Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Hindustan Platinum (company)

2024-01-01T19:56:58Z

Hexatron93: /* Facility */

'''Hindustan Platinum''', is India's leading manufacturer and refiner of precious metal products based in Navi Mumbai.<ref>https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/hindustan-platinum-acquires-abb-plant-in-puerto-rico/article28012224.ece</ref> Company is a global customer base in over 50 countries, we will continue to refine and produce high quality precious metal products.<ref name="India Today">https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/hp-gets-lbmas-good-delivery-accreditation-for-silver-bars-648833-2016-11-18</ref>

==History==
Founded in 1961, HP is a leading refiner of precious metals like platinum, palladium, rhodium and silver with an established customer base in over 50 countries across five continents.

The company manufactures industrial products of gold, silver and platinum group metals (PGMs), which cater to key industries like pharmaceutical, oil and gas, automobiles, glass, electrical switchgear, fertiliser, among others.<ref name="India Today"/><ref name="The Hindu"> https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/markets/gold/hindustan-platinum-gets-good-delivery-accreditation-from-lbma/article9361717.ece</ref>

==Facility==
The Company has a refinery in TTC Industrial Area in Pawane, Navi Mumbai.<ref>https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/hp-gets-lbmas-good-delivery-accreditation-for-silver-bars-648833-2016-11-18</ref>

==Collaboration==
eBullion Private Limited, a metal tech startup recognized by the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade and backed by Hindustan Platinum (HP), an established player in the manufacturing and refining of precious metals with a global customer base spanning over 50 countries, on Monday announced Systematic Investment Plan (SIP) for precious metals in India.
<ref>https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/metals-mining/ebullion-announced-sip-for-precious-metals-in-india/articleshow/104279998.cms</ref>

==Awards==
Hindustan Platinum has received Good Delivery accreditation from the London Bullion Market Association (LBMA) for silver bars produced from its refinery.<ref name="The Hindu"/>

Hindustan Platinum (company)

2024-01-01T19:56:34Z

Hexatron93: /* Facility */

'''Hindustan Platinum''', is India's leading manufacturer and refiner of precious metal products based in Navi Mumbai.<ref>https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/hindustan-platinum-acquires-abb-plant-in-puerto-rico/article28012224.ece</ref> Company is a global customer base in over 50 countries, we will continue to refine and produce high quality precious metal products.<ref name="India Today">https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/hp-gets-lbmas-good-delivery-accreditation-for-silver-bars-648833-2016-11-18</ref>

==History==
Founded in 1961, HP is a leading refiner of precious metals like platinum, palladium, rhodium and silver with an established customer base in over 50 countries across five continents.

The company manufactures industrial products of gold, silver and platinum group metals (PGMs), which cater to key industries like pharmaceutical, oil and gas, automobiles, glass, electrical switchgear, fertiliser, among others.<ref name="India Today"/><ref name="The Hindu"> https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/markets/gold/hindustan-platinum-gets-good-delivery-accreditation-from-lbma/article9361717.ece</ref>

==Facility==
It has a refinery in TTC Industrial Area in Pawane, Navi Mumbai.<ref>https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/hp-gets-lbmas-good-delivery-accreditation-for-silver-bars-648833-2016-11-18</ref>

==Collaboration==
eBullion Private Limited, a metal tech startup recognized by the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade and backed by Hindustan Platinum (HP), an established player in the manufacturing and refining of precious metals with a global customer base spanning over 50 countries, on Monday announced Systematic Investment Plan (SIP) for precious metals in India.
<ref>https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/metals-mining/ebullion-announced-sip-for-precious-metals-in-india/articleshow/104279998.cms</ref>

==Awards==
Hindustan Platinum has received Good Delivery accreditation from the London Bullion Market Association (LBMA) for silver bars produced from its refinery.<ref name="The Hindu"/>

Hindustan Platinum (company)

2024-01-01T19:23:20Z

Hexatron93: /* Collaboration */

'''Hindustan Platinum''', is India's leading manufacturer and refiner of precious metal products based in Navi Mumbai.<ref>https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/hindustan-platinum-acquires-abb-plant-in-puerto-rico/article28012224.ece</ref> Company is a global customer base in over 50 countries, we will continue to refine and produce high quality precious metal products.<ref name="India Today">https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/hp-gets-lbmas-good-delivery-accreditation-for-silver-bars-648833-2016-11-18</ref>

==History==
Founded in 1961, HP is a leading refiner of precious metals like platinum, palladium, rhodium and silver with an established customer base in over 50 countries across five continents.

The company manufactures industrial products of gold, silver and platinum group metals (PGMs), which cater to key industries like pharmaceutical, oil and gas, automobiles, glass, electrical switchgear, fertiliser, among others.<ref name="India Today"/><ref name="The Hindu"> https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/markets/gold/hindustan-platinum-gets-good-delivery-accreditation-from-lbma/article9361717.ece</ref>

==Facility==
It has a refinery in TTC Industrial Area in Pawane, Navi Mumbai

==Collaboration==
eBullion Private Limited, a metal tech startup recognized by the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade and backed by Hindustan Platinum (HP), an established player in the manufacturing and refining of precious metals with a global customer base spanning over 50 countries, on Monday announced Systematic Investment Plan (SIP) for precious metals in India.
<ref>https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/metals-mining/ebullion-announced-sip-for-precious-metals-in-india/articleshow/104279998.cms</ref>

==Awards==
Hindustan Platinum has received Good Delivery accreditation from the London Bullion Market Association (LBMA) for silver bars produced from its refinery.<ref name="The Hindu"/>

Hindustan Platinum (company)

2024-01-01T19:21:09Z

Hexatron93:

'''Hindustan Platinum''', is India's leading manufacturer and refiner of precious metal products based in Navi Mumbai.<ref>https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/hindustan-platinum-acquires-abb-plant-in-puerto-rico/article28012224.ece</ref> Company is a global customer base in over 50 countries, we will continue to refine and produce high quality precious metal products.<ref name="India Today">https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/hp-gets-lbmas-good-delivery-accreditation-for-silver-bars-648833-2016-11-18</ref>

==History==
Founded in 1961, HP is a leading refiner of precious metals like platinum, palladium, rhodium and silver with an established customer base in over 50 countries across five continents.

The company manufactures industrial products of gold, silver and platinum group metals (PGMs), which cater to key industries like pharmaceutical, oil and gas, automobiles, glass, electrical switchgear, fertiliser, among others.<ref name="India Today"/><ref name="The Hindu"> https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/markets/gold/hindustan-platinum-gets-good-delivery-accreditation-from-lbma/article9361717.ece</ref>

==Collaboration==
eBullion Private Limited, a metal tech startup recognized by the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade and backed by Hindustan Platinum (HP), an established player in the manufacturing and refining of precious metals with a global customer base spanning over 50 countries, on Monday announced Systematic Investment Plan (SIP) for precious metals in India.
<ref>https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/metals-mining/ebullion-announced-sip-for-precious-metals-in-india/articleshow/104279998.cms</ref>

==Awards==
Hindustan Platinum has received Good Delivery accreditation from the London Bullion Market Association (LBMA) for silver bars produced from its refinery.<ref name="The Hindu"/>

Protean eGov Technologies

2024-01-01T18:44:43Z

Hexatron93:

'''Protean eGov Technologies Limited''' (earlier known as NSDL e-Governance Infrastructure Limited) was a former subsidiary of [[NSDL]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=NSDL e-Governance Infrastructure Limited|url=https://www.egov-nsdl.co.in/|access-date=2022-01-17|website=www.egov-nsdl.co.in}}</ref> It works on Digital Public Infrastructure and Open Source software as well as offers services related to issuance of PAN cards and also acts as central record-keeping agency for National Pension System (NPS).<ref>https://m.timesofindia.com/business/india-business/protean-egov-and-npci-bharat-billpay-partner-to-offer-decentralised-settlement-system-on-ondc/articleshow/101340846.cms</ref>

==History==
Protean eGov Tech. Ltd. was originally incorporated as `NSDL e-Governance Infrastructure Limited' on December 27 1995 at Mumbai.
The name was changed to `Protean eGov Technologies Limited' on October 28 2021.It has collaborated with the government having an extensive experience in creating digital public infrastructure and developing innovative citizen-centric e-governance solutions.<ref name="Bussiness Standard">https://www.business-standard.com/company/protean-egov-14537.html</ref>

[[Government of India]] sold stakes via SUUTI(Specified Undertaking of The Unit Trust of India) and other PSBs such as [[IDBI Bank]], [[Union Bank of India]] and [[State Bank of India]] through IPO in 2023.<ref>https://www.businessworld.in/article/HDFC-Bank-To-Sell-2-Stake-In-NSDL-IPO/10-07-2023-483676</ref>

==Function and Roles==
Protean eGov Tech. Ltd. It has created strong e-governance interventions impacting multiple sectors of the Indian economy and touching various aspects of a citizen's life-modernizing the direct tax infrastructure providing a tax identity to citizens and corporates (issuance of PAN card) strengthening the old-age social security infrastructure (National Pension System NPS & Atal Pension Yojna APY) promoting financial inclusion by contributing to the India Stack by enrolling citizens for National Identity and enabling the BFSI sector by providing Aadhaar-based identity authentication and e-Sign services. Subsequently it was separated as a technology enabling company. It has been the chief architect and implementer for some of the most critical and large scale technology infrastructure projects. It introduced Online Tax Accounting System. It launched PAN card services in 2005. In 2007 it signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the Income Tax Department for establishing an internet-based service for verification of PAN by authorised entities. It introduced Central Record keeping Agency System in 2008.In 2009 the Company launched New Pension System (NPS) to all citizens except government employees covered by NPS.<ref name="Bussiness Standard"/>

==Formation==
.In year 2012 NSDL Depository Limited an erstwhile wholly-owned subsidiary of Company and the Company filed a Scheme of Arrangement before the High Court of Judicature at Bombay to demerge the depository business and undertaking of the Company (Transferor Company) and vest in NSDL Depository Limited (Transferee Company). Pursuant to Scheme of Arrangement the depository undertaking i.e. the business of Transferor Company engaged in providing depository services transferred and vested in the Transferee Company as a going concern. The Scheme was approved by the High Court of Judicature at Bombay dated November 2 2012. The Transferee Company in consideration of demerger issued and allotted fully paid-up equity shares on a proportionate basis to all the shareholders of Transferor Company on the following basis: for every 2 fully paid-up equity shares of Rs 10 each held by the equity shareholders of the Transferor Company on the effective date 1 fully paid-up equity share of Rs. 10 each of the Transferee Company.<ref name="Bussiness Standard"/>

==Products==
Protean primarily works on Cloud based Enterprise Digitalization, Payments, Digital Public Infrastructure and B2B Marketplace.
The Company launched e-KYC services for ICICI Prudential Life Insurance in year 2014. It introduced an online platform for students Vidya Lakshmi Electronic Platform to avail education loan.In 2018 the Company launched Vidya Kaushal which facilitate skill development loans to students pursuing courses run by NSDC approved training partners. It launched the iKar application for Android and iOS users. It constructed a Modified Data Centre facility at Bangalore.<ref name="Bussiness Standard"/>

Protean has launched 'RISE with Protean' is a step towards empowering enterprise digitization, offering a frictionless and versatile multi-sectoral platform. It enables value-added digital experiences and lightning-fast launches for any and every business.Rise with Protean aims to solve this by offering a one-stop trusted marketplace for businesses of any size, across multiple sectors to discover digital building blocks in the form of APIs, Micro-Services and User Journeys all at one place, from the trusted brand of Protean.<ref>https://www.uniindia.com/protean-launches-multisector-marketplace-rise-with-porotean/business-economy/news/3105761.html#:~:text='RISE%20with%20Protean'%20is%20a,for%20any%20and%20every%20business.</ref><ref>https://www.expresscomputer.in/news/protean-launches-multisector-marketplace-risewithprotean-dpi/106989/</ref>

Protean eGov Technologies

2024-01-01T18:35:31Z

Hexatron93: /* History */

'''Protean eGov Technologies Limited''' (earlier known as NSDL e-Governance Infrastructure Limited) was a former subsidiary.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=NSDL e-Governance Infrastructure Limited|url=https://www.egov-nsdl.co.in/|access-date=2022-01-17|website=www.egov-nsdl.co.in}}</ref> It works on Digital Public Infrastructure and Open Source software as well as offers services related to issuance of PAN cards and also acts as central record-keeping agency for National Pension System (NPS).<ref>https://m.timesofindia.com/business/india-business/protean-egov-and-npci-bharat-billpay-partner-to-offer-decentralised-settlement-system-on-ondc/articleshow/101340846.cms</ref>

==History==
Protean eGov Tech. Ltd. was originally incorporated as `NSDL e-Governance Infrastructure Limited' on December 27 1995 at Mumbai.
The name was changed to `Protean eGov Technologies Limited' on October 28 2021.It has collaborated with the government having an extensive experience in creating digital public infrastructure and developing innovative citizen-centric e-governance solutions.<ref name="Bussiness Standard">https://www.business-standard.com/company/protean-egov-14537.html</ref>

[[Government of India]] sold stakes via SUUTI(Specified Undertaking of The Unit Trust of India) and other PSBs such as [[IDBI Bank]], [[Union Bank of India]] and [[State Bank of India]] through IPO in 2023.<ref>https://www.businessworld.in/article/HDFC-Bank-To-Sell-2-Stake-In-NSDL-IPO/10-07-2023-483676</ref>

==Function and Roles==
Protean eGov Tech. Ltd. It has created strong e-governance interventions impacting multiple sectors of the Indian economy and touching various aspects of a citizen's life-modernizing the direct tax infrastructure providing a tax identity to citizens and corporates (issuance of PAN card) strengthening the old-age social security infrastructure (National Pension System NPS & Atal Pension Yojna APY) promoting financial inclusion by contributing to the India Stack by enrolling citizens for National Identity and enabling the BFSI sector by providing Aadhaar-based identity authentication and e-Sign services. Subsequently it was separated as a technology enabling company. It has been the chief architect and implementer for some of the most critical and large scale technology infrastructure projects. It introduced Online Tax Accounting System. It launched PAN card services in 2005. In 2007 it signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the Income Tax Department for establishing an internet-based service for verification of PAN by authorised entities. It introduced Central Record keeping Agency System in 2008.In 2009 the Company launched New Pension System (NPS) to all citizens except government employees covered by NPS.<ref name="Bussiness Standard"/>

==Formation==
.In year 2012 NSDL Depository Limited an erstwhile wholly-owned subsidiary of Company and the Company filed a Scheme of Arrangement before the High Court of Judicature at Bombay to demerge the depository business and undertaking of the Company (Transferor Company) and vest in NSDL Depository Limited (Transferee Company). Pursuant to Scheme of Arrangement the depository undertaking i.e. the business of Transferor Company engaged in providing depository services transferred and vested in the Transferee Company as a going concern. The Scheme was approved by the High Court of Judicature at Bombay dated November 2 2012. The Transferee Company in consideration of demerger issued and allotted fully paid-up equity shares on a proportionate basis to all the shareholders of Transferor Company on the following basis: for every 2 fully paid-up equity shares of Rs 10 each held by the equity shareholders of the Transferor Company on the effective date 1 fully paid-up equity share of Rs. 10 each of the Transferee Company.<ref name="Bussiness Standard"/>

==Products==
Protean primarily works on Cloud based Enterprise Digitalization, Payments, Digital Public Infrastructure and B2B Marketplace.
The Company launched e-KYC services for ICICI Prudential Life Insurance in year 2014. It introduced an online platform for students Vidya Lakshmi Electronic Platform to avail education loan.In 2018 the Company launched Vidya Kaushal which facilitate skill development loans to students pursuing courses run by NSDC approved training partners. It launched the iKar application for Android and iOS users. It constructed a Modified Data Centre facility at Bangalore.<ref name="Bussiness Standard"/>

Protean has launched 'RISE with Protean' is a step towards empowering enterprise digitization, offering a frictionless and versatile multi-sectoral platform. It enables value-added digital experiences and lightning-fast launches for any and every business.Rise with Protean aims to solve this by offering a one-stop trusted marketplace for businesses of any size, across multiple sectors to discover digital building blocks in the form of APIs, Micro-Services and User Journeys all at one place, from the trusted brand of Protean.<ref>https://www.uniindia.com/protean-launches-multisector-marketplace-rise-with-porotean/business-economy/news/3105761.html#:~:text='RISE%20with%20Protean'%20is%20a,for%20any%20and%20every%20business.</ref><ref>https://www.expresscomputer.in/news/protean-launches-multisector-marketplace-risewithprotean-dpi/106989/</ref>

List of Companies in Navi Mumbai

2024-01-01T18:08:57Z

Hexatron93:

[[Navi Mumbai]] is home to various educational institutions. Various multinational corporations have their head offices/branches across the city.Navi Mumbai is home to multiple Fortune 500 companies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/sez-in-navi-mumbai-aims-to-attract-fortune-500-cos/articleshow/1459621750.cms|title=SEZ in Navi Mumbai aims to attract Fortune 500 Cos|date=December 8, 2000|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>

List of companies in Navi Mumbai and it's surrounding areas
* [[Apar Industries]]
* [[Accupack]]
* [[AGS Transact Technologies]]
* [[Asian Paints]]
* [[Aplab Limited]]
* [[Balmer Lawrie]]<ref>https://www.justdial.com/jdmart/Mumbai/Balmer-Lawrie-Co-Ltd-District-Raigad-MIDC-Taloja/022P8400839_BZDET/catalogue</ref>
* [[Black Box Corporation]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sxtreo.com/contact-us/|title=Contact Us}}</ref>
* [[Bharat Electronics]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustanyellowpages.in/Mumbai/Bharat-Electronics-Limited/Taloja-MIDC/ContactUs|title=Bharat Electronics Limited In Taloja MIDC, Mumbai Phone, Mobile, Address, Map, Office Timming, Establishment, Reviews And Ratings|website=www.hindustanyellowpages.in}}</ref>
* [[Engineers India|Certification Engineers International Ltd.]]
* [[Cotton Corporation of India]]<ref>https://www.dnb.com/business-directory/company-profiles.the_cotton_corporation_of_india_limited.2c7f2e7faa52d0f7a12e535a815d33ab.html</ref>
* [[DAS Offshore]]<ref>https://yourstory.com/2018/01/ashok-khade-das-offshore</ref>
* [[ESCON elevators]]
* [[Galaxy Surfactants]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/galaxy-surfactants-ltd/infocompanylocations/companyid-3790.cms|title=Galaxy Surfactants Head Office | Galaxy Surfactants Headquarters Details|website=The Economic Times}}</ref>
* [[Hindustan Platinum (company)|Hindustan Platinum]]
* [[Jio]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://officesnapshots.com/2016/11/01/reliance-jio-infocomm-headquarters-navi-mumbai/|title=Reliance Jio Infocomm Headquarters - Navi Mumbai|first=Stephen|last=Searer|date=November 1, 2016|website=Office Snapshots}}</ref>
* [[Konkan Railway Corporation]]<ref>https://www.justdial.com/Mumbai/Konkan-Railway-Corporation-Ltd-Head-Office-Near-Sector-No-11-Cbd-Belapur/022P326278_BZDET</ref>
* [[Mastek]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://yellow.place/en/mastek-limited-navi-mumbai-new-mumbai-india|title=Mastek Limited - Navi Mumbai (New Mumbai), India|website=Yellow.Place}}</ref>
* [[Jio|Rancore Technologies]]
* Radix Electrosystems Pvt Ltd
* [[Reserve Bank of India|ReBIT]]
* [[Thyrocare]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mediyaar.com/pathology-labs/thyrocare-technologies-limited-thurbe-navi-mumbai-lab.html|title=Thyrocare Technologies Limited - Thurbe, NaviMumbai - Phone number , Price list|website=www.mediyaar.com}}</ref>
* [[USV (company)|USV]]<ref>https://www.justdial.com/jdmart/Mumbai/Usv-Ltd-TTC-Industrial-Area-MIDC-Nerul/022PXX22-XX22-130210113832-X8Q4_BZDET/catalogue</ref>
* [[Star Earth Minerals Pvt Ltd.]]
* [[StockHolding Corporation of India]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ifciltd.com/?q=en/content/stock-holding-corporation-india%C2%A0-ltd|title=Stock Holding Corporation of India Ltd. | IFCI|website=www.ifciltd.com}}</ref>

Hindustan Platinum (company)

2024-01-01T18:06:59Z

Hexatron93:

'''Hindustan Platinum''', is India's leading manufacturer and refiner of precious metal products.<ref>https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/hindustan-platinum-acquires-abb-plant-in-puerto-rico/article28012224.ece</ref> Company is a global customer base in over 50 countries, we will continue to refine and produce high quality precious metal products.<ref name="India Today">https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/hp-gets-lbmas-good-delivery-accreditation-for-silver-bars-648833-2016-11-18</ref>

==History==
Founded in 1961, HP is a leading refiner of precious metals like platinum, palladium, rhodium and silver with an established customer base in over 50 countries across five continents.

The company manufactures industrial products of gold, silver and platinum group metals (PGMs), which cater to key industries like pharmaceutical, oil and gas, automobiles, glass, electrical switchgear, fertiliser, among others.<ref name="India Today"/><ref name="The Hindu"> https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/markets/gold/hindustan-platinum-gets-good-delivery-accreditation-from-lbma/article9361717.ece</ref>

==Collaboration==
eBullion Private Limited, a metal tech startup recognized by the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade and backed by Hindustan Platinum (HP), an established player in the manufacturing and refining of precious metals with a global customer base spanning over 50 countries, on Monday announced Systematic Investment Plan (SIP) for precious metals in India.
<ref>https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/metals-mining/ebullion-announced-sip-for-precious-metals-in-india/articleshow/104279998.cms</ref>

==Awards==
Hindustan Platinum has received Good Delivery accreditation from the London Bullion Market Association (LBMA) for silver bars produced from its refinery.<ref name="The Hindu"/>

Hindustan Platinum (company)

2024-01-01T18:05:48Z

Hexatron93: /* Awards */

'''Hindustan Platinum''', India's leading manufacturer and refiner of precious metal products.<ref>https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/hindustan-platinum-acquires-abb-plant-in-puerto-rico/article28012224.ece</ref> Company is a global customer base in over 50 countries, we will continue to refine and produce high quality precious metal products.<ref name="India Today">https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/hp-gets-lbmas-good-delivery-accreditation-for-silver-bars-648833-2016-11-18</ref>

==History==
Founded in 1961, HP is a leading refiner of precious metals like platinum, palladium, rhodium and silver with an established customer base in over 50 countries across five continents.

The company manufactures industrial products of gold, silver and platinum group metals (PGMs), which cater to key industries like pharmaceutical, oil and gas, automobiles, glass, electrical switchgear, fertiliser, among others.<ref name="India Today"/><ref name="The Hindu"> https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/markets/gold/hindustan-platinum-gets-good-delivery-accreditation-from-lbma/article9361717.ece</ref>

==Collaboration==
eBullion Private Limited, a metal tech startup recognized by the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade and backed by Hindustan Platinum (HP), an established player in the manufacturing and refining of precious metals with a global customer base spanning over 50 countries, on Monday announced Systematic Investment Plan (SIP) for precious metals in India.
<ref>https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/metals-mining/ebullion-announced-sip-for-precious-metals-in-india/articleshow/104279998.cms</ref>

==Awards==
Hindustan Platinum has received Good Delivery accreditation from the London Bullion Market Association (LBMA) for silver bars produced from its refinery.<ref name="The Hindu"/>

Hindustan Platinum (company)

2024-01-01T18:05:06Z

Hexatron93: Created page with "'''Hindustan Platinum''', India's leading manufacturer and refiner of precious metal products.<ref>https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/hindustan-platinum-acquires-abb-plant-in-puerto-rico/article28012224.ece</ref> Company is a global customer base in over 50 countries, we will continue to refine and produce high quality precious metal products.<ref name="India Today">https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/hp-gets-lbmas-good-delivery-accreditation-for-silver-..."

'''Hindustan Platinum''', India's leading manufacturer and refiner of precious metal products.<ref>https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/hindustan-platinum-acquires-abb-plant-in-puerto-rico/article28012224.ece</ref> Company is a global customer base in over 50 countries, we will continue to refine and produce high quality precious metal products.<ref name="India Today">https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/hp-gets-lbmas-good-delivery-accreditation-for-silver-bars-648833-2016-11-18</ref>

==History==
Founded in 1961, HP is a leading refiner of precious metals like platinum, palladium, rhodium and silver with an established customer base in over 50 countries across five continents.

The company manufactures industrial products of gold, silver and platinum group metals (PGMs), which cater to key industries like pharmaceutical, oil and gas, automobiles, glass, electrical switchgear, fertiliser, among others.<ref name="India Today"/><ref name="The Hindu"> https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/markets/gold/hindustan-platinum-gets-good-delivery-accreditation-from-lbma/article9361717.ece</ref>

==Collaboration==
eBullion Private Limited, a metal tech startup recognized by the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade and backed by Hindustan Platinum (HP), an established player in the manufacturing and refining of precious metals with a global customer base spanning over 50 countries, on Monday announced Systematic Investment Plan (SIP) for precious metals in India.
<ref>https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/metals-mining/ebullion-announced-sip-for-precious-metals-in-india/articleshow/104279998.cms</ref>

==Awards==
Hindustan Platinum today has received Good Delivery accreditation from the London Bullion Market Association (LBMA) for silver bars produced from its refinery.<ref name="The Hindu"/>

List of Companies in Navi Mumbai

2024-01-01T17:34:03Z

Hexatron93:

[[Navi Mumbai]] is home to various educational institutions. Various multinational corporations have their head offices/branches across the city.Navi Mumbai is home to multiple Fortune 500 companies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/sez-in-navi-mumbai-aims-to-attract-fortune-500-cos/articleshow/1459621750.cms|title=SEZ in Navi Mumbai aims to attract Fortune 500 Cos|date=December 8, 2000|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>

List of companies in Navi Mumbai and it's surrounding areas
* [[Apar Industries]]
* [[Accupack]]
* [[AGS Transact Technologies]]
* [[Asian Paints]]
* [[Aplab Limited]]
* [[Balmer Lawrie]]<ref>https://www.justdial.com/jdmart/Mumbai/Balmer-Lawrie-Co-Ltd-District-Raigad-MIDC-Taloja/022P8400839_BZDET/catalogue</ref>
* [[Black Box Corporation]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sxtreo.com/contact-us/|title=Contact Us}}</ref>
* [[Bharat Electronics]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustanyellowpages.in/Mumbai/Bharat-Electronics-Limited/Taloja-MIDC/ContactUs|title=Bharat Electronics Limited In Taloja MIDC, Mumbai Phone, Mobile, Address, Map, Office Timming, Establishment, Reviews And Ratings|website=www.hindustanyellowpages.in}}</ref>
* [[Engineers India|Certification Engineers International Ltd.]]
* [[Cotton Corporation of India]]<ref>https://www.dnb.com/business-directory/company-profiles.the_cotton_corporation_of_india_limited.2c7f2e7faa52d0f7a12e535a815d33ab.html</ref>
* [[DAS Offshore]]<ref>https://yourstory.com/2018/01/ashok-khade-das-offshore</ref>
* [[ESCON elevators]]
* [[Galaxy Surfactants]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/galaxy-surfactants-ltd/infocompanylocations/companyid-3790.cms|title=Galaxy Surfactants Head Office | Galaxy Surfactants Headquarters Details|website=The Economic Times}}</ref>
* [[Hindustan Platinum]]
* [[Jio]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://officesnapshots.com/2016/11/01/reliance-jio-infocomm-headquarters-navi-mumbai/|title=Reliance Jio Infocomm Headquarters - Navi Mumbai|first=Stephen|last=Searer|date=November 1, 2016|website=Office Snapshots}}</ref>
* [[Konkan Railway Corporation]]<ref>https://www.justdial.com/Mumbai/Konkan-Railway-Corporation-Ltd-Head-Office-Near-Sector-No-11-Cbd-Belapur/022P326278_BZDET</ref>
* [[Mastek]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://yellow.place/en/mastek-limited-navi-mumbai-new-mumbai-india|title=Mastek Limited - Navi Mumbai (New Mumbai), India|website=Yellow.Place}}</ref>
* [[Jio|Rancore Technologies]]
* Radix Electrosystems Pvt Ltd
* [[Reserve Bank of India|ReBIT]]
* [[Thyrocare]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mediyaar.com/pathology-labs/thyrocare-technologies-limited-thurbe-navi-mumbai-lab.html|title=Thyrocare Technologies Limited - Thurbe, NaviMumbai - Phone number , Price list|website=www.mediyaar.com}}</ref>
* [[USV (company)|USV]]<ref>https://www.justdial.com/jdmart/Mumbai/Usv-Ltd-TTC-Industrial-Area-MIDC-Nerul/022PXX22-XX22-130210113832-X8Q4_BZDET/catalogue</ref>
* [[Star Earth Minerals Pvt Ltd.]]
* [[StockHolding Corporation of India]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ifciltd.com/?q=en/content/stock-holding-corporation-india%C2%A0-ltd|title=Stock Holding Corporation of India Ltd. | IFCI|website=www.ifciltd.com}}</ref>

Star Earth Minerals Pvt Ltd.

2024-01-01T17:32:55Z

Hexatron93: /* Products */

{{Multiple issues|
{{Dead end|date=October 2023}}
{{Orphan|date=October 2023}}
}}

'''Star Earth Minerals''' Pvt. Ltd. Is the leading manufacturer of rare earth and zirconium at Taloja Industrial Area, Maharashtra India. <ref name="GLOBALCHEM"/>

Star Earth Minerals Pvt. Ltd. started production in 2006 of Rare Earth oxides/chlorides and their compounds with production capacity 60MT/ month.

==Sectors==
The products have extensive use in Glass, Catalyst and Ceramic, Electronics and Paint industries.

==Products==
Company produces products in high purity (AR & commercial grade) Cerium, Lanthanum Neodymium, Presidium and Zirconium Compounds like: Cerium Products:- Zirconium Products:- Cerium Carbonate Zirconium Oxides in Various Grades.<ref name="GLOBALCHEM">http://starearthpl.globalchemmade.com/</ref><ref>https://www.echemi.com/shop-us20180832100024733/index.html</ref>
It also produces Praseodymium, Gadolinium, Yttrium, Neodymium<ref>https://issuu.com/starearthminerals/docs/star-earth-minerals-private-limited</ref>

==Bussiness==
Star Earth Minerals Private Limited is majorly in Mining & Quarrying business from 2004.<ref>https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/company/star-earth-minerals-private-limited/U14219MH2004PTC147818</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Uncategorized|date=October 2023}}

Star Earth Minerals Pvt Ltd.

2024-01-01T17:31:34Z

Hexatron93: /* Products */

{{Multiple issues|
{{Dead end|date=October 2023}}
{{Orphan|date=October 2023}}
}}

'''Star Earth Minerals''' Pvt. Ltd. Is the leading manufacturer of rare earth and zirconium at Taloja Industrial Area, Maharashtra India. <ref name="GLOBALCHEM"/>

Star Earth Minerals Pvt. Ltd. started production in 2006 of Rare Earth oxides/chlorides and their compounds with production capacity 60MT/ month.

==Sectors==
The products have extensive use in Glass, Catalyst and Ceramic, Electronics and Paint industries.

==Products==
Company produces products in high purity (AR & commercial grade) Cerium, Lanthanum Neodymium, Presidium and Zirconium Compounds like: Cerium Products:- Zirconium Products:- Cerium Carbonate Zirconium Oxides in Various Grades.<ref name="GLOBALCHEM">http://starearthpl.globalchemmade.com/</ref><ref>https://www.echemi.com/shop-us20180832100024733/index.html</ref>
Cerium, Lanthanum, Praseodymium, Gadolinium, Yttrium, Neodymium<ref>https://issuu.com/starearthminerals/docs/star-earth-minerals-private-limited</ref>

==Bussiness==
Star Earth Minerals Private Limited is majorly in Mining & Quarrying business from 2004.<ref>https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/company/star-earth-minerals-private-limited/U14219MH2004PTC147818</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Uncategorized|date=October 2023}}

Star Earth Minerals Pvt Ltd.

2024-01-01T17:23:25Z

Hexatron93:

{{Multiple issues|
{{Dead end|date=October 2023}}
{{Orphan|date=October 2023}}
}}

'''Star Earth Minerals''' Pvt. Ltd. Is the leading manufacturer of rare earth and zirconium at Taloja Industrial Area, Maharashtra India. <ref name="GLOBALCHEM"/>

Star Earth Minerals Pvt. Ltd. started production in 2006 of Rare Earth oxides/chlorides and their compounds with production capacity 60MT/ month.

==Sectors==
The products have extensive use in Glass, Catalyst and Ceramic, Electronics and Paint industries.

==Products==
Company produces products in high purity (AR & commercial grade) Cerium, Lanthanum Neodymium, Presidium and Zirconium Compounds like: Cerium Products:- Zirconium Products:- Cerium Carbonate Zirconium Oxides in Various Grades.<ref name="GLOBALCHEM">http://starearthpl.globalchemmade.com/</ref><ref>https://www.echemi.com/shop-us20180832100024733/index.html</ref>
Cerium, Lanthanum, Praseodymium, Gadolinium, Yttrium, Neodymium<ref>https://issuu.com/starearthminerals/docs/star-earth-minerals-private-limited</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Uncategorized|date=October 2023}}

Aplab Limited

2024-01-01T17:06:17Z

Hexatron93: /* Products */

'''Aplab Ltd.''' (Previously known as Applied Electronics Ltd) was incorporated in September, 1964. The Company specialise in designing, developing, manufacturing and marketing of high quality professional electronic equipment and power systems and also supplies custom-made instruments and systems which are marketed under the Aplab brand name. Its units are situated at Thane and Bhosari, Pune.<ref name="The Hindu">https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/stocks/aplab-ltd/</ref><ref>http://www.indiacatalog.com/web_directory/wd_listings.php?id=809</ref>

==History==
In 1992-93, the company undertook an expansion-cum-diversification programme to manufacture electronic hi-tech systems like telecommunication test systems, smartcard-operated public payphones and high precision measuring instruments. It came out with a rights issue in Apr.'93 to part-finance the project. During the same period, the company also launched new products like Automated Teller Machines (ATM) and Branch Teller Machines (BTM).<ref name="The Hindu"/>

Intel Instruments & Systems, Aplab-Seba Electronics and Aplab Display Devices & Systems are the subsidiaries of the company.

In 1995-96, the company was awarded the ISO 9002 certificate by STQC, Department of Electronics, Government of India. During the year, it earned foreign exchange worth Rs 0.16 cr. Further, it also started marketing new products from ELTRAC division like the ATM Salary Dispenser, Access Control System and Check-out Terminals, based on Smart Card Technology. The company is in the process of obtaining certificate of compatibility to IBA net working of ATMs in India.

During the year 1998-99, the Company developed new products like Digital Transmission Analyser, PC Interphase Software for UPS, Function Generator, Battery Capacity Analyser, Multi-function Test System, 90KVA 50/400 Hz Frequency Converter IGBT Based PWM technology and High Current Programmable DC Power Supply. The Company's Fuel Dispensing Pumps have gone through all the tests and field trials and the company expects to do a business of around Rs. 3.0 crore of this product alone.

==Products==
The Company launched 10KVA 3 Phase UPS Systems for Air HQ, New Delhi, 75KVA 3 Phase UPS with special stabilizer in bypass line; 3.4GHz Frequency Counter for army; Low Cost Function Generators Range; Digital Timer for Greece Customer; Microwave Source for CAT, Indore; Defence Project for field enduring Power Racks; Distortion & Sinad Meter suitable for EMI-EMC Testing for UK Customer as new products during the year 2000-01.

During 2001-02, it launched 12KVA Frequency Converter SPhase to suit Air Craft applications; Special Power Supply Unit for Automatic Rescue Device; 120KVA1 Ph Parallel Redundant UPS; Selective Frequency Level Meter; Programmable Pulse Generator; 10MHz Pulse Generator; Current Generator.<ref name="ET">https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/aplab-ltd/stocks/companyid-65.cms</ref>

==Divisions==
The company has four independent product divisions; test and measurement equipments, power conversion and UPS systems, self-service terminals for banking and petroleum sector.Their product portfolio includes High power AC systems,High Power DC systems, Solar Energy systems,Power supplies,Test & Measurement Instruments,Banking Automation Products,Cable Fault Locating Instruments,Fuel Dispensers & Design and Manufacturing services.<ref>https://www.moneycontrol.com/india/stockpricequote/telecommunications-equipment/aplab/A02</ref>

Aplab Limited

2024-01-01T17:04:09Z

Hexatron93:

List of Companies in Navi Mumbai

2024-01-01T16:58:03Z

Hexatron93:

[[Navi Mumbai]] is home to various educational institutions. Various multinational corporations have their head offices/branches across the city.Navi Mumbai is home to multiple Fortune 500 companies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/sez-in-navi-mumbai-aims-to-attract-fortune-500-cos/articleshow/1459621750.cms|title=SEZ in Navi Mumbai aims to attract Fortune 500 Cos|date=December 8, 2000|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>

List of companies in Navi Mumbai and it's surrounding areas
* [[Apar Industries]]
* [[Accupack]]
* [[AGS Transact Technologies]]
* [[Asian Paints]]
* [[Aplab Limited]]
* [[Balmer Lawrie]]<ref>https://www.justdial.com/jdmart/Mumbai/Balmer-Lawrie-Co-Ltd-District-Raigad-MIDC-Taloja/022P8400839_BZDET/catalogue</ref>
* [[Black Box Corporation]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sxtreo.com/contact-us/|title=Contact Us}}</ref>
* [[Bharat Electronics]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustanyellowpages.in/Mumbai/Bharat-Electronics-Limited/Taloja-MIDC/ContactUs|title=Bharat Electronics Limited In Taloja MIDC, Mumbai Phone, Mobile, Address, Map, Office Timming, Establishment, Reviews And Ratings|website=www.hindustanyellowpages.in}}</ref>
* [[Engineers India|Certification Engineers International Ltd.]]
* [[Cotton Corporation of India]]<ref>https://www.dnb.com/business-directory/company-profiles.the_cotton_corporation_of_india_limited.2c7f2e7faa52d0f7a12e535a815d33ab.html</ref>
* [[DAS Offshore]]<ref>https://yourstory.com/2018/01/ashok-khade-das-offshore</ref>
* [[ESCON elevators]]
* [[Galaxy Surfactants]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/galaxy-surfactants-ltd/infocompanylocations/companyid-3790.cms|title=Galaxy Surfactants Head Office | Galaxy Surfactants Headquarters Details|website=The Economic Times}}</ref>
* [[Hindustan Platinum]]
* [[Jio]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://officesnapshots.com/2016/11/01/reliance-jio-infocomm-headquarters-navi-mumbai/|title=Reliance Jio Infocomm Headquarters - Navi Mumbai|first=Stephen|last=Searer|date=November 1, 2016|website=Office Snapshots}}</ref>
* [[Konkan Railway Corporation]]<ref>https://www.justdial.com/Mumbai/Konkan-Railway-Corporation-Ltd-Head-Office-Near-Sector-No-11-Cbd-Belapur/022P326278_BZDET</ref>
* [[Mastek]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://yellow.place/en/mastek-limited-navi-mumbai-new-mumbai-india|title=Mastek Limited - Navi Mumbai (New Mumbai), India|website=Yellow.Place}}</ref>
* [[Jio|Rancore Technologies]]
* Radix Electrosystems Pvt Ltd
* [[Reserve Bank of India|ReBIT]]
* [[Thyrocare]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mediyaar.com/pathology-labs/thyrocare-technologies-limited-thurbe-navi-mumbai-lab.html|title=Thyrocare Technologies Limited - Thurbe, NaviMumbai - Phone number , Price list|website=www.mediyaar.com}}</ref>
* [[USV (company)|USV]]<ref>https://www.justdial.com/jdmart/Mumbai/Usv-Ltd-TTC-Industrial-Area-MIDC-Nerul/022PXX22-XX22-130210113832-X8Q4_BZDET/catalogue</ref>
* [[StockHolding Corporation of India]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ifciltd.com/?q=en/content/stock-holding-corporation-india%C2%A0-ltd|title=Stock Holding Corporation of India Ltd. | IFCI|website=www.ifciltd.com}}</ref>

Aplab Limited

2024-01-01T16:50:37Z

Hexatron93: Aplab summary

'''Aplab Ltd.''' (Previously known as Applied Electronics Ltd) was incorporated in September, 1964. The Company specialise in designing, developing, manufacturing and marketing of high quality professional electronic equipment and power systems and also supplies custom-made instruments and systems which are marketed under the Aplab brand name. Its units are situated at Thane and Bhosari, Pune.<ref name="The Hindu">https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/stocks/aplab-ltd/</ref>

==History==
In 1992-93, the company undertook an expansion-cum-diversification programme to manufacture electronic hi-tech systems like telecommunication test systems, smartcard-operated public payphones and high precision measuring instruments. It came out with a rights issue in Apr.'93 to part-finance the project. During the same period, the company also launched new products like Automated Teller Machines (ATM) and Branch Teller Machines (BTM).<ref name="The Hindu"/>

Intel Instruments & Systems, Aplab-Seba Electronics and Aplab Display Devices & Systems are the subsidiaries of the company.

In 1995-96, the company was awarded the ISO 9002 certificate by STQC, Department of Electronics, Government of India. During the year, it earned foreign exchange worth Rs 0.16 cr. Further, it also started marketing new products from ELTRAC division like the ATM Salary Dispenser, Access Control System and Check-out Terminals, based on Smart Card Technology. The company is in the process of obtaining certificate of compatibility to IBA net working of ATMs in India.

During the year 1998-99, the Company developed new products like Digital Transmission Analyser, PC Interphase Software for UPS, Function Generator, Battery Capacity Analyser, Multi-function Test System, 90KVA 50/400 Hz Frequency Converter IGBT Based PWM technology and High Current Programmable DC Power Supply. The Company's Fuel Dispensing Pumps have gone through all the tests and field trials and the company expects to do a business of around Rs. 3.0 crore of this product alone.

==Products==
The Company launched 10KVA 3 Phase UPS Systems for Air HQ, New Delhi, 75KVA 3 Phase UPS with special stabilizer in bypass line; 3.4GHz Frequency Counter for army; Low Cost Function Generators Range; Digital Timer for Greece Customer; Microwave Source for CAT, Indore; Defence Project for field enduring Power Racks; Distortion & Sinad Meter suitable for EMI-EMC Testing for UK Customer as new products during the year 2000-01.

During 2001-02, it launched 12KVA Frequency Converter SPhase to suit Air Craft applications; Special Power Supply Unit for Automatic Rescue Device; 120KVA1 Ph Parallel Redundant UPS; Selective Frequency Level Meter; Programmable Pulse Generator; 10MHz Pulse Generator; Current Generator.<ref name="ET">https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/aplab-ltd/stocks/companyid-65.cms</ref>

List of Companies in Navi Mumbai

2024-01-01T15:41:21Z

Hexatron93:

[[Navi Mumbai]] is home to various educational institutions. Various multinational corporations have their head offices/branches across the city.Navi Mumbai is home to multiple Fortune 500 companies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/sez-in-navi-mumbai-aims-to-attract-fortune-500-cos/articleshow/1459621750.cms|title=SEZ in Navi Mumbai aims to attract Fortune 500 Cos|date=December 8, 2000|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>

List of companies in Navi Mumbai and it's surrounding areas
* [[Apar Industries]]
* [[Accupack]]
* [[AGS Transact Technologies]]
* [[Asian Paints]]
* Aplab
* [[Balmer Lawrie]]<ref>https://www.justdial.com/jdmart/Mumbai/Balmer-Lawrie-Co-Ltd-District-Raigad-MIDC-Taloja/022P8400839_BZDET/catalogue</ref>
* [[Black Box Corporation]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sxtreo.com/contact-us/|title=Contact Us}}</ref>
* [[Bharat Electronics]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustanyellowpages.in/Mumbai/Bharat-Electronics-Limited/Taloja-MIDC/ContactUs|title=Bharat Electronics Limited In Taloja MIDC, Mumbai Phone, Mobile, Address, Map, Office Timming, Establishment, Reviews And Ratings|website=www.hindustanyellowpages.in}}</ref>
* [[Engineers India|Certification Engineers International Ltd.]]
* [[Cotton Corporation of India]]<ref>https://www.dnb.com/business-directory/company-profiles.the_cotton_corporation_of_india_limited.2c7f2e7faa52d0f7a12e535a815d33ab.html</ref>
* [[DAS Offshore]]<ref>https://yourstory.com/2018/01/ashok-khade-das-offshore</ref>
* [[ESCON elevators]]
* [[Galaxy Surfactants]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/galaxy-surfactants-ltd/infocompanylocations/companyid-3790.cms|title=Galaxy Surfactants Head Office | Galaxy Surfactants Headquarters Details|website=The Economic Times}}</ref>
* [[Hindustan Platinum]]
* [[Jio]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://officesnapshots.com/2016/11/01/reliance-jio-infocomm-headquarters-navi-mumbai/|title=Reliance Jio Infocomm Headquarters - Navi Mumbai|first=Stephen|last=Searer|date=November 1, 2016|website=Office Snapshots}}</ref>
* [[Konkan Railway Corporation]]<ref>https://www.justdial.com/Mumbai/Konkan-Railway-Corporation-Ltd-Head-Office-Near-Sector-No-11-Cbd-Belapur/022P326278_BZDET</ref>
* [[Mastek]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://yellow.place/en/mastek-limited-navi-mumbai-new-mumbai-india|title=Mastek Limited - Navi Mumbai (New Mumbai), India|website=Yellow.Place}}</ref>
* [[Jio|Rancore Technologies]]
* Radix Electrosystems Pvt Ltd
* [[Reserve Bank of India|ReBIT]]
* [[Thyrocare]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mediyaar.com/pathology-labs/thyrocare-technologies-limited-thurbe-navi-mumbai-lab.html|title=Thyrocare Technologies Limited - Thurbe, NaviMumbai - Phone number , Price list|website=www.mediyaar.com}}</ref>
* [[USV (company)|USV]]<ref>https://www.justdial.com/jdmart/Mumbai/Usv-Ltd-TTC-Industrial-Area-MIDC-Nerul/022PXX22-XX22-130210113832-X8Q4_BZDET/catalogue</ref>
* [[StockHolding Corporation of India]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ifciltd.com/?q=en/content/stock-holding-corporation-india%C2%A0-ltd|title=Stock Holding Corporation of India Ltd. | IFCI|website=www.ifciltd.com}}</ref>

List of ports in India

2024-01-01T15:38:50Z

Hexatron93: /* List of terminals */

{{short description|Wikipedia list article}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2011}}
[[Image:airports and seaports map.png|thumb|Map showing the location of airports and seaports in India]]

India has a coastline spanning 7516.6 kilometres, forming one of the biggest [[peninsula]]s in the world. According to the [[Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways (India)|Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways]], around 95 per cent of India's trading by volume and 70 per cent by value is done through maritime transport. It is serviced by 13 major ports (12 Government-owned and one private) and 187 notified minor and intermediate ports. Port Blair which was notified as major port in 2010 was removed of its status recently. The total 200 major and non-major ports are present in the following States: Maharashtra (53); Gujarat (40); Tamil Nadu (15); Karnataka (10) and others (82).<ref name="ffgasjk">{{cite web|url=http://shipmin.gov.in/index1.php?lang=1&level=0&linkid=16&lid=64|title=MoS, GoI|archive-url=http://shipmin.gov.in/writereaddata/l892s/37906741-NonMajorp.pdf|archive-date=26 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Government of India]] plans to modernise these ports and has approved a project called [[Sagarmala]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Cabinet gives 'in principle' nod to concept of Sagarmala project|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-03-27/news/60475179_1_waterways-varanasi-haldia-port-led-development|access-date=4 July 2015|publisher=Economic Times, Times of India|date=27 March 2015}}</ref>
The ports and shipping industry in India play a vital role in sustaining growth in the country's trade and commerce. The Indian Government has allowed Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) of up to 100 per cent under the automatic route for port and harbour construction and maintenance projects. The government has also initiated National Maritime Development Programme
, an initiative to develop the maritime sector with a planned outlay of US$11.8 billion.
Present by souvenir

==Classification of ports==
Indian government has a [[federal government|federal structure]], and according to its [[Constitution of India|constitution]], [[maritime transport]] is to be administered by both the Central and the State governments. While the central government's [[Ministry of Shipping, Road Transport and Highways (India)|shipping ministry]] administers the major ports, the minor and intermediate ports are administered by the relevant departments or ministries in the nine coastal states [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Goa]], [[Gujarat]], [[Karnataka]], [[Kerala]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Odisha]], [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[West Bengal]]. Several of these 187 minor and intermediate ports have been identified by the respective governments to be developed, in a phased manner, a good proportion of them involving [[public–private partnership]].

Major ports handled over 74% of all cargo traffic in 2007. All except [[Kamarajar Port Limited]] are government administered, but private sector participation in ports has increased. There are also 7 [[shipyards]] under the control of the [[central government of India]], 2 shipyards controlled by state governments, and 19 privately owned shipyards.

As of 2000, there were 102 shipping companies operating in [[India]], of which five were privately owned and based in India and one was owned by [[Shipping Corporation of India]]. There were 639 government-owned ships, including 91 oil tankers, 79 dry cargo bulk carriers, and 10 cellular container vessels. Indian-flagged vessels carried about 15 percent of overseas cargo at Indian ports for financial year 2003.

===Ship breaking===
{{anchor | Breaking | Ship breaking }}

As of January 2020, India has 30% share of [[Ship_breaking#India|ship breaking]] with annual US$1.1 billion revenue, which is lower than its potential business since India is not a signatory to [[Hong Kong International Convention for the safe and environmentally sound recycling of ships]]. Due to which treaty signatory nations, such as USA, Europe and Japan are not sending ships to India for breaking. India plans to pass the "Recycling of Ships Act, 2019" to ratify the Hong Kong treaty. This will allow India to capture its targeted 60% in the global ship breaking business while doubling the annual to US$2.3 billion target.<ref name=breakkro1>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/shipping-/-transport/india-eyes-60-per-cent-share-of-global-ship-recycling-business-higher-gdp-contribution-mandaviya/articleshow/72964082.cms India eyes 60 per cent share of global ship recycling business; higher GDP contribution], Economic Times, 30 December 2019.</ref> India's [[Alang|Alang-Sosiya Ship Breaking Yard]] is world's largest [[Ship graveyard|ships' graveyard]].<ref name=breakkro1/> Other ships' graveyard in India is the "Steel Industrials Kerala Limited".

Largest Port in [[Arabian Sea]] - [[Mundra Port]] ([[Gujarat]])

Largest Port in [[Bay of Bengal]]- [[Paradip Port]] ([[Orissa]])

==Cargo handled==
The following table gives the detailed data about the 28 major & big ports of India.<ref name=operationsIPA>{{cite web |url=http://www.ipa.nic.in//showimg.cshtml?ID=217 |title=Operational Details | access-date=17 December 2014 | publisher=Indian Ports Association}}</ref> ''(Source: [http://www.ipa.nic.in//showimg.cshtml?ID=899 Indian Ports Association] and [http://ippta.org.in/ Indian Private Ports & Terminals Association] )''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! rowspan="2" |No.
! rowspan="2" |Name
! rowspan="2" |Estb. Date/Year
! rowspan="2" |Image
! rowspan="2" |City
! rowspan="2" |State
! colspan="2" |Cargo Handled ([[fiscal year|FY]]2017-18)
! colspan="2" |Container Traffic ([[fiscal year|FY]]2017-18)
! rowspan="2" |Ownership
! rowspan="2" | Coast
|-
! million [[tonne]]s!! % Increase (over previous [[fiscal year|FY]])
! '000 [[Twenty-foot equivalent unit|TEUs]]!! % Increase (over previous [[fiscal year|FY]])
|-
| '''1'''
|[[Mundra Port]]
| 1998
|[[File:Adani Mundra Port Kutch Gujarat.jpg|150px]]
|[[Mundra]]|| align="left" | [[Gujarat]]|| align="right" | 150 || align="right" | || align="right" | || align="right" | || [[Adani Group]] || Western
|-
| '''2'''
|[[Kandla|Deendayal Port Trust]]
| 1965
|
|[[Kandla]]|| align="left" | [[Gujarat]]|| align="right" | 110.10 || align="right" | 4.42% ↑ || align="right" | 117 || align="right" | 95.73% ↑ || Government of India || Western
|-
| '''3'''
|[[Paradip Port|Paradip Port Authority]]
| 18th April 1966
|[[File:Paradip_Port.jpg|150px]]
|[[Paradeep]]|| align="left" | [[Odisha]]|| align="right" | 102.01 || align="right" | 14.68% ↑ || align="right" | 7 || align="right" | 71.43% ↑ || Government of India || Eastern
|-
| '''4'''
|[[Jawaharlal Nehru Port|Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust]]
| 1988
|[[Image:Jawaharlal Nehru Trust Port.jpg|150px]]
|[[Navi Mumbai]]|| align="left" | [[Maharashtra]]|| align="right" | 66.00 || align="right" | 6.20% ↑ || align="right" | 4,833 || align="right" | 6.89% ↑ || Government of India || Western
|-
| '''5'''
|[[Visakhapatnam Port|Visakhapatnam Port Trust]]
| 1933
|[[File:VizagPort.jpg|150px]]
|[[Visakhapatnam]]|| align="left" | [[Andhra Pradesh]]|| align="right" |63.54|| align="right" | 4.12% ↑ || align="right" | 389 || align="right" | 5.66% ↑ || Government of India || Eastern
|-
| '''6'''
|[[Mumbai Port Trust]]
| 1873
|[[File:Mumbai Port Trust.JPG|150px]]
|[[Mumbai]]|| align="left" | [[Maharashtra]]|| align="right" | 62.83 || align="right" | -0.35% ↓ || align="right" | 42 || align="right" | -2.38% ↓ || Government of India || Western
|-
| '''7'''
|[[Port of Kolkata|Syama Prasad Mookerjee Port Trust]]
| 1870
|[[File:Ships at Kolkata Port 2.jpg|150px]]
|[[Kolkata]]
| align="left" |[[West Bengal]]|| align="right" | 57.89 || align="right" | 13.61% ↑ || align="right" | 796 || align="right" | 3.02% ↑ || Government of India || Eastern
|-
| '''8'''
|[[Karaikal Port]]
| 2009
|[[File:Karaikal port.jpg|150px]]
|[[Karaikal]]|| align="left" | [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]|| align="right" | 55 || align="right" | || align="right" | || align="right" | || [[Adani Group]] || Eastern
|-
| '''9'''
|[[Chennai Port|Chennai Port Trust]]
| 1881
|File:Port of Chennai, India - panoramio.jpg|150px
|[[Chennai]]
| align="left" | [[Tamil Nadu]]|| align="right" | 51.88 || align="right" | 3.32% ↑ || align="right" | 1,549 || align="right" | 3.49% ↑ || Government of India || Eastern
|-
| '''10'''
|[[Jaigad Port|JSW Jaigad Port]]
| 2006
|
|[[Ratnagiri district]]|| align="left" | [[Maharashtra]]|| align="right" | 50 || align="right" | || align="right" | || align="right" | || [[JSW Group]] || Western
|-
| '''11'''
|[[Haldia Port|Haldia Port Trust]]
| 1967
|[[File:Haldia port@.png|150px]]
|[[Haldia]]|| align="left" | [[West Bengal]]|| align="right" | 48.6 || align="right" | 18.61% ↑ || align="right" | 115 || align="right" | 3.45% ↑ || Government of India || Western
|-
| '''12'''
|[[Krishnapatnam Port]]
| 2008
|[[File:Krishnapatnam port cranes unloadng a ship.jpg|150px]]
|[[Krishnapatnam]]|| align="left" | [[Andra Pradesh]]|| align="right" | 45 || align="right" | || align="right" | || align="right" | || [[Adani Group]] || Eastern
|-
| '''13'''
|[[New Mangalore Port|New Mangaluru Port Trust]]
| 1974
|[[File:Mangalore_Port_(4531088758).jpg|150px]]
|[[Mangalore|Mangaluru]]|| align="left" | [[Karnataka]]|| align="right" | 42.06 || align="right" | 5.28% ↑ || align="right" | 115 || align="right" | 17.39% ↑ || Government of India || Western
|-
| '''14'''
|[[Kamarajar Port Limited|Kamarajar Port]]
| 2001
|
|[[Ennore]]|| align="left" | [[Tamil Nadu]]|| align="right" | 38 || align="right" | || align="right" | || align="right" | || [[Adani Group]] || Eastern
|-
| '''15'''
|[[V.O. Chidambaranar Port Trust]]
| 1974
|[[File:A_view_of_Tuticorin_Port.jpg|150px]]
|[[Thoothukkudi]]|| align="left" | [[Tamil Nadu]]|| align="right" | 36.58 || align="right" | -4.91% ↓ || align="right" | 698 || align="right" | 8.02% ↑ || Government of India || Eastern
|-
| '''16'''
|[[Dharamtar|JSW Dharamtar Port]]
| 2012
|
|[[Alibag]]|| align="left" | [[Maharastra]]|| align="right" | 34 || align="right" | || align="right" | || align="right" | || [[JSW Group]] || Western
|-
| '''17'''
|[[Cochin Port Trust]]
| 24 February 1964
|[[File:Container terminal.JPG|150px]]
|[[Kochi]]|| align="left" | [[Kerala]]|| align="right" | 32.02 || align="right" | 16.52% ↑ || align="right" | 735 || align="right" | 11.69% ↑ || Government of India || Western
|-
| '''18'''
|[[Hazira Port]]
| 2013
|
|[[Hazira]]|| align="left" | [[Gujarat]]|| align="right" | 30 || align="right" | || align="right" | || align="right" | || [[Adani Group]] || Western
|-
| '''19'''
|[[Dighi Port]]
| 2000
|
|[[Raigad district]]|| align="left" | [[Maharashtra]]|| align="right" | 30 || align="right" | || align="right" | || align="right" | || [[Adani Group]] || Eastern
|-
| '''20'''
|[[Mormugao Port Trust]]
| 1985
|
|[[Mormugao]]|| align="left" | [[Goa]]|| align="right" | 26.90 || align="right" | -18.94% ↓ || style="text-align:right;" | 32 || align="right" | 6.25% ↑ || Government of India || Western
|-
| '''21'''
|[[Dhamra Port]]
| 2011
|[[File:Dhamra_Port.jpg|150px]]
|[[Bhadrak district]]|| align="left" | [[Odisha]]|| align="right" | 25 || align="right" | || align="right" | || align="right" | || [[Adani Group]] || Eastern
|-
| '''22'''
|[[Gopalpur port]]
| 2013
|[[File:Gopalpur_Port.jpg|150px]]
|[[Chhatrapur]]|| align="left" | [[Odisha]]|| align="right" | 25 || align="right" | || align="right" | || align="right" | || [[Shapoorji Pallonji Group]] || Eastern
|-
| '''23'''
|[[Gangavaram Port]]
| 2009
|[[File:Gangavaram View.jpg|150px]]
|[[Visakhapatnam]]|| align="left" | [[Andhra Pradesh]]|| align="right" | 18.04 || align="right" | || align="right" | || align="right" | || [[Adani Group]] || Eastern
|-
| '''24'''
|[[Kattupalli Shipyard|Kattupalli Port]]
| 2012
|
|[[Kattupalli]]|| align="left" | [[Tamil Nadu]]|| align="right" | 18 || align="right" | || align="right" | || align="right" | || [[Adani Group]] || Eastern
|-
| '''25'''
|[[Dahej Port]]
| 2010
|
|[[Bharuch district]]|| align="left" | [[Gujarat]]|| align="right" | 17.5 || align="right" | || align="right" | || align="right" | || [[Adani Group]] || Western
|-
| '''26'''
|[[Kakinada Port]]
| 1999
|[[File:Far view of Kakinada port from Beach.jpg|150px]]
|[[East Godavari]]|| align="left" | [[Andra Pradesh]]|| align="right" | 14 || align="right" | || align="right" | || align="right" | || [[Aurobindo Group]] || Eastern
|-
| '''27'''
|[[Tuna Port]]
| 2022<ref>https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/union-cabinet-decision-kutch-to-get-2-new-port-terminals-at-rs-5963-crore-8205351/</ref>
|
|[[Tuna]]|| align="left" | [[Gujarat]]|| align="right" | 14 || align="right" | || align="right" | || align="right" | || [[Adani Group]] || Western
|-
| '''28'''
|[[Port Pipavav|APM Terminals Pipavav]]
| 2002
|
|[[Pipavav]]|| align="left" | [[Gujarat]]|| align="right" | 2 || align="right" | '''-46% ↓''' || align="right" |1.35 || align="right" | || [[Maersk]] || Western
|-
|
|'''All Ports'''
| || align="left" | '''India''' || || ||align="right" |'''1,234.1'''|| align="right" |'''4.77% ↑'''|| align="right" |'''9,138'''|| align="right" |'''7.62% ↑''' || -
|-
|}

==Port Handling Equipment==

India has multiple port machinery companies such as [[Elecon Engineering|Elecon Engg.]], TRF, McNally Bharat Engineering etc.

==Partially opened ports==
These type of ports are partially constructed or undergoing mass expansion due to which they are operating without full capacity.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! rowspan="2" |Name
! rowspan="2" |Location
! rowspan="2" | Type
! rowspan="2" |Ownership
|-
| [[Angré Port]]
| Jaigad, Maharashtra
| Dry/Bulk
| Chowgule Group
|-
| [[Agardana Shipyard & Terminals]]
| [[Agardanda]], Maharashtra
| Container/Bulk
| [[Adani Group]]
|-
| [[Bedi Port]]
| [[Bedi]], [[Gujarat]]
| Container/Bulk
| [[Gujarat Maritime Board]]
|-
| [[Bhavnagar Port]]
| [[Bhavnagar]], [[Gujarat]]
| CNG/Bulk
| Government of Gujarat
|-
| [[Karanja Port]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Birkett |first1=Holly |title=India's Karanja port project may be underway again |url=https://splash247.com/indias-karanja-port-project-may-be-underway-again/ |website=splash247.com |date=19 August 2015 |publisher=splash247 |access-date=19 August 2015}}</ref>
| [[Navi Mumbai]], Maharashtra
| Container
| Mercantile Ports and Logistics (MPL)
|-
| [[Salav Port|JSW Salav Port]]
| [[Salav]], Maharashtra
| Dry/Bulk
| JSW Infrastructure
|-
| Rohini Yard
| [[Rohini, Maharashtra|Rohini]], Maharashtra
| Dry/Bulk
| DAS Offshore Ltd.
|-
| Konkan Terminal
| [[Dabhol]], Maharashtra
| LNG
| GAIL
|-
|}

==List of terminals==
These are classified as terminals not ports, these can be easily upgraded to container ports
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! rowspan="2" |Name
! rowspan="2" |Location
! rowspan="2" |Status
! rowspan="2" | Type
! rowspan="2" |Ownership
|-
| [[Bhavnagar Port]]
| [[Bhavnagar]], [[Gujarat]]
| under-construction
| CNG/Bulk
| Government of Gujarat
|-
| Konkan Terminal
| [[Dabhol]], Maharashtra
| {{yes|Completed in 2018}}
| LNG
| GAIL
|-
| [[Chhara LNG Terminal]]
| [[Chhara]], [[Gujarat]]
| under-construction
| LNG
| HPCL
|-
| [[Kochi LNG Terminal]]
| [[Kochi]], Kerala
| {{yes|Completed in 2013}}
| LNG
| Petronet LNG
|-
| [[Kukrahati LNG Terminal]]
| [[Kukrahati]],[[West Bengal]]
| under-construction
| LNG
| H-Energy
|-
| Jaigad Terminal
| [[Jaigad]], Maharashtra
| {{yes|Completed in 2022}}
| LNG
| H-Energy
|-
| Jafrabad Terminal
| [[Jafrabad]],[[Gujarat]]
| under-construction
| LNG
| Swan Energy
|-
| [[Vadinar Port]]
| [[Vadinar]],[[Gujarat]]
| {{yes|Completed in 1978}}
| Oil
| Indian Oil
|}

Apart from this there are also LNG Terminals in ports such as Dahej, GAIL Kakinada FSRU, Hazira LNG Terminal, Krishnapatnam FSRU, Mumbai FSRU, Ennore LNG Terminal, Dhamra LNG Terminal, Chennai LNG Terminal etc.

==List of ports under-construction==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!'''Location'''
!'''State'''
!'''Status'''
|-
|[[Belekeri|Belekeri Port]]
|[[Karnataka]]
| under construction
|-
|[[Sagar Port]]
|West Bengal
| under construction
|-
|[[Astaranga Port]]
|Odisha
|DPR under preparation.
|-
|[[Mahanadi Riverine Port]]
|Odisha
|DPR under preparation.
|-
|[[Nargol Port]]
|Gujarat
|Gujarat Government invited bids.<ref>https://www.financialexpress.com/business/infrastructure-deadline-extended-for-global-bids-to-develop-nargol-port-till-third-week-of-february-2405280/#:~:text=The%20proposed%20Nargol%20port%20is%20located%20nearly,approximately%20120%20km%20from%20South%20of%20Surat.</ref>
|-
|Paradip Outer Harbour
|Odisha
|DPR under preparation.
|-
|Sirkazhi
|Tamil Nadu
|Techno Economic Feasibility Report (TEFR) prepared.
|-
|Bhavnagar CNG Terminal
|Gujarat
|On 28 September 2022 the foundation stone was laid for CNG terminal , the development of CNG Terminal and other terminals occurred at the north-side of existing [[Bhavnagar Port]] in December 2019 by the consortium led by Foresight Group, a consortium of London-based Foresight Group, Mumbai-based Padmanabh Mafatlal Group and Rotterdam-based Boskalis signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with Gujarat Maritime Board (GMB) for development of the CNG terminal. Bhavnagar Port Infrastructure Pvt Ltd, a special purpose vehicle formed by the consortium to operate the port.
|-
|Chhara LNG Terminal
|Gujarat
| HPCL Shapoorji Energy Private Limited (HSEPL), the entity which is currently building a 5 MMTPA LNG terminal in Chhara, Gujarat. HSEPL is constructing a 5 MMTPA Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) Terminal at Chhara, Gujarat, at a project cost of about Rs 4,300 crore which is likely to be completed by the end of calendar year 2022. The terminal will have all facilities for receipt of LNG through ocean going tankers, marine unloading, storage, LNG Road Tanker loading, regasification, and supply of regasified LNG to the gas grid.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-03-30 |title=HPCL buys out Shapoorji Pallonji's stake in Chhara LNG Terminal JV for Rs 397 cr |url=https://psuwatch.com/national-news/hpcl-buys-out-shapoorji-pallonji-stake-in-chhara-lng-terminal-jv-for-rs-397-crore |access-date=2023-08-01 |website=PSU Watch |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Colachel Seaport|Kanniyakumari Port]]
|Tamil Nadu
|Major Transhipment Port at [[Kanyakumari]]. SPV formed for the purpose – March, 2019.
|-
|[[Dugarajapatnam Port]]
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
| Dugarajapatnam Port is a proposed seaport in Tirupati district of Andhra Pradesh, India. Construction was expected to start in 2020 and finish in 2023.
|-
|[[Galathea Bay Transhipment Port]]
|[[Great Nicobar]]
|DPR has been completed, The proposed port will come at Galathea Bay in Great Nicobar Island of the Union Territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Syama Prasad Mookerjee Port, Kolkata (SMPK) is the nodal agency for undertaking development of proposed port project in landlord mode.<ref>https://www.logisticsinsider.in/center-approves-galathea-bay-transhipment-port-bidding-to-start-soon/</ref><ref>https://indiainfrahub.com/2023/featured/nine-players-show-interest-in-international-container-transshipment-port-on-nicobar-island/</ref>
|-
|[[Machilipatnam Port]]
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|Construction work started on 22 May 2023<ref>https://indiainfrahub.com/2023/featured/andhra-to-get-another-all-weather-greenfield-port-work-on-rs-5156-crore-machilipatnam-port-at-manginapudi-begins-today/</ref>
|-
|[[Bhavanapadu|Bhavanapadu Port]]
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|DPR under preparation
|-
|[[Pavinakurve port]]
|[[Karnataka]]
|DPR under preparation
|-
|[[JSW Group|JSW]] [[Keni Port]]
|Karnataka
|The port at Keni, near Ankola, would be designed to handle 30 million tonnes of cargo per annum.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/karnataka-budget-2023-24-greenfield-ports-keni-pavinakurve-uttara-kannada-district-under-ppp-marina-at-byndoor-beach/article66520152.ece | title=Karnataka Budget 2023-24: Greenfield ports at Keni and Pavinakurve in Uttara Kannada district under PPP, marina at Byndoor beach | newspaper=The Hindu | date=17 February 2023 }}</ref>
|-
|[[JSW Group|JSW]] [[Nangaon Port]]
|Maharashtra
|Approved in 2016, DPR under preparation
|-
|[[Kalingapatnam|Kalingapatnam Port]]
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|DPR completed
|-
|[[Ramayapatnam|Ramayapatnam Port]]
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|DPR completed
|-
|[[Meghavaram|Meghavaram Port]]
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|DPR completed
|-
|Vadhavan Port
|Maharashtra
|under construction
|-
|[[Simar port]]
|Gujarat
|Completion target 2024
|-
|[[JSW Salav Port]]
| Salav, Maharashtra
| Expansion of existing Salav jetty facility from present 235 m jetty length and 21m mooring dolphin by adding additional jetty length of 500 m to handle cargoes from present 3.0 MPTA to 31.0 MPTA.<ref>https://environmentclearance.nic.in/writereaddata/Online/EDS/01_Apr_2017_1141463105I7UNU3UFormIJSWSalavPort.pdf</ref>
|-
|[[Tajpur Port]]
|West Bengal
|DPR under preparation
|-
|[[Tadadi|Tadadi Port]]
|Karnataka
|DPR under preparation
|-
|[[Kakinada Gateway Port]]<ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/new-seaport-proposed-at-kona-village-in-eg-district-of-ap/articleshow/66734018.cms</ref><ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/kakinada-gateway-port-inks-concession-agreement-to-develop-commercial-port/articleshow/66737963.cms</ref>
|Andhra Pradesh
|under construction, Kakinada Gateway Port (KGPL), an arm of Kakinada SEZ, has entered into concession agreement with the Andhra Pradesh government for development of a greenfield commercial port at Kona village in East Godavari district.Kakinada SEZ (KSEZ) is promoted by [[GMR Group|GMR Infrastructure limited]].
|-
|[[Vizhinjam International Seaport]]
|Kerala
|DPR under preparation
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.walkthroughindia.com/walkthroughs/the-12-major-sea-ports-of-india Indian Port List - Best Major 12]

{{commons category|Ports and harbours in India}}
{{Ports and harbors}}
{{Transport in India}}
{{Economy of India}}

[[Category:Economy of India lists]]
[[Category:Ports and harbours of India| ]]
[[Category:Foreign trade of India]]

Vadinar Port

2024-01-01T15:37:46Z

Hexatron93: /* History */

{{Multiple issues|
{{Dead end|date=October 2023}}
{{Orphan|date=October 2023}}
}}

'''Vadinar Oil Terminal Ltd''' (VOTL) is an integrated oil terminal situated at Vadinar with a capacity of 58 million metric tonnes per annum (MMTPA) and handles crude oil and petroleum products.<ref>https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/oil-gas/panel-defers-green-nod-to-essar-firms-expansion-project/articleshow/49308838.cms</ref>

==History==
India’s first unloading Single Point Mooring (SPM) at Indian Oil Corporation was commissioned in 1978.<ref>https://www.livemint.com/industry/energy/indias-first-spm-facility-at-indianoil-vadinar-berths-the-6-000th-oil-tanker-11666019888130.html</ref>The Deendayal Port Authority had commissioned the Off-shore Oil Terminal facilities at Vadinar in the year 1978, for which M/s. Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IOCL) provided Single Bouy Mooring (SBM) system, having a capacity of 54 MMTPA, which was first of its kind in India. Further, significant Quantum of infrastructural upgradation has been carried out & excellent maritime infrastructure has been created at Vadinar for the 32MMTPA Essar Oil Refinery in Jamnagar District.<ref>https://www.deendayalport.gov.in/en/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF-%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AD/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF-%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2-%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B2-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8/</ref>

==Description==
IOC currently operates two SPM terminals at Vadinar, in the south of the Gulf of Kutch for unloading of crude oil brought in tankers for transportation to shore tanks through pipelines, of which around 14 km is subsea.
<ref>https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-gas/indias-first-spm-facility-at-ioc-vadinar-berths-the-6000th-oil-tanker/94929170</ref>

Essar commissioned the Vadinar Oil Terminal Ltd (VOTL) and is currently operated by Nayara Energy, in 2006.<ref>https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/ruias-sell-essar-oil-vadinar-port-for-rs-86-100-crore-116101500711_1.html</ref>

Strategically located at the southern tip of the Gulf of Kutch, VOTL is a 58-MMTPA facility consisting of a marine terminal; crude, product and intermediate storage tankage of over 3 million cubic metre capacity, and rail and road gantries with 13 kms of railway siding. These facilities are critical for the successful operation of Essar’s 20 MTPA Vadinar Refinery.<ref>https://www.asianage.com/business/companies/240617/ib-home-ministry-red-flag-essar-rosneft-deal.html</ref>

==Expansion==
Russia oil giant Rosneft-led Nayara Energy, formerly Essar Oil, is planning to add a Single Point Mooring (SPM) facility at Vadinar port in Gujarat at a cost of Rs 500 crore to handle additional requirement of crude oil.
<ref>https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-gas/nayara-energy-plans-to-add-jetty-at-vadinar-port-at-a-cost-of-rs-500-crore/71471888</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Uncategorized|date=October 2023}}

Data Patterns(India) Ltd.

2024-01-01T11:30:41Z

Hexatron93: /* Investors */

{{Multiple issues|
{{Dead end|date=October 2023}}
{{Orphan|date=October 2023}}
}}

'''Data Patterns''' (India) Ltd, is a Chennai based defence company, which supplies electronic systems to defence and aerospace sector.<ref name="IEXPRESS">https://indianexpress.com/article/business/data-patterns-shares-list-at-nearly-48-premium-7688080/</ref><ref>https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/specials/corporate-file/how-data-patterns-is-propelling-itself-ahead/article65262891.ece</ref>

==Description==
Its core competencies include design and development across electronic hardware, software, firmware, mechanical, product prototype besides its testing, validation, and verification.<ref name="IEXPRESS"/> Data Patterns works closely with the defence PSUs such as Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd and Bharat Electronics Ltd as well as government organisations involved in defence and space research like DRDO.<ref name="IEXPRESS"/>

==Products==
Its involvement has been found across radars, underwater electronics/ communication, electronic warfare suites, avionics, small satellites, automated test equipment, and programmes catering to Tejas light combat aircraft, light utility helicopter, BrahMos, and other communication and electronic intelligence systems.<ref name="IEXPRESS"/>

It had developed the first nanosatellite “NiUSAT”, which thereafter was deployed in 2017.<ref name="IEXPRESS"/>

Data Patterns is working with Swedish MNC, SAAB, for joint-development of ‘electronic warfare’ suite for export purpose.<ref>https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/data-patterns-working-with-saab-for-joint-development-of-products-for-exports/article66455238.ece</ref>

==Investors==
Data Patterns has 2 institutional investors including SIDBI Venture Capital and SICOM.<ref>https://cred.club/articles/investors-recognise-data-patterns</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Uncategorized|date=October 2023}}

Defense companies in India

2024-01-01T11:08:43Z

Hexatron93: /* Private companies */

List of private companies in defense industry in India is given below:-

=== Private companies ===
{{see also| Indigenous Defence Equipment Exporters Association}}
{{Dynamic list|date=March 2021}}
Following have been given defence manufacturing license as well as based in India (please help expand this partial list):

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Name of company
!Established
!Specialization
!Operating Income (As of 2022)
!Employees (As of 2022)
!Notes
|-
|[[Adani Enterprises#Adani Defence & Aerospace|Adani Aero Defense Systems & Technologies]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Navdeep |date=2023-05-25 |title=PTC Industries shares jump over 8% after subsidiary gets IAI approval for components |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/ptc-industries-shares-jump-over-8-after-subsidiary-gets-iai-approval-for-components/articleshow/100494253.cms |access-date=2023-08-01 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
| 2015
| Aerospace & Drones
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
|Aerolloy Technologies<ref>https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/ptc-industries-shares-jump-over-8-after-subsidiary-gets-iai-approval-for-components/articleshow/100494253.cms?from=mdr</ref>
| 2020
| Metallurgy
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
|Alpha Design Technologies
| 2003
| Defence Electronics, Avionics & Space Satellites systems
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
|Astra Microwave Products<ref>{{Cite web |title=CRISIL reaffirms ratings of Astra Microwave Products |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/crisil-reaffirms-ratings-of-astra-microwave-products-122032800709_1.html |access-date=2023-08-01}}</ref>
| 1991
| Radar systems
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
|Apollo Micro Systems<ref>https://www.business-standard.com/content/press-releases-ani/apollo-micro-systems-ltd-is-setting-up-a-state-of-the-art-defence-equipment-manufacturing-facility-at-hyderabad-123100200590_1.html</ref>
| 1985
| Defence Electronics, Avionics & Space Satellites systems
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
|Avantel<ref>https://www.marketscreener.com/quote/stock/AVANTEL-LIMITED-20701922/news/Avantel-to-Supply-Power-Amplifier-Modules-to-Bharat-Electronics-44684314/</ref>
| 1985
| HF Communications,Radar, [[Software-defined radio|SDR]] & Space Satellites systems
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
|[[BrahMos Aerospace]]
| 2004
| Missile systems
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
|[[Bharat Forge]]
| 1961
| Artillery, metallurgy
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
|[[Centum Electronics]]
| 1993
| Defense electronics
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
|[[CRON systems]]
| 2015
| LIDAR & Cybersecurity
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
|Crown Group<ref>{{cite web|title=External link|date=25 August 2022 |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/business-spotlight/crown-group-defence-undertakes-mro-activities-of-indian-navy-ships-submarines-aviation-assets-news-218878|language=en}}</ref>
| 1978
| MRO, AI & Cybersecurity
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
|Data Patterns<ref>https://www.cnbctv18.com/business/companies/data-patterns-will-transition-to-end-systems-scale-up-exports-in-four-years-16260341.htm</ref>
| 1976
| RF, Defence electronics
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
|Defsys Solutions<ref>https://www.hindustantimes.com/brand-post/defsys-solutions-delivered-counter-drone-systems-to-indian-forces-col-sgupta-101618313594920.html</ref>
| 2007
| Avionics
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
|[[DCX Systems]]<ref>https://www.entrepreneur.com/en-in/technology/dcx-systems-building-indias-aerospace-defence-giant-for/452490</ref>
| 2010
| Avionics & wire-harness
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
|[[Dynamatic Technologies]]
| 1973
| Hydraulics, Metallurgy & Aerospace
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
|[[Elecon Engineering]]
| 1960
| Machinery
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
|EyeROV
| 2016
| UAV
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
|[[Godrej & Boyce]]
| 1985
| Aerospace & Precision engineering
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
|HBL Power Systems<ref>https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/stocks/stock-watch-hbl-power-nearly-triples-in-6-months-defence-railway-play-driving-gains-11453241.html</ref>
| 1976
| Battery & Power systems
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
|High Energy Batteries Ltd.<ref>https://www.livemint.com/industry/manufacturing/production-incentives-to-fuel-battery-innovations-on-cards-11649185815999.html</ref>
| 1961
| Battery & Power systems
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| [[Jindal Stainless Limited|Jindal Defence]]
| 1947
| Armour, Missile systems & Arms
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
|-
|[[Kineco Limited]]<ref>{{cite web|title=External link|url=https://www.kinecogroup.com|website=www.kinecogroup.com|language=en}}</ref>
| 1994
| Composites
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| Krishna Defence & Allied<ref>https://www.bqprime.com/markets/krishna-defence-shares-hit-record-high-after-securing-order-from-defence-ministry</ref>
| 1996
| Metallurgy
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| [[Larsen & Toubro]]
| 1948
| Diversified defense products
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| [[MAK Controls and Systems]]
| 1973
| Ground Support Equipment, Power Electronics and Land based systems
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| Megha Engineering and Infrastructures Limited (MEIL)<ref>https://www.prnewswire.com/in/news-releases/meil-enters-defence-equipment-manufacturing-826622385.html</ref>
| 1989
| defence electronics and communications
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| Tardid Technologies
| 2016
| AI based autonomous vehicles<ref>https://www.financialexpress.com/business/defence-another-start-upbrainbox-sso-to-provide-ai-solutionduring-rd-parade-2960399/</ref> & Cybersecurity
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| [[Tata Advanced Systems]]
| 2007
| Aerospace , Landbase defense systems, Sonar, Radar, Missile Drones
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| [[Tata Steel Advanced Materials]]
| 2012
| Composites
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| [[Tata Power SED]]
| 1975
| Missile, Drones, Defense electronics
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| [[Texmaco Rail & Engineering|Texmaco Defence Systems]]
| 2017
| Armoured vehicle, Guns, Artillaries
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| [[Titagarh Wagons]]
| 1982
| Mine clearing systems, Military Trailers, CBRNe
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| Tonbo Imaging<ref>https://www.livemint.com/companies/start-ups/bengaluru-tech-gives-us-israeli-weapons-eyes-11574009242060.html</ref>
| 2003
| Imaging systems
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| [[Triveni Engineering & Industries]]
| 1932
| Gas Turbine & Gearboxes
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| [[SSS Defence]]
| 1960
| Small Arms & Metallurgy
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| [[Staqu Technologies]]<ref>https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/the-buzz/story/ai-for-smart-crime-fighting-234243-2019-10-14</ref>
| 2015
| AI/Surveillance/Computer Vision
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| [[Mahindra Aerospace]]
| 2008
| Aerospace
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| Mahindra Defence Systems Ltd.
| 2012
| Armoured vehicle
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| [[MKU (company)|MKU]]
| 1985
| Armour
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| Paras Defence And Space Technologies Ltd.
| 1972
| Diversified defense equipment
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| Premier Explosives
| 1980
| Diversified defense equipments
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| [[PTC Industries]]
| 1963
| Metallurgy & Alloys
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| [[Ravindra Reddy|MTAR Technologies]]
| 1984
| Diversified defense equipments & Satcom
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| Raphe Mphibr Pvt Ltd
| 1963
| Metallurgy & Alloys
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| Rossell Techsys
| 2009
| composites
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| [[Samtel Avionics]]
| 2006
| Display
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| Exicom Tele-Systems
| 1994
| RF , Defense Telephony
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| Sandeep Metalcraft Pvt Ltd
| 1988
| Arms & Missiles
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| Sika Interplant Systems Ltd.
| 1969
| Turbine & Gearboxes
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| [[Solar Industries India]]
| 1983
| Diversified defence equipment
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| Torus Robotics
| 2015
| UAV
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| VEM Technologies<ref>https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/vem-tech-inks-pact-with-hal-for-20-cfl-units-for-tejas/article66030914.ece</ref>
| 1993
| Aerospace
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| [[DRDO Netra|ideaForge]]
| 2007
| UAV
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| [[Optimized Electrotech]]
| 2017
| UAV
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| [[Walchandnagar Industries]]
| 1908
| Missile Systems
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|}

Defense companies in India

2024-01-01T11:07:04Z

Hexatron93: /* Private companies */

List of private companies in defense industry in India is given below:-

=== Private companies ===
{{see also| Indigenous Defence Equipment Exporters Association}}
{{Dynamic list|date=March 2021}}
Following have been given defence manufacturing license as well as based in India (please help expand this partial list):

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Name of company
!Established
!Specialization
!Operating Income (As of 2022)
!Employees (As of 2022)
!Notes
|-
|[[Adani Enterprises#Adani Defence & Aerospace|Adani Aero Defense Systems & Technologies]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Navdeep |date=2023-05-25 |title=PTC Industries shares jump over 8% after subsidiary gets IAI approval for components |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/ptc-industries-shares-jump-over-8-after-subsidiary-gets-iai-approval-for-components/articleshow/100494253.cms |access-date=2023-08-01 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
| 2015
| Aerospace & Drones
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
|Aerolloy Technologies<ref>https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/ptc-industries-shares-jump-over-8-after-subsidiary-gets-iai-approval-for-components/articleshow/100494253.cms?from=mdr</ref>
| 2020
| Metallurgy
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
|Alpha Design Technologies
| 2003
| Defence Electronics, Avionics & Space Satellites systems
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
|Astra Microwave Products<ref>{{Cite web |title=CRISIL reaffirms ratings of Astra Microwave Products |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/crisil-reaffirms-ratings-of-astra-microwave-products-122032800709_1.html |access-date=2023-08-01}}</ref>
| 1991
| Radar systems
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
|Apollo Micro Systems<ref>https://www.business-standard.com/content/press-releases-ani/apollo-micro-systems-ltd-is-setting-up-a-state-of-the-art-defence-equipment-manufacturing-facility-at-hyderabad-123100200590_1.html</ref>
| 1985
| Defence Electronics, Avionics & Space Satellites systems
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
|Avantel<ref>https://www.marketscreener.com/quote/stock/AVANTEL-LIMITED-20701922/news/Avantel-to-Supply-Power-Amplifier-Modules-to-Bharat-Electronics-44684314/</ref>
| 1985
| HF Communications,Radar, [[Software-defined radio|SDR]] & Space Satellites systems
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
|[[BrahMos Aerospace]]
| 2004
| Missile systems
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
|[[Bharat Forge]]
| 1961
| Artillery, metallurgy
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
|[[Centum Electronics]]
| 1993
| Defense electronics
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
|[[CRON systems]]
| 2015
| LIDAR & Cybersecurity
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
|Crown Group<ref>{{cite web|title=External link|date=25 August 2022 |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/business-spotlight/crown-group-defence-undertakes-mro-activities-of-indian-navy-ships-submarines-aviation-assets-news-218878|language=en}}</ref>
| 1978
| MRO, AI & Cybersecurity
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
|Data Patterns<ref>https://www.cnbctv18.com/business/companies/data-patterns-will-transition-to-end-systems-scale-up-exports-in-four-years-16260341.htm</ref>
| 1976
| RF, Defence electronics
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
|Defsys Solutions<ref>https://www.hindustantimes.com/brand-post/defsys-solutions-delivered-counter-drone-systems-to-indian-forces-col-sgupta-101618313594920.html</ref>
| 2007
| Avionics
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
|[[DCX Systems]]<ref>https://www.entrepreneur.com/en-in/technology/dcx-systems-building-indias-aerospace-defence-giant-for/452490</ref>
| 2010
| Avionics & wire-harness
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
|[[Dynamatic Technologies]]
| 1973
| Hydraulics, Metallurgy & Aerospace
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
|[[Elecon Engineering]]
| 1960
| Machinery
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
|EyeROV
| 2016
| UAV
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
|[[Godrej & Boyce]]
| 1985
| Aerospace & Precision engineering
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
|HBL Power Systems<ref>https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/stocks/stock-watch-hbl-power-nearly-triples-in-6-months-defence-railway-play-driving-gains-11453241.html</ref>
| 1976
| Battery & Power systems
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
|High Energy Batteries Ltd.<ref>https://www.livemint.com/industry/manufacturing/production-incentives-to-fuel-battery-innovations-on-cards-11649185815999.html</ref>
| 1961
| Battery & Power systems
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| [[Jindal Stainless Limited|Jindal Defence]]
| 1947
| Armour, Missile systems & Arms
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
|-
|Kineco Limited<ref>{{cite web|title=External link|url=https://www.kinecogroup.com|website=www.kinecogroup.com|language=en}}</ref>
| 1994
| Composites
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| Krishna Defence & Allied<ref>https://www.bqprime.com/markets/krishna-defence-shares-hit-record-high-after-securing-order-from-defence-ministry</ref>
| 1996
| Metallurgy
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| [[Larsen & Toubro]]
| 1948
| Diversified defense products
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| [[MAK Controls and Systems]]
| 1973
| Ground Support Equipment, Power Electronics and Land based systems
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| Megha Engineering and Infrastructures Limited (MEIL)<ref>https://www.prnewswire.com/in/news-releases/meil-enters-defence-equipment-manufacturing-826622385.html</ref>
| 1989
| defence electronics and communications
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| Tardid Technologies
| 2016
| AI based autonomous vehicles<ref>https://www.financialexpress.com/business/defence-another-start-upbrainbox-sso-to-provide-ai-solutionduring-rd-parade-2960399/</ref> & Cybersecurity
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| [[Tata Advanced Systems]]
| 2007
| Aerospace , Landbase defense systems, Sonar, Radar, Missile Drones
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| [[Tata Steel Advanced Materials]]
| 2012
| Composites
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| [[Tata Power SED]]
| 1975
| Missile, Drones, Defense electronics
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| [[Texmaco Rail & Engineering|Texmaco Defence Systems]]
| 2017
| Armoured vehicle, Guns, Artillaries
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| [[Titagarh Wagons]]
| 1982
| Mine clearing systems, Military Trailers, CBRNe
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| Tonbo Imaging<ref>https://www.livemint.com/companies/start-ups/bengaluru-tech-gives-us-israeli-weapons-eyes-11574009242060.html</ref>
| 2003
| Imaging systems
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| [[Triveni Engineering & Industries]]
| 1932
| Gas Turbine & Gearboxes
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| [[SSS Defence]]
| 1960
| Small Arms & Metallurgy
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| [[Staqu Technologies]]<ref>https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/the-buzz/story/ai-for-smart-crime-fighting-234243-2019-10-14</ref>
| 2015
| AI/Surveillance/Computer Vision
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| [[Mahindra Aerospace]]
| 2008
| Aerospace
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| Mahindra Defence Systems Ltd.
| 2012
| Armoured vehicle
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| [[MKU (company)|MKU]]
| 1985
| Armour
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| Paras Defence And Space Technologies Ltd.
| 1972
| Diversified defense equipment
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| Premier Explosives
| 1980
| Diversified defense equipments
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| PTC Industries
| 1963
| Metallurgy & Alloys
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| [[Ravindra Reddy|MTAR Technologies]]
| 1984
| Diversified defense equipments & Satcom
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| Raphe Mphibr Pvt Ltd
| 1963
| Metallurgy & Alloys
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| Rossell Techsys
| 2009
| composites
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| [[Samtel Avionics]]
| 2006
| Display
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| Exicom Tele-Systems
| 1994
| RF , Defense Telephony
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| Sandeep Metalcraft Pvt Ltd
| 1988
| Arms & Missiles
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| Sika Interplant Systems Ltd.
| 1969
| Turbine & Gearboxes
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| Solar Industries India
| 1983
| Diversified defence equipment
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| Torus Robotics
| 2015
| UAV
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| VEM Technologies<ref>https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/vem-tech-inks-pact-with-hal-for-20-cfl-units-for-tejas/article66030914.ece</ref>
| 1993
| Aerospace
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| [[DRDO Netra|ideaForge]]
| 2007
| UAV
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| [[Optimized Electrotech]]
| 2017
| UAV
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| [[Walchandnagar Industries]]
| 1908
| Missile Systems
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|}

Protean eGov Technologies

2024-01-01T10:34:44Z

Hexatron93: More info updated

'''Protean eGov Technologies Limited''' (earlier known as NSDL e-Governance Infrastructure Limited) was a former subsidiary.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=NSDL e-Governance Infrastructure Limited|url=https://www.egov-nsdl.co.in/|access-date=2022-01-17|website=www.egov-nsdl.co.in}}</ref> It works on Digital Public Infrastructure and Open Source software as well as offers services related to issuance of PAN cards and also acts as central record-keeping agency for National Pension System (NPS).<ref>https://m.timesofindia.com/business/india-business/protean-egov-and-npci-bharat-billpay-partner-to-offer-decentralised-settlement-system-on-ondc/articleshow/101340846.cms</ref>

==History==
Protean eGov Tech. Ltd. was originally incorporated as `NSDL e-Governance Infrastructure Limited' on December 27 1995 at Mumbai.
The name was changed to `Protean eGov Technologies Limited' on October 28 2021.It has collaborated with the government having an extensive experience in creating digital public infrastructure and developing innovative citizen-centric e-governance solutions.<ref name="Bussiness Standard">https://www.business-standard.com/company/protean-egov-14537.html</ref>

==Function and Roles==
Protean eGov Tech. Ltd. It has created strong e-governance interventions impacting multiple sectors of the Indian economy and touching various aspects of a citizen's life-modernizing the direct tax infrastructure providing a tax identity to citizens and corporates (issuance of PAN card) strengthening the old-age social security infrastructure (National Pension System NPS & Atal Pension Yojna APY) promoting financial inclusion by contributing to the India Stack by enrolling citizens for National Identity and enabling the BFSI sector by providing Aadhaar-based identity authentication and e-Sign services. Subsequently it was separated as a technology enabling company. It has been the chief architect and implementer for some of the most critical and large scale technology infrastructure projects. It introduced Online Tax Accounting System. It launched PAN card services in 2005. In 2007 it signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the Income Tax Department for establishing an internet-based service for verification of PAN by authorised entities. It introduced Central Record keeping Agency System in 2008.In 2009 the Company launched New Pension System (NPS) to all citizens except government employees covered by NPS.<ref name="Bussiness Standard"/>

==Formation==
.In year 2012 NSDL Depository Limited an erstwhile wholly-owned subsidiary of Company and the Company filed a Scheme of Arrangement before the High Court of Judicature at Bombay to demerge the depository business and undertaking of the Company (Transferor Company) and vest in NSDL Depository Limited (Transferee Company). Pursuant to Scheme of Arrangement the depository undertaking i.e. the business of Transferor Company engaged in providing depository services transferred and vested in the Transferee Company as a going concern. The Scheme was approved by the High Court of Judicature at Bombay dated November 2 2012. The Transferee Company in consideration of demerger issued and allotted fully paid-up equity shares on a proportionate basis to all the shareholders of Transferor Company on the following basis: for every 2 fully paid-up equity shares of Rs 10 each held by the equity shareholders of the Transferor Company on the effective date 1 fully paid-up equity share of Rs. 10 each of the Transferee Company.<ref name="Bussiness Standard"/>

==Products==
Protean primarily works on Cloud based Enterprise Digitalization, Payments, Digital Public Infrastructure and B2B Marketplace.
The Company launched e-KYC services for ICICI Prudential Life Insurance in year 2014. It introduced an online platform for students Vidya Lakshmi Electronic Platform to avail education loan.In 2018 the Company launched Vidya Kaushal which facilitate skill development loans to students pursuing courses run by NSDC approved training partners. It launched the iKar application for Android and iOS users. It constructed a Modified Data Centre facility at Bangalore.<ref name="Bussiness Standard"/>

Protean has launched 'RISE with Protean' is a step towards empowering enterprise digitization, offering a frictionless and versatile multi-sectoral platform. It enables value-added digital experiences and lightning-fast launches for any and every business.Rise with Protean aims to solve this by offering a one-stop trusted marketplace for businesses of any size, across multiple sectors to discover digital building blocks in the form of APIs, Micro-Services and User Journeys all at one place, from the trusted brand of Protean.<ref>https://www.uniindia.com/protean-launches-multisector-marketplace-rise-with-porotean/business-economy/news/3105761.html#:~:text='RISE%20with%20Protean'%20is%20a,for%20any%20and%20every%20business.</ref><ref>https://www.expresscomputer.in/news/protean-launches-multisector-marketplace-risewithprotean-dpi/106989/</ref>

User talk:WikiDwarf

2024-01-01T10:02:45Z

Hexatron93: /* Zerodha, all links are working, none are dead or advert */ new section

{{User talk}}

== Issue with Notice ==

Hi, I have joined wikipedia India just today. I noticed some buggy notice coming up in misaligned manner. Just wanted to let you know about this. I can appreciate the initiative and I found only you to be doing most of the administrative works as of now here, so thought to drop a message. --[[User:Guy|Guy]] ([[User talk:Guy|talk]]) 15:51, 22 September 2020 (IST)

:Hello and welcome to Bharatpedia, can you be more specific what buggy notice coming up so I can look up at? Thanks for notifying and happy editing. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 16:12, 22 September 2020 (IST)

== Spamming ==

I found a number of new users using their user space for link spamming. So I reverted those. Hope it was fine to do so. Please let me know if it is otherwise.

{| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;"
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[File:Admin Barnstar.png|100px]]
|rowspan="2" |
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Admin's Barnstar'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | You are doing a great work. Keep going. [[User:Kannadaguy|Kannadaguy]] ([[User talk:Kannadaguy|talk]]) 17:34, 6 October 2020 (IST)
|}

== The Reviewer Barnstar ==

{| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;"
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[File:Reviewer Barnstar Hires.png|100px]]
|rowspan="2" |
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Reviewer Barnstar'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Thanks for review [[User:Kannadaguy|Kannadaguy]] ([[User talk:Kannadaguy|talk]]) 17:42, 6 October 2020 (IST)
|}

== How to submit the article ==

I have created the article help me in submitting the article — Preceding [[Bharatpedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Digitalpivot30|Digitalpivot30]] ([[User talk:Digitalpivot30#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Digitalpivot30|contribs]]) 

:{{re|Digitalpivot30}} Hello and welcome, please start a new page in the [[Bharatpedia:Drafts#Creating and editing drafts|draft namespace]] and once it's ready for the mainspace please submit it for a review by placing the {{tl|submit}} template at the top of the page. Thanks - [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 15:12, 27 November 2020 (IST)
Sure thanks — Preceding [[Bharatpedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Digitalpivot30|Digitalpivot30]] ([[User talk:Digitalpivot30#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Digitalpivot30|contribs]]) 
Have edited & summited the draft..

How to disclose the paid contribution?

== Review of article ==

Hello, can you please review my article [[Shalkal]] and delete the page [[Draft:Shalkal Carty]]. --[[User:Guy|Guy]] ([[User talk:Guy|talk]]) 22:07, 3 December 2020 (IST)

== Thanks for creating article of Mukesh Ambani bomb scare case ==

Thank you. [[User:Subhash Rama|Subhash Rama]] ([[User talk:Subhash Rama|talk]]) 11:15, 22 March 2021 (IST)

== Article creation ==

Hi, why can't I create new page about person? [[User:Rehan|Rehan]] ([[User talk:Rehan|talk]]) 16:24, 10 April 2021 (IST)
:Hello {{re|Rehan}} and welcome! As I can see your account hasn't reached the [[Bharatpedia:Autoconfirmed users|autoconfirmed]] level yet so you won't be able to create a page in the main namespace, but you can create an article in the draft namespace using the [[Bharatpedia:Article wizard|article wizard]] and submit it for a review by placing <code><nowiki>{{subst:submit}}</nowiki></code> at the top of the article once it's ready. Please see [[Bharatpedia:Articles for creation]] for more and let me know if you need any help. Happy editing. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 16:48, 10 April 2021 (IST)
::Thanks for your response. I have created the draft [[Draft:Syed_Falak]] now I need to add image. How can I add?
[[User:Rehan|Rehan]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 17:12, 10 April 2021 (UTC)

== Question ==

Hi, thank you so much for your help. I want to know are you an admin in this Wikipedia? [[User:Rehan|Rehan]] ([[User talk:Rehan|talk]]) 01:19, 13 April 2021 (IST)
:{{re|Rehan}} Hello Rehan, yes I'm an admin here. Please let me know if you need any help. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 08:35, 13 April 2021 (IST)

== Please approve my page ==

Hello sir, i created a page can you approve? thanks — Preceding [[Bharatpedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Ajay Kumar|Ajay Kumar]] ([[User talk:Ajay Kumar#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ajay Kumar|contribs]]) 18:47, 19 April 2021 (IST) (UTC)
:{{re|Ajay Kumar}} I have moved the page to main namespace after some improvements in sources and added some categories. The subject looks notable so please try to add some more sources. Happy editing, [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 19:23, 19 April 2021 (IST)
Thank you sir. I added more details with source. [[User:Ajay Kumar|Ajay Kumar]] ([[User talk:Ajay Kumar|talk]]) 19:29, 19 April 2021 (IST)
==A curious query==
Hello Wiki Dwarf! I am an old user in English Wikipedia. When I tried to log in here with the same account and password, it failed. Btw, my queries are: 1) Is this wikipedia a part of Wikimedia sister projects? 2) Sometimes, I found some articles, though not original of here (I mean they seems to be imported from the simple English wikipedia), does this mean that all the articles are imported? 3) Can I create my user account here and at the same time, can I create original articles here? Though articles with similar names exist in the en wikipedia?
[[Special:Contributions/47.29.19.238|47.29.19.238]] ([[User talk:47.29.19.238|talk]]) 00:04, 8 May 2021 (IST)
:{{re|47.29.19.238}} Hello there, Bharatpedia is an independent platform (please see [[Bharatpedia:General disclaimer]]) so you won't be able to login using your Wikipedia account details, but you may create a new account under the same username. Account creation is not required in order to read or edit this site, but if you wish to create new articles you can sign up with a new account and can create articles on notable topics, no matter if the particular article exists on Wikipedia under the same or similar name. Some articles here are imported from Wikipedia and you may notice a disclosure at the end of each page such as [[Achappam]] and if you can't find such disclosure, you can add one by placing <code><nowiki>{{en-Wikipedia}}</nowiki></code> at the end of the article. Thank you. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 00:36, 8 May 2021 (IST)
:::Finally, I read the article you cited. Next, 4) Is it mandatory for me to create my new user account here with the exactly same username from the wikipedia org? Next, 5) Do I need special permission to edit, create an article here? 6) Like wikipedia, can I perform edits here normally? 7) Can I import article from the wikipedia? For that, do I need special rights or powers here? I mean all these in good faith. And I have a strong desire to have my service here. [[Special:Contributions/47.29.19.238|47.29.19.238]] ([[User talk:47.29.19.238|talk]]) 00:59, 8 May 2021 (IST)
::::{{re|47.29.19.238}} No it's not mandatory to create a new account with exactly the same user name on Wikipedia, it's your choice if you wish to keep both accounts under the same username. You don't need special user rights to edit pages on this site, but several actions including article creation in the main namespace are restricted to user accounts that are at least 4 days old and have made at least 10 edits. The use of the tool to import pages is only limited to admins, patrollers and extended-confirmed users, but a user without these rights can still import pages manually. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 01:17, 8 May 2021 (IST)

== Talk back notice ==

Hello brother! I have a talk back for you in my talk page. Besides, I want to know something from you. Is this wikipedia still have connection with Wikimedia Commons and translate wiki? I saw this very wikipedia supports some Manipuri language technical version. Next, does this wikipedia also have multiple language wiki versions? SonOfZeus 10:48, 9 May 2021 (IST)

:{{re|SonOfZeus}} Hello and welcome! this is an independent platform unrelated to the Wikimedia Foundation and is currently only available in the English language. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 10:54, 9 May 2021 (IST)

::Brother! Can I create my sandbox here in this wiki too? And, where shall I see the number of articles of this wiki? And, about the list of active users, if I want to see! And lastly, does this wiki also follow the INDIC SCRIPT policy of English wikipedia? SonOfZeus 18:46, 9 May 2021 (IST)

::And, another thing, can I create a draft page and how should I start that? SonOfZeus 18:49, 9 May 2021 (IST)
:::Yes you can experience in your sandbox. The number of articles you can see on the main page and unfortunately the list of active users is only limited to sysops. To create a draft you can visit [[Bharatpedia:Article wizard]]. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 10:12, 10 May 2021 (IST)
::::And lastly, does Indic script policy also apply here? SonOfZeus 18:29, 10 May 2021 (IST)
:::::No, you can use the Indic script in the lead and infobox to address the name of the subject. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 19:30, 10 May 2021 (IST)
:::::: Thank you. SonOfZeus 20:55, 11 May 2021 (IST)
::{{Ping|WikiDwarf}} Hello WikiDwarf, I don't find any user with your name in English wikipedia. Are you there in English wikipedia? If yes, may I know what is your username there? If that affects your privacy, then I am sorry. Else, please tell me.
::And another thing, can I request you for importing articles from wikipedia? SonOfZeus 12:30, 12 May 2021 (IST)
:::Sure you can list the articles [[Bharatpedia:Requested articles|on this page]]. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 19:40, 12 May 2021 (IST)
::::But sir, I don't find any link to go to any particular page where I can write the name of the article which I want to request for import.(1) Could you please show me the link for the page where I could write the request? (2) At the same, if I could personally request you at your talk page, please import [[Meitei deities]] and [[List of figures in Meitei mythology]] from simple English Wikipedia. SonOfZeus 11:57, 13 May 2021 (IST)

::::::Thank you for pointing it out. I have created a button that will take you to the request page and also imported the two pages you requested above. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 19:50, 13 May 2021 (IST)
:: But sir, (1) [[Meitei deities]] is a redirect page of another page. The main page is not imported yet from Simple English Wikipedia. (2) How many articles can I request at a time? Is there any limitation of number of articles at a single request? (3) If something gets changed in the article at general wikipedia, will it's imported equivalent article in this wikipedia get affected? For example, an article "x" has been deleted in general wiki, what about its equivalent article "x" in this wiki? SonOfZeus 10:55, 14 May 2021 (IST)
:::I have imported its corresponding article please see [[List of Meitei gods and goddesses]]. You can request as many articles as you wish as there is no limit. If an article is changed or deleted on Wikipedia it will not automatically affect its copy on Bharatpedia so one need to update the particular article manually. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 12:02, 14 May 2021 (IST)
:::: Thank you sir. And, one thing is that can a page be created or imported by anonymous users? I saw [[Irai Leima]] being imported by an anonymous. Is that a vandalism? As you are a check user also, what do you see. Who's that? SonOfZeus 13:27, 14 May 2021 (IST)
:::::No, that article was imported using the tool by an admin and the most recent revision was included so that's the reason [[Irai Leima]] looks like created/imported by anon. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 14:06, 14 May 2021 (IST)
:::::I have imported all the articles as per your request at [[Bharatpedia:Requested articles/requests]], please place <code><nowiki>{{simple-Wikipedia}}</nowiki></code> at the end of each article to avoid copyright issue. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 14:32, 14 May 2021 (IST)
::::::Sure, sir! I will do as soon as possible. Thanks! I have more request in the page. Please import those too. SonOfZeus 15:08, 14 May 2021 (IST)
::Thanks for those import! And one thing, (1) I am trying my best to put the "simple English wikipedia template " at the bottom of every imported article. But if I missed some, will there be assured chance of facing copyright issues? (2) In case of edits performed by myself in the general wikipedia, can I directly copy and paste those here? SonOfZeus 20:08, 14 May 2021 (IST)
::(3) The page [[Khamba Thoibi]] has a very important long infobox and some wiki tables in the [[:en:Khamba Thoibi]] (general English wikipedia). Can we import those partially here? SonOfZeus 20:10, 14 May 2021 (IST)
:::I don't see any issue if you wish to directly copy and paste your edits from Wikipedia, but it still needs a disclosure at the end of the page. I have imported the contents from [[:en:Khamba Thoibi]] into [[Khamba Thoibi]] please let me know if there is anything else I can do. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 23:35, 14 May 2021 (IST)
:: Hello brother! (1) In the main page of the Bharatpedia, some names of religions are given. Could you add [[Sanamahism]] also? SonOfZeus 22:37, 15 May 2021 (IST)
:::Done. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 01:47, 16 May 2021 (IST)
::(2) Please create infobox religion. (3) Please create Template:Lang-zh_TW (language template for traditional Chinese) and Template:Lang-zh_CN (language template for simplified Chinese). SonOfZeus 23:46, 15 May 2021 (IST)
:::Please use [[:Template:Infobox religious group]] instead of Infobox religion and for the traditional Chinese, please use <code><nowiki>{{Lang-zh|t=中國}}</nowiki></code> and <code><nowiki>{{Lang-zh|s=中国}}</nowiki></code> for simplified Chinese. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 01:47, 16 May 2021 (IST)
::::{{Ping|WikiDwarf}} Sir! (1) I have new import request. Please see. (2) I have more than 500 edits. So, I think I am extended confirmed user now. Could you please grant me the right of importer to me? What special steps are needed for importing? If possible, please teach me. SonOfZeus 20:16, 18 May 2021 (IST)
:::::Your account has not yet reached the extendedconfirmed level. A registered editor becomes extendedconfirmed automatically when the account is both at least 30 days old and has made at least 500 edits (including deleted edits) so, I will take a look at the list and import as much as possible. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 15:30, 21 May 2021 (IST)
::Sir, I have new requests in the request page for import. BTW, due to multiplicity of the articles, I can't put square brackets in every title of the requested article. Please don't mind. Hope you will adjust them easily. At the same time, I will try my best. SonOfZeus 21:50, 4 June 2021 (IST)
:::Hello Sir! As my user account is 1 month old, could you grant me the importer right? If possible, it will definitely help me and you. I might no longer disturb you by requesting exhaustive list of articles for import! SonOfZeus 14:22, 7 June 2021 (IST)
::::{{reply|SonOfZeus}} Please attach an email id to your account so I can grant you the importer right and share instructions. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 18:06, 8 June 2021 (IST)
:::::{{re|WikiDwarf}}(1) Brother! I have attached the email id. Now, please share me the instructions. SonOfZeus 16:36, 2 July 2021 (IST)
::::::(2) And why we're those list of requested articles removed? SonOfZeus 12:18, 3 July 2021 (IST)
:::::::{{reply|SonOfZeus}} Thank you for attaching your email address, I will soon send you the instructions. The page ([[Bharatpedia:Requested articles/requests‎‎]]) was converted to an article by a couple of users but their edits have been reverted and the list is visible now. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 12:40, 3 July 2021 (IST)
:::::::: I received your email, but I think I am still not getting any instruction about how to import an article from the general wikipedia run by Wikimedia Foundation to this Bharatpedia. May I get that, bro! I am eager to learn that! And thank you for all those useful links you send me, those will also help me in future. SonOfZeus 13:23, 3 July 2021 (IST)
:::::::::That might be one of some other automatic emails. I have not yet sent you the instructions to use the import tool, once I do, I will notify you on your talk page. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 13:33, 3 July 2021 (IST)
----
Wow! I did it, bro! After properly following your instructions, I succeed in importing files to here! But as I am a birdie, I am importing only one at a time. SonOfZeus 19:49, 1 August 2021 (IST)
:{{re|SonOfZeus}} That's great, please let me know if you need any help. Also, please note that articles created using a tool such as "importer" will not be counted at the edit-a-thon so please only list those you have created manually. Thank you. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 21:31, 3 August 2021 (IST)
::But what about the expansion of already existing article? I mean there are some articles brought here through importer before the beginning of this contest. If I expand such article, are they able to be counted for the contest? SonOfZeus 22:28, 3 August 2021 (IST)
:::Yes, they will be counted as valid entries. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 08:06, 4 August 2021 (IST)
___
Hello brother! Please check if any of the articles I have added for the contest is ineligible or eligible! If found any problem, please tell me so that I may either fix the problem or create a substitute in time. Besides, you have a mail from me. Please check it too. Regards! SonOfZeus 22:26, 4 August 2021 (IST)

== Issue in Reviewing ==
([[User:Pixerark|Pixerark]]) Hello editor, I'm New user of Bharatpedia.My published two articles are still in review. will you please explain me review submission process please ? & when my articles will be reviewed ?

== Revert Rights ==
[[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] hello,i had requested you to tell me about how to submit article drafts in afc after 10+ edits but someone demotes my user right will you please revert it...because of this my direct page move option is not appearing please do promote me again so i can move page.Thank You.Waiting For Your Response(-[[User:Pixerark|Pixerark]] ([[User talk:Pixerark|talk]]) 22:16, 14 May 2021 (IST))
:Please see my reply on your talk page. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 23:36, 14 May 2021 (IST)

== Index ==

Hi, I created page many days ago and it is still not visible in Google search results. Please review [[Reza Abbaszadeh]] page and index it. Thank you! [[User:Rehan|Rehan]] ([[User talk:Rehan|talk]]) 22:49, 17 May 2021 (IST)

== Please approve my page ==

Hello sir, I created a page can you please approve? thanks

== Review Timeline ==

Hi {{u|WikiDwarf}}, I am planning to introduce a good amount of fashion and film people articles to this place. I have auto petrol rights in English Wikipedia so I know what I am doing. I just want to know, what are the indexing/review timelines here. This is just for a better understanding of the process. [[User:Kingfisher|Kingfisher]] ([[User talk:Kingfisher|talk]]) 14:50, 29 May 2021 (IST)
:Hello {{re|Kingfisher}} and thank you for your interest. First of all, there is no fixed timeline for the review process since we have very few reviewers at the moment. Secondly, I will be glad to grant you the same user right(s) that you have on Wikipedia if you can share the details for verification purpose. If you don't want to disclose it publicly for any reason you can mail me. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 15:35, 29 May 2021 (IST)
:: Here is my user rights screen in en.wikipedia.org. https://tinyurl . com/ykxumuxm. I can't reveal my username because Wiki people keep an eye on everywhere. I find it risky. You can give me the rights for a temporary period and see the work or you may wait. Whatever it is, I am feeling excited about this project. The opportunities are endless. [[User:Kingfisher|Kingfisher]] ([[User talk:Kingfisher|talk]]) 17:14, 30 May 2021 (IST)
:::That is totally fine if you don't want to disclose it publicly. Can you attach an email id to your account here so I can share some details? Thank you. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 18:06, 30 May 2021 (IST)
::::That sounds good. I did that. [[User:Kingfisher|Kingfisher]] ([[User talk:Kingfisher|talk]]) 01:03, 31 May 2021 (IST)

== User Rights ==
Hey there, I just saw you changed my user rights to confirmed and later again removed that. I would request you to kindly update my user rights to confirmed. Thank you -- [[User:Plts|Plts]] ([[User talk:Plts|talk]]) 16:08, 30 May 2021 (IST)
:Hello {{u|Plts}}, you already have confirmed status. Please verify it by visiting [[Special:UserRights]]. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 18:12, 30 May 2021 (IST)
::{{reply to|WikiDwarf}} Thanks for the information. Happy editing. - [[User:Plts|Plts]] ([[User talk:Plts|talk]]) 14:50, 31 May 2021 (IST)

== Will making a page here interrupt with Wikipedia English ? ==

I want to know if same article with same name gets made here and wiki English Will there be copyright or interruption cuz the two pages Under same name? [[User:Positivesoul|Positivesoul]] ([[User talk:Positivesoul|talk]]) 10:06, 1 June 2021 (IST)
:Hello {{u|Positivesoul}}, In order to reuse contents from one site to another, you need to provide attribution. This is done by either saying in your edit summary that the material was copied, and where you got it. There will be no interruption in creating two pages under the same name. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 13:49, 2 June 2021 (IST)

== can you approve this page ? let me know if it qualifies==
https://en.wikipedia.ind.in/wiki/Draft:Emma_Jonnz

Hi sir, I have no conflict of interest with this person. he is a famous youtube in west Bengal. And he got a gold play button from youtube

== Draft Request ==
Hey [[User:WikiDwarf]], I just saw my article was deleted by you under criteria A7. I just read what it means, I would request you to provide me a draft for article [[Piyush Monga]] so that I can improve it. Also, please suggest some improvements to my first article [[Youth Against Rape]]. Thank you soo much for your help. Happy editing -- [[User:Plts|Plts]] ([[User talk:Plts|talk]]) 17:00, 8 June 2021 (IST)
:{{re|Plts}} {{done}}. I have restored the article in the draft namespace as per your request above. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 17:43, 8 June 2021 (IST)
::{{re|WikiDwarf}} Thank you. Happy editing. - [[User:Plts|Plts]] ([[User talk:Plts|talk]]) 14:23, 9 June 2021 (IST)

== Draft: Bhupesh Bansal ==

Hello, I submitted a draft. Please check and approve it if it is well.

Thank you.

== Asking a Favour ==
Hello [[User:WikiDwarf]] I am a Wikipedia editor from the northern part of the country and I also create articles related to Nepal. is it legal to create articles about people from Nepal or any other country? I have created more than 25 articles on English [[Wikipedia]](directly on namespace) and more than 20 of them got reviewed and are live on the wiki but unfortunately, 5 of them got deleted. I will be happily contributing on [[Bharatpedia]] as well if provided the required access, also I agree to all your terms and conditions if found violating any of them you are free to take the required action. --[[User:Mailblog34|Mailblog34]] ([[User talk:Mailblog34|talk]]) 08:00, 17 June 2021 (IST)

:Hello {{u|Mailblog34}} and welcome to Bharatpedia. There are no restrictions on creating articles on any topic but the subject must be notable enough to have an independent article. Since your account has not yet reached the autoconfirmed status I would suggest you create new articles in the draft namespace and once your account is autoconfirmed (i.e. four days old and you've made ten edits) then you will be able to move/create articles directly in the main namespace. If you need any help please let me know. Happy editing. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 09:01, 17 June 2021 (IST)
* Hello [[User:WikiDwarf]] i am already four days old and made more than 30 edits but still did not get option of "create the pge" , and did not get option to move pages . Help me out on my limited access .--[[User:Mailblog34|Mailblog34]] ([[User talk:Mailblog34|talk]]) 23:19, 19 June 2021 (IST)
::{{re|Mailblog34}} Your account was registered on 16 June 2021 at 09:45 (IST) so please wait for one more day and your account will be autoconfirmed. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 23:26, 19 June 2021 (IST)

== Vandalism ==

Hello sir. Somebody is keep vandalizing [[Harish Pednekar]] please lock the page from spammers. [[Special:Contributions/206.84.238.118|206.84.238.118]] ([[User talk:206.84.238.118|talk]]) 17:40, 25 June 2021 (IST)

== Draft Request ==

Hi [[User:WikiDwarf]], Could you please review this article [[Draft:Fuad Al-Qrize]], link: https://en.wikipedia.ind.in/wiki/User:Alialfaisal/sandbox ,Thank You.--[[User:Alialfaisal|Alialfaisal]] ([[User talk:Alialfaisal|talk]]) 17:56, 28 June 2021 (IST)

* My dear [[User:WikiDwarf]], Sources have been added to the article, I can supplement them with additional sources if you wish, [[Draft:Fuad Al-Qrize]] I hope to review. Thank you. --[[User:Alialfaisal|Alialfaisal]] ([[User talk:Alialfaisal|talk]]) 18:26, 1 July 2021 (IST)

* My dear [[User:WikiDwarf]], I did not understand why the article was not approved, even though I added several news sources in it and can supplement it with additional sources?--[[User:Alialfaisal|Alialfaisal]] ([[User talk:Alialfaisal|talk]]) 19:21, 3 July 2021 (IST)

Hi [[User:WikiDwarf]],More than 6 months and the article has not been approved? May I know what is the reason? Thanks. --[[Special:Contributions/172.70.218.112|172.70.218.112]] ([[User talk:172.70.218.112|talk]]) 20:36, 1 June 2022 (IST)

== I requested that add me admin on Bharatpedia. ==

I will be work forever to wikipedia. Please add me admin group member in Bharat wikipedia.
[[User:Hembram Bakhul|Hembram Bakhul]] ([[User talk:Hembram Bakhul|talk]]) 12:09, 29 June 2021 (IST)Hembram Bakhul

== Kindly clear the pending DRAFT ASAP. ==

Hi, kindly Clear the pending draft asap so that a contributor like me gets the motivation to contribute more too this open and neutral place. [[User:Marvel|Marvel]][[User talk:Marvel|(talk)]]

== How to upload image ==

Hi WikiDwarf. I am User:VF814324. I am new here. How can I upload an Image with CC-BY-SA license? Wher to upload ? When I click on 'Upload file' button, it brings me to Wikimedia commons. Can I publish file locally on Bharatpedia? [[User:VF814324|VF814324]] ([[User talk:VF814324|talk]]) 13:45, 3 July 2021 (IST)
:Hello {{u|VF814324}} and welcome to Bharatpedia! Unfortunately uploading images locally is only limited to sysops at the moment so you can send the image along with its copyright permission to permission@bharatmedia.org. Happy editing, [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 12:04, 4 July 2021 (IST)
:: Thanks, I've mailed as you said. [[User:VF814324|VF814324]] ([[User talk:VF814324|talk]]) 17:59, 7 July 2021 (IST)

== AFC Submission cleaned? ==
Hey there, I hope you're doing well. I'm writing to get your attention on an error I faced.
[[Draft:Sunil ydv SS]], a draft(stub) that I created and submitted around a month ago to AFC. Now, when I see, the AFC tag has disappeared and no reason is shown for this. I would request you to kindly check this issue as well as review this draft as I believe it qualifies [[Bharatpedia:Notability]]. Thank you & happy editing - [[User:Plts|Plts]] ([[User talk:Plts|talk]]) 13:56, 5 July 2021 (IST)
:The same error occurred on another draft that I created [[Draft:Piyush Monga]], the AFC tag has been removed and no reason is shown. I would request you to kindly review this draft too. Thank you & happy editing. - [[User:Plts|Plts]] ([[User talk:Plts|talk]]) 18:50, 5 July 2021 (IST)
::{{re|Plts}} The tags were removed by user [[User:Hembram_Bakhul|Hembram Bakhul]] at the time they moved both pages to the main namespace, but I have restored the tags on both drafts. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 19:02, 5 July 2021 (IST)
:::{{re|WikiDwarf}} Thank you. - [[User:Plts|Plts]] ([[User talk:Plts|talk]]) 11:49, 27 July 2021 (IST)

== Copyright issue ==

hey [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] a user - [[User:Hembram_Bakhul|Hembram Bakhul]] is copying the articles and pasting them here from English Wikipedia without any edits, just informing you as it may violate copyright. Ignore if it doesn't violate copyright policy. --[[User:Mailblog34|Mailblog34]] ([[User talk:Mailblog34|talk]]) 21:51, 7 July 2021 (IST)
:{{reply|Mailblog34}} Hi, I think reusing Wikipedia content is generally allowed as per [[:en:Wikipedia:Reusing Wikipedia content]]. [[User:Pradip89|Pradip89]] ([[User talk:Pradip89|talk]]) 08:42, 9 July 2021 (IST)

== Photo upload ==

Hi i want to upload photo but when I click on upload it take me to wikimedia which is wikipedia portal will you please guide me on it. --[[User:HamzhaSaleem|HamzhaSaleem]] ([[User talk:HamzhaSaleem|talk]]) 12:58, 8 July 2021 (IST)

== Protection Of Wikipedia Article ==

How to add protection to articles so as to stop dispute and vandalism. 
[[User:Wandererkanishk|Wandererkanishk]] ([[User talk:Wandererkanishk|talk]])

== article review ==

Hi [User:WikiDwarf] thanks for your suggestion on article [Sheikh Asif] will you please review it again thanks .

--[[User:HamzhaSaleem|HamzhaSaleem]] ([[User talk:HamzhaSaleem|talk]]) 21:14, 8 July 2021 (IST)

== Grant Me as a auto confirmed user ==

Hi, i want to be an auto confirmed user. As I have experience on english wikipedia. So I am much experienced about it. So I please grant me permission. Thanks [[User:Villageboy|Villageboy]] ([[User talk:Villageboy|talk]]) 16:13, 9 July 2021 (IST)
:Hello {{u|Villageboy}} and welcome to Bharatpedia! I can see you made 10 edits already so, your account will be automatically flagged as autoconfirmed on or after July 13, 2020. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 08:43, 10 July 2021 (IST)

== Haters are editing the pages ==

Hey wiki, the pages I have created are of public figures, entrepreneurs and places. But some of the people are editing and using harsh language on the page I have created. I request you to kindly give me permission to lock the pages or do it from your end. It would be great.

I am not contributing since one day because of this issue only. As soon as solved will start adding more pages which should be here.

Thankyou [[User:Saumyasingh|Saumyasingh]] ([[User talk:Saumyasingh|talk]]) 03:15, 11 July 2021 (IST)

== Add me admin member group ==

I am hembram Bakhul saying that I five hundred articles edited. I hoped that I shall work the best on Bharatpedia.
[[User:Hembram Bakhul|Hembram Bakhul]] ([[User talk:Hembram Bakhul|talk]])Hembram Bakhul

== please publish this ==

hi [User:WikiDwarf] will you please review [https://en.wikipedia.ind.in/wiki/Draft:The_Press_Walla] and publish it .

--[[User:HamzhaSaleem|HamzhaSaleem]] ([[User talk:HamzhaSaleem|talk]]) 13:58, 14 July 2021 (IST)
:Hello {{u|HamzhaSaleem}}, The draft lacks sources that establish notability so, please cite some third party sources that cover the subject and submit it for a review once the draft is ready. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 17:15, 14 July 2021 (IST)

-- [[User:WikiDwarf]] thanks for your revert actually its a new eMagazine and news website maybe they will get more sources in future.--[[User:HamzhaSaleem|HamzhaSaleem]] ([[User talk:HamzhaSaleem|talk]]) 19:08, 14 July 2021 (IST)

== Draft Request ==

Hi [[User:WikiDwarf]],Since June 28, 2021, I am requesting a review of the article. I have attached many news sources and authority control to the article, but so far it has not been approved. I hope you will review the article. Thanks. [[Draft:Fuad Al-Qrize]] --[[User:Alialfaisal|Alialfaisal]] ([[User talk:Alialfaisal|talk]]) 04:17, 29 July 2021 (IST)
Hi [[User:WikiDwarf]], More than 6 months and the article has not been approved? May I know what is the reason? Thanks. --[[Special:Contributions/172.70.219.15|172.70.219.15]] ([[User talk:172.70.219.15|talk]]) 20:33, 1 June 2022 (IST)

== Premtosh Debnath - Real Name Premtosh Nath ==

Dear Bharatpedia Admin Please Change Name Of Premtosh Debnath to Premtosh Nath, I Have His I card, Media Articles Added His name Premtosh Debnath some issue.[[Special:Contributions/47.29.9.5|47.29.9.5]] ([[User talk:47.29.9.5|talk]]) 01:49, 1 August 2021 (IST)

==Requirements for New page Reviewer==
Hi [[User:WikiDwarf]] sir, Could you please help to know the minimum requirements for Bharatpedia New Page Reviewer? I can not find any article about the minimum requirements for Bharatpedia New Page Reviewer. [[User:WikiJoy|WikiJoy]] ([[User talk:WikiJoy|talk]]) 01:16, 14 August 2021 (IST)
== Request ==
Hi [[User:WikiDwarf]] sir, Could you please unprotected the user draft of Danish Maniyar he is Google notable entrepreneur of India guide me with it draft making I can make his name article page with him of urs please unprotected it . I'm help bharatpedia with my contribution I hope I can be patroller in bharatpedia please[[User: Lucasraven12|Lucasraven12]] ([[User talk:Lucasraven12|talk]])

== Sir, is BharatPedia a Paid, is that why he is not approving my page? ==

Dear
Bhartpedia Team,

I am Anshuman Tiwari, better known as Anshuman Tiwari Musician, from Dehradun, Uttarakhand. is an Indian Musician. And I am Verified On different music platforms like Spotify, Google Play Music, Apple Music, iTunes, Amazon Music, JioSaavn and many others international platforms like Deezer, Tidal and Napster. You get Anshuman Tiwari music on TikTok, Instagram or Facebook library also. and i am verified on facebook And Google.

Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/anshumantiwariofficials

Google: https://g.co/kgs/knU5xV

https://en.wikipedia.ind.in/wiki/Draft:Anshuman_Tiwari_(musician)

Sir i am verified in so many platforms and i have lot of news on google.
Sir why is my page being deleted from Bharatpedia?

Sir, is BharatPedia a Paid, is that why he is not approving my page?

Sir like this i got many complaints against in Bharatpedia,
Sir this time I am making last time making a page.
If it is deleted here then we will have to take further action
:{{re|Iamanshumantiwari}} No, Bharatpedia is not a paid platform it's a free encyclopedia that anyone can edit. Your article was deleted due to a lack of reliable sources that discuss the subject in detail, and cited sources are not reliable. Please see [[Bharatpedia:Reliable sources]] to understand what we consider reliable and also please see [[Bharatpedia:Notability (music)]]. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 20:56, 28 August 2021 (IST)

== Autoconfirmed... ==

Hi {{u|WikiDwarf}}. I see you've admin rights on this platform. Can you please grant me autoconfirmed rights so that I can easily create a few templates. I was going through Random articles and found that there are a few articles with templates in RED. Hence this. [[User:Anjuman|Anjuman]] ([[User talk:Anjuman|talk]]) 19:01, 31 August 2021 (IST)
:{{re|Anjuman}} You can apply for the user-right at [[Bharatpedia:Requests for permissions#Autopatrolled]]. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 19:14, 31 August 2021 (IST)
::{{re|WikiDwarf}} Well, both the rights are different. Autopatrolled marks articles as patrolled whilst [[Bharatpedia:User access levels#Autoconfirmed and confirmed users|autoconfirmed]] is a right lower than that of Extended confirmed. I'll have a look at RfP later as autoconfirmed would be autogranted five days later, perhaps. Thanks. [[User:Anjuman|Anjuman]] ([[User talk:Anjuman|talk]]) 19:26, 31 August 2021 (IST)

==Fix the problem==
Hi {{u|WikiDwarf}} sir I have created a page in the name of [[Deepthi Sunaina]] 1 month ago, the article is marked as an Autopatrolled.But it is not showing on google. please look into it and fix the problem. [[User:WikiJoy|WikiJoy]] ([[User talk:WikiJoy|talk]]) 20:16, 11 September 2021 (IST)
:{{re|WikiJoy}} I apologise for replying late. I have reviewed the most recent edit and it will be indexed soon. Also, please see [[Bharatpedia:New pages patrol/Reviewers]] to review the minimum requirements for NPR. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]])

== Autoconfirmed... ==

Hi {{u|WikiDwarf}}. I see you've admin rights on this platform. Can you please grant me #PATROLLERS, rights so that I can easily create a few templates. I was going through Random articles and found that there are a few articles with templates in RED. Hence this. [[User: Lucasraven12|Lucasraven12]] ([[User talk: Lucasraven12|talk]])

== Patroller ==

Hi {{u|WikiDwarf}}. I see you've admin rights on this platform. Can you please grant me #PATROLLERS, rights so that I can easily create a few templates. I was going through Random articles and found that there are a few articles with templates in RED. Hence this. [[User: Lucasraven12|Lucasraven12]] ([[User talk: Lucasraven12|talk]])
==A mail==
{{ygm}} [[User:SonOfZeus|SonOfZeus]] ([[User talk:SonOfZeus|talk]]) 18:49, 23 September 2021 (IST)

== Patroller ==

Hi {{u|WikiDwarf}}. I see you've admin rights on this platform. Can you please grant me #PATROLLERS, rights so that I can easily create a few templates. I was going through Random articles and found that there are a few articles with templates in RED. Hence this. [[User: Lucasraven12|Lucasraven12]] ([[User talk: Lucasraven12|talk]])

== Reply ==

Why are you deleted [[Bikram Malati]] Article [[User:Emboy|Emboy]] ([[User talk:Emboy|talk]]) 22:19, 24 October 2021 (IST)
:{{reply|Emboy}} I removed the article due to a lack of significant coverage in reliable sources. You can still recreate the article in the draft namespace by citing some reliable sources and then submit it for a review once ready. Also, please disclose if you have a conflict of interest. Thanks. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 22:27, 24 October 2021 (IST)
== Patroller ==

Hi {{u|WikiDwarf}}. I see you've admin rights on this platform. Can you please grant me #PATROLLERS, rights so that I can easily create a few templates. I was going through Random articles and found that there are a few articles with templates in RED. Hence this. [[User: Lucasraven12|Lucasraven12]] ([[User talk: Lucasraven12|talk]])

== A barnstar for you! ==

{| style="background-color: #fdffe7; border: 1px solid #fceb92;"
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" | [[File:Editors Barnstar Hires.png|100px]]
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.5em;" | '''The Editor's Barnstar'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;" | Thank you for edit my user-page [[User:WhiteLion|WhiteLion]] ([[User talk:WhiteLion|talk]]) 17:40, 7 November 2021 (IST)
|}

== Strange yet.. ==

Hi {{u|WikiDwarf}}; I've been on constant journeys since last two months and couldn't contribute to the project. I'm curious to know why my articles such as [[Aaqib Anjum Aafi]], [[Faiz Qureshi]] and [[First Aid Council of India]] haven't yet appeared on the Google. I do not see any lint errors in these articles and I plan to improve them more in few upcoming days. Looking for your assistance. [[User:Anjuman|Anjuman]] ([[User talk:Anjuman|talk]]) 13:06, 9 November 2021 (IST)
:Hello {{re|Anjuman}}, I don't see any issue with these pages and to me it sounds like they were not crawled by Google bot which is normal so you may contact the support team at info@bharatmedia.org for more details and help. Please let me know if I can help you with anything else. Happy editing. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 22:44, 9 November 2021 (IST)
::{{re|Anjuman}} It seems like the problem has been resolved as I can now see these articles on Google. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 18:38, 14 November 2021 (IST)

== Confirmation Code ==

I have created a page and I am improving it [[Draft:Dakshina Kannada]] but when I tried to update info I got a text saying confirmation code,I did not get any confirmation .So could you please help me with this. [[User:AKudla|AKudla]] ([[User talk:AKudla|talk]]) 08:51, 11 November 2021 (IST)
:Hello {{reply|AKudla}} and welcome to Bharatpedia. Can you send the screenshot of the error you see to info@bharatmedia.org so it can be identified and solved? Happy editing. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 08:58, 11 November 2021 (IST)

Thanks for your reply. [[User:AKudla|AKudla]] ([[User talk:AKudla|talk]]) 21:46, 11 November 2021 (IST)

== Draft submission ==

Hello admin. I created a draft article but i am unable to submit it for review. when i click on submit the draft for review button i see a blank page. can you check and fix? Thanx

:Hello {{u|111.91.4.188}} and welcome to Bharatpedia. The problem has been fixed and you can now submit your draft for review. Thank you for bringing this issue to my attention. Happy editing, [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 21:09, 18 November 2021 (IST)
==Fix the crawl issue==
Hi {{u|WikiDwarf}} sir I have started a page over 3 month before, which is not crawl in google. The page name is [[Swastik Interchem]]. The page is already marked as an Autopatrolled.But it is not showing on google. please look into it and fix the problem. [[User:Flying Bee|Flying Bee]] ([[User talk:Flying Bee|talk]]) 16:46, 2 December 2021 (IST)
:Hello {{u|Flying Bee}}, I don't see any issue with the page you mentioned above so please contact the support team at info@bharatmedia.org for more details and help. Please let me know if I can help you with anything else. Happy editing. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 17:18, 2 December 2021 (IST)

== Request for Remove Notable Tag ==

Dear Administrator [[Pranab Kr Nath]] is a Notable Person From His Father [[Premtosh_Debnath]], Dear Administrator You can Remove Notable Tag, Because This Page First Rank On Pranab Kr Nath Keyword. [[User:GBPrakashani|GBPrakashani]] ([[User talk:GBPrakashani|talk]]) 01:42, 3 December 2021 (IST)

== Give me administrator ==

wikidawarf make me administrator [[User:Emboy|€ⓜ𝓫ᵒЎ]] 21:39, 4 December 2021 (IST)
:Hello {{u|Emboy}}, you can nominate yourself at [[Bharatpedia:Requests for adminship/Nominate]]. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 21:47, 4 December 2021 (IST)

== RfA status ==

Hello WikiDwarf,

It has been a long time I submitted my request for adminship, but I have not yet received any notification so may I know the status? Thanks. [[User:Ajay Kumar|Ajay Kumar]] ([[User talk:Ajay Kumar|talk]]) 15:21, 18 December 2021 (IST)

:{{re|Ajay Kumar}} First of all, I apologise for the delay in responding to your message. Please confirm that you have a strong password and also link your email address to your account so I can proceed with further actions. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 11:38, 4 January 2022 (IST)
::{{ping|WikiDwarf}} I confirm that i have a strong password and i have linked my email address. [[User:Ajay Kumar|Ajay Kumar]] ([[User talk:Ajay Kumar|talk]]) 20:36, 4 January 2022 (IST)

== Indian languages ==

Hello WikiDwarf! Hope you are doing well! I saw Hindi, Bengali and Punjabi Bharatpedia wiki links in this English Bharatpedia main page. Punjabi link doesn't work. I don't know why? Another thing, I just want to request you to build up Manipuri language Bharatpedia also. For that, I will give you full support because I know Manipuri, Hindi, Urdu, English at native level. I can also ask some people from WMF Manipuri Wikipedia, Wiktionary and the building Wikimedia incubator teams to come here. Could you please organize Manipuri Bharatpedia (Meitei Bharatpedia)? [[User:SonOfZeus|SonOfZeus]] ([[User talk:SonOfZeus|talk]]) 18:46, 27 December 2021 (IST)

:Hello {{u|SonOfZeus}}, Can you send your request to info@bharatmedia.org for better support on this? The link to Punjabi Bharatpedia (pa.bharatpedia.org.in) is working from my side but, if you see any error please attach the screenshot in your email. Thank you. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 19:16, 27 December 2021 (IST)
::Yes Sir! I sent the request to the email address you provide me. Well, for the inability to open that very Bharatpedia, it's actually Bengali, I mistakenly told you as Punjabi. For that, I sent you the screenshot of unable to open the Bengali Bharatpedia. For Punjabi, it's normal. [[User:SonOfZeus|SonOfZeus]] ([[User talk:SonOfZeus|talk]]) 19:34, 27 December 2021 (IST)
:::Sir! I have created and designed the Manipuri Bharatpedia main page. I want a Bharatpedia logo to be used in the main page. Is there any logo file uploaded? [[User:SonOfZeus|SonOfZeus]] ([[User talk:SonOfZeus|talk]]) 22:30, 28 December 2021 (IST)
::::That's great and thank you. I tried to upload the SVG version of the logo but that's working so I have to get a better version. I'll try to upload it tomorrow and let you know. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 22:51, 28 December 2021 (IST)
::::{{Ygm}} [[User:SonOfZeus|SonOfZeus]] ([[User talk:SonOfZeus|talk]]) 23:11, 28 December 2021 (IST)
:::::Sir! Will it be very hasty for me to request for adminship in Bharatpedia? Actually, I want to do some administrative works both at English as well as Meitei Bharatpedias. Or, please grant me importer right for Meitei Bharatpedia! [[User:SonOfZeus|SonOfZeus]] ([[User talk:SonOfZeus|talk]]) 10:46, 29 December 2021 (IST)
:::::Besides, I am very happy to see our Indian Bharatpedia proliferating very well. Is there any point of connection between the equivalent articles of different languages with one another like WMF does through Wikidata? I saw we have 5 languages in Bharatpedia. Absolutely, there will be equivalent articles. [[User:SonOfZeus|SonOfZeus]] ([[User talk:SonOfZeus|talk]]) 10:35, 29 December 2021 (IST)
::::::We have Bharatdata (bharatdata.org) but for some technical reasons it's not working as expected and the team is working to fix the issue. As soon as it is fixed you will be notified and then you will be able to link all articles. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 10:44, 29 December 2021 (IST)

:::::::I saw all the articles from Meitei Wikipedia present in Meitei Bharatpedia. How is it possible? Are all of them being imported? If so, who did it? May I know? As I see, I don't see your user account doing these imports. [[User:SonOfZeus|SonOfZeus]] ([[User talk:SonOfZeus|talk]]) 10:15, 30 December 2021 (IST)
::::::::Those articles were imported by the technical team who has access to some advanced features. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 10:54, 30 December 2021 (IST)

:::::::::{{Ygm}}

== Deletion of a blank draft ==

Hi,
Can you delete [[Draft:Pankaj Kumar]] so I can remove unnecessary disambiguation from [[Draft:Pankaj Kumar (Film Maker)]]?
Thanks, [[User:Ajay Kumar|Ajay Kumar]] ([[User talk:Ajay Kumar|talk]]) 12:33, 8 January 2022 (IST)
:{{re|Ajay Kumar}} Done. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 13:33, 8 January 2022 (IST)
== Logo ==
Is the logo for the Bharatpedia ready? If so, I would like to edit a version for [[Meitei Bharatpedia]]? I want to edit in a way like [[Meitei Wikipedia]] has a version from the main Wikipedia logo, like this one: [[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-mni-v2.svg|thumb]]
Another thing, I have a mail for you, about another topic. :-)
{{Ygm}} Regards! [[User:SonOfZeus|SonOfZeus]] ([[User talk:SonOfZeus|talk]]) 20:37, 9 January 2022 (IST)

== Please protect this page. ==

Hello Dear,
WikiDwarf

Hope you doing well, I face some issue with this page. Some people are flirting in this page. Please protect this page.

https://en.bharatpedia.org.in/wiki/Anshuman_Tiwari_(musician)

Thank You
:{{tps}} {{Ping|Coolblack4}} I don't see anyone except you and WikiDwarf editing the page. And there's no sign of vandalism or edit warring in the page history. So, it's not eligible for protection. [[User:SonOfZeus|SonOfZeus]] ([[User talk:SonOfZeus|talk]]) 18:36, 16 January 2022 (IST)

::{{reply|SonOfZeus}}
::Sir, Please protect this page. Many people are spoiling it. and remove the tag. [[User:Coolblack4|Coolblack4]] ([[User talk:Coolblack4|talk]]) 13:59, 7 February 2022 (IST)

:::{{Ping|Coolblack4}} The page has a vandal edit only once as of now. It has been reverted. So, as of now, it's not suitable for protection. Well, I put it at my watchlist. If further vandalism occurs, I will take appropriate actions. Happy editing! [[User:SonOfZeus|SonOfZeus]] ([[User talk:SonOfZeus|talk]]) 20:07, 9 February 2022 (IST)

{{reply|SonofZeus}} Dear Sir [[Anshuman Tiwari (musician]] Sir an attempt was made to vandalize this page again and 1 fake volunteer again put it in draft. Sir block that volunteer and as soon as possible recover and live this page. And this page needs protection. Thank you so much sir}} [[User:Coolblack4|Coolblack4]] ([[User talk:Coolblack4|talk]]) 15:20, 6 March 2022 (IST)

{{reply|SonOfZeus}} Dear Sir [[Anshuman Tiwari (musician)]] Sir an attempt was made to vandalize this page again and 1 fake volunteer again put it in draft. Sir block that volunteer and as soon as possible recover and live this page. And this page needs protection. Thank you so much sir}} [[User:Coolblack4|Coolblack4]] ([[User talk:Coolblack4|talk]]) 15:21, 6 March 2022 (IST)

{{reply|SonOfZeus}} Sir that Fake Volunteer is again ruining [[Anshuman Tiwari (musician)]] page.

You said that if someone will tamper with this page now then you will protect this page. [[User:Coolblack4|Coolblack4]] ([[User talk:Coolblack4|talk]]) 20:00, 7 March 2022 (IST)

== A barnstar for you! ==

{| style="background-color: #fdffe7; border: 1px solid #fceb92;"
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" | [[File:Original Barnstar Hires.png|100px]]
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.5em;" | '''The Original Barnstar'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;" | Can give me permission Google knowledge panel [[User:Merajul Islam|Merajul Islam]] ([[User talk:Merajul Islam|talk]]) 20:13, 28 January 2022 (IST)
|}

== Please edit my page by uploading Picture ==

My page is created by you, Picture is not uploaded please upload it and review my page https://wikipedia.ind.in/wiki/Piyush_Singh_Chauhan [[User:Anonymous12|Anonymous12]] ([[User talk:Anonymous12|talk]]) 08:31, 1 February 2022 (IST)

== I have already made this page better now and now I have added many references in it from less references earlier. ==

Dear Sir,
I have already made this page better now and now I have added many references in it from less references earlier.
Now don't put any tag in this page sir!
Thank You 🙏

https://en.bharatpedia.org.in/wiki/Anshuman_Tiwari_(musician) [[User:Coolblack4|Coolblack4]] ([[User talk:Coolblack4|talk]]) 19:30, 2 February 2022 (IST)

Hello {{reply|Coolblack4}} and welcome to my talk page. Most of the sources you cited aren't reliable such as spotify.com, factdarshantimes.com, yourwikis.com and many more. Please cite some reliable sources in order to remove maintenance tags. If you need any help please feel free to ask. Thanks, [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 19:46, 2 February 2022 (IST)

Thank you so much sir for letting me know. Sir, from which such site can you tell me the list or you can remove those sites and make this page good.
Thank You So Much Sir [[User:Coolblack4|Coolblack4]] ([[User talk:Coolblack4|talk]]) 19:54, 2 February 2022 (IST)

{{user|WikiDwarf}} Sir, I removed the names of the sites which you told me.bEven after that you put the tag. Sir earlier this page did not have any tag. Please correct this page and remove the tag. Thank you sir 🙏 [[User:Coolblack4|Coolblack4]] ([[User talk:Coolblack4|talk]]) 14:07, 3 February 2022 (IST)

:{{reply|Coolblack4}} Please review [[BP:RS]] to understand what we consider to be reliable sources. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 14:34, 3 February 2022 (IST)

{{user|WikiDwarf}}
Sir, now reliable sources have been added to this page. Now you can remove the tag. [[User:Coolblack4|Coolblack4]] ([[User talk:Coolblack4|talk]]) 17:27, 4 February 2022 (IST)

{{reply|WikiDwarf}}
Sir please protect this page and remove the tag. [[User:Coolblack4|Coolblack4]] ([[User talk:Coolblack4|talk]]) 09:18, 7 February 2022 (IST)

== Please protect this page. Many people are spoiling it. ==

Dear Sir,
Please protect this page. Many people are spoiling it.
{{page|Anshuman Tiwari (musician}}
https://en.bharatpedia.org.in/wiki/Anshuman_Tiwari_(musician) [[User:Coolblack4|Coolblack4]] ([[User talk:Coolblack4|talk]]) 09:15, 7 February 2022 (IST)

== [[Draft:Annamalai K]] ==

Can you please review this and move to article space. It was already there in Wikipidea but now in Draft space. It is already present in other wikis. I don't think any review is taking place. This article is good one.

[[User:Tamil123|Tamil123]] ([[User talk:Tamil123|talk]]) 22:47, 11 February 2022 (IST)

:Hello {{reply|Tamil123}} I have moved the draft to [[Annamalai Kuppusamy]]. Please let me know if there is anything else I can help you with. Happy editing, [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 23:10, 11 February 2022 (IST)

== Twinkle ==

Hi, {{ping|WikiDwarf}} Why we are not having Twinkle as like in Wikipedia. Can we have it? Is it possible? And I set my user account with advanced settings, but still I can't have any option to undo in page history as like in Wikipedia, can I know why? [[User:Dhaneesh Ram|Dhaneesh]][[User talk:Dhaneesh Ram|←Ram→]] 12:22, 15 February 2022 (IST)
:{{re|Dhaneesh Ram}} May I know what settings you enabled and which feature isn't working for you? I can verify that the "undo" feature is fully functional for everyone including anon users. Regarding Twinkle please email to info@bharatmedia.org for better support. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 12:41, 15 February 2022 (IST)
::{{Ping|WikiDwarf}} In Bharatpedia settings that in menu bar at top left corner. I enabled advanced mode. In English Wikipedia after enabling Advanced mode, I saw undo button in every page history. But I can't find any undo button in Bharatpedia pages history. How can I get this feature. [[User:Dhaneesh Ram|Dhaneesh]][[User talk:Dhaneesh Ram|←Ram→]] 13:22, 15 February 2022 (IST)

::{{re|WikiDwarf}} You Can know my issues [http://dhaneeshram.art.blog/bharatpedia-help/ here]. I clearly explained with some screenshots. Please refer the [http://dhaneeshram.art.blog/bharatpedia-help/ this page]. Thank you! [[User:Dhaneesh Ram|Dhaneesh]][[User talk:Dhaneesh Ram|←Ram→]] 15:02, 15 February 2022 (IST)
:::{{re|Dhaneesh Ram}} Thank you for sharing the screenshots. I tried to install a script but that didn't worked and as per my investigation this feature isn't available on mobile skin so in order to undo edits, you may need to shift to desktop view on your mobile. I will try and ask the technical team to work on it if possible. Thank you for pointing it out. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 21:56, 15 February 2022 (IST)
:::: Hi, {{Ping|WikiDwarf}} Thanks for your clarification and spending time to review my doubts. Now I can see undo buttons in desktop versions. Thanks! [[User:Dhaneesh Ram|Dhaneesh]][[User talk:Dhaneesh Ram|←Ram→]] 09:41, 16 February 2022 (IST)

== Create a new page ==

Hello sir, can you create a page on Major Gaurav Arya? He is an Indian retired army officer and you can find many news articles on his name on Google and other places. Thanks in advance.

== AFC Backlog ==

{| style="background-color: #dfeff1; border: 4px solid #bddff2; width: 100%;" cellpadding="5"

|<big>'''[[Bharatpedia:WikiProject Articles for creation|Articles for Creation urgently needs ''your'' help!]]'''</big>
----
Articles for Creation is '''desperately short of reviewers!''' We are looking for '''urgent help''', from '''experienced editors''', in reviewing submissions in the pending submissions queue. Currently there are '''{{PAGESINCATEGORY:Pending AfC submissions|R}}''' '''[[:Category:Pending_AfC_submissions|submissions]]''' waiting to be reviewed.
:<big>'''Do you have what it takes?'''</big>
# Are you familiar with [[BP:PAG|Bharatpedia's policies and guidelines]]?
# Do you know what Bharatpedia [[Bharatpedia:About|is]] and [[Bharatpedia:What Bharatpedia is not|is not]]?
# Do you have a working knowledge of the [[Bharatpedia:Manual of Style|Manual of Style]], particularly [[Bharatpedia:Article titles|article naming conventions]]?
# Are you [[Bharatpedia:autoconfirmed|autoconfirmed]]?
# Can you review submissions based on their individual merits?
If the answer to these questions is yes, then please read the [[Bharatpedia:WikiProject Articles for creation/Reviewing instructions|reviewing instructions]] and donate a little of your time to helping tackle the backlog. You might wish to add {{tl|AFC status}} or {{tl|AfC Defcon}} to your userpage, which will alert you to the number of open submissions.

:''PS: we have a great script AFC helper which helps in reviewing in just a few edits easily! To install the script go to your user preferences and check the checkbox at: {{myprefs|9|Yet Another AFC Helper Script: easily review Articles for creation submissions and redirect requests.}}''

We would greatly appreciate your help. Currently, only a small handful of users are reviewing articles. Any help, even if it's just 2 or 3 reviews, it would be extremely beneficial. 
On behalf of the [[Bharatpedia:WikiProject Articles for creation|Articles for Creation project]], [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 21:36, 18 February 2022 (IST)

|}

== bn.bharatpedia.org.in ==

Hello, WikiDwarf! I am রবি। As a mother tongue I want to start Bengali Bharatpedia like english wiki. Kindly [[:bn:ব্যবহারকারী আলাপ:WikiDwarf#প্রশাসক ও ইন্টারফেস প্রশাসক হওয়ার আবেদন|see here]] for more details. Regards, [[User:রবি|রবি]] ([[User talk:রবি|talk]]) 13:57, 22 February 2022 (IST)
:Hello {{re|রবি}} and welcome to my talk page. I'm a little busy at the moment but I will reply to your message on my talk page on bn.bharatpedia soon and also take care of your request below. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 19:10, 22 February 2022 (IST)

::No problem! I know you are waiting because of 'Trust'. If you can't do, I don't mind, it's ok. I know how important 'faith' is in the wiki. :) [[User:রবি|রবি]] ([[User talk:রবি|talk]]) 19:34, 22 February 2022 (IST)

::::Sorry for bad english grammar, please try to understand what I mean to say. I'm natively bengali speaking. [[User:রবি|রবি]] ([[User talk:রবি|talk]]) 19:55, 22 February 2022 (IST)

== Mediawiki code installation ==

Hi, you are not answering. Anyways, help me to create at [[:bn:মিডিয়াউইকি:Gadget-sompadonasarangsho.js]]. Reason for telling you, you are only administrators, Interface administrators and Bureaucrats there.
Code is:
<pre>
function go() {
function initSummaryButtons( mode ) {
function insertSummary( txt ) {
if ( typeof txt !== 'string' ) {
txt = this.title;
}
if ( typeof summaryItemsSeparator === 'undefined' ) {
window.summaryItemsSeparator = ',';
}
var val = $summary.val();
var regExp = new RegExp( '(^|[,;.?!/]) ?' + mw.util.escapeRegExp( txt ) );
if ( regExp.test( val ) ) {
return;
}
if ( /[^,; \/]$/.test( val ) ) {
val += summaryItemsSeparator;
}
if ( /[^ ]$/.test( val ) ) {
val += ' ';
}
$summary.val( val + txt ).focus().change();
}

mode = mode || 'classic';

if ( typeof summaryButtons === 'undefined' ) {
window.summaryButtons = {
hideDefaultButtons: false
};
}

var veSaveDialog, $summaryWrapper, $summary;
if ( mode === 'classic' ) {
$summaryWrapper = $( '#wpSummaryWidget' );
$summary = $( '#wpSummary' );
} else {
veSaveDialog = ve.init.target.saveDialog;
if(veSaveDialog) {
$summaryWrapper = veSaveDialog.editSummaryInput.$element;
$summary = veSaveDialog.editSummaryInput.$input;
}
}

var $summaryButtons = $( '<div>' )
.addClass( 'summaryButtons' )
.insertAfter( $summaryWrapper );
var $groups = $( '<div>' )
.addClass( 'summaryButtons-groups' )
.appendTo( $summaryButtons );

window.addSumButton = window.addSummaryButton = function ( label, text, group ) {
group = group || 'custom'; // default is 'default'
var $group = $( '.summaryButtons-group-' + group );
if ( !$group.length ) {
$group = $( '<div>' )
.addClass( 'mw-ui-button-group summaryButtons-group summaryButtons-group-' + group )
.appendTo( $groups );
}

$( '<a>' )
.attr( 'role', 'button' )
.attr( 'title', text )
.addClass( 'mw-ui-button summaryButtons-button' )
.html( label )
.click( insertSummary )
.appendTo( $group );
};

var buttons = mode !== 'visual' ?
// সাধারণ সম্পাদনা মোডের জন্য বোতাম
[
'সংশোধন', 'সম্প্রসারণ', 'তথ্যসূত্র| যোগ/সংশোধন', 'পরিষ্কার|করণ', 'অনুবাদ',
'রচনাশৈলী', 'বিষয়শ্রেণী', 'চিত্র', 'বিষয়বস্তু| যোগ', 'বানান| সংশোধন',
'হালনাগাদ| করা হল', 'ট্যাগ| যোগ/বাতিল', 'অনুলিপি| সম্পাদনা', 'উত্তর| প্রদান', 'মন্তব্য| যোগ'
] :
// দৃশ্যমান সম্পাদনার জন্য বোতাম - আলোচনার জন্য কোনও বোতাম নেই
// (দৃশ্যমান সম্পাদনা আলোচনার পৃষ্ঠাগুলিতে ব্যবহারের উদ্দেশ্যে নয়)
[
'সংশোধন', 'সম্প্রসারণ', 'তথ্যসূত্র| যোগ/সংশোধন', 'পরিষ্কার|করণ', 'অনুবাদ',
'রচনাশৈলী', 'বিষয়শ্রেণী', 'চিত্র', 'বিষয়বস্তু| যোগ', 'বানান| সংশোধন',
'হালনাগাদ| করা হল', 'ট্যাগ| যোগ/বাতিল', 'অনুলিপি| সম্পাদনা'
];

if ( !summaryButtons.hideDefaultButtons ) {
$.each(
buttons,
function ( i, s ) {
addSummaryButton( s.replace( /\|.*/, '' ), s.replace( /\|/, '' ), 'default' );
}
);
}
$( '<a>' )
.attr( 'href', 'https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/উইকিপিডিয়া:গ্যাজেট/সম্পাদনা_সারাংশ_বোতাম' )
.attr( 'target', '_blank' )
.attr( 'title', 'সম্পাদনা সারাংশ বোতাম সম্পর্কিত তথ্য' )
.attr( 'tabindex', '-1' )
.addClass( 'mw-ui-button mw-ui-quiet summaryButtons-info-link' )
.text( '?' )
.appendTo( $summaryButtons );

// Эти стили находятся здесь, а не в отдельном CSS, потому что на страницах, где кнопок нет,
// они вредны, а за тем, где запускается CSS, мы не можем проследить.
mw.util.addCSS( '\
.mw-editform #wpSummaryWidget {\
margin-bottom: 0;\
}\
\
.mw-editform .editCheckboxes {\
margin-top: .85714em;\
}\
' );

if ( mode !== 'classic' && !additionalCSS ) {
additionalCSS = mw.util.addCSS( '\
.ve-ui-mwSaveDialog-savePanel .summaryButtons {\
margin-top: 2px;\
}\
\
.ve-ui-mwSaveDialog-savePanel .ve-ui-mwSaveDialog-options {\
border-top: 1px solid #c8ccd1;\
border-radius: 2px;\
}\
' );
veSaveDialog.updateSize();
}

mw.hook( 'summaryButtons' ).fire();
}

var additionalCSS;
if ( window.ve && ve.init && ve.init.target && ve.init.target.active || $( '.ve-loading' ).length ) {
mw.hook( 've.saveDialog.stateChanged' ).add( function () {
if ( !mw.config.get( 'wgArticleId' ) || $( '.summaryButtons' ).length ) return;
initSummaryButtons( ve.init.target.getSurface().getMode() );
} );
} else if ( [ 'edit', 'submit' ].indexOf( mw.config.get( 'wgAction' ) ) !== -1 ) {
$( function () {
var frm = document.getElementById( 'editform' );
if ( !mw.config.get( 'wgArticleId' ) || !frm || $( frm.wpSection ).val() === 'new' ) return;
initSummaryButtons( 'classic' );
} );
}
}

if ( !( window.ve && ve.init && ve.init.target && ve.init.target.active || $( '.ve-loading' ).length ) ) {
go();
}
mw.hook( 've.activationComplete' ).add( function () {
go();
} );
</pre> [[User:রবি|রবি]] ([[User talk:রবি|talk]]) 19:01, 22 February 2022 (IST)

== Pending changes ==

Hello, you can install [[:meta:Extension:FlaggedRevs]] here. It's can also helps to protect vandal. Thanks [[User:রবি|রবি]] ([[User talk:রবি|talk]]) 23:09, 22 February 2022 (IST)
:{{tps}} Please email the technical team at info@bharatmedia.org to activate the FlaggedRevs extension or for any technical help. [[User:Ajay Kumar|Ajay Kumar]] ([[User talk:Ajay Kumar|talk]]) 23:12, 22 February 2022 (IST)

:::Done. <s>But I haven't got any kind of reply yet.</s> However, thank you for telling. [[User:রবি|রবি]] ([[User talk:রবি|talk]]) 07:37, 23 February 2022 (IST)
::::now I got, thanks again for telling. [[User:রবি|রবি]] ([[User talk:রবি|talk]]) 11:36, 23 February 2022 (IST)

== Mediawiki code ==

Install this code also at [[:bn:মিডিয়াউইকি:Sp-contributions-footer|here]]. Thanks
<pre>
{{Sp-contributions-footer|1=$1}}
</pre> [[User:রবি|রবি]] ([[User talk:রবি|talk]]) 07:31, 23 February 2022 (IST)

:You can use '''|status=approved''' parameter at [[:user:WikiDwarfBOT]] to remove unnecessary categories. [[User:রবি|রবি]] ([[User talk:রবি|talk]]) 07:52, 23 February 2022 (IST)
::{{re|রবি}} Both done. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 10:19, 23 February 2022 (IST)
:::Thank you, also add one more code [[:bn:মিডিয়াউইকি:Gadgets-definition]] to run [[:bn:মিডিয়াউইকি:Gadget-sompadonasarangsho.js]]-this. As you are Bureaucrats you can install Gadgets definition.
<pre>
* sompadonasarangsho[ResourceLoader|default|type=general|dependencies=mediawiki.ui.button,mediawiki.util]|sompadonasarangsho.js|sompadonasarangsho.css
</pre>
[[User:রবি|রবি]] ([[User talk:রবি|talk]]) 11:32, 23 February 2022 (IST)
::::Done. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 11:55, 23 February 2022 (IST)
Thanks, sorry for disturb you once again. . . Can you see in [[:bn:বিশেষ:পছন্দসমূহ#mw-prefsection-rendering|Special:Preferences]] in Bengali Bharatpedia? what's the problem, common.css is working but common.js isn't. 'স্বনির্ধারিত CSS' is there but 'স্বনির্ধারিত JS' isn't. [[User:রবি|রবি]] ([[User talk:রবি|talk]]) 12:58, 23 February 2022 (IST)
:{{re|রবি}} Please try now it's working for me. [[User:Ajay Kumar|Ajay Kumar]] ([[User talk:Ajay Kumar|talk]]) 14:53, 23 February 2022 (IST)
::{{re|Ajay Kumar|রবি}} The main page was missing so I have created that page and it should work now. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 14:57, 23 February 2022 (IST)
:::Sorry, I think you both are misunderstood, I didn't say that. I am talking about my user common.js ([[:bn:User:রবি/common.js]]) on Bn Bharatpedia, where I install some script those aren't working because of [[:bn:বিশেষ:পছন্দসমূহ#mw-prefsection-rendering|'''this''']] (in this '''স্বনির্ধারিত CSS''' means 'user/common.css' is there but User/common.js means in bengali '''স্বনির্ধারিত JS''' isn't there; missing??). @WikiDwarf: Gadget-sompadonasarangsho was already working before (you can see it by clicking any articles or pages bellow the edit summary). Thanks [[User:রবি|রবি]] ([[User talk:রবি|talk]]) 16:14, 23 February 2022 (IST)
:::::In English Bharatpedia see [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering]], where <code>"Shared CSS/JSON/JavaScript for all skins: Custom CSS | '''Custom JavaScript'''"</code>. 'Custom JavaScript' but on Bengali Bharatpedia in [[bn:বিশেষ:পছন্দসমূহ#mw-prefsection-rendering|Special Preferences]] 'Custom JavaScript' means ''''স্বনির্ধারিত JS'''' is missing? That's why my user common.js is not working there. [[User:রবি|রবি]] ([[User talk:রবি|talk]]) 16:25, 23 February 2022 (IST)
::::::{{re|রবি}} Can you try now? [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 16:36, 23 February 2022 (IST)
:::::::Thank you so much brother now it's working, but problem is that script should wrii into manually in common.js (<code>mw.loader.load('//bn.bharatpedia.org.in/w/index.php?title='......'&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript');</code> in its format, not working). One more problem is like English Bharatpedia, mobile mode is not working in Bengali Bharatpedia, please see it too. Regards -- [[User:রবি|রবি]] ([[User talk:রবি|talk]]) 17:45, 23 February 2022 (IST)
::::::::{{re|রবি}} I'm facing the same issue. If you look at my contributions you will see that I was trying to install/use some scripts but they aren't working for some reason. I have no idea why some of the scripts aren't working and I'm trying to find a solution or if you manage to figure out before me please let me know. Regarding the mobile version of Bengali Bharatpedia, please email the tech team to install or I will ask on your behalf. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 18:00, 23 February 2022 (IST)

== Reason? ==

Why all articles directly copied from bengal wikipedia? Bengali Bharatpedia needs some more correction :) [[User:রবি|রবি]] ([[User talk:রবি|talk]]) 07:42, 23 February 2022 (IST)
:It was done due to lack of users who can write articles in the Bengali language on bn.bharatpedia. You may fix if there is any issue and let me know if I can help you with anything. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 10:22, 23 February 2022 (IST)

== Request for adminship ==
Hi {{re|WikiDwarf}} hope you are good. and while iam reviewing draftspaces just I saw new pages that is not yet reviewed and after I declined some unwanted articles, i tagged for deletion. But unfortunately it is getting delay. Due to insufficient users with rights. Hope I can get adminship for help you guys. And i have experience in Bharatpedia as well in Wikipedia. I requested for adminship at [[Bharatpedia:Requests for adminship/Dhaneesh Ram]]. Thanks! [[User:Dhaneesh Ram|Dhaneesh]][[User talk:Dhaneesh Ram|←Ram→]] 21:18, 27 February 2022 (IST)
:{{re|Dhaneesh Ram}} The nomination page was not properly created so I have fixed some issues. Also, your nomination is incomplete, please take a look at the nomination page and add your answers to listed questions there. Thank you, [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 21:40, 27 February 2022 (IST)

== Sir a volunteer puts in everyone's page draft. He is a Fake Volunteer and also put this page in Draft. He keeps vandalizing all the pages. ==

{{reply|SonofZeus| WikiDwarf}} Dear Sir [[Anshuman Tiwari (musician]] Sir an attempt was made to vandalize this page again and 1 fake volunteer again put it in draft. Sir block that volunteer and as soon as possible recover and live this page. And this page needs protection. Thank you so much sir}} [[User:Coolblack4|Coolblack4]] ([[User talk:Coolblack4|talk]]) 15:27, 6 March 2022 (IST)

== Sir that Fake Volunteer is again ruining [[Anshuman Tiwari (musician)]] page. ==

{{reply|WikiDwarf}} Sir that Fake Volunteer is again ruining [[Anshuman Tiwari (musician)]] page. [[User:Coolblack4|Coolblack4]] ([[User talk:Coolblack4|talk]]) 19:24, 7 March 2022 (IST)
:{{re|Coolblack4}} If I'm not wrong, you are referring to user {{u|Lucasraven12}} who proposed the article for deletion and I don't see their action as disruptive. Any contributor can create, edit or even nominate an article for deletion if they feel it may not meet our content guidelines, but that's not the dead end. Currently [[Anshuman Tiwari (musician)]] was proposed for deletion and any editor who disagrees with a proposed deletion can simply remove the tag. Even after the page is deleted, any editor can have the page restored by any administrator simply by asking. In both cases, the editor is encouraged to fix the perceived problem with the page. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 20:22, 7 March 2022 (IST)

{{reply|WikiDwarf}} Sir, why didn't you protect this page from getting ruined?

You have made this page good even a few days ago. You now remove the tag from this page because now it has all the good sources. [[User:Coolblack4|Coolblack4]] ([[User talk:Coolblack4|talk]]) 20:35, 7 March 2022 (IST)

{{reply|WikiDwarf}} Sir it is not necessary that all volunteers will be right.
Volunteers also make mistakes.
You are very big that's why I am telling you. You can check the refill once and remove the tag. [[User:Coolblack4|Coolblack4]] ([[User talk:Coolblack4|talk]]) 20:38, 7 March 2022 (IST)

{{reply|WikiDwarf}}
Yesterday this volunteer had put this tag in this page.
{{Prod blp/dated
|concern =
|user =
|timestamp = 20220307151651
|help =
}}
And you had removed this tag from that page.

Looks like that volunteer hates this page so he is doing it intentionally.

[[User:Coolblack4|Coolblack4]] ([[User talk:Coolblack4|talk]]) 20:46, 7 March 2022 (IST)

== Sir, for how long have you protected [[Anshuman Tiwari (musician)]] page? ==

Sir, for how long have you protected [[Anshuman Tiwari (musician)]] page? [[User:Coolblack4|Coolblack4]] ([[User talk:Coolblack4|talk]]) 13:49, 9 March 2022 (IST)

== Page Move ==

{{ping|WikiDwarf}} An IP submitted My draft now please look at it ...
https://en.bharatpedia.org.in/wiki/Draft:Susovan_Sonu_Roy [[User:Weftpies|Weftpies]] ([[User talk:Weftpies|talk]]) 19:46, 14 March 2022 (IST)

{{ping|WikiDwarf}} But The draft I created has Google listed see this link [https://g.co/kgs/x9YGQH] [[User:Weftpies|Weftpies]] ([[User talk:Weftpies|talk]]) 12:31, 15 March 2022 (IST)

{{ping|WikiDwarf}} If you compare My draft to this page https://en.bharatpedia.org.in/wiki/Anshuman_Tiwari_(musician) that singer is also not notable and no Google listing also not good reference and if you see My draft page there are good reference and also google listings and good recognition.please look at it.

:{{re|Weftpies}} I looked at your draft and can't find any reliable source that supports notability so you need to provide some reliable news articles that discuss the subject directly. Regarding [[Anshuman Tiwari (musician)]], if you believe the subject isn't notable as per our policies you can nominate the article for deletion. Happy editing. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 08:40, 15 March 2022 (IST)

== Adminship for Bengali Bharatpedia ==

Hi, WikiDwarf! How are you? If you have time, please see [[:bn:ভারতপিডিয়া:প্রশাসক হওয়ার আবেদন/রবি|'''RFA''']] at বাংলা ভারতপিডিয়া। I want to letting you know that the time of the RFA close to end. Thank you. [[User:রবি|রবি]] ([[User talk:রবি|talk]]) 19:50, 21 March 2022 (IST)

== Some issues ==

Hi, WikiDwarf!

Thank you for passing RFA. The problem I noticed is that I can edit under MediaWiki protection but somehow I can't create pages into the MediaWiki namespace. I hope the interface administrator can do this. However for now can you install twinkle gadets extension or js there from English wikipedia?, so that i can translate and correct the script to run twinkle on Bengali Bharatpedia.

One more problem is as an Administrator I'm not able to give userright (like- rollback, Autopatrolled etc.) to another user and main problem is that i'm not able to make myself bot account for temporary to fixing some general issues, for which the place of recent changes is floating. I think it's important to have. Please look at this. Thanks. -- [[User:রবি|রবি]] ([[User talk:রবি|talk]]) 21:55, 22 March 2022 (IST)

: You have to import [[:mw:en:Wikipedia:Twinkle/Localisation|these]]. No problem, please look when you have time. Best wishes [[User:রবি|রবি]] ([[User talk:রবি|talk]]) 22:05, 22 March 2022 (IST)

::Should I create a bot account instead, if there is more trouble in this. Then I'll request for BRFA. Which one is best? Please suggest too. Thanks [[User:রবি|রবি]] ([[User talk:রবি|talk]]) 00:03, 23 March 2022 (IST)
:::{{re|রবি}} Sorry for replying late. I tried to install Twinkle here on English Bharatpedia by importing pages [[:mw:en:Wikipedia:Twinkle/Localisation|listed here]] but it seems that Twinkle is designed only to work for Wikimedia sites and it's not available for third parties. Regarding giving use rights, the option is limited for Bureaucrats so, you need to email info@bharatmedia and ask for help on that case. To run a bot account you need to create a new user account e.g. রবি Bot and let me know and I will add it to the bot group. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 12:04, 23 March 2022 (IST)
::::Done. Thanks! Kindly see [[:Bn:ভারতপিডিয়া:বট/অনুমোদনের অনুরোধ/ReplacementBOT|'''BRFA''']].—[[User:রবি|রবি]] ([[User talk:রবি|talk]]) 15:55, 23 March 2022 (IST)
:::::also kindly give Adminship access to my this bot account too, it's needed to run [[:bn:Special:ReplaceText|Special:ReplaceText]]. [[User:রবি|রবি]] ([[User talk:রবি|talk]]) 16:16, 23 March 2022 (IST)
Will you make my bot as an administrator too? Reason is to run [[:bn:Special:ReplaceText|Special:ReplaceText]], needs administrator usergroup access. I am responsible for the every single work done by my bot. Thanks [[User:রবি|রবি]] ([[User talk:রবি|talk]]) 22:16, 23 March 2022 (IST)

:Sorry for disturbing multiple times, hope you never mind. :) [[User:রবি|রবি]] ([[User talk:রবি|talk]]) 22:49, 23 March 2022 (IST)
::{{re|রবি}} Unfortunately it's not possible to grant adminship to bot accounts, but I will ask the tech team to let bot access [[:bn:Special:ReplaceText]]. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 21:34, 24 March 2022 (IST)
:::When it's done, please let me know. Thanks [[User:রবি|রবি]] ([[User talk:রবি|talk]]) 10:19, 25 March 2022 (IST)
::::{{re|রবি}} It's done already. You may try and let me know if you face any issues. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 12:12, 25 March 2022 (IST)

;Interface Adminship
::Kindly see [[:bn:ভারতপিডিয়া:ইন্টারফেস প্রশাসক হওয়ার আবেদন/রবি|RFIA]], important rights to create pages on mediawiki namespace. [[User:রবি|রবি]] ([[User talk:রবি|talk]]) 15:03, 26 March 2022 (IST)

:::I have modify the [[:bn:|main page]] of bnwiki. Does it look good now or was previous one better than it? Too much hard work I put to create this. Please look at this also. Thanks. [[User:রবি|রবি]] ([[User talk:রবি|talk]]) 17:13, 26 March 2022 (IST)
::::{{re|রবি}} Sorry I was busy with some other work. The main page looks good to me regarding RFIA I'll take a look at it shortly. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 21:19, 28 March 2022 (IST)
:::::Thanks, I'm still waiting! However, for now, could you help me to replace '''$1''' with {{tq|1=<nowiki><a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.bn">সিসি বাই-এসএ ৩.০</a></nowiki>}} [[:bn:মিডিয়াউইকি:Mobile-frontend-copyright|here]]? I'm not able to do that, this will only interface administrators can do. Thank you. --[[User:রবি|রবি]] ([[User talk:রবি|talk]]) 23:43, 3 April 2022 (IST)
:::::{{re|রবি}} The tech team is undergoing major maintenance work so to avoid any conflict I didn't perform any action. Once the maintenance work is over with more power, I will complete all your request. Sorry for the inconvenience. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 11:25, 4 April 2022 (IST)
:::::: Ok, I'm sorry! That's why I see previously search box wasn't working in mobile mode, but now it's works. --[[User:রবি|রবি]] ([[User talk:রবি|talk]]) 16:10, 4 April 2022 (IST)
:::::::One last thing is you didn't replace properly, that's why link isn't working. You need to replace it's properly, kindly '''<nowiki>[https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.bn সিসি বাই-এসএ ৩.০]</nowiki>''' replace with {{tq|1=<nowiki><a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.bn">সিসি বাই-এসএ ৩.০</a></nowiki>}} properly. [[User:রবি|রবি]] ([[User talk:রবি|talk]]) 16:11, 4 April 2022 (IST)
::::::::see it on mobile mode in bottom of the page, if you need any further confirmation ([https://bn.bharatpedia.org.in/index.php?title=%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile direct link]). regards! (when I'll forgot to thank you, please consider রবি has thanked you :) [[User:রবি|রবি]] ([[User talk:রবি|talk]]) 10:55, 21 April 2022 (IST)

== [[Bharatpedia talk:Arjuni Municipal Council]] ==

I'm confused with this, and didn't understand how to handle it, made by User:Tata India; can you solve it? and help by moving page into draft namespace. Thanks [[User:রবি|রবি]] ([[User talk:রবি|talk]]) 23:34, 27 March 2022 (IST)
:{{tps}} I have solved it by moving contents to [[Arjuni Municipal Council]]. [[User:Ajay Kumar|Ajay Kumar]] ([[User talk:Ajay Kumar|talk]]) 23:46, 27 March 2022 (IST)

== Import ==

If you had time, can you import [[:mw:bn:মিডিয়াউইকি:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js|মিডিয়াউইকি:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js]] & [[:mw:bn:মিডিয়াউইকি:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.css|মিডিয়াউইকি:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.css]] on Bengali Bharatpedia? As an only Interface Administrator there, so I'm requesting you. You only able to do that. Thank you. [[User:রবি|রবি]] ([[User talk:রবি|talk]]) 01:34, 28 March 2022 (IST)
:Sure, I will import these pages shortly. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 21:19, 28 March 2022 (IST)

== Now this page will have to be protected permanently. ==

{{reply|WikiDwarf}} Hi Dear Sir, As I mentioned earlier some volunteers are teasing on this page. [[Anshuman_Tiwari_(musician)]] You have locked this page after that it is unlocked here. That volunteer again fake tag this page and locked it. I told you to protect this page permanently. Please act as soon as possible Thank you! [[User:Coolblack4|Coolblack4]] ([[User talk:Coolblack4|talk]]) 07:40, 1 April 2022 (IST)

== Email confirmation issue ==

It's seems that there are some problem is in Bangla Bharatpedia in user email confirmation; cause I tried it more than 10 times there from my account creation date to till now but no response get. So today when I last tried there but still got no response so I try here in English Bharatpedia, then finally got response and now my email address has been confirmed there and here both. :) [[User:রবি|রবি]] ([[User talk:রবি|talk]]) 10:40, 21 April 2022 (IST)

== Protect the page permanently ==

{{reply|WikiDwarf}} Dear Sir, Someone has tagged again. You remove the tag again and protect the page permanently.
Thank You. [[User:Coolblack4|Coolblack4]] ([[User talk:Coolblack4|talk]]) 08:21, 25 April 2022 (IST)
:{{re|Coolblack4}} I went ahead and removed the tag. [[User:রবি|রবি]] ([[User talk:রবি|talk]]) 08:51, 25 April 2022 (IST)

Thank you so much sir, Can you make this page a permanent protect so that no one can tamper with this page? [[User:Coolblack4|Coolblack4]] ([[User talk:Coolblack4|talk]]) 09:13, 25 April 2022 (IST)

:{{re|Coolblack4}} Unfortunately, it's not possible to fully protection, that's need a pure vandalism in the history of article. But, still you need to wait WikiDwarf's reply. Extra, you can read [[Bharatpedia:Protection policy]]. regards [[User:রবি|রবি]] ([[User talk:রবি|talk]]) 10:17, 25 April 2022 (IST)

==Meetup==
{{re|রবি|Dhaneesh Ram|SonOfZeus|Ajay Kumar}} Hello guys. First of all I would like to apologize for not being around, actually I was super busy with the tech team and we were working on some supper existing projects. Everything is almost done and we will be back as normal but I need your help for testing some new features and all. So, can you guys please confirm the best time to discuss? Please add your preferred time below and we'll all try to come online at the same time. Thank you. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 19:26, 4 May 2022 (IST)

: {{Ping|WikiDwarf}} I am okay with Tomorrow from 12 PM to 2 PM. But others convenience is must. Thank you! [[User:Dhaneesh Ram|Dhaneesh]][[User talk:Dhaneesh Ram|←Ram→]] 19:36, 4 May 2022 (IST)
::Thank you {{re|Dhaneesh Ram}}, if you have some time we can discuss right now as I'm ok to discuss with everyone on their preferred time. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 19:41, 4 May 2022 (IST)
:::I have some free time for today but others convenience is preferable! --[[User:SonOfZeus|SonOfZeus]] ([[User talk:SonOfZeus|talk]]) 19:46, 4 May 2022 (IST)
:::: {{ping|WikiDwarf}} sorry for my inconvenience iam little busy now, shall we discuss tomorrow? [[User:Dhaneesh Ram|Dhaneesh]][[User talk:Dhaneesh Ram|←Ram→]] 19:57, 4 May 2022 (IST)
:::::{{re|Dhaneesh Ram}} Sure we can discuss tomorrow. {{re|SonOfZeus}} Are you free tomorrow by 1pm? [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 20:04, 4 May 2022 (IST)
::::::It's ok. Actually, for tomorrow, I have some busy schedule, but I will ''try to arrange'' my schedule to make myself free at 1 pm tomorrow for the discussion! --[[User:SonOfZeus|SonOfZeus]] ([[User talk:SonOfZeus|talk]]) 22:02, 4 May 2022 (IST)
:::::::{{re|Dhaneesh Ram|SonOfZeus}} Great!! so will get in touch tomorrow at 1pm. {{re|রবি|Ajay Kumar}} can join us or we can discuss with them later. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 22:12, 4 May 2022 (IST)
::::::::{{re|Dhaneesh Ram|SonOfZeus|রবি|Ajay Kumar}} Please [https://web.libera.chat/?channel=#bharatmedia click here] to join me for discussion and use your Bharatpedia username to login (without password). [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 12:51, 5 May 2022 (IST)
::::::::::Unfortunately, I tried after every 10 minutes for 3 times to enter, it failed. Idk why! Hope I will join in the next time! --[[User:SonOfZeus|SonOfZeus]] ([[User talk:SonOfZeus|talk]]) 13:52, 5 May 2022 (IST)
:::::::::::{{re|SonOfZeus}} That's strange, because I was discussing with Dhaneesh Ram on the same channel. If you want I can mail you all the details and you can test everything in your spare time. :) [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 13:59, 5 May 2022 (IST)
::::::::::::I'm still around on the channel feel free to join me when ever you are free. Just click on the link above, add your username under "nick" and click start. If you see any error please feel free to share it with me here. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 14:05, 5 May 2022 (IST)
:::::::::::::Going away for half an hour and I will be back by 3PM. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 14:27, 5 May 2022 (IST)
Guys, I'm really sorry. First of all i didn't get notifications, just open and seeing it now; secondly I'm passing my Eid holidays. Thank you WikiDwarf for inviting me to that discussion. What was the topic of discussion there? Was it video chatting or normal? Can someone email me with a brief explanation of that topic? I'm little busy now days, Sorry for any inconvenience. Thank you. [[User:রবি|রবি]] ([[User talk:রবি|talk]]) 16:10, 5 May 2022 (IST)
:Hello {{re|রবি}}, that's ok even SonOfZeus was not able to join the discussion. It was a normal discussion about new features we have introduced. I will mail you and SonOfZeus a detailed email so you can review and react accordingly. Have a good time and enjoy holidays. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 18:43, 5 May 2022 (IST)
::{{re|রবি}} I lost your email address please send me an email so I can forward the details to you. {{re|SonOfZeus}}, please check your mailbox. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 19:46, 5 May 2022 (IST)
:::Done, please check your email. [[User:রবি|রবি]] ([[User talk:রবি|talk]]) 09:18, 6 May 2022 (IST)
Hello WikiDwarf! I received your mail! I have checked out all the websites one by one! There's no problem in log in. Once after I logged in at meta, I saw there is automatic log in at all the languages' wikis! But I saw my edit count in Meitei Bharatpedia as "0" in http://bharatpedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAuth when I entered my username and check my information! Is this a result of malfunction? I have done significant edits in Meitei Bharatpedia. Besides, in the section of "Groups", I saw nothing in Meitei Bharatpedia's row but I saw "autopatrolled, importer, sysop" in English Bharatpedia. --[[User:SonOfZeus|SonOfZeus]] ([[User talk:SonOfZeus|talk]]) 22:58, 6 May 2022 (IST)
::::{{re|SonOfZeus}} Thank you for confirming. Please allow me some time to investigate all the issues you raised above and we'll try to fix them as soon as possible and I'll get back to you with an update. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 10:18, 7 May 2022 (IST)
:::::I just checked and notice that old edits are not updating in the CentralAuth table but those edits are available in the local wiki so if you look at your contributions in mni-bharatpedia you'll find all your contributions. Your user right was missing so I have updated that and it can be verified through [[Special:CentralAuth]]. Please let me know if there is anything else is missing. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 11:20, 7 May 2022 (IST)
::::::I haven't received your email yet, however I'm very happy & excited to see Meta & others projects. Hopefully, I will be of some useful to you in improving these projects. [[User:রবি|রবি]] ([[User talk:রবি|talk]]) 22:52, 9 May 2022 (IST)
{{Ping|WikiDwarf}} My adminship permission at [[:bn:|bn]] is not showing. Is there any problem? Is it done by mistake or the permission taken from me? [[User:রবি|রবি]] ([[User talk:রবি|talk]]) 23:16, 9 May 2022 (IST)
:::::::{{re|রবি}} I have fixed the adminship on your account on bn-bharatpedia. Also, a detailed email was sent to you the same day so please check your spam box and let me know if you still can't find it and I will resend it to you. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 23:43, 9 May 2022 (IST)

== Main page other languages ==

Yesterday, you added other languages in the main page of bn bharatpedia, but unfortunately these links redirecting to wikipedia. Please see it there by clicking "ভাষা" button ([https://bn.bharatpedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7:%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE direct link]), Is it possible to solve this problem? or I'll remove these languages from the main page. [[User:রবি|রবি]] ([[User talk:রবি|talk]]) 10:27, 10 May 2022 (IST)

:But i can see in English Bharatpedia it's working perfectly. [[User:রবি|রবি]] ([[User talk:রবি|talk]]) 10:31, 10 May 2022 (IST)

::{{re|রবি}} Fixed. They were incorrectly linked in [[:bn:বিশেষ:আন্তঃউইকি]]. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 11:26, 10 May 2022 (IST)

::::Thank you. Can you delete [https://www.bharatdata.org/wiki/Property:P2 this], so that I can create it again; I wrongly create this in Data type "Property" instead of "Item". [[User:রবি|রবি]] ([[User talk:রবি|talk]]) 13:02, 10 May 2022 (IST)
:::::Deleted. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 13:33, 10 May 2022 (IST)
::::::Did you manage to find the email or you want me to send it again? [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 13:37, 10 May 2022 (IST)
:::::::No, I didn't find (hopefully didn't get), you can send it again, sorry for bothered you again. Thank you. [[User:রবি|রবি]] ([[User talk:রবি|talk]]) 13:42, 10 May 2022 (IST)

Thank you, I got it and happy to hear about Container wiki (it's extremely useful for everyone). In all I mostly liked that when you said majority articles should be related to india in Bengali Bharatpedia (which was not before there), like as I've say before to the technical team. Anyways, when you have time can you correct the prefix of meta "m" (it is redirect to meta.wikimedia.org) at [[bn:বিশেষ:আন্তঃউইকি|বিশেষ:আন্তঃউইকি]]? and also can you add one language which is missing in bn - Prefix is "bho" and url "https://bho.bharatpedia.org/wiki/$1". Thank you. [[User:রবি|রবি]] ([[User talk:রবি|talk]]) 18:33, 10 May 2022 (IST)
:Meta and Bho both done. The name "Container" is just an idea so if you or anyone else have a better suggestion please feel free to share (the motive is to have file storage). Regarding articles related to India, we have around 3k article at the moment and I feel we should have more so if you the list of missing articles please feel free to share through email. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 19:02, 10 May 2022 (IST)

::In this wiki "m" redirected to "meta.bharatmedia.org" url adress, not a correct one; change into bharat'''p'''edia instead of media, that's "meta.bharatpedia.org". [[User:রবি|রবি]] ([[User talk:রবি|talk]]) 21:53, 10 May 2022 (IST)
:::Done, thank you for pointing it out. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 21:58, 10 May 2022 (IST)
::::Hello WikiDwarf & [[User:রবি|রবি]]! I saw the logo of Meta's main page using the word "Bharat'''m'''edia" but the link url is using the word "Bharat'''p'''edia" at https://meta.bharatpedia.org/wiki/Main_Page . I was confused at this. Shall not Bharat'''p'''edia be a part of Bharat'''m'''edia? --[[User:SonOfZeus|SonOfZeus]] ([[User talk:SonOfZeus|talk]]) 11:50, 11 May 2022 (IST)
:::::{{re|SonOfZeus}} Meta is a project of Bharatmedia Foundation so that's the reason the logo reads "Bharatmedia". The plan was to build Meta under bharatmedia.org but due to issue with saving cookies for global login it was created under meta.bharatpedia.org. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 12:06, 11 May 2022 (IST)

== About Container Bharatmedia ==
Hello WikiDwarf! I hope there might have already been some discussions being proceeded on at the last meet-up. Btw, for me, I have some suggestions. Wikimedia Commons is known for having very very strict rules about licensing on the pictures. That strictness lead to the enabling of the local wikis (for example, English Wikipedia) to allow users to upload files in their local platforms. Local wikis still have some rules and regulations but not too strict like Wikimedia Commons. I am highlighting this fact because I expect our Container Bharatmedia to have rules but not too much strict like that of Wikimedia Commons. Particularly, cc-by-nc (non commercial license) is totally not allowed in Wikimedia Commons. But for Container Bharatmedia, I wish to allow this. This license meant not to use the files for commercial purposes. And since Bharatmedia projects are not commercial zones, it's still ok to allow files of such license type to be used. Please tell me what are your thoughts on these facts! --[[User:SonOfZeus|SonOfZeus]] ([[User talk:SonOfZeus|talk]]) 12:02, 11 May 2022 (IST)

:The Container wiki name is different and also a unique one. I'm one of the supporter to keep this name. Whatever will be in its rules and regulations, the main thing we must note is that it is separate from the Commons and suppose to be better than Commons (that we will make). [[User:রবি|রবি]] ([[User talk:রবি|talk]]) 16:33, 11 May 2022 (IST)

== Bedam Shah Warsi ==

Hello, WikiDwarf! Do semi protect this page, strictly vandalized by ips. [[User:রবি|রবি]] ([[User talk:রবি|talk]]) 18:21, 11 May 2022 (IST)
:{{Tps}} [[User:রবি|রবি]] {{Done}} --[[User:SonOfZeus|SonOfZeus]] ([[User talk:SonOfZeus|talk]]) 19:11, 11 May 2022 (IST)
:Can you please delete it per copyright violations. as it was copied without my permission. I am not at all interested to have my work robbed by spam bloggers running this site. — Preceding [[Bharatpedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:162.158.163.221|162.158.163.221]] ([[User talk:162.158.163.221#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/162.158.163.221|contribs]]) 
::{{re|162.158.163.221}} Welcome to Bharatpedia, can you please explain how this work belongs to you? and can you provide some evidence so we can look into to take appropriate action? Thanks [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 19:19, 11 May 2022 (IST)

== Reporting issue ==

Hi, Wiki Dwarf hope you are good, I had faced some difficulty in Tamil Bharatpedia, that is it is automatically logged out. I tried to login again, but it shows incorrect password. Then I tried to change new password by clicking forget password. But I didn't get email. And i checked all other Bharatpedia like English, Hinglish, everything is ok there, i have logged in those versions. Even i checked in meta too and then i logged out from meta and i logged in again but My account is not get logged in to Tamil Bharatpedia. How can I fix it. [[User:Dhaneesh Ram|Dhaneesh]][[User talk:Dhaneesh Ram|←Ram→]] 15:27, 15 May 2022 (IST)
:{{re|Dhaneesh Ram}} Let me check and I'll try getting the issue resolved as soon as possible. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 16:33, 15 May 2022 (IST)
::Can you try again? [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 17:01, 15 May 2022 (IST)
:::{{re|WikiDwarf}}I got mail with temporary password, i logged in with that, but I logged out in English Bharatpedia now, but I logged in again. Probably it all ok now. Thanks for your help and kindly grant User: Import master as autopatroller in Tamil Bharatpedia, because he is importing many articles, it is impossible to mark all articles as reviewed only by me. Thank you! [[User:Dhaneesh Ram|Dhaneesh]][[User talk:Dhaneesh Ram|←Ram→]] 17:35, 15 May 2022 (IST)
::::Hello WikiDwarf & [[User:Dhaneesh Ram]]! I am facing the same problem in Meitei Bharatpedia. I can't log in. My passwords are said to be wrong. I log in at English Bharatpedia and went to Meitei Bharatpedia. But still, there's no possibility of logging in. I am automatically logged out there. Please fix the issue! --[[User:SonOfZeus|SonOfZeus]] ([[User talk:SonOfZeus|talk]]) 15:40, 5 June 2022 (IST)
:::::{{re|SonOfZeus}} Thank you for pointing it out. There was some technical issue and it has been resolved. Can you check again? Thnaks. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 17:50, 5 June 2022 (IST)
:::::::Sorry for late reply! In fact, the problem is still going on. I tried to contact Bharatmedia team for the last 2 days through email. But it's always said that the recipient email isn't receiving emails because of some problems. Is there any alternative email to contact them? The first time I got to know about the logging in problem was on 11 May, 2022. Since then till now, I could not contribute anything to Meitei Bharatpedia. --[[User:SonOfZeus|SonOfZeus]] ([[User talk:SonOfZeus|talk]]) 19:15, 7 June 2022 (IST)
::::::::You might need to clear cookies and then try again, this is how I managed to log in. Or you can try from a different browser. The only working email is info@bharatmedia.org and there seems to be some issue with that and I guess the technical team is aware of it. Just try again after clearing cookies by clicking on the lock button in the url field and remove all cookies and let me know if you still can't login. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 19:22, 7 June 2022 (IST)
::::::::: {{re|SonOfZeus}} I just clicked forgot password while trying logging in. Then after few hours I recieved mail with temporary password. You may try this option, then you can reset your password. [[User:Dhaneesh Ram|Dhaneesh]][[User talk:Dhaneesh Ram|←Ram→]] 20:13, 7 June 2022 (IST)

== Rajput ==

As i have already mentioned, the info on page was unrefrenced, and if you see wikipedia and other refrences they are mentioned are cluster of clans.
:{{re|Slatersteven}} You can remove unsourced contents but you need to provide sources to support your claim e.g. ''is an untouchable group''. Please don't include any unsourced info or it will be removed. Happy editing. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 13:33, 19 May 2022 (IST)

== Draft Request : 28 June 2021‎ ==

Hello [[User:WikiDwarf]], [[Draft:Fuad Al-Qrize]], As of 28 June 2021‎ , the article has not been revised, although I have added other sources that support the article on your site.
Could you look back at the article and review it?
thank you.

Hello again mr [[User:WikiDwarf]],

I have added other sources to the article, the most important sources are in Arabic, and you can check more through the Google information card in Arabic from here: https://g.co/kgs/uTMxqa

Or in English here: https://g.co/kgs/nkYhu1

Or through the official website from here: https://www.fuadalqrize.me

Thanks. --[[User:Alialfaisal|Alialfaisal]] ([[User talk:Alialfaisal|talk]]) 03:41, 9 June 2022 (IST)

[[User:WikiDwarf]], I hope to delete the article, because it seems that the site administrator does not read the Arabic language or does not have Arab editors who read the sources in the Arabic language that qualifies the approval of the article. Thanks--[[User:Alialfaisal|Alialfaisal]] ([[User talk:Alialfaisal|talk]]) 02:40, 15 June 2022 (IST)

:{{re|Alialfaisal}} The Arabic sources were reviewed by me using Google translator and I found those websites unreliable as per [[Bharatpedia:Reliable sources]]. If you can find some articles on reliable news websites (in any language) please feel free to include them in the draft or you can tag it with {{tl|db-g7}} for deletion. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 11:25, 15 June 2022 (IST)

There are very reliable sources in Arabic and you can check again to see them, I've also added a source from The Times of India and you can check it out here: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/readersblog/author/fuad579/. --[[User:Alialfaisal|Alialfaisal]] ([[User talk:Alialfaisal|talk]]) 19:13, 16 June 2022 (IST)

One last point: [https://elcinema.com/en/person/2211899 elcinema.com] ,Arab online database for films, actors and Writers, Is this not a reliable source? --[[User:Alialfaisal|Alialfaisal]] ([[User talk:Alialfaisal|talk]]) 19:45, 16 June 2022 (IST)

:Wikidwarf per talk page stalking I have moved the page to mainspace as I think the article is now ready to move per Times of India and other better local sources. Feel free to revert me. [[User:Anonymous Raja|Anonymous Raja]] ([[User talk:Anonymous Raja|talk]])
::{{re|Anonymous Raja}} I have reverted your move because the Times of India is not a news article but a profile and the rest of the sources are not reliable. Please cite some reliable sources that support the notability of the subject as per [[Bharatpedia:Notability]]. Thanks [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 09:38, 21 July 2022 (IST)
:Menafn seems to be reliable source. It looks like you are reverting the move by different user because there might be some undisclosed reasons. I see there are many articles which are much poor than it in article namespaces. Anyways since you are founder here you are free to do the discrimination and partiality. Go ahead and block my account because I am not interested to live at such a nonsense place. [[User:Anonymous Raja|Anonymous Raja]] ([[User talk:Anonymous Raja|talk]]) 18:19, 21 July 2022 (IST)
::{{re|Anonymous Raja}} First of all I'm not the founder here nor do I do partiality if there are poor articles around they can be nominated for deletion or tagged for speedy deletion by anyone. Regarding Menafn, I visited the site but can't find any information on their editorial policies so the reliability of this site is questionable. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 18:37, 21 July 2022 (IST)
::{{re|WikiDwarf}}, [[Draft:Fuad Al-Qrize]] I've done a final update of the article, attach other news and IDs and set an invocation of the article, is it enough or is the site you founded adding who you want and leave whoever you want! ...I think there are hundreds of articles on this site that do not offer any local and already Notability, which is unacceptable if the site has clear and explicit policies and conditions... But this character's article I don't know why I've been fighting it for about a year. End of debate: After reviewing if you see that the article now verifies the Notability of your site you can transfer it, and if the article does not provide the Notability you can delete it directly. --[[User:Alialfaisal|Alialfaisal]] ([[User talk:Alialfaisal|talk]]) 05:00, 26 July 2022 (IST)

::{{re|WikiDwarf}}, Dear, if there's no real review of the article, I wish to delete it, or give me details of the quick deletion request, I don't know what the reason for the delay in reviewing the article is, but what I do know is that this encyclopedia does not have a single editor or administrator reading in Arabic to review the said sources, nor did it benefit the sources and knowledge in English, I think the Notability mentioned by the administrator in this encyclopedia is not applicable to everyone, because there are hundreds of articles that do not achieve any remarkable reliability and their article is already present.That's weird. Admin WikiDwarf thought added the Notability section of the encyclopedia to suit it personally and not in the public interest, I wish to speed up the process by either immediately reviewing or quickly deleting the article. --[[User:Alialfaisal|Alialfaisal]] ([[User talk:Alialfaisal|talk]]) 03:12, 27 July 2022 (IST)

== Review draft for [[Draft:Sadguru Shri Riteshwar]] ==

Hello, can you please review draft for [[Draft:Sadguru Shri Riteshwar]]? I am looking forward to contribute more here. [[User:Nileshk|Nileshk]] ([[User talk:Nileshk|talk]]) 07:55, 10 June 2022 (IST)

:{{re|Nileshk}} Welcome and thank you for contributing to Bharatpedia. I have approved your submission, but your new article has no links to other Bharatpedia pages, and no other article links to it so please improve your article by adding links that are relevant to the context within the existing text. If you need any help please feel free to ask me here. Happy editing. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 10:11, 10 June 2022 (IST)

::[[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]], I have added links on the article, how can I upload photo on the page? I have also made over 20 edits. [[User:Nileshk|Nileshk]] ([[User talk:Nileshk|talk]]) 11:22, 13 June 2022 (IST)
:::{{re|Nileshk}} You can uplaod the image by visiting the [[Special:Upload]]. Please make sure you own the copyrights of the work you'll be uploading. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 12:31, 15 June 2022 (IST)

== Please review and approve my article Rao Sahab ==

Please check and approve the same, i will keep improving it

== Deletion of minor edit. ==

I submitted a minor edit on Pallathu Raman's page. "He had a son Pradeep from his second wife." this you have deleted as No source provided. The reason no source is provided, because I am that son. My mother was Saguna. WHat proof can I submit, because I have no written document.

:{{reply|Forgotten1950}} Hello and welcome to my talk page, You may cite a news article, or book source to support your changes. But, as you said that you are his son you may use your official social media or website as a source so readers know that the information they are gaining is true and came from an official source. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 15:53, 3 July 2022 (IST)

== Solve my issue ==

Dear sir [[User:Coolblack4|Coolblack4]] ([[User talk:Coolblack4|talk]]) 15:33, 25 July 2022 (IST)
:{{re|Coolblack4}} What is the issue and how I can solve it? [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 15:34, 25 July 2022 (IST)

Dear my sir, you write journalist behind the name in parentheses [[User:Coolblack4|Coolblack4]] ([[User talk:Coolblack4|talk]]) 15:36, 25 July 2022 (IST)

Because if we do this then it will look better and people will come to know easily. [[User:Coolblack4|Coolblack4]] ([[User talk:Coolblack4|talk]]) 15:37, 25 July 2022 (IST)
:{{not done}}. We only have two articles under the same name [[Anshuman Tiwari]] and [[Anshuman Tiwari (musician)]] so it's not possible at this point. In future when we'll have more articles under this title, "Anshuman Tiwari" will be converted to a disambiguation page. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 15:42, 25 July 2022 (IST)

If we want to create another journalist's page, his name is also Anshuman Tiwari then? [[User:Coolblack4|Coolblack4]] ([[User talk:Coolblack4|talk]]) 15:57, 25 July 2022 (IST)
:Then you need to add disambiguation to the title e.g. [[Anshuman Tiwari (journalist)]]. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 16:28, 25 July 2022 (IST)

== Changing Username ==

{{u|WikiDwarf}} I want to change my username ... How to change request ? [[User: PinkMelon|PinkMelon]] ([[User talk: PinkMelon|talk]]) 18:39, 26 August 2022 (IST)
:{{re|PinkMelon}} You can add your request at [[Bharatpedia:Changing username/Simple]] and I'll be happy to perform the action. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 18:49, 26 August 2022 (IST)

::{{re|WikiDwarf}} Are you on Wikipedia ? [[User:PinkMelon|PinkMelon]] ([[User talk:PinkMelon|talk]]) 23:42, 26 August 2022 (IST)
:::{{re|PinkMelon}} I use to but not now. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 10:07, 27 August 2022 (IST)

::::{{re|WikiDwarf}} lf you ask about my experience I'm editing Wikipedia over 9 years as an unregistered user. By the way your Wiki username please ? [[User:PinkMelon|PinkMelon]] ([[User talk:PinkMelon|talk]]) 10:53, 27 August 2022 (IST)
:::::{{re|PinkMelon}} Coincidently I was also editing anonymously due to the privacy reason. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 10:58, 27 August 2022 (IST)
:::::Also, regarding your [[Draft:Mota Kotarna|recent move]], articles on geographical locations such as villages, towns etc. are notable if the name of the particular location is mentioned at censusindia.gov.in. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 11:09, 27 August 2022 (IST)

== Wish ==

{{u|WikiDwarf}} Wish you a very Happy Navratri and Durga Puja 🙏🙏 🙏 [[User:PinkMelon|PinkMelon]] ([[User talk:PinkMelon|talk]]) 23:51, 2 October 2022 (IST)
:{{re|PinkMelon}} Wish you the same and I hope you are having a great time with your loved ones. 🙏 [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 23:57, 2 October 2022 (IST)

== User Right ==

Can you give me Extended Confirmed right as I'm completed 1 year on here 😊 '''[[User:PinkMelon|PINKMELON]]''' 15:32, 9 October 2022 (IST)
:Hello {{re|PinkMelon}}, The extended confirmed user right is automatically granted to all users once they hit the 500 edits mark ([[Bharatpedia:User access levels#Extended confirmed users|BP:user access levels]]) and as per your contributions you are not too far so please keep up the good work and your account will be extended confirmed once you reach the require edit count by the system. Please let me know if I can help you with anything. 😊 [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 15:53, 9 October 2022 (IST)

::Can you give me New page reviewer (patroller) right ? 😊 '''[[User:PinkMelon|PINKMELON]]''' 16:23, 9 October 2022 (IST)
:::{{re|PinkMelon}} Please submit your request at [[Bharatpedia:Requests for permissions#New page reviewer]] and describe your experience. I'll be happy to review it. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 17:14, 9 October 2022 (IST)

== Please move my Draft to be a published page ==

Hi, {{u|WikiDwarf}}. Could you please move this page from draft space out to publish - https://en.bharatpedia.org/wiki/Draft:Prince_Oak_Oakleyski ,, Thank you in advance and best regards. 😊'''[[User:Chanokrat|Chanokrat]]'''
:Hello {{re|Chanokrat}}, I looked at your draft and it's not yet ready for the main namespace as it does not include reliable third-party sources that establish the notability of the subject so please cite some credible sources and submit the draft for review. Please let me know if you need any help. Thanks [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 11:52, 24 October 2022 (IST)
:Hello {{re|WikiDwarf}}, I've added a few more sources. And the sources I've already cited are credible, for example; IMDB, Nebraska News Channel, and Itnews24hrs. You can also check in Google search. Or you can delete the page if your site doesn't want to know about the 'prince of Eurasia' . Thank you. [[User:Chanokrat|Chanokrat]]'''

== Upload Image ==

Hi {{u|WikiDwarf}} I want upload image, Where to upload images ? [[User:PinkMelon|Pink]][[User Talk:PinkMelon|Melon]] 23:31, 18 November 2022 (IST)
:{{re|PinkMelon}} You can visit [[Special:Upload]] to upload images and change your skin to Vector by visiting to [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering]] for a smooth process. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 23:40, 18 November 2022 (IST)

{{u|WikiDwarf}} Thanks. [[User:PinkMelon|Pink]][[User Talk:PinkMelon|Melon]] 01:19, 19 November 2022 (IST)

== Deletion of draft ==

Respected Wikidwarf Sir,
Can you please remove the [[Draft:Mayuri (Mahabharata)]] draft, it creates wastage of articles. I request you to delete the page. And please convert the [[Draft:Kimveka (Mahabharata)|Kimveka]].
Thank you.
[[Special:Contributions/103.210.202.134|103.210.202.134]] ([[User talk:103.210.202.134|talk]]) 00:38, 3 January 2023 (IST)
:{{Done}} Hello 103.210.202.134, I have deleted [[Draft:Mayuri (Mahabharata)]] under G7 as per your request. Regarding [[Draft:Kimveka (Mahabharata)]] the draft is completely unsourced so please submit some reliable sources to support the information and submit it for review by adding <code><nowiki>{{submit}}</nowiki></code> at the top. Thank you and please let me know if you need any help. Happy New Year. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 10:01, 3 January 2023 (IST)

Same to you sir 🙏 [[Special:Contributions/103.210.202.134|103.210.202.134]] ([[User talk:103.210.202.134|talk]]) 20:38, 3 January 2023 (IST)

== Wish ==

{{u|WikiDwarf}} Wish you a very Happy New Year 2023 😎🤗🥳 [[User:PinkMelon| PinkMelon]] [[User talk:PinkMelon|'''talk''']] 18:42, 3 January 2023 (IST)
:Thank you {{re|PinkMelon}} and wish you the same. Have a wonderful year ahead. 🤗 [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 19:15, 3 January 2023 (IST)

== Added citations ==

Wikidwarf Sir,
Accordingly I have added citations to the [[Draft:Kimveka (Mahabharata)]] draft. Kindly please convert into a article. I request you to make it I'll do same with other drafts but please convert into a article means review the draft please. [[Special:Contributions/172.71.202.97|172.71.202.97]] ([[User talk:172.71.202.97|talk]]) 15:03, 6 January 2023 (IST)

== Deletion of Bhanumati pages ==

Dear sir, please delete these two pages [[User:Gomateshwari|Gomateshwari]] ([[User talk:Gomateshwari|talk]]) 17:08, 7 January 2023 (IST)

== Please Review my first article ==

Hello {{u|WikiDwarf}} sir, please review my draft article again [[Draft:Dinesh_Kunwar_Patel_(Scientist_%26_Educator)]], and please publish if worth publishing, or give your valuable suggestion to improve it, to make publishable.
Regards
--[[User:TinyTots|TinyTots]] ([[User talk:TinyTots|talk]]) 10:02, 22 February 2023 (IST)

== Review Draft ==

I have rewritten the article and removed the unsourced information. Can you please approve it and make it live?
https://en.bharatpedia.org/wiki/Draft:Thaminder_Singh_Anand
:{{re|Amankel55‎}} Hello, I'm so sorry for replying late to your message, actually, I was busy with some other work. I can see you have moved the draft to the main namespace already but it still sounds promotional and not written from a neutral point of view. I looked at the sources and notice there should be a section called "controversy" to maintain the neutrality of the article. In order to point out the issues I have tagged the article with NPOV and PROMO so please let me know if you need any help and I'll be happy to assist you. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 12:23, 13 March 2023 (IST)

== Review Draft , [[Draft:Sorif B. Mahmud]] and [[Draft: Wikiyri]] ==

Please review this two article. [[User:RAJIB-ZRC|RAJIB-ZRC]] ([[User talk:RAJIB-ZRC|talk]]) 18:34, 25 March 2023 (IST)
:{{re|RAJIB-ZRC}} Thank you for contacting. These drafts are not yet ready for the main namespace so please cite some reliable third-party sources that establish notability and submit them for review. If you need any help please let me know. Thank you and happy editing. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 19:28, 25 March 2023 (IST)

Okay, Thanks. I will try to enrich Bharat Pedia by adding reliable sources. [[User:RAJIB-ZRC|RAJIB-ZRC]] ([[User talk:RAJIB-ZRC|talk]]) 20:45, 25 March 2023 (IST)

== Review [[Draft:Sorif B. Mahmud]] ==

Please review this article. [[User:RAJIB-ZRC|RAJIB-ZRC]] ([[User talk:RAJIB-ZRC|talk]]) 23:15, 26 March 2023 (IST)

Please review this draft article. [[User:RAJIB-ZRC|RAJIB-ZRC]] ([[User talk:RAJIB-ZRC|talk]]) 01:56, 31 March 2023 (IST)

== Moving draft into article ==

Respected Sir,
Can you please move the [[Draft:Manava (king)]] into a article as drafts can lead wastage. Thank you [[Special:Contributions/2402:3A80:6A8:9AC6:0:2F:BAB8:5401|2402:3A80:6A8:9AC6:0:2F:BAB8:5401]] ([[User talk:2402:3A80:6A8:9AC6:0:2F:BAB8:5401|talk]]) 16:09, 29 May 2023 (IST)

== [[Draft:Parvej Husen Talukder (Poet)]], Please approve it ==

It's also notable. [[User:WikiBharat|WikiBharat]] ([[User talk:WikiBharat|talk]]) 22:33, 21 June 2023 (IST)
:{{re|WikiBharat}} I looked at the sources; unfortunately, almost all of them are unreliable. Please cite some reliable news articles that discuss him directly and in detail. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 23:38, 21 June 2023 (IST)

== AFC Script ==

Hi, I would like to assist in AFC submissions. Can you enable the script for me ? [[User:PinkMelon| PinkMelon]] [[User talk:PinkMelon|'''talk''']] 19:37, 23 June 2023 (IST)
:{{re|PinkMelon}} Thank you for your interest in helping with AfC submissions. Can you please add your request at [[Bharatpedia talk:WikiProject Articles for creation/Participants]] so I and other sysop/reviewers can look into this? Thank you. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 20:04, 23 June 2023 (IST)
I've added my AFC request please check. [[User:PinkMelon| PinkMelon]] [[User talk:PinkMelon|'''talk''']] 22:36, 23 June 2023 (IST)

== Thanks ==

Thank you for your words of encouragement and the barnstar. - [[User:Kamal Guha|Kamal Guha]] ([[User talk:Kamal Guha|talk]]) 10:48, 24 June 2023 (IST)
:{{re|Kamal Guha}} You're welcome! Happy editing. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 11:22, 24 June 2023 (IST)

== Regarding Google Indexing ==

I have created an article ( Dinesh Kumar ), i want to know that when will this article be indexed on google. Beacuse at this time this article is not showing on google search.
[[User:Aschoudhary9|Aschoudhary9]] ([[User talk:Aschoudhary9|talk]]) 23:49, 30 June 2023 (IST)
:Hello {{reply|Aschoudhary9}} Typically, articles are promptly indexed upon publication; however, there are instances where delays may occur due to various factors, such as the crawling process. In light of this, I would recommend reaching out to the technical team via email at {{no spam|info|bharatmedia.org}} to express your concern and request to prioritize the crawling of your article. If you have any further questions, feel free to ask. Happy editing. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 00:05, 1 July 2023 (IST)

Thanks a lot for your response.
[[User:Aschoudhary9|Aschoudhary9]] ([[User talk:Aschoudhary9|talk]]) 00:08, 1 July 2023 (IST)

== Regarding Article Dinesh Kumar ==

Hello , yesterday I have created a article named [[Dinesh Kumar]] and I am researching about him from some time so that I can write correctly about him , I found a Rajasthan Patrika newspaper on google which clearly states that he belong to Mandha , Khatushyamji and His name is "Dinesh Kumar" as well as "Dinesh Meel", because "meel" is his caste.
Should I update a line in that article which state that (Dinesh Kumar is also known as Dinesh Meel).

[[User:Aschoudhary9|Aschoudhary9]] ([[User talk:Aschoudhary9|talk]]) 07:51, 1 July 2023 (IST)
:{{re|Aschoudhary9}} Yes, if they are also known by another name you can put this in the lead section e.g. "Dinesh Kumar also known as Dinesh Meel is an..." and add citation for verification. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 09:11, 1 July 2023 (IST)

::But I don't have any link for this because the source for this is newspaper named Rajasthan Patrika [[User:Aschoudhary9|Aschoudhary9]] ([[User talk:Aschoudhary9|talk]]) 09:15, 1 July 2023 (IST)
:::You can add it as an offline source, like the title of the article, name of the newspaper, date of publishing, and the page where his name is mentioned. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 11:17, 1 July 2023 (IST)

Thanks a lot
[[User:Aschoudhary9|Aschoudhary9]] ([[User talk:Aschoudhary9|talk]]) 14:29, 1 July 2023 (IST)

== Regarding Removal of Orphan tag ==

Today I edited the [[Dinesh Kumar]] article and I corrected the grammar in the article and added more reliable sources to the article.

But I am writing this to you because there is orphan tag on the article [[Dinesh Kumar]] and I think it should not be there because the article links to many Bharatpedia articles and I request you to remove the orphan tag because such tags affect the indexing of articles.

[[User:Aschoudhary9|Aschoudhary9]] ([[User talk:Aschoudhary9|talk]]) 17:38, 1 July 2023 (IST)

== Autopatrolled ==

Thanks for informing me about autopatrolled category. I have put in my request but something seems to have gone wrong. Please check. -[[User:Kamal Guha|Kamal Guha]] ([[User talk:Kamal Guha|talk]]) 20:27, 4 July 2023 (IST)
:It looks good so let's wait for some time to see other's reactions. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 21:42, 4 July 2023 (IST)

== Thanks ==

Thank you for granting me the autocontrolled privilege. - [[User:Kamal Guha|Kamal Guha]] ([[User talk:Kamal Guha|talk]]) 11:02, 5 July 2023 (IST)

== Request for Auto Patrolled ==

'''Can you give me this future. So I can check which pages are being viewed and which are not so that Bharatpedia does not face any problem of spamming.'''
And please bring Bharatpedia on par with Wikipedia.

== Request for Auto Patrolled ==

may peace be upon you . who are you Well I need Autopattrolled from you to make bharapedia great. Let's make it equivalent to Wikipedia in a piece. So that no one here does not violate it.

== Pending ==

Hey, My Autopatrolled rights review pending please check. [[User:PinkMelon|'''PinkMelon''']][[User talk:PinkMelon|(talk)]] 02:01, 6 August 2023 (IST)

== Checkuser ==

I think here are no other checkuser in Bharatpedia ... Can I get this right ? [[User:PinkMelon|'''PinkMelon''']][[User talk:PinkMelon|(talk)]] 02:16, 11 August 2023 (IST)
:PinkMelon, CU is not operational at the moment and is only granted to highly trusted users after various types of verifications because it contains sensitive data. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 11:48, 11 August 2023 (IST)

::Ok Thanks, I want to contribute to Hindi, Bengali, Punjabi and etc. languages bharatpedia, I can't login there,Can you guide me how to login on there ??? [[User:PinkMelon|'''PinkMelon''']][[User talk:PinkMelon|(talk)]] 10:32, 20 August 2023 (IST)

:::The login feature was disabled on other languages wiki since Bharatpedia was attacked with DDoS however if you want to contribute there you can ask the tech team to enable it by mailing them at {{nospam|info|bharatmedia.org}} and let me know if you need any help. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 10:41, 20 August 2023 (IST)

== Twinkle ==

Is twinkle available here when I get to the Implicit Auto-confirmed? Or it is yet to develop? As its open source just curious. [[User:Systumm|Systumm]] ([[User talk:Systumm|talk]]) 00:42, 28 August 2023 (IST)

== More & X-Tools ==

I see the options to enable them, but I dont see it on the pages after being enabled, is it something browser or they are not functional here?
[[User:Systumm|Systumm]] ([[User talk:Systumm|talk]]) 00:52, 28 August 2023 (IST)
:Hello {{re|Systumm}}, thanks for bringing up the concerns. To the best of my understanding, Twinkle and -Tools aren't meant to function on wikis not owned by us. About the "more menu" gadget, I've requested the technical team to check it out. I'll keep you posted on any updates they provide. If you come across any other problems or have suggestions, please feel free to share them via email at {{nospam|info|bharatmedia.org}}. Your input will greatly contribute to making Bharatpedia a better platform for its users. Thank you. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 11:30, 28 August 2023 (IST)

== Bharatpedia Load Speed ==

Bharatpedia is probably going through heavy traffic or server load, or maybe it needs some extra bandwidth for the cloud, Am I the only one experiencing this? Pages are loading very slow it takes almost 20-30 seconds. Where other websites are loading within 1 seconds or instantly. [[User:Systumm|Systumm]] ([[User talk:Systumm|talk]]) 00:36, 30 August 2023 (IST)
:{{re|Systumm}} You might face issues on uncached pages. For me, most of the pages open within 3-4 seconds but due to heavy traffic and load on the server, long uncached pages take some time, especially at midnight when the site receives a lot of bot requests from multiple search engines. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 08:35, 30 August 2023 (IST)

== Errors ==

Hi Admin.
I created a few pages and templates but in [[:Template:Infobox valley]] and [[:Hulhulé Island]] some errors are showing related to modules can you fix that? Thanks
:{{tps}} WikiDwarf, I have fixed the issues and informed Soldier on my talk page. [[User:Ajay Kumar|Ajay Kumar]] ([[User talk:Ajay Kumar|talk]]) 20:49, 8 September 2023 (IST)

== Bn bharatpedia ==

Hi, I'm not able to sign up on Bengali bharatpedia, it doesn't showing any option to create account. Can you help me on this matter? Thank you. [[User:Asked42|Asked42]] ([[User talk:Asked42|talk]]) 16:37, 30 September 2023 (IST)

Except English, other local Bharatpedias are currently locked.After complete maintenance probably it will open for account creation.

[[User:Magadha Historian|Magadha Historian]] ([[User talk:Magadha Historian|talk]]) 19:56, 23 November 2023 (IST)

== Question ❓ ==

Why is our Bharatpedia now entirely reliant on Wikimedia Commons for media files?

Sadly the Wikimedia Commons account "Hutah" that uploaded our Bharatpedia logo appears to be blocked on the Russian Wikipedia.

https://commons.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAuth/Hutah

We require a system similar mechanism like Everybodywiki, where files from Wikimedia Commons directly uploaded to their media platforms.
[[User:Magadha Historian|Magadha Historian]] ([[User talk:Magadha Historian|talk]]) 19:51, 23 November 2023 (IST)
:Hello {{u|Magadha Historian}}, as far as I know, Wikimedia Commons was initially utilized for files to optimize disk space usage during the early stages of Bharatpedia when it operated on a small server. However, a decision was later made to use our own platform for files, similar to Commons, and the process for the same is still in progress. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 20:11, 23 November 2023 (IST)

Oh, it's cool to know that work is in progress. Best regards

[[User:Magadha Historian|Magadha Historian]] ([[User talk:Magadha Historian|talk]]) 20:15, 23 November 2023 (IST)

== Add Me Autopattroler ==

Can you give me this future. So I can check which pages are being viewed and which are not so that Bharatpedia does not face any problem of spamming. And please bring Bharatpedia on par with Wikipedia. [[User:Muskit Gergous|Muskit Gergous]] ([[User talk:Muskit Gergous|talk]]) 21:16, 27 November 2023 (IST)
:{{re|Muskit Gergous}} Please apply for the permission at [[Bharatpedia:Requests for permissions/Autopatrolled]] and read [[Bharatpedia:Autopatrolled|this page]] before requesting. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 21:37, 27 November 2023 (IST)

== I need Administrator ==

may peace be upon you how are you firend feeling Well I need Administrator from you to make bharapedia great. Let's make it equivalent to Wikipedia in a piece. So that no one here does not violate it. [[User:Muskit Gergous|Muskit Gergous]] ([[User talk:Muskit Gergous|talk]]) 11:06, 28 November 2023 (IST)
:{{re|Muskit Gergous}} You can nominate yourself at [[Bharatpedia:Requests for adminship/Nominate]] but before that please review the requirments at [[Bharatpedia:Requests for adminship#About RfA]]. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 18:13, 28 November 2023 (IST)

== 2 December 2023 ==

When I try to create a module after creating template, I don't get an edit option show, so I want to ask you for permission. [[User:Muskit Gergous|Muskit Gergous]] ([[User talk:Muskit Gergous|talk]]) 12:30, 2 December 2023 (IST)
:The access to create pages in the module namespace is limited to admins. If you wish to create a module, please do so in your sandbox and then request an admin to review it. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 13:41, 2 December 2023 (IST)

== 3 November 2023 ==
Because of which I am very upset and sorry for your behavior I am going to leave this Bharatpedia and go back to [[Wikipedia]].An admin-created page that you've moved to [[Draft:Farhan Rana Rajpoot]]
And the one whose username you have just changed, you also gave RollerBaker and Autopatroller to him who created an account after a month. 😓😭My purpose of speaking is not that I am playing against you, my purpose of speaking is that I am very sorry to say this to you.And last but not least, I was more senior than him in account editing

== Election modules ==

Hi WikiDwarf, hope you are doing well. I was updating some election pages and I notice that the [[:Module:Political party]] and its subpages are not up to date so please update all. Thanks [[User:BellaCH|BellaCH]] ([[User talk:BellaCH|talk]]) 12:48, 3 December 2023 (IST)
:{{re|BellaCH}} done. Thank you for bringing this to my attention. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 11:06, 4 December 2023 (IST)

== Review the article ==

Hello [[User:WikiDwarf]], Can you review the article now after adding some additional sources and authority control [[Draft:Fuad Al-Qrize]],Thank You. --[[User:Alialfaisal|Alialfaisal]] ([[User talk:Alialfaisal|talk]]) 00:45, 8 December 2023 (IST)

== 13/12/2023 ==

Hello [[User:WikiDwarf]], im a new user can u guide me a little on how to edit Bharatpedia as i know the basics,also isnt there a source editor mode just like wikipedia?

== About primary Greek Script. ==

Hello WikiDwarf, I've noticed that the primary Indic Script Brahmi with translation is commonly used on Bharatpedia. I'm interested in adding primary Greek and Latin Scripts like Strabo[https://archive.org/details/geographyofstrab07strauoft/page/144/mode/1up], Arian, and Justin just above their English translations. English translations as quotes are already present on the pages.

So I wanna ask , is there any rule against this, or am I free to add the primary Greek Scripts, similar to how Ashoka's Indic Brahmi script is already used above its English translation on various pages? [[User:Bharatwiki Socrates|Bharatwiki Socrates]] ([[User talk:Bharatwiki Socrates|talk]]) 17:11, 15 December 2023 (IST)
:{{re|Bharatwiki Socrates}} You may use a small part or quotation if required but not the translation of the entire article or each paragraph. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 19:56, 16 December 2023 (IST)

::Thanks {{re|WikiDwarf}} for clarification, actually I am also willing to use only quotation part which I have cleared above : "'''adding primary Greek and Latin Scripts like Strabo, Arian, and Justin just above their English translations. English translations as quotes are already present on the pages.''' " I will come back after my competative exams. See you soon. Best Regards [[User:Bharatwiki Socrates|Bharatwiki Socrates]] ([[User talk:Bharatwiki Socrates|talk]]) 04:08, 17 December 2023 (IST)

== Dear Sir ==

Sir I needed some help from you. [[User:Coolblack4|Coolblack4]] ([[User talk:Coolblack4|talk]]) 08:50, 31 December 2023 (IST)
:Hello {{u|Coolblack4}}, Sure. Please feel free to leave your message. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 09:57, 31 December 2023 (IST)

== Zerodha, all links are working, none are dead or advert ==

As per your suggestion, already checked all the reference links and sources, all the weblinks are working , did you check you web browser configuration ?

Delhi-Panipat Expressway

2024-01-01T07:11:45Z

Hexatron93: Basic beginning

Delhi-Panipat Expressway is an expressway, which is a section of NH-44, this expressway is an 10 lane 70 kms tolled-access controlled expressway.<ref>https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/nitin-gadkari-flyovers-delhi-panipat-8676719/</ref>

Zerodha

2023-12-15T10:38:08Z

Hexatron93: /* Company */

Zerodha Broking Ltd. is an Indian financial services company (member of NSE, BSE, MCX, MCX-SX ), offering institutional and retail brokerage, currency and commodity trading, mutual funds and bonds. Founded in 2010, the company is headquartered in Bengaluru and has a physical presence in many major Indian cities.<ref>https://cio.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/strategy-and-management/technology-helps-us-unleash-innovation-in-capital-markets-zerodha-cto-kailash-nadh/63589744</ref>

==Story==

The company was founded in August 2010 by two brothers Nithin and Nikhil Kamath. The name chosen falls on Zerodha, indicating a combination of words for corporate ideals: Zero and "Rodha", the Sanskrit word for "barrier".

As of 2019, Zerodha was the largest retail stock broker in India by active client base and contributes up to 2% of daily retail volumes on Indian stock exchanges.<ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/zerodha-replaces-biggies-as-largest-broker-in-india/articleshow/67462967.cms</ref>

Zerodha is also an investor in Kofluence, an AI-driven adtech influencer marketing platform. The company had raised pre-series funding of $4 million as of February 8, 2022.<ref>https://newsazi.com/zerodhas-kamath-leads-4mn-fundraise-by-marketing-tech-platform-kofluence/</ref>

In June 2020, Zerodha joined the "unicorn club" with a self-valuation of approximately $1 billion. This valuation was based on the ESOP buyback exercise that the company undertook by valuing each share at more than four times the book value of ₹700 per share.<ref>https://inc42.com/buzz/zerodha-claims-unicorn-valuation-in-esops-buyback-plan/</ref>

==Company==

A fixed commission of up to ₹20 is applied to a trade, regardless of its size, and offers its retail clients a host of purpose-built trading applications.

Zerodha has a base of more than 12 lakh (12x10 5 = 1,200,000) of active customers.Ltd. Zerodha Commodities Pvt. The company also offers commodity trading through its wholly owned subsidiary.<ref>http://www.forbesindia.com/article/tycoons-of-tomorrow/nithin-and-nikhil-kamath-code-zero/51347/1</ref>

Won the "Economic Times Startup Awards 2016" in the "Bootstrap Champ" category. The company also won the award BSE - D&B "Emerging Equity Broking House Award" in 2014 and 2015 and the NSE "Retail Broker of the Year" in 2018.<ref>https://zerodha.com/z-connect/zerodha/bulletin-latest-at-zerodha/zerodha-indias-best-retail-brokerage-for-2018-by-nse</ref>

===Rainmatter===
In 2014, Rainmatter was founded as an early-stage fund with a corpus of ₹50 Crore. By keeping the ticket size under $1 million per investment, the fund focused on reducing risk but focused on financing start-ups in new technology and new product development. Some notable investments of Rainmatter are in startups such as Cred, Finception, Smallcase and Sensibull.<ref>https://tech.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/startups/zerodhas-rainmatter-invests-rs-4-crore-in-finception/71279236</ref>
===True Beacon and AMC mutual fund===
In 2019, Zerodha started True Beacon, the Alternative Investment Fund focused on providing returns in volatile markets through their defensive investment strategy. The $2 million minimum investment fund was able to generate a return of more than 13% in its first year. In 2020, Zerodha applied for a license to set up an AMC mutual fund in India.<ref>https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/zerodha-applies-for-mutual-fund-license/articleshow/74223016.cms</ref>

Zerodha

2023-12-15T10:36:45Z

Hexatron93:

Zerodha Broking Ltd. is an Indian financial services company (member of NSE, BSE, MCX, MCX-SX ), offering institutional and retail brokerage, currency and commodity trading, mutual funds and bonds. Founded in 2010, the company is headquartered in Bengaluru and has a physical presence in many major Indian cities.<ref>https://cio.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/strategy-and-management/technology-helps-us-unleash-innovation-in-capital-markets-zerodha-cto-kailash-nadh/63589744</ref>

==Story==

The company was founded in August 2010 by two brothers Nithin and Nikhil Kamath. The name chosen falls on Zerodha, indicating a combination of words for corporate ideals: Zero and "Rodha", the Sanskrit word for "barrier".

As of 2019, Zerodha was the largest retail stock broker in India by active client base and contributes up to 2% of daily retail volumes on Indian stock exchanges.<ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/zerodha-replaces-biggies-as-largest-broker-in-india/articleshow/67462967.cms</ref>

Zerodha is also an investor in Kofluence, an AI-driven adtech influencer marketing platform. The company had raised pre-series funding of $4 million as of February 8, 2022.<ref>https://newsazi.com/zerodhas-kamath-leads-4mn-fundraise-by-marketing-tech-platform-kofluence/</ref>

In June 2020, Zerodha joined the "unicorn club" with a self-valuation of approximately $1 billion. This valuation was based on the ESOP buyback exercise that the company undertook by valuing each share at more than four times the book value of ₹700 per share.<ref>https://inc42.com/buzz/zerodha-claims-unicorn-valuation-in-esops-buyback-plan/</ref>

==Company==

A fixed commission of up to ₹20 is applied to a trade, regardless of its size, and offers its retail clients a host of purpose-built trading applications.

Zerodha has a base of more than 12 lakh[13] (12x10 5 = 1,200,000) of active customers.Ltd. Zerodha Commodities Pvt. The company also offers commodity trading through its wholly owned subsidiary.<ref>http://www.forbesindia.com/article/tycoons-of-tomorrow/nithin-and-nikhil-kamath-code-zero/51347/1</ref>

Won the "Economic Times Startup Awards 2016" in the "Bootstrap Champ" category.[17] The company also won the award BSE - D&B "Emerging Equity Broking House Award" in 2014 and 2015 and the NSE "Retail Broker of the Year" in 2018.<ref>https://zerodha.com/z-connect/zerodha/bulletin-latest-at-zerodha/zerodha-indias-best-retail-brokerage-for-2018-by-nse</ref>

===Rainmatter===
In 2014, Rainmatter was founded as an early-stage fund with a corpus of ₹50 Crore. By keeping the ticket size under $1 million per investment, the fund focused on reducing risk but focused on financing start-ups in new technology and new product development. Some notable investments of Rainmatter are in startups such as Cred, Finception, Smallcase and Sensibull.<ref>https://tech.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/startups/zerodhas-rainmatter-invests-rs-4-crore-in-finception/71279236</ref>
===True Beacon and AMC mutual fund===
In 2019, Zerodha started True Beacon, the Alternative Investment Fund focused on providing returns in volatile markets through their defensive investment strategy. The $2 million minimum investment fund was able to generate a return of more than 13% in its first year. In 2020, Zerodha applied for a license to set up an AMC mutual fund in India.<ref>https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/zerodha-applies-for-mutual-fund-license/articleshow/74223016.cms</ref>

Zerodha

2023-12-15T10:35:47Z

Hexatron93: Created page with "Zerodha Broking Ltd. is an Indian financial services company (member of NSE, BSE, MCX, MCX-SX ), offering institutional and retail brokerage, currency and commodity trading, mutual funds and bonds. Founded in 2010, the company is headquartered in Bengaluru and has a physical presence in many major Indian cities.<ref>{{Cita web |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-05-30/news/39628815_1_support-centre-support-center-ahmedabad |titolo= |accesso=1º agosto..."

Zerodha Broking Ltd. is an Indian financial services company (member of NSE, BSE, MCX, MCX-SX ), offering institutional and retail brokerage, currency and commodity trading, mutual funds and bonds. Founded in 2010, the company is headquartered in Bengaluru and has a physical presence in many major Indian cities.<ref>{{Cita web |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-05-30/news/39628815_1_support-centre-support-center-ahmedabad |titolo= |accesso=1º agosto 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cita news |lingua=en|nome=Tanya |cognome=Thomas |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/markets/stock-markets/active-accounts-discount-brokers-gain-market-share/article9459630.ece |titolo=Active accounts: discount brokers gain market share |pubblicazione=The Hindu Business Line |data=4 gennaio 2017 |accesso=12 agosto 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cita news |url=https://cio.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/strategy-and-management/technology-helps-us-unleash-innovation-in-capital-markets-zerodha-cto-kailash-nadh/63589744 |titolo=Technology helps us unleash innovation in the capital markets: Zerodha CTO Kailash Nadh|pubblicazione=Economic Times |data=3 aprile 2018 |accesso=11 agosto 2018}}</ref>

==Story==

The company was founded in August 2010 by two brothers Nithin and Nikhil Kamath. The name chosen falls on Zerodha, indicating a combination of words for corporate ideals: Zero and "Rodha", the Sanskrit word for "barrier".

As of 2019, Zerodha was the largest retail stock broker in India by active client base and contributes up to 2% of daily retail volumes on Indian stock exchanges.<ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/zerodha-replaces-biggies-as-largest-broker-in-india/articleshow/67462967.cms</ref>

Zerodha is also an investor in Kofluence, an AI-driven adtech influencer marketing platform. The company had raised pre-series funding of $4 million as of February 8, 2022.<ref>https://newsazi.com/zerodhas-kamath-leads-4mn-fundraise-by-marketing-tech-platform-kofluence/</ref>

In June 2020, Zerodha joined the "unicorn club" with a self-valuation of approximately $1 billion. This valuation was based on the ESOP buyback exercise that the company undertook by valuing each share at more than four times the book value of ₹700 per share.<ref>https://inc42.com/buzz/zerodha-claims-unicorn-valuation-in-esops-buyback-plan/</ref>

==Company==

A fixed commission of up to ₹20 is applied to a trade, regardless of its size, and offers its retail clients a host of purpose-built trading applications.

Zerodha has a base of more than 12 lakh[13] (12x10 5 = 1,200,000) of active customers.Ltd. Zerodha Commodities Pvt. The company also offers commodity trading through its wholly owned subsidiary.<ref>http://www.forbesindia.com/article/tycoons-of-tomorrow/nithin-and-nikhil-kamath-code-zero/51347/1</ref>

Won the "Economic Times Startup Awards 2016" in the "Bootstrap Champ" category.[17] The company also won the award BSE - D&B "Emerging Equity Broking House Award" in 2014 and 2015 and the NSE "Retail Broker of the Year" in 2018.<ref>https://zerodha.com/z-connect/zerodha/bulletin-latest-at-zerodha/zerodha-indias-best-retail-brokerage-for-2018-by-nse</ref>

===Rainmatter===
In 2014, Rainmatter was founded as an early-stage fund with a corpus of ₹50 Crore. By keeping the ticket size under $1 million per investment, the fund focused on reducing risk but focused on financing start-ups in new technology and new product development. Some notable investments of Rainmatter are in startups such as Cred, Finception, Smallcase and Sensibull.<ref>https://tech.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/startups/zerodhas-rainmatter-invests-rs-4-crore-in-finception/71279236</ref>
===True Beacon and AMC mutual fund===
In 2019, Zerodha started True Beacon, the Alternative Investment Fund focused on providing returns in volatile markets through their defensive investment strategy. The $2 million minimum investment fund was able to generate a return of more than 13% in its first year. In 2020, Zerodha applied for a license to set up an AMC mutual fund in India.<ref>https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/zerodha-applies-for-mutual-fund-license/articleshow/74223016.cms</ref>

List of companies based in Gurgaon

2023-12-02T19:44:03Z

Hexatron93: /* Companies based in Gurgaon */

{{short description|Bharatpedia list article}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2017}}
This is a '''list of companies based in Gurgaon'''. [[Gurgaon]], also known as Gurugram, is a city in the Indian state of [[Haryana]], located immediately south of the [[National Capital Territory of Delhi]], {{convert|32|km}} southwest of New Delhi and {{cvt|268|km}} southwest of [[Chandigarh]], the capital of India's Punjab state. {{as of|2011}} Gurgaon had a population of 876,969.<ref name="census2011coin">{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/46-gurgaon.html|title=Gurgaon City Census 2011 data|accessdate=2016-05-26}}</ref> Witnessing rapid urbanisation, Gurgaon has become a leading financial and industrial hub with the third highest [[per capita income]] in India.<ref name=percapita3>{{cite news |last=Julka |first= Harsimran |title=IT firms looking beyond Gurgaon, Noida, Greater Noida to other cities in north India |url= http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-09-30/news/30228817_1_gurgaon-satellite-towns-noida|accessdate=2 October 2013 |newspaper= The Economic Times |date= 30 September 2011 |agency= ET Bureau}}</ref>

== Companies based in Gurgaon ==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Amartex]]
* [[Amdocs]]
* [[Apollo Tyres]]
* [[Artemis Hospital]]
* [[Aristocrat Leisure]]
* [[Aviva India]]
* [[Ballarpur Industries]]
* [[Meenakshi Sargogi|Balrampur Chini Mills]]
* [[Bharti Airtel]]
* [[Blinkit]]
* [[BluSmart]]
* [[Ciena]]
* [[Comviva]]
* [[Colt Technology Services]]
* [[Delhivery]]
* [[DreamFolks]]
* [[DLF (company)|DLF]]
* [[Dunzo]]
* [[Eicher Motors]]
* [[English Indian Clays|English Indian Clays Ltd(EICL)]]
* [[Employees' State Insurance|Employees State Insurance Corporation]]
* [[FabFurnish]]
* [[FabHotels]]
* [[Freecharge]]
* [[Fullerton Securities]]
* [[Fortis Healthcare]]
* [[Goibibo]]
* [[Hero MotoCorp]]
* [[Housing.com]]
* [[Hughes Systique Corporation]]
* [[Jabong.com]]
* [[Maruti Suzuki|JBM Group(Jay Bharat Maruti Ltd.)]]
* [[Jaquar]]
* [[Jindal Steel and Power]]
* [[Jindal Stainless Limited|Jindal Stainless]]
* [[Lenskart]]
* [[Limeroad]]
* [[Hyundai Motor India]]
* [[ICRA Limited]]
* [[Infrastructure Leasing & Financial Services|IL&FS Technologies Limited]]
* [[Indian Farmers Fertiliser Cooperative]]
* [[IndiGo]]
* [[Indus Towers]]
* [[Indiabulls]]
* [[IYogi]]
* [[Lemon Tree Hotels]]
* [[LetsTrack]]
* [[Lybrate]]
* [[MakeMyTrip]]
* [[Mavenir]]
* [[MullenLowe Lintas Group]]
* [[Mettl]]
* [[Medanta]]
* [[Micromax Informatics]]
* [[MobiKwik]]
* [[NIIT]]
* [[NTT Data]]
* [[Oxigen Services]]
* [[Oyo Rooms]]
* [[Paper Boat]]
* [[Paras Healthcare]]
* [[Policybazaar]]
* [[Power Grid Corporation of India]]
* [[Proxgy]]
* [[Pristyn Care]]
* [[Punj Lloyd]]
* [[PVR Cinemas]]
* [[Raheja Developers]]
* [[RailTel]]
* [[REC Limited|Rural Electrification Corporation]]
* [[ReNew Power]]
* [[Revv Cars]]
* [[Rail India Technical and Economic Service| RITES]]
* [[Ranbaxy Laboratories]]
* [[Rapido (company)|Rapido]]
* [[Roposo]]
* [[Mankind Pharma]]
* [[Max Life Insurance]]
* [[Max Healthcare]]
* [[Satya Paul]]
* [[Snapdeal]]
* [[SBI Cards]]
* [[SIX5SIX]]
* [[Swiggy]]
* [[Shalimar Paints]]
* [[ShopClues]]
* [[Shuttl]]
* [[SpiceJet]]
* [[SRF Limited]]
* [[Stryker Corporation|Stryker]]
* [[Sterlite Technologies]]
* [[Su-Kam Power Systems]]
* [[Tex Corp]]
* [[Tejas Networks]]
* [[Tower Research]]
* [[Times Internet]]
* [[Transport Corporation of India]]
* [[Varun Beverages]]
* [[Verint Systems]]
* [[Xerox India]]
* [[Ibibo]]
* [[Info Edge]]
* [[ixigo]]
* [[Yatra (company)|Yatra]]
* [[Yebhi]]
* [[Zomato]]
* [[Zostel]]
* [[ZS Associates]]
{{div col end}}

==See also==
{{portal|Companies|India|Lists}}
* [[List of companies based in Hyderabad]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Companies based in Gurgaon| 01]]
[[Category:Lists of companies of India by city|Gurgaon]]
[[Category:Haryana-related lists|companies based in Gurgaon]]
[[Category:Gurgaon]]

List of ports in India

2023-11-30T17:27:04Z

Hexatron93: /* List of ports under-construction */

{{short description|Wikipedia list article}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2011}}
[[Image:airports and seaports map.png|thumb|Map showing the location of airports and seaports in India]]

India has a coastline spanning 7516.6 kilometres, forming one of the biggest [[peninsula]]s in the world. According to the [[Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways (India)|Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways]], around 95 per cent of India's trading by volume and 70 per cent by value is done through maritime transport. It is serviced by 13 major ports (12 Government-owned and one private) and 187 notified minor and intermediate ports. Port Blair which was notified as major port in 2010 was removed of its status recently. The total 200 major and non-major ports are present in the following States: Maharashtra (53); Gujarat (40); Tamil Nadu (15); Karnataka (10) and others (82).<ref name="ffgasjk">{{cite web|url=http://shipmin.gov.in/index1.php?lang=1&level=0&linkid=16&lid=64|title=MoS, GoI|archive-url=http://shipmin.gov.in/writereaddata/l892s/37906741-NonMajorp.pdf|archive-date=26 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Government of India]] plans to modernise these ports and has approved a project called [[Sagarmala]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Cabinet gives 'in principle' nod to concept of Sagarmala project|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-03-27/news/60475179_1_waterways-varanasi-haldia-port-led-development|access-date=4 July 2015|publisher=Economic Times, Times of India|date=27 March 2015}}</ref>
The ports and shipping industry in India play a vital role in sustaining growth in the country's trade and commerce. The Indian Government has allowed Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) of up to 100 per cent under the automatic route for port and harbour construction and maintenance projects. The government has also initiated National Maritime Development Programme
, an initiative to develop the maritime sector with a planned outlay of US$11.8 billion.
Present by souvenir

==Classification of ports==
Indian government has a [[federal government|federal structure]], and according to its [[Constitution of India|constitution]], [[maritime transport]] is to be administered by both the Central and the State governments. While the central government's [[Ministry of Shipping, Road Transport and Highways (India)|shipping ministry]] administers the major ports, the minor and intermediate ports are administered by the relevant departments or ministries in the nine coastal states [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Goa]], [[Gujarat]], [[Karnataka]], [[Kerala]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Odisha]], [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[West Bengal]]. Several of these 187 minor and intermediate ports have been identified by the respective governments to be developed, in a phased manner, a good proportion of them involving [[public–private partnership]].

Major ports handled over 74% of all cargo traffic in 2007. All except [[Kamarajar Port Limited]] are government administered, but private sector participation in ports has increased. There are also 7 [[shipyards]] under the control of the [[central government of India]], 2 shipyards controlled by state governments, and 19 privately owned shipyards.

As of 2000, there were 102 shipping companies operating in [[India]], of which five were privately owned and based in India and one was owned by [[Shipping Corporation of India]]. There were 639 government-owned ships, including 91 oil tankers, 79 dry cargo bulk carriers, and 10 cellular container vessels. Indian-flagged vessels carried about 15 percent of overseas cargo at Indian ports for financial year 2003.

===Ship breaking===
{{anchor | Breaking | Ship breaking }}

As of January 2020, India has 30% share of [[Ship_breaking#India|ship breaking]] with annual US$1.1 billion revenue, which is lower than its potential business since India is not a signatory to [[Hong Kong International Convention for the safe and environmentally sound recycling of ships]]. Due to which treaty signatory nations, such as USA, Europe and Japan are not sending ships to India for breaking. India plans to pass the "Recycling of Ships Act, 2019" to ratify the Hong Kong treaty. This will allow India to capture its targeted 60% in the global ship breaking business while doubling the annual to US$2.3 billion target.<ref name=breakkro1>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/shipping-/-transport/india-eyes-60-per-cent-share-of-global-ship-recycling-business-higher-gdp-contribution-mandaviya/articleshow/72964082.cms India eyes 60 per cent share of global ship recycling business; higher GDP contribution], Economic Times, 30 December 2019.</ref> India's [[Alang|Alang-Sosiya Ship Breaking Yard]] is world's largest [[Ship graveyard|ships' graveyard]].<ref name=breakkro1/> Other ships' graveyard in India is the "Steel Industrials Kerala Limited".

Largest Port in [[Arabian Sea]] - [[Mundra Port]] ([[Gujarat]])

Largest Port in [[Bay of Bengal]]- [[Paradip Port]] ([[Orissa]])

==Cargo handled==
The following table gives the detailed data about the 28 major & big ports of India.<ref name=operationsIPA>{{cite web |url=http://www.ipa.nic.in//showimg.cshtml?ID=217 |title=Operational Details | access-date=17 December 2014 | publisher=Indian Ports Association}}</ref> ''(Source: [http://www.ipa.nic.in//showimg.cshtml?ID=899 Indian Ports Association] and [http://ippta.org.in/ Indian Private Ports & Terminals Association] )''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! rowspan="2" |No.
! rowspan="2" |Name
! rowspan="2" |Estb. Date/Year
! rowspan="2" |Image
! rowspan="2" |City
! rowspan="2" |State
! colspan="2" |Cargo Handled ([[fiscal year|FY]]2017-18)
! colspan="2" |Container Traffic ([[fiscal year|FY]]2017-18)
! rowspan="2" |Ownership
! rowspan="2" | Coast
|-
! million [[tonne]]s!! % Increase (over previous [[fiscal year|FY]])
! '000 [[Twenty-foot equivalent unit|TEUs]]!! % Increase (over previous [[fiscal year|FY]])
|-
| '''1'''
|[[Mundra Port]]
| 1998
|[[File:Adani Mundra Port Kutch Gujarat.jpg|150px]]
|[[Mundra]]|| align="left" | [[Gujarat]]|| align="right" | 150 || align="right" | || align="right" | || align="right" | || [[Adani Group]] || Western
|-
| '''2'''
|[[Kandla|Deendayal Port Trust]]
| 1965
|
|[[Kandla]]|| align="left" | [[Gujarat]]|| align="right" | 110.10 || align="right" | 4.42% ↑ || align="right" | 117 || align="right" | 95.73% ↑ || Government of India || Western
|-
| '''3'''
|[[Paradip Port|Paradip Port Authority]]
| 18th April 1966
|[[File:Paradip_Port.jpg|150px]]
|[[Paradeep]]|| align="left" | [[Odisha]]|| align="right" | 102.01 || align="right" | 14.68% ↑ || align="right" | 7 || align="right" | 71.43% ↑ || Government of India || Eastern
|-
| '''4'''
|[[Jawaharlal Nehru Port|Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust]]
| 1988
|[[Image:Jawaharlal Nehru Trust Port.jpg|150px]]
|[[Navi Mumbai]]|| align="left" | [[Maharashtra]]|| align="right" | 66.00 || align="right" | 6.20% ↑ || align="right" | 4,833 || align="right" | 6.89% ↑ || Government of India || Western
|-
| '''5'''
|[[Visakhapatnam Port|Visakhapatnam Port Trust]]
| 1933
|[[File:VizagPort.jpg|150px]]
|[[Visakhapatnam]]|| align="left" | [[Andhra Pradesh]]|| align="right" |63.54|| align="right" | 4.12% ↑ || align="right" | 389 || align="right" | 5.66% ↑ || Government of India || Eastern
|-
| '''6'''
|[[Mumbai Port Trust]]
| 1873
|[[File:Mumbai Port Trust.JPG|150px]]
|[[Mumbai]]|| align="left" | [[Maharashtra]]|| align="right" | 62.83 || align="right" | -0.35% ↓ || align="right" | 42 || align="right" | -2.38% ↓ || Government of India || Western
|-
| '''7'''
|[[Port of Kolkata|Syama Prasad Mookerjee Port Trust]]
| 1870
|[[File:Ships at Kolkata Port 2.jpg|150px]]
|[[Kolkata]]
| align="left" |[[West Bengal]]|| align="right" | 57.89 || align="right" | 13.61% ↑ || align="right" | 796 || align="right" | 3.02% ↑ || Government of India || Eastern
|-
| '''8'''
|[[Karaikal Port]]
| 2009
|[[File:Karaikal port.jpg|150px]]
|[[Karaikal]]|| align="left" | [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]|| align="right" | 55 || align="right" | || align="right" | || align="right" | || [[Adani Group]] || Eastern
|-
| '''9'''
|[[Chennai Port|Chennai Port Trust]]
| 1881
|File:Port of Chennai, India - panoramio.jpg|150px
|[[Chennai]]
| align="left" | [[Tamil Nadu]]|| align="right" | 51.88 || align="right" | 3.32% ↑ || align="right" | 1,549 || align="right" | 3.49% ↑ || Government of India || Eastern
|-
| '''10'''
|[[Jaigad Port|JSW Jaigad Port]]
| 2006
|
|[[Ratnagiri district]]|| align="left" | [[Maharashtra]]|| align="right" | 50 || align="right" | || align="right" | || align="right" | || [[JSW Group]] || Western
|-
| '''11'''
|[[Haldia Port|Haldia Port Trust]]
| 1967
|[[File:Haldia port@.png|150px]]
|[[Haldia]]|| align="left" | [[West Bengal]]|| align="right" | 48.6 || align="right" | 18.61% ↑ || align="right" | 115 || align="right" | 3.45% ↑ || Government of India || Western
|-
| '''12'''
|[[Krishnapatnam Port]]
| 2008
|[[File:Krishnapatnam port cranes unloadng a ship.jpg|150px]]
|[[Krishnapatnam]]|| align="left" | [[Andra Pradesh]]|| align="right" | 45 || align="right" | || align="right" | || align="right" | || [[Adani Group]] || Eastern
|-
| '''13'''
|[[New Mangalore Port|New Mangaluru Port Trust]]
| 1974
|[[File:Mangalore_Port_(4531088758).jpg|150px]]
|[[Mangalore|Mangaluru]]|| align="left" | [[Karnataka]]|| align="right" | 42.06 || align="right" | 5.28% ↑ || align="right" | 115 || align="right" | 17.39% ↑ || Government of India || Western
|-
| '''14'''
|[[Kamarajar Port Limited|Kamarajar Port]]
| 2001
|
|[[Ennore]]|| align="left" | [[Tamil Nadu]]|| align="right" | 38 || align="right" | || align="right" | || align="right" | || [[Adani Group]] || Eastern
|-
| '''15'''
|[[V.O. Chidambaranar Port Trust]]
| 1974
|[[File:A_view_of_Tuticorin_Port.jpg|150px]]
|[[Thoothukkudi]]|| align="left" | [[Tamil Nadu]]|| align="right" | 36.58 || align="right" | -4.91% ↓ || align="right" | 698 || align="right" | 8.02% ↑ || Government of India || Eastern
|-
| '''16'''
|[[Dharamtar|JSW Dharamtar Port]]
| 2012
|
|[[Alibag]]|| align="left" | [[Maharastra]]|| align="right" | 34 || align="right" | || align="right" | || align="right" | || [[JSW Group]] || Western
|-
| '''17'''
|[[Cochin Port Trust]]
| 24 February 1964
|[[File:Container terminal.JPG|150px]]
|[[Kochi]]|| align="left" | [[Kerala]]|| align="right" | 32.02 || align="right" | 16.52% ↑ || align="right" | 735 || align="right" | 11.69% ↑ || Government of India || Western
|-
| '''18'''
|[[Hazira Port]]
| 2013
|
|[[Hazira]]|| align="left" | [[Gujarat]]|| align="right" | 30 || align="right" | || align="right" | || align="right" | || [[Adani Group]] || Western
|-
| '''19'''
|[[Dighi Port]]
| 2000
|
|[[Raigad district]]|| align="left" | [[Maharashtra]]|| align="right" | 30 || align="right" | || align="right" | || align="right" | || [[Adani Group]] || Eastern
|-
| '''20'''
|[[Mormugao Port Trust]]
| 1985
|
|[[Mormugao]]|| align="left" | [[Goa]]|| align="right" | 26.90 || align="right" | -18.94% ↓ || style="text-align:right;" | 32 || align="right" | 6.25% ↑ || Government of India || Western
|-
| '''21'''
|[[Dhamra Port]]
| 2011
|[[File:Dhamra_Port.jpg|150px]]
|[[Bhadrak district]]|| align="left" | [[Odisha]]|| align="right" | 25 || align="right" | || align="right" | || align="right" | || [[Adani Group]] || Eastern
|-
| '''22'''
|[[Gopalpur port]]
| 2013
|[[File:Gopalpur_Port.jpg|150px]]
|[[Chhatrapur]]|| align="left" | [[Odisha]]|| align="right" | 25 || align="right" | || align="right" | || align="right" | || [[Shapoorji Pallonji Group]] || Eastern
|-
| '''23'''
|[[Gangavaram Port]]
| 2009
|[[File:Gangavaram View.jpg|150px]]
|[[Visakhapatnam]]|| align="left" | [[Andhra Pradesh]]|| align="right" | 18.04 || align="right" | || align="right" | || align="right" | || [[Adani Group]] || Eastern
|-
| '''24'''
|[[Kattupalli Shipyard|Kattupalli Port]]
| 2012
|
|[[Kattupalli]]|| align="left" | [[Tamil Nadu]]|| align="right" | 18 || align="right" | || align="right" | || align="right" | || [[Adani Group]] || Eastern
|-
| '''25'''
|[[Dahej Port]]
| 2010
|
|[[Bharuch district]]|| align="left" | [[Gujarat]]|| align="right" | 17.5 || align="right" | || align="right" | || align="right" | || [[Adani Group]] || Western
|-
| '''26'''
|[[Kakinada Port]]
| 1999
|[[File:Far view of Kakinada port from Beach.jpg|150px]]
|[[East Godavari]]|| align="left" | [[Andra Pradesh]]|| align="right" | 14 || align="right" | || align="right" | || align="right" | || [[Aurobindo Group]] || Eastern
|-
| '''27'''
|[[Tuna Port]]
| 2022<ref>https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/union-cabinet-decision-kutch-to-get-2-new-port-terminals-at-rs-5963-crore-8205351/</ref>
|
|[[Tuna]]|| align="left" | [[Gujarat]]|| align="right" | 14 || align="right" | || align="right" | || align="right" | || [[Adani Group]] || Western
|-
| '''28'''
|[[Port Pipavav|APM Terminals Pipavav]]
| 2002
|
|[[Pipavav]]|| align="left" | [[Gujarat]]|| align="right" | 2 || align="right" | '''-46% ↓''' || align="right" |1.35 || align="right" | || [[Maersk]] || Western
|-
|
|'''All Ports'''
| || align="left" | '''India''' || || ||align="right" |'''1,234.1'''|| align="right" |'''4.77% ↑'''|| align="right" |'''9,138'''|| align="right" |'''7.62% ↑''' || -
|-
|}

==Port Handling Equipment==

India has multiple port machinery companies such as [[Elecon Engineering|Elecon Engg.]], TRF, McNally Bharat Engineering etc.

==Partially opened ports==
These type of ports are partially constructed or undergoing mass expansion due to which they are operating without full capacity.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! rowspan="2" |Name
! rowspan="2" |Location
! rowspan="2" | Type
! rowspan="2" |Ownership
|-
| [[Angré Port]]
| Jaigad, Maharashtra
| Dry/Bulk
| Chowgule Group
|-
| [[Agardana Shipyard & Terminals]]
| [[Agardanda]], Maharashtra
| Container/Bulk
| [[Adani Group]]
|-
| [[Bedi Port]]
| [[Bedi]], [[Gujarat]]
| Container/Bulk
| [[Gujarat Maritime Board]]
|-
| [[Bhavnagar Port]]
| [[Bhavnagar]], [[Gujarat]]
| CNG/Bulk
| Government of Gujarat
|-
| [[Karanja Port]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Birkett |first1=Holly |title=India's Karanja port project may be underway again |url=https://splash247.com/indias-karanja-port-project-may-be-underway-again/ |website=splash247.com |date=19 August 2015 |publisher=splash247 |access-date=19 August 2015}}</ref>
| [[Navi Mumbai]], Maharashtra
| Container
| Mercantile Ports and Logistics (MPL)
|-
| [[Salav Port|JSW Salav Port]]
| [[Salav]], Maharashtra
| Dry/Bulk
| JSW Infrastructure
|-
| Rohini Yard
| [[Rohini, Maharashtra|Rohini]], Maharashtra
| Dry/Bulk
| DAS Offshore Ltd.
|-
| Konkan Terminal
| [[Dabhol]], Maharashtra
| LNG
| GAIL
|-
|}

==List of terminals==
These are classified as terminals not ports, these can be easily upgraded to container ports
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! rowspan="2" |Name
! rowspan="2" |Location
! rowspan="2" |Status
! rowspan="2" | Type
! rowspan="2" |Ownership
|-
| [[Bhavnagar Port]]
| [[Bhavnagar]], [[Gujarat]]
| under-construction
| CNG/Bulk
| Government of Gujarat
|-
| Konkan Terminal
| [[Dabhol]], Maharashtra
| {{yes|Completed in 2018}}
| LNG
| GAIL
|-
| [[Chhara LNG Terminal]]
| [[Chhara]], [[Gujarat]]
| under-construction
| LNG
| HPCL
|-
| [[Kochi LNG Terminal]]
| [[Kochi]], Kerala
| {{yes|Completed in 2013}}
| LNG
| Petronet LNG
|-
| [[Kukrahati LNG Terminal]]
| [[Kukrahati]],[[West Bengal]]
| under-construction
| LNG
| H-Energy
|-
| Jaigad Terminal
| [[Jaigad]], Maharashtra
| {{yes|Completed in 2022}}
| LNG
| H-Energy
|-
| Jafrabad Terminal
| [[Jafrabad]],[[Gujarat]]
| under-construction
| LNG
| Swan Energy
|-
| [[Vadinar|Vadinar Port]]
| [[Vadinar]],[[Gujarat]]
| {{yes|Completed in 1978}}
| Oil
| Indian Oil
|}

Apart from this there are also LNG Terminals in ports such as Dahej, GAIL Kakinada FSRU, Hazira LNG Terminal, Krishnapatnam FSRU, Mumbai FSRU, Ennore LNG Terminal, Dhamra LNG Terminal, Chennai LNG Terminal etc.

==List of ports under-construction==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!'''Location'''
!'''State'''
!'''Status'''
|-
|[[Belekeri|Belekeri Port]]
|[[Karnataka]]
| under construction
|-
|[[Sagar Port]]
|West Bengal
| under construction
|-
|[[Astaranga Port]]
|Odisha
|DPR under preparation.
|-
|[[Mahanadi Riverine Port]]
|Odisha
|DPR under preparation.
|-
|Paradip Outer Harbour
|Odisha
|DPR under preparation.
|-
|Sirkazhi
|Tamil Nadu
|Techno Economic Feasibility Report (TEFR) prepared.
|-
|Bhavnagar CNG Terminal
|Gujarat
|On 28 September 2022 the foundation stone was laid for CNG terminal , the development of CNG Terminal and other terminals occurred at the north-side of existing [[Bhavnagar Port]] in December 2019 by the consortium led by Foresight Group, a consortium of London-based Foresight Group, Mumbai-based Padmanabh Mafatlal Group and Rotterdam-based Boskalis signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with Gujarat Maritime Board (GMB) for development of the CNG terminal. Bhavnagar Port Infrastructure Pvt Ltd, a special purpose vehicle formed by the consortium to operate the port.
|-
|Chhara LNG Terminal
|Gujarat
| HPCL Shapoorji Energy Private Limited (HSEPL), the entity which is currently building a 5 MMTPA LNG terminal in Chhara, Gujarat. HSEPL is constructing a 5 MMTPA Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) Terminal at Chhara, Gujarat, at a project cost of about Rs 4,300 crore which is likely to be completed by the end of calendar year 2022. The terminal will have all facilities for receipt of LNG through ocean going tankers, marine unloading, storage, LNG Road Tanker loading, regasification, and supply of regasified LNG to the gas grid.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-03-30 |title=HPCL buys out Shapoorji Pallonji's stake in Chhara LNG Terminal JV for Rs 397 cr |url=https://psuwatch.com/national-news/hpcl-buys-out-shapoorji-pallonji-stake-in-chhara-lng-terminal-jv-for-rs-397-crore |access-date=2023-08-01 |website=PSU Watch |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Colachel Seaport|Kanniyakumari Port]]
|Tamil Nadu
|Major Transhipment Port at [[Kanyakumari]]. SPV formed for the purpose – March, 2019.
|-
|[[Dugarajapatnam Port]]
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
| Dugarajapatnam Port is a proposed seaport in Tirupati district of Andhra Pradesh, India. Construction was expected to start in 2020 and finish in 2023.
|-
|[[Galathea Bay Transhipment Port]]
|[[Great Nicobar]]
|DPR has been completed, The proposed port will come at Galathea Bay in Great Nicobar Island of the Union Territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Syama Prasad Mookerjee Port, Kolkata (SMPK) is the nodal agency for undertaking development of proposed port project in landlord mode.<ref>https://www.logisticsinsider.in/center-approves-galathea-bay-transhipment-port-bidding-to-start-soon/</ref><ref>https://indiainfrahub.com/2023/featured/nine-players-show-interest-in-international-container-transshipment-port-on-nicobar-island/</ref>
|-
|[[Machilipatnam Port]]
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|Construction work started on 22 May 2023<ref>https://indiainfrahub.com/2023/featured/andhra-to-get-another-all-weather-greenfield-port-work-on-rs-5156-crore-machilipatnam-port-at-manginapudi-begins-today/</ref>
|-
|[[Bhavanapadu|Bhavanapadu Port]]
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|DPR under preparation
|-
|[[JSW Group|JSW]] [[Keni Port]]
|Karnataka
|The port at Keni, near Ankola, would be designed to handle 30 million tonnes of cargo per annum.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/karnataka-budget-2023-24-greenfield-ports-keni-pavinakurve-uttara-kannada-district-under-ppp-marina-at-byndoor-beach/article66520152.ece | title=Karnataka Budget 2023-24: Greenfield ports at Keni and Pavinakurve in Uttara Kannada district under PPP, marina at Byndoor beach | newspaper=The Hindu | date=17 February 2023 }}</ref>
|-
|[[JSW Group|JSW]] [[Nangaon Port]]
|Maharashtra
|Approved in 2016, DPR under preparation
|-
|[[Kalingapatnam|Kalingapatnam Port]]
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|DPR completed
|-
|[[Ramayapatnam|Ramayapatnam Port]]
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|DPR completed
|-
|[[Meghavaram|Meghavaram Port]]
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|DPR completed
|-
|Vadhavan Port
|Maharashtra
|under construction
|-
|[[Simar port]]
|Gujarat
|Completion target 2024
|-
|[[JSW Salav Port]]
| Salav, Maharashtra
| Expansion of existing Salav jetty facility from present 235 m jetty length and 21m mooring dolphin by adding additional jetty length of 500 m to handle cargoes from present 3.0 MPTA to 31.0 MPTA.<ref>https://environmentclearance.nic.in/writereaddata/Online/EDS/01_Apr_2017_1141463105I7UNU3UFormIJSWSalavPort.pdf</ref>
|-
|[[Tajpur Port]]
|West Bengal
|DPR under preparation
|-
|[[Tadadi|Tadadi Port]]
|Karnataka
|DPR under preparation
|-
|[[Kakinada Gateway Port]]<ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/new-seaport-proposed-at-kona-village-in-eg-district-of-ap/articleshow/66734018.cms</ref><ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/kakinada-gateway-port-inks-concession-agreement-to-develop-commercial-port/articleshow/66737963.cms</ref>
|Andhra Pradesh
|under construction, Kakinada Gateway Port (KGPL), an arm of Kakinada SEZ, has entered into concession agreement with the Andhra Pradesh government for development of a greenfield commercial port at Kona village in East Godavari district.Kakinada SEZ (KSEZ) is promoted by [[GMR Group|GMR Infrastructure limited]].
|-
|[[Vizhinjam International Seaport]]
|Kerala
|DPR under preparation
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.walkthroughindia.com/walkthroughs/the-12-major-sea-ports-of-india Indian Port List - Best Major 12]

{{commons category|Ports and harbours in India}}
{{Ports and harbors}}
{{Transport in India}}
{{Economy of India}}

[[Category:Economy of India lists]]
[[Category:Ports and harbours of India| ]]
[[Category:Foreign trade of India]]

List of ports in India

2023-11-30T17:25:31Z

Hexatron93: /* List of ports under-construction */

{{short description|Wikipedia list article}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2011}}
[[Image:airports and seaports map.png|thumb|Map showing the location of airports and seaports in India]]

India has a coastline spanning 7516.6 kilometres, forming one of the biggest [[peninsula]]s in the world. According to the [[Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways (India)|Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways]], around 95 per cent of India's trading by volume and 70 per cent by value is done through maritime transport. It is serviced by 13 major ports (12 Government-owned and one private) and 187 notified minor and intermediate ports. Port Blair which was notified as major port in 2010 was removed of its status recently. The total 200 major and non-major ports are present in the following States: Maharashtra (53); Gujarat (40); Tamil Nadu (15); Karnataka (10) and others (82).<ref name="ffgasjk">{{cite web|url=http://shipmin.gov.in/index1.php?lang=1&level=0&linkid=16&lid=64|title=MoS, GoI|archive-url=http://shipmin.gov.in/writereaddata/l892s/37906741-NonMajorp.pdf|archive-date=26 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Government of India]] plans to modernise these ports and has approved a project called [[Sagarmala]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Cabinet gives 'in principle' nod to concept of Sagarmala project|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-03-27/news/60475179_1_waterways-varanasi-haldia-port-led-development|access-date=4 July 2015|publisher=Economic Times, Times of India|date=27 March 2015}}</ref>
The ports and shipping industry in India play a vital role in sustaining growth in the country's trade and commerce. The Indian Government has allowed Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) of up to 100 per cent under the automatic route for port and harbour construction and maintenance projects. The government has also initiated National Maritime Development Programme
, an initiative to develop the maritime sector with a planned outlay of US$11.8 billion.
Present by souvenir

==Classification of ports==
Indian government has a [[federal government|federal structure]], and according to its [[Constitution of India|constitution]], [[maritime transport]] is to be administered by both the Central and the State governments. While the central government's [[Ministry of Shipping, Road Transport and Highways (India)|shipping ministry]] administers the major ports, the minor and intermediate ports are administered by the relevant departments or ministries in the nine coastal states [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Goa]], [[Gujarat]], [[Karnataka]], [[Kerala]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Odisha]], [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[West Bengal]]. Several of these 187 minor and intermediate ports have been identified by the respective governments to be developed, in a phased manner, a good proportion of them involving [[public–private partnership]].

Major ports handled over 74% of all cargo traffic in 2007. All except [[Kamarajar Port Limited]] are government administered, but private sector participation in ports has increased. There are also 7 [[shipyards]] under the control of the [[central government of India]], 2 shipyards controlled by state governments, and 19 privately owned shipyards.

As of 2000, there were 102 shipping companies operating in [[India]], of which five were privately owned and based in India and one was owned by [[Shipping Corporation of India]]. There were 639 government-owned ships, including 91 oil tankers, 79 dry cargo bulk carriers, and 10 cellular container vessels. Indian-flagged vessels carried about 15 percent of overseas cargo at Indian ports for financial year 2003.

===Ship breaking===
{{anchor | Breaking | Ship breaking }}

As of January 2020, India has 30% share of [[Ship_breaking#India|ship breaking]] with annual US$1.1 billion revenue, which is lower than its potential business since India is not a signatory to [[Hong Kong International Convention for the safe and environmentally sound recycling of ships]]. Due to which treaty signatory nations, such as USA, Europe and Japan are not sending ships to India for breaking. India plans to pass the "Recycling of Ships Act, 2019" to ratify the Hong Kong treaty. This will allow India to capture its targeted 60% in the global ship breaking business while doubling the annual to US$2.3 billion target.<ref name=breakkro1>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/shipping-/-transport/india-eyes-60-per-cent-share-of-global-ship-recycling-business-higher-gdp-contribution-mandaviya/articleshow/72964082.cms India eyes 60 per cent share of global ship recycling business; higher GDP contribution], Economic Times, 30 December 2019.</ref> India's [[Alang|Alang-Sosiya Ship Breaking Yard]] is world's largest [[Ship graveyard|ships' graveyard]].<ref name=breakkro1/> Other ships' graveyard in India is the "Steel Industrials Kerala Limited".

Largest Port in [[Arabian Sea]] - [[Mundra Port]] ([[Gujarat]])

Largest Port in [[Bay of Bengal]]- [[Paradip Port]] ([[Orissa]])

==Cargo handled==
The following table gives the detailed data about the 28 major & big ports of India.<ref name=operationsIPA>{{cite web |url=http://www.ipa.nic.in//showimg.cshtml?ID=217 |title=Operational Details | access-date=17 December 2014 | publisher=Indian Ports Association}}</ref> ''(Source: [http://www.ipa.nic.in//showimg.cshtml?ID=899 Indian Ports Association] and [http://ippta.org.in/ Indian Private Ports & Terminals Association] )''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! rowspan="2" |No.
! rowspan="2" |Name
! rowspan="2" |Estb. Date/Year
! rowspan="2" |Image
! rowspan="2" |City
! rowspan="2" |State
! colspan="2" |Cargo Handled ([[fiscal year|FY]]2017-18)
! colspan="2" |Container Traffic ([[fiscal year|FY]]2017-18)
! rowspan="2" |Ownership
! rowspan="2" | Coast
|-
! million [[tonne]]s!! % Increase (over previous [[fiscal year|FY]])
! '000 [[Twenty-foot equivalent unit|TEUs]]!! % Increase (over previous [[fiscal year|FY]])
|-
| '''1'''
|[[Mundra Port]]
| 1998
|[[File:Adani Mundra Port Kutch Gujarat.jpg|150px]]
|[[Mundra]]|| align="left" | [[Gujarat]]|| align="right" | 150 || align="right" | || align="right" | || align="right" | || [[Adani Group]] || Western
|-
| '''2'''
|[[Kandla|Deendayal Port Trust]]
| 1965
|
|[[Kandla]]|| align="left" | [[Gujarat]]|| align="right" | 110.10 || align="right" | 4.42% ↑ || align="right" | 117 || align="right" | 95.73% ↑ || Government of India || Western
|-
| '''3'''
|[[Paradip Port|Paradip Port Authority]]
| 18th April 1966
|[[File:Paradip_Port.jpg|150px]]
|[[Paradeep]]|| align="left" | [[Odisha]]|| align="right" | 102.01 || align="right" | 14.68% ↑ || align="right" | 7 || align="right" | 71.43% ↑ || Government of India || Eastern
|-
| '''4'''
|[[Jawaharlal Nehru Port|Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust]]
| 1988
|[[Image:Jawaharlal Nehru Trust Port.jpg|150px]]
|[[Navi Mumbai]]|| align="left" | [[Maharashtra]]|| align="right" | 66.00 || align="right" | 6.20% ↑ || align="right" | 4,833 || align="right" | 6.89% ↑ || Government of India || Western
|-
| '''5'''
|[[Visakhapatnam Port|Visakhapatnam Port Trust]]
| 1933
|[[File:VizagPort.jpg|150px]]
|[[Visakhapatnam]]|| align="left" | [[Andhra Pradesh]]|| align="right" |63.54|| align="right" | 4.12% ↑ || align="right" | 389 || align="right" | 5.66% ↑ || Government of India || Eastern
|-
| '''6'''
|[[Mumbai Port Trust]]
| 1873
|[[File:Mumbai Port Trust.JPG|150px]]
|[[Mumbai]]|| align="left" | [[Maharashtra]]|| align="right" | 62.83 || align="right" | -0.35% ↓ || align="right" | 42 || align="right" | -2.38% ↓ || Government of India || Western
|-
| '''7'''
|[[Port of Kolkata|Syama Prasad Mookerjee Port Trust]]
| 1870
|[[File:Ships at Kolkata Port 2.jpg|150px]]
|[[Kolkata]]
| align="left" |[[West Bengal]]|| align="right" | 57.89 || align="right" | 13.61% ↑ || align="right" | 796 || align="right" | 3.02% ↑ || Government of India || Eastern
|-
| '''8'''
|[[Karaikal Port]]
| 2009
|[[File:Karaikal port.jpg|150px]]
|[[Karaikal]]|| align="left" | [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]|| align="right" | 55 || align="right" | || align="right" | || align="right" | || [[Adani Group]] || Eastern
|-
| '''9'''
|[[Chennai Port|Chennai Port Trust]]
| 1881
|File:Port of Chennai, India - panoramio.jpg|150px
|[[Chennai]]
| align="left" | [[Tamil Nadu]]|| align="right" | 51.88 || align="right" | 3.32% ↑ || align="right" | 1,549 || align="right" | 3.49% ↑ || Government of India || Eastern
|-
| '''10'''
|[[Jaigad Port|JSW Jaigad Port]]
| 2006
|
|[[Ratnagiri district]]|| align="left" | [[Maharashtra]]|| align="right" | 50 || align="right" | || align="right" | || align="right" | || [[JSW Group]] || Western
|-
| '''11'''
|[[Haldia Port|Haldia Port Trust]]
| 1967
|[[File:Haldia port@.png|150px]]
|[[Haldia]]|| align="left" | [[West Bengal]]|| align="right" | 48.6 || align="right" | 18.61% ↑ || align="right" | 115 || align="right" | 3.45% ↑ || Government of India || Western
|-
| '''12'''
|[[Krishnapatnam Port]]
| 2008
|[[File:Krishnapatnam port cranes unloadng a ship.jpg|150px]]
|[[Krishnapatnam]]|| align="left" | [[Andra Pradesh]]|| align="right" | 45 || align="right" | || align="right" | || align="right" | || [[Adani Group]] || Eastern
|-
| '''13'''
|[[New Mangalore Port|New Mangaluru Port Trust]]
| 1974
|[[File:Mangalore_Port_(4531088758).jpg|150px]]
|[[Mangalore|Mangaluru]]|| align="left" | [[Karnataka]]|| align="right" | 42.06 || align="right" | 5.28% ↑ || align="right" | 115 || align="right" | 17.39% ↑ || Government of India || Western
|-
| '''14'''
|[[Kamarajar Port Limited|Kamarajar Port]]
| 2001
|
|[[Ennore]]|| align="left" | [[Tamil Nadu]]|| align="right" | 38 || align="right" | || align="right" | || align="right" | || [[Adani Group]] || Eastern
|-
| '''15'''
|[[V.O. Chidambaranar Port Trust]]
| 1974
|[[File:A_view_of_Tuticorin_Port.jpg|150px]]
|[[Thoothukkudi]]|| align="left" | [[Tamil Nadu]]|| align="right" | 36.58 || align="right" | -4.91% ↓ || align="right" | 698 || align="right" | 8.02% ↑ || Government of India || Eastern
|-
| '''16'''
|[[Dharamtar|JSW Dharamtar Port]]
| 2012
|
|[[Alibag]]|| align="left" | [[Maharastra]]|| align="right" | 34 || align="right" | || align="right" | || align="right" | || [[JSW Group]] || Western
|-
| '''17'''
|[[Cochin Port Trust]]
| 24 February 1964
|[[File:Container terminal.JPG|150px]]
|[[Kochi]]|| align="left" | [[Kerala]]|| align="right" | 32.02 || align="right" | 16.52% ↑ || align="right" | 735 || align="right" | 11.69% ↑ || Government of India || Western
|-
| '''18'''
|[[Hazira Port]]
| 2013
|
|[[Hazira]]|| align="left" | [[Gujarat]]|| align="right" | 30 || align="right" | || align="right" | || align="right" | || [[Adani Group]] || Western
|-
| '''19'''
|[[Dighi Port]]
| 2000
|
|[[Raigad district]]|| align="left" | [[Maharashtra]]|| align="right" | 30 || align="right" | || align="right" | || align="right" | || [[Adani Group]] || Eastern
|-
| '''20'''
|[[Mormugao Port Trust]]
| 1985
|
|[[Mormugao]]|| align="left" | [[Goa]]|| align="right" | 26.90 || align="right" | -18.94% ↓ || style="text-align:right;" | 32 || align="right" | 6.25% ↑ || Government of India || Western
|-
| '''21'''
|[[Dhamra Port]]
| 2011
|[[File:Dhamra_Port.jpg|150px]]
|[[Bhadrak district]]|| align="left" | [[Odisha]]|| align="right" | 25 || align="right" | || align="right" | || align="right" | || [[Adani Group]] || Eastern
|-
| '''22'''
|[[Gopalpur port]]
| 2013
|[[File:Gopalpur_Port.jpg|150px]]
|[[Chhatrapur]]|| align="left" | [[Odisha]]|| align="right" | 25 || align="right" | || align="right" | || align="right" | || [[Shapoorji Pallonji Group]] || Eastern
|-
| '''23'''
|[[Gangavaram Port]]
| 2009
|[[File:Gangavaram View.jpg|150px]]
|[[Visakhapatnam]]|| align="left" | [[Andhra Pradesh]]|| align="right" | 18.04 || align="right" | || align="right" | || align="right" | || [[Adani Group]] || Eastern
|-
| '''24'''
|[[Kattupalli Shipyard|Kattupalli Port]]
| 2012
|
|[[Kattupalli]]|| align="left" | [[Tamil Nadu]]|| align="right" | 18 || align="right" | || align="right" | || align="right" | || [[Adani Group]] || Eastern
|-
| '''25'''
|[[Dahej Port]]
| 2010
|
|[[Bharuch district]]|| align="left" | [[Gujarat]]|| align="right" | 17.5 || align="right" | || align="right" | || align="right" | || [[Adani Group]] || Western
|-
| '''26'''
|[[Kakinada Port]]
| 1999
|[[File:Far view of Kakinada port from Beach.jpg|150px]]
|[[East Godavari]]|| align="left" | [[Andra Pradesh]]|| align="right" | 14 || align="right" | || align="right" | || align="right" | || [[Aurobindo Group]] || Eastern
|-
| '''27'''
|[[Tuna Port]]
| 2022<ref>https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/union-cabinet-decision-kutch-to-get-2-new-port-terminals-at-rs-5963-crore-8205351/</ref>
|
|[[Tuna]]|| align="left" | [[Gujarat]]|| align="right" | 14 || align="right" | || align="right" | || align="right" | || [[Adani Group]] || Western
|-
| '''28'''
|[[Port Pipavav|APM Terminals Pipavav]]
| 2002
|
|[[Pipavav]]|| align="left" | [[Gujarat]]|| align="right" | 2 || align="right" | '''-46% ↓''' || align="right" |1.35 || align="right" | || [[Maersk]] || Western
|-
|
|'''All Ports'''
| || align="left" | '''India''' || || ||align="right" |'''1,234.1'''|| align="right" |'''4.77% ↑'''|| align="right" |'''9,138'''|| align="right" |'''7.62% ↑''' || -
|-
|}

==Port Handling Equipment==

India has multiple port machinery companies such as [[Elecon Engineering|Elecon Engg.]], TRF, McNally Bharat Engineering etc.

==Partially opened ports==
These type of ports are partially constructed or undergoing mass expansion due to which they are operating without full capacity.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! rowspan="2" |Name
! rowspan="2" |Location
! rowspan="2" | Type
! rowspan="2" |Ownership
|-
| [[Angré Port]]
| Jaigad, Maharashtra
| Dry/Bulk
| Chowgule Group
|-
| [[Agardana Shipyard & Terminals]]
| [[Agardanda]], Maharashtra
| Container/Bulk
| [[Adani Group]]
|-
| [[Bedi Port]]
| [[Bedi]], [[Gujarat]]
| Container/Bulk
| [[Gujarat Maritime Board]]
|-
| [[Bhavnagar Port]]
| [[Bhavnagar]], [[Gujarat]]
| CNG/Bulk
| Government of Gujarat
|-
| [[Karanja Port]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Birkett |first1=Holly |title=India's Karanja port project may be underway again |url=https://splash247.com/indias-karanja-port-project-may-be-underway-again/ |website=splash247.com |date=19 August 2015 |publisher=splash247 |access-date=19 August 2015}}</ref>
| [[Navi Mumbai]], Maharashtra
| Container
| Mercantile Ports and Logistics (MPL)
|-
| [[Salav Port|JSW Salav Port]]
| [[Salav]], Maharashtra
| Dry/Bulk
| JSW Infrastructure
|-
| Rohini Yard
| [[Rohini, Maharashtra|Rohini]], Maharashtra
| Dry/Bulk
| DAS Offshore Ltd.
|-
| Konkan Terminal
| [[Dabhol]], Maharashtra
| LNG
| GAIL
|-
|}

==List of terminals==
These are classified as terminals not ports, these can be easily upgraded to container ports
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! rowspan="2" |Name
! rowspan="2" |Location
! rowspan="2" |Status
! rowspan="2" | Type
! rowspan="2" |Ownership
|-
| [[Bhavnagar Port]]
| [[Bhavnagar]], [[Gujarat]]
| under-construction
| CNG/Bulk
| Government of Gujarat
|-
| Konkan Terminal
| [[Dabhol]], Maharashtra
| {{yes|Completed in 2018}}
| LNG
| GAIL
|-
| [[Chhara LNG Terminal]]
| [[Chhara]], [[Gujarat]]
| under-construction
| LNG
| HPCL
|-
| [[Kochi LNG Terminal]]
| [[Kochi]], Kerala
| {{yes|Completed in 2013}}
| LNG
| Petronet LNG
|-
| [[Kukrahati LNG Terminal]]
| [[Kukrahati]],[[West Bengal]]
| under-construction
| LNG
| H-Energy
|-
| Jaigad Terminal
| [[Jaigad]], Maharashtra
| {{yes|Completed in 2022}}
| LNG
| H-Energy
|-
| Jafrabad Terminal
| [[Jafrabad]],[[Gujarat]]
| under-construction
| LNG
| Swan Energy
|-
| [[Vadinar|Vadinar Port]]
| [[Vadinar]],[[Gujarat]]
| {{yes|Completed in 1978}}
| Oil
| Indian Oil
|}

Apart from this there are also LNG Terminals in ports such as Dahej, GAIL Kakinada FSRU, Hazira LNG Terminal, Krishnapatnam FSRU, Mumbai FSRU, Ennore LNG Terminal, Dhamra LNG Terminal, Chennai LNG Terminal etc.

==List of ports under-construction==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!'''Location'''
!'''State'''
!'''Status'''
|-
|[[Belekeri|Belekeri Port]]
|[[Karnataka]]
| under construction
|-
|[[Sagar Port]]
|West Bengal
| under construction
|-
|[[Astaranga Port]]
|Odisha
|DPR under preparation.
|-
|[[Mahanadi Riverine Port]]
|Odisha
|DPR under preparation.
|-
|Paradip Outer Harbour
|Odisha
|DPR under preparation.
|-
|Sirkazhi
|Tamil Nadu
|Techno Economic Feasibility Report (TEFR) prepared.
|-
|[[Colachel Seaport|Kanniyakumari Port]]
|Tamil Nadu
|Major Transhipment Port at [[Kanyakumari]]. SPV formed for the purpose – March, 2019.
|-
|[[Dugarajapatnam Port]]
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
| Dugarajapatnam Port is a proposed seaport in Tirupati district of Andhra Pradesh, India. Construction was expected to start in 2020 and finish in 2023.
|-
|[[Galathea Bay Transhipment Port]]
|[[Great Nicobar]]
|DPR has been completed, The proposed port will come at Galathea Bay in Great Nicobar Island of the Union Territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Syama Prasad Mookerjee Port, Kolkata (SMPK) is the nodal agency for undertaking development of proposed port project in landlord mode.<ref>https://www.logisticsinsider.in/center-approves-galathea-bay-transhipment-port-bidding-to-start-soon/</ref><ref>https://indiainfrahub.com/2023/featured/nine-players-show-interest-in-international-container-transshipment-port-on-nicobar-island/</ref>
|-
|[[Machilipatnam Port]]
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|Construction work started on 22 May 2023<ref>https://indiainfrahub.com/2023/featured/andhra-to-get-another-all-weather-greenfield-port-work-on-rs-5156-crore-machilipatnam-port-at-manginapudi-begins-today/</ref>
|-
|[[Bhavanapadu|Bhavanapadu Port]]
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|DPR under preparation
|-
|[[JSW Group|JSW]] [[Keni Port]]
|Karnataka
|The port at Keni, near Ankola, would be designed to handle 30 million tonnes of cargo per annum.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/karnataka-budget-2023-24-greenfield-ports-keni-pavinakurve-uttara-kannada-district-under-ppp-marina-at-byndoor-beach/article66520152.ece | title=Karnataka Budget 2023-24: Greenfield ports at Keni and Pavinakurve in Uttara Kannada district under PPP, marina at Byndoor beach | newspaper=The Hindu | date=17 February 2023 }}</ref>
|-
|[[JSW Group|JSW]] [[Nangaon Port]]
|Maharashtra
|Approved in 2016, DPR under preparation
|-
|[[Kalingapatnam|Kalingapatnam Port]]
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|DPR completed
|-
|[[Ramayapatnam|Ramayapatnam Port]]
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|DPR completed
|-
|[[Meghavaram|Meghavaram Port]]
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|DPR completed
|-
|Vadhavan Port
|Maharashtra
|under construction
|-
|[[Simar port]]
|Gujarat
|Completion target 2024
|-
|[[JSW Salav Port]]
| Salav, Maharashtra
| Expansion of existing Salav jetty facility from present 235 m jetty length and 21m mooring dolphin by adding additional jetty length of 500 m to handle cargoes from present 3.0 MPTA to 31.0 MPTA.<ref>https://environmentclearance.nic.in/writereaddata/Online/EDS/01_Apr_2017_1141463105I7UNU3UFormIJSWSalavPort.pdf</ref>
|-
|[[Tajpur Port]]
|West Bengal
|DPR under preparation
|-
|[[Tadadi|Tadadi Port]]
|Karnataka
|DPR under preparation
|-
|[[Kakinada Gateway Port]]<ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/new-seaport-proposed-at-kona-village-in-eg-district-of-ap/articleshow/66734018.cms</ref><ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/kakinada-gateway-port-inks-concession-agreement-to-develop-commercial-port/articleshow/66737963.cms</ref>
|Andhra Pradesh
|under construction, Kakinada Gateway Port (KGPL), an arm of Kakinada SEZ, has entered into concession agreement with the Andhra Pradesh government for development of a greenfield commercial port at Kona village in East Godavari district.Kakinada SEZ (KSEZ) is promoted by [[GMR Group|GMR Infrastructure limited]].
|-
|[[Vizhinjam International Seaport]]
|Kerala
|DPR under preparation
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.walkthroughindia.com/walkthroughs/the-12-major-sea-ports-of-india Indian Port List - Best Major 12]

{{commons category|Ports and harbours in India}}
{{Ports and harbors}}
{{Transport in India}}
{{Economy of India}}

[[Category:Economy of India lists]]
[[Category:Ports and harbours of India| ]]
[[Category:Foreign trade of India]]

Defense companies in India

2023-11-29T08:25:06Z

Hexatron93: Created page with "List of private companies in defense industry in India is given below:- === Private companies === {{see also| Indigenous Defence Equipment Exporters Association}} {{Dynamic list|date=March 2021}} Following have been given defence manufacturing license as well as based in India (please help expand this partial list): {| class="wikitable" |- !Name of company !Established !Specialization !Operating Income (As of 2022) !Employees (As of 2022) !Notes |- |Adani Enterprises..."

List of private companies in defense industry in India is given below:-

=== Private companies ===
{{see also| Indigenous Defence Equipment Exporters Association}}
{{Dynamic list|date=March 2021}}
Following have been given defence manufacturing license as well as based in India (please help expand this partial list):

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Name of company
!Established
!Specialization
!Operating Income (As of 2022)
!Employees (As of 2022)
!Notes
|-
|[[Adani Enterprises#Adani Defence & Aerospace|Adani Aero Defense Systems & Technologies]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Navdeep |date=2023-05-25 |title=PTC Industries shares jump over 8% after subsidiary gets IAI approval for components |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/ptc-industries-shares-jump-over-8-after-subsidiary-gets-iai-approval-for-components/articleshow/100494253.cms |access-date=2023-08-01 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
| 2015
| Aerospace & Drones
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
|Aerolloy Technologies<ref>https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/ptc-industries-shares-jump-over-8-after-subsidiary-gets-iai-approval-for-components/articleshow/100494253.cms?from=mdr</ref>
| 2020
| Metallurgy
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
|Alpha Design Technologies
| 2003
| Defence Electronics, Avionics & Space Satellites systems
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
|Astra Microwave Products<ref>{{Cite web |title=CRISIL reaffirms ratings of Astra Microwave Products |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/crisil-reaffirms-ratings-of-astra-microwave-products-122032800709_1.html |access-date=2023-08-01}}</ref>
| 1991
| Radar systems
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
|Apollo Micro Systems<ref>https://www.business-standard.com/content/press-releases-ani/apollo-micro-systems-ltd-is-setting-up-a-state-of-the-art-defence-equipment-manufacturing-facility-at-hyderabad-123100200590_1.html</ref>
| 1985
| Defence Electronics, Avionics & Space Satellites systems
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
|Avantel<ref>https://www.marketscreener.com/quote/stock/AVANTEL-LIMITED-20701922/news/Avantel-to-Supply-Power-Amplifier-Modules-to-Bharat-Electronics-44684314/</ref>
| 1985
| HF Communications,Radar, [[Software-defined radio|SDR]] & Space Satellites systems
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
|[[BrahMos Aerospace]]
| 2004
| Missile systems
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
|[[Bharat Forge]]
| 1961
| Artillery, metallurgy
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
|[[Centum Electronics]]
| 1993
| Defense electronics
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
|[[CRON systems]]
| 2015
| LIDAR & Cybersecurity
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
|Crown Group<ref>{{cite web|title=External link|date=25 August 2022 |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/business-spotlight/crown-group-defence-undertakes-mro-activities-of-indian-navy-ships-submarines-aviation-assets-news-218878|language=en}}</ref>
| 1978
| MRO, AI & Cybersecurity
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
|Data Patterns<ref>https://www.cnbctv18.com/business/companies/data-patterns-will-transition-to-end-systems-scale-up-exports-in-four-years-16260341.htm</ref>
| 1976
| RF, Defence electronics
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
|Defsys Solutions<ref>https://www.hindustantimes.com/brand-post/defsys-solutions-delivered-counter-drone-systems-to-indian-forces-col-sgupta-101618313594920.html</ref>
| 2007
| Avionics
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
|DCX Systems<ref>https://www.entrepreneur.com/en-in/technology/dcx-systems-building-indias-aerospace-defence-giant-for/452490</ref>
| 2010
| Avionics & wire-harness
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
|[[Dynamatic Technologies]]
| 1973
| Hydraulics, Metallurgy & Aerospace
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
|[[Elecon Engineering]]
| 1960
| Machinery
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
|EyeROV
| 2016
| UAV
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
|[[Godrej & Boyce]]
| 1985
| Aerospace & Precision engineering
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
|HBL Power Systems<ref>https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/stocks/stock-watch-hbl-power-nearly-triples-in-6-months-defence-railway-play-driving-gains-11453241.html</ref>
| 1976
| Battery & Power systems
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
|High Energy Batteries Ltd.<ref>https://www.livemint.com/industry/manufacturing/production-incentives-to-fuel-battery-innovations-on-cards-11649185815999.html</ref>
| 1961
| Battery & Power systems
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| [[Jindal Stainless Limited|Jindal Defence]]
| 1947
| Armour, Missile systems & Arms
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
|-
|Kineco Limited<ref>{{cite web|title=External link|url=https://www.kinecogroup.com|website=www.kinecogroup.com|language=en}}</ref>
| 1994
| Composites
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| Krishna Defence & Allied<ref>https://www.bqprime.com/markets/krishna-defence-shares-hit-record-high-after-securing-order-from-defence-ministry</ref>
| 1996
| Metallurgy
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| [[Larsen & Toubro]]
| 1948
| Diversified defense products
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| MAK Controls and Systems
| 1973
| Ground Support Equipment, Power Electronics and Land based systems
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| Megha Engineering and Infrastructures Limited (MEIL)<ref>https://www.prnewswire.com/in/news-releases/meil-enters-defence-equipment-manufacturing-826622385.html</ref>
| 1989
| defence electronics and communications
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| Tardid Technologies
| 2016
| AI based autonomous vehicles<ref>https://www.financialexpress.com/business/defence-another-start-upbrainbox-sso-to-provide-ai-solutionduring-rd-parade-2960399/</ref> & Cybersecurity
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| [[Tata Advanced Systems]]
| 2007
| Aerospace , Landbase defense systems, Sonar, Radar, Missile Drones
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| [[Tata Steel Advanced Materials]]
| 2012
| Composites
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| [[Tata Power SED]]
| 1975
| Missile, Drones, Defense electronics
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| [[Texmaco Rail & Engineering|Texmaco Defence Systems]]
| 2017
| Armoured vehicle, Guns, Artillaries
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| [[Titagarh Wagons]]
| 1982
| Mine clearing systems, Military Trailers, CBRNe
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| Tonbo Imaging<ref>https://www.livemint.com/companies/start-ups/bengaluru-tech-gives-us-israeli-weapons-eyes-11574009242060.html</ref>
| 2003
| Imaging systems
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| [[Triveni Engineering & Industries]]
| 1932
| Gas Turbine & Gearboxes
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| [[SSS Defence]]
| 1960
| Small Arms & Metallurgy
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| [[Staqu Technologies]]<ref>https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/the-buzz/story/ai-for-smart-crime-fighting-234243-2019-10-14</ref>
| 2015
| AI/Surveillance/Computer Vision
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| [[Mahindra Aerospace]]
| 2008
| Aerospace
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| Mahindra Defence Systems Ltd.
| 2012
| Armoured vehicle
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| [[MKU (company)|MKU]]
| 1985
| Armour
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| Paras Defence And Space Technologies Ltd.
| 1972
| Diversified defense equipment
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| Premier Explosives
| 1980
| Diversified defense equipments
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| PTC Industries
| 1963
| Metallurgy & Alloys
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| [[Ravindra Reddy|MTAR Technologies]]
| 1984
| Diversified defense equipments & Satcom
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| Raphe Mphibr Pvt Ltd
| 1963
| Metallurgy & Alloys
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| Rossell Techsys
| 2009
| composites
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| [[Samtel Avionics]]
| 2006
| Display
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| Exicom Tele-Systems
| 1994
| RF , Defense Telephony
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| Sandeep Metalcraft Pvt Ltd
| 1988
| Arms & Missiles
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| Sika Interplant Systems Ltd.
| 1969
| Turbine & Gearboxes
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| Solar Industries India
| 1983
| Diversified defence equipment
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| Torus Robotics
| 2015
| UAV
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| VEM Technologies<ref>https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/vem-tech-inks-pact-with-hal-for-20-cfl-units-for-tejas/article66030914.ece</ref>
| 1993
| Aerospace
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| [[DRDO Netra|ideaForge]]
| 2007
| UAV
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| [[Optimized Electrotech]]
| 2017
| UAV
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|-
| [[Walchandnagar Industries]]
| 1908
| Missile Systems
| TBD
| TBD
| TBD
|}

List of Companies in Navi Mumbai

2023-11-29T08:21:56Z

Hexatron93: Created page with "Navi Mumbai is home to various educational institutions. Various multinational corporations have their head offices/branches across the city.Navi Mumbai is home to multiple Fortune 500 companies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/sez-in-navi-mumbai-aims-to-attract-fortune-500-cos/articleshow/1459621750.cms|title=SEZ in Navi Mumbai aims to attract Fortune 500 Cos|date=December 8, 2000|via=The Economic Times - The Times of I..."

[[Navi Mumbai]] is home to various educational institutions. Various multinational corporations have their head offices/branches across the city.Navi Mumbai is home to multiple Fortune 500 companies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/sez-in-navi-mumbai-aims-to-attract-fortune-500-cos/articleshow/1459621750.cms|title=SEZ in Navi Mumbai aims to attract Fortune 500 Cos|date=December 8, 2000|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>

List of companies in Navi Mumbai and it's surrounding areas
* [[Asian Paints]]
* [[Balmer Lawrie]]<ref>https://www.justdial.com/jdmart/Mumbai/Balmer-Lawrie-Co-Ltd-District-Raigad-MIDC-Taloja/022P8400839_BZDET/catalogue</ref>
* [[Black Box Corporation]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sxtreo.com/contact-us/|title=Contact Us}}</ref>
* [[Bharat Electronics]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustanyellowpages.in/Mumbai/Bharat-Electronics-Limited/Taloja-MIDC/ContactUs|title=Bharat Electronics Limited In Taloja MIDC, Mumbai Phone, Mobile, Address, Map, Office Timming, Establishment, Reviews And Ratings|website=www.hindustanyellowpages.in}}</ref>
* [[Cotton Corporation of India]]<ref>https://www.dnb.com/business-directory/company-profiles.the_cotton_corporation_of_india_limited.2c7f2e7faa52d0f7a12e535a815d33ab.html</ref>
* [[Galaxy Surfactants]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/galaxy-surfactants-ltd/infocompanylocations/companyid-3790.cms|title=Galaxy Surfactants Head Office | Galaxy Surfactants Headquarters Details|website=The Economic Times}}</ref>
* [[Jio]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://officesnapshots.com/2016/11/01/reliance-jio-infocomm-headquarters-navi-mumbai/|title=Reliance Jio Infocomm Headquarters - Navi Mumbai|first=Stephen|last=Searer|date=November 1, 2016|website=Office Snapshots}}</ref>
* [[Konkan Railway Corporation]]<ref>https://www.justdial.com/Mumbai/Konkan-Railway-Corporation-Ltd-Head-Office-Near-Sector-No-11-Cbd-Belapur/022P326278_BZDET</ref>
* [[Mastek]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://yellow.place/en/mastek-limited-navi-mumbai-new-mumbai-india|title=Mastek Limited - Navi Mumbai (New Mumbai), India|website=Yellow.Place}}</ref>
* [[Thyrocare]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mediyaar.com/pathology-labs/thyrocare-technologies-limited-thurbe-navi-mumbai-lab.html|title=Thyrocare Technologies Limited - Thurbe, NaviMumbai - Phone number , Price list|website=www.mediyaar.com}}</ref>
* [[USV (company)|USV]]<ref>https://www.justdial.com/jdmart/Mumbai/Usv-Ltd-TTC-Industrial-Area-MIDC-Nerul/022PXX22-XX22-130210113832-X8Q4_BZDET/catalogue</ref>
* [[StockHolding Corporation of India]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ifciltd.com/?q=en/content/stock-holding-corporation-india%C2%A0-ltd|title=Stock Holding Corporation of India Ltd. | IFCI|website=www.ifciltd.com}}</ref>

Economy of China

2023-11-03T07:51:05Z

Hexatron93: /* Steel industry */

{{Short description|Economy of the People's Republic of China}}
{{about|the economy of the People's Republic of China|the economy of the Republic of China|Economy of Taiwan|other uses}}
{{use American English|date=August 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{very long|date=June 2023}}{{Infobox economy
| country = China
| image = Shanghai skyline 2018(cropped).jpg
| caption = [[Shanghai]], the financial center of China
| currency = [[Renminbi]] (CNY, [[Yen and yuan sign|¥]])
| year = [[Calendar year]]
| organs = [[World Trade Organization|WTO]], [[BRICS]], [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation|SCO]], [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation|APEC]], [[Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership|RCEP]], [[G-20 major economies|G-20]], [[Group of 77|G77]] and others
| group = {{plainlist|
[[Developing country|Developing]]/[[Emerging market|Emerging]]<ref name="IMFWEOCN">{{Cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=924,&s=NGDP_R,NGDP_RPCH,NGDP,NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDP_D,NGDPRPC,NGDPRPPPPC,NGDPPC,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,PPPSH,PPPEX,NID_NGDP,NGSD_NGDP,PCPI,PCPIPCH,PCPIE,PCPIEPCH,TM_RPCH,TMG_RPCH,TX_RPCH,TXG_RPCH,LUR,LP,GGR,GGR_NGDP,GGX,GGX_NGDP,GGXCNL,GGXCNL_NGDP,GGSB,GGSB_NPGDP,GGXONLB,GGXONLB_NGDP,GGXWDG,GGXWDG_NGDP,NGDP_FY,BCA,BCA_NGDPD,&sy=2021&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (China) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |date=10 October 2023 |access-date=10 October 2023}}</ref>
*[[List of countries by GNI (nominal) per capita#Upper-middle-income group|Upper-middle income country]]
*[[Newly industrialised country]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups |title=World Bank Country and Lending Groups |publisher=[[World Bank]] |website=datahelpdesk.worldbank.org |access-date=29 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821172227/https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups |archive-date=21 August 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
| population = {{Decrease}} 1,411,750,000 (31 December 2022 est.)
| gdp = {{plainlist|
* {{decrease}} $17.701 trillion ([[GDP (nominal)|nominal]]; 2023)<ref name="IMFWEOCN"/>
* {{increase}} $32.898 trillion ([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]]; 2023)<ref name="IMFWEOCN"/>}}
| gdp rank = {{plainlist|
* [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|2nd (nominal; 2023)]]
* [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|1st (PPP; 2023)]]}}
| growth = {{plainlist|
* {{Increase}} 3.0% (2022)<ref name="IMFWEOCN"/>
* {{Increase}} 5.0% {{abbr|(2023f)|2023 forecast}}<ref name="IMFWEOCN"/>
* {{Increase}} 4.2% {{abbr|(2024f)|2024 forecast}}<ref name="IMFWEOCN"/>
}}
| per capita = {{plainlist|
* {{decrease}} $12,541 (nominal; 2023)<ref name="IMFWEOCN"/>
* {{increase}} $23,309 (PPP; 2023)<ref name="IMFWEOCN"/>
}}
| per capita rank = {{plainlist|
* [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|71st (nominal; 2023)]]
* [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|73rd (PPP; 2023)]]
}}
| sectors = {{plainlist|
* [[Primary sector of the economy|Agriculture]]: 7.3%
* [[Secondary sector of the economy|Industry]]: 39.9%
* [[Tertiary sector of the economy|Services]]: 52.8%
* (2022)<ref name="data2022">{{cite web|url=https://data.stats.gov.cn/english/easyquery.htm?cn=E0103|title=National Data|publisher=[[National Bureau of Statistics of China]]|date=1 March 2022|access-date=23 March 2022}}</ref>
}}
| components = {{plainlist|
* [[Consumption (economics)|Private consumption]]: 37.17%
* Government consumption: 16.08%
* [[Gross fixed capital formation|Gross capital formation]]: 43.48%
* Exports of goods and services: 20.68%
* Imports of goods and services: 17.47%
* Net exports: 3.21%
* (2022)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://en.macromicro.me/collections/22/cn-gdp-relative/984/cn-gdp-percentage | title=Chinese GDP Component | China GDP | Collection }}</ref>
}}
| inflation = 0.7% (2023)<ref name="IMFWEOCN"/>
| poverty = {{plainlist|
* {{decreasePositive}} 0.1% at national poverty line $2.30/day (2020)<ref name="POVCAL">{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.DDAY?locations=CN&name_desc=true |title=Regional aggregation using 2017 PPP and $2.15/day poverty line |publisher=[[World Bank]] |website=iresearch.worldbank.org |access-date=13 May 2022}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|In 2011, China set a new poverty line at RMB 2300 (approximately US$400).<ref name="CIAWFCH">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/china/ |title=The World Factbook |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |website=CIA.gov |access-date=5 April 2019 }}</ref>
}}
* {{decreasePositive}} 25% on less than $6.85/day (2020)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.UMIC?locations=CN |title=Poverty headcount ratio at $6.85 a day (2017 PPP) (% of population) - China |publisher=[[World Bank]] |website=data.worldbank.org |access-date=1 March 2022 }}</ref>
}}
| gini = {{decreasePositive}} 37.1 {{color|orange|medium}} (2020)<ref name="GINI">{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=CN&most_recent_year_desc=true|title=Gini index – China|publisher=World Bank|access-date=24 May 2022}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|Higher income inequality is partly driven by unequal regional income distribution.}}
| hdi = {{plainlist|
* {{increase}} 0.768 {{color|green|high}} (2021)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/indicators/137506 |title=Human Development Index (HDI) |publisher=[[Human Development Report|HDRO (Human Development Report Office)]] [[United Nations Development Programme]] |website=hdr.undp.org |access-date=11 December 2019}}</ref> ([[List of countries by Human Development Index|79th]])
* {{increase}} 0.651 {{color|orange|medium}} [[List of countries by inequality-adjusted HDI|(67th)]] (2021)<ref>{{cite web |title=Inequality-adjusted HDI (IHDI) |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/indicators/138806 |website=hdr.undp.org |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme|UNDP]] |access-date=22 May 2020}}</ref>
}}
| labor = {{plainlist|
* {{increase}} 781,831,676 (2022)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.TOTL.IN?locations=CN |title=Labor force, total – China |publisher=[[World Bank]] & [[International Labour Organization|ILO]] |website=data.worldbank.org |access-date=22 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111103544/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.TOTL.IN?locations=CN |archive-date=11 November 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> ([[List of countries by labor force|1st]])
* {{increase}} 69.1% employment rate (2022)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.EMP.TOTL.SP.NE.ZS?locations=CN&name_desc=false |title=Employment to population ratio, 15+, total (%) (national estimate) – China |publisher=[[World Bank]] & ILO |website=data.worldbank.org |access-date=22 September 2020}}</ref>
}}
| average gross salary = [[List of Asian countries by average wage|¥9,502 / €1,342]] per month (2022)<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 May 2023 |title=国家统计局人口和就业统计司司长王萍萍解读2022年城镇单位就业人员平均工资数据 |url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/xxgk/jd/sjjd2020/202305/t20230509_1939291.html |access-date=10 May 2023 |website=National Bureau of Statistics of China}}</ref>
| average net salary = [[List of Asian countries by average wage|¥7,290 / €1,029]] per month (2022)<ref>{{citation|title= 9502¥【 China Salary Calculator 】Beijing - Salary After Taxes|website=salary.directhr.cn|url=https://salary.directhr.cn/}}</ref>
| occupations = {{plainlist|
* [[Primary sector of the economy|Agriculture]]: 24%
* [[Secondary sector of the economy|Industry]]: 28%
* [[Tertiary sector of the economy|Services]]: 47%
* (FY 2021)<ref>{{cite web|title=Labor Force by Services - by industry|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.SRV.EMPL.ZS?locations=CN|website=data.worldbank.org|access-date=27 January 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Labor Force by Services - agriculture|website=data.worldbank.org|access-date=27 January 2019 |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS?locations=CN}}</ref>
}}
| unemployment = {{plainlist|
* {{decreasePositive}} 5.3% (2023)<ref name="IMFWEOCN"/>
* {{increaseNegative}} 21.3% youth unemployment (2023)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-66219007 |title=China youth unemployment hits high as recovery falters |website=[[BBC]] |date=17 July 2023 |access-date=31 July 2023}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|Modeled [[International Labour Organization|ILO]] estimate.}}
}}
| savings = {{increase}} 45.396% of GDP (2023)<ref name="IMFWEOCN"/>
| industries = {{hlist|item_style=white-space: | [[mining]] and [[ore processing]], [[iron]], [[steel]], [[aluminum]], and other metals, [[coal]]; machine building; [[armaments]]; [[textiles]] and [[apparel]]; [[petroleum]]; [[cement]]; [[chemicals]]; [[fertilizer]]; consumer products (including [[footwear]], [[toys]], and [[electronics]]); [[food processing]]; [[Material-handling equipment|transportation equipment]], including [[automobiles]], [[railcars]] and [[locomotives]], [[ships]], [[aircraft]]; [[telecommunications equipment]], commercial [[Launch vehicle|space launch vehicles]], [[satellites]] }}
| exports = $3.593 trillion (2022)<ref name=chinacustoms>{{cite web |title = Total Value of Import and Export Commodities by Major Countries (Regions) in January-December 2022 (US Dollar Value) |url = http://www.customs.gov.cn/customs/302249/zfxxgk/2799825/302274/302275/4794352/index.html |publisher = customs.gov.cn |access-date = 14 January 2023 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
| export-goods = {{ublist|[[Agricultural]] products 2.2%|[[Fuels]] and [[mining]] products 2.4%|[[Manufacturers]] 74.3%|Others 0.1%<ref name=wto>{{cite web |title = China – WTO Statistics Database |url = http://stat.wto.org/CountryProfile/WSDBCountryPFView.aspx?Country=CN |publisher = [[World Trade Organization]] |access-date = 1 March 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170901203117/http://stat.wto.org/CountryProfile/WSDBCountryPFView.aspx?Country=CN |archive-date = 1 September 2017 |url-status = live }}</ref>
}}
| export-partners = {{ublist|{{flag|United States}} {{increase}} 16.1%|{{flag|ASEAN}} {{increase}} 15.8%|{{flag|European Union}} {{increase}} 15.6%|{{flag|Hong Kong}} {{increase}} 8.27%|{{flag|Japan}} {{increase}} 4.81%|{{flag|South Korea}} {{increase}} 4.52%|{{flag|India}} {{increase}} 3.30%|{{flag|United Kingdom}} {{increase}} 2.27%|Others 29.33%<ref name=chinacustoms/>}}
| imports = $2.716 trillion (2022)<ref name="chinacustoms"/>
| import-goods = {{ublist|[[Agricultural]] products 7.5%|[[Fuels]] and [[mining]] products 21.3%|[[Manufacturers]] 64.4%|Others 4.8%<ref name=wto/>}}
| import-partners = {{ublist|{{flag|ASEAN}} {{increase}} 15.03%|{{flag|European Union}} {{increase}} 10.50%|{{flag|Taiwan}} {{increase}} 8.77%|{{flag|South Korea}} {{increase}} 7.35%|{{flag|Japan}} {{increase}} 6.79%|{{flag|United States}} {{increase}} 6.54%|{{flag|Australia}} {{increase}} 5.23%|{{flag|Russia}} {{increase}} 4.20%|Others 35.59%<ref name=chinacustoms/>
}}
| current account = {{plainlist|
* {{decrease}} $272.5 billion (2023)<ref name="IMFWEOCN"/>
* {{decrease}} 1.4% of GDP (2023)<ref name="IMFWEOCN"/>
}}
| yield curve = 10-Year Bond 2.831% (April 2023)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://yield.chinabond.com.cn/cbweb-pbc-web/pbc/more?locale=en_US|title=CGB Yield Curve and Others|website=yield.chinabond.com.cn}}</ref>
| pmi = {{plainlist|
* {{increase}} 49.20 Manufacturing (Apr 2023)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ycharts.com/indicators/china_pmi|title=China PMI|website=ycharts.com}}</ref>
* {{Increase}} 56.40 Non-Manufacturing (Apr 2023)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ycharts.com/indicators/china_non_manufacturing_pmi|title=China Non-Manufacturing PMI|website=ycharts.com}}</ref>
}}
| FDI = {{plainlist|
* {{increase}} Inward: $181 billion (2021)<ref name="UNFDI">{{cite web|title=UNCTAD 2022|url=https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/tdstat47_en.pdf|access-date=2022-01-06|website=UNCTAD}}</ref>
* {{increase}} Outward: $145 billion (2021)<ref name="UNFDI"/>
}}
| gross external debt = {{increaseNegative}} $2.64 trillion (June 2022)<ref name="Ceicdata.com">{{cite web |title=External Debt {{!}} Economic Indicators {{!}} CEIC |url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/external-debt |website=www.ceicdata.com}}</ref> (14.39% of GDP)
| debt = {{plainlist|
* {{increaseNegative}} ¥106.804 trillion
* {{increaseNegative}} 82.4% of GDP (2023)<ref name="IMFWEOCN"/>
}}
| revenue = ¥33.229 trillion<ref name="IMFWEOCN"/> 25.6% of GDP (2023)
| expenses = ¥42.140 trillion<ref name="IMFWEOCN"/> 32.5% of GDP (2023)
| balance = {{plainlist|
* 2.8% of GDP (2023)<ref name="fiscal_data">{{cite news | url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/03/05/china-sets-gdp-target-of-around-5percent-for-2023.html | title=China sets GDP target of 'around 5%' for 2023 | newspaper=CNBC | date=4 March 2023 }}</ref>
}}
| credit = {{plainlist|
* [[Standard & Poor's]]:<ref>{{cite web|title = Sovereigns rating list|publisher = Standard & Poor's|url = https://www.spratings.com/documents/20184/908545/US_SV_Webcast_ChinaFeb117_Article1/afd8741b-75b9-4dcc-b497-010e2313616b|date = 26 January 2017|access-date = 26 September 2017|quote = On Jan. 26, 2017, S&P Global Ratings affirmed the 'AA-' long-term and 'A-1+' short-term sovereign credit ratings on China. The outlook on the long-term rating remains negative|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170926100729/https://www.spratings.com/documents/20184/908545/US_SV_Webcast_ChinaFeb117_Article1/afd8741b-75b9-4dcc-b497-010e2313616b|archive-date = 26 September 2017|url-status = live}}</ref>
* A+ (Domestic)
* A+ (Foreign)
* A+ (T&C Assessment)
* Outlook: Stable
----
* [[Moody's]]:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.moodys.com/research/Moodys-downgrades-Chinas-rating-to-A1-from-Aa3-and-changes--PR_366139 |title=Moody's downgrades China's rating to A1 from Aa3 and changes outlook to stable from negative |date=24 May 2017 |website=moodys.com |access-date=23 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170524082704/https://www.moodys.com/research/Moodys-downgrades-Chinas-rating-to-A1-from-Aa3-and-changes--PR_366139 |archive-date=24 May 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* A1
* Outlook: Stable
----
* [[Fitch Group|Fitch]]:<ref name="fitch">{{cite web |url = http://www.fitchratings.com/web_content/ratings/sovereign_ratings_history.xls |title = Fitch – Complete Sovereign Rating History |website = fitchratings.com |access-date = 25 February 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170806061311/https://www.fitchratings.com/web_content/ratings/sovereign_ratings_history.xls |archive-date = 6 August 2017 |url-status = live }}</ref>
* A+
* Outlook: Stable
----
* Scope:<ref>{{cite web|title=Scope downgrades the People's Republic of China's credit ratings to A; Outlook revised to Stable|date=12 May 2023|website=Scope Ratings|access-date=13 May 2023|url=https://www.scoperatings.com/ratings-and-research/rating/EN/174102}}</ref>
* A
* Outlook: Stable
}}
| reserves = {{increase}} $3.3 trillion (2023)<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.pbc.gov.cn/diaochatongjisi/116219/116319/3750274/3750284/index.html|title=Money and Banking Statistics|access-date=28 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pbc.gov.cn/diaochatongjisi/resource/cms/2019/11/2019110715580915686.htm|title=Official reserve assets|website=pbc.gov.cn|access-date=9 November 2019}}</ref> ([[List of countries by foreign-exchange reserves|1st]])
| cianame = china
| spelling = US
}}
[[China]] has an upper middle income, [[Developing country|developing]], [[Mixed economy|mixed]], [[socialist market economy]], that incorporates [[Industrial policy|industrial policies]] and strategic [[Five-year plans of China|five-year plans]].<ref name="Eco_info">
—Xu, Chenggang. "The Fundamental Institutions of China’s Reforms and Development." [[Journal of Economic Literature]], vol. 49, no. 4, [[American Economic Association]], 2011, pp. 1076–151, {{JSTOR|23071664}}. 
—Nee, Victor, and Sonja Opper. "Political Capital in a Market Economy." Social Forces, vol. 88, no. 5, [[Oxford University Press]], 2010, pp. 2105–32, {{JSTOR|40927540}}. 
—Shue Tuck Wong & Sun Sheng Han (1998) Whither China's Market Economy? The Case of Lijin Zhen, [[Geographical Review]], 88:1, 29–46, {{doi|10.1111/j.1931-0846.1998.tb00094.x}} 
—Gregory C. Chow (2005) The Role of Planning in China's Market Economy, Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies, 3:3, 193–203, {{doi| 10.1080/14765280500317866}} 
—HUA, HUANG. "The Market Economy in China." Security Dialogue, vol. 24, no. 2, [[SAGE Publications]], Ltd., 1993, pp. 175–79, {{JSTOR|44471339}}. 
—Chow, Gregory C. "Development of a More Market-Oriented Economy in China." Science, vol. 235, no. 4786, [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]], 1987, pp. 295–99, {{JSTOR|1698592}}.</ref> It is the world's second largest economy by [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|nominal GDP]], behind the [[United States]], and the [[List of countries by past and projected GDP (PPP)#IMF estimates between 2010 and 2019|world's largest economy]] since 2016 when measured by [[purchasing power parity]] (PPP).{{refn|group=note|GDP figures exclude [[Taiwan]], and the [[Special administrative regions of China|special administrative regions]] of [[Hong Kong]] and [[Macau]]}} Due to a volatile currency [[exchange rate]], China's GDP as measured in dollars fluctuates sharply.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/currencies/china-central-bank-says-will-resolutely-curb-big-currency-swings-2022-10-11/|title=China central bank says will 'resolutely' curb big currency swings|newspaper=Reuters |date=11 October 2022|via=www.reuters.com}}</ref> China accounted for 19% of the [[global economy]] in 2022 in PPP terms,<ref name="pwc_1"/> and around 18% in nominal terms in 2022.<ref name="pwc_1">{{cite web|url=http://www.pwc.com/gx/en/issues/economy/global-economy-watch/projections.html|website=PWC|title=Global Economy Watch - Projections > Real GDP / Inflation > Share of 2016 world GDP|access-date=23 June 2017}}</ref><ref name=":142">{{Cite news |last1=Tang |first1=Frank |last2=Wang |first2=Orange |date=2022-01-18 |title=China GDP growth slows as population crisis, Covid-19 cloud economic outlook |language=en |website=South China Morning Post |url=https://www.scmp.com/economy/china-economy/article/3163720/china-gdp-growth-2021-beats-expectations-narrowing-gap-us |access-date=2022-08-14}}</ref> Historically, China was one of the [[List of regions by past GDP (PPP)|world's foremost economic powers]] for most of the [[Pax Sinica|two millennia]] from [[Economic history of China before 1912|the 1st until the 19th century]].<ref name=":8" /><ref name="Cox">{{Cite web|last=Cox|first=Wendell|publisher=New Geography |date=21 September 2015|title=500 YEARS OF GDP: A TALE OF TWO COUNTRIES |url=https://www.newgeography.com/content/005050-500-years-gdp-a-tale-two-countries#:~:text=1500%3A%20In%201500%2C%20China%20was,GDP's%20of%20approximately%20%24100%20billion.|access-date=4 September 2020}}</ref> The economy consists of public sector enterprise, [[State-owned enterprises of China|state-owned enterprises]] (SOEs) and mixed-ownership enterprises, as well as a large domestic private sector and openness to foreign businesses in a system. Private investment and exports are the main drivers of [[economic growth]] in China; but the Chinese government has also emphasized domestic [[Consumption (economics)|consumption]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/china/chinas-gdp-recovery-likely-picked-up-q1-end-covid-curbs-2023-04-17/|title=China's economy gathers speed, global risks raise challenges to outlook|first1=Kevin|last1=Yao|first2=Joe|last2=Cash|first3=Joe|last3=Cash|newspaper=Reuters |date=18 April 2023|via=www.reuters.com}}</ref>

China is the world's [[List of countries by manufacturing output|largest manufacturing economy]] and [[List of countries by exports|exporter of goods]].<ref>{{cite web |title=China Widens Lead as World's Largest Manufacturer |url=http://news.thomasnet.com/IMT/2013/03/14/china-widens-lead-as-worlds-largest-manufacturer/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727123309/http://news.thomasnet.com/IMT/2013/03/14/china-widens-lead-as-worlds-largest-manufacturer/ |archive-date=27 July 2013 |access-date=25 August 2013 |publisher=thomasnet.com}}</ref> It is also the world's [[List of largest consumer markets|fastest-growing consumer market]] and [[List of countries by imports|second-largest importer of goods]].<ref>{{cite web |title=China: Fastest Growing Consumer Market in the World |date=2 December 2013 |url=http://blog-imfdirect.imf.org/2013/12/02/china-fastest-growing-consumer-market-in-the-world/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202175550/http://blog-imfdirect.imf.org/2013/12/02/china-fastest-growing-consumer-market-in-the-world/ |archive-date=2 December 2013 |access-date=8 December 2013 |publisher=IMF direct – The IMF Blog}}</ref> China is also the world's largest consumer of numerous commodities, and accounts for about half of global consumption of metals.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Baffes |first1=John |last2=Kabundi |first2=Alain Ntumba |last3=Nagle |first3=Peter Stephen Oliver |last4=Ohnsorge |first4=Franziska Lieselotte |date=2018-06-26 |title=The role of major emerging markets in global commodity demand |journal=Policy Research Working Paper Series |url=https://ideas.repec.org/p/wbk/wbrwps/8495.html |language=en}}</ref> China is a net importer of services products.<ref>{{Cite web |title=''intracen.org'' |url=http://www.intracen.org/uploadedFiles/intracenorg/Content/Exporters/Sectors/Service_exports/Trade_in_services/China_ServicesBrief.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030203611/http://www.intracen.org/uploadedFiles/intracenorg/Content/Exporters/Sectors/Service_exports/Trade_in_services/China_ServicesBrief.pdf |archive-date=30 October 2014}}</ref> It is the largest trading nation in the world and plays a prominent role in [[international trade]].<ref>{{cite news |title=China's Economy Is Catching Up to the U.S. |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2016-us-vs-china-economy/ |url-status=live |access-date=8 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317161514/https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2016-us-vs-china-economy/ |archive-date=17 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=12 April 2017 |title=Trade recovery expected in 2017 and 2018, amid policy uncertainty |url=http://www.wto.org/english/news_e/pres17_e/pr791_e.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703010617/https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/pres17_e/pr791_e.htm |archive-date=3 July 2017 |access-date=22 June 2017 |publisher=World Trade Organization |location=Geneva, Switzerland}}</ref> China is the largest recipient of [[foreign direct investment]] in the world as of 2020, receiving inflows of $163{{spaces}}billion.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Higgins|first=Tucker|date=24 January 2021|title=China surpasses U.S. as largest recipient of foreign direct investment during Covid pandemic|work=CNBC|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/01/24/china-received-more-foreign-investment-last-year-than-us-un-says.html|access-date=18 March 2021}}</ref> It has the second largest [[List of countries by FDI abroad|outward]] [[foreign direct investment]], at US$136.91 billion for 2019 alone, following Japan at US$226.65{{spaces}}billion for the same period.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Tjan|first=Sie Tek|date=18 September 2020|title=China's outbound foreign investment posts modest Decline since Start of 2020|work=China Banking News|url=http://www.chinabankingnews.com/2020/09/18/chinas-outbound-foreign-investment-posts-modest-decline-since-start-of-2020/|access-date=16 October 2020}}</ref> As of 2022, China was second in the world in [[List of countries by number of billionaires|total number of billionaires]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zhao |first=Suisheng |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1331741429 |title=The dragon roars back : transformational leaders and dynamics of Chinese foreign policy |date=2023 |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |isbn=978-1-5036-3088-8 |location=Stanford, California |pages=219–220 |oclc=1331741429}}</ref> In 2018, it was second in millionaires with 3.5 million.<ref name="bloomberg.com">{{Cite news|title=China Is Set to Keep Minting New Millionaires Faster Than U.S.|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-10-18/u-s-to-remain-hub-of-world-s-richest-even-as-china-closes-gap|access-date=19 February 2019|newspaper=Bloomberg.com|date=18 October 2018}}</ref> According to the 2019 Global Wealth Report by [[Credit Suisse|Credit Suisse Group]], China surpassed the US in the wealth of the top ten percent of the world's population.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Tjan|first=Sie Tek|date=24 December 2020|title=China surpasses the US in Wealth of Top 10%|work=The US News & World Report|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/best-countries/articles/2019-12-24/china-surpasses-the-us-in-wealth-of-top-10|access-date=20 October 2020}}</ref>{{NoteTag|China had a hundred million wealthy people (each owning a net wealth of over US$110,000) and the US 99 million. At US$63.8 trillion as of end of 2019, representing a 17-fold increase from US$3.7 trillion in 2001, the total amount of China's household wealth stood behind only that of the US with US$105.6 trillion.}} China has the world's largest [[List of countries by foreign-exchange reserves|foreign-exchange reserves]] worth $3.1{{spaces}}trillion,<ref name="China reserves">{{cite web | url=http://www.safe.gov.cn/safe/2020/0207/15340.html | title= 官方储备资产 (Official reserve assets) | access-date=29 October 2020}}</ref> but if the foreign assets of China's state-owned commercial banks are included, the value of China's reserves rises to nearly $4{{spaces}}trillion.<ref name="Economist China reserves">{{cite news | url=https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2020/10/31/if-chinas-economy-is-so-strong-why-isnt-its-currency-stronger | title=If China's economy is so strong, why isn't its currency stronger? | newspaper=[[The Economist]] | access-date=29 October 2020}}</ref> China faced a mild economic slowdown during the [[2007–2008 financial crisis]] and initiated a massive [[Chinese economic stimulus program|stimulus package]], which helped to regain its economic growth.

With 778 million workers, the Chinese [[List of countries by labour force|labor force]] was the world's largest as of 2020. It ranks 28th on the [[Global Competitiveness Report]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://reports.weforum.org/global-competitiveness-report-2018/|title=The Global Competitiveness Report 2018|access-date=17 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017082148/http://reports.weforum.org/global-competitiveness-report-2018/|archive-date=17 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Per the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2022, China was ranked 11th in the world, 3rd in Asia & Oceania region and 2nd for countries with a population of over 100 million. It is the only middle-income economy and the only [[newly industrialized economy]] in the top 30.<ref name=":15">{{Cite book |title=Global Innovation Index 2022 – Which are the most innovative countries |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2022/index.html |access-date=2022-09-29 |doi=10.34667/tind.46596 |language=en|last1=Dutta |first1=Soumitra |last2=Lanvin |first2=Bruno |last3=Wunsch-Vincent |first3=Sacha |last4=León |first4=Lorena Rivera |last5=World Intellectual Property Organization |year=2022 |publisher=World Intellectual Property Organization |isbn=9789280534320 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Dominik|first=Boddin|title=The Role of Newly Industrialized Economies in Global Value Chains|publisher=International Monetary Fund|year=2016}}</ref> It is often ranked among the world's most innovative countries, leading several measures of global [[patent filings]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wipo.int/pressroom/en/articles/2020/article_0005.html |title=China Becomes Top Filer of International Patents in 2019 Amid Robust Growth for WIPO's IP Services, Treaties and Finances |last= |first= |date=April 7, 2020 |publisher=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |access-date=April 7, 2020 |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-un-patents-idUSKCN2AU0TM |title=China extends lead over U.S. in global patents filings, U.N. says |author=Emma Farge |date=March 2, 2021 |website= |publisher= [[Reuters]] |access-date=March 2, 2021}}</ref> China has the [[List of sovereign states by financial assets|second-largest financial assets in the world]], valued at $17.9 trillion as of 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Allianz Global Wealth Report 2021 |url=https://www.eulerhermes.com/content/dam/onemarketing/ehndbx/eulerhermes_com/en_gl/erd/publications/pdf/2021_10_07_Global-Wealth-Report.pdf |access-date=2022-03-05}}</ref> It also has two ([[Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macau Greater Bay Area|Shenzhen-Hong Kong-Guangzhou]] and [[Beijing]] in the 2nd and 3rd spots respectively) of the global top{{spaces}}5 science and technology clusters, which is more than any other country.<ref name=":15" /><ref>{{Cite book |title=Global Innovation Index 2022: Switzerland, the U.S., and Sweden lead the Global Innovation Ranking; China Approaches Top 10 |url=https://www.wipo.int/pressroom/en/articles/2022/article_0011.html |access-date=2022-09-29 |doi=10.34667/tind.46596 |language=en|last1=Dutta |first1=Soumitra |last2=Lanvin |first2=Bruno |last3=Wunsch-Vincent |first3=Sacha |last4=León |first4=Lorena Rivera |last5=World Intellectual Property Organization |year=2022 |publisher=World Intellectual Property Organization |isbn=9789280534320 }}</ref> As of March 2022, China has over 500 million [[5G]] users and 1.45 million base stations installed.<ref>{{cite web|title=China aims to accelerate 5G base stations deployment this year: Report|date=11 March 2022|url=https://www.rcrwireless.com/20220311/5g/china-aims-accelerate-5g-base-stations-deployment-this-year-report|publisher=RCR Wireless|access-date=25 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=China expands 5G network to over 1.15 million base stations, more than rest of the world combined|url=https://www.scmp.com/video/china/3156521/china-expands-5g-network-over-115-million-base-stations-more-rest-world|access-date=18 November 2021|website=SCMP|language=en}}</ref> Almost 493 million Chinese people are categorized as [[middle class]], and 242 million are [[upper middle class]], according to a 2021 [[Pew Research Center]] survey.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/03/18/in-the-pandemic-indias-middle-class-shrinks-and-poverty-spreads-while-china-sees-smaller-changes/ |title=In the pandemic, India's middle class shrinks and poverty spreads while China sees smaller changes|last=KOCHHAR|first= RAKESH |date=March 18, 2021|website= |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]] |access-date=March 18, 2021 |quote=}}</ref> In 2022, [[mainland China]]'s ten [[List of the largest trading partners of China|largest trading partners]] were [[European Union]], United States, [[South Korea]], Japan, [[Taiwan]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Vietnam]], Australia, [[Malaysia]], and Russia.<ref>{{cite web |title=11-5 Value of Imports and Exports by Country (Region) of Origin/Destination 2022 |url=http://www.customs.gov.cn/customs/302249/zfxxgk/2799825/302274/302275/4794352/index.html |publisher=General Administrations of Customs of China}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}} [http://www.customs.gov.cn/customs/302249/zfxxgk/2799825/302274/302275/4794352/index.html]{{Dead link|date=September 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>

China has [[free trade agreement]]s with [[List of bilateral free-trade agreements#China, People's Republic of China|many nations]], some of which are already in force (such as [[RCEP]], the largest trade bloc in history) or are still in the negotiation phase.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://fta.mofcom.gov.cn/english/index.shtml |title=China's Free Trade Agreements |access-date=2011-04-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090712092832/http://fta.mofcom.gov.cn/english/index.shtml |archive-date=2009-07-12 }}</ref> Although widely regarded as the "powerhouse of manufacturing" or "the factory of the world",<ref>
* Bijun Wang & Xiang Li (2017) From world factory to world investor: the new way of China integrating into the world, China Economic Journal, 10:2, 175-193, {{doi|10.1080/17538963.2017.1320047}}
* Chen Li, Mee Kam Ng, Yuanzhou Tang & Tung Fung (2022) From a ‘World Factory’ to China’s Bay Area: A Review of the Outline of the Development Plan for the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, Planning Theory & Practice, 23:2, 310-314, {{doi|10.1080/14649357.2021.1958539}}
* Mees, H. (2016). China as the World’s Factory. In: The Chinese Birdcage. [[Palgrave Macmillan]], New York. {{doi|10.1057/978-1-137-58886-9_3}}
* {{cite journal|title = How much did China's emergence as "the world's factory" contribute to its national income?|journal = [[China Economic Review]]|volume = 69|pages = 101658|year =2021|issn = 1043-951X|doi = 10.1016/j.chieco.2021.101658|author =Yuwan Duan and Erik Dietzenbacher and Bart Los and Cuihong Yang| url=https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/177928128/1_s2.0_S1043951X21000766_main.pdf }}</ref> exports contribute only a comparatively [[List of countries by trade-to-GDP ratio|small proportion]] of the Chinese economy, at just 18.5% in 2020. Of the world's [[Fortune Global 500|500 largest companies]], 142 are headquartered in China.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global 500 |url=https://fortune.com/ranking/global500/ |access-date=3 August 2023 |website=[[Fortune Global 500]] |language=en}}</ref> It has four of the world's top ten most competitive [[Global Financial Centres Index|financial centers]]<ref name="GFCI2">{{cite web |date=September 2020 |title=The Global Financial Centres Index 28 |url=https://www.longfinance.net/media/documents/GFCI_28_Full_Report_2020.09.25_v1.1.pdf |access-date=26 September 2020 |publisher=Long Finance}}</ref> and three of the world's ten [[List of stock exchanges|largest stock exchange]]s (both by [[market capitalization]] and by [[trade volume]]).<ref name=":19">{{cite web |date=19 February 2019 |title=Top 10 Largest Stock Exchanges in the World By Market Capitalization |url=https://www.valuewalk.com/2019/02/top-10-largest-stock-exchanges/ |access-date=28 November 2019 |website=ValueWalk |language=en-US}}</ref> China's economy is both a contributor to rising global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions causing climate change and severely [[economic impacts of climate change|affected by its adverse impacts]], although its per capita emissions are still much lower than developed economies such as the United States.<ref name=":20">{{Cite web |last=World Bank |title=China Country Climate and Development Report |url=https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/38136/FullReport.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y |access-date=10 October 2022}}</ref>

==History==
{{main|Economic history of China before 1912|Economic history of China (1912–1949)|Economic history of China (1949–present)}}
[[File:Economic growth of China.jpg|thumb|GDP per capita in China from 1000 to 2018]]
Historically, China was one of the [[List of regions by past GDP (PPP)|world's foremost economic powers]] for most of the [[Pax Sinica|two millennia]] from [[Economic history of China before 1912|the 1st until the 19th century]].<ref name=":8">{{Cite book|last=Maddison|first=Angus|author-link=Angus Maddison|url=https://archive.org/details/chineseeconomicp00madd|title=Chinese Economic Performance in the Long Run: 960-2030 AD|publisher=Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development|year=2008|isbn=978-9264037625|pages=[https://archive.org/details/chineseeconomicp00madd/page/n44 43]|url-access=limited}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{cite book|last1=Dahlman|first1=Carl J.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ot7OKMivWiQC|title=China and the Knowledge Economy: Seizing the 21st Century|last2=Aubert|first2=Jean-Eric|date=2001|publisher=World Bank Publications|isbn=978-0-8213-5005-8|page=170}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{cite book|last=Maddison|first=Angus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a-JGGp2suQUC&q=angus+maddison|title=Contours of the World Economy 1-2030 AD: Essays in Macro-Economic History|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2007|isbn=978-0-191-64758-1|page=379|author-link=Angus Maddison}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{cite book|last=Bairoch|first=Paul|url=https://archive.org/details/economicsworldhi00bair_0|title=Economics and World History: Myths and Paradoxes|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|year=1995|isbn=978-0-226-03463-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/economicsworldhi00bair_0/page/95 95]|author-link=Paul Bairoch|url-access=registration}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{cite book|first=Angus|last=Maddison|author-link=Angus Maddison|url=http://browse.oecdbookshop.org/oecd/pdfs/product/4107091e.pdf|title=Chinese Economic Performance in the Long Run|edition=Second|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015212817/http://browse.oecdbookshop.org/oecd/pdfs/product/4107091e.pdf|archive-date=15 October 2014|url-status=dead|series=Development Centre Studies|page=29}} Accessed 2007. See the "Table 1.3. Levels of Chinese and European GDP Per Capita, 1–1700 AD" in page 29, Chinese GDP Per Capita was 450 and European GDP Per Capital was 422 in 960AD. Chinese GDP Per Capita was 600 while European was 576. During this time, Chinese per capita income rose by about a third.</ref> China accounted for around one-quarter of the global GDP until the late 1700s and approximately one-third of the global GDP in 1820 as the Industrial Revolution was beginning in Great Britain.<ref>{{cite web|last=Thompson|first=Derek|date=19 June 2012|title=The Economic History of the Last 2,000 Years in 1 Little Graph|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2012/06/the-economic-history-of-the-last-2-000-years-in-1-little-graph/258676/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924192008/https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2012/06/the-economic-history-of-the-last-2-000-years-in-1-little-graph/258676/|archive-date=24 September 2020|access-date=9 December 2017|website=The Atlantic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Holcombe|first=Charles|title=A History of East Asia: From the Origins of Civilization to the Twenty-First Century|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0521731645|page=1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Hu|first=Angang|url=https://archive.org/details/economicsocialtr00huan|title=Economic and Social Transformation in China: Challenges and Opportunities|publisher=Routledge|year=2006|isbn=978-0415380676|pages=[https://archive.org/details/economicsocialtr00huan/page/n30 12]–13|url-access=limited}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Arnander|first1=Christopher|title=Betrayed Ally: China in the Great War|last2=Wood|first2=Frances|publisher=Pen and Sword|year=2016|isbn=978-1473875012|publication-date=28 September 2016|page=20}}</ref> China's GDP in 1820 was six times as large as Britain's, the largest economy in Europe{{snd}}and almost twenty times the GDP of the nascent United States.<ref>{{cite web|date=10 November 2014|title=12 Facts on China's Economic History|url=https://www.theglobalist.com/12-facts-on-chinas-economic-history/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924192008/https://www.theglobalist.com/12-facts-on-chinas-economic-history/|archive-date=24 September 2020|access-date=26 February 2018|website=The Globalist}}</ref>

At the end of the [[Chinese Civil War]], the economy was devastated.<ref name=":43">{{Cite book |last=Karl |first=Rebecca E. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/503828045 |title=Mao Zedong and China in the twentieth-century world : a concise history |date=2010 |publisher=[[Duke University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8223-4780-4 |location=Durham [NC] |pages=75 |oclc=503828045}}</ref> As the defeated [[Kuomintang's retreat to Taiwan|Nationalists fled]] to Taiwan, they stripped China of liquid assets including gold, silver, and the country's [[Foreign-exchange reserves of China|dollar reserves]].<ref name=":43" /> By the time the KMT was defeated, commerce had been destroyed, the national currency rendered valueless, and the economy was based on barter.<ref name=":43" />

The People's Republic of China's development from one of the poorest countries to one of the largest economies was the quickest of any country.<ref name=":33">{{Cite book |last=Liu |first=Zongyuan Zoe |title=Sovereign Funds: How the Communist Party of China Finances its Global Ambitions |publisher=The Belknap Press of [[Harvard University Press]] |year=2023 |isbn=9780674271913 |pages= |doi=10.2307/jj.2915805 |jstor=jj.2915805|s2cid=259402050 }}</ref>{{Rp|page=11}} From 1949 until the [[Chinese economic reform]] in 1978, the economy was state-led with market activity remaining underground.<ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |last1=Frost |first1=Adam K. |last2=Li |first2=Zeren |date=2023-07-31 |title=Markets under Mao: Measuring Underground Activity in the Early PRC |journal=[[The China Quarterly]] |language=en |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1017/S0305741023001133 |issn=0305-7410 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Economic reforms began under [[Deng Xiaoping]].<ref name=":13" /> [[China]] subsequently became the world's [[List of countries by real GDP growth rate|fastest-growing major economy]], with [[Historical GDP of China|growth rates averaging 10%]] over 30 years.<ref name="NYT82415">{{cite news |author1=Nelson D. Schwartz |author2=Rachel Abrams |date=24 August 2015 |title=Advisers Work to Calm Fearful Investors |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/25/business/dealbook/advisers-work-to-calm-fearful-investors.html |url-status=live |access-date=25 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150826025315/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/25/business/dealbook/advisers-work-to-calm-fearful-investors.html |archive-date=26 August 2015 |quote=Even the most pessimistic observers think China will still grow by{{spaces}}4 or{{spaces}}5 percent}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{cite web |date=16 April 2013 |title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2013/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=1980&ey=2018&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=40&pr1.y=0&c=924&s=NGDP_RPCH%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102170742/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2013/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=1980&ey=2018&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=40&pr1.y=0&c=924&s=NGDP_RPCH%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |archive-date=2 November 2013 |access-date=16 April 2013 |publisher=International Monetary Fund}}</ref> Many scholars consider the [[Beijing Consensus|Chinese economic model]] as an example of [[authoritarian capitalism]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=McGregor |first=James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=scM57r29sJUC&dq=china+authoritarian+capitalism&pg=PR11 |title=NO ANCIENT WISDOM, NO FOLLOWERS: The Challenges of Chinese Authoritarian Capitalism |date=2012-11-06 |publisher=Easton Studio Press, LLC |isbn=978-1-935212-81-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gruin |first1=Julian |last2=Knaack |first2=Peter |date=2020-04-15 |title=Not Just Another Shadow Bank: Chinese Authoritarian Capitalism and the 'Developmental' Promise of Digital Financial Innovation |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13563467.2018.1562437 |journal=New Political Economy |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=370–387 |doi=10.1080/13563467.2018.1562437 |issn=1356-3467 |s2cid=159282907|hdl=11245.1/336bf4c0-6cf3-402d-a0ed-da06b78edc9c |hdl-access=free }}</ref> [[state capitalism]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Andrew Szamosszegi and Cole Kyle |title=An Analysis of State‐owned Enterprises and State Capitalism in China |url=https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5e41c6f5227c7b05e81bb87a/t/5ebc4f41cb51d10a41c54989/1589399365069/AZS-CK-China-SOE.pdf |website=U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission}}</ref> or [[party-state capitalism]].<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last1=Pearson |first1=Margaret |last2=Rithmire |first2=Meg |last3=Tsai |first3=Kellee S. |date=2021-09-01 |title=Party-State Capitalism in China |journal=[[Current History]] |language=en |volume=120 |issue=827 |pages=207–213 |doi=10.1525/curh.2021.120.827.207 |issn=0011-3530 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pearson |first1=Margaret M. |last2=Rithmire |first2=Meg |last3=Tsai |first3=Kellee S. |date=2022-10-01 |title=China's Party-State Capitalism and International Backlash: From Interdependence to Insecurity |journal=[[International Security]] |language=en |volume=47 |issue=2 |pages=135–176 |doi=10.1162/isec_a_00447 |issn=0162-2889 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

China has sustained growth due to export relations, its [[manufacturing sector]], and low-wage workers.<ref name="CIAWFCH" /> China's was the only major world economy to experience GDP growth in 2020, when its GDP increased by 2.3%.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |last1=Marquis |first1=Christopher |title=Mao and Markets: The Communist Roots of Chinese Enterprise |last2=Qiao |first2=Kunyuan |date=2022-11-15 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-26883-6 |pages= |doi=10.2307/j.ctv3006z6k |jstor=j.ctv3006z6k |author-link=Christopher Marquis |s2cid=253067190}}</ref> However, it posted one of its worst economic performances in decades because of COVID-19 in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=He |first=Laura |date=2023-01-17 |title=China posts one of its worst economic performances in decades because of Covid |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/01/16/business/china-gdp-2022-hnk-intl/index.html |access-date=2023-04-21 |website=[[CNN]] |language=en}}</ref> In 2023, [[International Monetary Fund|IMF]] predicted China to continue being one of the [[List of countries by real GDP growth rate|fastest growing major economies]].<ref name="IMF_forecast">{{cite web | url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/Issues/2023/04/11/world-economic-outlook-april-2023 | title=The outlook is uncertain again amid financial sector turmoil, high inflation, ongoing effects of Russia's invasion of Ukraine, and three years of COVID|work=[[International Monetary Fund]]|date=April 11, 2023 }}</ref>

== Wealth in China ==
{{See also|List of Chinese administrative divisions by GDP|List of Chinese administrative divisions by GDP per capita|List of Chinese prefecture-level cities by GDP per capita}}
China has had the world's largest middle class population since 2015,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Zheping |first=Huang |date=14 October 2015 |title=China's middle class has overtaken the US's to become the world's largest |work=[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]] |url=https://qz.com/523626/chinas-middle-class-has-overtaken-the-uss-to-become-the-worlds-largest/ |access-date=22 June 2019}}</ref> and the middle class grew to a size of 400 million by 2018{{citation needed|date=August 2023}} and is projected to reach 1.2 billion by 2027, making up one fourth of the world total.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=HOMI |first1=KHARAS |url=https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/FP_20201012_china_middle_class_kharas_dooley.pdf |title=CHINA'S INFLUENCE ON THE GLOBAL MIDDLE CLASS |last2=MEAGAN |first2=DOOLEY |publisher=Brookings Institution |year=2020 |page=1}}</ref> As of 2018, China was first in the world in total number of billionaires and second in millionaires{{snd}}there were 658 Chinese billionaires<ref name="Kurtenbach2">{{cite news |last=Kurtenbach |first=Elaine |date=27 February 2019 |title=Billionaire list shows $1T hit from '18 market meltdown |work=Associated Press |url=https://apnews.com/4e744eb004bd486cbd440bc71bf4b985 |access-date=17 February 2020}}</ref> and 3.5 million millionaires.<ref name="bloomberg.com2">{{Cite news |date=18 October 2018 |title=China Is Set to Keep Minting New Millionaires Faster Than U.S. |newspaper=Bloomberg.com |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-10-18/u-s-to-remain-hub-of-world-s-richest-even-as-china-closes-gap |access-date=19 February 2019}}</ref> In 2019, China overtook the US as the home to the highest number of rich people in the world, according to the global wealth report by [[Credit Suisse]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Khan |first=Yusuf |date=22 October 2019 |title=China has overtaken the US to have the most wealthy people in the world {{!}} Markets Insider |url=http://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/china-has-overtaken-the-us-to-have-the-most-wealthy-people-in-the-world-1028618107 |access-date=12 November 2019 |website=[[Business Insider]] }}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=23 October 2019 |title=China is now home to more wealthy people than the US |url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/style/luxury/article/3034161/china-now-home-more-wealthy-people-us-first-time-ever |access-date=21 November 2019 |website=[[South China Morning Post]] |language=en}}</ref> In other words, as of 2019, a hundred million Chinese are in the top ten percent of the wealthiest individuals in the world{{snd}}those who have a net personal wealth of at least $110,000.<ref>{{cite web |last=Dawkins |first=David |date=21 October 2019 |title=China Overtakes U.S. In Global Household Wealth Rankings 'Despite' Trade Tensions – Report |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/daviddawkins/2019/10/21/china-overtakes-us-in-global-household-wealth-rankings-despite-trade-tensionsreport/ |access-date=12 November 2019 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> In 2020, China has the world's highest number of billionaires, which is more than the US and India combined,<ref>{{cite web |title=China Has More Billionaires Than U.S. And India Combined: Hurun Report – Caixin Global |url=https://www.caixinglobal.com/2020-02-26/china-has-more-billionaires-than-us-and-india-combined-hurun-report-101520792.html |access-date=8 November 2020 |website=www.caixinglobal.com |language=en}}</ref> and as of March 2021, the number of billionaires in China reach 1,058 with the combined wealth of US$4.5{{spaces}}trillion.<ref name="hurun21">{{cite web |title=Hurun Report – Info – Hurun Global Rich List 2021 |url=https://www.hurun.net/en-US/Info/Detail?num=LWAS8B997XUP |access-date=19 March 2021 |website=www.hurun.net}}</ref> According to the [[Rupert Hoogewerf#Hurun Report|Hurun]] Global Rich List 2021, China is home to six of the world's top ten cities ([[Beijing]], [[Shanghai]], [[Shenzhen]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Hangzhou]] and [[Guangzhou]] in the 1st, 2nd, 4th, 5th, 8th and 9th spots, respectively) by the highest number of billionaires, which is more than any other country.<ref name="hurun21" /> As of January 2021, China had 85 female billionaires, two-thirds of the global total.<ref>{{cite web |date=2021-03-27 |title=China is now home to two-thirds of the world's top women billionaires |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/people-culture/article/3127254/china-now-home-two-thirds-worlds-top-women-billionaires-four |access-date=2021-11-26 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref>

==Regional economies for China==
{{see also|Megalopolises in China|List of cities in China}}
[[File:ChinaGDPdist.jpg|thumb|Distribution of GDP in mainland China]]
China's unequal [[Transport in China|transportation system]], combined with important differences in the availability of [[Natural resource|natural]] and [[human resources]] and in industrial [[infrastructure]], has produced significant variations in the regional economies of China.<ref>{{cite journal|title=China's regional disparities: Experience and policy☆|journal=Review of Development Finance|year=2011|doi=10.1016/j.rdf.2010.10.001|last1=Fan|first1=Shenggen|last2=Kanbur|first2=Ravi|last3=Zhang|first3=Xiaobo|volume=1|pages=47–56|doi-access=free}}</ref>

[[Economic development]] has generally been more rapid in [[List of places on the coastline of the People's Republic of China|coastal provinces]] than in the interior and there are large disparities in [[per capita income]] between regions. The three wealthiest regions are the [[Yangtze River Delta]] in East China; the [[Pearl River Delta]] in South China; and [[Jingjinji]] region in North China. It is the rapid development of these areas that is expected to have the most significant effect on the Asian regional economy as a whole and Chinese government policy is designed to remove the obstacles to accelerated growth in these wealthier regions. By 2035, China's four cities ([[Shanghai]], [[Beijing]], [[Guangzhou]] and [[Shenzhen]]) are projected to be among the global top ten largest cities by [[nominal GDP]] according to a report by Oxford Economics.<ref>{{cite web|title=These will be the most important cities by 2035|url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/10/cities-in-2035/|access-date=2 November 2020|website=World Economic Forum|language=en}}</ref>

===GDP by administrative division===
{{main|List of Chinese administrative divisions by GDP}}

{{Static row numbers}}
{| {{static row numbers table|class=col2center}} border="1" style="text-align:right;"
|+ List of 31 provinces in mainland China by Nominal GDP in 2022 ({{small|billions of GDP}})<ref name="data2022" />

|- {{static row numbers header}} style="text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;"
!provinces!!{{abbr|CN¥|Chinese yuan}}!!{{abbr|US$|US dollar}}!!{{small|share (%)}}

|- {{static row numbers total}} style="font-weight:bold;"
! style="text-align:center" |[[Mainland China|China {{small|(mainland)}}]]||121,020.72||17,992.70||100
|-
| align="left" |[[Guangdong]]||12,911.86||1,919.67||10.67
|-
| align="left" |[[Jiangsu]]||12,287.56||1,826.85||10.15
|-
| align="left" |[[Shandong]]||8,743.51||1,299.94||7.22
|-
| align="left" |[[Zhejiang]]||7,771.54||1,155.43||6.42
|-
| align="left" |[[Henan]]||6,134.51||912.05||5.07
|-
| align="left" |[[Sichuan]]||5,674.98||843.73||4.69
|-
| align="left" |[[Hubei]]||5,373.49||798.90||4.44
|-
| align="left" |[[Fujian]]||5,310.99||789.61||4.39
|-
| align="left" |[[Hunan]]||4,867.04||723.61||4.02
|-
| align="left" |[[Anhui]]||4,504.50||669.70||3.72
|-
| align="left" |[[Shanghai]]||4,465.28||663.87||3.69
|-
| align="left" |[[Hebei]]||4,237.04||629.94||3.50
|-
| align="left" |[[Beijing]]||4,161.10||618.65||3.44
|-
| align="left" |[[Shaanxi]]||3,277.27||487.25||2.71
|-
| align="left" |[[Jiangxi]]||3,207.47||476.87||2.65
|-
| align="left" |[[Chongqing]]||2,912.90||433.07||2.41
|-
| align="left" |[[Liaoning]]||2,897.51||430.79||2.39
|-
| align="left" |[[Yunnan]]||2,895.42||430.48||2.39
|-
| align="left" |[[Guangxi]]||2,630.09||391.03||2.17
|-
| align="left" |[[Shanxi]]||2,564.26||381.24||2.12
|-
| align="left" |{{small|[[Inner Mongolia]]}}||2,315.87||344.31||1.91
|-
| align="left" |[[Guizhou]]||2,016.46||299.80||1.67
|-
| align="left" |[[Xinjiang]]||1,774.13||263.77||1.47
|-
| align="left" |[[Tianjin]]||1,631.13||242.51||1.35
|-
| align="left" |{{small|[[Heilongjiang]]}}||1,590.10||236.41||1.31
|-
| align="left" |[[Jilin]]||1,307.02||194.32||1.08
|-
| align="left" |[[Gansu]]||1,120.16||166.54||0.93
|-
| align="left" |[[Hainan]]||681.82||101.37||0.56
|-
| align="left" |[[Ningxia]]||506.96||75.37||0.42
|-
| align="left" |[[Qinghai]]||361.01||53.67||0.30
|-
| align="left" |[[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]]||213.26||31.71||0.18
|}

===Hong Kong and Macau===
{{main|Economy of Hong Kong|Economy of Macau}}

In accordance with the [[one country, two systems]] policy, the economies of the former British colony of Hong Kong and Portuguese colony of Macau formally preserve a capitalist system separate from mainland China.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pomfret |first=James |last2= |first2= |date=2022-06-27 |title=Explainer: Hong Kong's rocky political road since the 1997 handover |language=en |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/hong-kongs-rocky-political-road-since-1997-handover-2022-06-27/ |access-date=2023-07-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Campbell |first=Matthew |date=29 July 2023 |title=What Happens to Hong Kong When 'One Country, Two Systems' Expires in 2047 |work=[[Bloomberg News]] |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-08-27/countdown-to-2047-what-will-happen-to-hong-kong-quicktake#xj4y7vzkg}}</ref>

==Development==
{{See also|List of administrative divisions of Greater China by Human Development Index}}
[[File:Graph of Major Developing Economies by Real GDP per capita at PPP 1990-2013.png|thumb|400px|China and other major developing economies by [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|GDP per capita at purchasing-power parity]] (1990–2013) as the rapid economic growth of China (blue) is readily apparent<ref>{{cite web|title=World Bank World Development Indicators|url=http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-development-indicators|publisher=World Bank|access-date=8 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820022146/http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-development-indicators|archive-date=20 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>]]
The [[Chinese economic reform|economic reforms]] implemented in 1978 helped to propel China into the ranks of the world's major economic powers. The economic development of [[Shenzhen]] has caused the city to be referred to as the world's next [[Silicon Valley]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Shenzhen is a hothouse of innovation|url=https://www.economist.com/news/special-report/21720076-copycats-are-out-innovators-are-shenzhen-hothouse-innovation|url-status=live|newspaper=The Economist|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114020350/https://www.economist.com/news/special-report/21720076-copycats-are-out-innovators-are-shenzhen-hothouse-innovation|archive-date=14 January 2018|access-date=13 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Murphy|first=Flynn|date=17 May 2017|title=China's Silicon Valley|journal=Nature|volume=545|issue=7654|pages=S29–S31|bibcode=2017Natur.545S..29M|doi=10.1038/545S29a|pmid=28514437|doi-access=free}}</ref> The [[Provinces of China|provinces]] in the coastal [[regions of China]], including [[Zhejiang]], [[Jiangsu]], [[Fujian]] and [[Guangdong]], tend to be more [[industrialized]] while regions in the hinterland are less [[Economic development|developed]].
[[File:China_vs_World_by_Nominal_GDP_per_capita_in_2020_new.png|thumb|China vs World by Nominal GDP per capita in 2020<ref name="GDP IMF">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2020/October/weo-report?c=512,914,612,614,311,213,911,314,193,122,912,313,419,513,316,913,124,339,638,514,218,963,616,223,516,918,748,618,624,522,622,156,626,628,228,924,233,632,636,634,238,662,960,423,935,128,611,321,243,248,469,253,642,643,939,734,644,819,172,132,646,648,915,134,652,174,328,258,656,654,336,263,268,532,944,176,534,536,429,433,178,436,136,343,158,439,916,664,826,542,967,443,917,544,941,446,666,668,672,946,137,546,674,676,548,556,678,181,867,682,684,273,868,921,948,943,686,688,518,728,836,558,138,196,278,692,694,962,142,449,564,565,283,853,288,293,566,964,182,359,453,968,922,714,862,135,716,456,722,942,718,724,576,936,961,813,726,199,733,184,524,361,362,364,732,366,144,146,463,528,923,738,578,537,742,866,369,744,186,925,869,746,926,466,112,111,298,927,846,299,582,487,474,754,698,&s=NGDPDPC,&sy=2020&ey=2020&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2020 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |work=World Economic Outlook |date=October 2020 |access-date=13 October 2020 }}</ref>|400px]]

To guide economic development, the Chinese central government adopts "[[Five-year plans of China|five-year plans]]" that detail its economic priorities and essential policies. The [[Five-year plans of China#Fourteenth Plan (2021–2025)|Fourteenth Five-Year Plan]] (2021–2025) is currently being implemented, placing an emphasis on consumption-driven growth and technological self-sufficiency while China transitions from being an upper middle-income economy to a high-income economy.<ref>{{cite news|date=30 October 2020|title=Five-year plan: China moves to technology self-sufficiency|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3107709/five-year-plan-china-officials-flesh-out-details-plenum|publisher=South China Morning Post|access-date=18 March 2021}}</ref>

The [[public sector]] plays a central role in China's economy.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9789811368943 |title=The Basic Economic System of China |isbn=978-981-13-6894-3|last1=Pei |first1=Changhong |last2=Yang |first2=Chunxue |last3=Yang |first3=Xinming |date=4 July 2019 |publisher=Springer }}</ref> This development is also in line with the planning goals of the Chinese central government to achieve the "[[Two Centenaries]]", namely the material goal of China becoming a "[[Moderately prosperous society|moderately prosperous society in all respects]]" by 2021 and the modernization goal of China becoming a "strong, democratic, civilized, harmonious and modern socialist country" by 2049, the 100th anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nathan |first=Andrew |date=25 June 2021 |title=An Anxious 100th Birthday for China's Communist Party |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/an-anxious-100th-birthday-for-chinas-communist-party-11624635205 |access-date=23 May 2023}}</ref> China retains state control over the [[commanding heights of the economy]] in key industries like infrastructure, telecommunications, and finance despite significant marketization of the economy since [[reform and opening up]].<ref name=":44">{{Cite book |last=Heilmann |first=Sebastian |url= |title=Red Swan: How Unorthodox Policy-Making Facilitated China's Rise |date=2018 |publisher=[[The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press]] |isbn=978-962-996-827-4 |author-link=Sebastian Heilmann}}</ref>{{Rp|page=20}} Specific mechanisms implementing its control of the commanding heights in these areas include public property rights, pervasive administrative involvement, and Communist Party supervision of senior managers.<ref name=":44" />{{Rp|page=20}}
[[File:Worlds regions by total wealth(in trillions USD), 2018.jpg|thumb|400px|Worlds regions by total wealth (in trillions USD), 2018]]
[[File:China's share of global export.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|China's share of global export 1990–2019]]
Like Japan and South Korea before it, China's economy has grown rapidly, raising the income levels and living standards of its citizens while producing goods that are consumed globally. China brought more people out of extreme poverty than any other country in history<ref>{{cite news |date=13 October 2017 |title=China lifting 800 million people out of poverty is historic: World Bank |work=Business Standard India |agency=Press Trust of India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/international/china-lifting-800-million-people-out-of-poverty-is-historic-world-bank-117101300027_1.html |access-date=22 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author= |url= |title=Four Decades of Poverty Reduction in China: Drivers, Insights for the World, and the Way Ahead |date=2022 |publisher=World Bank Publications |isbn=9781464818783 |location= |page=ix |quote=By any measure, the speed and scale of China's poverty reduction is historically unprecedented.}}</ref>—between 1978 and 2018, China reduced extreme poverty by 800 million.<ref name="UN-2019">{{cite web |title=China's Approach to Reduce Poverty: Taking Targeted Measures to Lift People out of Poverty |url=https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2018/05/31.pdf |access-date=21 February 2019 |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> Between 1981 and 2019, the percentage of the population living in [[extreme poverty]] decreased from 88.1% to 0.2%.<ref name="POVCAL" /> Its [[current account surplus]] increased by a factor of 53 between 1982 and 2021, from $5.67{{spaces}}billion to $317{{spaces}}billion.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BN.CAB.XOKA.CD?locations=CN |title=Current account balance (BoP, current US$) – China |publisher=[[World Bank]] |website=worldbank.org|access-date=18 March 2021}}</ref> During this time, China also became an industrial powerhouse, moving beyond initial successes in low-wage sectors like [[clothing]] and [[footwear]] to the increasingly sophisticated production of [[computers]], [[pharmaceuticals]], and [[automobiles]]. China's factories generated $3.7{{spaces}}trillion real manufacturing value added, more than the US, South Korea, Germany and the UK combined. China's manufacturing sector benefits from the world's largest domestic market, immense manufacturing scale, and highly developed manufacturing supply chains.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bcg.com/publications/2018/china-next-leap-in-manufacturing |title=China's Next Leap in Manufacturing |publisher=Boston Consulting Group |website=bcg.com|date=19 August 2020 |access-date=18 March 2021}}</ref>

In mid-2014 China announced it was taking steps to boost the economy, which at the time was running at a rate 7.4% per annum, but was slowing. The measures included plans to build a multi-tier [[transport network]], comprising [[Rail transport|railways]], [[road]]s and [[airport]]s, to create a new economic belt alongside the [[Yangtze]] River.<ref name="ChinaEconomy">{{cite news|title=New stimulus measures by China to boost economic growth|url=http://www.beijingbulletin.com/index.php/sid/222852671/scat/ce9cf98a4a863704/ht/New-stimulus-measures-by-China-to-boost-economic-growth|publisher=Beijing Bulletin|access-date=12 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714231927/http://www.beijingbulletin.com/index.php/sid/222852671/scat/ce9cf98a4a863704/ht/New-stimulus-measures-by-China-to-boost-economic-growth|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In terms of domestic [[National saving|saving]], defined as combined saving of households, businesses, and governments, China is the world's largest saving country as of at least 2022.<ref name=":04">{{Cite book |last=Roach |first=Stephen |url= |title=Accidental Conflict: America, China, and the Clash of False Narratives |date=2022 |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |isbn=978-0-300-26901-7 |doi=10.2307/j.ctv2z0vv2v |jstor=j.ctv2z0vv2v |s2cid=252800309 |author-link=Stephen S. Roach}}</ref>{{Rp|page=27}}

===Disputes over economic data===
There exists disputes over reliability of official economic data. Foreign and some Chinese sources have claimed that official Chinese government statistics overstate China's economic growth.<ref name=":18" /> However, several Western academics and institutions have stated that China's economic growth is higher than indicated by official figures.<ref name=":4" /> Others, such as the [[Economist Intelligence Unit]], state that while there's evidence China's GDP data is "smoothed", they believe that China's nominal and real GDP data are broadly accurate.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-04 |title=Recent challenges in reading China's GDP |url=https://www.eiu.com/n/recent-challenges-in-reading-chinas-gdp/ |access-date=2022-08-18 |website=Economist Intelligence Unit |language=en-GB}}</ref>

==== Overestimating ====
Chinese provinces and cities have long been suspected of cooking their numbers, with the focus on local government officials, whose performance are often assessed based on how well their respective economies have performed.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-economy-data-idUSKBN1F60I1|title=Another Chinese city admits 'fake' economic data|newspaper=Reuters|date=17 January 2018|via=www.reuters.com|access-date=19 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190813160840/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-economy-data-idUSKBN1F60I1|archive-date=13 August 2019|url-status=live|last1=Woo|first1=Yawen Chen}}</ref> Local governments have come under increased scrutiny over the last few years over economic data, with CCP general secretary [[Xi Jinping]] stating that economic data forgery "not only hurt our judgment of the economic situation, but also seriously undermined the [[Chinese Communist Party|Communist Party]]’s ideas and truth-seeking style".<ref name=":18">{{cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/economy/article/2063906/can-you-still-trust-chinas-economic-data-after-province-admits|title=Can you still trust China's economic data after province admits cooking books?|date=20 January 2017|website=South China Morning Post|access-date=19 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190813160839/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/economy/article/2063906/can-you-still-trust-chinas-economic-data-after-province-admits|archive-date=13 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/economy/article/2128484/why-chinese-officials-are-suddenly-coming-clean-over-cooking|title=Why Chinese officials are coming clean over cooking the books|date=16 January 2018|website=South China Morning Post|access-date=19 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191002180057/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/economy/article/2128484/why-chinese-officials-are-suddenly-coming-clean-over-cooking|archive-date=2 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

A 2015 survey by ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' of 64 select economists found that 96% of respondents think China's GDP estimates don't "accurately reflect the state of the Chinese economy."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/wsj-survey-chinas-growth-statements-make-u-s-economists-skeptical-1441980001|title=WSJ Survey: China's Growth Statements Make U.S. Economists Skeptical|first=Jeffrey|last=Sparshott|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|date=11 September 2015|access-date=19 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420010540/https://www.wsj.com/articles/wsj-survey-chinas-growth-statements-make-u-s-economists-skeptical-1441980001|archive-date=20 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> However, more than half the economists in the survey estimated that China's annual growth was somewhere in the 5% to 7% range, which represents robust growth. During his tenure in [[Liaoning]], future Chinese premier [[Li Keqiang]] has said he is far from confident in the country's GDP estimates, calling them "man-made" and unreliable, according to a leaked document from 2007 obtained by WikiLeaks. He said government data releases, especially the GDP numbers, should be used "for reference only".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2015/11/02/is-china-cooking-the-books-on-economic-expansion |title=Is China Cooking the Books on Economic Expansion? | Civic | US News |access-date=19 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420010707/https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2015/11/02/is-china-cooking-the-books-on-economic-expansion |archive-date=20 April 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2016, analysts like [[Wilbur Ross]] and Donald Straszheim believed China's economic growth had been overstated, and estimate a growth rate at around 4% or less.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2016/01/19/what-is-chinas-actual-gdp-experts-weigh-in.html|title=What is China's actual GDP? Experts weigh in|first=Everett|last=Rosenfeld|date=19 January 2016|website=CNBC|access-date=5 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180505134836/https://www.cnbc.com/2016/01/19/what-is-chinas-actual-gdp-experts-weigh-in.html|archive-date=5 May 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> According to Chang-Tai Hsieh, an economist at the [[University of Chicago Booth School of Business]] and research associate at the [[National Bureau of Economic Research]], Michael Zheng Song, an economics professor at the [[Chinese University of Hong Kong]], and coauthors, China's economy was smaller than what the Chinese government stated in 2016. In their research paper, published by the [[Brookings Institution]] in 2019, they adjusted the historical GDP time series using [[value-added tax]] data, which they said are "highly resistant to fraud and tampering".<ref>{{cite web|last=Song|first=Wei Chen, Xilu Chen, Chang-Tai Hsieh, and Zheng (Michael)|date=7 March 2019|title=A forensic examination of China's national accounts|url=https://www.brookings.edu/bpea-articles/a-forensic-examination-of-chinas-national-accounts/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720135504/https://www.brookings.edu/bpea-articles/a-forensic-examination-of-chinas-national-accounts/|archive-date=20 July 2019|access-date=20 July 2019|website=Brookings|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{cite web|last=Wildau|first=Gabriel|date=7 March 2019|title=China's economy is 12% smaller than official data say, study finds|url=https://www.ft.com/content/961b4b32-3fce-11e9-b896-fe36ec32aece|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720135501/https://www.ft.com/content/961b4b32-3fce-11e9-b896-fe36ec32aece|archive-date=20 July 2019|access-date=20 July 2019|website=Financial Times|language=en-GB}}</ref> They found that China's economic growth may have been overstated by 1.7 percent each year between 2008 and 2016, meaning that the government may have been overstating the size of the Chinese economy by 12–16 percent in 2016.<ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2019/03/07/chinas-economy-might-be-nearly-a-seventh-smaller-than-reported|title=China's economy might be nearly a seventh smaller than reported|date=7 March 2019|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=20 July 2019|issn=0013-0613|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720135459/https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2019/03/07/chinas-economy-might-be-nearly-a-seventh-smaller-than-reported|archive-date=20 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Underestimating ====
Several Western academics and institutions have supported the claim that China's economy is likely to be underestimated.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Clark|first1=Hunter|last2=Pinkovskiy|first2=Maxim|last3=Sala-i-Martin|first3=Xavier|date=1 August 2020|title=China's GDP growth may be understated|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1043951X18301470|journal=China Economic Review|language=en|volume=62|page=101243|doi=10.1016/j.chieco.2018.10.010|s2cid=157898394|issn=1043-951X}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite web|last=Chandran|first=Nyshka|date=16 October 2015|title=These guys think China's economy is much larger|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2015/10/15/chinas-economy-is-likely-larger-than-you-think.html|access-date=25 October 2020|website=CNBC|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite web|date=13 January 2011|title=Is China Already Number One? New GDP Estimates|url=https://www.piie.com/blogs/realtime-economic-issues-watch/china-already-number-one-new-gdp-estimates|access-date=25 October 2020|website=PIIE|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last1=Fernald|first1=John G.|last2=Malkin|first2=Israel|last3=Spiegel|first3=Mark M.|date=2013|title=On the reliability of Chinese output figures|url=https://ideas.repec.org/a/fip/fedfel/y2013imar25n2013-08.html|journal=FRBSF Economic Letter|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite book|last1=Daniel|first1=Rosen|title=Broken Abacus? A More Accurate Gauge of China's Economy|last2=Beibei|first2=Bao|publisher=Center for Strategic and International Studies|year=2015|isbn=978-1442240841|pages=X-XV}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{cite web|last=Allison|first=Graham|date=15 October 2020|title=China Is Now the World's Largest Economy. We Shouldn't Be Shocked.|url=https://nationalinterest.org/feature/china-now-world%E2%80%99s-largest-economy-we-shouldn%E2%80%99t-be-shocked-170719|access-date=25 October 2020|website=The National Interest|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Williamson|first1=Peter J.|last2=Hoenderop|first2=Simon|last3=Hoenderop|first3=Jochem|date=3 April 2018|title=An alternative benchmark for the validity of China's GDP growth statistics|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/14765284.2018.1438867|journal=Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies|volume=16|issue=2|pages=171–191|doi=10.1080/14765284.2018.1438867|s2cid=158464860|issn=1476-5284}}</ref> A paper by the US-based [[National Bureau of Economic Research]] claimed that China's economic growth may be higher than what is reported by official statistics.<ref>{{cite web|date=April 2017|title=China'S GDP Growth May Be Understated|url=https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w23323/w23323.pdf|access-date=26 January 2021|website=National Bureau of Economic Research}}</ref> An article by Hunter Clarka, Maxim Pinkovskiya and [[Xavier Sala-i-Martin]] published by the [[Elsevier Science Direct]] in 2018 employs an innovative method of satellite-recorded nighttime lights, which the authors claim to be a best-unbiased predictor of the economic growth in Chinese cities. The results suggest that the Chinese economic growth rate is higher than the official reported data.<ref name=":1" />

The [[Li Keqiang index]] is an alternative measurement of Chinese economic performance that uses three variables Li preferred.<ref name="stlfed20170912">{{cite web|date=12 September 2017|title=Some Alternative Methods for Tracking Chinese GDP|url=https://www.stlouisfed.org/on-the-economy/2017/september/some-alternative-methods-tracking-chinese-gdp|access-date=6 May 2020|website=Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis}}</ref> Satellite measurements of [[light pollution]] are used by some analysts to model Chinese economic growth and suggest growth rate numbers in Chinese official data are more reliable, though are likely to be smoothed.<ref name="stlfed20170914">{{cite web|date=14 September 2017|title=Estimating Chinese GDP Using Night-Lights Data|url=https://www.stlouisfed.org/on-the-economy/2017/september/estimating-chinese-gdp-using-night-lights-data|access-date=6 May 2020|website=Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis}}</ref> According to an article by the [[Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis]], China's official statistics are of a high quality compared to other developing, middle-income and low-income countries. In 2016, China was at the 83rd percentile of middle and low-income countries, up from the 38th percentile in 2004.<ref name="stlfed20170911">{{cite web|date=11 September 2017|title=Challenges in Measuring China's Economic Growth|url=https://www.stlouisfed.org/on-the-economy/2017/september/challenges-measuring-china-economic-growth|access-date=29 October 2020|website=Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis}}</ref> A study by the [[Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco]] found that China's official GDP statistics are "significantly and positively correlated" with externally verifiable measures of economic activity such as import and export data from China's trade partners, suggesting that China's economic growth was no slower than the official figures indicated.<ref name=":4" />

The study by Daniel Rosen and Beibei Bao, published by the [[Center for Strategic and International Studies]] in 2015, showed that GDP in 2008 was actually 13–16 percent bigger than the official data, while 2013 GDP was accurately at $10.5{{spaces}}trillion rather than the official figure at $9.5{{spaces}}trillion.<ref name=":5" /> According to a research conducted by [[Arvind Subramanian]], a former economist at the [[International Money Fund|International Money Fund (IMF)]] and a senior fellow at the [[Peterson Institute for International Economics]], the size of the Chinese economy by [[Purchasing power parity|Purchasing Power Parity]] in 2010 was about $14.8 trillion rather than an official estimate at $10.1 trillion by IMF, meaning that China's GDP was underestimated by 47 percent.<ref>{{cite web|last=Arvind|first=Subramanian|date=13 January 2011|title=Is China Already Number One? New GDP Estimates|url=https://www.piie.com/blogs/realtime-economic-issues-watch/china-already-number-one-new-gdp-estimates|access-date=29 March 2021|website=[[Peterson Institute for International Economics]] (PIIE)|language=en}}</ref>

===Regional development===
{{Regional economic strategies of the People's Republic of China}}
These strategies are aimed at the relatively poorer regions in China in an attempt to prevent widening inequalities:
* [[China Western Development]], designed to increase the economic situation of the western provinces through investment and development of natural resources.
* [[Revitalize Northeast China]], to rejuvenate the industrial bases in [[Northeast China]]. It covers the three provinces of [[Heilongjiang]], [[Jilin]], and [[Liaoning]], as well as the five eastern [[Prefecture (China)|prefectures]] of [[Inner Mongolia]].
* [[Rise of Central China Plan]], to accelerate the development of its central regions. It covers six provinces: [[Shanxi]], [[Henan]], [[Anhui]], [[Hubei]], [[Hunan]], and [[Jiangxi]].
* [[Third Front (China)|Third Front]], focused on the southwestern provinces.

Foreign investment abroad:
* [[Go Out policy|Go Global]], to encourage its enterprises to invest overseas.

==Macroeconomic trends==
{{see also|Historical GDP of China}}
The following table shows the main economic indicators in 1980–2022 (with IMF staff estimtates in 2023–2028). Inflation below 5% is in green.<ref name=":16">{{Cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/April/weo-report|title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects|website=IMF}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!Year
!GDP
(in Bil. US$PPP)
!GDP per capita
(in US$ PPP)
!GDP
(in Bil. US$nominal)
!GDP per capita
(in US$ nominal)
!GDP growth
(real)
!Inflation rate
(in Percent)
!Unemployment
(in Percent)
!Government debt
(in % of GDP)
|-
|1980
|302.8
|306.7
|303.0
|307.0
|{{Increase}}7.9%
|n/a
|4.9%
|n/a
|-
|1981
|{{Increase}}348.3
|{{Increase}}348.1
|{{Decrease}}288.7
|{{Decrease}}288.5
|{{Increase}}5.1%
|{{Increase}}2.5%
|{{DecreasePositive}}3.8%
|n/a
|-
|1982
|{{Increase}}403.1
|{{Increase}}396.6
|{{Decrease}}284.6
|{{Decrease}}280.0
|{{Increase}}9.0%
|{{Increase}}2.0%
|{{DecreasePositive}}3.2%
|n/a
|-
|1983
|{{Increase}}464.1
|{{Increase}}450.6
|{{Increase}}305.4
|{{Increase}}296.5
|{{Increase}}10.8%
|{{Increase}}2.0%
|{{DecreasePositive}}2.3%
|n/a
|-
|1984
|{{Increase}}554.0
|{{Increase}}530.9
|{{Increase}}314.2
|{{Increase}}301.1
|{{Increase}}15.2%
|{{Increase}}2.7%
|{{DecreasePositive}}1.9%
|n/a
|-
|1985
|{{Increase}}648.7
|{{Increase}}612.8
|{{Decrease}}310.1
|{{Decrease}}293.0
|{{Increase}}13.5%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}9.3%
|{{DecreasePositive}}1.8%
|n/a
|-
|1986
|{{Increase}}718.6
|{{Increase}}668.4
|{{Decrease}}300.9
|{{Decrease}}279.9
|{{Increase}}8.6%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}6.5%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}2.0%
|n/a
|-
|1987
|{{Increase}}822.5
|{{Increase}}752.6
|{{Increase}}327.7
|{{Increase}}299.8
|{{Increase}}11.7%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}7.3%
|{{Steady}}2.0%
|n/a
|-
|1988
|{{Increase}}946.9
|{{Increase}}852.9
|{{Increase}}408.7
|{{Increase}}368.1
|{{Increase}}11.2%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}18.8%
|{{Steady}}2.0%
|n/a
|-
|1989
|{{Increase}}1,025.4
|{{Increase}}909.8
|{{Increase}}458.2
|{{Increase}}406.5
|{{Increase}}4.2%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}18.0%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}2.6%
|n/a
|-
|1990
|{{Increase}}1,105.1
|{{Increase}}966.6
|{{Decrease}}396.6
|{{Decrease}}346.9
|{{Increase}}3.9%
|{{Increase}}3.1%
|{{DecreasePositive}}2.5%
|n/a
|-
|1991
|{{Increase}}1,248.7
|{{Increase}}1,078.1
|{{Increase}}413.2
|{{Increase}}356.8
|{{Increase}}9.3%
|{{Increase}}3.4%
|{{DecreasePositive}}2.3%
|n/a
|-
|1992
|{{Increase}}1,459.6
|{{Increase}}1,245.7
|{{Increase}}492.1
|{{Increase}}420.0
|{{Increase}}14.3%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}6.4%
|{{Steady}}2.3%
|n/a
|-
|1993
|{{Increase}}1,701.5
|{{Increase}}1,435.7
|{{Increase}}617.4
|{{Increase}}521.0
|{{Increase}}13.9%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}14.7%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}2.6%
|n/a
|-
|1994
|{{Increase}}1,964.3
|{{Increase}}1,639.0
|{{Decrease}}561.7
|{{Decrease}}468.7
|{{Increase}}13.0%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}24.1%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}2.8%
|n/a
|-
|1995
|{{Increase}}2,225.5
|{{Increase}}1,837.4
|{{Increase}}731.0
|{{Increase}}603.5
|{{Increase}}11.0%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}17.1%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}2.9%
|21.6%
|-
|1996
|{{Increase}}2,491.0
|{{Increase}}2,035.3
|{{Increase}}860.5
|{{Increase}}703.1
|{{Increase}}9.9%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}8.3%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}3.0%
|{{DecreasePositive}}21.4%
|-
|1997
|{{Increase}}2,768.3
|{{Increase}}2,239.3
|{{Increase}}958.0
|{{Increase}}774.9
|{{Increase}}9.2%
|{{Increase}}2.8%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}3.1%
|{{DecreasePositive}}20.6%
|-
|1998
|{{Increase}}3,019.4
|{{Increase}}2,420.1
|{{Increase}}1,024.2
|{{Increase}}820.9
|{{Increase}}7.9%
|{{Increase}}-0.8%
|{{Steady}}3.1%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}20.7%
|-
|1999
|{{Increase}}3,297.1
|{{Increase}}2,621.2
|{{Increase}}1,088.3
|{{Increase}}865.2
|{{Increase}}7.7%
|{{Increase}}-1.4%
|{{Steady}}3.1%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}21.9%
|-
|2000
|{{Increase}}3,657.5
|{{Increase}}2,885.7
|{{Increase}}1,205.5
|{{Increase}}951.2
|{{Increase}}8.5%
|{{Increase}}0.4%
|{{Steady}}3.1%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}23.0%
|-
|2001
|{{Increase}}4,051.0
|{{Increase}}3,174.1
|{{Increase}}1,333.6
|{{Increase}}1,045.0
|{{Increase}}8.3%
|{{Increase}}0.7%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}3.6%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}24.6%
|-
|2002
|{{Increase}}4,489.1
|{{Increase}}3,494.7
|{{Increase}}1,465.8
|{{Increase}}1,141.1
|{{Increase}}9.1%
|{{Increase}}-0.8%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}4.0%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}25.9%
|-
|2003
|{{Increase}}5,036.5
|{{Increase}}3,897.4
|{{Increase}}1,657.0
|{{Increase}}1,282.2
|{{Increase}}10.0%
|{{Increase}}1.2%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}4.3%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}26.8%
|-
|2004
|{{Increase}}5,694.7
|{{Increase}}4,381.0
|{{Increase}}1,949.4
|{{Increase}}1,499.7
|{{Increase}}10.1%
|{{Increase}}3.9%
|{{DecreasePositive}}4.2%
|{{DecreasePositive}}26.4%
|-
|2005
|{{Increase}}6,542.3
|{{Increase}}5,003.4
|{{Increase}}2,290.0
|{{Increase}}1,751.4
|{{Increase}}11.4%
|{{Increase}}1.8%
|{{Steady}}4.2%
|{{DecreasePositive}}26.3%
|-
|2006
|{{Increase}}7,601.3
|{{Increase}}5,782.8
|{{Increase}}2,754.1
|{{Increase}}2,095.2
|{{Increase}}12.7%
|{{Increase}}1.5%
|{{DecreasePositive}}4.1%
|{{DecreasePositive}}25.6%
|-
|2007
|{{Increase}}8,918.9
|{{Increase}}6,750.2
|{{Increase}}3,555.7
|{{Increase}}2,691.0
|{{Increase}}14.2%
|{{Increase}}4.8%
|{{DecreasePositive}}4.0%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}29.2%
|-
|2008
|{{Increase}}9,961.9
|{{Increase}}7,501.3
|{{Increase}}4,577.3
|{{Increase}}3,446.7
|{{Increase}}9.6%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}5.9%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}4.2%
|{{DecreasePositive}}27.2%
|-
|2009
|{{Increase}}10,972.8
|{{Increase}}8,222.4
|{{Increase}}5,089.0
|{{Increase}}3,813.4
|{{Increase}}9.4%
|{{Increase}}-0.7%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}4.3%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}34.6%
|-
|2010
|{{Increase}}12,283.0
|{{Increase}}9,160.2
|{{Increase}}6,033.8
|{{Increase}}4,499.8
|{{Increase}}10.6%
|{{Increase}}3.3%
|{{DecreasePositive}}4.1%
|{{DecreasePositive}}33.9%
|-
|2011
|{{Increase}}13,735.7
|{{Increase}}10,180.9
|{{Increase}}7,492.2
|{{Increase}}5,553.2
|{{Increase}}9.6%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}5.4%
|{{Steady}}4.1%
|{{DecreasePositive}}33.8%
|-
|2012
|{{Increase}}15,137.5
|{{Increase}}11,136.9
|{{Increase}}8,539.6
|{{Increase}}6,282.7
|{{Increase}}7.8%
|{{Increase}}2.6%
|{{Steady}}4.1%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}34.4%
|-
|2013
|{{Increase}}16,277.4
|{{Increase}}11,905.1
|{{Increase}}9,624.9
|{{Increase}}7,039.6
|{{Increase}}7.8%
|{{Increase}}2.6%
|{{Steady}}4.1%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}37.0%
|-
|2014
|{{Increase}}17,200.7
|{{Increase}}12,496.3
|{{Increase}}10,524.2
|{{Increase}}7,645.9
|{{Increase}}7.4%
|{{Increase}}2.0%
|{{Steady}}4.1%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}40.0%
|-
|2015
|{{Increase}}17,880.3
|{{Increase}}12,926.2
|{{Increase}}11,113.5
|{{Increase}}8,034.3
|{{Increase}}7.0%
|{{Increase}}1.4%
|{{Steady}}4.1%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}41.5%
|-
|2016
|{{Increase}}18,701.7
|{{Increase}}13,432.0
|{{Increase}}11,226.9
|{{Increase}}8,063.4
|{{Increase}}6.9%
|{{Increase}}2.0%
|{{DecreasePositive}}4.0%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}50.7%
|-
|2017
|{{Increase}}19,814.1
|{{Increase}}14,151.8
|{{Increase}}12,265.3
|{{Increase}}8,760.3
|{{Increase}}6.9%
|{{Increase}}1.6%
|{{DecreasePositive}}3.9%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}55.0%
|-
|2018
|{{Increase}}21,660.2
|{{Increase}}15,412.0
|{{Increase}}13,841.8
|{{Increase}}9,848.9
|{{Increase}}6.8%
|{{Increase}}2.1%
|{{DecreasePositive}}3.8%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}56.7%
|-
|2019
|{{Increase}}23,360.8
|{{Increase}}16,567.0
|{{Increase}}14,340.6
|{{Increase}}10,170.1
|{{Increase}}6.0%
|{{Increase}}2.9%
|{{DecreasePositive}}3.6%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}60.4%
|-
|2020
|{{Increase}}24,196.3
|{{Increase}}17,134.7
|{{Increase}}14,862.6
|{{Increase}}10,525.0
|{{Increase}}2.2%
|{{Increase}}2.4%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}4.2%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}70.1%
|-
|2021
|{{Increase}}27,419.5
|{{Increase}}19,410.6
|{{Increase}}17,759.3
|{{Increase}}12,572.1
|{{Increase}}8.5%
|{{Increase}}0.9%
|{{DecreasePositive}}4.0%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}71.8%
|-
|2022
|{{Increase}}30,217.0
|{{Increase}}21,392.0
|{{Increase}}18,100.0
|{{Increase}}12,813.7
|{{Increase}}3.0%
|{{Increase}}1.9%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}4.2%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}77.1%
|-
|2023
|{{Increase}}33,015.0
|{{Increase}}23,382.4
|{{Increase}}19,373.6
|{{Increase}}13,721.1
|{{Increase}}5.2%
|{{Increase}}2.0%
|{{DecreasePositive}}4.1%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}82.4%
|-
|2024
|{{Increase}}35,258.6
|{{Increase}}24,991.1
|{{Increase}}20,881.4
|{{Increase}}14,800.6
|{{Increase}}4.5%
|{{Increase}}2.2%
|{{DecreasePositive}}3.9%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}87.2%
|-
|2025
|{{Increase}}37,394.5
|{{Increase}}26,536.2
|{{Increase}}22,407.7
|{{Increase}}15,901.1
|{{Increase}}4.1%
|{{Increase}}2.2%
|{{DecreasePositive}}3.8%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}92.0%
|-
|2026
|{{Increase}}39,598.5
|{{Increase}}28,144.0
|{{Increase}}24,035.8
|{{Increase}}17,082.9
|{{Increase}}4.0%
|{{Increase}}2.2%
|{{DecreasePositive}}3.7%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}96.4%
|-
|2027
|{{Increase}}41,777.4
|{{Increase}}29,749.6
|{{Increase}}25,722.4
|{{Increase}}18,316.9
|{{Increase}}3.6%
|{{Increase}}2.2%
|{{DecreasePositive}}3.6%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}100.8%
|-
|2028
|{{Increase}}44,027.8
|{{Increase}}31,424.4
|{{Increase}}27,492.8
|{{Increase}}19,622.7
|{{Increase}}3.4%
|{{Increase}}2.2%
|{{DecreasePositive}}3.5%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}104.9%
|}

===Inflation===
[[File:Chinese inflation.webp|thumb|350px|Chinese inflation 1987–2022]]
During the winter of 2007–2008, inflation ran about 7% on an annual basis, rising to 8.7% in statistics for February 2008, released in March 2008.<ref name="CPI">[http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/newsandcomingevents/t20071211_402451256.htm "Consumer Price Index (CPI) Kept Growth in November"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213174811/http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/newsandcomingevents/t20071211_402451256.htm |date=13 December 2007 }} [[National Bureau of Statistics of China]] 11 December 2007 13:14:55</ref><ref>Keith Bradsher (19 February 2008), [https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/19/business/worldbusiness/19inflation.html "China's Inflation Rose to 7.1% in January"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723022209/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/19/business/worldbusiness/19inflation.html |date=23 July 2016 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]''</ref><ref>[http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/newsandcomingevents/t20080311_402467365.htm Consumer Price Index (CPI) Expanded in February] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080315001648/http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/newsandcomingevents/t20080311_402467365.htm |date=15 March 2008 }} [[National Bureau of Statistics of China]]　11 March 2008 14:53:02</ref>

Shortages of gasoline and diesel fuel developed in the fall of 2007 due to reluctance of refineries to produce fuel at low prices set by the state. These prices were slightly increased in November 2007 with fuel selling for $2.65 a gallon, still slightly below world prices. [[Price controls]] were in effect on numerous basic products and services, but were ineffective with food, [[food prices|prices]] of which were rising at an annual rate of 18.2% in November 2007.<ref name="inflation">Keith Bradsher (14 November 2007), [https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/14/business/worldbusiness/14yuan.html "Chinese Prices Surge Again, Despite New Controls"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916211027/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/14/business/worldbusiness/14yuan.html |date=16 September 2017 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]''.</ref><ref>Keith Bradsher (11 December 2007), [https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/11/business/worldbusiness/11cnd-yuan.html "Inflation Picks Up in China; Trade Gap Grows"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723022233/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/11/business/worldbusiness/11cnd-yuan.html |date=23 July 2016 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]''.</ref> The problem of inflation has caused concern at the highest levels of the Chinese government. On 9{{spaces}}January 2008, the government issued the following statement on its official website: "The Chinese government decided on Wednesday to take further measures to stabilize market prices and increase the severity of punishments for those guilty of driving up prices through hoarding or cheating."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.gov.cn/2008-01/09/content_853969.htm|title=China vows to stabilize prices, prevent price hikes|date=9 January 2008|access-date=9 January 2008|work=Chinese Government's Official Web Portal|publisher=[[Xinhua]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201173818/http://english.gov.cn/2008-01/09/content_853969.htm|archive-date=1 December 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>Jim Yardley (9 January 2008), [https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/09/business/worldbusiness/09cnd-yuan.html "Fighting Inflation, China Freezes Energy Prices"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723022245/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/09/business/worldbusiness/09cnd-yuan.html |date=23 July 2016 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]''</ref>

Pork is an important part of the Chinese economy with a per capita consumption of 90 grams per day. The worldwide rise in the price of animal feed associated with increased production of ethanol from corn resulted in steep rises in pork prices in China in 2007. Increased cost of production interacted badly with increased demand resulting from rapidly rising wages. The state responded by subsidizing pork prices for students and the urban poor and called for increased production. Release of pork from the nation's strategic pork reserve was considered.<ref>{{cite news |author=Keith Bradsher |date=8 June 2007 |title=Rise in China's Pork Prices Signals End to Cheap Output |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |page=C1 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/08/business/worldbusiness/08prices.html |access-date=27 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227133132/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/08/business/worldbusiness/08prices.html |archive-date=27 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

By January 2008, the inflation rate rose to 7.1%, which [[BBC News]] described as the highest inflation rate since 1997, due to the [[2008 Chinese winter storms|winter storms that month]].<ref>{{cite news|title=China inflation hits 11-year high|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7252010.stm|work=BBC News|date=19 February 2008|access-date=19 February 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080221015607/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7252010.stm|archive-date=21 February 2008|url-status=live}}</ref> China's inflation rate jumped to a new decade high of 8.7 percent in February 2008 after severe winter storms disrupted the economy and worsened food shortages, the government said 11 March 2008.<ref>{{cite news |title=China's inflation at decade high|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/BUSINESS/03/10/china.inflation/index.html|publisher=CNN|date=10 March 2008|access-date=11 March 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080315002422/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/BUSINESS/03/10/china.inflation/index.html  |archive-date = 15 March 2008}}</ref> Throughout the summer and fall, however, inflation fell again to a low of 6.6% in October 2008.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7719042.stm|work=BBC News|title=Stocks surge after China stimulus|date=10 November 2008|access-date=1 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930005120/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7719042.stm|archive-date=30 September 2009|url-status=live}}</ref>

By November 2010, the inflation rate rose up to 5.1%, driven by an 11.7% increase in [[food prices]] year on year. According to the bureau, industrial output went up 13.3 percent. As supplies have run short, prices for fuel and other commodities have risen.<ref>{{cite news|title=China inflation rate at 5.1 percent|url=http://www.timesunion.com/default/article/China-inflation-rate-at-5-1-percent-875913.php|agency=Associated Press|author=Cara Anna|date=12 December 2010|access-date=30 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121211005553/http://www.timesunion.com/default/article/China-inflation-rate-at-5-1-percent-875913.php|archive-date=11 December 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Investment cycles===
[[File:Beijing Financial Street (overlook).jpg|thumb|[[Beijing Financial Street]]]]
Chinese investment has always been highly cyclical.<ref>{{cite book|title=China's Economic Development: The Interplay of Scarcity and Ideology|last=Eckstein|first=Alexander|year=1976|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=978-0-472-08310-7}}</ref> Ever since the 1958 Great Leap Forward, growth in fixed capital formation has typically peaked about every five years. Peaks occurred in 1978, 1984, 1988, 1993, 2003 and 2009. The corresponding troughs were in 1981, 1986, 1989, 1997 and 2005.{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}}

In China, the majority of investment is carried out by entities that are at least partially state-owned. Most of these are under the control of local governments. Thus, booms are primarily the result of [[perverse incentives]] at the local-government level.<ref>{{cite book|title=Animal Spirits with Chinese Characteristics: Investment Booms and Busts in the World's Emerging Economic Giant|last=DeWeaver|first=Mark|year=2012|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0230115699}}</ref> Unlike entrepreneurs in a free-enterprise economy, Chinese local officials are motivated primarily by political considerations. As their performance evaluations are based, to a large extent, on GDP growth within their jurisdictions, they have a strong incentive to promote large-scale investment projects.<ref>Zhou, Li'an (2004), "Jinsheng Boyi Zhong Zhengfu Guanyuan de Jili yu Hezuo" [Cooperation and Government Officials' Incentives in Promotion Competitions], ''Jingji Yanjiu [Economic Research]'', 6: 33–40.</ref><ref>Zhou, Li'an (2007), "Zhongguo Difang Guanyuan de Jinsheng Jinbiaosai Moshi Yanjiu" [A Tournament Model of Local Government Official Promotions], ''Jingji Yanjiu [Economic Research]'', 7: 36–50.</ref>

A typical cycle begins with a relaxation of central government credit and industrial policy. This allows local governments to push investment aggressively, both through state-sector entities they control directly and by offering investment-promotion incentives to private investors and enterprises outside their jurisdictions.<ref>Jin, Sanlin (2004), "Chengben Ruanyueshu Shi Touzi Guore de Zhongyau Yuanyin" [Soft Budget Constraints Are an Important Cause of Investment Overheating], ''Zhongguo Touzi [China Investment]'', June: 37–39.</ref> The resulting boom puts upward pressure on prices and may also result in shortages of key inputs such as coal and electricity (as was the case in 2003).<ref>{{cite book|title=Zenme You Guo Re Le? Xin Yilun Jingji Bodong yu Hongguan Tiaokong Fenxi [Why Is There Overheating Yet Again? The New Round of Economic Fluctuation and an Analysis of Macroeconomic Adjustment]|author1=Fan Gang |author2=Zhang Xiaojing |year=2004|publisher=Jiangxi People's Publishing House|isbn=978-7-210-03077-5}}</ref> Once inflation has risen to a level at which it begins to threaten social stability, the central government will intervene by tightening enforcement of industrial and credit policy. Projects that went ahead without required approvals will be halted. Bank lending to particular types of investors will be restricted. Credit then becomes tight and investment growth begins to decline.<ref>DeWeaver, 2012</ref>

== Macroeconomic issues ==
{{See also|Chinese economic reform}}

===Environmental transition===
{{main|Environmental policy in China|Water supply and sanitation in China|health in China}}

[[File:World fossil carbon dioxide emissions six top countries and confederations.png|thumb|300px|Historical annual [[List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions|CO2 emissions]] for the top six countries and confederations]]
Over the years, large subsidies were built into the price structure of certain commodities and these subsidies grew substantially in the late 1970s and 1980s.<ref name="Hiroshi Satō 2006">Hiroshi Satō. ''Unemployment, Inequality and Poverty in Urban China''. (2006) Routledge. {{ISBN|0-415-33872-7}}</ref>

By 2010, rapidly rising wages and a general increase in the standard of living had put increased energy use on a collision course with the need to reduce [[Greenhouse gas|carbon emissions]] in order to control [[global warming]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=World Bank |date=2022 |title=China Country Climate and Development Report |url=https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/38136/FullReport.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y}}</ref> There were diligent efforts to increase [[Efficient energy use|energy efficiency]] and increase use of [[Renewable energy|renewable sources]]; over 1,000 inefficient power plants had been closed, but projections continued to show a dramatic rise in carbon emissions from burning [[fossil fuel]]s.<ref>Keith Bradsher (5 July 2010), [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/05/business/global/05warm.html "China Fears Consumer Class Impact on Global Warming"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723022158/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/05/business/global/05warm.html|date=23 July 2016}}, ''[[The New York Times]]''</ref> Since the late 2010s, a reduction of state-backed subsidies has negatively impacted several Chinese companies, with BYD Auto being one of them.<ref>{{cite web|title=For some Chinese companies, generous state subsidies make up for losses|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Cover-Story/For-some-Chinese-companies-generous-state-subsidies-make-up-for-losses|website=Nikkei Asian Review}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Haley|first=Usha C. V. Haley and George T.|date=25 April 2013|title=How Chinese Subsidies Changed the World|journal=Harvard Business Review|url=https://hbr.org/2013/04/how-chinese-subsidies-changed|via=hbr.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Huang|first=Echo|title=The worst is not yet over for BYD|url=https://qz.com/1368687/the-worst-is-not-yet-over-for-byds-earnings/|website=Quartz|date=29 August 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Huang|first=Echo|title=Beijing's subsidy cut is starting to hurt China's largest electric car company|url=https://qz.com/1683042/beijings-subsidy-cut-is-starting-to-its-largest-ev-maker-byd/|website=Quartz|date=7 August 2019 }}</ref>

While not the largest source of historical cumulative emissions, today China accounts for one quarter of global greenhouse gas emissions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China's Greenhouse Gas Emissions Exceeded the Developed World for the First Time in 2019 |url=https://rhg.com/research/chinas-emissions-surpass-developed-countries/ |access-date=2023-03-24 |website=Rhodium Group |language=en-US}}</ref> On a per capita basis, China's emissions in 2019 (9 tonnes {{CO2}}-equivalent [t{{chem2|CO2e}}] per year) surpass those of the European Union (7.6 t{{chem2|CO2e}}) but remain slightly below the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) average (10.7 t{{chem2|CO2e}}) and well below the United States average (17.6 t{{chem2|CO2e}}). However, the carbon intensity of China's GDP—the amount of carbon used to generate a unit of output—remains relatively high.<ref name=":20" /> To avoid the long-term socioeconomic cost<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://message.worldbank.org/isp_error_page.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721013337/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTEAPREGTOPENVIRONMENT/Resources/China_Cost_of_Pollution.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Welcome to World Bank Intranet|archive-date=21 July 2015|website=message.worldbank.org}}</ref> of environmental [[pollution in China]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/china/chinas-environmental-crisis/p12608|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820225353/http://www.cfr.org/china/chinas-environmental-crisis/p12608|url-status=dead|title=''cfr.org''|archive-date=20 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Worst air pollution in China and the U.S.|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/worst-air-pollution-in-china-and-the-us/2014/02/02/6362127e-8c5b-11e3-833c-33098f9e5267_graphic.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117025744/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/worst-air-pollution-in-china-and-the-us/2014/02/02/6362127e-8c5b-11e3-833c-33098f9e5267_graphic.html|archive-date=17 November 2015|access-date=16 August 2015|via=www.washingtonpost.com}}</ref> it has been suggested by [[Nicholas Stern, Baron Stern of Brentford|Nicholas Stern]] and Fergus Green of the [[Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment]] that the economy of China be shifted to more advanced industrial development with low carbon dioxide emissions and better allocation of national resources to innovation and R&D for sustainable economic growth in order to reduce the impact of China's heavy industry. This is in accord with the planning goals of the central government.<ref>http://www.lse.ac.uk/GranthamInstitute/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Green-and-Stern-policy-paper-May-20141.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117025334/http://www.lse.ac.uk/GranthamInstitute/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Green-and-Stern-policy-paper-May-20141.pdf|date=17 November 2015}} '...{{spaces}}China is{{spaces}}... planning to grow its high technology and high value-added industries. It is championing seven "strategic emerging industries": energy efficient and environmental technologies; new energy; new-energy vehicles; next generation information technology; biotechnology; advanced equipment manufacture; and new materials.'</ref> [[Paramount leader|Chinese leader]] and [[Chinese Communist Party]] (CCP) [[General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party|general secretary]] [[Xi Jinping]]'s [[Chinese Dream]] is described as achieving the "[[Two Centenaries]]", namely the material goal of China becoming a "[[moderately prosperous society]]" by 2021, and the modernization goal of China becoming a [[Developed country|fully developed nation]] by 2049, the 100th anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic.<ref>{{cite news|date=4 June 2013|title=Xi Jinping's Chinese Dream|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/05/opinion/global/xi-jinpings-chinese-dream.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0|url-status=live|access-date=18 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104033230/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/05/opinion/global/xi-jinpings-chinese-dream.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0|archive-date=4 November 2016}}</ref>

===National debt===
{{main|National debt of China}}

In 2022, China's total government debt stood at approximately {{Renminbi}} 94 trillion ({{USD}} 14 trillion), equivalent to about 77.1% of [[GDP]].<ref name=":16" /> In 2014, many analysts expressed concern over the overall size of China's government debt.<ref>[https://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21625785-its-debt-will-not-drag-down-world-economy-it-risks-zombifying-countrys-financial "The great hole of China"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830143801/https://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21625785-its-debt-will-not-drag-down-world-economy-it-risks-zombifying-countrys-financial|date=30 August 2017}}, ''[[The Economist]]'', 18 October 2014</ref><ref name="forbes">Kenneth Rapoza (9 May 2015), [https://www.forbes.com/sites/kenrapoza/2015/05/09/chinas-total-debt-load-now-over-280-of-gdp/#6830ce8367ab "China's Total Debt Load Now Over 280% Of GDP"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923051419/https://www.forbes.com/sites/kenrapoza/2015/05/09/chinas-total-debt-load-now-over-280-of-gdp/#6830ce8367ab|date=23 September 2017}}, ''[[Forbes]]''</ref><ref>Ye Xie (15 July 2015), [https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-07-15/china-s-debt-to-gdp-ratio-just-climbed-to-a-new-record-high "China's Debt-to-GDP Ratio Just Climbed to a Record High"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410043752/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-07-15/china-s-debt-to-gdp-ratio-just-climbed-to-a-new-record-high|date=10 April 2017}}, ''[[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]]''</ref><ref>Adair Turner (3 December 2015), [http://www.weforum.org/agenda/2015/12/how-will-china-tackle-its-debt-dilemma "How will China tackle its debt dilemma?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312021342/http://www.weforum.org/agenda/2015/12/how-will-china-tackle-its-debt-dilemma|date=12 March 2016}}, [[Institute for New Economic Thinking]], [[World Economic Forum]]</ref> At the end of 2014, the [[International Monetary Fund]] reported that China's general government gross debt-to-GDP ratio was 41.44 percent.<ref name="imfarticle">[http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2015/cr15234.pdf "People's Republic of China 2015 Article IV Consultation{{snd}}Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for the PRC"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316161828/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2015/cr15234.pdf|date=16 March 2016}} IMF Country Report No. 15/234</ref><ref name="imf2015">[http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2010&ey=2017&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=924&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CGGXWDG_NGDP&grp=0&a=&pr.x=51&pr.y=12 World Economic Outlook Database, October 2015] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312011155/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2010&ey=2017&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=924&s=NGDPD,NGDPDPC,GGXWDG_NGDP&grp=0&a=&pr.x=51&pr.y=12|date=12 March 2016}}, IMF</ref> In 2015, a report by the [[International Monetary Fund]] concluded that China's public debt is relatively low "and on a stable path in all standard stress tests except for the scenario with contingent liability shocks", such as "a large-scale bank recapitalization or financial system bailout to deal, for example, with a potential rise in [[Non-performing loan|NPLs]] from deleveraging".<ref name="IMF15234">IMF Country Report No. 15/234, [https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2015/cr15234.pdf People's Republic of China: Staff Report for the 2015 Article IV Consultation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316161828/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2015/cr15234.pdf|date=16 March 2016}} (7 July 2015).</ref>

Chinese authorities have dismissed analysts' worries, insisting "the country still has room to increase government debt."<ref name="reuters">Xiaoyi Shao and Lisa Twaronite (7 March 2016), [http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-china-economy-budget-idUKKCN0W90A2 "China's fiscal income to slow but room for more government debt{{snd}}Finance Minister"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312011820/http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-china-economy-budget-idUKKCN0W90A2|date=12 March 2016}}, [[Reuters]]</ref> Former Fed Chairman [[Ben Bernanke]], earlier in 2016, commented that "the{{spaces}}... debt pile facing China [is] an 'internal' problem, given the majority of the borrowings was issued in local currency.<ref>Joyce Ho (19 January 2016), [http://asia.nikkei.com/Politics-Economy/Economy/Bernanke-downplays-China-impact-on-world-economy "Bernanke downplays China impact on world economy"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312010453/http://asia.nikkei.com/Politics-Economy/Economy/Bernanke-downplays-China-impact-on-world-economy|date=12 March 2016}} [[The Nikkei|Nikkei Asian Review]]</ref> Many economists have expressed the same views as Bernanke.<ref>[[Bill Mitchell (economist)|Bill Mitchell]] (20 January 2016), [http://bilbo.economicoutlook.net/blog/?p=32825 "The government really is instrumental in creating growth"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312060436/http://bilbo.economicoutlook.net/blog/?p=32825|date=12 March 2016}}</ref> A 2019 survey by the [[OECD]] found that China's corporate debt is higher than other major countries.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/economics/oecd-economic-surveys-china-2019_eco_surveys-chn-2019-en|title=OECD Economic Surveys: China 2019|date=16 May 2019|isbn=9789264312258|page=10|doi=10.1787/eco_surveys-chn-2019-en|s2cid=241605811|access-date=28 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026145906/https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/economics/oecd-economic-surveys-china-2019_eco_surveys-chn-2019-en|archive-date=26 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

"[[Shadow banking]]" has risen in China, posing risks to the financial system.<ref>Noah Smith, [http://www.bloombergview.com/articles/2016-01-07/be-scared-of-china-s-debt-not-its-crashing-stocks Be Scared of China's Debt, Not Its Stocks] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429155129/http://www.bloombergview.com/articles/2016-01-07/be-scared-of-china-s-debt-not-its-crashing-stocks|date=29 April 2016}}, ''[[Bloomberg View]]'' (7 January 2016).</ref><ref>[https://www.wsj.com/articles/chinese-banks-look-to-shadow-banking-for-growth-1446199671 Chinese Banks Look to Shadow Banking for Growth: Risks increase as third-quarter earnings show banks pushing deeper into gray markets] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710025112/https://www.wsj.com/articles/chinese-banks-look-to-shadow-banking-for-growth-1446199671|date=10 July 2017}}, ''The Wall Street Journal'' (30 October 2015), p. 76.</ref>

===Regulatory environment and government revenues===
{{main|Taxation in China}}

Though China's economy has expanded rapidly, its regulatory environment has not kept pace. Since Deng Xiaoping's open market reforms, the growth of new businesses has outpaced the government's ability to regulate them. This has created a situation where businesses, faced with mounting competition and poor oversight, take drastic measures to increase [[profit margin]]s, often at the expense of [[consumer safety]]. This issue became more prominent in 2007, with a number of restrictions being placed on problematic Chinese exports by the United States.<ref>An, Alex and An, David, "Media control and the Erosion of an Accountable Party-State in China". ''China Brief'', 7 October 2008. [http://www.jamestown.org/china_brief/article.php?articleid=2374463] {{dead link|date=April 2018|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>

==Financial and banking system==
[[File:China bond yields.webp|thumb|350px|China bond yields
{{legend-line|#00A2FF solid 3px|30 year bond}}
{{legend-line|#61D836 solid 3px|10 year bond}}
{{legend-line|#929292 solid 3px|2 year bond}}
{{legend-line|#F8BA00 solid 3px|1 year bond}}
]]
{{main|Banking in China|Foreign-exchange reserves of China|Hedge fund industry in China|China Venture Capital Association}}

China has the world's largest total banking sector assets of around $45.838{{spaces}}trillion (309.41{{spaces}}trillion CNY) with $42.063{{spaces}}trillion in total deposits and other liabilities.<ref>{{cite web |last=Tjan |first=Sie Tek |date=15 September 2020 |title=Assets and Liabilities Statistics of Financial Institutions as of 2nd quarter 2020 |url=http://www.pbc.gov.cn/diaochatongjisi/116219/116319/3959050/3959049/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018140626/http://www.pbc.gov.cn/diaochatongjisi/116219/116319/3959050/3959049/index.html |archive-date=18 October 2020 |access-date=16 October 2020 |website=pbc.gov.cn}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=China Total Deposits [1997–2019] [Data & Charts] |url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/china/total-deposits |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408141401/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/china/total-deposits |archive-date=8 April 2018 |access-date=7 April 2018 |website=ceicdata.com}}</ref> Most of China's financial institutions are state-owned and governed.<ref>p.205 Chui and Lewis Reforming China's State-Owned Enterprises and Banks 2006</ref> The chief instruments of [[finance|financial]] and [[fiscal policy|fiscal]] control are the [[People's Bank of China]] (PBC) and the [[Ministry of Finance of the People's Republic of China|Ministry of Finance]], both under the authority of the [[State Council of the People's Republic of China|State Council]]. The People's Bank of China replaced the [[Central Bank of China]] in 1950 and gradually took over [[private bank]]s. It fulfills many of the functions of other [[central bank|central]] and [[commercial bank]]s. It issues the currency, controls circulation, and plays an important role in disbursing budgetary expenditures. Additionally, it administers the accounts, payments, and receipts of government organizations and other bodies, which enables it to exert thorough supervision over their financial and general performances in consideration of the government's economic plans. The PBC is also responsible for [[international trade]] and other overseas [[Financial transaction|transactions]]. [[Remittance]]s by [[overseas Chinese]] are managed by the [[Bank of China]] (BOC), which has a number of branch offices in several countries.{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}}

Other financial institutions that are crucial, include the [[China Development Bank]] (CDB), which funds [[economic development]] and directs [[foreign direct investment|foreign investment]]; the [[Agricultural Bank of China]] (ABC), which provides for the agricultural sector; the [[China Construction Bank]] (CCB), which is responsible for capitalizing a portion of overall investment and for providing [[capital fund]]s for certain industrial and construction enterprises; and the [[Industrial and Commercial Bank of China]] (ICBC), which conducts ordinary commercial transactions and acts as a [[savings bank]] for the public.{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}} China initiated the founding of the [[Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank]] in 2015 and the [[Silk Road Fund]] in 2014, an investment fund of the Chinese government to foster increased investment and provide financial supports in countries along the [[One Belt, One Road]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Silk Road Fund|url=http://www.silkroadfund.com.cn/enweb/23775/23767/index.html|access-date=26 October 2020|website=www.silkroadfund.com.cn|archive-date=30 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030152213/http://www.silkroadfund.com.cn/enweb/23775/23767/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:Shanghaistockexchange.jpg|thumb|left|[[Shanghai Stock Exchange]] (SSE)]]
China's [[Chinese economic reform|economic reforms]] greatly increased the economic role of the [[Banking in China|banking system]]. In theory any enterprises or individuals can go to the banks to obtain loans outside the state plan, in practice, 75% of state bank loans go to [[Government-owned corporation|State Owned Enterprises]]. (SOEs)<ref>p.11 Chui and Lewis Reforming China's State Owned Enterprises and Banks 2006</ref> Even though nearly all investment [[capital (economics)|capital]] was previously provided on a [[Grant (money)|grant]] basis according to the state plan, policy has since the start of the reform shifted to a loan basis through the various state-directed financial institutions. It is estimated that, as of 2011, 14 trillion Yuan in loans was outstanding to local governments. Much of that total is believed by outside observers to be nonperforming.<ref name="Crisis">{{cite news|last=Tatlow|first=Didi Kirsten|title=More Stimulus May Not Be an Option for China|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/22/business/global/more-stimulus-may-not-be-an-option-for-china.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=21 September 2011|access-date=22 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110922160129/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/22/business/global/more-stimulus-may-not-be-an-option-for-china.html|archive-date=22 September 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Increasing amounts of funds are made available through the banks for economic and commercial purposes. Foreign sources of capital have also increased. China has received loans from the [[World Bank]] and several [[China and the United Nations|United Nations]] programs, as well as from countries (particularly [[Sino-Japanese relations|Japan]]) and, to a lesser extent, commercial banks. [[Hong Kong]] has been a major conduit of this investment, as well as a source itself. On 23 February 2012, the PBC evinced its inclination to liberalize its capital markets when it circulated a telling ten-year timetable.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Economist|date=3 March 2012|title=The bees get busy|url=http://www.economist.com/node/21548967|access-date=3 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303141243/http://www.economist.com/node/21548967|archive-date=3 March 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> Following on the heels of this development, Shenzhen banks were able to launch cross-border yuan remittances for individuals, a significant shift in the PBC's [[capital control]] strictures since Chinese nationals had been previously barred from transferring their yuan to overseas account.<ref>{{cite news|author=Lingling Wei|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|title=Yuan Move Chips at Capital Controls|date=29 February 2012|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/chinarealtime/2012/02/29/yuan-move-chips-at-capital-controls/|access-date=4 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923095604/https://blogs.wsj.com/chinarealtime/2012/02/29/yuan-move-chips-at-capital-controls/|archive-date=23 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

China has four of the world's top ten most competitive [[Global Financial Centres Index|financial centers]] ([[Shanghai]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Beijing]], and [[Shenzhen]]), more than any other country.<ref name="GFCI2" /> China has three of the world's ten [[List of stock exchanges|largest stock exchange]]s ([[Shanghai Stock Exchange|Shanghai]], [[Hong Kong Stock Exchange|Hong Kong]] and [[Shenzhen Stock Exchange|Shenzhen]]), both by [[market capitalization]] and by [[trade volume]].<ref name=":19" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Monthly Reports – World Federation of Exchanges |url=https://www.world-exchanges.org/our-work/statistics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190912130053/https://www.world-exchanges.org/our-work/statistics |archive-date=12 September 2019 |access-date=6 September 2019 |publisher=[[World Federation of Exchanges|WFE]]}}</ref> As of 12 October 2020, the total market capitalization of mainland Chinese stock markets, consisting of the [[Shanghai Stock Exchange]] and [[Shenzhen Stock Exchange]], topped US$10{{spaces}}trillion, excluding the [[Hong Kong Stock Exchange]], with about US$5.9{{spaces}}trillion.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tjan |first=Sie Tek |date=13 October 2020 |title=China's stock market tops $10 trillion |work=Bloomberg |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-10-13/china-s-stock-market-tops-10-trillion-for-first-time-since-2015 |access-date=22 October 2020}}</ref>

As of the end of June 2020, foreign investors had bought a total of US$440{{spaces}}billion in Chinese stocks, representing about 2.9% of the total value, and indicating that foreign investors scooped up a total of US$156.6{{spaces}}billion in the stocks just in the first half of 2020.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tjan |first=Sie Tek |date=7 July 2020 |title=Overseas investor snap up Chinese stocks so fast, they are hitting foreign ownership caps such as home appliance maker Midea |work=Th South China Morning Post |url=https://www.scmp.com/business/markets/article/3092204/overseas-investors-snap-chinese-shares-so-fast-they-are-hitting |access-date=22 October 2020}}</ref> The total value of China's bond market topped US$15.4{{spaces}}trillion, ranked above that of Japan and the U.K., and second only to that of the U.S. with US$40{{spaces}}trillion, as of the beginning of September 2020.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tjan |first=Sie Tek |date=3 September 2020 |title=China moves to ease Access to $15.4 Trillion Bond Market |work=Caixin Global |url=https://www.caixinglobal.com/2020-09-03/china-moves-to-ease-foreign-access-to-154-trillion-bond-market-101600571.html#:~:text=Update%3A%20China%20Moves%20to%20Ease%20Foreign%20Access%20to%20%2415.4%20Trillion%20Bond%20Market,-By%20Peng%20Qinqin&text=China's%20top%20financial%20regulators%20unveiled,and%20bolster%20domestic%20financial%20markets. |access-date=20 October 2020}}</ref> As of the end of September 2020, foreign holdings of Chinese bonds reached US$388{{spaces}}billion, or 2.5%, of the total value, notwithstanding an increase by 44.66% year on year.<ref>{{cite web |last=Tjan |first=Sie Tek |date=19 October 2020 |title=China greenlights Shenzhen to issue Offshore Local Government Bonds |url=https://www.yicaiglobal.com |access-date=20 October 2020}}</ref>

===Stock markets===
[[File:Shanghai Composite Index.webp|thumb|300px|Shanghai Composite Index 1991–2022]]
China's stock market exchanges include the [[Beijing Stock Exchange]], the [[Shanghai Stock Exchange]] (including the [[Shanghai Stock Exchange STAR Market|STAR Market]]), the [[Shenzhen Stock Exchange|Shenzen Stock Exchange]], and the [[Hong Kong Stock Exchange]]China's stock market is relatively underdeveloped compared to other aspects of its economy.<ref name=":022">{{Cite book |last=Jin |first=Keyu |title=The New China Playbook: Beyond Socialism and Capitalism |date=2023 |publisher=Viking |isbn=978-1-9848-7828-1 |location=New York |author-link=Keyu Jin}}</ref>{{Rp|pages=148–150}}

To be listed on China's stock exchange, companies must demonstrate good financial standing (including sustained profitability), solid corporate governance (for example, with a board of independent directors, supervisory board, auditing, and no history of misreporting or fraud) and have a market capitalization equivalent to at least US$4 million.<ref name=":22" />{{Rp|pages=271–272}}

When the stock markets re-opened in the PRC period in 1990, most of the listed companies were state-owned enterprises; this was part of an experiment in subjecting SOEs to market discipline.<ref name=":022" />{{Rp|pages=152–153}} The Shanghai and Shenzhen stock exchanges were under municipal control and termed "experimental points" until 1997.<ref name=":423">{{Cite book |last=Heilmann |first=Sebastian |title=Red Swan: How Unorthodox Policy-Making Facilitated China's Rise |date=2018 |publisher=[[The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press]] |isbn=978-962-996-827-4 |doi=10.2307/j.ctv2n7q6b |jstor=j.ctv2n7q6b |author-link=Sebastian Heilmann}}</ref>{{Rp|page=|pages=102–103}} In 1997, the central government brought the exchanges under central government control and affirmed that the exchanges had a legitimate role in the socialist market economy.<ref name=":423" />{{Rp|page=102}}

In 2015, a [[2015–2016 Chinese stock market turbulence|stock market plunge]] in China eliminated $2 trillion of global stock market value.<ref name=":022" />{{Rp|page=147}}

===Currency system===
{{see also|Renminbi}}
[[File:USD-CNY exchange rate.webp|thumb|300px|[[United States dollar|USD]]/[[Renminbi|CNY]] exchange rate 1981–2022]]
The [[renminbi]] ("people's currency") is the currency of China, denominated as the [[Yuan (currency)|yuan]], subdivided into 10{{spaces}}[[Chinese yuan|jiao]] or 100{{spaces}}[[Chinese yuan|fen]]. The renminbi is issued by the [[People's Bank of China]], the monetary authority of China. The [[ISO 4217]] abbreviation is CNY, although also commonly abbreviated as "RMB". As of 2005, the yuan was generally considered by outside observers to be undervalued by about 30–40%.<ref>[https://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/57797.pdf "China's Currency: Brief Overview of U.S. Options] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923051121/https://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/57797.pdf |date=23 September 2017 }} CRS Report for Congress by Jonathan E. Sanford [[Congressional Research Service]] [[The Library of Congress]] Order Code RS22338 29 November 2005</ref><ref name="Lipman 2011">{{cite journal|last=Lipman|first=Joshua Klein|title=Law of Yuan Price: Estimating Equilibrium of the Renminbi|journal=Michigan Journal of Business|date=April 2011|volume=4|issue=2|url=http://michiganjb.org/issues/42/text42b.pdf|access-date=23 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727082626/http://michiganjb.org/issues/42/text42b.pdf|archive-date=27 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> However, in 2017, the [[International Monetary Fund|IMF]] stated that the yuan was correctly valued.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/timworstall/2015/05/26/bad-news-for-allegations-of-currency-manipulation-imf-says-chinas-yuan-correctly-valued/#6d0300a77ee2|title=Bad News For Allegations of Currency Manipulation: IMF Says China's Yuan Correctly Valued|first=Tim|last=Worstall|website=[[Forbes]]|access-date=22 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923051556/https://www.forbes.com/sites/timworstall/2015/05/26/bad-news-for-allegations-of-currency-manipulation-imf-says-chinas-yuan-correctly-valued/#6d0300a77ee2|archive-date=23 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

The renminbi is held in a floating [[exchange-rate]] system managed primarily against the [[US dollar]]. On 21 July 2005, China revalued its currency by 2.1% against the US dollar and, since then has moved to an exchange rate system that references a basket of currencies and has allowed the renminbi to fluctuate at a daily rate of up to half a percent.{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}}

The [[rate of exchange]] (Chinese yuan per US$1) on 31 July 2008, was RMB 6.846, in mid-2007 was RMB 7.45, while in early 2006 was RMB 8.07:US$1=8.2793 yuan (January 2000), 8.2783 (1999), 8.2790 (1998), 8.2898 (1997), 8.3142 (1996), 8.3514 (1995).{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}}

There is a complex relationship between China's [[balance of trade]], inflation, measured by the [[consumer price index]] and the value of its currency. Despite allowing the value of the yuan to "float", China's [[central bank]] has decisive ability to control its value with relationship to other currencies. Inflation in 2007, reflecting sharply rising prices for meat and fuel, is probably related to the worldwide rise in commodities used as animal feed or as fuel. Thus rapid rises in the value of the yuan permitted in December 2007 are possibly related to efforts to mitigate inflation by permitting the renminbi to be worth more.<ref>Keith Bradsher )29 December 2007), [https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/29/business/worldbusiness/29yuan.html "China Lets Currency Appreciate a Bit Faster"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208035615/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/29/business/worldbusiness/29yuan.html |date=8 February 2017 }} ''[[The New York Times]]''</ref> An article published in International Review of Economics & Finance in 2010 by Mete Feridun (University of Greenwich Business School) and his colleagues provide empirical evidence that financial development fosters economic growth in China.<ref name="Jalil, Abdul 2010 pp. 189-195">Jalil, Abdul, Feridun, Mete and Ma, Ying (2010) Finance-growth nexus in China revisited: New evidence from principal components and ARDL bounds tests. ''International Review of Economics & Finance'', 19 (2). pp. 189–195. ISSN 1059-0560 (doi:10.1016/j.iref.2009.10.005)</ref>

During the week of 10 August 2015, against the background of a slowing Chinese economy and appreciation of the U.S. dollar, the People's Bank of China devalued the renminbi by about 5%.<ref name="NYT81315">{{cite news |author1=Neil Gough |title=China Seeks to Calm Markets as It Devalues Currency for 3rd Consecutive Day |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/14/business/international/china-devalues-its-currency-renminbi-for-a-third-consecutive-day.html |work=The New York Times |date=13 August 2015 |access-date=13 August 2015 |quote=...{{spaces}}policy makers say they will give market forces greater sway over currency's value. The official exchange rate will be set based on the renminbi's trading performance.{{spaces}}... |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150813105240/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/14/business/international/china-devalues-its-currency-renminbi-for-a-third-consecutive-day.html |archive-date=13 August 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> The devaluation was accomplished by pegging the official rate to closing market rates. A market-based "representative" exchange rate against the U.S. dollar is one of the requirements for designation of a currency as one with [[special drawing rights|Special Drawing Rights]] (SDR) by the [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF), one of China's goals.<ref name="Caixin81915">{{cite news |title=Progress for Reform as Yuan Inches toward SDR |url=http://english.caixin.com/2015-08-19/100841370.html |publisher=Caixin |date=19 August 2015 |access-date=19 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150821024521/http://english.caixin.com/2015-08-19/100841370.html |archive-date=21 August 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> Since the late-2000s, China has sought to [[Internationalization of the renminbi|internationalize the renminbi]]. As of 2013, the RMB is the 8th most widely traded currency in the world.<ref>{{cite web|title=RMB now 8th most widely traded currency in the world|url=http://www.swift.com/about_swift/shownews?param_dcr=news.data/en/swift_com/2013/PR_RMB_september.xml|publisher=[[Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication]]|access-date=10 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151105223715/http://www.swift.com/about_swift/shownews?param_dcr=news.data%2Fen%2Fswift_com%2F2013%2FPR_RMB_september.xml|archive-date=5 November 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2015 in advance of [[2015 G-20 Antalya summit|G-20]] and IMF meetings, IMF director [[Christine Lagarde]] announced her support for adding the yuan to the SDR currency basket. The announcement gave 'green-light' to official approval at 30 November IMF meeting.<ref>Talley, Ian,[https://www.wsj.com/articles/chinese-yuan-should-be-an-imf-reserve-currency-christine-lagarde-says-1447459802 "Chinese Yuan Should Be an IMF Reserve Currency, Christine Lagarde Says"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910074450/http://www.wsj.com/articles/chinese-yuan-should-be-an-imf-reserve-currency-christine-lagarde-says-1447459802 |date=10 September 2016 }}, ''The Wall Street Journal'', 13 November 2015, retrieved 14 November 2015.</ref> The internationalization of the Chinese economy continues to affect the standardized economic forecast officially launched in China by the [[Purchasing Managers Index]] in 2005. As China's economy grows, so does China's [[Renminbi]], which undergoes the process needed for its [[Internationalization of the renminbi|internationalization]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Currency Reform|url=http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2013/04/china-global-currency-financial-reform-kroeber/china-global-currency-financial-reform-kroeber.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402101541/http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2013/04/china-global-currency-financial-reform-kroeber/china-global-currency-financial-reform-kroeber.pdf|archive-date=2 April 2015|access-date=28 March 2015|website=brookings.edu}}</ref>

==Sectors==
According to [[Fortune Global 500|Fortune Global]], of the world's [[Fortune Global 500|500 largest companies]], 145 are headquartered in China.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global 500 |url=https://fortune.com/ranking/global500/ |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=Fortune |language=en}}</ref> As of 2022, China was home to 351 largest listed companies measured by [[revenue]] in the [[Forbes Global 2000|Fortune Global 2000]], ranking second globally.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=The Global 2000 2022 |url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/global2000/ |access-date=2022-06-14 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> China is also home to more than two hundred privately held technology startups (tech unicorns), each with a valuation of over $1{{spaces}}billion, the highest number in the world.<ref>{{cite news |date=23 October 2019 |title=Chinese report counts 206 unicorns. That's more than America |publisher=CNN |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/10/23/tech/china-unicorns-united-states |access-date=18 March 2021}}</ref>

===Agriculture===
{{main|Agriculture in China}}

{{More citations needed section|date=January 2021}}
[[File:Jiangxia-peanuts-9707.jpg|thumb|left|[[Peanut]] harvest in [[Jiangxia District]], [[Hubei]]]]
China is the world's largest producer and consumer of agricultural products{{snd}}and some 300 million Chinese [[farm]] workers are in the industry, mostly laboring on pieces of land about the size of U.S. farms. Virtually all [[arable land]] is used for food [[crop]]s. China is the world's largest producer of [[rice]] and is among the principal sources of [[wheat]], corn ([[maize]]), [[tobacco]], [[soybeans]], [[potato]]es, [[sorghum]], [[peanut]]s, [[tea]], [[millet]], [[barley]], [[oilseed]], [[pork]], and [[fish]]. Major non-food crops, including cotton, other fibers, and [[oilseed]]s, furnish China with a small proportion of its foreign trade revenue. Agricultural exports, such as vegetables and fruits, fish and shellfish, grain and meat products, are exported to [[Hong Kong]]. Yields are high because of [[intensive cultivation]], for example, China's cropland area is only 75% of the U.S. total, but China still produces about 30% more crops and livestock than the United States. China hopes to further increase agricultural production through improved plant stocks, [[fertilizer]]s, and technology.

According to the government statistics issued in 2005,<ref>{{cite web|title=Output of Farming, Animal Husbandry and Fishery|publisher=China Statistical Book|year=2005|url=http://www.allcountries.org/china_statistics/13_2_output_of_farming_animal_husbandry.html|access-date=19 November 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204081540/http://www.allcountries.org/china_statistics/13_2_output_of_farming_animal_husbandry.html|archive-date=4 December 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> after a drop in the yield of farm crops in 2000, output has been increasing annually.

[[File:China-wheat-prod.png|thumb|300px|Production of [[wheat]] from 1961 to 2004 (data from [[FAO]] in 2005, y-axis: production in metric tons)]]
According to the United Nations [[World Food Program]], in 2022, China fed eighteen percent of the world's population with only seven percent of the world's [[arable land]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-31 |title=China {{!}} World Food Programme |url=https://www.wfp.org/countries/china |access-date=2023-07-09 |website=www.wfp.org |language=en}}</ref>

[[Animal husbandry]] constitutes the second most important component of agricultural production. China is the world's leading producer of pigs, chickens, and eggs, and it also has sizable herds of sheep and cattle. Since the mid-1970s, greater emphasis has been placed on increasing the [[livestock]] output. China has a long tradition of ocean and freshwater fishing and of [[aquaculture]]. [[Pond raising]] has always been important and has been increasingly emphasized to supplement coastal and inland [[fisheries]] threatened by [[overfishing]] and to provide such valuable export commodities as [[prawn]]s. China is also unmatched in the size and reach of its fishing armada with anywhere from 200,000 to 800,000 boats, some as far afield as Argentina. Fueled primarily by government subsidies, its growth and activities have largely gone unchecked.<ref>Urbina, Ian. "[https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2020/09/beijing-fishing-fleet-subsidies-north-korea.html How China's Massive Fishing Fleet Is Transforming the World's Ocean]." www.slate.com. Slate. Retrieved 2 September 2020</ref>

[[File:Chiling - P1260474.JPG|thumb|Timber transported from a woodlot in the hills of [[Zhangpu County]], Fujian]]
Environmental problems such as floods, drought, and erosion pose serious threats to farming in many parts of the country. The wholesale destruction of forests gave way to an energetic [[reforestation]] program that proved inadequate, and forest resources are still fairly meagre.<ref>[http://www.iges.or.jp/en/fc/pdf/activity/plantation_china.pdf Plantation Study in China: Research Outline] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216014926/http://www.iges.or.jp/en/fc/pdf/activity/plantation_china.pdf |date=16 February 2008 }} Forest Conservation Project, Institute for Global Environmental Strategies, Japan; February 2006.</ref> The principal forests are found in the [[Qinling|Qin Mountains]] and the central mountains and on the [[Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau]]. Because they are inaccessible, the Qinling forests are not worked extensively, and much of the country's [[timber]] comes from [[Heilongjiang]], [[Jilin]], [[Sichuan]], and [[Yunnan]].

[[Western China]], comprising [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]], [[Xinjiang]], and [[Qinghai]], has little agricultural significance except for areas of [[floriculture]] and [[cattle raising]]. Rice, China's most important crop, is dominant in the southern provinces and many of the farms here yield two [[harvests]] a year. In the north, wheat is of the greatest importance, while in [[central China]] wheat and rice vie with each other for the top place. [[Millet]] and [[kaoliang]] (a variety of grain sorghum) are grown mainly in the northeast and some central provinces, which, together with some northern areas, also provide considerable quantities of [[barley]]. Most of the [[soybean]] crop is derived from the north and the northeast; corn (maize) is grown in the center and the north, while [[tea]] comes mainly from the warm and humid hilly areas of the south. Cotton is grown extensively in the central provinces, but it is also found to a lesser extent in the southeast and in the north. [[Tobacco]] comes from the center and parts of the south. Other important crops are potatoes, [[sugar beet]]s, and oilseeds.

[[File:Daye-pond-system-fishermen-0078-rotated.jpg|thumb|Fish ponds near [[Daye, Hubei]]]]
In the past decade, the government has been encouraging agricultural mechanization and [[land consolidation]] to raise yields and compensate for the loss of rural workers who have migrated to the cities.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Stanway|first1=David|title=Analysis: China turns to machines as farmers seek fresh fields|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-agriculture-mechanisation/analysis-china-turns-to-machines-as-farmers-seek-fresh-fields-idUSBRE8AC15P20121114|access-date=26 November 2017|work=Reuters|date=14 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201032547/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-agriculture-mechanisation/analysis-china-turns-to-machines-as-farmers-seek-fresh-fields-idUSBRE8AC15P20121114|archive-date=1 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> According to statistics by the UN Food and Agriculture Organization, the annual growth rate of agricultural mechanization in China is 6.4%. By 2014, the integrated mechanization rate had risen to nearly 60%, with the rate for wheat surpassing 90% and that for maize approaching 80%.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Cheng|first1=Fang|title=Development of Agricultural Mechanization in China|url=https://forum2017.iamo.de/microsites/forum2017.iamo.de/fileadmin/presentations/B5_Fang.pdf|website=Eurasian Food Economy Forum 2017|publisher=UN Food and Agriculture Organization|access-date=26 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201034946/https://forum2017.iamo.de/microsites/forum2017.iamo.de/fileadmin/presentations/B5_Fang.pdf|archive-date=1 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In addition to standard agricultural equipment like tractors, China's agriculture cooperatives have begun using high-tech equipment, including unmanned aerial vehicles, which are used to spay crops with pesticides.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Schaer|first1=Lilian|title=China powers up: The world's most populous country gets serious about farming machinery|url=https://www.country-guide.ca/2017/03/24/china-gets-serious-about-farm-machinery/50781/|website=Country Guide|date=24 March 2017|access-date=26 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201043537/https://www.country-guide.ca/2017/03/24/china-gets-serious-about-farm-machinery/50781/|archive-date=1 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Good progress has been made in increasing [[water conservancy]], and about half the cultivated land is under irrigation.

In the late 1970s and early 1980s, economic reforms were introduced. First of all this began with the shift of farming work to a [[responsibility system|system of household responsibility]] and a phasing out of [[collective farming|collectivized agriculture]]. Later this expanded to include a gradual liberalization of price controls; [[fiscal policy|fiscal]] [[decentralization]]; massive privatization of state enterprises, thereby allowing a wide variety of [[private enterprise]]s in the [[service sector|services]] and [[light manufacturing]]; the foundation of a diversified [[banking system]] (but with large amounts of state control); the development of a [[stock market]]; and the opening of the economy to increased [[foreign trade]] and [[foreign direct investment|foreign investment]].

===Housing and construction===
{{main|Real estate in China}}

The real estate industry is about 20% of the Chinese economy.<ref name="NYT61115">{{cite news |author1=Neil Gough|title=Idle Home Builders Hold China's Economy Back |work=The New York Times |date=11 June 2015 |quote=By some economists' estimates, real estate and related industries account for more than 20 percent of China's gross domestic product}}</ref> As of 2023, real property accounts for 60% of Chinese household assets.<ref name=":022" />{{Rp|page=161}} Also as of 2023, China has the highest rate of home ownership in the world.<ref name=":022" />{{Rp|page=170}} 90% of urban households own their home.<ref name=":022" />{{Rp|page=170}}

Compared to other nations, investing in stock markets and other assets is harder due to currency controls within the country. As a result, many Chinese citizens own multiple properties, as they are one of the few ways in which it is comparatively easy to grow and preserve wealth. Due to this, many economists have speculated about a property bubble within the Chinese economy<ref>{{Cite news|date=25 January 2021|title=Can China's long property boom hold?|newspaper=The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2021/01/25/can-chinas-long-property-boom-hold|access-date=28 March 2021|issn=0013-0613}}</ref> On 16 July 2020, the Wall Street Journal reported that the housing market within the Chinese economy had grown to US$52 trillion, eclipsing the US 2008 housing market before the [[Financial crisis of 2007–2008|Financial Crisis]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bird|first=Stella Yifan Xie and Mike|date=17 July 2020|title=The $52 Trillion Bubble: China Grapples With Epic Property Boom|language=en-US|work=The Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/china-property-real-estate-boom-covid-pandemic-bubble-11594908517|access-date=28 March 2021|issn=0099-9660}}</ref>

Despite the possibility of a housing bubble, many people still choose to invest their assets in real estate market. On 19 December 2021, according to a report by McKinsey Global Institute, China's net worth reached $120 trillion in 2020 to overtake the U.S.'s $89 trillion as a red-hot real estate market drove up property value.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China overtakes U.S. in national net worth to grab top spot |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Economy/China-overtakes-U.S.-in-national-net-worth-to-grab-top-spot |access-date=2022-04-18 |website=Nikkei Asia |language=en-GB}}</ref>

===Energy and mineral resources===
{{see also|Energy policy of China}}
[[File:Electricity production in China.svg|thumb|Electricity production in China 1980–2019|400px]]
<div class="infobox" style="width:20em;">'''Electricity:'''
* Production: 6.5 trillion kWh (2017)<ref name="bp.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/downloads.html|title=Downloads | Energy economics | Home|website=BP global|access-date=15 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615135258/https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/downloads.html|archive-date=15 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Consumption: 7.7620 trillion kWh (2020)<ref name="data2022" />
* Exports: 21.8 billion kwh (2020)<ref name="data2022" />
* Imports: 6.2 billion kwh (2015)<ref name="data2022" />

'''Electricity – production by source:'''
* Coal: 61.2% (2022)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wiatros-Motyka |first=Malgorzata |date=12 April 2023 |title=Global Electricity Review 2023 |url=https://ember-climate.org/insights/research/global-electricity-review-2023/ |access-date=19 May 2023 |website=[[Ember (non-profit organisation)|Ember]]}}</ref>
* Hydro: 14.9% (2022)
* Wind: 9.3 (2022)
* Solar: 4.7% (2022)
* Nuclear: 4.7% (2022)
* Natural gas: 3.1% (2022)
* Other: 2.1% (2022)

'''Oil:'''
* Production: {{convert|3527000|oilbbl/d|abbr=on}} (2022)
* Consumption: {{convert|6534000|oilbbl/d|abbr=on}} (2005) and expected {{convert|9300000|oilbbl/d|abbr=on}} in 2030
* Exports: {{convert|443300|oilbbl/d|abbr=on}} (2005)
* Imports: {{convert|10170000|oilbbl/d|abbr=on}} (2022) <ref>{{cite news |last=Chen|first=Aizhu |title=China 2022 crude oil imports fall for second year despite Q4 pickup |url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/china-dec-crude-oil-imports-3rd-highest-yr-2022-imports-down-09-2023-01-13/ |access-date=23 May 2023 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=13 January 2023}}</ref>
* Net imports: {{convert|2740000|oilbbl/d}} (2005)
* Proved reserves: {{convert|16.3|Goilbbl|abbr=on}} (1 January 2006)

'''Natural gas:'''
* Production: 47.88 km3 (2005 est.)
* Consumption: 44.93 km3 (2005 est.)
* Exports: 2.944 km3 (2005)
* Imports: 0 m3 (2005)
* Proved reserves: 1,448 km3 (1 January 2006 est.)</div>

China has [[natural resources]] with an estimated worth of $23{{spaces}}trillion, 90% of which are [[coal]] and [[rare earth metals]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Anthony |first=Craig |date=12 September 2016 |title=10 Countries with the Most Natural Resources |url=http://www.investopedia.com/articles/markets-economy/090516/10-countries-most-natural-resources.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916072056/http://www.investopedia.com/articles/markets-economy/090516/10-countries-most-natural-resources.asp |archive-date=16 September 2017 |access-date=15 September 2017 |publisher=[[Investopedia]]}}</ref> Since 1980, China's energy production has grown dramatically, as has the proportion allocated to domestic consumption. Some 80 percent of all power is generated from fossil fuel at [[thermal plant]]s, with about 17 percent at [[hydroelectric]] installations; only about two percent is from [[Nuclear power|nuclear energy]], mainly from plants located in [[Guangdong]] and [[Zhejiang]].<ref>[[World Nuclear Association]]. [http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf63.html Nuclear Power in China] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130212223045/http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf63.html |date=12 February 2013 }} (November 2007)</ref> Though China has rich overall energy potential, most have yet to be developed. In addition, the geographical distribution of energy puts most of these resources relatively far from their major industrial users. The northeast is rich in [[coal]] and [[oil]], the central part of north China has abundant coal, and the southwest has immense [[hydroelectric potential]]. But the industrialized regions around [[Guangzhou]] and the [[Yangtze River|Lower Yangtze]] region around Shanghai have too little energy, while there is relatively little [[heavy industry]] located near major energy resource areas other than in the southern part of the northeast.

Due in large part to environmental concerns, China has wanted to shift China's current [[energy mix]] from a heavy reliance on coal, which accounts for 70–75% of China's energy, toward greater reliance on oil, [[natural gas]], [[Renewable energy in China|renewable energy]], and [[Nuclear power in China|nuclear power]]. China has closed thousands of [[coal mines]] over the past five to ten years to cut [[overproduction]]. According to Chinese statistics, this has reduced coal production by over 25%.

Since 1993, China has been a net importer of oil, a large portion of which comes from the Middle East. Imported oil accounts for 20% of the processed [[Crude oil|crude]] in China. Net imports are expected to rise to 3.5 million [[barrel (unit)|barrels]] (560,000{{spaces}}m3) per day by 2010. China is interested in diversifying the sources of its oil imports and has invested in oil fields around the world. China is developing oil imports from [[Central Asia]] and has invested in [[Kazakhstan]]i [[oil field]]s.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Regional Connection under the Belt and Road Initiative: The Prospects for Economic and Financial Cooperation |date=2018-10-26 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-429-46717-2 |editor-last=Cheung |editor-first=Fanny M. |edition=1 |language=en |doi=10.4324/9780429467172-5 |editor-last2=Hong |editor-first2=Ying-yi |doi-access=free}}</ref> Beijing also plans to increase China's natural gas production, which currently accounts for only 3% of China's total energy consumption and incorporated a natural gas strategy in its [[Tenth Five-Year Plan (People's Republic of China)|10th Five-Year Plan]] (2001–2005), with the goal of expanding gas use from a 2% share of total energy production to 4% by 2005 (gas accounts for 25% of U.S. energy production). Analysts expect China's consumption of natural gas to more than double by 2010.

Since the early 2000s, China's clean energy sector has rapidly developed.<ref name=":322">{{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Joanna I. |title=Cooperating for the Climate: Learning from International Partnerships in China's Clean Energy Sector |date=2023 |publisher=The [[MIT Press]] |isbn=978-0-262-54482-5 |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts}}</ref>{{Rp|page=23}} This growth has enabled renewable energy to have an important role in China's international cooperation, including [[South-South Cooperation|South-South cooperation]] in which China is a major source of clean energy technology transfer to other developing countries.<ref name=":322" />{{Rp|pages=4, 23}}

The [[Eleventh Five-Year Plan (People's Republic of China)|11th Five-Year Program]] (2006–10), announced in 2005 and approved by the National People's Congress in March 2006, called for greater energy conservation measures, including development of renewable energy sources and increased attention to environmental protection. Guidelines called for a 20% reduction in energy consumption per unit of GDP by 2010. Moving away from coal towards cleaner energy sources including oil, natural gas, renewable energy, and nuclear power is an important component of China's development program. Beijing also intends to continue to improve energy efficiency and promote the use of [[clean coal technology]]. China has abundant hydroelectric resources; the Three Gorges Dam, for example, will have a total capacity of 18 gigawatts when fully on-line (projected for 2009). In addition, the share of electricity generated by nuclear power is projected to grow from 1% in 2000 to 5% in 2030. China's renewable energy law, which went into effect in 2006, calls for 10% of its energy to come from renewable energy sources by 2020.

As of 2021, China is facing its [[2021 Global Energy Crisis|worst energy crisis]] in decades.<ref>{{cite news |title=Will China's Energy Crisis Make It More Reluctant to Fight Climate Change? |url=https://time.com/6102765/china-energy-coal-climate/ |magazine=Time |date=30 September 2021}}</ref> ''The Guardian'' reported that "Companies in the industrial heartlands have been told to limit consumption, residents have been subjected to rolling blackouts, and annual light shows have been cancelled."<ref>{{cite news |title=Global energy crisis: how key countries are responding |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2021/oct/12/global-energy-crisis-how-key-countries-are-responding |work=The Guardian |date=12 October 2021}}</ref>

====Mining====
{{see also|Gold mining in China}}

Outdated [[mining]] and ore-processing technologies are being replaced with modern techniques {{citation needed|date=May 2023}}, but China's [[industrialization of China|rapid industrialization]] requires imports of minerals from abroad. In particular, iron ore imports from [[mining in Australia|Australia]] and the United States have soared in the early 2000s as [[steel production in China|steel production]] rapidly outstripped domestic iron ore production. China has become increasingly active in several African countries to mine the reserves it requires for economic growth, particularly in countries such as the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] and [[Gabon]].

The major areas of production in 2004 were [[coal mining in China|coal]] (nearly two billion tons), [[iron ore]] (310 million tons), [[petroleum industry in China|crude petroleum]] (175 million tons), [[natural gas]] (41 million cubic meters), [[antimony]] ore (110,000 tons), [[tin]] concentrates (110,000 tons), [[nickel]] ore (64,000 tons), [[tungsten]] concentrates (67,000 tons), unrefined [[salt]] (37 million tons), [[vanadium]] (40,000 tons), and [[molybdenum]] ore (29,000 tons). In order of magnitude, produced minerals were [[bauxite]], [[gypsum]], [[barite]], [[magnesite]], [[talc]] and related minerals, [[manganese]] ore, [[fluorspar]], and [[zinc]]. In addition, China produced 2,450 tons of [[silver]] and 215 tons of [[gold]] in 2004. The mining sector accounted for less than 0.9% of total employment in 2002 but produced about 5.3% of total industrial production.

In 2019, the country was the world's largest producer of [[gold]];<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-gold.pdf|title=USGS Gold Production Statistics}}</ref> 3rd largest world producer of [[copper]];<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-copper.pdf|title=USGS Copper Production Statistics}}</ref> 3rd worldwide producer of [[silver]];<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-silver.pdf|title=USGS Silver Production Statistics}}</ref> the world's largest producer of [[sulfur]];<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-sulfur.pdf|title=USGS Sulfur Production Statistics}}</ref> the world's largest producer of [[phosphate]];<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-phosphate.pdf|title=USGS Phosphate Production Statistics}}</ref> the world's largest producer of [[molybdenum]];<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-molybdenum.pdf|title=USGS Molybdenum Production Statistics}}</ref> the world's largest producer of [[lead]];<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-lead.pdf|title=USGS Lead Production Statistics}}</ref> largest world producer of [[zinc]];<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-zinc.pdf|title=USGS Zinc Production Statistics}}</ref> the world's largest producer of [[vanadium]];<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-vanadinum.pdf|title=USGS Vanadinum Production Statistics}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> largest world producer of [[tin]];<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-tin.pdf|title=USGS Tin Production Statistics}}</ref> the world's largest producer of [[titanium]];<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-titanium.pdf|title=USGS Titanium Production Statistics}}</ref> the world's largest producer of [[antimony]];<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-antimony.pdf|title=USGS Antimony Production Statistics}}</ref> 2nd largest worldwide producer of [[bauxite]];<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-bauxite-alumina.pdf|title=USGS Bauxite Production Statistics}}</ref> 3rd largest world producer of [[iron ore]];<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-iron-ore.pdf|title=USGS Iron Ore Production Statistics}}</ref> 6th largest world producer of [[manganese]];<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-manganese.pdf|title=USGS Manganese Production Statistics}}</ref> 7th largest world producer of [[nickel]];<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-nickel.pdf|title=USGS Nickel Production Statistics}}</ref> 10th largest world producer of [[cobalt]];<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-cobalt.pdf|title=USGS Cobalt Production Statistics}}</ref> in addition to being the world's largest producer of [[table salt|salt]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-salt.pdf|title=USGS Salt Production Statistics}}</ref> It was the world's 8th largest producer of [[uranium]] in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/mining-of-uranium/world-uranium-mining-production.aspx|title=World Uranium Mining - World Nuclear Association|website=www.world-nuclear.org}}</ref> Furthermore, it is the largest world producer of [[jade]] and one of the world producers of [[topaz]], [[tourmaline]], [[peridot]] and [[diamond]].
 
Until the end of 2019, a total of 173 types of minerals have been discovered in [[China]], including 13 types of energy materials, 59 metals, 95 types of non-metallic minerals and six types of water and gases. In 2019, the newly discovered geological reserves of [[oil]] were 1.12 billion tonnes, of which, 160 million tonnes were proven technically recoverable reserves. The newly discovered geological reserves of shale gas were 764.42 billion cubic meters, of which, 183.84 billion cubic meters were proven reserves. With respect to non-oil and gas minerals, the evaluation states that China has great prospecting potential for 24 major minerals, including [[coal]], [[iron ore]], [[manganese]], [[chromite]], [[copper]], [[lead]], [[zinc]], [[bauxite]], [[tungsten]], [[tin]], [[molybdenum]], [[antimony]], [[nickel]], [[gold]], [[silver]], [[lithium]], [[pyrites]], [[phosphate rock]], [[potash]], [[magnesite]], [[fluorite]], [[boron]] and [[barite]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.practicallaw.thomsonreuters.com/w-011-1348?transitionType=Default&contextData=(sc.Default)&firstPage=true |title=Mining in China: overview |first1=Guohua (Annie) |last1=Wu |first2=Yingnan (Jason) |last2=Li |first3=Jincheng Tongda |last3=Neal |date=1 March 2021 |website=Thomson Reuters}}</ref>

====Hydroelectric resources====
{{main|Hydroelectricity in China}}

[[File:Dreischluchtendamm hauptwall 2006.jpg|thumb|Three Gorges Dam]]
China has an abundant potential for [[hydroelectric power]] production due to its considerable river network and mountainous terrain. Most of the total hydroelectric capacity is situated in the [[Southwest China|southwest of the country]], where coal supplies are poor but [[energy demand|demand for energy]] is rising swiftly. The potential in the northeast is fairly small, but it was there that the first hydroelectric stations were built{{snd}}by the Japanese during its occupation of [[Manchuria]].<ref>[http://www.ieee.org/portal/cms_docs_iportals/iportals/aboutus/history_center/publications/power/Chapter2.pdf Case Study of Electrification: China] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216014910/http://www.ieee.org/portal/cms_docs_iportals/iportals/aboutus/history_center/publications/power/Chapter2.pdf |date=16 February 2008 }} Worldwide Electrification from the 1950s to the 1970s. (Chapter 2; page 33).</ref>

Thirteen years in construction at a cost of $24{{spaces}}billion, the immense [[Three Gorges Dam]] across the [[Yangtze|Yangtze River]] was essentially completed in 2006 and produced more than 100TWh of energy in 2018.

====Coal====
{{main|Coal in China}}

[[File:Coal mine in Inner Mongolia 002.jpg|thumb|Coal mining in [[Inner Mongolia]]]]
China is well endowed with mineral resources,<ref>[[MSN Encarta]]. [http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761574726_3/Asia.html Asia: Mineral Resources]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20040104083400/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761574726_3/Asia.html Archived] 31 October 2009.</ref> the most important of which is [[coal]]. China's mineral resources include large reserves of [[coal]] and [[iron ore]], plus adequate to abundant supplies of nearly all other industrial [[minerals]]. Although coal deposits are widely scattered (some coal is found in every province), most of the total is located in the northern part of the country. The province of [[Shanxi]], in fact, is thought to contain about half of the total; other important coal-bearing provinces include [[Heilongjiang]], [[Liaoning]], [[Jilin]], [[Hebei]], and [[Shandong]].<ref name="TED China and Coal">TED Case Studies. [http://www.american.edu/TED/chincoal.htm China and Coal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212013651/http://www1.american.edu/TED/CHINCOAL.HTM |date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> Apart from these northern provinces, significant quantities of coal are present in [[Sichuan]], and there are some deposits of importance in [[Guangdong]], [[Guangxi]], [[Yunnan]], and [[Guizhou]].<ref name="TED China and Coal" /> A large part of the country's reserves consists of good [[bituminous coal]], but there are also large deposits of [[lignite]]. [[Anthracite]] is present in several places (especially [[Liaoning]], [[Guizhou]], and [[Henan]]), but overall, it is not very significant.<ref>{{cite book|last=Heping|first=Xie|author2=Tad S. Golosinski|title=Mining Science and Technology '99|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=1999|pages=252–256|isbn=978-90-5809-067-6}}</ref>

To ensure a more even distribution of coal supplies and to reduce the strain on the less than adequate [[transportation]] network, the authorities pressed for the development of a large number of small, locally run [[coal mining|mines]] throughout the country. This campaign was energetically pursued after the 1960s, with the result that thousands of small pits have been established, and they produce more than half the country's coal. This output, however, is typically expensive and is used for local consumption. It has also led to a less than stringent implementation of safety measures in these unregulated mines, which cause several thousands of deaths each year.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Creedy|first=David|author2=Lijie, Wang |author3=Xinquan, Zhou |author4=Haibin, Liu |author5= Campbell, Gary |title=Transforming China's coal mines: A case history of the Shuangliu Mine|journal=Natural Resources Forum|volume=30|issue=1|pages=15–26|publisher=Blackwell Publishing|date=February 2006|doi=10.1111/j.1477-8947.2006.00154.x}}</ref>

[[Coal]] makes up the bulk of China's energy consumption (70% in 2005, 55% in 2021), and China is the largest producer and consumer of coal in the world. As China's economy continues to grow, China's coal demand is projected to rise significantly. Although coal's share of China's overall energy consumption will decrease, coal consumption will continue to rise in absolute terms. China's continued and increasing reliance on coal as a power source has contributed significantly to putting China on the path to becoming the world's largest emitter of [[acid rain]]-causing [[sulfur dioxide]] and [[greenhouse gas]]es, including [[carbon dioxide]].

As of 2015, falling coal prices resulted in layoffs at coal mines in the northeast.<ref name="NYT121615">{{cite news |author1=Jane Perlez |author2=Yufan Huang |title=Mass Layoffs in China's Coal Country Threaten Unrest |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/17/world/asia/china-coal-mining-economy.html |work=The New York Times |date=16 December 2015 |access-date=17 December 2015 |quote=The coal industry is hurting nationwide, as coal prices have fallen nearly 60 percent since 2011, said Deng Shun, an analyst at ICIS C1 Energy, a consultancy based in Shanghai. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525020144/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/17/world/asia/china-coal-mining-economy.html |archive-date=25 May 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Oil and natural gas====
{{main|Petroleum industry in China}}

[[File:China-Today oil reserves and demand-en.svg|thumb|300px|Chinese oil reserves]]
China's onshore [[oil]] resources are mostly located in the [[Northeast China|Northeast]] and in [[Xinjiang]], [[Gansu]], [[Qinghai]], [[Sichuan]], [[Shandong]], and [[Henan]] provinces. [[Oil shale]] is found in a number of places, especially at [[Fushun]] in Liaoning, where the deposits overlie the coal reserves, as well as in Guangdong. High quality [[Light crude oil|light oil]] has been found in the [[Pearl River (China)|Pearl River]] estuary of the [[South China Sea]], the [[Qaidam]] Basin in Qinghai, and the [[Tarim Basin]] in Xinjiang. The country consumes most of its oil output but does export some crude oil and oil products. China has explored and developed oil deposits in the [[South China Sea]] and [[East China Sea]], the [[Yellow Sea]], the [[Gulf of Tonkin]], and the [[Bohai Sea]].

In 2013, the pace of China's economic growth exceeded the domestic oil capacity and floods damaged the nation's oil fields in the middle of the year. Consequently, China imported oil to compensate for the supply reduction and surpassed the US in September 2013 to become the world's largest importer of oil.<ref>{{cite news |title=China overtakes US as the biggest importer of oil |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-24475934 |work=BBC News |date=10 October 2013 |access-date=11 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010171123/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-24475934 |archive-date=10 October 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The total extent of China's [[natural gas reserves]] is unknown, as relatively little exploration for natural gas has been done.<ref>[[Xinhua]]. [http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2004-11/25/content_394888.htm China to calculate oil and gas reserves] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080120061634/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2004-11/25/content_394888.htm |date=20 January 2008 }} 25 November 2004.</ref> Sichuan accounts for almost half of the known natural gas reserves and production.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chinapage.com/power/oil-gas/puguang-gasfield.html |title=Puguang Named 2nd Largest Gas Field |publisher=Chinapage.com |access-date=28 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508002954/http://www.chinapage.com/power/oil-gas/puguang-gasfield.html |archive-date=8 May 2013 }}</ref> Most of the rest of China's natural gas is associated gas produced in the Northeast's major oil fields, especially [[Daqing oilfield]]. Other gas deposits have been found in the [[Qaidam]] Basin, [[Hebei]], [[Jiangsu]], [[Shanghai]], and [[Zhejiang]], and offshore to the southwest of [[Hainan Island]].<ref>Kaoru YAMAGUCHI, Keii CHO. [http://eneken.ieej.or.jp/en/data/pdf/221.pdf Natural Gas in China] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071031083248/http://eneken.ieej.or.jp/en/data/pdf/221.pdf |date=31 October 2007 }} IEEJ: August 2003.</ref> According to an article published in Energy Economics in 2011 by economists Mete Feridun (University of Greenwich) and Abdul Jalil (Wuhan University in China), financial development in China has not taken place at the expense of environmental pollution and financial development has led to a decrease in environmental pollution. Authors conclude that carbon emissions are mainly determined by income, energy consumption and trade openness and their findings confirm the existence of an Environmental Kuznets Curve in the case of China.<ref>Jalil, Abdul and Feridun, Mete (2011) "The impact of growth, energy and financial development on the environment in China: a cointegration analysis". ''Energy Economics'', 33 (2). pp. 284–291. ISSN 0140-9883 (doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2010.10.003)</ref>

====Metals and nonmetals====
[[Iron ore]] reserves are found in most provinces, including [[Hainan]]. Gansu, Guizhou, southern Sichuan, and Guangdong provinces have rich deposits. The largest mined reserves are located north of the [[Yangtze|Yangtze River]] and supply neighboring iron and steel enterprises. With the exception of [[nickel]], [[chromium]], and [[cobalt]], China is well supplied with [[ferroalloy]]s and [[manganese]]. Reserves of [[tungsten]] are also known to be fairly large. [[Copper]] resources are moderate, and high-quality ore is present only in a few deposits. Discoveries have been reported from [[Ningxia]]. [[Lead]] and [[zinc]] are available, and [[bauxite]] resources are thought to be plentiful. China's [[antimony]] reserves are the largest in the world. [[Tin]] resources are plentiful, and there are fairly rich deposits of gold. China is the world's fifth largest producer of [[gold]] and in the early 21st century became an important producer and exporter of rare metals needed in high-technology industries.

China also produces a fairly wide range of [[Nonmetal (chemistry)|nonmetal]]lic minerals. One of the most important of these is [[salt]], which is derived from coastal [[evaporation]] sites in Jiangsu, Hebei, Shandong, and Liaoning, as well as from extensive salt fields in Sichuan, Ningxia, and the Qaidam Basin. There are important deposits of [[phosphate]] rock in a number of areas, Jiangxi, Guangxi, Yunnan and Hubei. Production has been accelerating every year. As of 2013 China is producing 97,000,000 metric tons of phosphate rock a year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/phosphate_rock/mcs-2014-phosp.pdf|title=Phosphate Rock Statistics and Information|access-date=15 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170513090847/https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/phosphate_rock/mcs-2014-phosp.pdf|archive-date=13 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Pyrite]]s occur in several places; Liaoning, Hebei, Shandong, and Shanxi have the most important deposits. China also has large resources of [[fluorite]] ([[fluorspar]]), [[gypsum]], [[asbestos]], and has the world's largest reserves and production of [[cement]], clinker and limestone.

===Industry and manufacturing===
{{redirect|Made in China}}
{{further|Industry of China|Technological and industrial history of China}}
[[File:China Railways HXD1B Manufacture Factory.jpg|thumb|China Railway HXD1B Manufactured by [[CRRC]]]]
[[File:CR400BF-GZ-5205@IFP (20220213095454).jpg|thumb|[[Fuxing (train)|Fuxing]] high speed train produced by [[CRRC]]]]
China has a strong position global position in the production of industrial goods and some of its companies are global leader in the areas of steel, solar energy, and telecommunications accessories.<ref name=":9222" />{{Rp|page=131}} {{As of|2022}}, industry accounts for 39.9% of China's GDP.<ref name="data2022" /> As of 2023, China manufactures approximately one fifth of the world's total output of industrial products.<ref name=":9222" />{{Rp|page=133}}
[[File:COMAC B-001A May 2017.jpg|thumb|left|[[C919]] developed by Chinese aerospace manufacturer [[Comac]]]]

In November 2012, the [[State Council of the People's Republic of China]] mandated a "social risk assessment" for all major industrial projects. This requirement followed mass public protests in some locations for planned projects or expansions.<ref name="NYT111212">{{cite news|title='Social Risk' Test Ordered by China for Big Projects|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/13/world/asia/china-mandates-social-risk-reviews-for-big-projects.html|access-date=13 November 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|date=12 November 2012|author=Keith Bradsher|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113032446/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/13/world/asia/china-mandates-social-risk-reviews-for-big-projects.html|archive-date=13 November 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>

Major industries include mining and ore processing; [[iron]] and [[steel]]; [[aluminium]]; [[coal]]; [[machinery]]; [[armaments]]; [[textiles]] and [[apparel]]; [[petroleum]]; [[cement]]; [[chemical]]; [[fertilizers]]; [[food processing]]; [[automobile]]s and other transportation equipment including rail cars and locomotives, ships, and aircraft; [[consumer products]] including [[footwear]], [[toy]]s, and [[electronics]]; [[telecommunications]] and [[information technology]].

Since the founding of the People's Republic, industrial development has been given considerable attention; as of 2011 46% of China's national output continued to be devoted to investment; a percentage far higher than any other nation.<ref name="NYT11612">{{cite news |title=Facing Protests, China's Business Investment Slows |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/07/business/global/facing-protests-chinas-business-investment-may-be-cooling.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=6 November 2012 |author=Keith Bradsher |access-date=7 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107090110/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/07/business/global/facing-protests-chinas-business-investment-may-be-cooling.html |archive-date=7 November 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> Among the various industrial branches the [[machine]]-building and [[metallurgy|metallurgical]] industries have received the highest priority. These two areas alone now account for about 20–30 percent of the total gross value of industrial output.<ref name="FFCTMR">{{cite web |url=http://www.florida-agriculture.com/pubs/pubform/pdf/Florida_Forestry_China_Trade_Mission_Report.pdf |title=Florida Forestry China Trade Mission Report |access-date=28 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306203818/http://www.florida-agriculture.com/pubs/pubform/pdf/Florida_Forestry_China_Trade_Mission_Report.pdf |archive-date=6 March 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> In these, as in most other areas of industry, however, [[innovation]] has generally suffered at the hands of a system that has rewarded increases in gross output rather than improvements in variety, sophistication and quality. China, therefore, still imports significant quantities of specialized steels. Overall industrial output has grown at an average rate of more than ten percent per year, having surpassed all other sectors in [[economic growth]] and degree of [[modernization]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chinability.com/Industrial%20output.htm |title=Industrial output growth 1978–2006 |publisher=Chinability.com |access-date=28 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120228235331/http://www.chinability.com/Industrial%20output.htm |archive-date=28 February 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The predominant focus of development in the [[chemical industry]] is to expand the output of chemical [[fertilizer]]s, [[plastics]], and [[synthetic fiber]]s. The growth of this industry has placed China among the world's leading producers of [[nitrogenous]] fertilizers. In the [[consumer goods]] sector the main emphasis is on textiles and [[clothing]], which also form an important part of China's exports. Textile manufacturing, a rapidly growing proportion of which consists of synthetics, account for about ten percent of the gross industrial output and continues to be important, but less so than before. The industry tends to be scattered throughout the country, but there are a number of important [[textile industry in China|textile centers]], including [[Shanghai]], [[Guangzhou]], and [[Harbin]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.allcountries.org/china_statistics/14_19_output_of_major_industrial_products.html |title=14–19: Output of Major Industrial Products |publisher=Allcountries.org |date=26 April 2006 |access-date=28 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120211212156/http://www.allcountries.org/china_statistics/14_19_output_of_major_industrial_products.html |archive-date=11 February 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="SHGDPKG">[http://www.china.org.cn/english/2003/Feb/54962.htm Shanghai's GDP Keeps Growing] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050830103443/http://www.china.org.cn/english/2003/Feb/54962.htm |date=30 August 2005 }} Xinhua News Agency 1{{spaces}}February 2003.</ref> There is a [[Growing consumer culture of China|growing consumer culture in China]].

====Electronics Manufacturing Services(EMS) industry====

Virtually all products such as CCTV cameras, automation, access control, entertainment apparatus, PA systems for sound technologies and IT hardware are exported from China. Although certain goods also come from Europe or the US, the raw material required by these manufacturers is mainly sourced from China<ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/mumbai-lamington-road-market-sweats-over-deleting-its-dependence-on-china/articleshow/76792345.cms</ref>

China is home to more than half of the world’s manufacturing capacity for electronics, estimates Henry Yeung of the National University of Singapore.More than half of the world’s mobile phones are made in China, along with almost all of the printed circuit boards, the guts of any device. Chinese factories install two-fifths of the world’s semiconductors. Of the production facilities operated by Apple’s top 200 suppliers, 357 are in China. Just 63 are in America.<ref>https://www.economist.com/business/2018/10/11/chinas-grip-on-electronics-manufacturing-will-be-hard-to-break</ref>

The SEG Electronics Market (pictured) and similar places in the Huaqiangbei district of Shenzhen, a fast-growing city in southern China, an hour’s drive north of Hong Kong, have been described as sweet shops for hardware geeks. But they are better understood as showcases and sales offices for the thousands of factories in the city’s hinterland and elsewhere in China.<ref>https://www.economist.com/business/2018/10/11/chinas-grip-on-electronics-manufacturing-will-be-hard-to-break</ref>

====Steel industry====
{{main|Steel industry in China|List of steel producers|List of countries by steel production}}

[[File:Guangfa Securities Headquarters taken in November 2018.jpg|thumb|upright|Skyscrapers of [[Guangzhou]]]]
In 2020, China produced over 1053 million tonnes of steel, over half of the world total. This was an increase of 5.6% over the previous year as global steel production fell by 0.9%. China's share of global crude steel production increased from 53.3% in 2019 to 56.5% in 2020. Decreasing -2.1% in 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldsteel.org/media-centre/press-releases/2021/Global-crude-steel-output-decreases-by-0.9--in-2020.html |title=Global crude steel output decreases by 0.9% in 2020 |publisher=worldsteel.org |date=2021-01-26 |access-date=2022-02-10}}</ref>

[[Iron ore]] production kept pace with steel production in the early 1990s but was soon outpaced by imported iron ore and other metals in the early 2000s. Steel production, an estimated 140 million tons in 2000 increased to 419 million tons in 2006 and 928 million tons by 2018.

China was the top exporter of steel in the world in 2018; export volumes in 2018 were 66.9 million tons, a nine percent decrease over the previous year. It again decreased in 2021 to 66.2 million tons.<ref>[http://english.people.com.cn/90001/6590861.html Steel exports fall in 2008{{snd}}People's Daily Online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091102151634/http://english.people.com.cn/90001/6590861.html |date=2 November 2009 }}. English.people.com.cn (12 February 2009). Retrieved on 6 August 2010.</ref> The decline slowed China's decade-old steel export growth. As of 2012 steel exports faced widespread [[Dumping (pricing policy)|anti-dumping taxes]] and had not returned to pre-2008 levels.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://www.trade.gov/steel/countries/pdfs/exports-china.pdf|title=Steel Exports Report: China|website=US Department of Commerce|access-date=23 June 2019|archive-date=23 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190623005352/https://www.trade.gov/steel/countries/pdfs/exports-china.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Domestic demand remained strong, particularly in the developing west where steel production in [[Xinjiang]] was expanding.<ref name="NYTSteel2012">{{cite news |title=In China's Floundering Steel Sector, the Burden of Politics |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/04/business/global/in-chinas-floundering-steel-sector-the-burden-of-politics.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=3 May 2012 |agency=Reuters |access-date=4 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505212532/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/04/business/global/in-chinas-floundering-steel-sector-the-burden-of-politics.html |archive-date=5 May 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>

For the year 2018, China's steel industry reported profits of CNY 470 billion ($70{{spaces}}billion), which was 39% higher than the year before.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://steelguru.com/steel/China%20steel%20industry%20sees%20profits%20in%202018%20up%2039pct/533252?type=steel|title=China steel industry sees profits in 2018 up 39pct|last=|website=SteelGuru India|language=en|access-date=23 June 2019}}</ref>

Of the 45 largest steel producing companies in the world, 21 are Chinese, including the world's largest, [[China Baowu Steel Group]].

====Automotive industry====
{{main|Automotive industry in China}}

China is the world's largest automobile producer, manufacturing more than 27 million vehicles in 2018. For comparison, the corresponding numbers for the US and Japan were 11.3 million and 9.7 million respectively. By 2006 China had become the world's third largest automotive vehicle manufacturer (after US and Japan) and the second largest consumer (only after the US). However, four years later, in 2010, China was manufacturing more vehicles than the U.S. and Japan combined. [[Automobile]] manufacturing has soared during the reform period. In 1975 only 139,800 automobiles were produced annually, but by 1985 production had reached 443,377, then jumped to nearly 1.1 million by 1992 and increased fairly evenly each year up until 2001, when it reached 2.3 million. In 2002 production rose to nearly 3.25 million and then jumped to 4.44 million in 2003, 5.07 million in 2004, 5.71 million in 2005, 7.28 million in 2006, 8.88 million in 2007, 9.35 million in 2008 and 13.83 million in 2009. China has become the number-one automaker in the world as of 2009. Domestic sales have kept pace with production. After respectable annual increases in the mid- and late 1990s, passenger car sales soared in the early 2000s.

In 2010, China became the world's largest automotive vehicle manufacturer as well as the largest consumer ahead of the [[United States]] with an estimated 18 million new cars sold.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-01-10/china-2010-auto-sales-reach-18-million-extend-lead-update1-.html |title=China 2010 Auto Sales Reach 18 Million, Extend Lead |publisher=Bloomberg |date=10 January 2011 |access-date=27 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622215636/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-01-10/china-2010-auto-sales-reach-18-million-extend-lead-update1-.html |archive-date=22 June 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> However, new car sales grew only by an estimated 1% between 2011 and 2012 due to the escalation in the [[Spratly Islands dispute]], which involved [[Japan]], the world's third largest producer of vehicles.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gasnier |first=Matt |url=http://bestsellingcarsblog.com/2013/02/16/world-2012-the-20-biggest-car-markets-thailand-shoots-up/ |title=World 2012 – The 20 biggest car markets: Thailand shoots up! |publisher=bestsellingcarsblog.com |date=16 February 2013 |access-date=16 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130219034221/http://bestsellingcarsblog.com/2013/02/16/world-2012-the-20-biggest-car-markets-thailand-shoots-up/ |archive-date=19 February 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>

China's automotive industry has been so successful that it began exporting car parts in 1999. China began to plan major moves into the automobile and components export business starting in 2005. A new [[Honda]] factory in [[Guangzhou]] was built in 2004 solely for the export market and was expected to ship 30,000 passenger vehicles to Europe in 2005. By 2004, twelve major foreign automotive manufacturers had [[joint-venture]] plants in China. They produced a wide range of automobiles, [[minivan]]s, [[sport utility vehicle]]s, [[bus]]es, and [[truck]]s. In 2003 China exported US$4.7{{spaces}}billion worth of vehicles and components. The vehicle export was 78,000 units in 2004, 173,000 units in 2005, and 340,000 units in 2006. The vehicle and component export is targeted to reach US$70{{spaces}}billion by 2010.{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}} China's exports of cars increased significantly since 2020, becoming the world's second-largest exporter of cars in 2022 after Japan.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ren |first=Daniel |date=15 January 2023 |title=China closes gap with Japan after 2022 car exports surpass Germany with 54.4 per cent surge to 3.11 million vehicles |work=[[South China Morning Post]] |url=https://www.scmp.com/business/china-business/article/3206875/chinas-car-exports-surpass-germanys-after-544-cent-surge-311-million-2022-narrowing-japans-lead |access-date=16 May 2023}}</ref>

The market for domestically produced cars, under a local name, is likely to continue to grow both inside China and outside. Companies such as [[Geely]], [[Qiantu Motor|Qiantu]] and [[Chery]] are constantly evaluating new international locations, both in developing and developed countries.<ref>Alon, Ilan, Marc Fetscherin, Marc Sardy (2008), "Geely Motors: A Chinese Automaker Enters International Markets", ''International Journal of Chinese Culture and Management'', 1 (4), 489–498.</ref>

==== Electric vehicle industry ====
{{main|Electric vehicle industry in China|Plug-in electric vehicles in China}}

[[File:BYD Han DM 001.jpg|thumb| [[BYD Han|BYD]] with Dual Mode hybrid engine]]
The electric vehicle industry in China is the largest in the world, accounting for around 57.4% of global production of EVs and around 500,000 exports in 2021.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Electric-cars-in-China/China-led-world-with-500-000-electric-car-exports-in-2021#:~:text=According%20to%20Nikkei%20research%20based,Japan%20accounted%20for%20just%200.9%25 | title=China led world with 500,000 electric car exports in 2021 }}</ref> In 2021, CAAM reported China had sold 3.34 million passenger electric vehicles, consisting 2.73 million BEVs (battery-only EVs) and 0.6 million PHEV (plug-in hybrid electric vehicles),<ref name="auto">{{cite web | url=http://en.caam.org.cn/Index/show/catid/54/id/1656.html | title=Sales of New Energy Vehicles in December 2021 - China Association of Automobile Manufacturers(CAAM) }}</ref> which is around 53% share of the global market of 6.23 million "new energy" passenger vehicles – BEVs, PHEVs, and HEVs.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://thedriven.io/2022/02/08/china-regains-dominance-of-global-ev-market-with-53-of-global-sales-in-2021/ | title=China regains dominance of global EV market, with 53% of global sales in 2021 | date=7 February 2022 }}</ref> China also dominates the plug-in [[electric bus]] and [[light commercial vehicle]] market, reaching over 500,000 buses (98% of global stock) and 247,500 electric commercial vehicles (65% of global stock) in 2019,<ref name="EVOutlook2020">{{cite web |url=https://webstore.iea.org/download/direct/2807?fileName=Global_EV_Outlook_2019.pdf |title=Global EV Outlook 2020: Entering the decade of electric drive? |author=[[International Energy Agency]] (IEA), Clean Energy Ministerial, and Electric Vehicles Initiative (EVI) |publisher=IEA Publications |date=June 2020 |access-date=2020-06-15 |archive-date=13 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513153402/https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-products |url-status=dead }} ''See Statistical annex, pp. 247–252 (See Tables A.1 and A.12). The global stock of plug-in electric passenger vehicles totaled 7.2 million cars at the end of 2019, of which, 47% were on the road in China. The stock of plug-in cars consist of 4.8 million battery electric cars (66.6%) and 2.4 million plug-in hybrids (33.3%). In addition, the stock of light commercial plug-in electric vehicles in use totaled 378 thousand units in 2019, and about half a million electric buses were in circulation, most of which are in China.''</ref> and recording new sales of 186,000 commercial EVs in 2021.<ref name="auto" />

Plug-in electric vehicle (BEV and PHEV) sales was 15% of the overall automotive sales in China in 2021.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://cleantechnica.com/2022/01/22/plugin-electric-vehicles-get-21-share-of-auto-market-in-another-record-month-in-china/ | title=Plugin Electric Vehicles Get 21% Share of Auto Market in Another Record Month in China | date=22 January 2022 }}</ref> NEV adoption rapidly increased to a record 28% in March 2022, and according to BYD chairman Wang Chuanfu could reach 35% by end of 2022, exceeding the government goal of 20% by 2025.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.aastocks.com/en/stocks/news/aafn-news/NOW.1172328/2 | title=No related news }}</ref> The plug-in market in China was dominated by Chinese companies, with [[BYD Auto]] and [[SAIC Motor]] occupying the top two spots, and 5 out of the top 7 spots.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://insideevs.com/news/563375/china-plugin-car-sales-december2021/ | title=China Sets Massive Record: 500,000 Plug-In Cars Sold in December 2021 }}</ref>

====Battery industry====

The battery industry is closely related to the EV industry as batteries constitute around 1/3 of the cost of EVs<ref>{{cite web | url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Materials/Japan-battery-material-producers-lose-spark-as-China-races-ahead2#selection-2549.353-2557.282 | title=Japan battery material producers lose spark as China races ahead }}</ref> and around 80% of lithium-ion batteries in the world are used in EVs.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.woodmac.com/press-releases/global-lithium-ion-battery-capacity-to-rise-five-fold-by-2030/ | title=Global lithium-ion battery capacity to rise five-fold by 2030 | date=22 March 2022 }}</ref> The industry also has significant Chinese presence, with major players including world's largest [[CATL]], [[BYD Company|BYD]], CALB, Gotion, SVOLT and WeLion.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.electrive.com/2022/02/08/catl-outgrows-the-battery-competition/ | title=CATL outgrows the battery competition | date=8 February 2022 }}</ref>

====Semiconductor industry====
{{main|Semiconductor industry in China}}

The Chinese semiconductor industry, including [[Integrated circuit|IC]] design and manufacturing, forms a major part of China's IT industry. China's semiconductor industry consists of a wide variety of companies, from [[integrated device manufacturer]]s to [[Semiconductor fabrication plant|pure-play foundries]] to [[fabless semiconductor company|fabless semiconductor companies]]. [[Integrated device manufacturer]]s (IDMs) design and manufacture integrated circuits. [[Semiconductor fabrication plant|Pure-play foundries]] only manufacture devices for other companies, without designing them, while [[fabless semiconductor company|fabless semiconductor companies]] only design devices. Examples of Chinese IDMs are [[YMTC]] and [[Changxin Memory Technologies|CXMT]], examples of Chinese pure-play foundries are [[Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation|SMIC]], [[Hua Hong Semiconductor]] and [[Wingtech]], and examples of Chinese fabless companies are [[Zhaoxin]], [[HiSilicon]] and [[UNISOC]].

China is the currently the world's largest semiconductor market in terms of consumption. In 2020, China represented 53.7% of worldwide chip sales, or $239.45 billion out of $446.1 billion. However, a large percentage are imported from multinational suppliers. In 2020, imports took up 83.38% ($199.7 billion) of total chip sales. In response, the country has launched a number of initiatives to close the gap, including investing $150 billion into its domestic IC industry, with a "Made in China 2025" goal of 70% domestic production.<ref name="semiengineering.com">{{Cite web|url=https://semiengineering.com/china-accelerates-foundry-power-semi-efforts/|title = China Accelerates Foundry, Power Semi Efforts|date = 22 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://semianalysis.com/the-impending-chinese-nand-apocalypse-ymtc-128-layer-nand-is-the-first-semiconductor-where-china-is-technologically-competitive/|title=The Impending Chinese NAND Apocalypse – YMTC 128 Layer NAND is the First Semiconductor Where China is Technologically Competitive|date=28 September 2021|access-date=29 March 2022|archive-date=7 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220507092752/https://semianalysis.com/the-impending-chinese-nand-apocalypse-ymtc-128-layer-nand-is-the-first-semiconductor-where-china-is-technologically-competitive/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Allen |first=Gregory C. |date=May 3, 2023 |title=China's New Strategy for Waging the Microchip Tech War |url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/chinas-new-strategy-waging-microchip-tech-war |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703142933/https://www.csis.org/analysis/chinas-new-strategy-waging-microchip-tech-war |archive-date=July 3, 2023 |access-date=July 3, 2023 |website=Center for Strategic and International Studies}}</ref>

China leads the world in terms of number of new fabs under construction, with 8 out of 19 worldwide in 2021, and 17 fabs in total are expected to start construction from 2021 to 2023. Total installed capacity of Chinese-owned chipmakers will also increase from 2.96 million wafers per month (wpm) in 2020 to 3.572 million wpm in 2021.<ref name="semiengineering.com" />

====Other industries====
{{further|Electronics industry in China|Pharmaceutical industry in China|Shipping industry of China}}

Substantial investments were made in the manufacture of [[solar panel]]s and [[wind generator]]s by a number of companies, supported by liberal loans by banks and local governments. However, by 2012 manufacturing capacity had far outstripped domestic and global demand for both products, particularly solar panels, which were subjected to anti-dumping penalties by both the United States and Europe. The global oversupply has resulted in bankruptcies and production cutbacks both inside and outside China. China has budgeted $50{{spaces}}billion to subsidize production of solar power over the two decades following 2015 but, even at the sharply reduced price resulting from oversupply, as of 2012 cost of solar power in China remained three times that of power produced by conventional coal-fired power plants.<ref name="NYT10412">{{cite news|title=Glut of Solar Panels Poses a New Threat to China|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/05/business/global/glut-of-solar-panels-is-a-new-test-for-china.html|access-date=5 October 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|date=4 October 2012|author=Keith Bradsher|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005074556/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/05/business/global/glut-of-solar-panels-is-a-new-test-for-china.html|archive-date=5 October 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Huawei MateBook - Mobile World Congress 2016 (25472304356).jpg|thumb|[[Huawei MateBook series]] at a World Mobile Congress]]
China is the world's biggest sex toy producer and accounts for 70% of the worldwide sex toys production.<ref name="sex-toy">{{cite news|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2010-07/10/content_10090553.htm|title=Nation becomes world's biggest sex-toy producer|author=China Daily|date=10 July 2010|access-date=11 July 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100915045156/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2010-07/10/content_10090553.htm|archive-date=15 September 2010}}</ref> In the country, 1,000 manufacturers are active in this industry, which generates about two billion dollars a year.<ref name="sex-toy" />

As of 2011, China was the world's largest market for personal computers<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424053111903461304576525852486131230?mod=googlenews_wsj | work=The Wall Street Journal | first=Owen | last=Fletcher | title=China Passes U.S. as World's Biggest PC Market | date=24 August 2011 | access-date=3 August 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923095604/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424053111903461304576525852486131230?mod=googlenews_wsj | archive-date=23 September 2017 | url-status=live }}</ref> Since 2019, Samsung Electronics, Hyundai Motors, Kia Motors and LG Electronics are moving some or all production out of China, in order to reduce overdependence on the Chinese market and avoid risks related with increased local competition, China's economic slowdown and the [[US-China trade war]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Business-trends/South-Korean-companies-shift-production-out-of-China|title=South Korean companies shift production out of China|website=Nikkei Asian Review}}</ref>

===Services===
Prior to the onset of economic reforms in 1978, China's services sector was characterized by state-operated [[Retailing|shops]], [[rationing]], and regulated prices{{snd}}with reform came private markets, individual entrepreneurs, and a commercial sector. The [[wholesale]] and [[retail]] trade has expanded quickly, with numerous [[shopping mall]]s, retail shops, restaurant chains and hotels constructed in urban areas. [[Public administration]] remains a main component of the service sector, while [[Tourism in China|tourism]] has become a significant factor in [[employment]] and a source of [[foreign exchange reserves|foreign exchange]].<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Alon|editor1-first=Ilan|title=Chinese Economic Transition and International Marketing Strategy|date=2003|publisher=Praeger|location=Westport, Conn.|isbn=9781567205879|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hHvAi53-F8cC|access-date=11 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624043507/https://books.google.com/books?id=hHvAi53-F8cC&printsec=frontcover|archive-date=24 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Telecommunications====
{{main|Telecommunications in China|Telecommunications industry in China}}

The affordability of mobile phones and internet data in China has resulted in the number of mobile internet users in China surpassing the number of computer internet users.<ref name=":03">{{Cite book |last=Parzyan |first=Anahit |url= |title=China and Eurasian Powers in a Multipolar World Order 2.0: Security, Diplomacy, Economy and Cyberspace |date=2023 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |others=Mher Sahakyan |isbn=978-1-003-35258-7 |edition= |location=New York |pages= |chapter=China's Digital Silk Road: Empowering Capabilities for Digital Leadership in Eurasia |oclc=1353290533}}</ref>{{Rp|pages=178}}

China's number of Internet users or [[netizens]] topped 137 million by the end of 2006,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.chinadaily.net/china/2007-01/24/content_790804.htm |title=Internet users to log in at world No.1 |work= China Daily |date= 24 January 2007 |access-date=28 February 2012}}</ref> an increase of 23.4% from a year before and 162 million by June 2007, making China the second-largest Internet user after the United States, according to China's [[Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of the People's Republic of China|Ministry of Information Industry]] (MII). China's mobile phone penetration rate was 34% in 2007. In 2006, mobile phone users sent 429 billion text messages (on average 967 text messages per user). For 2006, the number of [[landline|fixed-lines]] grew by 79%, mainly in the rural areas.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7140300.stm "Emerging giants spur telecom boom"], BBC News, {{Nowrap|12 December}} 2007.</ref> By 2021, the number of Internet users in China increased to over 1.05 billion.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 2021 |title=The 48th Statistical Report on China's Internet Development |url=https://www.cnnic.com.cn/IDR/ReportDownloads/202212/P020221209344717199824.pdf |publisher=[[CNNIC]]}}</ref>

==== Consumer internet ====
China's economy is one of the world's leaders in consumer internet and [[Mobile payment|mobile payments]].<ref name=":9222">{{Cite book |last=Šebeňa |first=Martin |title=Contemporary China: a New Superpower? |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2023 |isbn=978-1-03-239508-1 |editor-last=Kironska |editor-first=Kristina |chapter=Technological Power |editor-last2=Turscanyi |editor-first2=Richard Q.}}</ref>{{Rp|page=130}} Mobile payment methods via apps including [[Alipay]] and [[WeChat Pay]] were quickly adopted in China in part due to the relative lack of credit cards in the country.<ref name=":9222" />{{Rp|page=130}} This technological [[leapfrogging]] also led to a boom in online shopping and retail banking.<ref name=":9222" />{{Rp|page=130}}

====Tourism====
{{main|Tourism in China|List of World Heritage Sites in China}}

China hosts the world's [[World Heritage Sites by country#Countries with major concentrations of World Heritage Sites|largest number]] of [[World Heritage Site]]s ([[List of World Heritage Sites in China|55]]). China's [[tourism industry]] is one of the fastest-growing industries in the national economy and is also one of the industries with a very distinct global competitive edge. According to the [[World Travel and Tourism Council]], travel and tourism directly contributed CNY 1,362 billion (US$216{{spaces}}billion) to the Chinese economy (about 2.6% of GDP).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131029184218/http://wttc.org/site_media/uploads/downloads/china2013.pdf "China Travel & Tourism Economic Impact Report"] (2013), [[World Travel and Tourism Council]].</ref> In 2011, total international tourist arrivals was 58 million, and international tourism receipts were US$48{{spaces}}billion.<ref>[http://dtxtq4w60xqpw.cloudfront.net/sites/all/files/pdf/unwto_highlights13_en_lr.pdf "UNWTO Tourism Highlights"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130718115306/http://dtxtq4w60xqpw.cloudfront.net/sites/all/files/pdf/unwto_highlights13_en_lr.pdf |date=18 July 2013 }}, [[World Tourism Organization]], 2013.</ref>

Chinese [[business travel]] spending is also forecast to be the highest in the world by 2014, overtaking the United States. According to a Global Business Travel Association study, total business-travel spending is expected to reach US$195{{spaces}}billion in 2012.<ref>{{cite news| title=Continued growth in Chinese business travel next year: GBTA study| url=http://www.ttgmice.com/index.php/magazine/?term_id&issues&ID=31105| newspaper=TTGmice| date=October 2012| access-date=9 November 2012}} {{Dead link|date=May 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

====Luxury goods====
{{main|Luxury goods of China}}

Hong Kong and Macau benefit from favorable taxation rules and are favored locations for tourists from elsewhere in China to purchase luxury goods like cosmetics, jewelry, and designer fashion goods.<ref name=":132">{{Cite book |last=Simpson |first=Tim |title=Betting on Macau: Casino Capitalism and China's Consumer Revolution |date=2023 |publisher=[[University of Minnesota Press]] |isbn=978-1-5179-0031-1 |series=Globalization and Community series |location=Minneapolis}}</ref>{{Rp|page=116}}

[[Porcelain]] has long been one of China's most important luxury exports.<ref name=":132" />{{Rp|page=226}} It was especially important to early trade between China and the West, with much of that trade being conducted through Macau.<ref name=":132" />{{Rp|page=226}}

After a 2012 ban on government agencies purchasing luxury goods, often used as "gifts", sales of [[luxury goods of China|luxury goods in China]] remained strong but slowed, even falling slightly for luxury retailers in the 4th quarter of 2012,<ref name="Caixin022613">{{cite news |title=China's Frills and Posh Market Springs a Leak: Wealthy Chinese consumers continue to drive global demand for luxury goods, but the engine is losing steam |url=http://english.caixin.com/2013-02-26/100494654.html |publisher=Caixin |date=26 February 2013 |author=Qu Yunxu |access-date=26 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130302030136/http://english.caixin.com/2013-02-26/100494654.html |archive-date=2 March 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> with sales of [[Shark fin soup|shark fin]]s and [[Edible bird's nest|edible swallow nest]]s, once staples of lavish government banquets, down sharply.<ref name="NYT032713">{{cite news|title=Elite in China Face Austerity Under Xi's Rule|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/28/world/asia/xi-jinping-imposes-austerity-measures-on-chinas-elite.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=27 March 2013|author=Andrew Jacobs|access-date=28 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130328095140/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/28/world/asia/xi-jinping-imposes-austerity-measures-on-chinas-elite.html|archive-date=28 March 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

Many shops in international travel destinations have specialized staff devoted to Chinese customers.<ref name="Caixin022613" />

==Labor and welfare==
{{main|Labor relations in China|Social welfare in China}}

[[File:Shanghaid02.jpg|thumb|A window washer on a skyscraper in [[Shanghai]]]]
[[File:20040906yunankama.jpg|thumb|A worker makes ceramics in [[Yunnan]]]]
[[File:Alley with miner.jpg|thumb|A Chinese coal miner at the Jin Hua Gong Mine]]In 1979–1980, the state reformed factories by giving wage increases to workers, which was immediately offset by sharply rising [[inflation]] rates of 6–7%. The reforms also dismantled the iron rice bowl, which meant it witnessed a rise in unemployment in the economy. In 1979–80 there were twenty million unemployed people.<ref>Vice-Premier [[Li Xiannian]]'s speech, published in the [[Hong Kong newspaper]] ''Ming Pao'' on 14 June 1979.</ref>

<imagemap>Image: China employment by economic sectors.png|thumb|left|This chart shows the Chinese employment by sectors during time<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20141117072912/http://www.bluenomics.com/data#!data/labour_market/employment_by_sectors/employment_by_broad_economic_sectors/employment_by_broad_economic_sectors_annual_of_tot_empl_%7Cchart/line$countries=china&sorting=list//title "Labour Market Employment By Sectors"].</ref></imagemap>
China's estimated employed labor force in 2005 totaled 791 million persons, about 60% of the total population. During 2003, 49% of the labor force worked in [[agriculture]], [[forestry]], and [[fishing]]; 22% in [[mining]], [[manufacturing]], [[energy]], and [[construction]] industries; and 29% in the [[Tertiary sector of economic activity|services]] sector and other categories. In 2004 some 25 million persons were employed by 743,000 [[private enterprise]]s. Urban wages rose rapidly from 2004 to 2007, at a rate of 13 to 19% per year with average wages near $200/month in 2007.<ref>[http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/newsandcomingevents/t20071029_402440482.htm "Average Wage of On-Duty Staff and Workers in Urban Areas Jumped in the First Three Quarters"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100717232344/http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/newsandcomingevents/t20071029_402440482.htm |date=17 July 2010 }}. [[National Bureau of Statistics of China]].　2007-10-29, 15:35:2.</ref> By 2016 the average monthly wage for workers engaged in manufacturing goods for export was $424. This wage, combined with other costs of doing business in China, had, more or less, equalized any Chinese cost advantage with respect to developed economies.<ref name="NYT72216">{{cite news |first=Michael |last=Schuman |title=Is China Stealing Jobs? It May Be Losing Them, Instead |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/23/business/international/china-jobs-donald-trump.html |work=The New York Times |date=22 July 2016 |access-date=23 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160724050641/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/23/business/international/china-jobs-donald-trump.html |archive-date=24 July 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[All-China Federation of Trade Unions]] is the country's only legally permissible trade union. Attempts to form trade unions independent of the ACFTU have been rare and short-lived. One notable example is the [[Beijing Workers' Autonomous Federation]] formed during the [[1989 Tiananmen Square protests]]. Martial Law Command Headquarters issued a public notice declaring the BWAF an illegal organization and ordering it to disband on the grounds that Federation leaders were among "the main instigators and organizers in the capital of the counterrevolutionary rebellion.<ref>{{cite journal |author2=Gong Xiaoxia |author1=Andrew G. Walder |title=Workers in the Tiananmen Protests: The Politics of the Beijing Workers' Autonomous Federation |journal=The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs |date=January 1993 |volume= 29|issue= 29|pages= 1–29|doi=10.2307/2949950 |jstor=2949950 |s2cid=155448546 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=ZHANG |first1=YUERAN |title=The Forgotten Socialists of Tiananmen Square |url=https://www.jacobinmag.com/2019/06/tiananmen-square-worker-organization-socialist-democracy |website=www.jacobinmag.com |publisher=Jacobin Magazine |access-date=12 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712200741/https://www.jacobinmag.com/2019/06/tiananmen-square-worker-organization-socialist-democracy |archive-date=12 July 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2010, the issues of manufacturing wages caused a [[wildcat strike]] at a Honda parts plant. This resulted in wage increases both at the struck plant and other industrial plants.<ref>[http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9FVQT4O0.htm "Honda suspends production in China due to strike"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529102157/http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9FVQT4O0.htm |date=29 May 2010 }} [[Associated Press]] article on Businessweek.com, 28 May 2010</ref><ref>Keith Bradsher (28 May 2010), [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/29/business/global/29strikeside.html "Workers Squeezing Honda With Especially Costly Strike"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723022636/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/29/business/global/29strikeside.html |date=23 July 2016 }} ''[[The New York Times]]''</ref><ref>Keith Bradsher and David Barboza (28 May 2010), [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/29/business/global/29honda.html "Strike in China Highlights Gap in Workers' Pay"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113044749/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/29/business/global/29honda.html |date=13 January 2017 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]''</ref><ref>[http://www2.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2010-05/28/content_9903694.htm "Honda's China plants halt production as workers strike for higher salaries"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607031415/http://www2.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2010-05/28/content_9903694.htm |date=7 June 2011 }} [[Xinhua]] article in ''[[China Daily]]'' updated: 28 May 2010 09:42</ref><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/02/business/global/02foxconn.html "Foxconn Raises Worker Pay 30%"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225132633/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/02/business/global/02foxconn.html |date=25 February 2017 }} article from Bloomberg News printed in ''[[The New York Times]]'' 1{{spaces}}June 2010</ref>

The 2010 census found that China was now half urban and rapidly aging due to the one child policy. This is expected to lead to increased demand for labor to take care of an elderly population and a reduced supply of migrant labor from the countryside.<ref>[http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia-pacific/2011/04/201142852019929352.html "China is ageing and growing more slowly"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110428112636/http://english.aljazeera.net//news/asia-pacific/2011/04/201142852019929352.html |date=28 April 2011 }}. ''Al Jazeera'', 28 April 2011.</ref>

Due to worsening pollution, the corruption and political uncertainties of the [[one-party state]] and the limited economic freedom in an economy dominated by large state-owned enterprises, many skilled professionals are either leaving the country or preparing safety nets for themselves abroad.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/chinas-millionaire-exodus-as-wealthy-flee-with-america-the-preferred-destination-9069551.html |title=China's millionaire exodus as wealthy flee with America the preferred destination |last=Boren |first=Zachary |date=18 January 2014 |work=The Independent |location=London |access-date=14 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915072540/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/chinas-millionaire-exodus-as-wealthy-flee-with-america-the-preferred-destination-9069551.html |archive-date=15 September 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news-subclass-cnt.aspx?id=20140212000018&cid=1103&MainCatID=0 |title=Pollution sees middle, upper class exodus from China's major cities |date=12 February 2014 |access-date=11 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221225619/http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news-subclass-cnt.aspx?id=20140212000018&cid=1103&MainCatID=0 |archive-date=21 February 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Johnson, Ian. [https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/01/world/asia/wary-of-future-many-professionals-leave-china.html?pagewanted=all "Wary of Future, Professionals Leave China in Record Numbers"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225132236/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/01/world/asia/wary-of-future-many-professionals-leave-china.html?pagewanted=all |date=25 February 2017 }}. ''[[The New York Times]]'', 31 October 2012.</ref> In the decade up to 2014, ten million Chinese emigrated to other countries, taking assets and their technical skills.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news-subclass-cnt.aspx?id=20140123000098&cid=1103&MainCatID=0 |title=Migration gap in China alarming: report |date=23 January 2014 |work=Want China Times |access-date=23 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201184548/http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news-subclass-cnt.aspx?id=20140123000098&cid=1103&MainCatID=0 |archive-date=1 February 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>

A law approved February 2013 will mandate a nationwide minimum wage at 40% average urban salaries to be phased in fully by 2015.<ref name="bbcmw">[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-21347819 "China promises rise in minimum wage to close income gap"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171127222220/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-21347819 |date=27 November 2017 }} BBC News, 6 February 2013</ref>

== State-owned enterprises ==
{{Main|State-owned enterprises of China}}

China's SOEs perform important functions that benefit the state.<ref name=":32">{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1354535847 |title=CPC Futures The New Era of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics |date=2022 |publisher=[[National University of Singapore Press]] |others=Frank N. Pieke, Bert Hofman |isbn=978-981-18-5206-0 |location=Singapore |pages=138 |oclc=1354535847}}</ref> Academic Wendy Leutert writes, "They contribute to central and local governments revenues through dividends and taxes, support urban employment, keep key input prices low, channel capital towards targeted industries and technologies, support sub-national redistribution to poorer interior and western provinces, and aid the state's response to natural disasters, financial crises and social instability."<ref name=":32" />

As of 2017, China has more SOEs than any other country, and the most SOEs among large national companies.<ref name=":32" /> State-owned enterprises accounted for over 60% of China's market capitalization in 2019<ref>{{cite web |last=Hissey |first=Ian |date=17 December 2019 |title=Investing in Chinese State-Owned Enterprises |url=https://insight.factset.com/investing-in-chinese-state-owned-enterprises |access-date=15 March 2021 |website=insight.factset.com}}</ref> and generated 40% of China's GDP of US$15.98{{spaces}}trillion dollars (101.36 trillion yuan) in 2020, with domestic and foreign private businesses and investment accounting for the remaining 60%.<ref>{{cite web |last=Tjan |first=Sie Tek |date=21 May 2020 |title=How reform has made China's state-owned enterprises stronger |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/05/how-reform-has-made-chinas-state-owned-enterprises-stronger/ |access-date=19 October 2020 |website=www.weforum.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=CBNEditor |date=18 January 2021 |title=China's GDP Breaches 100 Trillion Yuan Threshold after Posting 2.3% Growth in 2020, Disposable Income up 4.7% |url=https://www.chinabankingnews.com/2021/01/18/chinas-gdp-breaches-100-trillion-yuan-threshold-after-posting-2-3-growth-in-2020-disposable-income-up-4-7/ |access-date=13 April 2021 |website=China Banking News |language=en-US}}</ref> As of the end of 2019, the total assets of all China's SOEs, including those operating in the financial sector, reached US$58.97{{spaces}}trillion In 2015.<ref>{{cite web |last=Tjan |first=Sie Tek |date=17 October 2020 |title=China State Firms' Assets grow even as the Government presses for lighter debt |url=https://www.caixinglobal.com |access-date=19 October 2020 |website=www.caixinglobal.com}}</ref> Ninety-one (91) of these SOEs belong to the 2020 Fortune Global 500 companies.<ref>{{cite web |last=Tjan |first=Sie tek |date=18 August 2020 |title=The Biggest but not the Strongest: China's place in the Fortune Global 500 |url=https://www.csis.org |access-date=19 October 2020 |website=www.csis.org}}</ref>

==External trade==
{{main|History of trade of the People's Republic of China}}{{Further|List of the largest trading partners of China|List of exports of China|List of Chinese administrative divisions by exports|China–United States trade war}}
{{More citations needed section|date=January 2021}}
[[File:2006Chinese exports.PNG|thumb|300px|Global distribution of Chinese exports in 2006 as a percentage of the top market]]
[[International trade]] makes up a sizeable portion of China's overall economy. China became a member of the [[World Trade Organization]] in 2001.<ref>{{cite web |title=China – Member information |url=http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/countries_e/china_e.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901095845/http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/countries_e/china_e.htm |archive-date=1 September 2014 |access-date=28 August 2014 |publisher=WTO}}</ref> It also has [[free trade agreement]]s with several nations, including [[ASEAN–China Free Trade Area|ASEAN]], [[China–Australia Free Trade Agreement|Australia]], [[Cambodia]], [[New Zealand–China Free Trade Agreement|New Zealand]], [[Pakistan]], [[China–South Korea Free Trade Agreement|South Korea]] and [[Switzerland]].<ref>{{cite web |title=China, Switzerland sign free trade agreement |url=http://www.eubusiness.com/news-eu/china-switzerland.pqa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024102431/http://www.eubusiness.com/news-eu/china-switzerland.pqa/ |archive-date=24 October 2013 |access-date=14 November 2013 |publisher=eubusiness.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=China FTA Network |url=http://fta.mofcom.gov.cn/enarticle/chinacambodiaen/chinacambodiaennews/202112/46486_1.html |access-date=2022-06-03 |website=fta.mofcom.gov.cn}}</ref> {{As of|2022}}, China's [[List of the largest trading partners of China|largest trading partners]] are ASEAN, the European Union, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Australia, Russia, Brazil, India, Canada, and the United Kingdom.<ref name="chinacustoms" />

During the [[Cold War]], a meaningful segment of China's trade with the [[Third World]] was financed through grants, credits, and other forms of assistance. The principal efforts were made in Asia, especially to [[Indonesia]], [[Myanmar]], Pakistan, and [[Sri Lanka]], but large loans were also granted in Africa ([[Ghana]], [[Algeria]], [[Tanzania]]) and in the Middle East ([[Egypt]]). However, after [[Mao Zedong]]'s death in 1976, these efforts were scaled back. After which, trade with developing countries became negligible, though during that time, [[Hong Kong]] and [[Taiwan]] both began to emerge as major trading partners.

Since economic reforms began in the late 1970s, China sought to decentralize its foreign trade system to integrate itself into the international trading system. In November 1991, China joined the [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]] (APEC) group, which promotes [[free trade]] and cooperation in the economic, trade, investment, and technology spheres. China served as APEC chair in 2001, and Shanghai hosted the annual APEC leaders meeting in October of that year.

After reaching a bilateral WTO agreement with the EU and other trading partners in summer 2000, China worked on a multilateral WTO accession package. China concluded multilateral negotiations on its accession to the WTO in September 2001. The completion of its accession protocol and Working Party Report paved the way for its entry into the WTO on 11 December 2001, after 16 years of negotiations, the longest in the history of the [[General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade]]. However, U.S. exporters continue to have concerns about fair market access due to China's restrictive trade policies and U.S. export restrictions. In October 2019, Chinese Vice Premier Han Zheng promised to further decrease tariffs and remove non-tariff barriers for global investors, he also welcomed multinational companies to invest more in China.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-tariff-reduce-idUSKBN1WY08M|title=China to further reduce tariffs and remove non-tariff barriers for foreign investors: Xinhua|date=19 October 2019|work=Reuters|access-date=19 October 2019|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019135448/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-tariff-reduce-idUSKBN1WY08M|archive-date=19 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Jawaharlal Nehru Trust Port.jpg|thumb|With bilateral trade exceeding US$38.6{{spaces}}billion, China is India's largest trading partner<ref>[http://news.tootoo.com/Industry_News/Latest_News/20080325/79764.html China emerges India's top trade partner] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907234848/http://news.tootoo.com/Industry_News/Latest_News/20080325/79764.html |date=7 September 2008 }}. News.tootoo.com (25 March 2008). Retrieved on 6 August 2010.</ref> and shown here is a Chinese container ship unloading its cargo at [[Jawaharlal Nehru Port]], [[Navi Mumbai]], India]]
China's global trade exceeded $4.16{{spaces}}trillion at the end of 2013, having broken the hundred-billion mark in 1988 and half a trillion by 2001. China global trade exceeded US$6 Trillion in 2021<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/20220114/d7db76814ffd47c0b50d2a8fab4988da/c.html |title=China's foreign trade hits new high in 2021-Xinhua |publisher=Xinhuanet.com |date=2022-01-14 |access-date=2022-02-10}}</ref>
The table below shows the average annual growth (in nominal US{{spaces}}dollar terms) of China's foreign trade during the reform era.

By 2020, China became the largest trading partner of more than 120 countries.<ref name=":022" />{{Rp|page=228}}

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!class="unsortable"|Period
!Two-way trade||Exports||Imports
|-
|1981–1985||+12.8%||+8.6%||+16.1%
|-
|1986–1990||+10.6%||+17.8%||+4.8%
|-
|1991–1995||+19.5%||+19.1%||+19.9%
|-
|1996–2000||+11.0%||+10.9%||+11.3%
|-
|2001–2005||+24.6%||+25.0%||+24.0%
|-
|2006–2010||+15.9%||+15.7%||+16.1%
|-
|2016–2021||+11.0%||
|}
[[File:United States Balance of Trade Deficit-pie chart.svg|thumb|U.S. trade deficit (in billions, goods only) by country in 2014]]
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://santandertrade.com/en/portal/analyse-markets/china/foreign-trade-in-figures |title=Chinese foreign trade in figures |publisher=Santandertrade.com |date=2020-11-15 |access-date=2022-02-10}}</ref>

The vast majority of China's imports consists of industrial supplies and capital goods, notably machinery and high-technology equipment, the majority of which comes from the developed countries, primarily Japan{{Citation needed|date=March 2009}} and the United States{{Citation needed|date=March 2009}}. Regionally, almost half of China's imports come from East and Southeast Asia, and about a fourth of China's exports go to the same destinations{{Citation needed|date=March 2009}}. About 80 percent of China's exports consist of manufactured goods, most of which are textiles and electronic equipment, with agricultural products and chemicals constituting the remainder. Out of the five busiest [[port]]s in the world, three are in China. The U.S. trade deficit with China reached $233{{spaces}}billion in 2006, as imports grew 18%. China's share of total U.S. imports has grown from 7% to 15% since 1996.

[[China–Russia relations#Economic relations|Trade volume between China and Russia]] reached $29.1{{spaces}}billion in 2005, an increase of 37.1% compared with 2004. A spokesman for the [[Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China|Ministry of Commerce]], Van Jingsun, said that the volume of trade between China and Russia could exceed forty billion dollars in 2007.<ref>{{cite news|title=Trade between China and Russia could exceed $40 bln in 2007|publisher=The Voice of Russia|date=2 August 2007|url=http://www.ruvr.ru/main.php?lng=eng&q=14378&cid=46&p=02.08.2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927152209/http://www.ruvr.ru/main.php?lng=eng&q=14378&cid=46&p=02.08.2007|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 September 2007|access-date=4 August 2007}}</ref> China's export of machinery and electronic goods to Russia grew 70%, which is 24% of China's total export to Russia in the first eleven months of 2005. During the same time, China's export of high-tech products to Russia increased by 58%, and that is 7% of China's total exports to Russia. Also at that time period, border trade between the two countries reached $5.13{{spaces}}billion, growing 35% and accounting for nearly 20% of the total trade. Most of China's exports to Russia remain apparel and footwear. Russia is China's eighth largest trade partner and China is now Russia's fourth largest trade partner, and China now has over 750 investment projects in Russia, involving $1.05{{spaces}}billion. China's contracted investment in Russia totaled $368{{spaces}}million during January–September 2005, twice that in 2004. By 2022, trade between China and Russia reached a record $190 billion,<ref name="chinacustoms" /> with China becoming Russia's trading partner.<ref name=":42">{{Cite web |last=Prokopenko |first=Alexandra |date=2 February 2023 |title=The Risks of Russia's Growing Dependence on the Yuan |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/politika/88926 |access-date=2 March 2023 |website=[[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]]}}</ref>

[[File:E7210-NN-kitaj-auto.jpg|thumb|Chinese cars at a dealer's lot in [[Nizhny Novgorod]], the traditional capital of the Russian automotive industry]]
Chinese imports from Russia are mainly those of energy sources, such as crude oil, which is mostly transported by rail, and electricity exports from neighboring Siberian and Far Eastern regions. In the near future, exports of both of these commodities are set to increase, as Russia is building the [[Eastern Siberia-Pacific Ocean oil pipeline]] with a branch going to the Chinese border, and Russian power grid monopoly UES is building some of its hydropower stations with a view of future exports to China.

Export growth has continued to be a major component supporting China's rapid economic growth. To increase exports, China pursued policies such as fostering the rapid development of foreign-invested factories, which assembled imported components into consumer goods for export and liberalizing trading rights. In its [[Eleventh Five-Year Plan (People's Republic of China)|11th Five-Year Program]], adopted in 2005, China placed greater emphasis on developing a consumer demand-driven economy to sustain economic growth and address imbalances.

China is a member of the [[Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership]] (RCEP), the world's largest free-trade area which was signed into agreement in November 2020. The RCEP, which includes China, Japan, South Korea, Australia, New Zealand and the ASEAN nations, represents about a third of the world's population and 29% of global gross domestic product. The RCEP aims to eliminate tariffs on a variety of products within 20 years.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-54949260|title=RCEP: Asia-Pacific countries form world's largest trading bloc|date=16 September 2020|work=BBC|access-date=30 September 2020}}</ref> On 17 September 2021, China formally applied to join another large Asia-Pacific free-trade pact, the [[Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership]] (CPTPP).<ref name="Chinese Premier's signal">{{Cite news |date=17 September 2021 |title=China applies to join Pacific trade pact to boost economic clout |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/china/china-officially-applies-join-cptpp-trade-pact-2021-09-16/ |access-date=23 May 2023}}</ref>

==Foreign investment==
{{see also|Foreign Investment Law of the People's Republic of China|Qualified Domestic Institutional Investor|Qualified Foreign Institutional Investor|China Investment Promotion Agency|China Council for the Promotion of International Trade|Ministry of Commerce (China)}}
In 2022, China was amongst the world's largest recipient of inward [[foreign direct investment]] (FDI), attracting $180 billion, though most of these were speculated to be from Hong Kong.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 January 2023 |title=China Foreign Investment Posts Record Slump as Covid Zero Ended |work=[[Bloomberg News]] |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-01-19/china-foreign-investment-posts-record-slump-as-covid-zero-ended |access-date=15 May 2023}}</ref> As of the end of June 2020, FDI stock in China reached US$2.947{{spaces}}trillion, and China's outgoing FDI stock stood at US$2.128{{spaces}}trillion. The total foreign financial assets owned by China reached US$7.860{{spaces}}trillion, and its foreign financial liabilities US$5.716{{spaces}}trillion, making China the second largest creditor nation after Japan in the world.<ref>{{cite web |last=Tjan |first=Sie Tek |date=25 September 2020 |title=SAFE releases China's net International Investment Position (NIIP) as of the end of June 2020 |url=https://www.safe.gov.cn |access-date=19 October 2020 |website=www.safe.gov.cn}}</ref>

China's investment climate has changed dramatically with more than two decades of reform. In the early 1980s, China restricted foreign investments to export-oriented operations and required foreign investors to form joint-venture partnerships with Chinese firms. The [[Encouraged Industry Catalogue]] sets out the degree of foreign involvement allowed in various industry sectors. From the beginning of the reforms legalizing foreign investment, capital inflows expanded every year until 1999.<ref>China Statistical Yearbook 2007, Table 18-14: http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2007/indexeh.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220113912/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2007/indexeh.htm |date=20 December 2008 }}</ref> Foreign-invested enterprises account for 58–60% of China's imports and exports.<ref>China Statistical Yearbook 2007, Table 18-13: http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2007/indexeh.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220113912/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2007/indexeh.htm |date=20 December 2008 }}</ref>

Since the early 1990s, the government has allowed foreign investors to manufacture and sell a wide range of goods on the domestic market, eliminated time restrictions on the establishment of joint ventures, provided some assurances against [[nationalization]], allowed foreign partners to become chairs of [[joint venture]] boards, and authorized the establishment of wholly foreign-owned enterprises, now the preferred form of FDI. In 1991, China granted more preferential tax treatment for [[Wholly Foreign Owned Enterprise]]s and contractual ventures and for foreign companies, which invested in selected economic zones or in projects encouraged by the state.

China also authorized some foreign banks to open branches in [[Shanghai]] and allowed foreign investors to purchase special "B" shares of [[stock]] in selected companies listed on the [[Shanghai Stock Exchange|Shanghai]] and [[Shenzhen Stock Exchange|Shenzhen]] Securities Exchanges. These "B" shares sold to foreigners carried no ownership rights in a company. In 1997, China approved 21,046 foreign investment projects and received over $45{{spaces}}billion in [[foreign direct investment]]. China revised significantly its laws on Wholly Foreign-Owned Enterprises and China Foreign Equity Joint Ventures in 2000 and 2001. The Vice Minister of Finance Zhu Guangyao announced, foreign investors will be allowed to own up to 51% on domestic financial service companies. Formerly foreign ownership was limited to a 49% stake in these firms.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.faz.net/1.5285864|title=Öffnung des Finanzmarktes: Ausländer dürfen Mehrheit an chinesischen Banken übernehmen|newspaper=Faz.net|via=www.faz.net}}</ref>

Foreign investment remains a strong element in China's rapid expansion in world trade and has been an important factor in the growth of urban jobs. China's economic leadership on global capital flows emphasizes long-term infrastructure and development finance over short-term flows which, under the current order, have imposed large costs on many economies.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Broz |first1=J. Lawrence |last2=Zhang |first2=Zhiwen |last3=Wang |first3=Gaoyang |title=Explaining Foreign Support for China's Global Economic Leadership |journal=International Organization |date=2020 |volume=74 |issue=3 |pages=417–452 |doi=10.1017/S0020818320000120|s2cid=226865956 }}</ref> In 1998, foreign-invested enterprises produced about 40% of China's exports, and foreign exchange reserves totaled about $145{{spaces}}billion. Foreign-invested enterprises today produce about half of China's exports (the majority of China's foreign investment come from [[Hong Kong]], [[Macau]] and [[Taiwan]]), and China continues to attract large investment inflows. However, the Chinese government's emphasis on guiding FDI into manufacturing has led to market saturation in some industries, while leaving China's services sectors underdeveloped. From 1993 to 2001, China was the world's second-largest recipient of [[foreign direct investment]] (FDI) after the United States, receiving $39{{spaces}}billion in 1999 and $41{{spaces}}billion in 2000. China is now one of the leading FDI recipients in the world, receiving almost $80{{spaces}}billion in 2005 according to World Bank statistics. In 2006, China received $69.47{{spaces}}billion.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/01/15/business/yuan.php |title=Foreign investment in China rebounds |work=International Herald Tribune |date=15 January 2007 |access-date=28 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013101238/http://iht.com/articles/2007/01/15/business/yuan.php |archive-date=13 October 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref> By 2011, with the U.S. seeing a decline in foreign investment following the [[Financial crisis of 2007–08|2008 financial crisis]], China overtook it as the top destination for FDI, receiving over $280{{spaces}}billion that year.<ref>{{cite web|title = Foreign direct investment, net inflows (BoP, current US$) {{!}} Data {{!}} Table|url = http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BX.KLT.DINV.CD.WD?order=wbapi_data_value_2014+wbapi_data_value+wbapi_data_value-last&sort=desc|publisher = World Bank|access-date = 29 January 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160217035319/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BX.KLT.DINV.CD.WD?order=wbapi_data_value_2014+wbapi_data_value+wbapi_data_value-last&sort=desc|archive-date = 17 February 2016|url-status = live}}</ref>

Amid slowing economic conditions and a weakening yuan in 2015, December of that year saw a 5.8% drop in FDI to China.<ref>{{cite news |author = Enda Curran |author2 = Jonathan Browning |title = Foreign Investment into China Falls as Weaker Yuan Dents Inflows |url = https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-01-20/foreign-investment-into-china-falls-as-weaker-yuan-dents-inflows |agency = Bloomberg |access-date = 29 January 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160202103521/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-01-20/foreign-investment-into-china-falls-as-weaker-yuan-dents-inflows |archive-date = 2 February 2016 |url-status = live }}</ref> While China's rank as the top receiver of FDI continued through 2014, the slowing of inbound investment in 2015 combined with a massive rebound in foreign investment to the United States resulted in the U.S. reclaiming its position as the top investment destination.<ref>{{cite news|title = U.S. Overtakes China as Top Destination for Foreign Investment|url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-overtakes-china-as-top-destination-for-foreign-investment-1453312933|newspaper = The Wall Street Journal|first = Paul|last = Hannon|access-date = 29 January 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160126110952/http://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-overtakes-china-as-top-destination-for-foreign-investment-1453312933|archive-date = 26 January 2016|url-status = live}}</ref> Data from the American Chamber of Commerce in China's ''[http://www.amchamchina.org/policy-advocacy/business-climate-survey/ 2016 China Business Climate Survey]'' confirms this trend, although it also demonstrates that China remains a top investment destination. This survey of over 500 members found that "China remains a top three investment priority for six out of ten member companies," though this is a decline from the 2012 high of eight out of ten respondents considering China a top priority.<ref>{{Cite book|title = 2016 China Business Climate Survey|publisher = American Chamber of Commerce in China|year = 2016|location = Beijing, China|page = 4|url = http://www.amchamchina.org/policy-advocacy/business-climate-survey/|access-date = 29 January 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160210134259/http://www.amchamchina.org/policy-advocacy/business-climate-survey/|archive-date = 10 February 2016|url-status = live}}</ref>

[[Foreign exchange reserve of the People's Republic of China|Foreign exchange reserves]] totaled $155{{spaces}}billion in 1999 and $165{{spaces}}billion in 2000. [[Foreign exchange reserves]] exceeded $800{{spaces}}billion in 2005, more than doubling from 2003. Foreign exchange reserves were $819{{spaces}}billion at the end of 2005, $1.066{{spaces}}trillion at the end of 2006, $1.9{{spaces}}trillion by June 2008. In addition, by the end of September 2008 China replaced Japan for the first time as the largest foreign holder of US treasury securities with a total of $585{{spaces}}billion, vs Japan $573{{spaces}}billion. China's foreign exchange reserves are the [[List of countries by foreign exchange reserves|largest in the world]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2188rank.html|title=The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency|website=cia.gov|access-date=28 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613005020/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2188rank.html|archive-date=13 June 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref>

As part of its WTO accession, China undertook to eliminate certain trade-related investment measures and to open up specified sectors that had previously been closed to foreign investment. New laws, regulations, and administrative measures to implement these commitments are being issued. Major remaining barriers to foreign investment include opaque and inconsistently enforced laws and regulations and the lack of a rules-based legal infrastructure. Warner Bros., for instance, withdrew its cinema business in China as a result of a regulation that requires Chinese investors to own at least a 51 percent stake or play a leading role in a foreign joint venture.<ref>[http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-11/09/content_5310610.htm Warner Bros to withdraw from Chinese mainland] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013180017/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-11/09/content_5310610.htm |date=13 October 2007 }} (Xinhuanet.com, with source from China Radio International)</ref>

Another major development in the history of foreign investment in China was the establishment of the [[Shanghai Free Trade Zone]] in September 2013.<ref>[http://www.china-briefing.com/news/2013/09/28/china-releases-general-plan-and-regulations-for-the-shanghai-free-trade-zone.html "Shanghai's New Free Trade Zone{{snd}}General Plan and Regulations"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225085323/http://www.china-briefing.com/news/2013/09/28/china-releases-general-plan-and-regulations-for-the-shanghai-free-trade-zone.html |date=25 February 2014 }}, ''China Briefing'', Shanghai, 28 September 2013</ref> The Zone is considered a testing ground for a number of economic and social reforms.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dw.de/china-opens-free-trade-zone-in-shanghai/a-17121642|title=China opens free trade zone in Shanghai|publisher=Deutsche Welle|access-date=8 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708162731/http://www.dw.de/china-opens-free-trade-zone-in-shanghai/a-17121642|archive-date=8 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.waigaoqiao.gov.cn/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010302131009/http://www.waigaoqiao.gov.cn/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 March 2001 |script-title=zh:中国（上海）自由贸易试验区门户网站 |language=zh-cn |publisher=waigaoqiao.gov.cn}}</ref> Critically, foreign investment is controlled via a "negative list" approach, where FDI is permitted in all sectors unless explicitly prohibited by the inclusion of a given sector on the [[negative list of foreign investment in China|negative list]] published by the [[Shanghai Municipal Government]].<ref>[http://www.china-briefing.com/news/2013/09/30/shanghai-releases-negative-list-for-foreign-investment-in-shanghai-free-trade-zone.html "Shanghai Releases 'Negative List' for Foreign Investment in Shanghai Free Trade Zone"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718070100/http://www.china-briefing.com/news/2013/09/30/shanghai-releases-negative-list-for-foreign-investment-in-shanghai-free-trade-zone.html |date=18 July 2014 }}, ''China Briefing'', Shanghai, 9 September 2013.</ref>

On 15 March 2019, China's [[National People's Congress]] adopted the [[Foreign Investment Law of the People's Republic of China|Foreign Investment Law]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mg.mofcom.gov.cn/article/policy/201909/20190902898870.shtml|title=Foreign Investment Law of the People's Republic of China|website=mofcom.gov.cn|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016070903/http://mg2.mofcom.gov.cn/article/policy/China/201909/20190902898870.shtml|archive-date=16 October 2019|access-date=25 November 2019}}</ref> which comes into effect on 1{{spaces}}January 2020. Foreign investment in China comes with a number of ethical risks which pose major challenges which investors must navigate.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kaplan |first1=Seth D. |title=How to Navigate the Ethical Risks of Doing Business in China |url=https://hbr.org/2022/01/how-to-navigate-the-ethical-risks-of-doing-business-in-china |journal=Harvard Business Review |date=26 January 2022 |publisher=HBR |access-date=5 March 2022}}</ref>

A 2021 [[McKinsey & Company|McKinsey]] report estimated that the Chinese economy as currently the largest consumer economy measured in purchasing power parity (PPP) terms, and that it is expected to add more consumption than any other country within the next decade. Due to this and the rapid continued growth of China's middle class, large multinational companies like Walmart, have been keen to invest in China to tap into the growing domestic consumer market.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Five consumer trends shaping the next decade of growth in China {{!}} McKinsey |url=https://www.mckinsey.com/cn/our-insights/our-insights/five-consumer-trends-shaping-the-next-decade-of-growth-in-china#:~:text=China%20is%20estimated%20to%20be,according%20to%20our%20baseline%20scenario. |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=www.mckinsey.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cheng |first=Evelyn |date=2019-09-30 |title=China's giant middle class is still growing and companies from Walmart to start-ups are trying to cash in |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/09/30/chinas-giant-middle-class-is-still-growing-and-companies-want-in.html |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref>

===Chinese investment abroad===
[[File:TCL 4K tv (24478123585).jpg|thumb|A [[TCL Corporation|TCL]] television set]]
[[File:Meizu V8 Pro.jpg|thumb|A [[Meizu]] smartphone]]
[[File:Belt and Road Initiative participant map.svg|thumb|Countries which signed cooperation documents related to the [[Belt and Road Initiative]]]]
{{see also|Go Out policy}}

Outward foreign direct investment is a new feature of Chinese globalization, where local Chinese firms seek to make investments in both developing and developed countries.<ref>Alon, Ilan and John McIntyre, eds. (2008), The Globalization of Chinese Enterprises, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.</ref> It was reported in 2011 that there was increasing investment by capital rich Chinese firms in promising firms in the United States. Such investments offer access to expertise in marketing and distribution potentially useful in exploiting the developing Chinese domestic market.<ref>{{cite news |title=A Wave of Chinese Money Gives a Lift to Companies Struggling in Tough Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/07/business/smallbusiness/07sbiz.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=6 July 2011 |author=James Flanigan |access-date=7 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709115550/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/07/business/smallbusiness/07sbiz.html |archive-date=9 July 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Since 2005, Chinese companies have been actively expanding outside of China, in both developed and developing countries. In 2013, Chinese companies invested US$90{{spaces}}billion globally in non-financial sectors, 16% more than 2012.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ministry of Commerce of China |url=http://www.fdi.gov.cn/1800000121_33_3962_0_7.html |access-date=3 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714151358/http://www.fdi.gov.cn/1800000121_33_3962_0_7.html |archive-date=14 July 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Between January 2009 and December 2013, China contributed a total of $161.03bn in outward [[Foreign direct investment|FDI]], creating almost 300,000 jobs. Western Europe was the largest regional recipient of Chinese outward FDI, with Germany receiving the highest number of FDI projects for any country globally.<ref>{{cite news|title=Where is China investing?|url=http://www.fdiintelligence.com/Locations/Asia-Pacific/China/Where-is-China-investing|newspaper=[[FDi Magazine]]|date=12 August 2014|access-date=21 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821152738/http://www.fdiintelligence.com/Locations/Asia-Pacific/China/Where-is-China-investing|archive-date=21 August 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

There are two ways Chinese companies choose to enter a foreign market: organic growth and Merge & Acquisition (M&A). Many Chinese companies would prefer M&A for the following reasons:
* Fast. M&A is the fastest way for a company to expand into another country by acquiring brand, distribution, talents, and technology. Chinese CEOs has been used to growing at 50%+ speed and do not want to spend capital.
* China market. China has become the world's largest economy. Many Chinese acquire foreign companies and then bring their products/services to China, anything from premium cars to fashion clothing to meat to Hollywood movies.
* Cheap capital access. The huge Chinese domestic market help many Chinese companies accumulated financial capital to do M&A. Chinese government also provides long-term, low-interest capital for companies to expand abroad.
* Low risk. M&A helped Chinese companies avoid risk of failure of organic growth as they got an established company with everything in place.
* Cheap labor. Some companies may move part of the manufacturing in high labor cost countries to China to reduce the cost and make the product more attractive in price.
* Trade and policy barrier. Chinese companies in many sectors face quota limitation and high tax, which prevent them from being competitive in foreign markets.
* Depressed assets. 2008–2010 global economic crisis created liquidity problems for a lot of western companies and reduced their market value. Chinese companies believe it is a great opportunity for them to buy these depressed assets at discount. China's direct foreign investment in non-financial sector growth from US$25{{spaces}}billion in 2007 to US$90{{spaces}}billion in 2013, more than three times.<ref>{{cite news |date=30 October 2008 |script-title=zh:2007年度中国全行业对外直接投资统计数据 |language=zh-cn |trans-title=China's total foreign direct investment statistics for the whole year 2007 |publisher=China Daily |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/hqzg/2008-10/30/content_7159288.htm |access-date=3 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714153206/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/hqzg/2008-10/30/content_7159288.htm |archive-date=14 July 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*China is growing in investments and influencing power over Europe, and the EU has begun to take notice.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/briefing/2018/10/04/chinese-investment-and-influence-in-europe-is-growing|title=Chinese investment, and influence, in Europe is growing|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=8 October 2018|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181008183836/https://www.economist.com/briefing/2018/10/04/chinese-investment-and-influence-in-europe-is-growing|archive-date=8 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

At the beginning, state-owned enterprises dominate the foreign acquisition and most of the money goes to oil and minerals. Since 2005, more and more private companies start to acquire non-raw material foreign companies. Below is a list of the top 15 outbound deals from Chinese companies:<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://imaa-institute.org/m-and-a-in-china/|title=M&A in China – IMAA-Institute|work=IMAA-Institute|access-date=22 February 2018|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180222225839/https://imaa-institute.org/m-and-a-in-china/|archive-date=22 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!class="unsortable"|Date
!class="unsortable"|Acquirer
!class="unsortable"|Acquirer industry
!class="unsortable"|Target
!class="unsortable"|Target industry
!class="unsortable"|Target country
!Deal value in millions of USD
|-
|3 February 2016
|CNAC Saturn (NL) BV
|Chemicals
|[[Syngenta AG]]
|Chemicals
|Switzerland
|41,840.11
|-
|23 July 2012
|CNOOC Canada Holding Ltd
|Other financials
|[[Nexen Inc]]
|Oil and gas
|Canada
|19,119.31
|-
|1 February 2008
|Shining Prospect Pte Ltd
|Other financials
|[[Rio Tinto (corporation)|Rio Tinto PLC]]
|Metals and mining
|United Kingdom
|14,284.17
|-
|2 June 2017
|China Investment Corp
|Alternative financial investments
|Logicor Ltd
|Non residential
|United Kingdom
|13,742.43
|-
|14 July 2017
|Nesta Investment Holdings Ltd
|Other financials
|Global Logistic Properties Ltd
|Non residential
|Singapore
|11,553.58
|-
|22 August 2017
|China Unicom (BVI) Ltd
|Telecommunications services
|China Unicom Hong Kong Ltd
|Telecommunications services
|Hong Kong
|11,255.81
|-
|6 October 2016
|Park Aerospace Holdings Ltd
|Transportation and infrastructure
|C2 Aviation Capital LLC
|Transportation and infrastructure
|United States
|10,380.00
|-
|14 October 2015
|China Tower Corp Ltd
|Telecommunications services
|China-Telecommun tower asts
|Wireless
|China
|9,948.41
|-
|21 June 2016
|Halti SA
|Other financials
|[[Supercell Oy]]
|Software
|Finland
|8,600.00
|-
|24 June 2009
|Mirror Lake Oil & Gas Co Ltd
|Oil and gas
|[[Addax Petroleum]] Corp
|Oil and gas
|Switzerland
|7,157.40
|-
|1 October 2010
| [[China Petrochemical Corporation]]
|Oil and gas
|Repsol YPF Brasil SA
|Oil and gas
|Brazil
|7,111.00
|-
|16 March 2016
|[[Anbang Insurance Group]] Co Ltd
|Insurance
|Strategic Hotels & Resorts Inc
|REITs
|United States
|6,500.00
|-
|24 October 2016
|Hna Tourism Grp Co Ltd
|Travel services
|[[Hilton Worldwide Holdings Inc]]
|Hotels and lodging
|United States
|6,496.88
|-
|17 February 2016
| [[Tianjin Tianhai Investment]] Co Ltd
|Transportation and infrastructure
|[[Ingram Micro Inc.]]
|Computers and peripherals
|United States
|6,067.41
|-
|22 March 2015
|Marco Polo Industrial Hldg SpA
|Other financials
|[[Pirelli]] & C SpA
|Automobiles and components
|Italy
|
|}

However, the fast growth and M&A deals did not change consumers' low quality and low-price perception of Chinese goods and brands. According to market consecutive research by the Monogram Group, a Chicago-based advertising agency, in 2007, 2009, 2011 and 2012, American consumers' willingness to purchase Chinese products across all categories except PC remained the same or became worse during 2007–2012. The only sector in which Americans were more likely to purchase was personal computers.<ref>American Consumer's Attitude towards China and Chinese Brands (2007, 2009, 2011, 2012), The Monogram Group.</ref>
[[File:Inauguracja połączenia kolejowego „China Railway Express”.jpg|thumb|China's leader [[Xi Jinping]] and [[Poland]]'s President [[Andrzej Duda]] during the inauguration of the [[Yiwu–London railway line|China Railway Express]] in Warsaw, Poland, 20 June 2016]]
Moreover, many M&A deals have failed because companies underestimated the challenges and failed to restructure the company.

Case 1: Shanghai Auto acquired 48.9% of Korean Ssangyong at US$500{{spaces}}million in 2004, making it the most ambitious acquisition in Chinese auto industry at the time. Shanghai Auto wanted the brand and technology to expand its footprint in China. However, the cultural difference, the objection to transfer the technology and the failed sales of new SUV model put Shanghai Auto's ambition of expansion in jeopardy. It caused huge conflict between Ssangyong employees and Shanghai Auto as things didn't go well as planned. And the 2008 global economic crisis put Ssangyong on a survival mode, let alone expansion. After the negotiation with the labor union to reduce wages failed, Shanghai Auto decided to exit from Ssangyong and didn't get a penny back for their US$500{{spaces}}million investment.<ref>{{cite news |first = Andrew |last = Salmon |date=29 October 2004 |title = Shanghai Automotive expands with Korea purchase |newspaper = The New York Times |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2004/10/29/business/worldbusiness/29iht-ssang_ed3_.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last = Choe |first = Sang-Hun |date = 24 February 2009 |title = In Carmaker's Collapse, a Microcosm of South Korea's Woes |newspaper = The New York Times |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/24/world/asia/24seoul.html?pagewanted=all |page = A6 |access-date = 18 February 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160723022736/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/24/world/asia/24seoul.html?pagewanted=all |archive-date = 23 July 2016 |url-status = live }}</ref>

Case 2: In 2004, the television manufacturer TCL acquired TV business including Thomson and RCA brand from Thomson Electronics of France to form a joint venture called TCL–Thomson Electronics (TTE). For the coming two years, the company recorded huge loss, especially in Europe. Several factors contributed to the failure:
* Failure of Due Diligence. Right after TCL acquired Thomson's TV business, the TV market shifted to LCD technology, put Thomson out of date. As CEO of TCL, Dongsheng Li, said in 2012 "They betted on the wrong thing where the market would go. They thought Thomson's DLP could be the best choice."
* Lack of understanding of rules and regulations. According to the book ''Resumption of Trading'' by Chong Chen, soon after acquisition, Thomson found it in a situation that they couldn't recruit the talents they wanted and can't fire ones they didn't want.
* Underestimate of the challenges in cultural difference. Xuesong Tong, vice president of TTE, said in an interview with "China Operation" newspaper in 2005: "The French look down upon their Chinese boss. For example, they wanted to share the design model with TTE, but French just dislike it even though it is a popular one in US market. Also, French feel superior in their language and don't want to speak English, which created huge problem in communication. It takes hours to discuss simple issues and can't reach agreement."

===Mergers and acquisitions===
From 1993 to 2010, Chinese companies have been involved as either an acquiror or acquired company in 25,284 [[mergers and acquisitions]] with a total known value of US$969{{spaces}}billion.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.imaa-institute.org/statistics-mergers-acquisitions.html#MergersAcquisitions_China |title=Statistics on Mergers & Acquisitions (M&A) – M&A Courses | Company Valuation Courses | Mergers & Acquisitions Courses |publisher=Imaa-institute.org |access-date=27 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106045040/http://www.imaa-institute.org/statistics-mergers-acquisitions.html#MergersAcquisitions_China |archive-date=6 January 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{Main|Demographics of China}}
{{Further|Migration in China|Urbanization in China|Chinese emigration|Standard of living in China|Poverty in China}}

Since the 1950s [[medical care]], [[public hygiene]] and [[Sanitation in China|sanitation]] improved considerably, and [[epidemics]] were controlled. Consecutive generations continuously experienced better health. The [[population growth]] rate surged as the [[mortality rate]] dropped more rapidly than the [[birth rate]]. China's massive population has always been a major difficulty for the government as it has struggled to provide for it. In the 1950s, food supply was inadequate, and the standard of living was generally low. This spurred the authorities to initiate a major [[birth control]] program. The Great Leap Forward industrial plan in 1958–60 was partially responsible for a huge [[Great Chinese Famine|famine]] that caused the death rate to surpass the birth rate, and by 1960, the overall population was declining. A second [[population control]] drive began in 1962 with major efforts focused on promoting late marriages and the use of [[contraceptive]]s. By 1963 the country was in the beginning of recovery from the famine and the birth rate soared to its highest since 1949 with an annual population growth rate of 3%. In 1966, the Cultural Revolution suspended this second [[family planning]] program but resumed four years later with the third attempt by making later marriage and family size limitation an obligation. Since 1970, the efforts have been much more effective. The third family planning program continued until 1979 when the [[one-child policy|one child per family policy]] was implemented. By the early 1980s, China's population reached around a billion, and by the early 2000s surpassed 1.3 billion. In the 1980s, the average overall population growth was around 1.5%. In the 1990s, this fell to about 1%. Today it is about 0.6%.<ref>[[List of countries by population growth rate]]</ref> China's [[population growth rate]] is now among the lowest for a [[developing country]], although, due to its large population, annual net population growth is still considerable. One demographic consequence of the one-child policy is that China is now one of the most rapidly [[Aging of China|aging]] countries in the world.

According to a [[Forbes China Rich List]] (2007), China had 66 [[billionaire]]s, the second largest number after the [[Forbes 400|United States]], which had 415. In the 2006 Forbes Rich List it stated that there were 15 Chinese billionaires.<ref>[http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/11/06/business/billionaires.php?page=1 The newest billionaires: China's economy churns out dozens]. International Herald Tribune. 6 November 2007.</ref> In the 2007 Hurun Report, it lists 106 billionaires in China.<ref>[http://www.hurun.net/richlisten.aspx 2007 China Rich List series, Hurun Report]</ref> According to the latest Forbes report (2021), China has a total of 626 billionaires, after gaining 239 new billionaires since March 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tognini |first=Giacomo |title=The Countries With The Most Billionaires 2021 |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/giacomotognini/2021/04/06/the-countries-with-the-most-billionaires-2021/ |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref>

According to a 2020 Brookings report, China become the largest middle-class consumption market in the world and is deemed a "priority market" for major multinational firm. It also estimates that 1.2 billion Chinese will be part of the middle class by 2027, and makeup a quarter of the world's middle class.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dooley |first=Homi Kharas and Meagan |date=2020-10-12 |title=China's influence on the global middle class |url=https://www.brookings.edu/research/chinas-influence-on-the-global-middle-class/ |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=Brookings |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Labor force===
In 2012, for the first time, according to statistics released by China's [[National Bureau of Statistics of China|National Bureau of Statistics]] in January 2013, the size of the labor force, people aged 15 to 59, in China shrank slightly to 937.27 million people, a decrease of 3.45 million from 2011. This trend, resulting from China's one-child policy of population control, is anticipated to continue to at least 2030.{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}}

On 29 October 2015, [[Xinhua]], China's state news agency, reported a change in the existing law to a [[two-child policy]], citing a statement from the CCP, and the new law is effective from 1{{spaces}}January 2016 after it was passed in the standing committee of the National People's Congress on 27 December 2015.<ref name="CNBC011913">{{cite news |title=Chinese Labor Pool Begins to Drain |url=https://www.cnbc.com/id/100392731 |publisher=CNBC |date=19 January 2013 |author=Jamil Anderliniin |author2=Ed Crooks |agency=Financial Times |access-date=8 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130328064737/http://www.cnbc.com/id/100392731 |archive-date=28 March 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Transportation and infrastructure==
{{main|Transport in China}}

[[File:A maglev train coming out, Pudong International Airport, Shanghai.jpg|thumb|[[Shanghai Maglev Train]]]]
China's transportation policy, influenced by political, military, and economic concerns, have undergone major changes since 1949.<ref>[[Fengbo Zhang]]: [http://sites.google.com/site/chinesetransportation1/ Economic Analysis of Chinese Transportation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926172608/http://sites.google.com/site/chinesetransportation1/|date=26 September 2011}}</ref>

Immediately after the People's Republic was founded, the primary goal was to repair existing transportation infrastructure in order to meet [[military transport]] and [[Military logistics|logistics]] needs as well as to strengthen territorial integrity. During most of the 1950s, new road and rail links were built, while at the same time old ones were improved. During the 1960s much of the improvement of regional transportation became the responsibility of the local governments, and many small railways were constructed. Emphasis was also placed on developing transportation in remote rural, mountainous, and forested areas, in order to integrate poorer regions of the country and to help promote economies of scale in the agricultural sector.{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}}

Before the reform era began in the late 1970s, China's transportation links were mostly concentrated in the coastal areas and access to the inner regions was generally poor. This situation has been improved considerably since then, as railways and highways have been built in the remote and frontier regions of the northwest and southwest. At the same time, the development of international transportation was also pursued, and the scope of [[ocean shipping]] was broadened considerably.{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}}

[[Freight]] [[Logistics|haulage]] is mainly provided by [[rail transport]]. The rail sector is monopolized by [[China Railway]] and there is wide variation in services provided. In late 2007 China became one of the few countries in the world to launch its own indigenously developed [[High-speed rail|high-speed train]].<ref>{{cite news |url = http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5jZHR0k1z-KAzmdB46eKOuFFqHuSQ |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071226161506/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5jZHR0k1z-KAzmdB46eKOuFFqHuSQ |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 December 2007 |title=China produces first home-grown bullet train: report |date=22 December 2007 |access-date=28 February 2012 }}</ref> As rail capacity is struggling to meet demand for the transport of goods and raw materials such as coal, air routes, roads and waterways are rapidly being developed to provide an increasing proportion of China's overall transportation needs.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/8760cdcc-a41e-11dc-a28d-0000779fd2ac,dwp_uuid=f6e7043e-6d68-11da-a4df-0000779e2340.html |title=China: Logistics is key to inland shift |newspaper=Financial Times |date=10 December 2007 |access-date=28 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307092413/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/8760cdcc-a41e-11dc-a28d-0000779fd2ac,dwp_uuid=f6e7043e-6d68-11da-a4df-0000779e2340.html |archive-date=7 March 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Some economic experts have argued that the development gap between China and other emerging economies such as Brazil, Argentina and India can be attributed to a large extent to China's early focus on ambitious infrastructure projects: while China invested roughly 9% of its GDP on infrastructure in the 1990s and 2000s, most emerging economies invested only 2% to 5% of their GDP. This considerable spending gap allowed the Chinese economy to grow at near optimal conditions while many South American economies suffered from various development bottlenecks such as poor transportation networks, aging power grids and mediocre schools.<ref>{{cite news |first1 = Vincent |last1 = Bazi |first2 = M. Nicolas J. |last2 = Firzli |year=2011 |title = Infrastructure Investments in an Age of Austerity : The Pension and Sovereign Funds Perspective |url = http://www.turkishweekly.net/op-ed/2852/infrastructure-investments-in-an-age-of-austerity-the-pension-and-sovereign-funds-perspective.html |newspaper=Revue Analyse Financière |volume=41 |issue=Q4|pages=19–22 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110917182931/http://www.turkishweekly.net/op-ed/2852/infrastructure-investments-in-an-age-of-austerity-the-pension-and-sovereign-funds-perspective.html |archive-date=17 September 2011 |df = dmy }}</ref>

== Science and technology ==
{{Main|Science and technology in China}}

[[File:Tencent Logo.svg|thumb|[[Tencent]], one of the world's most valuable technology conglomerates]]

Science and technology in China has in recent decades developed rapidly. The Chinese government has placed emphasis through funding, reform, and societal status on science and technology as a fundamental part of the socio-economic development of the country as well as for national prestige. China has made rapid advances in areas such as education, infrastructure, high-tech manufacturing, artificial intelligence,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Allen |first1=Gregory |title=Understanding China's AI Strategy |url=https://www.cnas.org/publications/reports/understanding-chinas-ai-strategy |website=Understanding China's AI Strategy |publisher=Center for a New American Security |access-date=11 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317004017/https://www.cnas.org/publications/reports/understanding-chinas-ai-strategy |archive-date=17 March 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[academic publishing]], [[patent]]s and commercial applications. China is now increasingly targeting indigenous [[innovation]] and aims to reform remaining weaknesses. Its [[Thousand Talents Plan]] aims to attract innovative Chinese academics living abroad (as well as some foreigners) back to China in support of its economic innovation goals.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fedasiuk |first=Ryan |title=If You Want to Keep Talent Out of China, Invest at Home |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/09/17/china-thousand-talents-plan-invest-us-xenophobia/ |access-date=2022-09-11 |website=Foreign Policy |date=17 September 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Anti-monopoly and competition ==
The Chinese technology sector has been characterized as being dominated by few, larger entities including [[Ant Group]] and [[Tencent]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Lung|first=Tiffany|title=How China's Antitrust And Monopoly Probe Will Disrupt Tech Titans In Retail|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/tiffanylung/2021/12/31/how-chinas-antitrust-and-monopoly-probe-will-disrupt-tech-titans-in-retail/|access-date=3 January 2021|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref> There have been attempts by the [[Xi Jinping Administration]] to enforce [[Competition law|economic competition rules]], and probes into Alibaba and Tencent have been launched by Chinese economic regulators.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Zhong|first=Raymond|date=24 December 2020|title=With Alibaba Investigation, China Gets Tougher on Tech|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/23/business/alibaba-antitrust-jack-ma.html|access-date=3 January 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

The crackdown on monopolies by tech giants and internet companies were followed with calls by the [[Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party|Politburo]] against monopolistic practices by commercial retail giants like [[Alibaba Group|Alibaba]].<ref>{{cite web|last=澎湃新闻|date=18 December 2020|title=中央经济工作会议：强化反垄断和防止资本无序扩张|url=https://tech.sina.com.cn/roll/2020-12-18/doc-iiznezxs7652263.shtml|access-date=3 January 2021|website=tech.sina.com.cn}}</ref> Comparisons have been made with similar probes into Amazon in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|last=Goldman|first=David P.|date=24 December 2020|title=Is Amazon the next anti-trust target after Alibaba?|url=https://asiatimes.com/2020/12/is-amazon-the-next-anti-trust-target-after-alibaba/|access-date=3 January 2021|website=Asia Times|language=en-US}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|China|Business}}
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
* [[Bamboo network]]
* [[Beijing Consensus]]
* [[Central Financial Work Commission]]
* [[China Securities Regulatory Commission]]
* [[China Beijing Equity Exchange]]
* [[China Circle]]
* [[China Economic Databases]]
* [[China Milan Equity Exchange]]
* [[Dual circulation]]
* [[Economy of the Han dynasty]]
* [[Economy of the Ming dynasty]]
* [[Economy of the Song dynasty]]
* [[Grasping the large, letting go of the small]]
* [[Group buying]]
* [[Guo jin min tui]]
* [[Hukou]]
* [[Imperial Bank of China]]
* [[Leading stock]]s
* [[List of companies of China]]
* [[List of largest Chinese companies]]
* [[Oil shale in China]]
* [[Panda bonds]]
* [[Rural credit cooperative]]
* [[Silk Road]]
* [[Township and Village Enterprises]]
* [[Three Rural Issues]]
* [[Yangtze Delta]]
}}

== Notes ==
{{NoteFoot|30em}}

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== Further reading ==
{{Sister project links|Economy of China}}
{{refbegin|40em}}
* Sit Tsui, Erebus Wong, Lau Kin Chi and Wen Tiejun. [https://monthlyreview.org/2017/01/01/one-belt-one-road/ One Belt, One Road: China's Strategy for a New Global Financial Order] (January 2017), ''[[Monthly Review]]'', Volume 68, Issue 08
* Cheng Enfu and Ding Xiaoqin. [https://monthlyreview.org/2017/01/01/a-theory-of-chinas-miracle/ A Theory of China's 'Miracle': Eight Principles of Contemporary Chinese Political Economy] (January 2017), ''[[Monthly Review]]'', Volume 68, Issue 08
* {{cite book |last1 = Cardenal |first1 = Juan Pablo |author1-link = Juan Pablo Cardenal |last2 = Araújo |first2 = Heriberto |author2-link = Heriberto Araújo |title = La silenciosa conquista china |location=Barcelona |publisher=Crítica |year=2011 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=jQ2fvBVpQpYC |language = es |isbn=9788498922578 |ref=none}}
* [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/cntoc.html China: Country Studies{{snd}}Federal Research Division, Library of Congress]. Lcweb2.loc.gov (27 July 2010)
* {{cite book |last = Heilmann |first = Sebastian |author-link = Sebastian Heilmann |title = China's Political System |location = Lanham; Boulder; New York; London |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2017 |url = https://www.merics.org/en/merics-analysis/chinas-political-system/ |language=en |url-status=dead |archive-url = http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20170506054352/https://www.merics.org/en/merics-analysis/chinas-political-system/ |archive-date = 6 May 2017 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |author1=Yin-Wong Cheung |author2=Jakob de Haan |title=The Evolving Role of China in the Global Economy |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Hn173hvfBsIC |year=2013 |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=978-0-262-01823-4 |ref=none}}

; Journals
* ''China Economic Journal'' [http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/17538963.asp Taylor & Francis Journals: Welcome]. Tandf.co.uk. Retrieved on 6 August 2010.
* ''[http://www.theceq.info/ China Economic Quarterly]''
* ''China & World Economy'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20120924125449/http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/journal.asp?ref=1671-2234&site=1 China & World Economy{{snd}}Journal Information]. Blackwellpublishing.com (2010-05-07). Retrieved on 6 August 2010.
* ''Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies'' (JCEBS) [http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/14765284.html Taylor & Francis Journals: Welcome]. Tandf.co.uk. Retrieved on 6 August 2010. is the official journal of the Chinese Economic Association (UK). [http://www.ceauk.org.uk/publications/ CEA Publications{{snd}}Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies]. Ceauk.org.uk. Retrieved on 6 August 2010.
* ''Journal of Chinese Economic and Foreign Trade Studies'' [http://www.emeraldinsight.com/info/journals/jcefts/jcefts.jsp Emerald, Journal of Chinese Economic and Foreign Trade Studies information]. Emeraldinsight.com. Retrieved on 6 August 2010.
* ''The China Quarterly'' [http://www.journals.cambridge.org/action/displayJournal?jid=CQY Journals.cambridge.org]
* ''The Chinese Economy'' [http://www.mesharpe.com/mall/results1.asp?ACR=ces M. E. Sharpe, Inc.{{snd}}Journal Information]. Mesharpe.com. Retrieved on 6 August 2010.
* ''Journal of Chinese Economic Studies'' (ISSN 1348-2521)
* ''Journal of the Chinese Statistical Association'' (ISSN 0529-6528)
* ''China: An International Journal'' (ISSN 0219-7472)
* ''China Economic Review'' (ISSN 1043-951X)
* ''China Review'' (ISSN 1680-2012)
* ''Frontiers of Economics in China'' (ISSN 1673-3444)
* [http://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/6057 China 2030: Building a Modern, Harmonious, and Creative High-Income Society (pre-publication version)]
** Citation: "World Bank; Development Research Center of the State Council, P.R.C. 2012. China 2030 : Building a Modern, Harmonious, and Creative High-Income Society [pre-publication version]. Washington, DC: World Bank. [http://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/6057 China 2030 : Building a Modern, Harmonious, and Creative High-Income Society [pre-publication version]] License: [[Creative Commons license]] [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ CC BY 3.0 Unported]."
*** URI: [http://hdl.handle.net/10986/6057 China 2030 : Building a Modern, Harmonious, and Creative High-Income Society [pre-publication version]]
*** Date: 2012-02-27
*** Author(s): World Bank; Development Research Center of the State Council, P.R.C.
** [http://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/Worldbank/document/China-2030-complete.pdf China 2030]
{{refend}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Economy of the People's Republic of China}}
[[Category:Economy of China| ]]
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Economy of China

2023-11-03T07:41:21Z

Hexatron93: /* Electric vehicle industry */

{{Short description|Economy of the People's Republic of China}}
{{about|the economy of the People's Republic of China|the economy of the Republic of China|Economy of Taiwan|other uses}}
{{use American English|date=August 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{very long|date=June 2023}}{{Infobox economy
| country = China
| image = Shanghai skyline 2018(cropped).jpg
| caption = [[Shanghai]], the financial center of China
| currency = [[Renminbi]] (CNY, [[Yen and yuan sign|¥]])
| year = [[Calendar year]]
| organs = [[World Trade Organization|WTO]], [[BRICS]], [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation|SCO]], [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation|APEC]], [[Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership|RCEP]], [[G-20 major economies|G-20]], [[Group of 77|G77]] and others
| group = {{plainlist|
[[Developing country|Developing]]/[[Emerging market|Emerging]]<ref name="IMFWEOCN">{{Cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=924,&s=NGDP_R,NGDP_RPCH,NGDP,NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDP_D,NGDPRPC,NGDPRPPPPC,NGDPPC,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,PPPSH,PPPEX,NID_NGDP,NGSD_NGDP,PCPI,PCPIPCH,PCPIE,PCPIEPCH,TM_RPCH,TMG_RPCH,TX_RPCH,TXG_RPCH,LUR,LP,GGR,GGR_NGDP,GGX,GGX_NGDP,GGXCNL,GGXCNL_NGDP,GGSB,GGSB_NPGDP,GGXONLB,GGXONLB_NGDP,GGXWDG,GGXWDG_NGDP,NGDP_FY,BCA,BCA_NGDPD,&sy=2021&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (China) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |date=10 October 2023 |access-date=10 October 2023}}</ref>
*[[List of countries by GNI (nominal) per capita#Upper-middle-income group|Upper-middle income country]]
*[[Newly industrialised country]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups |title=World Bank Country and Lending Groups |publisher=[[World Bank]] |website=datahelpdesk.worldbank.org |access-date=29 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821172227/https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups |archive-date=21 August 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
| population = {{Decrease}} 1,411,750,000 (31 December 2022 est.)
| gdp = {{plainlist|
* {{decrease}} $17.701 trillion ([[GDP (nominal)|nominal]]; 2023)<ref name="IMFWEOCN"/>
* {{increase}} $32.898 trillion ([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]]; 2023)<ref name="IMFWEOCN"/>}}
| gdp rank = {{plainlist|
* [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|2nd (nominal; 2023)]]
* [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|1st (PPP; 2023)]]}}
| growth = {{plainlist|
* {{Increase}} 3.0% (2022)<ref name="IMFWEOCN"/>
* {{Increase}} 5.0% {{abbr|(2023f)|2023 forecast}}<ref name="IMFWEOCN"/>
* {{Increase}} 4.2% {{abbr|(2024f)|2024 forecast}}<ref name="IMFWEOCN"/>
}}
| per capita = {{plainlist|
* {{decrease}} $12,541 (nominal; 2023)<ref name="IMFWEOCN"/>
* {{increase}} $23,309 (PPP; 2023)<ref name="IMFWEOCN"/>
}}
| per capita rank = {{plainlist|
* [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|71st (nominal; 2023)]]
* [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|73rd (PPP; 2023)]]
}}
| sectors = {{plainlist|
* [[Primary sector of the economy|Agriculture]]: 7.3%
* [[Secondary sector of the economy|Industry]]: 39.9%
* [[Tertiary sector of the economy|Services]]: 52.8%
* (2022)<ref name="data2022">{{cite web|url=https://data.stats.gov.cn/english/easyquery.htm?cn=E0103|title=National Data|publisher=[[National Bureau of Statistics of China]]|date=1 March 2022|access-date=23 March 2022}}</ref>
}}
| components = {{plainlist|
* [[Consumption (economics)|Private consumption]]: 37.17%
* Government consumption: 16.08%
* [[Gross fixed capital formation|Gross capital formation]]: 43.48%
* Exports of goods and services: 20.68%
* Imports of goods and services: 17.47%
* Net exports: 3.21%
* (2022)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://en.macromicro.me/collections/22/cn-gdp-relative/984/cn-gdp-percentage | title=Chinese GDP Component | China GDP | Collection }}</ref>
}}
| inflation = 0.7% (2023)<ref name="IMFWEOCN"/>
| poverty = {{plainlist|
* {{decreasePositive}} 0.1% at national poverty line $2.30/day (2020)<ref name="POVCAL">{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.DDAY?locations=CN&name_desc=true |title=Regional aggregation using 2017 PPP and $2.15/day poverty line |publisher=[[World Bank]] |website=iresearch.worldbank.org |access-date=13 May 2022}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|In 2011, China set a new poverty line at RMB 2300 (approximately US$400).<ref name="CIAWFCH">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/china/ |title=The World Factbook |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |website=CIA.gov |access-date=5 April 2019 }}</ref>
}}
* {{decreasePositive}} 25% on less than $6.85/day (2020)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.UMIC?locations=CN |title=Poverty headcount ratio at $6.85 a day (2017 PPP) (% of population) - China |publisher=[[World Bank]] |website=data.worldbank.org |access-date=1 March 2022 }}</ref>
}}
| gini = {{decreasePositive}} 37.1 {{color|orange|medium}} (2020)<ref name="GINI">{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=CN&most_recent_year_desc=true|title=Gini index – China|publisher=World Bank|access-date=24 May 2022}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|Higher income inequality is partly driven by unequal regional income distribution.}}
| hdi = {{plainlist|
* {{increase}} 0.768 {{color|green|high}} (2021)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/indicators/137506 |title=Human Development Index (HDI) |publisher=[[Human Development Report|HDRO (Human Development Report Office)]] [[United Nations Development Programme]] |website=hdr.undp.org |access-date=11 December 2019}}</ref> ([[List of countries by Human Development Index|79th]])
* {{increase}} 0.651 {{color|orange|medium}} [[List of countries by inequality-adjusted HDI|(67th)]] (2021)<ref>{{cite web |title=Inequality-adjusted HDI (IHDI) |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/indicators/138806 |website=hdr.undp.org |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme|UNDP]] |access-date=22 May 2020}}</ref>
}}
| labor = {{plainlist|
* {{increase}} 781,831,676 (2022)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.TOTL.IN?locations=CN |title=Labor force, total – China |publisher=[[World Bank]] & [[International Labour Organization|ILO]] |website=data.worldbank.org |access-date=22 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111103544/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.TOTL.IN?locations=CN |archive-date=11 November 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> ([[List of countries by labor force|1st]])
* {{increase}} 69.1% employment rate (2022)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.EMP.TOTL.SP.NE.ZS?locations=CN&name_desc=false |title=Employment to population ratio, 15+, total (%) (national estimate) – China |publisher=[[World Bank]] & ILO |website=data.worldbank.org |access-date=22 September 2020}}</ref>
}}
| average gross salary = [[List of Asian countries by average wage|¥9,502 / €1,342]] per month (2022)<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 May 2023 |title=国家统计局人口和就业统计司司长王萍萍解读2022年城镇单位就业人员平均工资数据 |url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/xxgk/jd/sjjd2020/202305/t20230509_1939291.html |access-date=10 May 2023 |website=National Bureau of Statistics of China}}</ref>
| average net salary = [[List of Asian countries by average wage|¥7,290 / €1,029]] per month (2022)<ref>{{citation|title= 9502¥【 China Salary Calculator 】Beijing - Salary After Taxes|website=salary.directhr.cn|url=https://salary.directhr.cn/}}</ref>
| occupations = {{plainlist|
* [[Primary sector of the economy|Agriculture]]: 24%
* [[Secondary sector of the economy|Industry]]: 28%
* [[Tertiary sector of the economy|Services]]: 47%
* (FY 2021)<ref>{{cite web|title=Labor Force by Services - by industry|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.SRV.EMPL.ZS?locations=CN|website=data.worldbank.org|access-date=27 January 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Labor Force by Services - agriculture|website=data.worldbank.org|access-date=27 January 2019 |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS?locations=CN}}</ref>
}}
| unemployment = {{plainlist|
* {{decreasePositive}} 5.3% (2023)<ref name="IMFWEOCN"/>
* {{increaseNegative}} 21.3% youth unemployment (2023)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-66219007 |title=China youth unemployment hits high as recovery falters |website=[[BBC]] |date=17 July 2023 |access-date=31 July 2023}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|Modeled [[International Labour Organization|ILO]] estimate.}}
}}
| savings = {{increase}} 45.396% of GDP (2023)<ref name="IMFWEOCN"/>
| industries = {{hlist|item_style=white-space: | [[mining]] and [[ore processing]], [[iron]], [[steel]], [[aluminum]], and other metals, [[coal]]; machine building; [[armaments]]; [[textiles]] and [[apparel]]; [[petroleum]]; [[cement]]; [[chemicals]]; [[fertilizer]]; consumer products (including [[footwear]], [[toys]], and [[electronics]]); [[food processing]]; [[Material-handling equipment|transportation equipment]], including [[automobiles]], [[railcars]] and [[locomotives]], [[ships]], [[aircraft]]; [[telecommunications equipment]], commercial [[Launch vehicle|space launch vehicles]], [[satellites]] }}
| exports = $3.593 trillion (2022)<ref name=chinacustoms>{{cite web |title = Total Value of Import and Export Commodities by Major Countries (Regions) in January-December 2022 (US Dollar Value) |url = http://www.customs.gov.cn/customs/302249/zfxxgk/2799825/302274/302275/4794352/index.html |publisher = customs.gov.cn |access-date = 14 January 2023 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
| export-goods = {{ublist|[[Agricultural]] products 2.2%|[[Fuels]] and [[mining]] products 2.4%|[[Manufacturers]] 74.3%|Others 0.1%<ref name=wto>{{cite web |title = China – WTO Statistics Database |url = http://stat.wto.org/CountryProfile/WSDBCountryPFView.aspx?Country=CN |publisher = [[World Trade Organization]] |access-date = 1 March 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170901203117/http://stat.wto.org/CountryProfile/WSDBCountryPFView.aspx?Country=CN |archive-date = 1 September 2017 |url-status = live }}</ref>
}}
| export-partners = {{ublist|{{flag|United States}} {{increase}} 16.1%|{{flag|ASEAN}} {{increase}} 15.8%|{{flag|European Union}} {{increase}} 15.6%|{{flag|Hong Kong}} {{increase}} 8.27%|{{flag|Japan}} {{increase}} 4.81%|{{flag|South Korea}} {{increase}} 4.52%|{{flag|India}} {{increase}} 3.30%|{{flag|United Kingdom}} {{increase}} 2.27%|Others 29.33%<ref name=chinacustoms/>}}
| imports = $2.716 trillion (2022)<ref name="chinacustoms"/>
| import-goods = {{ublist|[[Agricultural]] products 7.5%|[[Fuels]] and [[mining]] products 21.3%|[[Manufacturers]] 64.4%|Others 4.8%<ref name=wto/>}}
| import-partners = {{ublist|{{flag|ASEAN}} {{increase}} 15.03%|{{flag|European Union}} {{increase}} 10.50%|{{flag|Taiwan}} {{increase}} 8.77%|{{flag|South Korea}} {{increase}} 7.35%|{{flag|Japan}} {{increase}} 6.79%|{{flag|United States}} {{increase}} 6.54%|{{flag|Australia}} {{increase}} 5.23%|{{flag|Russia}} {{increase}} 4.20%|Others 35.59%<ref name=chinacustoms/>
}}
| current account = {{plainlist|
* {{decrease}} $272.5 billion (2023)<ref name="IMFWEOCN"/>
* {{decrease}} 1.4% of GDP (2023)<ref name="IMFWEOCN"/>
}}
| yield curve = 10-Year Bond 2.831% (April 2023)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://yield.chinabond.com.cn/cbweb-pbc-web/pbc/more?locale=en_US|title=CGB Yield Curve and Others|website=yield.chinabond.com.cn}}</ref>
| pmi = {{plainlist|
* {{increase}} 49.20 Manufacturing (Apr 2023)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ycharts.com/indicators/china_pmi|title=China PMI|website=ycharts.com}}</ref>
* {{Increase}} 56.40 Non-Manufacturing (Apr 2023)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ycharts.com/indicators/china_non_manufacturing_pmi|title=China Non-Manufacturing PMI|website=ycharts.com}}</ref>
}}
| FDI = {{plainlist|
* {{increase}} Inward: $181 billion (2021)<ref name="UNFDI">{{cite web|title=UNCTAD 2022|url=https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/tdstat47_en.pdf|access-date=2022-01-06|website=UNCTAD}}</ref>
* {{increase}} Outward: $145 billion (2021)<ref name="UNFDI"/>
}}
| gross external debt = {{increaseNegative}} $2.64 trillion (June 2022)<ref name="Ceicdata.com">{{cite web |title=External Debt {{!}} Economic Indicators {{!}} CEIC |url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/external-debt |website=www.ceicdata.com}}</ref> (14.39% of GDP)
| debt = {{plainlist|
* {{increaseNegative}} ¥106.804 trillion
* {{increaseNegative}} 82.4% of GDP (2023)<ref name="IMFWEOCN"/>
}}
| revenue = ¥33.229 trillion<ref name="IMFWEOCN"/> 25.6% of GDP (2023)
| expenses = ¥42.140 trillion<ref name="IMFWEOCN"/> 32.5% of GDP (2023)
| balance = {{plainlist|
* 2.8% of GDP (2023)<ref name="fiscal_data">{{cite news | url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/03/05/china-sets-gdp-target-of-around-5percent-for-2023.html | title=China sets GDP target of 'around 5%' for 2023 | newspaper=CNBC | date=4 March 2023 }}</ref>
}}
| credit = {{plainlist|
* [[Standard & Poor's]]:<ref>{{cite web|title = Sovereigns rating list|publisher = Standard & Poor's|url = https://www.spratings.com/documents/20184/908545/US_SV_Webcast_ChinaFeb117_Article1/afd8741b-75b9-4dcc-b497-010e2313616b|date = 26 January 2017|access-date = 26 September 2017|quote = On Jan. 26, 2017, S&P Global Ratings affirmed the 'AA-' long-term and 'A-1+' short-term sovereign credit ratings on China. The outlook on the long-term rating remains negative|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170926100729/https://www.spratings.com/documents/20184/908545/US_SV_Webcast_ChinaFeb117_Article1/afd8741b-75b9-4dcc-b497-010e2313616b|archive-date = 26 September 2017|url-status = live}}</ref>
* A+ (Domestic)
* A+ (Foreign)
* A+ (T&C Assessment)
* Outlook: Stable
----
* [[Moody's]]:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.moodys.com/research/Moodys-downgrades-Chinas-rating-to-A1-from-Aa3-and-changes--PR_366139 |title=Moody's downgrades China's rating to A1 from Aa3 and changes outlook to stable from negative |date=24 May 2017 |website=moodys.com |access-date=23 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170524082704/https://www.moodys.com/research/Moodys-downgrades-Chinas-rating-to-A1-from-Aa3-and-changes--PR_366139 |archive-date=24 May 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* A1
* Outlook: Stable
----
* [[Fitch Group|Fitch]]:<ref name="fitch">{{cite web |url = http://www.fitchratings.com/web_content/ratings/sovereign_ratings_history.xls |title = Fitch – Complete Sovereign Rating History |website = fitchratings.com |access-date = 25 February 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170806061311/https://www.fitchratings.com/web_content/ratings/sovereign_ratings_history.xls |archive-date = 6 August 2017 |url-status = live }}</ref>
* A+
* Outlook: Stable
----
* Scope:<ref>{{cite web|title=Scope downgrades the People's Republic of China's credit ratings to A; Outlook revised to Stable|date=12 May 2023|website=Scope Ratings|access-date=13 May 2023|url=https://www.scoperatings.com/ratings-and-research/rating/EN/174102}}</ref>
* A
* Outlook: Stable
}}
| reserves = {{increase}} $3.3 trillion (2023)<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.pbc.gov.cn/diaochatongjisi/116219/116319/3750274/3750284/index.html|title=Money and Banking Statistics|access-date=28 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pbc.gov.cn/diaochatongjisi/resource/cms/2019/11/2019110715580915686.htm|title=Official reserve assets|website=pbc.gov.cn|access-date=9 November 2019}}</ref> ([[List of countries by foreign-exchange reserves|1st]])
| cianame = china
| spelling = US
}}
[[China]] has an upper middle income, [[Developing country|developing]], [[Mixed economy|mixed]], [[socialist market economy]], that incorporates [[Industrial policy|industrial policies]] and strategic [[Five-year plans of China|five-year plans]].<ref name="Eco_info">
—Xu, Chenggang. "The Fundamental Institutions of China’s Reforms and Development." [[Journal of Economic Literature]], vol. 49, no. 4, [[American Economic Association]], 2011, pp. 1076–151, {{JSTOR|23071664}}. 
—Nee, Victor, and Sonja Opper. "Political Capital in a Market Economy." Social Forces, vol. 88, no. 5, [[Oxford University Press]], 2010, pp. 2105–32, {{JSTOR|40927540}}. 
—Shue Tuck Wong & Sun Sheng Han (1998) Whither China's Market Economy? The Case of Lijin Zhen, [[Geographical Review]], 88:1, 29–46, {{doi|10.1111/j.1931-0846.1998.tb00094.x}} 
—Gregory C. Chow (2005) The Role of Planning in China's Market Economy, Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies, 3:3, 193–203, {{doi| 10.1080/14765280500317866}} 
—HUA, HUANG. "The Market Economy in China." Security Dialogue, vol. 24, no. 2, [[SAGE Publications]], Ltd., 1993, pp. 175–79, {{JSTOR|44471339}}. 
—Chow, Gregory C. "Development of a More Market-Oriented Economy in China." Science, vol. 235, no. 4786, [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]], 1987, pp. 295–99, {{JSTOR|1698592}}.</ref> It is the world's second largest economy by [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|nominal GDP]], behind the [[United States]], and the [[List of countries by past and projected GDP (PPP)#IMF estimates between 2010 and 2019|world's largest economy]] since 2016 when measured by [[purchasing power parity]] (PPP).{{refn|group=note|GDP figures exclude [[Taiwan]], and the [[Special administrative regions of China|special administrative regions]] of [[Hong Kong]] and [[Macau]]}} Due to a volatile currency [[exchange rate]], China's GDP as measured in dollars fluctuates sharply.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/currencies/china-central-bank-says-will-resolutely-curb-big-currency-swings-2022-10-11/|title=China central bank says will 'resolutely' curb big currency swings|newspaper=Reuters |date=11 October 2022|via=www.reuters.com}}</ref> China accounted for 19% of the [[global economy]] in 2022 in PPP terms,<ref name="pwc_1"/> and around 18% in nominal terms in 2022.<ref name="pwc_1">{{cite web|url=http://www.pwc.com/gx/en/issues/economy/global-economy-watch/projections.html|website=PWC|title=Global Economy Watch - Projections > Real GDP / Inflation > Share of 2016 world GDP|access-date=23 June 2017}}</ref><ref name=":142">{{Cite news |last1=Tang |first1=Frank |last2=Wang |first2=Orange |date=2022-01-18 |title=China GDP growth slows as population crisis, Covid-19 cloud economic outlook |language=en |website=South China Morning Post |url=https://www.scmp.com/economy/china-economy/article/3163720/china-gdp-growth-2021-beats-expectations-narrowing-gap-us |access-date=2022-08-14}}</ref> Historically, China was one of the [[List of regions by past GDP (PPP)|world's foremost economic powers]] for most of the [[Pax Sinica|two millennia]] from [[Economic history of China before 1912|the 1st until the 19th century]].<ref name=":8" /><ref name="Cox">{{Cite web|last=Cox|first=Wendell|publisher=New Geography |date=21 September 2015|title=500 YEARS OF GDP: A TALE OF TWO COUNTRIES |url=https://www.newgeography.com/content/005050-500-years-gdp-a-tale-two-countries#:~:text=1500%3A%20In%201500%2C%20China%20was,GDP's%20of%20approximately%20%24100%20billion.|access-date=4 September 2020}}</ref> The economy consists of public sector enterprise, [[State-owned enterprises of China|state-owned enterprises]] (SOEs) and mixed-ownership enterprises, as well as a large domestic private sector and openness to foreign businesses in a system. Private investment and exports are the main drivers of [[economic growth]] in China; but the Chinese government has also emphasized domestic [[Consumption (economics)|consumption]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/china/chinas-gdp-recovery-likely-picked-up-q1-end-covid-curbs-2023-04-17/|title=China's economy gathers speed, global risks raise challenges to outlook|first1=Kevin|last1=Yao|first2=Joe|last2=Cash|first3=Joe|last3=Cash|newspaper=Reuters |date=18 April 2023|via=www.reuters.com}}</ref>

China is the world's [[List of countries by manufacturing output|largest manufacturing economy]] and [[List of countries by exports|exporter of goods]].<ref>{{cite web |title=China Widens Lead as World's Largest Manufacturer |url=http://news.thomasnet.com/IMT/2013/03/14/china-widens-lead-as-worlds-largest-manufacturer/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727123309/http://news.thomasnet.com/IMT/2013/03/14/china-widens-lead-as-worlds-largest-manufacturer/ |archive-date=27 July 2013 |access-date=25 August 2013 |publisher=thomasnet.com}}</ref> It is also the world's [[List of largest consumer markets|fastest-growing consumer market]] and [[List of countries by imports|second-largest importer of goods]].<ref>{{cite web |title=China: Fastest Growing Consumer Market in the World |date=2 December 2013 |url=http://blog-imfdirect.imf.org/2013/12/02/china-fastest-growing-consumer-market-in-the-world/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202175550/http://blog-imfdirect.imf.org/2013/12/02/china-fastest-growing-consumer-market-in-the-world/ |archive-date=2 December 2013 |access-date=8 December 2013 |publisher=IMF direct – The IMF Blog}}</ref> China is also the world's largest consumer of numerous commodities, and accounts for about half of global consumption of metals.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Baffes |first1=John |last2=Kabundi |first2=Alain Ntumba |last3=Nagle |first3=Peter Stephen Oliver |last4=Ohnsorge |first4=Franziska Lieselotte |date=2018-06-26 |title=The role of major emerging markets in global commodity demand |journal=Policy Research Working Paper Series |url=https://ideas.repec.org/p/wbk/wbrwps/8495.html |language=en}}</ref> China is a net importer of services products.<ref>{{Cite web |title=''intracen.org'' |url=http://www.intracen.org/uploadedFiles/intracenorg/Content/Exporters/Sectors/Service_exports/Trade_in_services/China_ServicesBrief.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030203611/http://www.intracen.org/uploadedFiles/intracenorg/Content/Exporters/Sectors/Service_exports/Trade_in_services/China_ServicesBrief.pdf |archive-date=30 October 2014}}</ref> It is the largest trading nation in the world and plays a prominent role in [[international trade]].<ref>{{cite news |title=China's Economy Is Catching Up to the U.S. |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2016-us-vs-china-economy/ |url-status=live |access-date=8 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317161514/https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2016-us-vs-china-economy/ |archive-date=17 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=12 April 2017 |title=Trade recovery expected in 2017 and 2018, amid policy uncertainty |url=http://www.wto.org/english/news_e/pres17_e/pr791_e.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703010617/https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/pres17_e/pr791_e.htm |archive-date=3 July 2017 |access-date=22 June 2017 |publisher=World Trade Organization |location=Geneva, Switzerland}}</ref> China is the largest recipient of [[foreign direct investment]] in the world as of 2020, receiving inflows of $163{{spaces}}billion.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Higgins|first=Tucker|date=24 January 2021|title=China surpasses U.S. as largest recipient of foreign direct investment during Covid pandemic|work=CNBC|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/01/24/china-received-more-foreign-investment-last-year-than-us-un-says.html|access-date=18 March 2021}}</ref> It has the second largest [[List of countries by FDI abroad|outward]] [[foreign direct investment]], at US$136.91 billion for 2019 alone, following Japan at US$226.65{{spaces}}billion for the same period.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Tjan|first=Sie Tek|date=18 September 2020|title=China's outbound foreign investment posts modest Decline since Start of 2020|work=China Banking News|url=http://www.chinabankingnews.com/2020/09/18/chinas-outbound-foreign-investment-posts-modest-decline-since-start-of-2020/|access-date=16 October 2020}}</ref> As of 2022, China was second in the world in [[List of countries by number of billionaires|total number of billionaires]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zhao |first=Suisheng |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1331741429 |title=The dragon roars back : transformational leaders and dynamics of Chinese foreign policy |date=2023 |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |isbn=978-1-5036-3088-8 |location=Stanford, California |pages=219–220 |oclc=1331741429}}</ref> In 2018, it was second in millionaires with 3.5 million.<ref name="bloomberg.com">{{Cite news|title=China Is Set to Keep Minting New Millionaires Faster Than U.S.|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-10-18/u-s-to-remain-hub-of-world-s-richest-even-as-china-closes-gap|access-date=19 February 2019|newspaper=Bloomberg.com|date=18 October 2018}}</ref> According to the 2019 Global Wealth Report by [[Credit Suisse|Credit Suisse Group]], China surpassed the US in the wealth of the top ten percent of the world's population.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Tjan|first=Sie Tek|date=24 December 2020|title=China surpasses the US in Wealth of Top 10%|work=The US News & World Report|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/best-countries/articles/2019-12-24/china-surpasses-the-us-in-wealth-of-top-10|access-date=20 October 2020}}</ref>{{NoteTag|China had a hundred million wealthy people (each owning a net wealth of over US$110,000) and the US 99 million. At US$63.8 trillion as of end of 2019, representing a 17-fold increase from US$3.7 trillion in 2001, the total amount of China's household wealth stood behind only that of the US with US$105.6 trillion.}} China has the world's largest [[List of countries by foreign-exchange reserves|foreign-exchange reserves]] worth $3.1{{spaces}}trillion,<ref name="China reserves">{{cite web | url=http://www.safe.gov.cn/safe/2020/0207/15340.html | title= 官方储备资产 (Official reserve assets) | access-date=29 October 2020}}</ref> but if the foreign assets of China's state-owned commercial banks are included, the value of China's reserves rises to nearly $4{{spaces}}trillion.<ref name="Economist China reserves">{{cite news | url=https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2020/10/31/if-chinas-economy-is-so-strong-why-isnt-its-currency-stronger | title=If China's economy is so strong, why isn't its currency stronger? | newspaper=[[The Economist]] | access-date=29 October 2020}}</ref> China faced a mild economic slowdown during the [[2007–2008 financial crisis]] and initiated a massive [[Chinese economic stimulus program|stimulus package]], which helped to regain its economic growth.

With 778 million workers, the Chinese [[List of countries by labour force|labor force]] was the world's largest as of 2020. It ranks 28th on the [[Global Competitiveness Report]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://reports.weforum.org/global-competitiveness-report-2018/|title=The Global Competitiveness Report 2018|access-date=17 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017082148/http://reports.weforum.org/global-competitiveness-report-2018/|archive-date=17 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Per the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2022, China was ranked 11th in the world, 3rd in Asia & Oceania region and 2nd for countries with a population of over 100 million. It is the only middle-income economy and the only [[newly industrialized economy]] in the top 30.<ref name=":15">{{Cite book |title=Global Innovation Index 2022 – Which are the most innovative countries |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2022/index.html |access-date=2022-09-29 |doi=10.34667/tind.46596 |language=en|last1=Dutta |first1=Soumitra |last2=Lanvin |first2=Bruno |last3=Wunsch-Vincent |first3=Sacha |last4=León |first4=Lorena Rivera |last5=World Intellectual Property Organization |year=2022 |publisher=World Intellectual Property Organization |isbn=9789280534320 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Dominik|first=Boddin|title=The Role of Newly Industrialized Economies in Global Value Chains|publisher=International Monetary Fund|year=2016}}</ref> It is often ranked among the world's most innovative countries, leading several measures of global [[patent filings]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wipo.int/pressroom/en/articles/2020/article_0005.html |title=China Becomes Top Filer of International Patents in 2019 Amid Robust Growth for WIPO's IP Services, Treaties and Finances |last= |first= |date=April 7, 2020 |publisher=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |access-date=April 7, 2020 |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-un-patents-idUSKCN2AU0TM |title=China extends lead over U.S. in global patents filings, U.N. says |author=Emma Farge |date=March 2, 2021 |website= |publisher= [[Reuters]] |access-date=March 2, 2021}}</ref> China has the [[List of sovereign states by financial assets|second-largest financial assets in the world]], valued at $17.9 trillion as of 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Allianz Global Wealth Report 2021 |url=https://www.eulerhermes.com/content/dam/onemarketing/ehndbx/eulerhermes_com/en_gl/erd/publications/pdf/2021_10_07_Global-Wealth-Report.pdf |access-date=2022-03-05}}</ref> It also has two ([[Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macau Greater Bay Area|Shenzhen-Hong Kong-Guangzhou]] and [[Beijing]] in the 2nd and 3rd spots respectively) of the global top{{spaces}}5 science and technology clusters, which is more than any other country.<ref name=":15" /><ref>{{Cite book |title=Global Innovation Index 2022: Switzerland, the U.S., and Sweden lead the Global Innovation Ranking; China Approaches Top 10 |url=https://www.wipo.int/pressroom/en/articles/2022/article_0011.html |access-date=2022-09-29 |doi=10.34667/tind.46596 |language=en|last1=Dutta |first1=Soumitra |last2=Lanvin |first2=Bruno |last3=Wunsch-Vincent |first3=Sacha |last4=León |first4=Lorena Rivera |last5=World Intellectual Property Organization |year=2022 |publisher=World Intellectual Property Organization |isbn=9789280534320 }}</ref> As of March 2022, China has over 500 million [[5G]] users and 1.45 million base stations installed.<ref>{{cite web|title=China aims to accelerate 5G base stations deployment this year: Report|date=11 March 2022|url=https://www.rcrwireless.com/20220311/5g/china-aims-accelerate-5g-base-stations-deployment-this-year-report|publisher=RCR Wireless|access-date=25 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=China expands 5G network to over 1.15 million base stations, more than rest of the world combined|url=https://www.scmp.com/video/china/3156521/china-expands-5g-network-over-115-million-base-stations-more-rest-world|access-date=18 November 2021|website=SCMP|language=en}}</ref> Almost 493 million Chinese people are categorized as [[middle class]], and 242 million are [[upper middle class]], according to a 2021 [[Pew Research Center]] survey.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/03/18/in-the-pandemic-indias-middle-class-shrinks-and-poverty-spreads-while-china-sees-smaller-changes/ |title=In the pandemic, India's middle class shrinks and poverty spreads while China sees smaller changes|last=KOCHHAR|first= RAKESH |date=March 18, 2021|website= |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]] |access-date=March 18, 2021 |quote=}}</ref> In 2022, [[mainland China]]'s ten [[List of the largest trading partners of China|largest trading partners]] were [[European Union]], United States, [[South Korea]], Japan, [[Taiwan]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Vietnam]], Australia, [[Malaysia]], and Russia.<ref>{{cite web |title=11-5 Value of Imports and Exports by Country (Region) of Origin/Destination 2022 |url=http://www.customs.gov.cn/customs/302249/zfxxgk/2799825/302274/302275/4794352/index.html |publisher=General Administrations of Customs of China}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}} [http://www.customs.gov.cn/customs/302249/zfxxgk/2799825/302274/302275/4794352/index.html]{{Dead link|date=September 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>

China has [[free trade agreement]]s with [[List of bilateral free-trade agreements#China, People's Republic of China|many nations]], some of which are already in force (such as [[RCEP]], the largest trade bloc in history) or are still in the negotiation phase.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://fta.mofcom.gov.cn/english/index.shtml |title=China's Free Trade Agreements |access-date=2011-04-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090712092832/http://fta.mofcom.gov.cn/english/index.shtml |archive-date=2009-07-12 }}</ref> Although widely regarded as the "powerhouse of manufacturing" or "the factory of the world",<ref>
* Bijun Wang & Xiang Li (2017) From world factory to world investor: the new way of China integrating into the world, China Economic Journal, 10:2, 175-193, {{doi|10.1080/17538963.2017.1320047}}
* Chen Li, Mee Kam Ng, Yuanzhou Tang & Tung Fung (2022) From a ‘World Factory’ to China’s Bay Area: A Review of the Outline of the Development Plan for the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, Planning Theory & Practice, 23:2, 310-314, {{doi|10.1080/14649357.2021.1958539}}
* Mees, H. (2016). China as the World’s Factory. In: The Chinese Birdcage. [[Palgrave Macmillan]], New York. {{doi|10.1057/978-1-137-58886-9_3}}
* {{cite journal|title = How much did China's emergence as "the world's factory" contribute to its national income?|journal = [[China Economic Review]]|volume = 69|pages = 101658|year =2021|issn = 1043-951X|doi = 10.1016/j.chieco.2021.101658|author =Yuwan Duan and Erik Dietzenbacher and Bart Los and Cuihong Yang| url=https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/177928128/1_s2.0_S1043951X21000766_main.pdf }}</ref> exports contribute only a comparatively [[List of countries by trade-to-GDP ratio|small proportion]] of the Chinese economy, at just 18.5% in 2020. Of the world's [[Fortune Global 500|500 largest companies]], 142 are headquartered in China.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global 500 |url=https://fortune.com/ranking/global500/ |access-date=3 August 2023 |website=[[Fortune Global 500]] |language=en}}</ref> It has four of the world's top ten most competitive [[Global Financial Centres Index|financial centers]]<ref name="GFCI2">{{cite web |date=September 2020 |title=The Global Financial Centres Index 28 |url=https://www.longfinance.net/media/documents/GFCI_28_Full_Report_2020.09.25_v1.1.pdf |access-date=26 September 2020 |publisher=Long Finance}}</ref> and three of the world's ten [[List of stock exchanges|largest stock exchange]]s (both by [[market capitalization]] and by [[trade volume]]).<ref name=":19">{{cite web |date=19 February 2019 |title=Top 10 Largest Stock Exchanges in the World By Market Capitalization |url=https://www.valuewalk.com/2019/02/top-10-largest-stock-exchanges/ |access-date=28 November 2019 |website=ValueWalk |language=en-US}}</ref> China's economy is both a contributor to rising global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions causing climate change and severely [[economic impacts of climate change|affected by its adverse impacts]], although its per capita emissions are still much lower than developed economies such as the United States.<ref name=":20">{{Cite web |last=World Bank |title=China Country Climate and Development Report |url=https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/38136/FullReport.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y |access-date=10 October 2022}}</ref>

==History==
{{main|Economic history of China before 1912|Economic history of China (1912–1949)|Economic history of China (1949–present)}}
[[File:Economic growth of China.jpg|thumb|GDP per capita in China from 1000 to 2018]]
Historically, China was one of the [[List of regions by past GDP (PPP)|world's foremost economic powers]] for most of the [[Pax Sinica|two millennia]] from [[Economic history of China before 1912|the 1st until the 19th century]].<ref name=":8">{{Cite book|last=Maddison|first=Angus|author-link=Angus Maddison|url=https://archive.org/details/chineseeconomicp00madd|title=Chinese Economic Performance in the Long Run: 960-2030 AD|publisher=Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development|year=2008|isbn=978-9264037625|pages=[https://archive.org/details/chineseeconomicp00madd/page/n44 43]|url-access=limited}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{cite book|last1=Dahlman|first1=Carl J.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ot7OKMivWiQC|title=China and the Knowledge Economy: Seizing the 21st Century|last2=Aubert|first2=Jean-Eric|date=2001|publisher=World Bank Publications|isbn=978-0-8213-5005-8|page=170}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{cite book|last=Maddison|first=Angus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a-JGGp2suQUC&q=angus+maddison|title=Contours of the World Economy 1-2030 AD: Essays in Macro-Economic History|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2007|isbn=978-0-191-64758-1|page=379|author-link=Angus Maddison}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{cite book|last=Bairoch|first=Paul|url=https://archive.org/details/economicsworldhi00bair_0|title=Economics and World History: Myths and Paradoxes|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|year=1995|isbn=978-0-226-03463-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/economicsworldhi00bair_0/page/95 95]|author-link=Paul Bairoch|url-access=registration}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{cite book|first=Angus|last=Maddison|author-link=Angus Maddison|url=http://browse.oecdbookshop.org/oecd/pdfs/product/4107091e.pdf|title=Chinese Economic Performance in the Long Run|edition=Second|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015212817/http://browse.oecdbookshop.org/oecd/pdfs/product/4107091e.pdf|archive-date=15 October 2014|url-status=dead|series=Development Centre Studies|page=29}} Accessed 2007. See the "Table 1.3. Levels of Chinese and European GDP Per Capita, 1–1700 AD" in page 29, Chinese GDP Per Capita was 450 and European GDP Per Capital was 422 in 960AD. Chinese GDP Per Capita was 600 while European was 576. During this time, Chinese per capita income rose by about a third.</ref> China accounted for around one-quarter of the global GDP until the late 1700s and approximately one-third of the global GDP in 1820 as the Industrial Revolution was beginning in Great Britain.<ref>{{cite web|last=Thompson|first=Derek|date=19 June 2012|title=The Economic History of the Last 2,000 Years in 1 Little Graph|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2012/06/the-economic-history-of-the-last-2-000-years-in-1-little-graph/258676/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924192008/https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2012/06/the-economic-history-of-the-last-2-000-years-in-1-little-graph/258676/|archive-date=24 September 2020|access-date=9 December 2017|website=The Atlantic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Holcombe|first=Charles|title=A History of East Asia: From the Origins of Civilization to the Twenty-First Century|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0521731645|page=1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Hu|first=Angang|url=https://archive.org/details/economicsocialtr00huan|title=Economic and Social Transformation in China: Challenges and Opportunities|publisher=Routledge|year=2006|isbn=978-0415380676|pages=[https://archive.org/details/economicsocialtr00huan/page/n30 12]–13|url-access=limited}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Arnander|first1=Christopher|title=Betrayed Ally: China in the Great War|last2=Wood|first2=Frances|publisher=Pen and Sword|year=2016|isbn=978-1473875012|publication-date=28 September 2016|page=20}}</ref> China's GDP in 1820 was six times as large as Britain's, the largest economy in Europe{{snd}}and almost twenty times the GDP of the nascent United States.<ref>{{cite web|date=10 November 2014|title=12 Facts on China's Economic History|url=https://www.theglobalist.com/12-facts-on-chinas-economic-history/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924192008/https://www.theglobalist.com/12-facts-on-chinas-economic-history/|archive-date=24 September 2020|access-date=26 February 2018|website=The Globalist}}</ref>

At the end of the [[Chinese Civil War]], the economy was devastated.<ref name=":43">{{Cite book |last=Karl |first=Rebecca E. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/503828045 |title=Mao Zedong and China in the twentieth-century world : a concise history |date=2010 |publisher=[[Duke University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8223-4780-4 |location=Durham [NC] |pages=75 |oclc=503828045}}</ref> As the defeated [[Kuomintang's retreat to Taiwan|Nationalists fled]] to Taiwan, they stripped China of liquid assets including gold, silver, and the country's [[Foreign-exchange reserves of China|dollar reserves]].<ref name=":43" /> By the time the KMT was defeated, commerce had been destroyed, the national currency rendered valueless, and the economy was based on barter.<ref name=":43" />

The People's Republic of China's development from one of the poorest countries to one of the largest economies was the quickest of any country.<ref name=":33">{{Cite book |last=Liu |first=Zongyuan Zoe |title=Sovereign Funds: How the Communist Party of China Finances its Global Ambitions |publisher=The Belknap Press of [[Harvard University Press]] |year=2023 |isbn=9780674271913 |pages= |doi=10.2307/jj.2915805 |jstor=jj.2915805|s2cid=259402050 }}</ref>{{Rp|page=11}} From 1949 until the [[Chinese economic reform]] in 1978, the economy was state-led with market activity remaining underground.<ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |last1=Frost |first1=Adam K. |last2=Li |first2=Zeren |date=2023-07-31 |title=Markets under Mao: Measuring Underground Activity in the Early PRC |journal=[[The China Quarterly]] |language=en |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1017/S0305741023001133 |issn=0305-7410 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Economic reforms began under [[Deng Xiaoping]].<ref name=":13" /> [[China]] subsequently became the world's [[List of countries by real GDP growth rate|fastest-growing major economy]], with [[Historical GDP of China|growth rates averaging 10%]] over 30 years.<ref name="NYT82415">{{cite news |author1=Nelson D. Schwartz |author2=Rachel Abrams |date=24 August 2015 |title=Advisers Work to Calm Fearful Investors |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/25/business/dealbook/advisers-work-to-calm-fearful-investors.html |url-status=live |access-date=25 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150826025315/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/25/business/dealbook/advisers-work-to-calm-fearful-investors.html |archive-date=26 August 2015 |quote=Even the most pessimistic observers think China will still grow by{{spaces}}4 or{{spaces}}5 percent}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{cite web |date=16 April 2013 |title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2013/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=1980&ey=2018&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=40&pr1.y=0&c=924&s=NGDP_RPCH%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102170742/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2013/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=1980&ey=2018&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=40&pr1.y=0&c=924&s=NGDP_RPCH%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |archive-date=2 November 2013 |access-date=16 April 2013 |publisher=International Monetary Fund}}</ref> Many scholars consider the [[Beijing Consensus|Chinese economic model]] as an example of [[authoritarian capitalism]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=McGregor |first=James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=scM57r29sJUC&dq=china+authoritarian+capitalism&pg=PR11 |title=NO ANCIENT WISDOM, NO FOLLOWERS: The Challenges of Chinese Authoritarian Capitalism |date=2012-11-06 |publisher=Easton Studio Press, LLC |isbn=978-1-935212-81-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gruin |first1=Julian |last2=Knaack |first2=Peter |date=2020-04-15 |title=Not Just Another Shadow Bank: Chinese Authoritarian Capitalism and the 'Developmental' Promise of Digital Financial Innovation |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13563467.2018.1562437 |journal=New Political Economy |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=370–387 |doi=10.1080/13563467.2018.1562437 |issn=1356-3467 |s2cid=159282907|hdl=11245.1/336bf4c0-6cf3-402d-a0ed-da06b78edc9c |hdl-access=free }}</ref> [[state capitalism]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Andrew Szamosszegi and Cole Kyle |title=An Analysis of State‐owned Enterprises and State Capitalism in China |url=https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5e41c6f5227c7b05e81bb87a/t/5ebc4f41cb51d10a41c54989/1589399365069/AZS-CK-China-SOE.pdf |website=U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission}}</ref> or [[party-state capitalism]].<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last1=Pearson |first1=Margaret |last2=Rithmire |first2=Meg |last3=Tsai |first3=Kellee S. |date=2021-09-01 |title=Party-State Capitalism in China |journal=[[Current History]] |language=en |volume=120 |issue=827 |pages=207–213 |doi=10.1525/curh.2021.120.827.207 |issn=0011-3530 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pearson |first1=Margaret M. |last2=Rithmire |first2=Meg |last3=Tsai |first3=Kellee S. |date=2022-10-01 |title=China's Party-State Capitalism and International Backlash: From Interdependence to Insecurity |journal=[[International Security]] |language=en |volume=47 |issue=2 |pages=135–176 |doi=10.1162/isec_a_00447 |issn=0162-2889 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

China has sustained growth due to export relations, its [[manufacturing sector]], and low-wage workers.<ref name="CIAWFCH" /> China's was the only major world economy to experience GDP growth in 2020, when its GDP increased by 2.3%.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |last1=Marquis |first1=Christopher |title=Mao and Markets: The Communist Roots of Chinese Enterprise |last2=Qiao |first2=Kunyuan |date=2022-11-15 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-26883-6 |pages= |doi=10.2307/j.ctv3006z6k |jstor=j.ctv3006z6k |author-link=Christopher Marquis |s2cid=253067190}}</ref> However, it posted one of its worst economic performances in decades because of COVID-19 in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=He |first=Laura |date=2023-01-17 |title=China posts one of its worst economic performances in decades because of Covid |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/01/16/business/china-gdp-2022-hnk-intl/index.html |access-date=2023-04-21 |website=[[CNN]] |language=en}}</ref> In 2023, [[International Monetary Fund|IMF]] predicted China to continue being one of the [[List of countries by real GDP growth rate|fastest growing major economies]].<ref name="IMF_forecast">{{cite web | url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/Issues/2023/04/11/world-economic-outlook-april-2023 | title=The outlook is uncertain again amid financial sector turmoil, high inflation, ongoing effects of Russia's invasion of Ukraine, and three years of COVID|work=[[International Monetary Fund]]|date=April 11, 2023 }}</ref>

== Wealth in China ==
{{See also|List of Chinese administrative divisions by GDP|List of Chinese administrative divisions by GDP per capita|List of Chinese prefecture-level cities by GDP per capita}}
China has had the world's largest middle class population since 2015,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Zheping |first=Huang |date=14 October 2015 |title=China's middle class has overtaken the US's to become the world's largest |work=[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]] |url=https://qz.com/523626/chinas-middle-class-has-overtaken-the-uss-to-become-the-worlds-largest/ |access-date=22 June 2019}}</ref> and the middle class grew to a size of 400 million by 2018{{citation needed|date=August 2023}} and is projected to reach 1.2 billion by 2027, making up one fourth of the world total.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=HOMI |first1=KHARAS |url=https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/FP_20201012_china_middle_class_kharas_dooley.pdf |title=CHINA'S INFLUENCE ON THE GLOBAL MIDDLE CLASS |last2=MEAGAN |first2=DOOLEY |publisher=Brookings Institution |year=2020 |page=1}}</ref> As of 2018, China was first in the world in total number of billionaires and second in millionaires{{snd}}there were 658 Chinese billionaires<ref name="Kurtenbach2">{{cite news |last=Kurtenbach |first=Elaine |date=27 February 2019 |title=Billionaire list shows $1T hit from '18 market meltdown |work=Associated Press |url=https://apnews.com/4e744eb004bd486cbd440bc71bf4b985 |access-date=17 February 2020}}</ref> and 3.5 million millionaires.<ref name="bloomberg.com2">{{Cite news |date=18 October 2018 |title=China Is Set to Keep Minting New Millionaires Faster Than U.S. |newspaper=Bloomberg.com |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-10-18/u-s-to-remain-hub-of-world-s-richest-even-as-china-closes-gap |access-date=19 February 2019}}</ref> In 2019, China overtook the US as the home to the highest number of rich people in the world, according to the global wealth report by [[Credit Suisse]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Khan |first=Yusuf |date=22 October 2019 |title=China has overtaken the US to have the most wealthy people in the world {{!}} Markets Insider |url=http://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/china-has-overtaken-the-us-to-have-the-most-wealthy-people-in-the-world-1028618107 |access-date=12 November 2019 |website=[[Business Insider]] }}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=23 October 2019 |title=China is now home to more wealthy people than the US |url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/style/luxury/article/3034161/china-now-home-more-wealthy-people-us-first-time-ever |access-date=21 November 2019 |website=[[South China Morning Post]] |language=en}}</ref> In other words, as of 2019, a hundred million Chinese are in the top ten percent of the wealthiest individuals in the world{{snd}}those who have a net personal wealth of at least $110,000.<ref>{{cite web |last=Dawkins |first=David |date=21 October 2019 |title=China Overtakes U.S. In Global Household Wealth Rankings 'Despite' Trade Tensions – Report |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/daviddawkins/2019/10/21/china-overtakes-us-in-global-household-wealth-rankings-despite-trade-tensionsreport/ |access-date=12 November 2019 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> In 2020, China has the world's highest number of billionaires, which is more than the US and India combined,<ref>{{cite web |title=China Has More Billionaires Than U.S. And India Combined: Hurun Report – Caixin Global |url=https://www.caixinglobal.com/2020-02-26/china-has-more-billionaires-than-us-and-india-combined-hurun-report-101520792.html |access-date=8 November 2020 |website=www.caixinglobal.com |language=en}}</ref> and as of March 2021, the number of billionaires in China reach 1,058 with the combined wealth of US$4.5{{spaces}}trillion.<ref name="hurun21">{{cite web |title=Hurun Report – Info – Hurun Global Rich List 2021 |url=https://www.hurun.net/en-US/Info/Detail?num=LWAS8B997XUP |access-date=19 March 2021 |website=www.hurun.net}}</ref> According to the [[Rupert Hoogewerf#Hurun Report|Hurun]] Global Rich List 2021, China is home to six of the world's top ten cities ([[Beijing]], [[Shanghai]], [[Shenzhen]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Hangzhou]] and [[Guangzhou]] in the 1st, 2nd, 4th, 5th, 8th and 9th spots, respectively) by the highest number of billionaires, which is more than any other country.<ref name="hurun21" /> As of January 2021, China had 85 female billionaires, two-thirds of the global total.<ref>{{cite web |date=2021-03-27 |title=China is now home to two-thirds of the world's top women billionaires |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/people-culture/article/3127254/china-now-home-two-thirds-worlds-top-women-billionaires-four |access-date=2021-11-26 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref>

==Regional economies for China==
{{see also|Megalopolises in China|List of cities in China}}
[[File:ChinaGDPdist.jpg|thumb|Distribution of GDP in mainland China]]
China's unequal [[Transport in China|transportation system]], combined with important differences in the availability of [[Natural resource|natural]] and [[human resources]] and in industrial [[infrastructure]], has produced significant variations in the regional economies of China.<ref>{{cite journal|title=China's regional disparities: Experience and policy☆|journal=Review of Development Finance|year=2011|doi=10.1016/j.rdf.2010.10.001|last1=Fan|first1=Shenggen|last2=Kanbur|first2=Ravi|last3=Zhang|first3=Xiaobo|volume=1|pages=47–56|doi-access=free}}</ref>

[[Economic development]] has generally been more rapid in [[List of places on the coastline of the People's Republic of China|coastal provinces]] than in the interior and there are large disparities in [[per capita income]] between regions. The three wealthiest regions are the [[Yangtze River Delta]] in East China; the [[Pearl River Delta]] in South China; and [[Jingjinji]] region in North China. It is the rapid development of these areas that is expected to have the most significant effect on the Asian regional economy as a whole and Chinese government policy is designed to remove the obstacles to accelerated growth in these wealthier regions. By 2035, China's four cities ([[Shanghai]], [[Beijing]], [[Guangzhou]] and [[Shenzhen]]) are projected to be among the global top ten largest cities by [[nominal GDP]] according to a report by Oxford Economics.<ref>{{cite web|title=These will be the most important cities by 2035|url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/10/cities-in-2035/|access-date=2 November 2020|website=World Economic Forum|language=en}}</ref>

===GDP by administrative division===
{{main|List of Chinese administrative divisions by GDP}}

{{Static row numbers}}
{| {{static row numbers table|class=col2center}} border="1" style="text-align:right;"
|+ List of 31 provinces in mainland China by Nominal GDP in 2022 ({{small|billions of GDP}})<ref name="data2022" />

|- {{static row numbers header}} style="text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;"
!provinces!!{{abbr|CN¥|Chinese yuan}}!!{{abbr|US$|US dollar}}!!{{small|share (%)}}

|- {{static row numbers total}} style="font-weight:bold;"
! style="text-align:center" |[[Mainland China|China {{small|(mainland)}}]]||121,020.72||17,992.70||100
|-
| align="left" |[[Guangdong]]||12,911.86||1,919.67||10.67
|-
| align="left" |[[Jiangsu]]||12,287.56||1,826.85||10.15
|-
| align="left" |[[Shandong]]||8,743.51||1,299.94||7.22
|-
| align="left" |[[Zhejiang]]||7,771.54||1,155.43||6.42
|-
| align="left" |[[Henan]]||6,134.51||912.05||5.07
|-
| align="left" |[[Sichuan]]||5,674.98||843.73||4.69
|-
| align="left" |[[Hubei]]||5,373.49||798.90||4.44
|-
| align="left" |[[Fujian]]||5,310.99||789.61||4.39
|-
| align="left" |[[Hunan]]||4,867.04||723.61||4.02
|-
| align="left" |[[Anhui]]||4,504.50||669.70||3.72
|-
| align="left" |[[Shanghai]]||4,465.28||663.87||3.69
|-
| align="left" |[[Hebei]]||4,237.04||629.94||3.50
|-
| align="left" |[[Beijing]]||4,161.10||618.65||3.44
|-
| align="left" |[[Shaanxi]]||3,277.27||487.25||2.71
|-
| align="left" |[[Jiangxi]]||3,207.47||476.87||2.65
|-
| align="left" |[[Chongqing]]||2,912.90||433.07||2.41
|-
| align="left" |[[Liaoning]]||2,897.51||430.79||2.39
|-
| align="left" |[[Yunnan]]||2,895.42||430.48||2.39
|-
| align="left" |[[Guangxi]]||2,630.09||391.03||2.17
|-
| align="left" |[[Shanxi]]||2,564.26||381.24||2.12
|-
| align="left" |{{small|[[Inner Mongolia]]}}||2,315.87||344.31||1.91
|-
| align="left" |[[Guizhou]]||2,016.46||299.80||1.67
|-
| align="left" |[[Xinjiang]]||1,774.13||263.77||1.47
|-
| align="left" |[[Tianjin]]||1,631.13||242.51||1.35
|-
| align="left" |{{small|[[Heilongjiang]]}}||1,590.10||236.41||1.31
|-
| align="left" |[[Jilin]]||1,307.02||194.32||1.08
|-
| align="left" |[[Gansu]]||1,120.16||166.54||0.93
|-
| align="left" |[[Hainan]]||681.82||101.37||0.56
|-
| align="left" |[[Ningxia]]||506.96||75.37||0.42
|-
| align="left" |[[Qinghai]]||361.01||53.67||0.30
|-
| align="left" |[[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]]||213.26||31.71||0.18
|}

===Hong Kong and Macau===
{{main|Economy of Hong Kong|Economy of Macau}}

In accordance with the [[one country, two systems]] policy, the economies of the former British colony of Hong Kong and Portuguese colony of Macau formally preserve a capitalist system separate from mainland China.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pomfret |first=James |last2= |first2= |date=2022-06-27 |title=Explainer: Hong Kong's rocky political road since the 1997 handover |language=en |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/hong-kongs-rocky-political-road-since-1997-handover-2022-06-27/ |access-date=2023-07-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Campbell |first=Matthew |date=29 July 2023 |title=What Happens to Hong Kong When 'One Country, Two Systems' Expires in 2047 |work=[[Bloomberg News]] |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-08-27/countdown-to-2047-what-will-happen-to-hong-kong-quicktake#xj4y7vzkg}}</ref>

==Development==
{{See also|List of administrative divisions of Greater China by Human Development Index}}
[[File:Graph of Major Developing Economies by Real GDP per capita at PPP 1990-2013.png|thumb|400px|China and other major developing economies by [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|GDP per capita at purchasing-power parity]] (1990–2013) as the rapid economic growth of China (blue) is readily apparent<ref>{{cite web|title=World Bank World Development Indicators|url=http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-development-indicators|publisher=World Bank|access-date=8 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820022146/http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-development-indicators|archive-date=20 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>]]
The [[Chinese economic reform|economic reforms]] implemented in 1978 helped to propel China into the ranks of the world's major economic powers. The economic development of [[Shenzhen]] has caused the city to be referred to as the world's next [[Silicon Valley]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Shenzhen is a hothouse of innovation|url=https://www.economist.com/news/special-report/21720076-copycats-are-out-innovators-are-shenzhen-hothouse-innovation|url-status=live|newspaper=The Economist|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114020350/https://www.economist.com/news/special-report/21720076-copycats-are-out-innovators-are-shenzhen-hothouse-innovation|archive-date=14 January 2018|access-date=13 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Murphy|first=Flynn|date=17 May 2017|title=China's Silicon Valley|journal=Nature|volume=545|issue=7654|pages=S29–S31|bibcode=2017Natur.545S..29M|doi=10.1038/545S29a|pmid=28514437|doi-access=free}}</ref> The [[Provinces of China|provinces]] in the coastal [[regions of China]], including [[Zhejiang]], [[Jiangsu]], [[Fujian]] and [[Guangdong]], tend to be more [[industrialized]] while regions in the hinterland are less [[Economic development|developed]].
[[File:China_vs_World_by_Nominal_GDP_per_capita_in_2020_new.png|thumb|China vs World by Nominal GDP per capita in 2020<ref name="GDP IMF">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2020/October/weo-report?c=512,914,612,614,311,213,911,314,193,122,912,313,419,513,316,913,124,339,638,514,218,963,616,223,516,918,748,618,624,522,622,156,626,628,228,924,233,632,636,634,238,662,960,423,935,128,611,321,243,248,469,253,642,643,939,734,644,819,172,132,646,648,915,134,652,174,328,258,656,654,336,263,268,532,944,176,534,536,429,433,178,436,136,343,158,439,916,664,826,542,967,443,917,544,941,446,666,668,672,946,137,546,674,676,548,556,678,181,867,682,684,273,868,921,948,943,686,688,518,728,836,558,138,196,278,692,694,962,142,449,564,565,283,853,288,293,566,964,182,359,453,968,922,714,862,135,716,456,722,942,718,724,576,936,961,813,726,199,733,184,524,361,362,364,732,366,144,146,463,528,923,738,578,537,742,866,369,744,186,925,869,746,926,466,112,111,298,927,846,299,582,487,474,754,698,&s=NGDPDPC,&sy=2020&ey=2020&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2020 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |work=World Economic Outlook |date=October 2020 |access-date=13 October 2020 }}</ref>|400px]]

To guide economic development, the Chinese central government adopts "[[Five-year plans of China|five-year plans]]" that detail its economic priorities and essential policies. The [[Five-year plans of China#Fourteenth Plan (2021–2025)|Fourteenth Five-Year Plan]] (2021–2025) is currently being implemented, placing an emphasis on consumption-driven growth and technological self-sufficiency while China transitions from being an upper middle-income economy to a high-income economy.<ref>{{cite news|date=30 October 2020|title=Five-year plan: China moves to technology self-sufficiency|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3107709/five-year-plan-china-officials-flesh-out-details-plenum|publisher=South China Morning Post|access-date=18 March 2021}}</ref>

The [[public sector]] plays a central role in China's economy.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9789811368943 |title=The Basic Economic System of China |isbn=978-981-13-6894-3|last1=Pei |first1=Changhong |last2=Yang |first2=Chunxue |last3=Yang |first3=Xinming |date=4 July 2019 |publisher=Springer }}</ref> This development is also in line with the planning goals of the Chinese central government to achieve the "[[Two Centenaries]]", namely the material goal of China becoming a "[[Moderately prosperous society|moderately prosperous society in all respects]]" by 2021 and the modernization goal of China becoming a "strong, democratic, civilized, harmonious and modern socialist country" by 2049, the 100th anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nathan |first=Andrew |date=25 June 2021 |title=An Anxious 100th Birthday for China's Communist Party |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/an-anxious-100th-birthday-for-chinas-communist-party-11624635205 |access-date=23 May 2023}}</ref> China retains state control over the [[commanding heights of the economy]] in key industries like infrastructure, telecommunications, and finance despite significant marketization of the economy since [[reform and opening up]].<ref name=":44">{{Cite book |last=Heilmann |first=Sebastian |url= |title=Red Swan: How Unorthodox Policy-Making Facilitated China's Rise |date=2018 |publisher=[[The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press]] |isbn=978-962-996-827-4 |author-link=Sebastian Heilmann}}</ref>{{Rp|page=20}} Specific mechanisms implementing its control of the commanding heights in these areas include public property rights, pervasive administrative involvement, and Communist Party supervision of senior managers.<ref name=":44" />{{Rp|page=20}}
[[File:Worlds regions by total wealth(in trillions USD), 2018.jpg|thumb|400px|Worlds regions by total wealth (in trillions USD), 2018]]
[[File:China's share of global export.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|China's share of global export 1990–2019]]
Like Japan and South Korea before it, China's economy has grown rapidly, raising the income levels and living standards of its citizens while producing goods that are consumed globally. China brought more people out of extreme poverty than any other country in history<ref>{{cite news |date=13 October 2017 |title=China lifting 800 million people out of poverty is historic: World Bank |work=Business Standard India |agency=Press Trust of India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/international/china-lifting-800-million-people-out-of-poverty-is-historic-world-bank-117101300027_1.html |access-date=22 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author= |url= |title=Four Decades of Poverty Reduction in China: Drivers, Insights for the World, and the Way Ahead |date=2022 |publisher=World Bank Publications |isbn=9781464818783 |location= |page=ix |quote=By any measure, the speed and scale of China's poverty reduction is historically unprecedented.}}</ref>—between 1978 and 2018, China reduced extreme poverty by 800 million.<ref name="UN-2019">{{cite web |title=China's Approach to Reduce Poverty: Taking Targeted Measures to Lift People out of Poverty |url=https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2018/05/31.pdf |access-date=21 February 2019 |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> Between 1981 and 2019, the percentage of the population living in [[extreme poverty]] decreased from 88.1% to 0.2%.<ref name="POVCAL" /> Its [[current account surplus]] increased by a factor of 53 between 1982 and 2021, from $5.67{{spaces}}billion to $317{{spaces}}billion.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BN.CAB.XOKA.CD?locations=CN |title=Current account balance (BoP, current US$) – China |publisher=[[World Bank]] |website=worldbank.org|access-date=18 March 2021}}</ref> During this time, China also became an industrial powerhouse, moving beyond initial successes in low-wage sectors like [[clothing]] and [[footwear]] to the increasingly sophisticated production of [[computers]], [[pharmaceuticals]], and [[automobiles]]. China's factories generated $3.7{{spaces}}trillion real manufacturing value added, more than the US, South Korea, Germany and the UK combined. China's manufacturing sector benefits from the world's largest domestic market, immense manufacturing scale, and highly developed manufacturing supply chains.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bcg.com/publications/2018/china-next-leap-in-manufacturing |title=China's Next Leap in Manufacturing |publisher=Boston Consulting Group |website=bcg.com|date=19 August 2020 |access-date=18 March 2021}}</ref>

In mid-2014 China announced it was taking steps to boost the economy, which at the time was running at a rate 7.4% per annum, but was slowing. The measures included plans to build a multi-tier [[transport network]], comprising [[Rail transport|railways]], [[road]]s and [[airport]]s, to create a new economic belt alongside the [[Yangtze]] River.<ref name="ChinaEconomy">{{cite news|title=New stimulus measures by China to boost economic growth|url=http://www.beijingbulletin.com/index.php/sid/222852671/scat/ce9cf98a4a863704/ht/New-stimulus-measures-by-China-to-boost-economic-growth|publisher=Beijing Bulletin|access-date=12 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714231927/http://www.beijingbulletin.com/index.php/sid/222852671/scat/ce9cf98a4a863704/ht/New-stimulus-measures-by-China-to-boost-economic-growth|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In terms of domestic [[National saving|saving]], defined as combined saving of households, businesses, and governments, China is the world's largest saving country as of at least 2022.<ref name=":04">{{Cite book |last=Roach |first=Stephen |url= |title=Accidental Conflict: America, China, and the Clash of False Narratives |date=2022 |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |isbn=978-0-300-26901-7 |doi=10.2307/j.ctv2z0vv2v |jstor=j.ctv2z0vv2v |s2cid=252800309 |author-link=Stephen S. Roach}}</ref>{{Rp|page=27}}

===Disputes over economic data===
There exists disputes over reliability of official economic data. Foreign and some Chinese sources have claimed that official Chinese government statistics overstate China's economic growth.<ref name=":18" /> However, several Western academics and institutions have stated that China's economic growth is higher than indicated by official figures.<ref name=":4" /> Others, such as the [[Economist Intelligence Unit]], state that while there's evidence China's GDP data is "smoothed", they believe that China's nominal and real GDP data are broadly accurate.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-04 |title=Recent challenges in reading China's GDP |url=https://www.eiu.com/n/recent-challenges-in-reading-chinas-gdp/ |access-date=2022-08-18 |website=Economist Intelligence Unit |language=en-GB}}</ref>

==== Overestimating ====
Chinese provinces and cities have long been suspected of cooking their numbers, with the focus on local government officials, whose performance are often assessed based on how well their respective economies have performed.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-economy-data-idUSKBN1F60I1|title=Another Chinese city admits 'fake' economic data|newspaper=Reuters|date=17 January 2018|via=www.reuters.com|access-date=19 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190813160840/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-economy-data-idUSKBN1F60I1|archive-date=13 August 2019|url-status=live|last1=Woo|first1=Yawen Chen}}</ref> Local governments have come under increased scrutiny over the last few years over economic data, with CCP general secretary [[Xi Jinping]] stating that economic data forgery "not only hurt our judgment of the economic situation, but also seriously undermined the [[Chinese Communist Party|Communist Party]]’s ideas and truth-seeking style".<ref name=":18">{{cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/economy/article/2063906/can-you-still-trust-chinas-economic-data-after-province-admits|title=Can you still trust China's economic data after province admits cooking books?|date=20 January 2017|website=South China Morning Post|access-date=19 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190813160839/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/economy/article/2063906/can-you-still-trust-chinas-economic-data-after-province-admits|archive-date=13 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/economy/article/2128484/why-chinese-officials-are-suddenly-coming-clean-over-cooking|title=Why Chinese officials are coming clean over cooking the books|date=16 January 2018|website=South China Morning Post|access-date=19 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191002180057/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/economy/article/2128484/why-chinese-officials-are-suddenly-coming-clean-over-cooking|archive-date=2 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

A 2015 survey by ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' of 64 select economists found that 96% of respondents think China's GDP estimates don't "accurately reflect the state of the Chinese economy."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/wsj-survey-chinas-growth-statements-make-u-s-economists-skeptical-1441980001|title=WSJ Survey: China's Growth Statements Make U.S. Economists Skeptical|first=Jeffrey|last=Sparshott|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|date=11 September 2015|access-date=19 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420010540/https://www.wsj.com/articles/wsj-survey-chinas-growth-statements-make-u-s-economists-skeptical-1441980001|archive-date=20 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> However, more than half the economists in the survey estimated that China's annual growth was somewhere in the 5% to 7% range, which represents robust growth. During his tenure in [[Liaoning]], future Chinese premier [[Li Keqiang]] has said he is far from confident in the country's GDP estimates, calling them "man-made" and unreliable, according to a leaked document from 2007 obtained by WikiLeaks. He said government data releases, especially the GDP numbers, should be used "for reference only".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2015/11/02/is-china-cooking-the-books-on-economic-expansion |title=Is China Cooking the Books on Economic Expansion? | Civic | US News |access-date=19 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420010707/https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2015/11/02/is-china-cooking-the-books-on-economic-expansion |archive-date=20 April 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2016, analysts like [[Wilbur Ross]] and Donald Straszheim believed China's economic growth had been overstated, and estimate a growth rate at around 4% or less.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2016/01/19/what-is-chinas-actual-gdp-experts-weigh-in.html|title=What is China's actual GDP? Experts weigh in|first=Everett|last=Rosenfeld|date=19 January 2016|website=CNBC|access-date=5 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180505134836/https://www.cnbc.com/2016/01/19/what-is-chinas-actual-gdp-experts-weigh-in.html|archive-date=5 May 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> According to Chang-Tai Hsieh, an economist at the [[University of Chicago Booth School of Business]] and research associate at the [[National Bureau of Economic Research]], Michael Zheng Song, an economics professor at the [[Chinese University of Hong Kong]], and coauthors, China's economy was smaller than what the Chinese government stated in 2016. In their research paper, published by the [[Brookings Institution]] in 2019, they adjusted the historical GDP time series using [[value-added tax]] data, which they said are "highly resistant to fraud and tampering".<ref>{{cite web|last=Song|first=Wei Chen, Xilu Chen, Chang-Tai Hsieh, and Zheng (Michael)|date=7 March 2019|title=A forensic examination of China's national accounts|url=https://www.brookings.edu/bpea-articles/a-forensic-examination-of-chinas-national-accounts/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720135504/https://www.brookings.edu/bpea-articles/a-forensic-examination-of-chinas-national-accounts/|archive-date=20 July 2019|access-date=20 July 2019|website=Brookings|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{cite web|last=Wildau|first=Gabriel|date=7 March 2019|title=China's economy is 12% smaller than official data say, study finds|url=https://www.ft.com/content/961b4b32-3fce-11e9-b896-fe36ec32aece|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720135501/https://www.ft.com/content/961b4b32-3fce-11e9-b896-fe36ec32aece|archive-date=20 July 2019|access-date=20 July 2019|website=Financial Times|language=en-GB}}</ref> They found that China's economic growth may have been overstated by 1.7 percent each year between 2008 and 2016, meaning that the government may have been overstating the size of the Chinese economy by 12–16 percent in 2016.<ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2019/03/07/chinas-economy-might-be-nearly-a-seventh-smaller-than-reported|title=China's economy might be nearly a seventh smaller than reported|date=7 March 2019|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=20 July 2019|issn=0013-0613|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720135459/https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2019/03/07/chinas-economy-might-be-nearly-a-seventh-smaller-than-reported|archive-date=20 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Underestimating ====
Several Western academics and institutions have supported the claim that China's economy is likely to be underestimated.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Clark|first1=Hunter|last2=Pinkovskiy|first2=Maxim|last3=Sala-i-Martin|first3=Xavier|date=1 August 2020|title=China's GDP growth may be understated|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1043951X18301470|journal=China Economic Review|language=en|volume=62|page=101243|doi=10.1016/j.chieco.2018.10.010|s2cid=157898394|issn=1043-951X}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite web|last=Chandran|first=Nyshka|date=16 October 2015|title=These guys think China's economy is much larger|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2015/10/15/chinas-economy-is-likely-larger-than-you-think.html|access-date=25 October 2020|website=CNBC|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite web|date=13 January 2011|title=Is China Already Number One? New GDP Estimates|url=https://www.piie.com/blogs/realtime-economic-issues-watch/china-already-number-one-new-gdp-estimates|access-date=25 October 2020|website=PIIE|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last1=Fernald|first1=John G.|last2=Malkin|first2=Israel|last3=Spiegel|first3=Mark M.|date=2013|title=On the reliability of Chinese output figures|url=https://ideas.repec.org/a/fip/fedfel/y2013imar25n2013-08.html|journal=FRBSF Economic Letter|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite book|last1=Daniel|first1=Rosen|title=Broken Abacus? A More Accurate Gauge of China's Economy|last2=Beibei|first2=Bao|publisher=Center for Strategic and International Studies|year=2015|isbn=978-1442240841|pages=X-XV}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{cite web|last=Allison|first=Graham|date=15 October 2020|title=China Is Now the World's Largest Economy. We Shouldn't Be Shocked.|url=https://nationalinterest.org/feature/china-now-world%E2%80%99s-largest-economy-we-shouldn%E2%80%99t-be-shocked-170719|access-date=25 October 2020|website=The National Interest|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Williamson|first1=Peter J.|last2=Hoenderop|first2=Simon|last3=Hoenderop|first3=Jochem|date=3 April 2018|title=An alternative benchmark for the validity of China's GDP growth statistics|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/14765284.2018.1438867|journal=Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies|volume=16|issue=2|pages=171–191|doi=10.1080/14765284.2018.1438867|s2cid=158464860|issn=1476-5284}}</ref> A paper by the US-based [[National Bureau of Economic Research]] claimed that China's economic growth may be higher than what is reported by official statistics.<ref>{{cite web|date=April 2017|title=China'S GDP Growth May Be Understated|url=https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w23323/w23323.pdf|access-date=26 January 2021|website=National Bureau of Economic Research}}</ref> An article by Hunter Clarka, Maxim Pinkovskiya and [[Xavier Sala-i-Martin]] published by the [[Elsevier Science Direct]] in 2018 employs an innovative method of satellite-recorded nighttime lights, which the authors claim to be a best-unbiased predictor of the economic growth in Chinese cities. The results suggest that the Chinese economic growth rate is higher than the official reported data.<ref name=":1" />

The [[Li Keqiang index]] is an alternative measurement of Chinese economic performance that uses three variables Li preferred.<ref name="stlfed20170912">{{cite web|date=12 September 2017|title=Some Alternative Methods for Tracking Chinese GDP|url=https://www.stlouisfed.org/on-the-economy/2017/september/some-alternative-methods-tracking-chinese-gdp|access-date=6 May 2020|website=Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis}}</ref> Satellite measurements of [[light pollution]] are used by some analysts to model Chinese economic growth and suggest growth rate numbers in Chinese official data are more reliable, though are likely to be smoothed.<ref name="stlfed20170914">{{cite web|date=14 September 2017|title=Estimating Chinese GDP Using Night-Lights Data|url=https://www.stlouisfed.org/on-the-economy/2017/september/estimating-chinese-gdp-using-night-lights-data|access-date=6 May 2020|website=Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis}}</ref> According to an article by the [[Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis]], China's official statistics are of a high quality compared to other developing, middle-income and low-income countries. In 2016, China was at the 83rd percentile of middle and low-income countries, up from the 38th percentile in 2004.<ref name="stlfed20170911">{{cite web|date=11 September 2017|title=Challenges in Measuring China's Economic Growth|url=https://www.stlouisfed.org/on-the-economy/2017/september/challenges-measuring-china-economic-growth|access-date=29 October 2020|website=Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis}}</ref> A study by the [[Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco]] found that China's official GDP statistics are "significantly and positively correlated" with externally verifiable measures of economic activity such as import and export data from China's trade partners, suggesting that China's economic growth was no slower than the official figures indicated.<ref name=":4" />

The study by Daniel Rosen and Beibei Bao, published by the [[Center for Strategic and International Studies]] in 2015, showed that GDP in 2008 was actually 13–16 percent bigger than the official data, while 2013 GDP was accurately at $10.5{{spaces}}trillion rather than the official figure at $9.5{{spaces}}trillion.<ref name=":5" /> According to a research conducted by [[Arvind Subramanian]], a former economist at the [[International Money Fund|International Money Fund (IMF)]] and a senior fellow at the [[Peterson Institute for International Economics]], the size of the Chinese economy by [[Purchasing power parity|Purchasing Power Parity]] in 2010 was about $14.8 trillion rather than an official estimate at $10.1 trillion by IMF, meaning that China's GDP was underestimated by 47 percent.<ref>{{cite web|last=Arvind|first=Subramanian|date=13 January 2011|title=Is China Already Number One? New GDP Estimates|url=https://www.piie.com/blogs/realtime-economic-issues-watch/china-already-number-one-new-gdp-estimates|access-date=29 March 2021|website=[[Peterson Institute for International Economics]] (PIIE)|language=en}}</ref>

===Regional development===
{{Regional economic strategies of the People's Republic of China}}
These strategies are aimed at the relatively poorer regions in China in an attempt to prevent widening inequalities:
* [[China Western Development]], designed to increase the economic situation of the western provinces through investment and development of natural resources.
* [[Revitalize Northeast China]], to rejuvenate the industrial bases in [[Northeast China]]. It covers the three provinces of [[Heilongjiang]], [[Jilin]], and [[Liaoning]], as well as the five eastern [[Prefecture (China)|prefectures]] of [[Inner Mongolia]].
* [[Rise of Central China Plan]], to accelerate the development of its central regions. It covers six provinces: [[Shanxi]], [[Henan]], [[Anhui]], [[Hubei]], [[Hunan]], and [[Jiangxi]].
* [[Third Front (China)|Third Front]], focused on the southwestern provinces.

Foreign investment abroad:
* [[Go Out policy|Go Global]], to encourage its enterprises to invest overseas.

==Macroeconomic trends==
{{see also|Historical GDP of China}}
The following table shows the main economic indicators in 1980–2022 (with IMF staff estimtates in 2023–2028). Inflation below 5% is in green.<ref name=":16">{{Cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/April/weo-report|title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects|website=IMF}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!Year
!GDP
(in Bil. US$PPP)
!GDP per capita
(in US$ PPP)
!GDP
(in Bil. US$nominal)
!GDP per capita
(in US$ nominal)
!GDP growth
(real)
!Inflation rate
(in Percent)
!Unemployment
(in Percent)
!Government debt
(in % of GDP)
|-
|1980
|302.8
|306.7
|303.0
|307.0
|{{Increase}}7.9%
|n/a
|4.9%
|n/a
|-
|1981
|{{Increase}}348.3
|{{Increase}}348.1
|{{Decrease}}288.7
|{{Decrease}}288.5
|{{Increase}}5.1%
|{{Increase}}2.5%
|{{DecreasePositive}}3.8%
|n/a
|-
|1982
|{{Increase}}403.1
|{{Increase}}396.6
|{{Decrease}}284.6
|{{Decrease}}280.0
|{{Increase}}9.0%
|{{Increase}}2.0%
|{{DecreasePositive}}3.2%
|n/a
|-
|1983
|{{Increase}}464.1
|{{Increase}}450.6
|{{Increase}}305.4
|{{Increase}}296.5
|{{Increase}}10.8%
|{{Increase}}2.0%
|{{DecreasePositive}}2.3%
|n/a
|-
|1984
|{{Increase}}554.0
|{{Increase}}530.9
|{{Increase}}314.2
|{{Increase}}301.1
|{{Increase}}15.2%
|{{Increase}}2.7%
|{{DecreasePositive}}1.9%
|n/a
|-
|1985
|{{Increase}}648.7
|{{Increase}}612.8
|{{Decrease}}310.1
|{{Decrease}}293.0
|{{Increase}}13.5%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}9.3%
|{{DecreasePositive}}1.8%
|n/a
|-
|1986
|{{Increase}}718.6
|{{Increase}}668.4
|{{Decrease}}300.9
|{{Decrease}}279.9
|{{Increase}}8.6%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}6.5%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}2.0%
|n/a
|-
|1987
|{{Increase}}822.5
|{{Increase}}752.6
|{{Increase}}327.7
|{{Increase}}299.8
|{{Increase}}11.7%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}7.3%
|{{Steady}}2.0%
|n/a
|-
|1988
|{{Increase}}946.9
|{{Increase}}852.9
|{{Increase}}408.7
|{{Increase}}368.1
|{{Increase}}11.2%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}18.8%
|{{Steady}}2.0%
|n/a
|-
|1989
|{{Increase}}1,025.4
|{{Increase}}909.8
|{{Increase}}458.2
|{{Increase}}406.5
|{{Increase}}4.2%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}18.0%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}2.6%
|n/a
|-
|1990
|{{Increase}}1,105.1
|{{Increase}}966.6
|{{Decrease}}396.6
|{{Decrease}}346.9
|{{Increase}}3.9%
|{{Increase}}3.1%
|{{DecreasePositive}}2.5%
|n/a
|-
|1991
|{{Increase}}1,248.7
|{{Increase}}1,078.1
|{{Increase}}413.2
|{{Increase}}356.8
|{{Increase}}9.3%
|{{Increase}}3.4%
|{{DecreasePositive}}2.3%
|n/a
|-
|1992
|{{Increase}}1,459.6
|{{Increase}}1,245.7
|{{Increase}}492.1
|{{Increase}}420.0
|{{Increase}}14.3%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}6.4%
|{{Steady}}2.3%
|n/a
|-
|1993
|{{Increase}}1,701.5
|{{Increase}}1,435.7
|{{Increase}}617.4
|{{Increase}}521.0
|{{Increase}}13.9%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}14.7%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}2.6%
|n/a
|-
|1994
|{{Increase}}1,964.3
|{{Increase}}1,639.0
|{{Decrease}}561.7
|{{Decrease}}468.7
|{{Increase}}13.0%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}24.1%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}2.8%
|n/a
|-
|1995
|{{Increase}}2,225.5
|{{Increase}}1,837.4
|{{Increase}}731.0
|{{Increase}}603.5
|{{Increase}}11.0%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}17.1%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}2.9%
|21.6%
|-
|1996
|{{Increase}}2,491.0
|{{Increase}}2,035.3
|{{Increase}}860.5
|{{Increase}}703.1
|{{Increase}}9.9%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}8.3%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}3.0%
|{{DecreasePositive}}21.4%
|-
|1997
|{{Increase}}2,768.3
|{{Increase}}2,239.3
|{{Increase}}958.0
|{{Increase}}774.9
|{{Increase}}9.2%
|{{Increase}}2.8%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}3.1%
|{{DecreasePositive}}20.6%
|-
|1998
|{{Increase}}3,019.4
|{{Increase}}2,420.1
|{{Increase}}1,024.2
|{{Increase}}820.9
|{{Increase}}7.9%
|{{Increase}}-0.8%
|{{Steady}}3.1%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}20.7%
|-
|1999
|{{Increase}}3,297.1
|{{Increase}}2,621.2
|{{Increase}}1,088.3
|{{Increase}}865.2
|{{Increase}}7.7%
|{{Increase}}-1.4%
|{{Steady}}3.1%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}21.9%
|-
|2000
|{{Increase}}3,657.5
|{{Increase}}2,885.7
|{{Increase}}1,205.5
|{{Increase}}951.2
|{{Increase}}8.5%
|{{Increase}}0.4%
|{{Steady}}3.1%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}23.0%
|-
|2001
|{{Increase}}4,051.0
|{{Increase}}3,174.1
|{{Increase}}1,333.6
|{{Increase}}1,045.0
|{{Increase}}8.3%
|{{Increase}}0.7%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}3.6%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}24.6%
|-
|2002
|{{Increase}}4,489.1
|{{Increase}}3,494.7
|{{Increase}}1,465.8
|{{Increase}}1,141.1
|{{Increase}}9.1%
|{{Increase}}-0.8%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}4.0%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}25.9%
|-
|2003
|{{Increase}}5,036.5
|{{Increase}}3,897.4
|{{Increase}}1,657.0
|{{Increase}}1,282.2
|{{Increase}}10.0%
|{{Increase}}1.2%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}4.3%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}26.8%
|-
|2004
|{{Increase}}5,694.7
|{{Increase}}4,381.0
|{{Increase}}1,949.4
|{{Increase}}1,499.7
|{{Increase}}10.1%
|{{Increase}}3.9%
|{{DecreasePositive}}4.2%
|{{DecreasePositive}}26.4%
|-
|2005
|{{Increase}}6,542.3
|{{Increase}}5,003.4
|{{Increase}}2,290.0
|{{Increase}}1,751.4
|{{Increase}}11.4%
|{{Increase}}1.8%
|{{Steady}}4.2%
|{{DecreasePositive}}26.3%
|-
|2006
|{{Increase}}7,601.3
|{{Increase}}5,782.8
|{{Increase}}2,754.1
|{{Increase}}2,095.2
|{{Increase}}12.7%
|{{Increase}}1.5%
|{{DecreasePositive}}4.1%
|{{DecreasePositive}}25.6%
|-
|2007
|{{Increase}}8,918.9
|{{Increase}}6,750.2
|{{Increase}}3,555.7
|{{Increase}}2,691.0
|{{Increase}}14.2%
|{{Increase}}4.8%
|{{DecreasePositive}}4.0%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}29.2%
|-
|2008
|{{Increase}}9,961.9
|{{Increase}}7,501.3
|{{Increase}}4,577.3
|{{Increase}}3,446.7
|{{Increase}}9.6%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}5.9%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}4.2%
|{{DecreasePositive}}27.2%
|-
|2009
|{{Increase}}10,972.8
|{{Increase}}8,222.4
|{{Increase}}5,089.0
|{{Increase}}3,813.4
|{{Increase}}9.4%
|{{Increase}}-0.7%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}4.3%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}34.6%
|-
|2010
|{{Increase}}12,283.0
|{{Increase}}9,160.2
|{{Increase}}6,033.8
|{{Increase}}4,499.8
|{{Increase}}10.6%
|{{Increase}}3.3%
|{{DecreasePositive}}4.1%
|{{DecreasePositive}}33.9%
|-
|2011
|{{Increase}}13,735.7
|{{Increase}}10,180.9
|{{Increase}}7,492.2
|{{Increase}}5,553.2
|{{Increase}}9.6%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}5.4%
|{{Steady}}4.1%
|{{DecreasePositive}}33.8%
|-
|2012
|{{Increase}}15,137.5
|{{Increase}}11,136.9
|{{Increase}}8,539.6
|{{Increase}}6,282.7
|{{Increase}}7.8%
|{{Increase}}2.6%
|{{Steady}}4.1%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}34.4%
|-
|2013
|{{Increase}}16,277.4
|{{Increase}}11,905.1
|{{Increase}}9,624.9
|{{Increase}}7,039.6
|{{Increase}}7.8%
|{{Increase}}2.6%
|{{Steady}}4.1%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}37.0%
|-
|2014
|{{Increase}}17,200.7
|{{Increase}}12,496.3
|{{Increase}}10,524.2
|{{Increase}}7,645.9
|{{Increase}}7.4%
|{{Increase}}2.0%
|{{Steady}}4.1%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}40.0%
|-
|2015
|{{Increase}}17,880.3
|{{Increase}}12,926.2
|{{Increase}}11,113.5
|{{Increase}}8,034.3
|{{Increase}}7.0%
|{{Increase}}1.4%
|{{Steady}}4.1%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}41.5%
|-
|2016
|{{Increase}}18,701.7
|{{Increase}}13,432.0
|{{Increase}}11,226.9
|{{Increase}}8,063.4
|{{Increase}}6.9%
|{{Increase}}2.0%
|{{DecreasePositive}}4.0%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}50.7%
|-
|2017
|{{Increase}}19,814.1
|{{Increase}}14,151.8
|{{Increase}}12,265.3
|{{Increase}}8,760.3
|{{Increase}}6.9%
|{{Increase}}1.6%
|{{DecreasePositive}}3.9%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}55.0%
|-
|2018
|{{Increase}}21,660.2
|{{Increase}}15,412.0
|{{Increase}}13,841.8
|{{Increase}}9,848.9
|{{Increase}}6.8%
|{{Increase}}2.1%
|{{DecreasePositive}}3.8%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}56.7%
|-
|2019
|{{Increase}}23,360.8
|{{Increase}}16,567.0
|{{Increase}}14,340.6
|{{Increase}}10,170.1
|{{Increase}}6.0%
|{{Increase}}2.9%
|{{DecreasePositive}}3.6%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}60.4%
|-
|2020
|{{Increase}}24,196.3
|{{Increase}}17,134.7
|{{Increase}}14,862.6
|{{Increase}}10,525.0
|{{Increase}}2.2%
|{{Increase}}2.4%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}4.2%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}70.1%
|-
|2021
|{{Increase}}27,419.5
|{{Increase}}19,410.6
|{{Increase}}17,759.3
|{{Increase}}12,572.1
|{{Increase}}8.5%
|{{Increase}}0.9%
|{{DecreasePositive}}4.0%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}71.8%
|-
|2022
|{{Increase}}30,217.0
|{{Increase}}21,392.0
|{{Increase}}18,100.0
|{{Increase}}12,813.7
|{{Increase}}3.0%
|{{Increase}}1.9%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}4.2%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}77.1%
|-
|2023
|{{Increase}}33,015.0
|{{Increase}}23,382.4
|{{Increase}}19,373.6
|{{Increase}}13,721.1
|{{Increase}}5.2%
|{{Increase}}2.0%
|{{DecreasePositive}}4.1%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}82.4%
|-
|2024
|{{Increase}}35,258.6
|{{Increase}}24,991.1
|{{Increase}}20,881.4
|{{Increase}}14,800.6
|{{Increase}}4.5%
|{{Increase}}2.2%
|{{DecreasePositive}}3.9%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}87.2%
|-
|2025
|{{Increase}}37,394.5
|{{Increase}}26,536.2
|{{Increase}}22,407.7
|{{Increase}}15,901.1
|{{Increase}}4.1%
|{{Increase}}2.2%
|{{DecreasePositive}}3.8%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}92.0%
|-
|2026
|{{Increase}}39,598.5
|{{Increase}}28,144.0
|{{Increase}}24,035.8
|{{Increase}}17,082.9
|{{Increase}}4.0%
|{{Increase}}2.2%
|{{DecreasePositive}}3.7%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}96.4%
|-
|2027
|{{Increase}}41,777.4
|{{Increase}}29,749.6
|{{Increase}}25,722.4
|{{Increase}}18,316.9
|{{Increase}}3.6%
|{{Increase}}2.2%
|{{DecreasePositive}}3.6%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}100.8%
|-
|2028
|{{Increase}}44,027.8
|{{Increase}}31,424.4
|{{Increase}}27,492.8
|{{Increase}}19,622.7
|{{Increase}}3.4%
|{{Increase}}2.2%
|{{DecreasePositive}}3.5%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}104.9%
|}

===Inflation===
[[File:Chinese inflation.webp|thumb|350px|Chinese inflation 1987–2022]]
During the winter of 2007–2008, inflation ran about 7% on an annual basis, rising to 8.7% in statistics for February 2008, released in March 2008.<ref name="CPI">[http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/newsandcomingevents/t20071211_402451256.htm "Consumer Price Index (CPI) Kept Growth in November"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213174811/http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/newsandcomingevents/t20071211_402451256.htm |date=13 December 2007 }} [[National Bureau of Statistics of China]] 11 December 2007 13:14:55</ref><ref>Keith Bradsher (19 February 2008), [https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/19/business/worldbusiness/19inflation.html "China's Inflation Rose to 7.1% in January"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723022209/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/19/business/worldbusiness/19inflation.html |date=23 July 2016 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]''</ref><ref>[http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/newsandcomingevents/t20080311_402467365.htm Consumer Price Index (CPI) Expanded in February] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080315001648/http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/newsandcomingevents/t20080311_402467365.htm |date=15 March 2008 }} [[National Bureau of Statistics of China]]　11 March 2008 14:53:02</ref>

Shortages of gasoline and diesel fuel developed in the fall of 2007 due to reluctance of refineries to produce fuel at low prices set by the state. These prices were slightly increased in November 2007 with fuel selling for $2.65 a gallon, still slightly below world prices. [[Price controls]] were in effect on numerous basic products and services, but were ineffective with food, [[food prices|prices]] of which were rising at an annual rate of 18.2% in November 2007.<ref name="inflation">Keith Bradsher (14 November 2007), [https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/14/business/worldbusiness/14yuan.html "Chinese Prices Surge Again, Despite New Controls"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916211027/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/14/business/worldbusiness/14yuan.html |date=16 September 2017 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]''.</ref><ref>Keith Bradsher (11 December 2007), [https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/11/business/worldbusiness/11cnd-yuan.html "Inflation Picks Up in China; Trade Gap Grows"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723022233/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/11/business/worldbusiness/11cnd-yuan.html |date=23 July 2016 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]''.</ref> The problem of inflation has caused concern at the highest levels of the Chinese government. On 9{{spaces}}January 2008, the government issued the following statement on its official website: "The Chinese government decided on Wednesday to take further measures to stabilize market prices and increase the severity of punishments for those guilty of driving up prices through hoarding or cheating."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.gov.cn/2008-01/09/content_853969.htm|title=China vows to stabilize prices, prevent price hikes|date=9 January 2008|access-date=9 January 2008|work=Chinese Government's Official Web Portal|publisher=[[Xinhua]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201173818/http://english.gov.cn/2008-01/09/content_853969.htm|archive-date=1 December 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>Jim Yardley (9 January 2008), [https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/09/business/worldbusiness/09cnd-yuan.html "Fighting Inflation, China Freezes Energy Prices"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723022245/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/09/business/worldbusiness/09cnd-yuan.html |date=23 July 2016 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]''</ref>

Pork is an important part of the Chinese economy with a per capita consumption of 90 grams per day. The worldwide rise in the price of animal feed associated with increased production of ethanol from corn resulted in steep rises in pork prices in China in 2007. Increased cost of production interacted badly with increased demand resulting from rapidly rising wages. The state responded by subsidizing pork prices for students and the urban poor and called for increased production. Release of pork from the nation's strategic pork reserve was considered.<ref>{{cite news |author=Keith Bradsher |date=8 June 2007 |title=Rise in China's Pork Prices Signals End to Cheap Output |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |page=C1 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/08/business/worldbusiness/08prices.html |access-date=27 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227133132/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/08/business/worldbusiness/08prices.html |archive-date=27 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

By January 2008, the inflation rate rose to 7.1%, which [[BBC News]] described as the highest inflation rate since 1997, due to the [[2008 Chinese winter storms|winter storms that month]].<ref>{{cite news|title=China inflation hits 11-year high|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7252010.stm|work=BBC News|date=19 February 2008|access-date=19 February 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080221015607/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7252010.stm|archive-date=21 February 2008|url-status=live}}</ref> China's inflation rate jumped to a new decade high of 8.7 percent in February 2008 after severe winter storms disrupted the economy and worsened food shortages, the government said 11 March 2008.<ref>{{cite news |title=China's inflation at decade high|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/BUSINESS/03/10/china.inflation/index.html|publisher=CNN|date=10 March 2008|access-date=11 March 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080315002422/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/BUSINESS/03/10/china.inflation/index.html  |archive-date = 15 March 2008}}</ref> Throughout the summer and fall, however, inflation fell again to a low of 6.6% in October 2008.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7719042.stm|work=BBC News|title=Stocks surge after China stimulus|date=10 November 2008|access-date=1 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930005120/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7719042.stm|archive-date=30 September 2009|url-status=live}}</ref>

By November 2010, the inflation rate rose up to 5.1%, driven by an 11.7% increase in [[food prices]] year on year. According to the bureau, industrial output went up 13.3 percent. As supplies have run short, prices for fuel and other commodities have risen.<ref>{{cite news|title=China inflation rate at 5.1 percent|url=http://www.timesunion.com/default/article/China-inflation-rate-at-5-1-percent-875913.php|agency=Associated Press|author=Cara Anna|date=12 December 2010|access-date=30 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121211005553/http://www.timesunion.com/default/article/China-inflation-rate-at-5-1-percent-875913.php|archive-date=11 December 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Investment cycles===
[[File:Beijing Financial Street (overlook).jpg|thumb|[[Beijing Financial Street]]]]
Chinese investment has always been highly cyclical.<ref>{{cite book|title=China's Economic Development: The Interplay of Scarcity and Ideology|last=Eckstein|first=Alexander|year=1976|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=978-0-472-08310-7}}</ref> Ever since the 1958 Great Leap Forward, growth in fixed capital formation has typically peaked about every five years. Peaks occurred in 1978, 1984, 1988, 1993, 2003 and 2009. The corresponding troughs were in 1981, 1986, 1989, 1997 and 2005.{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}}

In China, the majority of investment is carried out by entities that are at least partially state-owned. Most of these are under the control of local governments. Thus, booms are primarily the result of [[perverse incentives]] at the local-government level.<ref>{{cite book|title=Animal Spirits with Chinese Characteristics: Investment Booms and Busts in the World's Emerging Economic Giant|last=DeWeaver|first=Mark|year=2012|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0230115699}}</ref> Unlike entrepreneurs in a free-enterprise economy, Chinese local officials are motivated primarily by political considerations. As their performance evaluations are based, to a large extent, on GDP growth within their jurisdictions, they have a strong incentive to promote large-scale investment projects.<ref>Zhou, Li'an (2004), "Jinsheng Boyi Zhong Zhengfu Guanyuan de Jili yu Hezuo" [Cooperation and Government Officials' Incentives in Promotion Competitions], ''Jingji Yanjiu [Economic Research]'', 6: 33–40.</ref><ref>Zhou, Li'an (2007), "Zhongguo Difang Guanyuan de Jinsheng Jinbiaosai Moshi Yanjiu" [A Tournament Model of Local Government Official Promotions], ''Jingji Yanjiu [Economic Research]'', 7: 36–50.</ref>

A typical cycle begins with a relaxation of central government credit and industrial policy. This allows local governments to push investment aggressively, both through state-sector entities they control directly and by offering investment-promotion incentives to private investors and enterprises outside their jurisdictions.<ref>Jin, Sanlin (2004), "Chengben Ruanyueshu Shi Touzi Guore de Zhongyau Yuanyin" [Soft Budget Constraints Are an Important Cause of Investment Overheating], ''Zhongguo Touzi [China Investment]'', June: 37–39.</ref> The resulting boom puts upward pressure on prices and may also result in shortages of key inputs such as coal and electricity (as was the case in 2003).<ref>{{cite book|title=Zenme You Guo Re Le? Xin Yilun Jingji Bodong yu Hongguan Tiaokong Fenxi [Why Is There Overheating Yet Again? The New Round of Economic Fluctuation and an Analysis of Macroeconomic Adjustment]|author1=Fan Gang |author2=Zhang Xiaojing |year=2004|publisher=Jiangxi People's Publishing House|isbn=978-7-210-03077-5}}</ref> Once inflation has risen to a level at which it begins to threaten social stability, the central government will intervene by tightening enforcement of industrial and credit policy. Projects that went ahead without required approvals will be halted. Bank lending to particular types of investors will be restricted. Credit then becomes tight and investment growth begins to decline.<ref>DeWeaver, 2012</ref>

== Macroeconomic issues ==
{{See also|Chinese economic reform}}

===Environmental transition===
{{main|Environmental policy in China|Water supply and sanitation in China|health in China}}

[[File:World fossil carbon dioxide emissions six top countries and confederations.png|thumb|300px|Historical annual [[List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions|CO2 emissions]] for the top six countries and confederations]]
Over the years, large subsidies were built into the price structure of certain commodities and these subsidies grew substantially in the late 1970s and 1980s.<ref name="Hiroshi Satō 2006">Hiroshi Satō. ''Unemployment, Inequality and Poverty in Urban China''. (2006) Routledge. {{ISBN|0-415-33872-7}}</ref>

By 2010, rapidly rising wages and a general increase in the standard of living had put increased energy use on a collision course with the need to reduce [[Greenhouse gas|carbon emissions]] in order to control [[global warming]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=World Bank |date=2022 |title=China Country Climate and Development Report |url=https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/38136/FullReport.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y}}</ref> There were diligent efforts to increase [[Efficient energy use|energy efficiency]] and increase use of [[Renewable energy|renewable sources]]; over 1,000 inefficient power plants had been closed, but projections continued to show a dramatic rise in carbon emissions from burning [[fossil fuel]]s.<ref>Keith Bradsher (5 July 2010), [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/05/business/global/05warm.html "China Fears Consumer Class Impact on Global Warming"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723022158/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/05/business/global/05warm.html|date=23 July 2016}}, ''[[The New York Times]]''</ref> Since the late 2010s, a reduction of state-backed subsidies has negatively impacted several Chinese companies, with BYD Auto being one of them.<ref>{{cite web|title=For some Chinese companies, generous state subsidies make up for losses|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Cover-Story/For-some-Chinese-companies-generous-state-subsidies-make-up-for-losses|website=Nikkei Asian Review}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Haley|first=Usha C. V. Haley and George T.|date=25 April 2013|title=How Chinese Subsidies Changed the World|journal=Harvard Business Review|url=https://hbr.org/2013/04/how-chinese-subsidies-changed|via=hbr.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Huang|first=Echo|title=The worst is not yet over for BYD|url=https://qz.com/1368687/the-worst-is-not-yet-over-for-byds-earnings/|website=Quartz|date=29 August 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Huang|first=Echo|title=Beijing's subsidy cut is starting to hurt China's largest electric car company|url=https://qz.com/1683042/beijings-subsidy-cut-is-starting-to-its-largest-ev-maker-byd/|website=Quartz|date=7 August 2019 }}</ref>

While not the largest source of historical cumulative emissions, today China accounts for one quarter of global greenhouse gas emissions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China's Greenhouse Gas Emissions Exceeded the Developed World for the First Time in 2019 |url=https://rhg.com/research/chinas-emissions-surpass-developed-countries/ |access-date=2023-03-24 |website=Rhodium Group |language=en-US}}</ref> On a per capita basis, China's emissions in 2019 (9 tonnes {{CO2}}-equivalent [t{{chem2|CO2e}}] per year) surpass those of the European Union (7.6 t{{chem2|CO2e}}) but remain slightly below the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) average (10.7 t{{chem2|CO2e}}) and well below the United States average (17.6 t{{chem2|CO2e}}). However, the carbon intensity of China's GDP—the amount of carbon used to generate a unit of output—remains relatively high.<ref name=":20" /> To avoid the long-term socioeconomic cost<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://message.worldbank.org/isp_error_page.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721013337/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTEAPREGTOPENVIRONMENT/Resources/China_Cost_of_Pollution.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Welcome to World Bank Intranet|archive-date=21 July 2015|website=message.worldbank.org}}</ref> of environmental [[pollution in China]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/china/chinas-environmental-crisis/p12608|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820225353/http://www.cfr.org/china/chinas-environmental-crisis/p12608|url-status=dead|title=''cfr.org''|archive-date=20 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Worst air pollution in China and the U.S.|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/worst-air-pollution-in-china-and-the-us/2014/02/02/6362127e-8c5b-11e3-833c-33098f9e5267_graphic.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117025744/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/worst-air-pollution-in-china-and-the-us/2014/02/02/6362127e-8c5b-11e3-833c-33098f9e5267_graphic.html|archive-date=17 November 2015|access-date=16 August 2015|via=www.washingtonpost.com}}</ref> it has been suggested by [[Nicholas Stern, Baron Stern of Brentford|Nicholas Stern]] and Fergus Green of the [[Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment]] that the economy of China be shifted to more advanced industrial development with low carbon dioxide emissions and better allocation of national resources to innovation and R&D for sustainable economic growth in order to reduce the impact of China's heavy industry. This is in accord with the planning goals of the central government.<ref>http://www.lse.ac.uk/GranthamInstitute/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Green-and-Stern-policy-paper-May-20141.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117025334/http://www.lse.ac.uk/GranthamInstitute/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Green-and-Stern-policy-paper-May-20141.pdf|date=17 November 2015}} '...{{spaces}}China is{{spaces}}... planning to grow its high technology and high value-added industries. It is championing seven "strategic emerging industries": energy efficient and environmental technologies; new energy; new-energy vehicles; next generation information technology; biotechnology; advanced equipment manufacture; and new materials.'</ref> [[Paramount leader|Chinese leader]] and [[Chinese Communist Party]] (CCP) [[General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party|general secretary]] [[Xi Jinping]]'s [[Chinese Dream]] is described as achieving the "[[Two Centenaries]]", namely the material goal of China becoming a "[[moderately prosperous society]]" by 2021, and the modernization goal of China becoming a [[Developed country|fully developed nation]] by 2049, the 100th anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic.<ref>{{cite news|date=4 June 2013|title=Xi Jinping's Chinese Dream|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/05/opinion/global/xi-jinpings-chinese-dream.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0|url-status=live|access-date=18 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104033230/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/05/opinion/global/xi-jinpings-chinese-dream.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0|archive-date=4 November 2016}}</ref>

===National debt===
{{main|National debt of China}}

In 2022, China's total government debt stood at approximately {{Renminbi}} 94 trillion ({{USD}} 14 trillion), equivalent to about 77.1% of [[GDP]].<ref name=":16" /> In 2014, many analysts expressed concern over the overall size of China's government debt.<ref>[https://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21625785-its-debt-will-not-drag-down-world-economy-it-risks-zombifying-countrys-financial "The great hole of China"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830143801/https://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21625785-its-debt-will-not-drag-down-world-economy-it-risks-zombifying-countrys-financial|date=30 August 2017}}, ''[[The Economist]]'', 18 October 2014</ref><ref name="forbes">Kenneth Rapoza (9 May 2015), [https://www.forbes.com/sites/kenrapoza/2015/05/09/chinas-total-debt-load-now-over-280-of-gdp/#6830ce8367ab "China's Total Debt Load Now Over 280% Of GDP"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923051419/https://www.forbes.com/sites/kenrapoza/2015/05/09/chinas-total-debt-load-now-over-280-of-gdp/#6830ce8367ab|date=23 September 2017}}, ''[[Forbes]]''</ref><ref>Ye Xie (15 July 2015), [https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-07-15/china-s-debt-to-gdp-ratio-just-climbed-to-a-new-record-high "China's Debt-to-GDP Ratio Just Climbed to a Record High"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410043752/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-07-15/china-s-debt-to-gdp-ratio-just-climbed-to-a-new-record-high|date=10 April 2017}}, ''[[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]]''</ref><ref>Adair Turner (3 December 2015), [http://www.weforum.org/agenda/2015/12/how-will-china-tackle-its-debt-dilemma "How will China tackle its debt dilemma?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312021342/http://www.weforum.org/agenda/2015/12/how-will-china-tackle-its-debt-dilemma|date=12 March 2016}}, [[Institute for New Economic Thinking]], [[World Economic Forum]]</ref> At the end of 2014, the [[International Monetary Fund]] reported that China's general government gross debt-to-GDP ratio was 41.44 percent.<ref name="imfarticle">[http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2015/cr15234.pdf "People's Republic of China 2015 Article IV Consultation{{snd}}Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for the PRC"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316161828/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2015/cr15234.pdf|date=16 March 2016}} IMF Country Report No. 15/234</ref><ref name="imf2015">[http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2010&ey=2017&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=924&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CGGXWDG_NGDP&grp=0&a=&pr.x=51&pr.y=12 World Economic Outlook Database, October 2015] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312011155/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2010&ey=2017&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=924&s=NGDPD,NGDPDPC,GGXWDG_NGDP&grp=0&a=&pr.x=51&pr.y=12|date=12 March 2016}}, IMF</ref> In 2015, a report by the [[International Monetary Fund]] concluded that China's public debt is relatively low "and on a stable path in all standard stress tests except for the scenario with contingent liability shocks", such as "a large-scale bank recapitalization or financial system bailout to deal, for example, with a potential rise in [[Non-performing loan|NPLs]] from deleveraging".<ref name="IMF15234">IMF Country Report No. 15/234, [https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2015/cr15234.pdf People's Republic of China: Staff Report for the 2015 Article IV Consultation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316161828/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2015/cr15234.pdf|date=16 March 2016}} (7 July 2015).</ref>

Chinese authorities have dismissed analysts' worries, insisting "the country still has room to increase government debt."<ref name="reuters">Xiaoyi Shao and Lisa Twaronite (7 March 2016), [http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-china-economy-budget-idUKKCN0W90A2 "China's fiscal income to slow but room for more government debt{{snd}}Finance Minister"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312011820/http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-china-economy-budget-idUKKCN0W90A2|date=12 March 2016}}, [[Reuters]]</ref> Former Fed Chairman [[Ben Bernanke]], earlier in 2016, commented that "the{{spaces}}... debt pile facing China [is] an 'internal' problem, given the majority of the borrowings was issued in local currency.<ref>Joyce Ho (19 January 2016), [http://asia.nikkei.com/Politics-Economy/Economy/Bernanke-downplays-China-impact-on-world-economy "Bernanke downplays China impact on world economy"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312010453/http://asia.nikkei.com/Politics-Economy/Economy/Bernanke-downplays-China-impact-on-world-economy|date=12 March 2016}} [[The Nikkei|Nikkei Asian Review]]</ref> Many economists have expressed the same views as Bernanke.<ref>[[Bill Mitchell (economist)|Bill Mitchell]] (20 January 2016), [http://bilbo.economicoutlook.net/blog/?p=32825 "The government really is instrumental in creating growth"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312060436/http://bilbo.economicoutlook.net/blog/?p=32825|date=12 March 2016}}</ref> A 2019 survey by the [[OECD]] found that China's corporate debt is higher than other major countries.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/economics/oecd-economic-surveys-china-2019_eco_surveys-chn-2019-en|title=OECD Economic Surveys: China 2019|date=16 May 2019|isbn=9789264312258|page=10|doi=10.1787/eco_surveys-chn-2019-en|s2cid=241605811|access-date=28 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026145906/https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/economics/oecd-economic-surveys-china-2019_eco_surveys-chn-2019-en|archive-date=26 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

"[[Shadow banking]]" has risen in China, posing risks to the financial system.<ref>Noah Smith, [http://www.bloombergview.com/articles/2016-01-07/be-scared-of-china-s-debt-not-its-crashing-stocks Be Scared of China's Debt, Not Its Stocks] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429155129/http://www.bloombergview.com/articles/2016-01-07/be-scared-of-china-s-debt-not-its-crashing-stocks|date=29 April 2016}}, ''[[Bloomberg View]]'' (7 January 2016).</ref><ref>[https://www.wsj.com/articles/chinese-banks-look-to-shadow-banking-for-growth-1446199671 Chinese Banks Look to Shadow Banking for Growth: Risks increase as third-quarter earnings show banks pushing deeper into gray markets] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710025112/https://www.wsj.com/articles/chinese-banks-look-to-shadow-banking-for-growth-1446199671|date=10 July 2017}}, ''The Wall Street Journal'' (30 October 2015), p. 76.</ref>

===Regulatory environment and government revenues===
{{main|Taxation in China}}

Though China's economy has expanded rapidly, its regulatory environment has not kept pace. Since Deng Xiaoping's open market reforms, the growth of new businesses has outpaced the government's ability to regulate them. This has created a situation where businesses, faced with mounting competition and poor oversight, take drastic measures to increase [[profit margin]]s, often at the expense of [[consumer safety]]. This issue became more prominent in 2007, with a number of restrictions being placed on problematic Chinese exports by the United States.<ref>An, Alex and An, David, "Media control and the Erosion of an Accountable Party-State in China". ''China Brief'', 7 October 2008. [http://www.jamestown.org/china_brief/article.php?articleid=2374463] {{dead link|date=April 2018|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>

==Financial and banking system==
[[File:China bond yields.webp|thumb|350px|China bond yields
{{legend-line|#00A2FF solid 3px|30 year bond}}
{{legend-line|#61D836 solid 3px|10 year bond}}
{{legend-line|#929292 solid 3px|2 year bond}}
{{legend-line|#F8BA00 solid 3px|1 year bond}}
]]
{{main|Banking in China|Foreign-exchange reserves of China|Hedge fund industry in China|China Venture Capital Association}}

China has the world's largest total banking sector assets of around $45.838{{spaces}}trillion (309.41{{spaces}}trillion CNY) with $42.063{{spaces}}trillion in total deposits and other liabilities.<ref>{{cite web |last=Tjan |first=Sie Tek |date=15 September 2020 |title=Assets and Liabilities Statistics of Financial Institutions as of 2nd quarter 2020 |url=http://www.pbc.gov.cn/diaochatongjisi/116219/116319/3959050/3959049/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018140626/http://www.pbc.gov.cn/diaochatongjisi/116219/116319/3959050/3959049/index.html |archive-date=18 October 2020 |access-date=16 October 2020 |website=pbc.gov.cn}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=China Total Deposits [1997–2019] [Data & Charts] |url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/china/total-deposits |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408141401/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/china/total-deposits |archive-date=8 April 2018 |access-date=7 April 2018 |website=ceicdata.com}}</ref> Most of China's financial institutions are state-owned and governed.<ref>p.205 Chui and Lewis Reforming China's State-Owned Enterprises and Banks 2006</ref> The chief instruments of [[finance|financial]] and [[fiscal policy|fiscal]] control are the [[People's Bank of China]] (PBC) and the [[Ministry of Finance of the People's Republic of China|Ministry of Finance]], both under the authority of the [[State Council of the People's Republic of China|State Council]]. The People's Bank of China replaced the [[Central Bank of China]] in 1950 and gradually took over [[private bank]]s. It fulfills many of the functions of other [[central bank|central]] and [[commercial bank]]s. It issues the currency, controls circulation, and plays an important role in disbursing budgetary expenditures. Additionally, it administers the accounts, payments, and receipts of government organizations and other bodies, which enables it to exert thorough supervision over their financial and general performances in consideration of the government's economic plans. The PBC is also responsible for [[international trade]] and other overseas [[Financial transaction|transactions]]. [[Remittance]]s by [[overseas Chinese]] are managed by the [[Bank of China]] (BOC), which has a number of branch offices in several countries.{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}}

Other financial institutions that are crucial, include the [[China Development Bank]] (CDB), which funds [[economic development]] and directs [[foreign direct investment|foreign investment]]; the [[Agricultural Bank of China]] (ABC), which provides for the agricultural sector; the [[China Construction Bank]] (CCB), which is responsible for capitalizing a portion of overall investment and for providing [[capital fund]]s for certain industrial and construction enterprises; and the [[Industrial and Commercial Bank of China]] (ICBC), which conducts ordinary commercial transactions and acts as a [[savings bank]] for the public.{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}} China initiated the founding of the [[Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank]] in 2015 and the [[Silk Road Fund]] in 2014, an investment fund of the Chinese government to foster increased investment and provide financial supports in countries along the [[One Belt, One Road]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Silk Road Fund|url=http://www.silkroadfund.com.cn/enweb/23775/23767/index.html|access-date=26 October 2020|website=www.silkroadfund.com.cn|archive-date=30 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030152213/http://www.silkroadfund.com.cn/enweb/23775/23767/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:Shanghaistockexchange.jpg|thumb|left|[[Shanghai Stock Exchange]] (SSE)]]
China's [[Chinese economic reform|economic reforms]] greatly increased the economic role of the [[Banking in China|banking system]]. In theory any enterprises or individuals can go to the banks to obtain loans outside the state plan, in practice, 75% of state bank loans go to [[Government-owned corporation|State Owned Enterprises]]. (SOEs)<ref>p.11 Chui and Lewis Reforming China's State Owned Enterprises and Banks 2006</ref> Even though nearly all investment [[capital (economics)|capital]] was previously provided on a [[Grant (money)|grant]] basis according to the state plan, policy has since the start of the reform shifted to a loan basis through the various state-directed financial institutions. It is estimated that, as of 2011, 14 trillion Yuan in loans was outstanding to local governments. Much of that total is believed by outside observers to be nonperforming.<ref name="Crisis">{{cite news|last=Tatlow|first=Didi Kirsten|title=More Stimulus May Not Be an Option for China|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/22/business/global/more-stimulus-may-not-be-an-option-for-china.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=21 September 2011|access-date=22 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110922160129/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/22/business/global/more-stimulus-may-not-be-an-option-for-china.html|archive-date=22 September 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Increasing amounts of funds are made available through the banks for economic and commercial purposes. Foreign sources of capital have also increased. China has received loans from the [[World Bank]] and several [[China and the United Nations|United Nations]] programs, as well as from countries (particularly [[Sino-Japanese relations|Japan]]) and, to a lesser extent, commercial banks. [[Hong Kong]] has been a major conduit of this investment, as well as a source itself. On 23 February 2012, the PBC evinced its inclination to liberalize its capital markets when it circulated a telling ten-year timetable.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Economist|date=3 March 2012|title=The bees get busy|url=http://www.economist.com/node/21548967|access-date=3 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303141243/http://www.economist.com/node/21548967|archive-date=3 March 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> Following on the heels of this development, Shenzhen banks were able to launch cross-border yuan remittances for individuals, a significant shift in the PBC's [[capital control]] strictures since Chinese nationals had been previously barred from transferring their yuan to overseas account.<ref>{{cite news|author=Lingling Wei|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|title=Yuan Move Chips at Capital Controls|date=29 February 2012|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/chinarealtime/2012/02/29/yuan-move-chips-at-capital-controls/|access-date=4 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923095604/https://blogs.wsj.com/chinarealtime/2012/02/29/yuan-move-chips-at-capital-controls/|archive-date=23 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

China has four of the world's top ten most competitive [[Global Financial Centres Index|financial centers]] ([[Shanghai]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Beijing]], and [[Shenzhen]]), more than any other country.<ref name="GFCI2" /> China has three of the world's ten [[List of stock exchanges|largest stock exchange]]s ([[Shanghai Stock Exchange|Shanghai]], [[Hong Kong Stock Exchange|Hong Kong]] and [[Shenzhen Stock Exchange|Shenzhen]]), both by [[market capitalization]] and by [[trade volume]].<ref name=":19" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Monthly Reports – World Federation of Exchanges |url=https://www.world-exchanges.org/our-work/statistics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190912130053/https://www.world-exchanges.org/our-work/statistics |archive-date=12 September 2019 |access-date=6 September 2019 |publisher=[[World Federation of Exchanges|WFE]]}}</ref> As of 12 October 2020, the total market capitalization of mainland Chinese stock markets, consisting of the [[Shanghai Stock Exchange]] and [[Shenzhen Stock Exchange]], topped US$10{{spaces}}trillion, excluding the [[Hong Kong Stock Exchange]], with about US$5.9{{spaces}}trillion.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tjan |first=Sie Tek |date=13 October 2020 |title=China's stock market tops $10 trillion |work=Bloomberg |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-10-13/china-s-stock-market-tops-10-trillion-for-first-time-since-2015 |access-date=22 October 2020}}</ref>

As of the end of June 2020, foreign investors had bought a total of US$440{{spaces}}billion in Chinese stocks, representing about 2.9% of the total value, and indicating that foreign investors scooped up a total of US$156.6{{spaces}}billion in the stocks just in the first half of 2020.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tjan |first=Sie Tek |date=7 July 2020 |title=Overseas investor snap up Chinese stocks so fast, they are hitting foreign ownership caps such as home appliance maker Midea |work=Th South China Morning Post |url=https://www.scmp.com/business/markets/article/3092204/overseas-investors-snap-chinese-shares-so-fast-they-are-hitting |access-date=22 October 2020}}</ref> The total value of China's bond market topped US$15.4{{spaces}}trillion, ranked above that of Japan and the U.K., and second only to that of the U.S. with US$40{{spaces}}trillion, as of the beginning of September 2020.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tjan |first=Sie Tek |date=3 September 2020 |title=China moves to ease Access to $15.4 Trillion Bond Market |work=Caixin Global |url=https://www.caixinglobal.com/2020-09-03/china-moves-to-ease-foreign-access-to-154-trillion-bond-market-101600571.html#:~:text=Update%3A%20China%20Moves%20to%20Ease%20Foreign%20Access%20to%20%2415.4%20Trillion%20Bond%20Market,-By%20Peng%20Qinqin&text=China's%20top%20financial%20regulators%20unveiled,and%20bolster%20domestic%20financial%20markets. |access-date=20 October 2020}}</ref> As of the end of September 2020, foreign holdings of Chinese bonds reached US$388{{spaces}}billion, or 2.5%, of the total value, notwithstanding an increase by 44.66% year on year.<ref>{{cite web |last=Tjan |first=Sie Tek |date=19 October 2020 |title=China greenlights Shenzhen to issue Offshore Local Government Bonds |url=https://www.yicaiglobal.com |access-date=20 October 2020}}</ref>

===Stock markets===
[[File:Shanghai Composite Index.webp|thumb|300px|Shanghai Composite Index 1991–2022]]
China's stock market exchanges include the [[Beijing Stock Exchange]], the [[Shanghai Stock Exchange]] (including the [[Shanghai Stock Exchange STAR Market|STAR Market]]), the [[Shenzhen Stock Exchange|Shenzen Stock Exchange]], and the [[Hong Kong Stock Exchange]]China's stock market is relatively underdeveloped compared to other aspects of its economy.<ref name=":022">{{Cite book |last=Jin |first=Keyu |title=The New China Playbook: Beyond Socialism and Capitalism |date=2023 |publisher=Viking |isbn=978-1-9848-7828-1 |location=New York |author-link=Keyu Jin}}</ref>{{Rp|pages=148–150}}

To be listed on China's stock exchange, companies must demonstrate good financial standing (including sustained profitability), solid corporate governance (for example, with a board of independent directors, supervisory board, auditing, and no history of misreporting or fraud) and have a market capitalization equivalent to at least US$4 million.<ref name=":22" />{{Rp|pages=271–272}}

When the stock markets re-opened in the PRC period in 1990, most of the listed companies were state-owned enterprises; this was part of an experiment in subjecting SOEs to market discipline.<ref name=":022" />{{Rp|pages=152–153}} The Shanghai and Shenzhen stock exchanges were under municipal control and termed "experimental points" until 1997.<ref name=":423">{{Cite book |last=Heilmann |first=Sebastian |title=Red Swan: How Unorthodox Policy-Making Facilitated China's Rise |date=2018 |publisher=[[The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press]] |isbn=978-962-996-827-4 |doi=10.2307/j.ctv2n7q6b |jstor=j.ctv2n7q6b |author-link=Sebastian Heilmann}}</ref>{{Rp|page=|pages=102–103}} In 1997, the central government brought the exchanges under central government control and affirmed that the exchanges had a legitimate role in the socialist market economy.<ref name=":423" />{{Rp|page=102}}

In 2015, a [[2015–2016 Chinese stock market turbulence|stock market plunge]] in China eliminated $2 trillion of global stock market value.<ref name=":022" />{{Rp|page=147}}

===Currency system===
{{see also|Renminbi}}
[[File:USD-CNY exchange rate.webp|thumb|300px|[[United States dollar|USD]]/[[Renminbi|CNY]] exchange rate 1981–2022]]
The [[renminbi]] ("people's currency") is the currency of China, denominated as the [[Yuan (currency)|yuan]], subdivided into 10{{spaces}}[[Chinese yuan|jiao]] or 100{{spaces}}[[Chinese yuan|fen]]. The renminbi is issued by the [[People's Bank of China]], the monetary authority of China. The [[ISO 4217]] abbreviation is CNY, although also commonly abbreviated as "RMB". As of 2005, the yuan was generally considered by outside observers to be undervalued by about 30–40%.<ref>[https://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/57797.pdf "China's Currency: Brief Overview of U.S. Options] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923051121/https://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/57797.pdf |date=23 September 2017 }} CRS Report for Congress by Jonathan E. Sanford [[Congressional Research Service]] [[The Library of Congress]] Order Code RS22338 29 November 2005</ref><ref name="Lipman 2011">{{cite journal|last=Lipman|first=Joshua Klein|title=Law of Yuan Price: Estimating Equilibrium of the Renminbi|journal=Michigan Journal of Business|date=April 2011|volume=4|issue=2|url=http://michiganjb.org/issues/42/text42b.pdf|access-date=23 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727082626/http://michiganjb.org/issues/42/text42b.pdf|archive-date=27 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> However, in 2017, the [[International Monetary Fund|IMF]] stated that the yuan was correctly valued.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/timworstall/2015/05/26/bad-news-for-allegations-of-currency-manipulation-imf-says-chinas-yuan-correctly-valued/#6d0300a77ee2|title=Bad News For Allegations of Currency Manipulation: IMF Says China's Yuan Correctly Valued|first=Tim|last=Worstall|website=[[Forbes]]|access-date=22 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923051556/https://www.forbes.com/sites/timworstall/2015/05/26/bad-news-for-allegations-of-currency-manipulation-imf-says-chinas-yuan-correctly-valued/#6d0300a77ee2|archive-date=23 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

The renminbi is held in a floating [[exchange-rate]] system managed primarily against the [[US dollar]]. On 21 July 2005, China revalued its currency by 2.1% against the US dollar and, since then has moved to an exchange rate system that references a basket of currencies and has allowed the renminbi to fluctuate at a daily rate of up to half a percent.{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}}

The [[rate of exchange]] (Chinese yuan per US$1) on 31 July 2008, was RMB 6.846, in mid-2007 was RMB 7.45, while in early 2006 was RMB 8.07:US$1=8.2793 yuan (January 2000), 8.2783 (1999), 8.2790 (1998), 8.2898 (1997), 8.3142 (1996), 8.3514 (1995).{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}}

There is a complex relationship between China's [[balance of trade]], inflation, measured by the [[consumer price index]] and the value of its currency. Despite allowing the value of the yuan to "float", China's [[central bank]] has decisive ability to control its value with relationship to other currencies. Inflation in 2007, reflecting sharply rising prices for meat and fuel, is probably related to the worldwide rise in commodities used as animal feed or as fuel. Thus rapid rises in the value of the yuan permitted in December 2007 are possibly related to efforts to mitigate inflation by permitting the renminbi to be worth more.<ref>Keith Bradsher )29 December 2007), [https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/29/business/worldbusiness/29yuan.html "China Lets Currency Appreciate a Bit Faster"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208035615/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/29/business/worldbusiness/29yuan.html |date=8 February 2017 }} ''[[The New York Times]]''</ref> An article published in International Review of Economics & Finance in 2010 by Mete Feridun (University of Greenwich Business School) and his colleagues provide empirical evidence that financial development fosters economic growth in China.<ref name="Jalil, Abdul 2010 pp. 189-195">Jalil, Abdul, Feridun, Mete and Ma, Ying (2010) Finance-growth nexus in China revisited: New evidence from principal components and ARDL bounds tests. ''International Review of Economics & Finance'', 19 (2). pp. 189–195. ISSN 1059-0560 (doi:10.1016/j.iref.2009.10.005)</ref>

During the week of 10 August 2015, against the background of a slowing Chinese economy and appreciation of the U.S. dollar, the People's Bank of China devalued the renminbi by about 5%.<ref name="NYT81315">{{cite news |author1=Neil Gough |title=China Seeks to Calm Markets as It Devalues Currency for 3rd Consecutive Day |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/14/business/international/china-devalues-its-currency-renminbi-for-a-third-consecutive-day.html |work=The New York Times |date=13 August 2015 |access-date=13 August 2015 |quote=...{{spaces}}policy makers say they will give market forces greater sway over currency's value. The official exchange rate will be set based on the renminbi's trading performance.{{spaces}}... |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150813105240/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/14/business/international/china-devalues-its-currency-renminbi-for-a-third-consecutive-day.html |archive-date=13 August 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> The devaluation was accomplished by pegging the official rate to closing market rates. A market-based "representative" exchange rate against the U.S. dollar is one of the requirements for designation of a currency as one with [[special drawing rights|Special Drawing Rights]] (SDR) by the [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF), one of China's goals.<ref name="Caixin81915">{{cite news |title=Progress for Reform as Yuan Inches toward SDR |url=http://english.caixin.com/2015-08-19/100841370.html |publisher=Caixin |date=19 August 2015 |access-date=19 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150821024521/http://english.caixin.com/2015-08-19/100841370.html |archive-date=21 August 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> Since the late-2000s, China has sought to [[Internationalization of the renminbi|internationalize the renminbi]]. As of 2013, the RMB is the 8th most widely traded currency in the world.<ref>{{cite web|title=RMB now 8th most widely traded currency in the world|url=http://www.swift.com/about_swift/shownews?param_dcr=news.data/en/swift_com/2013/PR_RMB_september.xml|publisher=[[Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication]]|access-date=10 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151105223715/http://www.swift.com/about_swift/shownews?param_dcr=news.data%2Fen%2Fswift_com%2F2013%2FPR_RMB_september.xml|archive-date=5 November 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2015 in advance of [[2015 G-20 Antalya summit|G-20]] and IMF meetings, IMF director [[Christine Lagarde]] announced her support for adding the yuan to the SDR currency basket. The announcement gave 'green-light' to official approval at 30 November IMF meeting.<ref>Talley, Ian,[https://www.wsj.com/articles/chinese-yuan-should-be-an-imf-reserve-currency-christine-lagarde-says-1447459802 "Chinese Yuan Should Be an IMF Reserve Currency, Christine Lagarde Says"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910074450/http://www.wsj.com/articles/chinese-yuan-should-be-an-imf-reserve-currency-christine-lagarde-says-1447459802 |date=10 September 2016 }}, ''The Wall Street Journal'', 13 November 2015, retrieved 14 November 2015.</ref> The internationalization of the Chinese economy continues to affect the standardized economic forecast officially launched in China by the [[Purchasing Managers Index]] in 2005. As China's economy grows, so does China's [[Renminbi]], which undergoes the process needed for its [[Internationalization of the renminbi|internationalization]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Currency Reform|url=http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2013/04/china-global-currency-financial-reform-kroeber/china-global-currency-financial-reform-kroeber.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402101541/http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2013/04/china-global-currency-financial-reform-kroeber/china-global-currency-financial-reform-kroeber.pdf|archive-date=2 April 2015|access-date=28 March 2015|website=brookings.edu}}</ref>

==Sectors==
According to [[Fortune Global 500|Fortune Global]], of the world's [[Fortune Global 500|500 largest companies]], 145 are headquartered in China.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global 500 |url=https://fortune.com/ranking/global500/ |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=Fortune |language=en}}</ref> As of 2022, China was home to 351 largest listed companies measured by [[revenue]] in the [[Forbes Global 2000|Fortune Global 2000]], ranking second globally.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=The Global 2000 2022 |url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/global2000/ |access-date=2022-06-14 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> China is also home to more than two hundred privately held technology startups (tech unicorns), each with a valuation of over $1{{spaces}}billion, the highest number in the world.<ref>{{cite news |date=23 October 2019 |title=Chinese report counts 206 unicorns. That's more than America |publisher=CNN |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/10/23/tech/china-unicorns-united-states |access-date=18 March 2021}}</ref>

===Agriculture===
{{main|Agriculture in China}}

{{More citations needed section|date=January 2021}}
[[File:Jiangxia-peanuts-9707.jpg|thumb|left|[[Peanut]] harvest in [[Jiangxia District]], [[Hubei]]]]
China is the world's largest producer and consumer of agricultural products{{snd}}and some 300 million Chinese [[farm]] workers are in the industry, mostly laboring on pieces of land about the size of U.S. farms. Virtually all [[arable land]] is used for food [[crop]]s. China is the world's largest producer of [[rice]] and is among the principal sources of [[wheat]], corn ([[maize]]), [[tobacco]], [[soybeans]], [[potato]]es, [[sorghum]], [[peanut]]s, [[tea]], [[millet]], [[barley]], [[oilseed]], [[pork]], and [[fish]]. Major non-food crops, including cotton, other fibers, and [[oilseed]]s, furnish China with a small proportion of its foreign trade revenue. Agricultural exports, such as vegetables and fruits, fish and shellfish, grain and meat products, are exported to [[Hong Kong]]. Yields are high because of [[intensive cultivation]], for example, China's cropland area is only 75% of the U.S. total, but China still produces about 30% more crops and livestock than the United States. China hopes to further increase agricultural production through improved plant stocks, [[fertilizer]]s, and technology.

According to the government statistics issued in 2005,<ref>{{cite web|title=Output of Farming, Animal Husbandry and Fishery|publisher=China Statistical Book|year=2005|url=http://www.allcountries.org/china_statistics/13_2_output_of_farming_animal_husbandry.html|access-date=19 November 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204081540/http://www.allcountries.org/china_statistics/13_2_output_of_farming_animal_husbandry.html|archive-date=4 December 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> after a drop in the yield of farm crops in 2000, output has been increasing annually.

[[File:China-wheat-prod.png|thumb|300px|Production of [[wheat]] from 1961 to 2004 (data from [[FAO]] in 2005, y-axis: production in metric tons)]]
According to the United Nations [[World Food Program]], in 2022, China fed eighteen percent of the world's population with only seven percent of the world's [[arable land]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-31 |title=China {{!}} World Food Programme |url=https://www.wfp.org/countries/china |access-date=2023-07-09 |website=www.wfp.org |language=en}}</ref>

[[Animal husbandry]] constitutes the second most important component of agricultural production. China is the world's leading producer of pigs, chickens, and eggs, and it also has sizable herds of sheep and cattle. Since the mid-1970s, greater emphasis has been placed on increasing the [[livestock]] output. China has a long tradition of ocean and freshwater fishing and of [[aquaculture]]. [[Pond raising]] has always been important and has been increasingly emphasized to supplement coastal and inland [[fisheries]] threatened by [[overfishing]] and to provide such valuable export commodities as [[prawn]]s. China is also unmatched in the size and reach of its fishing armada with anywhere from 200,000 to 800,000 boats, some as far afield as Argentina. Fueled primarily by government subsidies, its growth and activities have largely gone unchecked.<ref>Urbina, Ian. "[https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2020/09/beijing-fishing-fleet-subsidies-north-korea.html How China's Massive Fishing Fleet Is Transforming the World's Ocean]." www.slate.com. Slate. Retrieved 2 September 2020</ref>

[[File:Chiling - P1260474.JPG|thumb|Timber transported from a woodlot in the hills of [[Zhangpu County]], Fujian]]
Environmental problems such as floods, drought, and erosion pose serious threats to farming in many parts of the country. The wholesale destruction of forests gave way to an energetic [[reforestation]] program that proved inadequate, and forest resources are still fairly meagre.<ref>[http://www.iges.or.jp/en/fc/pdf/activity/plantation_china.pdf Plantation Study in China: Research Outline] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216014926/http://www.iges.or.jp/en/fc/pdf/activity/plantation_china.pdf |date=16 February 2008 }} Forest Conservation Project, Institute for Global Environmental Strategies, Japan; February 2006.</ref> The principal forests are found in the [[Qinling|Qin Mountains]] and the central mountains and on the [[Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau]]. Because they are inaccessible, the Qinling forests are not worked extensively, and much of the country's [[timber]] comes from [[Heilongjiang]], [[Jilin]], [[Sichuan]], and [[Yunnan]].

[[Western China]], comprising [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]], [[Xinjiang]], and [[Qinghai]], has little agricultural significance except for areas of [[floriculture]] and [[cattle raising]]. Rice, China's most important crop, is dominant in the southern provinces and many of the farms here yield two [[harvests]] a year. In the north, wheat is of the greatest importance, while in [[central China]] wheat and rice vie with each other for the top place. [[Millet]] and [[kaoliang]] (a variety of grain sorghum) are grown mainly in the northeast and some central provinces, which, together with some northern areas, also provide considerable quantities of [[barley]]. Most of the [[soybean]] crop is derived from the north and the northeast; corn (maize) is grown in the center and the north, while [[tea]] comes mainly from the warm and humid hilly areas of the south. Cotton is grown extensively in the central provinces, but it is also found to a lesser extent in the southeast and in the north. [[Tobacco]] comes from the center and parts of the south. Other important crops are potatoes, [[sugar beet]]s, and oilseeds.

[[File:Daye-pond-system-fishermen-0078-rotated.jpg|thumb|Fish ponds near [[Daye, Hubei]]]]
In the past decade, the government has been encouraging agricultural mechanization and [[land consolidation]] to raise yields and compensate for the loss of rural workers who have migrated to the cities.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Stanway|first1=David|title=Analysis: China turns to machines as farmers seek fresh fields|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-agriculture-mechanisation/analysis-china-turns-to-machines-as-farmers-seek-fresh-fields-idUSBRE8AC15P20121114|access-date=26 November 2017|work=Reuters|date=14 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201032547/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-agriculture-mechanisation/analysis-china-turns-to-machines-as-farmers-seek-fresh-fields-idUSBRE8AC15P20121114|archive-date=1 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> According to statistics by the UN Food and Agriculture Organization, the annual growth rate of agricultural mechanization in China is 6.4%. By 2014, the integrated mechanization rate had risen to nearly 60%, with the rate for wheat surpassing 90% and that for maize approaching 80%.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Cheng|first1=Fang|title=Development of Agricultural Mechanization in China|url=https://forum2017.iamo.de/microsites/forum2017.iamo.de/fileadmin/presentations/B5_Fang.pdf|website=Eurasian Food Economy Forum 2017|publisher=UN Food and Agriculture Organization|access-date=26 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201034946/https://forum2017.iamo.de/microsites/forum2017.iamo.de/fileadmin/presentations/B5_Fang.pdf|archive-date=1 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In addition to standard agricultural equipment like tractors, China's agriculture cooperatives have begun using high-tech equipment, including unmanned aerial vehicles, which are used to spay crops with pesticides.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Schaer|first1=Lilian|title=China powers up: The world's most populous country gets serious about farming machinery|url=https://www.country-guide.ca/2017/03/24/china-gets-serious-about-farm-machinery/50781/|website=Country Guide|date=24 March 2017|access-date=26 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201043537/https://www.country-guide.ca/2017/03/24/china-gets-serious-about-farm-machinery/50781/|archive-date=1 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Good progress has been made in increasing [[water conservancy]], and about half the cultivated land is under irrigation.

In the late 1970s and early 1980s, economic reforms were introduced. First of all this began with the shift of farming work to a [[responsibility system|system of household responsibility]] and a phasing out of [[collective farming|collectivized agriculture]]. Later this expanded to include a gradual liberalization of price controls; [[fiscal policy|fiscal]] [[decentralization]]; massive privatization of state enterprises, thereby allowing a wide variety of [[private enterprise]]s in the [[service sector|services]] and [[light manufacturing]]; the foundation of a diversified [[banking system]] (but with large amounts of state control); the development of a [[stock market]]; and the opening of the economy to increased [[foreign trade]] and [[foreign direct investment|foreign investment]].

===Housing and construction===
{{main|Real estate in China}}

The real estate industry is about 20% of the Chinese economy.<ref name="NYT61115">{{cite news |author1=Neil Gough|title=Idle Home Builders Hold China's Economy Back |work=The New York Times |date=11 June 2015 |quote=By some economists' estimates, real estate and related industries account for more than 20 percent of China's gross domestic product}}</ref> As of 2023, real property accounts for 60% of Chinese household assets.<ref name=":022" />{{Rp|page=161}} Also as of 2023, China has the highest rate of home ownership in the world.<ref name=":022" />{{Rp|page=170}} 90% of urban households own their home.<ref name=":022" />{{Rp|page=170}}

Compared to other nations, investing in stock markets and other assets is harder due to currency controls within the country. As a result, many Chinese citizens own multiple properties, as they are one of the few ways in which it is comparatively easy to grow and preserve wealth. Due to this, many economists have speculated about a property bubble within the Chinese economy<ref>{{Cite news|date=25 January 2021|title=Can China's long property boom hold?|newspaper=The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2021/01/25/can-chinas-long-property-boom-hold|access-date=28 March 2021|issn=0013-0613}}</ref> On 16 July 2020, the Wall Street Journal reported that the housing market within the Chinese economy had grown to US$52 trillion, eclipsing the US 2008 housing market before the [[Financial crisis of 2007–2008|Financial Crisis]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bird|first=Stella Yifan Xie and Mike|date=17 July 2020|title=The $52 Trillion Bubble: China Grapples With Epic Property Boom|language=en-US|work=The Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/china-property-real-estate-boom-covid-pandemic-bubble-11594908517|access-date=28 March 2021|issn=0099-9660}}</ref>

Despite the possibility of a housing bubble, many people still choose to invest their assets in real estate market. On 19 December 2021, according to a report by McKinsey Global Institute, China's net worth reached $120 trillion in 2020 to overtake the U.S.'s $89 trillion as a red-hot real estate market drove up property value.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China overtakes U.S. in national net worth to grab top spot |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Economy/China-overtakes-U.S.-in-national-net-worth-to-grab-top-spot |access-date=2022-04-18 |website=Nikkei Asia |language=en-GB}}</ref>

===Energy and mineral resources===
{{see also|Energy policy of China}}
[[File:Electricity production in China.svg|thumb|Electricity production in China 1980–2019|400px]]
<div class="infobox" style="width:20em;">'''Electricity:'''
* Production: 6.5 trillion kWh (2017)<ref name="bp.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/downloads.html|title=Downloads | Energy economics | Home|website=BP global|access-date=15 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615135258/https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/downloads.html|archive-date=15 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Consumption: 7.7620 trillion kWh (2020)<ref name="data2022" />
* Exports: 21.8 billion kwh (2020)<ref name="data2022" />
* Imports: 6.2 billion kwh (2015)<ref name="data2022" />

'''Electricity – production by source:'''
* Coal: 61.2% (2022)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wiatros-Motyka |first=Malgorzata |date=12 April 2023 |title=Global Electricity Review 2023 |url=https://ember-climate.org/insights/research/global-electricity-review-2023/ |access-date=19 May 2023 |website=[[Ember (non-profit organisation)|Ember]]}}</ref>
* Hydro: 14.9% (2022)
* Wind: 9.3 (2022)
* Solar: 4.7% (2022)
* Nuclear: 4.7% (2022)
* Natural gas: 3.1% (2022)
* Other: 2.1% (2022)

'''Oil:'''
* Production: {{convert|3527000|oilbbl/d|abbr=on}} (2022)
* Consumption: {{convert|6534000|oilbbl/d|abbr=on}} (2005) and expected {{convert|9300000|oilbbl/d|abbr=on}} in 2030
* Exports: {{convert|443300|oilbbl/d|abbr=on}} (2005)
* Imports: {{convert|10170000|oilbbl/d|abbr=on}} (2022) <ref>{{cite news |last=Chen|first=Aizhu |title=China 2022 crude oil imports fall for second year despite Q4 pickup |url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/china-dec-crude-oil-imports-3rd-highest-yr-2022-imports-down-09-2023-01-13/ |access-date=23 May 2023 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=13 January 2023}}</ref>
* Net imports: {{convert|2740000|oilbbl/d}} (2005)
* Proved reserves: {{convert|16.3|Goilbbl|abbr=on}} (1 January 2006)

'''Natural gas:'''
* Production: 47.88 km3 (2005 est.)
* Consumption: 44.93 km3 (2005 est.)
* Exports: 2.944 km3 (2005)
* Imports: 0 m3 (2005)
* Proved reserves: 1,448 km3 (1 January 2006 est.)</div>

China has [[natural resources]] with an estimated worth of $23{{spaces}}trillion, 90% of which are [[coal]] and [[rare earth metals]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Anthony |first=Craig |date=12 September 2016 |title=10 Countries with the Most Natural Resources |url=http://www.investopedia.com/articles/markets-economy/090516/10-countries-most-natural-resources.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916072056/http://www.investopedia.com/articles/markets-economy/090516/10-countries-most-natural-resources.asp |archive-date=16 September 2017 |access-date=15 September 2017 |publisher=[[Investopedia]]}}</ref> Since 1980, China's energy production has grown dramatically, as has the proportion allocated to domestic consumption. Some 80 percent of all power is generated from fossil fuel at [[thermal plant]]s, with about 17 percent at [[hydroelectric]] installations; only about two percent is from [[Nuclear power|nuclear energy]], mainly from plants located in [[Guangdong]] and [[Zhejiang]].<ref>[[World Nuclear Association]]. [http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf63.html Nuclear Power in China] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130212223045/http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf63.html |date=12 February 2013 }} (November 2007)</ref> Though China has rich overall energy potential, most have yet to be developed. In addition, the geographical distribution of energy puts most of these resources relatively far from their major industrial users. The northeast is rich in [[coal]] and [[oil]], the central part of north China has abundant coal, and the southwest has immense [[hydroelectric potential]]. But the industrialized regions around [[Guangzhou]] and the [[Yangtze River|Lower Yangtze]] region around Shanghai have too little energy, while there is relatively little [[heavy industry]] located near major energy resource areas other than in the southern part of the northeast.

Due in large part to environmental concerns, China has wanted to shift China's current [[energy mix]] from a heavy reliance on coal, which accounts for 70–75% of China's energy, toward greater reliance on oil, [[natural gas]], [[Renewable energy in China|renewable energy]], and [[Nuclear power in China|nuclear power]]. China has closed thousands of [[coal mines]] over the past five to ten years to cut [[overproduction]]. According to Chinese statistics, this has reduced coal production by over 25%.

Since 1993, China has been a net importer of oil, a large portion of which comes from the Middle East. Imported oil accounts for 20% of the processed [[Crude oil|crude]] in China. Net imports are expected to rise to 3.5 million [[barrel (unit)|barrels]] (560,000{{spaces}}m3) per day by 2010. China is interested in diversifying the sources of its oil imports and has invested in oil fields around the world. China is developing oil imports from [[Central Asia]] and has invested in [[Kazakhstan]]i [[oil field]]s.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Regional Connection under the Belt and Road Initiative: The Prospects for Economic and Financial Cooperation |date=2018-10-26 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-429-46717-2 |editor-last=Cheung |editor-first=Fanny M. |edition=1 |language=en |doi=10.4324/9780429467172-5 |editor-last2=Hong |editor-first2=Ying-yi |doi-access=free}}</ref> Beijing also plans to increase China's natural gas production, which currently accounts for only 3% of China's total energy consumption and incorporated a natural gas strategy in its [[Tenth Five-Year Plan (People's Republic of China)|10th Five-Year Plan]] (2001–2005), with the goal of expanding gas use from a 2% share of total energy production to 4% by 2005 (gas accounts for 25% of U.S. energy production). Analysts expect China's consumption of natural gas to more than double by 2010.

Since the early 2000s, China's clean energy sector has rapidly developed.<ref name=":322">{{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Joanna I. |title=Cooperating for the Climate: Learning from International Partnerships in China's Clean Energy Sector |date=2023 |publisher=The [[MIT Press]] |isbn=978-0-262-54482-5 |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts}}</ref>{{Rp|page=23}} This growth has enabled renewable energy to have an important role in China's international cooperation, including [[South-South Cooperation|South-South cooperation]] in which China is a major source of clean energy technology transfer to other developing countries.<ref name=":322" />{{Rp|pages=4, 23}}

The [[Eleventh Five-Year Plan (People's Republic of China)|11th Five-Year Program]] (2006–10), announced in 2005 and approved by the National People's Congress in March 2006, called for greater energy conservation measures, including development of renewable energy sources and increased attention to environmental protection. Guidelines called for a 20% reduction in energy consumption per unit of GDP by 2010. Moving away from coal towards cleaner energy sources including oil, natural gas, renewable energy, and nuclear power is an important component of China's development program. Beijing also intends to continue to improve energy efficiency and promote the use of [[clean coal technology]]. China has abundant hydroelectric resources; the Three Gorges Dam, for example, will have a total capacity of 18 gigawatts when fully on-line (projected for 2009). In addition, the share of electricity generated by nuclear power is projected to grow from 1% in 2000 to 5% in 2030. China's renewable energy law, which went into effect in 2006, calls for 10% of its energy to come from renewable energy sources by 2020.

As of 2021, China is facing its [[2021 Global Energy Crisis|worst energy crisis]] in decades.<ref>{{cite news |title=Will China's Energy Crisis Make It More Reluctant to Fight Climate Change? |url=https://time.com/6102765/china-energy-coal-climate/ |magazine=Time |date=30 September 2021}}</ref> ''The Guardian'' reported that "Companies in the industrial heartlands have been told to limit consumption, residents have been subjected to rolling blackouts, and annual light shows have been cancelled."<ref>{{cite news |title=Global energy crisis: how key countries are responding |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2021/oct/12/global-energy-crisis-how-key-countries-are-responding |work=The Guardian |date=12 October 2021}}</ref>

====Mining====
{{see also|Gold mining in China}}

Outdated [[mining]] and ore-processing technologies are being replaced with modern techniques {{citation needed|date=May 2023}}, but China's [[industrialization of China|rapid industrialization]] requires imports of minerals from abroad. In particular, iron ore imports from [[mining in Australia|Australia]] and the United States have soared in the early 2000s as [[steel production in China|steel production]] rapidly outstripped domestic iron ore production. China has become increasingly active in several African countries to mine the reserves it requires for economic growth, particularly in countries such as the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] and [[Gabon]].

The major areas of production in 2004 were [[coal mining in China|coal]] (nearly two billion tons), [[iron ore]] (310 million tons), [[petroleum industry in China|crude petroleum]] (175 million tons), [[natural gas]] (41 million cubic meters), [[antimony]] ore (110,000 tons), [[tin]] concentrates (110,000 tons), [[nickel]] ore (64,000 tons), [[tungsten]] concentrates (67,000 tons), unrefined [[salt]] (37 million tons), [[vanadium]] (40,000 tons), and [[molybdenum]] ore (29,000 tons). In order of magnitude, produced minerals were [[bauxite]], [[gypsum]], [[barite]], [[magnesite]], [[talc]] and related minerals, [[manganese]] ore, [[fluorspar]], and [[zinc]]. In addition, China produced 2,450 tons of [[silver]] and 215 tons of [[gold]] in 2004. The mining sector accounted for less than 0.9% of total employment in 2002 but produced about 5.3% of total industrial production.

In 2019, the country was the world's largest producer of [[gold]];<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-gold.pdf|title=USGS Gold Production Statistics}}</ref> 3rd largest world producer of [[copper]];<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-copper.pdf|title=USGS Copper Production Statistics}}</ref> 3rd worldwide producer of [[silver]];<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-silver.pdf|title=USGS Silver Production Statistics}}</ref> the world's largest producer of [[sulfur]];<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-sulfur.pdf|title=USGS Sulfur Production Statistics}}</ref> the world's largest producer of [[phosphate]];<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-phosphate.pdf|title=USGS Phosphate Production Statistics}}</ref> the world's largest producer of [[molybdenum]];<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-molybdenum.pdf|title=USGS Molybdenum Production Statistics}}</ref> the world's largest producer of [[lead]];<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-lead.pdf|title=USGS Lead Production Statistics}}</ref> largest world producer of [[zinc]];<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-zinc.pdf|title=USGS Zinc Production Statistics}}</ref> the world's largest producer of [[vanadium]];<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-vanadinum.pdf|title=USGS Vanadinum Production Statistics}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> largest world producer of [[tin]];<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-tin.pdf|title=USGS Tin Production Statistics}}</ref> the world's largest producer of [[titanium]];<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-titanium.pdf|title=USGS Titanium Production Statistics}}</ref> the world's largest producer of [[antimony]];<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-antimony.pdf|title=USGS Antimony Production Statistics}}</ref> 2nd largest worldwide producer of [[bauxite]];<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-bauxite-alumina.pdf|title=USGS Bauxite Production Statistics}}</ref> 3rd largest world producer of [[iron ore]];<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-iron-ore.pdf|title=USGS Iron Ore Production Statistics}}</ref> 6th largest world producer of [[manganese]];<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-manganese.pdf|title=USGS Manganese Production Statistics}}</ref> 7th largest world producer of [[nickel]];<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-nickel.pdf|title=USGS Nickel Production Statistics}}</ref> 10th largest world producer of [[cobalt]];<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-cobalt.pdf|title=USGS Cobalt Production Statistics}}</ref> in addition to being the world's largest producer of [[table salt|salt]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-salt.pdf|title=USGS Salt Production Statistics}}</ref> It was the world's 8th largest producer of [[uranium]] in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/mining-of-uranium/world-uranium-mining-production.aspx|title=World Uranium Mining - World Nuclear Association|website=www.world-nuclear.org}}</ref> Furthermore, it is the largest world producer of [[jade]] and one of the world producers of [[topaz]], [[tourmaline]], [[peridot]] and [[diamond]].
 
Until the end of 2019, a total of 173 types of minerals have been discovered in [[China]], including 13 types of energy materials, 59 metals, 95 types of non-metallic minerals and six types of water and gases. In 2019, the newly discovered geological reserves of [[oil]] were 1.12 billion tonnes, of which, 160 million tonnes were proven technically recoverable reserves. The newly discovered geological reserves of shale gas were 764.42 billion cubic meters, of which, 183.84 billion cubic meters were proven reserves. With respect to non-oil and gas minerals, the evaluation states that China has great prospecting potential for 24 major minerals, including [[coal]], [[iron ore]], [[manganese]], [[chromite]], [[copper]], [[lead]], [[zinc]], [[bauxite]], [[tungsten]], [[tin]], [[molybdenum]], [[antimony]], [[nickel]], [[gold]], [[silver]], [[lithium]], [[pyrites]], [[phosphate rock]], [[potash]], [[magnesite]], [[fluorite]], [[boron]] and [[barite]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.practicallaw.thomsonreuters.com/w-011-1348?transitionType=Default&contextData=(sc.Default)&firstPage=true |title=Mining in China: overview |first1=Guohua (Annie) |last1=Wu |first2=Yingnan (Jason) |last2=Li |first3=Jincheng Tongda |last3=Neal |date=1 March 2021 |website=Thomson Reuters}}</ref>

====Hydroelectric resources====
{{main|Hydroelectricity in China}}

[[File:Dreischluchtendamm hauptwall 2006.jpg|thumb|Three Gorges Dam]]
China has an abundant potential for [[hydroelectric power]] production due to its considerable river network and mountainous terrain. Most of the total hydroelectric capacity is situated in the [[Southwest China|southwest of the country]], where coal supplies are poor but [[energy demand|demand for energy]] is rising swiftly. The potential in the northeast is fairly small, but it was there that the first hydroelectric stations were built{{snd}}by the Japanese during its occupation of [[Manchuria]].<ref>[http://www.ieee.org/portal/cms_docs_iportals/iportals/aboutus/history_center/publications/power/Chapter2.pdf Case Study of Electrification: China] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216014910/http://www.ieee.org/portal/cms_docs_iportals/iportals/aboutus/history_center/publications/power/Chapter2.pdf |date=16 February 2008 }} Worldwide Electrification from the 1950s to the 1970s. (Chapter 2; page 33).</ref>

Thirteen years in construction at a cost of $24{{spaces}}billion, the immense [[Three Gorges Dam]] across the [[Yangtze|Yangtze River]] was essentially completed in 2006 and produced more than 100TWh of energy in 2018.

====Coal====
{{main|Coal in China}}

[[File:Coal mine in Inner Mongolia 002.jpg|thumb|Coal mining in [[Inner Mongolia]]]]
China is well endowed with mineral resources,<ref>[[MSN Encarta]]. [http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761574726_3/Asia.html Asia: Mineral Resources]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20040104083400/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761574726_3/Asia.html Archived] 31 October 2009.</ref> the most important of which is [[coal]]. China's mineral resources include large reserves of [[coal]] and [[iron ore]], plus adequate to abundant supplies of nearly all other industrial [[minerals]]. Although coal deposits are widely scattered (some coal is found in every province), most of the total is located in the northern part of the country. The province of [[Shanxi]], in fact, is thought to contain about half of the total; other important coal-bearing provinces include [[Heilongjiang]], [[Liaoning]], [[Jilin]], [[Hebei]], and [[Shandong]].<ref name="TED China and Coal">TED Case Studies. [http://www.american.edu/TED/chincoal.htm China and Coal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212013651/http://www1.american.edu/TED/CHINCOAL.HTM |date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> Apart from these northern provinces, significant quantities of coal are present in [[Sichuan]], and there are some deposits of importance in [[Guangdong]], [[Guangxi]], [[Yunnan]], and [[Guizhou]].<ref name="TED China and Coal" /> A large part of the country's reserves consists of good [[bituminous coal]], but there are also large deposits of [[lignite]]. [[Anthracite]] is present in several places (especially [[Liaoning]], [[Guizhou]], and [[Henan]]), but overall, it is not very significant.<ref>{{cite book|last=Heping|first=Xie|author2=Tad S. Golosinski|title=Mining Science and Technology '99|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=1999|pages=252–256|isbn=978-90-5809-067-6}}</ref>

To ensure a more even distribution of coal supplies and to reduce the strain on the less than adequate [[transportation]] network, the authorities pressed for the development of a large number of small, locally run [[coal mining|mines]] throughout the country. This campaign was energetically pursued after the 1960s, with the result that thousands of small pits have been established, and they produce more than half the country's coal. This output, however, is typically expensive and is used for local consumption. It has also led to a less than stringent implementation of safety measures in these unregulated mines, which cause several thousands of deaths each year.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Creedy|first=David|author2=Lijie, Wang |author3=Xinquan, Zhou |author4=Haibin, Liu |author5= Campbell, Gary |title=Transforming China's coal mines: A case history of the Shuangliu Mine|journal=Natural Resources Forum|volume=30|issue=1|pages=15–26|publisher=Blackwell Publishing|date=February 2006|doi=10.1111/j.1477-8947.2006.00154.x}}</ref>

[[Coal]] makes up the bulk of China's energy consumption (70% in 2005, 55% in 2021), and China is the largest producer and consumer of coal in the world. As China's economy continues to grow, China's coal demand is projected to rise significantly. Although coal's share of China's overall energy consumption will decrease, coal consumption will continue to rise in absolute terms. China's continued and increasing reliance on coal as a power source has contributed significantly to putting China on the path to becoming the world's largest emitter of [[acid rain]]-causing [[sulfur dioxide]] and [[greenhouse gas]]es, including [[carbon dioxide]].

As of 2015, falling coal prices resulted in layoffs at coal mines in the northeast.<ref name="NYT121615">{{cite news |author1=Jane Perlez |author2=Yufan Huang |title=Mass Layoffs in China's Coal Country Threaten Unrest |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/17/world/asia/china-coal-mining-economy.html |work=The New York Times |date=16 December 2015 |access-date=17 December 2015 |quote=The coal industry is hurting nationwide, as coal prices have fallen nearly 60 percent since 2011, said Deng Shun, an analyst at ICIS C1 Energy, a consultancy based in Shanghai. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525020144/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/17/world/asia/china-coal-mining-economy.html |archive-date=25 May 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Oil and natural gas====
{{main|Petroleum industry in China}}

[[File:China-Today oil reserves and demand-en.svg|thumb|300px|Chinese oil reserves]]
China's onshore [[oil]] resources are mostly located in the [[Northeast China|Northeast]] and in [[Xinjiang]], [[Gansu]], [[Qinghai]], [[Sichuan]], [[Shandong]], and [[Henan]] provinces. [[Oil shale]] is found in a number of places, especially at [[Fushun]] in Liaoning, where the deposits overlie the coal reserves, as well as in Guangdong. High quality [[Light crude oil|light oil]] has been found in the [[Pearl River (China)|Pearl River]] estuary of the [[South China Sea]], the [[Qaidam]] Basin in Qinghai, and the [[Tarim Basin]] in Xinjiang. The country consumes most of its oil output but does export some crude oil and oil products. China has explored and developed oil deposits in the [[South China Sea]] and [[East China Sea]], the [[Yellow Sea]], the [[Gulf of Tonkin]], and the [[Bohai Sea]].

In 2013, the pace of China's economic growth exceeded the domestic oil capacity and floods damaged the nation's oil fields in the middle of the year. Consequently, China imported oil to compensate for the supply reduction and surpassed the US in September 2013 to become the world's largest importer of oil.<ref>{{cite news |title=China overtakes US as the biggest importer of oil |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-24475934 |work=BBC News |date=10 October 2013 |access-date=11 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010171123/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-24475934 |archive-date=10 October 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The total extent of China's [[natural gas reserves]] is unknown, as relatively little exploration for natural gas has been done.<ref>[[Xinhua]]. [http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2004-11/25/content_394888.htm China to calculate oil and gas reserves] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080120061634/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2004-11/25/content_394888.htm |date=20 January 2008 }} 25 November 2004.</ref> Sichuan accounts for almost half of the known natural gas reserves and production.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chinapage.com/power/oil-gas/puguang-gasfield.html |title=Puguang Named 2nd Largest Gas Field |publisher=Chinapage.com |access-date=28 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508002954/http://www.chinapage.com/power/oil-gas/puguang-gasfield.html |archive-date=8 May 2013 }}</ref> Most of the rest of China's natural gas is associated gas produced in the Northeast's major oil fields, especially [[Daqing oilfield]]. Other gas deposits have been found in the [[Qaidam]] Basin, [[Hebei]], [[Jiangsu]], [[Shanghai]], and [[Zhejiang]], and offshore to the southwest of [[Hainan Island]].<ref>Kaoru YAMAGUCHI, Keii CHO. [http://eneken.ieej.or.jp/en/data/pdf/221.pdf Natural Gas in China] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071031083248/http://eneken.ieej.or.jp/en/data/pdf/221.pdf |date=31 October 2007 }} IEEJ: August 2003.</ref> According to an article published in Energy Economics in 2011 by economists Mete Feridun (University of Greenwich) and Abdul Jalil (Wuhan University in China), financial development in China has not taken place at the expense of environmental pollution and financial development has led to a decrease in environmental pollution. Authors conclude that carbon emissions are mainly determined by income, energy consumption and trade openness and their findings confirm the existence of an Environmental Kuznets Curve in the case of China.<ref>Jalil, Abdul and Feridun, Mete (2011) "The impact of growth, energy and financial development on the environment in China: a cointegration analysis". ''Energy Economics'', 33 (2). pp. 284–291. ISSN 0140-9883 (doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2010.10.003)</ref>

====Metals and nonmetals====
[[Iron ore]] reserves are found in most provinces, including [[Hainan]]. Gansu, Guizhou, southern Sichuan, and Guangdong provinces have rich deposits. The largest mined reserves are located north of the [[Yangtze|Yangtze River]] and supply neighboring iron and steel enterprises. With the exception of [[nickel]], [[chromium]], and [[cobalt]], China is well supplied with [[ferroalloy]]s and [[manganese]]. Reserves of [[tungsten]] are also known to be fairly large. [[Copper]] resources are moderate, and high-quality ore is present only in a few deposits. Discoveries have been reported from [[Ningxia]]. [[Lead]] and [[zinc]] are available, and [[bauxite]] resources are thought to be plentiful. China's [[antimony]] reserves are the largest in the world. [[Tin]] resources are plentiful, and there are fairly rich deposits of gold. China is the world's fifth largest producer of [[gold]] and in the early 21st century became an important producer and exporter of rare metals needed in high-technology industries.

China also produces a fairly wide range of [[Nonmetal (chemistry)|nonmetal]]lic minerals. One of the most important of these is [[salt]], which is derived from coastal [[evaporation]] sites in Jiangsu, Hebei, Shandong, and Liaoning, as well as from extensive salt fields in Sichuan, Ningxia, and the Qaidam Basin. There are important deposits of [[phosphate]] rock in a number of areas, Jiangxi, Guangxi, Yunnan and Hubei. Production has been accelerating every year. As of 2013 China is producing 97,000,000 metric tons of phosphate rock a year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/phosphate_rock/mcs-2014-phosp.pdf|title=Phosphate Rock Statistics and Information|access-date=15 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170513090847/https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/phosphate_rock/mcs-2014-phosp.pdf|archive-date=13 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Pyrite]]s occur in several places; Liaoning, Hebei, Shandong, and Shanxi have the most important deposits. China also has large resources of [[fluorite]] ([[fluorspar]]), [[gypsum]], [[asbestos]], and has the world's largest reserves and production of [[cement]], clinker and limestone.

===Industry and manufacturing===
{{redirect|Made in China}}
{{further|Industry of China|Technological and industrial history of China}}
[[File:China Railways HXD1B Manufacture Factory.jpg|thumb|China Railway HXD1B Manufactured by [[CRRC]]]]
[[File:CR400BF-GZ-5205@IFP (20220213095454).jpg|thumb|[[Fuxing (train)|Fuxing]] high speed train produced by [[CRRC]]]]
China has a strong position global position in the production of industrial goods and some of its companies are global leader in the areas of steel, solar energy, and telecommunications accessories.<ref name=":9222" />{{Rp|page=131}} {{As of|2022}}, industry accounts for 39.9% of China's GDP.<ref name="data2022" /> As of 2023, China manufactures approximately one fifth of the world's total output of industrial products.<ref name=":9222" />{{Rp|page=133}}
[[File:COMAC B-001A May 2017.jpg|thumb|left|[[C919]] developed by Chinese aerospace manufacturer [[Comac]]]]

In November 2012, the [[State Council of the People's Republic of China]] mandated a "social risk assessment" for all major industrial projects. This requirement followed mass public protests in some locations for planned projects or expansions.<ref name="NYT111212">{{cite news|title='Social Risk' Test Ordered by China for Big Projects|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/13/world/asia/china-mandates-social-risk-reviews-for-big-projects.html|access-date=13 November 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|date=12 November 2012|author=Keith Bradsher|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113032446/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/13/world/asia/china-mandates-social-risk-reviews-for-big-projects.html|archive-date=13 November 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>

Major industries include mining and ore processing; [[iron]] and [[steel]]; [[aluminium]]; [[coal]]; [[machinery]]; [[armaments]]; [[textiles]] and [[apparel]]; [[petroleum]]; [[cement]]; [[chemical]]; [[fertilizers]]; [[food processing]]; [[automobile]]s and other transportation equipment including rail cars and locomotives, ships, and aircraft; [[consumer products]] including [[footwear]], [[toy]]s, and [[electronics]]; [[telecommunications]] and [[information technology]].

Since the founding of the People's Republic, industrial development has been given considerable attention; as of 2011 46% of China's national output continued to be devoted to investment; a percentage far higher than any other nation.<ref name="NYT11612">{{cite news |title=Facing Protests, China's Business Investment Slows |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/07/business/global/facing-protests-chinas-business-investment-may-be-cooling.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=6 November 2012 |author=Keith Bradsher |access-date=7 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107090110/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/07/business/global/facing-protests-chinas-business-investment-may-be-cooling.html |archive-date=7 November 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> Among the various industrial branches the [[machine]]-building and [[metallurgy|metallurgical]] industries have received the highest priority. These two areas alone now account for about 20–30 percent of the total gross value of industrial output.<ref name="FFCTMR">{{cite web |url=http://www.florida-agriculture.com/pubs/pubform/pdf/Florida_Forestry_China_Trade_Mission_Report.pdf |title=Florida Forestry China Trade Mission Report |access-date=28 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306203818/http://www.florida-agriculture.com/pubs/pubform/pdf/Florida_Forestry_China_Trade_Mission_Report.pdf |archive-date=6 March 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> In these, as in most other areas of industry, however, [[innovation]] has generally suffered at the hands of a system that has rewarded increases in gross output rather than improvements in variety, sophistication and quality. China, therefore, still imports significant quantities of specialized steels. Overall industrial output has grown at an average rate of more than ten percent per year, having surpassed all other sectors in [[economic growth]] and degree of [[modernization]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chinability.com/Industrial%20output.htm |title=Industrial output growth 1978–2006 |publisher=Chinability.com |access-date=28 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120228235331/http://www.chinability.com/Industrial%20output.htm |archive-date=28 February 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The predominant focus of development in the [[chemical industry]] is to expand the output of chemical [[fertilizer]]s, [[plastics]], and [[synthetic fiber]]s. The growth of this industry has placed China among the world's leading producers of [[nitrogenous]] fertilizers. In the [[consumer goods]] sector the main emphasis is on textiles and [[clothing]], which also form an important part of China's exports. Textile manufacturing, a rapidly growing proportion of which consists of synthetics, account for about ten percent of the gross industrial output and continues to be important, but less so than before. The industry tends to be scattered throughout the country, but there are a number of important [[textile industry in China|textile centers]], including [[Shanghai]], [[Guangzhou]], and [[Harbin]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.allcountries.org/china_statistics/14_19_output_of_major_industrial_products.html |title=14–19: Output of Major Industrial Products |publisher=Allcountries.org |date=26 April 2006 |access-date=28 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120211212156/http://www.allcountries.org/china_statistics/14_19_output_of_major_industrial_products.html |archive-date=11 February 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="SHGDPKG">[http://www.china.org.cn/english/2003/Feb/54962.htm Shanghai's GDP Keeps Growing] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050830103443/http://www.china.org.cn/english/2003/Feb/54962.htm |date=30 August 2005 }} Xinhua News Agency 1{{spaces}}February 2003.</ref> There is a [[Growing consumer culture of China|growing consumer culture in China]].

====Steel industry====
{{main|Steel industry in China|List of steel producers|List of countries by steel production}}

[[File:Guangfa Securities Headquarters taken in November 2018.jpg|thumb|upright|Skyscrapers of [[Guangzhou]]]]
In 2020, China produced over 1053 million tonnes of steel, over half of the world total. This was an increase of 5.6% over the previous year as global steel production fell by 0.9%. China's share of global crude steel production increased from 53.3% in 2019 to 56.5% in 2020. Decreasing -2.1% in 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldsteel.org/media-centre/press-releases/2021/Global-crude-steel-output-decreases-by-0.9--in-2020.html |title=Global crude steel output decreases by 0.9% in 2020 |publisher=worldsteel.org |date=2021-01-26 |access-date=2022-02-10}}</ref>

[[Iron ore]] production kept pace with steel production in the early 1990s but was soon outpaced by imported iron ore and other metals in the early 2000s. Steel production, an estimated 140 million tons in 2000 increased to 419 million tons in 2006 and 928 million tons by 2018.

China was the top exporter of steel in the world in 2018; export volumes in 2018 were 66.9 million tons, a nine percent decrease over the previous year. It again decreased in 2021 to 66.2 million tons.<ref>[http://english.people.com.cn/90001/6590861.html Steel exports fall in 2008{{snd}}People's Daily Online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091102151634/http://english.people.com.cn/90001/6590861.html |date=2 November 2009 }}. English.people.com.cn (12 February 2009). Retrieved on 6 August 2010.</ref> The decline slowed China's decade-old steel export growth. As of 2012 steel exports faced widespread [[Dumping (pricing policy)|anti-dumping taxes]] and had not returned to pre-2008 levels.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://www.trade.gov/steel/countries/pdfs/exports-china.pdf|title=Steel Exports Report: China|website=US Department of Commerce|access-date=23 June 2019|archive-date=23 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190623005352/https://www.trade.gov/steel/countries/pdfs/exports-china.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Domestic demand remained strong, particularly in the developing west where steel production in [[Xinjiang]] was expanding.<ref name="NYTSteel2012">{{cite news |title=In China's Floundering Steel Sector, the Burden of Politics |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/04/business/global/in-chinas-floundering-steel-sector-the-burden-of-politics.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=3 May 2012 |agency=Reuters |access-date=4 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505212532/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/04/business/global/in-chinas-floundering-steel-sector-the-burden-of-politics.html |archive-date=5 May 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>

For the year 2018, China's steel industry reported profits of CNY 470 billion ($70{{spaces}}billion), which was 39% higher than the year before.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://steelguru.com/steel/China%20steel%20industry%20sees%20profits%20in%202018%20up%2039pct/533252?type=steel|title=China steel industry sees profits in 2018 up 39pct|last=|website=SteelGuru India|language=en|access-date=23 June 2019}}</ref>

Of the 45 largest steel producing companies in the world, 21 are Chinese, including the world's largest, [[China Baowu Steel Group]].

====Automotive industry====
{{main|Automotive industry in China}}

China is the world's largest automobile producer, manufacturing more than 27 million vehicles in 2018. For comparison, the corresponding numbers for the US and Japan were 11.3 million and 9.7 million respectively. By 2006 China had become the world's third largest automotive vehicle manufacturer (after US and Japan) and the second largest consumer (only after the US). However, four years later, in 2010, China was manufacturing more vehicles than the U.S. and Japan combined. [[Automobile]] manufacturing has soared during the reform period. In 1975 only 139,800 automobiles were produced annually, but by 1985 production had reached 443,377, then jumped to nearly 1.1 million by 1992 and increased fairly evenly each year up until 2001, when it reached 2.3 million. In 2002 production rose to nearly 3.25 million and then jumped to 4.44 million in 2003, 5.07 million in 2004, 5.71 million in 2005, 7.28 million in 2006, 8.88 million in 2007, 9.35 million in 2008 and 13.83 million in 2009. China has become the number-one automaker in the world as of 2009. Domestic sales have kept pace with production. After respectable annual increases in the mid- and late 1990s, passenger car sales soared in the early 2000s.

In 2010, China became the world's largest automotive vehicle manufacturer as well as the largest consumer ahead of the [[United States]] with an estimated 18 million new cars sold.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-01-10/china-2010-auto-sales-reach-18-million-extend-lead-update1-.html |title=China 2010 Auto Sales Reach 18 Million, Extend Lead |publisher=Bloomberg |date=10 January 2011 |access-date=27 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622215636/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-01-10/china-2010-auto-sales-reach-18-million-extend-lead-update1-.html |archive-date=22 June 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> However, new car sales grew only by an estimated 1% between 2011 and 2012 due to the escalation in the [[Spratly Islands dispute]], which involved [[Japan]], the world's third largest producer of vehicles.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gasnier |first=Matt |url=http://bestsellingcarsblog.com/2013/02/16/world-2012-the-20-biggest-car-markets-thailand-shoots-up/ |title=World 2012 – The 20 biggest car markets: Thailand shoots up! |publisher=bestsellingcarsblog.com |date=16 February 2013 |access-date=16 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130219034221/http://bestsellingcarsblog.com/2013/02/16/world-2012-the-20-biggest-car-markets-thailand-shoots-up/ |archive-date=19 February 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>

China's automotive industry has been so successful that it began exporting car parts in 1999. China began to plan major moves into the automobile and components export business starting in 2005. A new [[Honda]] factory in [[Guangzhou]] was built in 2004 solely for the export market and was expected to ship 30,000 passenger vehicles to Europe in 2005. By 2004, twelve major foreign automotive manufacturers had [[joint-venture]] plants in China. They produced a wide range of automobiles, [[minivan]]s, [[sport utility vehicle]]s, [[bus]]es, and [[truck]]s. In 2003 China exported US$4.7{{spaces}}billion worth of vehicles and components. The vehicle export was 78,000 units in 2004, 173,000 units in 2005, and 340,000 units in 2006. The vehicle and component export is targeted to reach US$70{{spaces}}billion by 2010.{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}} China's exports of cars increased significantly since 2020, becoming the world's second-largest exporter of cars in 2022 after Japan.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ren |first=Daniel |date=15 January 2023 |title=China closes gap with Japan after 2022 car exports surpass Germany with 54.4 per cent surge to 3.11 million vehicles |work=[[South China Morning Post]] |url=https://www.scmp.com/business/china-business/article/3206875/chinas-car-exports-surpass-germanys-after-544-cent-surge-311-million-2022-narrowing-japans-lead |access-date=16 May 2023}}</ref>

The market for domestically produced cars, under a local name, is likely to continue to grow both inside China and outside. Companies such as [[Geely]], [[Qiantu Motor|Qiantu]] and [[Chery]] are constantly evaluating new international locations, both in developing and developed countries.<ref>Alon, Ilan, Marc Fetscherin, Marc Sardy (2008), "Geely Motors: A Chinese Automaker Enters International Markets", ''International Journal of Chinese Culture and Management'', 1 (4), 489–498.</ref>

==== Electric vehicle industry ====
{{main|Electric vehicle industry in China|Plug-in electric vehicles in China}}

[[File:BYD Han DM 001.jpg|thumb| [[BYD Han|BYD]] with Dual Mode hybrid engine]]
The electric vehicle industry in China is the largest in the world, accounting for around 57.4% of global production of EVs and around 500,000 exports in 2021.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Electric-cars-in-China/China-led-world-with-500-000-electric-car-exports-in-2021#:~:text=According%20to%20Nikkei%20research%20based,Japan%20accounted%20for%20just%200.9%25 | title=China led world with 500,000 electric car exports in 2021 }}</ref> In 2021, CAAM reported China had sold 3.34 million passenger electric vehicles, consisting 2.73 million BEVs (battery-only EVs) and 0.6 million PHEV (plug-in hybrid electric vehicles),<ref name="auto">{{cite web | url=http://en.caam.org.cn/Index/show/catid/54/id/1656.html | title=Sales of New Energy Vehicles in December 2021 - China Association of Automobile Manufacturers(CAAM) }}</ref> which is around 53% share of the global market of 6.23 million "new energy" passenger vehicles – BEVs, PHEVs, and HEVs.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://thedriven.io/2022/02/08/china-regains-dominance-of-global-ev-market-with-53-of-global-sales-in-2021/ | title=China regains dominance of global EV market, with 53% of global sales in 2021 | date=7 February 2022 }}</ref> China also dominates the plug-in [[electric bus]] and [[light commercial vehicle]] market, reaching over 500,000 buses (98% of global stock) and 247,500 electric commercial vehicles (65% of global stock) in 2019,<ref name="EVOutlook2020">{{cite web |url=https://webstore.iea.org/download/direct/2807?fileName=Global_EV_Outlook_2019.pdf |title=Global EV Outlook 2020: Entering the decade of electric drive? |author=[[International Energy Agency]] (IEA), Clean Energy Ministerial, and Electric Vehicles Initiative (EVI) |publisher=IEA Publications |date=June 2020 |access-date=2020-06-15 |archive-date=13 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513153402/https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-products |url-status=dead }} ''See Statistical annex, pp. 247–252 (See Tables A.1 and A.12). The global stock of plug-in electric passenger vehicles totaled 7.2 million cars at the end of 2019, of which, 47% were on the road in China. The stock of plug-in cars consist of 4.8 million battery electric cars (66.6%) and 2.4 million plug-in hybrids (33.3%). In addition, the stock of light commercial plug-in electric vehicles in use totaled 378 thousand units in 2019, and about half a million electric buses were in circulation, most of which are in China.''</ref> and recording new sales of 186,000 commercial EVs in 2021.<ref name="auto" />

Plug-in electric vehicle (BEV and PHEV) sales was 15% of the overall automotive sales in China in 2021.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://cleantechnica.com/2022/01/22/plugin-electric-vehicles-get-21-share-of-auto-market-in-another-record-month-in-china/ | title=Plugin Electric Vehicles Get 21% Share of Auto Market in Another Record Month in China | date=22 January 2022 }}</ref> NEV adoption rapidly increased to a record 28% in March 2022, and according to BYD chairman Wang Chuanfu could reach 35% by end of 2022, exceeding the government goal of 20% by 2025.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.aastocks.com/en/stocks/news/aafn-news/NOW.1172328/2 | title=No related news }}</ref> The plug-in market in China was dominated by Chinese companies, with [[BYD Auto]] and [[SAIC Motor]] occupying the top two spots, and 5 out of the top 7 spots.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://insideevs.com/news/563375/china-plugin-car-sales-december2021/ | title=China Sets Massive Record: 500,000 Plug-In Cars Sold in December 2021 }}</ref>

====Battery industry====

The battery industry is closely related to the EV industry as batteries constitute around 1/3 of the cost of EVs<ref>{{cite web | url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Materials/Japan-battery-material-producers-lose-spark-as-China-races-ahead2#selection-2549.353-2557.282 | title=Japan battery material producers lose spark as China races ahead }}</ref> and around 80% of lithium-ion batteries in the world are used in EVs.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.woodmac.com/press-releases/global-lithium-ion-battery-capacity-to-rise-five-fold-by-2030/ | title=Global lithium-ion battery capacity to rise five-fold by 2030 | date=22 March 2022 }}</ref> The industry also has significant Chinese presence, with major players including world's largest [[CATL]], [[BYD Company|BYD]], CALB, Gotion, SVOLT and WeLion.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.electrive.com/2022/02/08/catl-outgrows-the-battery-competition/ | title=CATL outgrows the battery competition | date=8 February 2022 }}</ref>

====Semiconductor industry====
{{main|Semiconductor industry in China}}

The Chinese semiconductor industry, including [[Integrated circuit|IC]] design and manufacturing, forms a major part of China's IT industry. China's semiconductor industry consists of a wide variety of companies, from [[integrated device manufacturer]]s to [[Semiconductor fabrication plant|pure-play foundries]] to [[fabless semiconductor company|fabless semiconductor companies]]. [[Integrated device manufacturer]]s (IDMs) design and manufacture integrated circuits. [[Semiconductor fabrication plant|Pure-play foundries]] only manufacture devices for other companies, without designing them, while [[fabless semiconductor company|fabless semiconductor companies]] only design devices. Examples of Chinese IDMs are [[YMTC]] and [[Changxin Memory Technologies|CXMT]], examples of Chinese pure-play foundries are [[Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation|SMIC]], [[Hua Hong Semiconductor]] and [[Wingtech]], and examples of Chinese fabless companies are [[Zhaoxin]], [[HiSilicon]] and [[UNISOC]].

China is the currently the world's largest semiconductor market in terms of consumption. In 2020, China represented 53.7% of worldwide chip sales, or $239.45 billion out of $446.1 billion. However, a large percentage are imported from multinational suppliers. In 2020, imports took up 83.38% ($199.7 billion) of total chip sales. In response, the country has launched a number of initiatives to close the gap, including investing $150 billion into its domestic IC industry, with a "Made in China 2025" goal of 70% domestic production.<ref name="semiengineering.com">{{Cite web|url=https://semiengineering.com/china-accelerates-foundry-power-semi-efforts/|title = China Accelerates Foundry, Power Semi Efforts|date = 22 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://semianalysis.com/the-impending-chinese-nand-apocalypse-ymtc-128-layer-nand-is-the-first-semiconductor-where-china-is-technologically-competitive/|title=The Impending Chinese NAND Apocalypse – YMTC 128 Layer NAND is the First Semiconductor Where China is Technologically Competitive|date=28 September 2021|access-date=29 March 2022|archive-date=7 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220507092752/https://semianalysis.com/the-impending-chinese-nand-apocalypse-ymtc-128-layer-nand-is-the-first-semiconductor-where-china-is-technologically-competitive/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Allen |first=Gregory C. |date=May 3, 2023 |title=China's New Strategy for Waging the Microchip Tech War |url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/chinas-new-strategy-waging-microchip-tech-war |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703142933/https://www.csis.org/analysis/chinas-new-strategy-waging-microchip-tech-war |archive-date=July 3, 2023 |access-date=July 3, 2023 |website=Center for Strategic and International Studies}}</ref>

China leads the world in terms of number of new fabs under construction, with 8 out of 19 worldwide in 2021, and 17 fabs in total are expected to start construction from 2021 to 2023. Total installed capacity of Chinese-owned chipmakers will also increase from 2.96 million wafers per month (wpm) in 2020 to 3.572 million wpm in 2021.<ref name="semiengineering.com" />

====Other industries====
{{further|Electronics industry in China|Pharmaceutical industry in China|Shipping industry of China}}

Substantial investments were made in the manufacture of [[solar panel]]s and [[wind generator]]s by a number of companies, supported by liberal loans by banks and local governments. However, by 2012 manufacturing capacity had far outstripped domestic and global demand for both products, particularly solar panels, which were subjected to anti-dumping penalties by both the United States and Europe. The global oversupply has resulted in bankruptcies and production cutbacks both inside and outside China. China has budgeted $50{{spaces}}billion to subsidize production of solar power over the two decades following 2015 but, even at the sharply reduced price resulting from oversupply, as of 2012 cost of solar power in China remained three times that of power produced by conventional coal-fired power plants.<ref name="NYT10412">{{cite news|title=Glut of Solar Panels Poses a New Threat to China|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/05/business/global/glut-of-solar-panels-is-a-new-test-for-china.html|access-date=5 October 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|date=4 October 2012|author=Keith Bradsher|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005074556/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/05/business/global/glut-of-solar-panels-is-a-new-test-for-china.html|archive-date=5 October 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Huawei MateBook - Mobile World Congress 2016 (25472304356).jpg|thumb|[[Huawei MateBook series]] at a World Mobile Congress]]
China is the world's biggest sex toy producer and accounts for 70% of the worldwide sex toys production.<ref name="sex-toy">{{cite news|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2010-07/10/content_10090553.htm|title=Nation becomes world's biggest sex-toy producer|author=China Daily|date=10 July 2010|access-date=11 July 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100915045156/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2010-07/10/content_10090553.htm|archive-date=15 September 2010}}</ref> In the country, 1,000 manufacturers are active in this industry, which generates about two billion dollars a year.<ref name="sex-toy" />

As of 2011, China was the world's largest market for personal computers<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424053111903461304576525852486131230?mod=googlenews_wsj | work=The Wall Street Journal | first=Owen | last=Fletcher | title=China Passes U.S. as World's Biggest PC Market | date=24 August 2011 | access-date=3 August 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923095604/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424053111903461304576525852486131230?mod=googlenews_wsj | archive-date=23 September 2017 | url-status=live }}</ref> Since 2019, Samsung Electronics, Hyundai Motors, Kia Motors and LG Electronics are moving some or all production out of China, in order to reduce overdependence on the Chinese market and avoid risks related with increased local competition, China's economic slowdown and the [[US-China trade war]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Business-trends/South-Korean-companies-shift-production-out-of-China|title=South Korean companies shift production out of China|website=Nikkei Asian Review}}</ref>

===Services===
Prior to the onset of economic reforms in 1978, China's services sector was characterized by state-operated [[Retailing|shops]], [[rationing]], and regulated prices{{snd}}with reform came private markets, individual entrepreneurs, and a commercial sector. The [[wholesale]] and [[retail]] trade has expanded quickly, with numerous [[shopping mall]]s, retail shops, restaurant chains and hotels constructed in urban areas. [[Public administration]] remains a main component of the service sector, while [[Tourism in China|tourism]] has become a significant factor in [[employment]] and a source of [[foreign exchange reserves|foreign exchange]].<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Alon|editor1-first=Ilan|title=Chinese Economic Transition and International Marketing Strategy|date=2003|publisher=Praeger|location=Westport, Conn.|isbn=9781567205879|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hHvAi53-F8cC|access-date=11 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624043507/https://books.google.com/books?id=hHvAi53-F8cC&printsec=frontcover|archive-date=24 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Telecommunications====
{{main|Telecommunications in China|Telecommunications industry in China}}

The affordability of mobile phones and internet data in China has resulted in the number of mobile internet users in China surpassing the number of computer internet users.<ref name=":03">{{Cite book |last=Parzyan |first=Anahit |url= |title=China and Eurasian Powers in a Multipolar World Order 2.0: Security, Diplomacy, Economy and Cyberspace |date=2023 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |others=Mher Sahakyan |isbn=978-1-003-35258-7 |edition= |location=New York |pages= |chapter=China's Digital Silk Road: Empowering Capabilities for Digital Leadership in Eurasia |oclc=1353290533}}</ref>{{Rp|pages=178}}

China's number of Internet users or [[netizens]] topped 137 million by the end of 2006,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.chinadaily.net/china/2007-01/24/content_790804.htm |title=Internet users to log in at world No.1 |work= China Daily |date= 24 January 2007 |access-date=28 February 2012}}</ref> an increase of 23.4% from a year before and 162 million by June 2007, making China the second-largest Internet user after the United States, according to China's [[Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of the People's Republic of China|Ministry of Information Industry]] (MII). China's mobile phone penetration rate was 34% in 2007. In 2006, mobile phone users sent 429 billion text messages (on average 967 text messages per user). For 2006, the number of [[landline|fixed-lines]] grew by 79%, mainly in the rural areas.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7140300.stm "Emerging giants spur telecom boom"], BBC News, {{Nowrap|12 December}} 2007.</ref> By 2021, the number of Internet users in China increased to over 1.05 billion.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 2021 |title=The 48th Statistical Report on China's Internet Development |url=https://www.cnnic.com.cn/IDR/ReportDownloads/202212/P020221209344717199824.pdf |publisher=[[CNNIC]]}}</ref>

==== Consumer internet ====
China's economy is one of the world's leaders in consumer internet and [[Mobile payment|mobile payments]].<ref name=":9222">{{Cite book |last=Šebeňa |first=Martin |title=Contemporary China: a New Superpower? |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2023 |isbn=978-1-03-239508-1 |editor-last=Kironska |editor-first=Kristina |chapter=Technological Power |editor-last2=Turscanyi |editor-first2=Richard Q.}}</ref>{{Rp|page=130}} Mobile payment methods via apps including [[Alipay]] and [[WeChat Pay]] were quickly adopted in China in part due to the relative lack of credit cards in the country.<ref name=":9222" />{{Rp|page=130}} This technological [[leapfrogging]] also led to a boom in online shopping and retail banking.<ref name=":9222" />{{Rp|page=130}}

====Tourism====
{{main|Tourism in China|List of World Heritage Sites in China}}

China hosts the world's [[World Heritage Sites by country#Countries with major concentrations of World Heritage Sites|largest number]] of [[World Heritage Site]]s ([[List of World Heritage Sites in China|55]]). China's [[tourism industry]] is one of the fastest-growing industries in the national economy and is also one of the industries with a very distinct global competitive edge. According to the [[World Travel and Tourism Council]], travel and tourism directly contributed CNY 1,362 billion (US$216{{spaces}}billion) to the Chinese economy (about 2.6% of GDP).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131029184218/http://wttc.org/site_media/uploads/downloads/china2013.pdf "China Travel & Tourism Economic Impact Report"] (2013), [[World Travel and Tourism Council]].</ref> In 2011, total international tourist arrivals was 58 million, and international tourism receipts were US$48{{spaces}}billion.<ref>[http://dtxtq4w60xqpw.cloudfront.net/sites/all/files/pdf/unwto_highlights13_en_lr.pdf "UNWTO Tourism Highlights"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130718115306/http://dtxtq4w60xqpw.cloudfront.net/sites/all/files/pdf/unwto_highlights13_en_lr.pdf |date=18 July 2013 }}, [[World Tourism Organization]], 2013.</ref>

Chinese [[business travel]] spending is also forecast to be the highest in the world by 2014, overtaking the United States. According to a Global Business Travel Association study, total business-travel spending is expected to reach US$195{{spaces}}billion in 2012.<ref>{{cite news| title=Continued growth in Chinese business travel next year: GBTA study| url=http://www.ttgmice.com/index.php/magazine/?term_id&issues&ID=31105| newspaper=TTGmice| date=October 2012| access-date=9 November 2012}} {{Dead link|date=May 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

====Luxury goods====
{{main|Luxury goods of China}}

Hong Kong and Macau benefit from favorable taxation rules and are favored locations for tourists from elsewhere in China to purchase luxury goods like cosmetics, jewelry, and designer fashion goods.<ref name=":132">{{Cite book |last=Simpson |first=Tim |title=Betting on Macau: Casino Capitalism and China's Consumer Revolution |date=2023 |publisher=[[University of Minnesota Press]] |isbn=978-1-5179-0031-1 |series=Globalization and Community series |location=Minneapolis}}</ref>{{Rp|page=116}}

[[Porcelain]] has long been one of China's most important luxury exports.<ref name=":132" />{{Rp|page=226}} It was especially important to early trade between China and the West, with much of that trade being conducted through Macau.<ref name=":132" />{{Rp|page=226}}

After a 2012 ban on government agencies purchasing luxury goods, often used as "gifts", sales of [[luxury goods of China|luxury goods in China]] remained strong but slowed, even falling slightly for luxury retailers in the 4th quarter of 2012,<ref name="Caixin022613">{{cite news |title=China's Frills and Posh Market Springs a Leak: Wealthy Chinese consumers continue to drive global demand for luxury goods, but the engine is losing steam |url=http://english.caixin.com/2013-02-26/100494654.html |publisher=Caixin |date=26 February 2013 |author=Qu Yunxu |access-date=26 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130302030136/http://english.caixin.com/2013-02-26/100494654.html |archive-date=2 March 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> with sales of [[Shark fin soup|shark fin]]s and [[Edible bird's nest|edible swallow nest]]s, once staples of lavish government banquets, down sharply.<ref name="NYT032713">{{cite news|title=Elite in China Face Austerity Under Xi's Rule|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/28/world/asia/xi-jinping-imposes-austerity-measures-on-chinas-elite.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=27 March 2013|author=Andrew Jacobs|access-date=28 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130328095140/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/28/world/asia/xi-jinping-imposes-austerity-measures-on-chinas-elite.html|archive-date=28 March 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

Many shops in international travel destinations have specialized staff devoted to Chinese customers.<ref name="Caixin022613" />

==Labor and welfare==
{{main|Labor relations in China|Social welfare in China}}

[[File:Shanghaid02.jpg|thumb|A window washer on a skyscraper in [[Shanghai]]]]
[[File:20040906yunankama.jpg|thumb|A worker makes ceramics in [[Yunnan]]]]
[[File:Alley with miner.jpg|thumb|A Chinese coal miner at the Jin Hua Gong Mine]]In 1979–1980, the state reformed factories by giving wage increases to workers, which was immediately offset by sharply rising [[inflation]] rates of 6–7%. The reforms also dismantled the iron rice bowl, which meant it witnessed a rise in unemployment in the economy. In 1979–80 there were twenty million unemployed people.<ref>Vice-Premier [[Li Xiannian]]'s speech, published in the [[Hong Kong newspaper]] ''Ming Pao'' on 14 June 1979.</ref>

<imagemap>Image: China employment by economic sectors.png|thumb|left|This chart shows the Chinese employment by sectors during time<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20141117072912/http://www.bluenomics.com/data#!data/labour_market/employment_by_sectors/employment_by_broad_economic_sectors/employment_by_broad_economic_sectors_annual_of_tot_empl_%7Cchart/line$countries=china&sorting=list//title "Labour Market Employment By Sectors"].</ref></imagemap>
China's estimated employed labor force in 2005 totaled 791 million persons, about 60% of the total population. During 2003, 49% of the labor force worked in [[agriculture]], [[forestry]], and [[fishing]]; 22% in [[mining]], [[manufacturing]], [[energy]], and [[construction]] industries; and 29% in the [[Tertiary sector of economic activity|services]] sector and other categories. In 2004 some 25 million persons were employed by 743,000 [[private enterprise]]s. Urban wages rose rapidly from 2004 to 2007, at a rate of 13 to 19% per year with average wages near $200/month in 2007.<ref>[http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/newsandcomingevents/t20071029_402440482.htm "Average Wage of On-Duty Staff and Workers in Urban Areas Jumped in the First Three Quarters"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100717232344/http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/newsandcomingevents/t20071029_402440482.htm |date=17 July 2010 }}. [[National Bureau of Statistics of China]].　2007-10-29, 15:35:2.</ref> By 2016 the average monthly wage for workers engaged in manufacturing goods for export was $424. This wage, combined with other costs of doing business in China, had, more or less, equalized any Chinese cost advantage with respect to developed economies.<ref name="NYT72216">{{cite news |first=Michael |last=Schuman |title=Is China Stealing Jobs? It May Be Losing Them, Instead |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/23/business/international/china-jobs-donald-trump.html |work=The New York Times |date=22 July 2016 |access-date=23 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160724050641/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/23/business/international/china-jobs-donald-trump.html |archive-date=24 July 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[All-China Federation of Trade Unions]] is the country's only legally permissible trade union. Attempts to form trade unions independent of the ACFTU have been rare and short-lived. One notable example is the [[Beijing Workers' Autonomous Federation]] formed during the [[1989 Tiananmen Square protests]]. Martial Law Command Headquarters issued a public notice declaring the BWAF an illegal organization and ordering it to disband on the grounds that Federation leaders were among "the main instigators and organizers in the capital of the counterrevolutionary rebellion.<ref>{{cite journal |author2=Gong Xiaoxia |author1=Andrew G. Walder |title=Workers in the Tiananmen Protests: The Politics of the Beijing Workers' Autonomous Federation |journal=The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs |date=January 1993 |volume= 29|issue= 29|pages= 1–29|doi=10.2307/2949950 |jstor=2949950 |s2cid=155448546 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=ZHANG |first1=YUERAN |title=The Forgotten Socialists of Tiananmen Square |url=https://www.jacobinmag.com/2019/06/tiananmen-square-worker-organization-socialist-democracy |website=www.jacobinmag.com |publisher=Jacobin Magazine |access-date=12 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712200741/https://www.jacobinmag.com/2019/06/tiananmen-square-worker-organization-socialist-democracy |archive-date=12 July 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2010, the issues of manufacturing wages caused a [[wildcat strike]] at a Honda parts plant. This resulted in wage increases both at the struck plant and other industrial plants.<ref>[http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9FVQT4O0.htm "Honda suspends production in China due to strike"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529102157/http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9FVQT4O0.htm |date=29 May 2010 }} [[Associated Press]] article on Businessweek.com, 28 May 2010</ref><ref>Keith Bradsher (28 May 2010), [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/29/business/global/29strikeside.html "Workers Squeezing Honda With Especially Costly Strike"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723022636/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/29/business/global/29strikeside.html |date=23 July 2016 }} ''[[The New York Times]]''</ref><ref>Keith Bradsher and David Barboza (28 May 2010), [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/29/business/global/29honda.html "Strike in China Highlights Gap in Workers' Pay"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113044749/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/29/business/global/29honda.html |date=13 January 2017 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]''</ref><ref>[http://www2.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2010-05/28/content_9903694.htm "Honda's China plants halt production as workers strike for higher salaries"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607031415/http://www2.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2010-05/28/content_9903694.htm |date=7 June 2011 }} [[Xinhua]] article in ''[[China Daily]]'' updated: 28 May 2010 09:42</ref><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/02/business/global/02foxconn.html "Foxconn Raises Worker Pay 30%"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225132633/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/02/business/global/02foxconn.html |date=25 February 2017 }} article from Bloomberg News printed in ''[[The New York Times]]'' 1{{spaces}}June 2010</ref>

The 2010 census found that China was now half urban and rapidly aging due to the one child policy. This is expected to lead to increased demand for labor to take care of an elderly population and a reduced supply of migrant labor from the countryside.<ref>[http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia-pacific/2011/04/201142852019929352.html "China is ageing and growing more slowly"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110428112636/http://english.aljazeera.net//news/asia-pacific/2011/04/201142852019929352.html |date=28 April 2011 }}. ''Al Jazeera'', 28 April 2011.</ref>

Due to worsening pollution, the corruption and political uncertainties of the [[one-party state]] and the limited economic freedom in an economy dominated by large state-owned enterprises, many skilled professionals are either leaving the country or preparing safety nets for themselves abroad.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/chinas-millionaire-exodus-as-wealthy-flee-with-america-the-preferred-destination-9069551.html |title=China's millionaire exodus as wealthy flee with America the preferred destination |last=Boren |first=Zachary |date=18 January 2014 |work=The Independent |location=London |access-date=14 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915072540/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/chinas-millionaire-exodus-as-wealthy-flee-with-america-the-preferred-destination-9069551.html |archive-date=15 September 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news-subclass-cnt.aspx?id=20140212000018&cid=1103&MainCatID=0 |title=Pollution sees middle, upper class exodus from China's major cities |date=12 February 2014 |access-date=11 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221225619/http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news-subclass-cnt.aspx?id=20140212000018&cid=1103&MainCatID=0 |archive-date=21 February 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Johnson, Ian. [https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/01/world/asia/wary-of-future-many-professionals-leave-china.html?pagewanted=all "Wary of Future, Professionals Leave China in Record Numbers"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225132236/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/01/world/asia/wary-of-future-many-professionals-leave-china.html?pagewanted=all |date=25 February 2017 }}. ''[[The New York Times]]'', 31 October 2012.</ref> In the decade up to 2014, ten million Chinese emigrated to other countries, taking assets and their technical skills.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news-subclass-cnt.aspx?id=20140123000098&cid=1103&MainCatID=0 |title=Migration gap in China alarming: report |date=23 January 2014 |work=Want China Times |access-date=23 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201184548/http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news-subclass-cnt.aspx?id=20140123000098&cid=1103&MainCatID=0 |archive-date=1 February 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>

A law approved February 2013 will mandate a nationwide minimum wage at 40% average urban salaries to be phased in fully by 2015.<ref name="bbcmw">[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-21347819 "China promises rise in minimum wage to close income gap"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171127222220/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-21347819 |date=27 November 2017 }} BBC News, 6 February 2013</ref>

== State-owned enterprises ==
{{Main|State-owned enterprises of China}}

China's SOEs perform important functions that benefit the state.<ref name=":32">{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1354535847 |title=CPC Futures The New Era of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics |date=2022 |publisher=[[National University of Singapore Press]] |others=Frank N. Pieke, Bert Hofman |isbn=978-981-18-5206-0 |location=Singapore |pages=138 |oclc=1354535847}}</ref> Academic Wendy Leutert writes, "They contribute to central and local governments revenues through dividends and taxes, support urban employment, keep key input prices low, channel capital towards targeted industries and technologies, support sub-national redistribution to poorer interior and western provinces, and aid the state's response to natural disasters, financial crises and social instability."<ref name=":32" />

As of 2017, China has more SOEs than any other country, and the most SOEs among large national companies.<ref name=":32" /> State-owned enterprises accounted for over 60% of China's market capitalization in 2019<ref>{{cite web |last=Hissey |first=Ian |date=17 December 2019 |title=Investing in Chinese State-Owned Enterprises |url=https://insight.factset.com/investing-in-chinese-state-owned-enterprises |access-date=15 March 2021 |website=insight.factset.com}}</ref> and generated 40% of China's GDP of US$15.98{{spaces}}trillion dollars (101.36 trillion yuan) in 2020, with domestic and foreign private businesses and investment accounting for the remaining 60%.<ref>{{cite web |last=Tjan |first=Sie Tek |date=21 May 2020 |title=How reform has made China's state-owned enterprises stronger |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/05/how-reform-has-made-chinas-state-owned-enterprises-stronger/ |access-date=19 October 2020 |website=www.weforum.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=CBNEditor |date=18 January 2021 |title=China's GDP Breaches 100 Trillion Yuan Threshold after Posting 2.3% Growth in 2020, Disposable Income up 4.7% |url=https://www.chinabankingnews.com/2021/01/18/chinas-gdp-breaches-100-trillion-yuan-threshold-after-posting-2-3-growth-in-2020-disposable-income-up-4-7/ |access-date=13 April 2021 |website=China Banking News |language=en-US}}</ref> As of the end of 2019, the total assets of all China's SOEs, including those operating in the financial sector, reached US$58.97{{spaces}}trillion In 2015.<ref>{{cite web |last=Tjan |first=Sie Tek |date=17 October 2020 |title=China State Firms' Assets grow even as the Government presses for lighter debt |url=https://www.caixinglobal.com |access-date=19 October 2020 |website=www.caixinglobal.com}}</ref> Ninety-one (91) of these SOEs belong to the 2020 Fortune Global 500 companies.<ref>{{cite web |last=Tjan |first=Sie tek |date=18 August 2020 |title=The Biggest but not the Strongest: China's place in the Fortune Global 500 |url=https://www.csis.org |access-date=19 October 2020 |website=www.csis.org}}</ref>

==External trade==
{{main|History of trade of the People's Republic of China}}{{Further|List of the largest trading partners of China|List of exports of China|List of Chinese administrative divisions by exports|China–United States trade war}}
{{More citations needed section|date=January 2021}}
[[File:2006Chinese exports.PNG|thumb|300px|Global distribution of Chinese exports in 2006 as a percentage of the top market]]
[[International trade]] makes up a sizeable portion of China's overall economy. China became a member of the [[World Trade Organization]] in 2001.<ref>{{cite web |title=China – Member information |url=http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/countries_e/china_e.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901095845/http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/countries_e/china_e.htm |archive-date=1 September 2014 |access-date=28 August 2014 |publisher=WTO}}</ref> It also has [[free trade agreement]]s with several nations, including [[ASEAN–China Free Trade Area|ASEAN]], [[China–Australia Free Trade Agreement|Australia]], [[Cambodia]], [[New Zealand–China Free Trade Agreement|New Zealand]], [[Pakistan]], [[China–South Korea Free Trade Agreement|South Korea]] and [[Switzerland]].<ref>{{cite web |title=China, Switzerland sign free trade agreement |url=http://www.eubusiness.com/news-eu/china-switzerland.pqa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024102431/http://www.eubusiness.com/news-eu/china-switzerland.pqa/ |archive-date=24 October 2013 |access-date=14 November 2013 |publisher=eubusiness.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=China FTA Network |url=http://fta.mofcom.gov.cn/enarticle/chinacambodiaen/chinacambodiaennews/202112/46486_1.html |access-date=2022-06-03 |website=fta.mofcom.gov.cn}}</ref> {{As of|2022}}, China's [[List of the largest trading partners of China|largest trading partners]] are ASEAN, the European Union, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Australia, Russia, Brazil, India, Canada, and the United Kingdom.<ref name="chinacustoms" />

During the [[Cold War]], a meaningful segment of China's trade with the [[Third World]] was financed through grants, credits, and other forms of assistance. The principal efforts were made in Asia, especially to [[Indonesia]], [[Myanmar]], Pakistan, and [[Sri Lanka]], but large loans were also granted in Africa ([[Ghana]], [[Algeria]], [[Tanzania]]) and in the Middle East ([[Egypt]]). However, after [[Mao Zedong]]'s death in 1976, these efforts were scaled back. After which, trade with developing countries became negligible, though during that time, [[Hong Kong]] and [[Taiwan]] both began to emerge as major trading partners.

Since economic reforms began in the late 1970s, China sought to decentralize its foreign trade system to integrate itself into the international trading system. In November 1991, China joined the [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]] (APEC) group, which promotes [[free trade]] and cooperation in the economic, trade, investment, and technology spheres. China served as APEC chair in 2001, and Shanghai hosted the annual APEC leaders meeting in October of that year.

After reaching a bilateral WTO agreement with the EU and other trading partners in summer 2000, China worked on a multilateral WTO accession package. China concluded multilateral negotiations on its accession to the WTO in September 2001. The completion of its accession protocol and Working Party Report paved the way for its entry into the WTO on 11 December 2001, after 16 years of negotiations, the longest in the history of the [[General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade]]. However, U.S. exporters continue to have concerns about fair market access due to China's restrictive trade policies and U.S. export restrictions. In October 2019, Chinese Vice Premier Han Zheng promised to further decrease tariffs and remove non-tariff barriers for global investors, he also welcomed multinational companies to invest more in China.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-tariff-reduce-idUSKBN1WY08M|title=China to further reduce tariffs and remove non-tariff barriers for foreign investors: Xinhua|date=19 October 2019|work=Reuters|access-date=19 October 2019|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019135448/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-tariff-reduce-idUSKBN1WY08M|archive-date=19 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Jawaharlal Nehru Trust Port.jpg|thumb|With bilateral trade exceeding US$38.6{{spaces}}billion, China is India's largest trading partner<ref>[http://news.tootoo.com/Industry_News/Latest_News/20080325/79764.html China emerges India's top trade partner] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907234848/http://news.tootoo.com/Industry_News/Latest_News/20080325/79764.html |date=7 September 2008 }}. News.tootoo.com (25 March 2008). Retrieved on 6 August 2010.</ref> and shown here is a Chinese container ship unloading its cargo at [[Jawaharlal Nehru Port]], [[Navi Mumbai]], India]]
China's global trade exceeded $4.16{{spaces}}trillion at the end of 2013, having broken the hundred-billion mark in 1988 and half a trillion by 2001. China global trade exceeded US$6 Trillion in 2021<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/20220114/d7db76814ffd47c0b50d2a8fab4988da/c.html |title=China's foreign trade hits new high in 2021-Xinhua |publisher=Xinhuanet.com |date=2022-01-14 |access-date=2022-02-10}}</ref>
The table below shows the average annual growth (in nominal US{{spaces}}dollar terms) of China's foreign trade during the reform era.

By 2020, China became the largest trading partner of more than 120 countries.<ref name=":022" />{{Rp|page=228}}

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!class="unsortable"|Period
!Two-way trade||Exports||Imports
|-
|1981–1985||+12.8%||+8.6%||+16.1%
|-
|1986–1990||+10.6%||+17.8%||+4.8%
|-
|1991–1995||+19.5%||+19.1%||+19.9%
|-
|1996–2000||+11.0%||+10.9%||+11.3%
|-
|2001–2005||+24.6%||+25.0%||+24.0%
|-
|2006–2010||+15.9%||+15.7%||+16.1%
|-
|2016–2021||+11.0%||
|}
[[File:United States Balance of Trade Deficit-pie chart.svg|thumb|U.S. trade deficit (in billions, goods only) by country in 2014]]
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://santandertrade.com/en/portal/analyse-markets/china/foreign-trade-in-figures |title=Chinese foreign trade in figures |publisher=Santandertrade.com |date=2020-11-15 |access-date=2022-02-10}}</ref>

The vast majority of China's imports consists of industrial supplies and capital goods, notably machinery and high-technology equipment, the majority of which comes from the developed countries, primarily Japan{{Citation needed|date=March 2009}} and the United States{{Citation needed|date=March 2009}}. Regionally, almost half of China's imports come from East and Southeast Asia, and about a fourth of China's exports go to the same destinations{{Citation needed|date=March 2009}}. About 80 percent of China's exports consist of manufactured goods, most of which are textiles and electronic equipment, with agricultural products and chemicals constituting the remainder. Out of the five busiest [[port]]s in the world, three are in China. The U.S. trade deficit with China reached $233{{spaces}}billion in 2006, as imports grew 18%. China's share of total U.S. imports has grown from 7% to 15% since 1996.

[[China–Russia relations#Economic relations|Trade volume between China and Russia]] reached $29.1{{spaces}}billion in 2005, an increase of 37.1% compared with 2004. A spokesman for the [[Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China|Ministry of Commerce]], Van Jingsun, said that the volume of trade between China and Russia could exceed forty billion dollars in 2007.<ref>{{cite news|title=Trade between China and Russia could exceed $40 bln in 2007|publisher=The Voice of Russia|date=2 August 2007|url=http://www.ruvr.ru/main.php?lng=eng&q=14378&cid=46&p=02.08.2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927152209/http://www.ruvr.ru/main.php?lng=eng&q=14378&cid=46&p=02.08.2007|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 September 2007|access-date=4 August 2007}}</ref> China's export of machinery and electronic goods to Russia grew 70%, which is 24% of China's total export to Russia in the first eleven months of 2005. During the same time, China's export of high-tech products to Russia increased by 58%, and that is 7% of China's total exports to Russia. Also at that time period, border trade between the two countries reached $5.13{{spaces}}billion, growing 35% and accounting for nearly 20% of the total trade. Most of China's exports to Russia remain apparel and footwear. Russia is China's eighth largest trade partner and China is now Russia's fourth largest trade partner, and China now has over 750 investment projects in Russia, involving $1.05{{spaces}}billion. China's contracted investment in Russia totaled $368{{spaces}}million during January–September 2005, twice that in 2004. By 2022, trade between China and Russia reached a record $190 billion,<ref name="chinacustoms" /> with China becoming Russia's trading partner.<ref name=":42">{{Cite web |last=Prokopenko |first=Alexandra |date=2 February 2023 |title=The Risks of Russia's Growing Dependence on the Yuan |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/politika/88926 |access-date=2 March 2023 |website=[[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]]}}</ref>

[[File:E7210-NN-kitaj-auto.jpg|thumb|Chinese cars at a dealer's lot in [[Nizhny Novgorod]], the traditional capital of the Russian automotive industry]]
Chinese imports from Russia are mainly those of energy sources, such as crude oil, which is mostly transported by rail, and electricity exports from neighboring Siberian and Far Eastern regions. In the near future, exports of both of these commodities are set to increase, as Russia is building the [[Eastern Siberia-Pacific Ocean oil pipeline]] with a branch going to the Chinese border, and Russian power grid monopoly UES is building some of its hydropower stations with a view of future exports to China.

Export growth has continued to be a major component supporting China's rapid economic growth. To increase exports, China pursued policies such as fostering the rapid development of foreign-invested factories, which assembled imported components into consumer goods for export and liberalizing trading rights. In its [[Eleventh Five-Year Plan (People's Republic of China)|11th Five-Year Program]], adopted in 2005, China placed greater emphasis on developing a consumer demand-driven economy to sustain economic growth and address imbalances.

China is a member of the [[Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership]] (RCEP), the world's largest free-trade area which was signed into agreement in November 2020. The RCEP, which includes China, Japan, South Korea, Australia, New Zealand and the ASEAN nations, represents about a third of the world's population and 29% of global gross domestic product. The RCEP aims to eliminate tariffs on a variety of products within 20 years.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-54949260|title=RCEP: Asia-Pacific countries form world's largest trading bloc|date=16 September 2020|work=BBC|access-date=30 September 2020}}</ref> On 17 September 2021, China formally applied to join another large Asia-Pacific free-trade pact, the [[Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership]] (CPTPP).<ref name="Chinese Premier's signal">{{Cite news |date=17 September 2021 |title=China applies to join Pacific trade pact to boost economic clout |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/china/china-officially-applies-join-cptpp-trade-pact-2021-09-16/ |access-date=23 May 2023}}</ref>

==Foreign investment==
{{see also|Foreign Investment Law of the People's Republic of China|Qualified Domestic Institutional Investor|Qualified Foreign Institutional Investor|China Investment Promotion Agency|China Council for the Promotion of International Trade|Ministry of Commerce (China)}}
In 2022, China was amongst the world's largest recipient of inward [[foreign direct investment]] (FDI), attracting $180 billion, though most of these were speculated to be from Hong Kong.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 January 2023 |title=China Foreign Investment Posts Record Slump as Covid Zero Ended |work=[[Bloomberg News]] |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-01-19/china-foreign-investment-posts-record-slump-as-covid-zero-ended |access-date=15 May 2023}}</ref> As of the end of June 2020, FDI stock in China reached US$2.947{{spaces}}trillion, and China's outgoing FDI stock stood at US$2.128{{spaces}}trillion. The total foreign financial assets owned by China reached US$7.860{{spaces}}trillion, and its foreign financial liabilities US$5.716{{spaces}}trillion, making China the second largest creditor nation after Japan in the world.<ref>{{cite web |last=Tjan |first=Sie Tek |date=25 September 2020 |title=SAFE releases China's net International Investment Position (NIIP) as of the end of June 2020 |url=https://www.safe.gov.cn |access-date=19 October 2020 |website=www.safe.gov.cn}}</ref>

China's investment climate has changed dramatically with more than two decades of reform. In the early 1980s, China restricted foreign investments to export-oriented operations and required foreign investors to form joint-venture partnerships with Chinese firms. The [[Encouraged Industry Catalogue]] sets out the degree of foreign involvement allowed in various industry sectors. From the beginning of the reforms legalizing foreign investment, capital inflows expanded every year until 1999.<ref>China Statistical Yearbook 2007, Table 18-14: http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2007/indexeh.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220113912/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2007/indexeh.htm |date=20 December 2008 }}</ref> Foreign-invested enterprises account for 58–60% of China's imports and exports.<ref>China Statistical Yearbook 2007, Table 18-13: http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2007/indexeh.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220113912/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2007/indexeh.htm |date=20 December 2008 }}</ref>

Since the early 1990s, the government has allowed foreign investors to manufacture and sell a wide range of goods on the domestic market, eliminated time restrictions on the establishment of joint ventures, provided some assurances against [[nationalization]], allowed foreign partners to become chairs of [[joint venture]] boards, and authorized the establishment of wholly foreign-owned enterprises, now the preferred form of FDI. In 1991, China granted more preferential tax treatment for [[Wholly Foreign Owned Enterprise]]s and contractual ventures and for foreign companies, which invested in selected economic zones or in projects encouraged by the state.

China also authorized some foreign banks to open branches in [[Shanghai]] and allowed foreign investors to purchase special "B" shares of [[stock]] in selected companies listed on the [[Shanghai Stock Exchange|Shanghai]] and [[Shenzhen Stock Exchange|Shenzhen]] Securities Exchanges. These "B" shares sold to foreigners carried no ownership rights in a company. In 1997, China approved 21,046 foreign investment projects and received over $45{{spaces}}billion in [[foreign direct investment]]. China revised significantly its laws on Wholly Foreign-Owned Enterprises and China Foreign Equity Joint Ventures in 2000 and 2001. The Vice Minister of Finance Zhu Guangyao announced, foreign investors will be allowed to own up to 51% on domestic financial service companies. Formerly foreign ownership was limited to a 49% stake in these firms.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.faz.net/1.5285864|title=Öffnung des Finanzmarktes: Ausländer dürfen Mehrheit an chinesischen Banken übernehmen|newspaper=Faz.net|via=www.faz.net}}</ref>

Foreign investment remains a strong element in China's rapid expansion in world trade and has been an important factor in the growth of urban jobs. China's economic leadership on global capital flows emphasizes long-term infrastructure and development finance over short-term flows which, under the current order, have imposed large costs on many economies.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Broz |first1=J. Lawrence |last2=Zhang |first2=Zhiwen |last3=Wang |first3=Gaoyang |title=Explaining Foreign Support for China's Global Economic Leadership |journal=International Organization |date=2020 |volume=74 |issue=3 |pages=417–452 |doi=10.1017/S0020818320000120|s2cid=226865956 }}</ref> In 1998, foreign-invested enterprises produced about 40% of China's exports, and foreign exchange reserves totaled about $145{{spaces}}billion. Foreign-invested enterprises today produce about half of China's exports (the majority of China's foreign investment come from [[Hong Kong]], [[Macau]] and [[Taiwan]]), and China continues to attract large investment inflows. However, the Chinese government's emphasis on guiding FDI into manufacturing has led to market saturation in some industries, while leaving China's services sectors underdeveloped. From 1993 to 2001, China was the world's second-largest recipient of [[foreign direct investment]] (FDI) after the United States, receiving $39{{spaces}}billion in 1999 and $41{{spaces}}billion in 2000. China is now one of the leading FDI recipients in the world, receiving almost $80{{spaces}}billion in 2005 according to World Bank statistics. In 2006, China received $69.47{{spaces}}billion.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/01/15/business/yuan.php |title=Foreign investment in China rebounds |work=International Herald Tribune |date=15 January 2007 |access-date=28 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013101238/http://iht.com/articles/2007/01/15/business/yuan.php |archive-date=13 October 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref> By 2011, with the U.S. seeing a decline in foreign investment following the [[Financial crisis of 2007–08|2008 financial crisis]], China overtook it as the top destination for FDI, receiving over $280{{spaces}}billion that year.<ref>{{cite web|title = Foreign direct investment, net inflows (BoP, current US$) {{!}} Data {{!}} Table|url = http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BX.KLT.DINV.CD.WD?order=wbapi_data_value_2014+wbapi_data_value+wbapi_data_value-last&sort=desc|publisher = World Bank|access-date = 29 January 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160217035319/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BX.KLT.DINV.CD.WD?order=wbapi_data_value_2014+wbapi_data_value+wbapi_data_value-last&sort=desc|archive-date = 17 February 2016|url-status = live}}</ref>

Amid slowing economic conditions and a weakening yuan in 2015, December of that year saw a 5.8% drop in FDI to China.<ref>{{cite news |author = Enda Curran |author2 = Jonathan Browning |title = Foreign Investment into China Falls as Weaker Yuan Dents Inflows |url = https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-01-20/foreign-investment-into-china-falls-as-weaker-yuan-dents-inflows |agency = Bloomberg |access-date = 29 January 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160202103521/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-01-20/foreign-investment-into-china-falls-as-weaker-yuan-dents-inflows |archive-date = 2 February 2016 |url-status = live }}</ref> While China's rank as the top receiver of FDI continued through 2014, the slowing of inbound investment in 2015 combined with a massive rebound in foreign investment to the United States resulted in the U.S. reclaiming its position as the top investment destination.<ref>{{cite news|title = U.S. Overtakes China as Top Destination for Foreign Investment|url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-overtakes-china-as-top-destination-for-foreign-investment-1453312933|newspaper = The Wall Street Journal|first = Paul|last = Hannon|access-date = 29 January 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160126110952/http://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-overtakes-china-as-top-destination-for-foreign-investment-1453312933|archive-date = 26 January 2016|url-status = live}}</ref> Data from the American Chamber of Commerce in China's ''[http://www.amchamchina.org/policy-advocacy/business-climate-survey/ 2016 China Business Climate Survey]'' confirms this trend, although it also demonstrates that China remains a top investment destination. This survey of over 500 members found that "China remains a top three investment priority for six out of ten member companies," though this is a decline from the 2012 high of eight out of ten respondents considering China a top priority.<ref>{{Cite book|title = 2016 China Business Climate Survey|publisher = American Chamber of Commerce in China|year = 2016|location = Beijing, China|page = 4|url = http://www.amchamchina.org/policy-advocacy/business-climate-survey/|access-date = 29 January 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160210134259/http://www.amchamchina.org/policy-advocacy/business-climate-survey/|archive-date = 10 February 2016|url-status = live}}</ref>

[[Foreign exchange reserve of the People's Republic of China|Foreign exchange reserves]] totaled $155{{spaces}}billion in 1999 and $165{{spaces}}billion in 2000. [[Foreign exchange reserves]] exceeded $800{{spaces}}billion in 2005, more than doubling from 2003. Foreign exchange reserves were $819{{spaces}}billion at the end of 2005, $1.066{{spaces}}trillion at the end of 2006, $1.9{{spaces}}trillion by June 2008. In addition, by the end of September 2008 China replaced Japan for the first time as the largest foreign holder of US treasury securities with a total of $585{{spaces}}billion, vs Japan $573{{spaces}}billion. China's foreign exchange reserves are the [[List of countries by foreign exchange reserves|largest in the world]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2188rank.html|title=The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency|website=cia.gov|access-date=28 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613005020/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2188rank.html|archive-date=13 June 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref>

As part of its WTO accession, China undertook to eliminate certain trade-related investment measures and to open up specified sectors that had previously been closed to foreign investment. New laws, regulations, and administrative measures to implement these commitments are being issued. Major remaining barriers to foreign investment include opaque and inconsistently enforced laws and regulations and the lack of a rules-based legal infrastructure. Warner Bros., for instance, withdrew its cinema business in China as a result of a regulation that requires Chinese investors to own at least a 51 percent stake or play a leading role in a foreign joint venture.<ref>[http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-11/09/content_5310610.htm Warner Bros to withdraw from Chinese mainland] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013180017/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-11/09/content_5310610.htm |date=13 October 2007 }} (Xinhuanet.com, with source from China Radio International)</ref>

Another major development in the history of foreign investment in China was the establishment of the [[Shanghai Free Trade Zone]] in September 2013.<ref>[http://www.china-briefing.com/news/2013/09/28/china-releases-general-plan-and-regulations-for-the-shanghai-free-trade-zone.html "Shanghai's New Free Trade Zone{{snd}}General Plan and Regulations"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225085323/http://www.china-briefing.com/news/2013/09/28/china-releases-general-plan-and-regulations-for-the-shanghai-free-trade-zone.html |date=25 February 2014 }}, ''China Briefing'', Shanghai, 28 September 2013</ref> The Zone is considered a testing ground for a number of economic and social reforms.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dw.de/china-opens-free-trade-zone-in-shanghai/a-17121642|title=China opens free trade zone in Shanghai|publisher=Deutsche Welle|access-date=8 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708162731/http://www.dw.de/china-opens-free-trade-zone-in-shanghai/a-17121642|archive-date=8 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.waigaoqiao.gov.cn/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010302131009/http://www.waigaoqiao.gov.cn/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 March 2001 |script-title=zh:中国（上海）自由贸易试验区门户网站 |language=zh-cn |publisher=waigaoqiao.gov.cn}}</ref> Critically, foreign investment is controlled via a "negative list" approach, where FDI is permitted in all sectors unless explicitly prohibited by the inclusion of a given sector on the [[negative list of foreign investment in China|negative list]] published by the [[Shanghai Municipal Government]].<ref>[http://www.china-briefing.com/news/2013/09/30/shanghai-releases-negative-list-for-foreign-investment-in-shanghai-free-trade-zone.html "Shanghai Releases 'Negative List' for Foreign Investment in Shanghai Free Trade Zone"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718070100/http://www.china-briefing.com/news/2013/09/30/shanghai-releases-negative-list-for-foreign-investment-in-shanghai-free-trade-zone.html |date=18 July 2014 }}, ''China Briefing'', Shanghai, 9 September 2013.</ref>

On 15 March 2019, China's [[National People's Congress]] adopted the [[Foreign Investment Law of the People's Republic of China|Foreign Investment Law]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mg.mofcom.gov.cn/article/policy/201909/20190902898870.shtml|title=Foreign Investment Law of the People's Republic of China|website=mofcom.gov.cn|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016070903/http://mg2.mofcom.gov.cn/article/policy/China/201909/20190902898870.shtml|archive-date=16 October 2019|access-date=25 November 2019}}</ref> which comes into effect on 1{{spaces}}January 2020. Foreign investment in China comes with a number of ethical risks which pose major challenges which investors must navigate.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kaplan |first1=Seth D. |title=How to Navigate the Ethical Risks of Doing Business in China |url=https://hbr.org/2022/01/how-to-navigate-the-ethical-risks-of-doing-business-in-china |journal=Harvard Business Review |date=26 January 2022 |publisher=HBR |access-date=5 March 2022}}</ref>

A 2021 [[McKinsey & Company|McKinsey]] report estimated that the Chinese economy as currently the largest consumer economy measured in purchasing power parity (PPP) terms, and that it is expected to add more consumption than any other country within the next decade. Due to this and the rapid continued growth of China's middle class, large multinational companies like Walmart, have been keen to invest in China to tap into the growing domestic consumer market.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Five consumer trends shaping the next decade of growth in China {{!}} McKinsey |url=https://www.mckinsey.com/cn/our-insights/our-insights/five-consumer-trends-shaping-the-next-decade-of-growth-in-china#:~:text=China%20is%20estimated%20to%20be,according%20to%20our%20baseline%20scenario. |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=www.mckinsey.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cheng |first=Evelyn |date=2019-09-30 |title=China's giant middle class is still growing and companies from Walmart to start-ups are trying to cash in |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/09/30/chinas-giant-middle-class-is-still-growing-and-companies-want-in.html |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref>

===Chinese investment abroad===
[[File:TCL 4K tv (24478123585).jpg|thumb|A [[TCL Corporation|TCL]] television set]]
[[File:Meizu V8 Pro.jpg|thumb|A [[Meizu]] smartphone]]
[[File:Belt and Road Initiative participant map.svg|thumb|Countries which signed cooperation documents related to the [[Belt and Road Initiative]]]]
{{see also|Go Out policy}}

Outward foreign direct investment is a new feature of Chinese globalization, where local Chinese firms seek to make investments in both developing and developed countries.<ref>Alon, Ilan and John McIntyre, eds. (2008), The Globalization of Chinese Enterprises, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.</ref> It was reported in 2011 that there was increasing investment by capital rich Chinese firms in promising firms in the United States. Such investments offer access to expertise in marketing and distribution potentially useful in exploiting the developing Chinese domestic market.<ref>{{cite news |title=A Wave of Chinese Money Gives a Lift to Companies Struggling in Tough Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/07/business/smallbusiness/07sbiz.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=6 July 2011 |author=James Flanigan |access-date=7 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709115550/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/07/business/smallbusiness/07sbiz.html |archive-date=9 July 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Since 2005, Chinese companies have been actively expanding outside of China, in both developed and developing countries. In 2013, Chinese companies invested US$90{{spaces}}billion globally in non-financial sectors, 16% more than 2012.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ministry of Commerce of China |url=http://www.fdi.gov.cn/1800000121_33_3962_0_7.html |access-date=3 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714151358/http://www.fdi.gov.cn/1800000121_33_3962_0_7.html |archive-date=14 July 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Between January 2009 and December 2013, China contributed a total of $161.03bn in outward [[Foreign direct investment|FDI]], creating almost 300,000 jobs. Western Europe was the largest regional recipient of Chinese outward FDI, with Germany receiving the highest number of FDI projects for any country globally.<ref>{{cite news|title=Where is China investing?|url=http://www.fdiintelligence.com/Locations/Asia-Pacific/China/Where-is-China-investing|newspaper=[[FDi Magazine]]|date=12 August 2014|access-date=21 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821152738/http://www.fdiintelligence.com/Locations/Asia-Pacific/China/Where-is-China-investing|archive-date=21 August 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

There are two ways Chinese companies choose to enter a foreign market: organic growth and Merge & Acquisition (M&A). Many Chinese companies would prefer M&A for the following reasons:
* Fast. M&A is the fastest way for a company to expand into another country by acquiring brand, distribution, talents, and technology. Chinese CEOs has been used to growing at 50%+ speed and do not want to spend capital.
* China market. China has become the world's largest economy. Many Chinese acquire foreign companies and then bring their products/services to China, anything from premium cars to fashion clothing to meat to Hollywood movies.
* Cheap capital access. The huge Chinese domestic market help many Chinese companies accumulated financial capital to do M&A. Chinese government also provides long-term, low-interest capital for companies to expand abroad.
* Low risk. M&A helped Chinese companies avoid risk of failure of organic growth as they got an established company with everything in place.
* Cheap labor. Some companies may move part of the manufacturing in high labor cost countries to China to reduce the cost and make the product more attractive in price.
* Trade and policy barrier. Chinese companies in many sectors face quota limitation and high tax, which prevent them from being competitive in foreign markets.
* Depressed assets. 2008–2010 global economic crisis created liquidity problems for a lot of western companies and reduced their market value. Chinese companies believe it is a great opportunity for them to buy these depressed assets at discount. China's direct foreign investment in non-financial sector growth from US$25{{spaces}}billion in 2007 to US$90{{spaces}}billion in 2013, more than three times.<ref>{{cite news |date=30 October 2008 |script-title=zh:2007年度中国全行业对外直接投资统计数据 |language=zh-cn |trans-title=China's total foreign direct investment statistics for the whole year 2007 |publisher=China Daily |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/hqzg/2008-10/30/content_7159288.htm |access-date=3 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714153206/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/hqzg/2008-10/30/content_7159288.htm |archive-date=14 July 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*China is growing in investments and influencing power over Europe, and the EU has begun to take notice.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/briefing/2018/10/04/chinese-investment-and-influence-in-europe-is-growing|title=Chinese investment, and influence, in Europe is growing|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=8 October 2018|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181008183836/https://www.economist.com/briefing/2018/10/04/chinese-investment-and-influence-in-europe-is-growing|archive-date=8 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

At the beginning, state-owned enterprises dominate the foreign acquisition and most of the money goes to oil and minerals. Since 2005, more and more private companies start to acquire non-raw material foreign companies. Below is a list of the top 15 outbound deals from Chinese companies:<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://imaa-institute.org/m-and-a-in-china/|title=M&A in China – IMAA-Institute|work=IMAA-Institute|access-date=22 February 2018|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180222225839/https://imaa-institute.org/m-and-a-in-china/|archive-date=22 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!class="unsortable"|Date
!class="unsortable"|Acquirer
!class="unsortable"|Acquirer industry
!class="unsortable"|Target
!class="unsortable"|Target industry
!class="unsortable"|Target country
!Deal value in millions of USD
|-
|3 February 2016
|CNAC Saturn (NL) BV
|Chemicals
|[[Syngenta AG]]
|Chemicals
|Switzerland
|41,840.11
|-
|23 July 2012
|CNOOC Canada Holding Ltd
|Other financials
|[[Nexen Inc]]
|Oil and gas
|Canada
|19,119.31
|-
|1 February 2008
|Shining Prospect Pte Ltd
|Other financials
|[[Rio Tinto (corporation)|Rio Tinto PLC]]
|Metals and mining
|United Kingdom
|14,284.17
|-
|2 June 2017
|China Investment Corp
|Alternative financial investments
|Logicor Ltd
|Non residential
|United Kingdom
|13,742.43
|-
|14 July 2017
|Nesta Investment Holdings Ltd
|Other financials
|Global Logistic Properties Ltd
|Non residential
|Singapore
|11,553.58
|-
|22 August 2017
|China Unicom (BVI) Ltd
|Telecommunications services
|China Unicom Hong Kong Ltd
|Telecommunications services
|Hong Kong
|11,255.81
|-
|6 October 2016
|Park Aerospace Holdings Ltd
|Transportation and infrastructure
|C2 Aviation Capital LLC
|Transportation and infrastructure
|United States
|10,380.00
|-
|14 October 2015
|China Tower Corp Ltd
|Telecommunications services
|China-Telecommun tower asts
|Wireless
|China
|9,948.41
|-
|21 June 2016
|Halti SA
|Other financials
|[[Supercell Oy]]
|Software
|Finland
|8,600.00
|-
|24 June 2009
|Mirror Lake Oil & Gas Co Ltd
|Oil and gas
|[[Addax Petroleum]] Corp
|Oil and gas
|Switzerland
|7,157.40
|-
|1 October 2010
| [[China Petrochemical Corporation]]
|Oil and gas
|Repsol YPF Brasil SA
|Oil and gas
|Brazil
|7,111.00
|-
|16 March 2016
|[[Anbang Insurance Group]] Co Ltd
|Insurance
|Strategic Hotels & Resorts Inc
|REITs
|United States
|6,500.00
|-
|24 October 2016
|Hna Tourism Grp Co Ltd
|Travel services
|[[Hilton Worldwide Holdings Inc]]
|Hotels and lodging
|United States
|6,496.88
|-
|17 February 2016
| [[Tianjin Tianhai Investment]] Co Ltd
|Transportation and infrastructure
|[[Ingram Micro Inc.]]
|Computers and peripherals
|United States
|6,067.41
|-
|22 March 2015
|Marco Polo Industrial Hldg SpA
|Other financials
|[[Pirelli]] & C SpA
|Automobiles and components
|Italy
|
|}

However, the fast growth and M&A deals did not change consumers' low quality and low-price perception of Chinese goods and brands. According to market consecutive research by the Monogram Group, a Chicago-based advertising agency, in 2007, 2009, 2011 and 2012, American consumers' willingness to purchase Chinese products across all categories except PC remained the same or became worse during 2007–2012. The only sector in which Americans were more likely to purchase was personal computers.<ref>American Consumer's Attitude towards China and Chinese Brands (2007, 2009, 2011, 2012), The Monogram Group.</ref>
[[File:Inauguracja połączenia kolejowego „China Railway Express”.jpg|thumb|China's leader [[Xi Jinping]] and [[Poland]]'s President [[Andrzej Duda]] during the inauguration of the [[Yiwu–London railway line|China Railway Express]] in Warsaw, Poland, 20 June 2016]]
Moreover, many M&A deals have failed because companies underestimated the challenges and failed to restructure the company.

Case 1: Shanghai Auto acquired 48.9% of Korean Ssangyong at US$500{{spaces}}million in 2004, making it the most ambitious acquisition in Chinese auto industry at the time. Shanghai Auto wanted the brand and technology to expand its footprint in China. However, the cultural difference, the objection to transfer the technology and the failed sales of new SUV model put Shanghai Auto's ambition of expansion in jeopardy. It caused huge conflict between Ssangyong employees and Shanghai Auto as things didn't go well as planned. And the 2008 global economic crisis put Ssangyong on a survival mode, let alone expansion. After the negotiation with the labor union to reduce wages failed, Shanghai Auto decided to exit from Ssangyong and didn't get a penny back for their US$500{{spaces}}million investment.<ref>{{cite news |first = Andrew |last = Salmon |date=29 October 2004 |title = Shanghai Automotive expands with Korea purchase |newspaper = The New York Times |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2004/10/29/business/worldbusiness/29iht-ssang_ed3_.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last = Choe |first = Sang-Hun |date = 24 February 2009 |title = In Carmaker's Collapse, a Microcosm of South Korea's Woes |newspaper = The New York Times |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/24/world/asia/24seoul.html?pagewanted=all |page = A6 |access-date = 18 February 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160723022736/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/24/world/asia/24seoul.html?pagewanted=all |archive-date = 23 July 2016 |url-status = live }}</ref>

Case 2: In 2004, the television manufacturer TCL acquired TV business including Thomson and RCA brand from Thomson Electronics of France to form a joint venture called TCL–Thomson Electronics (TTE). For the coming two years, the company recorded huge loss, especially in Europe. Several factors contributed to the failure:
* Failure of Due Diligence. Right after TCL acquired Thomson's TV business, the TV market shifted to LCD technology, put Thomson out of date. As CEO of TCL, Dongsheng Li, said in 2012 "They betted on the wrong thing where the market would go. They thought Thomson's DLP could be the best choice."
* Lack of understanding of rules and regulations. According to the book ''Resumption of Trading'' by Chong Chen, soon after acquisition, Thomson found it in a situation that they couldn't recruit the talents they wanted and can't fire ones they didn't want.
* Underestimate of the challenges in cultural difference. Xuesong Tong, vice president of TTE, said in an interview with "China Operation" newspaper in 2005: "The French look down upon their Chinese boss. For example, they wanted to share the design model with TTE, but French just dislike it even though it is a popular one in US market. Also, French feel superior in their language and don't want to speak English, which created huge problem in communication. It takes hours to discuss simple issues and can't reach agreement."

===Mergers and acquisitions===
From 1993 to 2010, Chinese companies have been involved as either an acquiror or acquired company in 25,284 [[mergers and acquisitions]] with a total known value of US$969{{spaces}}billion.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.imaa-institute.org/statistics-mergers-acquisitions.html#MergersAcquisitions_China |title=Statistics on Mergers & Acquisitions (M&A) – M&A Courses | Company Valuation Courses | Mergers & Acquisitions Courses |publisher=Imaa-institute.org |access-date=27 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106045040/http://www.imaa-institute.org/statistics-mergers-acquisitions.html#MergersAcquisitions_China |archive-date=6 January 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{Main|Demographics of China}}
{{Further|Migration in China|Urbanization in China|Chinese emigration|Standard of living in China|Poverty in China}}

Since the 1950s [[medical care]], [[public hygiene]] and [[Sanitation in China|sanitation]] improved considerably, and [[epidemics]] were controlled. Consecutive generations continuously experienced better health. The [[population growth]] rate surged as the [[mortality rate]] dropped more rapidly than the [[birth rate]]. China's massive population has always been a major difficulty for the government as it has struggled to provide for it. In the 1950s, food supply was inadequate, and the standard of living was generally low. This spurred the authorities to initiate a major [[birth control]] program. The Great Leap Forward industrial plan in 1958–60 was partially responsible for a huge [[Great Chinese Famine|famine]] that caused the death rate to surpass the birth rate, and by 1960, the overall population was declining. A second [[population control]] drive began in 1962 with major efforts focused on promoting late marriages and the use of [[contraceptive]]s. By 1963 the country was in the beginning of recovery from the famine and the birth rate soared to its highest since 1949 with an annual population growth rate of 3%. In 1966, the Cultural Revolution suspended this second [[family planning]] program but resumed four years later with the third attempt by making later marriage and family size limitation an obligation. Since 1970, the efforts have been much more effective. The third family planning program continued until 1979 when the [[one-child policy|one child per family policy]] was implemented. By the early 1980s, China's population reached around a billion, and by the early 2000s surpassed 1.3 billion. In the 1980s, the average overall population growth was around 1.5%. In the 1990s, this fell to about 1%. Today it is about 0.6%.<ref>[[List of countries by population growth rate]]</ref> China's [[population growth rate]] is now among the lowest for a [[developing country]], although, due to its large population, annual net population growth is still considerable. One demographic consequence of the one-child policy is that China is now one of the most rapidly [[Aging of China|aging]] countries in the world.

According to a [[Forbes China Rich List]] (2007), China had 66 [[billionaire]]s, the second largest number after the [[Forbes 400|United States]], which had 415. In the 2006 Forbes Rich List it stated that there were 15 Chinese billionaires.<ref>[http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/11/06/business/billionaires.php?page=1 The newest billionaires: China's economy churns out dozens]. International Herald Tribune. 6 November 2007.</ref> In the 2007 Hurun Report, it lists 106 billionaires in China.<ref>[http://www.hurun.net/richlisten.aspx 2007 China Rich List series, Hurun Report]</ref> According to the latest Forbes report (2021), China has a total of 626 billionaires, after gaining 239 new billionaires since March 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tognini |first=Giacomo |title=The Countries With The Most Billionaires 2021 |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/giacomotognini/2021/04/06/the-countries-with-the-most-billionaires-2021/ |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref>

According to a 2020 Brookings report, China become the largest middle-class consumption market in the world and is deemed a "priority market" for major multinational firm. It also estimates that 1.2 billion Chinese will be part of the middle class by 2027, and makeup a quarter of the world's middle class.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dooley |first=Homi Kharas and Meagan |date=2020-10-12 |title=China's influence on the global middle class |url=https://www.brookings.edu/research/chinas-influence-on-the-global-middle-class/ |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=Brookings |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Labor force===
In 2012, for the first time, according to statistics released by China's [[National Bureau of Statistics of China|National Bureau of Statistics]] in January 2013, the size of the labor force, people aged 15 to 59, in China shrank slightly to 937.27 million people, a decrease of 3.45 million from 2011. This trend, resulting from China's one-child policy of population control, is anticipated to continue to at least 2030.{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}}

On 29 October 2015, [[Xinhua]], China's state news agency, reported a change in the existing law to a [[two-child policy]], citing a statement from the CCP, and the new law is effective from 1{{spaces}}January 2016 after it was passed in the standing committee of the National People's Congress on 27 December 2015.<ref name="CNBC011913">{{cite news |title=Chinese Labor Pool Begins to Drain |url=https://www.cnbc.com/id/100392731 |publisher=CNBC |date=19 January 2013 |author=Jamil Anderliniin |author2=Ed Crooks |agency=Financial Times |access-date=8 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130328064737/http://www.cnbc.com/id/100392731 |archive-date=28 March 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Transportation and infrastructure==
{{main|Transport in China}}

[[File:A maglev train coming out, Pudong International Airport, Shanghai.jpg|thumb|[[Shanghai Maglev Train]]]]
China's transportation policy, influenced by political, military, and economic concerns, have undergone major changes since 1949.<ref>[[Fengbo Zhang]]: [http://sites.google.com/site/chinesetransportation1/ Economic Analysis of Chinese Transportation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926172608/http://sites.google.com/site/chinesetransportation1/|date=26 September 2011}}</ref>

Immediately after the People's Republic was founded, the primary goal was to repair existing transportation infrastructure in order to meet [[military transport]] and [[Military logistics|logistics]] needs as well as to strengthen territorial integrity. During most of the 1950s, new road and rail links were built, while at the same time old ones were improved. During the 1960s much of the improvement of regional transportation became the responsibility of the local governments, and many small railways were constructed. Emphasis was also placed on developing transportation in remote rural, mountainous, and forested areas, in order to integrate poorer regions of the country and to help promote economies of scale in the agricultural sector.{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}}

Before the reform era began in the late 1970s, China's transportation links were mostly concentrated in the coastal areas and access to the inner regions was generally poor. This situation has been improved considerably since then, as railways and highways have been built in the remote and frontier regions of the northwest and southwest. At the same time, the development of international transportation was also pursued, and the scope of [[ocean shipping]] was broadened considerably.{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}}

[[Freight]] [[Logistics|haulage]] is mainly provided by [[rail transport]]. The rail sector is monopolized by [[China Railway]] and there is wide variation in services provided. In late 2007 China became one of the few countries in the world to launch its own indigenously developed [[High-speed rail|high-speed train]].<ref>{{cite news |url = http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5jZHR0k1z-KAzmdB46eKOuFFqHuSQ |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071226161506/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5jZHR0k1z-KAzmdB46eKOuFFqHuSQ |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 December 2007 |title=China produces first home-grown bullet train: report |date=22 December 2007 |access-date=28 February 2012 }}</ref> As rail capacity is struggling to meet demand for the transport of goods and raw materials such as coal, air routes, roads and waterways are rapidly being developed to provide an increasing proportion of China's overall transportation needs.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/8760cdcc-a41e-11dc-a28d-0000779fd2ac,dwp_uuid=f6e7043e-6d68-11da-a4df-0000779e2340.html |title=China: Logistics is key to inland shift |newspaper=Financial Times |date=10 December 2007 |access-date=28 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307092413/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/8760cdcc-a41e-11dc-a28d-0000779fd2ac,dwp_uuid=f6e7043e-6d68-11da-a4df-0000779e2340.html |archive-date=7 March 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Some economic experts have argued that the development gap between China and other emerging economies such as Brazil, Argentina and India can be attributed to a large extent to China's early focus on ambitious infrastructure projects: while China invested roughly 9% of its GDP on infrastructure in the 1990s and 2000s, most emerging economies invested only 2% to 5% of their GDP. This considerable spending gap allowed the Chinese economy to grow at near optimal conditions while many South American economies suffered from various development bottlenecks such as poor transportation networks, aging power grids and mediocre schools.<ref>{{cite news |first1 = Vincent |last1 = Bazi |first2 = M. Nicolas J. |last2 = Firzli |year=2011 |title = Infrastructure Investments in an Age of Austerity : The Pension and Sovereign Funds Perspective |url = http://www.turkishweekly.net/op-ed/2852/infrastructure-investments-in-an-age-of-austerity-the-pension-and-sovereign-funds-perspective.html |newspaper=Revue Analyse Financière |volume=41 |issue=Q4|pages=19–22 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110917182931/http://www.turkishweekly.net/op-ed/2852/infrastructure-investments-in-an-age-of-austerity-the-pension-and-sovereign-funds-perspective.html |archive-date=17 September 2011 |df = dmy }}</ref>

== Science and technology ==
{{Main|Science and technology in China}}

[[File:Tencent Logo.svg|thumb|[[Tencent]], one of the world's most valuable technology conglomerates]]

Science and technology in China has in recent decades developed rapidly. The Chinese government has placed emphasis through funding, reform, and societal status on science and technology as a fundamental part of the socio-economic development of the country as well as for national prestige. China has made rapid advances in areas such as education, infrastructure, high-tech manufacturing, artificial intelligence,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Allen |first1=Gregory |title=Understanding China's AI Strategy |url=https://www.cnas.org/publications/reports/understanding-chinas-ai-strategy |website=Understanding China's AI Strategy |publisher=Center for a New American Security |access-date=11 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317004017/https://www.cnas.org/publications/reports/understanding-chinas-ai-strategy |archive-date=17 March 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[academic publishing]], [[patent]]s and commercial applications. China is now increasingly targeting indigenous [[innovation]] and aims to reform remaining weaknesses. Its [[Thousand Talents Plan]] aims to attract innovative Chinese academics living abroad (as well as some foreigners) back to China in support of its economic innovation goals.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fedasiuk |first=Ryan |title=If You Want to Keep Talent Out of China, Invest at Home |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/09/17/china-thousand-talents-plan-invest-us-xenophobia/ |access-date=2022-09-11 |website=Foreign Policy |date=17 September 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Anti-monopoly and competition ==
The Chinese technology sector has been characterized as being dominated by few, larger entities including [[Ant Group]] and [[Tencent]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Lung|first=Tiffany|title=How China's Antitrust And Monopoly Probe Will Disrupt Tech Titans In Retail|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/tiffanylung/2021/12/31/how-chinas-antitrust-and-monopoly-probe-will-disrupt-tech-titans-in-retail/|access-date=3 January 2021|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref> There have been attempts by the [[Xi Jinping Administration]] to enforce [[Competition law|economic competition rules]], and probes into Alibaba and Tencent have been launched by Chinese economic regulators.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Zhong|first=Raymond|date=24 December 2020|title=With Alibaba Investigation, China Gets Tougher on Tech|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/23/business/alibaba-antitrust-jack-ma.html|access-date=3 January 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

The crackdown on monopolies by tech giants and internet companies were followed with calls by the [[Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party|Politburo]] against monopolistic practices by commercial retail giants like [[Alibaba Group|Alibaba]].<ref>{{cite web|last=澎湃新闻|date=18 December 2020|title=中央经济工作会议：强化反垄断和防止资本无序扩张|url=https://tech.sina.com.cn/roll/2020-12-18/doc-iiznezxs7652263.shtml|access-date=3 January 2021|website=tech.sina.com.cn}}</ref> Comparisons have been made with similar probes into Amazon in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|last=Goldman|first=David P.|date=24 December 2020|title=Is Amazon the next anti-trust target after Alibaba?|url=https://asiatimes.com/2020/12/is-amazon-the-next-anti-trust-target-after-alibaba/|access-date=3 January 2021|website=Asia Times|language=en-US}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|China|Business}}
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
* [[Bamboo network]]
* [[Beijing Consensus]]
* [[Central Financial Work Commission]]
* [[China Securities Regulatory Commission]]
* [[China Beijing Equity Exchange]]
* [[China Circle]]
* [[China Economic Databases]]
* [[China Milan Equity Exchange]]
* [[Dual circulation]]
* [[Economy of the Han dynasty]]
* [[Economy of the Ming dynasty]]
* [[Economy of the Song dynasty]]
* [[Grasping the large, letting go of the small]]
* [[Group buying]]
* [[Guo jin min tui]]
* [[Hukou]]
* [[Imperial Bank of China]]
* [[Leading stock]]s
* [[List of companies of China]]
* [[List of largest Chinese companies]]
* [[Oil shale in China]]
* [[Panda bonds]]
* [[Rural credit cooperative]]
* [[Silk Road]]
* [[Township and Village Enterprises]]
* [[Three Rural Issues]]
* [[Yangtze Delta]]
}}

== Notes ==
{{NoteFoot|30em}}

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== Further reading ==
{{Sister project links|Economy of China}}
{{refbegin|40em}}
* Sit Tsui, Erebus Wong, Lau Kin Chi and Wen Tiejun. [https://monthlyreview.org/2017/01/01/one-belt-one-road/ One Belt, One Road: China's Strategy for a New Global Financial Order] (January 2017), ''[[Monthly Review]]'', Volume 68, Issue 08
* Cheng Enfu and Ding Xiaoqin. [https://monthlyreview.org/2017/01/01/a-theory-of-chinas-miracle/ A Theory of China's 'Miracle': Eight Principles of Contemporary Chinese Political Economy] (January 2017), ''[[Monthly Review]]'', Volume 68, Issue 08
* {{cite book |last1 = Cardenal |first1 = Juan Pablo |author1-link = Juan Pablo Cardenal |last2 = Araújo |first2 = Heriberto |author2-link = Heriberto Araújo |title = La silenciosa conquista china |location=Barcelona |publisher=Crítica |year=2011 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=jQ2fvBVpQpYC |language = es |isbn=9788498922578 |ref=none}}
* [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/cntoc.html China: Country Studies{{snd}}Federal Research Division, Library of Congress]. Lcweb2.loc.gov (27 July 2010)
* {{cite book |last = Heilmann |first = Sebastian |author-link = Sebastian Heilmann |title = China's Political System |location = Lanham; Boulder; New York; London |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2017 |url = https://www.merics.org/en/merics-analysis/chinas-political-system/ |language=en |url-status=dead |archive-url = http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20170506054352/https://www.merics.org/en/merics-analysis/chinas-political-system/ |archive-date = 6 May 2017 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |author1=Yin-Wong Cheung |author2=Jakob de Haan |title=The Evolving Role of China in the Global Economy |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Hn173hvfBsIC |year=2013 |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=978-0-262-01823-4 |ref=none}}

; Journals
* ''China Economic Journal'' [http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/17538963.asp Taylor & Francis Journals: Welcome]. Tandf.co.uk. Retrieved on 6 August 2010.
* ''[http://www.theceq.info/ China Economic Quarterly]''
* ''China & World Economy'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20120924125449/http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/journal.asp?ref=1671-2234&site=1 China & World Economy{{snd}}Journal Information]. Blackwellpublishing.com (2010-05-07). Retrieved on 6 August 2010.
* ''Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies'' (JCEBS) [http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/14765284.html Taylor & Francis Journals: Welcome]. Tandf.co.uk. Retrieved on 6 August 2010. is the official journal of the Chinese Economic Association (UK). [http://www.ceauk.org.uk/publications/ CEA Publications{{snd}}Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies]. Ceauk.org.uk. Retrieved on 6 August 2010.
* ''Journal of Chinese Economic and Foreign Trade Studies'' [http://www.emeraldinsight.com/info/journals/jcefts/jcefts.jsp Emerald, Journal of Chinese Economic and Foreign Trade Studies information]. Emeraldinsight.com. Retrieved on 6 August 2010.
* ''The China Quarterly'' [http://www.journals.cambridge.org/action/displayJournal?jid=CQY Journals.cambridge.org]
* ''The Chinese Economy'' [http://www.mesharpe.com/mall/results1.asp?ACR=ces M. E. Sharpe, Inc.{{snd}}Journal Information]. Mesharpe.com. Retrieved on 6 August 2010.
* ''Journal of Chinese Economic Studies'' (ISSN 1348-2521)
* ''Journal of the Chinese Statistical Association'' (ISSN 0529-6528)
* ''China: An International Journal'' (ISSN 0219-7472)
* ''China Economic Review'' (ISSN 1043-951X)
* ''China Review'' (ISSN 1680-2012)
* ''Frontiers of Economics in China'' (ISSN 1673-3444)
* [http://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/6057 China 2030: Building a Modern, Harmonious, and Creative High-Income Society (pre-publication version)]
** Citation: "World Bank; Development Research Center of the State Council, P.R.C. 2012. China 2030 : Building a Modern, Harmonious, and Creative High-Income Society [pre-publication version]. Washington, DC: World Bank. [http://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/6057 China 2030 : Building a Modern, Harmonious, and Creative High-Income Society [pre-publication version]] License: [[Creative Commons license]] [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ CC BY 3.0 Unported]."
*** URI: [http://hdl.handle.net/10986/6057 China 2030 : Building a Modern, Harmonious, and Creative High-Income Society [pre-publication version]]
*** Date: 2012-02-27
*** Author(s): World Bank; Development Research Center of the State Council, P.R.C.
** [http://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/Worldbank/document/China-2030-complete.pdf China 2030]
{{refend}}

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Economy of China

2023-11-03T07:38:13Z

Hexatron93: Created page with "{{Short description|Economy of the People's Republic of China}} {{about|the economy of the People's Republic of China|the economy of the Republic of China|Economy of Taiwan|other uses}} {{use American English|date=August 2019}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}} {{very long|date=June 2023}}{{Infobox economy | country = China | image = Shanghai skyline 2018(cropped).jpg | caption = Shanghai, the financial center of China | currency = Renminbi (CNY, Yen and yuan..."

{{Short description|Economy of the People's Republic of China}}
{{about|the economy of the People's Republic of China|the economy of the Republic of China|Economy of Taiwan|other uses}}
{{use American English|date=August 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{very long|date=June 2023}}{{Infobox economy
| country = China
| image = Shanghai skyline 2018(cropped).jpg
| caption = [[Shanghai]], the financial center of China
| currency = [[Renminbi]] (CNY, [[Yen and yuan sign|¥]])
| year = [[Calendar year]]
| organs = [[World Trade Organization|WTO]], [[BRICS]], [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation|SCO]], [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation|APEC]], [[Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership|RCEP]], [[G-20 major economies|G-20]], [[Group of 77|G77]] and others
| group = {{plainlist|
[[Developing country|Developing]]/[[Emerging market|Emerging]]<ref name="IMFWEOCN">{{Cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=924,&s=NGDP_R,NGDP_RPCH,NGDP,NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDP_D,NGDPRPC,NGDPRPPPPC,NGDPPC,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,PPPSH,PPPEX,NID_NGDP,NGSD_NGDP,PCPI,PCPIPCH,PCPIE,PCPIEPCH,TM_RPCH,TMG_RPCH,TX_RPCH,TXG_RPCH,LUR,LP,GGR,GGR_NGDP,GGX,GGX_NGDP,GGXCNL,GGXCNL_NGDP,GGSB,GGSB_NPGDP,GGXONLB,GGXONLB_NGDP,GGXWDG,GGXWDG_NGDP,NGDP_FY,BCA,BCA_NGDPD,&sy=2021&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (China) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |date=10 October 2023 |access-date=10 October 2023}}</ref>
*[[List of countries by GNI (nominal) per capita#Upper-middle-income group|Upper-middle income country]]
*[[Newly industrialised country]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups |title=World Bank Country and Lending Groups |publisher=[[World Bank]] |website=datahelpdesk.worldbank.org |access-date=29 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821172227/https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups |archive-date=21 August 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
| population = {{Decrease}} 1,411,750,000 (31 December 2022 est.)
| gdp = {{plainlist|
* {{decrease}} $17.701 trillion ([[GDP (nominal)|nominal]]; 2023)<ref name="IMFWEOCN"/>
* {{increase}} $32.898 trillion ([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]]; 2023)<ref name="IMFWEOCN"/>}}
| gdp rank = {{plainlist|
* [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|2nd (nominal; 2023)]]
* [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|1st (PPP; 2023)]]}}
| growth = {{plainlist|
* {{Increase}} 3.0% (2022)<ref name="IMFWEOCN"/>
* {{Increase}} 5.0% {{abbr|(2023f)|2023 forecast}}<ref name="IMFWEOCN"/>
* {{Increase}} 4.2% {{abbr|(2024f)|2024 forecast}}<ref name="IMFWEOCN"/>
}}
| per capita = {{plainlist|
* {{decrease}} $12,541 (nominal; 2023)<ref name="IMFWEOCN"/>
* {{increase}} $23,309 (PPP; 2023)<ref name="IMFWEOCN"/>
}}
| per capita rank = {{plainlist|
* [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|71st (nominal; 2023)]]
* [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|73rd (PPP; 2023)]]
}}
| sectors = {{plainlist|
* [[Primary sector of the economy|Agriculture]]: 7.3%
* [[Secondary sector of the economy|Industry]]: 39.9%
* [[Tertiary sector of the economy|Services]]: 52.8%
* (2022)<ref name="data2022">{{cite web|url=https://data.stats.gov.cn/english/easyquery.htm?cn=E0103|title=National Data|publisher=[[National Bureau of Statistics of China]]|date=1 March 2022|access-date=23 March 2022}}</ref>
}}
| components = {{plainlist|
* [[Consumption (economics)|Private consumption]]: 37.17%
* Government consumption: 16.08%
* [[Gross fixed capital formation|Gross capital formation]]: 43.48%
* Exports of goods and services: 20.68%
* Imports of goods and services: 17.47%
* Net exports: 3.21%
* (2022)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://en.macromicro.me/collections/22/cn-gdp-relative/984/cn-gdp-percentage | title=Chinese GDP Component | China GDP | Collection }}</ref>
}}
| inflation = 0.7% (2023)<ref name="IMFWEOCN"/>
| poverty = {{plainlist|
* {{decreasePositive}} 0.1% at national poverty line $2.30/day (2020)<ref name="POVCAL">{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.DDAY?locations=CN&name_desc=true |title=Regional aggregation using 2017 PPP and $2.15/day poverty line |publisher=[[World Bank]] |website=iresearch.worldbank.org |access-date=13 May 2022}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|In 2011, China set a new poverty line at RMB 2300 (approximately US$400).<ref name="CIAWFCH">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/china/ |title=The World Factbook |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |website=CIA.gov |access-date=5 April 2019 }}</ref>
}}
* {{decreasePositive}} 25% on less than $6.85/day (2020)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.UMIC?locations=CN |title=Poverty headcount ratio at $6.85 a day (2017 PPP) (% of population) - China |publisher=[[World Bank]] |website=data.worldbank.org |access-date=1 March 2022 }}</ref>
}}
| gini = {{decreasePositive}} 37.1 {{color|orange|medium}} (2020)<ref name="GINI">{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=CN&most_recent_year_desc=true|title=Gini index – China|publisher=World Bank|access-date=24 May 2022}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|Higher income inequality is partly driven by unequal regional income distribution.}}
| hdi = {{plainlist|
* {{increase}} 0.768 {{color|green|high}} (2021)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/indicators/137506 |title=Human Development Index (HDI) |publisher=[[Human Development Report|HDRO (Human Development Report Office)]] [[United Nations Development Programme]] |website=hdr.undp.org |access-date=11 December 2019}}</ref> ([[List of countries by Human Development Index|79th]])
* {{increase}} 0.651 {{color|orange|medium}} [[List of countries by inequality-adjusted HDI|(67th)]] (2021)<ref>{{cite web |title=Inequality-adjusted HDI (IHDI) |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/indicators/138806 |website=hdr.undp.org |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme|UNDP]] |access-date=22 May 2020}}</ref>
}}
| labor = {{plainlist|
* {{increase}} 781,831,676 (2022)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.TOTL.IN?locations=CN |title=Labor force, total – China |publisher=[[World Bank]] & [[International Labour Organization|ILO]] |website=data.worldbank.org |access-date=22 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111103544/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.TOTL.IN?locations=CN |archive-date=11 November 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> ([[List of countries by labor force|1st]])
* {{increase}} 69.1% employment rate (2022)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.EMP.TOTL.SP.NE.ZS?locations=CN&name_desc=false |title=Employment to population ratio, 15+, total (%) (national estimate) – China |publisher=[[World Bank]] & ILO |website=data.worldbank.org |access-date=22 September 2020}}</ref>
}}
| average gross salary = [[List of Asian countries by average wage|¥9,502 / €1,342]] per month (2022)<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 May 2023 |title=国家统计局人口和就业统计司司长王萍萍解读2022年城镇单位就业人员平均工资数据 |url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/xxgk/jd/sjjd2020/202305/t20230509_1939291.html |access-date=10 May 2023 |website=National Bureau of Statistics of China}}</ref>
| average net salary = [[List of Asian countries by average wage|¥7,290 / €1,029]] per month (2022)<ref>{{citation|title= 9502¥【 China Salary Calculator 】Beijing - Salary After Taxes|website=salary.directhr.cn|url=https://salary.directhr.cn/}}</ref>
| occupations = {{plainlist|
* [[Primary sector of the economy|Agriculture]]: 24%
* [[Secondary sector of the economy|Industry]]: 28%
* [[Tertiary sector of the economy|Services]]: 47%
* (FY 2021)<ref>{{cite web|title=Labor Force by Services - by industry|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.SRV.EMPL.ZS?locations=CN|website=data.worldbank.org|access-date=27 January 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Labor Force by Services - agriculture|website=data.worldbank.org|access-date=27 January 2019 |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS?locations=CN}}</ref>
}}
| unemployment = {{plainlist|
* {{decreasePositive}} 5.3% (2023)<ref name="IMFWEOCN"/>
* {{increaseNegative}} 21.3% youth unemployment (2023)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-66219007 |title=China youth unemployment hits high as recovery falters |website=[[BBC]] |date=17 July 2023 |access-date=31 July 2023}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|Modeled [[International Labour Organization|ILO]] estimate.}}
}}
| savings = {{increase}} 45.396% of GDP (2023)<ref name="IMFWEOCN"/>
| industries = {{hlist|item_style=white-space: | [[mining]] and [[ore processing]], [[iron]], [[steel]], [[aluminum]], and other metals, [[coal]]; machine building; [[armaments]]; [[textiles]] and [[apparel]]; [[petroleum]]; [[cement]]; [[chemicals]]; [[fertilizer]]; consumer products (including [[footwear]], [[toys]], and [[electronics]]); [[food processing]]; [[Material-handling equipment|transportation equipment]], including [[automobiles]], [[railcars]] and [[locomotives]], [[ships]], [[aircraft]]; [[telecommunications equipment]], commercial [[Launch vehicle|space launch vehicles]], [[satellites]] }}
| exports = $3.593 trillion (2022)<ref name=chinacustoms>{{cite web |title = Total Value of Import and Export Commodities by Major Countries (Regions) in January-December 2022 (US Dollar Value) |url = http://www.customs.gov.cn/customs/302249/zfxxgk/2799825/302274/302275/4794352/index.html |publisher = customs.gov.cn |access-date = 14 January 2023 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
| export-goods = {{ublist|[[Agricultural]] products 2.2%|[[Fuels]] and [[mining]] products 2.4%|[[Manufacturers]] 74.3%|Others 0.1%<ref name=wto>{{cite web |title = China – WTO Statistics Database |url = http://stat.wto.org/CountryProfile/WSDBCountryPFView.aspx?Country=CN |publisher = [[World Trade Organization]] |access-date = 1 March 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170901203117/http://stat.wto.org/CountryProfile/WSDBCountryPFView.aspx?Country=CN |archive-date = 1 September 2017 |url-status = live }}</ref>
}}
| export-partners = {{ublist|{{flag|United States}} {{increase}} 16.1%|{{flag|ASEAN}} {{increase}} 15.8%|{{flag|European Union}} {{increase}} 15.6%|{{flag|Hong Kong}} {{increase}} 8.27%|{{flag|Japan}} {{increase}} 4.81%|{{flag|South Korea}} {{increase}} 4.52%|{{flag|India}} {{increase}} 3.30%|{{flag|United Kingdom}} {{increase}} 2.27%|Others 29.33%<ref name=chinacustoms/>}}
| imports = $2.716 trillion (2022)<ref name="chinacustoms"/>
| import-goods = {{ublist|[[Agricultural]] products 7.5%|[[Fuels]] and [[mining]] products 21.3%|[[Manufacturers]] 64.4%|Others 4.8%<ref name=wto/>}}
| import-partners = {{ublist|{{flag|ASEAN}} {{increase}} 15.03%|{{flag|European Union}} {{increase}} 10.50%|{{flag|Taiwan}} {{increase}} 8.77%|{{flag|South Korea}} {{increase}} 7.35%|{{flag|Japan}} {{increase}} 6.79%|{{flag|United States}} {{increase}} 6.54%|{{flag|Australia}} {{increase}} 5.23%|{{flag|Russia}} {{increase}} 4.20%|Others 35.59%<ref name=chinacustoms/>
}}
| current account = {{plainlist|
* {{decrease}} $272.5 billion (2023)<ref name="IMFWEOCN"/>
* {{decrease}} 1.4% of GDP (2023)<ref name="IMFWEOCN"/>
}}
| yield curve = 10-Year Bond 2.831% (April 2023)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://yield.chinabond.com.cn/cbweb-pbc-web/pbc/more?locale=en_US|title=CGB Yield Curve and Others|website=yield.chinabond.com.cn}}</ref>
| pmi = {{plainlist|
* {{increase}} 49.20 Manufacturing (Apr 2023)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ycharts.com/indicators/china_pmi|title=China PMI|website=ycharts.com}}</ref>
* {{Increase}} 56.40 Non-Manufacturing (Apr 2023)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ycharts.com/indicators/china_non_manufacturing_pmi|title=China Non-Manufacturing PMI|website=ycharts.com}}</ref>
}}
| FDI = {{plainlist|
* {{increase}} Inward: $181 billion (2021)<ref name="UNFDI">{{cite web|title=UNCTAD 2022|url=https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/tdstat47_en.pdf|access-date=2022-01-06|website=UNCTAD}}</ref>
* {{increase}} Outward: $145 billion (2021)<ref name="UNFDI"/>
}}
| gross external debt = {{increaseNegative}} $2.64 trillion (June 2022)<ref name="Ceicdata.com">{{cite web |title=External Debt {{!}} Economic Indicators {{!}} CEIC |url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/external-debt |website=www.ceicdata.com}}</ref> (14.39% of GDP)
| debt = {{plainlist|
* {{increaseNegative}} ¥106.804 trillion
* {{increaseNegative}} 82.4% of GDP (2023)<ref name="IMFWEOCN"/>
}}
| revenue = ¥33.229 trillion<ref name="IMFWEOCN"/> 25.6% of GDP (2023)
| expenses = ¥42.140 trillion<ref name="IMFWEOCN"/> 32.5% of GDP (2023)
| balance = {{plainlist|
* 2.8% of GDP (2023)<ref name="fiscal_data">{{cite news | url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/03/05/china-sets-gdp-target-of-around-5percent-for-2023.html | title=China sets GDP target of 'around 5%' for 2023 | newspaper=CNBC | date=4 March 2023 }}</ref>
}}
| credit = {{plainlist|
* [[Standard & Poor's]]:<ref>{{cite web|title = Sovereigns rating list|publisher = Standard & Poor's|url = https://www.spratings.com/documents/20184/908545/US_SV_Webcast_ChinaFeb117_Article1/afd8741b-75b9-4dcc-b497-010e2313616b|date = 26 January 2017|access-date = 26 September 2017|quote = On Jan. 26, 2017, S&P Global Ratings affirmed the 'AA-' long-term and 'A-1+' short-term sovereign credit ratings on China. The outlook on the long-term rating remains negative|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170926100729/https://www.spratings.com/documents/20184/908545/US_SV_Webcast_ChinaFeb117_Article1/afd8741b-75b9-4dcc-b497-010e2313616b|archive-date = 26 September 2017|url-status = live}}</ref>
* A+ (Domestic)
* A+ (Foreign)
* A+ (T&C Assessment)
* Outlook: Stable
----
* [[Moody's]]:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.moodys.com/research/Moodys-downgrades-Chinas-rating-to-A1-from-Aa3-and-changes--PR_366139 |title=Moody's downgrades China's rating to A1 from Aa3 and changes outlook to stable from negative |date=24 May 2017 |website=moodys.com |access-date=23 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170524082704/https://www.moodys.com/research/Moodys-downgrades-Chinas-rating-to-A1-from-Aa3-and-changes--PR_366139 |archive-date=24 May 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* A1
* Outlook: Stable
----
* [[Fitch Group|Fitch]]:<ref name="fitch">{{cite web |url = http://www.fitchratings.com/web_content/ratings/sovereign_ratings_history.xls |title = Fitch – Complete Sovereign Rating History |website = fitchratings.com |access-date = 25 February 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170806061311/https://www.fitchratings.com/web_content/ratings/sovereign_ratings_history.xls |archive-date = 6 August 2017 |url-status = live }}</ref>
* A+
* Outlook: Stable
----
* Scope:<ref>{{cite web|title=Scope downgrades the People's Republic of China's credit ratings to A; Outlook revised to Stable|date=12 May 2023|website=Scope Ratings|access-date=13 May 2023|url=https://www.scoperatings.com/ratings-and-research/rating/EN/174102}}</ref>
* A
* Outlook: Stable
}}
| reserves = {{increase}} $3.3 trillion (2023)<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.pbc.gov.cn/diaochatongjisi/116219/116319/3750274/3750284/index.html|title=Money and Banking Statistics|access-date=28 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pbc.gov.cn/diaochatongjisi/resource/cms/2019/11/2019110715580915686.htm|title=Official reserve assets|website=pbc.gov.cn|access-date=9 November 2019}}</ref> ([[List of countries by foreign-exchange reserves|1st]])
| cianame = china
| spelling = US
}}
[[China]] has an upper middle income, [[Developing country|developing]], [[Mixed economy|mixed]], [[socialist market economy]], that incorporates [[Industrial policy|industrial policies]] and strategic [[Five-year plans of China|five-year plans]].<ref name="Eco_info">
—Xu, Chenggang. "The Fundamental Institutions of China’s Reforms and Development." [[Journal of Economic Literature]], vol. 49, no. 4, [[American Economic Association]], 2011, pp. 1076–151, {{JSTOR|23071664}}. 
—Nee, Victor, and Sonja Opper. "Political Capital in a Market Economy." Social Forces, vol. 88, no. 5, [[Oxford University Press]], 2010, pp. 2105–32, {{JSTOR|40927540}}. 
—Shue Tuck Wong & Sun Sheng Han (1998) Whither China's Market Economy? The Case of Lijin Zhen, [[Geographical Review]], 88:1, 29–46, {{doi|10.1111/j.1931-0846.1998.tb00094.x}} 
—Gregory C. Chow (2005) The Role of Planning in China's Market Economy, Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies, 3:3, 193–203, {{doi| 10.1080/14765280500317866}} 
—HUA, HUANG. "The Market Economy in China." Security Dialogue, vol. 24, no. 2, [[SAGE Publications]], Ltd., 1993, pp. 175–79, {{JSTOR|44471339}}. 
—Chow, Gregory C. "Development of a More Market-Oriented Economy in China." Science, vol. 235, no. 4786, [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]], 1987, pp. 295–99, {{JSTOR|1698592}}.</ref> It is the world's second largest economy by [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|nominal GDP]], behind the [[United States]], and the [[List of countries by past and projected GDP (PPP)#IMF estimates between 2010 and 2019|world's largest economy]] since 2016 when measured by [[purchasing power parity]] (PPP).{{refn|group=note|GDP figures exclude [[Taiwan]], and the [[Special administrative regions of China|special administrative regions]] of [[Hong Kong]] and [[Macau]]}} Due to a volatile currency [[exchange rate]], China's GDP as measured in dollars fluctuates sharply.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/currencies/china-central-bank-says-will-resolutely-curb-big-currency-swings-2022-10-11/|title=China central bank says will 'resolutely' curb big currency swings|newspaper=Reuters |date=11 October 2022|via=www.reuters.com}}</ref> China accounted for 19% of the [[global economy]] in 2022 in PPP terms,<ref name="pwc_1"/> and around 18% in nominal terms in 2022.<ref name="pwc_1">{{cite web|url=http://www.pwc.com/gx/en/issues/economy/global-economy-watch/projections.html|website=PWC|title=Global Economy Watch - Projections > Real GDP / Inflation > Share of 2016 world GDP|access-date=23 June 2017}}</ref><ref name=":142">{{Cite news |last1=Tang |first1=Frank |last2=Wang |first2=Orange |date=2022-01-18 |title=China GDP growth slows as population crisis, Covid-19 cloud economic outlook |language=en |website=South China Morning Post |url=https://www.scmp.com/economy/china-economy/article/3163720/china-gdp-growth-2021-beats-expectations-narrowing-gap-us |access-date=2022-08-14}}</ref> Historically, China was one of the [[List of regions by past GDP (PPP)|world's foremost economic powers]] for most of the [[Pax Sinica|two millennia]] from [[Economic history of China before 1912|the 1st until the 19th century]].<ref name=":8" /><ref name="Cox">{{Cite web|last=Cox|first=Wendell|publisher=New Geography |date=21 September 2015|title=500 YEARS OF GDP: A TALE OF TWO COUNTRIES |url=https://www.newgeography.com/content/005050-500-years-gdp-a-tale-two-countries#:~:text=1500%3A%20In%201500%2C%20China%20was,GDP's%20of%20approximately%20%24100%20billion.|access-date=4 September 2020}}</ref> The economy consists of public sector enterprise, [[State-owned enterprises of China|state-owned enterprises]] (SOEs) and mixed-ownership enterprises, as well as a large domestic private sector and openness to foreign businesses in a system. Private investment and exports are the main drivers of [[economic growth]] in China; but the Chinese government has also emphasized domestic [[Consumption (economics)|consumption]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/china/chinas-gdp-recovery-likely-picked-up-q1-end-covid-curbs-2023-04-17/|title=China's economy gathers speed, global risks raise challenges to outlook|first1=Kevin|last1=Yao|first2=Joe|last2=Cash|first3=Joe|last3=Cash|newspaper=Reuters |date=18 April 2023|via=www.reuters.com}}</ref>

China is the world's [[List of countries by manufacturing output|largest manufacturing economy]] and [[List of countries by exports|exporter of goods]].<ref>{{cite web |title=China Widens Lead as World's Largest Manufacturer |url=http://news.thomasnet.com/IMT/2013/03/14/china-widens-lead-as-worlds-largest-manufacturer/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727123309/http://news.thomasnet.com/IMT/2013/03/14/china-widens-lead-as-worlds-largest-manufacturer/ |archive-date=27 July 2013 |access-date=25 August 2013 |publisher=thomasnet.com}}</ref> It is also the world's [[List of largest consumer markets|fastest-growing consumer market]] and [[List of countries by imports|second-largest importer of goods]].<ref>{{cite web |title=China: Fastest Growing Consumer Market in the World |date=2 December 2013 |url=http://blog-imfdirect.imf.org/2013/12/02/china-fastest-growing-consumer-market-in-the-world/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202175550/http://blog-imfdirect.imf.org/2013/12/02/china-fastest-growing-consumer-market-in-the-world/ |archive-date=2 December 2013 |access-date=8 December 2013 |publisher=IMF direct – The IMF Blog}}</ref> China is also the world's largest consumer of numerous commodities, and accounts for about half of global consumption of metals.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Baffes |first1=John |last2=Kabundi |first2=Alain Ntumba |last3=Nagle |first3=Peter Stephen Oliver |last4=Ohnsorge |first4=Franziska Lieselotte |date=2018-06-26 |title=The role of major emerging markets in global commodity demand |journal=Policy Research Working Paper Series |url=https://ideas.repec.org/p/wbk/wbrwps/8495.html |language=en}}</ref> China is a net importer of services products.<ref>{{Cite web |title=''intracen.org'' |url=http://www.intracen.org/uploadedFiles/intracenorg/Content/Exporters/Sectors/Service_exports/Trade_in_services/China_ServicesBrief.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030203611/http://www.intracen.org/uploadedFiles/intracenorg/Content/Exporters/Sectors/Service_exports/Trade_in_services/China_ServicesBrief.pdf |archive-date=30 October 2014}}</ref> It is the largest trading nation in the world and plays a prominent role in [[international trade]].<ref>{{cite news |title=China's Economy Is Catching Up to the U.S. |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2016-us-vs-china-economy/ |url-status=live |access-date=8 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317161514/https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2016-us-vs-china-economy/ |archive-date=17 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=12 April 2017 |title=Trade recovery expected in 2017 and 2018, amid policy uncertainty |url=http://www.wto.org/english/news_e/pres17_e/pr791_e.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703010617/https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/pres17_e/pr791_e.htm |archive-date=3 July 2017 |access-date=22 June 2017 |publisher=World Trade Organization |location=Geneva, Switzerland}}</ref> China is the largest recipient of [[foreign direct investment]] in the world as of 2020, receiving inflows of $163{{spaces}}billion.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Higgins|first=Tucker|date=24 January 2021|title=China surpasses U.S. as largest recipient of foreign direct investment during Covid pandemic|work=CNBC|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/01/24/china-received-more-foreign-investment-last-year-than-us-un-says.html|access-date=18 March 2021}}</ref> It has the second largest [[List of countries by FDI abroad|outward]] [[foreign direct investment]], at US$136.91 billion for 2019 alone, following Japan at US$226.65{{spaces}}billion for the same period.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Tjan|first=Sie Tek|date=18 September 2020|title=China's outbound foreign investment posts modest Decline since Start of 2020|work=China Banking News|url=http://www.chinabankingnews.com/2020/09/18/chinas-outbound-foreign-investment-posts-modest-decline-since-start-of-2020/|access-date=16 October 2020}}</ref> As of 2022, China was second in the world in [[List of countries by number of billionaires|total number of billionaires]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zhao |first=Suisheng |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1331741429 |title=The dragon roars back : transformational leaders and dynamics of Chinese foreign policy |date=2023 |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |isbn=978-1-5036-3088-8 |location=Stanford, California |pages=219–220 |oclc=1331741429}}</ref> In 2018, it was second in millionaires with 3.5 million.<ref name="bloomberg.com">{{Cite news|title=China Is Set to Keep Minting New Millionaires Faster Than U.S.|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-10-18/u-s-to-remain-hub-of-world-s-richest-even-as-china-closes-gap|access-date=19 February 2019|newspaper=Bloomberg.com|date=18 October 2018}}</ref> According to the 2019 Global Wealth Report by [[Credit Suisse|Credit Suisse Group]], China surpassed the US in the wealth of the top ten percent of the world's population.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Tjan|first=Sie Tek|date=24 December 2020|title=China surpasses the US in Wealth of Top 10%|work=The US News & World Report|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/best-countries/articles/2019-12-24/china-surpasses-the-us-in-wealth-of-top-10|access-date=20 October 2020}}</ref>{{NoteTag|China had a hundred million wealthy people (each owning a net wealth of over US$110,000) and the US 99 million. At US$63.8 trillion as of end of 2019, representing a 17-fold increase from US$3.7 trillion in 2001, the total amount of China's household wealth stood behind only that of the US with US$105.6 trillion.}} China has the world's largest [[List of countries by foreign-exchange reserves|foreign-exchange reserves]] worth $3.1{{spaces}}trillion,<ref name="China reserves">{{cite web | url=http://www.safe.gov.cn/safe/2020/0207/15340.html | title= 官方储备资产 (Official reserve assets) | access-date=29 October 2020}}</ref> but if the foreign assets of China's state-owned commercial banks are included, the value of China's reserves rises to nearly $4{{spaces}}trillion.<ref name="Economist China reserves">{{cite news | url=https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2020/10/31/if-chinas-economy-is-so-strong-why-isnt-its-currency-stronger | title=If China's economy is so strong, why isn't its currency stronger? | newspaper=[[The Economist]] | access-date=29 October 2020}}</ref> China faced a mild economic slowdown during the [[2007–2008 financial crisis]] and initiated a massive [[Chinese economic stimulus program|stimulus package]], which helped to regain its economic growth.

With 778 million workers, the Chinese [[List of countries by labour force|labor force]] was the world's largest as of 2020. It ranks 28th on the [[Global Competitiveness Report]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://reports.weforum.org/global-competitiveness-report-2018/|title=The Global Competitiveness Report 2018|access-date=17 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017082148/http://reports.weforum.org/global-competitiveness-report-2018/|archive-date=17 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Per the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2022, China was ranked 11th in the world, 3rd in Asia & Oceania region and 2nd for countries with a population of over 100 million. It is the only middle-income economy and the only [[newly industrialized economy]] in the top 30.<ref name=":15">{{Cite book |title=Global Innovation Index 2022 – Which are the most innovative countries |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2022/index.html |access-date=2022-09-29 |doi=10.34667/tind.46596 |language=en|last1=Dutta |first1=Soumitra |last2=Lanvin |first2=Bruno |last3=Wunsch-Vincent |first3=Sacha |last4=León |first4=Lorena Rivera |last5=World Intellectual Property Organization |year=2022 |publisher=World Intellectual Property Organization |isbn=9789280534320 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Dominik|first=Boddin|title=The Role of Newly Industrialized Economies in Global Value Chains|publisher=International Monetary Fund|year=2016}}</ref> It is often ranked among the world's most innovative countries, leading several measures of global [[patent filings]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wipo.int/pressroom/en/articles/2020/article_0005.html |title=China Becomes Top Filer of International Patents in 2019 Amid Robust Growth for WIPO's IP Services, Treaties and Finances |last= |first= |date=April 7, 2020 |publisher=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |access-date=April 7, 2020 |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-un-patents-idUSKCN2AU0TM |title=China extends lead over U.S. in global patents filings, U.N. says |author=Emma Farge |date=March 2, 2021 |website= |publisher= [[Reuters]] |access-date=March 2, 2021}}</ref> China has the [[List of sovereign states by financial assets|second-largest financial assets in the world]], valued at $17.9 trillion as of 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Allianz Global Wealth Report 2021 |url=https://www.eulerhermes.com/content/dam/onemarketing/ehndbx/eulerhermes_com/en_gl/erd/publications/pdf/2021_10_07_Global-Wealth-Report.pdf |access-date=2022-03-05}}</ref> It also has two ([[Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macau Greater Bay Area|Shenzhen-Hong Kong-Guangzhou]] and [[Beijing]] in the 2nd and 3rd spots respectively) of the global top{{spaces}}5 science and technology clusters, which is more than any other country.<ref name=":15" /><ref>{{Cite book |title=Global Innovation Index 2022: Switzerland, the U.S., and Sweden lead the Global Innovation Ranking; China Approaches Top 10 |url=https://www.wipo.int/pressroom/en/articles/2022/article_0011.html |access-date=2022-09-29 |doi=10.34667/tind.46596 |language=en|last1=Dutta |first1=Soumitra |last2=Lanvin |first2=Bruno |last3=Wunsch-Vincent |first3=Sacha |last4=León |first4=Lorena Rivera |last5=World Intellectual Property Organization |year=2022 |publisher=World Intellectual Property Organization |isbn=9789280534320 }}</ref> As of March 2022, China has over 500 million [[5G]] users and 1.45 million base stations installed.<ref>{{cite web|title=China aims to accelerate 5G base stations deployment this year: Report|date=11 March 2022|url=https://www.rcrwireless.com/20220311/5g/china-aims-accelerate-5g-base-stations-deployment-this-year-report|publisher=RCR Wireless|access-date=25 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=China expands 5G network to over 1.15 million base stations, more than rest of the world combined|url=https://www.scmp.com/video/china/3156521/china-expands-5g-network-over-115-million-base-stations-more-rest-world|access-date=18 November 2021|website=SCMP|language=en}}</ref> Almost 493 million Chinese people are categorized as [[middle class]], and 242 million are [[upper middle class]], according to a 2021 [[Pew Research Center]] survey.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/03/18/in-the-pandemic-indias-middle-class-shrinks-and-poverty-spreads-while-china-sees-smaller-changes/ |title=In the pandemic, India's middle class shrinks and poverty spreads while China sees smaller changes|last=KOCHHAR|first= RAKESH |date=March 18, 2021|website= |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]] |access-date=March 18, 2021 |quote=}}</ref> In 2022, [[mainland China]]'s ten [[List of the largest trading partners of China|largest trading partners]] were [[European Union]], United States, [[South Korea]], Japan, [[Taiwan]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Vietnam]], Australia, [[Malaysia]], and Russia.<ref>{{cite web |title=11-5 Value of Imports and Exports by Country (Region) of Origin/Destination 2022 |url=http://www.customs.gov.cn/customs/302249/zfxxgk/2799825/302274/302275/4794352/index.html |publisher=General Administrations of Customs of China}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}} [http://www.customs.gov.cn/customs/302249/zfxxgk/2799825/302274/302275/4794352/index.html]{{Dead link|date=September 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>

China has [[free trade agreement]]s with [[List of bilateral free-trade agreements#China, People's Republic of China|many nations]], some of which are already in force (such as [[RCEP]], the largest trade bloc in history) or are still in the negotiation phase.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://fta.mofcom.gov.cn/english/index.shtml |title=China's Free Trade Agreements |access-date=2011-04-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090712092832/http://fta.mofcom.gov.cn/english/index.shtml |archive-date=2009-07-12 }}</ref> Although widely regarded as the "powerhouse of manufacturing" or "the factory of the world",<ref>
* Bijun Wang & Xiang Li (2017) From world factory to world investor: the new way of China integrating into the world, China Economic Journal, 10:2, 175-193, {{doi|10.1080/17538963.2017.1320047}}
* Chen Li, Mee Kam Ng, Yuanzhou Tang & Tung Fung (2022) From a ‘World Factory’ to China’s Bay Area: A Review of the Outline of the Development Plan for the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, Planning Theory & Practice, 23:2, 310-314, {{doi|10.1080/14649357.2021.1958539}}
* Mees, H. (2016). China as the World’s Factory. In: The Chinese Birdcage. [[Palgrave Macmillan]], New York. {{doi|10.1057/978-1-137-58886-9_3}}
* {{cite journal|title = How much did China's emergence as "the world's factory" contribute to its national income?|journal = [[China Economic Review]]|volume = 69|pages = 101658|year =2021|issn = 1043-951X|doi = 10.1016/j.chieco.2021.101658|author =Yuwan Duan and Erik Dietzenbacher and Bart Los and Cuihong Yang| url=https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/177928128/1_s2.0_S1043951X21000766_main.pdf }}</ref> exports contribute only a comparatively [[List of countries by trade-to-GDP ratio|small proportion]] of the Chinese economy, at just 18.5% in 2020. Of the world's [[Fortune Global 500|500 largest companies]], 142 are headquartered in China.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global 500 |url=https://fortune.com/ranking/global500/ |access-date=3 August 2023 |website=[[Fortune Global 500]] |language=en}}</ref> It has four of the world's top ten most competitive [[Global Financial Centres Index|financial centers]]<ref name="GFCI2">{{cite web |date=September 2020 |title=The Global Financial Centres Index 28 |url=https://www.longfinance.net/media/documents/GFCI_28_Full_Report_2020.09.25_v1.1.pdf |access-date=26 September 2020 |publisher=Long Finance}}</ref> and three of the world's ten [[List of stock exchanges|largest stock exchange]]s (both by [[market capitalization]] and by [[trade volume]]).<ref name=":19">{{cite web |date=19 February 2019 |title=Top 10 Largest Stock Exchanges in the World By Market Capitalization |url=https://www.valuewalk.com/2019/02/top-10-largest-stock-exchanges/ |access-date=28 November 2019 |website=ValueWalk |language=en-US}}</ref> China's economy is both a contributor to rising global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions causing climate change and severely [[economic impacts of climate change|affected by its adverse impacts]], although its per capita emissions are still much lower than developed economies such as the United States.<ref name=":20">{{Cite web |last=World Bank |title=China Country Climate and Development Report |url=https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/38136/FullReport.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y |access-date=10 October 2022}}</ref>

==History==
{{main|Economic history of China before 1912|Economic history of China (1912–1949)|Economic history of China (1949–present)}}
[[File:Economic growth of China.jpg|thumb|GDP per capita in China from 1000 to 2018]]
Historically, China was one of the [[List of regions by past GDP (PPP)|world's foremost economic powers]] for most of the [[Pax Sinica|two millennia]] from [[Economic history of China before 1912|the 1st until the 19th century]].<ref name=":8">{{Cite book|last=Maddison|first=Angus|author-link=Angus Maddison|url=https://archive.org/details/chineseeconomicp00madd|title=Chinese Economic Performance in the Long Run: 960-2030 AD|publisher=Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development|year=2008|isbn=978-9264037625|pages=[https://archive.org/details/chineseeconomicp00madd/page/n44 43]|url-access=limited}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{cite book|last1=Dahlman|first1=Carl J.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ot7OKMivWiQC|title=China and the Knowledge Economy: Seizing the 21st Century|last2=Aubert|first2=Jean-Eric|date=2001|publisher=World Bank Publications|isbn=978-0-8213-5005-8|page=170}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{cite book|last=Maddison|first=Angus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a-JGGp2suQUC&q=angus+maddison|title=Contours of the World Economy 1-2030 AD: Essays in Macro-Economic History|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2007|isbn=978-0-191-64758-1|page=379|author-link=Angus Maddison}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{cite book|last=Bairoch|first=Paul|url=https://archive.org/details/economicsworldhi00bair_0|title=Economics and World History: Myths and Paradoxes|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|year=1995|isbn=978-0-226-03463-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/economicsworldhi00bair_0/page/95 95]|author-link=Paul Bairoch|url-access=registration}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{cite book|first=Angus|last=Maddison|author-link=Angus Maddison|url=http://browse.oecdbookshop.org/oecd/pdfs/product/4107091e.pdf|title=Chinese Economic Performance in the Long Run|edition=Second|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015212817/http://browse.oecdbookshop.org/oecd/pdfs/product/4107091e.pdf|archive-date=15 October 2014|url-status=dead|series=Development Centre Studies|page=29}} Accessed 2007. See the "Table 1.3. Levels of Chinese and European GDP Per Capita, 1–1700 AD" in page 29, Chinese GDP Per Capita was 450 and European GDP Per Capital was 422 in 960AD. Chinese GDP Per Capita was 600 while European was 576. During this time, Chinese per capita income rose by about a third.</ref> China accounted for around one-quarter of the global GDP until the late 1700s and approximately one-third of the global GDP in 1820 as the Industrial Revolution was beginning in Great Britain.<ref>{{cite web|last=Thompson|first=Derek|date=19 June 2012|title=The Economic History of the Last 2,000 Years in 1 Little Graph|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2012/06/the-economic-history-of-the-last-2-000-years-in-1-little-graph/258676/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924192008/https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2012/06/the-economic-history-of-the-last-2-000-years-in-1-little-graph/258676/|archive-date=24 September 2020|access-date=9 December 2017|website=The Atlantic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Holcombe|first=Charles|title=A History of East Asia: From the Origins of Civilization to the Twenty-First Century|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0521731645|page=1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Hu|first=Angang|url=https://archive.org/details/economicsocialtr00huan|title=Economic and Social Transformation in China: Challenges and Opportunities|publisher=Routledge|year=2006|isbn=978-0415380676|pages=[https://archive.org/details/economicsocialtr00huan/page/n30 12]–13|url-access=limited}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Arnander|first1=Christopher|title=Betrayed Ally: China in the Great War|last2=Wood|first2=Frances|publisher=Pen and Sword|year=2016|isbn=978-1473875012|publication-date=28 September 2016|page=20}}</ref> China's GDP in 1820 was six times as large as Britain's, the largest economy in Europe{{snd}}and almost twenty times the GDP of the nascent United States.<ref>{{cite web|date=10 November 2014|title=12 Facts on China's Economic History|url=https://www.theglobalist.com/12-facts-on-chinas-economic-history/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924192008/https://www.theglobalist.com/12-facts-on-chinas-economic-history/|archive-date=24 September 2020|access-date=26 February 2018|website=The Globalist}}</ref>

At the end of the [[Chinese Civil War]], the economy was devastated.<ref name=":43">{{Cite book |last=Karl |first=Rebecca E. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/503828045 |title=Mao Zedong and China in the twentieth-century world : a concise history |date=2010 |publisher=[[Duke University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8223-4780-4 |location=Durham [NC] |pages=75 |oclc=503828045}}</ref> As the defeated [[Kuomintang's retreat to Taiwan|Nationalists fled]] to Taiwan, they stripped China of liquid assets including gold, silver, and the country's [[Foreign-exchange reserves of China|dollar reserves]].<ref name=":43" /> By the time the KMT was defeated, commerce had been destroyed, the national currency rendered valueless, and the economy was based on barter.<ref name=":43" />

The People's Republic of China's development from one of the poorest countries to one of the largest economies was the quickest of any country.<ref name=":33">{{Cite book |last=Liu |first=Zongyuan Zoe |title=Sovereign Funds: How the Communist Party of China Finances its Global Ambitions |publisher=The Belknap Press of [[Harvard University Press]] |year=2023 |isbn=9780674271913 |pages= |doi=10.2307/jj.2915805 |jstor=jj.2915805|s2cid=259402050 }}</ref>{{Rp|page=11}} From 1949 until the [[Chinese economic reform]] in 1978, the economy was state-led with market activity remaining underground.<ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |last1=Frost |first1=Adam K. |last2=Li |first2=Zeren |date=2023-07-31 |title=Markets under Mao: Measuring Underground Activity in the Early PRC |journal=[[The China Quarterly]] |language=en |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1017/S0305741023001133 |issn=0305-7410 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Economic reforms began under [[Deng Xiaoping]].<ref name=":13" /> [[China]] subsequently became the world's [[List of countries by real GDP growth rate|fastest-growing major economy]], with [[Historical GDP of China|growth rates averaging 10%]] over 30 years.<ref name="NYT82415">{{cite news |author1=Nelson D. Schwartz |author2=Rachel Abrams |date=24 August 2015 |title=Advisers Work to Calm Fearful Investors |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/25/business/dealbook/advisers-work-to-calm-fearful-investors.html |url-status=live |access-date=25 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150826025315/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/25/business/dealbook/advisers-work-to-calm-fearful-investors.html |archive-date=26 August 2015 |quote=Even the most pessimistic observers think China will still grow by{{spaces}}4 or{{spaces}}5 percent}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{cite web |date=16 April 2013 |title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2013/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=1980&ey=2018&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=40&pr1.y=0&c=924&s=NGDP_RPCH%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102170742/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2013/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=1980&ey=2018&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=40&pr1.y=0&c=924&s=NGDP_RPCH%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |archive-date=2 November 2013 |access-date=16 April 2013 |publisher=International Monetary Fund}}</ref> Many scholars consider the [[Beijing Consensus|Chinese economic model]] as an example of [[authoritarian capitalism]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=McGregor |first=James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=scM57r29sJUC&dq=china+authoritarian+capitalism&pg=PR11 |title=NO ANCIENT WISDOM, NO FOLLOWERS: The Challenges of Chinese Authoritarian Capitalism |date=2012-11-06 |publisher=Easton Studio Press, LLC |isbn=978-1-935212-81-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gruin |first1=Julian |last2=Knaack |first2=Peter |date=2020-04-15 |title=Not Just Another Shadow Bank: Chinese Authoritarian Capitalism and the 'Developmental' Promise of Digital Financial Innovation |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13563467.2018.1562437 |journal=New Political Economy |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=370–387 |doi=10.1080/13563467.2018.1562437 |issn=1356-3467 |s2cid=159282907|hdl=11245.1/336bf4c0-6cf3-402d-a0ed-da06b78edc9c |hdl-access=free }}</ref> [[state capitalism]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Andrew Szamosszegi and Cole Kyle |title=An Analysis of State‐owned Enterprises and State Capitalism in China |url=https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5e41c6f5227c7b05e81bb87a/t/5ebc4f41cb51d10a41c54989/1589399365069/AZS-CK-China-SOE.pdf |website=U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission}}</ref> or [[party-state capitalism]].<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last1=Pearson |first1=Margaret |last2=Rithmire |first2=Meg |last3=Tsai |first3=Kellee S. |date=2021-09-01 |title=Party-State Capitalism in China |journal=[[Current History]] |language=en |volume=120 |issue=827 |pages=207–213 |doi=10.1525/curh.2021.120.827.207 |issn=0011-3530 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pearson |first1=Margaret M. |last2=Rithmire |first2=Meg |last3=Tsai |first3=Kellee S. |date=2022-10-01 |title=China's Party-State Capitalism and International Backlash: From Interdependence to Insecurity |journal=[[International Security]] |language=en |volume=47 |issue=2 |pages=135–176 |doi=10.1162/isec_a_00447 |issn=0162-2889 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

China has sustained growth due to export relations, its [[manufacturing sector]], and low-wage workers.<ref name="CIAWFCH" /> China's was the only major world economy to experience GDP growth in 2020, when its GDP increased by 2.3%.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |last1=Marquis |first1=Christopher |title=Mao and Markets: The Communist Roots of Chinese Enterprise |last2=Qiao |first2=Kunyuan |date=2022-11-15 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-26883-6 |pages= |doi=10.2307/j.ctv3006z6k |jstor=j.ctv3006z6k |author-link=Christopher Marquis |s2cid=253067190}}</ref> However, it posted one of its worst economic performances in decades because of COVID-19 in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=He |first=Laura |date=2023-01-17 |title=China posts one of its worst economic performances in decades because of Covid |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/01/16/business/china-gdp-2022-hnk-intl/index.html |access-date=2023-04-21 |website=[[CNN]] |language=en}}</ref> In 2023, [[International Monetary Fund|IMF]] predicted China to continue being one of the [[List of countries by real GDP growth rate|fastest growing major economies]].<ref name="IMF_forecast">{{cite web | url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/Issues/2023/04/11/world-economic-outlook-april-2023 | title=The outlook is uncertain again amid financial sector turmoil, high inflation, ongoing effects of Russia's invasion of Ukraine, and three years of COVID|work=[[International Monetary Fund]]|date=April 11, 2023 }}</ref>

== Wealth in China ==
{{See also|List of Chinese administrative divisions by GDP|List of Chinese administrative divisions by GDP per capita|List of Chinese prefecture-level cities by GDP per capita}}
China has had the world's largest middle class population since 2015,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Zheping |first=Huang |date=14 October 2015 |title=China's middle class has overtaken the US's to become the world's largest |work=[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]] |url=https://qz.com/523626/chinas-middle-class-has-overtaken-the-uss-to-become-the-worlds-largest/ |access-date=22 June 2019}}</ref> and the middle class grew to a size of 400 million by 2018{{citation needed|date=August 2023}} and is projected to reach 1.2 billion by 2027, making up one fourth of the world total.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=HOMI |first1=KHARAS |url=https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/FP_20201012_china_middle_class_kharas_dooley.pdf |title=CHINA'S INFLUENCE ON THE GLOBAL MIDDLE CLASS |last2=MEAGAN |first2=DOOLEY |publisher=Brookings Institution |year=2020 |page=1}}</ref> As of 2018, China was first in the world in total number of billionaires and second in millionaires{{snd}}there were 658 Chinese billionaires<ref name="Kurtenbach2">{{cite news |last=Kurtenbach |first=Elaine |date=27 February 2019 |title=Billionaire list shows $1T hit from '18 market meltdown |work=Associated Press |url=https://apnews.com/4e744eb004bd486cbd440bc71bf4b985 |access-date=17 February 2020}}</ref> and 3.5 million millionaires.<ref name="bloomberg.com2">{{Cite news |date=18 October 2018 |title=China Is Set to Keep Minting New Millionaires Faster Than U.S. |newspaper=Bloomberg.com |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-10-18/u-s-to-remain-hub-of-world-s-richest-even-as-china-closes-gap |access-date=19 February 2019}}</ref> In 2019, China overtook the US as the home to the highest number of rich people in the world, according to the global wealth report by [[Credit Suisse]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Khan |first=Yusuf |date=22 October 2019 |title=China has overtaken the US to have the most wealthy people in the world {{!}} Markets Insider |url=http://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/china-has-overtaken-the-us-to-have-the-most-wealthy-people-in-the-world-1028618107 |access-date=12 November 2019 |website=[[Business Insider]] }}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=23 October 2019 |title=China is now home to more wealthy people than the US |url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/style/luxury/article/3034161/china-now-home-more-wealthy-people-us-first-time-ever |access-date=21 November 2019 |website=[[South China Morning Post]] |language=en}}</ref> In other words, as of 2019, a hundred million Chinese are in the top ten percent of the wealthiest individuals in the world{{snd}}those who have a net personal wealth of at least $110,000.<ref>{{cite web |last=Dawkins |first=David |date=21 October 2019 |title=China Overtakes U.S. In Global Household Wealth Rankings 'Despite' Trade Tensions – Report |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/daviddawkins/2019/10/21/china-overtakes-us-in-global-household-wealth-rankings-despite-trade-tensionsreport/ |access-date=12 November 2019 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> In 2020, China has the world's highest number of billionaires, which is more than the US and India combined,<ref>{{cite web |title=China Has More Billionaires Than U.S. And India Combined: Hurun Report – Caixin Global |url=https://www.caixinglobal.com/2020-02-26/china-has-more-billionaires-than-us-and-india-combined-hurun-report-101520792.html |access-date=8 November 2020 |website=www.caixinglobal.com |language=en}}</ref> and as of March 2021, the number of billionaires in China reach 1,058 with the combined wealth of US$4.5{{spaces}}trillion.<ref name="hurun21">{{cite web |title=Hurun Report – Info – Hurun Global Rich List 2021 |url=https://www.hurun.net/en-US/Info/Detail?num=LWAS8B997XUP |access-date=19 March 2021 |website=www.hurun.net}}</ref> According to the [[Rupert Hoogewerf#Hurun Report|Hurun]] Global Rich List 2021, China is home to six of the world's top ten cities ([[Beijing]], [[Shanghai]], [[Shenzhen]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Hangzhou]] and [[Guangzhou]] in the 1st, 2nd, 4th, 5th, 8th and 9th spots, respectively) by the highest number of billionaires, which is more than any other country.<ref name="hurun21" /> As of January 2021, China had 85 female billionaires, two-thirds of the global total.<ref>{{cite web |date=2021-03-27 |title=China is now home to two-thirds of the world's top women billionaires |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/people-culture/article/3127254/china-now-home-two-thirds-worlds-top-women-billionaires-four |access-date=2021-11-26 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref>

==Regional economies for China==
{{see also|Megalopolises in China|List of cities in China}}
[[File:ChinaGDPdist.jpg|thumb|Distribution of GDP in mainland China]]
China's unequal [[Transport in China|transportation system]], combined with important differences in the availability of [[Natural resource|natural]] and [[human resources]] and in industrial [[infrastructure]], has produced significant variations in the regional economies of China.<ref>{{cite journal|title=China's regional disparities: Experience and policy☆|journal=Review of Development Finance|year=2011|doi=10.1016/j.rdf.2010.10.001|last1=Fan|first1=Shenggen|last2=Kanbur|first2=Ravi|last3=Zhang|first3=Xiaobo|volume=1|pages=47–56|doi-access=free}}</ref>

[[Economic development]] has generally been more rapid in [[List of places on the coastline of the People's Republic of China|coastal provinces]] than in the interior and there are large disparities in [[per capita income]] between regions. The three wealthiest regions are the [[Yangtze River Delta]] in East China; the [[Pearl River Delta]] in South China; and [[Jingjinji]] region in North China. It is the rapid development of these areas that is expected to have the most significant effect on the Asian regional economy as a whole and Chinese government policy is designed to remove the obstacles to accelerated growth in these wealthier regions. By 2035, China's four cities ([[Shanghai]], [[Beijing]], [[Guangzhou]] and [[Shenzhen]]) are projected to be among the global top ten largest cities by [[nominal GDP]] according to a report by Oxford Economics.<ref>{{cite web|title=These will be the most important cities by 2035|url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/10/cities-in-2035/|access-date=2 November 2020|website=World Economic Forum|language=en}}</ref>

===GDP by administrative division===
{{main|List of Chinese administrative divisions by GDP}}

{{Static row numbers}}
{| {{static row numbers table|class=col2center}} border="1" style="text-align:right;"
|+ List of 31 provinces in mainland China by Nominal GDP in 2022 ({{small|billions of GDP}})<ref name="data2022" />

|- {{static row numbers header}} style="text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;"
!provinces!!{{abbr|CN¥|Chinese yuan}}!!{{abbr|US$|US dollar}}!!{{small|share (%)}}

|- {{static row numbers total}} style="font-weight:bold;"
! style="text-align:center" |[[Mainland China|China {{small|(mainland)}}]]||121,020.72||17,992.70||100
|-
| align="left" |[[Guangdong]]||12,911.86||1,919.67||10.67
|-
| align="left" |[[Jiangsu]]||12,287.56||1,826.85||10.15
|-
| align="left" |[[Shandong]]||8,743.51||1,299.94||7.22
|-
| align="left" |[[Zhejiang]]||7,771.54||1,155.43||6.42
|-
| align="left" |[[Henan]]||6,134.51||912.05||5.07
|-
| align="left" |[[Sichuan]]||5,674.98||843.73||4.69
|-
| align="left" |[[Hubei]]||5,373.49||798.90||4.44
|-
| align="left" |[[Fujian]]||5,310.99||789.61||4.39
|-
| align="left" |[[Hunan]]||4,867.04||723.61||4.02
|-
| align="left" |[[Anhui]]||4,504.50||669.70||3.72
|-
| align="left" |[[Shanghai]]||4,465.28||663.87||3.69
|-
| align="left" |[[Hebei]]||4,237.04||629.94||3.50
|-
| align="left" |[[Beijing]]||4,161.10||618.65||3.44
|-
| align="left" |[[Shaanxi]]||3,277.27||487.25||2.71
|-
| align="left" |[[Jiangxi]]||3,207.47||476.87||2.65
|-
| align="left" |[[Chongqing]]||2,912.90||433.07||2.41
|-
| align="left" |[[Liaoning]]||2,897.51||430.79||2.39
|-
| align="left" |[[Yunnan]]||2,895.42||430.48||2.39
|-
| align="left" |[[Guangxi]]||2,630.09||391.03||2.17
|-
| align="left" |[[Shanxi]]||2,564.26||381.24||2.12
|-
| align="left" |{{small|[[Inner Mongolia]]}}||2,315.87||344.31||1.91
|-
| align="left" |[[Guizhou]]||2,016.46||299.80||1.67
|-
| align="left" |[[Xinjiang]]||1,774.13||263.77||1.47
|-
| align="left" |[[Tianjin]]||1,631.13||242.51||1.35
|-
| align="left" |{{small|[[Heilongjiang]]}}||1,590.10||236.41||1.31
|-
| align="left" |[[Jilin]]||1,307.02||194.32||1.08
|-
| align="left" |[[Gansu]]||1,120.16||166.54||0.93
|-
| align="left" |[[Hainan]]||681.82||101.37||0.56
|-
| align="left" |[[Ningxia]]||506.96||75.37||0.42
|-
| align="left" |[[Qinghai]]||361.01||53.67||0.30
|-
| align="left" |[[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]]||213.26||31.71||0.18
|}

===Hong Kong and Macau===
{{main|Economy of Hong Kong|Economy of Macau}}

In accordance with the [[one country, two systems]] policy, the economies of the former British colony of Hong Kong and Portuguese colony of Macau formally preserve a capitalist system separate from mainland China.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pomfret |first=James |last2= |first2= |date=2022-06-27 |title=Explainer: Hong Kong's rocky political road since the 1997 handover |language=en |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/hong-kongs-rocky-political-road-since-1997-handover-2022-06-27/ |access-date=2023-07-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Campbell |first=Matthew |date=29 July 2023 |title=What Happens to Hong Kong When 'One Country, Two Systems' Expires in 2047 |work=[[Bloomberg News]] |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-08-27/countdown-to-2047-what-will-happen-to-hong-kong-quicktake#xj4y7vzkg}}</ref>

==Development==
{{See also|List of administrative divisions of Greater China by Human Development Index}}
[[File:Graph of Major Developing Economies by Real GDP per capita at PPP 1990-2013.png|thumb|400px|China and other major developing economies by [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|GDP per capita at purchasing-power parity]] (1990–2013) as the rapid economic growth of China (blue) is readily apparent<ref>{{cite web|title=World Bank World Development Indicators|url=http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-development-indicators|publisher=World Bank|access-date=8 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820022146/http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-development-indicators|archive-date=20 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>]]
The [[Chinese economic reform|economic reforms]] implemented in 1978 helped to propel China into the ranks of the world's major economic powers. The economic development of [[Shenzhen]] has caused the city to be referred to as the world's next [[Silicon Valley]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Shenzhen is a hothouse of innovation|url=https://www.economist.com/news/special-report/21720076-copycats-are-out-innovators-are-shenzhen-hothouse-innovation|url-status=live|newspaper=The Economist|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114020350/https://www.economist.com/news/special-report/21720076-copycats-are-out-innovators-are-shenzhen-hothouse-innovation|archive-date=14 January 2018|access-date=13 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Murphy|first=Flynn|date=17 May 2017|title=China's Silicon Valley|journal=Nature|volume=545|issue=7654|pages=S29–S31|bibcode=2017Natur.545S..29M|doi=10.1038/545S29a|pmid=28514437|doi-access=free}}</ref> The [[Provinces of China|provinces]] in the coastal [[regions of China]], including [[Zhejiang]], [[Jiangsu]], [[Fujian]] and [[Guangdong]], tend to be more [[industrialized]] while regions in the hinterland are less [[Economic development|developed]].
[[File:China_vs_World_by_Nominal_GDP_per_capita_in_2020_new.png|thumb|China vs World by Nominal GDP per capita in 2020<ref name="GDP IMF">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2020/October/weo-report?c=512,914,612,614,311,213,911,314,193,122,912,313,419,513,316,913,124,339,638,514,218,963,616,223,516,918,748,618,624,522,622,156,626,628,228,924,233,632,636,634,238,662,960,423,935,128,611,321,243,248,469,253,642,643,939,734,644,819,172,132,646,648,915,134,652,174,328,258,656,654,336,263,268,532,944,176,534,536,429,433,178,436,136,343,158,439,916,664,826,542,967,443,917,544,941,446,666,668,672,946,137,546,674,676,548,556,678,181,867,682,684,273,868,921,948,943,686,688,518,728,836,558,138,196,278,692,694,962,142,449,564,565,283,853,288,293,566,964,182,359,453,968,922,714,862,135,716,456,722,942,718,724,576,936,961,813,726,199,733,184,524,361,362,364,732,366,144,146,463,528,923,738,578,537,742,866,369,744,186,925,869,746,926,466,112,111,298,927,846,299,582,487,474,754,698,&s=NGDPDPC,&sy=2020&ey=2020&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2020 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |work=World Economic Outlook |date=October 2020 |access-date=13 October 2020 }}</ref>|400px]]

To guide economic development, the Chinese central government adopts "[[Five-year plans of China|five-year plans]]" that detail its economic priorities and essential policies. The [[Five-year plans of China#Fourteenth Plan (2021–2025)|Fourteenth Five-Year Plan]] (2021–2025) is currently being implemented, placing an emphasis on consumption-driven growth and technological self-sufficiency while China transitions from being an upper middle-income economy to a high-income economy.<ref>{{cite news|date=30 October 2020|title=Five-year plan: China moves to technology self-sufficiency|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3107709/five-year-plan-china-officials-flesh-out-details-plenum|publisher=South China Morning Post|access-date=18 March 2021}}</ref>

The [[public sector]] plays a central role in China's economy.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9789811368943 |title=The Basic Economic System of China |isbn=978-981-13-6894-3|last1=Pei |first1=Changhong |last2=Yang |first2=Chunxue |last3=Yang |first3=Xinming |date=4 July 2019 |publisher=Springer }}</ref> This development is also in line with the planning goals of the Chinese central government to achieve the "[[Two Centenaries]]", namely the material goal of China becoming a "[[Moderately prosperous society|moderately prosperous society in all respects]]" by 2021 and the modernization goal of China becoming a "strong, democratic, civilized, harmonious and modern socialist country" by 2049, the 100th anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nathan |first=Andrew |date=25 June 2021 |title=An Anxious 100th Birthday for China's Communist Party |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/an-anxious-100th-birthday-for-chinas-communist-party-11624635205 |access-date=23 May 2023}}</ref> China retains state control over the [[commanding heights of the economy]] in key industries like infrastructure, telecommunications, and finance despite significant marketization of the economy since [[reform and opening up]].<ref name=":44">{{Cite book |last=Heilmann |first=Sebastian |url= |title=Red Swan: How Unorthodox Policy-Making Facilitated China's Rise |date=2018 |publisher=[[The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press]] |isbn=978-962-996-827-4 |author-link=Sebastian Heilmann}}</ref>{{Rp|page=20}} Specific mechanisms implementing its control of the commanding heights in these areas include public property rights, pervasive administrative involvement, and Communist Party supervision of senior managers.<ref name=":44" />{{Rp|page=20}}
[[File:Worlds regions by total wealth(in trillions USD), 2018.jpg|thumb|400px|Worlds regions by total wealth (in trillions USD), 2018]]
[[File:China's share of global export.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|China's share of global export 1990–2019]]
Like Japan and South Korea before it, China's economy has grown rapidly, raising the income levels and living standards of its citizens while producing goods that are consumed globally. China brought more people out of extreme poverty than any other country in history<ref>{{cite news |date=13 October 2017 |title=China lifting 800 million people out of poverty is historic: World Bank |work=Business Standard India |agency=Press Trust of India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/international/china-lifting-800-million-people-out-of-poverty-is-historic-world-bank-117101300027_1.html |access-date=22 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author= |url= |title=Four Decades of Poverty Reduction in China: Drivers, Insights for the World, and the Way Ahead |date=2022 |publisher=World Bank Publications |isbn=9781464818783 |location= |page=ix |quote=By any measure, the speed and scale of China's poverty reduction is historically unprecedented.}}</ref>—between 1978 and 2018, China reduced extreme poverty by 800 million.<ref name="UN-2019">{{cite web |title=China's Approach to Reduce Poverty: Taking Targeted Measures to Lift People out of Poverty |url=https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2018/05/31.pdf |access-date=21 February 2019 |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> Between 1981 and 2019, the percentage of the population living in [[extreme poverty]] decreased from 88.1% to 0.2%.<ref name="POVCAL" /> Its [[current account surplus]] increased by a factor of 53 between 1982 and 2021, from $5.67{{spaces}}billion to $317{{spaces}}billion.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BN.CAB.XOKA.CD?locations=CN |title=Current account balance (BoP, current US$) – China |publisher=[[World Bank]] |website=worldbank.org|access-date=18 March 2021}}</ref> During this time, China also became an industrial powerhouse, moving beyond initial successes in low-wage sectors like [[clothing]] and [[footwear]] to the increasingly sophisticated production of [[computers]], [[pharmaceuticals]], and [[automobiles]]. China's factories generated $3.7{{spaces}}trillion real manufacturing value added, more than the US, South Korea, Germany and the UK combined. China's manufacturing sector benefits from the world's largest domestic market, immense manufacturing scale, and highly developed manufacturing supply chains.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bcg.com/publications/2018/china-next-leap-in-manufacturing |title=China's Next Leap in Manufacturing |publisher=Boston Consulting Group |website=bcg.com|date=19 August 2020 |access-date=18 March 2021}}</ref>

In mid-2014 China announced it was taking steps to boost the economy, which at the time was running at a rate 7.4% per annum, but was slowing. The measures included plans to build a multi-tier [[transport network]], comprising [[Rail transport|railways]], [[road]]s and [[airport]]s, to create a new economic belt alongside the [[Yangtze]] River.<ref name="ChinaEconomy">{{cite news|title=New stimulus measures by China to boost economic growth|url=http://www.beijingbulletin.com/index.php/sid/222852671/scat/ce9cf98a4a863704/ht/New-stimulus-measures-by-China-to-boost-economic-growth|publisher=Beijing Bulletin|access-date=12 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714231927/http://www.beijingbulletin.com/index.php/sid/222852671/scat/ce9cf98a4a863704/ht/New-stimulus-measures-by-China-to-boost-economic-growth|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In terms of domestic [[National saving|saving]], defined as combined saving of households, businesses, and governments, China is the world's largest saving country as of at least 2022.<ref name=":04">{{Cite book |last=Roach |first=Stephen |url= |title=Accidental Conflict: America, China, and the Clash of False Narratives |date=2022 |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |isbn=978-0-300-26901-7 |doi=10.2307/j.ctv2z0vv2v |jstor=j.ctv2z0vv2v |s2cid=252800309 |author-link=Stephen S. Roach}}</ref>{{Rp|page=27}}

===Disputes over economic data===
There exists disputes over reliability of official economic data. Foreign and some Chinese sources have claimed that official Chinese government statistics overstate China's economic growth.<ref name=":18" /> However, several Western academics and institutions have stated that China's economic growth is higher than indicated by official figures.<ref name=":4" /> Others, such as the [[Economist Intelligence Unit]], state that while there's evidence China's GDP data is "smoothed", they believe that China's nominal and real GDP data are broadly accurate.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-04 |title=Recent challenges in reading China's GDP |url=https://www.eiu.com/n/recent-challenges-in-reading-chinas-gdp/ |access-date=2022-08-18 |website=Economist Intelligence Unit |language=en-GB}}</ref>

==== Overestimating ====
Chinese provinces and cities have long been suspected of cooking their numbers, with the focus on local government officials, whose performance are often assessed based on how well their respective economies have performed.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-economy-data-idUSKBN1F60I1|title=Another Chinese city admits 'fake' economic data|newspaper=Reuters|date=17 January 2018|via=www.reuters.com|access-date=19 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190813160840/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-economy-data-idUSKBN1F60I1|archive-date=13 August 2019|url-status=live|last1=Woo|first1=Yawen Chen}}</ref> Local governments have come under increased scrutiny over the last few years over economic data, with CCP general secretary [[Xi Jinping]] stating that economic data forgery "not only hurt our judgment of the economic situation, but also seriously undermined the [[Chinese Communist Party|Communist Party]]’s ideas and truth-seeking style".<ref name=":18">{{cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/economy/article/2063906/can-you-still-trust-chinas-economic-data-after-province-admits|title=Can you still trust China's economic data after province admits cooking books?|date=20 January 2017|website=South China Morning Post|access-date=19 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190813160839/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/economy/article/2063906/can-you-still-trust-chinas-economic-data-after-province-admits|archive-date=13 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/economy/article/2128484/why-chinese-officials-are-suddenly-coming-clean-over-cooking|title=Why Chinese officials are coming clean over cooking the books|date=16 January 2018|website=South China Morning Post|access-date=19 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191002180057/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/economy/article/2128484/why-chinese-officials-are-suddenly-coming-clean-over-cooking|archive-date=2 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

A 2015 survey by ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' of 64 select economists found that 96% of respondents think China's GDP estimates don't "accurately reflect the state of the Chinese economy."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/wsj-survey-chinas-growth-statements-make-u-s-economists-skeptical-1441980001|title=WSJ Survey: China's Growth Statements Make U.S. Economists Skeptical|first=Jeffrey|last=Sparshott|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|date=11 September 2015|access-date=19 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420010540/https://www.wsj.com/articles/wsj-survey-chinas-growth-statements-make-u-s-economists-skeptical-1441980001|archive-date=20 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> However, more than half the economists in the survey estimated that China's annual growth was somewhere in the 5% to 7% range, which represents robust growth. During his tenure in [[Liaoning]], future Chinese premier [[Li Keqiang]] has said he is far from confident in the country's GDP estimates, calling them "man-made" and unreliable, according to a leaked document from 2007 obtained by WikiLeaks. He said government data releases, especially the GDP numbers, should be used "for reference only".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2015/11/02/is-china-cooking-the-books-on-economic-expansion |title=Is China Cooking the Books on Economic Expansion? | Civic | US News |access-date=19 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420010707/https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2015/11/02/is-china-cooking-the-books-on-economic-expansion |archive-date=20 April 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2016, analysts like [[Wilbur Ross]] and Donald Straszheim believed China's economic growth had been overstated, and estimate a growth rate at around 4% or less.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2016/01/19/what-is-chinas-actual-gdp-experts-weigh-in.html|title=What is China's actual GDP? Experts weigh in|first=Everett|last=Rosenfeld|date=19 January 2016|website=CNBC|access-date=5 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180505134836/https://www.cnbc.com/2016/01/19/what-is-chinas-actual-gdp-experts-weigh-in.html|archive-date=5 May 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> According to Chang-Tai Hsieh, an economist at the [[University of Chicago Booth School of Business]] and research associate at the [[National Bureau of Economic Research]], Michael Zheng Song, an economics professor at the [[Chinese University of Hong Kong]], and coauthors, China's economy was smaller than what the Chinese government stated in 2016. In their research paper, published by the [[Brookings Institution]] in 2019, they adjusted the historical GDP time series using [[value-added tax]] data, which they said are "highly resistant to fraud and tampering".<ref>{{cite web|last=Song|first=Wei Chen, Xilu Chen, Chang-Tai Hsieh, and Zheng (Michael)|date=7 March 2019|title=A forensic examination of China's national accounts|url=https://www.brookings.edu/bpea-articles/a-forensic-examination-of-chinas-national-accounts/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720135504/https://www.brookings.edu/bpea-articles/a-forensic-examination-of-chinas-national-accounts/|archive-date=20 July 2019|access-date=20 July 2019|website=Brookings|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{cite web|last=Wildau|first=Gabriel|date=7 March 2019|title=China's economy is 12% smaller than official data say, study finds|url=https://www.ft.com/content/961b4b32-3fce-11e9-b896-fe36ec32aece|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720135501/https://www.ft.com/content/961b4b32-3fce-11e9-b896-fe36ec32aece|archive-date=20 July 2019|access-date=20 July 2019|website=Financial Times|language=en-GB}}</ref> They found that China's economic growth may have been overstated by 1.7 percent each year between 2008 and 2016, meaning that the government may have been overstating the size of the Chinese economy by 12–16 percent in 2016.<ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2019/03/07/chinas-economy-might-be-nearly-a-seventh-smaller-than-reported|title=China's economy might be nearly a seventh smaller than reported|date=7 March 2019|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=20 July 2019|issn=0013-0613|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720135459/https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2019/03/07/chinas-economy-might-be-nearly-a-seventh-smaller-than-reported|archive-date=20 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Underestimating ====
Several Western academics and institutions have supported the claim that China's economy is likely to be underestimated.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Clark|first1=Hunter|last2=Pinkovskiy|first2=Maxim|last3=Sala-i-Martin|first3=Xavier|date=1 August 2020|title=China's GDP growth may be understated|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1043951X18301470|journal=China Economic Review|language=en|volume=62|page=101243|doi=10.1016/j.chieco.2018.10.010|s2cid=157898394|issn=1043-951X}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite web|last=Chandran|first=Nyshka|date=16 October 2015|title=These guys think China's economy is much larger|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2015/10/15/chinas-economy-is-likely-larger-than-you-think.html|access-date=25 October 2020|website=CNBC|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite web|date=13 January 2011|title=Is China Already Number One? New GDP Estimates|url=https://www.piie.com/blogs/realtime-economic-issues-watch/china-already-number-one-new-gdp-estimates|access-date=25 October 2020|website=PIIE|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last1=Fernald|first1=John G.|last2=Malkin|first2=Israel|last3=Spiegel|first3=Mark M.|date=2013|title=On the reliability of Chinese output figures|url=https://ideas.repec.org/a/fip/fedfel/y2013imar25n2013-08.html|journal=FRBSF Economic Letter|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite book|last1=Daniel|first1=Rosen|title=Broken Abacus? A More Accurate Gauge of China's Economy|last2=Beibei|first2=Bao|publisher=Center for Strategic and International Studies|year=2015|isbn=978-1442240841|pages=X-XV}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{cite web|last=Allison|first=Graham|date=15 October 2020|title=China Is Now the World's Largest Economy. We Shouldn't Be Shocked.|url=https://nationalinterest.org/feature/china-now-world%E2%80%99s-largest-economy-we-shouldn%E2%80%99t-be-shocked-170719|access-date=25 October 2020|website=The National Interest|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Williamson|first1=Peter J.|last2=Hoenderop|first2=Simon|last3=Hoenderop|first3=Jochem|date=3 April 2018|title=An alternative benchmark for the validity of China's GDP growth statistics|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/14765284.2018.1438867|journal=Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies|volume=16|issue=2|pages=171–191|doi=10.1080/14765284.2018.1438867|s2cid=158464860|issn=1476-5284}}</ref> A paper by the US-based [[National Bureau of Economic Research]] claimed that China's economic growth may be higher than what is reported by official statistics.<ref>{{cite web|date=April 2017|title=China'S GDP Growth May Be Understated|url=https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w23323/w23323.pdf|access-date=26 January 2021|website=National Bureau of Economic Research}}</ref> An article by Hunter Clarka, Maxim Pinkovskiya and [[Xavier Sala-i-Martin]] published by the [[Elsevier Science Direct]] in 2018 employs an innovative method of satellite-recorded nighttime lights, which the authors claim to be a best-unbiased predictor of the economic growth in Chinese cities. The results suggest that the Chinese economic growth rate is higher than the official reported data.<ref name=":1" />

The [[Li Keqiang index]] is an alternative measurement of Chinese economic performance that uses three variables Li preferred.<ref name="stlfed20170912">{{cite web|date=12 September 2017|title=Some Alternative Methods for Tracking Chinese GDP|url=https://www.stlouisfed.org/on-the-economy/2017/september/some-alternative-methods-tracking-chinese-gdp|access-date=6 May 2020|website=Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis}}</ref> Satellite measurements of [[light pollution]] are used by some analysts to model Chinese economic growth and suggest growth rate numbers in Chinese official data are more reliable, though are likely to be smoothed.<ref name="stlfed20170914">{{cite web|date=14 September 2017|title=Estimating Chinese GDP Using Night-Lights Data|url=https://www.stlouisfed.org/on-the-economy/2017/september/estimating-chinese-gdp-using-night-lights-data|access-date=6 May 2020|website=Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis}}</ref> According to an article by the [[Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis]], China's official statistics are of a high quality compared to other developing, middle-income and low-income countries. In 2016, China was at the 83rd percentile of middle and low-income countries, up from the 38th percentile in 2004.<ref name="stlfed20170911">{{cite web|date=11 September 2017|title=Challenges in Measuring China's Economic Growth|url=https://www.stlouisfed.org/on-the-economy/2017/september/challenges-measuring-china-economic-growth|access-date=29 October 2020|website=Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis}}</ref> A study by the [[Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco]] found that China's official GDP statistics are "significantly and positively correlated" with externally verifiable measures of economic activity such as import and export data from China's trade partners, suggesting that China's economic growth was no slower than the official figures indicated.<ref name=":4" />

The study by Daniel Rosen and Beibei Bao, published by the [[Center for Strategic and International Studies]] in 2015, showed that GDP in 2008 was actually 13–16 percent bigger than the official data, while 2013 GDP was accurately at $10.5{{spaces}}trillion rather than the official figure at $9.5{{spaces}}trillion.<ref name=":5" /> According to a research conducted by [[Arvind Subramanian]], a former economist at the [[International Money Fund|International Money Fund (IMF)]] and a senior fellow at the [[Peterson Institute for International Economics]], the size of the Chinese economy by [[Purchasing power parity|Purchasing Power Parity]] in 2010 was about $14.8 trillion rather than an official estimate at $10.1 trillion by IMF, meaning that China's GDP was underestimated by 47 percent.<ref>{{cite web|last=Arvind|first=Subramanian|date=13 January 2011|title=Is China Already Number One? New GDP Estimates|url=https://www.piie.com/blogs/realtime-economic-issues-watch/china-already-number-one-new-gdp-estimates|access-date=29 March 2021|website=[[Peterson Institute for International Economics]] (PIIE)|language=en}}</ref>

===Regional development===
{{Regional economic strategies of the People's Republic of China}}
These strategies are aimed at the relatively poorer regions in China in an attempt to prevent widening inequalities:
* [[China Western Development]], designed to increase the economic situation of the western provinces through investment and development of natural resources.
* [[Revitalize Northeast China]], to rejuvenate the industrial bases in [[Northeast China]]. It covers the three provinces of [[Heilongjiang]], [[Jilin]], and [[Liaoning]], as well as the five eastern [[Prefecture (China)|prefectures]] of [[Inner Mongolia]].
* [[Rise of Central China Plan]], to accelerate the development of its central regions. It covers six provinces: [[Shanxi]], [[Henan]], [[Anhui]], [[Hubei]], [[Hunan]], and [[Jiangxi]].
* [[Third Front (China)|Third Front]], focused on the southwestern provinces.

Foreign investment abroad:
* [[Go Out policy|Go Global]], to encourage its enterprises to invest overseas.

==Macroeconomic trends==
{{see also|Historical GDP of China}}
The following table shows the main economic indicators in 1980–2022 (with IMF staff estimtates in 2023–2028). Inflation below 5% is in green.<ref name=":16">{{Cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/April/weo-report|title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects|website=IMF}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!Year
!GDP
(in Bil. US$PPP)
!GDP per capita
(in US$ PPP)
!GDP
(in Bil. US$nominal)
!GDP per capita
(in US$ nominal)
!GDP growth
(real)
!Inflation rate
(in Percent)
!Unemployment
(in Percent)
!Government debt
(in % of GDP)
|-
|1980
|302.8
|306.7
|303.0
|307.0
|{{Increase}}7.9%
|n/a
|4.9%
|n/a
|-
|1981
|{{Increase}}348.3
|{{Increase}}348.1
|{{Decrease}}288.7
|{{Decrease}}288.5
|{{Increase}}5.1%
|{{Increase}}2.5%
|{{DecreasePositive}}3.8%
|n/a
|-
|1982
|{{Increase}}403.1
|{{Increase}}396.6
|{{Decrease}}284.6
|{{Decrease}}280.0
|{{Increase}}9.0%
|{{Increase}}2.0%
|{{DecreasePositive}}3.2%
|n/a
|-
|1983
|{{Increase}}464.1
|{{Increase}}450.6
|{{Increase}}305.4
|{{Increase}}296.5
|{{Increase}}10.8%
|{{Increase}}2.0%
|{{DecreasePositive}}2.3%
|n/a
|-
|1984
|{{Increase}}554.0
|{{Increase}}530.9
|{{Increase}}314.2
|{{Increase}}301.1
|{{Increase}}15.2%
|{{Increase}}2.7%
|{{DecreasePositive}}1.9%
|n/a
|-
|1985
|{{Increase}}648.7
|{{Increase}}612.8
|{{Decrease}}310.1
|{{Decrease}}293.0
|{{Increase}}13.5%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}9.3%
|{{DecreasePositive}}1.8%
|n/a
|-
|1986
|{{Increase}}718.6
|{{Increase}}668.4
|{{Decrease}}300.9
|{{Decrease}}279.9
|{{Increase}}8.6%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}6.5%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}2.0%
|n/a
|-
|1987
|{{Increase}}822.5
|{{Increase}}752.6
|{{Increase}}327.7
|{{Increase}}299.8
|{{Increase}}11.7%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}7.3%
|{{Steady}}2.0%
|n/a
|-
|1988
|{{Increase}}946.9
|{{Increase}}852.9
|{{Increase}}408.7
|{{Increase}}368.1
|{{Increase}}11.2%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}18.8%
|{{Steady}}2.0%
|n/a
|-
|1989
|{{Increase}}1,025.4
|{{Increase}}909.8
|{{Increase}}458.2
|{{Increase}}406.5
|{{Increase}}4.2%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}18.0%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}2.6%
|n/a
|-
|1990
|{{Increase}}1,105.1
|{{Increase}}966.6
|{{Decrease}}396.6
|{{Decrease}}346.9
|{{Increase}}3.9%
|{{Increase}}3.1%
|{{DecreasePositive}}2.5%
|n/a
|-
|1991
|{{Increase}}1,248.7
|{{Increase}}1,078.1
|{{Increase}}413.2
|{{Increase}}356.8
|{{Increase}}9.3%
|{{Increase}}3.4%
|{{DecreasePositive}}2.3%
|n/a
|-
|1992
|{{Increase}}1,459.6
|{{Increase}}1,245.7
|{{Increase}}492.1
|{{Increase}}420.0
|{{Increase}}14.3%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}6.4%
|{{Steady}}2.3%
|n/a
|-
|1993
|{{Increase}}1,701.5
|{{Increase}}1,435.7
|{{Increase}}617.4
|{{Increase}}521.0
|{{Increase}}13.9%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}14.7%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}2.6%
|n/a
|-
|1994
|{{Increase}}1,964.3
|{{Increase}}1,639.0
|{{Decrease}}561.7
|{{Decrease}}468.7
|{{Increase}}13.0%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}24.1%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}2.8%
|n/a
|-
|1995
|{{Increase}}2,225.5
|{{Increase}}1,837.4
|{{Increase}}731.0
|{{Increase}}603.5
|{{Increase}}11.0%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}17.1%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}2.9%
|21.6%
|-
|1996
|{{Increase}}2,491.0
|{{Increase}}2,035.3
|{{Increase}}860.5
|{{Increase}}703.1
|{{Increase}}9.9%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}8.3%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}3.0%
|{{DecreasePositive}}21.4%
|-
|1997
|{{Increase}}2,768.3
|{{Increase}}2,239.3
|{{Increase}}958.0
|{{Increase}}774.9
|{{Increase}}9.2%
|{{Increase}}2.8%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}3.1%
|{{DecreasePositive}}20.6%
|-
|1998
|{{Increase}}3,019.4
|{{Increase}}2,420.1
|{{Increase}}1,024.2
|{{Increase}}820.9
|{{Increase}}7.9%
|{{Increase}}-0.8%
|{{Steady}}3.1%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}20.7%
|-
|1999
|{{Increase}}3,297.1
|{{Increase}}2,621.2
|{{Increase}}1,088.3
|{{Increase}}865.2
|{{Increase}}7.7%
|{{Increase}}-1.4%
|{{Steady}}3.1%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}21.9%
|-
|2000
|{{Increase}}3,657.5
|{{Increase}}2,885.7
|{{Increase}}1,205.5
|{{Increase}}951.2
|{{Increase}}8.5%
|{{Increase}}0.4%
|{{Steady}}3.1%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}23.0%
|-
|2001
|{{Increase}}4,051.0
|{{Increase}}3,174.1
|{{Increase}}1,333.6
|{{Increase}}1,045.0
|{{Increase}}8.3%
|{{Increase}}0.7%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}3.6%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}24.6%
|-
|2002
|{{Increase}}4,489.1
|{{Increase}}3,494.7
|{{Increase}}1,465.8
|{{Increase}}1,141.1
|{{Increase}}9.1%
|{{Increase}}-0.8%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}4.0%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}25.9%
|-
|2003
|{{Increase}}5,036.5
|{{Increase}}3,897.4
|{{Increase}}1,657.0
|{{Increase}}1,282.2
|{{Increase}}10.0%
|{{Increase}}1.2%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}4.3%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}26.8%
|-
|2004
|{{Increase}}5,694.7
|{{Increase}}4,381.0
|{{Increase}}1,949.4
|{{Increase}}1,499.7
|{{Increase}}10.1%
|{{Increase}}3.9%
|{{DecreasePositive}}4.2%
|{{DecreasePositive}}26.4%
|-
|2005
|{{Increase}}6,542.3
|{{Increase}}5,003.4
|{{Increase}}2,290.0
|{{Increase}}1,751.4
|{{Increase}}11.4%
|{{Increase}}1.8%
|{{Steady}}4.2%
|{{DecreasePositive}}26.3%
|-
|2006
|{{Increase}}7,601.3
|{{Increase}}5,782.8
|{{Increase}}2,754.1
|{{Increase}}2,095.2
|{{Increase}}12.7%
|{{Increase}}1.5%
|{{DecreasePositive}}4.1%
|{{DecreasePositive}}25.6%
|-
|2007
|{{Increase}}8,918.9
|{{Increase}}6,750.2
|{{Increase}}3,555.7
|{{Increase}}2,691.0
|{{Increase}}14.2%
|{{Increase}}4.8%
|{{DecreasePositive}}4.0%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}29.2%
|-
|2008
|{{Increase}}9,961.9
|{{Increase}}7,501.3
|{{Increase}}4,577.3
|{{Increase}}3,446.7
|{{Increase}}9.6%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}5.9%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}4.2%
|{{DecreasePositive}}27.2%
|-
|2009
|{{Increase}}10,972.8
|{{Increase}}8,222.4
|{{Increase}}5,089.0
|{{Increase}}3,813.4
|{{Increase}}9.4%
|{{Increase}}-0.7%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}4.3%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}34.6%
|-
|2010
|{{Increase}}12,283.0
|{{Increase}}9,160.2
|{{Increase}}6,033.8
|{{Increase}}4,499.8
|{{Increase}}10.6%
|{{Increase}}3.3%
|{{DecreasePositive}}4.1%
|{{DecreasePositive}}33.9%
|-
|2011
|{{Increase}}13,735.7
|{{Increase}}10,180.9
|{{Increase}}7,492.2
|{{Increase}}5,553.2
|{{Increase}}9.6%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}5.4%
|{{Steady}}4.1%
|{{DecreasePositive}}33.8%
|-
|2012
|{{Increase}}15,137.5
|{{Increase}}11,136.9
|{{Increase}}8,539.6
|{{Increase}}6,282.7
|{{Increase}}7.8%
|{{Increase}}2.6%
|{{Steady}}4.1%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}34.4%
|-
|2013
|{{Increase}}16,277.4
|{{Increase}}11,905.1
|{{Increase}}9,624.9
|{{Increase}}7,039.6
|{{Increase}}7.8%
|{{Increase}}2.6%
|{{Steady}}4.1%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}37.0%
|-
|2014
|{{Increase}}17,200.7
|{{Increase}}12,496.3
|{{Increase}}10,524.2
|{{Increase}}7,645.9
|{{Increase}}7.4%
|{{Increase}}2.0%
|{{Steady}}4.1%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}40.0%
|-
|2015
|{{Increase}}17,880.3
|{{Increase}}12,926.2
|{{Increase}}11,113.5
|{{Increase}}8,034.3
|{{Increase}}7.0%
|{{Increase}}1.4%
|{{Steady}}4.1%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}41.5%
|-
|2016
|{{Increase}}18,701.7
|{{Increase}}13,432.0
|{{Increase}}11,226.9
|{{Increase}}8,063.4
|{{Increase}}6.9%
|{{Increase}}2.0%
|{{DecreasePositive}}4.0%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}50.7%
|-
|2017
|{{Increase}}19,814.1
|{{Increase}}14,151.8
|{{Increase}}12,265.3
|{{Increase}}8,760.3
|{{Increase}}6.9%
|{{Increase}}1.6%
|{{DecreasePositive}}3.9%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}55.0%
|-
|2018
|{{Increase}}21,660.2
|{{Increase}}15,412.0
|{{Increase}}13,841.8
|{{Increase}}9,848.9
|{{Increase}}6.8%
|{{Increase}}2.1%
|{{DecreasePositive}}3.8%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}56.7%
|-
|2019
|{{Increase}}23,360.8
|{{Increase}}16,567.0
|{{Increase}}14,340.6
|{{Increase}}10,170.1
|{{Increase}}6.0%
|{{Increase}}2.9%
|{{DecreasePositive}}3.6%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}60.4%
|-
|2020
|{{Increase}}24,196.3
|{{Increase}}17,134.7
|{{Increase}}14,862.6
|{{Increase}}10,525.0
|{{Increase}}2.2%
|{{Increase}}2.4%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}4.2%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}70.1%
|-
|2021
|{{Increase}}27,419.5
|{{Increase}}19,410.6
|{{Increase}}17,759.3
|{{Increase}}12,572.1
|{{Increase}}8.5%
|{{Increase}}0.9%
|{{DecreasePositive}}4.0%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}71.8%
|-
|2022
|{{Increase}}30,217.0
|{{Increase}}21,392.0
|{{Increase}}18,100.0
|{{Increase}}12,813.7
|{{Increase}}3.0%
|{{Increase}}1.9%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}4.2%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}77.1%
|-
|2023
|{{Increase}}33,015.0
|{{Increase}}23,382.4
|{{Increase}}19,373.6
|{{Increase}}13,721.1
|{{Increase}}5.2%
|{{Increase}}2.0%
|{{DecreasePositive}}4.1%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}82.4%
|-
|2024
|{{Increase}}35,258.6
|{{Increase}}24,991.1
|{{Increase}}20,881.4
|{{Increase}}14,800.6
|{{Increase}}4.5%
|{{Increase}}2.2%
|{{DecreasePositive}}3.9%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}87.2%
|-
|2025
|{{Increase}}37,394.5
|{{Increase}}26,536.2
|{{Increase}}22,407.7
|{{Increase}}15,901.1
|{{Increase}}4.1%
|{{Increase}}2.2%
|{{DecreasePositive}}3.8%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}92.0%
|-
|2026
|{{Increase}}39,598.5
|{{Increase}}28,144.0
|{{Increase}}24,035.8
|{{Increase}}17,082.9
|{{Increase}}4.0%
|{{Increase}}2.2%
|{{DecreasePositive}}3.7%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}96.4%
|-
|2027
|{{Increase}}41,777.4
|{{Increase}}29,749.6
|{{Increase}}25,722.4
|{{Increase}}18,316.9
|{{Increase}}3.6%
|{{Increase}}2.2%
|{{DecreasePositive}}3.6%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}100.8%
|-
|2028
|{{Increase}}44,027.8
|{{Increase}}31,424.4
|{{Increase}}27,492.8
|{{Increase}}19,622.7
|{{Increase}}3.4%
|{{Increase}}2.2%
|{{DecreasePositive}}3.5%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}104.9%
|}

===Inflation===
[[File:Chinese inflation.webp|thumb|350px|Chinese inflation 1987–2022]]
During the winter of 2007–2008, inflation ran about 7% on an annual basis, rising to 8.7% in statistics for February 2008, released in March 2008.<ref name="CPI">[http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/newsandcomingevents/t20071211_402451256.htm "Consumer Price Index (CPI) Kept Growth in November"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213174811/http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/newsandcomingevents/t20071211_402451256.htm |date=13 December 2007 }} [[National Bureau of Statistics of China]] 11 December 2007 13:14:55</ref><ref>Keith Bradsher (19 February 2008), [https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/19/business/worldbusiness/19inflation.html "China's Inflation Rose to 7.1% in January"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723022209/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/19/business/worldbusiness/19inflation.html |date=23 July 2016 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]''</ref><ref>[http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/newsandcomingevents/t20080311_402467365.htm Consumer Price Index (CPI) Expanded in February] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080315001648/http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/newsandcomingevents/t20080311_402467365.htm |date=15 March 2008 }} [[National Bureau of Statistics of China]]　11 March 2008 14:53:02</ref>

Shortages of gasoline and diesel fuel developed in the fall of 2007 due to reluctance of refineries to produce fuel at low prices set by the state. These prices were slightly increased in November 2007 with fuel selling for $2.65 a gallon, still slightly below world prices. [[Price controls]] were in effect on numerous basic products and services, but were ineffective with food, [[food prices|prices]] of which were rising at an annual rate of 18.2% in November 2007.<ref name="inflation">Keith Bradsher (14 November 2007), [https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/14/business/worldbusiness/14yuan.html "Chinese Prices Surge Again, Despite New Controls"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916211027/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/14/business/worldbusiness/14yuan.html |date=16 September 2017 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]''.</ref><ref>Keith Bradsher (11 December 2007), [https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/11/business/worldbusiness/11cnd-yuan.html "Inflation Picks Up in China; Trade Gap Grows"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723022233/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/11/business/worldbusiness/11cnd-yuan.html |date=23 July 2016 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]''.</ref> The problem of inflation has caused concern at the highest levels of the Chinese government. On 9{{spaces}}January 2008, the government issued the following statement on its official website: "The Chinese government decided on Wednesday to take further measures to stabilize market prices and increase the severity of punishments for those guilty of driving up prices through hoarding or cheating."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.gov.cn/2008-01/09/content_853969.htm|title=China vows to stabilize prices, prevent price hikes|date=9 January 2008|access-date=9 January 2008|work=Chinese Government's Official Web Portal|publisher=[[Xinhua]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201173818/http://english.gov.cn/2008-01/09/content_853969.htm|archive-date=1 December 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>Jim Yardley (9 January 2008), [https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/09/business/worldbusiness/09cnd-yuan.html "Fighting Inflation, China Freezes Energy Prices"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723022245/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/09/business/worldbusiness/09cnd-yuan.html |date=23 July 2016 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]''</ref>

Pork is an important part of the Chinese economy with a per capita consumption of 90 grams per day. The worldwide rise in the price of animal feed associated with increased production of ethanol from corn resulted in steep rises in pork prices in China in 2007. Increased cost of production interacted badly with increased demand resulting from rapidly rising wages. The state responded by subsidizing pork prices for students and the urban poor and called for increased production. Release of pork from the nation's strategic pork reserve was considered.<ref>{{cite news |author=Keith Bradsher |date=8 June 2007 |title=Rise in China's Pork Prices Signals End to Cheap Output |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |page=C1 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/08/business/worldbusiness/08prices.html |access-date=27 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227133132/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/08/business/worldbusiness/08prices.html |archive-date=27 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

By January 2008, the inflation rate rose to 7.1%, which [[BBC News]] described as the highest inflation rate since 1997, due to the [[2008 Chinese winter storms|winter storms that month]].<ref>{{cite news|title=China inflation hits 11-year high|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7252010.stm|work=BBC News|date=19 February 2008|access-date=19 February 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080221015607/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7252010.stm|archive-date=21 February 2008|url-status=live}}</ref> China's inflation rate jumped to a new decade high of 8.7 percent in February 2008 after severe winter storms disrupted the economy and worsened food shortages, the government said 11 March 2008.<ref>{{cite news |title=China's inflation at decade high|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/BUSINESS/03/10/china.inflation/index.html|publisher=CNN|date=10 March 2008|access-date=11 March 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080315002422/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/BUSINESS/03/10/china.inflation/index.html  |archive-date = 15 March 2008}}</ref> Throughout the summer and fall, however, inflation fell again to a low of 6.6% in October 2008.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7719042.stm|work=BBC News|title=Stocks surge after China stimulus|date=10 November 2008|access-date=1 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930005120/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7719042.stm|archive-date=30 September 2009|url-status=live}}</ref>

By November 2010, the inflation rate rose up to 5.1%, driven by an 11.7% increase in [[food prices]] year on year. According to the bureau, industrial output went up 13.3 percent. As supplies have run short, prices for fuel and other commodities have risen.<ref>{{cite news|title=China inflation rate at 5.1 percent|url=http://www.timesunion.com/default/article/China-inflation-rate-at-5-1-percent-875913.php|agency=Associated Press|author=Cara Anna|date=12 December 2010|access-date=30 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121211005553/http://www.timesunion.com/default/article/China-inflation-rate-at-5-1-percent-875913.php|archive-date=11 December 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Investment cycles===
[[File:Beijing Financial Street (overlook).jpg|thumb|[[Beijing Financial Street]]]]
Chinese investment has always been highly cyclical.<ref>{{cite book|title=China's Economic Development: The Interplay of Scarcity and Ideology|last=Eckstein|first=Alexander|year=1976|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=978-0-472-08310-7}}</ref> Ever since the 1958 Great Leap Forward, growth in fixed capital formation has typically peaked about every five years. Peaks occurred in 1978, 1984, 1988, 1993, 2003 and 2009. The corresponding troughs were in 1981, 1986, 1989, 1997 and 2005.{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}}

In China, the majority of investment is carried out by entities that are at least partially state-owned. Most of these are under the control of local governments. Thus, booms are primarily the result of [[perverse incentives]] at the local-government level.<ref>{{cite book|title=Animal Spirits with Chinese Characteristics: Investment Booms and Busts in the World's Emerging Economic Giant|last=DeWeaver|first=Mark|year=2012|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0230115699}}</ref> Unlike entrepreneurs in a free-enterprise economy, Chinese local officials are motivated primarily by political considerations. As their performance evaluations are based, to a large extent, on GDP growth within their jurisdictions, they have a strong incentive to promote large-scale investment projects.<ref>Zhou, Li'an (2004), "Jinsheng Boyi Zhong Zhengfu Guanyuan de Jili yu Hezuo" [Cooperation and Government Officials' Incentives in Promotion Competitions], ''Jingji Yanjiu [Economic Research]'', 6: 33–40.</ref><ref>Zhou, Li'an (2007), "Zhongguo Difang Guanyuan de Jinsheng Jinbiaosai Moshi Yanjiu" [A Tournament Model of Local Government Official Promotions], ''Jingji Yanjiu [Economic Research]'', 7: 36–50.</ref>

A typical cycle begins with a relaxation of central government credit and industrial policy. This allows local governments to push investment aggressively, both through state-sector entities they control directly and by offering investment-promotion incentives to private investors and enterprises outside their jurisdictions.<ref>Jin, Sanlin (2004), "Chengben Ruanyueshu Shi Touzi Guore de Zhongyau Yuanyin" [Soft Budget Constraints Are an Important Cause of Investment Overheating], ''Zhongguo Touzi [China Investment]'', June: 37–39.</ref> The resulting boom puts upward pressure on prices and may also result in shortages of key inputs such as coal and electricity (as was the case in 2003).<ref>{{cite book|title=Zenme You Guo Re Le? Xin Yilun Jingji Bodong yu Hongguan Tiaokong Fenxi [Why Is There Overheating Yet Again? The New Round of Economic Fluctuation and an Analysis of Macroeconomic Adjustment]|author1=Fan Gang |author2=Zhang Xiaojing |year=2004|publisher=Jiangxi People's Publishing House|isbn=978-7-210-03077-5}}</ref> Once inflation has risen to a level at which it begins to threaten social stability, the central government will intervene by tightening enforcement of industrial and credit policy. Projects that went ahead without required approvals will be halted. Bank lending to particular types of investors will be restricted. Credit then becomes tight and investment growth begins to decline.<ref>DeWeaver, 2012</ref>

== Macroeconomic issues ==
{{See also|Chinese economic reform}}

===Environmental transition===
{{main|Environmental policy in China|Water supply and sanitation in China|health in China}}

[[File:World fossil carbon dioxide emissions six top countries and confederations.png|thumb|300px|Historical annual [[List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions|CO2 emissions]] for the top six countries and confederations]]
Over the years, large subsidies were built into the price structure of certain commodities and these subsidies grew substantially in the late 1970s and 1980s.<ref name="Hiroshi Satō 2006">Hiroshi Satō. ''Unemployment, Inequality and Poverty in Urban China''. (2006) Routledge. {{ISBN|0-415-33872-7}}</ref>

By 2010, rapidly rising wages and a general increase in the standard of living had put increased energy use on a collision course with the need to reduce [[Greenhouse gas|carbon emissions]] in order to control [[global warming]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=World Bank |date=2022 |title=China Country Climate and Development Report |url=https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/38136/FullReport.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y}}</ref> There were diligent efforts to increase [[Efficient energy use|energy efficiency]] and increase use of [[Renewable energy|renewable sources]]; over 1,000 inefficient power plants had been closed, but projections continued to show a dramatic rise in carbon emissions from burning [[fossil fuel]]s.<ref>Keith Bradsher (5 July 2010), [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/05/business/global/05warm.html "China Fears Consumer Class Impact on Global Warming"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723022158/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/05/business/global/05warm.html|date=23 July 2016}}, ''[[The New York Times]]''</ref> Since the late 2010s, a reduction of state-backed subsidies has negatively impacted several Chinese companies, with BYD Auto being one of them.<ref>{{cite web|title=For some Chinese companies, generous state subsidies make up for losses|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Cover-Story/For-some-Chinese-companies-generous-state-subsidies-make-up-for-losses|website=Nikkei Asian Review}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Haley|first=Usha C. V. Haley and George T.|date=25 April 2013|title=How Chinese Subsidies Changed the World|journal=Harvard Business Review|url=https://hbr.org/2013/04/how-chinese-subsidies-changed|via=hbr.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Huang|first=Echo|title=The worst is not yet over for BYD|url=https://qz.com/1368687/the-worst-is-not-yet-over-for-byds-earnings/|website=Quartz|date=29 August 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Huang|first=Echo|title=Beijing's subsidy cut is starting to hurt China's largest electric car company|url=https://qz.com/1683042/beijings-subsidy-cut-is-starting-to-its-largest-ev-maker-byd/|website=Quartz|date=7 August 2019 }}</ref>

While not the largest source of historical cumulative emissions, today China accounts for one quarter of global greenhouse gas emissions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China's Greenhouse Gas Emissions Exceeded the Developed World for the First Time in 2019 |url=https://rhg.com/research/chinas-emissions-surpass-developed-countries/ |access-date=2023-03-24 |website=Rhodium Group |language=en-US}}</ref> On a per capita basis, China's emissions in 2019 (9 tonnes {{CO2}}-equivalent [t{{chem2|CO2e}}] per year) surpass those of the European Union (7.6 t{{chem2|CO2e}}) but remain slightly below the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) average (10.7 t{{chem2|CO2e}}) and well below the United States average (17.6 t{{chem2|CO2e}}). However, the carbon intensity of China's GDP—the amount of carbon used to generate a unit of output—remains relatively high.<ref name=":20" /> To avoid the long-term socioeconomic cost<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://message.worldbank.org/isp_error_page.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721013337/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTEAPREGTOPENVIRONMENT/Resources/China_Cost_of_Pollution.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Welcome to World Bank Intranet|archive-date=21 July 2015|website=message.worldbank.org}}</ref> of environmental [[pollution in China]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/china/chinas-environmental-crisis/p12608|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820225353/http://www.cfr.org/china/chinas-environmental-crisis/p12608|url-status=dead|title=''cfr.org''|archive-date=20 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Worst air pollution in China and the U.S.|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/worst-air-pollution-in-china-and-the-us/2014/02/02/6362127e-8c5b-11e3-833c-33098f9e5267_graphic.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117025744/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/worst-air-pollution-in-china-and-the-us/2014/02/02/6362127e-8c5b-11e3-833c-33098f9e5267_graphic.html|archive-date=17 November 2015|access-date=16 August 2015|via=www.washingtonpost.com}}</ref> it has been suggested by [[Nicholas Stern, Baron Stern of Brentford|Nicholas Stern]] and Fergus Green of the [[Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment]] that the economy of China be shifted to more advanced industrial development with low carbon dioxide emissions and better allocation of national resources to innovation and R&D for sustainable economic growth in order to reduce the impact of China's heavy industry. This is in accord with the planning goals of the central government.<ref>http://www.lse.ac.uk/GranthamInstitute/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Green-and-Stern-policy-paper-May-20141.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117025334/http://www.lse.ac.uk/GranthamInstitute/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Green-and-Stern-policy-paper-May-20141.pdf|date=17 November 2015}} '...{{spaces}}China is{{spaces}}... planning to grow its high technology and high value-added industries. It is championing seven "strategic emerging industries": energy efficient and environmental technologies; new energy; new-energy vehicles; next generation information technology; biotechnology; advanced equipment manufacture; and new materials.'</ref> [[Paramount leader|Chinese leader]] and [[Chinese Communist Party]] (CCP) [[General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party|general secretary]] [[Xi Jinping]]'s [[Chinese Dream]] is described as achieving the "[[Two Centenaries]]", namely the material goal of China becoming a "[[moderately prosperous society]]" by 2021, and the modernization goal of China becoming a [[Developed country|fully developed nation]] by 2049, the 100th anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic.<ref>{{cite news|date=4 June 2013|title=Xi Jinping's Chinese Dream|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/05/opinion/global/xi-jinpings-chinese-dream.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0|url-status=live|access-date=18 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104033230/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/05/opinion/global/xi-jinpings-chinese-dream.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0|archive-date=4 November 2016}}</ref>

===National debt===
{{main|National debt of China}}

In 2022, China's total government debt stood at approximately {{Renminbi}} 94 trillion ({{USD}} 14 trillion), equivalent to about 77.1% of [[GDP]].<ref name=":16" /> In 2014, many analysts expressed concern over the overall size of China's government debt.<ref>[https://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21625785-its-debt-will-not-drag-down-world-economy-it-risks-zombifying-countrys-financial "The great hole of China"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830143801/https://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21625785-its-debt-will-not-drag-down-world-economy-it-risks-zombifying-countrys-financial|date=30 August 2017}}, ''[[The Economist]]'', 18 October 2014</ref><ref name="forbes">Kenneth Rapoza (9 May 2015), [https://www.forbes.com/sites/kenrapoza/2015/05/09/chinas-total-debt-load-now-over-280-of-gdp/#6830ce8367ab "China's Total Debt Load Now Over 280% Of GDP"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923051419/https://www.forbes.com/sites/kenrapoza/2015/05/09/chinas-total-debt-load-now-over-280-of-gdp/#6830ce8367ab|date=23 September 2017}}, ''[[Forbes]]''</ref><ref>Ye Xie (15 July 2015), [https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-07-15/china-s-debt-to-gdp-ratio-just-climbed-to-a-new-record-high "China's Debt-to-GDP Ratio Just Climbed to a Record High"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410043752/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-07-15/china-s-debt-to-gdp-ratio-just-climbed-to-a-new-record-high|date=10 April 2017}}, ''[[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]]''</ref><ref>Adair Turner (3 December 2015), [http://www.weforum.org/agenda/2015/12/how-will-china-tackle-its-debt-dilemma "How will China tackle its debt dilemma?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312021342/http://www.weforum.org/agenda/2015/12/how-will-china-tackle-its-debt-dilemma|date=12 March 2016}}, [[Institute for New Economic Thinking]], [[World Economic Forum]]</ref> At the end of 2014, the [[International Monetary Fund]] reported that China's general government gross debt-to-GDP ratio was 41.44 percent.<ref name="imfarticle">[http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2015/cr15234.pdf "People's Republic of China 2015 Article IV Consultation{{snd}}Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for the PRC"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316161828/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2015/cr15234.pdf|date=16 March 2016}} IMF Country Report No. 15/234</ref><ref name="imf2015">[http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2010&ey=2017&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=924&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CGGXWDG_NGDP&grp=0&a=&pr.x=51&pr.y=12 World Economic Outlook Database, October 2015] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312011155/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2010&ey=2017&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=924&s=NGDPD,NGDPDPC,GGXWDG_NGDP&grp=0&a=&pr.x=51&pr.y=12|date=12 March 2016}}, IMF</ref> In 2015, a report by the [[International Monetary Fund]] concluded that China's public debt is relatively low "and on a stable path in all standard stress tests except for the scenario with contingent liability shocks", such as "a large-scale bank recapitalization or financial system bailout to deal, for example, with a potential rise in [[Non-performing loan|NPLs]] from deleveraging".<ref name="IMF15234">IMF Country Report No. 15/234, [https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2015/cr15234.pdf People's Republic of China: Staff Report for the 2015 Article IV Consultation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316161828/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2015/cr15234.pdf|date=16 March 2016}} (7 July 2015).</ref>

Chinese authorities have dismissed analysts' worries, insisting "the country still has room to increase government debt."<ref name="reuters">Xiaoyi Shao and Lisa Twaronite (7 March 2016), [http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-china-economy-budget-idUKKCN0W90A2 "China's fiscal income to slow but room for more government debt{{snd}}Finance Minister"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312011820/http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-china-economy-budget-idUKKCN0W90A2|date=12 March 2016}}, [[Reuters]]</ref> Former Fed Chairman [[Ben Bernanke]], earlier in 2016, commented that "the{{spaces}}... debt pile facing China [is] an 'internal' problem, given the majority of the borrowings was issued in local currency.<ref>Joyce Ho (19 January 2016), [http://asia.nikkei.com/Politics-Economy/Economy/Bernanke-downplays-China-impact-on-world-economy "Bernanke downplays China impact on world economy"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312010453/http://asia.nikkei.com/Politics-Economy/Economy/Bernanke-downplays-China-impact-on-world-economy|date=12 March 2016}} [[The Nikkei|Nikkei Asian Review]]</ref> Many economists have expressed the same views as Bernanke.<ref>[[Bill Mitchell (economist)|Bill Mitchell]] (20 January 2016), [http://bilbo.economicoutlook.net/blog/?p=32825 "The government really is instrumental in creating growth"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312060436/http://bilbo.economicoutlook.net/blog/?p=32825|date=12 March 2016}}</ref> A 2019 survey by the [[OECD]] found that China's corporate debt is higher than other major countries.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/economics/oecd-economic-surveys-china-2019_eco_surveys-chn-2019-en|title=OECD Economic Surveys: China 2019|date=16 May 2019|isbn=9789264312258|page=10|doi=10.1787/eco_surveys-chn-2019-en|s2cid=241605811|access-date=28 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026145906/https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/economics/oecd-economic-surveys-china-2019_eco_surveys-chn-2019-en|archive-date=26 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

"[[Shadow banking]]" has risen in China, posing risks to the financial system.<ref>Noah Smith, [http://www.bloombergview.com/articles/2016-01-07/be-scared-of-china-s-debt-not-its-crashing-stocks Be Scared of China's Debt, Not Its Stocks] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429155129/http://www.bloombergview.com/articles/2016-01-07/be-scared-of-china-s-debt-not-its-crashing-stocks|date=29 April 2016}}, ''[[Bloomberg View]]'' (7 January 2016).</ref><ref>[https://www.wsj.com/articles/chinese-banks-look-to-shadow-banking-for-growth-1446199671 Chinese Banks Look to Shadow Banking for Growth: Risks increase as third-quarter earnings show banks pushing deeper into gray markets] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710025112/https://www.wsj.com/articles/chinese-banks-look-to-shadow-banking-for-growth-1446199671|date=10 July 2017}}, ''The Wall Street Journal'' (30 October 2015), p. 76.</ref>

===Regulatory environment and government revenues===
{{main|Taxation in China}}

Though China's economy has expanded rapidly, its regulatory environment has not kept pace. Since Deng Xiaoping's open market reforms, the growth of new businesses has outpaced the government's ability to regulate them. This has created a situation where businesses, faced with mounting competition and poor oversight, take drastic measures to increase [[profit margin]]s, often at the expense of [[consumer safety]]. This issue became more prominent in 2007, with a number of restrictions being placed on problematic Chinese exports by the United States.<ref>An, Alex and An, David, "Media control and the Erosion of an Accountable Party-State in China". ''China Brief'', 7 October 2008. [http://www.jamestown.org/china_brief/article.php?articleid=2374463] {{dead link|date=April 2018|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>

==Financial and banking system==
[[File:China bond yields.webp|thumb|350px|China bond yields
{{legend-line|#00A2FF solid 3px|30 year bond}}
{{legend-line|#61D836 solid 3px|10 year bond}}
{{legend-line|#929292 solid 3px|2 year bond}}
{{legend-line|#F8BA00 solid 3px|1 year bond}}
]]
{{main|Banking in China|Foreign-exchange reserves of China|Hedge fund industry in China|China Venture Capital Association}}

China has the world's largest total banking sector assets of around $45.838{{spaces}}trillion (309.41{{spaces}}trillion CNY) with $42.063{{spaces}}trillion in total deposits and other liabilities.<ref>{{cite web |last=Tjan |first=Sie Tek |date=15 September 2020 |title=Assets and Liabilities Statistics of Financial Institutions as of 2nd quarter 2020 |url=http://www.pbc.gov.cn/diaochatongjisi/116219/116319/3959050/3959049/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018140626/http://www.pbc.gov.cn/diaochatongjisi/116219/116319/3959050/3959049/index.html |archive-date=18 October 2020 |access-date=16 October 2020 |website=pbc.gov.cn}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=China Total Deposits [1997–2019] [Data & Charts] |url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/china/total-deposits |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408141401/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/china/total-deposits |archive-date=8 April 2018 |access-date=7 April 2018 |website=ceicdata.com}}</ref> Most of China's financial institutions are state-owned and governed.<ref>p.205 Chui and Lewis Reforming China's State-Owned Enterprises and Banks 2006</ref> The chief instruments of [[finance|financial]] and [[fiscal policy|fiscal]] control are the [[People's Bank of China]] (PBC) and the [[Ministry of Finance of the People's Republic of China|Ministry of Finance]], both under the authority of the [[State Council of the People's Republic of China|State Council]]. The People's Bank of China replaced the [[Central Bank of China]] in 1950 and gradually took over [[private bank]]s. It fulfills many of the functions of other [[central bank|central]] and [[commercial bank]]s. It issues the currency, controls circulation, and plays an important role in disbursing budgetary expenditures. Additionally, it administers the accounts, payments, and receipts of government organizations and other bodies, which enables it to exert thorough supervision over their financial and general performances in consideration of the government's economic plans. The PBC is also responsible for [[international trade]] and other overseas [[Financial transaction|transactions]]. [[Remittance]]s by [[overseas Chinese]] are managed by the [[Bank of China]] (BOC), which has a number of branch offices in several countries.{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}}

Other financial institutions that are crucial, include the [[China Development Bank]] (CDB), which funds [[economic development]] and directs [[foreign direct investment|foreign investment]]; the [[Agricultural Bank of China]] (ABC), which provides for the agricultural sector; the [[China Construction Bank]] (CCB), which is responsible for capitalizing a portion of overall investment and for providing [[capital fund]]s for certain industrial and construction enterprises; and the [[Industrial and Commercial Bank of China]] (ICBC), which conducts ordinary commercial transactions and acts as a [[savings bank]] for the public.{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}} China initiated the founding of the [[Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank]] in 2015 and the [[Silk Road Fund]] in 2014, an investment fund of the Chinese government to foster increased investment and provide financial supports in countries along the [[One Belt, One Road]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Silk Road Fund|url=http://www.silkroadfund.com.cn/enweb/23775/23767/index.html|access-date=26 October 2020|website=www.silkroadfund.com.cn|archive-date=30 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030152213/http://www.silkroadfund.com.cn/enweb/23775/23767/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:Shanghaistockexchange.jpg|thumb|left|[[Shanghai Stock Exchange]] (SSE)]]
China's [[Chinese economic reform|economic reforms]] greatly increased the economic role of the [[Banking in China|banking system]]. In theory any enterprises or individuals can go to the banks to obtain loans outside the state plan, in practice, 75% of state bank loans go to [[Government-owned corporation|State Owned Enterprises]]. (SOEs)<ref>p.11 Chui and Lewis Reforming China's State Owned Enterprises and Banks 2006</ref> Even though nearly all investment [[capital (economics)|capital]] was previously provided on a [[Grant (money)|grant]] basis according to the state plan, policy has since the start of the reform shifted to a loan basis through the various state-directed financial institutions. It is estimated that, as of 2011, 14 trillion Yuan in loans was outstanding to local governments. Much of that total is believed by outside observers to be nonperforming.<ref name="Crisis">{{cite news|last=Tatlow|first=Didi Kirsten|title=More Stimulus May Not Be an Option for China|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/22/business/global/more-stimulus-may-not-be-an-option-for-china.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=21 September 2011|access-date=22 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110922160129/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/22/business/global/more-stimulus-may-not-be-an-option-for-china.html|archive-date=22 September 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Increasing amounts of funds are made available through the banks for economic and commercial purposes. Foreign sources of capital have also increased. China has received loans from the [[World Bank]] and several [[China and the United Nations|United Nations]] programs, as well as from countries (particularly [[Sino-Japanese relations|Japan]]) and, to a lesser extent, commercial banks. [[Hong Kong]] has been a major conduit of this investment, as well as a source itself. On 23 February 2012, the PBC evinced its inclination to liberalize its capital markets when it circulated a telling ten-year timetable.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Economist|date=3 March 2012|title=The bees get busy|url=http://www.economist.com/node/21548967|access-date=3 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303141243/http://www.economist.com/node/21548967|archive-date=3 March 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> Following on the heels of this development, Shenzhen banks were able to launch cross-border yuan remittances for individuals, a significant shift in the PBC's [[capital control]] strictures since Chinese nationals had been previously barred from transferring their yuan to overseas account.<ref>{{cite news|author=Lingling Wei|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|title=Yuan Move Chips at Capital Controls|date=29 February 2012|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/chinarealtime/2012/02/29/yuan-move-chips-at-capital-controls/|access-date=4 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923095604/https://blogs.wsj.com/chinarealtime/2012/02/29/yuan-move-chips-at-capital-controls/|archive-date=23 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

China has four of the world's top ten most competitive [[Global Financial Centres Index|financial centers]] ([[Shanghai]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Beijing]], and [[Shenzhen]]), more than any other country.<ref name="GFCI2" /> China has three of the world's ten [[List of stock exchanges|largest stock exchange]]s ([[Shanghai Stock Exchange|Shanghai]], [[Hong Kong Stock Exchange|Hong Kong]] and [[Shenzhen Stock Exchange|Shenzhen]]), both by [[market capitalization]] and by [[trade volume]].<ref name=":19" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Monthly Reports – World Federation of Exchanges |url=https://www.world-exchanges.org/our-work/statistics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190912130053/https://www.world-exchanges.org/our-work/statistics |archive-date=12 September 2019 |access-date=6 September 2019 |publisher=[[World Federation of Exchanges|WFE]]}}</ref> As of 12 October 2020, the total market capitalization of mainland Chinese stock markets, consisting of the [[Shanghai Stock Exchange]] and [[Shenzhen Stock Exchange]], topped US$10{{spaces}}trillion, excluding the [[Hong Kong Stock Exchange]], with about US$5.9{{spaces}}trillion.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tjan |first=Sie Tek |date=13 October 2020 |title=China's stock market tops $10 trillion |work=Bloomberg |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-10-13/china-s-stock-market-tops-10-trillion-for-first-time-since-2015 |access-date=22 October 2020}}</ref>

As of the end of June 2020, foreign investors had bought a total of US$440{{spaces}}billion in Chinese stocks, representing about 2.9% of the total value, and indicating that foreign investors scooped up a total of US$156.6{{spaces}}billion in the stocks just in the first half of 2020.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tjan |first=Sie Tek |date=7 July 2020 |title=Overseas investor snap up Chinese stocks so fast, they are hitting foreign ownership caps such as home appliance maker Midea |work=Th South China Morning Post |url=https://www.scmp.com/business/markets/article/3092204/overseas-investors-snap-chinese-shares-so-fast-they-are-hitting |access-date=22 October 2020}}</ref> The total value of China's bond market topped US$15.4{{spaces}}trillion, ranked above that of Japan and the U.K., and second only to that of the U.S. with US$40{{spaces}}trillion, as of the beginning of September 2020.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tjan |first=Sie Tek |date=3 September 2020 |title=China moves to ease Access to $15.4 Trillion Bond Market |work=Caixin Global |url=https://www.caixinglobal.com/2020-09-03/china-moves-to-ease-foreign-access-to-154-trillion-bond-market-101600571.html#:~:text=Update%3A%20China%20Moves%20to%20Ease%20Foreign%20Access%20to%20%2415.4%20Trillion%20Bond%20Market,-By%20Peng%20Qinqin&text=China's%20top%20financial%20regulators%20unveiled,and%20bolster%20domestic%20financial%20markets. |access-date=20 October 2020}}</ref> As of the end of September 2020, foreign holdings of Chinese bonds reached US$388{{spaces}}billion, or 2.5%, of the total value, notwithstanding an increase by 44.66% year on year.<ref>{{cite web |last=Tjan |first=Sie Tek |date=19 October 2020 |title=China greenlights Shenzhen to issue Offshore Local Government Bonds |url=https://www.yicaiglobal.com |access-date=20 October 2020}}</ref>

===Stock markets===
[[File:Shanghai Composite Index.webp|thumb|300px|Shanghai Composite Index 1991–2022]]
China's stock market exchanges include the [[Beijing Stock Exchange]], the [[Shanghai Stock Exchange]] (including the [[Shanghai Stock Exchange STAR Market|STAR Market]]), the [[Shenzhen Stock Exchange|Shenzen Stock Exchange]], and the [[Hong Kong Stock Exchange]]China's stock market is relatively underdeveloped compared to other aspects of its economy.<ref name=":022">{{Cite book |last=Jin |first=Keyu |title=The New China Playbook: Beyond Socialism and Capitalism |date=2023 |publisher=Viking |isbn=978-1-9848-7828-1 |location=New York |author-link=Keyu Jin}}</ref>{{Rp|pages=148–150}}

To be listed on China's stock exchange, companies must demonstrate good financial standing (including sustained profitability), solid corporate governance (for example, with a board of independent directors, supervisory board, auditing, and no history of misreporting or fraud) and have a market capitalization equivalent to at least US$4 million.<ref name=":22" />{{Rp|pages=271–272}}

When the stock markets re-opened in the PRC period in 1990, most of the listed companies were state-owned enterprises; this was part of an experiment in subjecting SOEs to market discipline.<ref name=":022" />{{Rp|pages=152–153}} The Shanghai and Shenzhen stock exchanges were under municipal control and termed "experimental points" until 1997.<ref name=":423">{{Cite book |last=Heilmann |first=Sebastian |title=Red Swan: How Unorthodox Policy-Making Facilitated China's Rise |date=2018 |publisher=[[The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press]] |isbn=978-962-996-827-4 |doi=10.2307/j.ctv2n7q6b |jstor=j.ctv2n7q6b |author-link=Sebastian Heilmann}}</ref>{{Rp|page=|pages=102–103}} In 1997, the central government brought the exchanges under central government control and affirmed that the exchanges had a legitimate role in the socialist market economy.<ref name=":423" />{{Rp|page=102}}

In 2015, a [[2015–2016 Chinese stock market turbulence|stock market plunge]] in China eliminated $2 trillion of global stock market value.<ref name=":022" />{{Rp|page=147}}

===Currency system===
{{see also|Renminbi}}
[[File:USD-CNY exchange rate.webp|thumb|300px|[[United States dollar|USD]]/[[Renminbi|CNY]] exchange rate 1981–2022]]
The [[renminbi]] ("people's currency") is the currency of China, denominated as the [[Yuan (currency)|yuan]], subdivided into 10{{spaces}}[[Chinese yuan|jiao]] or 100{{spaces}}[[Chinese yuan|fen]]. The renminbi is issued by the [[People's Bank of China]], the monetary authority of China. The [[ISO 4217]] abbreviation is CNY, although also commonly abbreviated as "RMB". As of 2005, the yuan was generally considered by outside observers to be undervalued by about 30–40%.<ref>[https://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/57797.pdf "China's Currency: Brief Overview of U.S. Options] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923051121/https://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/57797.pdf |date=23 September 2017 }} CRS Report for Congress by Jonathan E. Sanford [[Congressional Research Service]] [[The Library of Congress]] Order Code RS22338 29 November 2005</ref><ref name="Lipman 2011">{{cite journal|last=Lipman|first=Joshua Klein|title=Law of Yuan Price: Estimating Equilibrium of the Renminbi|journal=Michigan Journal of Business|date=April 2011|volume=4|issue=2|url=http://michiganjb.org/issues/42/text42b.pdf|access-date=23 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727082626/http://michiganjb.org/issues/42/text42b.pdf|archive-date=27 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> However, in 2017, the [[International Monetary Fund|IMF]] stated that the yuan was correctly valued.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/timworstall/2015/05/26/bad-news-for-allegations-of-currency-manipulation-imf-says-chinas-yuan-correctly-valued/#6d0300a77ee2|title=Bad News For Allegations of Currency Manipulation: IMF Says China's Yuan Correctly Valued|first=Tim|last=Worstall|website=[[Forbes]]|access-date=22 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923051556/https://www.forbes.com/sites/timworstall/2015/05/26/bad-news-for-allegations-of-currency-manipulation-imf-says-chinas-yuan-correctly-valued/#6d0300a77ee2|archive-date=23 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

The renminbi is held in a floating [[exchange-rate]] system managed primarily against the [[US dollar]]. On 21 July 2005, China revalued its currency by 2.1% against the US dollar and, since then has moved to an exchange rate system that references a basket of currencies and has allowed the renminbi to fluctuate at a daily rate of up to half a percent.{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}}

The [[rate of exchange]] (Chinese yuan per US$1) on 31 July 2008, was RMB 6.846, in mid-2007 was RMB 7.45, while in early 2006 was RMB 8.07:US$1=8.2793 yuan (January 2000), 8.2783 (1999), 8.2790 (1998), 8.2898 (1997), 8.3142 (1996), 8.3514 (1995).{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}}

There is a complex relationship between China's [[balance of trade]], inflation, measured by the [[consumer price index]] and the value of its currency. Despite allowing the value of the yuan to "float", China's [[central bank]] has decisive ability to control its value with relationship to other currencies. Inflation in 2007, reflecting sharply rising prices for meat and fuel, is probably related to the worldwide rise in commodities used as animal feed or as fuel. Thus rapid rises in the value of the yuan permitted in December 2007 are possibly related to efforts to mitigate inflation by permitting the renminbi to be worth more.<ref>Keith Bradsher )29 December 2007), [https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/29/business/worldbusiness/29yuan.html "China Lets Currency Appreciate a Bit Faster"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208035615/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/29/business/worldbusiness/29yuan.html |date=8 February 2017 }} ''[[The New York Times]]''</ref> An article published in International Review of Economics & Finance in 2010 by Mete Feridun (University of Greenwich Business School) and his colleagues provide empirical evidence that financial development fosters economic growth in China.<ref name="Jalil, Abdul 2010 pp. 189-195">Jalil, Abdul, Feridun, Mete and Ma, Ying (2010) Finance-growth nexus in China revisited: New evidence from principal components and ARDL bounds tests. ''International Review of Economics & Finance'', 19 (2). pp. 189–195. ISSN 1059-0560 (doi:10.1016/j.iref.2009.10.005)</ref>

During the week of 10 August 2015, against the background of a slowing Chinese economy and appreciation of the U.S. dollar, the People's Bank of China devalued the renminbi by about 5%.<ref name="NYT81315">{{cite news |author1=Neil Gough |title=China Seeks to Calm Markets as It Devalues Currency for 3rd Consecutive Day |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/14/business/international/china-devalues-its-currency-renminbi-for-a-third-consecutive-day.html |work=The New York Times |date=13 August 2015 |access-date=13 August 2015 |quote=...{{spaces}}policy makers say they will give market forces greater sway over currency's value. The official exchange rate will be set based on the renminbi's trading performance.{{spaces}}... |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150813105240/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/14/business/international/china-devalues-its-currency-renminbi-for-a-third-consecutive-day.html |archive-date=13 August 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> The devaluation was accomplished by pegging the official rate to closing market rates. A market-based "representative" exchange rate against the U.S. dollar is one of the requirements for designation of a currency as one with [[special drawing rights|Special Drawing Rights]] (SDR) by the [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF), one of China's goals.<ref name="Caixin81915">{{cite news |title=Progress for Reform as Yuan Inches toward SDR |url=http://english.caixin.com/2015-08-19/100841370.html |publisher=Caixin |date=19 August 2015 |access-date=19 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150821024521/http://english.caixin.com/2015-08-19/100841370.html |archive-date=21 August 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> Since the late-2000s, China has sought to [[Internationalization of the renminbi|internationalize the renminbi]]. As of 2013, the RMB is the 8th most widely traded currency in the world.<ref>{{cite web|title=RMB now 8th most widely traded currency in the world|url=http://www.swift.com/about_swift/shownews?param_dcr=news.data/en/swift_com/2013/PR_RMB_september.xml|publisher=[[Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication]]|access-date=10 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151105223715/http://www.swift.com/about_swift/shownews?param_dcr=news.data%2Fen%2Fswift_com%2F2013%2FPR_RMB_september.xml|archive-date=5 November 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2015 in advance of [[2015 G-20 Antalya summit|G-20]] and IMF meetings, IMF director [[Christine Lagarde]] announced her support for adding the yuan to the SDR currency basket. The announcement gave 'green-light' to official approval at 30 November IMF meeting.<ref>Talley, Ian,[https://www.wsj.com/articles/chinese-yuan-should-be-an-imf-reserve-currency-christine-lagarde-says-1447459802 "Chinese Yuan Should Be an IMF Reserve Currency, Christine Lagarde Says"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910074450/http://www.wsj.com/articles/chinese-yuan-should-be-an-imf-reserve-currency-christine-lagarde-says-1447459802 |date=10 September 2016 }}, ''The Wall Street Journal'', 13 November 2015, retrieved 14 November 2015.</ref> The internationalization of the Chinese economy continues to affect the standardized economic forecast officially launched in China by the [[Purchasing Managers Index]] in 2005. As China's economy grows, so does China's [[Renminbi]], which undergoes the process needed for its [[Internationalization of the renminbi|internationalization]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Currency Reform|url=http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2013/04/china-global-currency-financial-reform-kroeber/china-global-currency-financial-reform-kroeber.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402101541/http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2013/04/china-global-currency-financial-reform-kroeber/china-global-currency-financial-reform-kroeber.pdf|archive-date=2 April 2015|access-date=28 March 2015|website=brookings.edu}}</ref>

==Sectors==
According to [[Fortune Global 500|Fortune Global]], of the world's [[Fortune Global 500|500 largest companies]], 145 are headquartered in China.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global 500 |url=https://fortune.com/ranking/global500/ |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=Fortune |language=en}}</ref> As of 2022, China was home to 351 largest listed companies measured by [[revenue]] in the [[Forbes Global 2000|Fortune Global 2000]], ranking second globally.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=The Global 2000 2022 |url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/global2000/ |access-date=2022-06-14 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> China is also home to more than two hundred privately held technology startups (tech unicorns), each with a valuation of over $1{{spaces}}billion, the highest number in the world.<ref>{{cite news |date=23 October 2019 |title=Chinese report counts 206 unicorns. That's more than America |publisher=CNN |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/10/23/tech/china-unicorns-united-states |access-date=18 March 2021}}</ref>

===Agriculture===
{{main|Agriculture in China}}

{{More citations needed section|date=January 2021}}
[[File:Jiangxia-peanuts-9707.jpg|thumb|left|[[Peanut]] harvest in [[Jiangxia District]], [[Hubei]]]]
China is the world's largest producer and consumer of agricultural products{{snd}}and some 300 million Chinese [[farm]] workers are in the industry, mostly laboring on pieces of land about the size of U.S. farms. Virtually all [[arable land]] is used for food [[crop]]s. China is the world's largest producer of [[rice]] and is among the principal sources of [[wheat]], corn ([[maize]]), [[tobacco]], [[soybeans]], [[potato]]es, [[sorghum]], [[peanut]]s, [[tea]], [[millet]], [[barley]], [[oilseed]], [[pork]], and [[fish]]. Major non-food crops, including cotton, other fibers, and [[oilseed]]s, furnish China with a small proportion of its foreign trade revenue. Agricultural exports, such as vegetables and fruits, fish and shellfish, grain and meat products, are exported to [[Hong Kong]]. Yields are high because of [[intensive cultivation]], for example, China's cropland area is only 75% of the U.S. total, but China still produces about 30% more crops and livestock than the United States. China hopes to further increase agricultural production through improved plant stocks, [[fertilizer]]s, and technology.

According to the government statistics issued in 2005,<ref>{{cite web|title=Output of Farming, Animal Husbandry and Fishery|publisher=China Statistical Book|year=2005|url=http://www.allcountries.org/china_statistics/13_2_output_of_farming_animal_husbandry.html|access-date=19 November 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204081540/http://www.allcountries.org/china_statistics/13_2_output_of_farming_animal_husbandry.html|archive-date=4 December 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> after a drop in the yield of farm crops in 2000, output has been increasing annually.

[[File:China-wheat-prod.png|thumb|300px|Production of [[wheat]] from 1961 to 2004 (data from [[FAO]] in 2005, y-axis: production in metric tons)]]
According to the United Nations [[World Food Program]], in 2022, China fed eighteen percent of the world's population with only seven percent of the world's [[arable land]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-31 |title=China {{!}} World Food Programme |url=https://www.wfp.org/countries/china |access-date=2023-07-09 |website=www.wfp.org |language=en}}</ref>

[[Animal husbandry]] constitutes the second most important component of agricultural production. China is the world's leading producer of pigs, chickens, and eggs, and it also has sizable herds of sheep and cattle. Since the mid-1970s, greater emphasis has been placed on increasing the [[livestock]] output. China has a long tradition of ocean and freshwater fishing and of [[aquaculture]]. [[Pond raising]] has always been important and has been increasingly emphasized to supplement coastal and inland [[fisheries]] threatened by [[overfishing]] and to provide such valuable export commodities as [[prawn]]s. China is also unmatched in the size and reach of its fishing armada with anywhere from 200,000 to 800,000 boats, some as far afield as Argentina. Fueled primarily by government subsidies, its growth and activities have largely gone unchecked.<ref>Urbina, Ian. "[https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2020/09/beijing-fishing-fleet-subsidies-north-korea.html How China's Massive Fishing Fleet Is Transforming the World's Ocean]." www.slate.com. Slate. Retrieved 2 September 2020</ref>

[[File:Chiling - P1260474.JPG|thumb|Timber transported from a woodlot in the hills of [[Zhangpu County]], Fujian]]
Environmental problems such as floods, drought, and erosion pose serious threats to farming in many parts of the country. The wholesale destruction of forests gave way to an energetic [[reforestation]] program that proved inadequate, and forest resources are still fairly meagre.<ref>[http://www.iges.or.jp/en/fc/pdf/activity/plantation_china.pdf Plantation Study in China: Research Outline] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216014926/http://www.iges.or.jp/en/fc/pdf/activity/plantation_china.pdf |date=16 February 2008 }} Forest Conservation Project, Institute for Global Environmental Strategies, Japan; February 2006.</ref> The principal forests are found in the [[Qinling|Qin Mountains]] and the central mountains and on the [[Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau]]. Because they are inaccessible, the Qinling forests are not worked extensively, and much of the country's [[timber]] comes from [[Heilongjiang]], [[Jilin]], [[Sichuan]], and [[Yunnan]].

[[Western China]], comprising [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]], [[Xinjiang]], and [[Qinghai]], has little agricultural significance except for areas of [[floriculture]] and [[cattle raising]]. Rice, China's most important crop, is dominant in the southern provinces and many of the farms here yield two [[harvests]] a year. In the north, wheat is of the greatest importance, while in [[central China]] wheat and rice vie with each other for the top place. [[Millet]] and [[kaoliang]] (a variety of grain sorghum) are grown mainly in the northeast and some central provinces, which, together with some northern areas, also provide considerable quantities of [[barley]]. Most of the [[soybean]] crop is derived from the north and the northeast; corn (maize) is grown in the center and the north, while [[tea]] comes mainly from the warm and humid hilly areas of the south. Cotton is grown extensively in the central provinces, but it is also found to a lesser extent in the southeast and in the north. [[Tobacco]] comes from the center and parts of the south. Other important crops are potatoes, [[sugar beet]]s, and oilseeds.

[[File:Daye-pond-system-fishermen-0078-rotated.jpg|thumb|Fish ponds near [[Daye, Hubei]]]]
In the past decade, the government has been encouraging agricultural mechanization and [[land consolidation]] to raise yields and compensate for the loss of rural workers who have migrated to the cities.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Stanway|first1=David|title=Analysis: China turns to machines as farmers seek fresh fields|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-agriculture-mechanisation/analysis-china-turns-to-machines-as-farmers-seek-fresh-fields-idUSBRE8AC15P20121114|access-date=26 November 2017|work=Reuters|date=14 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201032547/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-agriculture-mechanisation/analysis-china-turns-to-machines-as-farmers-seek-fresh-fields-idUSBRE8AC15P20121114|archive-date=1 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> According to statistics by the UN Food and Agriculture Organization, the annual growth rate of agricultural mechanization in China is 6.4%. By 2014, the integrated mechanization rate had risen to nearly 60%, with the rate for wheat surpassing 90% and that for maize approaching 80%.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Cheng|first1=Fang|title=Development of Agricultural Mechanization in China|url=https://forum2017.iamo.de/microsites/forum2017.iamo.de/fileadmin/presentations/B5_Fang.pdf|website=Eurasian Food Economy Forum 2017|publisher=UN Food and Agriculture Organization|access-date=26 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201034946/https://forum2017.iamo.de/microsites/forum2017.iamo.de/fileadmin/presentations/B5_Fang.pdf|archive-date=1 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In addition to standard agricultural equipment like tractors, China's agriculture cooperatives have begun using high-tech equipment, including unmanned aerial vehicles, which are used to spay crops with pesticides.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Schaer|first1=Lilian|title=China powers up: The world's most populous country gets serious about farming machinery|url=https://www.country-guide.ca/2017/03/24/china-gets-serious-about-farm-machinery/50781/|website=Country Guide|date=24 March 2017|access-date=26 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201043537/https://www.country-guide.ca/2017/03/24/china-gets-serious-about-farm-machinery/50781/|archive-date=1 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Good progress has been made in increasing [[water conservancy]], and about half the cultivated land is under irrigation.

In the late 1970s and early 1980s, economic reforms were introduced. First of all this began with the shift of farming work to a [[responsibility system|system of household responsibility]] and a phasing out of [[collective farming|collectivized agriculture]]. Later this expanded to include a gradual liberalization of price controls; [[fiscal policy|fiscal]] [[decentralization]]; massive privatization of state enterprises, thereby allowing a wide variety of [[private enterprise]]s in the [[service sector|services]] and [[light manufacturing]]; the foundation of a diversified [[banking system]] (but with large amounts of state control); the development of a [[stock market]]; and the opening of the economy to increased [[foreign trade]] and [[foreign direct investment|foreign investment]].

===Housing and construction===
{{main|Real estate in China}}

The real estate industry is about 20% of the Chinese economy.<ref name="NYT61115">{{cite news |author1=Neil Gough|title=Idle Home Builders Hold China's Economy Back |work=The New York Times |date=11 June 2015 |quote=By some economists' estimates, real estate and related industries account for more than 20 percent of China's gross domestic product}}</ref> As of 2023, real property accounts for 60% of Chinese household assets.<ref name=":022" />{{Rp|page=161}} Also as of 2023, China has the highest rate of home ownership in the world.<ref name=":022" />{{Rp|page=170}} 90% of urban households own their home.<ref name=":022" />{{Rp|page=170}}

Compared to other nations, investing in stock markets and other assets is harder due to currency controls within the country. As a result, many Chinese citizens own multiple properties, as they are one of the few ways in which it is comparatively easy to grow and preserve wealth. Due to this, many economists have speculated about a property bubble within the Chinese economy<ref>{{Cite news|date=25 January 2021|title=Can China's long property boom hold?|newspaper=The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2021/01/25/can-chinas-long-property-boom-hold|access-date=28 March 2021|issn=0013-0613}}</ref> On 16 July 2020, the Wall Street Journal reported that the housing market within the Chinese economy had grown to US$52 trillion, eclipsing the US 2008 housing market before the [[Financial crisis of 2007–2008|Financial Crisis]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bird|first=Stella Yifan Xie and Mike|date=17 July 2020|title=The $52 Trillion Bubble: China Grapples With Epic Property Boom|language=en-US|work=The Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/china-property-real-estate-boom-covid-pandemic-bubble-11594908517|access-date=28 March 2021|issn=0099-9660}}</ref>

Despite the possibility of a housing bubble, many people still choose to invest their assets in real estate market. On 19 December 2021, according to a report by McKinsey Global Institute, China's net worth reached $120 trillion in 2020 to overtake the U.S.'s $89 trillion as a red-hot real estate market drove up property value.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China overtakes U.S. in national net worth to grab top spot |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Economy/China-overtakes-U.S.-in-national-net-worth-to-grab-top-spot |access-date=2022-04-18 |website=Nikkei Asia |language=en-GB}}</ref>

===Energy and mineral resources===
{{see also|Energy policy of China}}
[[File:Electricity production in China.svg|thumb|Electricity production in China 1980–2019|400px]]
<div class="infobox" style="width:20em;">'''Electricity:'''
* Production: 6.5 trillion kWh (2017)<ref name="bp.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/downloads.html|title=Downloads | Energy economics | Home|website=BP global|access-date=15 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615135258/https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/downloads.html|archive-date=15 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Consumption: 7.7620 trillion kWh (2020)<ref name="data2022" />
* Exports: 21.8 billion kwh (2020)<ref name="data2022" />
* Imports: 6.2 billion kwh (2015)<ref name="data2022" />

'''Electricity – production by source:'''
* Coal: 61.2% (2022)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wiatros-Motyka |first=Malgorzata |date=12 April 2023 |title=Global Electricity Review 2023 |url=https://ember-climate.org/insights/research/global-electricity-review-2023/ |access-date=19 May 2023 |website=[[Ember (non-profit organisation)|Ember]]}}</ref>
* Hydro: 14.9% (2022)
* Wind: 9.3 (2022)
* Solar: 4.7% (2022)
* Nuclear: 4.7% (2022)
* Natural gas: 3.1% (2022)
* Other: 2.1% (2022)

'''Oil:'''
* Production: {{convert|3527000|oilbbl/d|abbr=on}} (2022)
* Consumption: {{convert|6534000|oilbbl/d|abbr=on}} (2005) and expected {{convert|9300000|oilbbl/d|abbr=on}} in 2030
* Exports: {{convert|443300|oilbbl/d|abbr=on}} (2005)
* Imports: {{convert|10170000|oilbbl/d|abbr=on}} (2022) <ref>{{cite news |last=Chen|first=Aizhu |title=China 2022 crude oil imports fall for second year despite Q4 pickup |url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/china-dec-crude-oil-imports-3rd-highest-yr-2022-imports-down-09-2023-01-13/ |access-date=23 May 2023 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=13 January 2023}}</ref>
* Net imports: {{convert|2740000|oilbbl/d}} (2005)
* Proved reserves: {{convert|16.3|Goilbbl|abbr=on}} (1 January 2006)

'''Natural gas:'''
* Production: 47.88 km3 (2005 est.)
* Consumption: 44.93 km3 (2005 est.)
* Exports: 2.944 km3 (2005)
* Imports: 0 m3 (2005)
* Proved reserves: 1,448 km3 (1 January 2006 est.)</div>

China has [[natural resources]] with an estimated worth of $23{{spaces}}trillion, 90% of which are [[coal]] and [[rare earth metals]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Anthony |first=Craig |date=12 September 2016 |title=10 Countries with the Most Natural Resources |url=http://www.investopedia.com/articles/markets-economy/090516/10-countries-most-natural-resources.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916072056/http://www.investopedia.com/articles/markets-economy/090516/10-countries-most-natural-resources.asp |archive-date=16 September 2017 |access-date=15 September 2017 |publisher=[[Investopedia]]}}</ref> Since 1980, China's energy production has grown dramatically, as has the proportion allocated to domestic consumption. Some 80 percent of all power is generated from fossil fuel at [[thermal plant]]s, with about 17 percent at [[hydroelectric]] installations; only about two percent is from [[Nuclear power|nuclear energy]], mainly from plants located in [[Guangdong]] and [[Zhejiang]].<ref>[[World Nuclear Association]]. [http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf63.html Nuclear Power in China] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130212223045/http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf63.html |date=12 February 2013 }} (November 2007)</ref> Though China has rich overall energy potential, most have yet to be developed. In addition, the geographical distribution of energy puts most of these resources relatively far from their major industrial users. The northeast is rich in [[coal]] and [[oil]], the central part of north China has abundant coal, and the southwest has immense [[hydroelectric potential]]. But the industrialized regions around [[Guangzhou]] and the [[Yangtze River|Lower Yangtze]] region around Shanghai have too little energy, while there is relatively little [[heavy industry]] located near major energy resource areas other than in the southern part of the northeast.

Due in large part to environmental concerns, China has wanted to shift China's current [[energy mix]] from a heavy reliance on coal, which accounts for 70–75% of China's energy, toward greater reliance on oil, [[natural gas]], [[Renewable energy in China|renewable energy]], and [[Nuclear power in China|nuclear power]]. China has closed thousands of [[coal mines]] over the past five to ten years to cut [[overproduction]]. According to Chinese statistics, this has reduced coal production by over 25%.

Since 1993, China has been a net importer of oil, a large portion of which comes from the Middle East. Imported oil accounts for 20% of the processed [[Crude oil|crude]] in China. Net imports are expected to rise to 3.5 million [[barrel (unit)|barrels]] (560,000{{spaces}}m3) per day by 2010. China is interested in diversifying the sources of its oil imports and has invested in oil fields around the world. China is developing oil imports from [[Central Asia]] and has invested in [[Kazakhstan]]i [[oil field]]s.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Regional Connection under the Belt and Road Initiative: The Prospects for Economic and Financial Cooperation |date=2018-10-26 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-429-46717-2 |editor-last=Cheung |editor-first=Fanny M. |edition=1 |language=en |doi=10.4324/9780429467172-5 |editor-last2=Hong |editor-first2=Ying-yi |doi-access=free}}</ref> Beijing also plans to increase China's natural gas production, which currently accounts for only 3% of China's total energy consumption and incorporated a natural gas strategy in its [[Tenth Five-Year Plan (People's Republic of China)|10th Five-Year Plan]] (2001–2005), with the goal of expanding gas use from a 2% share of total energy production to 4% by 2005 (gas accounts for 25% of U.S. energy production). Analysts expect China's consumption of natural gas to more than double by 2010.

Since the early 2000s, China's clean energy sector has rapidly developed.<ref name=":322">{{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Joanna I. |title=Cooperating for the Climate: Learning from International Partnerships in China's Clean Energy Sector |date=2023 |publisher=The [[MIT Press]] |isbn=978-0-262-54482-5 |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts}}</ref>{{Rp|page=23}} This growth has enabled renewable energy to have an important role in China's international cooperation, including [[South-South Cooperation|South-South cooperation]] in which China is a major source of clean energy technology transfer to other developing countries.<ref name=":322" />{{Rp|pages=4, 23}}

The [[Eleventh Five-Year Plan (People's Republic of China)|11th Five-Year Program]] (2006–10), announced in 2005 and approved by the National People's Congress in March 2006, called for greater energy conservation measures, including development of renewable energy sources and increased attention to environmental protection. Guidelines called for a 20% reduction in energy consumption per unit of GDP by 2010. Moving away from coal towards cleaner energy sources including oil, natural gas, renewable energy, and nuclear power is an important component of China's development program. Beijing also intends to continue to improve energy efficiency and promote the use of [[clean coal technology]]. China has abundant hydroelectric resources; the Three Gorges Dam, for example, will have a total capacity of 18 gigawatts when fully on-line (projected for 2009). In addition, the share of electricity generated by nuclear power is projected to grow from 1% in 2000 to 5% in 2030. China's renewable energy law, which went into effect in 2006, calls for 10% of its energy to come from renewable energy sources by 2020.

As of 2021, China is facing its [[2021 Global Energy Crisis|worst energy crisis]] in decades.<ref>{{cite news |title=Will China's Energy Crisis Make It More Reluctant to Fight Climate Change? |url=https://time.com/6102765/china-energy-coal-climate/ |magazine=Time |date=30 September 2021}}</ref> ''The Guardian'' reported that "Companies in the industrial heartlands have been told to limit consumption, residents have been subjected to rolling blackouts, and annual light shows have been cancelled."<ref>{{cite news |title=Global energy crisis: how key countries are responding |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2021/oct/12/global-energy-crisis-how-key-countries-are-responding |work=The Guardian |date=12 October 2021}}</ref>

====Mining====
{{see also|Gold mining in China}}

Outdated [[mining]] and ore-processing technologies are being replaced with modern techniques {{citation needed|date=May 2023}}, but China's [[industrialization of China|rapid industrialization]] requires imports of minerals from abroad. In particular, iron ore imports from [[mining in Australia|Australia]] and the United States have soared in the early 2000s as [[steel production in China|steel production]] rapidly outstripped domestic iron ore production. China has become increasingly active in several African countries to mine the reserves it requires for economic growth, particularly in countries such as the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] and [[Gabon]].

The major areas of production in 2004 were [[coal mining in China|coal]] (nearly two billion tons), [[iron ore]] (310 million tons), [[petroleum industry in China|crude petroleum]] (175 million tons), [[natural gas]] (41 million cubic meters), [[antimony]] ore (110,000 tons), [[tin]] concentrates (110,000 tons), [[nickel]] ore (64,000 tons), [[tungsten]] concentrates (67,000 tons), unrefined [[salt]] (37 million tons), [[vanadium]] (40,000 tons), and [[molybdenum]] ore (29,000 tons). In order of magnitude, produced minerals were [[bauxite]], [[gypsum]], [[barite]], [[magnesite]], [[talc]] and related minerals, [[manganese]] ore, [[fluorspar]], and [[zinc]]. In addition, China produced 2,450 tons of [[silver]] and 215 tons of [[gold]] in 2004. The mining sector accounted for less than 0.9% of total employment in 2002 but produced about 5.3% of total industrial production.

In 2019, the country was the world's largest producer of [[gold]];<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-gold.pdf|title=USGS Gold Production Statistics}}</ref> 3rd largest world producer of [[copper]];<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-copper.pdf|title=USGS Copper Production Statistics}}</ref> 3rd worldwide producer of [[silver]];<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-silver.pdf|title=USGS Silver Production Statistics}}</ref> the world's largest producer of [[sulfur]];<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-sulfur.pdf|title=USGS Sulfur Production Statistics}}</ref> the world's largest producer of [[phosphate]];<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-phosphate.pdf|title=USGS Phosphate Production Statistics}}</ref> the world's largest producer of [[molybdenum]];<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-molybdenum.pdf|title=USGS Molybdenum Production Statistics}}</ref> the world's largest producer of [[lead]];<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-lead.pdf|title=USGS Lead Production Statistics}}</ref> largest world producer of [[zinc]];<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-zinc.pdf|title=USGS Zinc Production Statistics}}</ref> the world's largest producer of [[vanadium]];<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-vanadinum.pdf|title=USGS Vanadinum Production Statistics}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> largest world producer of [[tin]];<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-tin.pdf|title=USGS Tin Production Statistics}}</ref> the world's largest producer of [[titanium]];<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-titanium.pdf|title=USGS Titanium Production Statistics}}</ref> the world's largest producer of [[antimony]];<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-antimony.pdf|title=USGS Antimony Production Statistics}}</ref> 2nd largest worldwide producer of [[bauxite]];<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-bauxite-alumina.pdf|title=USGS Bauxite Production Statistics}}</ref> 3rd largest world producer of [[iron ore]];<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-iron-ore.pdf|title=USGS Iron Ore Production Statistics}}</ref> 6th largest world producer of [[manganese]];<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-manganese.pdf|title=USGS Manganese Production Statistics}}</ref> 7th largest world producer of [[nickel]];<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-nickel.pdf|title=USGS Nickel Production Statistics}}</ref> 10th largest world producer of [[cobalt]];<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-cobalt.pdf|title=USGS Cobalt Production Statistics}}</ref> in addition to being the world's largest producer of [[table salt|salt]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-salt.pdf|title=USGS Salt Production Statistics}}</ref> It was the world's 8th largest producer of [[uranium]] in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/mining-of-uranium/world-uranium-mining-production.aspx|title=World Uranium Mining - World Nuclear Association|website=www.world-nuclear.org}}</ref> Furthermore, it is the largest world producer of [[jade]] and one of the world producers of [[topaz]], [[tourmaline]], [[peridot]] and [[diamond]].
 
Until the end of 2019, a total of 173 types of minerals have been discovered in [[China]], including 13 types of energy materials, 59 metals, 95 types of non-metallic minerals and six types of water and gases. In 2019, the newly discovered geological reserves of [[oil]] were 1.12 billion tonnes, of which, 160 million tonnes were proven technically recoverable reserves. The newly discovered geological reserves of shale gas were 764.42 billion cubic meters, of which, 183.84 billion cubic meters were proven reserves. With respect to non-oil and gas minerals, the evaluation states that China has great prospecting potential for 24 major minerals, including [[coal]], [[iron ore]], [[manganese]], [[chromite]], [[copper]], [[lead]], [[zinc]], [[bauxite]], [[tungsten]], [[tin]], [[molybdenum]], [[antimony]], [[nickel]], [[gold]], [[silver]], [[lithium]], [[pyrites]], [[phosphate rock]], [[potash]], [[magnesite]], [[fluorite]], [[boron]] and [[barite]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.practicallaw.thomsonreuters.com/w-011-1348?transitionType=Default&contextData=(sc.Default)&firstPage=true |title=Mining in China: overview |first1=Guohua (Annie) |last1=Wu |first2=Yingnan (Jason) |last2=Li |first3=Jincheng Tongda |last3=Neal |date=1 March 2021 |website=Thomson Reuters}}</ref>

====Hydroelectric resources====
{{main|Hydroelectricity in China}}

[[File:Dreischluchtendamm hauptwall 2006.jpg|thumb|Three Gorges Dam]]
China has an abundant potential for [[hydroelectric power]] production due to its considerable river network and mountainous terrain. Most of the total hydroelectric capacity is situated in the [[Southwest China|southwest of the country]], where coal supplies are poor but [[energy demand|demand for energy]] is rising swiftly. The potential in the northeast is fairly small, but it was there that the first hydroelectric stations were built{{snd}}by the Japanese during its occupation of [[Manchuria]].<ref>[http://www.ieee.org/portal/cms_docs_iportals/iportals/aboutus/history_center/publications/power/Chapter2.pdf Case Study of Electrification: China] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216014910/http://www.ieee.org/portal/cms_docs_iportals/iportals/aboutus/history_center/publications/power/Chapter2.pdf |date=16 February 2008 }} Worldwide Electrification from the 1950s to the 1970s. (Chapter 2; page 33).</ref>

Thirteen years in construction at a cost of $24{{spaces}}billion, the immense [[Three Gorges Dam]] across the [[Yangtze|Yangtze River]] was essentially completed in 2006 and produced more than 100TWh of energy in 2018.

====Coal====
{{main|Coal in China}}

[[File:Coal mine in Inner Mongolia 002.jpg|thumb|Coal mining in [[Inner Mongolia]]]]
China is well endowed with mineral resources,<ref>[[MSN Encarta]]. [http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761574726_3/Asia.html Asia: Mineral Resources]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20040104083400/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761574726_3/Asia.html Archived] 31 October 2009.</ref> the most important of which is [[coal]]. China's mineral resources include large reserves of [[coal]] and [[iron ore]], plus adequate to abundant supplies of nearly all other industrial [[minerals]]. Although coal deposits are widely scattered (some coal is found in every province), most of the total is located in the northern part of the country. The province of [[Shanxi]], in fact, is thought to contain about half of the total; other important coal-bearing provinces include [[Heilongjiang]], [[Liaoning]], [[Jilin]], [[Hebei]], and [[Shandong]].<ref name="TED China and Coal">TED Case Studies. [http://www.american.edu/TED/chincoal.htm China and Coal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212013651/http://www1.american.edu/TED/CHINCOAL.HTM |date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> Apart from these northern provinces, significant quantities of coal are present in [[Sichuan]], and there are some deposits of importance in [[Guangdong]], [[Guangxi]], [[Yunnan]], and [[Guizhou]].<ref name="TED China and Coal" /> A large part of the country's reserves consists of good [[bituminous coal]], but there are also large deposits of [[lignite]]. [[Anthracite]] is present in several places (especially [[Liaoning]], [[Guizhou]], and [[Henan]]), but overall, it is not very significant.<ref>{{cite book|last=Heping|first=Xie|author2=Tad S. Golosinski|title=Mining Science and Technology '99|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=1999|pages=252–256|isbn=978-90-5809-067-6}}</ref>

To ensure a more even distribution of coal supplies and to reduce the strain on the less than adequate [[transportation]] network, the authorities pressed for the development of a large number of small, locally run [[coal mining|mines]] throughout the country. This campaign was energetically pursued after the 1960s, with the result that thousands of small pits have been established, and they produce more than half the country's coal. This output, however, is typically expensive and is used for local consumption. It has also led to a less than stringent implementation of safety measures in these unregulated mines, which cause several thousands of deaths each year.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Creedy|first=David|author2=Lijie, Wang |author3=Xinquan, Zhou |author4=Haibin, Liu |author5= Campbell, Gary |title=Transforming China's coal mines: A case history of the Shuangliu Mine|journal=Natural Resources Forum|volume=30|issue=1|pages=15–26|publisher=Blackwell Publishing|date=February 2006|doi=10.1111/j.1477-8947.2006.00154.x}}</ref>

[[Coal]] makes up the bulk of China's energy consumption (70% in 2005, 55% in 2021), and China is the largest producer and consumer of coal in the world. As China's economy continues to grow, China's coal demand is projected to rise significantly. Although coal's share of China's overall energy consumption will decrease, coal consumption will continue to rise in absolute terms. China's continued and increasing reliance on coal as a power source has contributed significantly to putting China on the path to becoming the world's largest emitter of [[acid rain]]-causing [[sulfur dioxide]] and [[greenhouse gas]]es, including [[carbon dioxide]].

As of 2015, falling coal prices resulted in layoffs at coal mines in the northeast.<ref name="NYT121615">{{cite news |author1=Jane Perlez |author2=Yufan Huang |title=Mass Layoffs in China's Coal Country Threaten Unrest |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/17/world/asia/china-coal-mining-economy.html |work=The New York Times |date=16 December 2015 |access-date=17 December 2015 |quote=The coal industry is hurting nationwide, as coal prices have fallen nearly 60 percent since 2011, said Deng Shun, an analyst at ICIS C1 Energy, a consultancy based in Shanghai. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525020144/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/17/world/asia/china-coal-mining-economy.html |archive-date=25 May 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Oil and natural gas====
{{main|Petroleum industry in China}}

[[File:China-Today oil reserves and demand-en.svg|thumb|300px|Chinese oil reserves]]
China's onshore [[oil]] resources are mostly located in the [[Northeast China|Northeast]] and in [[Xinjiang]], [[Gansu]], [[Qinghai]], [[Sichuan]], [[Shandong]], and [[Henan]] provinces. [[Oil shale]] is found in a number of places, especially at [[Fushun]] in Liaoning, where the deposits overlie the coal reserves, as well as in Guangdong. High quality [[Light crude oil|light oil]] has been found in the [[Pearl River (China)|Pearl River]] estuary of the [[South China Sea]], the [[Qaidam]] Basin in Qinghai, and the [[Tarim Basin]] in Xinjiang. The country consumes most of its oil output but does export some crude oil and oil products. China has explored and developed oil deposits in the [[South China Sea]] and [[East China Sea]], the [[Yellow Sea]], the [[Gulf of Tonkin]], and the [[Bohai Sea]].

In 2013, the pace of China's economic growth exceeded the domestic oil capacity and floods damaged the nation's oil fields in the middle of the year. Consequently, China imported oil to compensate for the supply reduction and surpassed the US in September 2013 to become the world's largest importer of oil.<ref>{{cite news |title=China overtakes US as the biggest importer of oil |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-24475934 |work=BBC News |date=10 October 2013 |access-date=11 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010171123/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-24475934 |archive-date=10 October 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The total extent of China's [[natural gas reserves]] is unknown, as relatively little exploration for natural gas has been done.<ref>[[Xinhua]]. [http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2004-11/25/content_394888.htm China to calculate oil and gas reserves] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080120061634/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2004-11/25/content_394888.htm |date=20 January 2008 }} 25 November 2004.</ref> Sichuan accounts for almost half of the known natural gas reserves and production.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chinapage.com/power/oil-gas/puguang-gasfield.html |title=Puguang Named 2nd Largest Gas Field |publisher=Chinapage.com |access-date=28 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508002954/http://www.chinapage.com/power/oil-gas/puguang-gasfield.html |archive-date=8 May 2013 }}</ref> Most of the rest of China's natural gas is associated gas produced in the Northeast's major oil fields, especially [[Daqing oilfield]]. Other gas deposits have been found in the [[Qaidam]] Basin, [[Hebei]], [[Jiangsu]], [[Shanghai]], and [[Zhejiang]], and offshore to the southwest of [[Hainan Island]].<ref>Kaoru YAMAGUCHI, Keii CHO. [http://eneken.ieej.or.jp/en/data/pdf/221.pdf Natural Gas in China] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071031083248/http://eneken.ieej.or.jp/en/data/pdf/221.pdf |date=31 October 2007 }} IEEJ: August 2003.</ref> According to an article published in Energy Economics in 2011 by economists Mete Feridun (University of Greenwich) and Abdul Jalil (Wuhan University in China), financial development in China has not taken place at the expense of environmental pollution and financial development has led to a decrease in environmental pollution. Authors conclude that carbon emissions are mainly determined by income, energy consumption and trade openness and their findings confirm the existence of an Environmental Kuznets Curve in the case of China.<ref>Jalil, Abdul and Feridun, Mete (2011) "The impact of growth, energy and financial development on the environment in China: a cointegration analysis". ''Energy Economics'', 33 (2). pp. 284–291. ISSN 0140-9883 (doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2010.10.003)</ref>

====Metals and nonmetals====
[[Iron ore]] reserves are found in most provinces, including [[Hainan]]. Gansu, Guizhou, southern Sichuan, and Guangdong provinces have rich deposits. The largest mined reserves are located north of the [[Yangtze|Yangtze River]] and supply neighboring iron and steel enterprises. With the exception of [[nickel]], [[chromium]], and [[cobalt]], China is well supplied with [[ferroalloy]]s and [[manganese]]. Reserves of [[tungsten]] are also known to be fairly large. [[Copper]] resources are moderate, and high-quality ore is present only in a few deposits. Discoveries have been reported from [[Ningxia]]. [[Lead]] and [[zinc]] are available, and [[bauxite]] resources are thought to be plentiful. China's [[antimony]] reserves are the largest in the world. [[Tin]] resources are plentiful, and there are fairly rich deposits of gold. China is the world's fifth largest producer of [[gold]] and in the early 21st century became an important producer and exporter of rare metals needed in high-technology industries.

China also produces a fairly wide range of [[Nonmetal (chemistry)|nonmetal]]lic minerals. One of the most important of these is [[salt]], which is derived from coastal [[evaporation]] sites in Jiangsu, Hebei, Shandong, and Liaoning, as well as from extensive salt fields in Sichuan, Ningxia, and the Qaidam Basin. There are important deposits of [[phosphate]] rock in a number of areas, Jiangxi, Guangxi, Yunnan and Hubei. Production has been accelerating every year. As of 2013 China is producing 97,000,000 metric tons of phosphate rock a year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/phosphate_rock/mcs-2014-phosp.pdf|title=Phosphate Rock Statistics and Information|access-date=15 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170513090847/https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/phosphate_rock/mcs-2014-phosp.pdf|archive-date=13 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Pyrite]]s occur in several places; Liaoning, Hebei, Shandong, and Shanxi have the most important deposits. China also has large resources of [[fluorite]] ([[fluorspar]]), [[gypsum]], [[asbestos]], and has the world's largest reserves and production of [[cement]], clinker and limestone.

===Industry and manufacturing===
{{redirect|Made in China}}
{{further|Industry of China|Technological and industrial history of China}}
[[File:China Railways HXD1B Manufacture Factory.jpg|thumb|China Railway HXD1B Manufactured by [[CRRC]]]]
[[File:CR400BF-GZ-5205@IFP (20220213095454).jpg|thumb|[[Fuxing (train)|Fuxing]] high speed train produced by [[CRRC]]]]
China has a strong position global position in the production of industrial goods and some of its companies are global leader in the areas of steel, solar energy, and telecommunications accessories.<ref name=":9222" />{{Rp|page=131}} {{As of|2022}}, industry accounts for 39.9% of China's GDP.<ref name="data2022" /> As of 2023, China manufactures approximately one fifth of the world's total output of industrial products.<ref name=":9222" />{{Rp|page=133}}
[[File:COMAC B-001A May 2017.jpg|thumb|left|[[C919]] developed by Chinese aerospace manufacturer [[Comac]]]]

In November 2012, the [[State Council of the People's Republic of China]] mandated a "social risk assessment" for all major industrial projects. This requirement followed mass public protests in some locations for planned projects or expansions.<ref name="NYT111212">{{cite news|title='Social Risk' Test Ordered by China for Big Projects|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/13/world/asia/china-mandates-social-risk-reviews-for-big-projects.html|access-date=13 November 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|date=12 November 2012|author=Keith Bradsher|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113032446/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/13/world/asia/china-mandates-social-risk-reviews-for-big-projects.html|archive-date=13 November 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>

Major industries include mining and ore processing; [[iron]] and [[steel]]; [[aluminium]]; [[coal]]; [[machinery]]; [[armaments]]; [[textiles]] and [[apparel]]; [[petroleum]]; [[cement]]; [[chemical]]; [[fertilizers]]; [[food processing]]; [[automobile]]s and other transportation equipment including rail cars and locomotives, ships, and aircraft; [[consumer products]] including [[footwear]], [[toy]]s, and [[electronics]]; [[telecommunications]] and [[information technology]].

Since the founding of the People's Republic, industrial development has been given considerable attention; as of 2011 46% of China's national output continued to be devoted to investment; a percentage far higher than any other nation.<ref name="NYT11612">{{cite news |title=Facing Protests, China's Business Investment Slows |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/07/business/global/facing-protests-chinas-business-investment-may-be-cooling.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=6 November 2012 |author=Keith Bradsher |access-date=7 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107090110/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/07/business/global/facing-protests-chinas-business-investment-may-be-cooling.html |archive-date=7 November 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> Among the various industrial branches the [[machine]]-building and [[metallurgy|metallurgical]] industries have received the highest priority. These two areas alone now account for about 20–30 percent of the total gross value of industrial output.<ref name="FFCTMR">{{cite web |url=http://www.florida-agriculture.com/pubs/pubform/pdf/Florida_Forestry_China_Trade_Mission_Report.pdf |title=Florida Forestry China Trade Mission Report |access-date=28 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306203818/http://www.florida-agriculture.com/pubs/pubform/pdf/Florida_Forestry_China_Trade_Mission_Report.pdf |archive-date=6 March 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> In these, as in most other areas of industry, however, [[innovation]] has generally suffered at the hands of a system that has rewarded increases in gross output rather than improvements in variety, sophistication and quality. China, therefore, still imports significant quantities of specialized steels. Overall industrial output has grown at an average rate of more than ten percent per year, having surpassed all other sectors in [[economic growth]] and degree of [[modernization]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chinability.com/Industrial%20output.htm |title=Industrial output growth 1978–2006 |publisher=Chinability.com |access-date=28 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120228235331/http://www.chinability.com/Industrial%20output.htm |archive-date=28 February 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The predominant focus of development in the [[chemical industry]] is to expand the output of chemical [[fertilizer]]s, [[plastics]], and [[synthetic fiber]]s. The growth of this industry has placed China among the world's leading producers of [[nitrogenous]] fertilizers. In the [[consumer goods]] sector the main emphasis is on textiles and [[clothing]], which also form an important part of China's exports. Textile manufacturing, a rapidly growing proportion of which consists of synthetics, account for about ten percent of the gross industrial output and continues to be important, but less so than before. The industry tends to be scattered throughout the country, but there are a number of important [[textile industry in China|textile centers]], including [[Shanghai]], [[Guangzhou]], and [[Harbin]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.allcountries.org/china_statistics/14_19_output_of_major_industrial_products.html |title=14–19: Output of Major Industrial Products |publisher=Allcountries.org |date=26 April 2006 |access-date=28 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120211212156/http://www.allcountries.org/china_statistics/14_19_output_of_major_industrial_products.html |archive-date=11 February 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="SHGDPKG">[http://www.china.org.cn/english/2003/Feb/54962.htm Shanghai's GDP Keeps Growing] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050830103443/http://www.china.org.cn/english/2003/Feb/54962.htm |date=30 August 2005 }} Xinhua News Agency 1{{spaces}}February 2003.</ref> There is a [[Growing consumer culture of China|growing consumer culture in China]].

====Steel industry====
{{main|Steel industry in China|List of steel producers|List of countries by steel production}}

[[File:Guangfa Securities Headquarters taken in November 2018.jpg|thumb|upright|Skyscrapers of [[Guangzhou]]]]
In 2020, China produced over 1053 million tonnes of steel, over half of the world total. This was an increase of 5.6% over the previous year as global steel production fell by 0.9%. China's share of global crude steel production increased from 53.3% in 2019 to 56.5% in 2020. Decreasing -2.1% in 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldsteel.org/media-centre/press-releases/2021/Global-crude-steel-output-decreases-by-0.9--in-2020.html |title=Global crude steel output decreases by 0.9% in 2020 |publisher=worldsteel.org |date=2021-01-26 |access-date=2022-02-10}}</ref>

[[Iron ore]] production kept pace with steel production in the early 1990s but was soon outpaced by imported iron ore and other metals in the early 2000s. Steel production, an estimated 140 million tons in 2000 increased to 419 million tons in 2006 and 928 million tons by 2018.

China was the top exporter of steel in the world in 2018; export volumes in 2018 were 66.9 million tons, a nine percent decrease over the previous year. It again decreased in 2021 to 66.2 million tons.<ref>[http://english.people.com.cn/90001/6590861.html Steel exports fall in 2008{{snd}}People's Daily Online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091102151634/http://english.people.com.cn/90001/6590861.html |date=2 November 2009 }}. English.people.com.cn (12 February 2009). Retrieved on 6 August 2010.</ref> The decline slowed China's decade-old steel export growth. As of 2012 steel exports faced widespread [[Dumping (pricing policy)|anti-dumping taxes]] and had not returned to pre-2008 levels.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://www.trade.gov/steel/countries/pdfs/exports-china.pdf|title=Steel Exports Report: China|website=US Department of Commerce|access-date=23 June 2019|archive-date=23 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190623005352/https://www.trade.gov/steel/countries/pdfs/exports-china.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Domestic demand remained strong, particularly in the developing west where steel production in [[Xinjiang]] was expanding.<ref name="NYTSteel2012">{{cite news |title=In China's Floundering Steel Sector, the Burden of Politics |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/04/business/global/in-chinas-floundering-steel-sector-the-burden-of-politics.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=3 May 2012 |agency=Reuters |access-date=4 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505212532/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/04/business/global/in-chinas-floundering-steel-sector-the-burden-of-politics.html |archive-date=5 May 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>

For the year 2018, China's steel industry reported profits of CNY 470 billion ($70{{spaces}}billion), which was 39% higher than the year before.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://steelguru.com/steel/China%20steel%20industry%20sees%20profits%20in%202018%20up%2039pct/533252?type=steel|title=China steel industry sees profits in 2018 up 39pct|last=|website=SteelGuru India|language=en|access-date=23 June 2019}}</ref>

Of the 45 largest steel producing companies in the world, 21 are Chinese, including the world's largest, [[China Baowu Steel Group]].

====Automotive industry====
{{main|Automotive industry in China}}

China is the world's largest automobile producer, manufacturing more than 27 million vehicles in 2018. For comparison, the corresponding numbers for the US and Japan were 11.3 million and 9.7 million respectively. By 2006 China had become the world's third largest automotive vehicle manufacturer (after US and Japan) and the second largest consumer (only after the US). However, four years later, in 2010, China was manufacturing more vehicles than the U.S. and Japan combined. [[Automobile]] manufacturing has soared during the reform period. In 1975 only 139,800 automobiles were produced annually, but by 1985 production had reached 443,377, then jumped to nearly 1.1 million by 1992 and increased fairly evenly each year up until 2001, when it reached 2.3 million. In 2002 production rose to nearly 3.25 million and then jumped to 4.44 million in 2003, 5.07 million in 2004, 5.71 million in 2005, 7.28 million in 2006, 8.88 million in 2007, 9.35 million in 2008 and 13.83 million in 2009. China has become the number-one automaker in the world as of 2009. Domestic sales have kept pace with production. After respectable annual increases in the mid- and late 1990s, passenger car sales soared in the early 2000s.

In 2010, China became the world's largest automotive vehicle manufacturer as well as the largest consumer ahead of the [[United States]] with an estimated 18 million new cars sold.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-01-10/china-2010-auto-sales-reach-18-million-extend-lead-update1-.html |title=China 2010 Auto Sales Reach 18 Million, Extend Lead |publisher=Bloomberg |date=10 January 2011 |access-date=27 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622215636/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-01-10/china-2010-auto-sales-reach-18-million-extend-lead-update1-.html |archive-date=22 June 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> However, new car sales grew only by an estimated 1% between 2011 and 2012 due to the escalation in the [[Spratly Islands dispute]], which involved [[Japan]], the world's third largest producer of vehicles.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gasnier |first=Matt |url=http://bestsellingcarsblog.com/2013/02/16/world-2012-the-20-biggest-car-markets-thailand-shoots-up/ |title=World 2012 – The 20 biggest car markets: Thailand shoots up! |publisher=bestsellingcarsblog.com |date=16 February 2013 |access-date=16 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130219034221/http://bestsellingcarsblog.com/2013/02/16/world-2012-the-20-biggest-car-markets-thailand-shoots-up/ |archive-date=19 February 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>

China's automotive industry has been so successful that it began exporting car parts in 1999. China began to plan major moves into the automobile and components export business starting in 2005. A new [[Honda]] factory in [[Guangzhou]] was built in 2004 solely for the export market and was expected to ship 30,000 passenger vehicles to Europe in 2005. By 2004, twelve major foreign automotive manufacturers had [[joint-venture]] plants in China. They produced a wide range of automobiles, [[minivan]]s, [[sport utility vehicle]]s, [[bus]]es, and [[truck]]s. In 2003 China exported US$4.7{{spaces}}billion worth of vehicles and components. The vehicle export was 78,000 units in 2004, 173,000 units in 2005, and 340,000 units in 2006. The vehicle and component export is targeted to reach US$70{{spaces}}billion by 2010.{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}} China's exports of cars increased significantly since 2020, becoming the world's second-largest exporter of cars in 2022 after Japan.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ren |first=Daniel |date=15 January 2023 |title=China closes gap with Japan after 2022 car exports surpass Germany with 54.4 per cent surge to 3.11 million vehicles |work=[[South China Morning Post]] |url=https://www.scmp.com/business/china-business/article/3206875/chinas-car-exports-surpass-germanys-after-544-cent-surge-311-million-2022-narrowing-japans-lead |access-date=16 May 2023}}</ref>

The market for domestically produced cars, under a local name, is likely to continue to grow both inside China and outside. Companies such as [[Geely]], [[Qiantu Motor|Qiantu]] and [[Chery]] are constantly evaluating new international locations, both in developing and developed countries.<ref>Alon, Ilan, Marc Fetscherin, Marc Sardy (2008), "Geely Motors: A Chinese Automaker Enters International Markets", ''International Journal of Chinese Culture and Management'', 1 (4), 489–498.</ref>

==== Electric vehicle industry ====
{{main|Electric vehicle industry in China|Plug-in electric vehicles in China}}

[[File:BYD Han DM 001.jpg|thumb| [[BYD Han|BYD]] with Dual Mode hybrid engine]]
The electric vehicle industry in China is the largest in the world, accounting for around 57.4% of global production of EVs and around 500,000 exports in 2021.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Electric-cars-in-China/China-led-world-with-500-000-electric-car-exports-in-2021#:~:text=According%20to%20Nikkei%20research%20based,Japan%20accounted%20for%20just%200.9%25 | title=China led world with 500,000 electric car exports in 2021 }}</ref> In 2021, CAAM reported China had sold 3.34 million passenger electric vehicles, consisting 2.73 million BEVs (battery-only EVs) and 0.6 million PHEV (plug-in hybrid electric vehicles),<ref name="auto">{{cite web | url=http://en.caam.org.cn/Index/show/catid/54/id/1656.html | title=Sales of New Energy Vehicles in December 2021 - China Association of Automobile Manufacturers(CAAM) }}</ref> which is around 53% share of the global market of 6.23 million "new energy" passenger vehicles – BEVs, PHEVs, and HEVs.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://thedriven.io/2022/02/08/china-regains-dominance-of-global-ev-market-with-53-of-global-sales-in-2021/ | title=China regains dominance of global EV market, with 53% of global sales in 2021 | date=7 February 2022 }}</ref> China also dominates the plug-in [[electric bus]] and [[light commercial vehicle]] market, reaching over 500,000 buses (98% of global stock) and 247,500 electric commercial vehicles (65% of global stock) in 2019,<ref name="EVOutlook2020">{{cite web |url=https://webstore.iea.org/download/direct/2807?fileName=Global_EV_Outlook_2019.pdf |title=Global EV Outlook 2020: Entering the decade of electric drive? |author=[[International Energy Agency]] (IEA), Clean Energy Ministerial, and Electric Vehicles Initiative (EVI) |publisher=IEA Publications |date=June 2020 |access-date=2020-06-15 |archive-date=13 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513153402/https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-products |url-status=dead }} ''See Statistical annex, pp. 247–252 (See Tables A.1 and A.12). The global stock of plug-in electric passenger vehicles totaled 7.2 million cars at the end of 2019, of which, 47% were on the road in China. The stock of plug-in cars consist of 4.8 million battery electric cars (66.6%) and 2.4 million plug-in hybrids (33.3%). In addition, the stock of light commercial plug-in electric vehicles in use totaled 378 thousand units in 2019, and about half a million electric buses were in circulation, most of which are in China.''</ref> and recording new sales of 186,000 commercial EVs in 2021.<ref name="auto" />

Plug-in electric vehicle (BEV and PHEV) sales was 15% of the overall automotive sales in China in 2021.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://cleantechnica.com/2022/01/22/plugin-electric-vehicles-get-21-share-of-auto-market-in-another-record-month-in-china/ | title=Plugin Electric Vehicles Get 21% Share of Auto Market in Another Record Month in China | date=22 January 2022 }}</ref> NEV adoption rapidly increased to a record 28% in March 2022, and according to BYD chairman Wang Chuanfu could reach 35% by end of 2022, exceeding the government goal of 20% by 2025.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.aastocks.com/en/stocks/news/aafn-news/NOW.1172328/2 | title=No related news }}</ref> The plug-in market in China was dominated by Chinese companies, with [[BYD Auto]] and [[SAIC Motor]] occupying the top two spots, and 5 out of the top 7 spots.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://insideevs.com/news/563375/china-plugin-car-sales-december2021/ | title=China Sets Massive Record: 500,000 Plug-In Cars Sold in December 2021 }}</ref>

The battery industry is closely related to the EV industry as batteries constitute around 1/3 of the cost of EVs<ref>{{cite web | url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Materials/Japan-battery-material-producers-lose-spark-as-China-races-ahead2#selection-2549.353-2557.282 | title=Japan battery material producers lose spark as China races ahead }}</ref> and around 80% of lithium-ion batteries in the world are used in EVs.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.woodmac.com/press-releases/global-lithium-ion-battery-capacity-to-rise-five-fold-by-2030/ | title=Global lithium-ion battery capacity to rise five-fold by 2030 | date=22 March 2022 }}</ref> The industry also has significant Chinese presence, with major players including world's largest [[CATL]], [[BYD Company|BYD]], CALB, Gotion, SVOLT and WeLion.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.electrive.com/2022/02/08/catl-outgrows-the-battery-competition/ | title=CATL outgrows the battery competition | date=8 February 2022 }}</ref>

====Semiconductor industry====
{{main|Semiconductor industry in China}}

The Chinese semiconductor industry, including [[Integrated circuit|IC]] design and manufacturing, forms a major part of China's IT industry. China's semiconductor industry consists of a wide variety of companies, from [[integrated device manufacturer]]s to [[Semiconductor fabrication plant|pure-play foundries]] to [[fabless semiconductor company|fabless semiconductor companies]]. [[Integrated device manufacturer]]s (IDMs) design and manufacture integrated circuits. [[Semiconductor fabrication plant|Pure-play foundries]] only manufacture devices for other companies, without designing them, while [[fabless semiconductor company|fabless semiconductor companies]] only design devices. Examples of Chinese IDMs are [[YMTC]] and [[Changxin Memory Technologies|CXMT]], examples of Chinese pure-play foundries are [[Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation|SMIC]], [[Hua Hong Semiconductor]] and [[Wingtech]], and examples of Chinese fabless companies are [[Zhaoxin]], [[HiSilicon]] and [[UNISOC]].

China is the currently the world's largest semiconductor market in terms of consumption. In 2020, China represented 53.7% of worldwide chip sales, or $239.45 billion out of $446.1 billion. However, a large percentage are imported from multinational suppliers. In 2020, imports took up 83.38% ($199.7 billion) of total chip sales. In response, the country has launched a number of initiatives to close the gap, including investing $150 billion into its domestic IC industry, with a "Made in China 2025" goal of 70% domestic production.<ref name="semiengineering.com">{{Cite web|url=https://semiengineering.com/china-accelerates-foundry-power-semi-efforts/|title = China Accelerates Foundry, Power Semi Efforts|date = 22 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://semianalysis.com/the-impending-chinese-nand-apocalypse-ymtc-128-layer-nand-is-the-first-semiconductor-where-china-is-technologically-competitive/|title=The Impending Chinese NAND Apocalypse – YMTC 128 Layer NAND is the First Semiconductor Where China is Technologically Competitive|date=28 September 2021|access-date=29 March 2022|archive-date=7 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220507092752/https://semianalysis.com/the-impending-chinese-nand-apocalypse-ymtc-128-layer-nand-is-the-first-semiconductor-where-china-is-technologically-competitive/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Allen |first=Gregory C. |date=May 3, 2023 |title=China's New Strategy for Waging the Microchip Tech War |url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/chinas-new-strategy-waging-microchip-tech-war |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703142933/https://www.csis.org/analysis/chinas-new-strategy-waging-microchip-tech-war |archive-date=July 3, 2023 |access-date=July 3, 2023 |website=Center for Strategic and International Studies}}</ref>

China leads the world in terms of number of new fabs under construction, with 8 out of 19 worldwide in 2021, and 17 fabs in total are expected to start construction from 2021 to 2023. Total installed capacity of Chinese-owned chipmakers will also increase from 2.96 million wafers per month (wpm) in 2020 to 3.572 million wpm in 2021.<ref name="semiengineering.com" />

====Other industries====
{{further|Electronics industry in China|Pharmaceutical industry in China|Shipping industry of China}}

Substantial investments were made in the manufacture of [[solar panel]]s and [[wind generator]]s by a number of companies, supported by liberal loans by banks and local governments. However, by 2012 manufacturing capacity had far outstripped domestic and global demand for both products, particularly solar panels, which were subjected to anti-dumping penalties by both the United States and Europe. The global oversupply has resulted in bankruptcies and production cutbacks both inside and outside China. China has budgeted $50{{spaces}}billion to subsidize production of solar power over the two decades following 2015 but, even at the sharply reduced price resulting from oversupply, as of 2012 cost of solar power in China remained three times that of power produced by conventional coal-fired power plants.<ref name="NYT10412">{{cite news|title=Glut of Solar Panels Poses a New Threat to China|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/05/business/global/glut-of-solar-panels-is-a-new-test-for-china.html|access-date=5 October 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|date=4 October 2012|author=Keith Bradsher|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005074556/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/05/business/global/glut-of-solar-panels-is-a-new-test-for-china.html|archive-date=5 October 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Huawei MateBook - Mobile World Congress 2016 (25472304356).jpg|thumb|[[Huawei MateBook series]] at a World Mobile Congress]]
China is the world's biggest sex toy producer and accounts for 70% of the worldwide sex toys production.<ref name="sex-toy">{{cite news|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2010-07/10/content_10090553.htm|title=Nation becomes world's biggest sex-toy producer|author=China Daily|date=10 July 2010|access-date=11 July 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100915045156/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2010-07/10/content_10090553.htm|archive-date=15 September 2010}}</ref> In the country, 1,000 manufacturers are active in this industry, which generates about two billion dollars a year.<ref name="sex-toy" />

As of 2011, China was the world's largest market for personal computers<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424053111903461304576525852486131230?mod=googlenews_wsj | work=The Wall Street Journal | first=Owen | last=Fletcher | title=China Passes U.S. as World's Biggest PC Market | date=24 August 2011 | access-date=3 August 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923095604/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424053111903461304576525852486131230?mod=googlenews_wsj | archive-date=23 September 2017 | url-status=live }}</ref> Since 2019, Samsung Electronics, Hyundai Motors, Kia Motors and LG Electronics are moving some or all production out of China, in order to reduce overdependence on the Chinese market and avoid risks related with increased local competition, China's economic slowdown and the [[US-China trade war]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Business-trends/South-Korean-companies-shift-production-out-of-China|title=South Korean companies shift production out of China|website=Nikkei Asian Review}}</ref>

===Services===
Prior to the onset of economic reforms in 1978, China's services sector was characterized by state-operated [[Retailing|shops]], [[rationing]], and regulated prices{{snd}}with reform came private markets, individual entrepreneurs, and a commercial sector. The [[wholesale]] and [[retail]] trade has expanded quickly, with numerous [[shopping mall]]s, retail shops, restaurant chains and hotels constructed in urban areas. [[Public administration]] remains a main component of the service sector, while [[Tourism in China|tourism]] has become a significant factor in [[employment]] and a source of [[foreign exchange reserves|foreign exchange]].<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Alon|editor1-first=Ilan|title=Chinese Economic Transition and International Marketing Strategy|date=2003|publisher=Praeger|location=Westport, Conn.|isbn=9781567205879|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hHvAi53-F8cC|access-date=11 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624043507/https://books.google.com/books?id=hHvAi53-F8cC&printsec=frontcover|archive-date=24 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Telecommunications====
{{main|Telecommunications in China|Telecommunications industry in China}}

The affordability of mobile phones and internet data in China has resulted in the number of mobile internet users in China surpassing the number of computer internet users.<ref name=":03">{{Cite book |last=Parzyan |first=Anahit |url= |title=China and Eurasian Powers in a Multipolar World Order 2.0: Security, Diplomacy, Economy and Cyberspace |date=2023 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |others=Mher Sahakyan |isbn=978-1-003-35258-7 |edition= |location=New York |pages= |chapter=China's Digital Silk Road: Empowering Capabilities for Digital Leadership in Eurasia |oclc=1353290533}}</ref>{{Rp|pages=178}}

China's number of Internet users or [[netizens]] topped 137 million by the end of 2006,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.chinadaily.net/china/2007-01/24/content_790804.htm |title=Internet users to log in at world No.1 |work= China Daily |date= 24 January 2007 |access-date=28 February 2012}}</ref> an increase of 23.4% from a year before and 162 million by June 2007, making China the second-largest Internet user after the United States, according to China's [[Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of the People's Republic of China|Ministry of Information Industry]] (MII). China's mobile phone penetration rate was 34% in 2007. In 2006, mobile phone users sent 429 billion text messages (on average 967 text messages per user). For 2006, the number of [[landline|fixed-lines]] grew by 79%, mainly in the rural areas.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7140300.stm "Emerging giants spur telecom boom"], BBC News, {{Nowrap|12 December}} 2007.</ref> By 2021, the number of Internet users in China increased to over 1.05 billion.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 2021 |title=The 48th Statistical Report on China's Internet Development |url=https://www.cnnic.com.cn/IDR/ReportDownloads/202212/P020221209344717199824.pdf |publisher=[[CNNIC]]}}</ref>

==== Consumer internet ====
China's economy is one of the world's leaders in consumer internet and [[Mobile payment|mobile payments]].<ref name=":9222">{{Cite book |last=Šebeňa |first=Martin |title=Contemporary China: a New Superpower? |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2023 |isbn=978-1-03-239508-1 |editor-last=Kironska |editor-first=Kristina |chapter=Technological Power |editor-last2=Turscanyi |editor-first2=Richard Q.}}</ref>{{Rp|page=130}} Mobile payment methods via apps including [[Alipay]] and [[WeChat Pay]] were quickly adopted in China in part due to the relative lack of credit cards in the country.<ref name=":9222" />{{Rp|page=130}} This technological [[leapfrogging]] also led to a boom in online shopping and retail banking.<ref name=":9222" />{{Rp|page=130}}

====Tourism====
{{main|Tourism in China|List of World Heritage Sites in China}}

China hosts the world's [[World Heritage Sites by country#Countries with major concentrations of World Heritage Sites|largest number]] of [[World Heritage Site]]s ([[List of World Heritage Sites in China|55]]). China's [[tourism industry]] is one of the fastest-growing industries in the national economy and is also one of the industries with a very distinct global competitive edge. According to the [[World Travel and Tourism Council]], travel and tourism directly contributed CNY 1,362 billion (US$216{{spaces}}billion) to the Chinese economy (about 2.6% of GDP).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131029184218/http://wttc.org/site_media/uploads/downloads/china2013.pdf "China Travel & Tourism Economic Impact Report"] (2013), [[World Travel and Tourism Council]].</ref> In 2011, total international tourist arrivals was 58 million, and international tourism receipts were US$48{{spaces}}billion.<ref>[http://dtxtq4w60xqpw.cloudfront.net/sites/all/files/pdf/unwto_highlights13_en_lr.pdf "UNWTO Tourism Highlights"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130718115306/http://dtxtq4w60xqpw.cloudfront.net/sites/all/files/pdf/unwto_highlights13_en_lr.pdf |date=18 July 2013 }}, [[World Tourism Organization]], 2013.</ref>

Chinese [[business travel]] spending is also forecast to be the highest in the world by 2014, overtaking the United States. According to a Global Business Travel Association study, total business-travel spending is expected to reach US$195{{spaces}}billion in 2012.<ref>{{cite news| title=Continued growth in Chinese business travel next year: GBTA study| url=http://www.ttgmice.com/index.php/magazine/?term_id&issues&ID=31105| newspaper=TTGmice| date=October 2012| access-date=9 November 2012}} {{Dead link|date=May 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

====Luxury goods====
{{main|Luxury goods of China}}

Hong Kong and Macau benefit from favorable taxation rules and are favored locations for tourists from elsewhere in China to purchase luxury goods like cosmetics, jewelry, and designer fashion goods.<ref name=":132">{{Cite book |last=Simpson |first=Tim |title=Betting on Macau: Casino Capitalism and China's Consumer Revolution |date=2023 |publisher=[[University of Minnesota Press]] |isbn=978-1-5179-0031-1 |series=Globalization and Community series |location=Minneapolis}}</ref>{{Rp|page=116}}

[[Porcelain]] has long been one of China's most important luxury exports.<ref name=":132" />{{Rp|page=226}} It was especially important to early trade between China and the West, with much of that trade being conducted through Macau.<ref name=":132" />{{Rp|page=226}}

After a 2012 ban on government agencies purchasing luxury goods, often used as "gifts", sales of [[luxury goods of China|luxury goods in China]] remained strong but slowed, even falling slightly for luxury retailers in the 4th quarter of 2012,<ref name="Caixin022613">{{cite news |title=China's Frills and Posh Market Springs a Leak: Wealthy Chinese consumers continue to drive global demand for luxury goods, but the engine is losing steam |url=http://english.caixin.com/2013-02-26/100494654.html |publisher=Caixin |date=26 February 2013 |author=Qu Yunxu |access-date=26 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130302030136/http://english.caixin.com/2013-02-26/100494654.html |archive-date=2 March 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> with sales of [[Shark fin soup|shark fin]]s and [[Edible bird's nest|edible swallow nest]]s, once staples of lavish government banquets, down sharply.<ref name="NYT032713">{{cite news|title=Elite in China Face Austerity Under Xi's Rule|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/28/world/asia/xi-jinping-imposes-austerity-measures-on-chinas-elite.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=27 March 2013|author=Andrew Jacobs|access-date=28 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130328095140/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/28/world/asia/xi-jinping-imposes-austerity-measures-on-chinas-elite.html|archive-date=28 March 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

Many shops in international travel destinations have specialized staff devoted to Chinese customers.<ref name="Caixin022613" />

==Labor and welfare==
{{main|Labor relations in China|Social welfare in China}}

[[File:Shanghaid02.jpg|thumb|A window washer on a skyscraper in [[Shanghai]]]]
[[File:20040906yunankama.jpg|thumb|A worker makes ceramics in [[Yunnan]]]]
[[File:Alley with miner.jpg|thumb|A Chinese coal miner at the Jin Hua Gong Mine]]In 1979–1980, the state reformed factories by giving wage increases to workers, which was immediately offset by sharply rising [[inflation]] rates of 6–7%. The reforms also dismantled the iron rice bowl, which meant it witnessed a rise in unemployment in the economy. In 1979–80 there were twenty million unemployed people.<ref>Vice-Premier [[Li Xiannian]]'s speech, published in the [[Hong Kong newspaper]] ''Ming Pao'' on 14 June 1979.</ref>

<imagemap>Image: China employment by economic sectors.png|thumb|left|This chart shows the Chinese employment by sectors during time<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20141117072912/http://www.bluenomics.com/data#!data/labour_market/employment_by_sectors/employment_by_broad_economic_sectors/employment_by_broad_economic_sectors_annual_of_tot_empl_%7Cchart/line$countries=china&sorting=list//title "Labour Market Employment By Sectors"].</ref></imagemap>
China's estimated employed labor force in 2005 totaled 791 million persons, about 60% of the total population. During 2003, 49% of the labor force worked in [[agriculture]], [[forestry]], and [[fishing]]; 22% in [[mining]], [[manufacturing]], [[energy]], and [[construction]] industries; and 29% in the [[Tertiary sector of economic activity|services]] sector and other categories. In 2004 some 25 million persons were employed by 743,000 [[private enterprise]]s. Urban wages rose rapidly from 2004 to 2007, at a rate of 13 to 19% per year with average wages near $200/month in 2007.<ref>[http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/newsandcomingevents/t20071029_402440482.htm "Average Wage of On-Duty Staff and Workers in Urban Areas Jumped in the First Three Quarters"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100717232344/http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/newsandcomingevents/t20071029_402440482.htm |date=17 July 2010 }}. [[National Bureau of Statistics of China]].　2007-10-29, 15:35:2.</ref> By 2016 the average monthly wage for workers engaged in manufacturing goods for export was $424. This wage, combined with other costs of doing business in China, had, more or less, equalized any Chinese cost advantage with respect to developed economies.<ref name="NYT72216">{{cite news |first=Michael |last=Schuman |title=Is China Stealing Jobs? It May Be Losing Them, Instead |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/23/business/international/china-jobs-donald-trump.html |work=The New York Times |date=22 July 2016 |access-date=23 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160724050641/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/23/business/international/china-jobs-donald-trump.html |archive-date=24 July 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[All-China Federation of Trade Unions]] is the country's only legally permissible trade union. Attempts to form trade unions independent of the ACFTU have been rare and short-lived. One notable example is the [[Beijing Workers' Autonomous Federation]] formed during the [[1989 Tiananmen Square protests]]. Martial Law Command Headquarters issued a public notice declaring the BWAF an illegal organization and ordering it to disband on the grounds that Federation leaders were among "the main instigators and organizers in the capital of the counterrevolutionary rebellion.<ref>{{cite journal |author2=Gong Xiaoxia |author1=Andrew G. Walder |title=Workers in the Tiananmen Protests: The Politics of the Beijing Workers' Autonomous Federation |journal=The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs |date=January 1993 |volume= 29|issue= 29|pages= 1–29|doi=10.2307/2949950 |jstor=2949950 |s2cid=155448546 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=ZHANG |first1=YUERAN |title=The Forgotten Socialists of Tiananmen Square |url=https://www.jacobinmag.com/2019/06/tiananmen-square-worker-organization-socialist-democracy |website=www.jacobinmag.com |publisher=Jacobin Magazine |access-date=12 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712200741/https://www.jacobinmag.com/2019/06/tiananmen-square-worker-organization-socialist-democracy |archive-date=12 July 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2010, the issues of manufacturing wages caused a [[wildcat strike]] at a Honda parts plant. This resulted in wage increases both at the struck plant and other industrial plants.<ref>[http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9FVQT4O0.htm "Honda suspends production in China due to strike"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529102157/http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9FVQT4O0.htm |date=29 May 2010 }} [[Associated Press]] article on Businessweek.com, 28 May 2010</ref><ref>Keith Bradsher (28 May 2010), [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/29/business/global/29strikeside.html "Workers Squeezing Honda With Especially Costly Strike"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723022636/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/29/business/global/29strikeside.html |date=23 July 2016 }} ''[[The New York Times]]''</ref><ref>Keith Bradsher and David Barboza (28 May 2010), [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/29/business/global/29honda.html "Strike in China Highlights Gap in Workers' Pay"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113044749/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/29/business/global/29honda.html |date=13 January 2017 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]''</ref><ref>[http://www2.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2010-05/28/content_9903694.htm "Honda's China plants halt production as workers strike for higher salaries"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607031415/http://www2.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2010-05/28/content_9903694.htm |date=7 June 2011 }} [[Xinhua]] article in ''[[China Daily]]'' updated: 28 May 2010 09:42</ref><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/02/business/global/02foxconn.html "Foxconn Raises Worker Pay 30%"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225132633/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/02/business/global/02foxconn.html |date=25 February 2017 }} article from Bloomberg News printed in ''[[The New York Times]]'' 1{{spaces}}June 2010</ref>

The 2010 census found that China was now half urban and rapidly aging due to the one child policy. This is expected to lead to increased demand for labor to take care of an elderly population and a reduced supply of migrant labor from the countryside.<ref>[http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia-pacific/2011/04/201142852019929352.html "China is ageing and growing more slowly"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110428112636/http://english.aljazeera.net//news/asia-pacific/2011/04/201142852019929352.html |date=28 April 2011 }}. ''Al Jazeera'', 28 April 2011.</ref>

Due to worsening pollution, the corruption and political uncertainties of the [[one-party state]] and the limited economic freedom in an economy dominated by large state-owned enterprises, many skilled professionals are either leaving the country or preparing safety nets for themselves abroad.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/chinas-millionaire-exodus-as-wealthy-flee-with-america-the-preferred-destination-9069551.html |title=China's millionaire exodus as wealthy flee with America the preferred destination |last=Boren |first=Zachary |date=18 January 2014 |work=The Independent |location=London |access-date=14 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915072540/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/chinas-millionaire-exodus-as-wealthy-flee-with-america-the-preferred-destination-9069551.html |archive-date=15 September 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news-subclass-cnt.aspx?id=20140212000018&cid=1103&MainCatID=0 |title=Pollution sees middle, upper class exodus from China's major cities |date=12 February 2014 |access-date=11 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221225619/http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news-subclass-cnt.aspx?id=20140212000018&cid=1103&MainCatID=0 |archive-date=21 February 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Johnson, Ian. [https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/01/world/asia/wary-of-future-many-professionals-leave-china.html?pagewanted=all "Wary of Future, Professionals Leave China in Record Numbers"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225132236/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/01/world/asia/wary-of-future-many-professionals-leave-china.html?pagewanted=all |date=25 February 2017 }}. ''[[The New York Times]]'', 31 October 2012.</ref> In the decade up to 2014, ten million Chinese emigrated to other countries, taking assets and their technical skills.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news-subclass-cnt.aspx?id=20140123000098&cid=1103&MainCatID=0 |title=Migration gap in China alarming: report |date=23 January 2014 |work=Want China Times |access-date=23 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201184548/http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news-subclass-cnt.aspx?id=20140123000098&cid=1103&MainCatID=0 |archive-date=1 February 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>

A law approved February 2013 will mandate a nationwide minimum wage at 40% average urban salaries to be phased in fully by 2015.<ref name="bbcmw">[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-21347819 "China promises rise in minimum wage to close income gap"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171127222220/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-21347819 |date=27 November 2017 }} BBC News, 6 February 2013</ref>

== State-owned enterprises ==
{{Main|State-owned enterprises of China}}

China's SOEs perform important functions that benefit the state.<ref name=":32">{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1354535847 |title=CPC Futures The New Era of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics |date=2022 |publisher=[[National University of Singapore Press]] |others=Frank N. Pieke, Bert Hofman |isbn=978-981-18-5206-0 |location=Singapore |pages=138 |oclc=1354535847}}</ref> Academic Wendy Leutert writes, "They contribute to central and local governments revenues through dividends and taxes, support urban employment, keep key input prices low, channel capital towards targeted industries and technologies, support sub-national redistribution to poorer interior and western provinces, and aid the state's response to natural disasters, financial crises and social instability."<ref name=":32" />

As of 2017, China has more SOEs than any other country, and the most SOEs among large national companies.<ref name=":32" /> State-owned enterprises accounted for over 60% of China's market capitalization in 2019<ref>{{cite web |last=Hissey |first=Ian |date=17 December 2019 |title=Investing in Chinese State-Owned Enterprises |url=https://insight.factset.com/investing-in-chinese-state-owned-enterprises |access-date=15 March 2021 |website=insight.factset.com}}</ref> and generated 40% of China's GDP of US$15.98{{spaces}}trillion dollars (101.36 trillion yuan) in 2020, with domestic and foreign private businesses and investment accounting for the remaining 60%.<ref>{{cite web |last=Tjan |first=Sie Tek |date=21 May 2020 |title=How reform has made China's state-owned enterprises stronger |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/05/how-reform-has-made-chinas-state-owned-enterprises-stronger/ |access-date=19 October 2020 |website=www.weforum.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=CBNEditor |date=18 January 2021 |title=China's GDP Breaches 100 Trillion Yuan Threshold after Posting 2.3% Growth in 2020, Disposable Income up 4.7% |url=https://www.chinabankingnews.com/2021/01/18/chinas-gdp-breaches-100-trillion-yuan-threshold-after-posting-2-3-growth-in-2020-disposable-income-up-4-7/ |access-date=13 April 2021 |website=China Banking News |language=en-US}}</ref> As of the end of 2019, the total assets of all China's SOEs, including those operating in the financial sector, reached US$58.97{{spaces}}trillion In 2015.<ref>{{cite web |last=Tjan |first=Sie Tek |date=17 October 2020 |title=China State Firms' Assets grow even as the Government presses for lighter debt |url=https://www.caixinglobal.com |access-date=19 October 2020 |website=www.caixinglobal.com}}</ref> Ninety-one (91) of these SOEs belong to the 2020 Fortune Global 500 companies.<ref>{{cite web |last=Tjan |first=Sie tek |date=18 August 2020 |title=The Biggest but not the Strongest: China's place in the Fortune Global 500 |url=https://www.csis.org |access-date=19 October 2020 |website=www.csis.org}}</ref>

==External trade==
{{main|History of trade of the People's Republic of China}}{{Further|List of the largest trading partners of China|List of exports of China|List of Chinese administrative divisions by exports|China–United States trade war}}
{{More citations needed section|date=January 2021}}
[[File:2006Chinese exports.PNG|thumb|300px|Global distribution of Chinese exports in 2006 as a percentage of the top market]]
[[International trade]] makes up a sizeable portion of China's overall economy. China became a member of the [[World Trade Organization]] in 2001.<ref>{{cite web |title=China – Member information |url=http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/countries_e/china_e.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901095845/http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/countries_e/china_e.htm |archive-date=1 September 2014 |access-date=28 August 2014 |publisher=WTO}}</ref> It also has [[free trade agreement]]s with several nations, including [[ASEAN–China Free Trade Area|ASEAN]], [[China–Australia Free Trade Agreement|Australia]], [[Cambodia]], [[New Zealand–China Free Trade Agreement|New Zealand]], [[Pakistan]], [[China–South Korea Free Trade Agreement|South Korea]] and [[Switzerland]].<ref>{{cite web |title=China, Switzerland sign free trade agreement |url=http://www.eubusiness.com/news-eu/china-switzerland.pqa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024102431/http://www.eubusiness.com/news-eu/china-switzerland.pqa/ |archive-date=24 October 2013 |access-date=14 November 2013 |publisher=eubusiness.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=China FTA Network |url=http://fta.mofcom.gov.cn/enarticle/chinacambodiaen/chinacambodiaennews/202112/46486_1.html |access-date=2022-06-03 |website=fta.mofcom.gov.cn}}</ref> {{As of|2022}}, China's [[List of the largest trading partners of China|largest trading partners]] are ASEAN, the European Union, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Australia, Russia, Brazil, India, Canada, and the United Kingdom.<ref name="chinacustoms" />

During the [[Cold War]], a meaningful segment of China's trade with the [[Third World]] was financed through grants, credits, and other forms of assistance. The principal efforts were made in Asia, especially to [[Indonesia]], [[Myanmar]], Pakistan, and [[Sri Lanka]], but large loans were also granted in Africa ([[Ghana]], [[Algeria]], [[Tanzania]]) and in the Middle East ([[Egypt]]). However, after [[Mao Zedong]]'s death in 1976, these efforts were scaled back. After which, trade with developing countries became negligible, though during that time, [[Hong Kong]] and [[Taiwan]] both began to emerge as major trading partners.

Since economic reforms began in the late 1970s, China sought to decentralize its foreign trade system to integrate itself into the international trading system. In November 1991, China joined the [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]] (APEC) group, which promotes [[free trade]] and cooperation in the economic, trade, investment, and technology spheres. China served as APEC chair in 2001, and Shanghai hosted the annual APEC leaders meeting in October of that year.

After reaching a bilateral WTO agreement with the EU and other trading partners in summer 2000, China worked on a multilateral WTO accession package. China concluded multilateral negotiations on its accession to the WTO in September 2001. The completion of its accession protocol and Working Party Report paved the way for its entry into the WTO on 11 December 2001, after 16 years of negotiations, the longest in the history of the [[General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade]]. However, U.S. exporters continue to have concerns about fair market access due to China's restrictive trade policies and U.S. export restrictions. In October 2019, Chinese Vice Premier Han Zheng promised to further decrease tariffs and remove non-tariff barriers for global investors, he also welcomed multinational companies to invest more in China.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-tariff-reduce-idUSKBN1WY08M|title=China to further reduce tariffs and remove non-tariff barriers for foreign investors: Xinhua|date=19 October 2019|work=Reuters|access-date=19 October 2019|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019135448/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-tariff-reduce-idUSKBN1WY08M|archive-date=19 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Jawaharlal Nehru Trust Port.jpg|thumb|With bilateral trade exceeding US$38.6{{spaces}}billion, China is India's largest trading partner<ref>[http://news.tootoo.com/Industry_News/Latest_News/20080325/79764.html China emerges India's top trade partner] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907234848/http://news.tootoo.com/Industry_News/Latest_News/20080325/79764.html |date=7 September 2008 }}. News.tootoo.com (25 March 2008). Retrieved on 6 August 2010.</ref> and shown here is a Chinese container ship unloading its cargo at [[Jawaharlal Nehru Port]], [[Navi Mumbai]], India]]
China's global trade exceeded $4.16{{spaces}}trillion at the end of 2013, having broken the hundred-billion mark in 1988 and half a trillion by 2001. China global trade exceeded US$6 Trillion in 2021<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/20220114/d7db76814ffd47c0b50d2a8fab4988da/c.html |title=China's foreign trade hits new high in 2021-Xinhua |publisher=Xinhuanet.com |date=2022-01-14 |access-date=2022-02-10}}</ref>
The table below shows the average annual growth (in nominal US{{spaces}}dollar terms) of China's foreign trade during the reform era.

By 2020, China became the largest trading partner of more than 120 countries.<ref name=":022" />{{Rp|page=228}}

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!class="unsortable"|Period
!Two-way trade||Exports||Imports
|-
|1981–1985||+12.8%||+8.6%||+16.1%
|-
|1986–1990||+10.6%||+17.8%||+4.8%
|-
|1991–1995||+19.5%||+19.1%||+19.9%
|-
|1996–2000||+11.0%||+10.9%||+11.3%
|-
|2001–2005||+24.6%||+25.0%||+24.0%
|-
|2006–2010||+15.9%||+15.7%||+16.1%
|-
|2016–2021||+11.0%||
|}
[[File:United States Balance of Trade Deficit-pie chart.svg|thumb|U.S. trade deficit (in billions, goods only) by country in 2014]]
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://santandertrade.com/en/portal/analyse-markets/china/foreign-trade-in-figures |title=Chinese foreign trade in figures |publisher=Santandertrade.com |date=2020-11-15 |access-date=2022-02-10}}</ref>

The vast majority of China's imports consists of industrial supplies and capital goods, notably machinery and high-technology equipment, the majority of which comes from the developed countries, primarily Japan{{Citation needed|date=March 2009}} and the United States{{Citation needed|date=March 2009}}. Regionally, almost half of China's imports come from East and Southeast Asia, and about a fourth of China's exports go to the same destinations{{Citation needed|date=March 2009}}. About 80 percent of China's exports consist of manufactured goods, most of which are textiles and electronic equipment, with agricultural products and chemicals constituting the remainder. Out of the five busiest [[port]]s in the world, three are in China. The U.S. trade deficit with China reached $233{{spaces}}billion in 2006, as imports grew 18%. China's share of total U.S. imports has grown from 7% to 15% since 1996.

[[China–Russia relations#Economic relations|Trade volume between China and Russia]] reached $29.1{{spaces}}billion in 2005, an increase of 37.1% compared with 2004. A spokesman for the [[Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China|Ministry of Commerce]], Van Jingsun, said that the volume of trade between China and Russia could exceed forty billion dollars in 2007.<ref>{{cite news|title=Trade between China and Russia could exceed $40 bln in 2007|publisher=The Voice of Russia|date=2 August 2007|url=http://www.ruvr.ru/main.php?lng=eng&q=14378&cid=46&p=02.08.2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927152209/http://www.ruvr.ru/main.php?lng=eng&q=14378&cid=46&p=02.08.2007|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 September 2007|access-date=4 August 2007}}</ref> China's export of machinery and electronic goods to Russia grew 70%, which is 24% of China's total export to Russia in the first eleven months of 2005. During the same time, China's export of high-tech products to Russia increased by 58%, and that is 7% of China's total exports to Russia. Also at that time period, border trade between the two countries reached $5.13{{spaces}}billion, growing 35% and accounting for nearly 20% of the total trade. Most of China's exports to Russia remain apparel and footwear. Russia is China's eighth largest trade partner and China is now Russia's fourth largest trade partner, and China now has over 750 investment projects in Russia, involving $1.05{{spaces}}billion. China's contracted investment in Russia totaled $368{{spaces}}million during January–September 2005, twice that in 2004. By 2022, trade between China and Russia reached a record $190 billion,<ref name="chinacustoms" /> with China becoming Russia's trading partner.<ref name=":42">{{Cite web |last=Prokopenko |first=Alexandra |date=2 February 2023 |title=The Risks of Russia's Growing Dependence on the Yuan |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/politika/88926 |access-date=2 March 2023 |website=[[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]]}}</ref>

[[File:E7210-NN-kitaj-auto.jpg|thumb|Chinese cars at a dealer's lot in [[Nizhny Novgorod]], the traditional capital of the Russian automotive industry]]
Chinese imports from Russia are mainly those of energy sources, such as crude oil, which is mostly transported by rail, and electricity exports from neighboring Siberian and Far Eastern regions. In the near future, exports of both of these commodities are set to increase, as Russia is building the [[Eastern Siberia-Pacific Ocean oil pipeline]] with a branch going to the Chinese border, and Russian power grid monopoly UES is building some of its hydropower stations with a view of future exports to China.

Export growth has continued to be a major component supporting China's rapid economic growth. To increase exports, China pursued policies such as fostering the rapid development of foreign-invested factories, which assembled imported components into consumer goods for export and liberalizing trading rights. In its [[Eleventh Five-Year Plan (People's Republic of China)|11th Five-Year Program]], adopted in 2005, China placed greater emphasis on developing a consumer demand-driven economy to sustain economic growth and address imbalances.

China is a member of the [[Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership]] (RCEP), the world's largest free-trade area which was signed into agreement in November 2020. The RCEP, which includes China, Japan, South Korea, Australia, New Zealand and the ASEAN nations, represents about a third of the world's population and 29% of global gross domestic product. The RCEP aims to eliminate tariffs on a variety of products within 20 years.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-54949260|title=RCEP: Asia-Pacific countries form world's largest trading bloc|date=16 September 2020|work=BBC|access-date=30 September 2020}}</ref> On 17 September 2021, China formally applied to join another large Asia-Pacific free-trade pact, the [[Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership]] (CPTPP).<ref name="Chinese Premier's signal">{{Cite news |date=17 September 2021 |title=China applies to join Pacific trade pact to boost economic clout |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/china/china-officially-applies-join-cptpp-trade-pact-2021-09-16/ |access-date=23 May 2023}}</ref>

==Foreign investment==
{{see also|Foreign Investment Law of the People's Republic of China|Qualified Domestic Institutional Investor|Qualified Foreign Institutional Investor|China Investment Promotion Agency|China Council for the Promotion of International Trade|Ministry of Commerce (China)}}
In 2022, China was amongst the world's largest recipient of inward [[foreign direct investment]] (FDI), attracting $180 billion, though most of these were speculated to be from Hong Kong.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 January 2023 |title=China Foreign Investment Posts Record Slump as Covid Zero Ended |work=[[Bloomberg News]] |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-01-19/china-foreign-investment-posts-record-slump-as-covid-zero-ended |access-date=15 May 2023}}</ref> As of the end of June 2020, FDI stock in China reached US$2.947{{spaces}}trillion, and China's outgoing FDI stock stood at US$2.128{{spaces}}trillion. The total foreign financial assets owned by China reached US$7.860{{spaces}}trillion, and its foreign financial liabilities US$5.716{{spaces}}trillion, making China the second largest creditor nation after Japan in the world.<ref>{{cite web |last=Tjan |first=Sie Tek |date=25 September 2020 |title=SAFE releases China's net International Investment Position (NIIP) as of the end of June 2020 |url=https://www.safe.gov.cn |access-date=19 October 2020 |website=www.safe.gov.cn}}</ref>

China's investment climate has changed dramatically with more than two decades of reform. In the early 1980s, China restricted foreign investments to export-oriented operations and required foreign investors to form joint-venture partnerships with Chinese firms. The [[Encouraged Industry Catalogue]] sets out the degree of foreign involvement allowed in various industry sectors. From the beginning of the reforms legalizing foreign investment, capital inflows expanded every year until 1999.<ref>China Statistical Yearbook 2007, Table 18-14: http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2007/indexeh.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220113912/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2007/indexeh.htm |date=20 December 2008 }}</ref> Foreign-invested enterprises account for 58–60% of China's imports and exports.<ref>China Statistical Yearbook 2007, Table 18-13: http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2007/indexeh.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220113912/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2007/indexeh.htm |date=20 December 2008 }}</ref>

Since the early 1990s, the government has allowed foreign investors to manufacture and sell a wide range of goods on the domestic market, eliminated time restrictions on the establishment of joint ventures, provided some assurances against [[nationalization]], allowed foreign partners to become chairs of [[joint venture]] boards, and authorized the establishment of wholly foreign-owned enterprises, now the preferred form of FDI. In 1991, China granted more preferential tax treatment for [[Wholly Foreign Owned Enterprise]]s and contractual ventures and for foreign companies, which invested in selected economic zones or in projects encouraged by the state.

China also authorized some foreign banks to open branches in [[Shanghai]] and allowed foreign investors to purchase special "B" shares of [[stock]] in selected companies listed on the [[Shanghai Stock Exchange|Shanghai]] and [[Shenzhen Stock Exchange|Shenzhen]] Securities Exchanges. These "B" shares sold to foreigners carried no ownership rights in a company. In 1997, China approved 21,046 foreign investment projects and received over $45{{spaces}}billion in [[foreign direct investment]]. China revised significantly its laws on Wholly Foreign-Owned Enterprises and China Foreign Equity Joint Ventures in 2000 and 2001. The Vice Minister of Finance Zhu Guangyao announced, foreign investors will be allowed to own up to 51% on domestic financial service companies. Formerly foreign ownership was limited to a 49% stake in these firms.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.faz.net/1.5285864|title=Öffnung des Finanzmarktes: Ausländer dürfen Mehrheit an chinesischen Banken übernehmen|newspaper=Faz.net|via=www.faz.net}}</ref>

Foreign investment remains a strong element in China's rapid expansion in world trade and has been an important factor in the growth of urban jobs. China's economic leadership on global capital flows emphasizes long-term infrastructure and development finance over short-term flows which, under the current order, have imposed large costs on many economies.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Broz |first1=J. Lawrence |last2=Zhang |first2=Zhiwen |last3=Wang |first3=Gaoyang |title=Explaining Foreign Support for China's Global Economic Leadership |journal=International Organization |date=2020 |volume=74 |issue=3 |pages=417–452 |doi=10.1017/S0020818320000120|s2cid=226865956 }}</ref> In 1998, foreign-invested enterprises produced about 40% of China's exports, and foreign exchange reserves totaled about $145{{spaces}}billion. Foreign-invested enterprises today produce about half of China's exports (the majority of China's foreign investment come from [[Hong Kong]], [[Macau]] and [[Taiwan]]), and China continues to attract large investment inflows. However, the Chinese government's emphasis on guiding FDI into manufacturing has led to market saturation in some industries, while leaving China's services sectors underdeveloped. From 1993 to 2001, China was the world's second-largest recipient of [[foreign direct investment]] (FDI) after the United States, receiving $39{{spaces}}billion in 1999 and $41{{spaces}}billion in 2000. China is now one of the leading FDI recipients in the world, receiving almost $80{{spaces}}billion in 2005 according to World Bank statistics. In 2006, China received $69.47{{spaces}}billion.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/01/15/business/yuan.php |title=Foreign investment in China rebounds |work=International Herald Tribune |date=15 January 2007 |access-date=28 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013101238/http://iht.com/articles/2007/01/15/business/yuan.php |archive-date=13 October 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref> By 2011, with the U.S. seeing a decline in foreign investment following the [[Financial crisis of 2007–08|2008 financial crisis]], China overtook it as the top destination for FDI, receiving over $280{{spaces}}billion that year.<ref>{{cite web|title = Foreign direct investment, net inflows (BoP, current US$) {{!}} Data {{!}} Table|url = http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BX.KLT.DINV.CD.WD?order=wbapi_data_value_2014+wbapi_data_value+wbapi_data_value-last&sort=desc|publisher = World Bank|access-date = 29 January 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160217035319/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BX.KLT.DINV.CD.WD?order=wbapi_data_value_2014+wbapi_data_value+wbapi_data_value-last&sort=desc|archive-date = 17 February 2016|url-status = live}}</ref>

Amid slowing economic conditions and a weakening yuan in 2015, December of that year saw a 5.8% drop in FDI to China.<ref>{{cite news |author = Enda Curran |author2 = Jonathan Browning |title = Foreign Investment into China Falls as Weaker Yuan Dents Inflows |url = https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-01-20/foreign-investment-into-china-falls-as-weaker-yuan-dents-inflows |agency = Bloomberg |access-date = 29 January 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160202103521/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-01-20/foreign-investment-into-china-falls-as-weaker-yuan-dents-inflows |archive-date = 2 February 2016 |url-status = live }}</ref> While China's rank as the top receiver of FDI continued through 2014, the slowing of inbound investment in 2015 combined with a massive rebound in foreign investment to the United States resulted in the U.S. reclaiming its position as the top investment destination.<ref>{{cite news|title = U.S. Overtakes China as Top Destination for Foreign Investment|url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-overtakes-china-as-top-destination-for-foreign-investment-1453312933|newspaper = The Wall Street Journal|first = Paul|last = Hannon|access-date = 29 January 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160126110952/http://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-overtakes-china-as-top-destination-for-foreign-investment-1453312933|archive-date = 26 January 2016|url-status = live}}</ref> Data from the American Chamber of Commerce in China's ''[http://www.amchamchina.org/policy-advocacy/business-climate-survey/ 2016 China Business Climate Survey]'' confirms this trend, although it also demonstrates that China remains a top investment destination. This survey of over 500 members found that "China remains a top three investment priority for six out of ten member companies," though this is a decline from the 2012 high of eight out of ten respondents considering China a top priority.<ref>{{Cite book|title = 2016 China Business Climate Survey|publisher = American Chamber of Commerce in China|year = 2016|location = Beijing, China|page = 4|url = http://www.amchamchina.org/policy-advocacy/business-climate-survey/|access-date = 29 January 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160210134259/http://www.amchamchina.org/policy-advocacy/business-climate-survey/|archive-date = 10 February 2016|url-status = live}}</ref>

[[Foreign exchange reserve of the People's Republic of China|Foreign exchange reserves]] totaled $155{{spaces}}billion in 1999 and $165{{spaces}}billion in 2000. [[Foreign exchange reserves]] exceeded $800{{spaces}}billion in 2005, more than doubling from 2003. Foreign exchange reserves were $819{{spaces}}billion at the end of 2005, $1.066{{spaces}}trillion at the end of 2006, $1.9{{spaces}}trillion by June 2008. In addition, by the end of September 2008 China replaced Japan for the first time as the largest foreign holder of US treasury securities with a total of $585{{spaces}}billion, vs Japan $573{{spaces}}billion. China's foreign exchange reserves are the [[List of countries by foreign exchange reserves|largest in the world]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2188rank.html|title=The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency|website=cia.gov|access-date=28 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613005020/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2188rank.html|archive-date=13 June 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref>

As part of its WTO accession, China undertook to eliminate certain trade-related investment measures and to open up specified sectors that had previously been closed to foreign investment. New laws, regulations, and administrative measures to implement these commitments are being issued. Major remaining barriers to foreign investment include opaque and inconsistently enforced laws and regulations and the lack of a rules-based legal infrastructure. Warner Bros., for instance, withdrew its cinema business in China as a result of a regulation that requires Chinese investors to own at least a 51 percent stake or play a leading role in a foreign joint venture.<ref>[http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-11/09/content_5310610.htm Warner Bros to withdraw from Chinese mainland] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013180017/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-11/09/content_5310610.htm |date=13 October 2007 }} (Xinhuanet.com, with source from China Radio International)</ref>

Another major development in the history of foreign investment in China was the establishment of the [[Shanghai Free Trade Zone]] in September 2013.<ref>[http://www.china-briefing.com/news/2013/09/28/china-releases-general-plan-and-regulations-for-the-shanghai-free-trade-zone.html "Shanghai's New Free Trade Zone{{snd}}General Plan and Regulations"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225085323/http://www.china-briefing.com/news/2013/09/28/china-releases-general-plan-and-regulations-for-the-shanghai-free-trade-zone.html |date=25 February 2014 }}, ''China Briefing'', Shanghai, 28 September 2013</ref> The Zone is considered a testing ground for a number of economic and social reforms.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dw.de/china-opens-free-trade-zone-in-shanghai/a-17121642|title=China opens free trade zone in Shanghai|publisher=Deutsche Welle|access-date=8 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708162731/http://www.dw.de/china-opens-free-trade-zone-in-shanghai/a-17121642|archive-date=8 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.waigaoqiao.gov.cn/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010302131009/http://www.waigaoqiao.gov.cn/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 March 2001 |script-title=zh:中国（上海）自由贸易试验区门户网站 |language=zh-cn |publisher=waigaoqiao.gov.cn}}</ref> Critically, foreign investment is controlled via a "negative list" approach, where FDI is permitted in all sectors unless explicitly prohibited by the inclusion of a given sector on the [[negative list of foreign investment in China|negative list]] published by the [[Shanghai Municipal Government]].<ref>[http://www.china-briefing.com/news/2013/09/30/shanghai-releases-negative-list-for-foreign-investment-in-shanghai-free-trade-zone.html "Shanghai Releases 'Negative List' for Foreign Investment in Shanghai Free Trade Zone"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718070100/http://www.china-briefing.com/news/2013/09/30/shanghai-releases-negative-list-for-foreign-investment-in-shanghai-free-trade-zone.html |date=18 July 2014 }}, ''China Briefing'', Shanghai, 9 September 2013.</ref>

On 15 March 2019, China's [[National People's Congress]] adopted the [[Foreign Investment Law of the People's Republic of China|Foreign Investment Law]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mg.mofcom.gov.cn/article/policy/201909/20190902898870.shtml|title=Foreign Investment Law of the People's Republic of China|website=mofcom.gov.cn|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016070903/http://mg2.mofcom.gov.cn/article/policy/China/201909/20190902898870.shtml|archive-date=16 October 2019|access-date=25 November 2019}}</ref> which comes into effect on 1{{spaces}}January 2020. Foreign investment in China comes with a number of ethical risks which pose major challenges which investors must navigate.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kaplan |first1=Seth D. |title=How to Navigate the Ethical Risks of Doing Business in China |url=https://hbr.org/2022/01/how-to-navigate-the-ethical-risks-of-doing-business-in-china |journal=Harvard Business Review |date=26 January 2022 |publisher=HBR |access-date=5 March 2022}}</ref>

A 2021 [[McKinsey & Company|McKinsey]] report estimated that the Chinese economy as currently the largest consumer economy measured in purchasing power parity (PPP) terms, and that it is expected to add more consumption than any other country within the next decade. Due to this and the rapid continued growth of China's middle class, large multinational companies like Walmart, have been keen to invest in China to tap into the growing domestic consumer market.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Five consumer trends shaping the next decade of growth in China {{!}} McKinsey |url=https://www.mckinsey.com/cn/our-insights/our-insights/five-consumer-trends-shaping-the-next-decade-of-growth-in-china#:~:text=China%20is%20estimated%20to%20be,according%20to%20our%20baseline%20scenario. |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=www.mckinsey.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cheng |first=Evelyn |date=2019-09-30 |title=China's giant middle class is still growing and companies from Walmart to start-ups are trying to cash in |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/09/30/chinas-giant-middle-class-is-still-growing-and-companies-want-in.html |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref>

===Chinese investment abroad===
[[File:TCL 4K tv (24478123585).jpg|thumb|A [[TCL Corporation|TCL]] television set]]
[[File:Meizu V8 Pro.jpg|thumb|A [[Meizu]] smartphone]]
[[File:Belt and Road Initiative participant map.svg|thumb|Countries which signed cooperation documents related to the [[Belt and Road Initiative]]]]
{{see also|Go Out policy}}

Outward foreign direct investment is a new feature of Chinese globalization, where local Chinese firms seek to make investments in both developing and developed countries.<ref>Alon, Ilan and John McIntyre, eds. (2008), The Globalization of Chinese Enterprises, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.</ref> It was reported in 2011 that there was increasing investment by capital rich Chinese firms in promising firms in the United States. Such investments offer access to expertise in marketing and distribution potentially useful in exploiting the developing Chinese domestic market.<ref>{{cite news |title=A Wave of Chinese Money Gives a Lift to Companies Struggling in Tough Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/07/business/smallbusiness/07sbiz.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=6 July 2011 |author=James Flanigan |access-date=7 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709115550/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/07/business/smallbusiness/07sbiz.html |archive-date=9 July 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Since 2005, Chinese companies have been actively expanding outside of China, in both developed and developing countries. In 2013, Chinese companies invested US$90{{spaces}}billion globally in non-financial sectors, 16% more than 2012.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ministry of Commerce of China |url=http://www.fdi.gov.cn/1800000121_33_3962_0_7.html |access-date=3 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714151358/http://www.fdi.gov.cn/1800000121_33_3962_0_7.html |archive-date=14 July 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Between January 2009 and December 2013, China contributed a total of $161.03bn in outward [[Foreign direct investment|FDI]], creating almost 300,000 jobs. Western Europe was the largest regional recipient of Chinese outward FDI, with Germany receiving the highest number of FDI projects for any country globally.<ref>{{cite news|title=Where is China investing?|url=http://www.fdiintelligence.com/Locations/Asia-Pacific/China/Where-is-China-investing|newspaper=[[FDi Magazine]]|date=12 August 2014|access-date=21 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821152738/http://www.fdiintelligence.com/Locations/Asia-Pacific/China/Where-is-China-investing|archive-date=21 August 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

There are two ways Chinese companies choose to enter a foreign market: organic growth and Merge & Acquisition (M&A). Many Chinese companies would prefer M&A for the following reasons:
* Fast. M&A is the fastest way for a company to expand into another country by acquiring brand, distribution, talents, and technology. Chinese CEOs has been used to growing at 50%+ speed and do not want to spend capital.
* China market. China has become the world's largest economy. Many Chinese acquire foreign companies and then bring their products/services to China, anything from premium cars to fashion clothing to meat to Hollywood movies.
* Cheap capital access. The huge Chinese domestic market help many Chinese companies accumulated financial capital to do M&A. Chinese government also provides long-term, low-interest capital for companies to expand abroad.
* Low risk. M&A helped Chinese companies avoid risk of failure of organic growth as they got an established company with everything in place.
* Cheap labor. Some companies may move part of the manufacturing in high labor cost countries to China to reduce the cost and make the product more attractive in price.
* Trade and policy barrier. Chinese companies in many sectors face quota limitation and high tax, which prevent them from being competitive in foreign markets.
* Depressed assets. 2008–2010 global economic crisis created liquidity problems for a lot of western companies and reduced their market value. Chinese companies believe it is a great opportunity for them to buy these depressed assets at discount. China's direct foreign investment in non-financial sector growth from US$25{{spaces}}billion in 2007 to US$90{{spaces}}billion in 2013, more than three times.<ref>{{cite news |date=30 October 2008 |script-title=zh:2007年度中国全行业对外直接投资统计数据 |language=zh-cn |trans-title=China's total foreign direct investment statistics for the whole year 2007 |publisher=China Daily |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/hqzg/2008-10/30/content_7159288.htm |access-date=3 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714153206/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/hqzg/2008-10/30/content_7159288.htm |archive-date=14 July 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*China is growing in investments and influencing power over Europe, and the EU has begun to take notice.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/briefing/2018/10/04/chinese-investment-and-influence-in-europe-is-growing|title=Chinese investment, and influence, in Europe is growing|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=8 October 2018|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181008183836/https://www.economist.com/briefing/2018/10/04/chinese-investment-and-influence-in-europe-is-growing|archive-date=8 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

At the beginning, state-owned enterprises dominate the foreign acquisition and most of the money goes to oil and minerals. Since 2005, more and more private companies start to acquire non-raw material foreign companies. Below is a list of the top 15 outbound deals from Chinese companies:<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://imaa-institute.org/m-and-a-in-china/|title=M&A in China – IMAA-Institute|work=IMAA-Institute|access-date=22 February 2018|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180222225839/https://imaa-institute.org/m-and-a-in-china/|archive-date=22 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!class="unsortable"|Date
!class="unsortable"|Acquirer
!class="unsortable"|Acquirer industry
!class="unsortable"|Target
!class="unsortable"|Target industry
!class="unsortable"|Target country
!Deal value in millions of USD
|-
|3 February 2016
|CNAC Saturn (NL) BV
|Chemicals
|[[Syngenta AG]]
|Chemicals
|Switzerland
|41,840.11
|-
|23 July 2012
|CNOOC Canada Holding Ltd
|Other financials
|[[Nexen Inc]]
|Oil and gas
|Canada
|19,119.31
|-
|1 February 2008
|Shining Prospect Pte Ltd
|Other financials
|[[Rio Tinto (corporation)|Rio Tinto PLC]]
|Metals and mining
|United Kingdom
|14,284.17
|-
|2 June 2017
|China Investment Corp
|Alternative financial investments
|Logicor Ltd
|Non residential
|United Kingdom
|13,742.43
|-
|14 July 2017
|Nesta Investment Holdings Ltd
|Other financials
|Global Logistic Properties Ltd
|Non residential
|Singapore
|11,553.58
|-
|22 August 2017
|China Unicom (BVI) Ltd
|Telecommunications services
|China Unicom Hong Kong Ltd
|Telecommunications services
|Hong Kong
|11,255.81
|-
|6 October 2016
|Park Aerospace Holdings Ltd
|Transportation and infrastructure
|C2 Aviation Capital LLC
|Transportation and infrastructure
|United States
|10,380.00
|-
|14 October 2015
|China Tower Corp Ltd
|Telecommunications services
|China-Telecommun tower asts
|Wireless
|China
|9,948.41
|-
|21 June 2016
|Halti SA
|Other financials
|[[Supercell Oy]]
|Software
|Finland
|8,600.00
|-
|24 June 2009
|Mirror Lake Oil & Gas Co Ltd
|Oil and gas
|[[Addax Petroleum]] Corp
|Oil and gas
|Switzerland
|7,157.40
|-
|1 October 2010
| [[China Petrochemical Corporation]]
|Oil and gas
|Repsol YPF Brasil SA
|Oil and gas
|Brazil
|7,111.00
|-
|16 March 2016
|[[Anbang Insurance Group]] Co Ltd
|Insurance
|Strategic Hotels & Resorts Inc
|REITs
|United States
|6,500.00
|-
|24 October 2016
|Hna Tourism Grp Co Ltd
|Travel services
|[[Hilton Worldwide Holdings Inc]]
|Hotels and lodging
|United States
|6,496.88
|-
|17 February 2016
| [[Tianjin Tianhai Investment]] Co Ltd
|Transportation and infrastructure
|[[Ingram Micro Inc.]]
|Computers and peripherals
|United States
|6,067.41
|-
|22 March 2015
|Marco Polo Industrial Hldg SpA
|Other financials
|[[Pirelli]] & C SpA
|Automobiles and components
|Italy
|
|}

However, the fast growth and M&A deals did not change consumers' low quality and low-price perception of Chinese goods and brands. According to market consecutive research by the Monogram Group, a Chicago-based advertising agency, in 2007, 2009, 2011 and 2012, American consumers' willingness to purchase Chinese products across all categories except PC remained the same or became worse during 2007–2012. The only sector in which Americans were more likely to purchase was personal computers.<ref>American Consumer's Attitude towards China and Chinese Brands (2007, 2009, 2011, 2012), The Monogram Group.</ref>
[[File:Inauguracja połączenia kolejowego „China Railway Express”.jpg|thumb|China's leader [[Xi Jinping]] and [[Poland]]'s President [[Andrzej Duda]] during the inauguration of the [[Yiwu–London railway line|China Railway Express]] in Warsaw, Poland, 20 June 2016]]
Moreover, many M&A deals have failed because companies underestimated the challenges and failed to restructure the company.

Case 1: Shanghai Auto acquired 48.9% of Korean Ssangyong at US$500{{spaces}}million in 2004, making it the most ambitious acquisition in Chinese auto industry at the time. Shanghai Auto wanted the brand and technology to expand its footprint in China. However, the cultural difference, the objection to transfer the technology and the failed sales of new SUV model put Shanghai Auto's ambition of expansion in jeopardy. It caused huge conflict between Ssangyong employees and Shanghai Auto as things didn't go well as planned. And the 2008 global economic crisis put Ssangyong on a survival mode, let alone expansion. After the negotiation with the labor union to reduce wages failed, Shanghai Auto decided to exit from Ssangyong and didn't get a penny back for their US$500{{spaces}}million investment.<ref>{{cite news |first = Andrew |last = Salmon |date=29 October 2004 |title = Shanghai Automotive expands with Korea purchase |newspaper = The New York Times |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2004/10/29/business/worldbusiness/29iht-ssang_ed3_.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last = Choe |first = Sang-Hun |date = 24 February 2009 |title = In Carmaker's Collapse, a Microcosm of South Korea's Woes |newspaper = The New York Times |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/24/world/asia/24seoul.html?pagewanted=all |page = A6 |access-date = 18 February 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160723022736/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/24/world/asia/24seoul.html?pagewanted=all |archive-date = 23 July 2016 |url-status = live }}</ref>

Case 2: In 2004, the television manufacturer TCL acquired TV business including Thomson and RCA brand from Thomson Electronics of France to form a joint venture called TCL–Thomson Electronics (TTE). For the coming two years, the company recorded huge loss, especially in Europe. Several factors contributed to the failure:
* Failure of Due Diligence. Right after TCL acquired Thomson's TV business, the TV market shifted to LCD technology, put Thomson out of date. As CEO of TCL, Dongsheng Li, said in 2012 "They betted on the wrong thing where the market would go. They thought Thomson's DLP could be the best choice."
* Lack of understanding of rules and regulations. According to the book ''Resumption of Trading'' by Chong Chen, soon after acquisition, Thomson found it in a situation that they couldn't recruit the talents they wanted and can't fire ones they didn't want.
* Underestimate of the challenges in cultural difference. Xuesong Tong, vice president of TTE, said in an interview with "China Operation" newspaper in 2005: "The French look down upon their Chinese boss. For example, they wanted to share the design model with TTE, but French just dislike it even though it is a popular one in US market. Also, French feel superior in their language and don't want to speak English, which created huge problem in communication. It takes hours to discuss simple issues and can't reach agreement."

===Mergers and acquisitions===
From 1993 to 2010, Chinese companies have been involved as either an acquiror or acquired company in 25,284 [[mergers and acquisitions]] with a total known value of US$969{{spaces}}billion.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.imaa-institute.org/statistics-mergers-acquisitions.html#MergersAcquisitions_China |title=Statistics on Mergers & Acquisitions (M&A) – M&A Courses | Company Valuation Courses | Mergers & Acquisitions Courses |publisher=Imaa-institute.org |access-date=27 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106045040/http://www.imaa-institute.org/statistics-mergers-acquisitions.html#MergersAcquisitions_China |archive-date=6 January 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{Main|Demographics of China}}
{{Further|Migration in China|Urbanization in China|Chinese emigration|Standard of living in China|Poverty in China}}

Since the 1950s [[medical care]], [[public hygiene]] and [[Sanitation in China|sanitation]] improved considerably, and [[epidemics]] were controlled. Consecutive generations continuously experienced better health. The [[population growth]] rate surged as the [[mortality rate]] dropped more rapidly than the [[birth rate]]. China's massive population has always been a major difficulty for the government as it has struggled to provide for it. In the 1950s, food supply was inadequate, and the standard of living was generally low. This spurred the authorities to initiate a major [[birth control]] program. The Great Leap Forward industrial plan in 1958–60 was partially responsible for a huge [[Great Chinese Famine|famine]] that caused the death rate to surpass the birth rate, and by 1960, the overall population was declining. A second [[population control]] drive began in 1962 with major efforts focused on promoting late marriages and the use of [[contraceptive]]s. By 1963 the country was in the beginning of recovery from the famine and the birth rate soared to its highest since 1949 with an annual population growth rate of 3%. In 1966, the Cultural Revolution suspended this second [[family planning]] program but resumed four years later with the third attempt by making later marriage and family size limitation an obligation. Since 1970, the efforts have been much more effective. The third family planning program continued until 1979 when the [[one-child policy|one child per family policy]] was implemented. By the early 1980s, China's population reached around a billion, and by the early 2000s surpassed 1.3 billion. In the 1980s, the average overall population growth was around 1.5%. In the 1990s, this fell to about 1%. Today it is about 0.6%.<ref>[[List of countries by population growth rate]]</ref> China's [[population growth rate]] is now among the lowest for a [[developing country]], although, due to its large population, annual net population growth is still considerable. One demographic consequence of the one-child policy is that China is now one of the most rapidly [[Aging of China|aging]] countries in the world.

According to a [[Forbes China Rich List]] (2007), China had 66 [[billionaire]]s, the second largest number after the [[Forbes 400|United States]], which had 415. In the 2006 Forbes Rich List it stated that there were 15 Chinese billionaires.<ref>[http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/11/06/business/billionaires.php?page=1 The newest billionaires: China's economy churns out dozens]. International Herald Tribune. 6 November 2007.</ref> In the 2007 Hurun Report, it lists 106 billionaires in China.<ref>[http://www.hurun.net/richlisten.aspx 2007 China Rich List series, Hurun Report]</ref> According to the latest Forbes report (2021), China has a total of 626 billionaires, after gaining 239 new billionaires since March 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tognini |first=Giacomo |title=The Countries With The Most Billionaires 2021 |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/giacomotognini/2021/04/06/the-countries-with-the-most-billionaires-2021/ |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref>

According to a 2020 Brookings report, China become the largest middle-class consumption market in the world and is deemed a "priority market" for major multinational firm. It also estimates that 1.2 billion Chinese will be part of the middle class by 2027, and makeup a quarter of the world's middle class.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dooley |first=Homi Kharas and Meagan |date=2020-10-12 |title=China's influence on the global middle class |url=https://www.brookings.edu/research/chinas-influence-on-the-global-middle-class/ |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=Brookings |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Labor force===
In 2012, for the first time, according to statistics released by China's [[National Bureau of Statistics of China|National Bureau of Statistics]] in January 2013, the size of the labor force, people aged 15 to 59, in China shrank slightly to 937.27 million people, a decrease of 3.45 million from 2011. This trend, resulting from China's one-child policy of population control, is anticipated to continue to at least 2030.{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}}

On 29 October 2015, [[Xinhua]], China's state news agency, reported a change in the existing law to a [[two-child policy]], citing a statement from the CCP, and the new law is effective from 1{{spaces}}January 2016 after it was passed in the standing committee of the National People's Congress on 27 December 2015.<ref name="CNBC011913">{{cite news |title=Chinese Labor Pool Begins to Drain |url=https://www.cnbc.com/id/100392731 |publisher=CNBC |date=19 January 2013 |author=Jamil Anderliniin |author2=Ed Crooks |agency=Financial Times |access-date=8 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130328064737/http://www.cnbc.com/id/100392731 |archive-date=28 March 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Transportation and infrastructure==
{{main|Transport in China}}

[[File:A maglev train coming out, Pudong International Airport, Shanghai.jpg|thumb|[[Shanghai Maglev Train]]]]
China's transportation policy, influenced by political, military, and economic concerns, have undergone major changes since 1949.<ref>[[Fengbo Zhang]]: [http://sites.google.com/site/chinesetransportation1/ Economic Analysis of Chinese Transportation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926172608/http://sites.google.com/site/chinesetransportation1/|date=26 September 2011}}</ref>

Immediately after the People's Republic was founded, the primary goal was to repair existing transportation infrastructure in order to meet [[military transport]] and [[Military logistics|logistics]] needs as well as to strengthen territorial integrity. During most of the 1950s, new road and rail links were built, while at the same time old ones were improved. During the 1960s much of the improvement of regional transportation became the responsibility of the local governments, and many small railways were constructed. Emphasis was also placed on developing transportation in remote rural, mountainous, and forested areas, in order to integrate poorer regions of the country and to help promote economies of scale in the agricultural sector.{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}}

Before the reform era began in the late 1970s, China's transportation links were mostly concentrated in the coastal areas and access to the inner regions was generally poor. This situation has been improved considerably since then, as railways and highways have been built in the remote and frontier regions of the northwest and southwest. At the same time, the development of international transportation was also pursued, and the scope of [[ocean shipping]] was broadened considerably.{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}}

[[Freight]] [[Logistics|haulage]] is mainly provided by [[rail transport]]. The rail sector is monopolized by [[China Railway]] and there is wide variation in services provided. In late 2007 China became one of the few countries in the world to launch its own indigenously developed [[High-speed rail|high-speed train]].<ref>{{cite news |url = http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5jZHR0k1z-KAzmdB46eKOuFFqHuSQ |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071226161506/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5jZHR0k1z-KAzmdB46eKOuFFqHuSQ |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 December 2007 |title=China produces first home-grown bullet train: report |date=22 December 2007 |access-date=28 February 2012 }}</ref> As rail capacity is struggling to meet demand for the transport of goods and raw materials such as coal, air routes, roads and waterways are rapidly being developed to provide an increasing proportion of China's overall transportation needs.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/8760cdcc-a41e-11dc-a28d-0000779fd2ac,dwp_uuid=f6e7043e-6d68-11da-a4df-0000779e2340.html |title=China: Logistics is key to inland shift |newspaper=Financial Times |date=10 December 2007 |access-date=28 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307092413/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/8760cdcc-a41e-11dc-a28d-0000779fd2ac,dwp_uuid=f6e7043e-6d68-11da-a4df-0000779e2340.html |archive-date=7 March 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Some economic experts have argued that the development gap between China and other emerging economies such as Brazil, Argentina and India can be attributed to a large extent to China's early focus on ambitious infrastructure projects: while China invested roughly 9% of its GDP on infrastructure in the 1990s and 2000s, most emerging economies invested only 2% to 5% of their GDP. This considerable spending gap allowed the Chinese economy to grow at near optimal conditions while many South American economies suffered from various development bottlenecks such as poor transportation networks, aging power grids and mediocre schools.<ref>{{cite news |first1 = Vincent |last1 = Bazi |first2 = M. Nicolas J. |last2 = Firzli |year=2011 |title = Infrastructure Investments in an Age of Austerity : The Pension and Sovereign Funds Perspective |url = http://www.turkishweekly.net/op-ed/2852/infrastructure-investments-in-an-age-of-austerity-the-pension-and-sovereign-funds-perspective.html |newspaper=Revue Analyse Financière |volume=41 |issue=Q4|pages=19–22 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110917182931/http://www.turkishweekly.net/op-ed/2852/infrastructure-investments-in-an-age-of-austerity-the-pension-and-sovereign-funds-perspective.html |archive-date=17 September 2011 |df = dmy }}</ref>

== Science and technology ==
{{Main|Science and technology in China}}

[[File:Tencent Logo.svg|thumb|[[Tencent]], one of the world's most valuable technology conglomerates]]

Science and technology in China has in recent decades developed rapidly. The Chinese government has placed emphasis through funding, reform, and societal status on science and technology as a fundamental part of the socio-economic development of the country as well as for national prestige. China has made rapid advances in areas such as education, infrastructure, high-tech manufacturing, artificial intelligence,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Allen |first1=Gregory |title=Understanding China's AI Strategy |url=https://www.cnas.org/publications/reports/understanding-chinas-ai-strategy |website=Understanding China's AI Strategy |publisher=Center for a New American Security |access-date=11 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317004017/https://www.cnas.org/publications/reports/understanding-chinas-ai-strategy |archive-date=17 March 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[academic publishing]], [[patent]]s and commercial applications. China is now increasingly targeting indigenous [[innovation]] and aims to reform remaining weaknesses. Its [[Thousand Talents Plan]] aims to attract innovative Chinese academics living abroad (as well as some foreigners) back to China in support of its economic innovation goals.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fedasiuk |first=Ryan |title=If You Want to Keep Talent Out of China, Invest at Home |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/09/17/china-thousand-talents-plan-invest-us-xenophobia/ |access-date=2022-09-11 |website=Foreign Policy |date=17 September 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Anti-monopoly and competition ==
The Chinese technology sector has been characterized as being dominated by few, larger entities including [[Ant Group]] and [[Tencent]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Lung|first=Tiffany|title=How China's Antitrust And Monopoly Probe Will Disrupt Tech Titans In Retail|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/tiffanylung/2021/12/31/how-chinas-antitrust-and-monopoly-probe-will-disrupt-tech-titans-in-retail/|access-date=3 January 2021|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref> There have been attempts by the [[Xi Jinping Administration]] to enforce [[Competition law|economic competition rules]], and probes into Alibaba and Tencent have been launched by Chinese economic regulators.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Zhong|first=Raymond|date=24 December 2020|title=With Alibaba Investigation, China Gets Tougher on Tech|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/23/business/alibaba-antitrust-jack-ma.html|access-date=3 January 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

The crackdown on monopolies by tech giants and internet companies were followed with calls by the [[Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party|Politburo]] against monopolistic practices by commercial retail giants like [[Alibaba Group|Alibaba]].<ref>{{cite web|last=澎湃新闻|date=18 December 2020|title=中央经济工作会议：强化反垄断和防止资本无序扩张|url=https://tech.sina.com.cn/roll/2020-12-18/doc-iiznezxs7652263.shtml|access-date=3 January 2021|website=tech.sina.com.cn}}</ref> Comparisons have been made with similar probes into Amazon in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|last=Goldman|first=David P.|date=24 December 2020|title=Is Amazon the next anti-trust target after Alibaba?|url=https://asiatimes.com/2020/12/is-amazon-the-next-anti-trust-target-after-alibaba/|access-date=3 January 2021|website=Asia Times|language=en-US}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|China|Business}}
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
* [[Bamboo network]]
* [[Beijing Consensus]]
* [[Central Financial Work Commission]]
* [[China Securities Regulatory Commission]]
* [[China Beijing Equity Exchange]]
* [[China Circle]]
* [[China Economic Databases]]
* [[China Milan Equity Exchange]]
* [[Dual circulation]]
* [[Economy of the Han dynasty]]
* [[Economy of the Ming dynasty]]
* [[Economy of the Song dynasty]]
* [[Grasping the large, letting go of the small]]
* [[Group buying]]
* [[Guo jin min tui]]
* [[Hukou]]
* [[Imperial Bank of China]]
* [[Leading stock]]s
* [[List of companies of China]]
* [[List of largest Chinese companies]]
* [[Oil shale in China]]
* [[Panda bonds]]
* [[Rural credit cooperative]]
* [[Silk Road]]
* [[Township and Village Enterprises]]
* [[Three Rural Issues]]
* [[Yangtze Delta]]
}}

== Notes ==
{{NoteFoot|30em}}

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== Further reading ==
{{Sister project links|Economy of China}}
{{refbegin|40em}}
* Sit Tsui, Erebus Wong, Lau Kin Chi and Wen Tiejun. [https://monthlyreview.org/2017/01/01/one-belt-one-road/ One Belt, One Road: China's Strategy for a New Global Financial Order] (January 2017), ''[[Monthly Review]]'', Volume 68, Issue 08
* Cheng Enfu and Ding Xiaoqin. [https://monthlyreview.org/2017/01/01/a-theory-of-chinas-miracle/ A Theory of China's 'Miracle': Eight Principles of Contemporary Chinese Political Economy] (January 2017), ''[[Monthly Review]]'', Volume 68, Issue 08
* {{cite book |last1 = Cardenal |first1 = Juan Pablo |author1-link = Juan Pablo Cardenal |last2 = Araújo |first2 = Heriberto |author2-link = Heriberto Araújo |title = La silenciosa conquista china |location=Barcelona |publisher=Crítica |year=2011 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=jQ2fvBVpQpYC |language = es |isbn=9788498922578 |ref=none}}
* [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/cntoc.html China: Country Studies{{snd}}Federal Research Division, Library of Congress]. Lcweb2.loc.gov (27 July 2010)
* {{cite book |last = Heilmann |first = Sebastian |author-link = Sebastian Heilmann |title = China's Political System |location = Lanham; Boulder; New York; London |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2017 |url = https://www.merics.org/en/merics-analysis/chinas-political-system/ |language=en |url-status=dead |archive-url = http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20170506054352/https://www.merics.org/en/merics-analysis/chinas-political-system/ |archive-date = 6 May 2017 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |author1=Yin-Wong Cheung |author2=Jakob de Haan |title=The Evolving Role of China in the Global Economy |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Hn173hvfBsIC |year=2013 |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=978-0-262-01823-4 |ref=none}}

; Journals
* ''China Economic Journal'' [http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/17538963.asp Taylor & Francis Journals: Welcome]. Tandf.co.uk. Retrieved on 6 August 2010.
* ''[http://www.theceq.info/ China Economic Quarterly]''
* ''China & World Economy'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20120924125449/http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/journal.asp?ref=1671-2234&site=1 China & World Economy{{snd}}Journal Information]. Blackwellpublishing.com (2010-05-07). Retrieved on 6 August 2010.
* ''Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies'' (JCEBS) [http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/14765284.html Taylor & Francis Journals: Welcome]. Tandf.co.uk. Retrieved on 6 August 2010. is the official journal of the Chinese Economic Association (UK). [http://www.ceauk.org.uk/publications/ CEA Publications{{snd}}Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies]. Ceauk.org.uk. Retrieved on 6 August 2010.
* ''Journal of Chinese Economic and Foreign Trade Studies'' [http://www.emeraldinsight.com/info/journals/jcefts/jcefts.jsp Emerald, Journal of Chinese Economic and Foreign Trade Studies information]. Emeraldinsight.com. Retrieved on 6 August 2010.
* ''The China Quarterly'' [http://www.journals.cambridge.org/action/displayJournal?jid=CQY Journals.cambridge.org]
* ''The Chinese Economy'' [http://www.mesharpe.com/mall/results1.asp?ACR=ces M. E. Sharpe, Inc.{{snd}}Journal Information]. Mesharpe.com. Retrieved on 6 August 2010.
* ''Journal of Chinese Economic Studies'' (ISSN 1348-2521)
* ''Journal of the Chinese Statistical Association'' (ISSN 0529-6528)
* ''China: An International Journal'' (ISSN 0219-7472)
* ''China Economic Review'' (ISSN 1043-951X)
* ''China Review'' (ISSN 1680-2012)
* ''Frontiers of Economics in China'' (ISSN 1673-3444)
* [http://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/6057 China 2030: Building a Modern, Harmonious, and Creative High-Income Society (pre-publication version)]
** Citation: "World Bank; Development Research Center of the State Council, P.R.C. 2012. China 2030 : Building a Modern, Harmonious, and Creative High-Income Society [pre-publication version]. Washington, DC: World Bank. [http://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/6057 China 2030 : Building a Modern, Harmonious, and Creative High-Income Society [pre-publication version]] License: [[Creative Commons license]] [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ CC BY 3.0 Unported]."
*** URI: [http://hdl.handle.net/10986/6057 China 2030 : Building a Modern, Harmonious, and Creative High-Income Society [pre-publication version]]
*** Date: 2012-02-27
*** Author(s): World Bank; Development Research Center of the State Council, P.R.C.
** [http://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/Worldbank/document/China-2030-complete.pdf China 2030]
{{refend}}

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Engineering Projects (India) Limited (EPI)

2023-10-09T07:39:08Z

Hexatron93: Created page with " Engineering Projects (India) Limited (EPI), a Central PSU, under the administrative control of the Ministry of Heavy Industries & Public Enterprises, Govt. of India is a cohesive body of professionals, having vast experience of undertaking multidisciplinary projects & infrastructure development projects on turnkey basis i.e. from concept to commissioning in India & overseas.EPI is a ‘Mini Ratna’ PSU company.<ref>https://digitallearning.eletsonline.com/2019/12/engine..."

Engineering Projects (India) Limited (EPI), a Central PSU, under the administrative control of the Ministry of Heavy Industries & Public Enterprises, Govt. of India is a cohesive body of professionals, having vast experience of undertaking multidisciplinary projects & infrastructure development projects on turnkey basis i.e. from concept to commissioning in India & overseas.EPI is a ‘Mini Ratna’ PSU company.<ref>https://digitallearning.eletsonline.com/2019/12/engineering-projects-india-limited-a-govt-of-india-enterprise/</ref><ref>https://www.livemint.com/Companies/J8X411GomK7uXXwVwanKDP/Heavy-industries-ministry-scouts-for-asset-valuer-for-Engine.html</ref>

==Origin==
EPI was incorporated in the year 1970 for execution of high technology projects in the sectors like industrial, process plants, material handling and electrical projects etc.<ref>https://www.sentinelassam.com/tender/epil-invites-tender-for-the-construction-of-food-technology-department-bldg-2022epil6569281-589243</ref>

==Mission & Vision==
It is ranked as the frontrunner Prime Contracting and Project Management Consultancy Company and has extended its mark of excellence not only in India, but in the overseas market as well. EPI has secured and executed many multidisciplinary projects in India & abroad. EPI’s country wide operations are taken care of by its Corporate Office at New Delhi and its five regional offices (RO) at New Delhi, Chennai, Mumbai, Kolkata & Guwahati. Each of these offices functions as a separate profit center, with ample decentralization of executive and decision-making powers at the RO level itself. The following are the objectives of EPI:

* Focus and Maintain business in its most profitable segments while expanding into new business segments.
* Attract and retain the best people and known as the place where the Bestengineers choose to be.
* Deliver exceptional client service with an unrelenting focus on value creation.
* Pursue operational excellence with a strong focus on quality and margins.
* To continuously upgrade and adopt all technological advancements to meet the growing needs of customers.
* To enhance competitive spirit of the organization through principles of continuous learning and empower to perform.
* To stride on the path of growth by adding every possible value to our service in pursuit of long term relations with all our clients.

EPI has a fairly diverse portfolio of services in a wide range of section, but major portion of profit comes from civil construction projects. With constant thrust on growth, EPI continues to explore diversified frontiers. It is also expanding its overseas footprints. The acquisition of infrastructure projects in Oman, Myanmar and Sri Lanka validates EPI’s focus on exploring new geographical and technological frontiers even further.<ref>https://digitallearning.eletsonline.com/2019/12/engineering-projects-india-limited-a-govt-of-india-enterprise/</ref>

==Product & Services==

As a prime Consultancy & Contracting Company, EPI has proven its expertise and experience in virtually every sector. The range of services provided includes:

* Perimeter Security Solutions
* Feasibility Studies
* Detailed Project Reports
* Supply of Plant & Equipment
* Quality Assurance
* Civil & Structural Works
* Erection, Trial Run and Commissioning
* Training of Supervisors & Operators
* Operation & Maintenance
* Overall Project Management

==Sectors==

In light of the changing market place, EPI is exploring possibilities to enter into tie ups in project execution with renowned experienced associates. Presently, EPI is making efforts to diversify in following areas as well:

* Urban Transportation (MRTS)
* City Surveillance Projects
* Mining
* Oil & Petrochemicals Projects
* Railways
* Ports/ inland waterways
* Roads/highways
* Green building
* Prefabrication/precast technology

==Process Quality Checks==

EPI is proud to be one of the first few companies to have been awarded integrated certification for Quality Management and the Environment Management System ISO 9001:2015, ISO 14001:2015 for all its areas of operation, OHSAS 18001:2007 for Corporate Office and ISO 27001:2013.

Kakinada Gateway Port

2023-10-07T14:41:33Z

Hexatron93:

Kakinada Gateway Port is a proposed greenfield port in Kona village in EG district of AP.The third port in district is being established by the Kakinada Gateway Port Limited (KGPL) with three berths at Kona village in Thondangi mandal.<ref>https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2023/feb/13/kakinada-gateway-port-to-boost-andhra-economy-2546961.html</ref>

==Background==
The proposed port will be built on design, build, finance, operate and transfer (DBFOT) basis by GMR Infrastructure.An SPV named Kakinada SEZ (KSEZ) is promoted by GMR Infrastructure limited.The port will be developed in an area of approximately 1,811 acres woned by KSEZ.<ref>https://www.maritimegateway.com/kakinada-gateway-port-to-be-ready-in-18-months/</ref>

==Industrial Corridor==
The Kakinada SEZ industrial park -- strategically located on the Vizag-Chennai Industrial Corridor -- offers approximately 8,521 acres of industrial land and greenfield commercial port spread in 1,811 acres.<ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/kakinada-gateway-port-inks-concession-agreement-to-develop-commercial-port/articleshow/66737963.cms</ref><ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/new-seaport-proposed-at-kona-village-in-eg-district-of-ap/articleshow/66734018.cms</ref>

Kakinada Gateway Port

2023-10-07T14:39:38Z

Hexatron93: Created page with "Kakinada Gateway Port is a proposed greenfield port in Kona village in EG district of AP. ==Background== The proposed port will be built on design, build, finance, operate and transfer (DBFOT) basis by GMR Infrastructure.An SPV named Kakinada SEZ (KSEZ) is promoted by GMR Infrastructure limited.The port will be developed in an area of approximately 1,811 acres woned by KSEZ. ==Industrial Corridor== The Kakinada SEZ industrial park -- strategically located on the Vizag-..."

Kakinada Gateway Port is a proposed greenfield port in Kona village in EG district of AP.

==Background==
The proposed port will be built on design, build, finance, operate and transfer (DBFOT) basis by GMR Infrastructure.An SPV named Kakinada SEZ (KSEZ) is promoted by GMR Infrastructure limited.The port will be developed in an area of approximately 1,811 acres woned by KSEZ.

==Industrial Corridor==
The Kakinada SEZ industrial park -- strategically located on the Vizag-Chennai Industrial Corridor -- offers approximately 8,521 acres of industrial land and greenfield commercial port spread in 1,811 acres.<ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/kakinada-gateway-port-inks-concession-agreement-to-develop-commercial-port/articleshow/66737963.cms</ref><ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/new-seaport-proposed-at-kona-village-in-eg-district-of-ap/articleshow/66734018.cms</ref>

Salav Port

2023-10-07T11:24:48Z

Hexatron93: /* Salav Steel Plant */

'''Salav port''', commonly known as '''JSW Salav Port''' is an under-construction port at Revdanda Creek at Salav, Raigad, Maharashtra.<ref>https://www.epcworld.in/p/post/jsw-infrastructure-ltd-is-investing-10-000-crores-on-port-related-projects</ref>

==Brief==
Expansion of existing Salav jetty facility from present 235 m jetty length and 21 m mooring dolphin by adding additional jetty length of 500 m to handle cargoes from present 3.0 MPTA to 31.0 MPTA.<ref>https://environmentclearance.nic.in/writereaddata/Online/EDS/01_Apr_2017_1141463105I7UNU3UFormIJSWSalavPort.pdf</ref>

A special SPV named JSW Salav Port Limited(a part of [[JSW Infrastructure Ltd.]]) has been operating the port

==Salav Steel Plant==
JSW Steel (Salav) Ltd. proposes to expand the existing plant and set up additional units to a capacity of 3.0 MTPA Integrated Steel Plant to produce flat and long products. Salav Port would handle the requirement of incoming raw materials (majorly iron ore, non-coking and thermal coal) and outgoing finished products (long and flat steel products).

==Connectivity==
Roha is the nearest railway station at about 35 km from the location. The nearest airport is Mumbai (national and international) located at about 120 km from the location.<ref>https://environmentclearance.nic.in/writereaddata/Online/EDS/01_Apr_2017_1141463105I7UNU3UFormIJSWSalavPort.pdf</ref>

TRF Limited

2023-10-07T10:57:42Z

Hexatron93:

TRF Limited, a Tata Group Company, is a leader in the field of Engineered-to-Order, bulk material handling equipment, systems and allied services.<ref>https://avenuemail.in/jamshedpur-bonus-agreement-inked-at-trf/</ref><ref name="STEEL TECHNOLOGY">https://www.steel-technology.com/suppliers/trf-limited</ref>

==History==
Incorporated in 1962 as Tata-Robins-Fraser Ltd. and re-christened as TRF Limited in 1994, the company is the most comprehensive provider of equipment and services to the infrastructure sectors of the economy such as Steel, Mining, Power and Ports, amongst others, using leading edge technologies with customer-friendly service and credible performance.

==Description==
The Company is an ISO 9001:2000 certified multi-locational Company in India, with Design and Engineering Offices at Jamshedpur and Kolkata, manufacturing Works at Jamshedpur and Branch Offices at Delhi, Mumbai, Hyderabad and Nagpur.
The Company, with its long and extensive track-record,manufactures most comprehensive range of equipment and undertakes execution of large projects on turn-key basis related to Material Handling, Sizing and Mineral Processing. It also provides engineering and technology for Mini Blast Furnaces, Coal Dust Injection Systems for Blast Furnaces and Stamp Charging and Pushing Equipment for Coke Ovens. Armed with innovative initiatives and a customer-sensitive approach, the Company is forging ahead towards new horizons and enlarged foot-prints across India.

TRF Limited

2023-10-07T10:57:27Z

Hexatron93: Created page with "TRF Limited, a Tata Group Company, is a leader in the field of Engineered-to-Order, bulk material handling equipment, systems and allied services.<ref>https://avenuemail.in/jamshedpur-bonus-agreement-inked-at-trf/</ref><ref name="STEEL TECHNOLOGY">https://www.steel-technology.com/suppliers/trf-limited</ref> ==History== Incorporated in 1962 as Tata-Robins-Fraser Ltd. and re-christened as TRF Limited in 1994, the company is the most comprehensive provider of equipment a..."

RIR Power Electronics

2023-10-06T18:29:46Z

Hexatron93: Created page with " RIR Power Electronics Limited is a prominent player offering various quality electronic products. Formerly known as Ruttonsha International Rectifier Limited, the company is at the forefront of manufacturing power semiconductor devices and high-power equipment. ==History== The Company was incorporated in 1969. Formerly, it was known as RIR International Rectifier Ltd. In 1969, Ruttonsha got into a joint venture with International Rectifier of Los Angles, U.S.A., for ma..."

RIR Power Electronics Limited is a prominent player offering various quality electronic products. Formerly known as Ruttonsha International Rectifier Limited, the company is at the forefront of manufacturing power semiconductor devices and high-power equipment.

==History==
The Company was incorporated in 1969. Formerly, it was known as RIR International Rectifier Ltd. In 1969, Ruttonsha got into a joint venture with International Rectifier of Los Angles, U.S.A., for manufacture of semiconductors and so the present Company began in an annexe of "International House".<ref>https://www.goodreturns.in/company/rir-power-electronics/history.html</ref>

==Background==
RIR Power Electronics has held a distinctive position as the sole company in India engaged in the manufacturing of power semiconductor components, value-added subsystems, and systems for over 54 years.RIR is now embarking on the next technological frontier in Power Electronics by setting up the entire Ecosystem of manufacturing facilities in India for SiC (Silicon Carbide) based Compound Semiconductor.<ref>https://ciolookindia.com/rir-power-electronics-empowering-futuristic-revolution-of-smart-devices/</ref>

==Sectors==
It is present in Electric Vehicles (EVs), Railways, Aerospace and Defense, Renewable Energy, and Transmission sector.

==Acquistions==
Ruttonsha International Rectifier Ltd. acquired Visicon Power Electronics Private Limited from Silicon Power Corporation for INR 21.03 million on December 28, 2021. <ref> https://www.marketscreener.com/quote/stock/RIR-POWER-ELECTRONICS-LIM-46729294/news/Ruttonsha-International-Rectifier-Ltd-acquired-Visicon-Power-Electronics-Private-Limited-from-Silic-37462481/</ref>

Bhavnagar Port

2023-10-06T09:05:14Z

Hexatron93: /* Present Day */

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
'''Bhavnagar Port''' is an under construction CNG port terminal in [[Bhavnagar]] town, [[Gujarat]].<ref name="History">https://www.bmcgujarat.com/History.aspx</ref><ref>https://bhavnagar.nic.in/history/</ref>

==History==
Bhavnagar was founded by Bhavsinhji Gohil (1703-64 AD) in 1723 AD near the Gulf of Khambhat, on a carefully chosen strategic location having potential of maritime trade. Till independence, Bhavnagar State was ruled by the Gohil Rajput clan. The Gohil Rajputs came to Gujarat from Marwar in 1260 AD and had 3 capitals- Sejakpur, Umrala and Sihor; before finally establishing Bhavnagar as their capital. The old town of Bhavnagar was a fortified town with gates leading to other important towns of the region.<ref name="History"/>

==Sub-Ports==
Gujarat Maritime Board in Bhavnagar has multiple jetties such as<ref>https://maritimecluster.org/port/bhavnagar/</ref>
# Akwada Wharf
# Concrete Jetty
# North Quay Jetty

==Present Day==
The foundation stone of the World’s First CNG Terminal at Bhavnagar was laid on 29 September 2022. It will be developed through public-private partnership (PPP) – the Mumbai-based Padmanabhan Mafatlal Group and the UK’s Foresight Group will take the lead and the Gujarat Maritime Board (GMB), currently in charge of Bhavnagar Port, will lend support.<ref name="FP"/>

The port will be developed at a cost of ₹4024 crore.The port will also have ultra-modern Container Terminal, Multipurpose Terminal, and Liquid Terminal with direct door-step connectivity to the existing roadway and railway network connecting to the largest industrial zones.<ref name="FP">https://www.firstpost.com/explainers/explained-gujarat-to-get-worlds-first-cng-terminal-why-this-rs-4000-crore-project-matters-11363421.html</ref>The project will have a cargo handling capacity of 1.5 million metric tonnes per annum (MMTPA), as per the report.

==References==

{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20151005045435/http://www.gmbports.org/bhavnagar-port Bhavnagar Port]
* [http://ports.com/india/port-of-bhavnagar/ Ports.com]

{{Major ports in India}}

[[Category:Bhavnagar]]
[[Category:Saurashtra (region)]]
[[Category:Economy of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Transport in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Ports and harbours of the Arabian Sea]]
[[Category:Ports and harbours of Gujarat]]

Utkarsha Aluminium Dhatu Nigam Limited (UADNL)

2023-10-06T08:52:23Z

Hexatron93: /* History */

Utkarsha Aluminium Dhatu Nigam Limited (UADNL), is a Joint Venture Company of M/s. National Aluminium Company Limited (NALCO), a PSU under ministry of Mines and M/s Mishra Dhatu Nigam Limited (MIDHANI), a PSE under Ministry of Defence, Govt of India, proposes to establish a Aluminium alloy plant at Industrial Park, Bodduvaripalem Village,Kodavaluru Mandal, Nellore District, Andhra Pradesh to meet increasing market demands of aerospace sector. The capital cost of the project is Rs. 4500 crores.

==History==
The Company is incorporated in 2019 for manufacturing High End Aluminium Alloy Flat Rolled Products with decision of NITI Aayog.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/indias-largest-plate-mill-coming-up-in-city/article26018558.ece|title=India's largest plate mill coming up in city|first=Special|last=Correspondent|newspaper=The Hindu |date=January 17, 2019|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/hasten-land-acquisition-process-urges-minister/article33590230.ece</ref>

==Background==
Aluminium alloys are widely used in engineering structures and components where light weight or corrosion resistance is required. Alloys composed mostly of aluminium have been very important in aerospace industry since the introduction of metal-skinned aircraft.

The AP Industrial Infrastructure Corporation (APIIC) has laid emphasis on the development of infrastructure in Nellore and Tirupati districts. Utkarsha Aluminium Dhatu Nigam Limited (UADNL), a joint venture of NALCO and MIDHANI will setup the high-end aluminum alloy products manufacturing plant is being set up at a cost of Rs 5,500 crore with a production capacity of 60,000 metric tonnes per annum. It will provide direct and indirect employment to 750-1,000 people.<ref>https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2022/apr/30/apiic-to-develop-infra-for-setting-up-rs-55k-crore-uadnl-unit-in-nellore-2448212.html</ref><ref>https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2022/apr/26/nalco-midhani-cmds-call-on-cm-jaganmohan-reddy-2446610.html</ref>

The plant has already received environmental clearance for construction to begin.<ref>https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/alco-midhani-jv-to-rope-in-environmental-consultant-for-ap-aluminium-plant-120080701297_1.html</ref>

Utkarsha Aluminium Dhatu Nigam Limited (UADNL)

2023-10-06T08:49:20Z

Hexatron93: /* Background */

Utkarsha Aluminium Dhatu Nigam Limited (UADNL), is a Joint Venture Company of M/s. National Aluminium Company Limited (NALCO), a PSU under ministry of Mines and M/s Mishra Dhatu Nigam Limited (MIDHANI), a PSE under Ministry of Defence, Govt of India, proposes to establish a Aluminium alloy plant at Industrial Park, Bodduvaripalem Village,Kodavaluru Mandal, Nellore District, Andhra Pradesh to meet increasing market demands of aerospace sector. The capital cost of the project is Rs. 4500 crores.

==History==
The Company is incorporated in 2019 for manufacturing High End Aluminium Alloy Flat Rolled Products with decision of NITI Aayog.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/indias-largest-plate-mill-coming-up-in-city/article26018558.ece|title=India's largest plate mill coming up in city|first=Special|last=Correspondent|newspaper=The Hindu |date=January 17, 2019|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

==Background==
Aluminium alloys are widely used in engineering structures and components where light weight or corrosion resistance is required. Alloys composed mostly of aluminium have been very important in aerospace industry since the introduction of metal-skinned aircraft.

The AP Industrial Infrastructure Corporation (APIIC) has laid emphasis on the development of infrastructure in Nellore and Tirupati districts. Utkarsha Aluminium Dhatu Nigam Limited (UADNL), a joint venture of NALCO and MIDHANI will setup the high-end aluminum alloy products manufacturing plant is being set up at a cost of Rs 5,500 crore with a production capacity of 60,000 metric tonnes per annum. It will provide direct and indirect employment to 750-1,000 people.<ref>https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2022/apr/30/apiic-to-develop-infra-for-setting-up-rs-55k-crore-uadnl-unit-in-nellore-2448212.html</ref><ref>https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2022/apr/26/nalco-midhani-cmds-call-on-cm-jaganmohan-reddy-2446610.html</ref>

The plant has already received environmental clearance for construction to begin.<ref>https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/alco-midhani-jv-to-rope-in-environmental-consultant-for-ap-aluminium-plant-120080701297_1.html</ref>

Sikka Port

2023-10-06T08:11:35Z

Hexatron93:

'''Sikka Ports & Terminals''' (SPTL) is a captive port infrastructure to RIL’s Jamnagar complex in Sikka, Gujarat, <ref>https://www.financialexpress.com/business/industry-in-a-first-ever-move-reliance-to-seek-approvals-for-rpts-2644524/</ref> comprising 10 captive jetties that are licensed to operate by the Gujarat Maritime Board (GMB) on a BOMT (Build, Operate, Maintain and Transfer) basis. The name of port prior to 2018 was Reliance Ports and Terminals Ltd.<ref>https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/announcements/others/change-of-name-of-the-company/article23250460.ece</ref>

==Facilities==
It is situated in the proximity of Reliance Industries’ (RIL) refinery complex for shipping oil.
Gujarat State Fertilizers & Chemicals Limited has a Sikka based factory which is spread over 780 acres of land at Moti Khavdi village. The units were originally designed for DAP but have the flexibility to produce other products.At the Sikka complex, GSFC produces DAP from merchant-grade phosphoric acid and ammonia.<ref> https://www.financialexpress.com/business/industry-higher-raw-material-prices-force-state-run-gsfcs-fertiliser-plants-to-shut-2519487/</ref>

==Capacity==
In 2020, throughout entire year 1,384 vessels were handled at the port facilities of the Company with over 113 million tonnes of crude, petroleum and petrochemical products.<ref>https://sptl.co.in/pdf/sptl-annual-report-2020-21.pdf</ref>

Sikka Port

2023-10-06T08:09:14Z

Hexatron93:

'''Sikka Port & Terminals''' (SPTL) is a captive port infrastructure to RIL’s Jamnagar complex in Sikka, Gujarat, <ref>https://www.financialexpress.com/business/industry-in-a-first-ever-move-reliance-to-seek-approvals-for-rpts-2644524/</ref> comprising 10 captive jetties that are licensed to operate by the Gujarat Maritime Board (GMB) on a BOMT (Build, Operate, Maintain and Transfer) basis. The name of port prior to 2018 was Reliance Ports and Terminals Ltd.<ref>https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/announcements/others/change-of-name-of-the-company/article23250460.ece</ref>

==Facilities==
It is situated in the proximity of Reliance Industries’ (RIL) refinery complex for shipping oil.
Gujarat State Fertilizers & Chemicals Limited has a Sikka based factory which is spread over 780 acres of land at Moti Khavdi village. The units were originally designed for DAP but have the flexibility to produce other products.At the Sikka complex, GSFC produces DAP from merchant-grade phosphoric acid and ammonia.<ref> https://www.financialexpress.com/business/industry-higher-raw-material-prices-force-state-run-gsfcs-fertiliser-plants-to-shut-2519487/</ref>

==Capacity==
In 2020, throughout entire year 1,384 vessels were handled at the port facilities of the Company with over 113 million tonnes of crude, petroleum and petrochemical products.<ref>https://sptl.co.in/pdf/sptl-annual-report-2020-21.pdf</ref>