Again]]'' (New Delhi, NISCAIR)
*''[[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar]], the Man and his Mission'' (New Delhi, NISCAIR)
*''Snakes'' (New Delhi, Vigyan Prasar)
* ''Social Life of Animals'' (New Delhi, National Book Trust, 2014)
* ''Social Life of Plants'' (New Delhi: National Book Trust, India, 2012)
* ''The Secrets of Proteins'' (New Delhi, National Book Trust) [With Medha Rajadhyaksha]
* ''The Wonderful Marine World'' (New Delhi, Publications Division)
*''Vistas in Science Communication'' (Co-authored Report)
*''What?'' (New Delhi, NISCAIR) [Co-authored]
*''Why?'' (New Delhi, NISCAIR) [Co-authored]
* ''Worlds Apart: Science Fiction Stories'' (New Delhi, India: National Book Trust, 2012)<ref name="Shenoy 2020"/>
* ''Tomorrow Again'' (National Book Trust, 2023)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to National Book Trust India |url=https://www.nbtindia.gov.in/books_detail__11__popular-science__5453__tomorrow-again-science-fiction-stories.nbt |access-date=2023-08-13 |website=www.nbtindia.gov.in}}</ref>
* ''The Magic of Migration'' (2023 [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research|CSIR]]-NIScPR)
* ''S is for Survival'' (Under consideration by National Book Trust)
* ''A to Z Science fiction stories: an anthology of 26 Golu-mamu stories'' ([[Kalpabiswa|Kalpabiswa Publications]], 2024)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Datta, Sukanya}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian science fiction writers]]
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Women writers from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Writers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian zoologists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian zoologists]]
[[Category:Council of Scientific and Industrial Research people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Indian science writers]]
[[Category:Indian popular science writers]]
[[Category:Indian women non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Indian women short story writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:Bengali-language science fiction writers]]
[[Category:Bengali writers]]

Chakia railway station

2026-02-26T17:19:11Z

Himalayan Dream Treks: starting details

{{Short description|Railway Station in Bihar, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Chakia
| native_name = Bara Chakia
| native_name_lang = चकिया
| style = Indian Railways
| type = Passenger & Express train station
| image =
| caption =
| address = Station Road, Chakia [[East Champaran district]], [[Bihar]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|26.417182|N|85.04636|E|format=dms}}
| elevation = {{cvt|66|m}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = East Central Railway
| line = [[Muzaffarpur–Gorakhpur main line]]
| platform = 2
| tracks = 4
| other =
| accessible =
| parking = Yes
| structure = Standard (on ground station)
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = CAA
| zone = [[East Central Railway zone]]
| division = {{rwd|Samastipur}}
}}
| status = Active
| closed =
| former =
| opened = 1930s
| rebuilt = 2024
| electrified = Yes
| pass_system =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways|line=East Central Railway zone|left=Kuria|right=Harpur Nag Halt|type=[[Muzaffarpur–Gorakhpur main line]]}}
| mapframe = Yes
| map_locator =
}}
'''Chakia Railway Station''' is a railway station on [[Muzaffarpur–Gorakhpur main line]] under the [[Samastipur railway division|Samastipur Railway Division]] of [[East Central Railway zone|East Central Railway Zone]]. This is situated at [[Chakia, Bihar|Chakia]] in [[East Champaran district]] of the Indian state of [[Bihar]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chakia Railway Station Map/Atlas ECR/East Central Zone - Railway Enquiry|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/chakia-caa/561|access-date=2021-09-15|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chakia Railway Station (CAA): Station Code, Time Table, Map, Enquiry |url=https://www.barachakia.com/directory/railway-station/ |access-date=2021-09-15 |website=www.barachakia.com |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in the 1930s]]
[[Category:Railway stations in East Champaran district]]

{{Bihar-railstation-stub}}

Bhubaneswar–SMVT Bengaluru Humsafar Express

2026-02-10T05:25:21Z

Himalayan Dream Treks: Created a info

{{short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = 20B2AA
| name = Bhubaneswar – SMVT Bengaluru ''Humsafar Express''
| image = Bhubaneswar Humsafar Express at Samalkot.jpg
| image_width = 280px
| caption = Bhubaneswar Humsafar Express
| type = [[Humsafar Express]]
| locale =
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2017|07|13}}
| last =
| operator = [[East Coast Railway zone|East Coast Railways]]
| ridership =
| start = [[Sir M. Visvesvaraya Terminal, Bengaluru]] ('''SMVT''')
| stops = 17
| end = {{rws|Bhubaneswar}} ('''BBS''')
| distance = {{convert|1512|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 25h 0m
| frequency = Weekly{{efn|Runs one in a week for every direction.}}
| class = AC 3 tier
| seating = No
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = Available
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage =
| otherfacilities =
| stock = [[LHB coach|LHB Humsafar]]
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1676mm}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 22833 / 22834
| speed = {{cvt|60|km/h}}
| map = [[File:(Bhubaneswar - Yesvantpur) Express Route map.jpg|300px]] {{Bhubaneswar–SMVT Bengaluru Humsafar Express Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

The 22833 / 22834 '''Bhubaneswar – SMVT Bengaluru Humsafar Express''' is a [[Humsafar Express]] train of the Indian Railways connecting [[Bhubaneswar]] in [[Odisha]] and [[Sir M. Visvesvaraya Terminal|SMVT Bengaluru]] in [[Karnataka]]. It is currently being operated with 22833/22834 train numbers on a weekly basis.<ref>[http://www.scr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,5,268&dcd=9139&did=14994195795186080C58B1FDD2CB4586364939D90ECDE.web107 Introduction of New Train Bhubaneswar-Krishnarajapuram-Bhubaneswar Humsafar Express (Weekly)]</ref><ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/humsafar-weekly-to-krishnarajapuram-from-july-17/article19236496.ece "Humsafar weekly to Krishnarajapuram from July 17"]</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/railways-humsafar-express-between-bhubaneswar-krishnarajpuram-to-start-soon/755857/ | title=Humsafar Express between Bhubaneswar & Bengaluru to start soon | date=9 July 2017 | newspaper=Financial Express | author=PTI | accessdate=31 October 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.railnews.in/bhubaneswar-krishnarajpuram-humsafar-express/ |title=Bhubaneswar - Krishnarajapuram Humsafar Express |access-date=12 July 2017 |archive-date=17 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170717011344/http://www.railnews.in/bhubaneswar-krishnarajpuram-humsafar-express/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=167396 Prabhu Inaugurates Various Passenger Initiatives]</ref>

==Coach composition ==

The trains is completely 3-tier AC sleeper trains designed by [[Indian Railways]] with features of LED screen display to show information about stations, train speed etc. and will have announcement system as well, Vending machines for tea, coffee and milk, Bio toilets in compartments as well as CCTV cameras.

The train consists of 19 coaches :

* 16 AC III Tier
* 1 Pantry Car
* 2 Power Generator Car

== Service==

It averages 60 km/h as 22833 Humsafar Express starts on Monday and covering 1512 km in 25 hrs & 59 km/h as 22834 Humsafar Express starts on Tuesday covering 1512 km in 25h 40m.

==Traction==
earlier it was [[WAP-4]]. now It is hauled by a {{rws|Visakhapatnam}} based [[WAP 7]] locomotive from '''BBS''' to '''VSKP''' and '''VSKP''' to '''SMVT''' it is hauled by a {{rws|Lallaguda}} based [[WAP 7]] locomotive.

==Schedule==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Train Number !! Station Code !! Departure Station !! Departure Time !! Departure Day !! Arrival Station !! Arrival Time !! Arrival Day
|-
| 02885 || BBS || [[Bhubaneswar railway station|Bhubaneswar]] || 12:10 Noon || Wednesday || [[Sir M. Visvesvaraya Terminal|SMVT Bengaluru]]|| 1:00 PM || Thursday
|-
| 02886 || SMVB || [[Sir M. Visvesvaraya Terminal|SMVT Bengaluru]]|| 4:55 PM|| Thursday || [[Bhubaneswar railway station|Bhubaneswar]] || 6:15 PM || Friday
|}

==RSA - Rake Sharing==

08408/08407 - 08408 '''Secunderabad–Bhubaneswar Summer AC Special'''

== Stoppage ==

{{columns-list|* '''{{rws|Bhubaneswar}}'''
* {{rws|Khurda Road}}
* {{rws|Brahmapur}}
* {{rws|Palasa}}
* {{rws|Srikakulam Road}}
* {{rws|Vizianagaram}}
* {{rws|Visakhapatnam}}
* {{rws|Duvvada}}
* {{rws|Rajahmundry}}
* {{rws|Eluru}}
* {{rws|Vijayawada}}
* {{rws|Ongole}}
* {{rws|Nellore}}
* {{rws|Renigunta}}
* {{rws|Katpadi Junction}}
* {{rws|Bangarapet}}
* {{rws|Krishnarajapuram}}
* '''{{rws|Sir M. Visvesvaraya Terminal}}'''|colwidth=15em}}

== Direction Reversal==

Train Reverses its direction 1 times:

* {{rws|Visakhapatnam Junction}}

== See also ==

* [[Humsafar Express]]
* [[Bhubaneswar railway station]]
* [[Krishnarajapuram railway station]]
* [[Howrah - Yesvantpur Humsafar Express|Howrah–Yesvantpur Humsafar Express]]
* [[Bangalore Cantonment–Kamakhya Humsafar Express]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== References ==
*[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/bhubaneswar-krishnarajapuram-humsafar-express-22833/52227/238/994 22833/Bhubaneswar - Krishnarajapuram HumSafar Express]
*[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/krishnarajapuram-bhubaneswar-humsafar-express-22834/52229/994/238 22834/Krishnarajapuram - Bhubaneswar HumSafar Express]

{{Humsafar Express}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhubaneswar-Krishnarajapuram Humsafar Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Bhubaneswar]]
[[Category:Transport in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Humsafar Express trains]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Odisha]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2017]]

Dinesh Chandra Sen

2026-02-07T18:49:51Z

Himalayan Dream Treks: quick update

{{Short description|Indian folklorist (1866–1939)}}
{{more citations needed|date=December 2008}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Dinesh Chandra Sen
| image = Dinesh Chandra Sen.jpg
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1866|11|03|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Bagjuri village, [[Manikganj]], [[Bengal Presidency]], British India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1939|11|20|1866|11|03|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], British India
| resting_place =
| occupation =
| education =
| alma_mater = [[Jagannath University]] [[Dhaka College]]
| awards = Jagattarini gold medal
}}

[[Rai Bahadur]] '''Dinesh Chandra Sen''' ({{langx|bn|দীনেশ চন্দ্র সেন}}) (3 November 1866 – 20 November 1939)<ref name=sansad>{{cite encyclopedia |editor1-last=Sengupta |editor1-first=Subodh Chandra |editor2-last=Basu |editor2-first=Anjali |year=1988 |orig-year=First published 1976 |script-title=bn:দীনেশচন্দ্র সেন |trans-title=Dineshchandra Sen |script-encyclopedia=bn:সংসদ বাঙালি চরিতাভিধান |encyclopedia=Saṃsada bāṅāli caritābhidhāna |trans-encyclopedia=Parliament Bengali Biographical Dictionary |url=https://archive.org/details/Samsad-Bangali-Charitabhidhan-Ed2/page/২০৮/mode/1up |language=bn |volume=1 |edition=2nd |location=Kolkata |publisher=Sahitya Samsad |page=208}}</ref> was a [[Bengali people|Bengali]] writer, educationist and researcher of [[Bengali language|Bengali]] folklore from the [[Indian subcontinent]]. He was the founding faculty member and the Ramtanu Lahiri Research Fellow of the Department of Bengali Language and Literature of the [[University of Calcutta]]. He died in [[Calcutta]] in 1939.

==Early life and family==
Sen was born to Ishwar Chandra Sen and Rupalata Devi, in the village of Suapur (in present-day [[Dhaka District]], [[Bangladesh]]). His mother's family was from ''Bogjuri'' in [[Manikganj District]].<ref name=bpedia>{{cite book |last=Huq |first=Syed Azizul |year=2012 |chapter=Sen, Raibahadur Dineshchandra |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Sen,_Raibahadur_Dineshchandra |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> [[Hiralal Sen]] was a cousin on that side. His grandson [[Samar Sen (poet)|Samar Sen]] was a noted Bengali poet.

==Education and career==
In 1882, he passed his university entrance examination from [[Jagannath College]] in [[Dhaka]]. In 1885, he passed his F.A. examination from [[Dhaka College]]. He passed his B.A. examination with honours in English literature in 1889. In 1891, he became the headmaster of the Victoria School (which was later uplifted to [[Comilla Victoria College|Victoria College]]) in [[Comilla]]. During 1909–13, he was a ''Reader'' in the newly founded Department of Bengali Language and Literature of the [[University of Calcutta]]. In 1913, he became the Ramtanu Lahiri Research Fellow in the same department. In 1921, the University of Calcutta conferred on him the Doctorate of Literature in recognition of his work. In 1931, he received the ''Jagattarini gold medal'' for his contribution to the Bengali literature. He retired from service in 1932.<ref name=sansad/>

==Works==
He worked on collection and compilation of Bengal folklore. Along with [[Chandra Kumar De]], he published ''[[Mymensingh Gitika]]'' (Ballads of [[Mymensingh District|Mymensingh]]), a collection of 21 [[ballad]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=মৈমনসিংহ গীতিকা/ভূমিকা - উইকিসংকলন একটি মুক্ত পাঠাগার |url=https://bn.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B9_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=bn.wikisource.org |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Dineshchandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KklFAQAAIAAJ |title=History of Bengali Language and Literature: A Series of Lectures Delivered as Reader to the Calcutta University |date=1911 |publisher=The University |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Basak |first1=Sila |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NohZPgAACAAJ |title=Eastern Bengal Ballads (Vol. 4) |last2=Bahadur |first2=Dineshchandra Sen Rai |date=July 2006 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |isbn=978-81-212-0906-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Luhar |first=Sahdev |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gPGxEAAAQBAJ |title=Folklore Studies in India: Critical Regional Responses |date=2023-02-25 |publisher=N. S. Patel (Autonomous) Arts College, Anand |isbn=978-81-955008-4-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dasgupta |first=Biplab |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YRRnRK8lEYEC |title=European Trade and Colonial Conquest |date=2005 |publisher=Anthem Press |isbn=978-1-84331-029-7 |language=en}}</ref>

===In Bengali===
* ''Bangla Bhasa O Sahitya'' (1896)
* ''Tin Bandhu'' (Three Friends) (1904)
* ''Ramayani Katha'' (Tales of Ramayana) (1904)
* ''Behula'' (a folk tale) (1907)
* ''Sati'' (1907)
* ''Phullara'' (1907)
* ''Jada Bharat'' (1908)
* ''Sukatha'' (a collection of essays) (1912)
* ''Grihashri'' (1916)
* ''Nilmanik'' (1918)
* ''Mukta Churi'' (1920)
* ''Saral Bangla Sahitya'' (1922)
* ''Vaidik Bharat'' (Vedic India: based on stories from the Vedas) (1922)
* ''Gharer Katha O Yugasahitya'' (autobiographical work) (1922)
* ''Aloke Andhare'' (1925)
* ''Chaukir Vidambana'' (1926)
* ''Oparer Alo'' (1927)
* ''Pauraniki'' (Tales from the Puranas) (1934)
* ''Brihat Banga'' (Greater Bengal: a [[social history]]) in two volumes (1935)
* ''Ashutosh Smriti Katha'' (1936)
* ''Shyamal O Kajjal'' (1936)
* ''Padavali Madhurya'' (1937)
* ''Puratani'' (1939)
* ''Banglar Puranari'' (1939)
* ''Prachin Bangla Sahitye Musalmaner Avadan'' (1940)
* ''Rakhaler Rajgi''

===In English===
* ''History of Bengali Language and Literature'' (1911)
* ''Sati'' (1916)
* ''The Vaishnava Literature of Medieval Bengal'' (1917)
* ''Chaitanya and His Companions'' (1917)
* ''The Folk Literature of Bengal'' (1920)
* ''The Bengali Ramayana'' (1920)
* ''Bengali Prose Style, 1800-1857'' (1921)
* ''Chaitanya and His Age'' (1922)
* ''Eastern Bengal Ballads'' in four volumes (1923–1932)
* ''Glimpses of Bengal Life'' (1925)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Bengal Renaissance}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sen, Dinesh Chandra}}
[[Category:1866 births]]
[[Category:1939 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Manikganj District]]
[[Category:Bengali writers]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Calcutta]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:19th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:20th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:Bengali historians]]
[[Category:Dhaka College alumni]]
[[Category:Scholars from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Rai Bahadurs]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian scholars]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:Bengali educators]]
[[Category:Indian academics]]
[[Category:Indian folk-song collectors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian musicologists]]
[[Category:People from Dhaka District]]
[[Category:Writers from British India]]
[[Category:People from the Bengal Presidency]]

{{India-academic-bio-stub}}

Lakshmi Nataraj

2026-02-04T21:08:08Z

Himalayan Dream Treks: Adding new details w/ infobox

{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Lakshmi Nataraj
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name = Lakshmi Nagaraj
| origin = Chilkunda, [[Mysore]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1988|05|05}}
| genre = [[Filmi]], [[Carnatic Music]], [[Sugama Sangeetha]]
| occupation = Singer, Vocalist
| years_active = 2003–present
| label =
| associated_acts =
| website =
}}

'''Lakshmi Nataraj''' (née '''Nagaraj'''; born 5 May 1988) is an Indian classical vocalist and playback singer who primarily works in [[Kannada cinema]]. Besides singing, Lakshmi is also a television personality who has worked as a mentor in singing reality shows such as [[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Kannada]] and [[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Championship]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sisters Indu, Lakshmi Nagaraj turn mentors on the show Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Championship - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/sisters-indu-lakshmi-nagaraj-turn-mentors-on-the-show-sa-re-ga-ma-pa-championship/articleshow/86364015.cms |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=The Times of India |date=20 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref> She, along with her sister [[Indu Nagaraj]], are popularly known as '''Chilkunda Sisters''' named after their hometown Chilkunda in [[Mysore]] district of [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Chilkunda Sisters to perform at BVB Mysuru tomorrow|url=https://starofmysore.com/chilkunda-sisters-to-perform-at-bvb-mysuru-tomorrow/|access-date=2025-09-16|website=Star of Mysore|date=19 April 2024|language=en}}</ref>

Prior to her career in singing, Lakshmi has been a contestant in popular singing talent shows such as [[Ede Thumbi Haaduvenu]] in 2005 and Confident Star Singer in 2009 and emerged as the title winner. She is the recipient of a [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Karnataka State Film Award]] for the song "Omkara" from the film ''[[Aptharakshaka]]'' (2010). She has received many State and private awards, including the "Aryabhatta Award" in 2009, for her achievements in Carnatic music.

==Life and career==
Lakshmi was born on 5 May 1988 in a family of [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]] classical personalities in Chilkunda town of [[Mysore]] district in [[Karnataka]]. Her father C. A. Nagaraj is a noted vocalist and flautist while her mother H. S. Radha is a vocalist. Her younger sister [[Indu Nagaraj]] is also a classical and playback singer. Both of sisters were trained in classical music by their grandmother C. S. Sathya Lakshmi. At 7, Lakshmi gave her first concert in 1995 in [[Gundlupet]] along with her sister who was 5. The sisters have performed at various arena including the Darbar Hall of [[Mysore Palace]] during the Dasara celebrations. Lakshmi has been 'B' high grade artiste at [[All India Radio]]. She is married to Nataraj and residing in [[Bangalore]].

Lakshmi was introduced to film playback singing through the film ''[[Partha (film)|Partha]]'' in 2003. Since then, she has recorded songs for various films including ''[[Maurya (film)|Maurya]]'' (2004), ''[[Manasaare]]'' (2009), ''[[Ghauttham]]'' (2009) and ''[[Aptharakshaka]]'' (2010). For the latter, she went on to win several awards including the [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Karnataka State Film Award]] for her performance in the song "Omkara".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2011/vishnuvardhan-anu-prabhaka-ksf-awards-201011.html |title=Vishnuvardhan Anu Prabhakar {{!}} Karnataka State Film Awards {{!}} Aaptha Rakshaka Pareekshe |access-date=5 November 2011 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624201314/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/kannada/news/2011/vishnuvardhan-anu-prabhaka-ksf-awards-201011.html |url-status=live }}</ref> She has recorded songs for various music directors including [[Hamsalekha]], [[Gurukiran]], [[Arjun Janya]], [[Mano Murthy]], [[B. Ajaneesh Lokanath]], Veer Samarth and others.

==Discography==
This is a partial list of notable films of Lakshmi Nataraj.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film
! Title !! Composer !! Co-singer(s) !! Notes
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Partha (film)|Partha]]''
| "Sona Sona" || [[Gurukiran]] || Gurukiran ||
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Meera Madhava Raghava]]''
| "Olle Time Banthamma" || [[Hamsalekha]] || [[Indu Nagaraj]], [[Hemanth (singer)|Hemanth]], Supriya Acharya ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Manasaare]]''
| "Naanu Manasaare" || [[Mano Murthy]] || Vikas Vasishta ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Nee Tata Naa Birla]]''
| "Sakhi Sakhi" || [[Gurukiran]] || ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Ghauttham]]''
| "Yaara Magalu Ivalu" || [[Gurukiran]] || Gurukiran ||
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Aptharakshaka]]''
| "Omkara" || [[Gurukiran]] || ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Taare]]''
| "Chandira Thandu Kodale" || C. R. Bobby || ||
|-
|rowspan="3"| 2013 || ''[[Nenapinangala]]''
| "Mella Mella Nanndage" || C. R. Bobby || ||
|-
| ''[[Advaitha (film)|Advaitha]]''
| "Bisilina Besugeya" || Veer Samarth || ||
|-
| ''Manasina Putadali''
| "Kadala Anchininda" || Rajnarayan Das || ||
|-
|rowspan="3"| 2014 || ''[[Software Ganda]]''
| "Saniha Saniha" || Veer Samarth || [[Rajesh Krishnan]] ||
|-
| ''Kalyanamasthu''
| "Appanu Kattida" || Raj Manohar || [[Chethan Sosca]] ||
|-
| ''Nan Life Alli''
| "Jinu Jinugo Maleyali" || [[B. Ajaneesh Lokanath]] || Shreeram Narayan ||
|-

|rowspan="2"| 2017 ||rowspan="2"| ''Jaali Baaru Matthu Poli Hudugaru''
| "Suride Geleya" ||rowspan="2"| Veer Samarth ||rowspan="2"| Chethan Gandharva ||
|-
| "Poosi Hodedu" ||
|-
|}

==Television==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Television
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2021-2022
| [[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Championship]]
| Mentor
|<ref>{{Cite news|title=Lakshmi Nagaraj turn mentors on the show Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Championship|work=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/sisters-indu-lakshmi-nagaraj-turn-mentors-on-the-show-sa-re-ga-ma-pa-championship/articleshow/86364015.cms|access-date=25 September 2021}}</ref>
|}

==Awards & Recognition==
* 2002 - Nithyotsava Competitions - MSIL Gaayaki Award
* 2002 - Kishora Prathibhe Puraskara
* 2009 - Aryabhata National Award for achievements in Carnatic Music.
* 2010 - [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer]] - ''[[Aptharakshaka]]'' - "Omkara Abhinaya Veda"
* 2010 - [[Mirchi Music Awards South|Mirchi Music Award for Best Upcoming Female Singer]] - ''[[Aptharakshaka]]'' - "Omkara Abhinaya Veda"
* 2010 - [[Udaya Film Awards|Udaya Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer]] - ''[[Aptharakshaka]]'' - "Omkara Abhinaya Veda"

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=13523566}}
* [https://www.jiosaavn.com/artist/lakshmi-nagaraj-songs/D09QrShbmdw_Lakshmi Nagaraj top songs]
* [https://gaana.com/artist/lakshmi-nagaraj Listen Lakshmi Nagaraj Hit Songs on Gaana.com]
* [https://music.apple.com/in/artist/lakshmi-nagaraj/402453719 Lakshmi Nagaraj Apple Music]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nataraj, Lakshmi}}
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kannada-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Women Carnatic singers]]
[[Category:Carnatic singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Mysore]]
[[Category:Kannada people]]
[[Category:People from Mysore]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Film musicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Karnataka State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]

Kollur Mookambika Temple

2026-01-08T03:02:02Z

Himalayan Dream Treks: Made a location

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Kollur Mookambika Temple
| native_name =
| image = Kollur Mookambika Temple 20080123.JPG
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption = Inside view of the Kollur Mookambika temple
| map_type = Karnataka
| map_caption = Location in Karnataka
| coordinates = {{coord|13.8638|74.8145|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| other_names =
| proper_name =
| country = {{flag|India}}
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Udupi]]
| locale = [[Byndoor]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Mookambika]]
| festivals = Rathotsava, [[Navaratri]], [[Vijaya Dashami]]
| architecture = A mix of different styles, such as Dravidian, Vijayanagara, and Hoysala
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity =
| inscriptions =
| year_completed = ~800 CE
| creator = King Halugallu Veera Sangayya
| website =
}}

[[File:The chariot.jpg|thumb|The Golden Chariot of Sree Mookambika Devi]][[File:Lamp in front of the temple.jpg|thumb|Lamp and the Kodimaram ([[Dhvajastambha|Dvajastambha]]) ]]
[[File:View of the entrance.jpg|thumb|view of the entrance]]
'''Kollur Mookambika Temple''' is located at [[Kollur, Udupi district|Kollur]] in [[Byndoor]] Taluk of [[Udupi District]] in the state of [[Karnataka]], [[Tulunadu]] region, [[India]]. It is a [[Hindu]] temple dedicated to the mother goddess [[Mookambika]].

Mookambika is the union of Adipara Shakthi and Parabramha as the Linga has integrated on its left side "Maha Kali, Maha Lakshmi and Maha Saraswathi".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/karnataka/kollur-mookambika-temple/ps47149893.cms|title=Kollur Mookambika Temple|publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=6 January 2023|last1=Hande |first1=Shrinidhi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.devotionalstore.com/blogs/devotional-blog/things-to-keep-in-mind-while-travelling-to-mookambika-temple|title=Things To Keep In Mind While Travelling to Mookambika Temple|publisher=Devotional Store|website=devotionalstore.com|access-date=6 January 2023|archive-date=4 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704003703/https://www.devotionalstore.com/blogs/devotional-blog/things-to-keep-in-mind-while-travelling-to-mookambika-temple|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://gotirupati.com/kollur-mookambika-temple/|title=Kollur Mookambika Temple|publisher=Gotirupati|website=gotirupati.com|date=6 March 2016 |access-date=6 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kollur.com/ |title=Welcome To Kollur Sri Mookambika Devi Site |publisher=kollur.com |website=kollur.com/ |access-date=7 April 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629041707/http://www.kollur.com/ |archive-date=29 June 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.karnatakaholidays.com/kollur-mookambika-temple.php|title=Kollur Mookambika Temple|publisher=Karnataka Holidays|website=karnatakaholidays.com|access-date=6 January 2023|archive-date=1 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191101222127/http://www.karnatakaholidays.com/kollur-mookambika-temple.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> The temple is very special because it is part of the 108 Durgalayas and 108 Shivalayas. It is situated in the foothills of [[Kodachadri]] hills, on the southern bank of [[Souparnika River]]. Being situated in the land between [[Gokarna, Karnataka|Gokarna]] and [[Kanyakumari]], believed to be created by sage [[Parashurama]].

== Idols, Sub- Shrines and Festivals ==
The main deity of the temple is a [[Svayambhu|swayambhu]] (self-born) [[Lingam|linga]] with a golden line cutting it into half, in which the left half represents the goddess triad - the [[Tridevi]]s, and the right half represents their consorts - the male triad - the [[Trimurti]]s.

A four-handed [[panchaloha]] idol of the goddess Mookambika is also installed. Mookambika is seen seated in the Padmasana position with four arms, with two arms holding a [[Shankha]] (conch) and [[Sudarshana Chakra|Chakra]] (divine discus). The other two arms hold the [[Abhayamudra|Abhaya mudra]] and the [[Varadamudra|Abheestha mudra]] (Varada mudra).

There are sub-shrines for [[Ganapathi]], [[Shiva]], [[Vishnu]], [[Hanuman]], [[Subrahmanya]], [[Virabhadra]] and [[Snake worship|Snake gods]] (Naga Devathas) in the temple.

Rathotsava (Chariot festival) in the month of [[Phalguna]] and [[Navaratri]] in the month of [[Ashvin (month)|Ashwin]] are the main festivals in this temple. Goddess Mookambika is said to be the name given to Goddess [[Tridevi]] after she killed the demon Mookasura (also known as Kaumasura).

Though the temple is located in Karnataka, most number of devotees coming here are from the neighbouring state of [[Kerala]]. It is also one among the most popular shrines visited by [[Malayalis]] (People of Kerala) irrespective of religion and caste.

== Mythology ==
The present deity in form of a devi was established by Adi Shankaracharya. The linga is worshipped as Moola Devi and the representation of devi as a four armed goddess was installed by Adi Shankara. Once, Sage Kola Maharishi was performing Tapas here when he was persistently troubled by a demon. This Demon had also been praying to Lord Shiva to get powers that would make him invincible and let him do whatever he wanted. Knowing the evil mind of this demon, Devi Shakthi made him Mooka (Dumb). So, when Lord Shiva appeared before him, he was unable to ask for any boon. Enraged by this, the Demon began to harass Kola Maharishi, who was also praying to the Lord. Kola Maharishi appealed to the Divine Mother for help. So, Devi Shakthi came down and vanquished the Demon, Mookasura.

Henceforth, in this region, she came to be known as Mookambika. Lord Shiva also appeared before the sage. Maharishi Kola asked that the Lord with His Consort should remain here forever. To grant his wish, a Jyotirlinga appeared, with a Swarnarekha (golden line) in the middle. Thus, one half of this Linga stands for the conscious principle as embodied by Shiva, Vishnu and Brahma, while the other stood for the Creative Principle in the form of Parvati, Lakshmi and Saraswathi.

Goddess Uma appeared here with Lord Shankara and slayed Mukasura. The Goddess Mookambika is in the form of Jyotir-Linga incorporating both Shiva and Shakthi. Thus the temple forms a part in both [[108 Shivalayas]] and 108 [[Durgalayas]] of ancient Kerala'.

'''''Mother Son Relationship: Goddess Mookambika and Shri Brahmalingeshwara, Maranakatte'''''

According to [[Skanda Purana]], Goddess [[Mookambika]] performed a Marana Homa here after killing Mookasura. After slaying the demon, the divine mother granted divinity to the demon's soul and blessed him to be known as Brahmalingeshwara, to which his temple is located in Maranakatte, 20 kms away from the Goddess. In Maranakatte, the main lord is Shri Brahmalingeshwara, besides him there is Malayali Yakshi & vata Yakshi & also two Dwarapalakas. To the right of the Sanctorum there is a ''katte'' (colloquial [[Kannada]]) in which [[Sri Chakra]] yantra is established by [[Adi Shankara]]. Beside the "Brahmalingeshwara Gudi" there is a 'Daivadha mane' of Hashaiguli (who came from Kashi or [[Varanasi]]), Haiguli, Chikku and other parivara daivas.

==See also==
* [[Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary]]
* [[Marikamba Temple, Sirsi]]
* [[Chamundeshwari Temple|Chamundeshwari Temple, Mysore]]
* [[Annapurneshwari Temple, Cherukunnu]]
* [[Yellamma Temple, Saundatti]]
* [[Maranakatte]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=RdzaPW-kEvQC Books]
*[https://www.mookambika.co Complete Guide of Mookambika Temple Kollur]
*[http://www.indiantemples.com/Karnataka/kollur.html Indian Temples Kollur]
*[http://www.durga-puja.org/mookambika-devi-temple.html Mookambika Devi Temple]
*[https://www.karnatakatourism.org/tour-item/sri-mookambika-temple Sri Mookambika Temple Kollur] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218124415/https://www.karnatakatourism.org/tour-item/sri-mookambika-temple |date=18 February 2023 }}

{{Holy temples of coastal Karnataka}}

{{Hindu temples in Karnataka}}

[[Category:Lakshmi temples]]
[[Category:108 Shiva Temples]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Udupi district]]
[[Category:Devi temples in Karnataka]]

Baldev Singh (author)

2025-12-29T14:41:09Z

Himalayan Dream Treks: correct structure for clarity and cleaned formatting

{{short description|Indian writer}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Baldev Singh
| image = Punjabi Poet Baldev Singh Sadaknama.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1942|12|11}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| occupation = Novelist, story writer
| language =
| nationality =
| citizenship =
| education =
| alma_mater = M.A., B.Ed.
| period =
| genre =
| subject =
| movement =
| notableworks = ''Dhahwan Dilli De Kingre'', ''Sarhaknama'', ''[[Laal Batti]]''
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| relatives =
| awards = [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Punjabi|Sahitya Akademi Award]] (2011)
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| module =
| website =
| portaldisp =
}}

'''Baldev Singh''' (11 December 1942), also known as '''Baldev Singh Sadaknaama''', is an Indian novelist and story writer in [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]-language.<ref name="hp">{{cite web|url=http://www.hunpanjabi.net/company/member-details.aspx?mc=25 |title=ਬਲਦੇਵ ਸਿੰਘ |access-date=17 December 2013 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219021032/http://www.hunpanjabi.net/company/member-details.aspx?mc=25 |archive-date=19 December 2013 }}</ref><ref name="tribune2003">{{cite news
|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030525/spectrum/book5.htm
|title=Punjabi literature Focusing on the problems of Punjab peasantry
|last=Singh
|first=Jaspal
|date=25 May 2003
|newspaper=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]
|access-date=18 December 2013
|location=Chandigarh, India}}</ref> He received the [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Punjabi|Sahitya Akademi Award]] 2011 for his novel ''Dhahwan Dilli De Kingre''.<ref name="hp"/><ref name="pt">{{cite web |url=http://punjabitribuneonline.com/category/%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%95/page/6/ |title=ਮਾਂ-ਬੋਲੀ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਦੇ ਸੁੱਚੇ ਮੋਤੀ |access-date= 17 December 2013}}</ref> As of 2012, he has written 55 novels and various short stories and plays.<ref name=truth/>

==Early life==
Baldev Singh was born in the village Chand Nawaan in [[Moga district]]. He started his career as a teacher in the [[Muktsar]] area and spent some time in Himachal Pradesh as a teacher as well. Later he moved to [[Calcutta]] and worked as a truck cleaner, taxi driver and truck operator.

==Career==
Singh is known for his novels ''Sadaknaama'' and ''Laal Batti''. His novel ''Sadaknaama'' was a road narrative of truck drivers from Punjab. It started as a column in [[Amrita Pritam]]'s magazine ''Nagmani'' and was later published as a [[three-volume novel]]. The stories in the novel were based on Singh's real experiences. He himself was a truck driver for 10 years, while working as a teacher. The book became very popular in Punjabi literature and "Sadaknaama" became part of his name for his fans.<ref name=truth>{{cite news | url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2012/20120122/spectrum/book7.htm | title=The Truth Behind The Fiction | newspaper=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] | date=22 January 2012 | access-date=18 December 2013 | author=Singh, Nonika}}</ref>

His novel ''Laal Batti'' dealt with the [[red-light area]] of Kolkatta, for which he studied his subject for over a decade. It was also adapted into play by Manch Rang Manch, and directed by [[Kewal Dhaliwal]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_11-3-2005_pg7_22 |title=Theatre lovers flock to Panj Pani festival on 4th day |newspaper=[[Daily Times (Pakistan)]] |place=Lahore |date=11 March 2005 |access-date=18 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219012522/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_11-3-2005_pg7_22 |archive-date=19 December 2013 |df=dmy }}</ref> His novel ''Annadaata'' was about plights of farmers in Punjab and is also part of the [[Punjabi literature]] curriculum in the [[Guru Nanak Dev University]] and [[Punjabi University]]. He plans to write sequels to both these books. His play ''Mitti Rudan Kare'' also remains popular.<ref name=truth/>

His work ''Dhahwan Dilli De Kingre'' was about the legendary rebel [[Dulla Bhatti]]. The novel won him a Sahitya Akademi Award for Punjabi in 2011.<ref name=truth/> He recently published a monogram on [[Giani Gurdit Singh]] (1923-2007), a noted Punjabi writer, for Sahitya Akademi, Delhi’s, "Makers of Indian Literature" series.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}

==Works==
* ''Sadaknaama'' {{ISBN|9788171425822}}
* ''[[Laal Batti]]'' {{ISBN|9780100005792}}
* ''Anndaata'' {{ISBN|9788126318742}}
* ''Dhahwan Dilli De Kingre'' {{ISBN|9788171427116}}
* ''[[Ikkwin Sadi]]'' {{ISBN| 9789382837602}}

==See also==
* [[Ram Sarup Ankhi]]
* [[Jaswant Singh Kanwal]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Baldev}}
[[Category:Punjabi-language writers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Punjabi]]
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:Indian male short story writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:Novelists from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:People from Moga district]]
[[Category:Writers from Kolkata]]

Indirana duboisi

2025-12-18T04:11:49Z

Himalayan Dream Treks: Made page!

{{Short description|Species of frog}}
{{Speciesbox
| image =
| status = NT
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=IUCN/>
| taxon = Indirana duboisi
| authority = Dahanukar, Modak, Krutha, Nameer, Padhye, and Molur, 2016
| range_map =
| synonyms =
| synonyms_ref =
}}

'''''Indirana duboisi''''', the '''Karnataka leaping frog''' or '''Dubois's leaping frog''', is a [[frog]]. It is endemic to [[India]] in the [[Western Ghat]] mountains.<ref name=AMNH>{{BioRef|ASW6
|title=''Indirana duboisi'' Dahanukar, Modak, Krutha, Nameer, Padhye, and Molur, 2016
|url=https://amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org/Amphibia/Anura/Ranixalidae/Indirana/Indirana-duboisi
|access-date=May 31, 2024}}</ref><ref name=Amph>{{BioRef|amphibiaweb
|title=''Indirana duboisi'' Dahanukar, Modak, Krutha, Nameer, Padhye, & Molur, 2016
|author1=
|editor1=
|editor2=
|date=
|language=
|url=https://amphibiaweb.org/species/8515
|access-date=May 31, 2024}}</ref><ref name=IUCN>{{cite IUCN
|title= Tyson's Leaping Frog: ''Indirana duboisi''
|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/119243196/119243208
|article-number=e.T119243196A119243208
|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T119243196A119243208.en
|id=119243196
|year=2023
|author1=IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group
|access-date=May 31, 2024}}</ref>

==Habitat==
This frog inhabits secondary forests and in forests with at least some evergreen trees. This frog needs some [[canopy (biology)|canopy cover]] and moist [[leaf litter]]. It has been observed on [[acacia]] and [[arecanut]] plantations. This frog has been observed between 80 and 1042 meters above sea level.<ref name=IUCN />

==Reproduction==
This frog has semi-aquatic tadpoles that live on wet rocks and moss. They move using their strong tails and hind back legs, which grow in sooner than other tadpoles' back legs.<ref name=IUCN />

==Threats==
The IUCN classifies this frog as near threatened. Scientists cite pesticides and habitat loss associated with tourism as threats.<ref name=IUCN />

Scientists also name [[climate change]] as a possible threat. Alterations to the monsoon climate could cause drying of the moist soil the frog requires.<ref name=IUCN />

The frog's range includes protected parks, including [[Kudremukh National Park]], [[Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary]], and [[Bhadra Tiger Reserve]].<ref name=IUCN />

Scientists have observed the fungus ''[[Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis]]'' on other frogs in ''Indirana'', but they do not know its specific morbidity or mortality. ''Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis'' causes the fungal disease [[chytridiomycosis]].<ref name=IUCN />

==Original publication==
*{{cite journal|author1=Dahanukar N|author2= Modak N|author3= Krutha K|author4= Nameer PO|author5= Padhye AD|author6= Molur S |year=2016 |title=Leaping Frogs (Anura: Ranixalidae) of the Western Ghats of India: an integrated taxonomic review. |journal=J Threatened Taxa |volume=8|pages= 9221–9288|access-date=May 29, 2024|url=https://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/article/view/2532|doi=10.11609/jott.2532.8.10.9221-9288 |type=Abstract|doi-access=free}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q51326729}}

[[Category:Frogs of Asia]]
[[Category:Amphibians described in 2016]]
[[Category:Endemic amphibians of India]]
[[Category:Indirana|duboisi]]

LIC metro station

2025-12-12T21:37:11Z

Himalayan Dream Treks: content fix

{{Short description|Chennai Metro's Blue Line metro station}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Chennai Metro logo.svg|50px]] LIC
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = ta
| symbol_location =
| symbol =
| type = {{Chennai Metro Infobox station line|line = Blue}}
| style = Chennai Metro
| image = LIC metro station.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| address = Chennai – Trichy Hwy, Anna Salai, Triplicane, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600002
| borough =
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|13.0645067|80.2658909|type:railwaystation_region:SG|format=dms}}
| owned = [[Chennai Metro]]
| operator = Chennai Metro Rail Limited (CMRL)
| line = {{rcb|Chennai Metro|Blue|croute}}
| distance =
| platforms = [[Island platform]] 
Platform-1 → [[Chennai International Airport metro station|Chennai International Airport]] ''(to be extended to '''Kilambakkam''' in the future)'' Platform-2 → [[Wimco Nagar Depot metro station|Wimco Nagar Depot]]
| tracks = 2
| train_operators =
| connections =
| structure = Underground, [[Double-track railway|Double Track]]
| parking = No
| bicycle =
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| code = SLI
| zone =
| website =
| electrified = Single phase 25 kV, 50 Hz AC through [[overhead catenary]]
| opened = {{start date and age|2019|02|10|df=yes}}
| closed = 
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Chennai Metro|line1=Blue|left1=Government Estate|to-left1=Wimco Nagar Depot|right1=Thousand Lights|to-right1=Chennai International Airport|line2=Blue|left2=Government Estate|to-left2=Wimco Nagar Depot|note-mid2=''(Future Service)''|right2= Thousand Lights|to-right2=Kilambakkam}}
| route_map = {{Chennai Metro Blue Line Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Chennai Metro|Blue}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''LIC''' is an underground metro station on the North-South Corridor of the [[Blue Line (Chennai Metro)|Blue Line]] of [[Chennai Metro]] in [[Chennai]], India. This station serves the neighbourhoods of [[Egmore]] and [[Royapettah]]. The station is named so because of the presence of the [[LIC Building]], the city's first skyscraper, in the vicinity. The station was opened for public on 10 February 2019. However, some portions of the construction work remains incomplete on the date of inauguration.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/work-on-lic-thousand-lights-metro-stations-still-on/article26047385.ece|title=Work on LIC, Thousand Lights Metro stations still on|last=Sekar|first=Sunitha|date=21 January 2019|work=The Hindu|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref>
== Station layout ==
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = LIC track layout
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Chennai Metro|Blue}}
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = HSTg\HSTf
PSTR(L)\PSTR(R) ~~ ~~ ~~ to [[Government Estate metro station|Government Estate]]
*'''P2'''\PSTR(L)\PSTR(R)\*'''P1'''
PSTR(L)\PSTR(R) ~~ ~~ ~~ to [[Thousand Lights metro station|Thousand Lights]]
HSTg\HSTf
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and one Island platform</div>
}}}}
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=390 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;"|'''M'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;"|Mezzanine
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;"|Fare control, station agent, Ticket/token, shops
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 rowspan=3 valign=top|'''P'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" width=100|'''Platform 1''' '''Southbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" width=500|Towards → [[Chennai International Airport metro station|Chennai International Airport]] '''Next Station:''' [[Thousand Lights metro station|Thousand Lights]] ''(to be further extended to [[Kilambakkam metro station|Kilambakkam]] in the future)''
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Island platform]] | Doors will open on the right {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100|'''Platform 2''' '''Northbound'''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="500" |Towards ← [[Wimco Nagar Depot metro station|Wimco Nagar Depot]] '''Next Station:''' [[Government Estate metro station|Government Estate]]
|}
{{Infobox building
| name = LIC metro station
| logo =
| logo_size = 100px
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption = Chennai Metro Logo
| image =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| map_type =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| map_size = 280
| map_dot_label =
| map_dot_mark =
| relief =
| former_names =
| alternate_names =
| etymology =
| status = Complete
| cancelled =
| topped_out =
| building_type = Metro station
| architectural_style =
| classification =
| location = Anna Salai
| address =
| location_city = [[Chennai]]
| location_country = India
| coordinates =
| altitude = 10.0m
| current_tenants =
| namesake =
| groundbreaking_date =
| start_date =
| stop_date =
| est_completion =
| topped_out_date =
| completion_date = {{end date|2019}}
| opened_date = {{end date|2019|02|10|df=y}}
| inauguration_date = {{end date|2019|02|10|df=y}}
| relocated_date =
| renovation_date =
| closing_date =
| demolition_date =
| cost =
| ren_cost =
| client =
| owner =
| landlord =
| affiliation =
| height =
| architectural =
| tip =
| antenna_spire =
| roof =
| top_floor =
| observatory =
| diameter =
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| weight =
| other_dimensions =
| structural_system =
| material =
| size =
| floor_count =
| floor_area =
| elevator_count =
| grounds_area =
| architect =
| architecture_firm =
| developer =
| engineer =
| structural_engineer =
| services_engineer =
| civil_engineer =
| other_designers =
| quantity_surveyor =
| main_contractor = L&T-SUCG JV
| awards =
| designations =
| known_for =
| ren_architect =
| ren_firm =
| ren_engineer =
| ren_str_engineer =
| ren_serv_engineer =
| ren_civ_engineer =
| ren_oth_designers =
| ren_qty_surveyor =
| ren_contractor =
| ren_awards =
| rooms = 
| parking =
| website = http://chennaimetrorail.org/
| embed =
| embedded =
| references =
| footnotes =
}}
==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Chennai]]
* [[Anna Salai]]
* [[List of Chennai metro stations]]
* [[Chennai Metro]]
* [[Railway stations in Chennai]]
* [[Chennai Mass Rapid Transit System]]
* [[Chennai Monorail]]
* [[Chennai Suburban Railway]]
* [[Chennai International Airport]]
* [[Transport in Chennai]]
* [[Urban rail transit in India]]
* [[List of metro systems]]
{{div col end}}
{{Clear}}
{{Portal bar|India|Trains|Transport|Engineering}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons|Chennai Metro}}
{{Wikivoyage|Chennai}}
* {{Official website|http://chennaimetrorail.org/}}
* [http://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.
*{{Google maps|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/LIC+Metro+Station/@13.0645067,80.2658909,176m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m12!1m6!3m5!1s0x3a52661a1f3bf56d:0xcb8566b48b835870!2sLIC+Metro+Station!8m2!3d13.0645232!4d80.2660489!3m4!1s0x3a52661a1f3bf56d:0xcb8566b48b835870!8m2!3d13.0645232!4d80.2660489|title= LIC metro station}}

{{Chennai topics}}
{{Chennai Metro|blue line=yes}}
{{Transport in Chennai}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2019]]
[[Category:Chennai Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Chennai]]

Penumuli

2025-12-02T07:17:17Z

Himalayan Dream Treks: Added a data

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Penumuli
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_caption =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| pushpin_label = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{coord|16|20|07|N|80|36|11|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes = 
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Guntur district|Guntur]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Mandal]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Duggirala mandal|Duggirala]]
| government_footnotes = <ref name="panchayat">{{cite web |title=Gram Panchayat Identification Codes |url=http://saaksharbharat.nic.in/saaksharbharat/forms/gp_code.pdf |website=Saakshar Bharat Mission |publisher=National Informatics Centre |accessdate=7 May 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818173131/http://saaksharbharat.nic.in/saaksharbharat/forms/gp_code.pdf |archivedate=18 August 2017 |page=101 | url-status=dead}}</ref>
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)|Panchayati raj]]
| governing_body = Penumuli [[gram panchayat]]
| leader_title = [[Sarpanch]]
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="census">{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book : Guntur (Part B) |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2817_PART_B_DCHB_GUNTUR.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Andhra Pradesh |accessdate=2 June 2019 |pages=14,396 |date=2011}}</ref>
| area_total_ha = 1410
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name="population">{{cite web |title=Population |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=668574 |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |accessdate=9 May 2019}}</ref>
| population_total = 3199
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 522330
| area_code_type = 
| area_code = +91–8644
| registration_plate_type =
| registration_plate = AP
}}

'''Penumuli''' is a village in [[Guntur district]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is the [[mandal]] headquarters of [[Duggirala mandal]] in [[Tenali revenue division]].<ref name="census" />
Present sarpanch of penumuli was elected in the year of 2021 February 10 was Koritala Padmavathi .

== Geography ==
Penumuli is situated to the north of the mandal headquarters, [[Duggirala]],<ref name="village">{{cite web |title=District Census Handbook : Guntur (Part A) |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2817_PART_A_DCHB_GUNTUR.pdf |website=Census of India |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Andhra Pradesh |accessdate=4 June 2019 |pages=5,626–627 |date=2011}}</ref>
at {{Coord|16.3349|N|80.6039|E}}. It is spread over an area of {{Convert|1410|ha|abbr=on}}.<ref name="census" />

== Government and politics ==

Penumuli [[gram panchayat]] is the [[Local self-government in India|local self-government]] of the village.<ref name="panchayat" /> It is divided into 12 wards and each ward is represented by a ward member.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aDoppmCmeqUC&q=sarpanch|title=Citizen Participation in Rural Development|last=Seetharam|first=Mukkavilli|date=1990-01-01|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=9788170992271|page=34|language=en}}</ref> The village forms a part of [[Andhra Pradesh Capital Region]] and is under the jurisdiction of [[APCRDA]].<ref name="apcrda">{{cite web |title=Declaration of A.P. Capital Region |url=https://crda.ap.gov.in/APCRDADOCS/GOSACTSRULES/CRDA/01~14002014MAUD_MS253.PDF |website=[[Andhra Pradesh Capital Region Development Authority]] |publisher=[[Municipal Administration and Urban Development Department, Andhra Pradesh]] |accessdate=14 May 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511092238/https://crda.ap.gov.in/APCRDADOCS/GOSACTSRULES/CRDA/01~14002014MAUD_MS253.PDF |archivedate=11 May 2019 |page=4 |url-status=dead |date=30 December 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

== Transport ==

[[Namburu]]–Penumuli road connects the village with Namburu. While, [[Duggirala railway station]] provides rail connectivity, situated near the village.<ref>{{cite web |title=Duggirala railway station info|url=http://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/1299?|publisher=India Rail Info|accessdate=30 July 2014}}</ref>

== Education ==

As per the school information report for the academic year 2018–19, the village has a total of 5 [[District Councils of India|Zilla Parishad]]/[[Mandal Parishad]] schools.<ref>{{cite web |title=School Information |url=https://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/totalSchoolReport.xls |website=Commissionerate of School Education |publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh |accessdate=7 May 2019 |archive-date=16 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416174708/https://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/totalSchoolReport.xls |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[List of villages in Guntur district]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mandal headquarters in Guntur district}}

[[Category:Villages in Guntur district]]

Vellamunda Gram Panchayat

2025-10-20T14:01:46Z

Himalayan Dream Treks: put up some entry more to come...

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Vellamunda
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Grama Panchayat
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|11.7341026|N|75.9376146|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Wayanad district|Wayanad]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 1950 (Reorganized in 1961)
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Grama Panchayat]]
| governing_body =
| leader_title1 = Panchayat President
| leader_name1 = P. Thankamani ([[IUML]])
| leader_title2 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly]]
| leader_name2 = O. R. Kelu ([[CPI(M)]])
| leader_title3 = [[Member of Parliament]]
| leader_name3 = [[Rahul Gandhi]] ([[Indian National Congress|INC]])
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 64.54
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 30498<ref>{{cite web|last1=Govt. of Kerala|first1=LSGD|title=Village Details|url=https://lsgkerala.gov.in/pages/lb_general_info.php?intID=5&ID=1072&ln=en|website=LSGD Kerala|publisher=Govt. of Kerala|access-date=3 March 2018|ref=}}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 670731
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 04935
| registration_plate = KL 72
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Mananthavady]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Vellamunda''' is a grama panchayat in the [[Wayanad district|Wayanad]] district of the state of [[Kerala]], [[India]], situated approximately 15 km from [[Mananthavady]], the nearest town. Vellamunda Panchayath Office is situated at Ettenalu (literally translated to 8/4, which signifies that this place is located at a distance of 8 [[mile]]s and 4 [[furlong]]s from Mananthavady).Vellamunda can be accessed by [[Padinjarathara]] or [[Mananthavady]].

== Etymology ==
The name Vellamunda is derived from 'Vellamunda Idam', which was the [[Tharavad]] of Vattathod family, the landlords of these areas in the days of [[Jenmi]] rule. The places near Vellamunda are Pazhajana, Thettamala and others.{{vague|date=November 2021}} There is a small hospital and a u.p school.

== History ==
The areas that constitute the present-day Vellamunda were ruled by the Puliya Kingdom before the days of [[Pazhassi Raja]]. The Puliyan Nair clan, which inherited control of these areas, were not very popular among the commons. This led to unrests from the Naduvazhis (Lords) of sub-divisions of the place, namely, Mangalassery, Vattathod, Cherukara, Karingari, and Tharuvana, who approached Pazhassi Raja with a request to overthrow the Puliya Clan. Pazhassi duly obliged and defeated them, subsequently adding the area to The [[Kingdom of Kottayam]].

It is believed that Mangalassery Hills served as one of the bases for his [[Guerrilla warfare|guerilla warfare]] against the [[British Raj|British]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lsgkerala.gov.in/pages/history.php?intID=5&ID=1072&ln=en|title=History {{!}} Local Self Government Department, Govt. of Kerala, India|website=lsgkerala.gov.in|access-date=2018-03-03}}</ref>

In 1950, Chondarnad (Present-day Thondarnad) and Vellamunda villages were merged to form Vellamunda Grama Panchayat, which was reorganized in 1961 by removing Thondarnad and adding Porunnannur.

== Location and Connectivity ==
Vellamunda is located on the Mananthavady-[[Kuttiady|Kuttiyady]] route, and is well connected to nearby towns by roads. [[Kozhikode]] (83 km away) is accessible via the Kuttiyady Churam while the district capital [[Kalpetta]], which is at a distance of approximately 30 km, can be reached via [[Padinharethara|Padinjarathara]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/dir/Vellamunda,+Kerala+670731/Kalpetta,+Kerala/@11.6809084,75.9529137,12.25z/data=!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x3ba5d88f8e1590c9:0x73927b59028a27b6!2m2!1d75.9376146!2d11.7341026!1m5!1m1!1s0x3ba6733459fb33d7:0xa5b953217a9fc043!2m2!1d76.0828128!2d11.6103389!3e0?hl=en|title=Google Maps|website=Google Maps|access-date=2018-03-03}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
Vellamunda, similar to other areas in Wayanad, is a not-so-densely populated village. The salient features from the [[2011 Census of India|2011 India Census]] data are given below.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Demographics
!Sl No.
!Specification
!Details
|-
|1
|Population
|30498
|-
|2
|Population (Male)
|15410
|-
|3
|Population (Female)
|15088
|-
|4
|Population Density
|473
|-
|5
|Sex Ratio
|979
|-
|6
|Literacy Rate
|81.84
|-
|7
|Literacy Rate (Male)
|89.13
|-
|8
|Literacy Rate (Female)
|74.42
|}

== Administration ==
The Vellamunda grama panchayat is governed as per the [[Panchayati raj (India)|Panchayati Raj]] act and is administrated by the democratically elected Village Head (Panchayat President) and the council of elected Panchayat members. P. K. Ahmed Haji served as the first President after the panchayat was reorganized in 1961.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/election/2015/local-body/wayanad/vellamunda-grama-panchayat-malayalam-news-1.564272|title=വെള്ളമുണ്ട ഗ്രാമപഞ്ചായത്ത്|work=Mathrubhumi|access-date=2018-03-03}}</ref> P. Thankamani of the [[Indian Union Muslim League]], whose term started in 2015, is the incumbent Panchayat President. The details of the council of members are as follows.

{| class="wikitable"
|+
Election Details (2015)
!Ward No.
!Ward Name
!Member
!Political Party
!Reservation
|-
|1
|Kandathuvayal
|Ammath Haji
|IUML
|General
|-
|2
|Vellamunda 10th Mile
|Kunhikoya V S
|IUML
|General
|-
|3
|Pazhanjana
|Ebrahim
|IUML
|General
|-
|4
|Madathumkuni
|Athikka Bai M
|IUML
|Woman
|-
|5
|Vellamunda 8/4
|Sakkeena
|INC
|Woman
|-
|6
|Kattayad
|Shajini Ajith
|CPI(M)
|Woman
|-
|7
|Kokkadavu
|A.Johny
|CPI(M)
|General
|-
|8
|Tharuvana
|P.Thankamani
|IUML
|ST Woman
|-
|9
|Peechamcode
|Sidheeq E V
|IUML
|General
|-
|10
|Kellur
|Abdul Salim Keloth
|IUML
|General
|-
|11
|Kommayad
|Margaret Augustine
|CPI(M)
|Woman
|-
|12
|Karingari
|Sathy
|CPI(M)
|Woman
|-
|13
|Mazhuvannur
|Ebrahim Haji Kanhai
|IUML
|General
|-
|14
|Paliyana
|Kunhiraman P
|INC
|ST
|-
|15
|Pulikkadu
|Raheena
|IUML
|Woman
|-
|16
|Cherukara
|Fousiya K
|IUML
|Woman
|-
|17
|Ozhukkanmmoola
|Geetha Manoj
|CPI(M)
|Woman
|-
|18
|Mothakkara
|Kalyani P
|CPI(M)
|ST Woman
|-
|19
|Varambetta
|Lekha Purushothaman
|INC
|Woman
|-
|20
|Narokkadavu
|Chacko Vandan Kuzhy
|INC
|General
|-
|21
|Pulinjal
|Andrews Joseph
|INC
|General
|}

== See also ==
* [[Mananthavady]]
* [[Thondernad]]
* [[Nalloornad]]
*[[Payyampally]]
*[[Thavinjal]]
*[[Vimalanager]]
*[[Anchukunnu|Anjukunnu]]
*[[Panamaram]]
*[[Tharuvana]]
*[[Kallody]]
*[[Oorpally]]
*[[Valat]]
*[[Thrissilery]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Wayanad district}}

{{coord|||||||display=|}}

[[Category:Villages in Wayanad district]]

{{Wayanad-geo-stub}}

Sabroom railway station

2025-07-23T00:16:07Z

Himalayan Dream Treks: put up initial stub v1...

{{Short description|Railway station in Tripura, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Sabroom
| native_name =
| other_name =
| style = Indian Railways
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] station
| image = Sabroom Railway Station 2.jpg
| image_caption = Sabroom railway station platform.
| address = [[National Highway 8 (India)|NH 8]], [[Sabroom, South Tripura district, Tripura]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|23.014062|N|91.6987492|E|display=inline}}
| elevation = {{convert|33|m|ft}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|Northeast Frontier Railway]]
| line = [[Lumding–Sabroom section]]
| platform = 3
| tracks = 4
| other =
| accessible =
| bicycle = No
| depth =
| levels = At ground
| parking = No
| structure = Standard (on-ground station)
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = SBRM
| zone = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|Northeast Frontier Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Lumding}}
}}
| status = Single diesel line
| closed =
| former =
| opened =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = No
| passengers =
| mpassengers =
| pass_system =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways|line=Northeast Frontier Railway zone|left=Manu Bazar|right=|type=[[Silchar–Sabroom section]]}}
| map_type = India Tripura#India
| map_dot_label = Sabroom
| map_caption = Location in [[Tripura]]##Location in India
}}

'''Sabroom railway station''' (Station code:- '''SBRM'''), is a railway station which serves [[Sabroom]] town in [[South Tripura district, Tripura|South Tripura district]] of [[Tripura]] state of [[India]].<ref>{{cite web| url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/news/sabroom-sabrm/10663| title=SABRM/SABROOM| website=India Rail Info}}</ref> It is located near [[Feni River]] which serves as [[Bangladesh–India border]].

==History ==
{{anchor | Line | Agartala–Sabroom line | Agartala–Sabroom railway line }}

The Sabroom railway station is the terminus railhead of the 113 km long {{track gauge|1676mm}} [[broad-gauge]] '''[[Agartala]]–[[Sabroom]] railway line''' which comes under the [[Lumding railway division]] of the [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone]] of [[Indian Railways]]. It is a single line without electrification. On 3 October 2019, the first DEMU serving Agartala–Sabroom performed its inaugural run after the construction of railway line was completed. In 2016, 43 km long segment from [[Agartala]] to [[Udaipur, Tripura|Udaipur]] near Mata Tripura Sundari temple was completed. On 3 October 2019, the remaining Udaipur-Sabroom segment was also completed.<ref>[http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/first-commercial-broad-guage-freight-train-arrives-in-tripura-1280080?site=full First Commercial Broad Gauge Freight Train Arrives In Tripura]</ref><ref>[http://www.tripurainfo.com/info/ArchiveDet.aspx?WhatId=16856 BG railhead reaches Udaipur amid cheers] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160321072648/http://www.tripurainfo.com/info/ArchiveDet.aspx?WhatId=16856 |date=2016-03-21 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/mdetails.asp?id=dec2015/oth050 |title='Feni bridge will end Tripura’s isolation' |access-date=2 March 2017 |archive-date=12 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180912131513/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/mdetails.asp?id=dec2015/oth050 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/mdetails.asp?id=nov0815/oth058 |title=Tripura's BG rail progress 'on right track' |access-date=2 March 2017 |archive-date=12 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180912165551/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/mdetails.asp?id=nov0815/oth058 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Station layout ==

{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=100 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=400 valign=top|Exit/Entrance & ticket counter
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 rowspan=6 valign=top|'''P1'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[foot overbridge|FOB]], [[Side platform]], No-1 doors will open on the left/right
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100|'''Track 1'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=400|
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100|'''Track 2'''
|{{0|→}} toward →
|-
|'''Track 3'''
|{{0|→}} toward →
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[foot overbridge|FOB]], [[Island platform]], No- 2 doors will open on the left/right
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Island platform]], No- 3 doors will open on the left/right
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100|'''Track 4'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=400| Under Construction

|}

== Future connectivity==
{{anchor | Future | Connectivity }}

The rail link from [[South Tripura district]] will [[Borders of India#India–Bangladesh border|be extended]] to [[Chittagong Port]] and [[Cox's Bazar]] deep water port in [[Bangladesh]], as agreed by the prime ministers of the both countries, by rehabilitating the railway link from [[Santir Bazar railway station]] in India to [[Feni Junction railway station]] in Bangladesh. [[Maitri Setu]] bridge near Sabroom was opened in 2021 to connect the "[[Belonia, India]]–[[Parshuram Upazila|Parshuram, Bangladesh]] road and rail crossing checkposts". Compared to the {{convert|1,880|km|abbr=on}} long, congested "Chicken's Neck" [[Siliguri Corridor]], this will provide a shorter and more affordable route, and it will also provide the alternative strategic redundancy to [[Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project|Kaladan Multi-Modal project]] route if there is a war with China.<ref>[https://www.firstpost.com/world/as-smart-as-sittwe-going-north-east-by-south-east-6480951.html As Smart as Sittwe: Going North-East by South-East], ''First Post'', 2019.</ref>
==Trains==
The following trains are available from this railway station:
* [[Sealdah–Sabroom Kanchanjunga Express]]
* Sabroom Agartala DEMU

== See also ==
{{stack|{{Portal|Trains}}}}
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
* [[Udaipur, Tripura]]
* [[Indian Railways]]
* [[Agartala railway station]]
* [[Lumding–Sabroom section]]
* [[Tripura#Transport]]
* [[Silchar–Sabroom section]]
* [[List of railway stations in India]]
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IndiaRailInfo|10663}}
{{Wikivoyage|Rail travel in India}}
* [http://www.nfr.indianrailways.gov.in Indian Railways site]
* [http://www.irfca.org Indian railway fan club]
*{{Google maps|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Sabroom/@23.014062,91.6987492,664m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m12!1m6!3m5!1s0x374fa3f44d696497:0x4117cdc7bd88089d!2sSabroom!8m2!3d23.0139673!4d91.7014043!3m4!1s0x374fa3f44d696497:0x4117cdc7bd88089d!8m2!3d23.0139673!4d91.7014043|title= Sabroom railway station}}

{{Railway stations in Tripura}}

[[Category:Railway stations in South Tripura district]]
[[Category:Lumding railway division]]
[[Category:Railway terminus in India]]

Toe ring

2025-06-19T04:52:53Z

Himalayan Dream Treks: put up a entry added tags

{{Short description|Ring worn on any toe}}
{{Redirect|Metti|the 1982 film|Metti (film)}}
[[File:Zehenring.jpg|alt=|thumb|230x230px|Various toe rings]]A '''toe ring''' is a [[Ring (jewellery)|ring]] made out of [[metals]] and non-metals worn on any of the [[toes]]. The second toe of either foot is where they are worn most commonly. This is because proportionately it is the longest toe and thus the easiest toe to put a ring on and stay without being connected to anything else. In most western countries they are a relatively new [[fashion]] accessory, and typically have no symbolic meaning. They are usually worn with [[barefoot sandals]], [[anklet]]s, [[bare foot|bare feet]] or [[flip flops]].

Like [[finger rings]], toe rings come in many shapes and forms, from intricately designed flowers embedded with jewels to simple bands. Fitted toe rings are rings that are of one size, whereas adjustable toe rings have a gap at the bottom so they can be easily made to fit snugly.

== Toe rings in India ==
The wearing of toe rings has been practised in India since ancient times. In the [[Ramayana]], there is a mention of Sita, on being abducted by Ravana, throwing her toe ring down so that lord Rama could find her. Toe rings worn by a woman signify that she is married. In many different Indian cultures, the husband puts the toe rings on the second toe of both of the wife's feet during the wedding ceremony.<ref name="kw01">{{Cite web| last = Sharmila| title = Toe rings: Science Behind than just showing that the woman is married and feminine.| work = KANNADIGA WORLD| date = 18 August 2013| access-date = 2021-10-12| url = https://www.kannadigaworld.com/news/vishishta/30219.html}}</ref> It is worn as a symbol of the married state by [[Hindu]] women <ref>{{Cite journal| pages = 49| last1 = Sathyanarayan| first1 = Mansi| last2 = Bais| first2 = Mitraja| title = Indian Marital jewellery and symbolism: contextual manifestations| journal = SAARC Culture| date = 2018}}</ref> and is called ''bichiya'' (pronounced: bee-chee-ya) in [[Hindi]], ''minji'' (മിഞ്ചി) or ''kaalmothiram'' (കാൽമോതിരം) in [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], Pāda Jhuṇtikā (ପାଦ ଝୁଣ୍ଟିକା) in [[Odia language]], ''jodavi'' (जोडवी) in [[Marathi language|Marathi]], ''Mettelu'' (మెట్టెలు) in [[Telugu language|Telugu]], ''Angot'' (আঙট/আংট্; pronounced: aa-nng-ot) in Bengali, ''Metti''/''Kanaiyazhi'' in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] (மெட்டி/கணையாழி), ''Kaalungura'' (ಕಾಲುಂಗುರಗಳು) in [[Kannada language|Kannada]].
[[File:Feet-in-alta.jpg|thumb|right|200px|A ceremony welcoming the newly wed bride to her new home. Bride wearing toe-ring (bichiya), worn as symbol of the married state of [[Hinduism|Hindu]] women.]]
[[File:Toe Ring LACMA AC1994.175.1.jpg|thumb|left|200px| Gold Bichiya/Metti (toe-ring), early 19th century]]

Toe rings in India are usually made of [[silver]] and worn in pairs (unlike in Western countries, where they are worn singly or in unmatched pairs) on the second toe of both feet. Traditionally, they are quite ornate, though more contemporary designs are now being developed to cater to the modern bride. Some 'bichiya sets' may have pairs for four of the five toes, excluding the little [[Fifth toe|pinky]]. 'Bichiyas' may not be made of [[gold]], as gold holds a 'respected' status and may not be worn below the waist by Hindus, but this is not followed very strictly and toe rings made of [[gold]] and [[diamond]]s are commonly seen.<ref>{{Cite journal| issn = 2348-6538| last = Raha| first = Sylvia| title = Body and ornaments: A reflection on Ghurye's perspective| date = 2020 | work= Social Trends | publisher= North Bengal University | volume= 7| pages=225–231 | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355379502_Body_and_Ornaments_A_Reflection_on_Ghurye's_Perspective }}</ref>

Toe rings are believed to have other associated benefits according to [[Ayurveda]]. Toe rings have been believed to be worn to regulate the [[menstrual cycle]], and thus increase the chances of conception, as the slight pressure on the second toe ensures a healthy uterus. Some cultures also say that the pressure felt on the second toe helps to ease pain during intercourse. Unmarried Hindu girls may put toe rings on the third toe to help ease menstrual pain. Although there have been no scientific studies to verify these claims.<ref name="kw01"/><ref>{{Cite journal| issn = 1302-7824| volume = 5| issue = 9| last = Jayalakshmi| first = K| title = The Science behind Indian Rituals, Customs and Traditions.| journal = Mugla Sitki Kocman University Journal of Social Sciences| date = 2020}}</ref>

Toe rings are also worn by men in Tamil culture, usually in a simpler design for comfort. The practice of Tamil men wearing toe rings/Metti had a use in ancient times when people used to walk around barefoot. The toe ring was a way for women to identify married men as it was the norm for women to look down when walking.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sharmalanthevar.blogspot.com.au/2013/07/metti-hindu-toe-ring.html|title=Metti - Hindu Toe Ring|access-date=December 21, 2015|date=July 4, 2013| type= blog}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=March 2022}}

In the 19th century, mirror rings (i.e. rings with a small used mirror placed on them) were sometimes worn on the [[great toe]] assumed to be for decorative purposes. Nowadays, toe rings are available in rubber and non-precious metals and are used for decorative purposes. Traditionally, a large ring was worn on the great toe of the left foot to [[Visual markers of marital status|indicate a married status]]. Some men frequently wore a ring on the big toe for curative purposes or to augment their masculine vigor. These rings were seldom closed circles but open hoops so that they could easily be removed.<ref name = Kunz>[http://www.farlang.com/gemstones/kunz-rings/page_124 Rings for the Finger: Toe Rings] [[George Frederick Kunz]] page 80, Lippincott Co. Philadelphia, 1917</ref>

== Toe rings outside India ==

In the US, toe rings are worn by men and women alike. There is no particular significance of wearing a toe ring, but more of a fashion jewelry statement.

Toe rings can be found at many [[state fair]] booths and beach town shops around the country. Small boutiques in popular tourist locations often offer personal fittings of fitted rings, which can be worn year round. Often, the rings are fitted by spraying [[Windex]] on the toe, then sliding them on for a tight fit.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}}

In Africa, toe rings are worn by male and females. It is believed that the tradition arrived to Africa from India.<ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1080/00141844.1945.9980636| issn = 0014-1844| volume = 10| issue = 1| pages = 39–43| last = Lagercrantz| first = Sture| title = Toe‐rings| journal = Ethnos| access-date = 2021-10-12| date = 1945-01-01| url = https://doi.org/10.1080/00141844.1945.9980636| url-access = subscription}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Anklet-ToeRing1.jpg|A toe ring with attached anklet
File:ToeRingHavi.jpg|A toe ring being worn by a man
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Jewellery}}

[[Category:Rings (jewellery)]]
[[Category:Toes]]

Spalahores

2025-05-04T20:35:44Z

Himalayan Dream Treks: put up some pg first draft...

{{Infobox royalty
| name = Spalahores
| title =
| image = Vonones Indo-Scythian.jpg
| caption = Silver [[tetradrachm]] minted under [[Vonones of Sakastan|Vonones]], with the legend of his name and Spalahores
| succession = King of [[Sakastan]]
| reign = 57 BC–???
| coronation =
| full name =
| predecessor = [[Vonones of Sakastan|Vonones]]
| successor = [[Spalagadames]]
| spouse =
| issue = [[Spalagadames]]
| royal house =
| dynasty =
| father =
| mother =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date = Unknown
| death_place =
| religion =
}}
'''Spalahores''', also spelled '''Spalohres''' or '''Spalahora''', ([[Greek alphabet|Greek]]: {{lang|grc|[[wiktionary:Σπαλαχόρης|Σπαλαχόρης]]}} {{Transliteration|grc|Spalakhórēs}}; {{lang|grc|[[wiktionary:Σπαλύρις|Σπαλύρις]]}} {{Transliteration|grc|Spalýris}},<ref name="Head">{{cite book |author=[[Barclay V. Head]] |date=1898 |title=Ιστορια Των Νομισματων ητοι Εγχειριδιον Ελληνικης Νομισματικησ |url=https://archive.org/details/historiatnnomism02headuoft |page=[https://archive.org/details/historiatnnomism02headuoft/page/454/mode/2up 454] |publisher=En Athnais Typois P.D. Sakellariou, Bibliopleion K. Mpek }}</ref> {{lang|grc|ϹΠΑΛΥΡΙΟϹ}} {{Transliteration|grc|Spalyrios}} (epigraphic); [[Kharosthi]]: '''{{lang|pgd|[[wiktionary:𐨭𐨿𐨤𐨫𐨱𐨆𐨪|𐨭𐨿𐨤𐨫𐨱𐨆𐨪]]}}''' {{lang|pgd|Śpa-la-ho-ra}}, {{lang|pgd|Śpalahora}};<ref name="Gardner">{{cite book |last=Gardner |first=Percy |author-link=Percy Gardner |date=1929 |title=The Coins of the Greek and Scythic Kings of Bactria and India in the British Museum |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924022932382 |location=London |publisher=Gilbert & Rivington Ltd. |pages=[https://archive.org/details/cu31924022932382/page/n177/mode/2up 98], [https://archive.org/details/cu31924022932382/page/n179/mode/2up 100] |isbn=978-0-900-83452-3 }}</ref> ruled circa 57-35 BCE), was an [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]] king who ruled [[Sakastan]] in the 1st-century BC.

==Name==
Spalahores's name is attested on his coins in the [[Greek alphabet|Greek]] forms {{Transliteration|grc|Spalakhórēs}} ({{lang|grc|[[wiktionary:Σπαλαχόρης|Σπαλαχόρης]]}}) and {{Transliteration|grc|Spalýris}} ({{lang|grc|[[wiktionary:Σπαλύρις|Σπαλύρις]]}}),<ref name="Head"/> and in the [[Kharosthi]] form {{lang|pgd|Śpalahora}} ({{lang|pgd|[[wiktionary:𐨭𐨿𐨤𐨫𐨱𐨆𐨪|𐨭𐨿𐨤𐨫𐨱𐨆𐨪]]}}),<ref name="Gardner"/> which are derived from the [[Saka language|Saka]] name {{lang|xsc|*Spalahaura}}, meaning "commander of the army".<ref>{{cite book |last=Harmatta |first=János |author-link=János Harmatta |editor-last1=Harmatta |editor-first1=János |editor-link1=János Harmatta |editor-last2=Puri |editor-first2=B. N. |editor-link2=Baij Nath Puri |editor-last3=Etemadi |editor-first3=G. F. |date=1999 |chapter=Languages and scripts in Graeco-Bactria and the Saka Kingdoms |title=History of civilizations of Central Asia |volume=2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DguGWP0vGY8C |location=Delhi |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass|Motilal Banarsidass Publishing House]] |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=9U6RlVVjpakC&pg=PA410 410] |isbn=978-8-120-81408-0}}</ref>

==Career==
Before his rise to kingship, he served as a commander of his predecessor, [[Vonones of Sakastan|Vonones]], who had minted coins with his name and that of another commander, [[Spalirisos]], who are both referred to as "brother of the king".{{sfn|Gazerani|2015|p=15}} Scholars such as R.C. Senior and [[Khodadad Rezakhani]] consider Spalahores and Spalirisos to indeed be Vonones' brothers,{{sfn|Gazerani|2015|pp=15–16}}{{sfn|Rezakhani|2017|p=34 (see also note 20)}} while others such as K.W. Dobbins argue that it was an honorific title given to them, whom he considered to be [[Saka]] [[satrap]]s.{{sfn|Gazerani|2015|p=16 (see also note 18)}}{{efn|Rezakhani has additionally suggested that Spalahores may simply have been a military title used by Vonones.{{sfn|Rezakhani|2017|p=34 (note 20)}}}}

A major argument against the proposal of a blood relationship between Vonones and the two commanders was due to both of them having [[Saka language|Saka]] names, contrary to Vonones' [[Parthian language|Parthian]] name.{{sfn|Gazerani|2015|p=16}} Saghi Gazerani has suggested that after the [[Parthian Empire|Arsacid]] re-conquest of Sakastan (sometime between 124–115 BC), which was given as a fiefdom to the [[House of Suren|Suren]]id general that led the expedition, the Surenids (who became independent after 88 BC) and Sakas became closely connected, presumably through alliances and intermarriages.{{sfn|Gazerani|2015|p=16–17}} Indeed, Parthians and Sakas are often mixed up in [[Indian literature]].{{sfn|Gazerani|2015|p=17}} The mythological Iranian hero [[Rostam]] (who was from Sakastan), is mentioned in Iranian traditions as both Parthian and Saka, thus supporting this dual-identity.{{sfn|Gazerani|2015|p=17}}

Spalahores' son and successor, [[Spalagadames]], has been suggested by Rezakhani to be the same figure as the first [[Indo-Parthian]] king [[Gondophares]] ({{reign|19|46|era=CE}}).{{sfn|Rezakhani|2017|pp=34, 37}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

== Sources ==
* {{cite book | title = The Sistani Cycle of Epics and Iran's National History: On the Margins of Historiography | year = 2015 | publisher = BRILL | last = Gazerani| first = Saghi | pages = 1–250 | isbn = 9789004282964 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=92zsCgAAQBAJ&q=false}}
* {{cite book | title = ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity | year = 2017 | publisher = Edinburgh University Press | last = Rezakhani | first = Khodadad | author-link = Khodadad Rezakhani | chapter = East Iran in Late Antiquity| pages = 1–256 | isbn = 9781474400305 | jstor = 10.3366/j.ctt1g04zr8 }} {{registration required}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Vonones of Sakastan|Vonones]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=King of [[Sakastan]]|years= 57 BC–???}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Spalagadames]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Indo-Scythian kings]]
[[Category:1st-century BC Iranian monarchs]]
[[Category:1st-century BC Iranian people]]

Dhian Singh Mand

2025-03-26T11:28:23Z

Himalayan Dream Treks: starting a bio

{{Short description|Sikh politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Dhian Singh Mand
| image =
| caption = Mand in 2020
| office = [[Jathedar of the Akal Takht|Acting Jathedar of the Akal Takht]]{{efn|Appointed by [[Sarbat Khalsa (2015)|Sarbat Khalsa]] in 2015. Disputed by [[Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee|SGPC]].<ref name="appoint">[https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/community/at-sarbat-khalsa-hardliners-appoint-hawara-akal-takht-jathedar/156857.html At Sarbat Khalsa, hardliners appoint Hawara Akal Takht Jathedar]</ref>}} ('''Disputed''')
| term_start = 10 November 2015{{efn|Disputed with [[Giani Gurbachan Singh|Gurbachan Singh]] until 18 October 2018, Harpreet Singh from 22 October 2018 to 16 June 2023, Raghbir Singh from 22 June 2023 to 7 March 2025, Kuldeep Singh Gagraj since 8 March 2025<ref name="Gargaj">{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Surjit |title=SGPC removes Giani Raghbir Singh as Akal Takht jathedar |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/sgpc-removes-giani-raghbir-singh-as-akal-takht-jathedar-101741374185270.html |access-date=8 March 2025 |publisher=Hindustan Times}}</ref>}}
| term_end = 
| predecessor = [[Giani Gurbachan Singh|Gurbachan Singh]]
| successor = 
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency1 = [[Firozpur Lok Sabha constituency|Firozpur]]
| term_start1 = 2 December 1989
| term_end1 = 13 March 1991
| predecessor1 = [[Gurdial Singh Dhillon]]
| successor1 = Mohan Singh
| birth_name = Dhian Singh Mand
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1961|05|03}}
| birth_place = Sedia Ka Ruhila, [[Ferozepur]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| party = [[Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)]]
| father = Ajaib Singh Mand
| alma_mater = Government High School, Noorpur Sethiean
| appointer = [[Sarbat Khalsa (2015)|Sarbat Khalsa]]
}}

'''Dhian Singh Mand''' (born 3 May 1961) is a [[Sikh]] politician<ref name="Lok Sabha">{{cite web |title=9th Lok Sabha Members Bioprofile |url=https://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/3329.htm |website=Lok Sabha |access-date=10 November 2022}}</ref> who has been serving as the [[Sarbat Khalsa (2015)|Sarbat Khalsa]]-appointed acting [[jathedar of the Akal Takht]] since 2015 due to the imprisonment of its permanent jathedar [[Jagtar Singh Hawara]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Booked for sedition, Giani Dhian Singh Mand sent to police custody |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/booked-for-sedition-giani-dhian-singh-mand-sent-to-police-custody/story-CDvZSQW1shPBWAUlFf5vYP.html |access-date=10 November 2022 |agency=Hindustan Times |date=20 November 2015 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="appoint"/>

==Early life==
Dhian Singh Mand was born on 3 May 1961 in Sedia Ka Ruhila, [[Firozpur]], [[Punjab, India]]. He is the son of Ajaib Singh Mand and completed his [[matriculation]] at Government High School, Noorpur Sethiean.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dhian Singh Mand |url=https://www.myneta.info/ls2014/candidate.php?candidate_id=7793 |website=My Neta |publisher=National Election Watch |access-date=27 July 2024}}</ref>

==Political career==
In 1989, Dhian Singh Mand achieved a surprising victory by over 200,000 votes in the [[Firozpur Lok Sabha constituency|Firozepur constituency]] during the [[1989 Indian general election|Indian general elections]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sandhu |first1=Kanwar |title=People of Punjab cast a negative vote against Congress(I) |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/19891215-people-of-punjab-cast-a-negative-vote-against-congressi-816961-1989-12-14 |access-date=27 July 2024 |work=India Today |publisher=India Today |date=15 December 1989 |language=en}}</ref> Mand, who was relatively unknown at the time, defeated prominent figures such as [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] leader [[Jagmeet Singh Brar]] and [[Janata Dal]] leader [[Devi Lal]]. His success was attributed to endorsement from the [[Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)]], as well as the influence of the [[martyrdom]] of three of his brothers in police encounters.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Arora |first1=Subhash Chander |title=Turmoil in Punjab Politics |date=1990 |publisher=Mittal Publications |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-7099-251-6 |page=222 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gwG-yOpSEy8C |access-date=27 July 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mand, Dhian Singh}}
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar) politicians]]
[[Category:Independent politicians in India]]
[[Category:People from Firozpur district]]

{{Sikhism-stub}}

Hum Log

2024-11-11T14:47:55Z

Himalayan Dream Treks:

'''Hum Log''' ({{Lit|We the People}} in Hindi) may refer to:

* [[Hum Log (film)|''Hum Log'' (film)]], a 1951 Bollywood film
* [[Hum Log (TV series)|''Hum Log'' (TV series)]], a 1984 Indian soap opera

== See also ==
* [[We the People (disambiguation)]]

{{disambig}}

Samta, India

2024-09-04T03:42:53Z

Himalayan Dream Treks: put up new details initial version

{{Other uses|Samta (disambiguation){{!}}Samta}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Samta
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = Samta -The View of the village during sunset.JPG
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.4720338|N|87.90793059999999|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Howrah district|Howrah]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Mostly Spoken
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 711324
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 03214
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Uluberia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Uluberia]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Samta''' ({{IPA|bn|ʃaːmtaː|pron}}) is a village and a [[gram panchayat]] in the [[Howrah district]] of [[West Bengal]], [[India]], on the banks of the [[Rupnarayan River|Rupnarayan river]]. Samta is noted for being the home of [[Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay]] (namely, [[Sarat Chandra Kuthi]]) for twelve years, starting from the year 1923. The terracotta [[Madangopal Jiu Temple|temple of Madangopal jiu]] is located in the neighbouring village of Mellak. Samta is connected to the state capital, [[Kolkata]], through the [[National Highway 6 (India)|National Highway 6]], that also connects it to the nearby towns of [[Bagnan]] and [[Kolaghat]]. Samta hosts few educational facilities including the Samta Sarat Chandra Girls High School, among others.

==History==
[[File:Madangopal jiu temple, Mellak.jpg|thumb|200px|left|The Madangopal jiu temple, in the neighbouring village of Mellak]]
[[File:House of Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay - Western View - Samtaber - Howrah 2014-10-19 9791.JPG|thumb|left|200px|Sarat Chandra's house in Samta]]
During the [[British Raj]], Samta was the power-hold of the local Roy [[zamindars]], subordinate to the [[Bardhaman Raj|Burdwan Raj Estate]], who was in turn subordinate to the British empire. Following [[Independence Day (India)|Indian independence]], the village came to be governed by the [[government of India]].

Festivals including [[Dol Purnima|Dol purnima]], [[Durga Puja|Durga puja]], [[Shivaratri]], [[Shitala|Shitala puja]], Itu puja, and [[Janmashtami]], among others, are celebrated in the village. [[Gajan (festival)|Gajan]] sessions are also held during festivals. The [[Madangopal Jiu Temple|terracotta temple of Madangopal jiu]], built in the 17th century CE, is located in the neighbouring village of Mellak, south of Samta.<ref name = "ebela">{{Cite news |url=https://ebela.in/entertainment/deulti-an-amazing-destination-for-pujo-1.484687 |title=ঘুরে আসুন রূপনারায়ণের ধারের দেউলটি |trans-title=Visit Deulti on the banks of Runarayan |date=26 September 2016 |work=Ebela |access-date=10 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905104817/https://ebela.in/entertainment/deulti-an-amazing-destination-for-pujo-1.484687 |archive-date=5 September 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> It is locally known as Gopaler Mondir (literally, "the temple of [[Gopala]]"). The temple was commissioned by Mukundaprasad Roychowdhury, a member of Mellak's then Roychowdhury zamindars.

Samta was home to Bengali novelist, Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay, for twelve years, until he moved to Kolkata. His house in Samta, constructed in 1923 by local worker Gopal Das, is known as [[Sarat Chandra Kuthi]] (or alternatively as, Sarat Smriti Mandir).<ref name="book3">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sJz0wG-w61gC&q=samta |title=The Life of Sharatchandra Chattopadhyay: Drifter and Dreamer |last=Sil |first=Narasingha Prosad |publisher=Lexington Books |year=2012 |pages=54–55 |chapter=6|isbn=9781611475074 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/blink/takeaway/for-the-love-of-picnics/article21308902.ece1 |title=For the love of picnics |last=Basu |first=Anjana |date=11 December 2015 |work=The Hindu Business Online |access-date=10 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905075843/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/blink/takeaway/for-the-love-of-picnics/article21308902.ece1 |archive-date=5 September 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> He had fenced his house and the adjacent area, renaming it as Samtaber.<ref name="book3"/> His novels such as ''[[Devdas]]'' were serialised during his stay in Samta,<ref name="book3"/> while he wrote stories including ''Ramesh'' and ''Ramer Sumati'', among others, during the years he lived in the village.<ref name = "priyo">{{Cite news |url=https://www.priyo.com/articles/sharatchandra-kuthi-2017-20171128 |title=শরৎপ্রেমীরা ঘুরে আসুন শরৎচন্দ্র কুঠি থেকে |trans-title=Lovers of Sarat come visit Sarat Chandra Kuthi |last=Sumi |first=Afsana |date=28 November 2017 |work=Priyo |access-date=10 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905104818/https://www.priyo.com/articles/sharatchandra-kuthi-2017-20171128 |archive-date=5 September 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Sarat Chandra Kuthi is a heritage-historical site under the West Bengal Heritage Commission Act (IX) of 2001.<ref name = "priyo"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.wbdma.gov.in/PDF/Registered_No_WB_SC-247.pdf |title=West Bengal Heritage Commission Act 2001 (Act IX of 2001) |access-date=20 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722022100/http://www.wbdma.gov.in/PDF/Registered_No_WB_SC-247.pdf |archive-date=22 July 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2009, the structure underwent renovation.<ref name = "priyo"/> An annual fair, by the name of Sarat Mela, is held in late January in Samta's neighbouring village Panitras, located north of Samta, in remembrance of the novelist.

== Geography ==
Samta is located on the plains of the Rupnarayan river, situated about a kilometre (0.62 miles) away from its banks.<ref name = "priyo"/>

==Infrastructure==
=== Education ===
[[File:Samta Sarat Chandra Girls High School - Bagnan - Howrah 2014-10-19 9860.JPG|thumb|200px|right|Sarat Chandra Girls High School, in Samta]]
There are a few schools in Samta including Samta Sarat Chandra Girls High School (established by Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay himself, in 1924)<ref name="book3"/> and Samta Primary School.

===Transport===
The village is connected to the [[National Highway 6 (India)|National Highway 6]], also known as the Bombay Road, through a road known as the Sarat Road.<ref name = "ebela"/> The national highway links Samta to Kolkata, the state capital, and towns including Bagnan and Kolaghat.<ref name = "ebela"/><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.wbpdcl.co.in/aboutus_plants.php |title = Plants |publisher = The West Bengal Power Development Corpn. Ltd. |accessdate = 19 March 2012 |url-status = dead |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090221160013/http://www.wbpdcl.co.in/aboutus_plants.php |archivedate = 21 February 2009 }}</ref> The village has a barrage, a kind of breakwater, created to protect the village in times of floods. The barrage road, the Sarat Road, and other village roads together links Samta to its nearby villages including Mellak, Panitras, Birampur, and others. The Sarat Road starts at Mellak from the national highway, south of Samta, and extends to Kalyanpur and [[Hugli-Chinsura|Hooghly]] in the north.

Local transport exists in the form of rickshaws, [[Van-gari|rickshaw-vans]], and trekkers (a kind of jeep). The nearest railway station is the [[Deulti railway station]] located across the highway, that connects Samta and its neighbouring villages to the [[Howrah Junction railway station]].<ref name = "priyo"/>

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Samta -Tagar folwers in a house's garden.JPG|''[[Ixora]]'' flowers in a house's garden
File:Samta- Shubho Chandi.JPG|Sculpture of a Hindu deity, in Samta
File:Mud House - Samtaber - Howrah 2014-10-19 9856.JPG|Mud houses in the village
File:Samta - The Temple of Gopala.JPG|Arches of the Madangopal temple
File:Floral Decoration - Terracotta - Eastern Facade - Madangopal Mandir - 1651 CE - Mellock - Howrah 2014-10-19 9957.JPG|Terracotta motif on the walls of the Madangopal temple
File:Samta Sarat Chandra Girls High School - 1924 CE - Bagnan - Howrah 2014-10-19 9862.JPG|Old wing of the Samta Sarat Chandra Girls High School
</gallery>
{{clear}}

==See also==
* [[Madangopal Jiu Temple]]
* [[Sarat Chandra Kuthi]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons}}
*[http://lokenrc.blogspot.in/ A complete description of Deulti and Samtaber's trip]

{{Howrah District}}

[[Category:Villages in Howrah district]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Howrah district]]

Sayajirao Road

2024-08-02T12:32:12Z

Himalayan Dream Treks: put up a bio v1

{{Short description|Road in Mysore, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}{{coord|12.311035586078425|N|76.65237304759924|E|display=title}}

{{Infobox street
| name = Sayyajirao Road
| image = Highway Circle Mysore.jpg
| caption = Highway Circle in Bannimantap where Sayajirao Road terminates
| namesake = [[Sayajirao Gaekwad III|Maharaja Sayajirao Gaekwad III]]
| owner = [[Mysore City Corporation]]
| country = [[India]]
| north = [[Agrahara Circle]]
| south = Highway Circle
}}

'''Sayyajirao Road''', also known as '''Sayyaji Rao Road''', is a road in [[Mysore]], [[India]] stretching in the north from [[Agrahara circle]] at one end to Highway circle at the other.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 20, 2017 |title=Rajmahal Road to be renamed Chamaraja Road |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/rajmahal-road-to-be-renamed-chamaraja-road/articleshow/58269464.cms |access-date=2022-01-18 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-03-02 |title=Mysore's vanishing heritage |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/archives/mysore-city-herald/mysores-vanishing-heritage-224246.html |access-date=2022-03-01 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Sachin Sharma|date=Mar 23, 2012 |title=Road named after Sayajirao being spruced up in Mysore {{!}} Vadodara News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/road-named-after-sayajirao-being-spruced-up-in-mysore/articleshow/12374224.cms |access-date=2022-03-01 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> This road was named after [[Sayajirao Gaekwad III|Maharaja Sayajirao Gaekwad]] by [[Chamaraja Wodayar X|Maharaja Chamaraja Wodayar X]] in 1893.

== History ==
Both then-yuvarajas (princes) Chamaraja Wodayar X and Sayajirao Gaekwad were good friends. The two leaders were both adopted by a reigning king in their respective kingdoms and went on to become famous maharajas of those realms themselves.<ref>{{cite news |date=28 December 2009 |title=A bit of Baroda in Mysore: Road in Sayajirao's name main market |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-12-28/vadodara/28106383_1_maharaja-ranjitsinh-gaekwad-erstwhile-baroda-state-oriental-institute |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103182251/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-12-28/vadodara/28106383_1_maharaja-ranjitsinh-gaekwad-erstwhile-baroda-state-oriental-institute |archive-date=3 November 2012}}</ref>

In 1888, Sayajirao Gaekwad named the road leading to the [[Lakshmi Vilas Palace, Vadodara]] through Gate-2 as [[Chamaraja Road, Vadodara|Chamaraja Road]]. It is now one of the busiest roads in the city and is lined on one side with retail stores, food outlets, restaurants and many more. It has many office buildings, banks, shops and markets. [[Khanderao Market]], which hosts the offices of [[Vadodara Municipal Corporation]] and the famous city landmark [[Kirti Stambh, Vadodara|Kirti Stambh]] are both located along this road.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Sachin |date=May 13, 2015 |title=Memory of Sayajis friend erased from {{sic|nolink=y|reason=error in source|citys}} face |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/memory-of-sayajis-friend-erased-from-citys-face/articleshow/47259736.cms |access-date=2022-01-18 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

In late 1893, when Sayajirao Gaekwad visited Mysore, a road neighbouring [[Mysore Palace]] was named ''Sayajirao Road'' .<ref>{{cite news |date=6 October 2010 |title=Oriental Institute's journey to glory |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-10-06/vadodara/28272002_1_manuscript-ayodhya-verdict-saryu |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103175743/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-10-06/vadodara/28272002_1_manuscript-ayodhya-verdict-saryu |archive-date=3 November 2012}}</ref> Historically, along the present-day road, a canal was constructed from [[Kaveri River]] to [[Mysore Palace]] in the 1850s to meet water consumption demands of the city of Mysore. The project failed, and the open ditch canal gradually turned into an unhygienic drainage spreading diseases. Eventually, the stretch was filled up and converted into a modern thoroughfare. Subsequently, the road became the [[Mysore Dasara]] procession route during [[Vijayadashami|Vijayadasami]], replacing the congested commercial centre of Doddapete (present-day [[Ashoka Road, Mysore]]).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-03-02 |title=Mysore's vanishing heritage |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/archives/mysore-city-herald/mysores-vanishing-heritage-224246.html |access-date=2022-03-01 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Shopping districts and streets in India]]
[[Category:Baroda State]]
[[Category:Retail markets in India]]

Ram Laxman

2024-04-12T13:48:20Z

Himalayan Dream Treks:

'''Ram Laxman''' may refer to:

* [[Rama]] and [[Lakshmana]], brothers in the epic ''Ramayana''
* [[Ram Lakshman (film)|''Ram Lakshman'' (film)]], a 1981 Tamil film
* ''[[Ram Lakhan]]'', a 1989 Hindi film
* [[Ram Laxman (film)|''Ram Laxman'' (film)]], a 2004 Bengali film
* [[Raamlaxman]] (1942–2021), Indian film score composer
* [[Ram Lakshman (stunt choreographers)]], Chella Ram and Chella Lakshman, Indian film action choreographers

{{disambiguation}}