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Tamba Kheri

2026-05-08T07:13:27Z

Hildred82A: Put Up A Info Basic Info!

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Tamba Kheri
| settlement_type = Village

| coordinates = {{coord|28.90|N|75.43|E|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map = Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_label = Tamba Kheri
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_relief = yes

| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]

| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]

| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Churu district|Churu]]

| subdivision_type3 = Tehsil
| subdivision_name3 = [[Sidhmukh]]

| government_type = [[Gram Panchayat]]

| unit_pref = Metric

| population_total = 1623
| population_as_of = 2011

| timezone1 = IST
| utc_offset1 = +5:30

| registration_plate = RJ-10
}}

'''Tamba Kheri''' is a village located in [[Sidhmukh]] of Churu district in the state of Rajasthan, India. As per 2011 Census of India, it has population of 1623 of which 865 are males while 758 are females. The village is administered under Sidhmukh tehsil and is part of the Shekhawati region of Rajasthan. Agriculture is the primary occupation of the residents of the village.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Primary Census Abstract Data Tables – Census of India 2011
|url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/
|publisher=Government of India
|access-date=7 May 2026}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Tamba Kheri is situated in [[Sidhmukh]] tehsil of [[Churu district|Churu]] district in the Indian state of Rajasthan. The village lies in the Shekhawati region and experiences a semi-arid climate.

== Demographics ==
According to the 2011 Census of India, Tamba Kheri had a population of 1,623 residents, including 865 males and 758 females.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Primary Census Abstract Data Tables – Census of India 2011
|url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/
|publisher=Government of India
|access-date=7 May 2026}}</ref>

== Administration ==
The village is administered through a Gram Panchayat under [[Sidhmukh]] tehsil in [[Churu district|Churu]] district.
<ref>{{cite web
|title=क्रमोन्नत तहसील सिद्धमुख संशोधित अधिसूचना
|url=https://landrevenue.rajasthan.gov.in/content/dam/landrevenue/revenuedepartment/Revenue-New/Notification/Unit_Creation/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A4%20%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%20%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96%20%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%20%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%2007.10.2020%20(%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82).pdf
|publisher=Revenue Department, Government of Rajasthan
|language=hi
|access-date=7 May 2026
}}</ref>

== Economy ==
Agriculture and animal husbandry are among the primary occupations of the residents of the village.

== Transport ==
Tamba Kheri is connected by road to nearby towns of Churu district. The nearest railway station is [[Sidhmukh railway station]].

== See also ==
* [[Sidhmukh]]
* [[Churu (disambiguation)|Churu]]
* [[Rajasthan]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Villages in Churu district]]
[[Category:Villages in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Shekhawati]]
{{Bikanerdivision-geo-stub}}

Y. Subramanya Raju

2026-05-07T10:26:01Z

Hildred82A: Put Up A Page Added Tags!

{{short description|Artist (b. 1907, d. 1995)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Y. Subramanya Raju
| image = Y Subramanya Raju.jpg
| native_name = ವೈ. ಸುಬ್ರಹ್ಮಣ್ಯ ರಾಜು
| birth_date = 3 December 1907
| birth_place = Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1995|9|24|1907|12|3}}
| death_place = Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| education = [[Sir J. J. School of Art]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Smt. Sharadamma|1930}}
| awards = National Award 1987 
Karnataka Rajyotsava Award 1972
}}
'''Y. Subramanya Raju''' (1907 – 1995) was an Indian artist who patronized the Mysore style of traditional art. He was born into a family of [[court painter]]s in the princely state of [[Mysore]]. The [[Mysore Dasara]] Procession paintings which adorn the walls of the Kalyana Mantapa in the [[Mysore Palace]] are few of his exquisite works. In the later years, Raju involved himself with the [[Karnataka Chitrakala Parishath]] for the promotion of fine art and artists in the State. Raju spent most of his years teaching and popularizing [[Mysore painting|Mysore style of art]], as a recognition, ''Emeritus Fellowship'' was awarded by the [[Ministry of Human Resource Development]] and the [[Government of India]] gave its National Award for his excellence in Traditional Mysore Painting.

== Early life and family ==
Y. Subramanya Raju was born in 1907 in [[Mysore]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]. Raju belonged to the [[Somavamsha Arya Kshatriya]] sect. His ancestors were exponents of the [[Mysore painting|Mysore style of art]]. After the downfall of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]], his ancestors migrated to the erstwhile [[Mysore State|State of Mysore]]. This is the same family which has the credit for having created the world famous murals in the [[Daria Daulat Bagh|Dariya Daulat Palace]] that [[Tipu Sultan]] built in [[Srirangapatna]].

From then on the family, especially the forefathers of Y. Subramanya Raju were in the service of the [[Mysore Palace|Mysore palace]]. This service can be traced back at least three generations before Y. Subramanya Raju. His grandfather Sundarayya was a regular painter in the palace and father Yellappa was a [[Drawing|draughtsman]]. Raju's brother Y. Nagaraju and uncle Shankara Raju were also artists in the palace.

When Raju was around 10 years, [[Charles Todhunter|Sir Charles Todhunter]], His Highness's private secretary had mentioned to Yellappa, Raju's father about an All-India contest for a design for a program connected with the welfare of women and children. Yellappa conveyed the message to son Raju and asked him to refer the [[Sritattvanidhi|Sri Tatva Nidhi]], an old treatise on fine arts in the [[Mysore Palace|Palace]] to prepare an appropriate design. The design prepared not only won Raju an all India prize, but also recognition as a young artist of merit.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Y. Subramanya Raju|publisher=Karnataka Lalithakala Academy|year=1987|location=Karnataka}}</ref>

== Education ==
Y. Subramanya Raju was admitted to an Anglo Kannada School known as Raja School, established by [[Krishnaraja Wadiyar III|Mummudi Krishnaraja Wadiyar]]. He was regular in his lessons, but was certainly more interested in drawing.

As Raju often accompanied his father or brother to the Palace, he had come to the notice of [[Charles Todhunter|Sir Charles Todhunter]]. The latter with the intention of giving a surprise Christmas gift to His Highness asked Raju to prepare a design for a lampshade. The design was that of a sequence in the renowned [[Mysore Dasara]] procession. Much impressed by the design, when the gift was offered to His Highness, he was not only pleased with the design, but also inquired who the artist was. That is how the young Raju came to be presented to the [[Krishna Raja Wadiyar IV|Krishnaraja Wadiyar]]. It is according to his wish, that Raju was admitted to the [[Chamarajendra Academy of Visual Arts|Chamarajendra Technical Institute]]. The Maharaja also granted him a scholarship of ₹4 a month, which was later increased to ₹6.

In [[Chamarajendra Academy of Visual Arts|CTI]], Raju got acquainted with the principles of perspective, balance, anatomy and proportion. Under the supervision of [[Keshavaiah]], Raju learnt the technique of [[landscape painting]] from [[Tankasale]] and [[drawing]] from [[Yelavatti]]. Raju took a diploma in drawing, painting and designing from the technical Institute, Madras in 1926.

After joining the prestigious [[Sir Jamsetjee Jeejebhoy School of Art|J.J.School]], Raju passed his preliminary examination in drawing and painting with distinction. Once Raju was sent in the batch of [[Sir Jamsetjee Jeejebhoy School of Art|J.J.School]] students to [[Baroda State|Baroda]] to prepare and execute the decoration for the ceiling of the [[Laxmi Vilas Palace, Vadodara|Gaekwad's Palace]]. Later, these designs were exhibited in [[London]] under the title ''A representative of Indian Art Treasures in London''. He completed his education here in 1930.<ref name=":0" />

== Art career ==
In 1926, Y. Subramanya Raju received an assignment by the [[Parakala Matha|Parakala Mutt]] to do a portrait of [[Vedanta Desika]]. Soon after this assignment, Raju received the letter of appointment as a teacher in the [[Chamarajendra Academy of Visual Arts|CTI]].

After Raju's marriage with Sharada, he was commissioned with the work of preparing a plan for [[Mysore]] City. The plan which was designed in stipulated time was greatly appreciated by His Highness and Mr. M.A. Srinivasan, the Commissioner of Mysore at the time.

The most acclaimed works of Raju are in the Kalyana Mantapa of the [[Mysore Palace]]. Of the 28 wall panels painted in Kalyana Mantapa, 6 were executed by Raju.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/64714/in-their-true-colours.html|title=In their true colours|work=Deccan Herald}}</ref> He is also credited for designing the key sketches of all the 28 paintings in the Kalyana Mantapa.

# No. 5: III Mysore Battalion.
# No. 10: Coronation Elephant, Horse and Palanquin.
# No. 18: Lord Rama worshiping arms in front of Goddess Chamundeshwari.
#No. 24: Naupath Elephant.
# No. 25: Rearguard horse.
# No. 28: Elephant - pulled carriage and the ambulance.

During the [[Mysore Dasara|Dasara]] Festival, on the occasion of Ayudha Pooja, the head of the Mysore royal family worships the royal arms in the Mysore Palace. This offering which is performed every year, is done in front of Y. Subramanya Raju's painting, ''Lord Rama worshiping arms in front of Goddess Chamundeshwari''.

Raju's student M.S. Nanjunda Rao and friend M. Arya Murthy, who had established The Chitrakala Parishath (now [[Karnataka Chitrakala Parishath]]), approached Raju to join them to work for the promotion of fine art and artists in the State.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/552162/tracing-artistic-journey.html|title=Tracing an artistic journey|work=Deccan Herald}}</ref> In 1970, Raju joined The Parishath, at the time it was functioning in a floor of Gandhi Sahitya Sangha in [[Malleswaram|Malleshwaram]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/chitrakala-parishath-an-art-haven-like-no-other/article8590355.ece|title=Chitrakala Parishath: An art haven like no other|work=The Hindu}}</ref> Soon the Parishath undertook projects to conduct a survey of traditional paintings in the region. Nanjunda Rao also got a scheme sanctioned from The Central Handicrafts Development Board to train artists in the traditional technique, to which Raju was handed complete charge.<ref name=":0" />

Paintings etched on the walls of the [[Jainism|Jain]] mutt in pilgrim town [[Shravanabelagola]] have remained an integral part of its culture, depicting the community's way of life 200 years ago. Eleven senior artists, Murugappa Chetti, Y Subramanya Raju, S S Kukke, M E Guru, S Kalappa, S R Swamy, V T Kale, [[Pushpa Dravid]], Kalidas Pattar, M S Nanjunda Rao and M J Kamalakshi were commissioned by The Karnataka Lalitha Kala Academy in 1971 to reproduce these paintings, which were surrounding the events connected to the 24th [[Tirthankara]]. As a result, a total of 96 paintings were commissioned in 1971 and 1978.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/rare-jain-paintings-to-be-displayed-at-chitrakala-parishath/articleshow/62563139.cms|title=Rare Jain paintings to be displayed at Chitrakala Parishath|date=19 Jan 2018|work=The Times Of India|access-date=27 Sep 2019}}</ref>

== Awards and honours ==

*Gold Medal for "''Dasara Exhibition Poster''" in the Mysore Dasara Exhibition 1931.
*Silver Medal in "''Landscape''" category in the Mysore Dasara Exhibition in 1931.
* Silver Medal in "''Water color"'' category in the Mysore Dasara Exhibition in 1931.
* Gold Medal in the [[Travancore]] Chitra Tirunal I.C. Exhibition in 1931.
* ''"Huskur Channa Basappa's prize"'' by Mysore Fine Art Society in 1931.
* ''"O.V. Mullers memorial fund prize"'' by [[Bombay Art Society]] in 1931.
* Madras Fine Art Society award in 1931.
* Gold Medal in the Bangalore Kalamandir Exhibition in 1932.
* Simla Fine Art Society award in 1932.
* ''"H.H. The Yuvaraja Prize"'' for the best work by a Mysore Artist in 1935.
* Silver Medal by [[Government of India]] for Census work as Enumerator in 1953.
* Mysore State Lalithakala academy prize in 1962.
*The Honor of [[Karnataka Chitrakala Parishath]] in 1971 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.karnatakachitrakalaparishath.com/|title=Karnataka Chitrakala Parishath}}</ref>
*The State Award ([[Rajyotsava Prashasti|Karnataka Rajyotsava Award]]) presented by Former [[Chief Minister of Karnataka]] Shri [[D. Devaraj Urs]] in 1972.
*The [[Somavamsha Arya Kshatriya]] Samaja conferred the title ''"Chitrakala Praveena"'' in 1973.
* The Karnataka Lalithakala Academy Annual award in 1977.
* The State Youth Writers and Artists Guild, Bangalore honor in 1977.
* The [[All India Fine Arts and Crafts Society]] award in 1985.
* ''"Emeritus Fellowship"'' from the [[Ministry of Human Resource Development]] in 1986.
* "''National Award for his excellence in traditional Mysore Painting''" by [[Government of India]] presented by Former [[President of India]] Shri [[R. Venkataraman|R.Venkataraman]] in 1987.
*Felicitation by Former [[President of India]] Shri [[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]] at [[Karnataka Chitrakala Parishath]] in 1989.
*"''Svetoslav Roerich Award''" by Roerich Art Centre presented by Smt. [[Devika Rani Roerich|Devikarani Roerich]] in 1993.

== Books ==
Following Books have been written about Y. Subramanya Raju.

* ''Y. Subramanya Raju:'' A biography by S.N.Chandrashekar, published by [[Karnataka Lalithakala Academy]] in 1987.
* ''Chitragarudiga Y. Subramanya Raju,'' published by [[Karnataka Chitrakala Parishath]] in 2008.
* ''Y. Subramanya Raju Centenary celebration'', published by [[Karnataka Chitrakala Parishath]] in 2008.
* ''ಹಿರಿಯ ಕಲಾವಿದರ ಶತಮಾನೋತ್ಸವ,'' published by [[Karnataka Lalithakala Academy]] in 2011.

== References ==
<references />

== Further reading ==
*[http://www.marymartin.com/web/selectedIndex?mEntry=47116 Biography on Y. Subramanya Raju, published by ''Karnataka Lalitha Kala Academy'']{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*[https://www.karnataka.gov.in/Gazetteer/Publications/Special%20Publications/A%20Hand%20Book%20of%20Karnataka%202015/Chapter%2013%20Literature%20and%20Culture.pdf Contributions of Y. Subramanya Raju, in book '''A HandBook of Karnataka''', published by ''Karnataka Gazetteer Department'']
*[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Priceless-Mysore-paintings-on-display/articleshow/3374761.cms Y. Subramanya Raju's birth centenary celebration, reported by the ''Times of India'']
*[https://www.academia.edu/28456750/Indian_Paintings_Folk_Dances_Carnatic_Music_Indian_Art_Culture_pdf Contributions of Y.Subramanya Raju, in a pdf on Indian Paintings, Folk Dances Carnatic Music (Indian Art Culture)]
*[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/An-artist-visionary-whose-craft-symbolises-life/articleshow/745056948.cms An artist visionary whose craft symbolizes life]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20031030072752/http://www.indianfolklore.org/pdf/visualart/Mysore.pdf History and facts about Mysore paintings]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Subramanya Raju, Y.}}
[[Category:Painters from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Artists from Mysore]]
[[Category:Sir J. J. School of Art alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Rajyotsava Award 1972]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:1907 births]]
[[Category:1995 deaths]]

Kolkata Dakshin Lok Sabha constituency

2026-05-06T04:57:40Z

Hildred82A: made initial pg added tags

{{Short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Kolkata Dakshin {{Small|WB-23}}
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/West Bengal/Kolkata Dakshin.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Kolkata Dakshin Lok Sabha Constituency
| established = 1967–Present
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Mala Roy (Member of Parliament).jpg
| mp = [[Mala Roy]]
| party = {{Party index link|Trinamool Congress}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| assembly_cons = [[Kasba, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Kasba]] [[Behala Purba Assembly constituency|Behala Purba]] [[Behala Paschim Assembly constituency|Behala Paschim]] [[Kolkata Port Assembly constituency|Kolkata Port]] [[Bhabanipur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Bhabanipur]] [[Rashbehari Assembly constituency|Rashbehari]] [[Ballygunge Assembly constituency|Ballygunge]]
| electors = 1,719,821<ref name="turnout">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm |title=Parliamentary Constituency Wise Turnout for General Elections 2014 |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=2 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702210941/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm |archive-date=2 July 2014 }}</ref>
}}

'''Kolkata Dakshin Lok Sabha constituency''' (earlier known as '''Calcutta South Lok Sabha constituency''') is one of the 543 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[India]]. The constituency centres on the southern part of [[Kolkata]] in [[West Bengal]]. While four of the seven legislative assembly segments on No. 23 Kolkata Dakshin Lok Sabha constituency are in [[Kolkata district]], three are in [[South 24 Parganas district]].

Considered to be a bastion of the [[Trinamool Congress]], it has been won by the party since its formation in 1998. Prior to it, the seat was a stronghold of [[Indian National Congress]]. TMC's founder and current chief minister of West Bengal, [[Mamata Banerjee]] was the longest holder of the seat.

[[File:Kolkata South Lok Sabha constituency in Kolkata district.svg|thumb]]

==Assembly segments==
[[File:Westbengalen Wahlkreise Lok Sabha.svg|thumb|350 px|right|'''Parliamentary constituencies in West Bengal''' – 1. Cooch Behar, 2. Alipurduars, 3. Jalpaiguri, 4. Darjeeling, 5. Raiganj, 6. Balurghat, 7. Maldaha Uttar, 8. Maldaha Dakshin, 9. Jangipur, 10. Baharampur, 11. Murshidabad, 12. Krishnanagar, 13. Ranaghat, 14. Bangaon, 15. Barrackpore, 16. Dum Dum, 17. Barasat, 18. Basirhat, 19. Jaynagar, 20. Mathurapur, 21. Diamond Harbour, 22. Jadavpur, 23. '''Kolkata Dakshin''', 24. Kolkata Uttar, 25. Howrah, 26. Uluberia, 27. Serampore, 28. Hoghly, 29. Arambagh, 30. Tamluk, 31. Kanthi, 32. Ghatal, 33. Jhargram, 34. Medinipur, 35. Purulia, 36. Bankura, 37. Bishnupur, 38. Bardhaman Purba, 39. Bardhaman Durgapur, 40. Asansol, 41. Bolpur, 42. Birbhum]]

As per order of the [[Delimitation Commission]] in respect of the [[Delimitation of constituencies]] in the [[West Bengal]], Kolkata Dakshin Lok Sabha constituency is composed of the following legislative assembly segments from 2009:<ref name =delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 | access-date = 2009-05-27 | work = Table B – Extent of Parliamentary Constituencies | publisher =Government of West Bengal}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! #
! Name
! District
! Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |2024 Lead
|-
|149
|[[Kasba, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Kasba]]
| rowspan="3" |[[South 24 Parganas District|South 24 Parganas]]
|[[Javed Ahmed Khan]]
|{{party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|{{party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=7}}
|-
|153
|[[Behala Purba Assembly constituency|Behala Purba]]
|Shankar Sikder
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|154
|[[Behala Paschim Assembly constituency|Behala Paschim]]
|Indranil Khan
|-
|158
|[[Kolkata Port Assembly constituency|Kolkata Port]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Kolkata District|Kolkata]]
|[[Firhad Hakim]]
|{{party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|-
|159
|[[Bhabanipur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Bhabanipur]]
|[[Suvendu Adhikari]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|160
|[[Rashbehari Assembly constituency|Rashbehari]]
|[[Swapan Dasgupta]]
|-
|161
|[[Ballygunge Assembly constituency|Ballygunge]]
|[[Sovandeb Chattopadhyay]]
|{{party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|-
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kolkata Dakshin (West Bengal) Lok Sabha Election Results 2019 -Kolkata Dakshin Parliamentary Constituency, Winning MP and Party Name |url=https://www.elections.in/west-bengal/parliamentary-constituencies/kolkata-dakshin.html |access-date= |website=www.elections.in}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|[[Ganesh Ghosh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|[[Priya Ranjan Dasmunsi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|Dilip Chakravarty
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|[[Satya Sadhan Chakraborty|Satya Sadhan Chakrabarty]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|Bholanath Sen
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|[[Biplab Dasgupta]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Mamata Banerjee]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=8|Trinamool Congress}}
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|-
|2011^
| rowspan="2" |[[Subrata Bakshi]]
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Mala Roy]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|}
^By-Poll

==Election results==
===General election 2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: Kolkata Dakshin<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/ConstituencywiseS2523.htm|title=Election Commission of India|website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref>
}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Trinamool Congress|candidate=[[Mala Roy]]|votes=615274|percentage=49.48%|change={{increase}}+1.98}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Debasree Chaudhuri]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=428,043|percentage=34.42%|change={{decrease}}0.22}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Saira Shah Halim|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes=168,531|percentage=13.55%|change={{increase}}}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=6,423|percentage=0.42|change={{decrease}}0.81}}
{{Election box majority||votes=1,87,231|percentage=52.63|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=12,43,477|percentage=72.30|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: Kolkata Dakshin<ref>{{Cite web | title=General Election 2019 - Election Commission of India | url=http://results.eci.gov.in/pc/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS2523.htm?ac=23 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190622133927/http://results.eci.gov.in/pc/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS2523.htm?ac=23 | access-date=2025-11-24 | archive-date=2019-06-22}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Mala Roy]]|party=All India Trinamool Congress|votes=573,119|percentage=47.50|change=+10.55}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Chandra Kumar Bose|votes=417,927|percentage=34.64|change=+9.36}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Nandini Mukherjee]]|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes=140,275|percentage=11.63|change=−12.17}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Mita Chakraborty|party=Indian National Congress|votes=42,618|percentage=3.53|change=−6.18}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=14,824|percentage=1.23|change=−0.43}}
{{Election box majority||votes=155,102|percentage=12.85|change=+1.18}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,207,076|percentage=69.82|change=+0.52}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing = +10.55
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Kolkata|Kolkata Dakshin]] }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Subrata Bakshi]]
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|votes = 4,31,715
|percentage = 36.95
|change = −20.24
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Tathagata Roy]]
|votes = 2,95,376
|percentage = 25.28
|change = +21.33
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Nandini Mukherjee]]
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = 2,79,414
|percentage = 23.83
|change = −11.56
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Mala Roy]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 1,13,453
|percentage = 9.71
|change = +9.71
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 19,511
|percentage = 1.67
|change = +1.67
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 1,36,339
|percentage = 11.67
|change = −10.13
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 11,67,986
|percentage = 69.30
|change = +2.41
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing = −25.75
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Bye election 2011===
A bye election was held in this constituency in 2011 which was necessitated by the resignation of sitting MP Mamata Banerjee and her subsequent election to the State Assembly from the [[Bhabanipur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Bhabanipur Assembly constituency]]. In the by-election, [[Subrata Bakshi]] of Trinamool Congress defeated his nearest rival [[Ritabrata Banerjee]] of CPI(M) by 2,30,099 votes.
{{Election box begin | title=Bye-election, 2011: Kolkata Dakshin}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Subrata Bakshi]]
|votes = 5,16,761
|percentage = 62.70
|change = +5.51
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Ritabrata Banerjee]]
|votes = 2,86,662
|percentage = 34.78
|change = −0.61
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = S. K. Biswas
|votes = 8,068
|percentage = 0.98
|change = +0.98
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Debashish Ghosh
|votes = 7,049
|percentage = 0.86
|change = +0.86
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Ranjit Kumar Dutta
|votes = 5,596
|percentage = 0.68
|change = +0.68
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 2,30,099
|percentage = 27.92
|change = +6.12
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 8,24,231
|percentage = 52.82
|change = −14.07
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing = +5.51
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Kolkata|Kolkata Dakshin]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Mamata Banerjee]]
|votes = 5,76,045
|percentage = 57.19
|change = +6.09
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Rabin Deb]]
|votes = 3,56,474
|percentage = 35.39
|change = −2.91
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Jyotsna Banerjee
|votes = 39,744
|percentage = 3.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Paresh Chandra Roy
|votes = 6,745
|percentage = 0.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
|candidate = Yusuf Jamal Siddique
|votes = 6,042
|percentage = 0.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian Union Muslim League
|candidate = Asif Md
|votes = 5,896
|percentage = 0.59
|change =
}}

{{Election box majority
|votes = 2,19,571
|percentage = 21.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 10,07,225
|percentage = 66.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
===General election 2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections|General Election, 2004]]: [[Kolkata|Calcutta South]]<ref name="loksabha2004">{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf |title = General Elections, 2004 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 25 May 2014 }}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Mamata Banerjee]]
|votes = 393,561
|percentage = 50.90
|change = −7.36
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Rabin Deb]]
|votes = 295,132
|percentage = 38.30
|change = +6.62
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Nafisa Ali]]
|votes = 60,377
|percentage = 7.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)|IND
|candidate = Sujit Kumar Roy
|votes = 4,782
|percentage = 0.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Kusha Ram
|votes = 4,431
|percentage = 0.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)|IND
|candidate = Bandana Das
|votes = 4,130
|percentage = 0.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Mukul Paul
|votes = 2,524
|percentage = 0.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Ranjit Banerjee
|votes = 2,306
|percentage = 0.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Barnali Mukherjee
|votes = 2,258
|percentage = 0.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Santu Mukherjee
|votes = 1,708
|percentage = 0.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Bhushan Mondal
|votes = 1,533
|percentage = 0.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 98,429
|percentage = 12.60%
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 7,70,828
|percentage = 70.3%
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 1999===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Indian general election|General Election, 1999]]: [[Kolkata|Calcutta South]]<ref name="loksabha1999">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf |title=General Elections, 1999 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=25 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Mamata Banerjee]]
|votes = 4,69,103
|percentage = 58.26
|change = -1.11
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Subhankar Chakraborty
|votes = 2,55,095
|percentage = 31.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Partha Roy Chowdhury
|votes = 51,735
|percentage = 6.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist)
|candidate = Dr. Partha Sarathi Ghosh
|votes = 6,186
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Mohammed Sahabuddun
|votes = 6,091
|percentage = 0.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)|IND
|candidate = Ranjan Kumar Das
|votes = 5.841
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Murari Mohan Ghosh
|votes = 4,512
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Priya Nath Banerjee
|votes = 2,740
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Kabita Mukherjee
|votes = 2,160
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Bandana Biswas
|votes = 1,658
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 2,14,008
|percentage = 26.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 8,05,121
|percentage = 66.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 1998===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Indian general election|General Election, 1998]]: [[Kolkata|Calcutta South]]<ref name="loksabha1998">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf |title=General Elections, 1998 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=25 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718181833/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Mamata Banerjee]]
|votes = 503,551
|percentage = 59.37
|change = +6.87
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Prasanta Sur|Prasanta Kumar Sur]]
|votes = 279,470
|percentage = 32.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Sougata Roy]]
|votes = 56,725
|percentage = 6.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)|IND
|candidate = Partha Sarathi Ghosh
|votes = 1,937
|percentage = 0.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = Salik Ram Shaw
|votes = 1,498
|percentage = 0.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)|IND
|candidate = G.Joseph
|votes = 1.497
|percentage = 0.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Rina Sutradhar
|votes = 1,447
|percentage = 0.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Adrish Bhattacharya
|votes = 1,236
|percentage = 0.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Addy Samir Kumar
|votes = 493
|percentage = 0.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Paresh Nath Bandyopadhyay
|votes = 340
|percentage = 0.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 2,24,081
|percentage = 27.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 8,05,121
|percentage = 66.96%
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 1996===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1996 Indian general election|General Election, 1996]]: [[Kolkata|Calcutta South]]<ref name="loksabha1996">{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1996/Vol_I_LS_96.pdf |title = General Elections, 1996 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 25 May 2014 }}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Mamata Banerjee]]
|votes = 4,38,252
|percentage = 52.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Bharati Mukherjee
|votes = 3,34,991
|percentage = 40.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Santi Roy
|votes = 45,066
|percentage = 5.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)|IND
|candidate = Bulu Chatterjee
|votes = 3,439
|percentage = 0.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)|IND
|candidate = Sushil Chandra Majumdar
|votes = 1,869
|percentage = 0.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)|IND
|candidate = D. Guha
|votes = 1,755
|percentage = 0.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Tripti Das
|votes = 1,589
|percentage = 0.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Bandana Biswas
|votes = 1,572
|percentage = 0.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)
|candidate = Yasmeen Sen Gupta
|votes = 1,527
|percentage = 0.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Lalita Seth
|votes = 1,482
|percentage = 0.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Ramagardi Yadav
|votes = 1,285
|percentage = 0.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Bablu Dutta
|votes = 958
|percentage = 0.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Murari Mohan Ghosh
|votes = 798
|percentage = 0.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 1,03,261
|percentage = 12.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 8,52,458
|percentage = 73.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 1991===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1991 Indian general election|General Election, 1991]]: [[Kolkata|Calcutta South]]<ref name="loksabha1991">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1991/VOL_I_91.pdf |title=General Elections, 1991 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=25 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183558/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1991/VOL_I_91.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Mamata Banerjee]]
|votes = 3,67,896
|percentage = 52.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Biplab Dasgupta
|votes = 2,74,233
|percentage = 39.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Somraj Dutta
|votes = 50,541
|percentage = 7.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)|IND
|candidate = Ashok kumar Roy Chowdhury
|votes = 1,958
|percentage = 0.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)|IND
|candidate = Sushil Chandra Majumdar
|votes = 1,779
|percentage = 0.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Parimal Kanti Ray
|votes = 1,121
|percentage = 0.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Priti Mazumder
|votes = 877
|percentage = 0.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Bandana Biswas
|votes = 837
|percentage = 0.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Doordarshi Party
|candidate = Hari Shankar Shah
|votes = 792
|percentage = 0.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Hajranchhor Chand Bhandari
|votes = 548
|percentage = 0.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Bhagwan Das Nathany
|votes = 413
|percentage = 0.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Arun Ghosh
|votes = 295
|percentage = 0.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Murari Mohan Ghosh
|votes = 798
|percentage = 0.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 93,663
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 7,01,290
|percentage = 68.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 1989===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1989 Indian general election|General Election, 1989]]: [[Kolkata|Calcutta South]]<ref name="loksabha1989">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf |title=General Elections, 1989 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=25 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Biplab Dasgupta]]
|votes = 3,63,674
|percentage = 50.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Bholanath Sen
|votes = 3,38,518
|percentage = 46.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Jnanendra Banerjee
|votes = 18,418
|percentage = 2.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)|IND
|candidate = Sankar Som Banerjee
|votes = 2,213
|percentage = 0.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)|IND
|candidate = Sourendta Nath Mitra
|votes = 1,459
|percentage = 0.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)|IND
|candidate = Arun Ghosh
|votes = 1,065
|percentage = 0.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Utpal Roy
|votes = 996
|percentage = 0.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 25,156
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 7,26,343
|percentage = 73.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 1984===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1984 Indian general election|General Election, 1984]]: [[Kolkata|Calcutta South]]<ref name="loksabha1984">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf |title=General Elections, 1984 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=25 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718184911/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Bholanath Sen
|votes = 324,823
|percentage = 56.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Satya Sadhan Chakraborty|Satyasadhan Chakraborty]]
|votes = 235,884
|percentage = 41.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Mridula Mukherjee
|votes = 2,544
|percentage = 0.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)|IND
|candidate = SK Sultan
|votes = 2,543
|percentage = 0.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)|IND
|candidate = Dinesh Gupta
|votes = 1,274
|percentage = 0.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)|IND
|candidate = M.K.Ratnam
|votes = 1,097
|percentage = 0.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Chandan Banik
|votes = 872
|percentage = 0.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Shyam Sundar Thakur
|votes = 789
|percentage = 0.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Souren Mitra
|votes = 740
|percentage = 0.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Chandan Banik
|votes = 872
|percentage = 0.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 88,939
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 570,566
|percentage = 72.52%
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 1980===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1980 Indian general election|General Election, 1980]]: [[Kolkata|Calcutta South]]<ref name="loksabha1980">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf |title=General Elections, 1980 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=25 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718175926/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Satya Sadhan Chakraborty|Satyasadhan Chakraborty]]
|votes = 213,441
|percentage = 45,20
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
|candidate = Bholanath Sen
|votes = 176,432
|percentage = 41.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Party
|candidate = Dilip Chakravartty
|votes = 32,747
|percentage = 6.90
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress (Urs)
|candidate = [[Priya Ranjan Dasmunsi]]
|votes = 28,531
|percentage = 6.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India
|candidate = Subir Basu Roy
|votes = 5,001
|percentage = 1.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)|IND
|candidate = Anil Kumar Banerjee
|votes = 2,102
|percentage = 0.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Subrata Chatterjee
|votes = 1,462
|percentage = 0.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Sunil Prasad Roy
|votes = 1,425
|percentage = 0.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Shakya Sen
|votes = 1,053
|percentage = 0.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Karuna Nidhan Roy
|votes = 495
|percentage = 0.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Rabi Chowdhury
|votes = 456
|percentage = 0.10
|change =
}}

{{Election box majority
|votes = 37,009
|percentage = (7.8%)
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 4,72,722
|percentage = 61.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser = Bharatiya Lok Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections 1951-2014===
Calcutta South constituency came into existence in 1967. However, different constituencies existed in the area. Results of such constituencies are also included here. Most of the contests were multi-cornered. However, only winners and runners-up are mentioned below:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Constituency
!Voters
!Voter turnout
!Winner
!%
!Party
!Runners up
!%
!Party
|-
|rowspan=2|1951
|rowspan=2|Calcutta South East
|144,065
|37.91
|Ashim Krishna Dutt
|51.11
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Bankim Chandra Bhattacharyya
|27.37
|Independent<ref name="loksabha1952">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1951/VOL_1_51_LS.PDF |title=General Elections, India, 1951- Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission |access-date=25 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304120817/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1951/VOL_1_51_LS.PDF |archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref>
|-
|144,614
|37.91
|[[Syama Prasad Mookerjee]]
|44.97
|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh|BJS]]
|[[Mriganka Mohan Sur]]
|30.46
|INC<ref name="loksabha1952" />
|-
|rowspan=2|1957
|rowspan=3|Calcutta East
|188,647
|46.73
|Biren Roy
|50.33
|[[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|Ashim Krishna Dutt
|43.68
|INC<ref name="loksabha1957">{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1957/Vol_I_57_LS.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1957- Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 25 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
|228,712
|46.0
|Sadhan Chandra Gupta
|62.68
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|Ranadeb Chowdhury
|35.47
|INC<ref name="loksabha1957" />
|-
|1967
|320,419
|68.03
|Ranendra Nath Sen
|56.88
|CPI
|Sailendra Nath Mukherjee
|43.12
|INC<ref name="loksabha1962">{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1962/Vol_I_LS_62.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1962- Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 25 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1967
|rowspan=11|Calcutta South
|317,171
|62.60
|[[Ganesh Ghosh]]
|50.28
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|B. B. Ghosh
|37.58
|INC<ref name="loksabha1967">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1967/Vol_I_LS_67.pdf |title=General Elections, India, 1967 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission |access-date=25 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404203524/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1967/Vol_I_LS_67.pdf |archive-date= 4 April 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|1971
|296,088
|59.00
|[[Priya Ranjan Dasmunsi]]
|50.65
|INC
|[[Ganesh Ghosh]]
|42.95
|CPI(M)<ref name="loksabha1971">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS71.pdf |title=General Elections, India, 1971 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission |access-date=25 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404195218/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS71.pdf |archive-date= 4 April 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|1977
|398,560
|60.92
|Dilip Chakravarty
|58.08
|[[Janata Party|JP]]
|[[Priya Ranjan Dasmunsi]]
|40.59
|INC<ref name="loksabha1977">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf |title=General Elections, 1977 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=25 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718185438/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|1980
|472,700
|61.54
|[[Satya Sadhan Chakraborty|Satya Sadhan Chakrabarty]]
|46.09
|CPI(M)
|Bhola Nath Sen
|38.09
|INC(I)<ref name ="loksabha1980" />
|-
|1984
|582,370
|72.52
|Bhola Nath Sen
|56.93
|INC
|[[Satya Sadhan Chakraborty|Satya Sadhan Chakrabarty]]
|41.34
|CPI(M)<ref name="loksabha1984" />
|-
|1989
|740,080
|73.02
|[[Biplab Dasgupta]]
|50.07
|CPI(M)
|Bhola Nath Sen
|46.61
|INC<ref name="loksabha1989" />
|-
|1991
|714,400
|68.5
|[[Mamata Banerjee]]
|52.46
|INC
|Biplab Dasgupta
|39.1
|CPI(M)<ref name="loksabha1991" />
|-
|1996
|852,460
|73.02
|Mamata Banerjee
|52.51
|INC
|Bharati Mukherjee
|40.54
|CPI(M)<ref name="loksabha1996" />
|-
|1998
|877,430
|74.44
|Mamata Banerjee
|59.37
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|[[Prasanta Sur]]
|32.95
|CPI(M)<ref name="loksabha1998" />
|-
|1999
|805,270
|66.96
|Mamata Banerjee
|58.26
|AITC
|Subhankar Chakraborty
|31.68
|CPI(M)<ref name="loksabha1999" />
|-
|2004
|772,740
|70.46
|Mamata Banerjee
|50.93
|AITC
|[[Rabin Deb]]
|38.19
|CPI(M)<ref name="loksabha2004" />
|-
|2009
|rowspan=3|Kolkata Dakshin
|1,007,225
|66.89
|Mamata Banerjee
|57.19
|AITC
|Rabin Deb
|35.39
|CPI(M)<ref name="loksabha2009">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |title=General Elections, 2009 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=25 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811090059/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |archive-date=11 August 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|2011
|824,136
|52.82
|[[Subrata Bakshi]]
|62.70
|AITC
|[[Ritabrata Banerjee]]
|34.78
|CPI(M)<ref name="loksabha2009" />
|-
|2014
|11,67,986
|69.30
|Subrata Bakshi
|36.95
|AITC
|[[Tathagata Roy]]
|25.28
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<ref name="loksabha2014">{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2014/33%20-%20Constituency%20wise%20detailed%20result.pdf |title = General Elections 2014 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 19 June 2016 }}</ref>
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Kolkata]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/west_bengal/kolkata_dakshin/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Kolkata Dakshin lok sabha constituency election 2019 result details]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}
{{Kolkata constituencies}}

{{Coord|22.5726723|N|88.3638815|E|display=title|format=dms}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kolkata Dakshin Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Kolkata district]]
[[Category:Mamata Banerjee]]

Kankjol

2026-05-01T13:48:49Z

Hildred82A: made the post initial version

{{Short description|Village in Sahebganj}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kankjol
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.796|87.813|display=title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Community development block|Block]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Sahibganj district|Sahibganj]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Barharwa (community development block)|Barharwa]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1.43
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 2501
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in India|STD code]]
| area_code =
| registration_plate =
}}
'''Kankjol''' is a village in [[Barharwa (community development block)|Barharwa]] block of [[Sahibganj district]], [[Jharkhand]]. An old town dating back at least to the 1100s, Kankjol was a provincial capital under the [[Sena dynasty]] and later was the seat of a [[pargana]] under the [[Mughal Empire]]. As of 2011, it has a population of 2,501 people, in 514 households.

== History ==
[[Hiranand Sastri]], [[Kashinath Narayan Dikshit]], and [[N. P. Chakravarti]] identified Kankjol with ''Kaṅkagrāma'', eponymous capital of the Kaṅkagrāmabhukti division of the [[Sena dynasty]]. This ''[[bhukti]]'' (province) is first attested {{circa}} 1183 in the [[Shaktipur]] grant of [[Lakshmanasena]]. The grant states that Uttara Rāḍhā, (what is now the northern [[Rarh]] region), was part of Kaṅkagrāmabhukti According to [[Dhirendra Chandra Ganguly]], the province seems to have been a recent creation at that point, likely reflecting recent conquests under Lakshmanasena. Uttara Rāḍhā (what is now the northern [[Rarh]] region), mentioned as part of the [[Bardhaman|Vardhamāna]] ''bhukti'' just a few years prior, is mentioned in the Shaktipur grant as part of Kaṅkagrāmabhukti; it seems to have formed the southern part of the new province, with the [[Ajay River]] marking the boundary between the Kaṅkagrāma and Vardhamāna provinces. Kaṅkagrāmabhukti also seems to have encompassed the present-day [[Santhal Pargana division]] and [[Bhagalpur district]] in the northwest.<ref name="Ganguly 1931">{{cite book |last1=Ganguly |first1=Dhirendra Chandra |editor1-last=Sastri |editor1-first=Hirananda |editor1-link=Hiranand Sastri |editor2-last=Dikshit |editor2-first=K. N. |editor2-link=Kashinath Narayan Dikshit |editor3-last=Chakravarti |editor3-first=N. P. |editor3-link=N. P. Chakravarti |title=Epigraphia Indica, Vol. XXI |date=1931 |pages=211-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.56981/page/n277 |access-date=26 October 2024 |chapter=Saktipur Copper-Plate Grant of Lakshmanasena}}</ref>{{rp|213-4}}

[[John Beames]] identified Kānjkol with the "Kánakjok" of the ''[[Ain-i Akbari]]'', which is listed as a ''[[Mahallah|mahal]]'' in [[sarkar (administrative division)|sarkar]] [[Tanda, Bengal|Tanda]].<ref name="Beames 1896">{{cite journal |last1=Beames |first1=John |author1-link=John Beames |title=Notes on Akbar's Súbahs, with Reference to the Aín-i Akbarí |journal=The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |date=1896 |issue=Jan. 1896 |pages=83–136 |jstor=25207777 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25207777 |access-date=5 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|96}} This ''mahal'' was listed with an assessed revenue of 1,589,332 [[dam (Indian coin)|dam]]s.<ref name="Ain-i-Akbari">{{cite book |last1=Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak |author1-link=Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak |translator-last1=Jarrett |translator-first1=Henry Sullivan |title=The Ain-i-Akbari |date=1891 |publisher=Asiatic Society of Bengal |location=Calcutta |url=https://archive.org/details/ainiakbarivolum00mubgoog |access-date=21 January 2021}}</ref>{{rp|130}} According to [[Irfan Habib]], the ''mahal'' of Kānkjol must have covered a "very large" area.<ref name="Habib 1982">{{cite book |last1=Habib |first1=Irfan |author1-link=Irfan Habib |title=An Atlas of the Mughal Empire |date=1982 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0195603796 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Buo9AQAAIAAJ |access-date=26 March 2023}}</ref>{{rp|42}} Its area was increased even further under the [[Nawabs of Bengal]] in the 1700s, when several ''[[pargana]]''s (including [[Rajmahal]]) were merged into its territory. As a result, the ''pargana'' of Kānkjol came to occupy a vast territory stretching downstream from [[Purnia]] along both sides of the Ganges.<ref name="Beames 1896"/>{{rp|96}}

== Demographics ==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Kankjol had a population of 2,501 people, in 514 households. The population was 49.9% male (1,247) and 51.1% female (1,254). There were 547 children between the ages 0–6 in the village, or 21.2% of the total population.<ref name="Census 2011">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Jharkhand District Census Handbook - Sahibganj, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s369421f032498c97020180038fddb8e24/uploads/2018/05/2018052122.pdf |website=sahibganj.nic.in |access-date=25 December 2021}}</ref>{{rp|248}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Sahibganj district]]
[[Category:Parganas of sarkar Tanda listed in the Ain-i-Akbari]]

{{Jharkhand-geo-stub}}

Shyam Sundar Swami

2026-05-01T13:14:27Z

Hildred82A: Put Up New Data W/ Infobox

{{Short description|Indian para athlete}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}

'''Shyam Sundar Swami''' (born 1997) is an Indian para archer from [[Rajasthan]]. He qualified for the [[India at the 2024 Summer Paralympics|2024 Summer Paralympics]] in Paris in the men's [[Archery at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Men's individual compound open|Individual compound]] event of Archery competitions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-14 |title=India at Paris Paralympics 2024: Complete list of 84 athletes at Paralympic Games |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/olympics/paris-paralympics-2024/news/paris-2024-india-paralympics-contingent-full-list-of-84-indian-athletes-qualified-sports-ministry-paralympic-games-news/article68512627.ece |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref> He qualified for the [[2024 Summer Paralympics|Paris Olympics]] at the World Para Championships in June 2019 at [['s-Hertogenbosch|Hertogenbosch]] with a ninth-place finish.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2021-08-26 |title=Tokyo Paralympics: Bikaner veggie seller son, archer Sundar looks to make it count |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tokyo-paralympics/tokyo-paralympics-bikaner-veggie-seller-son-archer-sundar-looks-to-make-it-count/articleshow/85646862.cms |access-date=2024-08-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Swami is from [[Bikaner]]. Before COVID-19, Anil Joshi, his coach, convinced his father, Bhagwan Das, a vegetable seller, to sell his small piece of land to buy archery equipment for his son. Though it was a difficult decision for Das, he has no regrets now as his son is selected for the Olympics. He is now employed under Rajasthan government out-of-turn job quota as a Grade 3 Physical Education Training Instructor.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Swami won an individual compound category gold medal at the 4th Para Senior National Archery Championship in [[Jind]], Haryana in April 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-04-02 |title=National Archery Championship: Rajasthan's Shyam Sundar Swami bags gold medal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/rajs-swami-bag-gold-at-natl-meet/articleshow/90579480.cms |access-date=2024-08-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He also represented India at the 2022 World Archery Para Championships.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-23 |title=Golden focus, golden opportunity for India in Dubai {{!}} World Archery |url=https://www.worldarchery.sport/news/200617/golden-focus-golden-opportunity-india-dubai |access-date=2024-08-13 |website=www.worldarchery.sport |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shyam Sundar, Swami}}
[[Category:1997 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male archers]]
[[Category:Paralympic archers for India]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Archers at the 2024 Summer Paralympics]]

Saharsa–Amritsar Jan Sadharan Express (via Sirhind)

2026-04-28T04:21:08Z

Hildred82A:

{{Italic title}}{{Short description|Express Train of Northern Railway Zone in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2017}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = D24E01
| name = Saharsa Junction – Amritsar Junction ''Jan Sadharan Express (via Sirhind)''
| logo =
| image = Amritsar jansadharan.jpg
| image_width = 300
| caption = Ludhiana [[WAP-7]] Hauling Jan Sadharan Express At [[Jalandhar Cantonment Junction railway station|Jalandhar Cantt]]
| type = [[Jan Sadharan Express]]
| locale = [[Bihar]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Haryana]] & [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]]
| first =
| last =
| operator = [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railways]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Saharsa Junction }} (SHC)
| stops = 32
| end = {{stnlnk|Amritsar Junction}} (ASR)
| distance = {{convert|1568|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 34h 30m
| frequency = Weekly {{efn|Runs one day in a week for every direction.}}
| class = AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper class, General Unreserved (Deen Dayalu)
| seating = No
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = No
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage =
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 14603 / 14604
| speed = {{convert|46|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts
| map = [[File:(Amritsar - Saharsa) Jan Sadharan Express (Via Sirhind) Route map.png|300px|(Amritsar–Saharsa) Jan Sadharan Express (via Sirhind) route map]]
| map_state =
}}

The 14603 / 14604 '''Saharsa–Amritsar Jan Sadharan Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|Express]] train belonging to [[Northern Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Saharsa Junction}} and {{stnlnk|Amritsar Junction}} in India. It is currently being operated with 14603/14604 train numbers on a weekly basis.<ref>[http://m.bhaskar.com/news/HAR-OTH-MAT-latest-jagadhari-news-023003-695103-NOR.html?referrer_url=http://www.google.co.in Proposal of new trains ,tracks and stops]{{dead link|date=May 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref name="five">{{cite web|title=58 New Trains to be Introduced 11 Existing Trains to be Extended: Railway Budget 2014–2015|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=106159|website=[[Press Information Bureau]]|publisher=[[Government of India]]|accessdate=9 March 2017|date=8 July 2014}}</ref><ref name="barauni">{{cite web|title=43 new trains including four Garib Raths introduced: Interim Railway Budget 2009–2010|url=http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=47479|agency=[[Press Information Bureau]]|accessdate=9 March 2017|date=13 February 2009}}</ref>

== Service==

The 14603/Saharsa–Amritsar Jan Sadharan Express has an average speed of 45 km/h and covers 1568 km in 34h 30m. The 14604/Amritsar–Saharsa Weekly Jan Sadharan Express has an average speed of 51 km/h and covers 1568 km in 30h 50m.

==Route & halts==

The important halts of the train are:

* '''{{stnlnk|Saharsa Junction}}'''
* {{stnlnk|Samastipur}}
* {{stnlnk|Muzaffarpur Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Hajipur}}
* {{stnlnk|Siwan Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Deoria Sadar}}
* {{stnlnk|Gorakhpur}}
* {{stnlnk|Basti}}
* {{stnlnk|Gonda Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Sitapur}}
* {{stnlnk|Bareilly}}
* {{stnlnk|Moradabad}}
* {{stnlnk|Najibabad Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Saharanpur}}
* {{stnlnk|Ambala Cantonment}}
* {{stnlnk|Sirhind}}
* {{stnlnk|Ludhiana}}
* {{stnlnk|Jalandhar City}}
* {{stnlnk|Beas Junction}}
* '''{{stnlnk|Amritsar Junction}}'''

==Coach composition==

The train has standard Hybrid-LHB rakes with max speed of 130 kmph. The train consists of 18 coaches:

* 16 General Unreserved
* 2 Seating cum Luggage Rake

==Traction==

Both trains are hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Ghaziabad|Ghaziabad]] / [[Electric Loco Shed, Tuglakabad|Tughlakabad]]-based [[WAP-7]] or [[WAP-4]] so was Krishnarajapuram based [[WDP-4B]] locomotive from Saharsa Junction to Amritsar Junction and vice versa.

==Rake sharing==

The train shares its rake with 22423/22424 [[Gorakhpur–Amritsar Jan Sadharan Express]].

== See also ==

* [[Saharsa Junction railway station]]
* [[Amritsar Junction railway station]]
* [[Danapur–Anand Vihar Jan Sadharan Express]]
* [[Gorakhpur–Amritsar Jan Sadharan Express]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/3867 14603/Saharsa - Amritsar Jan Sadharan Express] India Rail Info
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/5525 14604/Amritsar - Saharsa Jan Sadharan Express] India Rail Info

{{Railways in Northern India}}
{{Jan Sadharan Express}}

{{coord missing|India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saharsa-Amritsar Jan Sadharan Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Saharsa]]
[[Category:Transport in Amritsar]]
[[Category:Jan Sadharan Express trains]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Bihar]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Haryana]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Punjab, India]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Nagaland Board of School Education

2026-04-26T20:45:33Z

Hildred82A: adding first post w/ infobox...

{{Short description|Indian state organisation}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox organisation
| name = Nagaland Board of School Education
| abbreviation = NBSE
| image =
| image_size =
| caption = Seal of the Nagaland Board School Education
| formation = {{Start date and years ago|df=yes|1973|11|15}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nbsenl.edu.in/about-nbse |title=About NBSE |publisher=Nbsenl.edu.in|access-date=2021-10-13}}</ref>
| type = Governmental Board of School Education
| headquarters = [[Kohima]], [[Nagaland]], [[India]]
| location = [[Nagaland]], [[India]]
| num_members =
| language = [[English language|English]]
| leader_title = Chairperson
| leader_name = Rangumbuing Nsarangbe (Addl. Charge)
| leader_title2 = Secretary
| leader_name2 = Rangumbuing Nsarangbe
| affiliations = 734 schools (2025)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nbsenl.edu.in/cms/document/15/general_infos|title=List of Registered Schools 2025|publisher=nbsenl.edu.in |access-date=2025-06-10}}</ref>
| website = [https://nbsenl.edu.in/ Official website]
}}
'''Nagaland Board of School Education''' (abbreviated as NBSE) is a board of school education in the state of [[Nagaland]], India. The board is established under Act No.4 of the Nagaland State Legislative Assembly 1973 on 15 November 1973, the board started functioning from 1 October 1974 covering the whole of Nagaland within its ambit.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NBSE |url=https://nbsenl.edu.in/about-nbse |access-date=2024-02-13 |website=nbsenl.edu.in}}</ref>

==Objectives==

The Nagaland Board of School Education is basically instituted:
* To prescribe courses of instruction for examinations,
* To prescribe conditions of examinations, conduct examinations and be responsible for making necessary arrangements for the same,
* To publish the results of external examinations,
* To prepare the curricula, syllabus and textbooks in accordance with the approved courses of study.

Some of its functions are:

* To guide the [[Government of Nagaland|State Government]] on development of school education - secondary and higher secondary level.
* To adopt reforms in examinations and evaluation practices.
* To inspect schools to ascertain attainment of standards.
* To organise seminars, workshops for teachers and heads of institutions.

==See also==
* [[Central Board of Secondary Education]]
* [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education]]
* [[National Institute of Open Schooling]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.nbsenagaland.com/index.htm}}

{{School education in India}}

[[Category:1973 establishments in Nagaland]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1973]]
[[Category:State secondary education boards of India]]
[[Category:Government of Nagaland]]
[[Category:Education in Nagaland]]

Muppandal

2026-04-20T06:45:06Z

Hildred82A: adding initial info initial version...

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Muppandal
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = ta
| other_name = Aralvoimozhi
| nickname = Aramboli
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kanyakumari district]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}

'''Muppandal''' is a small village on the southern tip of [[India]] in [[Kanyakumari District]], in the state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is located in a hilly region where wind from the [[Arabian Sea]] gusts through mountain passes.<ref name="alj">{{cite web
|date = 2 November 2003
|url = http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/554FAF3A-B267-427A-B9EC-54881BDE0A2E.htm?printguid=%7B24C5448E-20D7-4155-A93F-F60F0B813B75%7D
|title = Wind power boosts Southern Indian economy
|publisher = Aljazeera.net
|accessdate = 2006-10-28
}}{{dead link|date=February 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

There is a legend that [[Avvaiyar (Sangam poet)|Avvaiyar]] had arranged for a marriage, to which she invited the sovereigns of the [[Chera dynasty|Chera]], [[Chola]] and [[Pandya]] kingdoms. This is located in between Tirunelveli and Kanyakumari Highway (NH), the nearest college from muppandal is Jayamatha Engineering College The kings erected pandals (mandapams) in the respective places allotted to them and this eventually led to the place being called Muppandal (meaning 'three pandals').

==Wind power==
[[File:Aralvaimozhy station.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Aralvaimozhi railway station with a view of wind farm]]
The once-impoverished village benefited from the building of the nearby [[Muppandal Wind Farm]], a [[renewable energy]] source, which supplies the villagers with electricity for work.<ref name="tve">{{cite web
|date = February 2005
|url = http://www.tve.org/ho/doc.cfm?aid=1678&lang=English
|title = Tapping the Wind - India
|accessdate = 2006-10-28
|url-status = dead
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070221054946/http://www.tve.org/ho/doc.cfm?aid=1678&lang=English
|archivedate = 2007-02-21
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|last = Watts
|first = Himangshu
| date =11 November 2003
|url=http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/22758/story.htm
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120907040609/http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/22758/story.htm
|url-status=usurped
|archive-date=7 September 2012
|title=Clean Energy Brings Windfall to Indian Village
|publisher=Reuters News Service
|accessdate=2006-10-28
}}</ref>
This is the second largest onshore wind farm in the world. The village had been selected as the showcase for India's $2 billion clean energy program which provides foreign companies with tax breaks for establishing fields of wind turbines in the area. Coordinates - [8°15'39"N 77°32'55"E]. Now huge power-producing windmills tower over the palm trees. The village has attracted wind energy producing companies creating thousands of new jobs, dramatically raising the incomes of villagers.<ref name="alj"/>

The suitability of Muppandal as a site for wind farms stems from its geographical location as it has access to the seasonal monsoon winds.<ref name="tve"/>

Now there are more sites identified for windmills around this area (Muppandal and surroundings) and wind energy generation capacity is estimated to be around 1500 MW, which is about 20% of that of India.
<ref>{{cite web
|last = Watts
|first = Tamil Nadu
| date =23 August 2007
|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/07/19/stories/2007071955320600.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070823205206/http://www.hindu.com/2007/07/19/stories/2007071955320600.htm
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=23 August 2007
|work = [[The Hindu]]
|title= Massive Wind Turbine Generator
|accessdate=2007-08-23
}}</ref>

==Shrine==
In Muppandal, there is an image of Avvaiyar in the temple dedicated to the poet. According to tradition, this is the spot where she died.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/fr/2004/11/05/stories/2004110503211000.htm | title=Shrine for the Tamil poetess | date=5 November 2004 | first=S. | last=Padmanabhan | newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | accessdate=19 February 2019 }}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Muppandal Wind Farm]]
*[[Wind power]]
*[[Wind power in India]]
*[[Solar power in India]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070221054946/http://www.tve.org/ho/doc.cfm?aid=1678&lang=English Tapping the Wind - India]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20040830044455/http://www.hindu.com/2004/08/19/stories/2004081907630600.htm Massive wind turbine generator installed near Koodankulam]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061113015344/http://www.energymanagertraining.com/power_plants/Power_stations.htm Power Stations - India's Largest Windpower Facilities (10 MW and Greater)]
{{Coord|8|15|39|N|77|32|55|E|type:landmark_region:IN-TN|display=title}}
[[Category:Villages in Kanyakumari district]]
{{Power Plants of Tamil Nadu}}

Mulji Jagmal Sawaria

2026-04-20T00:01:39Z

Hildred82A: adding first details and citations...

{{short description|Indian coal miner, railway contractor and businessman}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
'''Mulji Jagmal Sawaria''', [[Rai Saheb|R.S.]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Statistics |first1=India Department of Commercial Intelligence and |title=Indian Coal Statistics |date=1949 |publisher=Manager of Publications. |pages=55 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dup3RSFACgkC&q=r.s.+m.j.+sawaria+donganala |access-date=1 March 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Indian Mines Act: Annual Report |date=1954 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ANaDninv0w0C&q=mulji+jagmal |access-date=22 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref> also known as '''Moolji Jagmal''' (1899–1956) was a noted coal miner, railway contractor and businessman from [[Kutch]], who established himself at [[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]], India.<ref name=c/><ref name=g/>

==Early life==
Moolji was born in 1899 to Jagmal Gangji Sawaria and Veera Bai at [[Kumbharia, Kutch District, Gujarat|Kumbharia]] in erstwhile [[Princely State of Cutch]].<ref name=n>''Diary of Golden Days at Jharia – A Memoir and History of Gurjar Kashtriyas of Kutch in Coalfields of Jharia – written by Natwarlal Devram Jethwa of Calcutta (1998)'':pp:41:Rai Sahib Mulji Jagmal Sawaria – Life sketch.</ref> He belonged to a small but enterprising [[Mestri (community)|KGK]] community and born in Gangani family of Kumbharia.<ref name=nn/> Mulji Jagmal's father Jagmal Gangji and uncles all worked as a railway contractor in [[Rajnandgaon]] – [[Raipur]] -Bilaspur -[[Raigarh]] - [[Jharsuguda]] section of [[Bengal Nagpur Railway]] in 1888–90 with contemporary railway contractors like [[Khora Ramji]] and also [[Bilaspur–Katni line]] of BNR in 1886–91.<ref name=nn/> Jagmal Gangji also built [[Bilaspur railway station]] jointly with Jeram Mandan in 1890 and later made the town his home.<ref name=nn/><ref name=kgk>''Kutch Gurjar Kshatriya Community : A brief History & Glory :by Raja Pawan Jethwa. (Kolkata, 2007)''. Section II: Mileage wise available Details of Railway lines laid.Pages:63 to 70</ref> Mulji's father Jagmal Gangji were seven brothers, who worked together as a syndicate as [[Hindu Undivided Family]] to do large scale works of railway laying across British India with other contractors from their community.<ref name=n/><ref name="s"/>

==Railway & PWD contractor==
He and his two brothers joined their father as Railway contractor at an early age, who had established himself as a contractor for [[Bengal Nagpur Railway]].<ref name=n/> The road bridge connecting Bilaspur to Sarkanda was built by Jagmal Gangji in year 1926. The list of buildings and structures built by the family are Bilaspur Railway Station Building (1889–90) Bilaspur Railway Yard (1890), Lakshmi Narayan Mandir & Bilaspur Railway Market (1890), European Officer's Club (1896), Railway Hindi Medium School (1902), Railway English Medium School (1903), Railway Sports Stadium aka North East Institute (1914), BNR Railway Hospital (1918) Town Hall (1925–26), Arpa River Bridge at Sarkanda (1926), Railway DRM office (1929), Shivnath Officer's Rest House (1930), The Mahaveer Gunj aka Gol Bazar (1936), Kunj Bihari Market (1936), CMD College (1944) to name a few.<ref name=km>Kutch Mitra, Dt 07-05-2014, Page 5</ref>

Mulji Jagmal and his brother [[Ranchhod Jagmal Sawaria|Ranchhod Jagmal]] (1901–1963) were involved in laying of railway line from [[Anuppur]] to [[Barwadih]] section of [[Bombay, Baroda & Central India Railway]] in 1918,<ref name=nn>Nanji Bapa ni Nondh-pothi(નાનજી બાપાની નોંધપોથી)(Gujarati) (1999), Vadodara. It is a diary of Railway Contracts done by KGK community noted by Nanji Govindji Tank of Jamshedpur during his life-time last entry in 1954. The diary was later discovered his son Govardhan Nanji Tank and released as a book compiled by Dharsibhai Jethalal Tank. The book was given Aank Sidhhi national award ( અંક સિદ્ધિ રાષ્ટ્રીય એવોર્ડ ) by Kutch Shakti (કચ્છ શક્તિ) in 2000.</ref> [[Sini, Jharkhand|Sini]] to [[Purulia]] doubling in 1921 for [[Bengal Nagpur Railway]] along with fellow contractors from his community and several other railway works for bridges and lines.<ref name=nn/>

He worked from Bilaspur as his head office and had other branches at [[Jharsuguda]], [[Raigarh]]. On some big railway contracts he worked jointly in syndicate with [[Rai Bahadur Jairam Valji Chauhan]] of [[Jairamnagar]], Shamji Gangji of Raigarh,<ref name=s/> Ruda Walji of Raipur,<ref>{{cite book |title=The Commercial & General Directory of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=T.N. Joshi |pages=683 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RFg1AQAAIAAJ&q=Ruda+Walji+Raipur |access-date=29 March 2024 |language=en}}</ref> Rai Bahadur Devraj Daya of [[Jharsuguda]], Rai Saheb Harilal Shamji of Raigarh, Govind Jiwan Gangji of [[Bankura]], Nanji Govindji of [[Tatanagar]], [[Koovarji Karsan Rathor|Raghu Karson]] of [[Cuttack]], Dhanraj Wason of Bilaspur and the other noted railway contractors from his community like [[Khora Ramji|Ambalal Khora]], Manji Jeram, Jeram Mandan and Arjan Ladhha.<ref name=n/>

The Sawaria family were seven brothers, they all worked in a syndicate with Jagmal Gangji at Bilaspur, Valji at Raipur, Shamji Gangji at Raigarh, Vasta Gangji at [[Kharsia]], Ramji Gangji at [[Jharia]], Jiwan Gangji at [[Adra, Purulia|Adra]]-[[Bankura]].<ref name=nn/>

In 1935, Rai Sahib Moolji Jagmal laid a private 8 miles long [[narrow gauge]] rail line and bridge connecting their Bilaspur railway site with their brick-kiln across [[Arpa (river), Chhattisgarh|Arpa River]] at [[Lingiyadih]]. This privately owned line was dismantled in 1948 after independence of India.<ref name=n/>

The old road bridge across Arpa river of Bilaspur town connecting to [[Sarkanda]] area, which was also built by his father Jagmal Gangji in 1926 was made two-lane and refurbished by Mulji Jagmal & brothers in 1941.<ref name=n/>

==Miner==
Mulji Jagmal inherited his share in Basra Colliery located in [[Jharia]] coalfied belt, which was founded by his father Jagmal Gangji and his brothers, Ramji Gangji of Jharia,<ref>{{cite book |title=The Indian and Eastern Engineer: An Illustrated Monthly Journal for Engineers in India and the East |date=1922 |pages=280 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y900AQAAMAAJ&q=gangji+bilaspur |access-date=29 March 2024 |language=en}}</ref> Shamji Gangji of Raigarh,<ref name=s>{{cite book|title=Commercial & general directory of C. P. & Berar|year=1941|page=174|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RFg1AQAAIAAJ&q=shyamji+gangji+raigarh}}</ref> Jiwan Gangji of [[Bankura]] and others.<ref name=n/> Jiwan Gangji also owned Pinalgoria Colliery at Nawagarh in [[Purulia district]].<ref name=n/><ref>Indian Coal Statistics by India (Republic). Dept. of Mines Manager of Publications, 1915 – Coal pp:17</ref>

Further, in 1921–22, at young age he discovered coal near [[Pali, Chhattisgarh|Pali]],<ref name=n/> in erstwhile [[Central Provinces and Berar]] while doing railway contracts and founded [[Donganala Colliery]]<ref name=d>{{cite book|title=Gazette of India|year=1954|page=254|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JBkPAQAAIAAJ&q=MULJI+JAGMAL+BILASPUR|quote=Mulji Jagmal Sawaria Donganala, Pandilafa Colliery}}</ref> which he operated jointly with his younger brother Ranchhod Jagmal Sawaria.<ref name=n/> Thus Mulji Jagmal gets credit to not only discover but also establish first working coal mines in Central Provinces of British India.

He started in decades of 1930–40 the limestone and dolomite mines near [[Akaltara]] at Latia-Pakaria,<ref name="g"/><ref>Geological Survey of India (1949). Records, Volume:84."Pakaraia Quarry:There are two quarries close by one in Latia and another in Pakaria. The owner, Mr. Mulji Jagmal, is not now working the Pakaria quarry which has an area of 18 acres and is now filled with water. The northern quarry — Latia-Pakaria quarry as it is called — is 24 acres in area and is worked at present."</ref> Jairamnagar and at [[Jairamnagar|Khaira]].<ref name=n/><ref>{{cite book|title=Commercial & general directory of C. P. & Berar|year=1941|pages=138, 665|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RFg1AQAAIAAJ&q=+jagmal}}</ref> He also owned a manganese mine near [[Tumsar]].<ref name=n/><ref>{{cite book|title=Records of the Geological Survey of India, Volume 83|year=1951|publisher=Government of India|page=641|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JusdAQAAMAAJ&q=moolji+jogmal}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=India |first1=Geological Survey of |title=Records of the Geological Survey of India |date=1939 |publisher=Geological Survey of India |pages=378 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1onNQiIQ5hQC&dq=bilaspur+mulji+manganese&pg=PA378 |access-date=29 March 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

After independence of India, in 1953, he was responsible for discovery of [[chromite]] near Pali in Madhya Pradesh, now a part of [[Chhattisgarh]]. He discovered Chromite near his Donganala colliery in on a hillock at a village called Agaria. Upon his information later the area was surveyed by [[Geological Survey of India]].<ref name=g>{{cite book|title=Records of the Geological Survey of India, Volume 84|year=1953|publisher=The Survey- Geology|page=371|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fewdAQAAMAAJ&q=mulji+jagmal}}</ref><ref name=n/><ref>{{cite book|title=Records of the Geological Survey of India, Volume 88|year=1958|publisher=Government of India|page=84|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SaQIAAAAIAAJ&q=Moolji+JAGMAL|quote=Sri Moolji Jagmal, Contractor, Bilaspur had informed Madhya Pradesh government.. of finding Chromite in hillock...}}</ref>

==Others==
Mulji Jagmal also owned a huge brick kilns at Torwa, [[Lingiyadih]] and Lal Khadan area. The bricks made were largely supplied to railways. In 1935, Rai Sahib Moolji Jagmal Savaria and Ranchhod Jagmal laid a private 1.9 miles long narrow gauge rail line connecting their Bilaspur railway site with their brick-kiln across [[Arpa (river), Chhattisgarh|Arpa River]] to Lingiyadih. This line was dismantled in 1948 after independence of India.<ref name=n/>

He started factories manufacturing match boxes and fire-works in Bilaspur at Jagmal Chowk, named as Laxmi Match Works<ref name=n/><ref>{{cite book|title=All-India Trade Directory and Who's who|year=1943|publisher=Barque & Co. Lahore|page=126|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gZ9WAAAAIAAJ&q=bilaspur}}</ref> in year 1936 and was the first match factory<ref name=n/> in the Central Provinces and Berar.<ref name=c>{{cite book|title=Commercial & general directory of C. P. & Berar|year=1941|pages=138, 665|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RFg1AQAAIAAJ&q=MULJI+JAGMAL}}</ref>

He owned large valuable estate in Bilaspur, Lingiyadih, Raigarh, Jharsuguda, Jairamnagar and at also agricultural lands, farmhouses and mansion in his native state in [[Kutch]] at [[Anjar, India|Anjar]] and Kumbharia.<ref name=n/>

==Public life==
He was appointed as a member of District Council of Bilaspur and was also on Advisory board to Bilaspur Municipal Committee and town planning. He was awarded title of Rai Sahib by British in 1941 for his works of public welfare and charity.<ref name=n/>

He encouraged to keep alive the [[Gujarati culture]] and the all Gujaratis living in and around Bilaspur, used to assemble at his house in decade of 1940s to play [[Garba (dance)|Garba]] and hold [[Navaratri]] celebrations and thus all Gujarati people united to form later an umbrella organisation of Gujarati Samaj.<ref name=n/><ref>[http://www.gujaratisamajbsp.in/history.html History – Gujarati Samaj – Bilaspur] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413145454/http://www.gujaratisamajbsp.in/history.html |date=13 April 2014 }}</ref>

==Philanthropy==
Jagmal Gangji Sawaria father of Mulji Jagmal, built Kaleshwarnath Shiva Temple temple at Pithampur also other Shiva & Laxminarayan Temple Bilaspur at Jharsuguda and Amarkantak, further he donated silver gates at Kedarnath Temple, whereas his brother Shamji Gangji donated marble tiles at Kedarnath.<ref name=n/>

He donated four of his shops in market area for maintenance of the Hindu temple built by his father Jagmal Gangji in 1890, which stands near [[Bilaspur railway station]]. He with his brother had built a charitable hospital and dispensary at [[Ratanpur]] on 13 February 1940, which was opened by Her E. Lady Wylie, wife of Governor of Central Province [[Francis Verner Wylie|Sir Francis Verner Wylie]].<ref name=n/><ref name=km/><ref name="s"/>

After his death, in year 1969, his wife Smt Laxmi Bai, built a hall-cum-guest house, in his memory, which is named as ''Rai Saheb Moolji Jagmal Mahila Satsang Bhawan.'' It is used for [[satsang]] by local Hindu women and also provides free staying facility to overnight travellers, especially to [[sadhu]]s and poor people.<ref name=n/>

==Death==
He died in year 1956 due heart attack at Bilaspur.<ref name=n/>

==Legacy==
Present day Jagmal Chowk and Jagmal Block in Bilaspur are named after his father, Jagmal Gangji Sawaria. Jagmal Block was also known as Mulji Jagmal Marg.<ref name=n/>

Further, he instituted a fund for Mulji Jagmal Running Trophy for yearly Football tournament held by railway department, which are held at railway sports stadium, which also was erected by him in year 1935.<ref name=n/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sawaria, Mulji Jagmal}}
[[Category:1899 births]]
[[Category:1956 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian people in rail transport]]
[[Category:Indian businesspeople in the coal industry]]
[[Category:People from Kutch district]]
[[Category:People from Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Gujarati people]]
[[Category:People from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Indian businesspeople in mining]]
[[Category:Rai Sahibs]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian philanthropists]]
[[Category:Kutchi people]]

Ajay Kumar Mittal

2026-04-19T19:22:16Z

Hildred82A: added the bio more to come.

{{short description|25th Former Chief Justice of Madhya Pradesh High Court}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox Judge
| name = Ajay Kumar Mittal
| honorific_prefix = Hon'ble Retd. Chief Justice
| image = Ajay Mittal.png
| office = [[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Madhya Pradesh High Court|25th Chief Justice]] of [[Madhya Pradesh High Court]]
| term_start = 3 November 2019
| term_end = 29 September 2020
| appointer = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| nominator = [[Ranjan Gogoi]]
| predecessor = {{ubl|[[Sanjay Kumar Seth|S. K. Seth]]|[[Ravi Shankar Jha|R. S. Jha]] ''(acting)''|[[Sanjay Yadav (judge)|Sanjay Yadav]] ''(acting)''}}
| successor = {{ubl|[[Mohammad Rafiq (judge)|Mohammad Rafiq]]|[[Sanjay Yadav (judge)|Sanjay Yadav]] ''(acting)''}}
| office1 = [[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Meghalaya High Court|7th Chief Justice]] of [[Meghalaya High Court]]
| appointer1 = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| term_start1 = 28 May 2019
| term_end1 = 2 November 2019
| nominator1 = [[Ranjan Gogoi]]
| predecessor1 = [[Mohammad Yaqoob Mir|M. Y. Mir]]
| successor1 = {{ubl|[[Mohammad Rafiq (judge)|Mohammad Rafiq]]|[[Hamarsan Singh Thangkhiew|H. S. Thangkhiew]] ''(acting)''}}
| office2 = [[Judge]] of [[Punjab and Haryana High Court]]
| term_start2 = 9 January 2004
| term_end2 = 27 May 2019
| appointer2 = [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]
| nominator2 = [[V. N. Khare]]
| status3 = Acting Chief Justice
| term_start3 = 4 May 2018
| term_end3 = 2 June 2018
| appointer3 = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| predecessor3 = [[Shiavax Jal Vazifdar|S. J. Vazifdar]]
| successor3 = [[Krishna Murari]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1958|09|30|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Chandigarh]]
| education = [[B.Com]] and [[LL.B]]
| alma_mater = [[Shri Ram College of Commerce]], [[Faculty of Law, University of Delhi]]
}}
'''Ajay Kumar Mittal''' (born 30 September 1958) is a retired Indian judge.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://meghalayahighcourt.nic.in/honble-mr-justice-ajay-kumar-mittal|title=Hon'ble Mr Justice Ajay Kumar Mittal|last=|first=|date=13 November 2019|website=High Court of Meghalaya|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=18 November 2019}}</ref> He is a former [[Chief justice|Chief Justice]] of [[Madhya Pradesh High Court]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/justice-mittal-takes-over-as-chief-justice-of-mphc/articleshow/71882673.cms|title=Justice Ajay Kumar Mittal takes over as chief justice of Madhya Pradesh high court|date=4 November 2019|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-11-18}}</ref> and [[Meghalaya High Court]] and former [[judge]] of [[Punjab and Haryana High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://barandbench.com/justice-ajay-kumar-mittal-chief-justice-meghalaya-high-court/|title=Justice Ajay Kumar Mittal appointed Chief Justice of Meghalaya HC|date=2019-05-22|website=Bar & Bench|access-date=2019-11-18}}</ref>

==Early life==
He was born on 30 September 1958 at [[Chandigarh]]. In 1977 he passed B.Com. (Hons.) from [[Shri Ram College of Commerce]], and did his [[LL.B]] from [[Faculty of Law, University of Delhi]] in 1980. In the same year he enrolled as an [[Advocate]] with the [[Bar Council of Punjab and Haryana]] and started practice in the Punjab and Haryana High Court in July 1980.

== Career ==
He was elevated as judge of [[Punjab and Haryana High Court]] on 9 January 2004. He served as the [[Acting (law)|Acting]] [[Chief Justice]] of Punjab and Haryana High Court from 4 May 2018 to 2 June 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-05-04 |title=Justice A K Mittal is named acting CJ of Punjab and Haryana HC, ends uncertainty |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/justice-a-k-mittal-is-named-new-cj-of-punjab-haryana-hc-ends-uncertainty-5162721/ |access-date=2026-04-19 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

In June 2017<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krishnan |first=Murali |date=2017-06-06 |title=Mittal J. to take over reins of Delhi High Court from Mittal J. |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/ajay-kumar-mittal-delhi-high |access-date=2026-04-19 |website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news |language=en}}</ref> it was reported that supreme court collegium led by CJI [[J. S. Khehar]] recommended him to be appointed as chief justice of [[Delhi High Court]] superseding Justice S. S. Saron who was two years senior to him but however recommendation did not move forward.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mandhani |first=Apoorva |date=2017-06-04 |title=Justice Ajay Kumar Mittal- Next Delhi High Court Chief Justice? |url=https://www.livelaw.in/justice-ajay-kumar-mittal-next-delhi-chief-justice |access-date=2026-04-19 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}</ref> Meanwhile Justice Saron retired in September 2017 and in January 2018 he himself was superseded by Justice [[Surya Kant]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-02-03 |title=Punjab and Haryana HC judge superseded, misses Chief Justice post for second time |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/punjab-and-haryana-hc-judge-superseded-misses-chief-justice-post-for-second-time-5049666/ |access-date=2026-04-19 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> though elevated on same day but junior to Mittal, who was recommended to be appointed as chief justice of [[Himachal Pradesh High Court]] by newly constituted supreme court collegium headed by CJI [[Dipak Misra]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sethi |first=Chitleen K. |date=2018-02-14 |title=Collegium musical chairs: How an HC judge set to supersede one, got passed over instead |url=https://theprint.in/india/governance/collegium-musical-chairs-hc-judge-set-supersede-one-got-passed-instead/35353/ |access-date=2026-04-19 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=AK |first=Aditya |date=2018-02-01 |title=Collegium recommends new CJs for Delhi, Calcutta and eight other High Courts |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/collegium-ten-high-courts-chief-justice |access-date=2026-04-19 |website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news |language=en}}</ref> He was further superseded by Justice [[Surya Kant|Kant]] for elevation to [[Supreme Court of India]].

He was finally appointed as the [[Chief Justice]] of [[Meghalaya High Court]] and took oath on 28 May 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Digital Desk |first=Northeast Live |date=2019-05-28 |title=Justice AK Mittal sworn in as Chief Justice of Meghalaya High Court |url=https://northeastlivetv.com/topnews/justice-ak-mittal-sworn-in-as-chief-justice-of-meghalaya-high-court/ |access-date=2026-04-19 |website=Northeast Live |language=en-US}}</ref> He was transferred as the [[Chief Justice]] of [[Madhya Pradesh High Court]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saxena |first=Akshita |date=2019-10-30 |title=Centre Notifies Transfers Of Chief Justices Of Patna, Meghalaya & Tripura HCs |url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/centre-notifies-transfers-of-chief-justices-of-patna-meghalaya-tripura-hcs-149351 |access-date=2026-04-19 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}</ref> for his final year, and he took oath on 3 November 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=मध्यप्रदेश उच्च न्यायालय के मुख्य न्यायाधीश बने अजय कुमार मित्तल, राज्यपाल ने दिलाई शपथ |url=https://www.amarujala.com/madhya-pradesh/ajay-kumar-mittal-becomes-chief-justice-of-madhya-pradesh-high-court |access-date=2026-04-19 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref> He retired on 29 September 2020.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mittal, Ajay Kumar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Shri Ram College of Commerce alumni]]

Rajouri district

2026-04-19T11:10:00Z

Hildred82A: New First Place More To Come

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Rajouri district
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Jammu and Kashmir|District]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] administered by India<ref name=tertiary-kashmir/>
| total_type = Total
| native_name =
| image_skyline = Rajouri city skyline photo.jpg
| image_caption = Aerial view of Rajouri city
| image_map1 = File:Jammu and Kashmir Rajouri district.svg
| map_alt =
| map_caption1 = Rajouri district is in the [[Jammu division]] (shown with neon blue boundary) of Indian-administered [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] (shaded in [[tan (color)|tan]] in the disputed [[Kashmir]] region<ref name=tertiary-kashmir/>
| image_map = {{maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=300|frame-height=170|frame-align=center|zoom=4|type=point|title=Rajouri|marker=district|type2=shape|stroke-width2=2|stroke-color2=#808080}}
| map_caption = Interactive map of Rajouri district
| coordinates = {{Coord|33.38|N|74.31|E|display=inline,title|region:IN_type:adm2nd_source:GNS-enwiki}}
| coor_pinpoint = Rajouri
| subdivision_type = Administering country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|Union Territory]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jammu Division|Jammu]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Rajouri]]
| parts_type = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsils]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 = 1.Rajouri 2.Manjakote 3.Darhal 4.Qila Darhal 5.Thana Mandi 6.Kotranka 7.Khawas 8.Teryath 9.[[Kalakote]] 10.Beri Pattan 11.Sunderbani 12.Nowshera 13.Siot
| area_total_km2 = 2,630
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 642,415
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban = 8.1%
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 = 68.17%
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 = 860
| demographics_type2 = Languages
| demographics2_title1 = Official
| demographics2_info1 = [[Gujari]], [[Pahari language|Pahari]], [[English language|English]], [[Hindi]], [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Urdu]]
| demographics2_footnotes =
| demographics2_title2 = Spoken
| demographics2_info2 =[[Pahari-Pothwari|Pahari]], [[Gujari]], [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| leader_title2 = [[Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name2 = 5 seats
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| registration_plate = JK-11
| blank_name_sec1 =
| blank_info_sec1 =
| blank_name_sec2 =
| blank_info_sec2 =
| website = {{URL|https://rajouri.nic.in/|rajouri.nic.in}}
}}

'''Rajouri district''' is a district in the [[Jammu division]] of Indian [[union territory]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], in the larger [[Kashmir#Dispute|disputed]] [[Kashmir]] region.<ref name=tertiary-kashmir> The application of the term "administered" to the various regions of [[Kashmir]] and a mention of the Kashmir dispute is supported by the [[WP:TERTIARY|tertiary sources]] (a) through (d), reflecting [[WP:DUE|due weight]] in the coverage. Although "controlled" and "held" are also applied neutrally to the names of the disputants or to the regions administered by them, as evidenced in sources (f) through (h) below, "held" is also considered politicized usage, as is the term "occupied," (see (i) below). 
(a) {{citation|title=Kashmir, region Indian subcontinent|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kashmir-region-Indian-subcontinent |accessdate=15 August 2019}} (subscription required) Quote: "Kashmir, region of the northwestern Indian subcontinent ... has been the subject of dispute between India and Pakistan since the partition of the Indian subcontinent in 1947. The northern and western portions are administered by Pakistan and comprise three areas: Azad Kashmir, Gilgit, and Baltistan, the last two being part of a territory called the Northern Areas. Administered by India are the southern and southeastern portions, which constitute the state of Jammu and Kashmir but are slated to be split into two union territories."; (b) {{citation|last1=Pletcher|first1=Kenneth|title=Aksai Chin, Plateau Region, Asia|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Aksai-Chin |accessdate=16 August 2019}} (subscription required) Quote: "Aksai Chin, Chinese (Pinyin) Aksayqin, portion of the Kashmir region, at the northernmost extent of the Indian subcontinent in south-central Asia. It constitutes nearly all the territory of the Chinese-administered sector of Kashmir that is claimed by India to be part of the Ladakh area of Jammu and Kashmir state."; (c) {{citation|chapter=Kashmir|title=Encyclopedia Americana|publisher=Scholastic Library Publishing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l_cWAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA328|year=2006|isbn=978-0-7172-0139-6|page=328}} C. E Bosworth, University of Manchester Quote: "KASHMIR, kash'mer, the northernmost region of the Indian subcontinent, administered partlv by India, partly by Pakistan, and partly by China. The region has been the subject of a bitter dispute between India and Pakistan since they became independent in 1947"; (d) {{citation|last1=Osmańczyk|first1=Edmund Jan|title=Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: G to M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fSIMXHMdfkkC&pg=PA1191|year=2003|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-93922-5|pages=1191–}} Quote: "Jammu and Kashmir: Territory in northwestern India, subject to a dispute betw een India and Pakistan. It has borders with Pakistan and China." (e) {{citation|last=Talbot|first=Ian|title=A History of Modern South Asia: Politics, States, Diasporas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eNg_CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28|year=2016|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-19694-8|pages=28–29}} Quote: "We move from a disputed international border to a dotted line on the map that represents a military border not recognized in international law. The line of control separates the Indian and Pakistani administered areas of the former Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir."; (f) {{citation|title=Kashmir, region Indian subcontinent|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kashmir-region-Indian-subcontinent |accessdate=15 August 2019}} (subscription required) Quote: "... China became active in the eastern area of Kashmir in the 1950s and has controlled the northeastern part of Ladakh (the easternmost portion of the region) since 1962."; (g) {{citation|last=Bose|first=Sumantra|title=Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ACMe9WBdNAC&pg=PA294|year=2009|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-02855-5|pages=294, 291, 293}} Quote: "J&K: Jammu and Kashmir. The former princely state that is the subject of the Kashmir dispute. Besides IJK (Indian-controlled Jammu and Kashmir. The larger and more populous part of the former princely state. It has a population of slightly over 10 million, and comprises three regions: Kashmir Valley, Jammu, and Ladakh.) and AJK ('Azad" (Free) Jammu and Kashmir. The more populous part of Pakistani-controlled J&K, with a population of approximately 2.5 million. AJK has six districts: Muzaffarabad, Mirpur, Bagh, Kodi, Rawalakot, and Poonch. Its capital is the town of Muzaffarabad. AJK has its own institutions, but its political life is heavily controlled by Pakistani authorities, especially the military), it includes the sparsely populated "Northern Areas" of Gilgit and Baltistan, remote mountainous regions which are directly administered, unlike AJK, by the Pakistani central authorities, and some high-altitude uninhabitable tracts under Chinese control." (h) {{citation|last=Fisher|first=Michael H.|title=An Environmental History of India: From Earliest Times to the Twenty-First Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kZVuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA166|year=2018|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-11162-2|page=166}} Quote: "Kashmir’s identity remains hotly disputed with a UN-supervised “Line of Control” still separating Pakistani-held Azad (“Free”) Kashmir from Indian-held Kashmir."; (i) {{citation|last=Snedden|first=Christopher|title=Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5amKCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA10|year=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-1-84904-621-3|page=10}} Quote:"Some politicised terms also are used to describe parts of J&K. These terms include the words 'occupied' and 'held'."
</ref> The [[Line of Control]], between the Indian- and Pakistani-administered Jammu and Kashmir, lies to its west, [[Poonch district, Jammu and Kashmir|Poonch]] to its north, the [[Reasi district]] to the east and the [[Jammu district]] to its south. Rajouri is famous for its "Kalari" (made from milk).<ref name=districtcensus/> Representing an ancient principality, Rajouri was a joint district, along with [[Reasi district|Reasi]], at the time of princely state's accession to India in 1947. The two tehsils were separated and Rajouri was merged with the Poonch district. Rajouri again became a separate district along with Reasi in 1968 till 2006 when both were separated again.
The Rajouri district comprises 13 [[tehsil]]s (boroughs).

== History ==
=== Ancient history ===
According to some historians, a second branch of Aryan emigrants crossed the Himalayas in the north and west and settled in Rajouri and Poonch area. Rajouri, Bhimber Gali and Naushera were integrated within the territory of Abhisar, which was one of the hill states of the Punjab Kingdom. Early records of incomplete nature show that in the 4th century B.C.E., there existed in the northwest of India a federal political setup, in which Abhisar, with its capital Rajouri, was also incorporated. At the time of Alexander's invasion, Rajouri was at the summit of its splendour. In the Mauryan period, the town of Rajouri was a great trade centre.

=== Kashmir Sultanate ===
Rajouri came under the suzerainty of the [[Kashmir Sultanate]] during the 15th century through the military campaigns of General [[Malik Tazi Bhat]]. In 1475, he led conquests that brought Rajouri, along with [[Poonch district, India|Poonch]], [[Jammu]], [[Bhimber]], [[Jhelum]], [[Sialkot]], and [[Gujrat District|Gujrat]], under the administrative control of the Kashmiri Sultan. Local rulers retained limited autonomy but were required to acknowledge the Sultan’s authority and provide tribute and military support. This vassal arrangement continued until the late 16th century, when Mughal Emperor [[Akbar]] annexed Kashmir in 1586, ending Kashmir’s control over Rajouri.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Parmu |first=R. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qko_AAAAMAAJ&q=tazi+bhat+chiefs |title=A History of Muslim Rule in Kashmir, 1320-1819 |date=1969 |publisher=People's Publishing House |language=en}}</ref>

=== Modern history ===
In 1813, [[Gulab Singh]] of Jammu captured Rajouri for the [[Sikh Empire]] of Maharaja [[Ranjit Singh]] by defeating Raja Agar Ullah Khan.{{sfn|Panikkar, Gulab Singh|1930|p=31}} After this, Rajouri became part of the Sikh Empire. Parts of it were given as jagirs to Rahim Ullah Khan (a half-brother of Agar Ullah Khan) and other parts to Gulab Singh.{{sfn|Panikkar, Gulab Singh|1930|p=40}}

Following the [[First Anglo-Sikh War]] and the [[Treaty of Amritsar (1846)]], all the territories between the [[Ravi River]] and [[Indus River|Indus]] were transferred to Gulab Singh, and he was recognised as an independent Maharaja of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. Thus Rajouri became a part of the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir.<ref name=SATP>Sudhir S. Bloeria, [http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/publication/faultlines/volume1/Fault1-Bloeriatext.htm Militancy in Rajouri and Poonch], South Asia Terrorism Portal, 2001.</ref> Gulab Singh changed the name of Rajouri to Rampur. He appointed Mian Hathu as Governor of Rajouri, who remained in Rajouri up to 1856.<ref name="Bloeria2000">{{citation|last=Bloeria|first=Sudhir S.|title=Pakistan's Insurgency Vs India's Security: Tackling Militancy in Kashmir|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-jBuAAAAMAAJ|year=2000|publisher=Manas Publications|isbn=978-81-7049-116-3 |page=37}}</ref> Mian Hathu constructed a stunning temple in between Thanna Nallah in close proximity to Rajouri city. He also built Rajouri Fort at Dhannidhar village.{{citation needed|date=November 2016}}

After Mian Hathu, Rajouri was transformed into a tehsil and affiliated with [[Bhimber]] district. In 1904, this tehsil was separated from Bhimber and affiliated with the [[Reasi]] district.<ref name=SATP/>

=== Partition ===
{{Further|1947-1948 Rajouri Massacre}}
After the [[Partition of India]] and the accession of Jammu and Kashmir to India in October 1947, there followed the [[First Kashmir War]] between India and Pakistan. The Pakistani raiders, along with the rebels and deserters from the western districts of the state, captured Rajauri on 7 November 1947. The 30,000 Hindus and Sikhs living in Rajauri were reportedly killed, wounded or abducted.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZBwNAAAAIAAJ|title=Operations in Jammu & Kashmir, 1947-48|last1=Prasad|first1=Sri Nandan|last2=Pal|first2=Dharm|date=1987-01-01|publisher=History Division, Ministry of Defence, Government of India|pages=49–50|language=en}}</ref>{{sfn|V. K. Singh, Leadership in the Indian Army|2005|p=160}}{{sfn|Ramachandran, Empire's First Soldiers|2008|p=171}} Rajauri was recaptured on 12 April 1948 by the 19 Infantry Brigade of the Indian Army under the command of Second Lieutenant [[Rama Raghoba Rane]]. Rane, despite being wounded, launched a bold tank assault by conveying the tanks over the [[Tawi River|Tawi]] river bed in order to avoid the road blocks along the main road.{{refn|Rama Raghoba Rane received a [[Param Vir Chakra]] for his gallantry.}} When the Indian Army entered the town, the captors had fled, having destroyed most of the town and killing all its inhabitants. After the arrival of the Army, some 1,500 refugees that had fled to the hills, including women and children, returned to the town.{{sfn|Sarkar, Outstanding Victories of the Indian Army|2016|pp=37–40}}

The ceasefire line at the end of the war ran to the west of the Rajouri district.

=== Inside India ===
Soon after the war, the Rajouri and Reasi tehsils were separated. The Rajouri tehsil was merged with the Indian-administered [[Poonch district, India|Poonch district]] to form the Poonch-Rajouri district.<ref name=SATP/> The Reasi tehsil was merged with the [[Udhampur district]]. On 1 January 1968, the two tehsils were reunited and the resulting district was named the Rajouri district.<ref name=SATP/>

The Reasi tehsil was also separated out in 2006 into a separate [[Reasi district]]. The present Rajouri district comprises the 1947 Rajouri tehsil.

===Pakistan Air Force airstrike===
{{Main|2019 Jammu and Kashmir airstrikes}}
On 27 February 2019, [[Pakistan Air Force]] (PAF) crossed the [[Line of Control]] and carried out [[Airstrike|airstrikes]] against multiple targets in Rajouri district. Pakistan Air Force officials asserted that their target was the [[Indian Armed Forces|Indian military]]'s supply depot and had struck 6 locations in Indian-administered [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. PAF officials claimed that they successfully achieved their targets.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.samaa.tv/global/2019/02/india-says-it-doesnt-want-further-escalation-after-pakistan-air-strikes/|title=India say it doesn't want to further escalation after Pakistan air strike|work=Samaa Tv|date=27 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/pakistan-claims-it-has-captured-two-indian-pilots-after-shooting-down-two-iaf-jets-in-its-airspace-2050221.html|title=Pakistan Says It Has Captured One Indian Air Force Pilot And Not Two as Claimed Earlier|work=News18|date=28 February 2019}}</ref> Indian military officials confirmed that the airstrike took place and identified Narian, [[Lam Jhangar]] and Kerri in Rajouri district, and Hamiphur area in [[Poonch district, India|Poonch district]] as the targets of the attacks. Indian military officials further stated that the bombs landed in deserted area and caused no damage. Indian Army 25 division headquarters and ammunition and supply depot were the intended targets of the airstrikes as per Indian military officials' claims.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/cover/2019/03/02/stealthy-skydivers.html|title=Inside story of India's airstrike and Pakistan's counter-attack|work=The Week|date=2 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2019/02/27/pakistan-jets-violate-indian-air-space-kashmir-nowshera-drop-bombs.html|title=Pakistan jets violate Indian airspace in Kashmir's Nowshera, drop bombs|work=The Week|date=27 February 2019}}</ref>

===2023 Rajouri attacks===
{{main|2023 Rajouri attacks}}
For over a decade, [[terrorism]] had primarily been confined to the tumultuous [[Kashmir Valley]] with some isolated incidents in other parts of J&K. But that trend changed in 2023 when [[Militant|militants]] killed seven people in the border district of Rajouri, the first such major attack in the [[Jammu division]] in years. It marked the beginning of a worrying shift in [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir|Kashmir’s militancy]]. On 1 January 2023, some militants broke into three houses in Dhangri village of Rajouri district and opened fire on civilians, resulting into death of four and injuring others. On 2 January 2023, an [[Improvised explosive device|Improvised Explosive Device]] (IED) blasted near the same attack site, resulting in the death of a child and injuring five people.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Rajouri: Four Killed, Six Injured in 'Indiscriminate Firing' by Militants|url=https://thewire.in/security/rajouri-jammu-toll-security|date=2 January 2023|publisher=[[The Wire (India)]]|access-date=2 January 2023}}</ref>
== Demographics ==
===Population===
{{Historical population
| source = [[Census of India]]<ref name="censusindia1">{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html |title=A-2 Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901 |publisher=Censusindia.gov.in |access-date=9 August 2019 }}</ref>
| footnote = † 1951 and 1991 populations are estimated
| 1901 | 136281
| 1911 | 146823
| 1921 | 157430
| 1931 | 166126
| 1941 | 184049
| 1951 | 177789
| 1961 | 171529
| 1971 | 217373
| 1981 | 302500
| 1991 | 384435
| 2001 | 483284
| 2011 | 642415
|align = center
}}

According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] Rajouri district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 642,415.<ref name=districtcensus>{{Cite book |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/516/download/1712/DH_2011_0106_PART_A_DCHB_RAJOURI.pdf |title=District Census Handbook 2011: Rajouri |publisher=[[Census of India]] |year=2016}}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 518th in India (out of a total of [[districts of India|640]]).<ref name=districtcensus /> The district has a population density of {{convert| 235 |PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}.<ref name=districtcensus /> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001–2011 was 28.14%.<ref name=districtcensus /> Rajouri has a [[sex ratio]] of 863 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males<ref name=districtcensus /> (which varies with religion), and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 68.54%. 8.14% of the population lives in urban areas. The [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] account for 7.5% and 36.2% of the population of the district.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajouri District Population, Jammu & Kashmir, List of Tehsils in Rajouri |url=https://www.censusindia2011.com/jammu-kashmir/rajouri-population.html |access-date=2023-06-10 |website=Censusindia2011.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Social groups===
[[Gurjars in Kashmir|Gurjar]] is a major ethnic group along with Bakarwal of the Rajouri district they make up around 50% of the district's total population.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bose |first=Sumantra |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Kashmir/3ACMe9WBdNAC?hl=en |title=Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace |date=2009-07-01 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-02855-5 |pages=148 |language=en |quote=''Gujjars make up 48 percent of the population in Poonch and 50 percent in Rajouri (districts).''}}</ref> Other groups in the district are [[Pahari people (Kashmir)|Paharis]], [[Kashmiris]] and Dogras.

===Language===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = left
| caption= Languages of Rajouri district (2011)<ref name="census2011-C16">{{cite report |title=C-16 Population By Mother Tongue – Jammu & Kashmir |url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0100.XLSX |publisher = Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=18 July 2020}}</ref>
|label1 = [[Pahari-Pothwari|Pahari]] |value1 = 55.42 |color1 = lightpink
|label2 = [[Gujari]] |value2 = 35.17 |color2 = tomato
|label3 = [[Hindi]] |value3 = 2.94 |color3 = orange
|label4 = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] |value4 = 2.22 |color4 = lightgreen
|label5 = [[Dogri language|Dogri]] |value5 = 1.69 |color5 = palevioletred
|other = y |other-label = Others |other-color = grey
}}

[[Pahari-Pothwari|Pahari]] and [[Gujari]] are two major languages spoken in Rajouri. Pahari is mainly spoken by the Pahari community (both Muslim and Hindu) and [[Gurjars in Kashmir|Gujjars]]. Gujari is mainly spoken by the [[Muslim Gujjars]] and [[Bakarwal]] which contribute as largest group of Rajouri district. [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] and [[Dogri language|Dogri]] are both spoken by small minorities. Though Urdu and English are the main mediums of instruction.

===Religion===
{{Bar box
|title=Religion in Rajouri district (2011)<ref name="census2011-C01"/>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|bars=
{{Bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|62.71}}
{{Bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|34.54}}
{{Bar percent|[[Sikhism]]|darkkhaki|2.41}}
{{Bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.34}}
}}

{| class="wikitable"
!Tehsil
! align="right" |Muslim
! align="right" |Hindu
! align="right" |Sikh
!Others
|-
|Thanamandi
|style="background:green;color:white" align="right" |99.1
| align="right" |0.65
| align="right" |0.02
|0.23
|-
|Darhal
|style="background:green;color:white" align="right" |99.21
| align="right" |0.39
| align="right" |0.00
|0.40
|-
|Rajauri
|style="background:green;color:white" align="right" |70.24
| align="right" |27.88
| align="right" |1.58
|0.30
|-
|Budhal
|style="background:green;color:white" align="right" |83.68
| align="right" |15.92
| align="right" |0.19
|0.21
|-
|Kalakote
|style="background:green;color:white" align="right" |51.6
| align="right" |48.03
| align="right" |0.26
|0.11
|-
|Nowshehra
| align="right" |21.69
|style="background:darkorange" align="right" |65.99
| align="right" |11.52
|0.80
|-
|Sunderbani
| align="right" |11.11
|style="background:darkorange" align="right" |85.79
| align="right" |2.77
|0.33
|}

{{bar box
|title=Sex Ratio in Rajouri District in 2011 Census.<ref name="census2011-C01"/> (no. females per 1,000 males)
|float=left
|width=360px
|left1=Religion (and population)
|right1=Sex Ratio
|bars=
{{bar pixel|Muslim (pop 402,879)|green|92.261||923 }}
{{bar pixel|Hindu (pop 221,880)|darkorange|77.611||776 }}
{{bar pixel|Sikh (pop 15,513)|yellow|64.577||646 }}
{{bar pixel|Other (pop 2,143)|grey|47.590||476 }}
{{bar pixel|Total (pop 642,415)|black|86.018||860 }}
}}

{|class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
! colspan=10 | Rajouri district: religion, gender ratio, and % urban of population, according to the 2011 Census.<ref name="census2011-C01">{{cite report |title=C-1 Population By Religious Community – Jammu & Kashmir |url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW01C-01%20MDDS.XLS |publisher = Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=28 July 2020}}</ref>
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
!|
!| Hindu
!| Muslim
!| Christian
!| Sikh
!| Buddhist
!| Jain
!| Other
!| Not stated
!| Total
|- style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:left;" | Total
|| 221,880 || 402,879 || 983 || 15,513 || 189 || 26 || 3 || 942 || 642,415
|- style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"
|| 34.54% || 62.71% || 0.15% || 2.41% || 0.03% || 0.00% || 0.00% || 0.15% || 100.00%
|-
| colspan=10|
|- style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"
| style="text-align:left;" | Male
|| 124,925 || 209,548 || 730 || 9,426 || 165 || 18 || 2 || 537 || 345,351
|- style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"
| style="text-align:left;" | Female
|| 96,955 || 193,331 || 253 || 6,087 || 24 || 8 || 1 || 405 || 297,064
|- style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"
| style="text-align:left;" | Gender ratio (% female)
|| 43.7% || 48.0% || 25.7% || 39.2% || 12.7% || 30.8% || 33.3% || 43.0% || 46.2%
|- style="vertical-align:top;text-align:center;"
| style="text-align:left;"| Sex ratio (no. of females per 1,000 males)
|| 776 || 923 || 347 || 646 || – || – || – || 754 || 860
|-
| colspan=10|
|- style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"
| style="text-align:left;" | Urban
|| 31,243 || 17,244 || 278 || 3,452 || 32 || 7 || 1 || 57 || 52,314
|- style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"
| style="text-align:left;" | Rural
|| 190,637 || 385,635 || 705 || 12,061 || 157 || 19 || 2 || 885 || 590,101
|- style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"
| style="text-align:left;" | % Urban
|| 14.1% || 4.3% || 28.3% || 22.3% || 16.9% || 26.9% || 33.3% || 6.1% || 8.1%
|-
|}
{{Clear|left}}
== Geography ==
{{OSM Location map
| coord = {{coord|33.3|74.4}} 
| float = left
| zoom = 9
| width = 350
| height = 350
| caption = {{center|Rajouri district}}
| nolabels = 1
| map-data = Q544279

| mark-coord1 = {{coord|33.539|74.369}}
| mark1 = Red pog.svg
| mark-size1 = 10
| label1 = Thanamandi
| label-size1 = 12
| label-color1 = hard red
| label-pos1 = top | label-offset-x1 = 0 | label-offset-y1 = 0
| mark-title1 = Thanamandi
| mark-image1 =
| mark-description1 = tehsil headquarters

| mark-coord2 = {{coord|33.484|74.411}}
| mark2 = Red pog.svg
| mark-size2 = 8
| label2 = Darhal
| label-size2 = 12
| label-color2 = hard red
| label-pos2 = right |label-offset-x2 = 0 |label-offset-y2 = 0
| mark-title2 = Darhal
| mark-image2 =
| mark-description2 = tehsil headquarters

| mark-coord3 = {{coord|33.382|74.325}}
| mark3 = Red pog.svg
| mark-size3 = 8
| label3 = Rajouri
| label-size3 = 12
| label-color3 = hard red
| label-pos3 = bottom |label-offset-x3 = 0 |label-offset-y3 = 0
| mark-title3 = Rajouri
| mark-image3 =
| mark-description3 = district and tehsil headquarters

| mark-coord4 = {{coord| 33.375|74.647}}
| mark4 = Red pog.svg
| mark-size4 = 8
| label4 = Budhal
| label-size4 = 12
| label-color4 = hard red
| label-pos4 = top |label-offset-x4 = 0 |label-offset-y4 = 0
| mark-title4 = Budhal
| mark-image4 =
| mark-description4 = tehsil headquarters

| mark-coord5 = {{coord|33.158|74.241}}
| mark5 = Red pog.svg
| mark-size5 = 8
| label5 = Naushera
| label-size5 = 12
| label-color5 = hard red
| label-pos5 = top |label-offset-x5 = -10 |label-offset-y5 = 0
| mark-title5 = Naushera
| mark-image5 =
| mark-description5 = tehsil headquarters

| mark-coord6 = {{coord|33.216|74.419}}
| mark6 = Red pog.svg
| mark-size6 = 8
| label6 = Kalakote
| label-size6 = 12
| label-color6 = hard red
| label-pos6 = right |label-offset-x6 = 0 |label-offset-y6 = 0
| mark-title6 = Kalakote
| mark-image6=
| mark-description6= tehsil headquarters

| mark-coord8 = {{coord|33.059|74.488}}
| mark8 = Red pog.svg
| mark-size8 = 8
| label8 = Sunderbani
| label-size8 = 12
| label-color8 = dark red
| label-pos8 = right |label-offset-x8 = 0 |label-offset-y8 = 0
| mark-title8 = Sunderbani
| mark-image8=
| mark-description8= tehsil headquarters

| mark-coord12 = {{coord|33.4708|74.3371}}
| mark12 = AS-rzeka-icon.svg
| mark-size12 = 11
| label12 = Rajouri Tawi
| label-size12 = 11
| label-color12 = hard blue
| label-pos12 = top |label-offset-x12 = 0 |label-offset-y12 = 0
| mark-title12 = Rajouri Tawi river
| mark-image12=
| mark-description12=

| mark-coord13 = {{coord|33.1173|74.3144}}
| mark13 = AS-rzeka-icon.svg
| mark-size13 = 11
| label13 = Naushera Tawi
| label-size13 = 11
| label-color13 = hard blue
| label-pos13 = right |label-offset-x13 = 0 |label-offset-y13 = 0
| mark-title13 = Naushera Tawi river
| mark-image13=
| mark-description13= later course of Rajouri Tawi

| mark-coord14 = {{coord|33.3557|74.6168}}
| mark14 = AS-rzeka-icon.svg
| mark-size14 = 11
| label14 = Ansi river
| label-size14 = 11
| label-color14 = hard blue
| label-pos14 = bottom |label-offset-x14 = 0 |label-offset-y14 = 0
| mark-title14 = Ansi river
| mark-image14=
| mark-description14=

| mark-coord15 = {{coord|33.175|74.320}}
| mark15 = Geobox Mountain Range.svg
| mark-size15 = 11
| label15 = Tain Dhar
| label-size15 = 11
| label-color15 = black
| label-pos15 = right |label-offset-x15 = 0 |label-offset-y15 = 0
| mark-title15 = Tain Dhar range
| mark-image15=
| mark-description15=

| mark-coord16 = {{coord|33.183|74.114}}
| mark16 = Geobox Mountain Range.svg
| mark-size16 = 10
| label16 = Koti Dhar
| label-size16 = 11
| label-color16 = black
| label-pos16 = left |label-offset-x16 = 0 |label-offset-y16 = 0
| mark-title16 = Koti Dhar range
| mark-image16=
| mark-description16=

| mark-coord17 = {{coord|32.991|74.425}}
| mark17 = Geobox Mountain Range.svg
| mark-size17 = 11
| label17 = Kali Dhar
| label-size17 = 11
| label-color17 = black
| label-pos17 = right |label-offset-x17 = 0 |label-offset-y17 = 0
| mark-title17 = Kali Dhar range
| mark-image17=
| mark-description17=
}}

The Rajouri district is bordered on the west by Pakistan-controlled [[Azad Kashmir]]'s [[Kotli district]], on the north by the Indian-controlled part of [[Poonch district, India|Poonch district]], on the east by the [[Reasi district]] and on the south by [[Jammu district|Jammu]] district.

The northern parts of the Rajouri district are in the Pir Panjal range, especially the Thanamandi and Darhal tehsils. However, The [[Rajouri Tawi River]] (also called Naushera Tawi) and its many tributaries flow through the mountain valleys, making them habitable. The Ansi River similarly waters the Budhal tehsil.

In the south, there is a wide valley between the '''Tain Dhar''' and '''Kali Dhar''' ranges (part of the Outer Hills of the Himalayas), which is called either Naushera Valley or Lam-Khuiratta Valley. In between these two ranges, there is a lower range called '''Koti Dhar''', which divides the valley into two parts.{{sfn|Cheema, Crimson Chinar|2015|pp=75–77}} The [[Line of Control]] between the [[Indian-administered Kashmir|Indian-administered]] and [[Pakistani-administered Kashmir|Pakistani-administered]] Kashmir regions runs along the southern Kali Dhar range for part of the way and the Koti Dhar range for the rest.
[[File:Rajouri city skyline shot.jpg|thumb|Rajouri city.]]
The old [[Mughal Road]] into the Kashmir Valley used to come up from Bhimber, and pass through the Naushera and Rajouri towns to the [[Pir Panjal Pass]]. This is now cut off by the Line of Control. Also cut off is the roadway between [[Sunderbani]] and [[Kotli]], which used to run in the Lam-Khuiratta valley.

==Agriculture==
The land is mostly fertile and mountainous. Maize, wheat and rice are the main crops of the area and the main source of the irrigation is the river [[Tawi River|Tawi]] that originates from the mountains of [[Pir Panjal]].

== Organisation ==
The Rajouri district comprises the subdistrict sunderbani, nowshera, [[Kotranka]], kalakote & tehsils are Rajouri, Darhal, Sunderbani, Budhal, kotranka, khawas, Manjakote Nowshera, Thanamandi, and Kalakot.<ref>[http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/jammuandkashmir/tehsil/rajouri.html Rajouri tehsil map], MapsOfIndia, retrieved 26 November 2016.</ref>

There are 19 blocks: [[Rajouri]], Darhal, kotranka [[Sunderbani]], Doongi, [[Nowshera, Jammu and Kashmir|Nowshera]], Kalakote, Manjakote, [[Thanamandi]] and [[Budhal Tehsil|Budhal]], Dhangri, khawas, Lamberi, Moghla, Panjgrain,Plangar,Qila darhal,Rajnagar,Seri,Siot,.<ref>[http://jkrd.nic.in/listAllDistricts.pdf Statement showing the number of blocks in respect of 22 Districts of Jammu and Kashmir State including newly Created Districts] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910092544/http://jkrd.nic.in/listAllDistricts.pdf |date=10 September 2008 }} dated 2008-03-13, accessed 2008-08-30</ref> Each block consists of a number of [[Panchayati raj|panchayat]]s.

During recent reviews conducted by administration. It is planned to construct 400/132kv & 400/220 kv station at Rajori to resolve the electrical power supply to the statved{{typo help inline|reason=similar to statued|date=November 2019}} area of Rajouri, Poonch Mendhar. This Grid station will be based on latest GIS technology of electrical technology.

Rajouri has its own deemed University [[Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University]] popularly known as BGSBU which offers various Diploma, UG and PG courses. It also has one Government Medical College [[Government Medical College, Rajouri|GMC Rajouri]] along with other degree colleges.

== Politics ==
The district has five assembly constituencies: Nowshera, Budhal, Thannamandi, Rajouri and [[Kalakote Assembly constituency|Kalakote]],<ref name="ADMINISTRATIVE SET UP">{{Cite web |url=http://rajouri.nic.in/Adm.htm |title=Administrative Set Up |website=rajouri.nic.in |access-date=21 November 2016}}</ref> and 14 district development council constituencies: Budhal New, Budhal Old-A, Budhal Old-B, Darhal, Dhangri, Doongi, [[Kalakote]], Manjakote, Moughla, Nowshera, Rajouri, Seri, Sunderbani and Thanamandi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=SEC|url=https://ceojk.nic.in/panchayater/|access-date=2021-01-15|website=ceojk.nic.in}}</ref> Rajouri District (except [[Kalakote Assembly constituency|Kalakote]], which falls under the [[Jammu Lok Sabha constituency]]), comes under [[Anantnag–Rajouri Lok Sabha constituency|Anantnag-Rajouri]] Lok Sabha Constituency.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pargal |first=Sanjeev |title=Rajouri-Poonch now part of Anantnag LS seat, Reasi distt goes to Jammu Parl segment |work=Daily excelsior |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/rajouri-poonch-now-part-of-anantnag-ls-seat-reasi-distt-goes-to-jammu-parl-segment/}}</ref>

==Notable people==
*[[Banda Singh Bahadur]], a famous [[Sikhs|sikh]] warrior and a commander of the [[Khalsa]] army
*[[Ravinder Raina]], Ex-BJP state president, J&K.
*[[Nadeem Iqbal]], a cross country skier.
*[[Shakeel Ahmed (scientist)|Shakeel Ahmed]], Scientist.
*[[Arjumman Mughal]], Indian actress.
*[[Peter Qasim]], the longest-serving detainee in [[Immigration detention in Australia|Australian immigration detention]].
*[[Abdul Samad (Indian cricketer)|Abdul Samad Farooq]], Indian cricketeer
*[[Shahid Iqbal Choudhary|Dr. Shahid Iqbal]], IAS.
*[[Chowdhary Mohmmad Hussain]], Indian Politician.

==See also==
*[[Ghari Momin]]
*[[Azmatabad, Jammu and Kashmir|Azmatabad]]
*[[Kalakote]]
*[[2023 Rajouri Terror attacks]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{citation |last=Cheema |first=Brig Amar |title=The Crimson Chinar: The Kashmir Conflict: A Politico Military Perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qc25BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA51 |date=2015 |publisher=Lancer Publishers |isbn=978-81-7062-301-4 |ref={{sfnref|Cheema, Crimson Chinar|2015}}}}
* {{citation |title=Gulab Singh |first=K. M. |last=Panikkar |author-link=K. M. Panikkar |publisher=Martin Hopkinson Ltd |year=1930 |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/gulabsingh179218031570mbp |ref={{sfnref|Panikkar, Gulab Singh|1930}}}}
* {{citation |last=Ramachandran |first=D. P. |title=Empire's First Soldiers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Q7EiZmcMPMC&pg=PA171 |year=2008 |publisher=Lancer Publishers |isbn=978-0-9796174-7-8 |pages=171– |ref={{sfnref|Ramachandran, Empire's First Soldiers|2008}}}}
* {{citation |last=Sarkar |first=Col. Bhaskar |title=Outstanding Victories of the Indian Army, 1947-1971 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G2IADAAAQBAJ&pg=PA40 |year=2016 |publisher=Lancer Publishers |isbn=978-1-897829-73-8 |pages=40–|ref={{sfnref|Sarkar, Outstanding Victories of the Indian Army|2016}}}}
* {{citation |last=Singh |first=V. K. |title=Leadership in the Indian Army: Biographies of Twelve Soldiers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cJDsk_g6tXUC&pg=PA160 |year=2005 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-0-7619-3322-9 |pages=160– |ref={{sfnref|V. K. Singh, Leadership in the Indian Army|2005}}}}

== External links ==
* [https://rajouri.nic.in/ Official website]
* [https://rajouri.in/ Rajouri Social Network]
* [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/1944895 Rajouri District marked on OpenStreetMap]
* [http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/jammuandkashmir/tehsil/rajouri.html Rajouri Tehsil Map], MapsOfIndia, retrieved 25 November 2016.

{{Geographic location
| Centre = Rajouri district
| North = [[Poonch district, Jammu and Kashmir|Poonch district]]
| Northeast = [[Kulgam district]]
| East = [[Reasi district]]
| Southeast =
| South = [[Jammu district]]
| Southwest =
| West = ''[[Kashmir conflict|Disputed region]]''
| Northwest =
}}

{{Jammu and Kashmir topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Rajouri district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Jammu and Kashmir]]

Duliajan Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T08:44:37Z

Hildred82A: new

{{Short description|Constituency of the Assam legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Duliajan
| constituency_no = 90
| type = SLA
| map_image = Duliajan Assembly constituency map 2023.svg
| state = [[Assam]]
| latest_election_year =
| loksabha_cons = [[Dibrugarh Lok Sabha constituency|Dibrugarh]]
| district = [[Dibrugarh district|Dibrugarh]]
| established = 1978
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| mla =
| party =
| alliance =
| electors =
}}
'''Duliajan Assembly constituency''' is one of the 126 assembly constituencies of [[Assam Legislative Assembly]].<ref name=ceo>{{cite web |url=http://www.ceoassam.nic.in/information/pdf/2_PC%20wise%20LAC%20breakup.pdf |title=List of Assembly constituencies showing their Parliamentary constituences wise break-up |website=www.ceoassam.nic.in| access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=http://www.ceoassam.nic.in/information/pdf/3_Assembly_HPC_wise_MapA1.pdf |title=Map of Assam showing District-wise assembly and Parliamentary constituencies |website=www.ceoassam.nic.in| access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref> Duliajan forms part of the [[Dibrugarh Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies of State of Assam|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date = 2025-11-28}}</ref>

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Election
! Name
! colspan=2 | Party
|-
|[[1978 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
|[[Jogendra Nath Hazarika]]
| bgcolor="#00008B" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1985 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan="3" |Amiya Gogoi
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1991 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|-
|[[1996 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|-
|[[2001 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Rameswar Teli]]
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2006 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|-
|[[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|Amiya Gogoi
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Terash Gowalla]]<ref name="abhaya ref1">{{cite news |title=Assam Election Results 2021: Check Full List Of Winners |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/assam-election-results-2021-check-full-list-of-winners-2426707 |access-date=12 November 2021 |publisher=ndtv.com |date=3 May 2021}}</ref><ref name="election2021">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13620-assam-general-legislative-election-2021/ |title=Assam General Legislative Election 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=13 November 2021}}</ref>
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| [[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Duliajan}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Rameswar Teli|party=National Democratic Alliance|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= Dhrubajyoti Gogoi|party=Indian National Congress |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Duliajan<ref name=election2016>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4017-assam-general-legislative-election-2016/ |title=Assam General Legislative Election 2016 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=13 November 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Terash Gowalla
|votes = 58,450
|percentage = 51.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Dhrubajyoti Gogoi
|votes = 41,364
|percentage = 36.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Amiya Gogoi
|votes = 4,376
|percentage = 3.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Ramesh Phukan
|votes = 1,816
|percentage = 1.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Hiranya Sonowal
|votes = 1,144
|percentage = 1.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = JCP
|candidate = Anjali Senapati
|votes = 1,037
|percentage = 0.90
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Jatin Konwar
|votes = 825
|percentage = 0.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = Sunil Tanti
|votes = 710
|percentage = 0.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Probin Hazarika
|votes = 651
|percentage = 0.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Isak Karkaria
|votes = 637
|percentage = 0.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiv Sena
|candidate = Jhuma Deb Nath
|votes = 542
|percentage = 0.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 2,761
|percentage = 2.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 17,086
|percentage = 14.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,14,313
|percentage = 82.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors = 1,38,356
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[List of constituencies of the Assam Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Assam Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/67-assam/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Assam}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Assam]]
[[Category:Politics of Assam]]
[[Category:Dibrugarh district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1978]]
[[Category:1978 establishments in Assam]]

Kuki Rebellion of 1917–1919

2026-04-15T05:56:35Z

Hildred82A: made initial post needs work

{{Short description|1917-1919 Tribal revolt against the British Empire}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Kuki Rebellion Anglo-Kuki War
| width =
| image = [[File:Kuki Rebellion - Burning of Longyin.jpg|300px]]
| caption = The Burning of [[Longya]]
| date = 1917 - 1919
| partof = [[Tribal revolts in India before Indian independence|Tribal revolts in India before independence]]
| alt = Burning of Longyin village during the Anglo-Kuki War
| place = {{bulleted list|[[Manipur (princely state)|Manipur]]| [[Naga Hills]]| [[North Cachar Hills]]| [[Chin Hills]] |[[Kabaw Valley]]| [[Somra Tract]]}}
| coordinates =
| map_type =
| map_relief =
| map_size =
| map_marksize =
| map_caption =
| map_label =
| territory =
| result = British victory
| status =
| combatants_header =
| combatant1 = {{Flag|British Raj}}
| combatant2 = [[Kuki people|Kuki chiefs]] [[Chin people|Chin chiefs]]
| commander1 = [[Henry Keary]] L.W. Shakespear C.E. Macquoid [[Francis Tuker]] M.C. Coote
| commander2 = Chengjapao (Chief of Aishan) Khutinthang (Chief of Jampi) Pache (Chief of Chassad) Ngullen (Chief of Khongjang)
| units1 =
| units2 =
| strength1 = 6,234
| strength2 = unknown
| casualties1 = 60 killed 142 wounded 97 died of disease
| casualties2 = 120 killed (est.) 126 villages burned
| casualties3 =
| notes = {{sfnp|Lunkhopao, Empire of Violence|2021|p=76}}{{sfnp|Guite & Haokip, The Anglo-Kuki War|2019|loc=Introduction, p. 2}}
| campaignbox =
}}
__NOTOC__
The '''Kuki Rebellion''' or '''Anglo-Kuki War''' also known as the '''Kuki Rising''' ({{langx|zom|Zou Gal}}),<ref name="Wouters">
{{citation |last=Wouters |first=Jelle J.P. |title=The Anglo-Kuki war, 1917-1919: a frontier uprising against imperialism during the First World War (book review) |journal=Asian Ethnicity |volume=20 |number=4 |pages=578–580 |year=2019 |doi=10.1080/14631369.2019.1619445|s2cid=181819124 }}
</ref> was a [[tribal revolts in India before Indian independence|tribal revolt]] during the [[British Raj|British colonial rule]] in India during [[World War One]].

It was a [[rebellion]] by the [[Kuki tribes]] of [[Manipur (princely state)|Manipur]], ostensibly to resist their forcible recruitment into labour corps for the [[First World War]]. From a wider historical perspective, it can also be read as a response to the colonial intrusion into Kuki livelihoods, with new forms of economic relations and land policies, as well as the declining authority of Kuki chiefs.<ref name="Wouters" /> The colonial government responded with military operations which burned at least 126 Kuki villages and several food stocks, which the government deemed necessary to suppress the rebellion.<ref name="Wouters" /> During 2017–2019, the Kuki community of Manipur arranged centennial commemorations for the event at multiple locations in Manipur.<ref name="Haokip uprising or war">
{{Cite news |last=Haokip |first=T. S. |title=Was it an uprising or a war? |work=Outlook |date=22 October 2020 |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-was-it-an-uprising-or-war/362636}}
</ref> Their celebration of the event as a "war" came into contestation by the [[Meitei people|Meitei]] and [[Naga people|Naga]] communities of Manipur.<ref name="Haokip uprising or war"/>

{{Rebellions in British India}}

==Background==
Ashok Kumar Ray gives four causes for the uprising. These are the labour recruitment drives for [[World War One]], the corruption of ''lambus'', customary payments to hillmen on ''Pothang'' or for foreign service, and house tax. ''Lambus'' were hill advisors and administrators who gained influence in Manipur and became infamous for corruption and bribery practices. This behaviour also challenged the prestige and authority of the Kuki chiefs, thus leading to resentment. Historians have argued that the Kukis were led by their chiefs to rebel against the British due to fear of exploitation of their traditional village authority and chieftainship.{{sfn|Kipgen|Haokip|2021|p=1}} Under direct administraiton in Manipur since 1982, the Hill men were made to pay house tax and forced labour (''pothang''). Taxes were raised double for small villages to discourage the splitting of villages. The Kukis resented the regime and some had left to maintain independence to unadministered areas or reject British demands. This tax boycott led to an expedition in 1910 against the Aishan tribe.{{sfn|Guite|2019|p=458}}

Zou outlines that the chiefs also held a fear of the overseas and the absence of able-bodied men to sustain crops and cultivation of the land. Traditional beliefs also played a role. The {{lang|zom|siampu}} ({{translation|priest}}) could not perform {{lang|zom|kithoina}} ({{translation|ritual}}) for healing sick people without the head of the family present at the rite. This belief also applied to communal feasting which did not occur normally with absent family members. Other reasons cited were the romantic courtships of the tribal youth. Girls in villages courted boys, spreading rumours about bad omens and dreams of overseas journeys.{{sfn|Zou|2021|p=37}}

Historian Jankhomang Guite points out that resistance in colonies to enlistment for the World War 1 were also experienced in Africa with passive resistance.{{sfn|Guite|2019|p=456}} France experienced armed rebellions in [[Bélédougou]], West Volta, South Constantinois, [[Tunisia]] and [[Benin]]; the British in Kenya, Southern Nyasaland (Zimbabwe), Egypt and Nigeria. In India, such resistance resonated with the Santhal Rebellion in Orissa and the [[North-West Frontier Province|Northwest Frontier]], which experienced five uprisings{{sfn|Guite|2019|p=257}}

With the outbreak of war, the Kukis were subject to rumours that the Germans were winning the war and the British were withdrawing from India. Another rumour detailed that labour corps, which was intended to be a non-combat role, were being used on the front lines and guaranteeing death.{{sfn|Guite|2019|p=458}}
[[File:Kuki Rebellion - Commanders at Mombi Stockade.jpg|thumb|Coote and Higgins inside the Mombi Stockade]]
The British entered into negotiations, and some tribes gave in. The Kukis, however, remained adamant and opposed the conscription.{{sfn|Guite|2019|p=459}} The chiefs who cooperated with the British were mostly Christian converted chiefs. The traditional animists chiefs held a belief in {{lang|zom|khuarum}} which protected them in their jurisdiction of rule.{{sfn|Zou|2021|p=37}} In particular, the Chiefs of [[Mombi, Manipur|Mombi]] and Longyi refused to cooperate. When warned, they retorted that any attempts to punish them would see them use force in retaliation. In September, Captain Coote with 100 rifles marched to Mombi to investigate the issue but was met with a skirmish which destroyed the village. Attempts to reach Longyi was halted and the negotiations with Kukis were resumed.{{sfn|Shakespear|1929|p=210}} The negotiations concerned the wife of [[H.W.G. Cole]], who personally knew the chief of Mombi. The Mombi chiefdom had been making raids into the Manipur Valley while Cole was in France. The Mombi Chief, Ngulkhup, agreed to negotiate and met with Mrs Cole, who was accompanied by an interpreter. Mrs Cole met with Ngkhulp but was frustrated as he did not listen to reason. Mrs Cole returned to Imphal.{{sfn|Shakespear|1929|p=211}} Negotiations failed, and J.C. Higgins took 50 soldiers to Mombi Kuki village and burned it down on 17 October 1917.{{sfn|Guite|2019|p=459}}{{Clarify|reason=It was stated earlier that the village had already been "destroyed".|date=November 2025}} The Political Officers in Manipur were reprimanded for the burning of Mombi and forbidden to use force for labour recruitment. No Military expeditions were permitted without the sanction of the Government of India. The Political Agent however, sensing the preparations for war, applied for punitive action to induce submission. The Government of India invoked the doctrine of minimum force to be used only for preserving order.{{sfn|Guite|2019|p=459}}

==Planning==
The rebellion was planned in coordination with the Grand Chiefs-in-council in several regions, who decided to wage war against the British.{{sfn|Kipgen|Haokip|p=2}} A total of 150 chiefs met during the assembly and resolved to not obey any orders or sommon from Government and to fight any attempts to enforce order. A ritual was performed known as ''sathin-salung-neh'' ({{translation|feasting on the liver and heart}}).{{sfn|Guite|2019|p=459}}{{sfn|Zou|2021|p=38}}
The confederation of Kuki chiefs at Aisan, Chassad, Jampi and Khongjang formed the basis of the revolt. Colonel [[H.W.G. Cole]], the political agent of Manipur, recorded that the Kuki chiefs had taken an oath via killing a [[gayal|mithun]] that no one would go to France or send their subjects there. The four chiefs who made this oath were: Chengjapao (Chief of Aishan), Khutinthang (Chief of Jampi), Pache (Chief of Chassad) and Ngullen (Chief of Khongjang). Khutinthang had already shown hostility by prohibiting the entrance of ''lambus'' into his village, seizing their property, and destroying it.{{sfn|Kipgen|Haokip|2021|p=2}}

The [[Zou people|Zou]] chiefs made an alliance with the Haokip ([[Thadou people|Thadou]]) of Ukha and Mombi. There was another meeting at Haopi peak (Tuidam) to decide on the practical strategies of the resistance. Considerations included breakdown of British stockades during the rain and to punish friendly villages of the British. The Zou's backed the Haokip and threatened to attack Thiangkangphai village when travelling to Ukha as it was friendly to the British.{{sfn|Zou|2021|p=38}} The Zou at Ukha reinforced the Haokip and settled along the IMphal and Khana River valleys. They fired upon the British. The Gotengkot encounter saw high casualties on British forces.{{sfn|Zou|2021|p=39}}

The Kukis began sending messages through traditional communication channels. The messages were disseminated to the Kuki tribes in Manipur, the Naga Hills, the North Cachar Hills, the Chin Hills, Thaungdut State, and the Somra Tract. The messengers used ''thingkhuo-le-malcha'', a relayed message of unity to face against a common enemy in an emergency. The contacted villages sent messengers to further villages and spread the scheme. The tribes involved ranged from [[Thadou people|Thadou tribes]], [[Zou people|Zou tribes]] and the [[Chin people|Chin tribes]].{{sfn|Kipgen|Haokip|2021|p=2}}
[[File:Kuki Rebellion - Prisoners of War.jpg|thumb|Kuki prisoners of War]]

==Conflict==
The beginning of the war is debated. Generally it is stated as December 1917 following draft opposition in March 1917. 10 December 1917 was given as the official day of the beginning of the outbreak as that is when the attack on Itoll Station occurred according to the Assam Government. The Burmese Government fixes it at 21 December when the 'revolt' broke out.{{sfn|GuiteB|2019|p=37}}

J.C. Higgins became the Political Officer of Manipur and led a column of 160 rifles into the hills in December 1917.{{sfn|Guite|2019|p=459}} The Kuki's resisted the column with the use of guerrilla warfare. They utilised old flintlock and muzzle-loaders alongside their ''pumpi'' (leather cannons) using homemade gunpowder.{{sfn|Guite|2019|p=460}} The ''pumpi'' was a tightly bound leather rolled into a compact tube and bound with leather strips. A vent is made, and gunpowder is poured in with slugs or stones. It was activated by hand or tripwire but could mostly be used once.{{sfn|Shakespear|1929|p=215}} The British described them as snipers who did not rush their camps. The Kukis would routinely target the British soldiers and the subordinates over soldiers in the column.{{sfn|Guite|2019|p=460}} The raids by the Mombi and Longya chiefs were soon joined by the Hinglep and Ukah in the surrounding hills. A raid on the Itoll Police Thana near Shuganoo and another raid on Moirang led to the Assam Rifles at [[Imphal]] being dispatched. A group of 80 men were assigned to Lieutenant Halliday towards Mombi and another 80 was assigned to Captain Coote and Lieutenant Hooper to Hinglep. Halliday was overwhelmed during engagement and withdrew to Imphal. Coote succeeded in Moirang where he punished the allied tribes of the kuki chiefs. As a result of this escalation, the southern and southwestern hills became an activie rebellion zone and closed the roads to Burma, destroyed telegraph lines and killed officials.{{sfn|Shakespear|1929|p=213}}

In December 1918 the British stationed themselves and built a military post at Sugunu. Political agent of Manipur, Cosgrave and Lieutenant Halliday marched to punish the Mombi rebels. The Zou ambushed them at Tuibom at the crossing of the Chakpi River. Cosgrave thus retreated due to the disabling of his advance by casualties. The bodies of Halliday's killed men were thrown into a ravine with their heads, hands and feet cut off. The Zou fighters composed a {{lang|lus|hla}} ({{translation|song}}) of the encounter.{{sfn|Zou|2021|p=39}}

{{blockquote|text={{lang|zom|Tuizum pan leidou hing khang el; tuonglam ah mataan ing e, Tuonglam ah mataan ing e; Tuibom ah lal luong awng e!}} '''English''': ''The enemies had come to invade us; I lay and waited for them on the way My enemies groaned in pain, at the Tuibom river point!''}}

In late 1917, the Southern Chin Hills in Burma also began to call for the services of the Assam Rifles. The Chin Hills' attempt to raise a labour corps aggravated tribal discontent. In early December 1917, the southern Chins began a rising and surrounded Haka Station. The British in Haka requested urgent assistance. Captain Falkland of the Assam Rifles in [[Aizawl]] marched with 150 soldiers to Haka. During the march, another wire from Falam also requested help. Captain Montifiore of the Assam Rifles in [[Kohima]] marched with 150 soldiers to relieve them.{{sfn|Shakespear|1929|p=212}}
[[File:Kuki Rebellion - Chin Hills Column.jpg|thumb|Montefiore's Column crossing a river in the Chin Hills]]
[[File:Kuki Rebellion - Coote and Hibbert Columns.jpg|thumb|Coote and Higgins preparing their columns at Imphal]]
At Imphal, two columns were trained by 22 January 1918. 120 rifles were assigned each to Captain Coote and Political Agent Higgins to move through Mombi and Longyi.{{sfn|Shakespear|1929|p=214}} The two columns left Imphal on 23 January 1918. The village of Longyi was destroyed for its participation in the raid on the police Thana.{{sfn|Shakespear|1929|p=216}} Coote reached the old site of Mombi which had been burned in September by him. He encamped there and the next day discovered the new village of Mombi, 4 miles east of him. The new village was destroyed. Coote and the column moved towards Longyi and discovered that Steadman's column from Chin Hills had arrived at Longyi and burnt it quickly when they arrived on 27 January.{{sfn|Shakespear|1929|p=218}}{{sfn|Zou|2021|p=40}} Coote continued to punish the remaining villages under Mombi. He reached Nungoinuw with a strong stockade, which was evacuated when his column reached it. His second settlement found was already destroyed.{{sfn|Shakespear|1929|p=219}}

On 27 January 1918, Captain Steadman's column marched from Lenakot to Khullen Khoilet village located in South Manipur along the Imphal River. Steadman met no resistance at Longya (Chief Ngulbul's village), which they burned. Steadmen then crossed the river and climbed a hill to plan an attack on a Haika village. However, at Gotengkot, they met fierce opposition from the Zou and Haokip fighters. Steadman lost 11 men, and several were wounded. Gotengkot was defended under the combined leadership of Doungul, Thongkhai, Ngulbul, Somthawng, Samkhohau, Amvum and others. Doungul and his men fired at the British advancing troops while Mangvung (Haokip chief) released stone traps that rolled down the slope and killed the soldiers. Chief Doungul, standing in the front line in the ensuing shootout, was shot in the chest and died later on. Captain Steadman was seriously injured. His interpreter, Paudailou Sukte, was also killed in the fight.{{sfn|Zou|2021|p=40}} Reinforcements were sent through Coote's column, but the Zous and Haokips had escaped into the jungle.{{sfn|Zou|2021|p=41}}

In the village of Buhsau, which was a Zou village near the military post at Muollum village, an open encounter occurred. Local sources claim the villagers were sick on their deathbeds due to an epidemic outbreak. The British raided them at midnight, and Chief Hengthang surrendered. However, Hengthang was shot dead with his whole family, and all other sick individuals were also killed, including children and women. The British sources, such as Cosgrave's diary, record that the British camped at Muollum and attacked the village, burning the houses and marching to Singngat.{{sfn|Zou|2021|p=41}} The next day, at 7am 17 March, Singngat was attacked by the British. Only one shot was fired by the Zous on the way to the village. The villagers evacuated the village and the British encamped in it, counting 47 houses.{{sfn|Zou|2021|p=41}}

Following Singngat, Hiangtam (Hengtham) was targeted which was the headquarters of the Zou rebels of the rebellion. The chief of Hiangtam was Goulun. Local sources state that the British sent a message to the Zou to sdurrender or they would drop bombs on the village. The fighters were said to have responded with "{{lang|zom|Vanleng a na'ng len ulehg ahgochieng a ka'ng na satkhiet ding uh'}}" ({{translation|If you would attack us with an aeroplane we would strike you down with a long stick}}). This story became the basis for many songs. During the battle of Hiangtam, the Zou used a significant number of {{lang|zom|Siallum thau}} ({{translation|leather cannons}}). The British marched on 19 March 1918 and burned 100 maunds of paddy from the village jhum fields. They climbed to Hiangtam and the Zou began to fire from stockades prepared for the attack. The Zous kept an extremely strong defence and were not in a position to dislodge from the stockade until mortar shels were fired and it was overran. Cosgrave admitted that the battle of Hiangtam was one of the toughest fights during the rebellion. He quoted it as "The defence of Hengtam village was by far the most stubborn and well organised fight I have seen the Manipur Kukis put up."{{sfn|Zou|2021|p=42}} The British planned to harshly punish Hiangtam, but could find nothing to destroy, except for five goats. Ponies were found, which led the British to speculate that Chingkhama Sana Chauba, a Manipuri rebel, was leading the Kukis in an uprising.{{sfn|Zou|2021|p=43}}

After a skirmish during a precarious terrain obstacle, the British managed to inflict casualties on the Kukis. Following this, they reached the village of Khengoi, which sat on a ridge overlooking [[Kalay]]. Khengoi was empty, and a tiger skin was stuffed and hung on a trestle.{{sfn|Shakespear|1929|p=220}} The column encamped in it and burnt the village the next morning. More villages were destroyed, including Changbol, Gnarjal, and Pantha.{{sfn|Shakespear|1929|p=221}} Following this the column returned to Imphal.{{sfn|Shakespear|1929|p=222}}
[[File:Kuki Rebellion - Kamkhong Stockade.jpg|thumb|British forces entering the Kamkhong Stockade]]
By March, the village of Dulin began to show trouble. 150 rifles of the Assam Rifles were sent to cross the [[Barak River]] and destroyed Dulin. Several more detachments of the Assam Rifles were dispatched to secure the card road at posts in Kairong and Kanpopki.{{sfn|Shakespear|1929|p=223}} The rebellion continued to expand and many villages began to become victoms of raids which spread the Assam Rifles thin. More manpower was requested from Sadiya and Kohima to cooperate with the Burmese column against the Chassad under Chief Pache. Pache had destroyed numerous villages in the Chindwin and Manipur valleys.{{sfn|Shakespear|1929|p=224}} A combined volume of 150 rifles under Captain Coote, with Lieutenant Parry and Higgins, left for the Chassad villages in the hills. Pache's village of Kamjong was destroyed along the way. The columns then fought in Pache's settlement, but he evaded capture and fled into the Somra Tracts.{{sfn|Shakespear|1929|p=225}}

During the second half of April, the Hinglep, Ukah and Manglung resumed raiding, and this obliged a column of 150 to be sent to them. Lieutenant Tuker was in charge of a detachment near the Burma road where Kukis were active at this time and responding to cut telegraph cables. He destroyed the Aihang and Aimol and returned to Imphal.{{sfn|Shakespear|1929|p=226}} The change of season in April had made the heat too intense for continuing operations effectively. Parties of Kuki raiders also hovered in the North Cachar Hills, which led to panic among tea estate owners, but no attack was made.{{sfn|Shakespear|1929|p=227}}

Captain Falkland and Montifiore, who were assigned columns for the Chin Hills, arrived in Haka to relieve it. Following this, the column cooperated with Burmese columns and engaged the Zokhua chiefs at Kapi, Aiton, Shurkwa, Naring and Sakta. Montifiore, on reaching Haka, was sent to revolting villages northeast of the Tao range with lots of opposition at Bawkwa and Bwenlon. In February 1918, he was sent to the stockades at Haika and shot the Gnulbul, Chief of Longya, who was carrying his son in his arms. In April, Montifiore was sent to operate on the [[Kaladyne River]]. In June, Falkland returned to Aizawl, and Minotifiore was sent to Rangoon, Calcutta and then Kohima.{{sfn|Shakespear|1929|p=228}}

A conference was held in [[Shimla]] where the Chief Commissioner discussed the need for new logistics and modern equipment. Four mountain guns, a supply of rifle grenades and new rifles were supplied to the Assam Rifles. General Sir [[Henry Keary]] was assigned the command in Burma, with Colonel Macquiod assigned to Imphal as commander. The rebel hills were divided into zones, which were to be handled with detachments and lines of outposts. The British struggled to differentiate between friendly and hostile villages, so they set up a concentration camp full of claimed friendly Kukis to repair.{{sfn|Shakespear|1929|p=230}}{{sfn|Guite|2019|p=464}} A large number applied, but some of these were informants to the rebels. A total of 54 outposts were laid out. The scheme for the areas division set up six areas:{{sfn|Shakespear|1929|p=231}}
{{bulleted list|Jampi area|Mombi area|Burma road area|Chassadh areas|North Tangkhul area|North Somra and Tuzu river area}}

The Jampi chief was captured following Henry Keary's establishment in Burma. In September 1918, Pache approached the Burmese with terms of surrender which were sent to Assam and ultimately rejected. Pache and his men continue to raid and Lieutenant Parry was sent with a detachment to capture him and his men. He successfully ambushed them at Hoondong where a large number of rebels were captured. In October new British officers were transferred to Imphal and 30 of them were divided in the new rebel areas for [[Pacification (military action)|pacification]].{{sfn|Shakespear|1929|p=232}} Forces from Aizawl and Sadiya reached in November and was placed under Brigadier-General Macquiod.{{sfn|Shakespear|1929|p=233}} In January 1919, Goodall's column continued to pacify the Hinglep-Manglung area and pursued Chief Ngulkhup of Mombi to Tamu where he surrendered. The Burma column continued to pursue Pache into the Somra area.{{sfn|Shakespear|1929|p=234}} By spring, the Kukis began to surrender and Pache surrendered in April. Two more chiefs in Jampi were also captured thus ending the active phase of the rebellion.{{sfn|Shakespear|1929|p=235}} In total, 86 villages were destroyed, 112 surrendered and submitted, and 15 became deserted by the people.{{sfn|Shakespear|1929|p=236}}

==Aftermath==
The rebel areas were fined for the rising. Prominent leaders were imprisoned and or deported. The Kuki peoples were made to open up their country by constructing fair bridle paths through the hills. As a result, 740 miles of bridle road were made in 1919–1920.{{sfn|Shakespear|1929|p=237}}{{sfn|Guite|2019|p=468}} After the rising, fines were imposed for the Kukis amounting to one lakh rupees.{{sfn|Guite|Haokip|2019|p=3}} The Government disagreed with local officers on the question of punishment following the uprising. Local officers wanted to treat the rebels as murderers and have them executed or deported. The Government, however, treated the Kuki rebels as "enemies in arms" in an act of "barbarous warfare". The Kuki chiefs were tried under Bengal Regulation III of 1818. They were detained outside the state. Nine of the chiefs were detained in Sadiya, Assam. Another thirteen chiefs were detained in Taungyi, Burma. They were released after three years, except Chengjapao, Chief of Aishan, who was released after four years.{{sfn|Guite|2019|p=468}}

The Kukis employed in penal labour lost time recovering from the damages of the conflict. Furthermore, the British abolished the doctrine of indirect rule and the power and influence of the chiefs. The destruction of authority deprived the British Government of legitimacy to rule the hills and sowed discord. The Kukis maintained their staunch spirit of independence after the conflict, and many deposed chiefs joined the Japanese Army and the [[Indian National Army]] in [[World War II]] against the British.{{sfn|Guite|2019|p=469}}

== Disputes on terminology {{anchor|Authenticity of the term "War"|Nomenclature}} ==
Several [[Naga people|Naga]] groups of Manipur opposed the term "Anglo Kuki War",<ref name="IE Kuki militants">
{{Cite news |date=2019-10-16 |title=Manipur: Kuki militants write to PM Modi over 'Anglo-Kuki War' claim tussle |newspaper=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/manipur/manipur-kuki-militants-write-to-pm-modi-over-anglo-kuki-war-claim-tussle/ |quote=The Naga bodies claimed that the Kukis are trying to twist the history for there has been no ‘Anglo-Kuki War’ but ‘Kuki-Rebellion 1917’.}}
</ref><ref name="Haokip Naga groups" /> holding that the conflict between the British and the Kukis was a "rebellion" as mentioned in British records, rather than a war.<ref name="Haokip Naga groups">
{{Cite news |last=Haokip |first=T. S. |title=Was It An Uprising Or A War? |newspaper=Outlook |date=22 October 2020 |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-was-it-an-uprising-or-war/362636 |quote=The matter became tricky when many Manipur Naga Groups opposed the tag "Anglo Kuki War" and alleged that the fight against the British by the Kukis was just a rebellion as recorded in the British and Assam Rifles records. With only a few days left for the commemoration and the inauguration of the monoliths thereof, the Manipur state government directed all the monoliths to be destroyed.}}</ref>
They requested the [[Government of Manipur]] to stop the commemoration events of the "Anglo-Kuki War".<ref name="Morung Naga tribes">
{{Cite web |title=Four Naga tribes on 'Anglo-Kuki War' issue |website=MorungExpress |url=https://www.morungexpress.com/four-naga-tribes-anglo-kuki-war-issue |quote=... According to the four Naga tribe bodies, there was no "Anglo-Kuki War" in the history of Manipur. "There is Kuki Rebellion (1917-18) in the history. It was started in December 1917 and brought under control in November 1918, a period of about one year," the joint statement also pointed out. ...}}
</ref>

In October 2019, the [[Meitei people|Meitei]] civil society organisation [[Federation of Haomee]] sent a memorandum to Union home minister [[Amit Shah]], and claimed that Shah had supported their demands.<ref name="IFP Haomee">
{{Cite news |title=There was no Anglo-Kuki War of 1917-1919: Federation of Haomee |newspaper=Imphal Free Press |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/there-was-no-anglo-kuki-war-of-1917-1919-federation-of-haomee}}
</ref> Subsequently, the Manipur Government ordered the destruction of all the recently erected centenary monuments mentioning "Anglo-Kuki War".<ref name="Haokip Naga groups"/><ref name="IE Kuki militants" /> In 2020, a monolith that mentioned "Anglo-Kuki War" was forced to change it to "Kuki Rising".<ref name="NE Today C Aisan">
{{Cite news |date=2020-10-22 |title=UPRISING OR WAR? |newspaper=Northeast Today |url=https://www.northeasttoday.in/2020/10/22/uprising-or-war/ |quote=The monolith at C Aisan Village, which was to be dedicated by the CM in 2019 with the engraving, ‘In defence of our ancestral land and freedom’ was pulled down and the words changed - ‘Anglo Kuki war’ to ‘Kuki Rising’. A commemoration programme with the changed engraving was organised on 17th of October 2020 and the CM of Manipur inaugurated the newly engraved monolith through Video Conference.}}
</ref>

In August 2023, in the midst of unprecedented [[2023 Manipur violence|ethnic violence]] in the state of Manipur that has seen over 50,000 people displaced, Federation of Haomee has registered two [[First Information Report|FIRs]] against authors that have written books mentioning "Anglo-Kuki War". Retired colonel Vijay Chenji, who wrote a book titled ''The Anglo-Kuki War 1917-1919,'' JNU academics Jangkhomang Guite and Thongkholal Haokip, who edited a volume titled ''The Anglo- Kuki War, 1917-1919: A Frontier Uprising against Imperialism during the First World War,'' were accused under section 120/121/123/153-A/200/120-8 of [[Indian Penal Code|IPC]]. The complaint claimed that there was no Anglo-Kuki War in Manipur's history, and the authors had lied.<ref name="Scroll FIRs">
{{Cite news |title=FIRs against author, two academicians in Manipur for allegedly distorting state's history |newspaper=Scroll.in |date=2023-08-11 |url=https://scroll.in/latest/1054175/manipur-police-book-author-two-academicians-for-allegedly-distorting-states-history}}
</ref><ref>
{{Cite news |title=Manipur Police File FIR Against Writer, Editors of 2018 Book for 'Distorting State's History' |newspaper=The Wire |date=11 August 2023 |url=https://thewire.in/government/manipur-police-anglo-kuki-war-book-fir }}
</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Bhumij rebellion]]
* [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]
* [[Kol rebellion]]
* [[Santhal rebellion]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Sources ==
{{Refbegin|40em}}

===Books===
* {{citation |title=Plan of Operations against the Kuki rebels: Reports regarding the progress of the operations (Digitized Document) |date=August 1919 |publisher=National Archives of India |website=indianculture.gov.in |access-date=24 August 2023 |url=https://indianculture.gov.in/archives/plan-operations-against-kuki-rebels-reports-regarding-progress-operations |ref={{sfnref|Plan of operations against the Kuki rebels|1919}}}}
* {{citation |editor1-first=Jangkhomang |editor1-last=Guite |editor2-first=Thongkholal |editor2-last=Haokip |title=The Anglo-Kuki War, 1917–1919: A Frontier Uprising against Imperialism during World War I |publisher=Routledge |year=2019 |isbn=978-1-138-50704-3 |ref={{sfnref|Guite & Haokip, The Anglo-Kuki War|2019}}}}
** {{citation |author=Ningmuanching |chapter='As Men of One Country': Rethinking the history of the Anglo-Kuki War |editor1=Jangkhomang Guite |editor2=Thongkholal Haokip |title=The Anglo-Kuki War, 1917–1919: A Frontier Uprising against Imperialism during World War I |publisher=Routledge |year=2019 |isbn=978-1-138-50704-3 |pages=168–197 |ref={{sfnref|Ningmuanching, Rethinking the history of Anglo-Kuki War|2019}}}}
** {{cite book|last1=Guite|first1=Jangkhomang |chapter='Fighting the White Men till the Last Bullet: The General Course of the Anglo-Kuki War |editor1=Jangkhomang Guite |editor2=Thongkholal Haokip |title=The Anglo-Kuki War, 1917–1919: A Frontier Uprising against Imperialism during World War I |publisher=Routledge |year=2019 |isbn=978-1-138-50704-3 |pages=168–197 |ref={{sfnref|GuiteB|2019}}}}
* {{citation |first=Jangkhomang |last=Guite |title=Monuments, Memory and Forgetting in Postcolonial North-East India |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |date=19-25 February 2011 |volume=46 |number=8 |pages=56–64 |jstor=41151794 |ref={{sfnref|Guite, Monuments, Memory and Forgetting|2011}}}}
* {{citation |editor1=Ngamjahao Kipgen |editor2=Doungul Letkhojam Haokip |title=Against the Empire: Polity, Economy and Culture during the Anglo-Kuki War, 1917–1919 |publisher=Routledge |year=2021 |isbn=978-1-003-00065-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2YHrDwAAQBAJ |ref={{sfnref|Kipgen|Haokip|2021}}}}
** {{citation |first=David |last=Hanneng |chapter=From Co-operation to Coercion: The Anglo-Kuki War as a response to changing British geopolitics |editor1=Ngamjahao Kipgen |editor2=Doungul Letkhojam Haokip |title=Against the Empire: Polity, Economy and Culture during the Anglo-Kuki War, 1917–1919 |publisher=Routledge |year=2021 |isbn=978-1-003-00065-5 |pages=53–70 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2YHrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA53 |ref={{sfnref|Hanneng, From Co-operation to Coercion|2021}}}}
** {{cite book |first=S. Thangboi |last=Zou |chapter=The Zou Gal (1917-1919) |editor1=Ngamjahao Kipgen |editor2=Doungul Letkhojam Haokip |title=Against the Empire: Polity, Economy and Culture during the Anglo-Kuki War, 1917–1919 |publisher=Routledge |year=2021 |isbn=978-1-003-00065-5 |pages=71–90 |chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342181935_The_Zou_Gal_1917-1919#fullTextFileContent}}
** {{citation |first=Robert |last=Lunkhopao |chapter=Empire of Violence: Colonial state-making and frontier violence during the Anglo-Kuki War |editor1=Ngamjahao Kipgen |editor2=Doungul Letkhojam Haokip |title=Against the Empire: Polity, Economy and Culture during the Anglo-Kuki War, 1917–1919 |publisher=Routledge |year=2021 |isbn=978-1-003-00065-5 |pages=71–90 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2YHrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA71 |ref={{sfnref|Lunkhopao, Empire of Violence|2021}}}}
* {{citation |title=History of the Assam Rifles |first=Colonel L. W. |last=Shakespear |publisher=Macmillan And Co |location=London |year=1929 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.2395 |via=archive.org }}

===Journals===
*{{cite journal |last1=Guite |first1=Jangkhomang |title=Colonial violence and its 'Small Wars': fighting the Kuki 'guerillas' during the Great War in Northeast India, 1917–1919 |journal=Small Wars & Insurgencies |date=2019 |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=447–478 |doi=10.1080/09592318.2018.1546369 |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/09592318.2018.1546369 |access-date=30 November 2025|url-access=subscription }}
{{Refend}}

[[Category:Rebellions in India]]
[[Category:Political uprisings in India]]
[[Category:Kuki people]]
[[Category:20th century in Manipur]]

Turmeric juice

2026-04-12T18:19:15Z

Hildred82A: created some data and citations

{{Short description|Drink made from turmeric}}
{{multiple issues|
{{notability|date=March 2026}}
{{more references|date=March 2026}}
}}
{{Infobox beverage
| name = Turmeric juice
| image = File:Turmeric Juice.jpg
| caption = Glass of juice made with turmeric, orange, and kiwi
| type = [[Juice]]
| distributor =
| origin =
| introduced =
| color = Yellow
| flavour =
| ingredients = [[Turmeric]]
| variants =
| related =
| website =
}}

'''Turmeric juice''' (sometimes referred to as "'''drinkable turmeric'''" or "'''turmeric elixir'''") is a form of drink made from
[[turmeric]]. Turmeric juice may be used as drops, milk, elixirs, or blended drinks.

==History==
[[File:Turmeric Tea Cup.jpg|thumb|Cup of turmeric tea]]
Drinkable turmeric can be traced back to India where it has been used as a [[folk remedy]] for cough, congestion, and colds.{{medcn|date=March 2026}} Turmeric juice has come in numerous forms throughout its history, including drops, milk, elixirs, and blended drinks.{{cn|date=March 2026}} [[Turmeric tea]] has been traced back to the Japanese island of [[Okinawa Island|Okinawa]]. [[Haldi Ka Doodh]] is also a turmeric drink that was used in traditional [[Ayurveda]] folk medicine.

==Cultivation and processing==
[[File:Curcuma longa roots.jpg|thumb|Fresh turmeric rhizome and powder]]
Turmeric is grown and cultivated from various regions throughout the world including North India and South Asia, with India producing and consuming approximately 80% of the world's crop. Turmeric juice is bottled commercially through the process of cold-pressing or [[pascalization]].

== Dangers of turmeric ==
[[Turmeric]] can also be associated with certain health risks, such as clinically apparent acute liver injury.<ref name=":03">{{Citation |title=Turmeric |date=2012 |work=LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK548561/ |access-date=2025-10-28 |place=Bethesda (MD) |publisher=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases |pmid=31643876}}</ref> Turmeric has been shown to be the most reoccuring, herbal, form of liver injury in the United States.<ref name=":03"/><ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last1=Hewlings |first1=Susan J. |last2=Kalman |first2=Douglas S. |date=2017-10-22 |title=Curcumin: A Review of Its Effects on Human Health |journal=Foods |volume=6 |issue=10 |pages=92 |doi=10.3390/foods6100092 |doi-access=free |issn=2304-8158 |pmc=5664031 |pmid=29065496}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Drink}}
* [[Juicing]]
* [[List of juices]]
* [[Smoothie]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Juice}}

[[Category:Vegetable juice]]
[[Category:Alternative medicine]]

R. K. Raghavan

2026-04-11T20:10:14Z

Hildred82A: New First Entry From Scratch.

{{Short description|Indian police chief and diplomat}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image =
| caption = R. K. Raghavan
| office = Indian High Commissioner to Cyprus
| birth_name = Raghava Krishnaswamy Raghavan
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1941|4|3|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Mylapore]], [[Chennai]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Former CBI director
| known_for = SIT head in [[2002 Gujarat riots]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Madras]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BSc]], [[Master of Arts|MA]]) [[Temple University]] ([[Master of Criminal Justice|MCJ]]) [[Karnatak University]] ([[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]])
| awards = [[File:IND Police Medal for Meritorious Service.png|20px]] [[President's Police Medal|Police Medal for Meritorious Service]] [[File:IND President's Police Medal for Distinguished Service.svg|20px]] [[President's Police Medal|President’s Police Medal for Distinguished Service]]
| office1 = Director of [[Central Bureau of Investigation]]
| term_start = {{start date|2017|11|01|df=y}}
| term_end = {{end date|2019|10|31|df=y}}
| term_start1 = {{start date|1999|01|04|df=y}}
| term_end1 = {{end date|2001|04|01|df=y}}
| predecessor1 = T. N. Mishra (acting)
| succeeded1 = [[P. C. Sharma]]
}}

'''Raghava Krishnaswami Raghavan''' is a former Indian police chief and diplomat. He was the director of the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] from 4 January 1999 to 30 April 2001.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article/Im-Used-To-Political-Pressure/206811 |title=I'm Used To Political Pressure |first=Murali |last=Krishnan |date=18 January 1999 |work=outlookindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/interview/optimism-on-speedy-2g-spectrum-scam-trial/article1455516.ece |title=Optimism on speedy 2G spectrum scam trial |work=The Hindu|date=15 February 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/may/03inter.htm |title=The Rediff Interview/Former CBI director R. K. Raghavan |work=rediff.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/interview/interview-rk-raghavan-the-cbi-director-should-not-blindly-obey-or-blindly-oppose-the-government/20131203.htm |title=The CBI director should not blindly obey or blindly oppose the government |date=3 December 2013 |work=Rediff}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/special/newsmaker-sit-chief-rk-raghavan/20100402.htm |title=For SIT chief Raghavan, law comes above religion |date=2 April 2010 |work=Rediff}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/archana-ramasundaram-is-right-material-to-become-cbi-director-rk-raghavan/article6001308.ece |title=Archana Ramasundaram is right material to become CBI director: RK Raghavan |first=Rasheeda |last=Bhagat |work=The Hindu Business Line|date=12 May 2014 }}</ref> He investigated high profile cases such as the [[Priyadarshini Mattoo]] murder case, the 2000 [[South Africa cricket match fixing]], and the [[2002 Gujarat riots]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Mahapatra |first=Dhananjay |title=NGOs, Teesta spiced up Gujarat riot incidents: SIT |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/NGOs-Teesta-spiced-up-Gujarat-riot-incidents-SIT/articleshow/4396986.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811112141/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-04-14/india/28031729_1_riot-cases-r-k-raghavan-riot-victims |url-status=live |archive-date=11 August 2011 |access-date=19 September 2012 |date=14 August 2012 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |ref={{sfnRef |The Times of India |2012 b}}}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-12-26/news/45593064_1_protest-petition-zakia-jafri-2002-gujarat-riots-case |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231005520/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-12-26/news/45593064_1_protest-petition-zakia-jafri-2002-gujarat-riots-case |url-status=dead |archive-date=31 December 2013 |title=I stand vindicated, says SIT chief R. K. Raghavan |work=The Times of India: Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/interview/i-will-not-allow-the-victims-to-be-let-down/article2456313.ece |title=I will not allow the victims to be let down |work=The Hindu|date=16 September 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/full-transcript-stand-by-my-report-on-no-evidence-against-modi-says-sit-chief-rk-raghavan-to-ndtv-196050 |title=Full transcript: Stand by my report on no evidence against Modi, says SIT chief RK Raghavan to NDTV |date=10 April 2012 |work=NDTV.com}}</ref>

Raghavan was assisted by Ashok Malhotra, a former CBI Deputy Inspector General, and SIT lawyer R. S. Jamuwar, both "outsiders to Gujarat" in the Gujarat riots case.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/fully-satisfied-with-questioning-of-narendra-modi-says-sit-chief/article318125.ece |title=Fully satisfied with questioning of Narendra Modi, says SIT chief |first=Manas |last=Dasgupta |work=The Hindu|date=28 March 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/interview/story/20001002-mukesh-gupta-has-provided-us-information-on-entire-match-fixing-affair-says-r-k-raghavan-778168-2000-10-01 |title=Most of the other cricketers and officials cooperated with us: R. K. Raghavan |work=India Today|date=2 October 2000 }}</ref> In April 2014, the Supreme Court praised the investigations done by the Special Investigation Team (SIT) headed by Raghavan and declined to re-constitute another.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140404/nation-current-affairs/article/gujarat-riots-sc-praises-sit-probe |title=Gujarat riots: SC praises SIT probe |work=Deccan Chronicle|date=4 April 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/sc-junks-pil-seeking-reconstitution-of-sit-probing-gujarat-riots/ |title=Supreme Court junks PIL seeking reconstitution of SIT probing Gujarat riots |date=11 April 2014 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/gujarat/gujarat-riots-sc-refuses-plea-questioning-sit-clean-chit-to-narendra-modi_923713.html |title=Gujarat riots: SC refuses plea questioning SIT clean chit to Narendra Modi |work=Zee News|date=11 April 2014 }}</ref> He was appointed as India's [[High Commission]]er to the [[Republic of Cyprus]] on 30 August 2017.<ref>{{cite web|title=RK Raghavan Indian High Commissioner to Cyprus|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/cbi-director-r-k-raghavan-indian-high-commissioner-to-cyprus-4821524/|website=indianexpress.com|date=31 August 2017|publisher=indian express|accessdate=2017-08-31}}</ref>

==Early life and career==
Raghavan's family moved to [[Mylapore]], in [[Madras]], [[Tamil Nadu]] when he was aged seven.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/memories-of-madras-when-simplicity-ruled-our-lives/article889924.ece |title=Memories of Madras – When simplicity ruled our lives |first=Gowri |last=Ramnarayan |work=The Hindu|date=16 November 2010 }}</ref> His grandfather C.R. Srinivasa Iyengar was deputy director of the Department of Agriculture. He has an M.A. in Politics and Public Administration from Madras University, an M.S. in Criminal Justice from [[Temple University]], Philadelphia, and a Ph.D. in Political Science. He was a visiting fellow at Rutgers University and the Harvard Law School. He is from 1963 cadre. He was also the director of Tamil Nadu Fire Service. Raghavan is a steadfast devotee of [[Lord Venkateshwara]]. Raghavan was the director-general of Tamil Nadu's State Vigilance Directorate for six years from 1993 to 1999, overseeing the corruption cases against [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]] leader [[Jayalalithaa]]. In his 15-year stint with the [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]], he was posted to Shillong, Delhi and Chennai.

Raghavan became the 19th CBI director in 1999, from a panel comprising Andhra Pradesh police chief H.J. Dora and officiating director Trinath Mishra.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1602/16020230.htm |title=Two sensitive appointments |work=Frontline}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130519/jsp/7days/story_16914726.jsp#.U7GmcPmSySo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714181322/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130519/jsp/7days/story_16914726.jsp#.U7GmcPmSySo |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 July 2014 |title=His master's voice |work=The Telegraph}}</ref> He headed [[Interpol]] in India, and set up India's first cyber crime investigation cell. He was also Corporate Security adviser with [[Tata Consultancy Services]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tcs.com/news_events/events/Pages/cii-connect-2010.aspx |title=TCS News & Events: Event: CII CONNECT 2010 |work=tcs.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/05/26/stories/2007052650180400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714184810/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/05/26/stories/2007052650180400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2014-07-14 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2007-05-26 |title=Ragging? Not any more }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2005/jun/01spec1.htm |title=Someone's checking up on you! |work=rediff.com}}</ref> He was also consulting adviser in [[O.P. Jindal]]'s Board of Management.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sunday-guardian.com/news/3-cbi-directors-joined-jindals-university |title=Three CBI directors joined Jindal's university |work=sunday-guardian.com}}</ref>

Raghavan later had the SIT constituted by [[Supreme Court of India]] to probe 10 riot cases of 2002.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-hate-campaigners-against-narendra-modi-have-lost/20110912.htm#3 |title=Hate campaigners against Narendra Modi have lost |date=12 September 2011 |work=Rediff}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/03/29/stories/2010032962411400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100401061500/http://www.hindu.com/2010/03/29/stories/2010032962411400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2010-04-01 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2010-03-29 |title=SIT drew on Jaffrey petition to question Modi on killings }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=22 February 2011 |title=We'll pursue cause of justice: SIT chief |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/well-pursue-cause-of-justice-sit-chief/article1480379.ece |work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Did-Narendra-Modi-govt-pay-for-SIT-chief-Raghavans-foreign-trips/articleshow/13072761.cms |title=Did Narendra Modi govt pay for SIT chief Raghavan's foreign trips? |work=The Times of India|date=10 May 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/sit-acts-like-b-team-of-gujarat-police-ex-gujarat-top-cop-70892 |title=SIT acts like 'B' team of Gujarat police: Ex-Gujarat top cop |date=6 December 2010 |work=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/latest-news/guj-riot-sit-working-hard-to-beat-sc-deadline/ |title=Guj riot: 'SIT working hard to beat SC deadline' |date=27 April 2010 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/latest-news/guj-trials-may-end-in-less-than-a-year-sit-chief/ |title=Guj trials may end in less than a year: SIT chief |date=1 May 2009 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/latest-news/ensure-protection-of-guj-riots-witness-setalvad-to-sit/ |title=Ensure protection of Guj riots witness: Setalvad to SIT |date=6 May 2009 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article/Inscribed-In-ColdHearted-Ink/289486 |title=Inscribed In Cold-Hearted Ink |first=Siddharth |last=Varadarajan |date=24 February 2014 |work=outlookindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/sit-chief-raghavan-pointed-lapses-on-modis-part-in-2010/257482-3.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715181538/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/sit-chief-raghavan-pointed-lapses-on-modis-part-in-2010/257482-3.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2014-07-15 |title=SIT chief pointed lapses on Modi's part in 2010 |work=IBNLive}}</ref>

BCCI later asked Raghavan to probe 2013 IPL scandal.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/bcci-names-panel-to-probe-ipl-betting/article5932391.ece |title=BCCI names panel to probe IPL betting |first=G. |last=Viswanath |work=The Hindu|date=21 April 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/738571.html |title=BCCI panel faces conflict issues |work=Cricinfo}}</ref> He was appointed as India's High commissioner[Ambassador] to cyprus on 30/8/2017<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/28900/dr+rk+raghavan+appointed+as+the+next+high+commissioner+of+india+to+cyprus|title = Dr. R.K. Raghavan appointed as the next High Commissioner of India to Cyprus| work=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India }}</ref>

==Awards==
Raghavan is recipient of [[Police Medal (India)|Indian Police Medal for Meritorious Service]] and the [[President's Police Medal|President's Police Medal for Distinguished Service]].

==Books==
*''Indian Police: Problems, Planning and Perspectives'' by R. K. Raghavan; Manohar Publications India, 1989.
*''Policing a Democracy: A Comparative Study of India & the US'' by R. K. Raghavan; Manohar Publications India, 1994.
*''A Road Well Travelled: An Autobiography'' by R. K. Raghavan; [[Westland Books|Westland]], 2020.
*''Indian Mujahideen: Computational Analysis and Public Policy (Terrorism, Security, and Computation)'' by V.S. Subrahmanian, Aaron Mannes, Animesh Roul and R.K. Raghavan; Springer, 2013.<ref>{{cite news| title=Gujarat Riots: Ex-SIT chief Raghavan's book describes Setalvad, Bhatt as detractors |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/west/gujarat-riots-ex-sit-chief-raghavans-book-describes-setalvad-bhatt-as-detractors-908119.html| website=Deccan Herald| date=28 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-24|title=Dr. R.K. Raghavan, Former Director CBI & Former High Commissioner to Cyprus, appointed as Professor at Jindal Global Law School|url=https://theprint.in/ani-press-releases/dr-r-k-raghavan-former-director-cbi-former-high-commissioner-to-cyprus-appointed-as-professor-at-jindal-global-law-school/683932/|access-date=2022-02-08|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Raju Ramachandran]]
* [[Gulbarg Society massacre]]
* [[Priyadarshini Mattoo]]
* [[Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raghavan, R. K.}}
[[Category:Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]
[[Category:People from Chennai]]
[[Category:Directors of the Central Bureau of Investigation]]
[[Category:Temple University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian police chiefs]]

Piranthanaal Vazhthukal

2026-04-07T23:48:20Z

Hildred82A: New A Pg Basic Info.

{{Short description|2025 Indian Tamil drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Piranthanaal Vazhthukal.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Raju Chandra
| writer = Raju Chandra
| producer = Roji Mathew Raju Chandra
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Appukutty]]
* Aishwarya Anilkumar
* [[Sreeja Ravi]]
* Roji Mathew
}}
| cinematography = Raju Chandra
| editing = Thahir Hamsa
| music = G.K.V Navneet
| studio = Plan3 Studioz & Mathens Group
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2025|2|21}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Piranthanaal Vazhthukal''''' ({{translation|Happy Birthday}}) is a 2025 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[drama film]] written and directed by Raju Chandra.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-02-15 |title=Appukutty's Piranthanaal Vazhthukal gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Feb/15/appukuttys-piranthanaal-vazhthukal-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> The film stars [[Appukutty]] and Aishwarya Anilkumar in the lead roles, alongside [[Sreeja Ravi]] and Roji Mathew. The film was produced by Roji Mathew and Raju Chandra under the banner of Plan3 Studioz.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-20 |title=Piranthanaal Vazhthukal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/previews/piranthanaal-vazhthukal/articleshow/118413082.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250226212458/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/previews/piranthanaal-vazhthukal/articleshow/118413082.cms |archive-date=2025-02-26 |access-date=2025-03-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

''Piranthanaal Vazhthukal'' was released in theaters on 21 February 2025.

== Cast ==

* [[Appukutty]]
* Aishwarya Anilkumar
* [[Sreeja Ravi]]
* Roji Mathew
* Santhosh Swaminathan
* Zulfiya Majeed

== Production ==
The film is written and directed by Raju Chandra,<ref>{{Cite web |last=மலர் |first=மாலை |date=2025-02-17 |title=அப்புகுட்டி நடித்த 'பிறந்தநாள் வாழ்த்துக்கள்' படத்தின் ரிலீஸ் தேதி அறிவிப்பு {{!}} Appukutty starrer 'Piranthanaal Vazhthukal' release date announced |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/appukutty-starrer-piranthanaal-vazhthukal-release-date-announced-760979 |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=www.maalaimalar.com |language=ta}}</ref> who also served as the cinematographer. The editing was handled by Thahir Hamsa, while G. K. V. and Navneet served as the music composers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=தினத்தந்தி |date=2025-02-10 |title=அப்புக்குட்டியின் "பிறந்தநாள் வாழ்த்துகள்" டிரெய்லர் நாளை வெளியீடு |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/appukuttys-piranthanal-vazhthukal-movie-trailer-update-1143269 |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=www.dailythanthi.com |language=ta}}</ref> The film was shot in [[Pollachi]], areas nearby Aliyar Dam and Wagamon in Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-01-16 |title=Appukutty starrer Piranthanaal Vazhthukal to release in February |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jan/16/appukutty-starrer-piranthanaal-vazhthukal-to-release-in-february |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[Dinakaran]]'' wrote that "The director of the film has taken care of the cinematography. He has captured the greenery of Pollachi and the beauty of the village where simple families live in a simple budget."<ref>{{Cite web |title='பிறந்தநாள் வாழ்த்துகள்' – திரைவிமர்சனம் – Kollywood News {{!}} Kollywood Images – Cinema.dinakaran.com |url=https://cinema.dinakaran.com/piranthanaal_vazhthukal_review_in_tamil/ |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=cinema.dinakaran.com}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Maalai Malar]]'' gave it a mixed review.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maalai-malar-review hosted at ImgBB |url=https://ibb.co/Y4rxZG6W |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=ImgBB |language=en}}{{dead link|date=March 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

==Festival screenings==
The film was officially selected for the Indian Panorama section at the 56th International Film Festival of India (IFFI) in 2025.<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Panorama 2025 Official Selection |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=xxxxx |website=Press Information Bureau |publisher=Government of India |date=2025-11-20 |access-date=2026-03-20}}</ref>

It also premiered at the Pondicherry International Film Festival.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pondicherry International Film Festival Premiere Announcement |url=https://pondicherryfilmfestival.com/news/piranthanaal-vazhthukal-premiere |website=Pondicherry International Film Festival |publisher=Pondicherry Film Society |date=2025-12-10 |access-date=2026-03-20}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=tt35838841}}

[[Category:2025 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Kanwar Jaswant Singh

2026-04-05T10:23:31Z

Hildred82A: made some bio added tags

{{short description|First chief of airstaff Ghana}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[Air Vice Marshal]]
| name = Kanwar Jaswant Singh
| honorific_suffix = [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal|PVSM]]
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image =
| caption =
| office = [[Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief Eastern Air Command|2nd Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief Eastern Air Command]]
| president = [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]]
| prime_minister = [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
| predecessor = Kundan Lal Sondhi
| successor = Shivdev Singh
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1915|09|15}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1963|01|01|1915|09|15}}
| birth_place = [[United Province]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_place = India
| alma_mater = [[Indian Military Academy]]
| nickname =
| allegiance = {{flag|British India}} (1937–1947) {{flag|India}} (1947–1963)
| branch = {{army|British India}} {{air force|British India}} {{air force|India}} {{air force|Ghana}}
| rank = [[File:Indian IAF OF-7.svg|25px]] [[Air Vice Marshal]]
| service_years = 1937-1963
| unit =
| commands = [[Eastern Air Command (India)|Eastern Air Command]] [[Training Command (India)|Training Command]]
| battles = [[World War II]] [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947]]
| awards = [[File:Param Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|30px]] [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]
| spouse = Mariam Khan
| children =
| term_start = 3 March 1962
| term_end = 1 January 1963
| office1 = [[Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief Training Command|4th Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief Training Command]]
| term_start1 = 27 May 1958
| term_end1 = 22 March 1959
| predecessor1 = [[Pratap Chandra Lal]]
| succeeded1 = [[Ranjan Dutt]]
| president1 = [[Rajendra Prasad]]
| prime_minister1 = [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
| relations = [[Khan Abdul Jabbar Khan|Abdul Jabbar Khan]] (father-in-law)
| office2 = [[Chief of Air Staff (Ghana)|1st Chief of Ghana Air Force]]
| predecessor2 = Office established
| successor2 = [[Ian Gundry-White]]
| term_start2 = May 1959
| term_end2 = August 1960
}}
[[Air vice marshal (India)|Air Vice Marshal]] '''Kanwar Jaswant Singh,''' [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal|PVSM]] (15 September 1915 – 1 January 1963) was an [[Indian Army]] and [[Indian Air Force]] officer and also served in the [[Ghana Air Force]]. He was the [[Chief of Air Staff (Ghana)|Chief of Air Staff]] of the Ghana Air Force from May 1959 to August 1960.<ref name="GAF">{{cite web|last1=Air Staff|first1=Chiefs|title=Past CAS|url=http://gafonline.mil.gh/past-cas/|website=gafonline.mil.gh|publisher=Ghana Armed Forces|accessdate=5 June 2017|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013123113/http://gafonline.mil.gh/past-cas/|archivedate=13 October 2016}}</ref> He was the AOC-in C of Training Command and Eastern command in Indian Air Force.

== Early life ==
Singh belonged to the [[Kapurthala State|royal family of Kapurthala]]. He was born to Jasbir Kaur and Mabel Singh on 19 September 1915 in [[Budaun]], [[United Provinces (1937–1950)|United Provinces]]. He was nicknamed Jumper because of his inability to pronounce his own name. In January 1927, he went to study at the [[Rashtriya Indian Military College|Prince of Wales Royal Indian Military College]] (RIMC) in Dehradun. He graduated from RIMC in February 1936. He graduated from the [[Indian Military Academy]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=The story of Jaswant Singh, the only Indian to have ever commanded a foreign Air Force |work=[[The Print]] |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/the-story-of-jaswant-singh-the-only-indian-to-have-ever-commanded-a-foreign-air-force/723889/%3famp}}</ref>

==Military career==
Jaswant Singh joined the [[Frontier Force Regiment|4/12th Frontier Force Regiment]] in 1937. He saw action at [[Jamrud Fort|Fort Jamrud]] against the Pashtuns in 1939. Singh signed up to be transferred to the IAF and was seconded in June 1940 as a [[Flying officer|Flying Officer]]. He was the fifth Army officer to offer himself for such an assignment. He joined the 3rd Pilot Course at the Initial Training School, Walton, [[Lahore]], to undergo his ground and flying training, and completed his advanced training from the Service Flying Training School, [[Ambala]], at the end of May 1941. He led a squadron into [[Burma campaign|operations in Burma]] during [[World War II]]. He commanded the offices of several senior command and staff appointments. Jaswant Singh took charge as [[Eastern Air Command (India)|Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief, Eastern Air Command]] in March, 1962. He organised his command to undertake logistic support operations in the [[North-East Frontier Agency|NEFA]] and [[Assam]] areas. He was also in the charge Air Officer in charge of Training Command. He later became the CAS of Ghana Air Force.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Air Vice Marshal Kanwar Jaswant Singh |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/1587 |website=Bharat Rakshak}}</ref>

==Awards==
He was posthumously awarded the [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]] for his distinguished service to the Indian Air Force.

== Personal life ==
Jaswant Singh married Mariam Khan (1920–1988), the only daughter of [[North-West Frontier Province|North West Frontier Province's]] former Prime Minister, [[Khan Abdul Jabbar Khan|Abdul Jabbar Khan]], popularly known as Dr Khan Sahib, and niece of [[Abdul Ghaffar Khan]]. It was a high-profile wedding.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gandhi |first=Rajmohan |author-link=Rajmohan Gandhi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xnTtQrRVNKAC&pg=PA133&dq=&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjB8fvEnvmQAxVBNvsDHdFyBFAQ6AF6BAgIEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Ghaffar Khan, Nonviolent Badshah of the Pakhtuns |date=2008 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-306519-7 |pages=133 |language=en}}</ref>

==Death==
Twenty-five days later taking charge of AOC in C Eastern Command, on New Year's Eve of 1963, Singh died after suffering a heart failure.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Chiefs of Air Staff (Ghana)]]
[[Category:1915 births]]
[[Category:1963 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Army personnel]]
[[Category:British Indian Army personnel]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian royalty]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian military personnel]]

Khatron Ke Khiladi 14

2026-04-03T21:17:27Z

Hildred82A:

{{Short description|Indian reality and stunt television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date= May 2024}}
{{Infobox television season
| season_name = Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi
| season_number = 14
| bgcolour = cyan
| image = Khatron Ke Khiladi 14.jpg
| caption = 
| module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season
| presenter = [[Rohit Shetty]]
| num_contestants = 12
| winner =[[Karanveer Mehra]]
| runner_up = [[Krishna Shroff]]
}}
| native_name = Darr Ki Nayi Kahaaniyaan In Romania
| starring = [[#Contestants|See Below]]
| num_episodes = 20
| network = [[Colors TV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2024|7|27|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2024|9|29|df=y}}
| prev_season = [[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 13|Season 13]]
| next_season =
}}

''''' Fear Factor:Darr Ki Nayi Kahaaniyaan In Romania''''' is the fourteenth season of ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi]]'', an [[India]]n [[Reality television|reality]] and [[Stunt|stunt television series]] produced by [[Endemol India|Endemol Shine India]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.viacom18.com/media/danger-tainment-returns-colors-khatron-ke-khiladi-gears-up-to-script-darr-ki-nayi-kahaaniyaa-in-romania/ | title=Colors }}</ref> The show premiered from 27 July 2024 to 29 September 2024 on [[Colors TV]] and streams digitally on [[JioCinema]].<ref>{{cite web | last=Das | first=Ananya | title=OTT releases this week: Mr & Mrs Mahi, Bhaiyya Ji, Khatron Ke Khiladi 14 and more | website=Hindustan Times | date=26 July 2024 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/ott-releases-this-week-mr-mrs-mahi-bhaiyya-ji-khatron-ke-khiladi-14-and-more-101721970897413.html | access-date=28 July 2024}}</ref> The series is filmed in [[Bucharest]], [[Romania]] and is hosted by [[Rohit Shetty]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/khatron-ke-khiladi-14-rohit-shettys-show-to-be-shot-in-romania-this-year-9286207/ | title=Khatron Ke Khiladi 14: Rohit Shetty's show to be shot in Romania; Abhishek Kumar, Nimrit Kaur Ahluwalia, Shoaib Ibrahim to participate | date=23 April 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/khatron-ke-khiladi-14-confirmed-contestants-list-abhishek-kumar-asim-riaz-shilpa-shinde-sumona-chakravarti-9327739/ | title=Khatron Ke Khiladi 14 confirmed contestants list: Abhishek Kumar, Asim Riaz to be joined by Shilpa Shinde, Sumona Chakravarti, Samarth Jurel | date=14 May 2024 }}</ref> [[Karan Veer Mehra]] emerged as the winner of the season, while [[Krishna Shroff]] became the 1st runner-up.

The series was announced in May 2024<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/meet-the-khatron-ke-khiladi-14-contestants/20240514.htm | title=Meet the Khatron Ke Khiladi 14 Contestants }}</ref> with [[principal photography]] commencing the following month.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/parties-and-events/photos-krishna-shroff-shalin-bhanot-sumona-chakravarti-others-attend-khatron-ke-khiladi-new-season-announcement/ | title=Photos: Krishna Shroff, Shalin Bhanot, Sumona Chakravarti and others attend Khatron Ke Khiladi new season announcement | Parties & Events - Bollywood Hungama | website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] | date=18 May 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/entertainment/khatron-ke-khiladi-season-14-sumona-chakravarti-abhishek-kumar-krishna-shroff-and-other-contestants-attend-season-announcement-event-watch-10161433 | title=Khatron Ke Khiladi Season 14: Sumona Chakravarti, Abhishek Kumar, Krishna Shroff and Other Contestants Attend Season Announcement Event | Watch | date=18 May 2024 }}</ref>

== Contestants ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan="2" | Contestant
! Occupation
! Status
! Place
! Ref.
|-
! style="background:#D0FF14;" |
| [[Karanveer Mehra]]
| Actor
| {{won|Winner}}
| 1st
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-29 |title=Khatron Ke Khiladi 14 winner Karan Veer Mehra: I have a man crush on Rohit Shetty |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/khatron-ke-khiladi-14-winner-karan-veer-mehra-rohit-shetty-2608307-2024-09-29 |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!style="background:#D0FF14;" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Krishna Shroff]]
| rowspan="2" |Actress
| {{No|Eliminated}}
| rowspan="2"|2nd
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Khatron Ke Khiladi 14: Krishna Shroff; Rohit Shetty says, 'I had a lot of expectations from you'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/khatron-ke-khiladi-14-krishna-shroff-gets-eliminated-rohit-shetty-says-i-had-a-lot-of-expectations-from-you/articleshow/112449183.cms|access-date=2024-08-18|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|-
! style="background:#B2FFFF;" |
| {{runner-up|1st runner-up}}
|<ref name="Krishna,Shilpa">{{Cite web|title=Khatron Ke Khiladi 14: Shilpa Shinde And Krishna Shroff Make Comeback|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/khatron-ke-khiladi-14-shilpa-shinde-and-krishna-shroff-make-comeback-9015620.html|access-date=2024-08-18|website=News18|language=en}}</ref><ref>https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/khatron-ke-khiladi-14-karan-veer-mehra-beats-krishna-shroff-gashmeer-mahajani-in-finale-takes-home-brand-new-car-101727661311961.html</ref>
|-
! style="background:#D0FF14;" |
| [[Gashmeer Mahajani]]
| Actor
| style="background:#7FFFD4;" | {{nowrap|2nd runner-up}}
| 3rd
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau News |first=ABP News |date=2024-09-30 |title=Khatron Ke Khiladi 14: Karan Veer Mehta Lifts The Trophy, Bags Rs 20 Lakh Cash Prize And A Car |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/khatron-ke-khiladi-14-karan-veer-mehta-wins-krishna-shroff-bags-rs-20-lakh-cash-prize-1720881 |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! style="background:#D0FF14;" |
| [[Shalin Bhanot]]
| Actor
| {{No|Eliminated}}
| 4th
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-29 |title=Khatron Ke Khiladi 14 Grand Finale: Shalin Bhanot eliminated at fourth spot; Gashmeer Mahajani makes it to Top 3 |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/khatron-ke-khiladi-14-grand-finale-shalin-bhanot-eliminated-at-fourth-spot-gashmeer-mahajani-makes-it-to-top-3-1351002 |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! style="background:#D0FF14;" |
| Abhisekh Kumar
| Actor
| {{No|Eliminated}}
| 5th
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-29 |title=Khatron Ke Khiladi 14 Grand Finale: Abhishek Kumar eliminated at fifth spot; Krishna Shroff to compete for trophy |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/khatron-ke-khiladi-14-grand-finale-abhishek-kumar-eliminated-at-fifth-spot-krishna-shroff-to-compete-for-trophy-1350998 |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! style="background:#D0FF14;" |
| [[Nimrit Kaur Ahluwalia]]
| Actress
| {{No|Eliminated}}
| 6th
| rowspan ="3"|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Khatron Ke Khiladi 14: Gashmeer Mahajani becomes third finalist; Niyati Fatnani, Sumona Chakravarti and Nimrit Kaur Ahluwalia eliminated|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/khatron-ke-khiladi-14-gashmeer-mahajani-becomes-third-finalist-niyati-fatnani-sumona-chakravarti-and-nimrit-kaur-ahluwalia-eliminated-1349584|access-date=2024-09-22|website=Pinkvilla|language=en}}</ref>
|-
! style="background:#D0FF14;" |
| [[Sumona Chakravarti]]
| Actress
| {{No|Eliminated}}
| 7th
|-
! style="background:#D0FF14;" |
| [[Niyati Fatnani]]
| Actress
| {{No|Eliminated}}
| 8th
|-
! Style="background:#d0ff14;"|
| Rowspan=2| [[Shilpa Shinde]]
| Rowspan=2| Actress
| {{Eliminated}}
| Rowspan=2| 9th
| Rowspan=2|
|-
! style="background:#B2FFFF;" |
| {{Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#D0FF14;" |
| Aashish Mehrotra
| Actor
| {{Eliminated}}
| 10th
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Khatron Ke Khiladi 14’s Aashish Mehrotra pens down a gratitude note as he gets evicted from the show. Writes, “I am so blessed”|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/khatron-ke-khiladi-14s-aashish-mehrotra-pens-down-a-gratitude-note-as-he-gets-evicted-from-the-show-writes-i-am-so-blessed/articleshow/112796360.cms|access-date=2024-08-26|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Khatron Ke Khiladi 14: Aashish Mehrotra breaks down in tears as he gets eliminated; Rohit Shetty honours him by calling him 'Kedar Aashish' for his spectacular journey |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/khatron-ke-khiladi-14-aashish-mehrotra-breaks-down-in-tears-as-he-gets-eliminated-rohit-shetty-honours-him-by-calling-him-kedar-aashish-for-his-spectacular-journey/articleshow/112787538.cms |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! style="background:#D0FF14;" |
| [[Aditi Sharma (actress, born 1996)| Aditi Sharma]]
| Actress
| {{No|Eliminated}}
| 11th
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Khatron Ke Khiladi 14: Aditi Sharma gets evicted as Shalin Bhanot defeats her in the scorpions stunt |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/khatron-ke-khiladi-14-aditi-sharma-gets-evicted-as-shalin-bhanot-defeats-her-in-the-scorpions-stunt/articleshow/112612434.cms |access-date=2024-08-18 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! style="background:#D0FF14;" |
| Asim Riaz
| Model
| bgcolor="#FFE08B" |Ejected
| 12th
| <ref>{{cite web | title=Khatron Ke Khiladi 14: Asim Riaz fails to do task, charges at Abhishek Kumar with a shoe; Rohit Shetty expels him, says ‘utha ke patak dunga’ | website=The Indian Express | date=29 July 2024 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/khatron-ke-khiladi-14-asim-riaz-fails-to-do-task-charges-at-abhishek-kumar-with-a-shoe-rohit-shetty-expels-him-says-utha-ke-patak-dunga-9481831/ | access-date=4 August 2024}}</ref>
|}
:{{Color box|#D0FF14|border=darkgray}} Indicates original entrants
:{{Color box|#B2FFFF|border=darkgray}} Indicates re-entered entrants

== Elimination chart ==
<blockquote style="padding: 0em; overflow:auto;">
{|class="wikitable" border="3" class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:75%"
|-
! rowspan="4" |
! colspan="57" |Week
|-
! colspan="3" |1
! colspan="7" |2
! colspan="8" |3
! colspan="10" |4
! colspan="4" |5
! colspan="7" |6
! colspan="3" |7
! colspan="4" |8
! colspan="6" |9
! colspan="5" style="background:gold;" |10
|-
! colspan="3" |Grand Premiere
! colspan="7" |2 Minute Stunts{{ref|1|1}}
! colspan="8" |Red Funda Week{{ref|2|2}}
! colspan="10" |Team Week
! colspan="4" |Bluff Week{{ref|5|5}}
! colspan="7" |Partners Week{{ref|10|10}}
! colspan="3" |Strong Khiladi vs. {{nowrap|Weak Khiladi}}
! colspan="4" |{{nowrap|Ticket To Finale Week}}
! colspan="6" |Semi Finale
! colspan="5" style="background:gold;" |'''Grand Finale'''
|-
! colspan="3" |27-28 July
! colspan="7" |3-4 August
! colspan="8" |10-11 August
! colspan="10" |17-18 August
! colspan="4" |24-25 August
! colspan="4" |31 August
! colspan="3" |01 September
! colspan="3" |07-08 September
! colspan="4" |14-15 September
! colspan="2" |{{nowrap|21 September}}
! colspan="4" |22 September
! colspan="2" |28 September
! colspan="3" |29 September
|-
! colspan="60" style="background:#000" |
|-
! Karanveer
| colspan="3" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
|'''4'''
|'''0'''
|'''1'''
|'''1'''
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''6 FLAGS'''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="lightpink" |'''SAFE'''
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| colspan="7" bgcolor="lightpink" |'''SAFE'''
| bgcolor=yellow|
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''W'''
| bgcolor=darkgrey|
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''W'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''L'''
| bgcolor=darkgrey|
| rowspan="11" bgcolor="yellow" |{{ref|4|4}}
| colspan="3" bgcolor="lightpink" |'''SAFE'''
| colspan="4" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="#CD9575" |'''SHILPA'''
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="yellowgreen" |'''FAIL'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| style="background:antiquewhite;" |'''BTM3'''
| style="background:white;" |'''SAFE'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="turquoise" |
| colspan="6" bgcolor="turquoise" |'''TICKET TO FINALE'''
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| style="background:lightpink;" |'''SAFE'''
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
|style="background:#7CFC00;" |'''WINNER'''
|-
! Krishna
| colspan="3" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
|'''2'''
|'''0'''
|'''0'''
|'''0'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''2 FLAGS'''
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgreen;" |'''SAFE'''
| colspan="4" bgcolor="darkgrey" |
| style="background-image: linear-gradient( plum 50%, tomato 50%);" | '''LOST''' '''{{nowrap|RED FUNDA}}'''
| style="background-image: linear-gradient( plum 50%, tomato 50%);" | '''LOST''' '''{{nowrap|RED FUNDA}}'''
| style="background:antiquewhite;" |'''BTM2'''
| style="background-image: linear-gradient( tomato 50%, salmon 50%);" | '''{{nowrap|RED FUNDA}}''' '''ELIMINATED'''
| bgcolor=yellow|
| bgcolor=darkgrey|
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''W'''
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''W'''
| bgcolor=darkgrey|
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''W'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="lightpink" |'''SAFE'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''{{ref|7|7}}
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgreen;" |'''SAFE'''
| bgcolor="#CD9575" |'''SHALIN'''
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="lightpink" |'''SAFE'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="yellowgreen" |'''FAIL'''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="yellowgreen" |'''FAIL'''
| style="background:white;" |'''SAFE'''
| style="background:white;" |'''SAFE'''
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="yellow" |'''FINALIST'''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="yellowgreen" |'''FAIL'''
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="yellowgreen" |'''FAIL'''
| style="background:#D1E8EF;" |'''1st RUNNER-UP'''
|-
! Gashmeer
| colspan="3" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
|'''7'''
|'''2'''
|'''1'''
|'''0'''
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |{{nowrap|'''10 FLAGS'''}}
| colspan="2" bgcolor="lightpink" |'''SAFE'''
| style="background-image: linear-gradient( plum 50%, tomato 50%);" | '''LOST''' '''{{nowrap|RED FUNDA}}'''
| style="background-image: linear-gradient( plum 50%, tomato 50%);" | '''LOST''' '''{{nowrap|RED FUNDA}}'''
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| colspan="5" bgcolor="lightpink" |'''SAFE'''
| bgcolor=lightblue|
| bgcolor=darkgrey|
| bgcolor="plum" |'''L'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''L'''
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''W'''
| bgcolor=darkgrey|
| bgcolor="plum" |'''BTM6'''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="lightpink" |'''SAVED'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| colspan="3" style="background:lightgreen;" |'''SAFE'''
| bgcolor="#CD9575" |'''NIYATI'''
| bgcolor="yellowgreen" |'''FAIL'''
| bgcolor="#CD9575" |'''SUMONA '''{{ref|12|12}}
| bgcolor="yellowgreen" |'''FAIL'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgreen;" |'''SAFE'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="yellowgreen" |'''FAIL'''
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="yellowgreen" |'''FAIL'''
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="yellow" |'''FINALIST'''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="yellowgreen" |'''FAIL'''
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="yellowgreen" |'''FAIL'''
| style="background:#7FFFD4;"|{{nowrap|'''2nd RUNNER-UP'''}}
|-
! Shalin
| colspan="3" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
|'''3'''
|'''2'''
|'''0'''
|'''0'''
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''5 FLAGS'''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="lightpink" |'''SAFE'''
| bgcolor="darkgrey" |
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| colspan="6" bgcolor="lightpink" |'''SAFE'''
| bgcolor=lightblue|
| bgcolor="plum" |'''L'''
| bgcolor=darkgrey|
| bgcolor="plum" |'''L'''
| bgcolor=darkgrey|
| bgcolor=darkgrey|
| bgcolor="plum" |'''BTM6'''
| style="background:antiquewhite;" |'''BTM2'''
| style="background:white;" |'''SAFE'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| colspan=2 style="background:antiquewhite;"|'''BLUFF'''{{ref|9|9}}
| style="background:white;" |'''SAFE'''
| bgcolor="#CD9575" |'''KRISHNA'''
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="lightpink" |'''SAFE'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| colspan="4" bgcolor="yellowgreen" |'''FAIL'''
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| colspan="4" bgcolor="yellow" |'''FINALIST'''
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="yellowgreen" |'''FAIL'''
| bgcolor="yellowgreen" |'''FAIL'''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="salmon" |'''ELIMINATED'''
|-
! [[Abhishek]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
|'''0'''
|'''0'''
|'''1'''
|'''11'''
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''12 FLAGS'''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="lightpink" |'''SAFE'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="darkgrey" |
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| colspan="4" bgcolor="lightpink" |'''SAFE'''
| bgcolor=yellow|
| bgcolor=darkgrey|
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''W'''
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''W'''
| bgcolor=darkgrey|
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''W'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="lightpink" |'''SAFE'''
| colspan="4" bgcolor="lightpink" |'''BLUFF'''{{ref|6|6}}
| bgcolor="#CD9575" |'''NIMRIT'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="yellowgreen" |'''FAIL'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="yellowgreen" |'''FAIL'''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="yellowgreen" |'''FAIL'''
| style="background:white;" |'''SAFE'''
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="yellow" |'''FINALIST'''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="yellowgreen" |'''FAIL'''
| bgcolor="yellowgreen" |'''FAIL'''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="salmon" |'''ELIMINATED'''
|-
! Nimrit
| colspan="3" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
|'''0'''
|'''4'''
|'''0'''
|'''0'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''4 FLAGS'''
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgreen;" |'''SAFE'''
| colspan="5" bgcolor="darkgrey" |
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="lightpink" |'''SAFE'''
| bgcolor=lightblue|{{ref|3|3}}
| bgcolor=darkgrey|
| bgcolor="plum" |'''L'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''L'''
| bgcolor=darkgrey|
| bgcolor="plum" |'''L'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''BTM6'''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="lightpink" |'''SAVED'''
| colspan="4" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="#CD9575" |'''ABHISHEK'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="yellowgreen" |'''FAIL'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| style="background:antiquewhite;" |'''BTM2'''
| '''SAFE'''
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="yellowgreen" |'''FAIL'''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="yellowgreen" |'''FAIL'''
| style="background:white;" |'''SAFE'''
| style="background:white;" |'''SAFE'''
| colspan="7" bgcolor="salmon" |'''ELIMINATED'''
|-
! Sumona
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgreen;" |'''SAFE'''
|'''0'''
|'''0'''
|'''0'''
|'''3'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''3 FLAGS'''
| style="background:antiquewhite;" |'''BTM3'''
| style="background:white;" |'''SAFE'''
| colspan="5" bgcolor="darkgrey" |
| style="background-image: linear-gradient( plum 50%, tomato 50%);" | '''LOST''' '''{{nowrap|RED FUNDA}}'''
| style="background:antiquewhite;" |'''BTM2'''
| style="background:white;" |'''SAFE'''
| bgcolor=yellow|{{ref|3|3}}
| colspan="2" bgcolor="darkgrey" |
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''W'''
| bgcolor=darkgrey|
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''L'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="lightpink" |'''SAFE'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''{{ref|7|7}}
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| style="background:antiquewhite;" |'''BTM3'''
| style="background:white;" |'''SAFE'''
| colspan=2 style="background:antiquewhite;"|'''BTM'''{{ref|11|11}}
| bgcolor="#CD9575" |'''GASHMEER'''{{ref|12|12}}
| bgcolor="yellowgreen" |'''FAIL'''
| colspan=2 style="background:antiquewhite;"|'''BTM3'''
| style="background:white;" |'''SAFE'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgreen;" |'''SAFE'''
| colspan="4" bgcolor="yellowgreen" |'''FAIL'''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="yellowgreen" |'''FAIL'''
| style="background:white;" |'''SAFE'''
| colspan="8" bgcolor="salmon" |'''ELIMINATED'''
|-
! Niyati
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgreen;" |'''SAFE'''
|'''0'''
|'''5'''
|'''1'''
|'''0'''
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''6 FLAGS'''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="lightpink" |'''SAFE'''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="darkgrey" |
| style="background-image: linear-gradient( plum 50%, tomato 50%);" | '''LOST''' '''{{nowrap|RED FUNDA}}'''
| style="background-image: linear-gradient( plum 50%, tomato 50%);" | '''LOST''' '''{{nowrap|RED FUNDA}}'''
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="lightpink" |'''SAFE'''
| bgcolor=lightblue|
| bgcolor="plum" |'''L'''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="darkgrey" |
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''W'''
| bgcolor=darkgrey|
| bgcolor="plum" |'''BTM6'''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="lightpink" |'''SAVED'''
| colspan="4" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="#CD9575" |'''GASHMEER'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="yellowgreen" |'''FAIL'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgreen;" |'''SAFE'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgreen;" |'''SAFE'''
| colspan="4" bgcolor="yellowgreen" |'''FAIL'''
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="yellowgreen" |'''FAIL'''
| colspan="9" bgcolor="salmon" |'''ELIMINATED'''
|-
! Shilpa
| colspan="3" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
|'''0'''
|'''1'''
|'''1'''
|'''0'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''2 FLAGS'''
| style="background:antiquewhite;" |'''BTM3'''
| colspan="9" bgcolor="salmon" |'''ELIMINATED'''
| bgcolor=lightblue|
| colspan="2" bgcolor="darkgrey" |
| bgcolor="plum" |'''L'''
| bgcolor=darkgrey|
| bgcolor="plum" |'''L'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''BTM6'''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="lightpink" |'''SAVED'''
| colspan="4" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="#CD9575" |'''KARAN'''
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="yellowgreen" |'''FAIL'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| style="background:antiquewhite;" |'''BTM3'''
| style="background:white;" |'''SAFE'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| style="background:antiquewhite;" |'''BTM2'''
| colspan="17" bgcolor="salmon" |'''ELIMINATED'''
|-
! Aashish
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| style="background:antiquewhite;" |'''BTM2'''
| style="background:white;" |'''SAFE'''
|'''0'''
|'''0'''
|'''1'''
|'''2'''
| bgcolor="Plum" |'''3 FLAGS'''
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgreen;" |'''SAFE'''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="darkgrey" |
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| colspan="5" bgcolor="lightpink" |'''SAFE'''
| bgcolor=yellow|
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''W'''
| bgcolor=darkgrey|
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''W'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''L'''
| bgcolor=darkgrey|
| colspan="3" bgcolor="lightpink" |'''SAFE'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''BLUFF'''{{ref|8|8}}
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| style="background:antiquewhite;" |'''BTM3'''
| colspan="27" bgcolor="salmon" |'''ELIMINATED'''
|-
! Aditi
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| style="background:antiquewhite;" |'''BTM2'''
| style="background:white;" |'''SAFE'''
|'''0'''
|'''0'''
|'''0'''
|'''1'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''1 FLAG'''
| style="background:antiquewhite;" |'''BTM3'''
| style="background:white;" |'''SAFE'''
| colspan="5" bgcolor="darkgrey" |
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="lightpink" |'''SAFE'''
| bgcolor=lightblue|
| colspan="2" bgcolor="darkgrey" |
| bgcolor="plum" |'''L'''
| bgcolor=darkgrey|
| bgcolor="plum" |'''L'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''BTM6'''
| style="background:antiquewhite;" |'''BTM2'''
| colspan="30" bgcolor="salmon" |'''ELIMINATED'''
|-
! Asim
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| colspan="56" bgcolor="#FFE08B" |'''EJECTED'''
|-
|}
</blockquote>
{{refbegin|}}
#{{note|1}} All contestants will perform the stunts together in their numerical order and have to collect flags under 2:00 minutes each. The bottom six contestants will be in danger of elimination.
#{{note|2}} ''Red Fear Funda'' contestants will perform the stunts until he/she gets rid of it. In the end, whoever has the Red Fear Funda will be eliminated.
#{{note|3}} Captains of respective teams: {{Color box|lightblue|border=darkgray}} Blue Team {{Color box|yellow|border=darkgray}} Yellow Team
#{{note|4}} {{Color box|yellow|border=darkgray}} Yellow Team - 50 Points {{Color box|lightblue|border=darkgray}} Blue Team - 20 Points; Yellow Team won and were exempted from performing the Elimination stunt.
#{{note|5}} Contestants will play ''Suitcase Bluff'' that can change dynamics of the game.
#{{note|6}} Exempted from performing.
#{{note|7}} Performed the partner stunt with extra 2 minutes advantage.
#{{note|8}} Received ''Fear Funda'' without performing.
#{{note|9}} No second chance, contestant was placed in the bottom directly.
#{{note|10}} {{color box|#CD9575|border=darkgray}} Pairs during Partner Week.
#{{note|11}} As nobody chose Sumona, she received ''Fear Funda'' and was placed in the bottom directly.
#{{note|12}} Sumona received opportunity to perform and earn immunity for herself. She had to choose a partner among contestants who lost their stunt.
{{refend}}
:{{Color box|#73FB76|border=darkgray}} Winner
:{{Color box|#D1E8EF|border=darkgray}} 1st runner-up
:{{Color box|#7FFFD4|border=darkgray}} 2nd runner-up
:{{Color box|yellow|border=darkgray}} Finalists
:{{Color box|turquoise|border=darkgray}} Ticket to finale
:{{Color box|deepskyblue|border=darkgray}} The contestant won the stunt.
:{{Color box|plum|border=darkgray}} The contestant lost the stunt and received ''Fear Funda''.
:{{Color box|lightgreen|border=darkgray}} The contestant got rid of ''Fear Funda'' by winning pre-elimination stunt.
:{{Color box|antiquewhite|border=darkgray}} The contestant was placed in the bottom and performed elimination stunt.
:{{Color box|white|border=darkgray}} The contestant was safe from elimination by winning elimination stunt.
:{{Color box|salmon|border=darkgray}} The contestant was eliminated.
:{{Color box|#FFE08B|border=darkgray}} The contestant was ejected.
:{{Color box|pink|border=darkgray}} The contestant was exempted from performing stunt.
:{{Color box|yellowgreen|border=darkgray}} The contestant lost in the Immunity / Ticket to Finale / Finale Race.
:{{Color box|orange|border=darkgray}} Injury

== Stunt matrix ==
<div style="overflow-x:scroll;">
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:75%; line-height:15px; width:100%"
|-
! rowspan="3" |Contestant
! colspan="3" | Grand Premiere
! colspan="6" | 2-Min Stunts
! colspan="4" | Red Funda Week
! colspan="4" | Team Week
! colspan="4" | Bluff Week
! colspan="5" | Partners Week
! colspan="3" |Strong Khiladi vs Weak Khiladi Week
! colspan="3" | Ticket To Finale Week
! colspan="5" | Semi Finale
! colspan="5" style="background:gold;" |Grand Finale
|-
! colspan="3" | 27-28 July
! colspan="6" | 3-4 August
! colspan="4" | 11-12 August
! colspan="4" | 17-18 August
! colspan="4" | 24-25 August
! colspan="5" | 31 August-01 September
! colspan="3" |07-08 September
! colspan="3" | 14-15 September
! colspan="2" | 21 September
! colspan="3" | 22 September
! colspan="2" | 28 September
! colspan="3" | 29 September
|-
! Immunity
! {{nowrap|Pre-elimination}}
! Elimination
! colspan="4" |Immunity
! {{nowrap|Pre-elimination}}
! Elimination
! colspan="3" | Red Funda
! Elimination
! colspan="3" | Team
! Elimination
! Immunity
! colspan="2" |{{nowrap|Pre-elimination}}
! Elimination
! colspan="3" |Immunity
! {{nowrap|Pre-elimination}}
! Elimination
! Immunity
! {{nowrap|Pre-elimination}}
! Elimination
! colspan="3" | Finalist
! colspan="2" | Finalist
! colspan="3" | Elimination
! colspan="2" | Top 3
! Elimination
! colspan="2" | Win
|-
! colspan="43" style="background:#000" |
|-
! Karanveer
| Water Balance
! colspan=2 |
| Height
| Height {{nowrap|Electric Current}}
| {{nowrap|Tear Gas}}
| Animal
! colspan=2 |
| colspan=3 |Animal
!
| Electric Current
| Height Balance
| Height
!
| Animal
! colspan=3 |
| Electric Current
| Vehicle
| Animal Water
| Height Balance
| Height Balance
| Animal
! colspan=2 |
| Electric Current
| Height Balance
| Vehicle
! colspan=5 |
| Height Balance
| {{nowrap|Electric Current}} Bullseye
!
| Water Vehicle Height
| {{Won|Winner}}
|-
! Krishna
| Height
! colspan=2 |
| Height
| Height Electric current
| {{nowrap|Tear Gas}}
| Animal
| Animal Balance
!
| colspan="2" | Animal
| Vehicle
| Electric current
| Vehicle
| Height Balance
| Water
!
| Animal
| Water
| Animal
!
| Fire
| Vehicle
! colspan=3 |
| Balance Water
! colspan=2 |
| Water
| Balance Fire
!
| colspan=2 | Water Balance
| Height
| Electric Current
| Water
| colspan=2 | Water
| Vehicle
| Water Vehicle Height
| {{runner-up|1st runner-up}}
|-
! Gashmeer
| Water Balance
! colspan=2 |
| Height
| Height Electric current
| {{nowrap|Tear Gas}}
| Animal
! colspan=2 |
| Animal
| Height
| Animal
!
| Vehicle
| Height Balance
| Height
!
| Vehicle
| Water
! colspan=2 |
| Fire
| Vehicle
| Animal Water
| Height Balance
!
| Balance Water
! colspan=2 |
| Water
| Height Balance
!
| Height Balance
| Vehicle
| Height
! colspan=2 |
| colspan=2 | Height Balance
| Height
| Water Vehicle Height
| style="background:#7FFFD4;" | {{nowrap|2nd runner-up}}
|-
! Shalin
| Height
! colspan=2 |
| Height
| Height Electric current
| {{nowrap|Tear gas}}
| Animal
! colspan=2 |
| colspan=3 |Height
!
| Electric Current
| colspan=2 | Height Balance
| Animal
| Height
! colspan=2 |
| Animal Electric Current
| Fire
| Vehicle
! colspan=3 |
| Height
! colspan=2 |
| Water
! colspan=2 |
| Water Balance
| Vehicle
! colspan=3 |
| Water
| {{nowrap|Electric Current}} Bullseye
| Height
| colspan=2 {{Eliminated|}}
|-
! Abhishek
| Height
! colspan=2 |
| Height
| Height Electric current
| {{nowrap|Tear gas}}
| Animal
! colspan=2 |
| colspan=3 | Height
!
| Vehicle
| Height Balance
| Water
!
! colspan=4 |
| colspan=2 | Electric Current
| Animal Water
! colspan=2 |
| Vehicle
! colspan=2 |
| Electric Current
| Balance Fire
| Vehicle
| colspan=2 | Water Balance
| Height
| Electric Current
!
| colspan=2 | Water
| Vehicle
| colspan=2 {{Eliminated|}}
|-
! Nimrit
| Height
! colspan=2 |
| Height
| Height Electric current
| {{nowrap|Tear gas}}
| Animal
| Animal Balance
!
| colspan=3 | Vehicle
!
| Vehicle
| Height Balance
| Water
!
| Vehicle
! colspan=3 |
| colspan=2 | Electric Current
| Animal Water
! colspan=2 |
| Balance Water
| Water
| Animal
| Water
| Height Balance
!
| colspan=2 | Height Balance
| Height
| Electric Current
| Water
| colspan=5 {{Eliminated|}}
|-
! Sumona
| Height
| Water Animal Electric current
!
| Height
| Height Electric current
| {{nowrap|Tear gas}}
| Animal
| Animal Balance
| Balance Electric current
| colspan=3 | Vehicle
| Electric current
| Height Balance
| colspan=2 | Water
!
| Animal
| Water
| Animal
| Animal Electric Current
| colspan=3 | Vehicle
!
| Height Balance
| Vehicle
| Water
!
| Water
! colspan=2 |
| colspan=2 | Height Balance
| Height
| Electric Current
| colspan=6 {{Eliminated|}}
|-
! Niyati
| Animal
| Height
!
| Height
| Height Electric current
| {{nowrap|Tear gas}}
| Animal
! colspan=2 |
| Animal
| Height
| Animal
!
| Electric Current
| colspan=2 | Height
!
| Height
! colspan=3 |
| colspan=2 | Fire
| Animal Water
| Height Balance
!
| Height
| Water
!
| Electric Current
! colspan=2 |
| Water Balance
| Vehicle
| Height
| colspan=7 {{Eliminated|}}
|-
! Shilpa
| Animal
! colspan=2 |
| Height
| Height Electric current
| {{nowrap|Tear gas}}
| Animal
| Animal Balance
| Balance Electric current
| colspan=4 {{Eliminated|}}
| Height Balance
| colspan=2 | Water
!
| Animal
! colspan=3 |
| Electric Current
| Vehicle
| Animal Water
| Height Balance
| Height Balance
| Animal
| Water
| Animal
| colspan=13 {{Eliminated|}}
|-
! Aashish
| Water Balance
| Height
| Animal Lock & Key
| Height
| Height {{nowrap|Electric current}}
| {{nowrap|Tear gas}}
| Animal
| Animal Balance
!
| colspan=3 |Animal
!
| Electric Current
| Height Balance
| Height
!
!
| Water
| Animal
| Animal Electric Current
| colspan=21 {{Eliminated|}}
|-
! Aditi
| Height
| Water Animal Electric current
| Animal Lock & Key
| Height
| Height Electric current
| {{nowrap|Tear Gas}}
| Animal
| Animal Balance
| Balance {{nowrap|Electric Current}}
| colspan=3 | Vehicle
!
| Height Balance
| colspan=2 | Water
| Animal
| colspan=25 {{Eliminated|}}
|-
! Asim
| Water Balance
| Height
| colspan=40 {{Expelled|}}
|}
</div>

== Production ==
=== Development ===
The series was announced in May 2024 on [[Colors TV]].<ref>{{cite web | last=Movies | first=Rediff | title=Are You Ready For Nimrat, Niyati, Aditi? | website=Rediff | date=23 July 2024 | url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/are-you-ready-for-nimrat-niyati-aditi/20240723.htm | access-date=26 July 2024}}</ref> The contestants were spotted at the [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai Airport]] before leaving for [[Romania]] on 22 May 2024.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/khatron-ke-khiladi-14-gashmeer-mahajani-abhishek-kumar-nimrit-kaur-ahluwalia-and-others-jet-off-to-romania-for-the-shoot/articleshow/110313099.cms | title=Khatron Ke Khiladi 14: Gashmeer Mahajani, Abhishek Kumar, Nimrit Kaur Ahluwalia and others jet off to Romania for the shoot | newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref>

The contestants were spotted at the [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai Airport]] after returning from [[Romania]] on 3 July 2024.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/khatron-ke-khiladi-season-14-after-completing-the-shoot-contestants-are-back-from-romania-6023735 | title=Khatron Ke Khiladi 14: Abhishek Kumar, Nimrit Ahluwalia and Other Contestants Return to India }}</ref>

=== Filming ===
The [[principal photography]] of the series began on 7 June 2024 in [[Romania]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/khatron-ke-khiladi-14-rohit-shetty-shares-first-adrenaline-pumping-pic-from-romania-pens-gratitude-note-1314366 | title=Khatron Ke Khiladi 14: Rohit Shetty shares first adrenaline-pumping PIC from Romania; Pens gratitude note | date=7 June 2024 }}</ref> [[Rohit Shetty]] took to his [[Instagram]] to officially announce the same.<ref>{{Cite instagram |author=Rohit Shetty |author-link=Rohit Shetty |user=itsrohitshetty |postid=C76b5-JKNQL |title=SHOOTING FOR ANOTHER SEASON OF KHATRON KE KHILADI IN ROMANIA ITS BEEN 10 YEARS HOSTING THIS SHOW THANK YOU FOR THE LOVE YOU ALL HAVE GIVEN ME AND THIS SHOW ALL THESE YEARS . |date=7 June 2024}}</ref>

On 1 July 2024, The [[#Contestants|contestants]] announced the wrap up of "Khatron Ke Khiladi 14" in [[Romania]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/khatron-ke-khiladi-14-shalin-bhanot-niyati-fatnani-nimrit-ahluwalia-sumona-chakravarti-and-others-wrap-up-shoot-watch-1322898 | title=Khatron Ke Khiladi 14: Shalin Bhanot, Niyati Fatnani, Nimrit Ahluwalia, Sumona Chakravarti and others WRAP UP shoot; WATCH }}</ref>

==Reception==
Garima of ''[[Pinkvilla]]'' gave the series 3.5 out of 5, reviewing the premiere episode.<ref>{{cite web | title=Khatron Ke Khiladi 14 Review: Rohit Shetty roars as perfect host; Asim Riaz, Abhishek Kumar's argument gives Bigg Boss vibes | website=PINKVILLA | date=28 July 2024 | url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/khatron-ke-khiladi-14-review-rohit-shetty-roars-as-perfect-host-asim-riaz-abhishek-kumars-argument-gives-bigg-boss-vibes-1332907 | access-date=28 July 2024}}</ref>

The series premiere episode was reviewed by Grace Cyril for ''[[Times Now]]''.<ref>{{cite web | last=Cyril | first=Grace | title=Khatron Ke Khiladi 14 Premiere Review: Asim Riaz Looks Cocky But Host Rohit Shetty Remains Unflustered | website=Times Now | date=27 July 2024 | url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/khatron-ke-khiladi-14-premiere-review-asim-riaz-looks-cocky-but-host-rohit-shetty-remains-unflustered-article-112070061 | access-date=28 July 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.colorstv.com/shows/khatron-ke-khiladi-14/ ''Khatron Ke Khiladi 14''] on [[Colors TV]]

{{authority control}}
{{Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi}}
{{Colors Programmes}}
{{Subject bar
|commons = yes
|d = yes
|portal1 = India
|portal2 = Television
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 14}}
[[Category:2024 Indian television seasons]]
[[Category:Colors TV original programming]]
[[Category:Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi|14]]
[[Category:Television shows filmed in Romania]]

6th Portuguese India Armada (Albergaria, 1504)

2026-03-29T17:15:35Z

Hildred82A: added initial data initial version.

{{lead too short|date=March 2012}}
The '''Sixth [[Portuguese India Armadas|India Armada]]''' was assembled in 1504 on the order of King [[Manuel I of Portugal]] and placed under the command of [[Lopo Soares de Albergaria]].

== The Fleet ==
The 6th Armada was composed of 13 ships: approximately nine large ''[[Nau (ship)|nau]]'' or carracks, plus four small ''navetas'' (caravels) and 1200 men. The exact composition of the fleet differs in the various accounts.

The following list of ships should not be regarded as authoritative, but a tentative list compiled from various conflicting accounts.


{| class="toccolours" style="border-collapse:collapse" cellpadding=5
|style="border-bottom:3px solid; background:#efefef;"|'''Captain'''||style="border-bottom:3px solid; background:#efefef;"|'''Notes'''
|- valign = top
| 1. [[Lopo Soares de Albergaria]]/Alvarenga
|-
| 2. Pêro de Mendonça/Mascarenhas || lost on return
|-
| 3. D. Leonel Coutinho
|-
| 4. Lopo de Abreu (da Ilha) || vice-admiral?
|-
| 5. Pedro Afonso de Aguiar
|-
| 6. Lopo Mendes de Vasconcelos/Martins ||
|-
| 7. Manuel Telles de Vasconcelos/Barreto<ref>Barros names him Manuel Telles ''Barreto'', while Castanheda and Correia agree assert it was Manuel Telles ''de Vasconcelos''. We have sided with the majority. (Ferguson, 1907: 295)</ref>
|-
| 8. Tristão da Silva
|-
| 9. Filipe de Castro
|-
| 10. Vasco da Silveira/Silva
|-
| 11. Afonso Lopes da Costa (nta)
|-
| 12. Vasco de Carvalho (nta)
|-
| 13. Pedro Dias/Dinis de Setúbal (nta) || omitted in some lists. See note below.
|}

No actual names of ships are known. Chronicles suggest most were carracks (''naus''), accompanied by three or four smaller ships (either ''navetas'' or caravels), denoted as ''nta'' in the list). The captains of three of the ''navetas'' are identified in all the chronicles, although there is some disagreement over the fourth (if there was a fourth). The above list of captains is principally based on [[João de Barros]]'s ''Décadas'' (Dec. 1, Lib.7), [[Damião de Gois]]'s ''Chronica'', [[Fernão Lopes de Castanheda|Castanheda]]'s ''História'' and Quintella's ''Annaes da Marinha''. The ''Relação das Naus da Índia'' introduces some of the name variations. As usual, [[Gaspar Correia]] differs from the others: he omits the fourth small ship of Pedro Dias (or Dinis) de Setúbal, and introduces instead two new small ships, one under Simão de Alcáçova, another under [[Cristóvão de Távora]], bringing the total to fourteen. To get thirteen again, Correia asserts the captain-major Lopo Soares de Albergaria does not have his own ship, but is aboard the ship captained by Pêro de Mendonça (at least on outbound journey).

[[File:Albergaria armada of 1504 (Livro das Armadas).jpg|thumb|220px|right|Depiction of the 6th India Armada (Albergaria, 1504), from the ''Memória das Armadas'']]
The admiral of the fleet (''capitão-mor'', captain-major) was [[Lopo Soares de Albergaria]] (sometimes called Lopo Soares de Alvarenga, or simply Lopo Soares). Albergaria was a middling noble, well-connected to the [[Francisco de Almeida|Almeida]] family, and had served a successful term (1495–99) as captain-general of [[Elmina|São Jorge da Mina]] in the [[Portuguese Gold Coast]] (West Africa). Lopo Soares de Albergaria sailed either on his own ship or on the ship captained by Pêro de Mendonça. Lopo de Abreu da Ilha may have been designated vice-admiral, although D. Leonel Coutinho may have been a higher noble. Manuel Telles de Vasconcelos was the nephew of influential Portuguese courtier and royal advisor [[Duarte Galvão]].<ref>Subrahmanyam (1997: p.238)</ref> Two of the captains are veterans of earlier expeditions: Pedro Afonso de Aguiar and Lopo Mendes de Vasconcellos had sailed in the [[4th Portuguese India Armada (Gama, 1502)|4th Armada]] of 1502.

There was some private participation in the fleet. At least one of the ships was outfitted by Catarina Dias de Aguiar, a wealthy merchant woman from Lisbon.<ref>Subrahmanyam (1997, p.237)</ref>

The carracks were designated to return to Lisbon with spice cargoes, the three or four small ships (navetas or caravels) were slated to remain in India, to bolster the local Portuguese coastal patrol.

== The Mission ==

The [[2nd Portuguese India Armada (Cabral, 1500)|2nd India Armada]] (1500) under [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] had opened hostilities between the [[Kingdom of Portugal]] and the [[Zamorin]] (king) of [[Kozhikode|Calicut]] (''Calecute'', Kozhikode), the dominant maritime power on the [[Malabar Coast]] of India.

The large and well-armed [[4th Portuguese India Armada (Gama, 1502)|4th Armada]] of 1502 led by [[Vasco da Gama]] had hoped to, by means of strong show of force, persuade the Zamorin to sue for terms. But in spite of terror, bombardment and blockade, the Zamorin had refused to yield. The Zamorin's defiance convinced Vasco da Gama that this was going to be a longer fight than he had anticipated, one that required more men and firepower than he had at hand. Gama's 4th Armada left India, intent on requesting a stronger fleet from Lisbon, with enough men and arms, if not to reduce Calicut, to at least defend the Portuguese-allied city-states of [[Cochin]] (''Cochim'', Kochi) and [[Kannur|Cannanore]] (''Canonor'', Kannur).

[[File:Lopo Soares de Albergaria, in Livro de Lisuarte de Abreu.jpg|180px|right|thumb|[[Lopo Soares de Albergaria]]]]Gama delivered his report to Lisbon in 1503, too late to affect the outfitting of the [[5th Portuguese India Armada (Albuquerque, 1503)|5th Armada]], which had left under the command of [[Afonso de Albuquerque]] a few months earlier. Although unequipped to challenge Calicut itself, the 5th Armada did enough to save Cochin from falling into the hands of the Zamorin's army and helped bolster its defenses by erecting a timber fort in the city.

Basing themselves only on Vasco da Gama's report, the 6th Armada that set out in early 1504 was equipped more purposefully, bringing more soldiers and ships to protect the Portuguese factories in Cochin and Cannanore. As noted explicitly in his ''regimento'', [[Lopo Soares de Albergaria]] was under strict orders to accept no peace with the [[Zamorin]] of [[Kozhikode|Calicut]], and do what he could to harass Calicut.<ref>Subrahmanyam (1997, p.237-38)</ref>

== Outward Voyage ==

April 22, 1504 - The 13 ships of the 6th Armada leave the [[Tagus]] estuary.

May 2 - Ships arrive at the first collection point, [[Cape Verde]]. Lopo Soares announces that since they left Lisbon so late, there is no room for error. He lays down a set of strict sailing instructions, and warns pilots and masters he will dock their pay for every mistake.<ref>Quintella (1839: p.279-80)</ref>

June - Proceeding in good order, the 6th Armada reaches the [[Cape of Good Hope]].

June 25 - The 6th armada reaches [[Mozambique Island]]. There, Lopo Soares finds the testimonial letter [[5th Portuguese India Armada (Albuquerque, 1503)#Return voyage|left behind]] by [[Pêro de Ataíde]], the former captain of the India patrol, who had died there in February. It is here that Lopo Soares learns of the debacle of the coastal patrol of [[Vicente Sodré]] and Calicut's attack on Cochin the previous Spring.

August 1 - Lopo Soares leaves Mozambique. Although instructed by his ''regimento'' to make a stop in [[Malindi]], it is possible he sails for India directly from Mozambique. But [[Damião de Góis]] reports the 6th Armada did stop at Malindi, and was (as usual) well received by the Sultan of Malindi. Góis asserts the Sultan of Malindi not only resupplied the ships, but provided Lopo Soares with a Muslim pilot named 'Debucar'. He also handed over sixteen Portuguese shipwrecked sailors, survivors of Ataíde's capsized ship, who had been collected by Malindi boats earlier that year. The 6th Armada remains in Malindi only two days, before setting off on their Indian Ocean crossing.

== Lopo Soares in India ==
{{See also| Battle of Cochin (1504)}}

Ataide's letter gave Lopo Soares the news of India up until February, 1504. What Lopo Soares did not know (but probably could guess) was that at this very moment there was a desperate [[Battle of Cochin (1504)|battle going on in Cochin]]. In March, the [[Zamorin]] of [[Kozhikode|Calicut]] had launched a massive attack on Cochin, intending to capture the city and seize the Portuguese fortress. He brought some 57,000 troops, equipped with Turkish firearms and Venetian cannon. The tiny Portuguese garrison at Cochin, some 150 men under the command of [[Duarte Pacheco Pereira]], by clever positioning, individual heroics and quite some luck, had managed to fend off attack after attack by the Zamorin's army and fleet in the ensuing months. The last assault was launched in early July, after which the humiliated Zamorin called off the invasion.

August, 1504 - Crossing the Indian Ocean, the 6th Armada of Lopo Soares de Albergaria arrives at [[Anjediva]] island. There they find two Portuguese ships repairing - those of [[António de Saldanha]] and Rui Lourenço Ravasco. They had been part of the third squadron of the previous year's [[5th Portuguese India Armada (Albuquerque, 1503)|5th Armada]]. They relate their sorry tale - how they got lost and separated in Africa, how they spent the winter season harassing East African ports and Red Sea shipping, and how they were only able to undertake their Indian Ocean crossing this summer. They have no idea of the whereabouts of the third ship of their squadron, that of [[Diogo Fernandes Pereira]], having lost track of it nearly a year ago. (As it happens, Diogo Fernandes Pereira had wintered in [[Socotra]] by himself and undertook a solo crossing to India earlier that Spring, arriving in [[Cochin]] just in time to help Duarte Pacheco fend off the assaults of the Zamorin.)

Late August/Early September, 1504 - Saldanha and Lourenço accompany Lopo Soares' 6th Armada down the coast to [[Kannur|Cannanore]]. Arriving there, Albergaria finally hears fuller reports from the Cannanore factor Gonçalo Gil Barbosa about the [[Battle of Cochin (1504)|battle of Cochin]]. Lopo Soares sets sail towards it at once.

September 7, 1504 - The 6th Armada appears before [[Kozhikode|Calicut]]. Lopo Soares dispatches a message to the Zamorin, demanding he hand over any and all Portuguese prisoners to him; moreover, he demands that they also deliver the two Venetian engineers who had been helping the Zamorin build European cannon. The Zamorin is absent from the city at the moment, but his ministers are willing to release the Portuguese prisoners. The Italians, however, they cannot. Restless, Lopo Soares has the 6th Armada subject Calicut to forty-eight hours of continuous [[shore bombardment]], causing great damage.

Satisfied, the 6th Armada proceeds south to [[Cochin]]. They are met at Fort Manuel by the Trimumpara Raja and the tired Portuguese garrison. But the fort's commander [[Duarte Pacheco Pereira]] himself is not there at that moment (he had recently left on a jaunt to [[Quilon]], to check on the Portuguese factory there). Greetings and gifts are exchanged - including a sizeable sum of cash sent by [[Manuel I of Portugal]] as a reward for the Trimumpara Raja's alliance.

With the Cochin spice markets starved by the recent siege, Lopo Soares sets about collecting spices from elsewhere. Four or five ships (Lopes da Costa, Aguiar, Coutinho, Abreu and perhaps another) are sent down to [[Quilon]] to load up. Two ships (Pêro de Mendonça and Vasco Carvalho) are sent out to patrol the coast south of Calicut, and seize whatever merchant ships they can (and take their spice cargoes), while Tristão da Silva, joined by five local ''bateis'' ([[pinnace (ship's boat)|pinnace]]s) are dispatched on patrol duty inside the lagoon.

Hearing of the armada's arrival, Duarte Pacheco (then in Quilon) sets sail back to Cochin, and meets Lopo Soares on September 14 (October 22 according to Castanheda).

=== Raid on Cranganore ===

October, 1504 - While in Cochin, Lopo Soares receives reports that the Zamorin of Calicut has dispatched a force to fortify [[Cranganore]], the port city at the northern end of the [[Vembanad]] lagoon, and the usual entry point for the Zamorin's army and fleet into the [[Kerala backwaters|Malabari backwaters]]. Reading this as a preparation for a renewed attack on Cochin after his 6th Armada leaves, Lopo Soares decides on a [[preemptive strike]]. He orders a squadron of around ten fighting ships and numerous Cochinese ''bateis'' and ''paraus'', to head up there. The heavier ships, unable to make their way into the shallow channels, anchored at [[Pallippuram, Ernakulam|Palliport]] (Pallipuram, on the outer edge of [[Vypin]] island, guarding the channel between Cranganore and the sea).

Converging on Cranganore, the Portuguese-Cochinese Vembanad fleet quickly disperses the Zamorin's forces on the beach with cannon fire, and then lands an amphibian assault force - some 1,000 Portuguese and 1,000 Cochinese [[Nairs]], who take on the rest of the Zamorin's forces in close combat. The Zamorin's forces are defeated and driven away from the city.<ref>Castanheda, p.272</ref>

The assault troops capture Cranganore, and subject the ancient city, the once-great capital of the [[Chera Dynasty]] of Kerala, to a thorough and violent sacking and razing. Even while the main fighting was still going on, deliberate fires were set around the city by squads led by Duarte Pacheco Pereira and factor Diogo Fernandes Correa. The fires quickly consume most of the city, save for the [[Saint Thomas Christians|Syrian Christian]] quarters, which are carefully spared ([[Hindu]] and [[Cochin Jews|Jewish]] homes are not given the same consideration).

Hearing of the attack, the Zamorin had dispatched a hastily formed Calicut fleet, some 5 ships and 80 ''paraus'', to save the city. But they are intercepted by the idling Portuguese ships near [[Pallippuram, Ernakulam|Palliport]] and defeated in a brief naval encounter.<ref>Mathew (1997: p.14)</ref>

Two days later, the Portuguese receive an urgent message from the ruler of [[Tanur, India|Tanur]] (''Tanore''), whose kingdom lay to the north, on the road between Calicut and Cranganore. The raja of Tanur had come to loggerheads with his overlord, the Zamorin, and offered to place himself under Portuguese suzerainty instead, in return for military assistance. He reports that a Calicut column, led by the Zamorin himself, had been assembled in a hurry to try to save Cranganore, but that he managed to block their passage at Tanur. Lopo Soares immediately dispatches Pêro Rafael with a caravel and a sizeable Portuguese armed force to assist the Tanurese. The Zamorin's column is defeated and dispersed soon after its arrival.

The raid on Cranganore and the defection of Tanur are serious setbacks to the Zamorin, pushing the frontline north, effectively placing the [[Vembanad]] lagoon out of the Zamorin's reach. Any hopes the Zamorin had of quickly resuming his attempts to capture Cochin via the backwaters are effectively dashed.

No less importantly, the battles at Cranganore and Tanur, which involved significant numbers of Malabari captains and troops, clearly demonstrated that the Zamorin was no longer feared in the region. The Battle of Cochin had broken his authority. Cranganore and Tanur showed that Malabaris were no longer afraid of defying his authority and taking up arms against him. The Portuguese were no longer just a passing nuisance, a handful of terrifying pirates who came and went once a year. They were a permanent disturbance, turning the old order upside down. A new chapter was being opened on the Malabar coast.

=== Departure from Cochin ===

In late December 1504 - His naus loaded with spices from the markets of Cochin and Quilon (and topped off with cargoes from seized merchant ships), Lopo Soares prepares his departure from Cochin. [[Duarte Pacheco Pereira]], the hero of the [[Battle of Cochin (1504)|battle of Cochin]], is slated to be relieved as captain of Fort Manuel. It is said that the [[Kingdom of Cochin|Trimumpara Raja]] of Cochin, who had become personally attached to Duarte Pacheco during the battle earlier that year, was beside himself with grief and did everything he could to persuade Lopo Soares to let Duarte Pacheco stay on. But Lopo Soares refuses. Bowing to inevitability, the Trimumpara offers Duarte Pacheco a free cargo of pepper as a personal reward for his services, but Duarte Pacheco, knowing how the Trimumpara Raja had been personally impoverished by the war, refuses to take it.

Duarte Pacheco's replacement as ''capitão-mor'' of Fort Manuel of Cochin is nobleman Manuel Telles de Vasconcelos (or Manuel Telles Barreto), according to Barros). Lopo Soares leaves Manuel Telles with three (possibly four) ships: one nau, and two caravels, under the commands of Diogo Pires and Pêro Rafael (and possibly Cristovão Jusarte (Lisuarte Pereira?)), all veterans of the battle of Cochin. Lopo Soares annexes what remains of the earlier fleets (e.g., [[Diogo Fernandes Pereira]], [[Antonio de Saldanha]], etc.) into the returning 6th Armada. Overall, Lopo Soares is bringing back to Lisbon two more ships than he left with.

=== Battle of Pandarane ===

On December{{nbsp}}31, 1504, the 6th Armada first headed north from Cochin intending to dock briefly at the port of [[Ponnani]], so that Soares could pay his respects to Portugal's new ally, the raja of [[Tanur, India|Tanur]]. While negotiating entry at the port (Ponnani was not part of Tanur, which lies further inland), Soares received a message that a large [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Arab-Egyptian]] transport fleet ('Moors from Cairo and Mecca') - some 17 Arab ships with 4000 men - had arrived at Pandarane (Pantalyini Kollam), a spacious service port just north of Calicut.<ref>'Pandarane'/Pantalyini Kollam has been since absorbed by the growth of the city of [[Koyilandy]]. Gaspar Correia places the battle (probably erroneously) near Cannanore, at 'Tarampatão' ([[Valapattam]], according to Whiteway, 1899 p.102).</ref>

The Egyptian fleet had not come on a military mission, but to evacuate expatriate [[Arab]] merchants and their families from Calicut and bring them home to Egypt and Arabia. Calculating that the ships were probably loaded with the evacuating rich families' valuable belongings and treasures, Soares could not resist the temptation. His ''naus'' were too loaded with spices to maneouver properly, so Lopo Soares sent them on to [[Kannur|Cannanore]] then attacked the Egyptian transport fleet at Pandarane with just two caravels and 15 Malabari ''bateis'', loaded with around 360 Portuguese soldiers.<ref>Whiteway, ibid.</ref> This bold venture trapped the Egyptian fleet in Pandarane harbor and in the subsequent ferocious battle, Soares succeeded in capturing and plundering the ships, killing some 2,000 defenders in the process. Portuguese casualties were 23 dead and 170 wounded–about half the force–and more than Duarte Pacheco's losses in all his encounters at [[Battle of Cochin (1504)|Cochin]] a few months earlier.<ref>Whiteway (1899: p.102)</ref>

== Return Voyage ==

Early January, 1505 - After a brief stop in [[Kannur|Cannanore]], Lopo Soares and the 6th Armada set sail back across the Indian Ocean.

February 1, 1505 - The 6th Armada arrives at [[Malindi]]. Here they pick up some of the booty [[António de Saldanha]] and Rui Lourenço Ravasco had deposited from their predatory ventures around East Africa and [[Cape Guardafui]] the previous year.

February 10, 1505 - The 6th Armada arrives at [[Kilwa]], where Lopo Soares announces his intention to collect the yearly tribute from the city due to King Manuel I of Portugal (imposed by [[Vasco da Gama]] back in 1502.) But the ruling Emir Ibrahim refuses. Lopo Soares, his ships too loaded to risk damage in a confrontation, decides to sail on.

Mid-February, 1505 - The 6th Armada makes a stop in [[Mozambique Island]] for repair and re-supply. Realizing it is going to be a two-week stay, Lopo Soares dispatches two ships - Pêro de Mendonça and Lopo de Abreu - ahead of him to Lisbon to announce the results. Pêro de Mendonça's ship will be lost somewhere after [[Cape Correntes]], probably capsized on the South African coast, and will never be heard from again. Lopo de Abreu will arrive in Lisbon in mid-July.

July 22, 1505 - About nine days after Lopo de Abreu's arrival, Lopo Soares de Albergaria main fleet arrives in Lisbon. Save for Pêro de Mendonça, the fleet is intact. The 6th Armada's cargo is noted by contemporaries as one of the best ones yet brought back from India. Even more well-received is the person of [[Duarte Pacheco Pereira]], whose exploits Lopo de Abreu had already related to the royal court. King [[Manuel I of Portugal]] orders an elaborate reception and public celebrations to honor of the hero of Cochin.

== Aftermath ==

Overall, the 6th Armada was a success. Notwithstanding the casualties at Pandarane and the loss of Pêro de Mendonça's ship, it was a comparatively successful run. The cargo was particularly splendid, the military achievements - Cochin, Cranganore, Tanur - strategically important. The particular news about [[Socotra]] island - discovered by [[Diogo Fernandes Pereira]] in late 1502, but who was only now returning to report it - was also highly valued.

1504 was the year where the old order on the Malabar coast was finally broken - the Zamorin's authority was fragmenting, the Arab merchants were fleeing, Portuguese allies were no longer tentative and few, but confident and growing. The question for the Portuguese was no longer 'how can we break into the spice trade?', but 'we have broken it, now what?'. The Portuguese seemed to now have a chance to write the next chapter of the history of Kerala and the spice trade. And the next fleet, the [[7th Portuguese India Armada (Almeida, 1505)|7th Armada]] sent out in the Spring of 1505 under D. [[Francisco de Almeida]], very much intended to write it.

For the Zamorin, 1504 was a veritable nightmare. The humiliations at Cochin, the destruction of Cranganore, the defections of his vassals, permanently changed the landscape of Kerala, and his prospects for survival. His strategy of trying to force the Portuguese to peace on his terms, to behave like other foreign merchants, to respect the existing order, had backfired dramatically.

Lopo Soares's destruction of the Arab-Egyptian fleet at Pandarane must also have seemed like a blow to the Zamorin. He had urgently hoped to cajole the [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mameluke Sultanate]] to come to his aid and help him bring the misbehaving Portuguese to heel. After Pandarane, the Zamorin feared the Arabs might not wish to risk such losses again, and might just leave Calicut out to dry. But his fears of abandonment were misplaced, for at this very moment preparations were being launched in [[Cairo]] to strike back at the Portuguese forcefully. The Mameluke sultan [[Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghawri]] of Egypt had thus far taken a largely passive stance to the Portuguese havoc in his rear, e.g. evacuating his nationals from India, widening the port of [[Jeddah]] to shelter Muslim ships chased by Portuguese pirates. But the repeated appeals by the Zamorin of Calicut, backed up by the rulers of [[Gujarat Sultanate|Gujarat]], [[Aden]], [[Kilwa Sultanate|Kilwa]], and the [[Republic of Venice|Venetian Republic]] were growing deafening. His own ministers must have pointed out how badly the Portuguese adventurers were hurting the Sultan's treasury - all the customs dues and taxes being lost by the Portuguese disruption of the Red Sea spice trade and the Mecca pilgrim traffic. In late 1504, the Mameluke Sultan of Egypt was finally persuaded that more active measures must be taken - not merely to get the Portuguese to behave, but to drive them out of the Indian Ocean altogether. (see [[Portuguese–Mamluk naval war]])

== See also ==

* [[Portuguese India Armadas]]
* [[First Luso-Malabarese War]]
** [[Battle of Cochin (1504)]]

== Notes ==

{{Reflist}}

== Sources ==

* [[João de Barros]] (1552–59) ''Décadas da Ásia: Dos feitos, que os Portuguezes fizeram no descubrimento, e conquista, dos mares, e terras do Oriente.''. [https://books.google.com/books?id=BJ42AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA77 Dec. I, Lib 7.]
*[[Fernão Lopes de Castanheda]] (1551–1560) ''História do descobrimento & conquista da Índia pelos portugueses'' [1833 edition]
* [[Gaspar Correia]] (c.1550s) ''Lendas da Índia'', first pub. 1858–64, in Lisbon: Academia Real das Sciencias.
*[[Damião de Góis]] (1566–67) ''Crónica do Felicíssimo Rei D. Manuel''
* [[Jerónimo Osório]] (1586) ''De rebus Emmanuelis'' [trans. 1752 by J. Gibbs as ''The History of the Portuguese during the Reign of Emmanuel'' London: Millar]

;Secondary

* Bouchon, G. (1976) "Le premier voyage de Lopo Soares en Inde, 1504-05", ''Mare Luso-Indicum'', publication du Centre d'Études Islamiques et Orientales d'Histoire Comparée (Équipe de recherche associée au CNRS nº 206) et du Centre d'Études Portugaises de l'École Pratique des Hautes Études, IVe section, Vol. 3.
* Dames, M.L. (1918) "Introduction" in ''An Account Of The Countries Bordering On The Indian Ocean And Their Inhabitants'', Vol. 1 (Engl. transl. of ''Livro de Duarte de Barbosa''), 2005 reprint, New Delhi: Asian Education Services.
* [[Frederic Charles Danvers|Danvers, F.C.]] (1894) ''The Portuguese in India, being a history of the rise and decline of their eastern empire''. 2 vols, London: Allen.
* Ferguson, D. (1907) "The Discovery of Ceylon by the Portuguese in 1506", ''Journal of the Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society'', Vol. 19, No. 59 p. 284-400 [https://books.google.com/books?id=Nn0oAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA284 offprint]
* Logan, W. (1887) ''Malabar Manual'', 2004 reprint, New Delhi: Asian Education Services.
* Mathew, K.S. (1997) "Indian Naval Encounters with the Portuguese: Strengths and weaknesses", in Kurup, editor, ''India's Naval Traditions''. New Delhi: Northern Book Centre.
* Pedroso, S. J. (1881) ''Resumo historico ácerca da antiga India Portugueza'' Lisbon: Castro Irmão
* Quintella, Ignaco da Costa (1839–40) ''Annaes da Marinha Portugueza'', 2 vols, Lisbon: Academia Real das Sciencias.
* Subrahmanyam, S. (1997) ''The Career and Legend of Vasco da Gama''. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
* Whiteway, R. S. (1899) ''The Rise of Portuguese Power in India, 1497–1550''. Westminster: Constable.

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box|title=[[Portuguese India Armadas|Portuguese India Armada]]|before=[[5th Portuguese India Armada (Albuquerque, 1503)|5th Armada (Afonso de Albuquerque, 1503)]]|after=[[7th Portuguese India Armada (Almeida, 1505)|7th Armada (D. Francisco de Almeida, 1505)]]|years=6th Armada (1504)}}
{{s-end}}

[[Category:Maritime history of Portugal]]
[[Category:Portuguese India Armadas]]
[[Category:1504 in India]]
[[Category:1504 in the Portuguese Empire]]
[[Category:Kingdom of Cochin]]
[[Category:Calicut kingdom]]

Khanzada Bahadur Khan

2026-03-27T03:06:00Z

Hildred82A: made some details first draft

{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=December 2016}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=December 2016}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Raja Khanzada Bahadur Khan
| title = [[Raja]]
| succession = [[Wāli]]-e-[[Mewat]]
| reign = 1402-1412
| coronation = 1402
| predecessor = [[Raja Nahar Khan]]
| successor = [[Akleem Khan|Raja Akleem Khan]]
| issue = Raja [[Akleem Khan]], [[Khanzada Feroz Khan]], Khalil Khan, Malik Fakharuddin Khan, Lashkar Khan, Sarang Khan, Mallu Iqbal Khan, Kaltash Khan, Sultaan Khan, Hateem Khan and Emad Khan
| royal house = [[Khanzada Rajput]]
| father = [[Raja Nahar Khan]]
| mother =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
|}}

'''Wali-e-Mewat Raja Khanzada Bahadur Khan''' was the [[Khanzada Rajput]] ruler of [[Mewat]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajpoot Gotain by Mohammad Afzal Khan |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/rajpoot-gotain-mohammad-afzal-khan-ebooks |access-date=2022-06-21 |website=Rekhta |language=en}}</ref> He succeeded as Wali-e-Mewat after the death of his father [[Raja Nahar Khan|Raja Nahar Khan Mewati]] in 1402.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajpoot Gotain by Mohammad Afzal Khan |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/rajpoot-gotain-mohammad-afzal-khan-ebooks |access-date=2022-06-21 |website=Rekhta |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tareekh-e-Miyo Chhatri by Hakeem Abdush Shakoor |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/tareekh-e-miyo-chhatri-hakeem-abdush-shakoor-ebooks |access-date=2022-06-21 |website=Rekhta |language=en}}</ref>

== Coronation ==
His coronation took place at [[Alwar]] in 1402, where his brothers proclaimed him as Wali-e-Mewat and swore their allegiance with him as their liege lord. He then made [[Alwar]] his capital. In honour of his ascension to the throne, he had a mosque built at [[Alwar]] known as ''Jamia-i-Alwar Masjid''.

== Later life ==
He founded Bahadurpur in 1406. In 1412 he handed-over the throne of [[Mewat State|Mewat]] to his son [[Raja]] [[Akleem Khan]] and devoted himself to religious work until his death.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
*{{cite web |url=http://www.thedaily.pk/columns/_Literary_masterpieces-12736 |title=TheDaily |publisher=Thedaily.pk |accessdate=2016-12-28 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229032015/http://www.thedaily.pk/columns/_Literary_masterpieces-12736 |archivedate=2016-12-29 }}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/491246-literary-masterpieces |title=Literary masterpieces | Opinion |publisher=thenews.com.pk |date=2014-03-17 |accessdate=2016-12-28}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Raja Nahar Khan]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Mewat|Wali-e-Mewat]] |years=1402 – 1412}}
{{s-aft|after= Khanzada [[Akleem Khan]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bahadur}}
[[Category:Khanzadas of Mewat]]
[[Category:15th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:15th-century Indian monarchs]]

A. M. Jyothi Krishna

2026-03-25T18:11:00Z

Hildred82A: added new article basic info.

{{Short description|Indian actor and director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = A. M. Jyothi Krishna
| birth_date = 1981
| yearsactive = 2003{{ndash}}present
| occupation = [[Actor]] [[Film director|Director]]
| spouse = Aishwarya
| father = [[A. M. Rathnam]]
| relatives = [[Ravi Krishna (actor, born 1983)|Ravi Krishna]] (brother)
}}

'''A. M. Jyothi Krishna''' is an Indian film director and screenwriter in the [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] and [[Telugu cinema|Telugu film industries]]. He is the elder son of producer [[A. M. Rathnam]] and eldest brother of actor [[Ravi Krishna (actor, born 1983)|Ravi Krishna]].

==Career==
Jyothi Krishna at 17 was credited with the story of his father, A. M. Ratnam's production ''[[Natpukaaga]]'', starring [[Sarath Kumar]] and the film performed well at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://m.rediff.com/movies/1998/aug/04ss.htm|title = Rediff on the NeT, Movies: Gossip from the south}}</ref> He was also story writer for [[Chiranjeevi]]'s film ''[[Sneham Kosam]]'' and was also involved in story discussions of [[Rajinikanth]]'s hit film ''[[Padayappa]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news174.html |title=Telugu Cinema Etc |publisher=Idlebrain.com |date=2001-11-09 |accessdate=2013-01-04}}</ref> He went on to make his directorial debut in the [[A. R. Rahman]] musical ''[[Enakku 20 Unakku 18]]'', starring [[Tarun Kumar|Tarun]], [[Trisha Krishnan]] and [[Shriya Saran]]. His next, ''[[Kedi (2006 film)|Kedi]]'', featured his brother [[Ravi Krishna (actor, born 1983)|Ravi Krishna]] in the lead role, whilst [[Ileana D'Cruz]] and [[Tamannaah Bhatia]] were also in the cast.

In 2010, Jyothi Krishna began work on his acting debut with ''Ooh La La La'', scheduled for release in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.southdreamz.com/2010/07/jyothi-krishna-says-that-acting-directing-is-like-marrying-2-girls.html |title=Jyothi Krishna says that acting & directing is like marrying 2 girls |access-date=18 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009183833/http://www.southdreamz.com/2010/07/jyothi-krishna-says-that-acting-directing-is-like-marrying-2-girls.html |archive-date=9 October 2011 |url-status=usurped }}</ref><ref>[http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/jul-10-04/tamannah-shriya-a-m-rathnam-26-07-10.html Jyothi Krishna - Tamil Movie News - Tamannah and Shriya's director turns hero - Jyothi Krishna | Tamannah | Shriya - Behindwoods.com]</ref> His next directorial project was ''Oxygen'', set to release on 30 November 2017.<ref>[https://pycker.com/movies/oxyegn release date on 30th November 2017]</ref>

==Filmography==

===As director===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Film !! Language !! Notes
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Enakku 20 Unakku 18]]'' ''[[Nee Manasu Naaku Telusu]]'' || Tamil Telugu ||
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Kedi (2006 film)|Kedi]]'' || rowspan="2" | Tamil ||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Ooh La La La (film)|Ooh La La La]]'' ||
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Oxygen (2017 film)|Oxygen]]'' || rowspan="3" | Telugu ||
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Rules Ranjann]]''
||
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Hari Hara Veera Mallu]]'' || Co-directed by [[Krish Jagarlamudi]]
|-
|}

===As actor===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes
|-
||2012 || ''[[Ooh La La La (film)|Ooh La La La]]'' || Surya ||
|-
|}

===As story writer===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Film !! Language !! Notes
|-
| 1998 || ''[[Natpukkaga]]'' || rowspan="2" | Tamil ||
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Padayappa]]'' || Story discussion
|-
|}

===As presenter===
*''[[Vedalam]]'' (2015)

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Jyothi Krishna}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Krishna, Jyothi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:Telugu film directors]]
[[Category:Telugu people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

2025 India cough syrup crisis

2026-03-14T11:06:07Z

Hildred82A: /* References */Removed grandparent categories of Category:2020s in Rajasthan Category:2020s in Madhya Pradesh

{{Short description|Cough syrup crisis in India}}

In late 2025, India experienced a deadly outbreak of [[cough syrup]] poisoning that primarily struck children in the central state of [[Madhya Pradesh]] and the neighbouring state of [[Rajasthan]].<ref name="s912">{{cite web |last1=Tsui |first1=Karina |last2=Iyer |first2=Aishwarya S. |date=14 October 2025 |title=WHO issues warning over contaminated cough syrup in India after multiple child deaths |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/10/14/world/who-warning-contaminated-cough-syrup-india-deaths-intl-hnk |access-date=15 October 2025 |website=CNN}}</ref><ref name="k961">{{cite web |last=Mollan |first=Cherylann |date=10 October 2025 |title=Madhya Pradesh: WHO flags regulatory gaps after India child deaths from cough syrups |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c3vzgz794wro |access-date=15 October 2025 |website=BBC Home}}</ref> Dozens of young children fell ill and many died after taking locally sold cough medicines. Investigations showed that at least one of the implicated syrups, Coldrif, produced by Sresan Pharmaceuticals, contained extremely high levels of the industrial solvent [[diethylene glycol]] (DEG).<ref name="q740">{{cite web |date=9 October 2025 |title=India declares three cough syrups toxic after child deaths |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/india-declares-three-cough-syrups-toxic-after-child-deaths-2025-10-09/ |access-date=15 October 2025 |website=Reuters}}</ref> Another incident in [[Rajasthan]] involved a government-distributed cough syrup containing the active ingredient [[dextromethorphan hydrobromide]] made by Kayson Pharma.<ref name="c151">{{cite web |last1=Singh |first1=Harsha Kumari |last2=Chowdhury |first2=Shatabdi |date=3 October 2025 |title=Firm Behind Cough Syrup Linked To Child Deaths Under Scanner In Rajasthan |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/cough-syrup-deaths-kayson-pharma-dextromethorphan-hydrobromide-firm-behind-cough-syrup-linked-to-child-deaths-under-scanner-in-rajasthan-9389925 |access-date=15 October 2025 |website=www.ndtv.com}}</ref><ref name="f870">{{cite web |date=4 October 2025 |title=CDSCO launches inspections of drug manufacturing units in six states after cough syrup deaths |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Oct/04/cdsco-launches-inspections-of-drug-manufacturing-units-in-six-states-after-cough-syrup-deaths |access-date=15 October 2025 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> The [[World Health Organization]] also issued global alerts about the contaminated syrups.<ref name="a033">{{cite web |last1=Das |first1=Krishna N. |last2=Paramasivam |first2=Praveen |last3=Rigby |first3=Jennifer |date=9 October 2025 |title=WHO calls out gap in India's cough syrup testing after deaths |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/india-flags-testing-lapses-pharma-firms-after-cough-syrups-deaths-2025-10-08/ |access-date=15 October 2025 |website=Reuters}}</ref>

== Background ==
India is a leading global drug producer, but the quality of some locally marketed medicines has been questioned after previous tragedies. In 2022–2023, dozens of children in [[Uzbekistan]], the [[The Gambia|Gambia]] and [[Cameroon]] died after taking Indian-made syrups contaminated with [[ethylene glycol]] or [[diethylene glycol]].<ref name="m221">{{cite web |last=Rishika Sadam |first=Krishna N. Das |date=6 October 2025 |title=Police launch manslaughter probe into India's cough syrup deaths |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/india-files-criminal-case-against-cough-syrup-maker-linked-deaths-10-children-2025-10-06/ |access-date=15 October 2025 |website=Reuters}}</ref> For example, 18 children in [[Uzbekistan]] died after ingesting Dok-1 Max, and WHO later found toxic [[glycols]] in syrups from India’s Marion Biotech.<ref name="j332">{{cite web |date=15 October 2025 |title=Toxic Cough Syrup, Weak Oversight: India's Unending Drug Safety Crisis |url=https://healthpolicy-watch.news/toxic-cough-syrup-weak-oversight-indias-unending-drug-safety-crisis/ |access-date=15 October 2025 |website=Health Policy Watch}}</ref> Similarly, a [[WHO]] investigation attributed dozens of child deaths in the [[The Gambia|Gambia]] to four Indian cough syrups contaminated with [[ethylene glycol]] or [[diethylene glycol]]. After those incidents, India tightened export controls, but domestic oversight gaps remained a concern.<ref name="a033" />

== Outbreak ==

=== Madhya Pradesh ===
The first fatalities emerged in early October 2025 in [[Chhindwara district]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. Local health officials reported that infants and toddlers with [[common cold]] symptoms rapidly developed [[Dehydration|severe dehydration]] and [[acute kidney injury]] after receiving a cough syrup. By mid-October, at least 17 children under age five from [[Chhindwara district|Chhindwara]] and nearby areas had died of [[renal failure]] after consuming the syrup.<ref name="e977">{{cite web |last=Malpani |first=Mehul |date=7 October 2025 |title=Cough syrup death toll rises to 20 in Madhya Pradesh |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/madhya-pradesh/madhya-pradesh-cough-syrup-death-chhindwara-update-october-7-2025/article70136210.ece |access-date=15 October 2025 |website=The Hindu}}</ref><ref name="a335">{{cite web |last1=Kumar |first1=Sanjay |last2=Kumar |first2=Sanjay |last3=Broadwith |first3=Phillip |last4=Kumar |first4=Sanjay |date=14 October 2025 |title=23 Indian children's deaths linked to contaminated cough syrup |url=https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/23-indian-childrens-deaths-linked-to-contaminated-cough-syrup/4022312.article |access-date=15 October 2025 |website=Chemistry World}}</ref> A state government investigation traced all the cases to Coldrif syrup, manufactured by Sresan pharmaceuticals in [[Tamil Nadu]]. The [[Government of Madhya Pradesh|Madhya Pradesh government]] banned Coldrif on 2 October 2025, after its laboratory tests confirmed [[diethylene glycol]] contamination.<ref name="e360">{{cite web |last=Malpani |first=Mehul |date=10 October 2025 |title=Cough syrup deaths: Tamil Nadu's Sresan Pharma owner brought to M.P.'s Chhindwara, sent to 10-day police custody |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/madhya-pradesh/cough-syrup-deaths-tamil-nadus-sresan-pharma-owner-brought-to-mps-chhindwara-sent-to-10-day-police-custody/article70149060.ece |access-date=15 October 2025 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> The death toll continued to rise, and on 15 October, officials reported that 24 children (mostly under five) had died in connection with Coldrif poisoning, and several more were hospitalized.<ref name="u249">{{cite web |date=15 October 2025 |title=MP cough syrup tragedy: Child death toll rises to 24 after three year-old girl dies in Nagpur |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Oct/15/mp-cough-syrup-tragedy-child-death-toll-rises-to-24-after-three-year-old-girl-dies-in-nagpur |access-date=15 October 2025 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> In these cases, children initially had symptoms of mild [[respiratory illness]] but then suffered persistent vomiting, abdominal pain and [[difficulty urinating]].<ref name="k506">{{cite web |date=13 October 2025 |title=Medical Product Alert N°5/2025: Substandard (contaminated) oral liquid medicines |url=https://www.who.int/news/item/13-10-2025-medical-product-alert-n-5-2025--substandard-(contaminated)-oral-liquid-medicines |access-date=15 October 2025 |website=World Health Organization (WHO) |ref={{sfnref|
World Health Organization (WHO)
|2025}}}}</ref>

=== Rajasthan ===
In early October, three children (aged 2–5) died in the districts of [[Sikar district|Sikar]] and [[Bharatpur district|Bharatpur]] after taking a government-dispensed cough syrup.<ref name="c1512">{{cite web |last1=Singh |first1=Harsha Kumari |last2=Chowdhury |first2=Shatabdi |date=3 October 2025 |title=Firm Behind Cough Syrup Linked To Child Deaths Under Scanner In Rajasthan |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/cough-syrup-deaths-kayson-pharma-dextromethorphan-hydrobromide-firm-behind-cough-syrup-linked-to-child-deaths-under-scanner-in-rajasthan-9389925 |access-date=15 October 2025 |website=www.ndtv.com}}</ref><ref name="f8702">{{cite web |date=4 October 2025 |title=CDSCO launches inspections of drug manufacturing units in six states after cough syrup deaths |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Oct/04/cdsco-launches-inspections-of-drug-manufacturing-units-in-six-states-after-cough-syrup-deaths |access-date=15 October 2025 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> The offending product was a generic cough syrup containing [[dextromethorphan hydrobromide]], manufactured by Kayson Pharma in Jaipur. Unlike the Madhya Pradesh cases, this syrup did not test positive for [[diethylene glycol]] (the active ingredient [[dextromethorphan]] is a standard [[cough suppressant]]),<ref name="d673">{{cite web |date=3 October 2025 |title=Cough Syrup Samples Tested in MP Were Negative For Two Major Contaminants: Health Ministry |url=https://thewire.in/health/cough-syrup-samples-mp-negative-two-major-contaminants-health-ministry |access-date=15 October 2025 |website=The Wire}}</ref> but the timing of the deaths prompted authorities to suspect contamination or overdose. The [[Rajasthan government]] immediately suspended distribution of all Kayson Pharma medicines and stopped dispensing any cough syrups containing [[dextromethorphan]].<ref name="e523">{{cite web |date=4 October 2025 |title=Cough syrup row: Rajasthan government suspends drug controller, halts distribution of Kaysons Pharma drugs |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/rajasthan/cough-syrup-row-rajasthan-government-suspends-drug-controller-halts-distribution-of-kaysons-pharma-drugs/article70124145.ece |access-date=15 October 2025 |website=The Hindu}}</ref>

== Contaminated syrups ==
The outbreak in [[Madhya Pradesh]] was primarily linked to Coldrif, produced by Sresan Pharmaceuticals, which contained approximately 48.6% [[diethylene glycol]] (DEG), far exceeding permissible limits and causing multiple child fatalities. Two additional syrups, Respifresh TR and ReLife, manufactured in [[Gujarat]]—also tested positive for DEG but were not associated with reported deaths.<ref name="w256">{{cite web |last=Vats |first=Varsha |date=14 October 2025 |title=Coldrif, Respifresh TR And ReLife: WHO Issues Global Warning Against These Three Indian Cough Syrups |url=https://www.ndtv.com/health/coldrif-respifresh-tr-and-relife-who-issues-global-warning-against-these-three-indian-cough-syrups-9451632 |access-date=15 October 2025 |website=www.ndtv.com}}</ref> In [[Rajasthan]], a separate incident involved a [[dextromethorphan hydrobromide]] syrup produced by Kayson Pharma, which was implicated in child deaths and hospitalizations due to improper use and suspected contamination.<ref name="q364">{{cite web |last=Ali |first=Syed Intishab |date=3 October 2025 |title=Govt rejects family's claim of cough syrup given to boy by Chirana hosp |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/govt-rejects-familys-claim-of-cough-syrup-given-to-boy-by-chirana-hosp/articleshow/124278572.cms |access-date=15 October 2025 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Investigation and WHO alert ==
Indian health authorities, in coordination with international agencies, initiated urgent investigations in early October 2025. The [[Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation]] (CDSCO) and state regulators collected numerous samples of cough syrups, [[Antipyretic|antipyretics]], and [[Antibiotic|antibiotics]] from six states to test for contamination.<ref name="f870" /> Most randomly sampled syrups from general pharmacies tested negative for [[diethylene glycol]] (DEG), indicating that the problem was confined to specific batches. Following requests from [[Madhya Pradesh]] authorities, [[Tamil Nadu]] drug inspectors obtained samples of Coldrif directly from the Sresan Pharma factory; tests released on 3 October confirmed extremely high levels of DEG.<ref name="d353">{{cite web |last=Dutta |first=Tanushka |date=4 October 2025 |title=Explained: What Is Diethylene Glycol Found In 'Coldrif' Cough Syrup At Tamil Nadu Unit |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/explained-what-is-diethylene-glycol-found-in-coldrif-cough-syrup-at-tamil-nadu-unit-9394916 |access-date=15 October 2025 |website=www.ndtv.com}}</ref><ref name="q740" /> The Sresan pharma plant was subsequently sealed, with inspectors reporting unsafe and abandoned conditions on site.<ref name="b000">{{cite web |author=The Hindu Bureau |date=13 October 2025 |title=Cough syrup deaths: T.N. government cancels drug licences of Sresan Pharma, shuts down company |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/tamil-nadu-government-completely-revokes-licence-of-adulterated-cough-syrup-firm-shuts-down-company/article70157787.ece |access-date=15 October 2025 |website=The Hindu}}</ref>

A multi-disciplinary team—including [[CDSCO]], [[ICMR]], [[AIIMS Nagpur]], and [[NEERI]]—began analyzing clinical data and drug samples to identify the source of contamination. Police filed a criminal complaint, naming Sresan’s owner, G. Ranganathan, in a [[manslaughter]] case, and arrested a prescribing doctor, Praveen Soni, for negligent prescribing.<ref name="m221" /><ref name="y253">{{cite web |last=Singh |first=Ravish Pal |date=14 October 2025 |title=Doctor arrested over cough syrup deaths admitted to getting commission: Police |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/doctor-arrested-over-cough-syrup-deaths-admitted-to-getting-commission-from-pharma-firm-polices-big-charge-2802933-2025-10-14 |access-date=15 October 2025 |website=India Today}}</ref> The charge sheet cited violations of the [[Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940|Drugs & Cosmetics Act]], including adulteration of drugs and culpable homicide not amounting to murder.<ref name="t529">{{cite web |last1=Shwenk |first1=Martin |last2=Murthy |first2=Narayana |last3=Poonawalla |first3=Adar |last4=Jain |first4=Manu |last5=Kamath |first5=Nitin |date=5 October 2025 |title=Cough syrup row: FIR filed against arrested doctor, manufacturer |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/cough-syrup-row-fir-filed-against-arrested-doctor-manufacturer/articleshow/124317445.cms?from=mdr |access-date=15 October 2025 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref>

Internationally, the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) was notified on 8 October and issued a Medical Product Alert on 13 October, confirming that specific batches of Coldrif, Respifresh TR, and ReLife contained toxic DEG.<ref name="u709">{{cite web |date=8 October 2022 |title=WHO alert on cough syrups 'alarming'; there are missing links that need to be probed: Expert |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/who-alert-on-cough-syrups-alarming-there-are-missing-links-that-need-to-be-probed-expert/article65984447.ece |access-date=15 October 2025 |website=The Hindu}}</ref><ref name="z108">{{cite web |last=Bhirani |first=Garvit |date=14 October 2025 |title=WHO issues alert! Coldrif named among 3 'substandard' cough syrups in India after 22 children die in Madhya Pradesh |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/who-issues-alert-coldrif-named-among-3-substandard-cough-syrups-in-india-after-22-children-deaths-in-madhya-pradesh-11760424446356.html |access-date=15 October 2025 |website=mint}}</ref> The alert noted that Indian authorities had ordered immediate production halts and product recalls. WHO advised healthcare professionals worldwide to report any cases involving these products and to avoid their use in children. The [[U.S. Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) reported that none of the contaminated syrups had been exported to the United States but recommended vigilance in other markets.<ref name="k264">{{cite web |date=10 October 2025 |title=FDA's actions to protect children from contaminated cough medicine |url=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fdas-actions-protect-children-contaminated-cough-medicine |access-date=15 October 2025 |website=U.S. Food and Drug Administration}}</ref><ref name="l824">{{cite web |last=India |first=U.S. Mission |date=14 October 2025 |title=Health Alert: Recall of Specific Children's Cough and Cold Medicines in India |url=https://in.usembassy.gov/health-alert-recall-of-specific-childrens-cough-and-cold-medicines-in-india/ |access-date=15 October 2025 |website=U.S. Embassy & Consulates in India}}</ref>

== Government actions ==
The [[Tamil Nadu]] state drug control department cancelled all manufacturing licenses of Sresan Pharma.<ref name="g405">{{cite web |author=The Hindu Bureau |date=13 October 2025 |title=Cough syrup deaths: T.N. government cancels drug licences of Sresan Pharma, shuts down company |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/tamil-nadu-government-completely-revokes-licence-of-adulterated-cough-syrup-firm-shuts-down-company/article70157787.ece#:~:text=The%20Tamil%20Nadu%20Drugs%20Control%20Department%20has%20cancelled%20all%20manufacturing,one%20of%20its%20paediatric%20syrups. |access-date=15 October 2025 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> The company’s owner was formally arrested and will face life imprisonment if convicted.<ref name="w392">{{cite web |last=Kannan |first=Sindhu |date=9 October 2025 |title=MP Cough Syrup Death Case: G Ranganathan, owner of pharma company that supplied 'poisonous' Coldrif, arrested; MP toll rises to 21 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/cough-syrup-row-owner-of-pharma-company-that-supplied-poisonous-coldrif-arrested-mp-toll-rises-to-21/articleshow/124402535.cms |access-date=15 October 2025 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Production of all medicines at Sresan’s facility was halted, and a nationwide ban on Coldrif was enforced.<ref name="r363">{{cite web |last=Bajwa |first=Harpreet |date=7 October 2025 |title=Cough syrup deaths: Punjab and HP governments ban Coldrif |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Oct/07/cough-syrup-deaths-punjab-and-hp-governments-ban-coldrif |access-date=15 October 2025 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref name="u548">{{cite web |date=11 October 2025 |title=Cough syrup deaths: Delhi govt bans sale, distribution of Coldrif |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/cough-syrup-deaths-delhi-govt-bans-sale-distribution-of-coldrif/article70151023.ece |access-date=15 October 2025 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> In [[Gujarat]], authorities recalled Respifresh TR and ReLife and ordered the manufacturers to suspend production of all drugs.<ref name="a141">{{cite web |last1=Costigan |first1=Amelia |last2=Mackintosh |first2=Angus |date=10 October 2025 |title=More Indian cough syrups recalled after 19 children die by poisoning |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-10-10/more-indian-cough-syrups-recalled-19-children-die/105876056 |access-date=15 October 2025 |website=ABC News}}</ref>

In [[Rajasthan]], the state government suspended the distribution of all Kayson Pharma products under its free medicine scheme and also suspended the state drug controller.<ref name="r978">{{cite web |last=Kumar |first=Sharat |date=4 October 2025 |title=Rajasthan suspends drug controller, cracks down on key cough syrup supplier |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/rajasthan-suspends-drug-controller-cracks-down-on-key-cough-syrup-supplier-2797553-2025-10-04 |access-date=15 October 2025 |website=India Today}}</ref> An expert committee was appointed to investigate the deaths, and the prescribing doctor involved in the [[Sikar]] cases was suspended.<ref name="x084">{{cite web |last=Ali |first=Syed Intishab |date=3 October 2025 |title=Sikar doc, pharmacist suspended; new guidelines for syrup issued |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/sikar-doc-pharmacist-suspended-new-guidelines-for-syrup-issued/articleshow/124278722.cms |access-date=15 October 2025 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Across India, health ministries reissued guidelines recommending that cough and cold medicines be administered only to children over five years of age and avoided in infants under two unless absolutely necessary.<ref name="x660">{{cite web |date=3 October 2025 |title=Health Ministry issues advisory on cough syrups among kids: Do not prescribe such medication for children under two |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/health-wellness/cough-syrup-kids-health-ministry-advisory-prescribe-10286014/ |access-date=15 October 2025 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> Warning labels for pediatric safety were mandated, and the [[Directorate General of Health Services (India)|Directorate General of Health Services]] advised physicians to exercise careful clinical evaluation and strict dosing when prescribing syrups to older children.<ref name="s406">{{cite web |last= |first= |date=3 October 2025 |title=Centre warns against cough syrups for children under 2 years after deaths in two states |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Oct/03/centre-warns-against-cough-syrups-for-children-under-2-years-after-deaths-in-two-states |access-date=15 October 2025 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

In addition to bans and arrests, regulatory agencies carried out broader crackdowns. The [[Enforcement Directorate]] conducted raids on Sresan Pharma headquarters in connection with alleged financial irregularities.<ref name="g405" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2025 in India]]
[[Category:Medical scandals in India]]
[[Category:Health disasters in India]]
[[Category:Drug safety]]
[[Category:Child deaths by poisoning]]
[[Category:Adulteration]]
[[Category:2020s in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:2020s in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Scandals in India]]
[[Category:Political scandals in India]]
[[Category:Political controversies in India]]

Āyah

2026-03-08T10:24:40Z

Hildred82A: corrected content also and fixed typos

{{Short description|Verse of the Quran}}
{{Redirect|Ayat|other uses|Ayah (disambiguation)|and|Ayat (disambiguation)}}
{{Quran |text}}
[[File:Āyah.jpg|thumb|A Quran showing verses of Al-Baqarah, Verse 253 to Verse 256, the Ayat al Kursi which is the 255th verse is also shown.]]
[[File:Ahmet Karahisari 001.jpg|thumb|A 16th-century Quran opened to show ''[[sura]]'' (chapter) 2, '''''ayat''''' (verses) 1–4.]]
[[File:Birmingham Quran manuscript full.jpg|thumb]]

An '''āyah''' ({{langx|ar|آية}}, {{IPA|ar|ʔaː.ja}}; {{small|plural:}} {{lang|ar|آيات}} {{Transliteration|ar|ʾāyāt}}) is a "verse" in the [[Quran]], one of the statements of varying length that make up the chapters (''[[surah]]'') of the Quran and are marked by a number. In a purely linguistic context the word means "evidence", "sign" or "miracle", and thus may refer to things other than Quranic verses, such as religious obligations (''āyat taklīfiyyah'') or cosmic phenomena (''āyat takwīniyyah'').<ref name="khaleel">{{cite web |last1=Mohammed |first1=Khaleel |title=Muhammad Al-Ghazali's View on Abrogation in the Qur'an |url=http://www.forpeoplewhothink.org/Topics/Abrogation_in_the_Quran.html |website=forpeoplewhothink.org |accessdate=27 August 2018}}</ref> In the Quran it is referred to with both connotations in several verses such as:

{{Blockquote|{{lang|ar|تِلْكَ آيَاتُ ٱللَّٰهِ نَتْلُوهَا عَلَيْكَ بِٱلْحَقِّۖ فَبِأَيِّ حَدِيثٍۭ بَعْدَ ٱللَّٰهِ وَآيَاتِهِۦ يُؤْمِنُونَ}} 
"These are the '''''āyah'''''s of [[God in Islam|Allah]] that We recite for you in truth. So what discourse will they believe after God and His '''''āyah'''''s?" | author=[[Quran 45:6]]<ref>[https://al-quran.info/#45:6/1 Quran 45:6]</ref>}}

==Overview of the meaning==
Although meaning "verse" when using the [[Quran]], it is doubtful whether ''āyah'' means anything other than "sign", "proof", or "remarkable event" in the Quran's text. The "signs" refer to various phenomena, ranging from the universe, its creation, the alternation between day and night, rainfall, and the life and growth of plants. Other references are to [[miracle]]s or to the rewards of belief and the fate of unbelievers.<ref>{{cite book |last=Campo |first=Juan E. |title=Encyclopedia of Islam |year=2009 |publisher=Facts On File |location=New York |isbn=9780816054541 |pages=77}}</ref> For example:

: "And of his signs is the creation of the heavens and earth and what He has dispersed throughout them of creatures." ([[Q42:29]])
: "And a sign for them is the dead earth. We have brought it to life and brought forth from it grain, and from it, they eat." ([[Q36:33]])
: "... and they denied him; therefore we destroyed them. Herein is indeed a sign yet most of them are not believers." ([[Q26:139]])
: "... you are but a mortal like us. So bring some sign if you are of the truthful." ([[Q26:154]])

Chapters (''[[surah]]'') in the Quran consist of several verses, varying in number from 3 to 286. Within a long chapter, the verses may be further grouped into thematic sequences passages.

For the purpose of interpretation, the verses are separated into two groups: those that are clear and unambiguous (''[[Muham and Mutashabih (tafsir)|muhkam]]'') and those that are ambiguous (''mutashabeh'').<ref>[http://www.aicp.org/SupportingDocs/The%20Ayahs.pdf The Ayahs of the Quran: The Muhkam and the Mutashabih] ([[Association of Islamic Charitable Projects]]).</ref> This distinction is based on the Quran itself: "It is God Who has sent down to you the Book. In it are verses that are 'clear', they are the foundation of the Book. Others are 'allegorical' but those in whose hearts is perversity follow the part thereof that is allegorical, seeking discord, and searching for its hidden meanings, but no one knows its hidden meanings except God. And those who are firmly grounded in knowledge say: We believe in the Book, the whole of it is from our Lord. And none will grasp the Message except men of understanding."{{#tag:ref|"[[Al-Imran]]<ref>[http://corpus.quran.com/translation.jsp?chapter=3&verse=7 3:7]</ref> from the [[Abdullah Yusuf Ali|Yusuf Ali]] translation of the Quran online at the [[Quranic Arabic Corpus]].|group=Note}}

An incorrect anti-Islamic claim is that the number of verses in the Quran is 6,666.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hixon |first=Lex |title=The Heart of the Qurʼan: An Introduction to Islamic Spirituality |publisher=Quest |year=2003 |isbn=9780835608220 |edition=2nd}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wang |first=Wei |date=2022-08-16 |title=On the Historical Background and Ideological Resources of the Confluence of Islam and Confucianism |journal=Religions |language=en |volume=13 |issue=8 |pages=4–5 |doi=10.3390/rel13080748 |issn=2077-1444 |doi-access=free}}</ref> In fact, the total number of verses in the Quran is 6,236 excluding ''[[Incipit|Bismillah]]'' and 6,348 including ''[[Incipit|Bismillah]]''. (There are 114 chapters in the Quran, however there are only 112 unnumbered ''[[Incipit|Bismillah]]''<nowiki/>'s because [[At-Tawbah|Surah At-Tawbah]] does not have one at the beginning and fatiha's is numbered, there is another Bismillah in the middle of āyah 30 of [[An-Naml|Surah An-Naml]] but it's not included because it has already been added as a verse.)

The [[Unicode]] symbols for a Quran verse, including U+06DD (۝),{{#tag:ref|A (scanned) example of the Unicode ''ayah'' character is on page 3 of this [http://www.evertype.com/standards/iso10646/pdf/09419-encode-koranic.pdf Proposal for additional Unicode characters].|group=Note}} and U+08E2 (࣢).

The first āyah in the Quran from a chronological order is ''Read [O Muhammad!] in the name of your Lord who created'' ([[Q96:1]]) from [[surah]] [[Al-Alaq]]. The first āyah from a traditional order is ''[[Basmalah|In the name of God, the Compassionate Merciful One]]'' from surah [[Al-Fatiha]]. The first ayahs after the opening surah are ''[[ʾalif]]-[[lām]]-[[mīm]]. This is the Scripture whereof there is no doubt, a guidance for the God-fearing'', from surah [[Al-Baqara]].

==See also==
* [[Ayatollah]]
* [[Quranism]]

== References ==

===Notes===
{{Reflist|group=Note}}

===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Quranic verses| ]]
[[Category:Components of the Quran]]
[[Category:Islamic terminology]]

Khoj (2017 film)

2026-03-04T00:33:55Z

Hildred82A: minor cleanup

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Khoj
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Arka Ganguly]]
| producer =Shaibal Banerjee
| writer =Arka Ganguly
| starring = [[Vikram Chatterjee]] [[Shataf Figar]] Susmita Dey Poonam Gurung
| music = [[Raja Narayan Deb]]
| editing =Subhajit Singha
| studio = [[Magic Moments Motion Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2017|06|2}}
| runtime = 116 minutes
| language = Bengali
| budget =
}}

'''''Khoj''''' is a [[Bengali language|Bengali]] psychological [[thriller film]] directed by Arka Ganguly. This film was released on 2 June 2017 under the banner of [[Magic Moments Motion Pictures]].<ref>{{Citation|title=Khoj Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos {{!}} eTimes|newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-details/khoj/movieshow/61264080.cms|access-date=2021-06-05}}</ref> ''Khoj'' has won total 9 international awards at Cinema on the Bayou Film Festival, Studio city international film festival, Idyll wild international festival of cinema etc.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/khoj-trailer-is-making-us-impatient-for-the-film/articleshow/58277614.cms|title=Khoj trailer is making us impatient for the film|date=20 April 2017|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|access-date=17 July 2017}}</ref>{{better source needed|reason=do not cite Times of India|date=November 2020}}

== Plot ==
Police inspector Sayan Bose of a hilly town, Rimtik, is assigned to investigate a mysterious incident. A lady repeatedly screams from a house. This is Dr. Prashant Chowdhury's house who does not allow anyone into the house and says that it is nothing but his wife screaming due to injection pain and that is normal. Sayan becomes more suspicious when the neighbors tell that they have often heard the screams but never seen the doctor's wife. The next day, the doctor comes to the police station to file for a missing diary of his wife, Jonaki. Sayan realizes that there is something fishy going on since the doctor behaves strangely with the police and refuses to provide anything helpful except a passport-size photo of his wife. Things turn out to be even more complicated when the doctor attempts suicide after having a fall out with Sayan. Finally, Sayan's investigations uncover a truth which had been hidden for eight months.

==Cast==
* [[Vikram Chatterjee]] as Sayan Bose
* [[Shataf Figar]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mazumdar |first1=Shreyanka |title=Khoj trailer is making us impatient for the film - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/khoj-trailer-is-making-us-impatient-for-the-film/articleshow/58277614.cms |work=The Times of India |date=20 April 2017 |language=en}}</ref> as Dr. Prashant Choudhury
* Sushmita Dey as Jonaki Choudhury
* Lalit Malla as Jeevan
* Punam Gurung as Rose<ref>{{Cite web|title=Khoj (2017) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/khoj-34789|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127061237/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/khoj-34789|url-status=live|archive-date=27 November 2020|access-date=2021-06-05|website=Cinestaan}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Magic Moments Motion Pictures}}

[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2017 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian detective films]]
[[Category:2017 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Films set in Darjeeling]]

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|6095994}}

Swarna Kaduva

2026-03-03T20:37:34Z

Hildred82A: Put Up Initial Page More To Come!

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Swarna Kaduva
| image = Swarna Kaduva film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name =
| director = [[Jose Thomas]]
| producer = Job G. Oommen
| writer = [[Babu Janardhanan]]<ref>{{cite web|last1=Rasheed|first1=Rafi|title=Swarna Kaduva Malayalam movie review 2016|url=http://www.filmfever.co.in/movie-review/swarna-kaduva-malayalam-movie-review-2016/|website=Film Fever Media|accessdate=8 November 2016}}</ref>
| starring = [[Biju Menon]] [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent Vareed]] [[Poojitha Menon]] [[Ineya|Iniya]] [[Suresh Krishna (actor)|Suresh Krishna]] [[Hareesh Perumanna]]
| music = [[Ratheesh Vegha]]
| cinematography = Manoj Pillai
| editing = [[Johnkutty]]
| studio = Job G. Films
| distributor = Jo & Jo
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2016|11|4}}
| runtime = 147 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Swarna Kaduva''''' ({{Translation|The golden tiger}}) is a 2016 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[satirical film]] directed by [[Jose Thomas]], starring [[Biju Menon]]. The script is written by [[Babu Janardhanan]].<ref name="timesofindia">{{cite news|title=Vellakaduva is now Swarnakaduva|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/Biju-Menons-Vellakaduva-is-now-Swarnakaduva/articleshow/52522923.cms|accessdate=24 July 2016|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film was released on 4 November 2016.

==Synopsis==
Rinichen is a self made right-hand man of businessman Lonappan. Over the years he takes advantage of Lonappan for solving shady problems. When everything seems to boilover at the [[wikt:gravy train|gravy train]] he uses the opportunity and asks Lonappan to help him settle elsewhere with a jewellery shop. Rinichen who had a hard life and was from once well known family starts care evermore for money & status and life starts to make him pay for karmic debts of his unethical previous engagements. The rest of the film explores whether Rinichen will rebound or go further [[Psychedelic experience|down the rabbit hole]].

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Biju Menon]] as Rini Iype Matummel
* [[Ineya|Iniya]] as Lovely
* [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]] as Lonappan
* [[Suresh Krishna (actor)|Suresh Krishna]] as Irumbu Divakaran
* [[Sudheer Karamana]] as Advocate Paul
* [[Baiju Santhosh]] as Inspector Sasidharan
* [[Hareesh Perumanna]] as Joju
* [[Poojitha Menon]] as Deepthi
* [[Kottayam Nazeer]]
* [[Naseer Sankranthi]] as Thomas, Broker
* [[Santhosh Keezhattoor]] as CP Surendran
* [[Kishor Satya]] as Johnnychan
* Kalabhavan Jinto as Binoy
* [[Jayakumar Parameswaran Pillai]] as Father Antony
* Jayasankar Karimuttam
* [[Minon]] as Tamil boy
* [[Anju Aravind]] as Geethu Nair
* [[Seema G. Nair]] as Binoy's mother
* Sobha Singh as Rini's mother
* Chinnu Kuruvila as Anitha
* [[Rosin Jolly]] as Mollykutty
* [[Saju Kodiyan]] as Stephen, Mollykutty's brother
* [[Swasika|Swasika Vijay]] as Riya
* [[Shanker Ramakrishnan]] as Narrottor(Voice only)

{{colend}}

== Production ==
The film was initially titled ''Vella Kaduva''.<ref name="timesofindia"/> The film ''Swarna Kaduva'' was distributed overseas by Josemon Simon.

== Release ==
The film was earlier scheduled for a release on 28 October 2016,<ref>{{cite news|last=James|first=Anu|title=Pulimurugan, Thoppil Joppan and other Malayalam movies to watch out in October|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/pulimurugan-thoppil-joppan-other-malayalam-movies-watch-out-october-696612|accessdate=4 October 2016|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=4 October 2016}}</ref> but to avoid competing with ''[[Pulimurugan]]'', it was rescheduled to 4 November 2016. The film released in 104 screens in Kerala.<ref>{{cite news|author=സ്വന്തം ലേഖകൻ|title=104 തിയറ്റർ, 455 ഷോ; ബിജു മേനോന്റെ സ്വർണകടുവയ്ക്ക് മെഗാ റിലീസ്|url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/new-releases/swarnakaduva-releasing-tomorrow.html|accessdate=3 November 2016|work=[[Malayala Manorama]]|date=3 November 2016}}</ref>

==Box office==
In Kerala, the film collected {{INR}}2.10 crore on its opening day.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indiaspotnews.com/swarna-kaduva-opening-weekend-box-office-collection-swarna-kaduva-plot-audience-response/|title=Swarna Kaduva opening weekend box office collection|work=India Spot News|date=7 November 2016}}</ref> The film collected {{INR}}1.6 crores in the first weekend<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-overseas/dear-zindagi-grosses-6-mil-usd-40-9-crores-overseas/|title=Dear Zindagi grosses 6 mil. USD [40.9 crores] in overseas|work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=5 December 2016}}</ref> and {{INR}}2.34 crores in the three weekend<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-overseas/all-eyes-on-dangal/|title=All eyes on Dangal|work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=20 December 2016}}</ref> from US box office.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt5908806}}

{{Jose Thomas}}

[[Category:2016 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Jose Thomas]]
[[Category:2016 comedy films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thrissur]]

Vaazhai

2026-03-03T02:25:37Z

Hildred82A: refined references after review and cleaned formatting after review

{{Short description|2024 film directed by Mari Selvaraj}}
{{Over-quotation|date=October 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Vaazhai poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Mari Selvaraj]]
| writer = Mari Selvaraj
| producer = Sajith Sivanandan K. Madhavan Divya Mari Selvaraj Mari Selvaraj [[Dhilip Subbarayan]]
| starring = Ponvel M. Raghul R. [[Kalaiyarasan]] [[Nikhila Vimal]]
| cinematography = [[Theni Eswar]]
| editing = Suriya Pradhaman
| music = [[Santhosh Narayanan]]
| studio = [[Disney+ Hotstar]] Navvi Studios Farmer's Master Plan Production
| distributor = [[Red Giant Movies]]
| released = {{Film date|2024|08|23|df=yes}}
| runtime = 136 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vaazhai |url=https://cbfcindia.gov.in/cbfcAdmin/search-result.php?recid=MDMwMzE5MDgyMDI0MDAwMTM= |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250121150055/https://cbfcindia.gov.in/cbfcAdmin/search-result.php?recid=MDMwMzE5MDgyMDI0MDAwMTM= |archive-date=21 January 2025 |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=[[Central Board of Film Certification]]}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = {{estimation}} {{INR}}5 crore
| gross = {{estimation}} {{INR}}45 crore
}}

'''''Vaazhai''''' ({{IPA|ta|ʋaːɻaɪ}} {{translation|Banana}}) is a 2024 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[children's film|children's]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] written, directed and co-produced by [[Mari Selvaraj]]. It is produced by [[Disney+ Hotstar]], Navvi Studios and [[Dhilip Subbarayan|Farmer's Master Plan Production]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 November 2022 |title=Mari Selvaraj To Make A Children's Film Titled Vaazhai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/mari-selvaraj-to-make-a-childrens-film-titled-vaazhai/articleshow/95656527.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718151103/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/mari-selvaraj-to-make-a-childrens-film-titled-vaazhai/amp_articleshow/95656527.cms |archive-date=18 July 2024 |access-date=18 July 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film stars Ponvel M., Raghul R. (both debutants), [[Kalaiyarasan]] and [[Nikhila Vimal]], with [[JSK Satish Kumar|J. Satish Kumar]], [[Dhivya Duraisamy]], Karnan Janaki and Nivedita Rajappan in supporting roles. It revolves around Sivanaindhan, who works at a banana plantation while going to school; however, he hates working there.

The film, the first production of Navvi Studios, was officially announced in November 2022. [[Principal photography]] commenced the same month. It was shot for the most part in [[Thoothukudi]], and [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]] by January 2023. The film has music composed by [[Santhosh Narayanan]], cinematography handled by [[Theni Eswar]] and editing by Suriya Pradhaman.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 August 2024 |title=Behind-the-scenes video of Mari Selvaraj's Vaazhai out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Aug/23/behind-the-scenes-video-of-mari-selvarajs-vaazhai-out |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250418070537/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Aug/23/behind-the-scenes-video-of-mari-selvarajs-vaazhai-out |archive-date=18 April 2025 |access-date=18 April 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

''Vaazhai'' was released in theatres worldwide on 23 August 2024. Upon release, it received positive reviews from critics and became a commercial success, grossing approximately {{INRConvert|45|c|year=2024}} against an estimated budget of {{INRConvert|5|c|year=2024}}.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=24 September 2024 |title=Tamil Film Lubber Pandhu, Made On A Low Budget With No Stars, Receives Love From Audience |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/tamil-film-lubber-pandhu-made-on-a-low-budget-with-no-stars-receives-love-from-audience-9061713.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250116114135/https://www.news18.com/movies/tamil-film-lubber-pandhu-made-on-a-low-budget-with-no-stars-receives-love-from-audience-9061713.html |archive-date=16 January 2025 |access-date=16 January 2025 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
In mid-1998, in the village of [[Karungulam]], southern [[Tamil Nadu]], the primary occupation is harvesting raw banana bunches and transporting them to lorries, for which a meager payment of {{INRConvert|1|year=1998}} per bunch is made. Sivanaindhan and Sekar are two adolescent friends. Sivanaindhan has a crush on his social science teacher, Poongodi, and even swears a false oath when caught with her lost handkerchief. Despite being a bright student, Sivanaindhan is forced to lug banana bunches during weekends due to poverty. He and Sekar, fearing the labour-intensive work, sought excuses to avoid it. However, Sivanaindhan's mother insists he works to repay the advance credit she had received, pledging her son's labour.

Vembu, Sivanaindhan's elder sister, is in love with Kani, a socialistic thinker who, along with a few villagers, demands a hike of {{INRConvert|1|year=1998}} extra per bunch through their village broker, Muthuraj. The trader reluctantly agrees to avoid a work stoppage. One weekend, Sivanaindhan escapes from work by faking a thorn injury, leaving him to take care of their cow. However, he abandons the cow and goes with Poonkodi to the rice mill. Upon returning, he finds the cow to have entered Muthuraj's field, leading to a confrontation. Kani intervenes, losing his job as a loadman and being forced to lug bunches like the other villagers. The humiliation and his mother's tears prompt Sivanaindhan to promise that he would work without hesitation during the ten-day half-yearly exam holidays to pay off debts and never utter a lie ever again.

A few months pass, and Sivanaindhan's family struggles to bear the increasing debts. As his mother's declining health prevents her from working temporarily, she sells their cow, much to Sivanaindhan's grief, who is now forced to work on school days to fill in for her. Meanwhile, he gets selected for a dance performance at the upcoming school's annual day function and is called to practice the following Saturday. However, he can't confront his mother and unwillingly goes for lugging with his sister, Vembu, but he convinces her and escapes from the crowded lorry to attend the dance practice on an empty stomach. Starving, he attempts to pluck bananas from a nearby field on his way home only to be caught by the field's caretaker and brutally thrashed, but, he somehow escapes. Left with no choice, he heads home where he is caught by his mother and runs away to avoid beatings for having lied, fainting near the pond.

When he wakes up, he finds the entire village in mourning, with around nineteen corpses, eventually discovering those of Vembu, Kani, Sekar, and Muthuraj, who died in a lorry accident while transporting bananas. The trader is blamed for the tragedy, as he refused to provide proper transportation and forced the labourers to climb onto the overloaded lorry. Sivanaindhan, weakened and hungry, sneaks into his kitchen to eat but is discovered by his mother. Afraid, the famished Sivanaindhan runs away and passes out in a banana field, while his mother laments herself for starving him and almost sending him to his death on that truck along with her daughter.

The screen cuts to an archived newspaper article from [[Dina Thanthi|Dinathanthi]], reporting the death of twenty plantain farm workers near [[Tiruvaikuntam|Srivaikundam]], who were buried alive under bananas loaded in the lorry when it overturned. A note follows, dedicating the movie to those victims, as told by a survivor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 April 2023 |title=மாரி செல்வராஜ் இயக்கும் வாழை திரைப்படத்தின் கதை இதுதானா..? |trans-title=Is this the story of the Mari Selvaraj directorial ''Vaazhai''..? |url=https://news7tamil.live/is-this-the-story-of-banana-movie-directed-by-mari-selvaraj.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240825035513/https://news7tamil.live/is-this-the-story-of-banana-movie-directed-by-mari-selvaraj.html |archive-date=25 August 2024 |access-date=25 August 2024 |website=[[News7 Tamil]] |language=Tamil}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* Ponvel M. as Sivanaindhan
* Raghul R. as Sekar
* [[Kalaiyarasan]] as Kani
* [[Nikhila Vimal]] as Poongodi
* Karnan Janaki as Sivanaindhan and Vembu's mother
* [[Dhivya Duraisamy]] as Vembu
* Pathmen as Muthuraj
* [[J. Satish Kumar]] as a trader
* Nivedita Rajappan as a teacher
* Puliyankulam D Kannan as a villager
* Gomathi as Sekar's mother
* Aadukalam Stella as a teacher
}}

== Production ==
The film, announced on 21 November 2022, was produced by director [[Mari Selvaraj]] and his wife Divya Mari Selvaraj under their home banner Navvi Studios.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 November 2022 |title=Mari Selvaraj's next titled Vaazhai |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/Nov/21/mari-selvarajs-next-titledvaazhai-36841.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718151102/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/Nov/21/mari-selvarajs-next-titledvaazhai-36841.html |archive-date=18 July 2024 |access-date=18 July 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> Ponvel. M and Raghul. R made their acting debut, while established actors like [[Nikhila Vimal]], [[JSK Satish Kumar|J. Satish Kumar]], [[Kalaiyarasan]], [[Dhivya Duraisamy]], Karnan Janaki and Nivedita Rajappan were cast in pivotal supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 November 2022 |title=இயக்குநர் மாரி செல்வராஜ் தயாரித்து இயக்கும் 'வாழை' - படப்பிடிப்பு தொடக்கம் |trans-title=''Vaazhai'', produced and directed by director Mari Selvaraj - filming begins |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/901299-mariselvaraj-next-directorial-movie-vaazhai-kick-start-from-today.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240801141358/https://www.hindutamil.in/amp/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/901299-mariselvaraj-next-directorial-movie-vaazhai-kick-start-from-today.html |archive-date=1 August 2024 |access-date=1 August 2024 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref> [[Principal photography]] began on 21 November 2022 in [[Thoothukudi]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 November 2022 |title=Mari Selvaraj begins shooting for Vaazhai in Thoothukudi |url=https://www.dtnext.in/cinema/2022/11/22/mari-selvaraj-begins-shooting-for-vaazhai-in-thoothukudi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807030850/https://www.dtnext.in/amp/cinema/2022/11/22/mari-selvaraj-begins-shooting-for-vaazhai-in-thoothukudi |archive-date=7 August 2024 |access-date=7 August 2024 |website=[[DT Next]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 November 2022 |title=Mari Selvaraj's Vaazhai commences shooting in Thoothukudi |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2022/Nov/22/mari-selvarajs-vaazhai-commences-shooting-in-thoothukudi-45640.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718151102/https://www.indulgexpress.com/amp/story/entertainment/cinema/2022/Nov/22/mari-selvarajs-vaazhai-commences-shooting-in-thoothukudi-45640.html |archive-date=18 July 2024 |access-date=18 July 2024 |website=[[Indulge Express]]}}</ref> and [[wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]] on 11 January 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2023 |title=Maari Selvaraj's 'Vaazhai' shooting wrapped up |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/maari-selvarajs-vaazhai-shooting-wrapped-up/articleshow/96915337.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807030851/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/maari-selvarajs-vaazhai-shooting-wrapped-up/amp_articleshow/96915337.cms |archive-date=7 August 2024 |access-date=7 August 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Music ==
The soundtrack and film score is composed by [[Santhosh Narayanan]], in his third collaboration with Mari Selvaraj after ''[[Pariyerum Perumal]]'' and [[Karnan (2021 film)|''Karnan'']].The first single titled, "Thenkizhakku" was released on 18 July 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 July 2024 |title='Thenkizhakku' from Mari Selvaraj's Vaazhai is a breezy number about teacher-student rapport |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Jul/18/thenkizhakku-from-mari-selvarajs-vaazhai-is-a-breezy-number-about-teacher-student-rapport |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240822111021/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Jul/18/thenkizhakku-from-mari-selvarajs-vaazhai-is-a-breezy-number-about-teacher-student-rapport |archive-date=22 August 2024 |access-date=19 July 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> The second single "Oru Oorula Raja" was released on 29 July 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 July 2024 |title=Oru Oorula Raja, Second Single From Mari Selvaraj's Vaazhai, Out |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/oru-oorula-raja-second-single-from-mari-selvarajs-vaazhai-out-8984088.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731081856/https://www.news18.com/amp/movies/oru-oorula-raja-second-single-from-mari-selvarajs-vaazhai-out-8984088.html |archive-date=31 July 2024 |access-date=1 August 2024 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref> The third single "Otha Satti Soru" was released on 5 August 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 August 2024 |title=Third single from Mari Selvaraj's Vaazhai to drop on this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Aug/04/third-single-from-mari-selvarajs-vaazhai-to-drop-on-this-date |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806042130/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/amp/story/tamil/news/2024/Aug/04/third-single-from-mari-selvarajs-vaazhai-to-drop-on-this-date |archive-date=6 August 2024 |access-date=6 August 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> The fourth single "Paadhavathi" was released on 10 August 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 August 2024 |title='Paadhavathi' from Mari Selvaraj's Vaazhai out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Aug/10/paadhavathi-from-mari-selvarajs-vaazhai-out |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811101604/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/amp/story/tamil/news/2024/Aug/10/paadhavathi-from-mari-selvarajs-vaazhai-out |archive-date=11 August 2024 |access-date=11 August 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> The entire soundtrack album was released on 23 August 2024, after the film's release.{{Citation needed|date=April 2025}}

Later, the production house announced that the audio rights for the film were secured by [[Think Music]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 2024 |title=First single from Mari Selvaraj's Vaazhai to be out on this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Jul/17/first-single-from-mari-selvarajs-vaazhai-to-be-out-on-this-date |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240822111022/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/amp/story/tamil/news/2024/Jul/17/first-single-from-mari-selvarajs-vaazhai-to-be-out-on-this-date |archive-date=22 August 2024 |access-date=19 July 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Thenkizhakku
| length1 = 4:22
| lyrics1 = [[Yugabharathi]]
| extra1 = [[Dhee (singer)|Dhee]]
| title2 = Oru Oorula Raja
| length2 = 4:02
| lyrics2 = [[Mari Selvaraj]]
| extra2 = [[Santhosh Narayanan]]
| title3 = Otha Satti Soru
| length3 = 3:41
| lyrics3 = [[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek]]
| extra3 = [[Kapil Kapilan]] Aditya Ravindran
| title4 = Paadhavathi
| length4 = 5:05
| lyrics4 = Mari Selvaraj
| extra4 = Jayamoorthy Meenakshi Ilayaraja
| title5 = Vaazhai's Surprise
| length5 = 1:33
| lyrics5 = Mari Selvaraj
| extra5 = Santhosh Narayanan
}}

== Release ==
=== Theatrical ===
''Vaazhai'' was released worldwide on 23 August 2024 in theatres.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 July 2024 |title=Mari Selvaraj's Vaazhai gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Jul/18/mari-selvarajs-vaazhai-gets-a-release-date |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240822111131/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/amp/story/tamil/news/2024/Jul/18/mari-selvarajs-vaazhai-gets-a-release-date |archive-date=22 August 2024 |access-date=24 July 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> The distribution rights for Tamil Nadu were acquired by [[Red Giant Movies]].<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1813528948506235289 |user=RedGiantMovies_ |title=The first song from @mari_selvaraj Directorial #Vaazhai will be out tomorrow. Stay tuned! |author=Red Giant Movies |author-link=Red Giant Movies |date=17 July 2024 |access-date=19 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240822111025/https://x.com/RedGiantMovies_/status/1813528948506235289 |archive-date=22 August 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Home media ===
The film began streaming on [[Disney+ Hotstar]] from 11 October 2024 in Tamil, alongside [[Hindi]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Malayalam]], [[Kannada]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], and [[Marathi language|Marathi]] languages.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 September 2024 |title=Mari Selvaraj's Vaazhai gets OTT release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/ott/news/2024/Sep/25/mari-selvarajs-vaazhai-gets-ott-release-date |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250418061607/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/ott/news/2024/Sep/25/mari-selvarajs-vaazhai-gets-ott-release-date |archive-date=18 April 2025 |access-date=25 September 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Critical reception ===
The film received positive reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sundar |first=Anusha |date=28 August 2024 |title=Vaazhai OTT partner revealed – Here's where you can stream Mari Selvaraj's latest film after its theatrical run |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/vaazhai-on-ott-stream-mari-selvarajs-latest-film-here-very-soon/bd7ceca723609 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240908120919/https://www.ottplay.com/news/vaazhai-on-ott-stream-mari-selvarajs-latest-film-here-very-soon/bd7ceca723609 |archive-date=8 September 2024 |access-date=18 April 2025 |website=[[OTTPlay]]}}</ref>

Janani K of ''[[India Today]]'' gave 4/5 stars and wrote "Director Mari Selvaraj, on several occasions, called ''Vaazhai'' his best film. [...] Mari is absolutely right, as ''Vaazhai'' is his career-best film and a perfect answer to the trolls that targeted him."<ref>{{Cite web |last=K |first=Janani |date=22 August 2024 |title='Vaazhai' Review: Mari Selvaraj's career-best film will make you speechless |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/vaazhai-review-mari-selvaraj-career-best-film-make-you-speechless-kalaiyarasan-nikhila-vimal-dhivya-duraisamy-2586199-2024-08-22 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240822113622/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/vaazhai-review-mari-selvaraj-career-best-film-make-you-speechless-kalaiyarasan-nikhila-vimal-dhivya-duraisamy-2586199-2024-08-22 |archive-date=22 August 2024 |access-date=22 August 2024 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref> Haricharan Pudipeddi of ''The South First'' gave 4/5 stars and wrote, "''Vaazhai'', which is easily Mari Selvaraj's best work, is a piece of art and there are no second thoughts about it".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pudipeddi |first=Haricharan |date=23 August 2024 |title=Vaazhai review: Mari Selvaraj's film is heartwarming and gut-wrenching in equal parts |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/tamil/vaazhai-tamil-movie-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926185029/https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/tamil/vaazhai-tamil-movie-review/ |archive-date=26 September 2024 |access-date=23 August 2024 |website=The South First}}</ref> Avinash Ramachandran of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 4/5 stars and wrote, "It tells the reason why some people are more purposeful than others. And while telling and showing all of this, Vaazhai is also brilliant cinema… and that is probably who Mari Selvaraj is.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Avinash |date=23 August 2024 |title=Vaazhai Movie Review: An uncompromising, unadulterated, and powerful journey to the core of Mari Selvaraj's mind |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/vaazhai-movie-review-an-uncompromising-unadulterated-and-powerful-journey-to-the-core-of-mari-selvarajs-mind-9528685/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241226154813/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/vaazhai-movie-review-an-uncompromising-unadulterated-and-powerful-journey-to-the-core-of-mari-selvarajs-mind-9528685/ |archive-date=26 December 2024 |access-date=23 August 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> Anusha Sundar of ''[[OTTplay]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote, "''Vaazhai'' is a delightful deviation that Mari Selvaraj took after making his previous films. ''Vaazhai'' brims with innocence and has a childlike quality of coming in terms with pain. High on quality, and beautifully emoted characters, ''Vaazhai'' easily becomes one of the best Tamil films to have come out in 2024, and stands tall in Mari Selvaraj's filmography".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sundar |first=Anusha |date=23 August 2024 |title=Vaazhai Movie Review: Mari Selvaraj's film shines in its treatment, becomes an ode to innocence |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/vaazhai-movie-review-mari-selvarajs-film-shines-in-its-treatment-becomes-an-ode-to-innocence/7986062f03751 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240920131528/https://www.ottplay.com/review/vaazhai-movie-review-mari-selvarajs-film-shines-in-its-treatment-becomes-an-ode-to-innocence/7986062f03751 |archive-date=20 September 2024 |access-date=23 August 2024 |website=[[OTTPlay]]}}</ref>

In his review for ''[[The Hindu]]'', Bhuvanesh Chandar praised the film as a masterpiece writing, "Everything in Mari's world of ''Vaazhai'' is meticulously-crafted from life", and felt Ponvel gave a "performance worthy of national glory".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chandar |first=Bhuvanesh |date=23 August 2024 |title='Vaazhai' movie review: Mari Selvaraj's profound, deeply aching bio-drama is a masterpiece |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vaazhai-movie-review-mari-selvarajs-profound-deeply-aching-bio-drama-is-a-masterpiece/article68557571.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240824011704/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vaazhai-movie-review-mari-selvarajs-profound-deeply-aching-bio-drama-is-a-masterpiece/article68557571.ece |archive-date=24 August 2024 |access-date=24 August 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> Latha Srinivasan in her review for ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' praised the direction of Mari Selvaraj writing, "Writer and director Mari Selvaraj's repertoire of work is so haunting that every film of is a piece of art that transcends the silverscreen. [...] The themes of caste, capitalism, exploitation and oppression are woven into the story very powerfully and subtly and that's what is most striking in this film. Mari Selvaraj has given us a heart-wrenching film that is also heartwarming and that's a big achievement for any director."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Latha |date=23 August 2024 |title=Vaazhai review: Mari Selvaraj's powerful story has achingly beautiful performances |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/vaazhai-review-mari-selvaraj-s-powerful-story-has-achingly-beautiful-performances-101724411779379.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250418062556/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/vaazhai-review-mari-selvaraj-s-powerful-story-has-achingly-beautiful-performances-101724411779379.html |archive-date=18 April 2025 |access-date=24 August 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

Writing for the ''[[Deccan Herald]]'', Guruprasad D N rated the film 4/5 praising Mari Selvaraj's direction and the performances of the lead actors, particularly Ponvel.<ref>{{Cite web |last=N |first=Guruprasad D. |date=24 August 2024 |title='Vaazhai' movie review: A child's view of cruelty |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/vaazhai-movie-review-a-childs-view-of-cruelty-3162513 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927183616/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/vaazhai-movie-review-a-childs-view-of-cruelty-3162513 |archive-date=27 September 2024 |access-date=24 August 2024 |website=[[Deccan Herald]] |language=en}}</ref> Describing the film as Mari Selvaraj's most tender and deeply affecting tale yet, Narayani M of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' gave a positive review mentioning, "The banana plant is renowned for its all-round utility, from stem to leaf. Yet, when one plant dies after fruiting, its offshoots continue to grow—a symbol of prosperity. ''Vaazhai'' beautifully captures the inherent irony of how the underprivileged are doomed to be exploited and traumatised even at the hands of a symbol of prosperity."<ref>{{Cite web |last=M |first=Narayani |date=23 August 2024 |title=Vaazhai Movie Review: Mari Selvaraj's most tender and deeply affecting tale yet |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2024/Aug/23/vaazhai-movie-review-mari-selvarajs-most-tender-and-deeply-affecting-tale-yet |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240824033645/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2024/Aug/23/vaazhai-movie-review-mari-selvarajs-most-tender-and-deeply-affecting-tale-yet |archive-date=24 August 2024 |access-date=24 August 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
''Vaazhai'', made on an estimated budget of {{INRConvert|5|c|year=2024}}, grossed approximately {{INRConvert|35|c|year=2024}} and was considered a [[sleeper hit]], given the low budget and lesser known cast.<ref name=":0" />

== Plagiarism allegations ==
A week after the film's release, author [[Cho Dharman]] accused Mari Selvaraj of plagiarising "Vazhaiyadi", a short story he had written 10 years before.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 August 2024 |title=Writer Cho Dharman Accuses Mari Selvaraj Of Taking Vaazhai Plot From His Short Story |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/writer-cho-dharman-accuses-mari-selvaraj-of-taking-vaazhai-plot-from-his-short-story-9033365.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831020339/https://www.news18.com/movies/writer-cho-dharman-accuses-mari-selvaraj-of-taking-vaazhai-plot-from-his-short-story-9033365.html |archive-date=31 August 2024 |access-date=23 October 2025 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref> Mari, rather than fighting back, posted a [[Tweet (social media)|tweet]] calling attention to the short story, and thanked Dharman.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nasreen |first=Raisa |date=30 August 2024 |title=Vaazhai Plagiarism Row: Mari Selvaraj Responds To Writer Cho Dharman's Allegations |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/mari-selvaraj-reacts-to-plagiarism-comments-by-cho-dharman-article-112914332 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240919121052/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/mari-selvaraj-reacts-to-plagiarism-comments-by-cho-dharman-article-112914332 |archive-date=19 September 2024 |access-date=23 October 2025 |work=[[Times Now]] |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Mari Selvaraj}}

[[Category:2020s children's drama films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2024 drama films]]
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:Films about child labour]]
[[Category:Films about the caste system in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by Mari Selvaraj]]
[[Category:Films involved in plagiarism controversies]]
[[Category:Films scored by Santhosh Narayanan]]
[[Category:Films set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1990s]]
[[Category:Films set in Thoothukudi]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thoothukudi]]
[[Category:Films shot in Tirunelveli]]
[[Category:Indian children's drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 children's films]]
{{Improve categories|date=October 2025}}

Tumpa Autowali

2026-03-01T22:12:08Z

Hildred82A: Put Up New Biography Initial Version

{{Short description|2022 Indian television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Tumpa Autowali.jpg
| image_alt =
| alt_name =
| genre = [[Drama]] [[Romance film|Romance]]
| creator = Anindya Saha
| based_on = ''[[Mithuna Raashi]]''
| developer =
| writer = NK. Salil
| screenplay =
| story =
| open_theme = "Ami Tumpa Autowali Pounche Deboi Timely"
| director =
| creative_director =
| starring = Dona Bhowmik Sayan Bose
| theme_music_composer = [[Anindya Chattopadhyay]]
| composer = Poushali Banerjee
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 684
| executive_producer =
| producer = Anindya Saha
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| cinematography =
| editor =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = Crystal Dreams Production Company
| network = [[Colors Bangla]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2022|05|16|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2024|03|31|df=y}}
| end_theme =
}}

'''''Tumpa Autowali''''' ({{Translation|The Lady Auto Driver Tumpa}}) is a Bengali daily soap which aired on [[Colors Bangla]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tumpa Autowali: Bengali TV to welcome yet another women-centric show |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/tumpa-autowali-bengali-tv-to-welcome-yet-another-women-centric-show/articleshow/90608195.cms |access-date=9 May 2022 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tumpa Autowali: ছোট পর্দায় আরও এক নারীকেন্দ্রিক গল্প! আসছে 'টুম্পা অটোওয়ালি' |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/tumpa-autowali-new-bangla-serial-dona-bhowmick-play-lead-role-female-centric-story-telecast-soon-soc-360907-2022-04-05 |access-date=31 May 2022 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 April 2022 |title=খড়ি, মিঠাইদের টেক্কা দিতে আসছে 'টুম্পা অটোওয়ালি', কোন চ্যানেলে দেখবেন? |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tumpa-autowali-color-bangla-bringing-new-women-centric-show-who-will-be-the-cast-31648953348990.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403031338/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tumpa-autowali-color-bangla-bringing-new-women-centric-show-who-will-be-the-cast-31648953348990.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 April 2022 |access-date=31 May 2022 |website=Hindustantimes Bangla |language=bn}}</ref> from 16 May 2022. It digitally streamed on [[Voot]]. The show is produced by Anindya Saha under the banner of Crystal Dreams Production Company and stars Dona Bhowmik<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 April 2022 |title=Dona Bhowmick-Tumpa Autowali: কে এই টুম্পা, কেন তাঁকে অটোওয়ালি সম্বোধন করা হচ্ছে? |url=https://tv9bangla.com/entertainment/dona-bhowmick-bagged-a-new-interesting-show-named-tumpa-autowali-air-on-colors-bangla-month-of-may-551253.html |access-date=31 May 2022 |website=TV9 Bangla |language=bn}}</ref> and Sayan Bose in leading roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Actor Sayan Bose bags the male lead in 'Tumpa Autowali' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/actor-sayan-bose-bags-the-male-lead-in-tumpa-autowali/articleshow/90851002.cms |access-date=9 May 2022 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> It is an official remake of [[Colors Kannada]] show ''[[Mithuna Raashi]].''

==Plot==
An independent girl Annapurna Chowdhury "Tumpa Autowali" drives an auto-rickshaw because of family problems, hence supporting them financially. However, life takes a turn when she reluctantly marries an arrogant businessman named Abir.

==Cast==
===Main===
*[[Dona Bhowmik]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dona Bhowmik bags the lead role in 'Tumpa Autowali' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/dona-bhowmik-bags-the-lead-role-in-tumpa-autowali/articleshow/90644412.cms |access-date=9 May 2022 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> as Annapurna "Tumpa" Chowdhury – An auto driver
*[[Sayan Bose]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 April 2022 |title=আবার চমক, এবার দেখা মিলল ধারাবাহিক 'টুম্পা অটোওয়ালি'-র নায়কের |url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/entertainment/bengali-dailysoap-meet-the-hero-of-bengali-tv-serial-tumpa-autowali-rm-783148.html |access-date=31 May 2022 |website=News18 Bengali |language=bn}}</ref> as Abir – The owner of a cab company
* Sairity Banerjee as Pampa
* Sayan Karmakar as Pampa's lover
* Aniruddha Gupta as Arka

===Recurring===
* [[Dolon Roy]] as Girija
* [[Kaushik Banerjee]] as Abir's grandfather
* Debika Mitra as Abir's grandmother
* Joyjit Banerjee as Abir's uncle
* Anisha Chowdhury as Neha

== Adaptations ==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!style="background:LightGreen;"|Language
!style="background:LightGreen;"|Title
!style="background:LightGreen;"|Original release
!style="background:LightGreen;"|Network(s)
!style="background:LightGreen;"|Last aired
!style="background:LightGreen;"|Notes
|-
| [[Kannada]]
| ''[[Mithuna Raashi]]'' ಮಿಥುನ ರಾಶಿ
| 28 January 2019
| [[Colors Kannada]]
| 27 February 2022
| Original
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| ''[[Jeev Majha Guntala]]'' जीव माझा गुंतला
| 21 June 2021
| [[Colors Marathi]]
| 16 September 2023
| rowspan="2" |Remake
|-
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| ''Tumpa Autowali'' টুম্পা অটোওয়ালি
| 16 May 2022
| [[Colors Bangla]]
| 31 March 2024
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Bengali-language television programming in India]]
[[Category:2022 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Colors Bangla original programming]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Kolkata]]

Zarina (artist)

2026-02-28T01:23:27Z

Hildred82A: Put Up A Details First Draft!

{{Short description|Indian artist (1937–2020)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox artist
| name = Zarina
| image = Photo of Zarina (artist).jpg
| caption =
| birth_name = Zarina Rashid<ref name="nytobit" />
| birth_date = {{birth date|1937|7|16|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Aligarh]], [[United Provinces (1937–50)|United Provinces]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2020|4|25|1937|7|16|df=y}}
| death_place = [[London]], England
| movement =
| awards =
| patrons =
| bgcolour =
| imagesize =
| field =
| training = [[Atelier 17]]
| works =
| influenced by =
| influenced =
| website = {{URL|zarina.work}}
}}

'''Zarina Hashmi''' ({{née|'''Rashid'''}}; 16 July 1937 – 25 April 2020), known professionally as '''Zarina''', was an [[Indian Americans|Indian American]] artist and printmaker based in [[New York City]]. Her work spans drawing, printmaking, and sculpture. Associated with the [[Minimalism|minimalist]] movement, her work utilized abstract and geometric forms in order to evoke a spiritual reaction from the viewer.<ref>{{cite web|title=Zarina: Paper Like Skin|date=26 June 2013 |url=http://www.artic.edu/exhibition/zarina-paper-skin|publisher=Art Institute of Chicago|access-date=1 February 2014}}</ref>

==Biography==
Zarina Rashid was born on 16 July 1937<ref name="nytobit">{{cite web|title=Zarina Hashmi, Artist of a World in Search of Home, Dies at 82|last=Cotter|first=Holland|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/05/arts/zarina-hashmi-dead.html|work=The New York Times|date=May 5, 2020|access-date=May 5, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Great Women Artists |year=2019 |publisher=Phaidon Press |isbn=978-0714878775 |page=443}}</ref> in [[Aligarh]], [[British Raj|India]], to Sheikh Abdur Rashid, faculty at [[Aligarh Muslim University]], and Fahmida Begum, a homemaker. Zarina earned a degree in mathematics, BS (Honours) from the Aligarh Muslim University in 1958. She then studied a variety of printmaking methods in Thailand, and at ''[[Atelier 17]]'' studio in Paris,<ref name="APresenti">{{Cite book|last=Presenti|first=Allegra|title=Zarina Paper Like Skin|publisher=[[Hammer Museum and DelMonico Books]]|year=2012|isbn=978-3-7913-5166-7|location=Hammer Museum, California|pages=182–183}}</ref> apprenticing to [[Stanley William Hayter]],<ref name="Ollman">{{cite web|last=Ollman|first=Leah|title=Zarina Hashmi|url=http://www.artinamericamagazine.com/reviews/zarina-hashmi/|work=Art in America|date=2 February 2013|access-date=14 March 2014}}</ref> and with printmaker [[Tōshi Yoshida]] in Tokyo, Japan.<ref name="Galleryespace">{{cite web|title=Artist Bio: Zarina Hashmi|url=http://galleryespace.com/artists.php?artist=304|work=Gallery Espace|access-date=23 November 2016|archive-date=23 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123132943/http://galleryespace.com/artists.php?artist=304|url-status=dead}}</ref> She lived and worked in New York City.<ref name="Gallery Espace">{{cite web |title=Zarina Hashmi |url=http://www.galleryespace.com/artists/gallery-espace/zarina-hashmi |website=Gallery Espace |access-date=11 January 2020}}</ref>

During the 1980s, Zarina served as a board member of the [[New York Feminist Art Institute]] and an instructor of papermaking workshops at the affiliated Women's Center for Learning. While on the editorial board of the feminist art journal ''[[Heresies: A Feminist Publication on Art and Politics|Heresies]]'', she contributed to the "Third World Women" issue.<ref name="Heresies Collective">{{cite web |title=Third World Women: The Politics of Being Other |url=http://heresiesfilmproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/heresies8.pdf |website=Heresies Collective |date=1979|access-date=11 January 2020}}</ref>

Zarina died in London from complications of [[Alzheimer's disease]] on 25 April 2020.<ref name="nytobit" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/latest/960250/artist-zarina-hashmi-dies-at-83|title=Artist Zarina Hashmi dies at 83 |website=Scroll.in|language=en-US|date=26 April 2020|access-date=28 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Artist Zarina Hashmi passes away in London |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/art-and-culture/artist-zarina-hashmi-passes-away-in-london/story-dz9bIzzZbkJ9vHu5oq0zUJ.html |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=26 April 2020|access-date=28 April 2020}}</ref>

On 16 July 2023, a [[Google Doodle]] inspired by Zarina's works was published to commemorate what would have been her 86th birthday.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zarina Hashmi's 86th Birthday |url=https://doodles.google/doodle/zarina-hashmis-86th-birthday/ |access-date=2023-07-15 |website=www.google.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Artistry ==
Zarina's art was informed by her identity as a [[Muslims|Muslim]]-born Indian woman, as well as a lifetime spent traveling from place to place.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Wack! Art and the Feminist Revolution|last=Butler|first=Cornelia|publisher=MIT Press|year=2007|pages=320}}</ref> She used visual elements from Islamic religious decoration, especially the regular geometry commonly found in [[Islamic architecture]]. The abstract and spare geometric style of her early works has been compared to that of [[Minimalism|minimalists]] such as [[Sol LeWitt]].<ref name=":0" />

Zarina's work explored the concept of home as a fluid, abstract space that transcends physicality or location. Her work often featured symbols that call to mind such ideas as movement, diaspora, and exile. For example, her woodblock print ''Paper Like Skin'' depicts a thin black line meandering upward across a white background, dividing the page from the bottom right corner to the top left corner. The line possesses a cartographic quality that, in its winding and angular division of the page, suggests a border between two places, or perhaps a [[Topography|topographical]] chart of a journey that is yet unfinished.<ref name="Guggenheim">{{cite web |title=Zarina: Paper Like Skin |url=https://www.guggenheim.org/exhibition/zarina-paper-like-skin |website=Guggenheim |access-date=11 January 2020 |date=25 January 2013}}</ref> For her ''Delhi'' series, she created a woodcut print based on an engraving of the city of [[Old Delhi|Shajahanabad]] as it stood before the siege of [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|1857]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nambiar |first=Sridevi |date=16 September 2021 |title=Zarina Hashmi and the idea of home |url=https://sarmaya.in/spotlight/zarina-hashmi-and-the-idea-of-home/ |website=[[Sarmaya Trust]]}}</ref>

== Awards and fellowships ==
* 2007: Residency, [[University of Richmond]], Richmond, Virginia
* 2006: Residency, [[Montalvo Arts Center]], Saratoga, California
* 2002: Residency, [[Williams College]], Williamstown, Massachusetts
* 1994: Residency, [[Art Omi|Art-Omi]], Omi, New York
* 1991: Residency, [[Women's Studio Workshop]], Rosendale, New York
* 1990: [[Adolph and Esther Gottlieb Foundation]] grant, [[New York Foundation for the Arts]] Fellowship
* 1989: Grand Prize, International Biennial of Prints, Bhopal, India
* 1985: [[New York Foundation for the Arts]] Fellowship, New York
* 1984: Printmaking Workshop Fellowship, New York
* 1974: Japan Foundation Fellowship, Tokyo
* 1969: President's Award for Printmaking, India<ref name="APresenti"/>

== Solo exhibitions ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Name of exhibition
!Name of gallery
!Place
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019–20
|Zarina, A Life in Nine Lines
|Kiran Nadar Museum of Art
|New Delhi, India<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-03 |title=Zarina – A Life in Nine Lines |url=https://www.knma.in/zarina-%E2%80%93-life-nine-lines |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=Kiran Nadar Museum of Art |language=en |archive-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330151222/https://www.knma.in/zarina-%E2%80%93-life-nine-lines |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|Zarina: Atlas of Her World
|Pulitzer Arts Foundation
|St. Louis, USA<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zarina: Atlas of Her World |url=https://pulitzerarts.org/art/zarina-atlas-of-her-world/ |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=Pulitzer Arts Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018
|Zarina
|Luhring Augustine
|New York, USA<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zarina - - Exhibitions - Luhring Augustine |url=https://www.luhringaugustine.com/exhibitions/zarina3/installation-views?view=slider |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=www.luhringaugustine.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Zarina: Weaving Darkness and Silence
|Gallery Espace
|New Delhi, India<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-15 |title=Weaving darkness and silence |url=https://www.galleryespace.com/exhibition-espace/weaving-darkness-and-silence/ |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=Gallery Espace |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|2017–18
|Zarina: Dark Roads
|Asian/Pacific/American Institute at New York University
|New York, USA<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-08-22 |title=Zarina: Dark Roads (October 6, 2017-February 2, 2018) |url=https://apa.nyu.edu/zarina-dark-roads-october-6-2017-february-2-2018/ |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=Asian/Pacific/American Institute {{!}} NYU |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|2016
|Life Lines
|Gallerie Jeanne Bucher Jaeger
|Paris, France<ref>{{Cite web |title=Life Lines |url=https://jeannebucherjaeger.com/exhibition/life-lines/ |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=Jeanne Bucher Jaeger |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2014
|Zarina: Descending Darkness
|Luhring Augustine
|New York, USA<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zarina - Descending Darkness - Exhibitions - Luhring Augustine |url=https://www.luhringaugustine.com/exhibitions/zarina/press-release |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=www.luhringaugustine.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Zarina: Folding House
|Gallery Espace
|New Delhi, India<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-14 |title=Folding House by Zarina |url=https://www.galleryespace.com/exhibition-espace/folding-house-by-zarina/ |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=Gallery Espace |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2012–13
| rowspan="3" |Zarina: Paper like Skin
|Armand Hammer Museum of Art and Culture Centre
|Los Angeles, USA<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zarina: Paper Like Skin {{!}} Hammer Museum |url=https://hammer.ucla.edu/exhibitions/2012/zarina-paper-like-skin |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=hammer.ucla.edu |date=29 September 2012 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum
|New York, USA<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zarina: Paper Like Skin |url=https://www.guggenheim.org/exhibition/zarina-paper-like-skin |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=The Guggenheim Museums and Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|The Art Institute of Chicago
|Chicago, USA
|-
| rowspan="3" |2011
|Zarina Hashmi: Noor
|Galerie Jaeger Bucher
|Paris, France<ref>{{Cite web |title=Noor |url=https://jeannebucherjaeger.com/exhibition/noor/ |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=Jeanne Bucher Jaeger |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|Zarina Hashmi: Recent Works, Gallery
|Gallery Espace
|New Delhi, India<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-06 |title=Zarina Hashmi-Recent Works |url=https://www.galleryespace.com/exhibition-espace/zarina-hashmi-recent-works/ |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=Gallery Espace |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|Zarina Hashmi: Anamnesis, 1970–1989
|The Contemporary Art Gallery
|Mumbai, India
|-
|2009
|The Ten Thousand Things
|Luhring Augustine
|New York, USA
|-
| rowspan="3" |2007
|Directions to My House
|Shanghai Contemporary 07 Art Fair
|Shanghai, China
|-
|Zarina: Paper Houses
|Gallery Espace
|New Delhi, India<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-07 |title=Paper Houses by Zarina Hashmi |url=https://www.galleryespace.com/exhibition-espace/paper-houses-by-zarina-hashmi/ |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=Gallery Espace |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|Weaving Memory 1990–2006
|Bodhi Art
|Singapore
|-
|2006
|Zarina: Silent Soliloquy
|Bodhi Art
|Singapore
|-
|2005
|Zarina Counting, 1977-2005
|Bose Pacia
|New York, USA
|-
| rowspan="4" |2004
| rowspan="4" |Cities, Countries and Borders, Prints by Zarina
|Gallery Chemould
|Mumbai, India
|-
|Gallery Espace
|New Delhi, India
|-
|Chawkandi Gallery
|Karachi, Pakistan
|-
|Gallery Rohtas 2
|Lahore, Pakistan
|-
|2003
|Maps, Homes and Itineraries
|Gallery Lux
|San Francisco, USA
|-
|2002
|Home is a Foreign Place
|Korn Gallery, Drew University
|Madison, New Jersey
|-
|2001
|Zarina, Mapping a Life, 1991–2001
|Mills College Art Museum
|Oakland, USA
|-
| rowspan="2" |2000
| rowspan="2" |Home is a Foreign Place, Admit One
|Gallery Espace
|New York, USA
|-
|Chawkandi Gallery
|Karachi, Pakistan
|-
|1994
|Homes I Made
|Faculty Gallery
|University of California, Santa Cruz
|-
|1993
|
|Chawkandi Gallery
|Karachi, Pakistan
|-
|1992
|House with Four Walls
|Bronx Museum of the Arts
|New York, USA
|-
|1990
|Zarina: Recent Work; Bronze, Cast Paper, Etchings
|Roberta English Gallery
|San Francisco, USA
|-
| rowspan="4" |1985
| rowspan="4" |Zarina Hashmi: Paper Works
|Art Heritage
|New Delhi, India
|-
|Chitrakoot Gallery
|Calcutta, India
|-
|Gallery Cymrosa
|Bombay, India
|-
|Chawkandi Gallery
|Karachi, Pakistan
|-
|1983
|
|Satori Gallery
|San Francisco, USA
|-
| rowspan="2" |1981
|Zarina: Cast Paper Works
|Hebert F. Johnson Museum of Art, Cornell University
|Ithaca, New York, USA
|-
|Zarina: Recent Cast Paper Works
|Orion Editions
|New York, USA
|-
|1977
|
|Gallery Alana
|Oslo, Norway
|-
|1976
|
|India Ink Gallery
|Los Angeles, USA
|-
| rowspan="2" |1974
|Zarina: Screenprints, Tapestries
|Triveni Kala Sangam
|New Delhi, India
|-
|Serigraphs by Zarina
|India Ink Gallery
|Los Angeles, USA
|-
|1973
|Zarina: Woodprints
|India Ink Gallery
|Los Angeles, USA
|-
| rowspan="2" |1972
|
|Chanakya Gallery
|New Delhi, India
|-
|
|Gallery F-15, Jeløya
|Moss, Norway
|-
| rowspan="2" |1971
|
|Chanakya Gallery
|New Delhi, India
|-
|
|Cultural Centre Ora
|Athens, Greece
|-
|1970
|Graphics by Zarina
|Pundole Art Gallery
|Bombay, India
|-
|1969
|
|Gallery Chanakya
|New Delhi, India
|-
|1968
|
|Kunika-Chemould Art Centre
|New Delhi, India<ref name="APresenti"/>
|}

== Selected exhibitions ==
Zarina was one of four artists/artist-groups to represent India in its first entry at the [[Venice Biennale]] in 2011.<ref name="Biennale">{{cite web|url=http://www.labiennale.org/en/art/archive/54th-exhibition/first-time/india.html|title=Pavilion of India|publisher=La Biennale|access-date=7 March 2015}}</ref>

The [[Hammer Museum]] in [[Los Angeles]] organized the first retrospective of her work in 2012.<ref name="Hammer">{{cite web|url=http://hammer.ucla.edu/exhibitions/detail/exhibition_id/211|title=Zarina: Paper Like Skin|publisher=Hammer Museum|access-date=14 March 2014|archive-date=6 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006004923/http://hammer.ucla.edu/exhibitions/detail/exhibition_id/211|url-status=dead}}</ref> Entitled ''Zarina: Paper Like Skin,'' the exhibition traveled to the [[Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum]] and the [[Art Institute of Chicago]].<ref name="Luhring">{{cite web|url=http://www.luhringaugustine.com/artists/zarina-hashmi|title=Artist Bio: Zarina Hashmi|work=Luhring Augustine|access-date=14 March 2014}}</ref>

In 2016, the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] presented ''Workshop and Legacy: Stanley William Hayter, Krishna Reddy, Zarina Hashmi'' that examined their professional collaboration.

During the 2017–18 academic year, Zarina was the Artist-in-Residence at the Asian/Pacific/American Institute at [[New York University|NYU]].<ref name="nyu">{{cite web |title=Asian/Pacific/American Institute Announces Zarina Hashmi As Artist-in-Residence 2017–18 |url=https://www.nyu.edu/about/news-publications/news/2017/august/asian-pacific-american-institute-announces-zarina-hashmi-as-arti.html |website=New York University |access-date=11 January 2020}}</ref> The residency culminated in a solo exhibition, ''Zarina: Dark Roads'' (6 October 2017 – 2 February 2018)<ref name="ArtAsiaPacific">{{cite web |title=Zarina Hashmi Dark Roads |url=http://artasiapacific.com/Magazine/WebExclusives/ZarinaHashmiDarkRoads |website=ArtAsiaPacific |access-date=11 January 2020 |archive-date=11 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200111185843/http://artasiapacific.com/Magazine/WebExclusives/ZarinaHashmiDarkRoads |url-status=dead }}</ref> and a publication, ''Directions to My House''.<ref name="New York University2">{{cite web |title="Directions to My House"--A Life Story through Words, Photographs, and Art |url=https://www.nyu.edu/about/news-publications/news/2018/october/-directions-to-my-house---a-life-story-through-words--photograph.html |website=New York University |access-date=11 January 2020}}</ref>

Examples of her work are in the permanent collections of the [[Museum of Modern Art]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zarina {{!}} MoMA |url=https://www.moma.org/artists/6549 |access-date=2022-04-18 |website=The Museum of Modern Art |language=en}}</ref> the [[Whitney Museum|Whitney Museum of American Art]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zarina |url=https://whitney.org/artists/12820 |access-date=2022-04-18 |website=Whitney Museum of American Art |language=en}}</ref> [[Menil Collection|the Menil Collection]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zarina, Indian, 1937 - 2020 - Untitled - The Menil Collection |url=https://www.menil.org/collection/objects/42889-untitled |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=The Menil Collection |language=en}}</ref> the [[National Gallery of Art]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tylec |first=Laurie |date=15 April 2022 |title=Acquisition: Zarina |url=https://www.nga.gov/press/acquisitions/2022/zarina.html |access-date=2022-04-18 |website=National Gallery of Art}}</ref> and the [[Bibliothèque nationale de France]].<ref name="Hammer" /><ref name="Jeanne Bucher Jaeger">{{cite web |title=Zarina |url=https://jeannebucherjaeger.com/artist/hashmi-zarina/ |website=Jeanne Bucher Jaeger |access-date=11 January 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.zarina.work/ Zarina's website] [https://newsaaptak.com/google-celebrating-zarina-hashmi-birthday-through-doodle/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716083253/https://newsaaptak.com/google-celebrating-zarina-hashmi-birthday-through-doodle/ |date=16 July 2023 }}
* [https://www.luhringaugustine.com/artists/zarina Images of Zarina's work] at Luhring Augustine Gallery, New York
* [http://www.galleryespace.com/artists/gallery-espace/zarina-hashmi/ Gallery Espace, New Delhi, India]
* [https://jeannebucherjaeger.com/artist/hashmi-zarina/ Jeanne Jaeger Bucher, Paris, France]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zarina}}
[[Category:1937 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century American women artists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:21st-century American women artists]]
[[Category:Indian printers]]
[[Category:Indian lithographers]]
[[Category:People from Aligarh]]
[[Category:Indian art critics]]
[[Category:Indian women art critics]]
[[Category:American artists of Indian descent]]
[[Category:American women printmakers]]
[[Category:Artists from New York City]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Muslims from New York (state)]]
[[Category:Muslim artists]]
[[Category:Women artists from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Women lithographers]]

Biripali

2026-02-26T23:11:37Z

Hildred82A: started

{{Short description|Location in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Biripali
| other_name =Bedapada
| nickname =Biripali
| settlement_type = bedapara Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Odisha#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in [[Odisha]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|20.3353232|N|82.81828|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Odisha]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Balangir district|Balangir]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Bangomunda]]
| population_total = 1811
| population_as_of = Census 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Odia language|Odia]]
| demographics1_title2 = Spoken
| demographics1_info2 = [[Sambalpuri language|Sambalpuri]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 767040
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 06652
| registration_plate = OD 03
| website = {{URL|balangir.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Biripali''' is a village located in Bangomunda of [[Balangir district]], Orissa, India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.accuweather.com/en/in/biripali/2920687/daily-weather-forecast/2920687|title=Weather in Biripali - AccuWeather Forecast for Orissa India|work=AccuWeather|accessdate=24 September 2015}}</ref> Biripali Panchayat combined with Biripali, Bedapara, Kuturabeda, Tetelpara with total population of 4,099.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiawater.gov.in/IMISReports/NRDWPPanchayatProfile.aspx?IPanchayat=0000120215&PanchName=BIRIPALI|title=NRDWP Reports|publisher=|accessdate=24 September 2015}}{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Bhubaneswar]] is the state capital for Biripali village.<ref name="test">{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/421271-biripali-orissa.html|title=Biripali Village Population - Bangomunda - Balangir, Orissa|publisher=|accessdate=24 September 2015}}</ref> The local language is [[Sambalpuri language|Sambalpuri]], which is a dialect of [[Odia language|Odia]].

==Education==
* Biripali Govt. Primary School, was established in 1949 and it is managed by the Department of Education Orissa. one of oldest school in the district.<ref>[http://www.kethi.com/review/schools/1489709-biripali-govt-primary-school Biripali Govt. Primary School]kathi.com {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304101644/http://www.kethi.com/review/schools/1489709-biripali-govt-primary-school |date=4 March 2016 }}</ref>
* Biripali Govt. Upper Primary School - Founded in 1966.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icbse.com/schools/biripali-govt-upper-primary-school/21240303902|title=A Complete List of CBSE Affiliated Schools in India & Abroad|work=iCBSE|access-date=24 September 2015}}</ref>
* Panchayat High School - (Biripali High School) one of oldest high school. It was established in 1984.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://allindiafacts.com/school/odisha/bolangir/bangomunda/21240303903.html|title="panchayat High School Biripali" - School in Biripali, Bangomunda|accessdate=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925125542/http://allindiafacts.com/school/odisha/bolangir/bangomunda/21240303903.html|archive-date=25 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Primary School Bedapara

==Sex Ratio==
Total population is 1,811. Sex Ratio is 919 males to 892 females, as per population Census 2011.<ref name="test"/>

==Literacy Rate==
Village Literacy rate is 50.57%, of which Male literacy 60.12% and female literacy rate 40.18%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wikiedit.org/India/Biripali/116219/|title=Biripali|publisher=|accessdate=24 September 2015}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Balangir district]]

{{Bolangir-geo-stub}}

Jishnu

2026-02-18T14:15:27Z

Hildred82A: made the post from scratch

{{pp-sock|small=yes}}
'''Jishnu''' is an Indian given name. Notable people with the name include:
* [[Jishnu Dev Varma]], Indian politician
* [[Jishnu Gupta]], 7th-century ruler of Nepal
* Jiṣṇu, one of the names of [[Arjuna]], a protagonist of the ''Mahabharata''
{{Given name}}

[[Category:Indian masculine given names]]
[[Category:Masculine given names]]

Shikha Sharma

2026-02-11T06:12:13Z

Hildred82A: Put Up Initial Biography With Sources

{{short description|Indian economist and banker (born 1958)}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shikha Sharma
| image =
| caption =
| alt =
| birth_place = India
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1958|11|19|df=yes}}
| alma_mater = [[Lady Shri Ram College]] [[Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad]] (1978 – 1980)
| occupation = Banker
| title = MD and CEO, Axis Bank
| term = 2009-2018
| predecessor = P. J. Nayak
| successor = [[Amitabh Chaudhry]]
| boards = Piramal Enterprises Tata Consumer Products Ambuja Cements Mahindra & Mahindra Dr. Reddy's Laboratories
| spouse = Sanjaya Sharma
| children = 2
| parents =
| relatives =
| website =
}}

'''Shikha Sharma''' (born 19 November 1958) is an Indian economist and banker. She was the managing director and CEO of [[Axis Bank]] from 2009 to 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Forbes India Magazine - The Quiet Architect: Shikha Sharma has magically transformed Axis Bank in a short span |url=http://forbesindia.com/article/leaderhip-awards-2014/the-quiet-architect-shikha-sharma-has-magically-transformed-axis-bank-in-a-short-span/38805/1 |access-date=2016-02-09 |website=forbesindia.com |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225202334/http://www.forbesindia.com/article/leaderhip-awards-2014/the-quiet-architect-shikha-sharma-has-magically-transformed-axis-bank-in-a-short-span/38805/1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Gopakumar |first=Gopika |last2=Archana |first2=Alekh |date=9 April 2018 |title=Axis Bank CEO Shikha Sharma cuts short her tenure, to exit on 31 December |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/Hd3UT8KCZfqtGvb2f9YncO/Axis-Bank-CEO-Shikha-Sharma-seeks-to-cut-term-to-endDecembe.html |access-date=16 January 2024 |work=Live Mint}}</ref> She also worked for nearly thirty years at the ICICI Group, across its [[ICICI Bank|bank]] and [[ICICI Lombard|insurance]] companies.<ref name=":0" />

==Early life and education==

Shikha Sharma was born on 19 November 1958.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Bandyopadhyay |first=Tamal |date=2014-06-14 |title=Shikha Sharma {{!}} The liberal banker |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/9jXICHU4eVtCcWI5DHh69I/Shikha-Sharma--The-liberal-banker.html |access-date=2024-01-16 |website=mint |language=en |archive-date=16 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116211625/https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/9jXICHU4eVtCcWI5DHh69I/Shikha-Sharma--The-liberal-banker.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Her father served in the [[Indian Army]], reaching the rank of brigadier in the [[Army Ordnance Corps (India)|ordnance corps]] and fought in the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1965|1965]] and [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1971|1971]] Indo-Pakistani wars. Due to his military service, Shikha grew up across the country, attending seven schools in as many cities.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 September 2011 |title=Bankable Star - Shikha Sharma |url=http://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/special/most-powerful-women-in-business-2011-shikha-sharma/story/18322.html |work=Business Today |archive-date=6 January 2019 |access-date=9 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106082452/https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/special/most-powerful-women-in-business-2011-shikha-sharma/story/18322.html |url-status=live }}</ref> She graduated from the [[Loreto Convent School, Delhi|Loreto Convent School]] in [[Delhi]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Prudent gleanings: Shikha Sharma's success story|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/features/the-leisure-lounge/prudent-gleanings-shikha-sharmas-success-story/articleshow/3532276.cms|accessdate=27 January 2014|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=27 September 2008|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225202325/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/features/the-leisure-lounge/prudent-gleanings-shikha-sharmas-success-story/articleshow/3532276.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

Despite an interest in studying physics, she graduated with a BA (Honours) in Economics from the [[Lady Shri Ram College]] in Delhi and an [[MBA]] from [[Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad]]. She also earned a post-graduate diploma in Software Technology from the [[Centre for Development of Advanced Computing|National Centre for Software Technology]] in [[Mumbai|Bombay]].<ref>{{cite news |date=16 February 2010 |title=Lunch with BS: Shikha Sharma |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/lunch-with-bs-shikha-sharma-110021600095_1.html |accessdate=27 January 2014 |newspaper=Business Standard |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225202404/https://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/lunch-with-bs-shikha-sharma-110021600095_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Career==

=== ICICI Group ===
After graduating from IIM Ahmedabad, Shikha Sharma joined [[ICICI Bank|ICICI Ltd.]] in 1980. During her 29-year tenure with the group, she worked with [[K. V. Kamath]] and former [[Prudential plc]] CEO [[Mark Tucker (businessman)|Mark Tucker]].<ref name=":4" />

She was instrumental in setting up ICICI Securities – a joint venture between ICICI and [[JPMorgan Chase|J.P. Morgan]], besides setting up various group businesses for ICICI, including investment banking and retail finance. She also launched a "micro-insurance" product that offered life insurance at just $1 a month.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=46. Shikha Sharma |url=https://www.ft.com/content/8cf5382c-0b35-11e1-ae56-00144feabdc0 |access-date=2024-01-16 |website=www.ft.com |archive-date=16 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116224554/https://www.ft.com/content/8cf5382c-0b35-11e1-ae56-00144feabdc0 |url-status=live }}</ref> She served as the managing director and CEO of ICICI Personal Financial Services from May 1998 to December 2000; and as the managing director and CEO of the ICICI Prudential Life Insurance Company from December 2000 to June 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 August 2011 |title=The Axis Bank MD and CEO's achievements are formidable |url=http://www.businesstoday.in/special/most-powerful-women-in-business-2011-shikha-sharma/story/18322.html |access-date=2016-02-09 |website=www.businesstoday.in |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225202328/https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/special/most-powerful-women-in-business-2011-shikha-sharma/story/18322.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2022-04-01 |title=Piramal Enterprises appoints ex-Axis Bank MD Shikha Sharma as independent director |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/corporate/story/piramal-enterprises-appoints-ex-axis-bank-md-shikha-sharma-as-independent-director-328278-2022-04-01 |access-date=2024-01-16 |website=Business Today |language=en |archive-date=16 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116220758/https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/corporate/story/piramal-enterprises-appoints-ex-axis-bank-md-shikha-sharma-as-independent-director-328278-2022-04-01 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Sharma and [[Chanda Kochhar]] were contenders to succeed [[K. V. Kamath]] as the CEO and managing director of ICICI Bank in 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chanda Kochhar, First Woman CEO of ICICI Bank, India's Largest Pvt Bank: Challenges of Succession |url=https://www.thecasecentre.org/products/view?id=92262 |access-date=2024-01-16 |website=The Case Centre |language=en |archive-date=16 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116211626/https://www.thecasecentre.org/products/view?id=92262 |url-status=live }}</ref> One month after Kochhar's appointment as CEO, Sharma quit ICICI Bank to lead Axis Bank after being headhunted by [[Egon Zehnder]].<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Anand |first=Nupur |date=2018-10-05 |title=India's top bankers would want 2018 to end. Now |url=https://qz.com/india/1414468/icici-banks-chanda-kochhar-axiss-shikha-sharma-quit-in-2018 |access-date=2024-01-16 |website=Quartz |language=en |archive-date=16 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116211625/https://qz.com/india/1414468/icici-banks-chanda-kochhar-axiss-shikha-sharma-quit-in-2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> In a 2014 interview with [[Tamal Bandyopadhyay]], she described her relationship with Kochhar as "We were not friends but had healthy respect for each other."

=== Axis Bank ===
Sharma's appointment as managing director and CEO for a five-year term was confirmed by shareholders on 1 June 2009 with immediate effect. She succeeded P. J. Nayak as its chairman and CEO.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-06-01 |title=Axis Bank appoints Shikha Sharma as MD, splits post of CMD |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/axis-bank-appoints-shikha-sharma-as-md-splits-post-of-cmd/story-OafuKm7mjDsp6mXPakm00O.html |access-date=2024-01-16 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=16 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116223253/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/axis-bank-appoints-shikha-sharma-as-md-splits-post-of-cmd/story-OafuKm7mjDsp6mXPakm00O.html |url-status=live }}</ref> She strengthened Axis Bank's [[retail banking]] division, allowing it to be relatively insulated from the [[Great Recession in Asia#India|economic downturn]], and moving away from being predominantly being a corporate lender.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> In June 2009, she stated the "Vision 2015" strategy for the bank, focusing growing retail banking to "balance the corporate business."<ref name=":4" /> The share retail loans to 46% of the bank's total books during her tenure, from 21% in June 2009.<ref name=":0" />

In November 2010, Axis Bank announced the acquisition investment bank Enam Security in an all-stock deal valued {{INRConvert|2067|c|year=2010}}.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 January 2013 |title=Axis buys Enam Sec in Rs 2,067-cr deal |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/finance/axis-buys-enam-sec-in-rs-2-067-cr-deal-110111800007_1.html |access-date=16 January 2024 |work=Business Standard |archive-date=16 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116211626/https://www.business-standard.com/article/finance/axis-buys-enam-sec-in-rs-2-067-cr-deal-110111800007_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-09-17 |title=Axis Bank board approves Enam Securities acquisition; stock deal worth Rs 1,546 crore |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/banking/axis-bank-board-approves-enam-securities-acquisition-stock-deal-worth-rs-1546-crore/articleshow/10013641.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-01-16 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=16 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116211626/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/banking/axis-bank-board-approves-enam-securities-acquisition-stock-deal-worth-rs-1546-crore/articleshow/10013641.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> The bank's stock lost 5% the following date as analysts evaluated the deal to be overpriced.<ref name=":4" /> In April 2012, Axis Bank announced the closure of the deal after cutting the value to one-third to "reflect market conditions."<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Rebello |first=Joel |date=2012-04-28 |title=Axis Bank cuts Enam deal value by one-third |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/9tmfB0PAF1HFlVreEORWAM/Axis-Bank-cuts-Enam-deal-value-by-onethird.html |access-date=2024-01-16 |website=mint |language=en |archive-date=16 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116211628/https://www.livemint.com/Companies/9tmfB0PAF1HFlVreEORWAM/Axis-Bank-cuts-Enam-deal-value-by-onethird.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The bank also announced that it had reached an agreement with Schroder Singapore Holdings, a subsidiary of [[Schroders]] to sell a 25 per cent stake in its [[mutual fund]] subsidiary Axis Asset Management Co. Ltd. (Axis AMC).<ref name=":2" /> In 2011, Axis Bank UK was incorporated as a subsidiary of the bank.<ref name=":7" />

She received a salary hike of 10 per cent in June 2013, with a basic pay of {{INRConvert|1.96|c|lk=off|year=2013}}. Axis Bank stock had gained over 90% since her appointment in June 2009.<ref>{{cite news |date=16 May 2013 |title=Shikha Sharma gets a salary hike |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/shikha-sharma-gets-a-salary-hike-113051600522_1.html |accessdate=27 January 2014 |newspaper=Business Standard |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225202338/https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/shikha-sharma-gets-a-salary-hike-113051600522_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The bank's compounded annual net profit growth rate was above 20 per cent in the three years ending 2014–15. The bank's net non-performing asset ratio was 1.34 per cent in March 2015, much lower than the 4.4 per cent for the banking sector as a whole. Net profit in 2015-16 rose 18.3 per cent to {{INRConvert|7,358|c|lk=off|year=2016}}, operating profit was up 24 per cent to {{INRConvert|3,582|c|lk=off|year=2016}}, while net interest income grew 19 per cent to {{INRConvert|14,224|c|lk=off|year=2016}}. Advances grew 22 per cent and deposits were up 15 per cent during the year, both higher than the industry. The share of low-cost current account savings account (CASA) deposits remained stable at 45 per cent, a high ratio.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 January 2016 |title=A new template for success |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/finance/a-new-template-for-success-116010601294_1.html |access-date=2016-02-09 |newspaper=Business Standard India |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225202358/https://www.business-standard.com/article/finance/a-new-template-for-success-116010601294_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In February 2016, Axis Bank continued its international expansion and opened a representative office in [[Dhaka]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-11-22 |title=Axis Bank enters Bangladesh, opens representative office in Dhaka |url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/axis-bank-opens-representative-office-in-dhaka/article7905464.ece |access-date=2016-02-09 |newspaper=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225202329/https://www.thehindu.com/business/axis-bank-opens-representative-office-in-dhaka/article7905464.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

Axis Bank was ranked among the best companies to work for in a 2013 survey by [[Business Today (business magazine)|''Business Today'']].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-07-20 |title=Why Axis Bank is among the best companies to work for |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/best-companies-to-work-for-axis-bank-132288-2013-07-20 |access-date=2024-01-16 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Harvard Business Review]]'' published a case study on the bank titled 'Managing Change at Axis Bank' on 28 March 2014.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Case Study |first=HBR |date=March 28, 2014 |title=Managing Change at Axis Bank |url=https://hbr.org/product/managing-change-at-axis-bank-a/114082-PDF-ENG |journal=Harvard Business Review |archive-date=16 February 2016 |access-date=9 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216050834/https://hbr.org/product/managing-change-at-axis-bank-a/114082-PDF-ENG |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2014, Axis Bank was awarded the "Bank of the Year in India" by ''[[The Banker]]''.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=28 November 2014 |title=Bank of the Year Awards 2014 – Asia-Pacific |url=https://www.thebanker.com/Awards/Bank-of-the-Year-Awards/Bank-of-the-Year-Awards-2014-Asia-Pacific |access-date=2024-01-16 |website=www.thebanker.com |language=en-GB |archive-date=16 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116215418/https://www.thebanker.com/Awards/Bank-of-the-Year-Awards/Bank-of-the-Year-Awards-2014-Asia-Pacific |url-status=live }}</ref> The citation noted that the bank had a "20% growth in profit after tax during the 2014 financial year while hitting $1bn profit after tax for the first time in its history" despite a liquidity crunch in India.<ref name=":5" /> In 2015, the bank was awarded a "Certificate of Recognition for excellence in [[Corporate governance|Corporate Governance]]" from the [[Institute of Company Secretaries of India]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Axis Bank receives Certificate of Recognition for excellence in Corporate Governance by the Institute of Company Secretaries of India (ICSI) |url=https://www.icsi.edu/Docs/Website/PRESS%20RELEASE%20FOR%20CORPORATE%20GOVERNANCE%20AWARD.pdf |archive-date=15 February 2017 |access-date=9 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215072841/https://www.icsi.edu/Docs/Website/PRESS%20RELEASE%20FOR%20CORPORATE%20GOVERNANCE%20AWARD.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> It was also ranked the "Most Trusted Private Sector Bank" for the second year in a row in a 2015 survey conducted by ''[[The Economic Times]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Most trusted brands ranked by category |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-10-22/news/55318977_1_private-sector-banks-trusted-brands-psu-banks |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706002446/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-10-22/news/55318977_1_private-sector-banks-trusted-brands-psu-banks |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 July 2015 |access-date=2016-02-09 |website=timesofindia-economictimes}}</ref>

Gross [[Non-performing loan|NPAs]] steadily grew under her tenure, from 0.96% in March 2009 to 5.28% in March 2017 to 6.77% in March 2018.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Anand |first=Nupur |date=2018-04-10 |title=What went wrong at Axis Bank under Shikha Sharma's watch |url=https://qz.com/india/1248494/axis-bank-what-went-wrong-under-shikha-sharmas-watch |access-date=2024-01-16 |website=Quartz |language=en |archive-date=16 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116211625/https://qz.com/india/1248494/axis-bank-what-went-wrong-under-shikha-sharmas-watch |url-status=live }}</ref> Axis Bank was twice pulled up by the [[Reserve Bank of India]], in 2016 and 2017, for under-reporting bad loans. In 2016, there was a reported difference of {{INRConvert|9,480|c|lk=off|year=2016}} between Axis Bank and the RBI's assessments. In 2017, the reported divergence stood at {{INRConvert|5,633|c|lk=off|year=2017}}.<ref name=":3" /> In April 2016, Axis Bank reported its first loss in 46 quarters.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Iyer |first=Aparna |date=2016-04-26 |title=Q4 results: Axis Bank profit falls for the first time in 46 quarters as provisions jump |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/LlwW49im93N1GmvPrUm64H/Q4-results-Axis-Bank-profit-falls-for-the-first-time-in-46.html |access-date=2024-01-16 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> Earnings remained below analyst expectations through to December 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rebello |first=Joel |date=2018-01-23 |title=Net NPAs down, Axis says worst over on fresh stress |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/earnings/axis-bank-reports-25-growth-in-net-profit-yoy-in-q3/articleshow/62603476.cms |access-date=2024-01-16 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=16 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116211625/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/earnings/axis-bank-reports-25-growth-in-net-profit-yoy-in-q3/articleshow/62603476.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Axis Bank stock lost over 7% in value from 2014 to 2017.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Stock Share Price {{!}} Get Quote {{!}} BSE |url=https://www.bseindia.com/stock-share-price/axis-bank-ltd/axisbank/532215/ |access-date=2024-01-16 |website=www.bseindia.com |archive-date=16 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116211625/https://www.bseindia.com/stock-share-price/axis-bank-ltd/axisbank/532215/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2014, Sharma had refuted the allegations that the bank had been "hiding" its bad loans, saying that the [[Institute of Chartered Accountants of India]] had awarded the bank for its excellent financial reporting the previous three years but conceded that the bank's high exposure to infrastructure projects had given analysts a "legitimate worry."<ref name=":4" />

In November 2016, in the aftermath of the [[2016 Indian banknote demonetisation]], 19 Axis Bank employees were suspended by violating banks norms and alleged money laundering after a series of [[Income Tax Department]] raids at several branches.<ref name=":3" /> The RBI stepped in quell rumours that the bank would lose its banking license.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karnik |first=Madhura |date=2016-12-16 |title=From reputation to market value, this Indian bank has lost a lot post-demonetisation |url=https://qz.com/india/863948/axis-bank-from-reputation-to-market-value-this-indian-bank-has-lost-a-lot-post-demonetisation |access-date=2024-01-16 |website=Quartz |language=en |archive-date=16 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116211626/https://qz.com/india/863948/axis-bank-from-reputation-to-market-value-this-indian-bank-has-lost-a-lot-post-demonetisation |url-status=live }}</ref> Sharma announced in December that the bank had hired [[KPMG]] to conduct a forensic audit and vowed to "enhance due diligence and build more safeguards."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-12-18 |title=Axis Bank MD Shikha Sharma 'embarrassed and upset' over conduct of few employees |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/business/india-axis-bank-md-shikha-sharma-embarrassed-and-upset-over-conduct-of-few-employees-361441 |access-date=2024-01-16 |website=www.indiatvnews.com |language=en}}</ref>

In July 2017, Axis Bank squashed rumours that Sharma would be joining the [[Tata Group]] and announced a three-year extension to her term as CEO.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-07-27 |title=Axis scotches rumours on CEO Shikha Sharma, reappoints her for 3 more yrs |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/business/companies/270717/axis-scotches-rumours-on-shikha-reappoints-her-for-3-more-yrs.html |access-date=2024-01-16 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en |archive-date=16 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116224554/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/business/companies/270717/axis-scotches-rumours-on-shikha-reappoints-her-for-3-more-yrs.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-07-25 |title=Axis Bank rubbishes report of leadership change, says Shikha Sharma not joining Tata Group |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/axis-bank-rubbishes-report-of-leadership-change-says-shikha-sharma-not-joining-tata-group/articleshow/59754943.cms |access-date=2024-01-16 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=16 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116230059/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/axis-bank-rubbishes-report-of-leadership-change-says-shikha-sharma-not-joining-tata-group/articleshow/59754943.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=27 July 2017 |title=India's Axis Bank approves re-appointment of Shikha Sharma as CEO |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/brief-indias-axis-bank-approves-re-appoi-idUSFWN1KI0S9/ |access-date=16 January 2024 |work=Reuters |archive-date=17 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517161556/https://www.reuters.com/article/brief-indias-axis-bank-approves-re-appoi-idUSFWN1KI0S9 |url-status=live }}</ref> In December 2017, the [[Securities and Exchange Board of India]] ordered the bank to investigate allegations of insider trading against its officers after reports that earnings statements were being shared on [[WhatsApp]] before they had been reported to exchanges.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Choudhary |first=Shrimi |date=28 December 2017 |title=WhatsApp leak case: Sebi orders Axis Bank to conduct internal probe |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/finance/whatsapp-leak-case-sebi-orders-axis-bank-to-conduct-internal-probe-117122701032_1.html |access-date=16 January 2024 |work=Business Standard |archive-date=16 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116211625/https://www.business-standard.com/article/finance/whatsapp-leak-case-sebi-orders-axis-bank-to-conduct-internal-probe-117122701032_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Axis Bank notified the [[National Stock Exchange of India]] on 9 April 2018 that Sharma would retire as the managing director and CEO on 31 December 2018.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-04-09 |title=After RBI raises doubts, Shikha Sharma to quit Axis Bank in December |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/after-rbi-raises-doubts-shikha-sharma-to-quit-axis-bank-in-dec/article23484341.ece |access-date=2024-01-16 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref> The announcement came despite the bank's board approving a three-year extension of her term, due to start on 1 June 2018, amid reports that the RBI was unhappy with the bank's performance and was reviewing the decision to approve the extension.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Shukla |first=Saloni |last2=Kalesh |first2=Baiju |date=2018-04-02 |title=Reconsider Shikha Sharma's 4th term: RBI to Axis Board |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/banking/reconsider-shikha-sharmas-4th-term-rbi-to-axis-board/articleshow/63573435.cms |access-date=2024-01-16 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=16 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116211625/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/banking/reconsider-shikha-sharmas-4th-term-rbi-to-axis-board/articleshow/63573435.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The bank's shares rose by 3.44% in the [[Bombay Stock Exchange]] after the announcement of her retirement.<ref name=":0" /> She was succeeded by [[Amitabh Chaudhry]] on 1 January 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 January 2020 |title=Shikha Sharma retires as Axis Bank MD & CEO, Amitabh Chaudhry to succeed |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/finance/axis-bank-md-ceo-shikha-sharma-retires-118123100873_1.html |access-date=16 January 2024 |work=Business Standard |archive-date=22 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622134300/https://www.business-standard.com/article/finance/axis-bank-md-ceo-shikha-sharma-retires-118123100873_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Axis Bank MD & CEO Shikha Sharma retires |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/banking/axis-bank-md-ceo-shikha-sharma-retires/articleshow/67327645.cms |newspaper=The Economic Times |archive-date=3 January 2019 |access-date=3 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103161248/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/banking/axis-bank-md-ceo-shikha-sharma-retires/articleshow/67327645.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Other appointments ===
[[Piramal Group|Piramal Enterprises]] announced on 1 April 2022 that it had appointed Shikha Sharma as a 'Non-Executive-Non-Independent Director' with effect from 31 March subject to approval by shareholders. Sharma also serves on the boards of [[Tata Consumer Products]], [[Ambuja Cements]], [[Mahindra & Mahindra]] and [[Dr. Reddy's Laboratories]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ms. Shikha Sharma {{!}} Mahindra |url=https://www.mahindra.com/shikha-sharma |access-date=2024-01-16 |website=www.mahindra.com |language=en |archive-date=16 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116222808/https://www.mahindra.com/shikha-sharma |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-01-31 |title=Shikha Sharma made independent director of Dr. Reddy's |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/shikha-sharma-made-independent-director-of-drreddys/article26142301.ece |access-date=2024-01-16 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=16 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116224554/https://www.thehindu.com/business/shikha-sharma-made-independent-director-of-drreddys/article26142301.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> She also serves as an advisor to [[Google Pay (payment method)|Google Pay]], NextBillion Technology, Bahaar Foundation and is a member of the board of governors of [[Indian Institute of Management Lucknow]].<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Google Pay has brought former Axis Bank CEO Shikha Sharma as an advisor on board |url=https://www.businessinsider.in/business/news/google-pay-has-brought-former-axis-bank-ceo-shikha-sharma-as-an-advisor-on-board/articleshow/75471250.cms |access-date=2024-01-16 |website=Business Insider |archive-date=16 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116224557/https://www.businessinsider.in/business/news/google-pay-has-brought-former-axis-bank-ceo-shikha-sharma-as-an-advisor-on-board/articleshow/75471250.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Network |first=BFSI |date=2020-05-01 |title=Former Axis Bank chief Shikha Sharma named advisor to Google Pay India |url=https://bfsi.eletsonline.com/former-axis-bank-chief-shikha-sharma-named-advisor-to-google-pay-india/ |access-date=2024-01-16 |website=Elets BFSI |language=en-GB}}</ref>

==Personal life==

Shikha met and married her husband Sanjaya Sharma while they were students at IIM Ahmedabad in 1978.<ref name=":4" /> Sanjaya is the former CEO of [[Tata Interactive Systems]]. The couple have two children, Tilak and Tvisha.<ref>{{cite news|title=Head to head!|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-head-to-head-1269059|accessdate=27 January 2014|newspaper=DNA|date=27 June 2007|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225202353/https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-head-to-head-1269059|url-status=live}}</ref> Sharma has two younger brothers who are cardiologists.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}}

In February 2023, the couple sold their 4390 sq. ft apartment in [[The Imperial (Mumbai)|The Imperial]] to 2015 Grover Family Trust for {{INRConvert|32.25|c|lk=off|year=2023}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-08 |title=Former Axis Bank MD and CEO Shikha Sharma sells property in Mumbai for Rs 32.25 crore |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/real-estate/former-axis-bank-md-and-ceo-shikha-sharma-sells-property-in-mumbai-for-rs-32-25-crore-10034301.html |access-date=2024-01-16 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en |archive-date=16 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116220758/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/real-estate/former-axis-bank-md-and-ceo-shikha-sharma-sells-property-in-mumbai-for-rs-32-25-crore-10034301.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Awards and recognition==
* "Best Domestic Bank in India" (2010) by Asset Triple A Country Awards<ref name=":7" />
* 'Banker of the Year' for 2014–15 by ''[[Business Standard]]''<ref>{{Cite news|title = BS Banker of the Year is Shikha Sharma|newspaper = Business Standard India|date = 7 January 2016|url = http://www.business-standard.com/article/finance/bs-banker-of-the-year-is-shikha-sharma-116010700053_1.html|access-date = 2016-02-09|archive-date = 25 December 2018|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181225202345/https://www.business-standard.com/article/finance/bs-banker-of-the-year-is-shikha-sharma-116010700053_1.html|url-status = live}}</ref>
* AIMA - [[J. R. D. Tata]] Corporate Leadership Award for the Year 2014<ref>{{Cite web|title = AIMA - JRD TATA Corporate Leadership Award 2014|url = https://www.aima.in/conferences-events/awards/aima-jrd-tata-corporate-leadership-award.html|website = www.aima.in|access-date = 2016-02-09|archive-date = 25 December 2018|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181225202341/https://www.aima.in/conferences-events/awards/aima-jrd-tata-corporate-leadership-award.html|url-status = dead}}</ref>
* 'India's Best Woman CEO' by Business Today – 2013<ref>{{Cite web|title = Business Today listing of India's Best CEOs in 2013|url = http://www.businesstoday.in/cover-story/best-ceos-of-india-inc-2013-business-today-survey/story/201299.html|website = www.businesstoday.in|date = 17 December 2013|access-date = 2016-02-09|archive-date = 25 December 2018|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181225202352/https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/cover-story/best-ceos-of-india-inc-2013-business-today-survey/story/201299.html|url-status = live}}</ref>
* 'Transformational Business Leader of the Year' at AIMA's Managing India Awards – 2012<ref>{{cite news|title=AIMA acknowledges the excellence of India|url=http://www.aima.in/media-centre/press-releases/aima_acknowledges_the_excellence_of_india.html|accessdate=27 January 2014|newspaper=All India Management Association|date=18 April 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202195740/http://www.aima.in/media-centre/press-releases/aima_acknowledges_the_excellence_of_india.html|archive-date=2 February 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* Woman Leader of the year' at Bloomberg - UTV Financial Leadership Awards – 2012<ref>{{cite news|title=BloombergUTV honours India's financial leaders and visionaries|url=http://www.afaqs.com/news/company_briefs/index.html?id=53715_BloombergUTV-honours-Indias-financial-leaders-and-visionaries|accessdate=27 January 2014|newspaper=afaqs.com|date=10 April 2012|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225202355/https://www.afaqs.com/news/company_briefs/index.html?id=53715_BloombergUTV-honours-Indias-financial-leaders-and-visionaries|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''[[Businessworld]]'' Banker of the Year Award – 2012<ref>{{cite news|title=MAGNA AWARDS 2012|url=http://www.businessworld.in/news/more/bw-events/people-to-bank-on/718040/page-1.html|accessdate=27 January 2014|newspaper=Business World|date=8 January 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140204023929/http://www.businessworld.in/news/more/bw-events/people-to-bank-on/718040/page-1.html|archive-date=4 February 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* Forbes List of Asia's 50 Power Business Women – 2012<ref>{{cite news|title=Asia's Women In The Mix, 2013: The Year's Top 50 for Achievement In Business|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbesasia/2013/02/27/asias-women-in-the-mix-2013-the-years-top-50-for-achievement-in-business/|accessdate=27 January 2014|newspaper=Forbes|date=27 February 2013|archive-date=17 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140117222127/http://www.forbes.com/sites/forbesasia/2013/02/27/asias-women-in-the-mix-2013-the-years-top-50-for-achievement-in-business/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Indian Express Most Powerful Indians – 2012<ref>{{cite news|title=Most Powerful Women|url=http://btmostpowerfulwomen.com/2013/shikha-sharma.html|accessdate=27 January 2014|newspaper=Business Today|date=August 2013|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225202336/http://btmostpowerfulwomen.com/2013/shikha-sharma.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* India Today Power List of 25 Most Influential Women – 2012<ref>{{cite news|title=25 power women and their inspiring stories|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20120319-25-most-influential-women-vidya-balan-kareena-kapoor-757654-2012-03-08|access-date=27 January 2014|newspaper=India Today|date=9 May 2012|archive-date=17 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120917084351/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/25-most-influential-women-vidya-balan-kareena-kapoor/1/177016.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Finance Asia's Top 20 Women in Finance – 2011<ref name="auto">{{cite news|title=Shikha Sharma|url=http://www.nasscom.in/sites/default/files/Speakers/Shikha%20Sharma%20-%20Final_0.pdf|accessdate=27 January 2014|newspaper=NASSCOM|year=2012|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225202321/https://www.nasscom.in/sites/default/files/Speakers/Shikha%20Sharma%20-%20Final_0.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Business Today 'Hall of Fame' – 2011<ref name="auto"/>
* Fortune Global and India list of 50 Most Powerful Women in Business – 2011<ref name="auto"/>
* Businesswoman of the Year at the Economic Times Awards – 2008<ref name="auto"/>
* Entrepreneur of the Year – Manager at the E&Y Entrepreneur Awards – 2007<ref name="auto"/>
* Outstanding Businesswoman of the Year, CNBC TV 18's Business Leader Awards<ref name="auto"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.axisbank.com/media-center/executive-team.aspx Axis Bank board of directors]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Shikha}}
[[Category:Indian women bankers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women chief executives]]
[[Category:Indian chief executives]]
[[Category:Lady Shri Ram College alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad alumni]]
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Delhi]]
[[Category:Businesswomen from Delhi]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesswomen]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesswomen]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Axis Bank]]

Global Innovation Index

2026-02-07T07:29:57Z

Hildred82A: small refined citations also and added references

{{Short description|Index for innovation}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2016}} {{Use British English|date=March 2016}} {{Use list-defined references|date=March 2016}}
{{Infobox journal
| title = Global Innovation Index
| italic title = no
| cover = Global innovation index 2025 en cover.png
| caption = Report cover of the Global Innovation Index Report 2025
| former_name =
| abbreviation = Glob. Innov. Index
| discipline =
| peer-reviewed =
| language = English, French, Italian, Spanish, Arabic, Chinese, Russian, German, Korean, Portuguese, Japanese
| editor =
| publisher = [[World Intellectual Property Organization]]
| country =
| history = 2007–present
| frequency = Annual
| openaccess =
| license = CC BY 4.0
| impact =
| impact-year =
| ISSNlabel =
| ISSN = 2263-3693
| eISSN =
| CODEN =
| JSTOR =
| LCCN =
| OCLC =
| website =
| link1 = https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/
| link1-name = wipo.int/global_innovation_index
| link2 = https://www.globalinnovationindex.org/Home
| link2-name = globalinnovationindex.org
| boxwidth =
}}
[[File:Global Innovation Index framework.jpg|thumb|Framework showing the elements of the index]]
The '''Global Innovation Index''' is an annual ranking of countries by their capacity for and success in [[innovation]], published by the [[World Intellectual Property Organization]] (WIPO). It was started in 2007 by [[INSEAD]] and ''World Business'',{{r|jean|page=203}} a British magazine. Until 2021, it was published by WIPO in partnership with [[Cornell University]], [[INSEAD]], and other organisations and institutions.{{r|matt|page=333|dbis}} It is based on both subjective and objective data derived from several sources, including the [[International Telecommunication Union]], the [[World Bank]], and the [[World Economic Forum]].{{r|jean|page=203}}

== History ==
The Global Innovation Index was started in 2007 by [[INSEAD]] and ''World Business'',{{r|jean|page=203}} a British magazine. It was created by [[Soumitra Dutta]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Academic Network – Portulans Institute |url=https://portulansinstitute.org/academic-network/ |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=portulansinstitute.org}}</ref>

== Methodology ==
The Global Innovation Index is computed by taking a simple average of the scores in two sub-indices (the Innovation Input Index and Innovation Output Index), which are composed of respectively five and two pillars. Each of those pillars describes an attribute of innovation and have to five indicators, and their score is calculated by the [[weighted average]] method.{{r|index2015}}

Since its inception in 2007, the index has had its results analyzed by an increasing number of governments annually, which design policy responses to improve their performance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Republic Act No. 11293 : The Philippine Innovation Act declares the GII as a measure of innovation |url=https://lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2019/ra_11293_2019.html |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=lawphil.net}}</ref><ref>In July 2021, the Intellectual Property Strategy Headquarters, under the Japanese Prime Minister's Office, decided on the Intellectual Property Promotion Plan 2021, which set forth a plan of annual action related to intellectual property for all ministries and agencies. In the first part of the plan, WIPO's GII is cited (p. 5): https://www.kantei.go.jp/jp/singi/titeki2/kettei/chizaikeikaku20210713.pdf </ref><ref>The GII is also cited throughout the official Malaysian Government report, the Twelfth Malaysia Plan (RMK12): https://rmke12.epu.gov.my/en {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604065125/https://rmke12.epu.gov.my/en |date=4 June 2023 }}.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Resolution No. 01/NQ-CP on solutions for implementation of socio economic development plan in 2021 |url=https://english.luatvietnam.vn/resolution-no-01-nq-cp-dated-january-01-2021-of-the-government-on-major-tasks-and-solutions-guiding-the-realization-of-the-socio-economic-developmen-196535-doc1.html |access-date=2022-11-09 |website=LuatVietnam |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=17 September 2015|title=UK ranked as world-leader in innovation|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-ranked-as-world-leader-in-innovation|access-date=15 July 2016|publisher=Department for Business, Innovation & Skills}}</ref> The index is mentioned in a resolution on science, technology and innovation for [[sustainable development]] adopted on 19 December 2019 by the [[General Assembly of the United Nations]].{{r|un}}

== Criticism ==
Several scholars have criticized the index for giving excessive significance attributed to factors that are not integral to innovation. For instance, "Ease of Paying Taxes", "Electricity Output" (half-weightage), and "Ease of Protecting Minority Investors" are factors alongside "Ease of Getting Credit" and "Venture Capital Deals."<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Dašić|first1=Predrag|last2=Dašić|first2=Jovan|last3=Antanasković|first3=Dejan|last4=Pavićević|first4=Nina|chapter=Statistical Analysis and Modeling of Global Innovation Index (GII) of Serbia |date=2020|editor-last=Karabegović|editor-first=Isak|title=New Technologies, Development and Application III|chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-46817-0_59|series=Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems|volume=128|language=en|location=Cham|publisher=Springer International Publishing|pages=515–521|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-46817-0_59|isbn=978-3-030-46817-0|s2cid=218917874|chapter-url-access=subscription}}</ref> A 2024 study by Sarcina, Paolantonio, Valentini, and Iannone argued that the analysis of the GII pillars is "too aggregated to provide the necessary visibility of the determinants of innovation performance." The research found that indicators within a single pillar "contribute with different weights and have different statistical significance." The authors suggested that the model for calculating the ranking should be redefined to not only consider the "most statistically representative variables" but also to include "geographical, demographic, and socio-economic factors," noting that the importance of various innovation determinants likely differs between countries at different stages of development.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sarcina |first1=Angela |last2=Paolantonio |first2=M. R. |last3=Valentini |first3=P. P. |last4=Iannone |first4=R. V. |title=Innovation's Performance: A Transnational Analysis Based on the Global Innovation Index |journal=Procedia Computer Science |volume=235 |pages=451–460 |year=2024 |doi=10.1016/j.procs.2024.01.043 |issn=1877-0509 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/378274835|doi-access=free }}</ref>

== Themes ==
Every two years, the index covers a theme related to innovation that goes beyond the innovation rankings. In 2020, the theme was "Who will finance innovation?" and shed light on the state of innovation financing by investigating the evolution of existing mechanisms and by pointing to progress and remaining challenges. Previous themes covered topics such as health innovation, environmental innovation, and agricultural and food innovation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wipo.int/publications/en/series/index.jsp?id=129 |title=Publications: Global Innovation Index |publisher=Wipo.int |date= |accessdate=2022-05-08}}</ref>

== 2025 ranking ==
[[File:Global innovation index-2025 Top Climbers.svg|thumb|Economies climbing the ladder in global innovation. Top climbers since 2013 and 2019. Year-on-year comparisons of GII rankings must take into account changes to the GII model that have occurred over time, as well as data availability.]]
In 2025, for an economy to feature in the GII 2025, the minimum data coverage requirement is at least 35 indicators in the Innovation Input Sub-Index and 15 indicators in the Innovation Output Sub-Index, with scores for at least two sub-pillars per pillar. In the GII 2025, 139 economies had sufficient data available to be included in the Index. They represent 93.6 percent of the world's population.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025 |title=The Global Innovation Index. Appendix I – Conceptual and measurement framework of the Global Innovation Index |url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2025/en/appendix-i-conceptual-and-measurement-framework-of-the-global-innovation-index.html |website=wipo.int}}{{Creative Commons text attribution notice|cc=by4|from this source=yes}}</ref> This year's conceptual framework includes 78 different indicators.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025 |title=Global Innovation Index 2025. Appendix III - Sources and definitions |url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2025/en/appendix-iii-sources-and-definitions.html |website=wipo.int}}</ref>

The Global Innovation Index 2025 scores 139 countries and regions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025 |title=Global Innovation Index 2025 - GII 2025 results |url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2025/en/gii-2025-results.html |website=wipo.int}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! Rank !! Country and region !! Score !! Income group
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 1 || {{left}}{{CHE}} || 66.0 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 2 || {{left}}{{SWE}} || 62.6 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 3 || {{left}}{{USA}} || 61.7 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 4 || {{left}}{{KOR}} || 60.0 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 5 || {{left}}{{SGP}} || 59.9 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 6 || {{left}}{{GBR}} || 59.1 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 7 || {{left}}{{FIN}} || 57.7 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 8 || {{left}}{{NLD}} || 57.0 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 9 || {{left}}{{DNK}} || 56.9 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 10 || {{left}}{{CHN}} || 56.6 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Upper middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 11 || {{left}}{{DEU}} || 55.5 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 12 || {{left}}{{JPN}} || 53.6 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 13 || {{left}}{{FRA}} || 53.4 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 14 || {{left}}{{ISR}} || 52.3 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 15 || {{left}}{{HKG}} || 51.5 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 16 || {{left}}{{EST}} || 51.1 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 17 || {{left}}{{CAN}} || 51.1 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 18 || {{left}}{{IRL}} || 50.4 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 19 || {{left}}{{AUT}} || 50.1 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 20 || {{left}}{{NOR}} || 49.2 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 21 || {{left}}{{BEL}} || 48.5 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 22 || {{left}}{{AUS}} || 48.0 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 23 || {{left}}{{LUX}} || 47.3 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 24 || {{left}}{{ISL}} || 47.0 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 25 || {{left}}{{NZL}} || 45.5 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 26 || {{left}}{{CYP}} || 45.5 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 27 || {{left}}{{MLT}} || 45.4 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 28 || {{left}}{{ITA}} || 44.9 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 29 || {{left}}{{ESP}} || 44.6 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 30 || {{left}}{{ARE}} || 44.2 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 31 || {{left}}{{PRT}} || 43.9 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 32 || {{left}}{{CZE}} || 42.0 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 33 || {{left}}{{LTU}} || 40.8 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 34 || {{left}}{{MYS}} || 40.6 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Upper middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 35 || {{left}}{{SVN}} || 40.1 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 36 || {{left}}{{HUN}} || 40.0 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 37 || {{left}}{{BGR}} || 39.1 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 38 || {{left}}{{IND}} || 38.2 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Lower middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 39 || {{left}}{{POL}} || 37.7 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 40 || {{left}}{{HRV}} || 37.7 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 41 || {{left}}{{LVA}} || 37.5 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 42 || {{left}}{{GRC}} || 37.4 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 43 || {{left}}{{TUR}} || 37.2 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 44 || {{left}}{{VNM}} || 37.1 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Upper middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 45 || {{left}}{{THA}} || 36.7 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Upper middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 46 || {{left}}{{SAU}} || 36.0 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 47 || {{left}}{{SVK}} || 35.5 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 48 || {{left}}{{QAT}} || 34.6 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 49 || {{left}}{{ROU}} || 34.3 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 50 || {{left}}{{PHL}} || 33.6 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Lower middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 51 || {{left}}{{CHL}} || 33.1 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 52 || {{left}}{{BRA}} || 32.9 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Upper middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 53 || {{left}}{{MUS}} || 32.5 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Upper middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 54 || {{left}}{{SRB}} || 31.7 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Upper middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 55 || {{left}}{{IDN}} || 31.3 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Upper middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 56 || {{left}}{{GEO}} || 31.2 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Upper middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 57 || {{left}}{{MAR}} || 31.1 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Lower middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 58 || {{left}}{{MEX}} || 30.5 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Upper middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 59 || {{left}}{{ARM}} || 30.5 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Upper middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 60 || {{left}}{{RUS}} || 30.3 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 61 || {{left}}{{ZAF}} || 30.1 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Upper middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 62 || {{left}}{{BHR}} || 30.0 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-Lower middle-income
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 63 || {{left}}{{MKD}} || 29.8 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Upper middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 64 || {{left}}{{MNE}} || 29.8 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Upper middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 65 || {{left}}{{JOR}} || 29.7 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Lower middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 66 || {{left}}{{UKR}} || 29.7 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Lower middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 67 || {{left}}{{ALB}} || 29.6 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Upper middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 68 || {{left}}{{URY}} || 28.8 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 69 || {{left}}{{OMN}} || 28.7 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 70 || {{left}}{{IRN}} || 28.5 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Lower middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 71 || {{left}}{{COL}} || 28.5 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Upper middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 72 || {{left}}{{CRI}} || 28.4 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 73 || {{left}}{{KWT}} || 28.2 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 74 || {{left}}{{MDA}} || 27.4 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Upper middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 75 || {{left}}{{SYC}} || 27.2 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 76 || {{left}}{{TUN}} || 27.0 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Lower middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 77 || {{left}}{{ARG}} || 26.8 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Upper middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 78 || {{left}}{{MNG}} || 26.7 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Upper middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 79 || {{left}}{{UZB}} || 26.5 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Lower middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 80 || {{left}}{{PER}} || 26.5 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Upper middle-income
|-High-income
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 81 || {{left}}{{KAZ}} || 26.3 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Upper middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 82 || {{left}}{{PAN}} || 25.9 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 83 || {{left}}{{JAM}} || 25.2 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Upper middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 84 || {{left}}{{BRB}} || 25.1 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 85 || {{left}}{{BLR}} || 25.1 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Upper middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 86 || {{left}}{{EGY}} || 24.7 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Lower middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 87 || {{left}}{{BWA}} || 24.6 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Upper middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 88 || {{left}}{{BRN}} || 24.5 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 89 || {{left}}{{SEN}} || 23.8 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Lower middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 90 || {{left}}{{LBN}} || 23.6 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Lower middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 91 || {{left}}{{NAM}} || 23.5 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Lower middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 92 || {{left}}{{BIH}} || 23.4 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Upper middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 93 || {{left}}{{LKA}} || 22.9 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Lower middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 94 || {{left}}{{AZE}} || 22.9 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Upper middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 95 || {{left}}{{CPV}} || 22.6 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Lower middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 96 || {{left}}{{KGZ}} || 22.6 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Lower middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 97 || {{left}}{{DOM}} || 22.6 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Upper middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 98 || {{left}}{{SLV}} || 22.2 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Upper middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 99 || {{left}}{{PAK}} || 22.1 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Lower middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 100 || {{left}}{{KHM}} || 21.9 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Lower middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 101 || {{left}}{{GHA}} || 21.9 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Lower middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 102 || {{left}}{{PRY}} || 21.4 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Upper middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 103 || {{left}}{{KEN}} || 21.4 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Lower middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 104 || {{left}}{{RWA}} || 21.1 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Low-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 105 || {{left}}{{NGA}} || 21.1 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Lower middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 106 || {{left}}{{BGD}} || 21.0 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Lower middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 107 || {{left}}{{NPL}} || 20.2 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Lower middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 108 || {{left}}{{TJK}} || 20.2 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Lower middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 109 || {{left}}{{LAO}} || 20.1 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Lower middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 110 || {{left}}{{CIV}} || 19.7 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Lower middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 111 || {{left}}{{BOL}} || 19.6 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Lower middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 112 || {{left}}{{ZMB}} || 19.6 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Lower middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 113 || {{left}}{{ECU}} || 19.5 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Upper middle-income
|-Low-income
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 114 || {{left}}{{TTO}} || 19.3 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 115 || {{left}}{{DZA}} || 18.9 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Lower middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 116 || {{left}}{{CMR}} || 18.2 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Lower middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 117 || {{left}}{{TGO}} || 18.1 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Low-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 118 || {{left}}{{BEN}} || 17.8 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Lower middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 119 || {{left}}{{HND}} || 17.7 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Lower middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 120 || {{left}}{{MDG}} || 17.6 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Low-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 121 || {{left}}{{TZA}} || 17.5 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Low-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 122 || {{left}}{{MMR}} || 17.3 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Lower middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 123 || {{left}}{{GTM}} || 17.1 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Upper middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 124 || {{left}}{{UGA}} || 17.1 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Lower middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 125 || {{left}}{{MWI}} || 16.0 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Low-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 126 || {{left}}{{BFA}} || 15.9 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Low-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 127 || {{left}}{{BDI}} || 15.8 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Low-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 128 || {{left}}{{MOZ}} || 15.4 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Low-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 129 || {{left}}{{ZWE}} || 15.4 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Lower middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 130 || {{left}}{{NIC}} || 15.4 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Lower middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 131 || {{left}}{{MRT}} || 15.4 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Low-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 132 || {{left}}{{LSO}} || 14.9 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Low-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 133 || {{left}}{{GIN}} || 14.9 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Lower middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 134 || {{left}}{{ETH}} || 14.4 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Low-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 135 || {{left}}{{MLI}} || 14.0 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Low-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 136 || {{left}}{{VEN}} || 13.7 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Lower middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 137 || {{left}}{{COG}} || 13.6 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Lower middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 138 || {{left}}{{AGO}} || 13.0 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Lower middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 139 || {{left}}{{NER}} || 11.9 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Low-income
|}

== 2024 ranking ==
[[File:Movement in the GII top 10 between 2018 and 2022.png|thumb|Movement in the Global Innovation Index top 10 countries and territories between 2018 and 2022]]
The Global Innovation Index 2024 scores 133 countries and regions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=WIPO |title=Global Innovation Index 2024, 17th Edition |url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2024/en/ |access-date=2024-10-01 |website=www.wipo.int |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://brics-econ.arphahub.com/article/120897/ |title=Political Economy of STI in China: Analyzing Official Discourse on Science, Technology and Innovation-Driven Development in the Contemporary China |last=Akhilesh |first=Kumar |date=2024-06-12 |journal=BRICS Journal of Economics |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=131–154 |doi=10.3897/brics-econ.5.e120897 |doi-access=free |access-date=2024-06-14}}</ref> The sorting order is in descending score.

{{sticky header}}
{{mw-datatable}}

{{sort under}}
{| class="mw-datatable wikitable sortable sticky-header-multi static-row-numbers sort-under" style="text-align:right;"
|-
|+
! Rank !! Country and region !! Score !! Income group
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 1 || {{left}}{{CHE}} || 67.5 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 2 || {{left}}{{SWE}} || 64.5 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 3 || {{left}}{{USA}} || 62.4 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 4 || {{left}}{{SGP}} || 61.2 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 5 || {{left}}{{GBR}} || 61.0 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 6 || {{left}}{{KOR}} || 60.9 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 7 || {{left}}{{FIN}} || 59.4 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 8 || {{left}}{{NLD}} || 58.8 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 9 || {{left}}{{DEU}} || 58.1 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 10 || {{left}}{{DNK}} || 57.1 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 11 || {{left}}{{CHN}} || 56.3 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Upper middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 12 || {{left}}{{FRA}} || 55.4 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 13 || {{left}}{{JPN}} || 54.1 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 14 || {{left}}{{CAN}} || 52.9 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 15 || {{left}}{{ISR}} || 52.7 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 16 || {{left}}{{EST}} || 52.3 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 17 || {{left}}{{AUT}} || 50.3 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 18 || {{left}}{{HKG}} || 50.1 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 19 || {{left}}{{IRL}} || 50.0 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 20 || {{left}}{{LUX}} || 49.1 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 21 || {{left}}{{NOR}} || 49.1 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 22 || {{left}}{{ISL}} || 48.5 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 23 || {{left}}{{AUS}} || 48.1 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 24 || {{left}}{{BEL}} || 47.7 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 25 || {{left}}{{NZL}} || 45.9 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 26 || {{left}}{{ITA}} || 45.3 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 27 || {{left}}{{CYP}} || 45.1 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 28 || {{left}}{{ESP}} || 44.9 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 29 || {{left}}{{MLT}} || 44.8 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 30 || {{left}}{{CZE}} || 44.0 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 31 || {{left}}{{PRT}} || 43.7 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 32 || {{left}}{{ARE}} || 42.8 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 33 || {{left}}{{MYS}} || 40.5 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Upper middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 34 || {{left}}{{SVN}} || 40.2 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 35 || {{left}}{{LTU}} || 40.1 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 36 || {{left}}{{HUN}} || 39.6 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 37 || {{left}}{{TUR}} || 39.0 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Upper middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 38 || {{left}}{{BGR}} || 38.5 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 39 || {{left}}{{IND}} || 38.3 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Lower middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 40 || {{left}}{{POL}} || 37.0 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 41 || {{left}}{{THA}} || 36.9 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Upper middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 42 || {{left}}{{LVA}} || 36.4 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 43 || {{left}}{{HRV}} || 36.3 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 44 || {{left}}{{VNM}} || 36.2 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Lower middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 45 || {{left}}{{GRC}} || 36.2 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 46 || {{left}}{{SVK}} || 34.3 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 47 || {{left}}{{SAU}} || 33.9 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 48 || {{left}}{{ROU}} || 33.4 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 49 || {{left}}{{QAT}} || 32.9 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 50 || {{left}}{{BRA}} || 32.7 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Upper middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 51 || {{left}}{{CHL}} || 32.6 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 52 || {{left}}{{SRB}} || 32.3 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Upper middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 53 || {{left}}{{PHL}} || 31.1 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Lower middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 54 || {{left}}{{IDN}} || 30.6 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Upper middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 55 || {{left}}{{MUS}} || 30.6 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Upper middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 56 || {{left}}{{MEX}} || 30.4 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Upper middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 57 || {{left}}{{GEO}} || 30.4 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Upper middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 58 || {{left}}{{MKD}} || 29.9 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Upper middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 59 || {{left}}{{RUS}} || 29.7 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 60 || {{left}}{{UKR}} || 29.5 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Lower middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 61 || {{left}}{{COL}} || 29.2 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Upper middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 62 || {{left}}{{URY}} || 29.1 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 63 || {{left}}{{ARM}} || 29.0 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Upper middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 64 || {{left}}{{IRN}} || 28.9 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Lower middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 65 || {{left}}{{MNE}} || 28.9 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Upper middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 66 || {{left}}{{MAR}} || 28.8 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Lower middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 67 || {{left}}{{MNG}} || 28.7 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Lower middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 68 || {{left}}{{MDA}} || 28.7 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Upper middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 69 || {{left}}{{ZAF}} || 28.3 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Upper middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 70 || {{left}}{{CRI}} || 28.3 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Upper middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 71 || {{left}}{{KWT}} || 28.1 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 72 || {{left}}{{BHR}} || 27.6 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 73 || {{left}}{{JOR}} || 27.5 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Lower middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 74 || {{left}}{{OMN}} || 27.1 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 75 || {{left}}{{PER}} || 26.7 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Upper middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 76 || {{left}}{{ARG}} || 26.4 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Upper middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 77 || {{left}}{{BRB}} || 26.1 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 78 || {{left}}{{KAZ}} || 25.7 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Upper middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 79 || {{left}}{{JAM}} || 25.7 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Upper middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 80 || {{left}}{{BIH}} || 25.5 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Upper middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 81 || {{left}}{{TUN}} || 25.4 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Lower middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 82 || {{left}}{{PAN}} || 24.7 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 83 || {{left}}{{UZB}} || 24.7 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Lower middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 84 || {{left}}{{ALB}} || 24.5 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Upper middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 85 || {{left}}{{BLR}} || 24.2 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Upper middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 86 || {{left}}{{EGY}} || 23.7 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Lower middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 87 || {{left}}{{BWA}} || 23.1 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Upper middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 88 || {{left}}{{BRN}} || 22.8 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 89 || {{left}}{{LKA}} || 22.6 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Lower middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 90 || {{left}}{{CPV}} || 22.3 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Lower middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 91 || {{left}}{{PAK}} || 22.0 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Lower middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 92 || {{left}}{{SEN}} || 22.0 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Lower middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 93 || {{left}}{{PRY}} || 21.9 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Upper middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 94 || {{left}}{{LBN}} || 21.5 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Lower middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 95 || {{left}}{{AZE}} || 21.3 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Upper middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 96 || {{left}}{{KEN}} || 21.0 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Lower middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 97 || {{left}}{{DOM}} || 20.8 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Upper middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 98 || {{left}}{{SLV}} || 20.6 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Upper middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 99 || {{left}}{{KGZ}} || 20.4 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Lower middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 100 || {{left}}{{BOL}} || 20.2 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Lower middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 101 || {{left}}{{GHA}} || 20.0 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Lower middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 102 || {{left}}{{NAM}} || 20.0 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Upper middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 103 || {{left}}{{KHM}} || 19.9 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Lower middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 104 || {{left}}{{RWA}} || 19.7 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Low-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 105 || {{left}}{{ECU}} || 19.3 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Upper middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 106 || {{left}}{{BGD}} || 19.1 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Lower middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 107 || {{left}}{{TJK}} || 18.6 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Lower middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 108 || {{left}}{{TTO}} || 18.4 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | High-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 109 || {{left}}{{NPL}} || 18.1 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Lower middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 110 || {{left}}{{MDG}} || 17.9 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Low-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 111 || {{left}}{{LAO}} || 17.8 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Lower middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 112 || {{left}}{{CIV}} || 17.5 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Lower middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 113 || {{left}}{{NGA}} || 17.1 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Lower middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 114 || {{left}}{{HND}} || 16.7 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Lower middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 115 || {{left}}{{DZA}} || 16.2 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Lower middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 116 || {{left}}{{ZMB}} || 15.7 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Lower middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 117 || {{left}}{{TGO}} || 15.6 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Low-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 118 || {{left}}{{ZWE}} || 15.6 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Lower middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 119 || {{left}}{{BEN}} || 15.4 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Lower middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 120 || {{left}}{{TZA}} || 15.3 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Lower middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 121 || {{left}}{{UGA}} || 14.9 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Low-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 122 || {{left}}{{GTM}} || 14.6 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Upper middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 123 || {{left}}{{CMR}} || 14.4 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Lower middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 124 || {{left}}{{NIC}} || 14.0 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Lower middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 125 || {{left}}{{MMR}} || 13.8 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Lower middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 126 || {{left}}{{MRT}} || 13.2 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Lower middle-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 127 || {{left}}{{BDI}} || 13.2 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Low-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 128 || {{left}}{{MOZ}} || 13.1 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Low-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 129 || {{left}}{{BFA}} || 12.8 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Low-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 130 || {{left}}{{ETH}} || 12.3 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Low-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 131 || {{left}}{{MLI}} || 11.8 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Low-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 132 || {{left}}{{NER}} || 11.2 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Low-income
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 133 || {{left}}{{AGO}} || 10.2 || style="text-align:left; font-style:italic; font-size:85%;" | Lower middle-income
|}

== See also ==
* [[International Innovation Index]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|45em|refs=

<ref name=dbis>{{cite web | url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-ranked-as-world-leader-in-innovation | title=UK ranked as world-leader in innovation | publisher=Department for Business, Innovation & Skills | date=17 September 2015 | access-date=15 July 2016}}</ref>

<ref name=index2015>Soumitra Dutta, Bruno Lanvin, Sacha Wunsch-Vincent (editors) (2015). [https://www.wipo.int/publications/en/details.jsp?id=3978&plang=EN Global Innovation Index Report 2015]. Fontainebleau; Ithaca; Geneva: INSEAD, Cornell and WIPO. {{isbn|9782952221085}}. Archived 18 February 2016.</ref>

<ref name=jean>Jean-Eric Aubert (editor) (2010). [https://books.google.com/books?id=wRq3fB9Hwr8C&pg=PA203 ''Innovation Policy: A Guide for Developing Countries'']. Washington, DC: World Bank. {{ISBN|9780821382691}}.</ref>

<ref name=matt>Charles H. Matthews, Ralph Brueggemann (2015). [https://books.google.com/books?id=f9gqBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA333 ''Innovation and Entrepreneurship: A Competency Framework'']. London; New York: Routledge. {{ISBN|9780415742528}}.</ref>

<ref name=un>[https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N19/437/01/PDF/N1943701.pdf?OpenElement A/RES/74/229: Seventy-fourth session: Agenda item 20 (b): Globalization and interdependence: science, technology and innovation for sustainable development: Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 19 December 2019]. Accessed December 2021.</ref>

}}

*{{CC-notice|cc=by4|url= https://www.globalinnovationindex.org/gii-2021-report}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* [https://www.economist.com/blogs/graphicdetail/2015/09/global-innovation-rankings?fsrc=scn/fb/te/pe/ed/theinnovationgame Global innovation rankings: The innovation game]. ''[[The Economist]]''. September 17, 2015.
{{refend}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.wipo.int/web/global-innovation-index/index The Global Innovation Index] on wipo.int
{{Politics country lists}}

[[Category:Research]]
[[Category:International rankings]]
[[Category:Innovation]]
[[Category:Macroeconomic indicators]]
[[Category:World Intellectual Property Organization]]

Shanmukhapriya

2026-02-06T12:06:08Z

Hildred82A:

{{Short description|56th raga in the Melakarta}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Carnatic}}
{{Infobox ragam
| name = Shanmukhapriya
| synonym =
| image_name =
| image_alt =
| mela =
| chakra =
| type =
| arohanam = {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M2|P|D1|N2|S'}}
| avarohanam = {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|P|M2|G2|R2|S}}
| jeeva =
| chhaya =
| nyasa =
| vishesha =
| equivalent =
| similar =
}}

{{for|the Indian singer|Shanmukha Priya}}'''Shanmukhapriya''' is a [[raga]]m in [[Carnatic music]] (musical scale of South Indian classical music). It is the 56th ''[[melakarta]]'' rāgam (parent scale) in the 72 ''melakarta'' rāgam system of Carnatic music. It is called '''Chāmaram''' in [[Muthuswami Dikshitar]] school of Carnatic music.<ref name="ragas">''Ragas in Carnatic music'' by Dr. S. Bhagyalekshmy, Pub. 1990, CBH Publications</ref><ref name="raganidhi">''Raganidhi'' by P. Subba Rao, Pub. 1964, The Music Academy of Madras</ref> It is said to be borrowed into [[Hindustani music]] from Carnatic music.<ref name="raganidhi" /> Many compositions on Lord [[Murugan]] and Lord [[Shiva]] are based on this raaga.

==Structure and Lakshana==
[[Image:Shanmukhapriya scale.svg|thumb|right|300px|''Shanmukhapriya'' scale with ''shadjam'' at C]]

It is the 2nd rāgam in the 10th ''chakra Disi''. The mnemonic name is ''Disi-Sri''. The mnemonic phrase is ''sa ri gi mi pa dha ni''.<ref name="ragas" /> Its ''{{IAST|ārohaṇa-avarohaṇa}}'' structure (ascending and descending scale) is as follows (see [[Swara#Svaras in Carnatic music|''swaras'' in Carnatic music]] for details on below notation and terms):
*[[Arohana|{{IAST|ārohaṇa}}]]: {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M2|P|D1|N2|S'|foot=yes}}
*[[Avarohana|{{IAST|avarohaṇa}}]]: {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|P|M2|G2|R2|S|foot=yes}}

This scale uses the ''swaras chatushruti rishabham, sadharana gandharam, prati madhyamam, shuddha dhaivatam'' and ''kaisiki nishadam''. As it is a ''melakarta'' rāgam, by definition it is a [[sampoorna raga|''sampoorna'' rāgam]] (has all seven notes in ascending and descending scale). It is the ''prati madhyamam'' equivalent of ''[[Natabhairavi]]'', which is the 20th ''melakarta'' scale.

== ''Janya'' rāgams ==
''Shanmukhapriya'' has a few minor ''[[janya]]'' rāgams (derived scales) associated with it. See [[List of Janya ragas#Shanmukhapriya|List of ''janya'' rāgams]] for scales associated with ''Shanmukhapriya''.

== Compositions ==

Here are a few common compositions sung in concerts, set to ''Shanmukhapriya''.

*''Vaddane Vaaru'' by [[Thyagaraja|Tyagaraja]]
*''Marivere Dikkevarayya'' by [[Patnam Subramania Iyer]]
*''Parvati Nayakane, Sharavanabhava Enum, Andavane Unnai and Kannanai Pani Maname'' by [[Papanasam Sivan]]
*''Abhimaanamutho Nannubrovaradha'' by [[Mysore Vasudevachar]]
*''Yake Bagila Hakiruvi'' By [[Vadiraja Tirtha]]
*''Mooru Namagala'' By [[Gopala Dasa]]
*''Hoo beke Parimalada'', ''Kotta bhagyave sako'', ''Januma Janumadali'' By Vidyaprasanna Teertha in [[Kannada]]
*''Valli Nayakane'' by [[Muthiah Bhagavatar]]
*''Vilayada idu nerama'' by T.N. Bala of USA
*''Sada tava pAda sannidhim'' by [[M. Balamuralikrishna]]
*''Omkara Pranava'', a pada varnam in Shanmukhapriya by [[M. Balamuralikrishna]]
*''Stava Vârdita Vikramà'' by [[Kalyani Varadarajan]]
*''Mamava Karunaya'' by [[Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma]]
* ''Bhavasagaram'' and ''Thandhai Thai Irundhal'' by [[Gopalakrishna Bharathi]]
*The compositions of [[Muthuswami Dikshitar]], namely, ''Siddhi Vinayakam'', ''Mahasuram Ketumaham'', ''Sadashraye'' and ''Ekamreshanayakim'' have their school's rāgam name ''Chāmaram'' [[Mudra (music)|mudra]] in them. ''Mahasuram Ketumaham'' is disputed to be his disciples composition by some.
*A composition later set to ''Shanmukapriya'' is ''Muthai tharu pathi'' by [[Arunagirinathar]]<ref>{{cite news|title=A Raga's Journey – Sacred Shanmukhapriya|url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/metroplus/article2418290.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=2 September 2011}}</ref>

== Film Songs ==
=== Language:[[Tamil language|Tamil]] ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Song
!Movie
!Composer
!Singer
|-
|Nenjil Kudiyirukkum
|[[Irumbu Thirai (1960 film)|Irumbu Thirai]]
|rowspan="2"|[[S. V. Venkatraman]]
|[[T. M. Soundararajan]], [[P. Leela]]
|-
|Arivukku Virunthaagum Thirukurale
|[[Arivaali]]
|rowspan="3"|[[T. M. Soundararajan]]
|-
|Ninaindhu Ninaindhu Nenjam Urugudhe
|[[Sadhaaram]]
|[[G. Ramanathan]]
|-
|Muthai Tharu
|[[Arunagirinathar (film)|Arunagirinathar]]
|[[T. R. Papa]]
|-
|Maraindhirundhu
|[[Thillana Mohanambal]]
|rowspan="2"|[[K. V. Mahadevan]]
|[[P. Susheela]]
|-
|Pazham Neeyappa
|[[Thiruvilaiyadal]]
|[[K. B. Sundarambal]]
|-
|Pirandha Naal Mannan Pirandha Naal
|[[Tenali Raman (film)|Tenali Raman]]
|[[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]
|[[P. Bhanumathi]]
|-
|Vellum peyar than velavan
|Kandhar Alangaram
|[[Kunnakudi Vaidyanathan]]
|S.Janaki
|-
|Kannukkul Nooru
|[[Vedham Pudhithu]]
|[[Devendran]]
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
|-
|Nadakattum leelai
|Devi Sri Karumariamman
|[[Shankar–Ganesh]]
|T.M.Soundarajan
|-
|Thamthananam Thana
|[[Puthiya Vaarpugal]]
|rowspan="7"|[[Illayaraja]]
|[[Jency Anthony]],[[B. Vasantha]]
|-
|Thakita Thadimi
|[[Salangai Oli]]
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
|Kadhal Kasukuthaiya
|[[Aan Paavam]]
|[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|Sollaayo Vaaithiranthu
|[[Mogamul]]
|[[M. G. Sreekumar]], [[S. Janaki]]
|-
|Ooruvittu Ooruvanthu
|[[Karakattakkaran]]
|[[Malaysia Vasudevan]], [[Gangai Amaran]]
|-
|Rajathi Raja
|[[Mannan (film)|Mannan]]
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Swarnalatha]]
|-
|Vanampadi Paadum Neram
|Sir...I Love You
|rowspan=2|[[K. S. Chithra]]
|-
|Kannanai Thedi Vanthen
|[[Karpanai]]
|Santhosh Jayaraj
|-
|Poonthendralil Oru
|Chandramathi
|Raja Priyan
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
|Abirami Neril Vanthaal
|Vaanam
|Chandilyan
|[[Vani Jairam]]
|-
|Saravanabava Ennum Thirumanthiram
|[[Mettukudi]]
|[[Sirpy]]
|[[Mano (singer)|Mano]]
|-
|Kodi Malligai Konjuthu Konjuthu
|Senthazhampoove
|[[Adithyan]]
|[[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[Swarnalatha]]
|-
|Mudhal Kanave
|[[Majunu]]
|[[Harris Jayaraj]]
|[[Harish Raghavendra]], [[Bombay Jayashri]],O.S.Arun
|-
|Silukku Marame
|[[Paayum Puli (2015 film)|Paayum Puli]]
|[[D. Imman]]
|Divya Kumar,[[Shashaa Tirupati]], Sharanya Gopinath
|-
|Thappu Thanda
|[[Villain (2002 film)|Villain]]
|[[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
|[[Shankar Mahadevan]],[[Sujatha Mohan]]
|-
|Dailamo Dailamo (loosely based)
|[[Dishyum]]
|[[Vijay Antony]]
|[[Vijay Antony]], [[Sangeetha Rajeshwaran]]
|}

=== Janya 1:Ragam Sumanesharanjani/Samudrapriya/Madhukauns [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ===
'''Ascending:S G2 M2 P N2 S'''

'''Descending:S N2 P M2 G2 S'''
{| class="wikitable"
!Song
!Movie
!Composer
!Singer
|-
|Antha Maanai Parungal
|[[Andaman Kadhali]]
| rowspan="4" |[[M. S. Viswanathan]]
|[[KJ Yesudas]], [[Vani Jayaram]]
|-
|Oru Naal Iravu
|[[Kaaviya Thalaivi]]
|[[P. Suseela]]
|-
|Naan Paadiya Paatai
|[[Vazhkai Vazhvatharke]]
|[[P. B. Sreenivas]], [[P. Susheela]]
|-
|Vaazhandhal Unnodu
|[[Savithiri (1980 film)]]
|[[Vani Jairam]]
|-
|Parvai Ondre Pothume(reused Hindi tune)
|[[Yaar Nee?]]
|[[Vedha (composer)|Vedha]]
|[[T. M. Soundararajan]], [[L. R. Eswari]]
|-
|Edho Ninaivugal
|[[Agal Vilakku]]
| rowspan="7" |[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|[[KJ Yesudas]], [[S. P. Sailaja]]
|-
|Kaala Kaalamaaga Vaazhum
(Loosely Based)
|[[Punnagai Mannan]]
|[[S P Balasubramaniam]], [[K S Chitra]]
|-
|Kannamma Kaadhalenum Kavidhai
|[[Vanna Vanna Pookkal]]
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]], [[S. Janaki]]
|-
|Nalam Vaazha
|[[Marupadiyum]]
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
|Sangathamizh Kaviye
(Ragamalika:[[Abheri]], [[Bageshri]],Sumanesa Ranjani)
|[[Manathil Uruthi Vendum]]
|[[K. J. Yesudas]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
|-
|Jal Jal Jal Salangai Kulunga
|[[Ponnuketha Purushan]]
|[[P. Jayachandran]], [[Swarnalatha]]
|-
|Puthu Kaveri Karai
|Pudhiya Swarangal
|rowspan=2|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chitra]]
|-
| Vaalvellam Inbam Inbam
| Poongatru Puthithanathu
| MS Geethan
|-
|Alaikadal(only A section)
|[[Ponniyin Selvan: I]]
|rowspan="2"|[[A. R. Rahman]]
|Antara Nandy
|-
|Vinmeengalai Thaandi Vaazhum Kadhal BGM

(has a tint of [[Chandrakauns]] as well, using ''Graha Bhedam'')
|[[Dil Se|Uyire]]
|[[Sukhwinder Singh]] & [[Palakkad Sriram]]
|-
|Oru Kelvi Unnai
|[[Priyam (1996 film)|Priyam]]
|[[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
|[[P. Unnikrishnan]], [[Sujatha Mohan]]
|-
| Vannanilavae Vannanilavae
| rowspan=2|[[Ninaithen Vandhai]]
|rowspan=4 | [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
| [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
|-
| Unai Ninaithu Naan Enai(Reused Tune)
| [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chitra]], [[Sujatha Mohan]]
|-
| Sollaikulla Kaatukulla
| [[Dharma Chakkaram]]
| [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Sujatha Mohan]]
|-
| Adikkira Kai Anaikkuma
| [[Natpukkaga]]
| [[Harini (singer)|Harini]]
|-
|Chum Chum
|[[Enakkoru Magan Pirappan]]
|[[Karthik Raja]]
|[[Bhavatharini]], [[Karthik Raja]]
|-
|Vaan Nilavudhaan
|[[Pugaippadam]]
|[[Gangai Amaran]]
|[[Vijay Yesudas]]
|-
|Azhagu Kutti Chellam
|[[Satham Podathey]]
|[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
|[[Shankar Mahadevan]]
|-
|Kanna Nee Ennai
|[[Irumbukkottai Murattu Singam]]
|[[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
|[[Bombay Jayashri]],Naveen Iyer,D.A. Srinivas
|-
|Lazy Song
|[[Oh Manapenne!]]
|[[Vishal Chandrashekhar]]
|Sinduri Vishal, [[Lady Kash]]
|}

== Related rāgams ==
This section covers the theoretical and scientific aspect of this rāgam.

''Shanmukhapriya's'' notes when shifted using ''[[Graha bhedam]]'', yields 3 other major ''melakarta'' rāgams, namely, ''[[Shoolini]]'', ''[[Dhenuka (raga)|Dhenuka]]'' and ''[[Chitrambari]]''. ''Graha bhedam'' is the step taken in keeping the relative note frequencies same, while shifting the ''shadjam'' to the next note in the rāgam. For further details and an illustration refer ''[[Graha bhedam#Shanmukhapriya|Graha bhedam on Shanmukhapriya]]''.

Shanmukhapriya corresponds to [[Hungarian Gypsy scale]] in Western music.

==Notes==
{{notelist|30em}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Melakarta ragas|state=collapsed}}
{{Janya|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Melakarta ragas]]

Raidul

2026-01-30T18:31:45Z

Hildred82A: redirect created

#REDIRECT [[Pauri Garhwal district]]
{{R from merge}}{{R from alternative transliteration}}

Anjugramam

2026-01-14T04:49:31Z

Hildred82A: revised

{{more citations needed|date=June 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Anjugramam
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Temple town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position = top
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{Coord|8.1483009|N|77.5707936|E|display=title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kanniyakumari district|Kanniyakumari]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 5
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 30000
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 629401
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 04652
| registration_plate = TN 74
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}

[[File:Anjugramam Temple 2.jpg|thumb]]

'''Anjugramam''' is a [[panchayat town]] in [[Kanniyakumari district]] in the state of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].

Before 1956, Anjugramam was part of [[Travancore]]. Now it is in Kanniyakumari district of [[Tamil Nadu]].
[[File:Screenshot 20220419-120835 Maps.jpg|thumb|A name sign of a locality in Anjugramam Panchayat]]

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}},<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|work= |publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Anjugramam had a population of 9,000. It has a higher literacy rate compared to the national average rate. Most of the people in the town are into various businesses as it is one of the main centers for shopping in the Kanyakumari district.

==Education==
Anjugramam is surrounded by several private and government educational institutions. Nearby schools include St. Stella's Matriculation Higher Secondary School, John's Central School - CBSE, Mount Litera Zee School, Christ CMI Central School, Government High School to name a few. Some notable colleges include, CAPE Institute of Technology(CIT), Rohini College of Engineering & Technology, Government Arts and Science College are situated nearer to Anjugramam junction with all modern facilities in the district. [[File:Johns Central School.jpg|thumb|Johns Central School]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Kanyakumari district]]

{{Kanniyakumari-geo-stub}}

Roll Rida

2026-01-08T00:33:41Z

Hildred82A: New New Entry More To Come

{{short description|Telangana rapper}}
{{BLP sources|date=August 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Roll Rida
| image = Roll Rida by Rudhra Varma.jpg
| caption =
| image_size =
| birth_name = Rahul Kumar Velpula
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1992|01|26}}
| birth_place = [[Warangal District]], [[Telangana]]
| origin = [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], India
| genre = [[Hip hop music|Hip hop]], [[R&B]], [[Indi-pop]]
| instrument = {{flatlist|
* Vocals
* keyboards
* drums
* sampler
}}
| occupation = Rapper, songwriter, actor
| years_active = 2010 – present
}}

'''Rahul Kumar Velpula''' (born 26 Jan 1992),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DFRvGU3TxJ6/?igsh=ejhpc2U1YmF2YjJ3|title=Roll Rida Instagram|website=www.instagram.com}}</ref> known professionally as '''Roll Rida''', is an Indian [[rapper]], songwriter and actor in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] films and music.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/bigg-boss-2-telugu-june-16-update-nani-appreciates-deepthi-sunaina-calls-out-samrat-for-being-a-bad-captain/story-O0OMc9Ovqs0iI6HynN7QmM.html | title=Bigg Boss 2 Telugu, 16 June update: Nani appreciates Deepthi Sunaina, calls out Samrat for being a bad captain | date=17 June 2018 | newspaper=Hindustan Times | accessdate=8 June 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/trending-news/story/telugu-rapper-roll-rida-shares-video-of-man-riding-bike-with-2-children-in-poultry-cage-2708834-2025-04-14|title=Telugu rapper shares video of man riding bike with 2 children in poultry cage|first=India Today Trending|last=Desk|date=14 April 2025|website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/telangana/watch-telugu-rapper-roll-rida-and-friends-sum-lockdown-bore-kodthundi-123233|title=Watch: Telugu rapper Roll Rida and friends sum up lockdown with 'Bore Kodthundi'|first=Rajeswari|last=Parasa|date=10 April 2020|website=The News Minute}}</ref>

He became popular with his [[YouTube]] rap song on [[Sankranthi]], ''Patang'',<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|date=2016-01-12|title=Watch Here: 'PATANG' Rapper Music Video Which Made People Go Craze All Over{{!}} Sankranthi Special {{!}} Roll Rida, Kamran|url=https://allindiaroundup.com/news/patang-rapper-music-video-roll-rida-kamran/|access-date=2021-12-25|website=All India Roundup|language=en-US}}</ref> was a huge hit with over 17 million views. His other popular songs are Kirana rap, Breaking news Kattif, Shankar Ka Beta, Ivvalane Dilkush, Ignite, Arupu<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kanoj|first=Priyanka|date=2018-08-27|title=Bigg Boss Telugu 2 contestant Roll Rida's rap song Arapu takes the internet by storm|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/bigg-boss-telugu-2-contestant-roll-ridas-rap-song-arapu-takes-internet-by-storm-778846|access-date=2021-12-25|website=www.ibtimes.co.in|language=en}}</ref> etc.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/hyderabad/Hyderabad-raise-a-toast-to-mana-very-own-Telangana-rapper-Roll-Rida/articleshow/53911055.cms|title=Hyderabad, raise a toast to mana very own Telangana rapper, Roll Rida|date=30 August 2016|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref> In 2018, he appeared as a contestant for [[Bigg Boss Telugu 2|''Bigg Boss 2'']] and successfully reached the 15th week of the show and finished in 6th place.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-09-23|title=Bigg Boss 2 Telugu: Roll Rida to be eliminated|url=https://www.tollywood.net/bigg-boss-2-telugu-roll-rida-to-be-eliminated/|access-date=2021-12-25|website=Tollywood|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/telangana/rise-telugu-rapper-roll-rida-youtube-tollywood-159730|title=The rise of Telugu rapper Roll Rida: From YouTube to Tollywood|first=Rajeswari|last=Parasa|date=2 January 2022|website=The News Minute}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/hyderabad/2021/May/08/to-momsour-biggest-cheerleaders-2299822.html|title=To moms,our biggest cheerleaders|first=Shreya|last=Veronica|date=4 May 2021|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

==Early life==
Roll Rida was born in [[Karimnagar]], [[Telangana]], India. He did his schooling at Johnson Grammar School in [[Hyderabad]]; intermediate at Narayana Junior College, Tarnaka and completed his [[BTech]] in [[computer science]] from [[CVR College of Engineering]], Hyderabad. He was popular for his singing in school and started a band in college with Syed Kamran.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}}

==Career==
Roll Rida initially worked at [[Google]], Hyderabad and as [[Quality assurance|Quality Analyst]] at [[Tech Mahindra]].{{citation needed|date=August 2018}}

He picked his professional name, Roll Rida, upon a friend's suggestion, after popular American rapper, [[Flo Rida]], of [[Low (Flo Rida song)|Low song]] fame.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/roll-ridas-ignite-a-musicians-travails/article17465829.ece|title=Roll Rida's Ignite: A musician's travails|first=Srivathsan|last=Nadadhur|date=15 March 2017|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/dilkush-hyderabad-on-the-rap-map/article8508779.ece|title=Dilkush: Hyderabad on the rap map|date=22 April 2016|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> He quit his job to pursue his successful singing career in 2017.{{citation needed|date=March 2020}} His rap song ‘Arupu’ with Syed Kamran became popular.<ref>{{Cite web|title=రోల్ రైడా 'అరుపు'.. గౌరవం పెరిగిందంటూ ప్రశంసలు|url=https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/roll-ridas-telugu-rap-arupu-garners-respect-for-the-issues-it-addresses/articleshow/65562205.cms|access-date=2021-12-25|website=Samayam Telugu|language=te}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/roll-rida-and-manishas-arupu-rakes-in-almost-2m-views/articleshow/65669609.cms|title=Roll Rida and Manisha's 'Arupu' rakes in almost 2M views|date=4 September 2018|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref> He was the first to do a rap song in Telugu language from [[Telangana]] State.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Hyderabad, raise a toast to mana very own Telangana rapper, Roll Rida - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/hyderabad/hyderabad-raise-a-toast-to-mana-very-own-telangana-rapper-roll-rida/articleshow/53911055.cms|access-date=2021-12-25|website=The Times of India|date=30 August 2016 |language=en}}</ref> In 2013, he debuted on [[Sankranthi]] with a single, ''Patang'', on YouTube became a huge hit, with over 14 million views.<ref name="auto"/> His songs Patang, Kirana song, Dilkush are popular among young listeners. He toured USA in 2015 and 2016 to promote his Telugu rap and Hip Hop songs. Roll Rida was featured on [[VH1 (Indian TV channel)|VH1]] in 2010.

He worked with Telugu music directors like [[M. M. Keeravani]], [[S. S. Thaman]] and [[Anoop Rubens]]. He also performed with [[Divine (rapper)|Divine]].{{citation needed|date=August 2018}} He worked as a voice artist for [[Akhil Akkineni]] in the film ''[[Manam (film)|Manam]]'', and [[Jr. NTR]] in ''[[Temper (film)|Temper]]''.{{citation needed|date=August 2018}} He acted in a short film, ''Hello!'', an urban [[rom com]]. It was released on YouTube. He was selected for [[Bigg Boss Telugu 2|''Bigg Boss 2'']] for his popularity.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/bigg-boss-telugu-2-written-update-july-5-2018-tejaswi-has-a-change-of-heart-on-her-bday-eve/articleshow/64879343.cms|title=Bigg Boss Telugu 2 written update, July 5, 2018: Tejaswi has a change of heart on her b'day eve|date=6 July 2018|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=22 June 2018|title=Bigg Boss Telugu 2: Nani's show impresses viewers, tops the TRP ratings|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/tv-bigg-boss-telugu-2-nani-show-impresses-viewers-tops-the-trp-ratings-448725}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Hooli|first=Shekhar H.|date=2018-06-11|title=Bigg Boss Telugu 2 contestants list: Here are profiles and pictures of 16 participants [Photos]|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/bigg-boss-telugu-2-here-all-you-need-know-about-16-contestants-photos-771653|access-date=2021-12-25|website=www.ibtimes.co.in|language=en}}</ref> He stayed in the house till the week before the finale of that season.

==Artistry==
Roll Rida's rapping is a combination of [[Telangana Baasha|Hyderabadi Telugu]] and Deccani slang spoken in Hyderabad old city.

==Discography==
=== Singles/Music Videos ===

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Track
! scope="col" |Lyrics
! scope="col" |Artist
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2013
| Patang
| Roll Rida
| Roll Rida
|-
| The Kirana
| Roll Rida
| Roll Rida
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2015
| Dilkush
| Roll Rida
| Roll Rida
|-
| Kattif
| Roll Rida
| Roll Rida
|-
| Ivvalane
| Roll Rida
| Roll Rida
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2017
| Shankar ka Beta
| Roll Rida
| Roll Rida
|-
| Baitikochi Chuste (RAP Version)
| Shree Mani
| Roll Rida & Dan Madhireddy
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2018
| Saava Kottethadi
| Roll Rida
| Roll Rida
|-
| O Pilla
| Roll Rida
| Roll Rida
|-
| KTR Birthday song
| Roll Rida
| Roll Rida
|-
| Arupu
| Roll Rida
| Roll Rida
|-
| Raadhu
| Roll Rida
| Roll Rida
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2020
| Don't ride rude
| Roll Rida
| Roll Rida
|-
|Nagali
| Roll Rida
| Roll Rida
|-
| rowspan="3" |2021
|Allu Arjun Rap Song
|Roll Rida, The Hyderabad Nawabs
|Roll Rida & Harika Narayan
[[S. Thaman]] (composer)
|-
|Thaggede Le
|Roll Rida
|Roll Rida & Praveen Lakkaraju (composer)
|-
|Chinna
|Roll Rida
|Roll Rida
|-
|rowspan=3|2024
|kakinada Kaja
|Roll Rida & Sameera
|Roll Rida & Sameera
|-
|Fake Friends
|Roll Rida & Manoj Juloori
|Roll Rida
|-
|Ready Go
|Roll Rida
|Roll Rida
|-
|2025
|Hello Chittamma
|Roll Rida & Sameera
|Roll Rida
|-
|}

===Film songs===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Work
! scope="col" |Song
! scope="col" |Composer
!Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2015
| ''[[Bruce Lee – The Fighter|Bruce Lee]]''
| [[Chiranjeevi]] Entry Rap
| [[Thaman]]
|
|-
|''[[Gopala Gopala (2015 film)|Gopala Gopala]]''
| [[Pawan Kalyan]] Intro Rap
| [[Anup Rubens]]
|
|-
| 2016
| ''[[A Aa]]''
| "Anasuya Kosam" Rap Pieces
| [[Mickey J. Meyer]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2018 || ''[[Kumari 21F (2018 film)|Kumari 21F]]''
|"Lets Party in Bangkok"
|[[Mahati Swara Sagar]]
|
|-
|''[[Husharu]]'' || "Kaboom", "Bad Boys" (Rap portions) || [[Sunny M.R.]]
|
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Suryakantham (film)|Suryakantham]]''
| "Friday Night Baby" (Rap)
| Mark K Robin
|
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Ala Vaikunthapurramloo]]''
| "[[OMG Daddy]]" Rap Pieces
| [[Thaman]]
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2021
|''[[Cinema Bandi]]''
|"Cinema Teesinam"
|Varun Reddy
|Also lyricist
|-
|''Veyishubamulukaluginku''
|"Hey Senorita"
|Gyaani
|
|-
|''[[Anubhavinchu Raja]]''
|"Kaki Nemali Ke Votu"
|[[Gopi Sundar]]
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2022
|''Hero''
|"Donal Daggu"
|[[Ghibran]]
|Also lyricist
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Rowdy Boys]]''
|"Date Night "
| rowspan="2" |[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|Only lyricist
|-
|"Rowdy Boys Title Song"
|Also lyricist
|-
|''[[Bheemla Nayak]]''
|"Bheemla Back On Duty"
|[[Thaman]]
|Only lyricist
|-
|''[[Lucky Lakshman]]''
|"College Song"
|[[Anup Rubens]]
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2023
| rowspan="4" |[[Leo (2023 Indian film)|''Leo'']] (Dubbed Version)
|"Ney Ready"
| rowspan="4" |[[Anirudh Ravichander]]
|
|-
|"Naa Ready"
|
|-
|"Njan Ready"
|
|-
|"Ready Chal"
|
|-
|''[[Waltair Veerayya]]''
|"Poonakaalu Loading"
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2025
| rowspan="3"|[[War 2 (film)|''War 2'']]
| rowspan="3"|"Shaitan"
| rowspan="3"|[[Sanchit and Ankit Balhara]]
|Hindi film; Also lyricist
|-
|Telugu version
|-
|Tamil version
|-
|''[[Chaurya Paatham]]''
|"Kanne Kaane"
|Davzand
|Also lyricist
|-
|''[[Bakasura Restaurant]]''
|"Bakasura"
|Vikas Badisa
|
|}

=== Other songs ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Work
!Song
!Composer
!Notes
|-
|2023
|''[[Nijam With Smita]]''
|"Episode 4 Closing Song"
|Saketh Komanduri
|Television talk show
|}

== Filmography ==
* ''[[90ML (2019 Telugu film)|90ML]]'' (2019) as Kishore

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|8241662}}
*{{Facebook|rollrida}}
*{{Instagram|rollrida}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rida, Roll}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian rappers]]
[[Category:Indian male pop singers]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Telangana]]
[[Category:People from Karimnagar district]]
[[Category:Telugu-language playback singers]]
[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]

Mahmuda Begum

2026-01-02T20:09:35Z

Hildred82A: adding a article v1

{{Short description|West Bengal politician}}
{{BLP one source|date=April 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mahmuda Begum
| office = Member of [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2011
| term_end = 2016
| predecessor = [[Mafuja Khatun]]
| successor = [[Toraf Hossain Mandal]]
| constituency = [[Kumarganj Assembly constituency|Kumarganj]]
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[West Dinajpur district|Dinajpur district]], [[West Bengal]]
| death_place =
| death_date =
| party = [[Trinamool Congress]]
| alma_mater =
| relatives =
| education =
}}
'''Mahmuda Begum''' was an Indian politician belonging to the [[Trinamool Congress]]. She was an MLA for [[Kumarganj Assembly constituency|Kumarganj]] at the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]].

==Career==
Begum successfully contested in the [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] where she ran as a [[Trinamool Congress]] candidate for [[Kumarganj Assembly constituency]], defeating former MLA and Marxist candidate [[Mafuja Khatun]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/west-bengal/2011/kumarganj/|title=Begam Mahamuda, Kumarganj, 2011|website=Latestly|access-date=3 July 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Begum, Mahmuda}}
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:People from Dakshin Dinajpur district]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:21st-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Bengali Muslims]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslims]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Women members of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{WestBengal-AITC-politician-stub}}

National Entrance Screening Test

2025-12-31T12:05:02Z

Hildred82A: reworked layout per sources

{{short description|Entrance test for Integrated-MSc admissions in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox examination
| name = National Entrance Screening Test
| image_name =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| acronym = NEST
| type = [[Computer Based Test]]
| test_admin = [[National Institute of Science Education and Research]]
| skills_tested = Academic knowledge
| purpose = Admission to Integrated-MSc Program
| year_started = {{Start date and age|df=yes|paren=yes|2007}}
| duration = 3.5 hours
| attempt_restriction = No restriction on the number of attempts, There is no age limit for appearing.
| score_range = 200
| score_validity = 1 year
| offered = Once in a year
| regions = India
| language = [[English language|English]]
| test_takers = *{{Decrease}} 27,973 (2024)
*{{Increase}} 44,920 (2023)
*{{Decrease}} 22,000 (2022)
*{{Increase}} 24,328 (2021)
*{{Decrease}} 21,275 (2020)
| prerequisite = {{hlist|[[Physics]] | [[Chemistry]] | [[Mathematics]] | [[Biology]]}}
| fee = *₹1400 for male applicants of the General and OBC categories.
*₹700 for all female applicants and male applicants of SC, ST, Divyangjan.
| score_users = 2 institutes
| qualification_rate =
| website = {{URL|https://www.nestexam.in/}}
}}

The '''National Entrance Screening Test''' (popularly known as '''NEST''') is an annual college entrance examination in [[India]], conducted for admission into the [[National Institute of Science Education and Research]] (NISER), Jatani and the Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences (UM-DAE CEBS), Mumbai. These two institutes use NEST as a sole criterion for admission to their undergraduate programs.

2017 was the year in which NISER received highest applicants ( 68,544 ) and students appeared ( approx. 47000 ) for NEST exam.
Afterwards it's starts declining in 2018 - 44060 students appeared then in 2019 - 37510 ; 2020 - 21275 ; 2021 - 24328 students appeared for NEST exam<ref>{{Cite web |title=Annual Reports |url=https://www.niser.ac.in/content/annual-reports |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=NISER}}</ref> ( official annual reports published by NISER on its official website ) . For about approx. 100 Unreserved seats out of 202 in NISER, one can get admission upto 400-700 general rank ( cutoff vary year on year ) in NEST Exam till last round. This is due to the fact many candidates choose to prefer other career option like Engineering, Medical, Natural Science at IISc or IISERs, etc.

Students were admitted through the NEST examination only at [[Visva-Bharati University|ISERC, Visva-Bharati]], which was an [[Institution of National Importance]]. Starting in 2023, students who take the NEST Exam will not be accepted into their Five-Year Integrated M.Sc. Programme.

== Pattern of the test ==
Before 2024, the question paper pattern of NEST was different. From 2024 onwards, the question paper consists of 4 sections of Physics, Chemistry, Maths and Biology. Each section contains 20 questions (MCQs) with single correct answers. So, the total number of questions in all sections is 80 (20×4). +3 marks is awarded for correct answer, -1 for incorrect answer and 0 if unanswered. The total marks of question paper is 240 (80×3). However, the merit list is prepared out of 180 marks (Best 3 sections). So, if you need you can leave any one section as per your preference. The toughness level of questions of NEST is comparable to that of JEE Advanced but the questions in NEST is more conceptual. The cutoff varies yearly but you can target 90-100 marks out of 180 for your selection.

==Seats and intake==
The number of students taking the examination has been increasing since it was first conducted in 2007. In 2020 200+2 seats were for NISER and 45+2 seats for UM-DAE CBS. About 21,275 students appeared in the exam. The exam was conducted in two sittings. 9hrs to 12:30hrs and 14hrs to 17:30hrs.

The availability of seats in recent years is as given in table below:

{| class="wikitable"
|- style="text-align: center; background: #eee",
!Institute
!Intake (2007)
!Intake (2008)
!Intake (2009)
!Intake (2010)
!Intake (2011)
!Intake (2012)
!Intake (2013)
!Intake (2014)
!Intake (2020)
!Intake (2021)
|-
|[[National Institute of Science Education and Research|National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER)]]
|40
|40
|52
|60
|60
|60
|60
|100
|202
|202
|-
|Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences (UM-DAE CBS)
|20
|12
|35
|35
|35
|35
|35
|35
|59
|59
|-
|}

==See also==

* [[National Institute of Science Education and Research, Jatani]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://nestexam.in/ National Entrance Screening Test offici] [http://nestexam.in/ al website]

* [https://www.niser.ac.in/content/annual-reports/ Annual Reports (2021-22, Page Number 160) of NISER for data about Candidates appeared in NEST exam]

{{Standardized tests in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:National Entrance Screening Test}}
[[Category:Standardised tests in India]]
[[Category:Year of establishment missing]]

The Fame Game (TV series)

2025-12-21T13:05:19Z

Hildred82A: Put Up Initial Article Needs Work!

{{Short description|Indian Hindi-language series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = The Fame Game.jpg
| genre = [[Drama]] [[Mystery fiction|Mystery]] [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]]
| creator = Sri Rao
| director = [[Bejoy Nambiar]] Karishma Kohli
| producer = [[Karan Johar]] Somen Mishra
| writer =
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Madhuri Dixit]]
* [[Sanjay Kapoor]]
* [[Manav Kaul]]
* Lakshvir Saran
* Muskkan Jaferi
}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi Marathi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 8
| editor = Monisha R. Baldawa
| cinematography = [[Manoj Kumar Khatoi (cinematographer)|Manoj Kumar Khatoi]]
| runtime = 45–50 minutes
| network = [[Netflix]]
| music =
| company = Dharmatic Entertainment
| composer = '''Song :''' [[Salim-Sulaiman]]
| executive_producer = [[Karan Johar]] Sri Rao
| released = {{Start date|2022|02|25|df=y}}
}}
'''''The Fame Game''''' is an Indian [[mystery fiction|mystery]] [[drama (film and television)|family drama]] television series on [[Netflix]] created by Sri Rao and directed by [[Bejoy Nambiar]] and Karishma Kohli. Produced by [[Karan Johar]] and Somen Mishra under the banner Dharmatic Entertainment, the series stars [[Madhuri Dixit]] as Anamika Anand, a famous [[Bollywood]] actress, with [[Sanjay Kapoor]], [[Manav Kaul]], [[Suhasini Mulay]], Lakshvir Saran and Muskkaan Jaferi in pivotal supporting roles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/trending/entertainment/story/madhuri-dixit-makes-ott-debut-with-the-fame-game-releases-today-on-netflix-323934-2022-02-25|title=Madhuri Dixit makes OTT debut with 'The Fame Game'|date=25 February 2022 |publisher=BusinessToday|access-date=28 February 2022|archive-date=2022-02-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225115226/https://www.businesstoday.in/trending/entertainment/story/madhuri-dixit-makes-ott-debut-with-the-fame-game-releases-today-on-netflix-323934-2022-02-25|url-status=live}}</ref>

The series revolves around a [[Bollywood]] actress named Anamika Anand who suddenly goes missing one day.
It premiered on [[Netflix]] on 25 February 2022.

==Premise==
Anamika Anand is a Bollywood star who has a glamorous career and a seemingly idyllic family - but there is more to her personal life than meets the eye. She is physically and verbally abused by her husband, Nikhil More. While her daughter Amara aspires to be a great star like her mother, highlighting [[nepotism]] in the current Bollywood industry, her son Avinash has his own issues to face including his sexuality. Additionally, Anamika’s mother consistently berates her and other members of the family and uses manipulative techniques to achieve her goals. Her only solace is Manish Khanna, her frequent co-star and past lover. Anamika's sudden disappearance puts her personal life in the limelight and thus begins the quest to find her and the person behind her disappearance, which leads to the unveiling of many dark secrets.

==Cast==
* [[Madhuri Dixit]] as Anamika Anand/Vijju Joshi, Nikhil's wife, Avinash and Amara's mother.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/madhuri-dixit-s-line-from-the-fame-game-roasting-privileged-young-stars-is-a-hit-apply-some-ice-on-burnt-areas-101645988013268.html|title=madhuri on her role of anamika|date=28 February 2022|access-date=28 February 2022|archive-date=28 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228013302/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/madhuri-dixit-s-line-from-the-fame-game-roasting-privileged-young-stars-is-a-hit-apply-some-ice-on-burnt-areas-101645988013268.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Sanjay Kapoor]] as Nikhil More, Anamika's husband, and Amara's father.
* [[Manav Kaul]] as Manish Khanna, Anamika's co-star and lover and Avinash's father.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/madhuri-dixit-and-manav-kaul-grace-kapil-sharma-show-promote-upcoming-web-series-fame-game-1025120|title=Manav Kaul graces the kapil sharma show for promoting the fame game|date=16 February 2022|access-date=28 February 2022|archive-date=28 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228120841/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/madhuri-dixit-and-manav-kaul-grace-kapil-sharma-show-promote-upcoming-web-series-fame-game-1025120|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Suhasini Mulay]] as Kalyani Anand, Anamika's mother.
* [[Rajshri Deshpande]] as Shobha Trivedi, Police officer investigating Anamika's case.
* Lakshvir Saran as Avinash (Avi), Anamika’s son.
* Muskkaan Jaferi as Amara, Anamika and Nikhil's daughter, Madhav's girlfriend.
* [[Gagan Arora]] as Madhav, Amara's boyfriend, Anamika's obsessed fan.
* [[Danish Pratap Sood|Danish Sood]] as Samar, Avinash's boyfriend.
* Kashyap Shangari as Billy, Anamika's makeup artist.
* [[Shubhangi Latkar]] as Lata, the housekeeper
* [[Makarand Deshpande]] as Harilal, the movie poster painter.
* Ayesha Kaduskar as Tabitha Khanna, Manish Khanna and Sneha's daughter
* Harpreet Vir Singh as Financer PK Sharma
* [[Sanjay Dutt]] as cameo appearance from ''[[Kalank]]'', when Amara tries to re-enact Anamika's role in the movie.

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = The Fame Game (Music from the Netflix Series)
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Salim-Sulaiman]]
| cover =blank
| alt =
| released = 25 February 2022<ref>{{cite web|url=https://open.spotify.com/album/0r68ahJiGW5kM4z164h6kz?si=y5T7rJhjQUmOlNieToDG4g|title=The Fame Game (Music from the Netflix Series)|date=7 April 2022|publisher=Spotify|access-date=4 July 2023|archive-date=8 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408163318/https://open.spotify.com/album/0r68ahJiGW5kM4z164h6kz?si=y5T7rJhjQUmOlNieToDG4g|url-status=live}}</ref>
| recorded = 2021
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
|language = [[Hindi]]
| length = 2:59
| label = Maisi Music Publishing
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|eToHipi_utc|Official Video Song}}
}}}}
The official song video "Dupatta Mera" focuses on the dance performance of [[Madhuri Dixit]], while the promotional video also features [[Varun Dhawan]], [[Sidharth Malhotra|Siddharth Malhotra]], [[Ishaan Khatter]], [[Riteish Deshmukh]], [[Jackie Shroff]] and [[Johnny Lever]].

{{track listing
| all_music = [[Salim-Sulaiman]]
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 2:59
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Dupatta Mera
| lyrics1 = [[Shraddha Pandit]]
| extra1 = [[Sunidhi Chauhan]], {{small|Additional Vocal by Raj Pandit}}
| length1 = 2:59
}}

==Production==
===Development===
Announced in May 2020 with the title ''Finding Anamika'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/madhuri-dixit-debut-web-series-finding-anamika-new-title-the-fame-game-7744359/|title=Madhuri Dixit's debut web series Finding Anamika gets a new title|date=27 January 2022|publisher=the Indian Express|access-date=28 February 2022|archive-date=28 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228120839/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/madhuri-dixit-debut-web-series-finding-anamika-new-title-the-fame-game-7744359/|url-status=live}}</ref> the show was eventually renamed as ''The Fame Game''.

===Release===
The series consisting of eight episodes premiered on [[Netflix]] on 25 February 2022.

===Casting===
[[Madhuri Dixit]] was cast in the titular role, and was joined by [[Sanjay Kapoor]] and [[Manav Kaul]] as the leads. The cast also included Lakshvir Saran and Muskkaan Jaferi as Madhuri’s character’s children.

==Reception==
''The Fame Game'' received positive reviews from critics. ''[[India TV]]'' gave the series 3.5 stars out of five and wrote "Dixit and the ensemble cast delivers pitch-perfect family drama". It further added "''The Fame Game'' on Netflix takes the dysfunctional family trope and packs it with suspense and drama, making it an enjoyable and binge-worthy series."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/movie-review/the-fame-game-netflix-review-madhur-dixit-sanjay-kapoor-ensemble-deliver-pitch-perfect-family-drama-630|title=The Fame Game Review: Madhuri Dixit, Sanjay Kapoor and ensemble deliver pitch-perfect family drama|date=27 February 2022 |access-date=28 February 2022|archive-date=27 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227143342/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/movie-review/the-fame-game-netflix-review-madhur-dixit-sanjay-kapoor-ensemble-deliver-pitch-perfect-family-drama-630|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Sukanya Verma]] of ''[[Rediff.com|Rediff]]'' gave the series 3.5 stars and wrote "What ''The Fame Game'' showcases is the depth and marvels of Dixit as she switches between star and human, mother and woman."<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Fame Game Review |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/the-fame-game-review/20220225.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410164624/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/the-fame-game-review/20220225.htm |archive-date=2023-04-10 |access-date=2023-07-04}}</ref>

[[Saibal Chatterjee]] of ''[[NDTV]]'' too gave it 3 stars and summarized his review of the series as "The Incandescence Of Madhuri Dixit - Dive Right In". He praised Dixit's performance by saying "Dixit gets into the skin of the protagonist with such dazzling panache that the line separating the character from the performer is frequently breached."<ref>{{cite web|title=The Fame Game Review|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/the-fame-game-review-the-incandescence-of-madhuri-dixit-dive-right-in-2788865|access-date=28 February 2022|archive-date=28 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228012647/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/the-fame-game-review-the-incandescence-of-madhuri-dixit-dive-right-in-2788865|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=9447956}}
* {{Netflix title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fame Game (TV series), The}}
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Netflix television dramas]]
[[Category:2022 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ-related television shows]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Indian mystery television series]]
[[Category:Hindi cinema in fiction]]

Suraj Singh (footballer)

2025-12-20T01:04:54Z

Hildred82A: Put Up Initial Biography W/ Infobox!

{{short description|Indian footballer}}
{{Notability|1=Sports|date=September 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Suraj Singh
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| fullname = Suraj Singh
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1995|12|06|df=y}}
| birth_place = India
| height = 
| currentclub = [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]
| clubnumber = 13
| position = [[Defender (association football)|Defender]]
| youthyears1 =
| youthclubs1 = [[Tata Football Academy]]
| youthyears2 = 2014–2017
| youthclubs2 = [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]
| years1 = 2017–
| clubs1 = [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]
| caps1 = 6
| goals1 = 0
| nationalyears1 =
| nationalteam1 =
| nationalcaps1 =
| nationalgoals1 =
| club-update = 03:42, 2 January 2018 (UTC)
| ntupdate =
}}

'''Suraj Singh''' (born 6 December 1995) is an Indian professional [[association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[defender (association football)|defender]] for [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]] in the [[I-League]].

==Career==
Singh began his career with the [[Tata Football Academy]].<ref>{{cite news|title=20 named in state U-19 football squad|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1120117/jsp/jharkhand/story_15014811.jsp#.WLWkxBLyvBI|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619201414/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120117/jsp/jharkhand/story_15014811.jsp#.WLWkxBLyvBI|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 June 2012|accessdate=28 February 2017|work=Telegraph India|date=17 January 2012}}</ref> He soon joined [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]] after graduating from the academy.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bhutani|first1=Rahul|title=UDANTA SINGH, VINIT RAI, JARMANJIT SINGH AND OTHER TFA CADETS TO WATCH OUT FOR IN 2014/15|url=http://www.thehardtackle.com/2014/i-league-udanta-singh-vinit-rai-jarmanjit-singh-and-other-tfa-cadets-to-watch-out-for-in-201415/|accessdate=28 February 2017|work=The Hard Tackle|date=30 July 2014}}</ref> He made his senior competitive debut for the club in the [[I-League]] on 14 February 2017 against [[Chennai City F.C.|Chennai City]]. He started and played the full match as Churchill Brothers drew 1–1.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chennai City 1-1 Churchill Brothers|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2017/02/14/india/i-league/chennai-city/churchill-brothers-sc/2383775/|website=Soccerway}}</ref>

==Career statistics==
{{updated|28 February 2017}}<ref>{{soccerway|suraj-singh/474633}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="3"|League
!colspan="2"|League Cup
!colspan="2"|Domestic Cup
!colspan="2"|Continental
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
|rowspan="1"|[[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]
|[[2016–17 I-League|2016–17]]
|[[I-League]]||1||0||0||0||0||0||—||—||1||0
|-
!colspan="3"|Career total
!1!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!1!!0
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Churchill Brothers S.C. squad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Suraj}}
[[Category:1995 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:Churchill Brothers FC players]]
[[Category:Men's association football defenders]]
[[Category:I-League players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

South Eastern Coalfields

2025-12-16T19:20:04Z

Hildred82A: typo fix

{{Short description|Largest coal producing company of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox company
| name = South Eastern Coalfields Limited (SECL)
| logo = SECL logo.png
| logo_size = 250px
| image =
| image_caption =
| type = [[Government-owned corporation|State-owned enterprise]] Public company
| traded_as =
| industry = Mining
| foundation = 1985
| location_city = [[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]], [[Chhattisgarh]]
| area_served = India
| key_people = Harish Duhan (Chairman & [[Managing Director|MD]])
| products = Coal
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| assets =
| equity =
| owner = [[Government of India]]
| parent = [[Coal India Limited]]
| num_employees =
| intl =
| slogan =
| location_country = [[India]]
| homepage = {{URL|http://www.secl-cil.in/}}
}}
'''South Eastern Coalfields Limited''' ('''SECL''') is the largest coal producing company of [[India]]. It is a [[Public sector undertakings in India#Management|"Miniratna" Company]], and one of eight fully owned subsidiaries of [[Coal India Limited]].<ref>[http://www.secl-cil.in/ SECL]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=fg27AAAAIAAJ&q=south+eastern+coalfields+ Subsidiaries of Coal India Limired] International directory of company histories, Volume 44 by Thomas Derdak, Tina Grant</ref> The company has its headquarter at [[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]], [[Chhattisgarh]], and 92 mines spread over [[Chhattisgarh]] and [[Madhya Pradesh]]; 70 underground, 21 opencast, and 1 mixed.<ref>[http://www.secl.nic.in/mcoalfields.htm SECL - Mines] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606112243/http://www.secl.nic.in/mcoalfields.htm |date=2011-06-06 }}</ref> It is a schedule 'B' Mini Ratna CPSE in coal & lignite under the administrative control of the [[Ministry of Coal]].<ref>[http://pesb.gov.in/Vacancy/SECL-PERS-03-03-2011.pdf SECL Company Profile : Page 2 :PDF]</ref>

== History ==
South Eastern Coalfields Limited was established in 1985 as part of an administrative reorganization by the [[Government of India]]. The formation involved the bifurcation of certain coal mines from [[Western Coalfields Limited]] to create SECL, while [[Central Coalfields Limited]] was similarly divided to form Northern Coalfields Limited.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Fr5FAQAAIAAJ&q=south+eastern+coalfields+] Eastern Coalfields Limited (Ministry of Energy, Department of Coal) Page 2.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=MINING & INDUSTRIES |url=http://angul.nic.in/industry.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040514065427/http://angul.nic.in/industry.htm |archive-date=2004-05-14 |website=angul.nic.in}} </ref>

As of April 1, 2012, the total geological coal reserve in the South Eastern Coalfields Limited (SECL) command area is 58,253.15 million tons, with 16,076.54 million tons classified as proved reserves. The coal deposits are located within the Son-Mahanadi master basin, spanning six districts in Chhattisgarh—Korba, Raigarh, Surguja, Surajpur, Balrampur, and Korea—and three districts in Madhya Pradesh—Shahdol, Anuppur, and Umaria. The coal reserve in Madhya Pradesh is reported to be 7,407.00 million tons, while in Chhattisgarh, it is 50,846.15 million tons.{{Citation needed|date=April 2025}}

==Coalfields Under SECL==

For effective administrative control and operation, the mines have been grouped in three Coalfields with 13 operating areas -

# ''Central India Coalfields (CIC)''
#* Chirimiri Area
#* Baikunthpur Area
#* Bishrampur Area
#* Hasdeo Area
#* Bhatgaon Area (Bhatgaon Colliery)
#* Jamuna & Kotma Area
#* Sohagpur Area
#* Johilla Area
# ''Korba Coalfields''
#* Korba Area
#* Kusmunda Area
#* Dipka Area
#* Gevra Area
# ''Mand-Raigarh Coalfields''
#* Raigarh Area

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Energy Ministries and Departments of India}}
{{Coalfields}}
{{Public Sector Undertakings in India}}

[[Category:Coal India subsidiaries]]
[[Category:Mining in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Companies based in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1985]]
[[Category:Non-renewable resource companies established in 1985]]
[[Category:1985 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]
{{authority control}}{{India-company-stub}}

Subhūti

2025-11-19T15:00:25Z

Hildred82A:

{{Short description|One of the ten principal disciples of the Buddha}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| honorific-prefix = Elder
| name = Subhūti
| honorific-suffix =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = "Rabjor or (Subhuti)" 1882 art detail, from- Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal (IA journalofasiatic5111asia) (page 95 crop).jpg
| alt =
| caption = A Tibetan illustration of Subhūti, where he is known as Rabjor.
| religion = Buddhism
| denomination =
| ordained =
| school = All (mostly venerated in [[Mahayana]])
| lineage =
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| title = Foremost in being worthy of gifts, foremost in living remote and in peace, foremost in understanding [[Sunyata|emptiness]] (Mahayana)
| period =
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}}
'''Subhūti''' ([[Pali]]: Subhūti; {{zh|t=須菩提|s=须菩提|p=Xūpútí}}) was one of the [[Ten Principal Disciples|ten principal disciples]] of [[Gautama Buddha|the Buddha]]. In [[Theravada Buddhism]], he is considered the disciple who was foremost in being "[[Sangha#Qualities of the Sangha|worthy of gifts]]" (Pali: ''dakkhiṇeyyānaṃ'') and "living remote and in peace" (Pali: ''araṇavihārīnaṃ'' ''aggo''). In [[Mahayana]] Buddhism, he is considered foremost in understanding [[Śūnyatā|emptiness]] (Sanskrit: ''Śūnyatā'').

Subhūti was born into a wealthy family and was a relative of [[Anathapindika|Anāthapiṇḍika]], the Buddha's chief patron. He became a monk after hearing the Buddha teach at the dedication ceremony of [[Jetavana|Jetavana Monastery]]. After ordaining, Subhūti went into the forest and became an ''[[Arhat|arahant]]'' while meditating on [[Maitrī|friendliness]] (Pali: ''mettā''). It is said that due to his mastery of loving-kindness meditation, any gift offered to him bore the greatest [[Merit (Buddhism)|merit]] for the donor, thus earning him the title of foremost in being "worthy of gifts". Subhūti is a major figure in Mahayana Buddhism and is one of the central figures in [[Prajñāpāramitā]] sutras.

==In Theravada Buddhism==
===Previous life===
According to the [[Pali Canon]], in the time of [[Padumuttara Buddha]], Subhūti was born a man named Nanda. Nanda was born into a wealthy family and decided to leave his life behind to become a hermit. The hermitage Nanda was staying at was then visited by Padumuttara Buddha, who had his monk who was skilled in the practice of ''[[Maitrī|metta]]'' and was foremost in being "worthy of gifts" give a thanks-giving ([[Pali]]: ''anumodanā''). While all of the other hermits at the hermitage attained ''[[arahantship]]'' following the teaching, Nanda did not and instead made a resolution to become the disciple foremost in being worthy of gifts of a future Buddha. This wish was fulfilled in the time of [[Gautama Buddha]] when he was reborn as Subhūti.{{sfn|Malalasekera|1938|p=1235}}

===Biography===
According to the Pali tradition, Subhūti was born into a wealthy merchant family. His father was the wealthy merchant Sumana, and his older brother was [[Anathapindika|Anāthapiṇḍika]], who would later become the Buddha's chief male patron. Texts relate that Subhūti was present at the dedication of [[Jetavana]] Monastery, which his older brother Anāthapiṇḍika had purchased and built for the Buddha. Upon hearing the Buddha teach at the dedication, Subhūti became inspired and ordained as a monk under him.{{sfn|Davids|1913|pp=4-5}} After mastering the [[Vinaya|monastic rules]], he went to live in the forest where he attained ''[[arahantship]]'' while meditating on the "absorption of [[Maitrī|loving-kindness]]" (Pali: ''mettā-jhāna''). Subhūti became known for teaching the [[Dharma (Buddhism)|Dhamma]] "without distinction or limitation", meaning regardless of the listener's potential, and was declared the disciple foremost in "living remote and in peace" (Pali: ''araṇavihārīnaṃ'' ''aggo'').{{sfn|Malalasekera|1938|p=1235}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Subhuti |url=http://obo.genaud.net/backmatter/appendixes/personalities/subhuti.htm |website=obo.genaud.net |access-date=2020-05-04 |archive-date=2020-01-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200105235818/http://obo.genaud.net/backmatter/appendixes/personalities/subhuti.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|Sangharakshita|2006|p=121}} During alms rounds, where monks go house to house looking for food from laypeople, Subhūti had a habit of developing ''mettā-jhāna'' at every household, making it so people who gave him alms received the highest possible [[Merit (Buddhism)|merit]] from the offerings. Because of this, the Buddha also declared him the disciple who was foremost in being [[Sangha#Qualities of the Sangha|worthy of gifts]] (Pali: ''dakkhiṇeyyānaṃ'').{{sfn|Malalasekera|1938|p=1235}}{{sfn|Davids|1913|pp=4-5}}

In one story, Subhūti visited [[Rājagaha]] where King [[Bimbisara]] promised to build him a hut. However, the king forgot, thus forcing Subhūti to meditate in the open air. It is said that due to the power of his virtue rain would not fall, and when King Bimbisara found out about the cause of the lack of rain he had a leaf hut constructed for him. According to the text, when Subhūti sat down in the hut, rain began to fall.{{sfn|Malalasekera|1938|p=1235}}{{sfn|Davids|1913|pp=4-5}}

==In Mahāyāna Buddhism==
[[Image:Subhuti diamond sutra detail retouched.jpeg|thumb|200px|Elder Subhūti addresses the Buddha, in the earliest dated printed book (Diamond Sūtra).]]
Subhūti plays a much larger role in Mahayana Buddhism than in Theravada Buddhism.{{sfn|Black|Patton|2015|pp=126-127}} In Mahayana Buddhist tradition, he is considered the disciple of the Buddha who was foremost in understanding ''[[Śūnyatā]]'', or emptiness, and is a central figure in Mahayana [[Prajñāpāramitā]] texts.{{sfn|Black|Patton|2015|pp=126-127}}{{sfn|Pine|2009|p=58}} Buddhist scholar Edward Conze describes him as being regarded as the foremost disciple in Mahayana Buddhism.{{sfn|Conze|1973|p=283}}

=== Early life ===
According to northern Buddhist texts, Subhuti was born into a wealthy family in ''[[Shravasti|Śrāvastī]]'' and on the day of his birth, all of his family's gold and silver suddenly disappeared, symbolizing that he was born of emptiness, according to Buddhist commentators. The family's gold and silver was then said to have reappeared seven days later.{{sfn|Pine|2009|pp=58-60}} In the northern Buddhist tradition, Subhuti was the nephew of [[Anathapindika|Anāthapiṇḍika]] and had a notoriously bad temper. Subhūti was present at the dedication of [[Jetavana]] Monastery, which his uncle Anāthapiṇḍika had purchased and built for the Buddha. Upon hearing the Buddha teach at the dedication, Subhūti became inspired and ordained as a monk under him eventually developing a calm mind and temperament.{{sfn|Morgan|Walters|2012|p=132}}

=== Person ===
Chinese Buddhist commentaries state that when going on alms rounds, Subhuti prioritized collecting alms from the wealthy. This was in contrast to another Buddhist disciple, [[Mahakassapa|Mahākāśyapa]], who prioritized collecting alms from the poor.{{sfn|Nan Huaijin|2004|pp=21-22}} According to Chinese Buddhist monk [[Hsing Yun]], Mahākāśyapa prioritized receiving alms from poor households reasoning that poor people needed the [[Merit (Buddhism)|merit]] from alms-giving the most, while Subhuti reasoned that collecting alms from poor people increased their hardship, therefore he collected alms from rich households who would not be burdened by such giving.{{sfn|XingyunYun|2010|pp=158-159}} Chinese Buddhist texts state that the Buddha later rebuked both of them for these practices, telling them that collecting alms should be done indiscriminately.{{sfn|Nan Huaijin|2004|pp=21-22}}

Among the [[Mahayana|Mahāyāna]] traditions, Subhūti is perhaps best known as the disciple with whom the Buddha speaks when imparting the [[Diamond Sutra|Diamond Sūtra]] (Sanskrit: ''Vajracchedikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra'', Chinese: 金剛經 or 金剛般若經), an important teaching within the [[Prajñāpāramitā]] genre. This, along with the [[Heart Sutra|Heart Sūtra]] (Sanskrit: ''Prajñāpāramitā Hṛdaya'', Chinese: 心經 or 般若心經), is one of the most well-known sūtras among both practitioners and non-practitioners of [[Buddhism]]. Subhūti is also responsible for much of the exposition in earlier Prajñāpāramitā sūtras.{{sfn|Lopez|1988|p=7}} In northern Buddhist texts, when the Buddha descended to [[Sankassa]] after spending the rainy season in [[Tavatimsa]] heaven, Subhuti, recalling that the Buddha said that one can see him by meditating, remained in meditation rather than going to greet him.{{sfn|Adamek|2007|p=348}} Upon arriving the Buddha stated that Subhuti was the first to greet him upon his return, having seen the Buddha's spiritual body before the other disciples greeted his physical body.{{sfn|Watters|1904|p=337}}{{sfn|Powers|2013|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Why9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT181 ??]}}

In the [[Lotus Sutra]] (Sanskrit: ''Saddharma Puṇḍarīka Sūtra'', Chinese: 法華(花)經 or 妙法蓮華(花)經), Chapter 6 (Bestowal of Prophecy), the Buddha bestows prophecies of enlightenment on Subhūti, along with other śrāvakas such as Mahākāśyapa, Mahākātyāyana, and Mahāmaudgalyāyana.

==In Zen writings==
In [[Chan Buddhism|Chan]]/[[Zen]] Buddhism, Subhūti appears in several [[koan]]s, such as this one:{{sfn|Reps|Nyogen Senzaki|2008|p=53}}

<blockquote>One day, in a mood of sublime emptiness, Subhuti was resting underneath a tree when flowers began to fall about him. "We are praising you for your discourse on emptiness," the gods whispered to Subhuti. "But I have not spoken of emptiness," replied Subhuti. "You have not spoken of emptiness, we have not heard emptiness," responded the gods. "This is the true emptiness." The blossoms showered upon Subhuti as rain.</blockquote>

This story also appears in the [[Diamond Sutra]].{{sfn|Pine|2009|p=339|ps=: "This was a lesson Subhuti learned well. In the Maha Prajnaparamita Sutra, the god Shakra appears and scatters flowers before Subhuti. When Subhuti asks why he is doing this, Shakra says he is making offerings to thank Subhuti for teaching him about prajna. Subhuti replies, "But I have not said one word. How can you say I teach prajna?" To this, Shakra replies, "So it is. The venerable Subhuti does not teach, and I do not hear any dharma. Nothing taught and nothing heard. This is true prajna.""}}

==Lineage of the Panchen Lamas==
In the lineage of the [[Panchen Lama]]s of [[Tibet]] there were considered to be four "Indian" and three Tibetan incarnations of [[Amitabha]] Buddha before [[Khedrup Gelek Pelzang]], who is recognised as the first Panchen Lama. The lineage starts with Subhuti.{{sfn|Stein|1972|p=84}}{{sfn|Das|1970|pp=81–103}}

==In Chinese literature==
A [[Taoism]] character based on Subhūti, [[Puti Zushi]], appears in the Chinese classical novel ''[[Journey to the West]]'', as the mentor and master of the main [[protagonist]] [[Sun Wukong]].{{sfn|Ping Shao|2006}} The story of Sun Wukong first meeting Subhūti was a play on the [[Chan Buddhism|Chan]]/[[Zen]] story of [[Huineng]] meeting [[Daman Hongren|Hongren]], as told in the [[Platform Sutra|Platform Sūtra]] of [[Chan Buddhism|Chan]]/[[Zen]] Buddhism. Because of the role that Subhūti plays in the story, his name has remained familiar in [[Chinese culture]].{{sfn|Nan Huaijin|2004|p=25}}

==Citations==
{{Reflist|20em}}

== References ==
{{refbegin |30em}}
*{{Citation|last=Adamek|first=Wendi Leigh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BiKtAgAAQBAJ&q=subhuti+Tr%C4%81yastri%E1%B9%83%C5%9Ba&pg=PA348|title=The Mystique of Transmission: On an Early Chan History and Its Contexts|date=2007|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-13664-8|access-date=2020-11-03|archive-date=2022-05-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506233804/https://books.google.com/books?id=BiKtAgAAQBAJ&q=subhuti+Tr%C4%81yastri%E1%B9%83%C5%9Ba&pg=PA348|url-status=live}}
*{{Citation |last1=Black |first1=Dr Brian |last2=Patton |first2=Dean Laurie |title=Dialogue in Early South Asian Religions: Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain Traditions |date=2015 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. |isbn=978-1-4094-4012-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4EchCgAAQBAJ |access-date=2020-05-03 |archive-date=2021-04-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411230624/https://books.google.com/books?id=4EchCgAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
*{{Citation|last=Buswell|first=Robert E.|title=Encyclopedia of Buddhism|date=2004|publisher=Macmillan Reference, USA|others=Buswell, Robert E., Jr., 1953-|isbn=0-02-865718-7|location=New York|oclc=52216132|url=http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/Encyclopedia%20of%20Buddhism_2%20Vols_%20Buswell.pdf|access-date=2020-05-03|archive-date=2018-06-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629160542/http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/Encyclopedia%20of%20Buddhism_2%20Vols_%20Buswell.pdf|url-status=dead}}
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{{refend}}

{{Buddhism topics}}
{{Gautama Buddha}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Foremost disciples of Gautama Buddha]]
[[Category:Panchen Lamas|Panchen Lama]]
[[Category:Tibetan Buddhists from India]]
[[Category:Indian Buddhist monks]]
[[Category:Arhats]]
[[Category:People from Kosala]]

Indian 500-rupee note

2025-11-11T09:23:57Z

Hildred82A: enhance information also and corrected details after review

{{Short description|Highest value banknote of the Indian rupee}}{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox banknote
| country = India
| denomination = Five hundred rupees
| value = {{INR}}500 (approx. ${{To USD|500|IND}})
| unit =
| width_mm = 150
| height_mm = 66
| security_features =
| paper_type =
| years_of_printing = 10 November 2016 – present
| obverse = India new 500 INR, MG series, 2016, obverse.jpg
| obverse_design = [[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi|Mahatma Gandhi]]
| obverse_designer = [[Reserve Bank of India]]
| obverse_design_date = {{start date and age|2016|}}
| reverse = India new 500 INR, MG series, 2016, reverse.jpg
| reverse_design = [[Red Fort]]
| reverse_designer = [[Reserve Bank of India]]
| reverse_design_date = {{start date and age|2016|}}
}}

The '''Indian 500-rupee banknote''' ({{INR}}500) is a denomination of the [[Indian rupee]]. In 1987, the ₹500 note was introduced, followed by the ₹1,000 note in the year. The current ₹500 banknote, in circulation since 10 November 2016, is a part of the [[Mahatma Gandhi New Series]]. The previous banknotes of the [[Mahatma Gandhi Series]], in circulation between October 1997 and November 2016, were [[Indian 500 and 1000 rupee currency demonetisation|demonetised on November 8, 2016]].

==History==

The Indian 500-rupee banknote (₹500) is a denomination of the Indian rupee. In 1987, the ₹500 note was introduced, followed by the ₹1,000 note in 2000 while ₹1 and ₹2 notes were discontinued in 1995. The current ₹500 banknote, in circulation since 10 November 2016, is a part of the Mahatma Gandhi New Series. The previous banknotes of the Mahatma Gandhi Series, in circulation between October 1997 and November 2016, were demonetised on 8 November 2016.

On 8 November 2016, Indian prime minister [[Narendra Modi]] announced the demonetization of the ₹500 banknotes of the [[Mahatma Gandhi Series]] as a measure to fight [[corruption in India]] and address the issue of counterfeit banknotes.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/business/economy/narendra-modi-500-100-indian-rupee-notes-demonetised-4364660/|title=Rs 500 and 1000 currency demonitised: PM Modi|date=2016-11-08|newspaper=The Indian Express|access-date=2016-11-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/in-an-attempt-to-curb-black-money-pm-narendra-modi-declares-rs-500-1000-notes-to-be-void-from-midnight/articleshow/55315932.cms|title=PM Modi declares Rs 500 and 1000 currency notes to be void from midnight - The Economic Times|newspaper=The Economic Times|access-date=2016-11-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/rs-500-rs-1000-currency-notes-to-be-out-of-circulation-from-midnight/article9320594.ece|title=Rs. 500, Rs. 1000 currency notes to be out of circulation from midnight|date=2016-11-08|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-11-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/indias-biggest-crackdown-on-corruption-foreign-media-on-pm-modis-move-1623014?stky&browserpush=true|title=India's Biggest Crackdown On Corruption: Foreign Media On PM Modi's Move|newspaper=NDTV.com|access-date=2016-11-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://eisamay.indiatimes.com/nation/rs-500-rs-1000-notes-wont-be-legal-tender-from-tonight-says-pm/articleshow/55316607.cms|title=মোদীর ঘোষণা, মাঝরাত থেকেই নিষিদ্ধ ৫০০ ও ১০০০ টাকার নোট -Eisamay|date=2016-11-08|newspaper=Eisamay|access-date=2016-11-08|archive-date=8 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180508190953/https://eisamay.indiatimes.com/nation/Rs-500-Rs-1000-notes-wont-be-legal-tender-from-tonight-says-PM/articleshow/55316607.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.anandabazar.com/national/rupees-500-and-1000-is-going-to-discontinue-announces-modi-dgtl-1.510271|title=বাতিল ৫০০ ও ১০০০ টাকার নোট, ঘোষণা নরেন্দ্র মোদীর|last=সংস্থা|first=সংবাদ|newspaper=anandabazar.com|access-date=2016-11-08}}</ref> On 10 November 2016, the previous banknote was replaced by a new {{INR}}500 banknote of the [[Mahatma Gandhi New Series]] of banknotes.<ref name=rbi-500-new>{{cite press release |author=Alpana Killawala |url=https://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/PressRelease/PDFs/PR114610FD822AC70142AEB274AF376755C293.PDF |title=Issue of ₹500 Banknotes (Press Release) |date=8 November 2016 |publisher=[[Reserve Bank of India]] |access-date=8 November 2016}}</ref>

==Mahatma Gandhi Series==
[[File:India 500 INR, MG series, 2014, obverse.jpg|thumb|Obverse of the {{INR}}500 banknote between October 1997 – November 2016]]
[[File:India 500 INR, MG series, 2014, reverse.jpg|thumb|Reverse of the {{INR}}500 banknote between October 1997 – November 2016]]

===Design===

The {{INR}}500 banknote of the [[Mahatma Gandhi Series]] is 167 × 73 mm orange-yellow coloured, with the obverse side featuring a portrait of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] with a signature of the governor of the [[Reserve Bank of India]]. It has the [[Braille]] feature to assist the visually challenged in identifying the currency. The reverse side features the [[Gyarah Murti]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Iconic sculpture in the heart of Delhi |url=https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/district-reopsitory-detail.htm?174 |website=Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav |publisher=Ministry of Culture, Government of India |access-date=19 July 2022 |language=English}}</ref>

As of 2011, the new [[Indian rupee sign|{{INR}} sign]] has been incorporated into banknote of {{INR}}500.<ref>{{cite web|title=Issue of ₹500 Banknotes with incorporation of Rupee symbol|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/BS_ViewCurrencyPressRelease.aspx?Id=25662|publisher=RBI|access-date=26 December 2011}}</ref> In January 2014 RBI announced that it would be withdrawing from circulation all banknotes printed prior to 2005 by 31 March 2014. The deadline was later extended to 1 January 2015. Further deadline was extended until 30 June 2016.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=107510 | title=Withdrawal of Currencies Issued Prior to 2005 | publisher=Press Information Bureau | date=25 July 2014 | access-date=25 July 2014}}</ref>

===Security features===

The security features of the {{INR}}500 banknote includes:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/FAQView.aspx?Id=39#32 |title=Are there any special features in the banknotes of Mahatma Gandhi series- 1996? |work=Your Guide to Money Matters |publisher=Reserve Bank of India |access-date=11 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112123135/http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/FAQView.aspx?Id=39 |archive-date=12 January 2012 }}</ref>

*A windowed [[security thread]] that reads 'भारत' (''Bharat in the [[Devanagari]] script'') and 'RBI' alternately.
*[[Latent image]] of the value of the banknote on the vertical band next to the right hand side of Mahatma Gandhi’s portrait.
*[[Watermark]] of [[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi|Mahatma Gandhi]] that is a mirror image of the main portrait.
*The number panel of the banknote is printed in embedded [[fluorescent]] fibers and optically variable ink.
*Since 2005 additional security features like machine-readable security thread, electrotype watermark, and year of print appears on the bank note.

===Discontinuation===
{{Main article|2016 Indian banknote demonetisation}}

Starting from midnight 8 November 2016 all ₹500 and ₹1000 banknotes of the [[Mahatma Gandhi Series]] ceased to be a form of [[legal tender]] after a televised address to India by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]].<ref>{{Citation|last=Spotlight|title=[English]PM Modi's Surgical Strike on Corruption {{!}} 500,1000 Rupee Notes Not Legal Tender Anymore|date=2016-11-08|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iUpPE8UDEzo|access-date=2016-11-08}}</ref>

==Mahatma Gandhi New Series ==

===Design===

The {{INR}}500 banknote of the [[Mahatma Gandhi New Series]] is 66mm x 150mm [[Shades of gray#Stone Gray|Stone Grey]] coloured, with the obverse side featuring a portrait of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] as well as the [[Ashoka Pillar|Ashoka Pillar Emblem]], with the signature of the governor of [[Reserve Bank of India]]. It has the [[Braille]] feature to assist the visually challenged in identifying the currency. The reverse side features a motif of the Indian heritage site of [[Red Fort]], and the logo and a tag line of [[Swachh Bharat Abhiyan]].<ref name=rbi-500-new/>

===Security features===

* See through register with denominational numeral 500
* Latent image with denominational numeral 500
* [[Micro printing|Micro letters]] ‘RBI’ and ‘500’ on the left side of the banknote
* Windowed [[security thread]] with inscriptions ‘भारत’, RBI and 500 on banknotes with colour shift. Colour of the thread changes from green to blue when the note is tilted
* Denominational numeral with [[Indian rupee symbol|Rupee Symbol]], {{INR}}500 in colour changing ink (green to blue) on bottom right
* [[Ashoka Pillar]] emblem on the right Mahatma Gandhi portrait and electrotype (500) watermarks
* Number panel with numerals growing from small to big on the top left side and bottom right side.
* For visually impaired Intaglio or raised printing of Mahatma Gandhi portrait, Ashoka Pillar emblem, five bleed lines and identity mark
* Circle with {{INR}}500 in raised print on the right

==Languages==

As like the other [[Indian rupee]] banknotes, the {{INR}}500 banknote has its amount written in 17 languages. On the obverse, the denomination is written in [[English language|English]] and [[Hindi]]. On the reverse is a language panel which displays the denomination of the note in 15 of the 22 [[List of official languages of India|official languages of India]]. The languages are displayed in alphabetical order. Languages included on the panel are [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Kannada]], [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Konkani language|Konkani]], [[Malayalam]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Nepali language|Nepali]], [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Sanskrit]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Urdu]].

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+
! colspan="2" |Denominations in [[Languages with official status in India|central level official languages]] (At below either ends)
|-
!Language
! {{INR}}500
|-
|[[English language|English]] || Five hundred rupees
|-
|[[Hindi]] || {{lang|hi|पाँच सौ रुपये}}
|-
! colspan="2" |Denominations in 15 [[Languages with official status in India#Schedule|state level/other official languages]] (As seen on the language panel)
|-
| [[Assamese language|Assamese]] || {{lang|as|পাঁচশ টকা}}
|-
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]] || {{lang|bn|পাঁচশ টাকা}}
|-
| [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] || {{lang|gu|પાંચ સો રૂપિયા}}
|-
| [[Kannada]] || {{lang|kn|ಐದು ನೂರು ರೂಪಾಯಿಗಳು}}
|-
| [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] || {{lang|ks|پانٛژھ ہَتھ رۄپیہِ}}
|-
| [[Konkani language|Konkani]] || {{lang|kok|पाचशें रुपया}}
|-
| [[Malayalam]] || {{lang|ml|അഞ്ഞൂറു രൂപ}}
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]] || {{lang|mr|पाचशे रुपये}}
|-
| [[Nepali language|Nepali]] || {{lang|ne|पाँच सय रुपियाँ}}
|-
| [[Odia language|Odia]] || {{lang|or|ପାଞ୍ଚ ଶତ ଟଙ୍କା}}
|-
| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] || {{lang|pa|ਪੰਜ ਸੌ ਰੁਪਏ}}
|-
| [[Sanskrit]] || {{lang|sa|पञ्चशतं रूप्यकाणि}}
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || {{lang|ta|ஐந்நூறு ரூபாய்}}
|-
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || {{lang|te|ఐదువందల రూపాయలు}}
|-
| [[Urdu language|Urdu]] || {{lang|ur|پانچ سو روپیے}}
|}

==See also==
*[[Mahatma Gandhi New Series]]
* [[Indian 200-rupee note]]
* [[Indian 2000-rupee note]]

==References==
{{Portal|India|Money|Numismatics}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian currency}}

[[Category:Banknotes of India]]
[[Category:Rupee]]
[[Category:Five-hundred-base-unit banknotes]]
[[Category:Currencies introduced in 1997]]

Serfoji I

2025-10-07T09:35:44Z

Hildred82A: enhanced layout for accuracy for clarity

{{Short description|Raja of Thanjavur Maratha kingdom from 1712–1728}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}{{Infobox royalty
| name = Serfoji I
| title =
| image = Serfoji I.jpg
| succession = [[Raja]] of [[Thanjavur Maratha kingdom|Thanjavur]]
| reign = 1712 to 1728
| birth_date = 1675
| birth_place =
| death_date = 1728
| death_place = Thanjavur
| predecessor = [[Shahuji I of Thanjavur]]
| successor = [[Tukkoji]]
| royal house = [[Bhonsle Dynasty|Bhonsle]]
| father = [[Ekoji I]]
| religion = Hinduism
}}

'''Serfoji I''' (1675–1728), also spelt as '''Sarabhoji I Bhonsle''', was the son of the [[Maratha]] ruler of [[Thanjavur]] [[Ekoji I]] and the [[Raja]] of Thanjavur from 1712 to 1728. He was the third Raja of the [[Bhonsle|Bhonsle dynasty]] of [[Thanjavur]]. He consolidated the hold of Marathas over Thanjavur and patronised arts and literature.

== The Marava War of Succession ==
{{See also|Marava War of Succession|Serfoji I's invasion of Ramnad}}
A war of succession broke out in the Marava kingdom in the year 1720.<ref name="p37">[[#Subramanian|Subramanian]], Pg. 37</ref> Vijaya Raghunatha, the adopted son of Raja Kilavan had died and a war of succession broke out between two other sons of Kilavan namely Bhavani Shankar and Tanda Teva.<ref name="p37" /> Serfoji I supported the cause of Bhavani Shankar and placed him on the throne.<ref name="p37" /> But Bhavani Shankar did not fulfill his promise to cede all lands north of the [[Pambar (Sarpanadi) River|Pambar River]] to Thanjavur. Thanjavur switched sides and began to support another pretender.<ref name="p37" /> The Marava army suffered a crushing defeat at the hands of Serfoji I. Bhavani Shankar was deposed and the country conquered by Serfoji I.<ref name="p37" /> The country was split up into three parts: one part was annexed by Thanjavur while the [[Zamindar]]is of [[Sivaganga]] and [[Ramnad]] were created out of the other two.<ref name="p37" />

== Nizam's invasion ==
{{Main|Battle of Palkhed}}

In 1725, [[Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I|Nizam]] forces under [[Khwaja Kamal|Iwaz Khan]] besieged [[Trichinopoly]] from Serfoji. The reason for the campaign was the tax collection of Maratha agents from what Nizam's considered his own influence. The Maratha forces of 50,000 men under Fateh Singh Bhonsle were sent by [[Shahu I]] to support Serfoji. The Marathas suffered heavy losses and were forced to retreat. Two years later, in 1727, Fateh Singh Bhonsle once again marched into [[Karnataka]] but was unable to stop the Nizam's armies from ousting the Maratha collectors.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gordon |first=Stewart |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C |title=The Marathas 1600-1818 |date=2007-02-01 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-03316-9 |pages=120 |language=en}}</ref> The Nizam further decided to pacify the Maratha taxation rights in his own domains by attacking [[Pune]] which was met with response from Peshwa [[Bajirao I]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sinha H. N. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.51631 |title=Rise Of The Peshwas (1954) |date=1954 |pages=102-113}}</ref> The Nizam was ultimately defeated by Bajirao at the [[Battle of Palkhed]] in 1728 and was forced to sign the [[Treaty of Mungi-Shevgaon]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gordon |first=Stewart |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/marathas-16001818/1098497E96D2AFA760D18DB311A91C80 |title=The Marathas 1600–1818 |date=1993 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-26883-7 |series=The New Cambridge History of India |location=Cambridge |pages=122}}</ref> The treaty essentially reduced the Nizams to tributary status of Marathas.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra Nath |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Anglo_Maratha_Relations_1785_96/Y-kanqrtVhYC?hl=en&gbpv=1 |title=Anglo-Maratha Relations, 1785-96 |date=1994 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7154-789-0 |pages=198 |language=en}}</ref>

== Encounter with Abirami Pattar ==
{{See also|Abirami Pattar}}

Ruler Serfoji I, the Maratha Raja of Thanjavur who ruled over the land, visited the [[Amritaghateswarar-Abirami Temple, Thirukkadaiyur|Abirami temple]] to pay homage to Lord [[Shiva]]. On noticing the peculiar behavior of Subramaniya Iyer (also known as Abirami Pattar) who was a temple priest, he inquired the other priests about the individual. One of them remarked that he was a madman while another rejected this categorization explaining to the king that Subramaniya Iyer was only an ardent devotee of Goddess Abhirami. Seeking to know the truth himself, Serfoji approached the priest and asked him what day of the month it was i.e. whether it was a full-moon day or a new-moon day. Subramaniya Iyer answered mistakenly that it was a Pournami (Tamil: பௌர்ணமி, Lit. full-moon day) who could see nothing else but the shining luminant form of the Goddess. While in reality, the night was an Amavasya (Tamil: அம்மாவசை, Lit. new-moon day). The king rode off informing the former that he would have his head cut off, if the moon did not appear on the sky by six in the night.

Immediately realizing his mistake, Subramaniya Iyer supposedly lit a huge fire and erected a platform over it supported by a hundred ropes. He sat upon the platform and prayed to the Goddess Abhirami to save him. He cut off one rope after another in succession on completion of each verse of his prayer. These hymns form the Abhirami Anthadhi. On verge of completing the 79th hymn, the Goddess Abhirami manifested herself before him and threw her thadanga (Tamil: தடங்கை, Lit. diamond earring ornament), over the sky such that it shined with bright light upon the horizon. The area around the temple was surrounded by light like noon. Overcome with ecstasy, Subramaniya Iyer composed 21 more verses in praise of the Goddess.

The king repented his mistake and immediately cancelled the punishment he had awarded Subramaniya Iyer. He also bestowed upon the latter the title of "Abirami Pattar" or "One who worships Goddess Abhirami or The Priest of Goddess Abhirami" and awarded his successors the privilege of using the title "Bharathi".

== Literature ==
The reign of Serfoji I was known for literary works of considerable significance. ''Advaita Kirtana'', a Tamil manuscript in the Tanjore library speaks of a breach in the [[Cauvery]] dam and refusal of the [[Madurai Nayak]] to allow this repair.<ref name="p38">[[#Subramanian|Subramanian]], Pg. 38</ref> Drought and famine followed, and then, the necessary repairs were carried out. There is a [[Sanskrit]] [[manuscript]] named ''Sarabhoji Charitra'' which praises the king for fighting with those who came to cut off the Cauvery dam. The reference here has to be traced to an event in the Marava war of succession.<ref name="p38" />

Serfoji I is presented as a pious and charitable monarch. He endowed [[Brahmin|Brahmanas]] with [[agraharams]] like Mangamatam in Tiruverkadu and [[Sarabhojirajapuram]] in Tirukkadaiyur.<ref name="p39">[[#Subramanian|Subramanian]], Pg. 39</ref> ''Vidyaparinaya'' written by Vedakavi was enacted in the festival of the Goddess Anandavalli in Thanjavur.<ref name="p40">[[#Subramanian|Subramanian]], Pg. 40</ref> It speaks of the marriage of the individual soul with ''Vidya''. ''Sarabharaja Vilasa'' and ''Ratinamanmatha'' were written by Jagannatha son of a minister of Ekoji.<ref name="p40" /> ''Sivabharata'', a Sanskrit manuscript deals with the ancestry and achievements of [[Shivaji]].<ref name="p40" /> It was translated into Tamil as ''Sivajicharitram''.<ref name="p40" />

== Succession ==

Serfoji I did not have a legitimate male offspring of his own.<ref name="p40" /> However, after his death, a claimant rose in the person of Katturaja who assumed the name [[Shahuji II]] and claimed to be an illegitimate offspring of Serfoji I.<ref name="p40" />

== Death ==
Serfoji I died in 1728.<ref name="p40" /> One of his queens performed Sati.<ref name="p40" /> He was succeeded by his younger brother [[Tukkoji]].<ref name="p40" />

==See also==
* [[Maratha Empire]]
* [[List of Maratha dynasties and states]]
* [[Thanjavur Maratha kingdom]]

== Footnotes ==

{{Reflist}}

== References ==

# <cite id="Subramanian">K. R. Subramanian(1928). ''The Maratha Rajas of Tanjore''</cite>

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box|title=[[List of Indian monarchs#Bhosale Maharajas of Nagpur (1738 – 1854 CE)|Maratha Raja of Thanjavur]]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-06-02|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=List of Indian monarchs#Bhosale Maharajas of Nagpur (1738 – 1854 CE)|reason= The anchor (Bhosale Maharajas of Nagpur (1738 – 1854 CE)) [[Special:Diff/1133633790|has been deleted]].}}|before=[[Shahuji I]]|after=[[Tukkoji]]|years=1712–1728}}
{{s-end}}

{{MarathaEmpire}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Serfoji 01}}
[[Category:1675 births]]
[[Category:1728 deaths]]
[[Category:Rajas of Thanjavur]]

Opsarius bendelisis

2025-10-03T15:31:46Z

Hildred82A: New A Entry More To Come

{{Short description|Species of fish}}
{{Italic title}}
{{speciesbox
| image = Barilius bendelisis Minten 148.jpg
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name = IUCN>{{cite iucn |author=Vishwanath, W. |year=2010 |title=''Barilius bendelisis'' |article-number=e.T166594A6243552 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-4.RLTS.T166594A6243552.en |access-date=13 January 2018}}</ref>
| taxon = Opsarius bendelisis
| authority = ([[Francis Buchanan-Hamilton|Hamilton]], 1807)<ref>{{FishBase|Barilius|bendelisis}}</ref>
| synonyms = ''Barilius bendelisis'' Hamilton, 1807
}}

'''''Opsarius bendelisis''''' is a fish in genus ''[[Opsarius]]'' of the family [[Danionidae]]. It is found in [[Pakistan]], [[India]], [[Nepal]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Bhutan]] and [[Myanmar]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q3758138}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Opsarius bendelisis}}
[[Category:Opsarius|bendelsis]]
[[Category:Fish of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Fish of India]]
[[Category:Fish of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Freshwater fish of Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Fish described in 1807]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Francis Buchanan-Hamilton]]

{{Danioninae-stub}}

Shamsabad, Agra

2025-07-11T03:01:52Z

Hildred82A:

{{Other places3|Shamsabad (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Shamsabad, Agra
| native_name = Shamsabad
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.02|N|78.13|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Agra district|Agra]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 165
| population_total = 33144
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census2011Gov"/>
| demographics_type1 = [[Language]]
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER FOR LINGUISTIC MINORITIES IN INDIA|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|accessdate=26 December 2018|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archivedate=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = [[Urdu]]<ref name="langoff"/>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 283125
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Shamsabad''' is a city and a [[municipal Corporation]] in [[Agra]] district in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]].

==Geography==
Shamsabad is located at {{Coord|27.02|N|78.13|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/36/Shamsabad.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Shamsabad]</ref> It has an average elevation of 165 [[metre]]s (541 [[foot (length)|feet]]).

==Demographics==
As of [[2011 Indian Census]], Shamsabad had a total population of 33,144, of which 17,433 were males and 15,711 were females. Population within the age group of 0 to 6 years was 5,187. The total number of literates in Shamsabad was 18,838, which constituted 56.8% of the population with male literacy of 63.1% and female literacy of 49.9%. The effective literacy rate of 7+ population of Shamsabad was 67.4%, of which male literacy rate was 75.0% and female literacy rate was 59.0%. The [[Scheduled Castes]] population was 5,005. Shamsabad had 4938 households in 2011.<ref name="Census2011Gov">{{cite web |title=Census of India: Shamsabad |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=144650 |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |accessdate=9 February 2020}}</ref>

{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=16 June 2004|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=1 November 2008|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Shamsabad had a population of 27,260. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Shamsabad has an average literacy rate of 52%, lower than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 60%, and female literacy is 42%. In Shamsabad, 18% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Agra district}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Agra district]]
[[Category:Agra district]]

{{Agra-geo-stub}}

Papanasam, Tirunelveli

2025-06-04T19:45:29Z

Hildred82A:

{{for| the town in Thanjavur district with the same name |Papanasam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Papanasam
| other_name = Pavanasam
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|8.712|N|77.393|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tirunelveli district|Tirunelveli]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 627425
| registration_plate = TN-72
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Papanasam''' also spelt as '''Pavanasam''' is a famous picnic spot in [[Tirunelveli district]] in the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. It falls under the [[Ambasamudram]] [[Taluk]]. It is situated {{Convert|60|km|mi}} from Tirunelveli. The site features tourist attractions like [[Thamirabarani River]], [[Agasthiyar Falls]], Siva Temple, and [[Papanasam dam]] and hydroelectric power plant.

== Neighbouring towns==
[[Vikramasingapuram]] and Ambasamudram are the nearby towns. It falls under Tirunelveli District.{{cn|date=November 2022}}

== Geography ==
It is situated at the bank of Thamirabarani river. It is called Thamirabarani since copper ({{Lang|ta|thamiram}} in [[Tamil language|Tamil]]) content in the water is high.{{cn|date=November 2022}}

==Climate==
{{Weather box|width=auto
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| location = Papanasam
| temperature colour = pastel
| Jan high C = 30
| Feb high C = 31.5
| Mar high C = 33.2
| Apr high C = 33.5
| May high C = 33.7
| Jun high C = 32.2
| Jul high C = 31.3
| Aug high C = 31.7
| Sep high C = 32.1
| Oct high C = 31.2
| Nov high C = 29.6
| Dec high C = 29.4
| Jan mean C = 26.1
| Feb mean C = 27.1
| Mar mean C = 28.6
| Apr mean C = 29.4
| May mean C = 29.8
| Jun mean C = 28.7
| Jul mean C = 28
| Aug mean C = 28.2
| Sep mean C = 28.3
| Oct mean C = 27.7
| Nov mean C = 26.4
| Dec mean C = 25.9
| Jan low C = 22.2
| Feb low C = 22.7
| Mar low C = 24.4
| Apr low C = 25.4
| May low C = 26
| Jun low C = 25.2
| Jul low C = 24.8
| Aug low C = 24.8
| Sep low C = 24.6
| Oct low C = 24.2
| Nov low C = 23.3
| Dec low C = 22.4
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 37
| Feb precipitation mm = 30
| Mar precipitation mm = 49
| Apr precipitation mm = 88
| May precipitation mm = 82
| Jun precipitation mm = 101
| Jul precipitation mm = 79
| Aug precipitation mm = 47
| Sep precipitation mm = 63
| Oct precipitation mm = 202
| Nov precipitation mm = 204
| Dec precipitation mm = 93
| source 1 = ''Climate-Data.org'' (altitude: 76m)<ref name="Climate-Data.org 76m">{{Cite web |url=http://en.climate-data.org/location/498404/ |title=Climate: Papanasam (altitude: 76m) - Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table |publisher=Climate-Data.org |accessdate=2013-12-29 }}</ref>

}}

== Occupation ==
The town is surrounded by green [[paddy fields]]. It is well known for Madura coats, a fabric production company. This town is also well known for its schools. There are about 108 herbs available in the Papanasam hill area which are not found in other part of the world.{{cn|date=November 2022}}

== Tourist attractions ==

Manjolai Hills

Located between elevations ranging from 1,000 to 1,500 metres, the Manjolai area is set deep within the [[Western Ghats]] within the [[Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve|Kalakad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve]] in the Tirunelveli District. Located on top of the Manimuthar dam and the Manimuthar waterfalls, the Manjolai area comprises tea plantations, small settlements around the tea plantations, upper Kodaiyar dam and a windy viewpoint called Kuthiravetti.{{cn|date=November 2022}}

The tea plantations and the whole of Manjolai Estates are tea operated by the [[Bombay Burmah Trading Corporation]] Ltd on forest lands leased by the government of Tamil Nadu. There are three tea estates within the Manjolai area—Manjolai Estate, Manimutharu Estate and Oothu Estate. The estates are located on elevations ranging between 2,300 ft. to 4,200 ft. The estates, road and the settlements in the Manjolai area are managed by the Bombay Burmah Trading Corporation Ltd.{{cn|date=November 2022}}

* Papanasam River (2 km from Vikramasingapuram)
* Agasthiar Falls
* Vaana Theertham Falls
* [[Papanasam dam]]
* Papanasam (upper) Kaarayaar dam
* Servalar dam
* Manimutthaar dam
* ThaiCines—The district's largest movie hall, capable of 1,830 viewers ({{Lang|ta|thaai}} means 'mother')
*Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve <ref>[http://www.nellai.tn.nic.in/tourism.html Tourism information from Nellai website]</ref>
[[File:Karayar Dam.JPG|thumb|Long view of Karayar Dam, Papanasam, Tirunelveli]]

== Tourism ==

The [[Papanasanathar Temple]] lies on the banks of Thambaraparani river where the main deity is Lord Shiva in the name of Papanasar (destroyer of sins, {{Lang|ta|பாவங்களை அழிக்கும் இடம்}}). The name of the goddess is Lord Loganayaki, who is also known as Ulagambigai.{{cn|date=November 2022}}

The Maha Puskaram Festival which occurs once every 144 years, was inaugurated by the Tamil Nadu governor on 10 October 2018 by taking a holy bath in the Tamiraparani river, opposite the Sivan Temple, and continued until 21 October 2018.{{cn|date=November 2022}}

== College ==
Thiruvalluvar arts college is famous in this area.{{cn|date=November 2022}}

== Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Agasthiar falls kalyani theertham.jpg|Agasthiar falls (Kalyani theertham)
File:Vaana Theertham.jpg|Vaana theertham falls (which flows into the Karayar dam)
File:Vanatheertham falls 2007.jpg|Papanasam temple (November 2007)
File:Vanatheertham falls on Thamraparni River.jpg|Vaana theertham falls (November 2007)
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[File:Banatheertham falls, thamirabarani river, papanasm tirunelveli..JPG|thumb|Banatheertham falls, Karayar dam, Papanasam Tirunelveli.]]

https://www.maalaimalar.com/News/TopNews/2018/10/11100602/1206850/Thamirabarani-Maha-Pushkaram-begins-in-Tirunelveli.vpf

[[Category:Cities and towns in Tirunelveli district]]

Mission Compound (Old Churachandpur)

2025-05-19T17:48:17Z

Hildred82A: adding first entry added tags...

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}

{{Refimprove|date=May 2025}}

'''Mission Compound''' (Old Churachandpur) also known as Old Churachand is a small [[India]]n village<ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |title=Primary Census Abstract Data Tables – India: Final Population Totals |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=11 July 2022 |access-date=27 April 2025 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India}}</ref> of historical importance, situated 7.4 km west of Churachandpur Police Station and 62.5 km from [[Imphal]] Airport.

==History==

The Government of Manipur established an administrative headquarters in south of [[Manipur State]] for the Sub-Divisional Officer in about 1918. This headquarters is called Churachandpur, after the then Maharaja of Manipur, Sir Churachand Singh.

The Reverend H.H. Coleman, the then General Secretary of the North East India General Mission (NEIGM) visited Manipur with Dr. G.G. Crozier, then Field Superintendent called on the Maharaja, whose daughter was lying sick at that time. Dr. Crozier and Rev. Coleman immediately attended to her, and on her recovery, the Maharaja readily leased out the SDO Headquarters and its peripherals for the inhabitants for farming and other development activities. The abandoned Government administrative centre; the Lord kept ready the infrastructures of the Government headquarters for the Mission use. What a great and faithful God! The village is the torch bearer of the Gospel in Southern Manipur and beyond.

After 50 years, NEIGM Leaders' Conference in 1980 handed over the village administration to the inhabitants Vide orders No. 9/8/DC(South)/VA/80, dated 22 September 1980 of Deputy Commissioner of Manipur South District, Mission Compound became a recognized village of the Government under the Manipur (Village Authorities in Hill Areas) Act, 1956.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{coord missing|Manipur}}

[[Category:Villages in Churachandpur district]]

National Highway 135A (India)

2025-02-28T17:32:04Z

Hildred82A: adding first entry w/ infobox...

{{short description|National Highway in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{infobox road
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 135A
| marker_image =
| length_km = 256
| direction_a = South
| direction_b = North
| terminus_a = [[Mirzapur]]
| terminus_b = [[Ayodhya]]
| junction =
| spur_type = NH
| spur_of = 35
| previous_type = NH
| next_type = NH
| previous_route = 35 
| next_route = 27 
| states = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| destinations =
}}

'''National Highway 135A''', commonly referred to as '''NH 135A''' is a [[National Highway (India)|national highway]] in [[India]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2018/183660.pdf|title=New national highways declaration notification|website=[[The Gazette of India]] - [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=18 March 2019}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> It is a [[Spur route|secondary]] route of [[National Highway 35 (India)|National Highway 35]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2011/E_574_2012_016.pdf|title=New Numbering of National Highways notification - Government of India|website=[[The Gazette of India]]|access-date=18 March 2019}}</ref> NH-135A runs in the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]] in India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://morth.nic.in/showfile.asp?lid=2924|title=State-wise length of National Highways (NH) in India|website=[[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=18 March 2019}}</ref> बमयय

== Route ==
NH135A connects [[Mirzapur]]-Aura, Bhadohi- [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]]-Sindhora-[[Kerakat]]-Jaunpur-Shahganj-[[Akbarpur, Ambedkar Nagar|Akbarpur]] -[[Ayodhya]] in the state of Uttar Pradesh.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />

This is a section of [[Nawab Yusuf Road|Lumbini-Dudhi Road]] also known as Nawab Yusuf road.

NH 135A intersects[[Purvanchal Expressway]] in [[Baramadpur]] village situated in border of Sultanpur and Azamgarh district.

== Junctions ==
{{RJL|date=November 2021}}
: {{jct|NH|35|country=IND}} Terminal near Mirzapur.<ref name=":1" />
: {{jct|NH|19|country=IND}} near Aurai
: {{jct|NH|731B|country=IND}} near Bhadohi
: {{jct|NH|31|country=IND}} near Jaunpur
: {{jct|NH|128|country=IND}} near Akbarpur
: {{jct|NH|27|country=IND}} Terminal near Ayodhya.<ref name=":1" />

== See also ==
* [[List of national highways in India]]
* [[List of national highways in India by state]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [http://openstreetmap.org/browse/relation/8120137 NH 135A on OpenStreetMap]

{{Indian Highways Network}}
{{IND NH35 sr}}

[[Category:National highways of India]]
[[Category:National highways in Uttar Pradesh]]

{{India-NH-stub}}

Bicchugatti: Chapter 1 − Dalvayi Dange

2024-12-02T00:52:18Z

Hildred82A: expanded content

#REDIRECT [[Bicchugatti]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
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