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Govindan Pallikappil

2026-05-06T22:06:43Z

HesterBrewer: article

{{AI-generated|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Adv. Govindan Pallikappil
| image =
| caption =
| office = Member of the Kerala Legislative Assembly
| term_start = May 2026
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Kanhangad (State Assembly constituency)|Kanhangad]]
| predecessor = [[E. Chandrasekharan]]
| successor =
| birth_name = Govindan Pallikappil
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1966}}
| birth_place = [[Kanhangad]], [[Kasaragod district]], Kerala, India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Communist Party of India]]
| spouse = (Retired Teacher)
| father = Raman
| occupation = Lawyer, Politician
| education = Graduate Professional (LLB)
}}

'''Adv. Govindan Pallikappil''' (born 1966) is an Indian politician and legal professional serving as the member of the legislative assembly (MLA) for the [[Kanhangad (State Assembly constituency)|Kanhangad]] constituency since May 2026.<ref name="TOI_Kanhangad" /> A member of the [[Communist Party of India]] (CPI), he succeeded the long-serving former revenue minister [[E. Chandrasekharan]] in the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]].

== Early life and education ==
Govindan Pallikappil was born to Raman in [[Kanhangad]], [[Kasaragod district]].<ref name="MyNeta_Govindan" /> He pursued a legal education and is a practicing advocate by profession. Prior to his legislative career, he was primarily active as a socio-political activist and held leadership roles within the CPI District Council in Kasaragod.<ref name="Hindu_Profile" />

== Political career ==
Govindan has been a long-time organizational figure for the CPI in northern Kerala. He has been involved in several legal and political challenges related to local governance and delimitation processes.<ref name="Kanoon_Case" />

In the [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]], he was nominated by the [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]] to contest from Kanhangad, a traditional stronghold for the CPI. Despite a broader electoral setback for his party at the state level—where the CPI's total seat count was reduced—Govindan successfully retained the constituency for the LDF, polling 79,920 votes.<ref name="Hindu_Setback" /><ref name="ECI_Kanhangad" />

== Election results ==
=== 2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:130px" | Party
! scope="col" style="width:220px" | Candidate
! scope="col" style="width:80px" | Votes
! scope="col" style="width:50px" | %
! scope="col" style="width:50px" | ±%
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
| scope="row" style="text-align:left" | '''[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]'''
| style="text-align:left" | '''Adv. Govindan Pallikappil'''
| '''79,920'''
| '''45.47'''
| '''-11.75'''
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Kerala Congress}}" |
| scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[Kerala Congress]]
| style="text-align:left" | Shaiji Ottapalli
| 64,604
| 36.75
| +4.04
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[BJP]]
| style="text-align:left" | M. Balraj
| 27,063
| 15.40
| +7.62
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align:left" | Margin of victory
! 15,316
! 8.72
!
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align:left" | Total valid votes
! 1,75,758
!
!
|-
| colspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}; text-align:left" | '''[[Communist Party of India|CPI]] hold'''
| '''[[Swing (politics)|Swing]]'''
| -7.90
|
|}
<ref name="ECI_Kanhangad" />

== References ==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="ECI_Kanhangad">{{cite web |title=General Election to Assembly Constituencies: Trends & Results May-2026 - Kanhangad (S114) |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2026/candidateswise-S114.htm |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=6 May 2026}}</ref>

<ref name="TOI_Kanhangad">{{cite news |title=Kanhangad election results 2026: CPI’s Adv. Govindan Pallikappil wins by 15,316 votes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/kanhangad-election-results-2026/articleshow/130627600.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=4 May 2026}}</ref>

<ref name="Hindu_Profile">{{cite web |title=Govindan Pallikappil, KANHANGAD constituency, CPI, Kerala Assembly Election 2026: Profile & Affidavit |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/candidates/Kerala2026/govindan-pallikappil-105/ |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=6 May 2026}}</ref>

<ref name="MyNeta_Govindan">{{cite web |title=Govindan Pallikappil(Communist Party of India(CPI)): Constituency- KANHANGAD - Affidavit Information |url=https://www.myneta.info/Kerala2026/candidate.php?candidate_id=105 |publisher=Association for Democratic Reforms |access-date=6 May 2026}}</ref>

<ref name="Hindu_Setback">{{cite news |title=Kerala Assembly Elections 2026: CPI suffers major setback, seat count halved |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/kerala-assembly/kerala-assembly-elections-2026-cpi-suffers-major-setback-seat-count-halved/article70938923.ece |work=The Hindu |date=5 May 2026}}</ref>

<ref name="Kanoon_Case">{{cite web |title=Govindan Pallikkappil vs State Of Kerala on 18 February, 2016 |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/163188258/ |publisher=Indian Kanoon |access-date=6 May 2026}}</ref>


}}

[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 2026–2031]]
[[Category:People from Kasaragod district]]

Kolkata derbies

2026-05-06T20:40:11Z

HesterBrewer: adding new info...

{{cleanup-reorganize|date=May 2026}}
{{Short description|Association football derbies based in Kolkata}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
[[File:Kolkata Derby.jpg|thumb|300x300px|[[East Bengal FC]] and [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]] contesting the [[Kolkata Derby]] at the [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan|Salt Lake Stadium]]. The fixture is widely regarded as one of the biggest rivalries in Asian football.<ref name="bbcderby">{{cite web |work=BBC Sport |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/46567694 |title=Kolkata derby: Inside the East Bengal v Mohun Bagan rivalry |date=17 December 2018 |access-date=20 April 2026}}</ref>]]
'''Kolkata derbies''' are the various [[local derby|local]] [[association football|football]] derbies between teams based in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. The term refers to matches between clubs from the city and the broader rivalries associated with them.

Kolkata has one of the oldest football cultures in [[Asia]]. The [[Calcutta Football League]], organised by the [[Indian Football Association (West Bengal)|Indian Football Association]], is the oldest football league in Asia, founded in 1898.<ref name="cfl_olympics">{{cite web |work=Olympics.com |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/calcutta-football-league-history-winners-list |title=Calcutta Football League history and winners list |access-date=20 April 2026}}</ref>

The most prominent fixture is the [[Kolkata Derby]] between [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]] and [[East Bengal FC]], first played in 1921 in the Cooch Behar Cup.<ref name="olympics_derby">{{cite web |work=Olympics.com |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/mohun-bagan-vs-east-bengal-kolkata-derby-indian-football-history-origin |title=Mohun Bagan vs East Bengal: The history of the Kolkata Derby |access-date=20 April 2026}}</ref> The rivalry is widely considered one of the most iconic in world football and is often compared to major global derbies.<ref name="bbcderby"/>

As of the [[2025–26 in Indian football|2025–26 season]], three Kolkata clubs compete in the [[Indian Super League]]: [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]], [[East Bengal FC]] and [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan SC]].
[[File:Salt Lake Stadium, Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan (VYBK)- Kolkata - IRCTC 2017 (27).jpg|thumb|The [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]] (Salt Lake Stadium), the primary venue for major Kolkata derbies.]]

== Clubs in Kolkata ==
{{updated|[[2025–26 in Indian football|2025–26 season]]}}
{| class="wikitable"
! Division
! Club(s)<ref group="note">Including [[Kolkata metropolitan area]].</ref>
|-
| [[Indian Super League]]
| [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]], [[East Bengal FC]], [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan SC]]
|-
| [[Indian Football League]]
| [[Diamond Harbour FC]]
|-
| [[I-League 2]]
| [[United SC (Kolkata)|United SC]]
|-
| [[Calcutta Football League|CFL Premier Division]]
| [[Bhawanipore FC]], [[Calcutta Customs Club]], [[Peerless SC]], [[Southern Samity]], [[Aryan FC]], [[Sribhumi FC]]
|-
| CFL First Division
| [[George Telegraph SC]], [[Rainbow AC]], [[Kalighat Milan Sangha]], [[Tollygunge Agragami FC]], [[Wari AC]], [[Eastern Railway FC]], [[Kolkata Police|Calcutta Police Club]]
|}

== Major Kolkata derbies ==

* '''[[Kolkata Derby]]'''
Between [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant]] and [[East Bengal FC]]. Locally known as the "Boro Match", it is the most important football fixture in Kolkata. The rivalry dates back to 1921 and reflects deep cultural and social identities within Bengal.<ref name="bbcderby"/> The famous 1997 [[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]] semi-final attracted over 130,000 spectators, one of the highest attendances in Asian football history.<ref name="olympics_derby"/>

* '''[[Mini Kolkata Derby]]'''
Refers to matches involving [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan SC]] against either [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant]] or [[East Bengal FC]]. Mohammedan SC rose to prominence in the 1930s, becoming the first Indian club to dominate the Calcutta Football League.<ref name="isl_miniderby">{{cite web |work=Indian Super League |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/features/mohammedan-sc-and-mini-kolkata-derbies-a-new-chapter-of-excitement-in-isl |title=Mohammedan SC and Mini-Kolkata derbies |access-date=20 April 2026}}</ref> Their inclusion in the ISL revived these fixtures at the national level.

* '''[[South Kolkata]] Derby'''
Matches between [[Bhawanipore FC]], [[Kalighat Milan Sangha]] and [[Tollygunge Agragami FC]]. These clubs are based in southern Kolkata and compete mainly in the Calcutta Football League.

* '''Women's Kolkata Derby'''
Between [[East Bengal FC (women)|East Bengal FC]] and [[Sribhumi FC]] in the [[Indian Women's League]]. The rise of women's football in India has introduced new city rivalries at the national level.<ref name="iwl">{{cite web |work=Olympics.com |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/indian-women-league-iwl-2024-25-football-live-streaming-schedule-fixtures-times |title=Indian Women's League 2024–25 schedule |access-date=20 April 2026}}</ref>

== Venues ==
The primary venue for major Kolkata derbies is the [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]] (Salt Lake Stadium) in [[Bidhannagar]]. With a capacity of around 85,000, it is the largest football stadium in India.<ref name="saltlake">{{cite web |work=Sportsdunia |url=https://www.sportsdunia.com/football-stadiums/salt-lake-stadium-india-history-capacity-location |title=Salt Lake Stadium: Capacity and history |access-date=20 April 2026}}</ref>

Other venues include:
* [[Mohun Bagan Ground]]
* [[East Bengal Ground]]
* [[Kishore Bharati Krirangan]]
* [[Rabindra Sarobar Stadium]]
* [[Kalyani Stadium]]

Before 1984, major derbies were often held at [[Eden Gardens]].

== Derby culture ==
Football rivalries in Kolkata are deeply rooted in the city's social fabric. The city's football culture is centred around the [[Maidan (Kolkata)|Maidan]], where clubs are located within close proximity, contributing to intense rivalries and fan engagement.<ref name="bbcderby" />

== See also ==
{{Portal|Association football|India}}
* [[Kolkata Derby]]
* [[Goan derbies]]
* [[List of Kolkata Derby matches]]
* [[Calcutta Football League]]
* [[Indian Football Association (West Bengal)]]
* [[Football in Kolkata]]

==Footnotes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

* {{cite book |last=Lindsay |first=Richard |title=Kolkata Football: A History |year=2004 |publisher=Breedon Books}}
* {{cite web |url=https://theprint.in/ground-reports/mohammedan-sc-football-is-the-toast-of-bengal-how-new-owner-coach-pulled-it-out-of-despair/2055627/ |title=Mohammedan SC revival story |work=The Print |access-date=20 April 2026}}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/national/kolkata-derby-still-a-jewel-in-the-crown-for-indian-football |title=Kolkata Derby legacy |work=National Herald India |access-date=20 April 2026}}

{{Football in Kolkata}}

[[Category:Football in Kolkata]]

Muhammad Shahzad

2026-05-06T09:41:08Z

HesterBrewer: Put Up New Info

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{similar names|Mohammad Shahzad (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Haji Muhammad Shahzad
| image =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| office = [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly|Member of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Laksar (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Laksar]]
| term_start = 10 March 2022
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Sanjay Gupta (Uttarakhand politician)|Sanjay Gupta]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| constituency1 = [[Bahadarabad (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Bahadarabad]]
| term_start1 = 24 February 2002
| term_end1 = 6 March 2012
| successor1 =
| party = [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| parents =
| spouse =
| profession =
}}

'''Haji Muhammad Shahzad'''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharatvarsh |first=TV9 |title=Laksar Assembly Election Result 2022 Live, Uttarakhand Laksar Assembly Election Result in Hindi |url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/elections/uttarakhand-assembly-election-2022/constituencies/laksar-election-result-52034 |access-date=2022-04-23 |website=TV9 Bharatvarsh |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=laksar Election 2022: laksar Assembly Seat LIVE Results |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2022/uttarakhand/laksar-election-result-s28a034/ |access-date=2022-04-23 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Laksar Election Result 2022, Uttarakhand Laksar Assembly Election Result 2022, Laksar Vidhan Sabha Result - Times Now |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/uttarakhand-election/laksar-election-result |access-date=2022-04-23 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref> is an Indian politician from Uttarakhand and a three term Member of the [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]]. Shahzad represented the [[Bahadarabad (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Bahadarabad Assembly constituency]] in the [[1st Uttarakhand Assembly]], [[2nd Uttarakhand Assembly]] and [[Laksar (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Laksar Assembly constituency]] in the [[5th Uttarakhand Assembly|5th Uttarakhand legislative Assembly]].

==Positions held==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Description
|-
| 2002 - 2007
| Elected to [[First Uttarakhand Assembly|1st Uttarakhand Assembly]]
* Member - Committee on Estimate (2002–04)
* Member - Committee on PSE and Corporate (2002–04)
* Member - Public Accounts Committee (2004–05)
* Member - [[Uttarakhand Waqf Board]]
* Chairman - Committee on Estimate (2005–07)
|-
| 2007 - 2012
| Elected to [[Second Uttarakhand Assembly|2nd Uttarakhand Assembly]] (2nd term)
* Member - Committee on Assembly Rules (2007–08)
* Member - Committee on PSE and Corporate (2007–08)
* Member - Business Advisory Committee (2008–12)
* Member - [[Uttarakhand Waqf Board]]
|-
| 2022 - Till date
| Elected to [[5th Uttarakhand Assembly]] (3rd term)
* Member - Uttarakhand State Haj Committee
* Member - [[Uttarakhand Waqf Board]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Uttarakhand Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/93-uttarakhand/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=21 April 2022}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rana, Gopal Singh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Bahujan Samaj Party politicians from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:People from Haridwar district]]
[[Category:Uttaranchal MLAs 2002–2007]]
[[Category:Uttarakhand MLAs 2007–2012]]
[[Category:Uttarakhand MLAs 2022–2027]]

{{Uttarakhand-politician-stub}}
{{BSP-politician-stub}}

Deldan Namgail

2026-05-03T10:08:08Z

HesterBrewer: stub!

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1978)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
'''Deldan Namgail''' (born 1978) is an Indian politician from [[Ladakh]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2014-12-23 |title=Jammu and Kashmir Assembly election winners list |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/assembly-elections-2015/jammu-and-kashmir/story/jammu-kashmir-election-winners-list-assembly-polls-results-bjp-congress-pdp-nc-232557-2014-12-23 |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-12-23 |title=List of candidates declared winner by ECI : J&K Assembly Elections 2014 Result |url=https://statetimes.in/list-candidates-declared-winner-eci-jk-assembly-elections-2014-result/ |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=Statetimes |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Namgail is from [[Nubra]], Leh district, Jammu and Kashmir. He late father Labzang Rinchen was a farmer. He completed his graduation through correspondence course from the [[Panjab University|Punjab University]] in 2003.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Deldan Namgial(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- NOBRA(LEH) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/jk2014/candidate.php?candidate_id=81 |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> His wife is a government employee.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Namgail won from Nubra Assembly constituency representing the Indian National Congress in the 2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election. He polled 3,936 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Tsetan Namgyal of [[Jammu and Kashmir National Conference]], by a margin of 1,618 votes.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC: Nubra 2014 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha-details/2014/jammu-&-kashmir/nubra/32/35685/242 |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref> In 2019, the constituency was abolished after which he ceased to be an MLA.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Deldan, Namgail}}
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Ladakh]]
[[Category:People from Leh district]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2014–2018]]
[[Category:Panjab University alumni]]

{{JammuKashmir-INC-politician-stub}}

Shrikant Katiyar

2026-04-29T19:55:53Z

HesterBrewer: new a entry

{{Short description|Member of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Shrikant Katiyar
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1974|02|3}}
| birth_place = [[Unnao]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| constituency = [[Bangarmau Assembly constituency|Bangarmau]]
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2020
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Kuldeep Singh Sengar]]
| successor =
| father = Subedar Katiyar
| children = 2
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| profession = [[Politician]]
| spouse = Vibha Katiyar
}}
'''Shrikant Katiyar''' is an Indian [[politician]], [[farmer]], and a member of the [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]] from the [[Bangarmau Assembly constituency]] of [[Unnao district]].<ref name="upla">{{Cite web |url=https://uplegisassembly.gov.in/Members/main_members_en.aspx#/Data/18162/18 |title=Members of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly |publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] |website=uplegisassembly.gov.in |access-date=16 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ourneta.com/neta/shrikant-katiyar/ |title=Shrikant Katiyar, BJP MLA from Bangarmau |access-date=16 June 2024 |website=ourneta.com}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://prsindia.org/mlatrack/shrikant-katiyar |title=Shrikant Katiyar |access-date=16 June 2024 |website=prsindia.org |publisher=[[PRS Legislative Research]]}}</ref>

==Early life==

Shrikant Katiyar was born on 3 February 1974 in [[Unnao]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], to a Hindu family of Subedar Katiyar.<ref name="upla"/> He married Vibha Katiyar on 6 May 2001. They have two children.<ref name="upla"/>

== See also ==

* [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]]
* [[Bangarmau Assembly constituency]]
* [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shrikant, Katiyar}}
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian political people]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:People from Unnao]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]

{{UttarPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Assassination of Narayan Rao

2026-04-29T10:50:05Z

HesterBrewer: put up new bio

{{Short description|1773 murder in Shaniwar Wada, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = {{nowrap|Assassination of Narayan Rao}}
| location = [[Shaniwar Wada]], [[Pune]], [[Maratha Confederacy]] (modern day [[Maharashtra]], [[India]])
| date = 30 August 1773, {{age|1773|08|30}} years ago
| image = Murder of Narayanrao Peshwa.jpg
| caption = 1922 illustration of the assassination
| time = 1:00 pm
| timezone = [[Local mean time]]
| target = [[Narayan Rao]]
| type = [[Assassination]]
| weapons =
| fatalities = 11 (including 7 Brahmins, 2 servants, 2 maids)
 1 Cow
| injuries =
| perpetrators = [[Raghunath Rao]] 
[[Anandibai]]
| motive = [[Order of succession|Right to Succession]]
| verdict = guilty
| convictions = Murder
| charges = [[Capital punishment|Death]] 
(escaped by fleeing)
}}

The '''Assassination of Narayan Rao''' occurred on 30 August 1773, when the 18 year old [[Peshwa]] of the [[Maratha Empire|Maratha Confederacy]] [[Narayan Rao]], was [[assassinated]]. This plot was carried out During the [[Ganesh Chaturthi]] Festival that took place from 21 to 31 August. This was plotted by his uncle [[Raghunath Rao]] and his wife [[Anandibai]]. They used members of the [[Kalbelia|Kalbelia tribe]] as assassins. Raghunath Rao was the next in line for the throne, at the time of Narayan Rao's death.<ref>{{cite book |author=Sardesai |first=Govind Sakharam |title=New History of the Marathas Volume III: Sunset over Maharashtra (1772-1848) |publisher=Phoenix Publications |year=1948 |page=23 |quote=}}</ref> Narayan Rao and his servant Chapaji Tilekar were both killed. A total of eleven people had been killed in the palace, seven of them were Brahmins, two servants, two maids. One [[cow]] was also killed.

== Background ==

=== Reign of Narayan Rao ===
'''Narayanrao Bhat''' was born 10 August 1755. He was the third and youngest son of Peshwa [[Balaji Baji Rao]] (also known as Nana Saheb) and his wife [[Gopikabai]]. He received a conventional education in reading, writing, and arithmetic and possessed a functional understanding of Sanskrit scriptures. He was married to Gangabai Sathe on 18 April 1763 before his eighth birthday. He was very close to [[Parvatibai]], the widow of [[Sadashivrao Bhau|Sadashivrao]], who took him under her care to lessen her sorrows after her husband's death. His eldest brother [[Vishwasrao]], heir to the title of the Peshwa, died in the [[Battle of Panipat (1761)|Battle of Panipat]] in 1761 along with Sadashivrao. His father died a few months later and his elder brother [[Madhavrao I|Madhavrao]] took over as Peshwa.<ref>{{cite book |author=Sardesai |first=Govind Sakharam |title=New History of the Marathas Volume III: Sunset over Maharashtra (1772-1848) |publisher=Phoenix Publications |year=1948 |page=14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Roy |first=Kaushik |title=India's Historic Battles: From Alexander the Great to Kargil |publisher=Permanent Black |year=2004 |isbn=8178241099 |pages=89, 90, 91}}</ref>
Before his death, Peshwa Madhavrao conducted a court session in which the issue of ascension was discussed at length and at the end of which, in the presence of the [[Kuladevata|family deity]], he nominated his younger brother Narayanrao as the next Peshwa. He counselled Naraynrao to conduct his administration by the advice of [[Sakharam Bapu Bokil|Sakharam Bapu]] and [[Nana Fadnavis|Nana Padnavis]]. [[Raghunath Rao|Raghunathrao]], the uncle of both Madhavrao and Narayanrao, didn't have the courage to openly oppose the nomination of Narayanrao in front of the dying Peshwa and so he apparently acquiesced to the arrangement. The Peshwa had also ordered in writing that Raghunathrao was to continue his confinement so as to prevent him from engaging in mischief. Raghunathrao attempted an escape shortly before the Peshwa's death but was immediately caught and put back into confinement.<ref>{{cite book |author=Sardesai |first=Govind Sakharam |title=New History of the Marathas Volume III: Sunset over Maharashtra (1772-1848) |publisher=Phoenix Publications |year=1948 |page=13}}</ref>[[File:Narayan Rao.jpg|left|thumb|Portrait of Peshwa [[Narayan Rao]] aged 17-18]]

== Confinement of Raghunathrao ==

=== First attempt to escape ===
Narayanrao's relationship with his uncle Raghunathrao was cordial at the beginning. When Raghunathrao's daughter Durgabai was about to get married, Narayanrao made the arrangements for the marriage which took place on 7 February 1773.<ref>{{cite book |author=Sardesai |first=Govind Sakharam |title=New History of the Marathas Volume III: Sunset over Maharashtra (1772-1848) |publisher=Phoenix Publications |year=1948 |page=17}}</ref> But later when Narayanrao was at [[Nashik]], Raghunathrao tried to take advantage of the Peshwa's absence and plotted his escape. Raghunathrao began to enlist his own troops and wrote to [[Hyder Ali|Haidar Ali]] for support. Naro Appaji, the Maratha officer in charge of law and order in Pune, heightened the security around Raghunathrao by placing guards to watch all the exits of the palace and the city. Raghunathrao pitched his tents outside and declared that he was going on an expedition.<ref>{{cite book |author=Sardesai |first=Govind Sakharam |title=New History of the Marathas Volume III: Sunset over Maharashtra (1772-1848) |publisher=Phoenix Publications |year=1948 |page=18}}</ref>

As soon as this news reached Narayanrao he returned to Pune and found Raghunathrao in his tents. He brought him back to the palace on 11 April 1773 and placed additional guards to prevent his escape. This further strained the relationship between Narayanrao and Raghunathrao.<ref>{{cite book |author=Sardesai |first=Govind Sakharam |title=New History of the Marathas Volume III: Sunset over Maharashtra (1772-1848) |publisher=Phoenix Publications |year=1948 |page=18,19}}</ref> In July 1773, Raghunathrao become so exasperated with the restrictions imposed on him that he threatened to starve himself, his wife and his adopted son to death. Narayanrao failed to sooth things over by compromise. He had no advisors whom he could trust at this point.<ref>{{cite book |author=Sardesai |first=Govind Sakharam |title=New History of the Marathas Volume III: Sunset over Maharashtra (1772-1848) |publisher=Phoenix Publications |year=1948 |page=20}}</ref>

=== Second attempt to escape ===
Two agents from [[Nagpur]] had been dispatched to Pune to request the Peshwa's confirmation for making [[Raghoji I Bhonsle|Raghuji Bhonsle]], the son of [[Mudhoji Bhonsle]], the ruler of Nagpur in order to put the succession dispute between Mudhoji and his brother Sabaji to an end. But when the two agents arrived at Pune in the summer of 1773 and discovered the tensions between Narayanrao and Raghunathrao, they realised they had much to benefit from the chaos.<ref>{{cite book |author=Sardesai |first=Govind Sakharam |title=New History of the Marathas Volume III: Sunset over Maharashtra (1772-1848) |publisher=Phoenix Publications |year=1948 |page=19}}</ref> At the same time Narayanrao continued supporting the claim of Sabaji and sent armed reinforcements under Khanderao Darekar to support him against his brother. This caught the ire of Mudhoji who vaguely told his agents to do whatever they deemed necessary for accomplishing their mission by supporting Raghunathrao's power.<ref>{{cite book |author=Sardesai |first=Govind Sakharam |title=New History of the Marathas Volume III: Sunset over Maharashtra (1772-1848) |publisher=Phoenix Publications |year=1948 |page=20,21}}</ref>

But the agents needed to have a discussion with Raghunathrao before they could formulate a plan. Raghunathrao was in strict confinement at the time and so they approached [[Sakharam Hari Gupte]], a strong partisan of Raghunathrao who had also been incensed by the Peshwa's decision to reduce the caste status of his community. They manage to obtain a secret meeting with Raghunathrao in which they hatch a plan which involved seizing Narayanrao and placing Raghunathrao on the throne. This would require Raghunathrao to be free and organise an armed force. In August 1773, during nighttime, Raghunathrao tried to escape using the help of Lakshman Kashi. But Raghunathrao was caught and taken into custody while Lakshman Kashi managed to escape and fled from Pune.<ref>{{cite book |author=Sardesai |first=Govind Sakharam |title=New History of the Marathas Volume III: Sunset over Maharashtra (1772-1848) |publisher=Phoenix Publications |year=1948 |page=21}}</ref>

When news of Raghunathrao's attempted escape reached Narayanrao he made the terms of his uncle's confinement harsher. Raghunathrao was no longer allowed to leave his room, all his essentials were delivered to him and his lavish lifestyle was curtailed. As part of his prayer, Raghunathrao would stand in the open and gaze at the sun, but he was now barred from performing it which made him furious. Although the relationship between Madhavrao and Raghunathrao, the former carefully avoided exasperating his uncle beyond a certain limit and skillfully employed his uncle's partisans so as to prevent any action against him. But Narayanrao lacked his elder brother's foresight and so his dissidents were able to find a common goal in supporting his uncle.<ref>{{cite book |author=Sardesai |first=Govind Sakharam |title=New History of the Marathas Volume III: Sunset over Maharashtra (1772-1848) |publisher=Phoenix Publications |year=1948 |page=21,22}}</ref>

=== Third attempt to escape ===
Raghunathrao was also able to find the sympathy of Appaji Ram, the ambassador of Haidar Ali at Pune, who managed to persuade his ruler to support Raghunathrao's cause. When Narayan found out about his uncle's plan to escape by enlisting the support Haidar Ali, he confined him in his palace and allowed neither his friends to visit him nor his servants to attend to him. His uncle, whether through exasperation or shrewdness, declared that he would starve himself to death so that his murder would be attributed to his nephew. For the next eighteen days, he consumed nothing except two ounces of deer milk each day. When he was finally exhausted due to pangs of hunger, his nephew somewhat relented by promising him a district and five castles and a jagir of Rs. 12 lakh per annum, provided some of the great chieftains would become surety for his future conduct.<ref>{{cite book |author=Sardesai |first=Govind Sakharam |title=New History of the Marathas Volume III: Sunset over Maharashtra (1772-1848) |publisher=Phoenix Publications |year=1948 |page=22 |quote=}}</ref>

== Preparations ==
The period between 16 and 30 August witnessed an unprecedented number of secret talks and concealed discussions taking place among the various partisans of Raghunathrao, but as this had been a regular occurrence at the palace, no responsible official paid any serious attention to them. Since Raghunathrao could not leave his confinement, the preparations for the plot were carried out by Tujali Pawar, an influential personal servant of Raghunathrao and his wife [[Anandibai]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Sardesai |first=Govind Sakharam |title=New History of the Marathas Volume III: Sunset over Maharashtra (1772-1848) |publisher=Phoenix Publications |year=1948 |page=22 |quote=}}</ref> Tujali additionally felt he had been wronged by Narayanrao and possibly Madhavrao, and regardless of whether this supposed offense was real or not, it motivated him to play an integral part in the plot. While the previous plan involved simply capturing Narayanrao, the new plan involved his murder and was partly based on the assumption that Sakharam Bapu would remain neutral with regards to the plot.<ref>{{cite book |author=Sardesai |first=Govind Sakharam |title=New History of the Marathas Volume III: Sunset over Maharashtra (1772-1848) |publisher=Phoenix Publications |year=1948 |page=24 |quote=}}</ref>

The [[Ganesh Chaturthi|Ganapati festival]] was held for a period of ten days between 21 and 31 August. The festival was a holiday for the administration and all the officials and staff were occupied with various aspects of the festival such as the worship in the morning and evening, Vedic recitation, music, dance, durbars, feasts and processions.<ref>{{cite book |author=Sardesai |first=Govind Sakharam |title=New History of the Marathas Volume III: Sunset over Maharashtra (1772-1848) |publisher=Phoenix Publications |year=1948 |page=23 |quote=}}</ref> Tulaji met with the Gardi leaders during the Ganesh festival to inform them of the plot being hatched. Since he was an old servant he couldn't be abruptly dismissed even if suspected of a conspiracy and had ready access to his master and his wife in order to plan out various parts of the plot. [[Sumer Singh Gardi|Sumersinh]] was the Gardi officer who had been appointed by Narayanrao to be incharge of his uncle and hence had free access to him. He was won over by Tulaji, along with Muhammad Yusuf, Kharagsinh and Bahadur Khan, each of them had about a thousand soldiers working under them. They were promised to be given a cash reward of Rs. 3 lakh if they successfully executed the plot. A written order was produced by Raghunathrao for these four chiefs, ordering them to "seize" the Peshwa. The written order might have been altered before being delivered to the Gardi chiefs and the word "seize" might've been replaced with the word "slay" but the identity of the person who did this has remained a mystery. Meanwhile, the Gardis chiefs were aware that the Peshwa could be slain if he were to offer armed resistance. When they conveyed these thoughts to Raghunathrao, he absolved them of any responsibility for the possible murder.<ref>{{cite book |author=Sardesai |first=Govind Sakharam |title=New History of the Marathas Volume III: Sunset over Maharashtra (1772-1848) |publisher=Phoenix Publications |year=1948 |page=24,25 |quote=}}</ref>

== Assassination ==
[[File:Shanivar Wada,Pune.jpg|thumb|[[Shaniwar Wada|Shanivar Wada]] the place of assassination ]]
Raghuji Angre of [[Kolaba Fort|Kolaba]] had arrived in Pune to meet with the Peshwa and asked him to make a return visit on 30 August. And so Narayanrao along with Haripant Phadke went to Angre's residence at around ten in the morning. Raghuji told Narayanrao during their conversational about the troubling rumours he had heard and warned him to be on his guard against danger to his life. After the meeting with Raghuji, Narayanrao and Phadke went to the Parvati temple to have their breakfast along with some guests who had been invited there. After the meal, the Peshwa and Haripant went back to the palace. Narayanrao told Haripant what he had heard from Raghuji and asked him to take the necessary steps to prevent any mischief. Haripant assured him that he would take care of the matter but first he had to attend to a mid-day meal with a friend. The Peshwa retired to his room in the palace. Meanwhile, Tujali found out that the plot had been leaked and told the Gardi chiefs to immediately execute the plan or else everything could be ruined.<ref>{{cite book |author=Sardesai |first=Govind Sakharam |title=New History of the Marathas Volume III: Sunset over Maharashtra (1772-1848) |publisher=Phoenix Publications |year=1948 |page=25,26 |quote=}}</ref>

At around one o'clock in the afternoon, five hundred soldiers led by the Gardi chiefs cut down the men guarding the hind gate and immediately rushed into the palace. They demanded payment of their long delayed salaries. The clerks and servants admonished the soldiers for the commotion and told them that their grievances would be listened to in the office. The soldiers responded by attacking the clerks; when one of them took shelter behind a cow, that used to be on the premises at all times for fresh milk, the soldiers cut down the animal and the man hiding behind it. They closed the front gate and proceeded to the Peshwa's room upstairs with their swords drawn and deafening shouts. The palace was packed with cries of horror and grief by the inmates but there was nothing they could do to stop the attack.<ref>{{cite book |author=Sardesai |first=Govind Sakharam |title=New History of the Marathas Volume III: Sunset over Maharashtra (1772-1848) |publisher=Phoenix Publications |year=1948 |page=26 |quote=}}</ref>

Narayanrao was entirely unarmed at this time and in fear of his life he escaped through the back door to the apartment of his aunt Parvitabai, with whom he had a very close relationship as she had practically raised him since he was an infant. Parvatibai told him to go to his uncle as he could save his life. Narayanrao ran to his uncle who was performing his worship and held on to him, begging to be saved and even offering to make him Peshwa in exchange for being spared by the Gardi soldiers. Meanwhile, Tulaji and Sumersinh who had closely followed Narayanrao arrived there and pulled him away from his uncle. Tulaji violently seized Narayanrao and Sumersinh hacked him to pieces. Narayanrao's servant Chapaji Tilekar fell upon his master's body to save him with some maids and they were all cruelly cut down. A little later Naroba Naik, an old and trusted man on palace duty, came forth and berated Raghunathrao for allowing such deplorable actions and he too was slain by the Gardis. Within a period of half an hour, eleven people had been killed in the palace, seven of them were Brahmins, two Maratha servants, two maids. One [[cow]] was also killed.<ref>{{cite book |author=Sardesai |first=Govind Sakharam |title=New History of the Marathas Volume III: Sunset over Maharashtra (1772-1848) |publisher=Phoenix Publications |year=1948 |page=26,27 |quote=}}</ref> The recently launched book, '''Assassination of the Peshwa''', covers this tragic incident in detail.<ref>{{cite book |author=Chaudhary |first=Ankur |title=Assassination of the Peshwa |publisher=Srishti Publishers |url=http://srishti.pub/peshwa |year=2023 |quote=}}</ref>

== Perpetrators ==

=== Raghunath Rao ===
'''Raghunathrao Bhat''' (a.k.a. '''Ragho Ballal''' or '''Ragho Bharari'''<ref>{{cite book |author=Indian History Congress |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4HlCAAAAYAAJ&q=ragho+bharari |title=Proceedings |year=1966 |volume=28 |access-date=11 February 2019}}</ref>) (18 August 1734 – 11 December 1783) was the 11th [[Peshwa]] of the [[Maratha Empire]] for a brief period from 1773 to 1774. Raghunathrao Bhat, also known as "Raghoba", "Raghoba Dada" and "Ragho Bharari," was the younger brother of [[Nanasaheb Peshwa]]. His father was Peshwa [[Bajirao I]] & mother was [[Kashibai]]. Raghunathrao was born in Mahuli near [[Satara (city)|Satara]] on 8 December 1734. Much of his childhood was spent in [[Satara (city)|Satara]]. A small time after his birth, his step-mother, [[Mastani]] gave birth to his brother, [[Shamsher Bahadur I (Krishna Rao)|Krishna Rao, also named Shamsher Bahadur I]].

After Maratha defeat at [[Third Battle of Panipat]], his brother [[Nanasaheb]] Peshwa's death and his half brother's ([[Shamsher Bahadur]]) death in 1761, the Peshwa title was passed on to [[Madhavrao I]], second son of [[Nanasaheb]]. Madhavrao was a minor when appointed Peshwa. Therefore, Raghunathrao was appointed as the [[regent]] to the young Peshwa. He soon fell out of favor with Madhavrao and even tried to conspire against him by joining the [[Nizam]] of [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]] against the Peshwa. The alliance was defeated at [[Ghodegaon]], and Raghunathrao was placed under [[house arrest]]. After [[Madhavrao I]]'s death in 1772, Raghunathrao was released from house arrest. He then became the regent of Madhavrao's younger brother [[Narayanrao Peshwa|Narayanrao]]. Together with his wife [[Anandibai]], he had his nephew Narayanrao murdered.

Legend has it that the original command was "Hyala Dharaava" (Have him seized) written on a parchment of paper, and while the message was handed over to Anandibai to pass it on to the minions, she changed the letters to mean "Hyala Maraava" (Have him killed). And therefore when the assassins attacked the young Peshwa, he ran over outside of the house of Raghoba crying "Kaakaa malaa waachwaa" (Uncle, save me). His cry fell on deaf ears as Raghoba stood by imagining Narayanrao to be overacting while his nephew was eventually killed. After Narayanrao's murder, Raghoba became Peshwa, but he was shortly overthrown by [[Nana Phadnavis]] and 11 other administrators in what is called "The Baarbhaai Conspiracy" (Conspiracy by the Twelve). Raghunathrao was tried, convicted, and sentenced to death by the justice [[Ram Shastri|Ram Shastri Prabhune]] but the sentence was never carried out.

=== Anandibai ===
'''Anandibai''' was a [[Peshwa]] Queen and the wife of [[Raghunathrao]], the 11th Peshwa of the [[Maratha Empire]]. Anandibai was born into a [[Chitpavan]] Brahmin family belonging to [[Guhagar]] village in the [[Konkan]] region of what is now [[Maharashtra]] state. She was the daughter of Raghu Mahadev Oak.<ref>{{Citation |last=Gune |first=Vithal |title=Survey and Calendar of Marathi Documents |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9UNuAAAAMAAJ&q=anandibai |year=1996 |publisher=K.P. Bagchi |isbn=978-81-7074-166-4 |access-date=2009-01-14}}</ref> Her cousin [[Gopikabai]] (of the Raste family), was the wife of Peshwa [[Balaji Bajirao]]. In December 1756, when Anandibai was yet a child, she was married to [[Raghunath Rao]], younger brother of [[Balaji Baji Rao]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Turner |first=O. |title=Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oWkoAAAAYAAJ&dq=anandibai&pg=RA3-PA323 |year=1904 |publisher=The Society |access-date=2009-01-14}}</ref> She was his second wife. Raghunathrao's first wife (Janaki Bai of the Barwe family) had died in August 1755.

After the death of [[Madhavrao I]] in 1772, his brother [[Narayanrao Peshwa|Narayanrao]] was to take the throne but he was still a minor. There was debate among the Peshwas about who should become the next regent. Finally it was decided that Narayanrao would be the peshwa with his uncle Raghunathrao acting as regent. Initially this arrangement worked but soon Narayanrao imprisoned his uncle on charges of plotting to overthrow him.

On 30 August 1773 in [[Shaniwar Wada]],<ref name="express">[http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=56594]{{dead link|date=February 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}|Indian express article about Shaniwar Wada</ref> in an effort to free himself, Raghunathrao hired [[Kalbelia|Gardis]] as mercenaries. These men scaled and captured Shaniwar Wada. They quickly reached Narayanrao's chambers and held him captive. Narayanrao tried to appeal to his uncle but Anandibai intervened and did not allow his requests to reach Raghunathrao.

According to popular legend, Raghunathrao had sent a message to Sumer Singh Gardi to fetch Narayanrao using the Marathi word ''dharaa'' (धरा) or 'hold' (actual phrase in Marathi - " नारायणरावांना धरा"/"Narayanrao-ana dhara"). This message was intercepted by his wife Anandibai who changed a single letter to make it read as ''maaraa'' (मारा) or 'kill' . The miscommunication led the Gardis to chase Narayanrao, who, upon hearing them coming, started running towards his uncles' residence screaming, "Kaka! Mala Vachva!!" ("Uncle! Save me!"). But nobody came to help him and he was killed in the presence of his uncle

== Aftermath ==

=== Reaction ===
[[File:Ramshastri prabhune.jpg|thumb|[[Ramshastri Prabhune]] the [[Chief justice|chief Justice]] of this case. ]]
[[File:Nana Phadnavis portrait.jpg|thumb|[[Nana Fadnavis|Nana Phadnavis]] was one of the prominent leaders of the Barbhais Council. |334x334px]]
Upon hearing the news, Haripant Phadke hurriedly went to the palace with his troops and artillery but since he did not know what was happening inside he could not open fire on the structure. Many Maratha officials including Nana Phadnavis met at the [[Budhwar Peth, Pune|Budhwar]] Police Station while others such as Bhavanrao Pratinidhi, Maloji Ghorpade and others went to the palace to obtain correct information of what had happened. The Gardis were guarding the premises of the palace and only allowed the Maratha officials to enter after laying down their arms. When they were permitted to meet Raghunathrao they found him lying on the courtyard of the groundfloor and by Gardi soldiers with their swords drawn out. In the meanwhile some of the other Gardis began hastily plundering the palace and were only pacified due to the help of some city bankers.<ref>{{cite book |author=Sardesai |first=Govind Sakharam |title=New History of the Marathas Volume III: Sunset over Maharashtra (1772-1848) |publisher=Phoenix Publications |year=1948 |page=27 |quote=}}</ref>

It nearly midnight when Raghunathrao had been proclaimed as the ruler of the state by the Gardis and allowed to pick his officials that the Gardis allowed the dead bodies to be taken out and funeral rites to be performed. The mangled pieces of Narayanrao were collected in a bundle for cremation. Sakharam Bapu was overcome by grief since he couldn't fulfil the promise he had made to Madhavrao and his wife Ramabai to protect Narayanrao. He refused to take any part in the new administration and left the city. Nana Phadnavis also refused to join Raghunathrao's government and the latter had no liking for him. The horrifying and chaotic events at Pune presented the enemies of the Marathas with the moment they had been looking for all along. A wave of attacks had occurred throughout the country although no one took up arms against the capital of Pune itself. It was only during the time of the [[Vijayadashami|Dashera]] festival on 25 September that Raghunathrao began to address that threats that were posed by Nizam Ali and Haidar Ali.<ref name=":0">{{cite book |author=Sardesai |first=Govind Sakharam |title=New History of the Marathas Volume III: Sunset over Maharashtra (1772-1848) |publisher=Phoenix Publications |year=1948 |page=27,28 |quote=}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite book |author=Sardesai |first=Govind Sakharam |title=New History of the Marathas Volume III: Sunset over Maharashtra (1772-1848) |publisher=Phoenix Publications |year=1948 |page=29 |quote=}}</ref>

Most people reluctantly accepted Raghunathrao's rule because there was no other male member of the Peshwa's family to take the reins of power, but they were apprehensive at heart to submit to the rule of a person who killed his own nephew who was unarmed and who belonged to the same Brahmin caste.<ref>{{cite book |author=Sardesai |first=Govind Sakharam |title=New History of the Marathas Volume III: Sunset over Maharashtra (1772-1848) |publisher=Phoenix Publications |year=1948 |page=29,30 |quote=}}</ref> The mother of Narayanrao at Nashik was consumed with grief and sorrow when she learned about her son's death. Her eldest son and heir to the empire Vishwasrao had died at the Battle of Panipat in 1761, her second eldest son Madhavrao succumbed to disease and her youngest had been brutally murdered. She felt so overcome with grief that she gave up her comfortable life and went around begging for alms with a half coconut shell from door to door. She regained her peace of mind when the ministers overthrew the murderer of her son and Narayanrao's wife, her daughter-in-law Gangabai, gave birth to a [[Posthumous birth|posthumous]] son.<ref name=":0" />

=== Raghunathrao's short lived government ===
[[File:Ali Bahadur.jpg|thumb|[[Ali Bahadur I]], Nawab of [[Banda (state)|Banda]] was berfly made [[Peshwa]] after [[Raghunath Rao|Raghunathrao's]] conviction. |left|250x250px]]
Having failed to convince the senior and most highly competent ministers such as Sakharam Bapu and Nana Phadnavis to join his new administration, Raghunathrao had to begin his rule with the help of ministers Chinto Vithal and Moroba Phadnavis.<ref name=":0" /> The two Nagpur agents also continued supporting him. Raghunathrao sent one of them, Laksham Kashi with a letter of friendly terms to Mudhoji Bhonsle inviting him to Pune with all his forces. The other Nagpur agent Vyankatrao remained in Pune to help the new Peshwa manage the new administration.<ref name=":1" /> He sent Amritrao to Satara to procure the robes from Chhatrapati [[Rajaram II of Satara|Rajaram II]] but there was a delay and the robes were finally obtained on 10 October 1773. He did not ceremoniously accept them in a durbar at Pune but rather at Alegaon near the river Bhima on the last day of October. He prepared his own seal and purposefully omitted Rajaram's name as being inauspicious.<ref name=":2">{{cite book |author=Sardesai |first=Govind Sakharam |title=New History of the Marathas Volume III: Sunset over Maharashtra (1772-1848) |publisher=Phoenix Publications |year=1948 |page=30 |quote=}}</ref>

During the [[Dashera]] festival occurring on 25 September 1773, apart from having to discuss the threats posed by Haidar Ali and Nizam Ali, Raghunathrao also had to deal with the Gardi chiefs who virtually held all the power and whose only goal was to get as much money from him as possible. He appointed Bhavanrao Pratinidhi as his agent for settling the matter with the Gardi chiefs. Bhavanrao Pratinidhi got rid of the Gardi chiefs from the palace by paying them the stipulated five lakh rupees and an additional amount of three lakh rupees in lieu of the three forts they wanted as their safe resort. During the negotiations, the Gardis had threatened to depose Raghunathrao and install [[Ali Bahadur I|Ali Bahadur]] (grandson of Peshwa Baji Rao) as the peshwa if their payments were made. They also demanded and were given a written order that Raghunathrao would protect them under all circumstances.<ref name=":1" />

Hence Raghunathrao now had no strong supporters except second rate men such as the Gardi chiefs, and Sakharam Hari, Sadashiv Ramchandra, Vyankatrao Kashi, Abaji Mahadev, Tulaji Pawar, Moroba Phadnavis, Maloji Ghorpade, [[Govind Rao Gaekwad|Govindrao Gaikwad]], Manaji Phadke and Mudhoji Bhonsle. Gangadhar Yeshwant, an important partisan of Raghunathrao, died on 20 February 1774 and this considerably weakened his party.<ref name=":1" /> But at least his monetary troubles were relieved after Visaji Krishna arrived in Pune and brought with him, under orders from the previous Peshwa, a treasure of 22 lakh rupees and which Raghunathrao greedily sized.<ref name=":2" />[[File:Madhav Rao Narayan, the Maratha Peshwa with Nana Fadnavis and Attendants (cropped).jpg|left|thumb|Ather the accusation of [[Raghunath Rao]] and [[Anandibai]], 40 days old infant [[Madhavrao II]] became [[Peshwa]]. |263x263px]]

=== Legal consequences ===
[[Ramshastri Prabhune|Ram Shastri]], the Nyayadhish ("Chief Justice") of the Maratha empire, likely began looking into the killing of Narayanrao immediately after the incident despite Raghunathrao's opposition.<ref>{{cite book |author=Sardesai |first=Govind Sakharam |title=New History of the Marathas Volume III: Sunset over Maharashtra (1772-1848) |publisher=Phoenix Publications |year=1948 |page=28 |quote=}}</ref> The investigation lasted for around six weeks and decisions were made in accordance with established judicial practices. Shastri found Raghunathrao as the main culprit and in addition about fifty persons more or less responsible for the murder (forty nine males and one female servant). Of these forty nine men, thirteen were Gardis (eight Hindus and five Muslims), twenty six were Brahmin, three were Prabhu and seven were Marathas. The twenty six Brahmins were essentially clerks who acted as agents in planning and executing the details of the plan. Vyankatrao Kashi, his brother Laxman and Sakharam Hari Gupte were the three Prabhus who were declared to have played a prominent role in the plot. When Shastri approached Raghunathrao, the latter downplayed the murder as a private, personal affair and asked the former to not concern himself with it. Shastri on his part, without an ounce of fear, told Raghunathrao that he was the main culprit for the murder of his nephew. Hence Raghunathrao and the general public understood the degree of power that lay with the judiciary in a well-governmed state. But Shastri was dismissed from his office by Raghunathrao and went back to his native village.<ref>{{cite book |author=Sardesai |first=Govind Sakharam |title=New History of the Marathas Volume III: Sunset over Maharashtra (1772-1848) |publisher=Phoenix Publications |year=1948 |pages=30–31 |quote=}}</ref>

==== Barbhais Council ====
While Shastri was conducting his investigation, Sakharam Bapu ensured that pregnant Gangabai, the widow of Narayanrao, was secure and safe from harm's way. If Gangabai were to give birth to a male child, he would become the heir to the kingdom. But if she were to give birth to a female child, Sakharam Bapu contemplated the idea of making Ali Bahadur, the grandson of Baji Rao, the Peshwa of the Maratha empire. He convinced most of the Maratha chiefs from Raghunathrao's camp to switch sides without rousing his suspicion. He laid the foundations of a group of twelve Maratha officials and chiefs who were collectively known as the Barbhais Council ("Twelve Comrades"). These included Nana Phadnavis, Haripant Phadnavis, Babuji Naik, Maloji Ghorpade, Bhavanrao Pratinidhi, Raste, Patwardhans with the addition of Mahadji Shinde and Tukoji Holkar.<ref>{{cite book |author=Sardesai |first=Govind Sakharam |title=New History of the Marathas Volume III: Sunset over Maharashtra (1772-1848) |publisher=Phoenix Publications |year=1948 |pages=39–40 |quote=}}</ref>

The Barbhais Council proceeded to go to war with Raghunathrao in order to bring him to justice and to prevent the state from falling under British domination. As it became apparent that Raghunathrao was losing the war, he shielded his allies from possible harm for the services they had rendered onto him. He sent Muhammad Yusuf to Mudhoji Bhonsle in Nagpur, Tulaji Pawar and Kharagsinh to Haidar Ali, and finally Sumersinh to Indore. On 18 April 1774, Gangabai gave birth to a [[Madhavrao II|son]] who was soon invested with the robes of the Peshwa. Raghunathrao essentially gave up his position as Peshwa and fled towards Surat. At the same time, the Barbhais Council re-established their power at Pune and requested Shastri to come back and assume his position as the Nyayadhish of the Maratha Empire. Shastri obliged but only after the Council agreed to never interfere with his duties and to faithfully execute the degrees he passed. The Council compelled Mudhoji and Haidra Ali to hand over the offenders they had been shielding and caught the ones who tried to escape. The most serious offenders such as Kharagsinh, Tujali Pawar and Muhammad Yusuf were sentenced to death, slightly less serious ones such as Vyankatrao Kashi and Sakharam Hari were sentenced to life imprisonment and the rest were discharged after having served their prison sentence.<ref>{{cite book |author=Sardesai |first=Govind Sakharam |title=New History of the Marathas Volume III: Sunset over Maharashtra (1772-1848) |publisher=Phoenix Publications |year=1948 |pages=32–33 |quote=}}</ref>

There is a belief in Pune that Narayanrao's ghost roams the ruins of Shaniwar Wada at every full moon night and calls out for help just like the way he did on the fateful day of his assassination .<ref>{{cite web |author=Preeti Panwar |title=Top 10 most haunted places in India |url=http://zeenews.india.com/slideshow/top-10-most-haunted-places-india_39.html |access-date=21 July 2015 |publisher=[[Zee News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Huned Contractor |date=31 October 2011 |title=Going ghost hunting |newspaper=[[Sakal]] |url=http://www.sakaaltimes.com/NewsDetails.aspx?NewsId=5090271538838429700&SectionId=5131376722999570563&SectionName=Features&NewsDate=20111031&NewsTitle=Going%20ghost%20hunting |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924093822/http://www.sakaaltimes.com/NewsDetails.aspx?NewsId=5090271538838429700&SectionId=5131376722999570563&SectionName=Features&NewsDate=20111031&NewsTitle=Going%20ghost%20hunting |url-status=usurped |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=21 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=19 July 2015 |title=Pune and its ghosts |url=http://www.rediff.com/getahead/report/travel-pune-and-its-ghosts/20150719.htm |access-date=21 July 2015 |publisher=[[Rediff]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |year=2009 |title=Security guard at historical Peshwa palace murdered |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-security-guard-at-historical-peshwa-palace-murdered-1321796 |quote=A popular belief still prevails among people belonging to older generation here who claim that they had heard heart rending shouts of 'Kaka Mala Vachva' (Uncle please save me), at midnight emanating from the relics where Narayanrao Peshwa, one of the last heirs to the Peshwa throne, was slain on August 30, 1773 by 'Gardis' (royal guards) in a contract killing ordered by his uncle, Raghoba, in a power struggle.}}</ref> [[Bajirao II]] believed in the ghost superstition too and planted thousands of mango trees around Pune city and gave donations to Brahmins and religious institutions in the hope that this would propitiate the ghost.<ref>{{cite book |author=S. G. Vaidya |title=Peshwa Bajirao II and The Downfall of The Maratha Power |publisher=Pragati Prakashan |year=1976 |page=249 |quote=It was to propitiate the ghost of Narayanrao, that haunted him throughout his life, that the Peshwa planted thousands of mango trees around Poona, gave gifts to Brahmins and to religious establishments}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{S-start}}
{{succession box |
before=[[Madhavrao Peshwa|Madhavrao I]] |
title=[[Peshwa]] of the [[Maratha Empire|Maratha Confederacy]] |
years=1772–1773 |
after=[[Raghunathrao]]
}}
{{S-end}}
{{MarathaEmpire}}
{{Peshawe family}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, Narayan}}
[[Category:Maratha Empire]]
[[Category:Assassinations in India]]
[[Category:Mass murders in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Murdered Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Mass stabbings in India]]
[[Category:Sword attacks in India]]
[[Category:1773 in India]]
[[Category:1770s mass murders]]
[[Category:Deaths by person in India]]
[[Category:People murdered in the 1770s]]

Aronyak Ghosh

2026-04-27T07:54:37Z

HesterBrewer:

{{Short description|Indian chess player (born 2003)}}
{{Infobox chess player
| image =
| caption =
| country = India
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{bda|2003|12|6}}
| birth_place= [[Kolkata, India]]
| title = [[Grandmaster (chess)|Grandmaster]] (2020)
| peakrating = 2555 (November 2024)
| FideID = 25072846
}}

'''Aronyak Ghosh''' (born 2003) is an Indian [[chess]] player who holds the title of [[Grandmaster (chess)|Grandmaster]]<ref>https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/chess/aronyak-ghosh-india-95th-gm-grandmaster-10645452/</ref>.

==Chess career==

In 2023, Ghosh finished third in the [[Indian Chess Championship]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=August 27, 2023 |title=IM Aronyak Ghosh claims bronze in national chess |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/chess/im-aronyak-ghosh-claims-bronze-in-national-chess/articleshow/103100644.cms |access-date=2025-11-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In 2024, he won the Annemasse Masters on tiebreaks, earning his second GM-norm.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 7, 2024 |title=Aronyak Ghosh clinches 2nd Annemasse Masters 2024, Karthik Venkataraman second - ChessBase India |url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/Aronyak-Ghosh-clinches-2nd-Annemasse-Masters-2024-Karthik-Venkataraman-second |access-date=2025-11-01 |website=www.chessbase.in}}</ref> He earned his first GM-norm finishing fourth in the Sants International Open in 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=August 30, 2022 |title=Kolkata IM earns maiden GM norm |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/chess/kolkata-im-earns-maiden-gm-norm/articleshow/93870853.cms |access-date=2025-11-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Ghosh qualified to play in the [[Chess World Cup 2025]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Cup Participants – FIDE World Cup 2025, Goa India, World Chess Cup |url=https://worldcup2025.fide.com/participants/ |access-date=2025-10-31 |language=en-US}}</ref> He caused an upset by defeating grandmaster [[Mateusz Bartel]] in the first round, though was eliminated by [[Levon Aronian]] in the second round.

At the Bangkok Chess Club Open 2026, Ghosh tied for first with 7/9, becoming India's 95th Grandmaster<ref>https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/aronyak-ghosh-becomes-indias-95th-gm/article70885540.ece</ref><ref>https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/india/who-is-aronyak-ghosh-22-year-old-from-kolkata-becomes-india-s-95th-chess-gm/ar-AA21fNoV?uxmode=ruby&apiversion=v2&domshim=1&noservercache=1&noservertelemetry=1&batchservertelemetry=1&renderwebcomponents=1&wcseo=1&bundles=feat-es2020-t</ref>.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{FIDE|id=25072846}}
*{{chessgames player|id=160798}}
*[https://www.365chess.com/players/Ghosh_Aronyak Aronyak Ghosh] chess games at 365Chess.com

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghosh, Aronyak}}
[[Category:Indian chess players]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2003 births]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Chess International Masters]]
[[Category:21st-century chess players]]

Kynan Chenai

2026-04-24T12:12:29Z

HesterBrewer: adding data

{{short description|Indian shooter in the Trap discipline|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Kynan Chenai
| honorific_suffix = [[OLY]]
| fullname = Kynan Darius Chenai
| national_team = {{IND}}
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1991|1|29}}
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[India]]
| sport = [[Shooting sports|Shooting]]
| event = [[Trap shooting|Trap]]
| medaltemplates = {{Medal|Sport|Men's [[Shooting sports|shooting]]}} [[File:Shooting pictogram.svg|30px]]
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalComp|[[Shooting at the Asian Games|Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[Shooting at the 2022 Asian Games|2022 Hangzhou]]|[[Shooting at the 2022 Asian Games – Men's trap team|Trap team]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[Shooting at the 2022 Asian Games|2022 Hangzhou]]|[[Shooting at the 2022 Asian Games – Men's trap|Trap]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[ISSF World Cup|World Cup]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2025 ISSF World Cup|2025 Nicosia]]|Trap mixed team}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Shooting Championships|Asian Championships]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2012 Asian Shooting Championships|2012 Doha]]|Trap team}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2019 Asian Shooting Championships|2019 Doha]]|Trap team}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2023 Asian Shooting Championships|2023 Changwon]]|Trap team}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2015 Asian Shooting Championships|2015 Kuwait City]]|Trap team}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Shooting Championships|Asian Shotgun Championships]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2016 Asian Shotgun Championships|2016 Abu Dhabi]]|Trap team}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2017 Asian Shotgun Championships|2017 Astana]]|Trap}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2017 Asian Shotgun Championships|2017 Astana]]|Trap mixed team}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Commonwealth Youth Games|Commonwealth Youth Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2008 Commonwealth Youth Games|2008 Pune]]|Trap}}
}}
'''Kynan Darius Chenai''' (born 29 January 1991) is an Indian [[Shooting sports|sport shooter]] specializing in [[Olympic trap|trap]] shooting. He has represented India in multiple international competitions, including the Olympics and the Asian Games. He competed in the [[2016 Summer Olympics]], where he finished 19th in the men's trap event.<ref>{{cite web |title=2016 Summer Olympics - Athletes: Kynan Chenai |url=https://www.espn.com/olympics/summer/2016/athletes/_/athlete/55854 |website=ESPN |accessdate=11 August 2019}}</ref> At the [[2022 Asian Games]], Chenai won a gold medal in the men's trap team event and a bronze medal in the individual trap event, contributing significantly to India's record-breaking medal tally in shooting in that edition.

==Early life==

Kynan was born to a reputed Parsi family in Hyderabad, [[India]]. His father [[Darius Chenai]] is a former national shooting champion in Trap discipline and a businessman. He studied in [[Hebron School]] in [[Ooty]], [[Tamil Nadu]] with [[German language|German]] as elected foreign language. During his school days, he was part of the Field Hockey Team and Football Team, and also the school's freestyle swimming champion for three years.{{fact|date=September 2022}}
He spent 1 year at Brunel where he tried to play hockey

== Athletic career ==
In 2003, he took up shooting and was initially coached by his father. Later he was coached by four-time Olympic champion [[Mansher Singh]]. He won the gold medal in Junior Men's Trap shooting event at the 50th and the 51st National Shooting Championship in India.
He also won a gold medal in the Trap event in the [[2008 Commonwealth Youth Games]].<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Sportskeeda|title=Know your Indian Olympian: 10 things to know about Kynan Chenai|url=http://www.sportskeeda.com/shooting/know-your-indian-olympian-10-things-know-about-about-kynan-chenai|date=6 July 2016}}</ref>

Kynan achieved an Olympic quota for the 2016 Summer Olympics after finishing fourth in the Asia Olympic Shooting qualifiers in Delhi on 28 January 2016, where he finished 19th in the [[Shooting at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's trap|men's trap]] qualification round.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=Firstpost|title=Road to Rio: Shooter Kynan Chenai secures Olympics 2016 berth for India|url=http://www.firstpost.com/sports/road-to-rio-shooter-kynan-chenai-secures-olympics-2016-berth-for-india-2603066.html|date=29 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Rio Olympics 2016: Manavjit Singh Sandhu, Kynan Chenai fail to qualify for men's trap semi-final|url=http://www.firstpost.com/sports/rio-olympics-2016-manavjit-singh-sandhu-kynan-chenai-fail-to-qualify-for-mens-trap-semi-final-2943014.html|accessdate=9 August 2016|publisher=First Post|date=9 August 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{sports links}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chenai, Kynan}}
[[Category:1991 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male sport shooters]]
[[Category:Sport shooters from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Parsi sportsmen]]
[[Category:Shooters at the 2016 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Olympic shooters for India]]
[[Category:Shooters at the 2014 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Hebron School alumni]]
[[Category:Shooters at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games shooters for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists in shooting]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists in shooting]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

G. Venkatraman

2026-04-23T07:18:14Z

HesterBrewer: new!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Tindivanam Gopala Venkatraman
| image = T. G. Venkatraman.jpg
| image_size = 200
| office = [[Ministry of Surface Transport#Cabinet Ministers|Union Minister of Surface Transport]]
| term_start = 1 June 1996
| term_end = 19 March 1998
| prime_minister = [[H. D. Deve Gowda]] [[Inder Kumar Gujral]]
| predecessor = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| successor = [[Sedapatti R. Muthiah]]
| office1 = [[Minister of Housing and Urban Affairs#Cabinet Ministers|Union Minister of Urban Affairs and Employment]]
| term_start1 = 14 November 1997
| term_end1 = 10 December 1997
| prime_minister1 = Inder Kumar Gujral
| predecessor1 = [[Ummareddy Venkateswarlu]]
| successor1 = Ummareddy Venkateswarlu
| office2 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency2 = [[Tindivanam Lok Sabha constituency|Tindivanam]]
| term2 = 10 May 1996 — 3 March 1998
| predecessor2 = K. Rama Murthee
| successor2 = [[Gingee N. Ramachandran]]
| office3 = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| constituency3 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| term_start3 = 25 July 1989
| term_end3 = 24 July 1995
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1931|2|2}}
| birth_place = Tindivanam, Villupuram district, Tamil Nadu
| death_date = {{death date and age|2013|2|21|1931|2|2}}
| spouse = Vasantha
| occupation = Politician
| party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
}}
'''T. G. Venkatraman''' (2 February 1931 – 21 February 2013) was an Indian politician who was a member of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|D.M.K. Party]].

==Early life==
Tindivanam G. Venkatraman was born in [[Tindivanam]], in [[Villupuram]] district on 2 February 1931. His father was Shri V. Gopala Gounder. He belonged to the [[Vanniyar]] Gounder community.<ref name="parliamentofindia1">{{cite web|url=http://www.parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/lok11/biodata/11tn31.htm |title=Biographical Sketch |publisher=Parliament of India |accessdate=11 November 2013}}</ref> He married Smt. V. Vasantha on 8 May 1960 and had three sons and one daughter. He gained a [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] degree at [[Annamalai University]], Chidambaram and a [[Bachelor of Laws|B.L.]] at Law College, [[Madras University]], Madras (Tamil Nadu).

He worked as Junior Advocate with Late Mr. Narayanasami Mudaliar (former Law Minister of Tamil Nadu) at chennai and later was practicing as an advocate at Tindivanam and throughout South Arcot district.

He died on 21 February 2013 at the age of 82.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=790515 |title=Former Union Minister T.G. Venkataraman Dead |publisher=OutlookIndia.com |date=21 February 2013 |accessdate=11 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111231934/http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=790515 |archivedate=11 November 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==Political life==
He was a D.M.K. party member and activist. Contested for Legislative Assembly Elections in 1977 for D.M.K and lost to T.R. Erajaram Reddy INC.

He was elected to the [[Rajya Sabha]] in 1989 and served till 1995. He contested for the Lok Sabha elections representing D.M.K and got elected to the eleventh [[Lok Sabha]] in 1996, defeating his nearest rival Mr. Tindivanam. K. Ramamurthy (INC) with a whooping margin of 190, 276 votes. He was appointed Union Cabinet Minister of Surface Transport (Independent charge).

==Positions held==

*1978–85 – Member, General Council, D.M.K.
*1989–95 – Elected to Rajya Sabha
*1989–90 – Member, Consultative Committee, Ministry of Textiles
*1990–91 – Member, Consultative Committee, Ministry of Steel and Mines
*1992–94 – Member, Committee on Petitions
*1993–94 – Member, Committee on Subordinate Legislation
*1996–98 – Elected to Lok Sabha (Eleventh)
*1996–98 – Union Cabinet Minister, Surface Transport

==Social and cultural activities==
*Member, Trust Board for [[Vannia Kula Kshatriya]] Thirumana Mandapam, 1980 onwards;
*donor for a prize to backward class students in Govt. Arts College, Tindivanam, 1980 onwards<ref name="parliamentofindia1"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Venkatraman, T. G.}}
[[Category:India MPs 1996–1997]]
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:2013 deaths]]
[[Category:Annamalai University alumni]]
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:People from Viluppuram district]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Union ministers from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]

National Award for Child Welfare

2026-04-22T08:28:35Z

HesterBrewer: Put Up A Page

{{Short description|Indian civil award}}
{{Unreferenced|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox award
| name = National Award for Child Welfare
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| subheader = Civilian award
| awarded_for = Award given to institutions and individuals for outstanding performance in field of [[child development]] and [[Child welfare|welfare]].
| sponsor = [[Government of India]]
| firstawarded = 1979
| lastawarded = 2016
| reward = {{INRConvert|100000}} (for individuals) {{INRConvert|300000}} (for institutions)
| former name =
| holder_label = Most recent winner
| holder =
| award1_type = Total awarded
| award1_winner =
| award2_type = First winner
| award2_winner =
| award3_type = Last winner
| award3_winner =
| website =
| previous =
| next =
}}
'''National Award for Child Welfare''' is a national award in India. Instituted in 1979, the award is conferred to "institutions and individuals for their outstanding performance in the field of child development and welfare". The award consists of a cash prize of {{INRConvert|100000}} (for individuals) and {{INRConvert|300000}} (for institutions).
{{Portal|India}}
==See also==
*[[Indian honours system]]

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
[[Category:Civil awards and decorations of India]]
[[Category:Awards established in 1979]]

Swatantra Thozhilali Union

2026-04-19T22:46:40Z

HesterBrewer: new a biography

{{short description|Trade union in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox union
| name = STU
| location = India
| affiliations = [[Indian Trade Unions|trade union]]
| num_members =
| full_name = Swatantra Thozhilali Union (STU)
| native_name = സ്വതന്ത്ര തൊഴിലാളി യൂണിയൻ
| logo = Swatantra Thozhilali Union-STU flag.jpg
| caption =
| logo2 =
| caption2 =
| founded = May 5, 1957
| headquarters = [[Kozhikode]]
| key_people =
| parent_organization = [[Indian Union Muslim League]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Swatantra Thozhilali Union,''' also known as ''Swatantra Trade Union'' (STU),<ref name="thehindu">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/stu-workers-behind-attack-on-artist/article7136697.ece|title='STU workers behind attack on artist'|website=The Hindu|date=23 April 2015 |access-date=15 September 2021|last1=Anandan |first1=S. }}</ref> is the oldest [[Indian Trade Unions|trade union]] federation in India. It is associated with the [[Indian Union Muslim League]].<ref name="deccanchronicle">{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/290316/left-trade-unions-tie-up-with-muslim-league.html|website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|title=Left trade unions tie up with Muslim League|date=29 March 2016 |access-date=15 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="indiatimes">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Swathanthra-Thozhilali-Union|title=Swathanthra Thozhilali Union: Latest News, Videos and Photos of Swathanthra Thozhilali Union|website=Times of India|access-date=15 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="thehindu2">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/strike-hits-normal-life-in-kollam/article33188201.ece|title=Strike hits normal life in Kollam|website=The Hindu|date=26 November 2020 |access-date=15 September 2021}}</ref>
==History==
May 5, 1957 - That is when the Kerala State Independent Workers Union State Committee{{Vague|reason=how is STU linked to this committee?|date=August 2025}} was formed. When the organization was born at the office of the Independent Handloom Workers Union in [[Valiyangadi (Kozhikode)|Valiyangadi]], [[Kozhikode]], there was no beating{{clarify|date=September 2021}}. All those present had vowed to undertake a great mission.
The organization was able to provide benefits to all workers and create better working conditions by eliminating labor exploitation.

==Principal mass organizations of STU==
*State Construction Workers Union
*Motor and Engineering Workers Union
*Kerala Agricultural Workers Federation
*State Headload and General Workers Union
*Sewing Workers Union
*Kerala Artists 'Skilled and General Workers' Union
*Independent Fishermen's Union
*Fish Supply Workers Union <ref name="newindianexpress">{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2021/jun/09/sector-caught-between-lockdown-unkind-govts-2313507.html|title=Sector caught between lockdown & unkind govts|website=The New Indian Express|date=9 June 2021 |access-date=15 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="mathrubhumi">{{cite web|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/10-injured-in-clash-at-perambra-market-over-fish-sale-collector-directs-all-to-enter-quarantine-1.4990420|title=10 injured in clash at Perambra market over fish sale; Collector directs all to enter quarantine | Clash at Perambra fish market|website=english.mathrubhumi.com|date=20 August 2020 |access-date=15 September 2021}}</ref>
*Real Estate Workers' Union
*Heritage College Mystery Folk Medicine Federation
*Newspaper Agent and Workers Union
*Anganwadi Workers and Helpers Organization
*Asha Workers Union
*Innovative Marketing and Workers' Union
*National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme Workers Union

== Notable leaders ==
* [[E. T. Mohammed Basheer]] Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha and former Minister of Education, Kerala | Kerala State Secretary of S.T.U
* [[V. K. Ebrahimkunju]] Kerala Minister for Industry and Social Welfare | Kerala State Vice President of S.T.U

==See also==
{{Portal|Organized labour}}
*[[Indian Trade Unions]]
*[[Indian Union Muslim League]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2012/jan/02/cpm-leadership-feigns-ignorance-of-iuml-326012.html|title='CPM leadership feigns ignorance of IUML'|website=The New Indian Express|date=16 May 2012 |access-date=15 September 2021}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/DmZBDQbedKNIpuoXF2rCLM/Kerala-shutdown-today-as-trade-unions-call-24hour-strike.html|website=livemint.com|title=Strike against centre's employment policy shuts down Kerala|date=2 April 2018 |access-date=15 September 2021}}
*{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/trade-unions-agree-to-give-up-nokkukooli/article23033280.ece|title=Trade Unions in Kerala agree to give up 'nokkukooli'|website=The Hindu|date=9 March 2018 |access-date=15 September 2021}}

{{Trade unions in India navbox}}
{{India-trade-union-stub}}

[[Category:Trade unions in India]]
[[Category:Labour movement in India]]

Rekha Bhide

2026-04-13T02:48:08Z

HesterBrewer: adding details.

{{short description|Indian Women's Field Hockey Player (Retired)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Rekha Bhide
| full_name = Rekha Girish Bhide
| image = Rekha Bhide 1.png
| caption = Rekha Bhide ({{née|Mundphan}}) - (Retired) Indian Women's Field Hockey player, Olympian, coach, selector, and sports administrator
| nationality = Indian
| spouse = (late) Girish Bhide (July 1, 1955 — Sep 22, 2019)
| children = 2 sons (Alok, Shomit)
| relatives =
| sport = [[Field hockey]]
| position = Right Half (India), Centre Half & Right Half (Maharashtra, Indian Railways)
| birth_name = Rekha Bhagwantrao Mundphan
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1956|4|13|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Alegaon, Shirur City, Maharashtra state, India
| death_date =
| death_place =
}}

'''Rekha Girish Bhide''' (Rekha Bhagwantrao Mundphan before marriage) (born 13 April 1956) is a former Indian women’s [[field hockey]] player, coach, selector, and sports administrator.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Rekha Girish Bhide |url=https://stick2hockey.com/hockey-player/rekha-girish-bhide/ |access-date=2026-03-04 |website=Stick2Hockey |language=en-US}}</ref> She has played national-level, domestic, and international tournaments since 1969, including the [[1980 Summer Olympics]] in Moscow, where she served as vice-captain of the national team.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-08-20 |title=Injury didn't allow me to be a forward: Bhide |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/hockey/top-stories/injury-didnt-allow-me-to-be-a-forward-bhide/articleshow/15568471.cms |access-date=2026-03-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Following her playing career, she held leadership and administrative roles in Indian hockey at the Maharashtra state and national levels.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title='हॉकी स्टिक'मुळे बदलले आयुष्य' |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/maharashtra/pune-news/former-hockey-captain-rekha-bhide-life-changed-because-of-a-hockey-stick/articleshow/86158881.cms |access-date=2026-03-04 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref>

At the domestic level, she represented [[Indian Railways]] and her home state of [[Maharashtra]] in national field hockey competitions. Her earliest national-level appearance came at the National Women’s Hockey Championship, where she represented Maharashtra as a teenager. She was the youngest member (age 13) of the Maharashtra state team that won the championship in [[Calcutta]] in 1969.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=30 January 1971 |title=Punjab Make Sure of a Place in Final |work=National Herald |pages=XX}}</ref>

Her contributions to sport were first recognized at the Maharashtra state level with the [[Shiv Chhatrapati Award]] (1976-77) and later at the national level with the [[Arjuna Award]] (1979-80).<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Arjuna Award - Hockey India |url=https://www.hockeyindia.org/hall-of-fame/arjuna-award |access-date=2026-03-04 |website=www.hockeyindia.org}}</ref>

The Arjuna Award is widely regarded as the highest honor awarded to sportspersons by the [[Government of India]]. Following her playing career, she served briefly as a coach/manager for Maharashtra in the early 1980s,<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=V |first=A |date=24 January 1987 |title=For a Slice of Hockey |work=Sports Star |pages=XX}}</ref> and later as a national selector for the Indian women’s hockey team.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=2011-06-02 |title=Saba Anjum to lead India in Champions Challenge Hockey |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/hockey/top-stories/saba-anjum-to-lead-india-in-champions-challenge-hockey/articleshow/8694437.cms |access-date=2026-03-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=archive |first=From our online |date=2012-05-16 |title=Anjum to lead women's hockey team in Australia |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/2011/Sep/29/anjum-to-lead-womens-hockey-team-in-australia-295827.html |access-date=2026-03-04 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":6">''“Balbir, Sita retained in Hockey India selection panel.” Rediff.com, 5 January 2011.''</ref>

== Early career development ==
Rekha grew up in a large family in Alegaon near [[Shirur, Maharashtra|Shirur]] and later moved to [[Pune]] for her education. At the school level, she started as an athlete and originally competed as a runner before switching to hockey after she injured her leg in an accident at age 11.<ref name=":0" /> She continued playing hockey through local and school-level competitions. During her early teenage years, she trained consistently while attending school in [[Pashan]] (in Pune), cycling approximately 35 km daily to reach practice sessions.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Pune: Rekha lines up memories from Moscow |url=https://stick2hockey.com/pune-rekha-lines-up-memories-from-moscow/ |access-date=2026-03-04 |website=Stick2Hockey |language=en-US}}</ref>

She subsequently progressed to higher levels of competitive hockey where her previous training in athletics contributed to her development. Throughout her early career growth, she credits her sports teacher Mr. Dean Doctor at her school, St. Joseph's Convent in Pashan, Pune for helping her transition from athletics to hockey after her injury. She also received support from her family and guidance from her Hockey mentor Minoo Golakhari at the Kayani Club, Pune.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNSUNG HERO: Unraveling the magical world of Minoo Golakhari |url=https://stick2hockey.com/26645-2/ |access-date=2026-03-04 |website=Stick2Hockey |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Family ==
Rekha’s late husband, Girish Bhide, supported her transition into administrative and coaching roles following her retirement from competitive field hockey. He came from a sporting background and represented Poona University ([[University of Pune]]) in Inter University games in multiple sports, including [[association football|football]], [[tennis]], and [[basketball]]. For the same, he was awarded a special Gold medal by the university.<ref>{{Cite book |last= |first= |title="Galaxy of the Play Ground: Buckup, Young Friends", edited by Prof. Govind R. Joshi, Artha Vyavahar, Issue XXXI |date= |publisher=Brihan Maharashtra College of Commerce (D. E. Society) |year= |edition=March 1975 |location=Pune |pages=XX}}</ref>

She is a mother to two sons, Alok and Shomit.

Her elder son, Alok, is a former competitive tennis player at the ITF Juniors and ATP pro tours with a highest ranking of world number 1297 in Singles, which he achieved in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alok Bhide Overview |url=https://www.itftennis.com/en/players/alok-bhide/800214697/ind/mt/s/overview/ |access-date=2026-03-04 |website=www.itftennis.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Alok Bhide {{!}} Overview {{!}} ATP Tour {{!}} Tennis |url=http://www.atptour.com/en/players/alok-bhide/b878/overview |access-date=2026-03-04 |website=ATP Tour |language=en}}</ref> He is associated with and directs a tennis coaching company called Capital Sports in Singapore.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Team |url=https://capitalsportssg.com/team/ |access-date=2026-03-04 |website=Capital Sports SG |language=en-US}}</ref>

Her younger son, Shomit, represented Maharashtra at the under-15 and under-17 levels in [[cricket]].<ref name=":7" /> In 2010, he was selected in the Maharashtra Premier Cricket League auction by the Pratapgad Warriors team.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-02-26 |title=Kedar Jadhav prize catch at MPL bid |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/kedar-jadhav-prize-catch-at-mpl-bid/ |access-date=2026-03-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> His playing career was later affected by knee injuries. He is listed as a member of RESQ, a wildlife rescue organization based in Pune.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Know More About Our Journey |url=https://www.resqct.org/about |access-date=2026-03-04 |website=www.resqct.org |language=en-gb}}</ref>

== Playing career ==
Rekha represented India in international women’s field hockey competitions during the 1970s and 1980s.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":7" /> She competed at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8">Team profile page from the official booklet titled "''Indian Women Hockey Team XXII Olympic Moscow 1980"'' issued to the Indian women’s hockey squad for the 1980 Moscow Olympics.</ref> Her international representations and team distinctions include:

* Captain of Indian Women’s hockey team at the Pre-Olympic tournament held in Moscow in 1979<ref name=":9">{{Cite book |title=History of Indian Women’s Hockey Federation |date=3 February 1994 |pages=33}}</ref>
* Vice-captain of the Indian women’s hockey team at the 1980 Summer Olympics<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":10">{{Cite book |title=History of Indian Women’s Hockey Federation |publication-date=3 February 1994 |pages=23}}</ref>
* Member of the Indian squad at the 1st [[Women's FIH Hockey World Cup|Women’s Hockey World Cup]] in [[Cannes|Cannes, France]] (1974)<ref name=":0" />
* Member of the Indian squad at the 2nd Women’s Hockey World Cup in [[Madrid|Madrid, Spain]] (1978)<ref name=":0" />
* Member of the Indian team at the [[Women's IFWHA World Conference|IFWHA Conference]] and Tournament in [[Edinburgh|Edinburgh, Scotland]] (1975)<ref>Team photograph, IFWHA Conference and Tournament, Edinburgh, Scotland, 1975. Credit: Martin Johnston Ltd.</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=7 September 1975 |title=India Unlucky to Lose |work=The Sunday Standard}}</ref>
* Member of the Indian squad that won the [[Begum Aizaz Rasul|Begum Rasool]] International Trophy at [[Chennai|Madras (Chennai)]] in 1975<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 January 1976 |title=India Win Rasool Cup on Goal Average. |work=The Indian Express}}</ref>

She played at the 1974 Women’s Hockey World Cup at age 17.<ref name=":0" /> During that tournament, she was a member of the Indian team that defeated the Netherlands 2–1 and later lost to Argentina.<ref name=":0" />

At the national and domestic-circuit level, she represented Maharashtra and institutional teams including Indian Railways,<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=National Sports Award Winners Of Indian Railways [PDF] |url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/rail_sport_pro/downloads/Awardees.pdf |website=Names of Awardees (on Indian Railways Sports Promotion Board (SPB) website) |page= |at=Row 42}},</ref> and competed in domestic championships beginning in 1969.<ref name=":1" /> During this period, she also:

* Participated in the Indo–[[USSR]] women’s field hockey Test series.<ref name=":10" />
* Received Best Player distinctions at national-level tournaments in 1971, 1973, and 1976.<ref name=":10" />
* Captained the Combined Universities team that finished as joint winners in 1977.<ref name=":10" />

== Administrative and coaching career ==
Following her retirement from competitive hockey, Rekha transitioned into coaching and sports administration.

She was the player-cum-manager of her home state team of Maharashtra at the 40th National Women’s Hockey Championship in [[Thiruvananthapuram|Trivandrum]]; the team did not reach quarter-finals but did beat the [[Tamil Nadu]] state team at the group stage.<ref name=":3" />

After a brief tenure as a hockey coach in the early to mid-1980s, she completed formal training programmes in sports administration and elite coaching conducted by the [[International Olympic Committee]] (IOC) and the [[International Hockey Federation]] (FIH).

This marked the start of her sustained involvement in hockey governance, allowing her to move fully into administrative roles.

Her involvement in sports administration extended to academia and institutional sport, including participation as a Committee Member in sports advisory bodies associated with higher education institutions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MIT-WPU Sports Advisory Board Committee A.Y. 2024-26 |url=https://mitwpu.edu.in/life-wpu/sports/sports-advisory-board |website=MIT World Peace University, Pune}}</ref>

Rekha also served as the manager of the Indian women’s team at the 2012 [[Hockey Junior Asia Cup|Junior Asia Cup]], where the team finished with a silver medal, losing 2–5 to [[China]] in the final.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Jan 24, 2013 |title=Indian eves leave for Bangkok to compete in Jr Asia Cup |url=https://www.business-standard.com/amp/article/pti-stories/indian-eves-leave-for-bangkok-to-compete-in-jr-asia-cup-112062200398_1.html |website=Business-Standard.com}}</ref>

She also held administrative roles in state-level women’s hockey, including serving as the President of Women's Hockey Association of Maharashtra (WHAM)<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 July 2009 |title=खेळाडूंमध्ये गुणवत्ता हवी |work=Lokmat |language=Marathi}}</ref> and Hockey Maharashtra.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |date=2012-07-22 |title=Another win for Arjuna awardee |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/another-win-for-arjuna-awardee/ |access-date=2026-03-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

She also served in national team selection roles, acting as a selector for the Indian women’s hockey team during squad selections for international tournaments and as a member of the [[Hockey India]] National Selection Committee.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" />

She later served as an elected Vice President of Hockey India,<ref name=":1" /> a position that became the subject of legal proceedings during a period of administrative disputes within Indian hockey governance. In 2012, she was involved in a dispute over leadership recognition as President of Hockey Maharashtra, which was reported by independent media. In 2013, she wrote to the then Sports Minister of India alleging she had been subjected to harassment and defamation by Hockey India officials. Subsequently, the [[Bombay High Court]] directed Hockey India to restore her name as Vice President, following challenges to administrative actions taken during that period. These matters are documented in judicial records and contemporaneous media reports.<ref name=":12" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-06-06 |title=Former women's hockey captain alleges harassment |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/hockey/top-stories/former-womens-hockey-captain-alleges-harassment/articleshow/20461203.cms |access-date=2026-03-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Hockey Maharashtra And Others Petitioners v. The State Of Maharashtra And Others S, Bombay High Court, Judgment |url=https://www.casemine.com/judgement/in/58117ec52713e179478b888f |access-date=2026-03-04 |website=casemine.com}}</ref>

She also worked in sports administration roles within various [[Indian Railways Zones and Divisions|Indian Railways zonal offices]].<ref name=":11" /> She retired as Senior Sports Officer for the [[Central Railway zone|Central Railways]] zone from Indian Railways.

In addition to administrative roles, Rekha Bhide has contributed as a hockey expert for live shows and post-match interviews during international tournaments, World Cup events, and Olympic hockey coverage, with appearances in newspapers and on local (Marathi) television channels including Top News Marathi, Zee 24 Taas, and Lokshahi Marathi.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hMW1xsejtt0 |title=TOP 20 NEWS LIVE : टोकियो ऑलिम्पिक : भारताची कामगिरी LIVE |date=2021-08-08 |last= |access-date=2026-03-04 |via=YouTube|type=Video|language=Marathi|publisher=TOP NEWS MARATHI}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gthedbr5DcI |title=Tokyo Olympic 2021 {{!}} Indian Women's Hockey Team {{!}} भारताचा ब्रिटनकडून 4-3 ने परीभव |date=2021-08-06 |last= |access-date=2026-03-04 |via=YouTube|language=Marathi|publisher=Zee 24 Taas|type=Video}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OHI3DMxg2Uw |title=Tokyo Olympic {{!}} Womens Hockey Team {{!}} हम होंगे कामयाब..! यावर विशेष चर्चासत्र |date=2021-08-02 |type=Video |language=Marathi |publisher=Lokshahi Marathi |via=YouTube}}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==
Her contributions to Indian hockey have been recognized through several awards and recognitions, including:

* Arjuna Award (1979–80)<ref name=":2" />
* Shiv Chhatrapati Award<ref name=":12" />
* Citation of Honour as an Ideal Sports Personality by [[MIT World Peace University]] (WPU) at the MIT-WPU Summit (2025)<ref>{{Cite web |title=MIT-WPU SUMMIT '25: A National Celebration of Youth Sports Excellence |url=https://mitwpu.edu.in/events/mit-wpu-summit25-a-national-celebration-of-youth-sports-excellence |website=MIT World Peace University, Pune}}</ref>
* The Most Elegant Player award in the 1979 pre-Olympics tournament in Moscow as the captain of the Indian team<ref name=":9" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=8 September 1979 |title=Photograph of Rekha Bhide receiving a trophy, with caption text |work=The Sports Star |pages=28}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{sports links}}

{{India FHW Squad 1980 Summer Olympics}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhide, Rekha}}
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women's field hockey players]]
[[Category:Olympic field hockey players for India]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 1980 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]

Ananth Nag (Tamil actor)

2026-04-04T05:28:15Z

HesterBrewer: put up a stub

{{Short description|Indian film actor}}
{{distinguish|Anant Nag}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ananth Nag
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption = Still from Neram
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| occupation = Actor
| othername =
| yearsactive = 2013-present
| spouse = Urshila Raj
| parents =
}}

'''Ananth Nag''' is an Indian actor, who has appeared in Tamil film industry. After making his acting debut in the Tamil version of [[Alphonse Putharen]]'s ''[[Neram]]'' (2013), he has gone on to act in films including ''[[Amara Kaaviyam]]'' (2014), ''[[Premam]]'' (2015) and ''[[Vetrivel]]'' (2016).

==Career==
Ananth worked as an assistant cinematographer for films and short films and met director [[Alphonse Putharen]] through his work. He subsequently went on to feature in a cameo role in Putharen's first film ''[[Neram]]'' (2013) as well as a series of short films titled ''Enna Solla Pogirai'', ''Enna Solla Varenna'' and ''Jai Jakkama'', where Ananth starred as a protagonist.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/premam-actors-next-in-kollywood.html|title=Premam actor's next in Kollywood|work=behindwoods.com|date=27 January 2016|accessdate=1 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/A-simple-yet-powerful-wedding/articleshow/48641718.cms|title=A 'simple' yet 'powerful' wedding |work=The Times of India|accessdate=1 July 2016|last1=Soman |first1=Deepa }}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet |author=Priya Sreekumar|user= AnanthNag|number=620960451837296642|date=14 July 2015 |title=Ananth turns actor by accident |script-title= |trans-title= |retweet= |link= }}</ref> Ananth then portrayed the antagonist in ''[[Amara Kaaviyam]]'' (2014), appearing as a school boy who vies for the attention of his friend's lover. Putharen cast him in ''[[Premam]]'' (2015) as Arivazhagan, the cousin of [[Sai Pallavi]]'s character, while he was later seen as [[M. Sasikumar|Sasikumar]]'s brother in ''[[Vetrivel]]'' (2016).<ref>{{Cite news |title=Vetrivel a Tale of Two Brothers|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2016/Apr/19/vetrivel-a-tale-of-two-brothers-926004.html |access-date=2016-04-19 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/neram-gem-of-tamil-cinema-tamil-movie-review-113051800202_1.html|title='Neram' - gem of Tamil cinema (Tamil Movie Review)|last=IANS|work=Business Standard|date=18 May 2013|accessdate=1 July 2016}}</ref>

He made his lead debut with ''[[July Kaatril]]'' (2019).<ref>{{Cite news |title=Anant Nag is July Kaatril's hero|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/010818/anant-nag-is-july-kaatrils-hero.html |access-date=2018-07-31 |work=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Ananth Nag to debut as hero with July Kaatre|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/Jul/31/ananth-nag-to-debut-as-hero-with-july-kaatre-1851326.html |access-date=2018-08-01 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> He then starred in films such as ''[[Thiruvalar Panjangam]]'' (2020), ''[[Maara]]'' (2021) and ''[[Thalaikkavasamum 4 Nanbargalum]]'' (2023).<ref>{{Cite news|title=Thiruvalar Panchankam |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-details/thiruvalar-panchankam/movieshow/79642205.cms |access-date=2020-12-11 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Maara Movie Review: Lovingly crafted but somewhat underwhelming remake |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/maara/movie-review/80159468.cms |access-date=2021-01-08 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Thalaikkavasamum 4 Nanbargalum trailer out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/Mar/28/thalaikkavasamum-4-nanbargalum-trailer-out-41615.html |access-date=2023-03-28 |work=Cinema Express}}</ref> He was seen in [[Sundar C]]'s ''[[Coffee with Kadhal]]'' (2022) and Jai Amar Singh's ''[[College Road (film)|College Road]]'' (2022). He was acted in lead role in suspense thriller ''Aathmika'' (2023).<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ananth Nag and Aishwarya in a suspense thriller |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ananth-nag-and-aishwarya-in-a-suspense-thriller/articleshow/88182601.cms |access-date=2021-12-09 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> He has appeared in thriller films such as ''[[Athomugam]]'' (2024), ''[[Siragan (film)|Siragan]]'' (2024) and ''Light House'' (2024). He was cast with [[Rajinikanth]] in ''[[Vettaiyan]]'' (2024).

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:#f5f5f5;"
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
! Year
! Film
! Role
!class=unsortable| Notes
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Neram]]'' || Manickam || Tamil version only
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Amara Kaaviyam]]'' || Balaji ||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Premam]]'' || Arivazhagan || Malayalam film
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Vetrivel]]'' || Saravana ||
|-
| 2019 || ''[[July Kaatril]]'' || Rajeev ||
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Thiruvalar Panjangam]]'' || Karthik ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2021 || ''[[Maara]]'' || Bala ||
|-
| ''Oru Kudaikul'' || [[Ayya Vaikundar]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2022 || ''[[Coffee with Kadhal]]'' || Aravindh ||
|-
| ''[[College Road (film)|College Road]]'' || Arul ||
|-
| rowspan="5"|2023 || ''[[Thalaikkavasamum 4 Nanbargalum]]'' || Anbu ||
|-
| ''[[Regina (2023 film)|Regina]]'' || Jo ||
|-
| ''[[Thudikkum Karangal (2023 film)|Thudikkum Karangal]]'' || Sameer ||
|-
| ''[[800 (film)|800]]'' || Cricket Player ||
|-
| ''Aathmika'' || Karthi ||
|-
| rowspan="4"| 2024 || ''[[Athomugam]]'' || Paul ||
|-
| ''[[Siragan (film)|Siragan]]'' || Mr. X ||
|-
| ''Light House'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Vettaiyan]]'' || ASP Ram ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2025 ||''[[Xtreme (2025 film)|Xtreme]]'' || Jeeva ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=தினத்தந்தி |date=2024-12-31 |title=Bigg Boss Rachitha 'xtreme' movie release date announced {{!}} பிக்பாஸ் ரச்சிதா நடித்துள்ள'எக்ஸ்ட்ரீம்' படத்தின் ரிலீஸ் தேதி அறிவிப்பு |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/bigg-boss-rachitha-xtreme-movie-release-date-announced-1137381 |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=www.dailythanthi.com |language=ta}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Trauma (2025 film)|Trauma]]'' || Raghu ||
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2026 || ''Granny'' || Vishnu ||
|-
| ''Arivaan'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kaalidas 2]]'' || Gokul ||
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links ==
*{{IMDb name|7898729}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nag, Ananth}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Tamil male actors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]

Balaram Moondh

2026-04-04T03:38:11Z

HesterBrewer: put up new details

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Bala Ram Choudhary
| image =Balaram Moondh 2023.jpg
| caption= Balaram Moond in 2023
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1957|12|1|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| office =
| constituency = [[Baytoo (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Baytoo]]
| term =
| predecessor =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| parents =
| native_name=
}}

'''Bala Ram Choudhary''' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Elections affidavit |url=https://acrobat.adobe.com/id/urn:aaid:sc:AP:9229a34c-ea0e-41de-9256-177ff607a587 |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=acrobat.adobe.com}}</ref> also known as '''Balaram Moondh''' is an Indian politician who contested the 2023 [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|Rajasthan Assembly elections]] from the [[Baytoo|Baytu constituency]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-09 |title= बायतु से भाजपा की सूची में बालाराम मूढ़|url=https://www.patrika.com/barmer-news/balaram-mudh-in-bjp-s-list-from-baytu-8527050 |access-date=2024-06-24 |language=hi}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |website=[[Election Commission of India]]|title= Election-Oct-Dec-2023 AC-General Rajasthan Baytoo Candidate Details|url=https://affidavit.eci.gov.in/CandidateCustomFilter?_token=bHGdW7E9FiESDFrK1ozewvaqbV0tGjdBEm14YPdc&electionType=22-AC-GENERAL-3-43&election=22-AC-GENERAL-3-43&states=S20&constId=136&page=2|access-date=2024-07-15 |language=en}}</ref> He represents the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP).<ref>{{cite web |website=myneta|title=Rajasthan 2023|url=https://www.myneta.info/Rajasthan2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=160|access-date=2024-07-15 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |website= Office of The Chief Electoral Officer, Rajasthan|title=Form21E|url=https://election.rajasthan.gov.in/State_Assembly_Election_2023/ElectionResults/Form21E/Form21E-136.pdf|date=2023-12-03|access-date=2024-07-26 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Balaram Moondh, BJP Candidate from Baytoo Assembly Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey, Winning or Losing - News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/rajasthan/balaram-moondh-assembly-candidate-s20aed2008a136e2023c002/ |access-date=2024-08-11 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Moodh, Bala Ram}}
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Barmer district]]
[[Category:Rajasthani people]]
[[Category:People from Barmer, Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Rajasthan]]

{{Rajasthan-BJP-politician-stub}}

== External links ==

* {{Official website|https://balarammoodh.in/}}
*''[https://www.facebook.com/BaytuBalaRam Balaram Moondh on Facebook]'' - ''Official Facebook Account''

* ''[https://x.com/BaytuBalaRam Balaram Moondh on X]'' - ''Official [[Twitter]] Account''

Babaji Kale

2026-04-04T03:36:18Z

HesterBrewer: put up a entry

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}

'''Babaji Ramchandra Kale''' (born 1970)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Babaji Ramchandra Kale (Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)):Constituency- Khed Alandi (Pune) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/Maharashtra2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=3181 |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Maharashtra]]. He is a member of the [[15th Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|15th]] [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] from [[Khed Alandi Assembly constituency]] in [[Pune district|Pune District]]. He won the [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Shiv Sena (UBT)]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-23 |title=Khed Alandi (Maharashtra) Assembly Election Results 2024 Live: Winner, Runner-up, Candidates List |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/khed-alandi-maharashtra-assembly-election-results-2024-live-winner-runner-up-candidates-9684923/ |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Live: Khed Alandi Election Results 2024 {{!}} Maharashtra Election Results {{!}} Elections 2024 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/maharashtra-assembly-election-results-2024/khed-alandi |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=NDTV |language=en}}</ref>
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Babaji Ramchandra Kale
| office = Member of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly
| native_name_lang = Marathi
| native_name = बाबाजी रामचंद्र काळे
| assembly = Maharashtra Legislative Assembly
| term_start = 8 December 2024
| speaker_office = [[Rahul Narwekar]]
| predecessor = [[Dilip Mohite|Dilip Mohite]]
| governor = [[Acharya Devvrat]]
| constituency = [[Khed Alandi|Khed Alandi Assembly constituency]]
| birth_date = July 1, 1970
| parents = Ramchandra Dondiba Kale
}}

== Early life and education ==
Kale is from Padali village of [[Khed taluka|Khed (Rajgurunagar)]] taluka in Pune District, Maharashtra.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}} He is the son of Ramchandra Dhondiba Kale. He completed his [[Bachelor of Engineering]] in Civil in 1992 at [[Pune]].<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Kale was a Civil Contractor. He was previously Member of Zilla Parishad, Pune from Sandbhor-Kalus Ward.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Babaji Ramchandra Kale(Shivsena):Constituency- SANDBHORWADI -KALUS (ZP PUNE) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/maharashtrazilaparishad2017/candidate.php?candidate_id=162535 |access-date=2024-12-04 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

Kale won from Khed Alandi Assembly constituency representing the Shiv Sena (UBT) Party in the 2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election. He polled 150,152 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[Dilip Mohite|Dilip Dattatray Mohite]] of the [[Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar|Nationalist Congress Party (SP)]], by a margin of 51,743 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-23 |title=Khed Alandi, Maharashtra Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: SHS (UBT)'s Babaji Ramchandra Kale with 150152 defeats NCP's Dilip Dattatray Mohite |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/khed-alandi-maharashtra-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-maelb-2638323-2024-11-23 |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Khed Alandi Election Result 2024 LIVE: Babaji Ramchandra Kale of SSUBT Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/khed-alandi-election-result-2024-live-leading-winner-mla-9130144.html |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Khed Alandi Constituency Election Results 2024: Khed Alandi Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/maharashtra/constituency-show/khed-alandi |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> The constituency also saw 13 other candidates including VBA’s Ravindra Rahul Randhave and Aniket Murlidhar Gore of the [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] in the fray.<ref name="Maharashtra Assembly election results 2024 {{!}} Who won in Pune?2">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |first1=Sruthi |date=23 November 2024 |title=Maharashtra Assembly election results 2024 {{!}} Who won in Pune? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/maharashtra-assembly/maharashtra-assembly-election-results-2024-who-won-in-pune/article68901246.ece |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124060803/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/maharashtra-assembly/maharashtra-assembly-election-results-2024-who-won-in-pune/article68901246.ece |archivedate=24 November 2024 |accessdate=12 December 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kale, Babaji}}

[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Shiv Sena (UBT) politicians]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:People from Pune district]]

Anand Mishra

2026-04-04T03:10:27Z

HesterBrewer: put up data

{{Short description|Indian politician and law enforcement officer (born 1981)}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Anand Mishra
| office = Member of the Bihar Legislative Assembly
| constituency = [[Buxar Assembly constituency|Buxar]]
| predecessor = [[Sanjay Kumar Tiwari]]
| term_start = 2025
| office2 = Indian Police Service (IPS)
| term_start2 = 2011
| term_end2 = 2024<ref name="AnandMishraNDTV" />
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| profession = Politician; former IPS officer
| image = File:Anand Mishra.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1981|06|01}}
| birth_name = Anand Mishra
| birth_place = Prasaunda Village, Shahpur Block, Bhojpur District, [[Bihar]], India
| parents = Param Hans Mishra (father) 
Lt. Shanti Mishra (mother)
| website = https://www.anandmishra.co/
}}

'''Anand Mishra''' (born 1 June 1981) is an Indian politician and former Indian Police Service (IPS) officer.<ref name="AnandMishraNDTV">{{cite news |title=Anand Mishra wins 2025 Bihar Assembly polls from Buxar |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/anand-mishra-ex-ips-officer-who-fought-in-assam-meghalaya-wins-2025-bihar-assembly-polls-from-buxar-9644330 |newspaper=NDTV |date=2025-11-16 |access-date=2025-11-16}}</ref> He was elected to the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Buxar Assembly constituency]] in the 2025 election as a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP).<ref name="TOIResult">{{cite news |title=Only 1 of 5 IPS officers tastes victory in Bihar polls, Anand Mishra lone winner |work=Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/bihar-polls-result-only-1-of-5-ips-officers-tastes-victory-anand-mishra-lone-winner/articleshow/125340422.cms |access-date=16 Nov 2025}}</ref>

Mishra is a 2011-batch IPS officer of the Assam–Meghalaya cadre and served as Superintendent of Police in several districts in Assam.<ref name="Outlook">{{cite news |title=Anand Mishra: Former IPS Officer And BJP’s New Face From Buxar |work=Outlook India |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/elections/anand-mishra-former-ips-officer-and-bjps-new-face-from-buxar |access-date=16 Nov 2025}}</ref> He resigned from service in January 2024 to enter politics.<ref name="Outlook"/>

Before joining the BJP in August 2025,<ref name="TOIJoin">{{cite news |title=Ex-IPS officer Anand Mishra, former minister Nagmani join BJP |work=Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/ex-ips-officer-anand-mishra-former-minister-nagmani-join-bjp/articleshow/123388479.cms |access-date=16 Nov 2025}}</ref> he contested the 2024 [[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha election]] from Buxar as an independent candidate.<ref name="TOIIndependent">{{cite news |title=Denied BJP ticket, IPS officer Anand Mishra contests as independent |work=Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/denied-ticket-from-bjp-ips-officer-anand-mishra-contests-as-an-independent-candidate-from-buxar/articleshow/110358883.cms |access-date=16 Nov 2025}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Mr. Mishra was born to Shri Param Hans Mishra<ref name="AnandMishraHT">{{Cite web|title=BJP’s Anand Mishra leading, INC and BSP candidates trailing behind in Buxar|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bjps-anand-mishra-leading-inc-and-bsp-candidates-trailing-behind-in-buxar-101762868983480.html|website=Hindustan Times|date=2025-11-14|access-date=2025-11-29|language=en}}</ref> and Lt. Shanti Mishra.<ref name="AnandMishraAT">{{Cite web |date=2025-11-16 |title=Anand Mishra Biography: Inspiring Journey From IPS Officer To Buxar MLA, Life, Career, Net Worth |url=https://assamtoday.in/anand-mishra-biography/ |access-date=2025-11-29 |website=Assam Today |language=en-US}}</ref> His ancestral family hails from Village Jigna, [[Itarhi, Buxar|Itarhi]], Buxar, Bihar.<ref name="AnandMishraAT" />

Anand's father, an engineer, worked with [[Hindustan Motors]] Company near Kolkata,<ref name="AnandMishraNDTV" /><ref name="AnandMishraMonC">{{Cite news|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/meet-two-singhams-ex-ips-officers-shivdeep-lande-anand-mishra-contesting-bihar-assembly-election-2025-13643463.html|title=Anand Mishra contesting Bihar Assembly Election 2025|access-date=2025-11-29|work=moneycontrol}}</ref> which shaped his early years in [[Hooghly district]] of [[West Bengal]]. He completed his matriculation from Hind Motor Education Centre and his higher secondary studies in humanities from Hind Motor High School.<ref name="AnandMishraAT" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Anand Mishra: Age, Biography, Education, Wife, Caste, Net Worth & More - Oneindia|url=https://www.oneindia.com/politicians/anand-mishra-77290.html|website=www.oneindia.com|access-date=2025-11-29|language=en|last=Rashmi}}</ref> He later pursued Political Science (Hons.) from [[St. Xavier's College, Kolkata]], followed by a [[Master's degree]] in Police Management from [[Osmania University]], Hyderabad.<ref name="AnandMishraNDTV" /><ref name="AnandMishraMonC" />

Alongside academics, he built diverse interests: he is a Black Belt in martial arts,<ref name="AnandMishraNDTV" /> a skilled guitarist,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-29 |title=कौन हैं IPS अफसर आनंद मिश्रा जिन्होंने बक्सर से लोकसभा चुनाव लड़ने के लिए छोड़ दी पुलिस की नौकरी |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/story-know-anand-mishra-ips-who-resigned-police-service-to-contest-lok-sabha-election-on-buxar-seat-in-bihar-9130554.html?utm_source=microsoft-livehindustan |access-date=2025-12-26 |website=www.livehindustan.com |language=hi}}</ref> and a passionate biker.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Biker-ex-cop Anand Mishra is BJP's bet to reclaim Buxar seat|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/biker-ex-cop-anand-mishra-is-bjps-bet-to-reclaim-buxar-seat/articleshow/124674271.cms?from=mdr|work=The Economic Times|date=2025-10-18|access-date=2025-11-29|issn=0013-0389|first=Sanjay|last=Singh}}</ref>

== Police Service ==
Mr. Mishra qualified in the UPSC Civil Services Examination (2010), and joined the IPS (2011 batch).<ref name="HAP1">{{Cite web |date=1 December 2018 |title=Indian Police Services Civil list of Assam & Meghalaya Segment as on 01-12-2018 |url=https://homeandpolitical.assam.gov.in/sites/default/files/swf_utility_folder/departments/hp_assam_webcomindia_org_oid_3/menu/document/CIVIL%20LIST%20OF%20IPS%20officer%20Assam%20%26%20Meghlaya%20Segment%20December.pdf |website=}}</ref><ref name="AMNDTV2">{{Cite news |title=Ex-IPS Officer, Who Switched To BJP From Prashant Kishor Camp, Wins Bihar Polls |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/anand-mishra-ex-ips-officer-who-fought-in-assam-meghalaya-wins-2025-bihar-assembly-polls-from-buxar-9644330 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251217221111/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/anand-mishra-ex-ips-officer-who-fought-in-assam-meghalaya-wins-2025-bihar-assembly-polls-from-buxar-9644330 |archive-date=2025-12-17 |access-date=2025-12-26 |work=NDTV |language=en}}</ref> His first posting was with the Meghalaya Police, where he served in multiple roles: ASP [[Shillong]], ASP Tura, SDPO Dadenggre,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-15 |title=Govt effects major reshuffle in Police dept |url=https://theshillongtimes.com/2016/01/15/govt-effects-major-reshuffle-in-police-dept/ |access-date=2025-12-26 |website=The Shillong Times |language=en-US}}</ref> Addl. SP [[Jowai]], Addl. SP [[Williamnagar]], and SP [[Baghmara, Meghalaya|Baghmara]].<ref name="AMHubNews1">{{Cite web |last=Network |first=Hub |date=2023-12-27 |title=Garo Hills SP who took on GNLA to change khaki for Kurta (read saffron) |url=https://hubnetwork.in/garo-hills-sp-who-took-on-gnla-to-change-khaki-for-kurta-read-saffron/ |access-date=2025-12-26 |website=Hub News |language=en-US}}</ref>

He played a crucial role in leading Operation Hill Storm I & II, which were instrumental in dismantling insurgency in the Garo Hills region.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-28 |title=Ex-M’laya cop resigns from IPS |url=https://theshillongtimes.com/2023/12/28/ex-mlaya-cop-resigns-from-ips/ |access-date=2025-12-26 |website=The Shillong Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="AMGWP1">{{Cite web |title=Former Assam SP Anand Mishra Wins from Buxxar in Bihar Assembly Elections |url=https://www.guwahatiplus.com/assam/former-assam-sp-anand-mishra-wins-from-buxxar-in-bihar-assembly-elections |access-date=2025-12-26 |website=www.guwahatiplus.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name="AMHubNews1" /> In 2017, he was transferred to the Assam Police,<ref name="HAP1" /> where he held key assignments: SP, Bureau of Investigation (Economic Offences),<ref name="AMGWP1" /> SP, Vigilance & Anti-Corruption Bureau (ACB),<ref name="HAP1" /> AIGP (Sports), Assam Police HQ, Guwahati,<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2022-10-31 |title=IPS Anand Mishra appointed as AIGP(Sports) |url=https://pragnews.com/en/ips-anand-mishra-appointed-as-aigpsports |access-date=2025-12-26 |website=pragnews.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-26 |title=IPS Anand Mishra to soon join Bihar cadre |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/assam/story/ips-anand-mishra-soon-join-bihar-cadre-451459-2022-09-26 |access-date=2025-12-26 |website=India Today NE |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-22 |title=Anand Mishra appointed as Assistant Inspector General of Police (Sports) in Guwahati |url=https://en.mynewsne.com/anand-mishra-appointed-as-assistant-inspector-general-of-police-sports/ |access-date=2025-12-26 |website=MyNewsNE English |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 March 2022 |title=Orders by the Governor - Posting of Assistant Inspector General of Police (Sports) |url=https://homeandpolitical.assam.gov.in/sites/default/files/swf_utility_folder/departments/hp_assam_webcomindia_org_oid_3/menu/document/hma._24.2012.226_transfer_and_posting_of_shri_anand_mishra_ips.pdf |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240930194052/https://homeandpolitical.assam.gov.in/sites/default/files/swf_utility_folder/departments/hp_assam_webcomindia_org_oid_3/menu/document/hma._24.2012.226_transfer_and_posting_of_shri_anand_mishra_ips.pdf |archive-date=2024-09-30 |access-date=2025-12-26 |website=homeandpolitical.assam.gov.in}}</ref> and SP of multiple districts including [[Charaideo district|Charaideo]], [[Dhubri]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 2022 |title=Orders by the Governor - Transfer orders of Anand Mishra |url=https://homeandpolitical.assam.gov.in/sites/default/files/swf_utility_folder/departments/hp_assam_webcomindia_org_oid_3/menu/document/sp_transfer_and_posting.pdf |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240617190710/https://homeandpolitical.assam.gov.in/sites/default/files/swf_utility_folder/departments/hp_assam_webcomindia_org_oid_3/menu/document/sp_transfer_and_posting.pdf |archive-date=2024-06-17 |access-date=2025-12-26 |website=homeandpolitical.assam.gov.in}}</ref> [[Nagaon]], and [[Lakhimpur district|Lakhimpur]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Network |first=Hub |date=2025-11-15 |title=Assam–Meghalaya IPS officer Anand Mishra wins Buxar seat in Bihar |url=https://hubnetwork.in/assam-meghalaya-ips-officer-anand-mishra-wins-buxar-seat-in-bihar/ |access-date=2025-12-26 |website=Hub News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="AMTN1">{{Cite web |date=2023-12-28 |title=Assam Police Officer, Called 'Singham' On Social Media, Resigns |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/assam-police-officer-anand-mishra-called-singham-on-social-media-resigns-article-106333834 |access-date=2025-12-26 |website=www.timesnownews.com |language=en}}</ref>

He earned a reputation as a specialist in counter-insurgency operations, anti-corruption drives, anti-mafia measures and anti-narcotics operations.<ref name="AMNDTV2" /> He became popular on [[social media]] due to his people-centric, no-nonsense policing initiatives, which earned him the title of 'Singham',<ref name="AMTN1" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-29 |title=Assam’s ‘Singham’ cop resigns in order to pursue social service |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/ips-officer-anand-mishra-resigns-to-pursue-freedom-and-independence-news-article/articleshow/106364709.cms |access-date=2025-12-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name="AMNDTV3">{{Cite news |title=Assam Police Officer Anand Mishra, Popular On Social Media, Resigns |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/assam-police-officer-anand-mishra-popular-on-social-media-resigns-4754064 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250327145705/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/assam-police-officer-anand-mishra-popular-on-social-media-resigns-4754064 |archive-date=2025-03-27 |access-date=2025-12-26 |work=NDTV |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-28 |title=Ex-M’laya cop resigns from IPS |url=https://theshillongtimes.com/2023/12/28/ex-mlaya-cop-resigns-from-ips/ |access-date=2025-12-26 |website=The Shillong Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="AMHubNews1" /> a term referencing the super cop character in [[Bollywood]]. Anand Mishra's work earned him widespread respect and numerous honors.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-16 |title=Dhubri cries as district SP Anand Mishra transferred; urges Assam CM to cancel the transfer |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/assam/story/dhubri-people-cry-district-sp-anand-mishra-transferred-415191-2021-05-16 |access-date=2025-12-26 |website=India Today NE |language=hi}}</ref>

While serving as SSP, Lakhimpur (Assam),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Digital Desk |first=Northeast Live |date=2023-12-27 |title=Assam: Lakhimpur SP, IPS Anand Mishra resigns from his service |url=https://northeastlivetv.com/topnews/assam-lakhimpur-sp-ips-anand-mishra-resigns-from-his-service/ |access-date=2025-12-26 |website=Northeast Live |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=NEWS |first=NE NOW |date=2023-12-26 |title=Assam: Lakhimpur SP Anand Mishra resigns from Indian Police Service |url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/assam/assam-lakhimpur-sp-anand-mishra-resigns-from-indian-police-service.html |access-date=2025-12-26 |website=NorthEast Now |language=en-US}}</ref> Mr. Mishra resigned in Jan ’24 from the IPS to go back to Bihar to pursue a larger mission of political and social transformation.<ref name = "AMNDTV3" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-28 |title=IPS Anand Mishra tenders resignation |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ips-anand-mishra-tenders-resignation/articleshow/106352024.cms |access-date=2025-12-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==
His exceptional service has been recognized with several prestigious awards including the Police Medal for Gallantry (President's Medal),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Police Medal for Gallantry {{!}} Official Website of Meghalaya Police, Government of Meghalaya, India |url=https://megpolice.gov.in/police-medal-gallantry |access-date=2025-11-22 |website=megpolice.gov.in}}</ref> Chief Minister's Medal for Outstanding Services (Government of Assam),<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2020-08-14 |title=35 personnel to get Chief Minister's Police Medal award |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/cities/guwahati-city/35-personnel-to-get-chief-ministers-police-medal-award-495309 |access-date=2025-11-22 |website=The Sentinel - of this Land, for its People |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Awardees of CM's Police Medal for Outstanding Service |url=https://police.assam.gov.in/sites/default/files/swf_utility_folder/departments/assampolice_webcomindia_org_oid_8/this_comm/cm_medal.pdf |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20210501165915/https://police.assam.gov.in/sites/default/files/swf_utility_folder/departments/assampolice_webcomindia_org_oid_8/this_comm/cm_medal.pdf |archive-date=2021-05-01 |access-date=2025-11-25 |website=police.assam.gov.in}}</ref> Police Antarik Suraksha Seva Padak (MHA, GOI),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Police Antrik Suraksha Seva Padak for North East (NE) Region for the year 2020 |url=https://police.assam.gov.in/sites/default/files/swf_utility_folder/departments/assampolice_webcomindia_org_oid_8/this_comm/antrik_suraksha-seva_padak-2020.pdf |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240727073946/https://police.assam.gov.in/sites/default/files/swf_utility_folder/departments/assampolice_webcomindia_org_oid_8/this_comm/antrik_suraksha-seva_padak-2020.pdf |archive-date=2024-07-27 |access-date=2025-11-25 |website=police.assam.gov.in}}</ref> Special Duty Medal (NE) (MHA, GOI),<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-30 |title=Anand Mishra: Former IPS Officer And BJP’s New Face From Buxar |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/elections/anand-mishra-former-ips-officer-and-bjps-new-face-from-buxar |access-date=2025-11-22 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref> and multiple commendations from Directors General of Police of Meghalaya and Assam. He was also featured among the Top 50 Police Officers in India by Fame magazine.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=A salute to 50 Most Popular District Police Chiefs of India |url=https://thefameindia.com/most-popular-ssp-2021 |access-date=2025-11-22 |website=FameIndia |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mishra, Anand}}
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2025–2030]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:People from Buxar district]]
[[Category:Indian Police Service officers]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Tarpana

2026-04-02T22:46:52Z

HesterBrewer: new a entry

{{short description|Offering in Vedic practice}}
{{multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=October 2021}}
{{more footnotes|date=July 2023}}
}}
[[File:Tarpan - Jagannath Ghat - Kolkata 2012-10-15 0622.JPG|thumb|The ''Tarpan'' (Offering holy water to the manes) is being done at the Jagannath Ghat, [[Kolkata]], at end of the Pitru Paksha.|alt= Tarpan is being done at the Jagannath Ghat, Kolkata.]]
'''''Tarpana''''' or '''{{IAST|Tarpaṇa}}''' ({{langx|sa|तर्पण}}, {{langx|bn|তর্পণ}}, {{langx|kn|ತರ್ಪಣ}}, {{langx|ta|தர்ப்பணம்}}) is a term in the [[Hinduism|Vedic practice]] that refers to an offering made to divine entities. It refers to the act of offering as well as the substance used in the offering.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/tarpana|title=Tarpaṇa | Encyclopedia.com|website=encyclopedia.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803102142197;jsessionid=F1CEF998E171D4DA420E687D2AFA209C | title=Tarpaṇa }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780198610250.001.0001/acref-9780198610250-e-2447 | isbn=978-0-19-861025-0 | title=A Dictionary of Hinduism | chapter=Tarpaṇa | date=January 2009 | publisher=Oxford University Press }}</ref> ''Tilatarpana'' ({{lang|sa|तिलतर्पण}}, {{lang|bn|তিলতর্পণ}}, {{lang|kn|ತಿಲತರ್ಪಣ}}, {{lang|ta|திலதர்பணம்}}) is a specific form of ''tarpana'' involving [[libation]]s offered to the ''[[pitri]]'' (deceased ancestors) using water and sesame seeds during ''[[Pitru Paksha]]'' or as a death rite.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Hindu devotee performs "Tarpan"|publisher=Hindustan Times|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/photos-news/Photos-India/Mahalaya2010/Article4-609581.aspx|date=Oct 2010|access-date=2013-09-30|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215091147/http://www.hindustantimes.com/photos-news/Photos-India/Mahalaya2010/Article4-609581.aspx|archive-date=2014-12-15}}</ref>

[[File:Kosha Kushi (Double Spoon).jpg|thumb|''Kosha Kushi'' ({{langx|bn|কোশা-কুশী}}; {{lit|Double Spoon}}) is used for puja. This Kosha Kushi is made of pure copper. Kosha Kushi is used for offering holy water to God and Goddess and also used for shradh tarpan puja. Kosha Kushi is an important ritual item used in the Tantric worship of the Divine Mother.]]
''Tarpana'' is a form of ''arghya'' (an offering). It is offered to all [[Deva (Hinduism)|devas]] as well as the [[Navagraha]]s whenever [[mantra|mulamantra]] is recited as [[japa]]. The ritual uses hand positions (tirthas) to direct the flow of water to gods, sages, or ancestors.

== Instances of welcome ''tarpana'' ==
For ''[[devi]]s'':
* for [[Lakshmi]], “{{lang|sa|आर्द्रां ज्वलंतीम् तृप्ताम् तर्पयन्तीम्}}” {{Transliteration|sa|Ārdrāṁ jvalantīm tr̥ptām tarpayantīm}} ([[Śrī Sūkta]] 4), "One who is satisfied and who satisfies those who offer Her Tarpana"{{citation needed|date=April 2015}}
* for [[Tripura Sundari]], “{{lang|sa|बिंदु तर्पण संतुष्टाम् पूर्वजा त्रिपुराम्बिका}}” {{Transliteration|sa|bindu tarpaṇa santuṣṭām pūrvajā tripurāmbikā}} (''[[Lalita Sahasranama]]'' 178, 974), "One who is satisfied by just a single drop of Tarpana"{{citation needed|date=April 2015}}

[[Cow's milk]] (raw, unheated, and unpasteurized), [[water]], [[sugar]], [[saffron]], [[cardamom]], [[Borneo camphor|borneo-camphor]], etc. are mixed and used as the offering.

One ''tarpana'' (or ''arghya'') is offered for the recitation of every ten ''mulamantra''s and one for part thereof.

{{Hinduism}}

== ''Tilatarpana'' ==
''Tilatarpana'' is the ''tarpana'' (or ''arghya'') offered to ''[[pitrs]]'' (departed ancestors) by male descendants who do not have a living father. This is offered at the first annual ''[[Śrāddha|shraddha]]'' (death anniversary) and during subsequent annual shraddhas, ''[[amavasya]]s'' (new moon days), ''sankramana''s (solar ingresses), eclipses, and during visits to selected holy places of pilgrimage.

=== Offering ''tilatarpana'' ===
* Black ''tila'' (gingelly) seeds, used along with water as the offering.
* The ''[[yagnopavita]]'' (sacred thread) is to be worn in the opposing position (i.e., on the right shoulder, which is termed as {{IAST|prāchīnāvīti}}, {{lang|sa|प्राचीनावीति}} or ''apsabhya'' in Sanskrit).
* A ''pavitra'' (ring) made of ''[[Kusha grass|kusha]]'' grass should be worn on the ring finger of the right hand and ''kusha'' grasses in left fingers horizontally called ''tekusha''.

== Posture of hand ==
The hand while offering ''tarpana'' varies for offerings made to ''devas'' (Gods, Goddesses and Navagrahas), ''rishis'' (sages) and ''pitrus'' (departed ancestors).
:(a) For ''[[Deva (Hinduism)|devas]]'', the offering is made to flow over the eight fingers of both hands adjoined together other than the thumb known as ''dev tirtha''
:(b) For ''[[rishi]]s'', the offering is made to flow between both palms adjoined, the tarpan dripping between both palms known as ''rishi tirtha''
:(c) For ''[[Pitrs|pitrus]]'', the offering is made to flow over the left side of the left palm and the thumb of the left hand known as ''pitru tirtha,'' the ''janeu'' or ''yagnopavita'' resting on right shoulder falling to left side on the hip. This is known as ''upsavya'' as the ''[[yajnopavita|yagnopavita]]'' is resting on the left side so the ''pitru tarpan'' should be offered with the left hand. This is the reason to circumambulate the deceased anti-clockwise. The left hand should be used for ''pind danam''. In all other rituals apart from ''pitru shraddha,'' the use of the right hand is compulsory.

== Gingelly ==
Gingelly is different than sesame, which is from a large tree; gingelly is a small seed that stores energy and hence is considered a favorite of all [[Deva (Hinduism)|''Devas'']], ''[[Shani]]'' (Saturn) and ''pitrus''. [[Ganesha]] is commonly offered ''pancha-kajjaya'', a delicacy made using sesame. [[Shiva]] is worshipped with sesame seeds (''tilakshata''). For [[Vishnu]], [[Brahma]], [[Laxmi]] and [[Saraswati]], gingelly seeds are used in their favorite eatables. It is used as a ''homa dravya'' (an ingredient in the fire offerings) in many [[Havanam|''havans'']] and [[Homa (ritual)|''homas'']]. Therefore, ''tila'' (gingelly) and ''tilatarpana'' should not be dismissed as inauspicious.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}

== Reasons for offering ''tarpana'' ==
It is believed that one's ''[[pitri|pitrs]]'' eagerly await ''tarpana''. If no offering is made, they return to their places disappointed, and the descendant misses their blessings that he would have received, if he had performed his filial duties. ''Kosha Kushi'' is an important ritual item used in the Tantric worship of the Divine Mother and represents the ''yoni'' and womb of the Goddess, as well as the astral body within the physical body and the [[Microcosm–macrocosm analogy|microcosm]] within the [[macrocosm]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin}}
* ''Tarpana Vidhi Vidhana'', authored by Sri Gunjur Ramachandra Sastry, published by Srinidhi Prakashana, Bangalore 560053 INDIA
* [https://ia904709.us.archive.org/18/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.92892/2015.92892.The-Sacred-Books-Of-The-Hindus.pdf The Sacred Books of the Hindus, Chapter 4, pg 21]
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.scribd.com/doc/115629188/Tarpana-Sanskrit|Tarpana Sanskrit] {{Dead link|date=June 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=no }}
* [http://www.vedicastrologer.org/tarpana/ Detailed Tarpana Vidhi (Tharpana/Tarpan Vidhi) Procedure in Sanskrit and various other Indian languages]
* [https://brahminrituals.blogspot.com/2013/08/tharpana-manthras-iyers.html Iyer mantras]
* [https://www.shastras.com/mantras-and-rituals/bodhayana-darsa-tharpanam/ Bodhayana tarpanam mantras]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3iJnmks0wxg Yajurveda apastambha sutra tarpanam]

{{Death in Hinduism}}
{{Hindu samskaras|state=collapsed}}
{{Worship in Hinduism}}
{{Brahmanda}}
{{HinduMythology}}
{{Hindudharma}}
{{Asia in topic|Hinduism in}}

[[Category:Rituals in Hindu worship]]
[[Category:Hindu practices]]
[[Category:Hindu rituals related to death]]
[[Category:Water and Hinduism]]

BBIN

2026-03-31T22:12:45Z

HesterBrewer: put up pg

{{Short description|Subregional initiative in South Asia}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox geopolitical organisation
| name = Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal
| linking_name = BBIN
| image_map = BBIN.svg
| map_caption = Member states shaded dark green.
| sovereignty_type = [[BBIN#Déjà vu|Formalized]]
| established_event1 = [[BBIN#SAGQ|SAGQ]]
| established_date1 = 14 May 1997
| area_km2 = 3621298
| population_estimate = 1,465,236,000
| population_estimate_year = 2014
| GDP_PPP = $10.646 trillion
| GDP_PPP_year = 2017
}}

The '''Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal''' ('''BBIN''') Initiative is a [[subregion]]al architecture of countries in [[Eastern South Asia]], a subregion of South Asia. It meets through official representation of member states to formulate, implement, and review quadrilateral agreements across areas such as water resources management, connectivity of power, transport, and infrastructure.<ref name=et115>{{cite news |title=India explores scope for power trade with Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-01-31/news/58650561_1_power-trade-the-jwg-inter-grid-connectivity |access-date=11 June 2015 |work=The Economic Times |date=31 January 2015 |ref=1 |archive-date=14 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150614151111/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-01-31/news/58650561_1_power-trade-the-jwg-inter-grid-connectivity |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Background==

==={{Anchor|SAGQ}}South Asian Growth Quadrangle===

In light of economic interdependence demonstrated by "growth triangles" across Asia<ref>Refer to the [[Tringapore|SIJORI]], [[IMT-GT|Indonesia-Malaysia-Thailand]] or South China Growth Triangle.</ref> and hitherto unheeded concerns of eastern [[Indian subcontinent|subcontinent]] nations, its Council of Ministers in May 1996 approved a subregional body of [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], [[northeast India]], and [[Bangladesh]] as the ''South Asian Growth Quadrangle'' (SAGQ).<ref name=ahl09>{{cite web |last1=Ahluwalia |first1=Isher Judge |title=Economic Cooperation in South Asia |url=http://jica-ri.jica.go.jp/IFIC_and_JBICI-Studies/jica-ri/publication/archives/jbic/report/paper/pdf/rp16_e09.pdf |website=JICA Research Institute |access-date=13 June 2015 |ref=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130106002216/http://jica-ri.jica.go.jp/IFIC_and_JBICI-Studies/jica-ri/publication/archives/jbic/report/paper/pdf/rp16_e09.pdf |archive-date=6 January 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A [[Malé]] summit one year later agreed to co-ordinate efforts catered "to the special individual needs of three or more member states,"<ref name=mlsd>{{cite web |title=Ninth SAARC Summit – The Malé Declaration |url=http://www.ehu.eus/ceinik/tratados/9TRATADOSSOBREINTEGRACIONYCOOPERACIONENASIA/93SAARC/IC9310ING.pdf |website=Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea |access-date=14 June 2015 |ref=3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618073042/http://www.ehu.eus/ceinik/tratados/9TRATADOSSOBREINTEGRACIONYCOOPERACIONENASIA/93SAARC/IC9310ING.pdf |archive-date=18 June 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and formalised procedures focused on the subcontinent's northeast to develop intra-regional trade and investment, tourism, communication, and energy resources. Particular areas of collaboration were targeted to channel growth and complementarity.<ref name=wbsj>{{cite web |last1=Jain |first1=Sonu |title=Regional Cooperation in South Asia, India Perspectives |url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/SOUTHASIAEXT/Resources/223546-1192413140459/4281804-1192413178157/4281806-1265938468438/BeyondSAFTAFeb2010Chapter13.pdf |publisher=World Bank |access-date=13 June 2015 |ref=4 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070245/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/SOUTHASIAEXT/Resources/223546-1192413140459/4281804-1192413178157/4281806-1265938468438/BeyondSAFTAFeb2010Chapter13.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>

As the mechanism operated through specific projects, constituent members endeavoured to integrate without requiring alteration in broader policy or methods of governance. It sought to impel the subregion's latent socio economic potential, harnessing disparate stages of development to augment each other. Borders of member states rest within 50 kilometres of [[Siliguri]]; ergo, contiguous norms, tradition, and lifestyle amongst inhabitants underscore the importance of an integrated market.<ref name="ahl09" /> Considerable emphasis was placed upon power trading between naturally abundant and energy-scarce localities to address the impact of shortages on industrial production, reverse consequently depressed rates of growth, reduce transmission and distribution losses through interconnected grids, and provide needed revenue for upstream nations with adverse balance of payments. However, the benefits of such trade remain untapped in the absence of a concerted strategy to remove barriers.<ref name=sarie>{{cite web |title=Impact and Benefits of Power Trading in the South Asia Growth Quadrangle |url=http://www.sari-energy.org/successdocs/ImpactBenefitsSAGQ.pdf |website=South Asia Regional Initiative for Energy Cooperation and Development |access-date=13 June 2015 |ref=5 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924094423/http://www.sari-energy.org/successdocs/ImpactBenefitsSAGQ.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Over years its objectives expanded to incorporate land and port connectivity. Procurement of funds for this purpose was discussed at [[Asian Development Bank|ADB]] headquarters, [[Manila]], where formulation of the South Asia Subregional Economic Cooperation ([[SASEC]]) Program under the auspices of ADB concluded in March 2001. The formation worked toward economic synergy through arterial channels of trade and cross border initiatives. For instance, to link [[West Bengal]] and remote [[Seven Sister States|northeastern states]] through Bangladesh by rail, highway, and maritime corridors, alongside north–south transport routes that span Nepal, Bhutan, and Indian hill states to northern [[Bay of Bengal]] ports. These grids would then bridge extraneous regions throughout member states and beyond eastwards.<ref name="ahl09" /> With the accession of [[Maldives]] and [[Sri Lanka]] to SASEC in March 2014, notions of quadripartite integration appeared subsumed or rendered dormant.

Informal discussions led to renewed consensus on subregional ties outside bilateral agreements, owing partly to the continued failure of extant systems.<ref name=ds615>{{cite news |last1=Pattanaik |first1=Smruti S |title=Pegging Sub-regionalism with Bilateralism |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/op-ed/politics/pegging-sub-regionalism-bilateralism-94120 |access-date=11 June 2015 |work=The Daily Star |date=9 June 2015 |ref=6 |archive-date=10 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610000143/http://www.thedailystar.net/op-ed/politics/pegging-sub-regionalism-bilateralism-94120 |url-status=live}}</ref> A November 2014 [[Kathmandu]] [[18th SAARC summit|summit]] saw endorsement of an accord on land transport by regional states, apart from one country's reservations causing it to fall through. The subsequent [[Declaration of 18th SAARC Summit|Summit Declaration]] reiterated subregional steps as contributory to wider connectedness. A framework for co-operation was subsequently drawn, with the first quaternary Joint Working Group (JWG) meeting in January 2015.<ref name=mea115>{{cite web |title=Joint Press Release – The Second Joint Working Group (JWG) Meetings on Sub-Regional Cooperation between Bangladesh, Bhutan, India and Nepal (BBIN) in New Delhi (January 30–31, 2015) |url=http://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/24746/Joint+Press+Release++The+Second+Joint+Working+Group+JWG+Meetings+on+SubRegional+Cooperation+between+Bangladesh+Bhutan+India+and+Nepal+BBIN+in+New+Delhi+January+3031+2015 |website=MEA, Government of India |access-date=14 July 2015 |ref=7 |archive-date=3 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403080104/http://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl%2F24746%2FJoint+Press+Release++The+Second+Joint+Working+Group+JWG+Meetings+on+SubRegional+Cooperation+between+Bangladesh+Bhutan+India+and+Nepal+BBIN+in+New+Delhi+January+3031+2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=cwa315>{{cite web |last1=Kumar |first1=Amit |title=BBIN: Sub-Regionalism in the SAARC |url=http://www.icwa.in/pdfs/VP/2014/BBIinSAARC05032015VP.pdf |website=Indian Council of World Affairs |access-date=14 July 2015 |ref=8 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924032711/http://www.icwa.in/pdfs/VP/2014/BBIinSAARC05032015VP.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Framework and implications==

Through regular JWG sessions, representatives explore avenues of co-operation, exchange experiences and best practices, review [[data sharing]] arrangements for disaster forecasts and mitigation, besides strengthening transit facilitation measures such as shared border stations on key routes and harmonised customs procedures.<ref name=nef115>{{cite web |title=BBIN emphasises power sharing between Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal |url=http://www.nepalenergyforum.com/bbin-emphasises-power-sharing-between-bangladesh-bhutan-india-nepal/ |website=Nepal Energy Forum |date=31 January 2015 |access-date=12 June 2015 |ref=9 |archive-date=14 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150614084050/http://www.nepalenergyforum.com/bbin-emphasises-power-sharing-between-bangladesh-bhutan-india-nepal/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The priority of "connectivity"<ref name=ig615>{{cite news |title=Modi takes jibes at Pakistan over scuttling SAARC connectivity, FCN |url=http://www.indiagazette.com/index.php/sid/233584769 |access-date=12 June 2015 |work=India Gazette |date=8 June 2015 |ref=10 |archive-date=13 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150613230739/http://www.indiagazette.com/index.php/sid/233584769 |url-status=live}}</ref> further embodies seamless electrical grids, shared access to road, rail, air, and port infrastructure, and ease of travel. To such ends, a subregional Motor Vehicle Agreement that garnered assent in [[Thimphu]]<ref name=dlm615>{{cite news |last1=Ramaswamy |first1=Sridhar |title=A Boost to Sub-Regionalism in South Asia |url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/06/a-boost-to-sub-regionalism-in-south-asia/ |access-date=26 June 2015 |work=The Diplomat |date=21 June 2015 |ref=11 |archive-date=26 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626110927/http://thediplomat.com/2015/06/a-boost-to-sub-regionalism-in-south-asia/ |url-status=live}}</ref> would allow buses and later private vehicles with BBIN permits to travel unobstructed by border hindrances.<ref name=nie615>{{cite news |title=Straight Drive to B'desh, Bhutan Soon |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/Straight-Drive-to-B%E2%80%99desh-Bhutan-Soon/2015/06/11/article2860393.ece |access-date=12 June 2015 |work=The New Indian Express |date=11 June 2015 |ref=12 |archive-date=14 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150614014459/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/Straight-Drive-to-B%E2%80%99desh-Bhutan-Soon/2015/06/11/article2860393.ece |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=hbl1115>{{cite news |last1=Law |first1=Abhishek |title=BBIN motor vehicles agreement implemented |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/bbin-motor-vehicles-agreement-implemented/article7829675.ece |access-date=23 April 2016 |work=Business Line |date=1 November 2015 |ref=13 |archive-date=26 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126040115/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/bbin-motor-vehicles-agreement-implemented/article7829675.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> Although manifestly of economic intent, the diplomatic weight accorded to this structure as opposed to alternatives in a region considered least integrated,<ref name=wb314>{{cite web |title=Regional Integration in South Asia |url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/region/sar/brief/south-asia-regional-integration |publisher=World Bank |access-date=12 June 2015 |ref=14 |archive-date=15 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615051435/http://www.worldbank.org/en/region/sar/brief/south-asia-regional-integration |url-status=live}}</ref> was seen to connote purpose beyond interwoven commerce.<ref name=an615>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Rajeev |title=Setting the tone for future |url=http://www.arabnews.com/columns/news/760086 |access-date=12 June 2015 |work=Arab News |date=11 June 2015 |ref=15 |archive-date=12 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150612061254/http://www.arabnews.com/columns/news/760086 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Member states==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Country
!Population{{UN_Population|ref}} ({{UN_Population|Year}})
![[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|GDP (PPP) (bn)]]
![[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|GDP per Capita (PPP)]]
![[List of countries by real GDP growth rate|GDP Growth Rate]]
![[List of countries by foreign-exchange reserves|Foreign Exchange Reserves (bn)]]
![[List of countries by literacy rate|Literacy Rate (Given age & above)]] (15+)
!Primary School Enrollment<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.PRM.ENRR/countries |title=World Bank, Primary School Enrolment |access-date=12 June 2015 |archive-date=28 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150628214001/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.PRM.ENRR/countries |url-status=live}}</ref>
!Secondary School Enrollment<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.SEC.ENRR/countries |title=World Bank, Secondary School Enrolment |access-date=12 June 2015 |archive-date=16 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150516152545/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.SEC.ENRR/countries |url-status=live}}</ref>
![[List of countries by life expectancy|Life Expectancy (years)]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap" | {{flagu|Bangladesh}} ||{{UN_Population|Bangladesh}}||$1856||$5,453 ||8.2% (2019)|| $37.10<ref>{{Cite web |title=Foreign Exchange Reserve |url=https://www.bb.org.bd/econdata/intreserve.php |website=Bangladesh Bank |access-date=2020-09-01 |archive-date=28 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228043135/https://www.bb.org.bd/econdata/intreserve.php |url-status=live}}</ref> ||93.3% ||92%||73.91%||72.3
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{flagu|Bhutan}} ||{{UN_Population|Bhutan}}||$6.3||$8,158||6.4%|| $1.24<ref>{{Cite web |title=Total reserves (includes gold, current US$) {{!}} Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/FI.RES.TOTL.CD?order=wbapi_data_value_2014+wbapi_data_value+wbapi_data_value-last&sort=asc |publisher=World Bank |access-date=2020-09-01 |archive-date=30 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630124629/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/FI.RES.TOTL.CD?order=wbapi_data_value_2014+wbapi_data_value+wbapi_data_value-last&sort=asc |url-status=live}}</ref> ||87.3% ||91%||78%||71.5
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{flagu|India}} ||{{UN_Population|India}}||$9,596.6||$7,266||7.6%|| $537.55<ref>{{Cite web |title=Weekly Statistical Supplement |url=https://m.rbi.org.in//scripts/WSSViewDetail.aspx?PARAM1=2&TYPE=Section |website=Reserve Bank of India |access-date=2020-09-01 |archive-date=30 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730223527/https://m.rbi.org.in/scripts/WSSViewDetail.aspx?TYPE=Section&PARAM1=2 |url-status=live}}</ref> ||91.7% ||94%||69%||69.4
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{flagu|Nepal}} ||{{UN_Population|Nepal}}||$70.7||$2,488||5.5%|| $11.65<ref>{{Cite web |title=Current Macroeconomic and Financial Situation Archives |url=https://www.nrb.org.np/category/current-macroeconomic-situation/ |website=Nepal Rastra Bank |page=4 |language=en-US |access-date=2020-09-01 |archive-date=20 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420062625/https://www.nrb.org.np/category/current-macroeconomic-situation/ |url-status=live}}</ref> ||84.8% ||98%||67%||68
|}

''Data sourced from the [[International Monetary Fund]], current as of April 2015, and is given in US dollars.''[http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=54&pr.y=16&sy=2013&ey=2015&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C556%2C513%2C514%2C558%2C564%2C524%2C534&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLUR%2CLP%2CGGX&grp=0&a=]

==Meetings of Joint Working Groups==

{| class="wikitable"
! Date !! Host !! Representation
|-
| 18–19 April 2013 || [[Dhaka]], {{flagu|Bangladesh}} || Ambassador, Ministry Directors<ref name=hci413>{{cite web|title=Joint Press Statement on the 1st meeting of Bangladesh-Bhutan-India trilateral Joint Working Group on Connectivity and Transit|url=http://hcidhaka.gov.in/pages.php?id=559|website=HCI, Dhaka|access-date=23 April 2016|ref=16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506173131/http://hcidhaka.gov.in/pages.php?id=559|archive-date=6 May 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=bbn413>{{cite news|title=Bangladesh-India-Bhutan meet in Dhaka Thursday, Friday|url=http://businessnews-bd.com/bangladesh-india-bhutan-meet-in-dhaka-thursday-friday/|access-date=23 April 2016|work=Bangladesh Business News|date=16 April 2013|ref=17|archive-date=6 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506235201/http://businessnews-bd.com/bangladesh-india-bhutan-meet-in-dhaka-thursday-friday/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 30–31 January 2015 || Delhi, {{flagu|India}} || Joint Secretaries<ref name="et115" />
|-
| 19–20 January 2016 || Dhaka, {{flagu|Bangladesh}} || Foreign Affairs Joint Secretaries<ref name=kp116>{{cite news|title=BBIN to talk rail project|url=http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2016-01-22/bbin-to-talk-rail-project.html|access-date=23 April 2016|work=The Kathmandu Post|date=22 January 2016|ref=18|archive-date=12 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512162314/http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2016-01-22/bbin-to-talk-rail-project.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=xn116>{{cite news|title=Joint working groups BBIN sub-regional cooperation meetings held in Bangladesh|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2016-01/20/c_135029078.htm|access-date=23 April 2016|work=Xinhua News|date=20 January 2016|ref=19|archive-date=2 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602021215/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2016-01/20/c_135029078.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|}

==Motor Vehicle Agreement==
{{see also | Transport between India and Bangladesh}}
[[File:Nitin Gadkari with the Minister of Road Transport and Bridges, Bangladesh, Mr. Obaidul Quader, the Minister of Information and Communications, Bhutan.jpg|thumb|450px| From left to right: The Minister of Road Transport and Bridges, Bangladesh, Obaidul Quader, with the Minister of Information and Communications, Bhutan, Mr. Lyonpo D.N. Dhungyel, the Minister for Road Transport & Highways and Shipping, India, Nitin Gadkari and the Minister of Physical Infrastructure and Transport, Nepal, Mr. Bimalendra Nidhi on the occasion of signing of the Motor Vehicles Agreement for the Regulation of Passenger, Personal and Cargo Vehicular Traffic between Bangladesh, Bhutan, India and Nepal, in Thimphu, Bhutan on 15 June 2015.]]
India proposed a [[SAARC]] Motor Vehicle Agreement during the [[18th SAARC summit]] in [[Kathmandu]] in November 2014. Due to objections from Pakistan, an agreement could not be reached. India instead pursued a similar motor vehicle agreement with the BBIN. The BBIN Motor Vehicles Agreement (MVA) was signed on 15 June 2015 at the BBIN transport ministers meeting in Thimpu, Bhutan.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bangladesh, Bhutan, India and Nepal (BBIN) Motor Vehicle Agreement for the Regulation of Passenger, Personal and Cargo Vehicular Traffic amongst BBIN |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=122416 |website=pib.nic.in |access-date=12 July 2016 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304064619/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=122416 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name ="HBL"/> The agreement will permit the member states to ply their vehicles in each other's territory for transportation of cargo and passengers, including third country transport and personal vehicles. Each vehicle would require an electronic permit to enter another country's territory, and border security arrangements between nations' borders will also remain.<ref name = "FP1">{{cite news |title=Bhutan's upper house blocks BBIN MVA pact: Is it a strategic setback for India? |url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/bhutans-upper-house-blocks-bbin-mva-pact-is-it-a-strategic-setback-for-india-3112034.html |work=Firstpost |access-date=17 February 2017 |date=18 November 2016 |archive-date=10 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110192637/http://www.firstpost.com/india/bhutans-upper-house-blocks-bbin-mva-pact-is-it-a-strategic-setback-for-india-3112034.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Cargo vehicles will be able to enter any of the four nations without the need for trans-shipment of goods from one country's truck to another's at the border. Under the system, cargo vehicles are tracked electronically, and permits are issued online and sent electronically to all land ports. Vehicles are fitted with an electronic seal that alerts regulators every time the container door is opened.<ref name ="HBL">{{cite news |last1=Law |first1=Abhishek |title=BBIN motor vehicles agreement implemented |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/bbin-motor-vehicles-agreement-implemented/article7829675.ece |work=Business Line |access-date=12 July 2016 |date=1 November 2015 |archive-date=26 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126040115/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/bbin-motor-vehicles-agreement-implemented/article7829675.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[DHL Global Forwarding]] was appointed by the Indian government to carry out a pilot run under the agreement. The first cargo truck to take advantage of the motor vehicle agreement was flagged off from [[Kolkata]] on 1 November 2015. The truck travelled 640 km to reach [[Agartala]] via [[Dhaka]]. Prior to the signing of the BBIN Motor Vehicle Agreement, the truck would have had to travel 1550 km through Indian territory to reach Agartala. Officials cited this as an example of the time and cost savings that the BBIN Motor Vehicle Agreement would bring.<ref name ="HBL"/> In August 2016, Bangladesh dispatched a truck carrying garments from Dhaka to New Delhi as part of a trial run of the agreement.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roche |first1=Elizabeth |title=Bangladesh dispatches truck to India in trial run part of BBIN motor vehicle pact |url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/w1QHqouUcp5MCAUZXJRpKP/Bangladesh-dispatches-truck-to-India-in-trial-run-part-of-BB.html |work=Mint |access-date=17 February 2017 |date=29 August 2016 |archive-date=17 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217143011/http://www.livemint.com/Politics/w1QHqouUcp5MCAUZXJRpKP/Bangladesh-dispatches-truck-to-India-in-trial-run-part-of-BB.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The truck received an electronic permit to enter Indian territory through an online web-based system. Instead of having to undergo customs clearance and formalities as it would prior to the agreement, the truck was fitted with an electronic seal with a GPS tracking device. The truck was then inspected for customs clearance at New Delhi, rather than at the border.<ref>{{cite news |title=BBIN pact: Cargo reaches Delhi from Bangladesh under trial run |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/bbin-pact-cargo-reaches-delhi-from-bangladesh-under-trial-run/article9075083.ece |work=Business Line |access-date=17 February 2017 |language=en |date=5 September 2016}}</ref>

The agreement will enter into force after it is ratified by all four member nations. The agreement has been ratified by Bangladesh, India, and Nepal. The lower house of the Bhutanese parliament approved the agreement in early 2016, but it was rejected by the upper house in November 2016.<ref name = "FP1"/> Bhutan has requested for a cap to be fixed on the number of vehicles entering its territory.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bhutan-blocks-india-s-ambitious-sub-regional-road-connectivity-plan/story-xyRlYCcvvpyFg8czANisIJ.html |title=Bhutan blocks India's ambitious sub-regional road connectivity plan | india-news |work=Hindustan Times |date=17 November 2016 |access-date=17 February 2017 |archive-date=17 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217223448/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bhutan-blocks-india-s-ambitious-sub-regional-road-connectivity-plan/story-xyRlYCcvvpyFg8czANisIJ.html |url-status=live}}</ref> In May 2017, media reports stated that the Bhutanese government had told the Indian government to proceed with the agreement without Bhutan, as the Bhutanese government was unable to ratify the agreement in the upper house due to objections from opposition parties.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roche |first1=Elizabeth |title=India to redraw BBIN connectivity project as Bhutan opts out |url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/ol0E49p8V9WqXpJUXBqFPL/India-to-redraw-BBIN-connectivity-project-as-Bhutan-opts-out.html |work=Mint |access-date=27 May 2017 |date=7 May 2017 |archive-date=12 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170512071802/http://www.livemint.com/Politics/ol0E49p8V9WqXpJUXBqFPL/India-to-redraw-BBIN-connectivity-project-as-Bhutan-opts-out.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Opponents of the measure in Bhutan claimed that the agreement would increase vehicular traffic from the other nations, which would affect Bhutanese truckers and also cause environmental damage. An existing bilateral agreement between Bhutan and India already permits seamless vehicle movement between the two countries. Therefore, Bhutan's decision to not ratify the BBIN MVA would only affect its trade with Nepal and Bangladesh. The Bhutanese government requested the other BBIN members to proceed with the agreement and also clarified that it would attempt to ratify the MVA after the country held general elections in 2018. Due to strained relations between Bhutan and Nepal, the Tshering Tobgay-led government feared that permitting Nepalese trucks to enter Bhutan would upset the electorate.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bose |first1=Pratim Ranjan |title=Bhutan says exit from BBIN motor vehicles pact is temporary |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/bhutan-says-exit-from-bbin-motor-vehicles-pact-is-temporary/article64268836.ece |work=Business Line |access-date=27 May 2017 |language=en |date=7 May 2017}}</ref> India described Bhutan's decision as a "setback" and not a "rejection" of the agreement, stating that it was natural that all members could not proceed at the same pace and that India would continue its engagement with Bhutan on the issue.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bhutan snubs regional road pact; no setback, asserts India |url=https://assamtribune.com/bhutan-snubs-regional-road-pact-no-setback-asserts-india |work=The Assam Tribune |date=14 September 2010 |access-date=27 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Bhutan delaying ratification of vehicle movement pact not a setback: India |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/bhutan-delaying-ratification-of-vehicle-movement-pact-not-a-setback-india-4639401/ |work=The Indian Express |access-date=27 May 2017 |date=3 May 2017 |archive-date=3 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503200812/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/bhutan-delaying-ratification-of-vehicle-movement-pact-not-a-setback-india-4639401/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

In December 2018, Bhutanese Foreign Minister [[Tandi Dorji]] stated that the new government would reconsider the motor vehicle agreement, noting that Bhutanese trucks were facing difficulties entering Bangladesh while trucks from India and Nepal were afforded easy access.<ref>{{cite news |title=Govt. to reconsider BBIN |url=http://www.kuenselonline.com/govt-to-reconsider-bbin/ |work=Kuensel |access-date=29 March 2019 |archive-date=29 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329212207/http://www.kuenselonline.com/govt-to-reconsider-bbin/ |url-status=live}}</ref> At the second Foreign Office Consultations (FOC) between Bangladesh and Bhutan in Dhaka in March 2019, Bangladeshi Foreign Secretary M. Shahidul Haque stressed the importance of Bhutan ratifying the agreement, calling it "crucial" for the future development of the region.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bhutanese PM due in Apr; instruments expected to be signed |url=https://unb.com.bd/category/Bangladesh/bhutanese-pm-due-in-apr-instruments-expected-to-be-signed/14856 |work=UNB |date=19 March 2019 |access-date=29 March 2019 |language=en |archive-date=29 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329210703/https://unb.com.bd/category/Bangladesh/bhutanese-pm-due-in-apr-instruments-expected-to-be-signed/14856 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Recent developments ==
In 2016, India approved $1.08 billion for the construction and upgrading of {{convert|558|km}} of roads that join [[Bangladesh]], [[Bhutan]], and [[Nepal]]. The project will receive 50% funding from the [[Asian Development Bank]]. The project is scheduled to be completed by 2018.{{Update inline|date=October 2021|reason=Was it completed?}} It is estimated that this project will increase the regional trade by 60% while that with the rest of the world by 30%.<ref name ="TNM09122016">{{cite news |title=Centre approves $1 billion Bangladesh-Bhutan-India-Nepal road connectivity project |url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/centre-approves-1-billion-bangladesh-bhutan-india-nepal-road-connectivity-project-50058 |website=The News Minute |access-date=9 December 2016 |date=18 September 2016 |archive-date=20 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220082511/http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/centre-approves-1-billion-bangladesh-bhutan-india-nepal-road-connectivity-project-50058 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{Update inline|date=October 2021|reason=Did regional trade increase?}}

== Reactions ==
[[Raja Mohan|C. Raja Mohan]], Director, Institute of South Asian Studies, [[National University of Singapore]], receives the idea of BBIN positively; while he agrees that the initiative didn't make enough progress, he still wants India and Bangladesh "to take a fresh look at the forum and find ways to widen the scope and pace of BBIN activity. Meanwhile, there is growing interest in Bhutan and Nepal for economic integration with Bangladesh."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mohan |first=C Raja |date=2020-10-20 |title=Bangladesh's rise is an opportunity for India, but is overshadowed by negative domestic politics |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/international-monetary-fund-world-economic-outlook-gdp-bangladesh-india-economy-coronavirus-6792444/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020204826/https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/international-monetary-fund-world-economic-outlook-gdp-bangladesh-india-economy-coronavirus-6792444/ |archive-date=20 October 2020 |access-date=2021-10-27 |work=The Indian Express |type=Opinion |language=en}}</ref> Sanjeev Ahluwalia, an advisor at [[Observer Research Foundation]], writes that BBIN, as a sub-region within BIMSTEC, should forge "an interparliamentary group to enlarge cooperation say in cross border energy trade, digital security, space applications and green technology." That said," Myanmar and Thailand could join as observers to internalise the lessons learnt in AIPA."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ahluwalia |first=Sanjeev |date=2020-09-06 |title=Fracturing South Asia into action |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/opinion-india/fracturing-south-asia-into-action/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108200730/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/opinion-india/fracturing-south-asia-into-action/ |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=2021-10-27 |work=Times of India Blog |type=Opinion |language=en-US}}</ref> Pradumna B. Rana, a visiting associate professor at [[Nanyang Technological University]], finds BBIN economic cooperation gaining "considerable traction". "With BBIN," Rana writes, "India's Northeast region is emerging as the bridgehead between South and Southeast Asia."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rana |first=Pradumna B |date=11 October 2020 |title=Reconnecting India to rest of Asia |url=https://nepalitimes.com/news/reconnecting-india-to-rest-of-asia |access-date=20 October 2020 |work=Nepali Times}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[ASEAN]]
* [[BIMSTEC]]
* [[Bharatmala#IntEcoCordList|India's International connectivity projects]]
* [[Foreign relations of Bangladesh]]
* [[Foreign relations of Bhutan]]
* [[Foreign relations of India]]
* [[Foreign relations of Nepal]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite book |author=Banskota, Narottam P. |title=South Asia Trade and Energy Security: The Role of India |publisher=Universal-Publishers |page=56 |year=2012 |isbn=9781612331744 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=14DACMt9zfgC&q=south+asian+growth+quadrangle&pg=PA56}}
* {{Cite book |author1=Baral, Lok Raj |author2=Dubey, Muchkund |author3=Sobhan, Rehman |title=South Asian Growth Quadrangle: Framework for Multifaceted Cooperation |publisher=Macmillan |year=2000}}
* {{Cite book |author=Dash, Kishore C. |title=Regionalism in South Asia: Negotiating Cooperation, Institutional Structures |publisher=Routledge |page=164 |year=2008 |isbn=9781134084531 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WO59AgAAQBAJ&q=south+asian+growth+quadrangle&pg=PA246}}
* {{Cite web |author=Dixit, Aabha |title=SAARC: Toward Greater Cooperation |website=IDSA |url=http://www.idsa-india.org/an-jul-5.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010624080338/http://www.idsa-india.org/an-jul-5.html |url-status=usurped |archive-date=24 June 2001}}
* {{Cite book |author=Dutta, Dilip |title=Economic Liberalisation and Institutional Reforms in South Asia: Recent Experiences and Future Prospects |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |year=2000 |isbn=9788171568475 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c_m1W7AuqqUC&q=south+asian+growth+quadrangle&pg=PA28}}
* {{Cite book |author=Dwivedi, Manan |title=South Asia Security |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |pages=164–165 |year=2009 |isbn=9788178357591 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UCeQWz3y570C&q=south+asian+growth+quadrangle&pg=PA164}}
* {{Cite journal |author=Hassan, M. Kabir |title=Trade Relations With SAARC Countries and Trade Policies of Bangladesh |journal=Journal of Economic Cooperation |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=99–151 |year=2000 |url=http://www.sesrtcic.org/files/article/190.pdf |access-date=14 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222052313/http://www.sesrtcic.org/files/article/190.pdf |archive-date=22 February 2016 |url-status=usurped}}
* {{Cite book |author=Michael, Arndt |title=India's Foreign Policy and Regional Multilateralism |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2013 |isbn=9781137263131 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fj7sR7NuY4kC&q=saarc+may+1996&pg=PA1963}}
* {{Cite web |author=Padmaja, G. |title=Sub-Regional Cooperation Can Give SAARC New Wings – Analysis |website=Eurasia Review |date=25 March 2015 |url=http://www.eurasiareview.com/25032015-sub-regional-cooperation-can-give-saarc-new-wings-analysis/}}
* {{Cite book |author=Ray, Jayanta Kumar |title=Aspects of India's International Relations, 1700 to 2000: South Asia and the World |publisher=Pearson Education India |year=2007 |isbn=9788131708347 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nyk6oA2nOlgC&q=approach+paper+for+sub-regional+cooperation+in+saarc&pg=PA470}}
* South Asia Regional Initiative for Energy Cooperation and Development. "Economic and Social Benefits Analysis of Power Trade in the South Asia Quadrangle Region" (PDF)
* {{Cite book |author1=Sridharan, Kripa |author2=Srinivasa-Raghavan, T. C. A. |title=Regional Cooperation in South Asia and Southeast Asia |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |page=220 |year=2007 |isbn=9789812304353 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NucG83zFiUQC&q=south+asian+growth+quadrangle&pg=PA220}}

{{Regional organizations}}

[[Category:Foreign relations of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Foreign relations of Bhutan]]
[[Category:Foreign relations of Nepal]]
[[Category:Foreign relations of India]]
[[Category:Transport in India]]
[[Category:Transport in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Transport in Bhutan]]
[[Category:Transport in Nepal]]

132 Battery (The Bengal Rocket Troop) Royal Artillery

2026-03-31T06:22:08Z

HesterBrewer: starting details

{{short description|British Army artillery battery}}
{{See also|Bengal Horse Artillery Batteries}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2013}}
{{Infobox military unit
|unit_name=132 Battery (The Bengal Rocket Troop) Royal Artillery
| image= 132 Battery RA (The Bengal Rocket Troop).png
|caption=
|dates=13 September 1816 to present
|country={{flag|United Kingdom}}
|allegiance=[[File:Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg|25px]] Hon East India Coy (till 1858) {{flag|United Kingdom}} (post 1858)
|branch=[[British Army|Army]]
|type=[[Artillery]]
|role= Deep Fires
|size=[[Artillery battery|Battery]]
|command_structure=[[26th Regiment Royal Artillery]]
|garrison=
|garrison_label=
|nickname= The Bengals
|patron=
|motto=
|colors=
|colors_label=
|march=
|mascot=
|equipment=[[M270 Multiple Launch Rocket System|MLRS]]
|equipment_label=
|battles=
|anniversaries= 13 September (Foundation Day), Le Cateau Day 26 August
|decorations=
|battle_honours=

|commander1=
|commander1_label=
|commander2=
|commander2_label=
|commander3=
|commander3_label=
|notable_commanders=

|identification_symbol=
|identification_symbol_label=
|identification_symbol_2=
|identification_symbol_2_label=
|identification_symbol_3=
|identification_symbol_3_label=

|aircraft_attack=
|aircraft_bomber=
|aircraft_electronic=
|aircraft_fighter=
|aircraft_interceptor=
|aircraft_patrol=
|aircraft_recon=
|aircraft_trainer=
|aircraft_transport=
}}

''''' 132 Battery (The Bengal Rocket Troop) Royal Artillery''''' is an [[M270 Multiple Launch Rocket System|MLRS]] Battery, that is part of the [[Royal Artillery]]. Its name is pronounced '''"one three two"''' or it is known as '''"The Bengals"'''. The battery is one of the sub-units of [[26th Regiment Royal Artillery]], part of the [[British Army]]. It was formed in 1816<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.army.mod.uk/artillery/units/39_regt_ra/22411.aspx|title=Batteries of 39 Regt|accessdate=2011-03-09}}</ref> and is based in [[Larkhill]].

==History==

132 Battery (The Bengal Rocket Troop) Royal Artillery was raised on 13 September 1816 as a camel mounted unit in the service of the [[Honourable East India Company]] under the command of Captain (later General) William Samsen Whish. The troop carried a total of 912 six pound rockets, either in buckets on camels, or horse-drawn trolleys.

===19th century===
*'''1817''' - The troop first saw action at the siege of [[Hathras Fort|Hathras]] in February 1817 and in the same year played a decisive role in the Pindari/Mahratta War. The mountainous terrain during the latter conflict resulted in the troop switching back to horseback.
*'''1824 to 1826''' - The troop served in the [[First Burmese War]] (1824–26) as the Rocket Troop Bengal Horse Artillery. Re-titled 2nd Troop, 2nd Brigade Bengal Horse Artillery in 1826, the Bengal Rocket Troop lost its rockets and gained 6 and 12 pound guns. It was involved in all major campaigns of the 19th century in India including in particular:
*'''1843''' - Maharajport
*'''1849''' - Goojerat
*'''1878 to 1897''' - Served in Great Britain
*'''1889''' - Troop was re-numbered as 52nd Field Battery in 1889, with further service in India from 1897 to 1911.

===First World War===
*'''1914''' - In the [[World War I|First World War]] the battery was virtually wiped out on 28 August 1914 at Le Cateau, losing all of its guns during the [[retreat from Mons]]. However, it saw out the rest of the war in Flanders, and for five months, in Italy.

===Post War===
After the war the Battery served in the United Kingdom until 1926, being mechanised in 1924. In 1927 the Battery saw service in China (Shanghai) followed by a return to India for the remaining years before the Second World War.

===Second World War===
During the Second World War the Battery served in the Western Desert, [[Eritrea]], [[Syria]], [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]], [[Tunisia]], [[Italy]] and [[Greece]] as part of 1st Field Regiment. It is particularly proud of its part in the action at Qineiquina* on the Egyptian / Libyan frontier on 25 November 1941. During the engagement the Battery helped defend the positions of 7th Indian Brigade, fighting in the open against no less than 28 tanks of the [[21st Panzer Division]]'s 5th Panzer Regiment. Despite the daunting onslaught, the gunners held their fire until the Panzers were within 500 metres, returning fire over open sights. After an intense duel lasting 45 minutes, the Germans withdrew having lost seven tanks and sustaining damage to a further four (by the evening of the 25th, 5th Panzer Regiment had only two operational tanks). The Battery suffered more than fifty casualties and five of its 25 pdrs were knocked out, but it had helped defeat Rommel's planned encirclement of the British forces East of the Solloum front.

*The engagement is also known as the Battle of the Omars - they being, Omar Nuovo, Libyan Omar and Sidi Omar.

The battery also served throughout the Italian campaign and fought at Cassino.
[At Cassino, a notable incident took place. One of the Rocket Troop's 25-pounders suffered a 'premature' (a detonation within the gun barrel). The explosion blew open the end of the gun, ensuring that it could no longer fire. Bdr. L.O. Harris proceeded to cut off the shattered end of his 25-pounder's gun barrel with a hack-saw. The task took considerable time and effort, but upon completion, the gun was raised upon ammunition cases and successfully brought back into action. The unusual sound made by the modified 25-pounder's, shortened barrel and higher trajectory of the shell, reportedly lead the German defenders to presume that they were being engaged by a new British weapon.]

===Post Second World War===
*'''1947''' - The Battery was re-numbered 132 Field Battery and 1st Field Regiment became 59 Field Regiment.
*'''1948''' - The whole Regiment was converted to the heavy anti aircraft role until the disbandment of Anti Aircraft Command
*'''1955''' - The Battery went into suspended animation.
*'''1958''' - The Bengal Rocket Troop was revived as 132 Battery in 6 Field Regiment at Munsterlager
*'''1962''' - The Battery moved to Larkhill with the Regiment acting as Support Battery for the Royal School of Artillery.
*'''1966''' - The Regiment moved to the Far East where the Battery served in Malaya, Borneo and Sarawak until February 1968.
*'''1968''' - Joined 27 Medium Regiment at [[Devizes]]
*'''1969''' - Moved with 27 Medium Regiment to [[British Army of the Rhine|BAOR]] at [[Lippstadt]] as part of 4 Div.
*'''1972''' - The Battery joined 39 Regiment at Sennelager where it remained until April 1982. Between 1971 and 1981 the Battery completed five operational tours in Northern Ireland.
*'''1982''' - Following further reorganisation in BAOR, 132 Battery returned to Larkhill to form a Gun Battery in the Support Regiment at the Royal School of Artillery. In May 1982 sixteen members of the Battery formed a BC's and two observation parties for the Falklands campaign.
*'''1985''' - The Battery returned to rejoin 39 Heavy Regiment RA in Sennelager, equipped with M110 A2 {{convert|8|in|mm|adj=on}} Howitzers.

===Post Cold War ===
*'''1990''' - The Battery reverted to their original role in September, when they were equipped with the American M270 Multiple Launch Rocket System and within five months saw active service in the Gulf War.
*'''1993 and 1996''' - 132 Battery served with 39 Regiment as part of the United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus having moved with the Regiment from Germany to Albemarle Barracks, Newcastle in August 1995.
*'''1998''' - Urban Reinforcement Battalion in Lisburn, Northern Ireland
*'''2000''' - Rural Reinforcement Battalion in Armagh County, Northern Ireland
*'''2015''' - Moved from 39th Regiment to 26th Regiment<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://forces.tv/46466569 |title=Artillery Regiment Says Farewell to 137 (Java) Battery | Forces TV |access-date=10 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209134817/http://forces.tv/46466569 |archive-date=9 February 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*'''2019''' - The Battery moved to Purvis Lines, Larkhill as part of 26th Regiment's rebasing to Larkhill.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140828171158/http://army.mod.uk/artillery/regiments/31393.aspx 39 Regiment RA Batteries]

[[Category:Royal Artillery batteries]]
[[Category:1816 establishments in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1816]]

Puducode

2026-03-25T10:30:48Z

HesterBrewer: cleanup

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Puthucode
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Puthucode, Puthukkode, Puducode
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline = Paddy field in Puthucode, Kerala, India.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = [[Pddy field]] in the village
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|10|39|35|N|76|14|58|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Palakkad district|Palakkad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Panchayat
| governing_body = Puthucode Grama Panchayath
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 21773
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 678-687
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 04922
| registration_plate = KL-9 or KL-49
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Alathur]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Legislative]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Tarur (gram panchayat)|Tarur]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank3_info_sec1 = Puthucode Grama Panchayath
| website = {{URL|http://www.puthucode.com/}}
| footnotes =
| official_name = Puthucode
}}

[[File:River in Puthucode.jpg|thumb|River in Puducode village]]
'''Puthucode''' (also spelled '''Puducode''' and '''Puthukkode''') is a village and [[gram panchayat]] in [[Palakkad district]] in the state of [[Kerala]], India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Reports of National Panchayat Directory |publisher=Ministry of Panchayati Raj |url=http://panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewGPmapcvills.asp?gpcode=224681&rlbtype=V |accessdate=1 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101160938/http://panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewGPmapcvills.asp?gpcode=224681&rlbtype=V |archive-date=1 January 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is situated in Alathur taluk, around 12 km from [[Alathur]] and 4 km from [[Vadakkancherry]], on the western bank of [[Mangalam River]], a sub-tributary of [[Bharathapuzha]].

== Demographics ==
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]], Puducode had a population of 21,773 with 10,582 males and 11,151 females.<ref>{{cite web |title=Population Finder {{!}} Government of India |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/api/tables/geosearch/2011?areaname=puducode&limit=50&level=!state&level=village |accessdate=2024-09-16 |publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref>

== Culture ==
The Sri Annapoorneswari temple is a [[Bhagavathy]] place of worship located at the junction of four streets: South, East, North, and West of Puducode agraharam. Each street is referred to as a village. The temple is believed to be one of the 108 [[Durga temples]] established by [[Parasurama]].{{citation needed|date=January 2014}}

At the end of North Village, there is a [[Shiva]] temple and a water tank. Legend goes that the temple was so rich earlier that all the vessels and articles used in the temple were made of gold. There has also been a tradition of the chanting of ''Shyamala Dandakam'' every evening at this temple.{{citation needed|date=January 2014}}

Next to the Shiva temple, a [[mandapam]] called Shiva Mahal has been built. Shiva Mahal includes an elementary school, a high school, a [[Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan]] branch centre, and an [[Ayurvedic]] Hospital. Despite a historically large [[Brahmin]] population, Puthucode is also home to a newly built mosque at [[Karapotta]].{{citation needed|date=January 2014}}

Historically the largest Muslim community [[Rowther]]s population is also in Puthucode. Maralad Theru, Cheenikka theru, Panangad theru, Palli theru, Thekku theru, Meley theru, Puthu theru are the better known among them.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}} They use Malayalam and Tamil as their common language.

The main festival celebrated in Puthucode is the '''Navarathri Festival''' which spans 10 days and 9 nights. During the celebration all houses in the village are decorated with [[Golu (festival)|Bomma Kolu]] and each village is given a special day to perform their celebrations inside the Bhagavathi Temple. On the specific day, the organizers from the village arrange for elephants, [[Panchavadyam]], [[Melam]] etc. and take the Bhagavathi's idol on the elephant to their village. All the 10 days, lunch is served to devotees at the temple free of cost. On average nearly 2000 people have lunch everyday.

== Education ==

Sarvajan High School is based in the village. It was built around 70 years ago in front of the West Nada (Door/Entrance) of the Sri Annapoorneswari temple and is itself fronted by another temple.{{citation needed|date=January 2014}} Initially it was started only for girls education as the years passed by, the school expanded and started preparing pupils from the Nursery class up to X Standard.

== Notable people ==
Among Puducode's well-known residents have been [[P. R. Sundaram Iyer]], whose grandson is [[P. C. Sreeram]], a [[cinematographer]] in Indian cinema. Sundaram Iyer founded the Sanskrit College in the village.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2005/08/19/stories/2005081900840300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061029032727/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2005/08/19/stories/2005081900840300.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-date=29 October 2006 |title=Centre of learning |newspaper=The Hindu |date=19 August 2005 |accessdate=5 January 2014}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.puthucode.com www.puthucode.com]
{{Palakkad district}}

[[Category:Villages in Palakkad district]]
[[Category:Gram panchayats in Palakkad district]]

{{Palakkad-geo-stub}}

Chevrolet Adra

2026-03-24T16:08:01Z

HesterBrewer: stub!

{{Short description|Chevrolet subcompact SUV concept}}
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Chevrolet Adra
| image = Chevrolet Adra1.JPG
| caption = Chevrolet Adra on display in 12th [[Auto Expo]] 2014 in [[Greater Noida]], [[India]].
| type = [[Compact SUV]]
| manufacturer = [[Chevrolet]] ([[General Motors]])
| aka =
| production = 2014
| model_years =
| assembly =
| designer = [[General Motors India Private Limited|GM India]]
| class = [[Subcompact SUV]]
| body_style = 5 door
| layout = [[Front-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout]]
| platform =
| related = [[Chevrolet Trax]] [[Chevrolet Trax (concept car)|Chevrolet Trax (concept)]]
| engine = {{convert|79.33|cuin|0|abbr=on|order=flip}}
{{unbulleted list
| [[MultiJet]] (diesel)
}}
| transmission =
| propulsion =
| wheelbase = 2525 mm
| length = 3.800m
| width =
| height =
| weight =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| sp = us
}}

The '''Chevrolet Adra''' is a [[concept car|concept]] [[subcompact SUV]] unveiled in [[Auto Expo]] 2014 by [[Chevrolet]]. The car was designed by [[General Motors India Private Limited]] in their [[Bangalore]] facility. Production of the Adra was going to be in 2016 or 2017 as an India-only subcompact SUV, but production was cancelled as Chevrolet sales were declining in [[India]], leading to Chevrolet pulling out of the Indian market, along with [[South Africa]], in 2017.<ref name="Chevrolet Adra Compact SUV">{{cite news|title=Chevrolet Adra Compact SUV|publisher=[[NDTV]]|access-date=1 September 2015|url=http://auto.ndtv.com/news/opinion-chevrolet-adra-compact-suv-might-save-gm-in-india-729325}}</ref><ref name="Six SUVs">{{cite news|title=Six SUVs|publisher=Boomlive|access-date=1 September 2015|url=http://boomlive.in/6-suvs-to-wait-for-in-india/}}</ref><ref name="Adra could come by year end">{{cite news|title=Adra could come by year end|publisher=Auto Junction|access-date=1 September 2015|url=http://www.autojunction.in/upcoming-cars/chevrolet/adra/370606/}}</ref><ref name="GM To Make India An Export Hub">{{cite news|title=GM To Make India An Export Hub|publisher=indiancarsbikes.in|access-date=1 September 2015|url=http://www.indiancarsbikes.in/auto-news/gm-india-export-hub-compact-models-118973/}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Chevrolet Trax]]
* [[Chevrolet Trax (concept car)|Chevrolet Trax (concept)]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=40em}}
{{Cars in India}}
{{Chevrolet vehicles}}
{{Portal bar|India|Cars}}

[[Category:Cars of India]]
[[Category:Mini sport utility vehicles]]
[[Category:Chevrolet concept vehicles|Adra]]
[[Category:Rear-wheel-drive vehicles]]

{{modern-auto-stub}}

Awaargi

2026-03-24T02:41:50Z

HesterBrewer:

{{short description|1990 Indian Hindi drama film by Mahesh Bhatt}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Awaargi
| image = Awaargi.jpg

| caption = Promotional Poster
| director = [[Mahesh Bhatt]]
| producer = P. Raghunath
| writer = [[Suraj Sanim]]
| narrator =
| starring = [[Anil Kapoor]] [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]] [[Meenakshi Sheshadri]] [[Anupam Kher]] [[Paresh Rawal]]
| music = [[Anu Malik]]
| cinematography = Nadeem Khan
| editing = Dimpy Bahl
| distributor = Swaraajya Shree Movies
| released = {{Film date|1990|01|26|df=yes}}
| runtime = 149 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Awaargi''''' is a 1990 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[drama film]] directed by [[Mahesh Bhatt]] starring [[Anil Kapoor]], [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]], and [[Meenakshi Sheshadri]] in lead roles. Over the years, it has gained critical praise and is considered a classic now. Anil Kapoor and Meenakshi received critical acclaim for their roles.<ref>{{cite web|title=Awaargi – Film Review |url=http://www.planetbollywood.com/Film/Awaargi/ |publisher=Planet Bollywood |access-date=2 September 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100830113105/http://www.planetbollywood.com/Film/Awaargi/ |archivedate=30 August 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bollywood/mahesh-bhatts-awaargi-why-anil-kapoor-meenakshi-seshadri-govinda-starrer-didnt-get-recognition-it-deserved-4142207.html|title=Mahesh Bhatt's Awaargi: This Is Anil Kapoor, Govinda starrer didn't get the recognition it deserved|date=16 October 2017|website=Firstpost|access-date=26 June 2019}}</ref>

==Plot==
Lala Jamal Khan is one of Bombay's underground dons and has several men who carry out all kinds of criminal activities on his behalf. One of these men is Azaad, whom Khan uses to scare people, and who has never failed him. Then Azaad rescues a prostitute named Meena from Ranu Bhai, who owes allegiance to a rival gangster called Bhau, thereby inviting his wrath. Azaad refuses to submit to anyone and helps Meena achieve her goal of becoming a famous singer. He entrusts her to a music director named Dhirendra and watches as she becomes more popular every day. Azaad has fallen in love with Meena, but he is unable to tell her. What Azaad does not know is that Dhirendra has also fallen in love with Meena, and it seems that she is attracted to him too. However, before he can pursue this any further, Azaad must contend with Bhau's hoodlums, who have been instructed to kill him at all costs.

==Cast==
*[[Anil Kapoor]] as Azaad.
*[[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]] as Dheerendra Kumar "Dheeren"
*[[Meenakshi Sheshadri]] as Meena
*[[Anupam Kher]] as Lala Jamal Khan
*[[Paresh Rawal]] as Bhau
*[[Satish Kaushik]] as Azaad's Friend
*[[Avtar Gill]] as Ranu Bhai
*[[Ghulam Ali (singer)|Ghulam Ali]] as himself (Special Appearance)

==Music==
[[Anu Malik]] composed the film's music and [[Anand Bakshi]] penned the lyrics.

{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Chamakte Chand Ko"
| [[Ghulam Ali (Ghazal singer)|Ghulam Ali]]
|-
| "Bali Umar Ne Mera Haal Woh Kiya"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Mohammed Aziz]]
|-
| "Ae Mere Sathiya, Tu Koi Geet Ga"
| Lata Mangeshkar, Mohammed Aziz
|-
| "Mujrewali Hoon Main"
| [[Anuradha Paudwal]]
|-
| "Dak Babu Aaya"
| [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0099076|Awaargi}}

{{Mahesh Bhatt}}

[[Category:1990 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1990 Indian films]]
[[Category:1990 films]]
[[Category:1990 drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Mahesh Bhatt]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anu Malik]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]

{{1990s-Hindi-film-stub}}
{{1990s-drama-film-stub}}

Bigg Boss (Tamil TV series) season 1

2026-03-23T14:41:16Z

HesterBrewer: put up new article

{{Short description|Indian Tamil-language reality show}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox television season
| season_number = 1
| image = Bigg Boss Tamil 1.jpg
| image_alt =
| bgcolor =#0E43CD
| caption = Bigg Boss Tamil 1 logo
| module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season
| presenter = [[Kamal Haasan]]
| num_days = 98
| num_housemates = 19
| winner = [[Arav]]
| runner_up = [[Snehan]]
}}
| num_episodes = 98
| network = [[Star Vijay]]
| first_aired = {{start date|2017|6|25|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2017|9|30|df=y}}
}}



'''''Bigg Boss''''' is the first season of the Tamil-language [[Reality television|reality TV]] show ''[[Bigg Boss Tamil]]'' which is the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] version of the ''[[Big Brother (franchise)|Big Brother]]''. The first season aired on [[Star Vijay]] from June 25, 2017, to September 30, 2017.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/photo-features/revealed-the-real-contestants-of-bigg-boss-tamil/photostory/59320708.cms|title=Bigg Boss Tamil – Revealed: The real contestants of Bigg Boss Tamil |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2017-06-26 |access-date=2017-07-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/kamal-haasan-big-boss-gets-a-house-worth-rs-1-crore-4640095/ |title=Kamal Haasan's Big Boss gets a house worth Rs 1 Crore ig |date=4 May 2017 |publisher=The Indian Express |access-date=2017-07-23}}</ref> The season's presenter was [[Kamal Haasan]] and a lavish house set was constructed at EVP theme park, Chennai. This season is the shortest season in the ''[[Bigg Boss Tamil]]'' series excluding the [[Bigg Boss Ultimate|Ultimate series]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/bigg-boss-teaser-like-salman-khan-kamal-haasan-promises-an-honest-reality-show-watch-video-4657917/ |title=Bigg Boss teaser: Like Salman Khan, Kamal Haasan promises an honest reality show. Watch video |date=16 May 2017 |publisher=The Indian Express |access-date=2017-07-23}}</ref>

The winner of the season was model/actor, [[Arav]] who received a cash prize of {{INR}}50 lakh. Lyricist [[Snehan|Snehan Sivaselvam]] was the runner-up.

[[Snehan]], [[Suja Varunee]] and Maria Juliana returned as contestants in [[Bigg Boss Ultimate season 1|''Bigg Boss Ultimate'' season 1]]. While [[Bindu Madhavi]] returned as a contestant in [[Bigg Boss Non-Stop season 1|''Bigg Boss Non-Stop'' season 1]] and eventually she won it.

== Housemate status==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:85%; line-height:30px; width:auto;"
!SR
! scope="col" style="background:#0E43CD;color:white" |Housemates
!scope="col" style ="background:#0E43CD;"style="background:#0E43CD;color:white"|Day entered
!scope="col" style ="background:#0E43CD;"style="background:#0E43CD;color:white"|Day exited
!scope="col" style ="background:#0E43CD;"style="background:#0E43CD;color:white" |Status
|-
|1
|Arav
|Day 1
|Day 98
|{{Won|Winner}}
|-
|2
|Snehan
|Day 1
|Day 98
|{{Runner-up|1st Runner-up}}
|-
|3
|Harish
|Day 46
|Day 98
|style="background:#7FFFD4;" | {{nowrap|2nd Runner-up}}
|-
|4
|Ganesh
|Day 1
|Day 98
|style="background:#DDA0DD;" | 3rd Runner-up
|-
|5
|Bindu
|Day 35
|Day 96
|style="background:#FF69B4;" |4th Runner-up
|-
|rowspan="2"|6
|rowspan="2"|Suja
|Day 46
|Day 77
|style="background:cyan"|Secret Room
|-
|Day 79
|Day 91
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
|7
|Vaiyapuri
|Day 1
|Day 84
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
|8
|Kaajal
|Day 46
|Day 70
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
|9
|Raiza
|Day 1
|Day 62
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
|10
|Gayatri
|Day 1
|Day 56
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
|11
|Shakthi
|Day 1
|Day 49
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
|12
|Juliana
|Day 1
|Day 42
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
|13
|Oviya
|Day 1
|Day 42
|{{Quit|Walked}}
|-
|14
|Namitha
|Day 1
|Day 28
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
|15
|Harathi
|Day 1
|Day 21
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
|16
|Ganja
|Day 1
|Day 14
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
|17
|Bharani
|Day 1
|Day 14
|{{CRemoved|Ejected}}
|-
|18
|Anuya
|Day 1
|Day 7
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
|19
|Sri
|Day 1
|Day 4
|{{Quit|Walked}}
|}

===Original entrants===
# [[Sri (actor)|Sri]], an actor best known for playing the lead role in the films ''[[Vazhakku Enn 18/9]]'' (2012) and ''[[Maanagaram]]'' (2017).
# [[Anuya Bhagvath]], an actress best known for playing the lead role in ''[[Siva Manasula Sakthi]]'' (2009).
# [[Vaiyapuri]], an actor who has primarily appeared as a comedian in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil films]].
# [[Gayathri Raghuram]], an actress, choreographer and politician who has worked in Tamil films.
# [[Bharani (actor)|Bharani]], an actor best known for playing a lead role in ''[[Naadodigal]]'' (2009).
# [[Raiza Wilson]], a model and former beauty-pageant contestant from [[Bangalore]].
# [[Snehan]], a lyricist, poet, actor and motivational speaker who has worked in Tamil films.
# [[Oviya]], an actress who has appeared in leading roles in the films ''[[Kalavani]]'' (2010), ''[[Marina (2012 film)|Marina]]'' (2012) and ''[[Kalakalappu]]'' (2012).
# [[Aarthi (actress)|Harathi Ganesh]], an actress who has primarily appeared as a comedienne in Tamil films.
# [[Arav]], a model and actor from [[Tiruchchirapalli]] who has starred in ''[[Saithan]]'' (2016).
# [[Ganja Karuppu]], an actor who has primarily appeared as a comedian in Tamil films.
# Maria Juliana, a former nurse who rose to fame as an activist during the [[2017 Jallikattu protests]].
# [[Ganesh Venkatraman]], an actor and former model who has appeared in supporting roles in the films ''[[Abhiyum Naanum (film)|Abhiyum Naanum]]'' (2008), ''[[Unnaipol Oruvan (2009 film)|Unnaipol Oruvan]]'' (2009), and ''[[Thani Oruvan]]'' (2015).
# [[Shakthi Vasudevan]], an actor best known for playing leading roles in ''[[Thottal Poo Malarum]]'' (2007) and ''[[Shivalinga (2017 film)|Shivalinga]]'' (2017).
# [[Namitha]], an actress who has appeared in leading roles in the films ''[[Aai (film)|Aai]]'' (2004), ''[[Billa (2007 film)|Billa]]'' (2007) and ''[[Azhagiya Tamil Magan]]'' (2007).

===Wildcard entrants===
# [[Bindu Madhavi]], an actress who has appeared in leading roles in the films ''[[Kazhugu (2012 film)|Kazhugu]]'' (2012), ''[[Kedi Billa Killadi Ranga]]'' (2013), and ''[[Desingu Raja]]'' (2013).
# [[Suja Varunee]], an actress and dancer who has appeared in supporting roles in the films ''[[Milaga]]'' (2010) and ''[[Pencil (film)|Pencil]]'' (2016).
# [[Harish Kalyan]], an actor best known for playing leading roles in the films ''[[Sindhu Samaveli]]'' (2010) and ''[[Poriyaalan]]'' (2014).
# [[Kaajal Pasupathi]], an actress and video jockey known for her roles in ''[[Ko (film)|Ko]]'' (2011) and ''[[Mounaguru]]'' (2011).

==Nominations table==
 

<blockquote style="padding: 0em; overflow:auto;">
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; font-size:85%; line-height:15px;"
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" |
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 1
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 2
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 3
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 4
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 5
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 6
! style="width: 5%;" colspan="3" | Week 7
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 8
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 9
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 10
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 11
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 12
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 13
! style="width: 5%;" colspan="3" | Week 14 (GRAND FINALE)
|-
! style="width:5%"|Day 43
! style="width:5%" colspan="2"|Day 46
! style="width:5%"|Day 97
! style="width:5%" colspan="2"|Day 98
|-
|- style="background:#cfc;"
! style="background:#cfc;"|House Captain 
| Snehan
| Gayathri
| Ganesh
| Shakthi
| Snehan
| rowspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"|''No Captain''
| colspan="3" | Raiza
| Bindu
| Harish
| rowspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"|''No Captain''
| Vaiyapuri
| Arav
| Snehan
| colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"|''No Captain''
|-
! Captain's Nomination  
| Juliana Sri
| Bharani Ganja
| Oviya Harathi
| Vaiyapuri Namitha
| Juliana Oviya
| style="background:#ccc"|''Nominations Rejected''
| colspan="2" | Vaiyapuri
| Gayathri Arav
| Raiza Bindu
| Suja Harish
| Snehan Harish
| style="background:#ccc"|''Immune''
|-
! style="background:#000;" colspan="19"|
|-
! Vote to:
! colspan="7" |Evict
! Save
! colspan="7" | Evict
! colspan="3" |Win
|-
! style="background:#000;" colspan="19"|
|-
|- 

|-
! Arav
| Anuya Raiza
| Bharani Ganja
| Harathi Juliana
| Ganesh Namitha
| Juliana Gayathri
| Shakthi Oviya
| style="background:#959FFD;"|''Nominations Rejected''
| colspan="2" style="background:#959FFD;" | Vaiyapuri
| Gayathri Raiza
| style="background:#FBF373;"|Snehan Bindu
| Suja Vaiyapuri
| Suja Ganesh
| style="background:#cfc;" | ''House Captain''
| style="background:#959FFD;"|''Nominated''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Finalist''
| style="background:#73FB84;" colspan="2" |'''Winner''' (Day 98)
|-
! Snehan
| style="background:#cfc;" | ''House Captain''
| Bharani Oviya
| Oviya Vaiyapuri
| Vaiyapuri Oviya
| style="background:#cfc;" | ''House Captain''
| style="background:#FBF373;" | Juliana Oviya
| style="background:#ccc"|''Nominations Rejected''
| colspan="2" | Vaiyapuri
| Ganesh Arav
| Raiza Ganesh
| style="background:#959FFD;" |Arav Kaajal
| Arav Ganesh
| Arav Harish
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
| style="background:#FBF373;" |{{nowrap|''Ticket To''}} {{nowrap|''Finale Winner''}} ''Finalist''
| style="background:#D1E8EF;" colspan="2" |'''1st Runner-Up''' (Day 98)
|-
! Harish
| colspan="9" style="background:#fff;" | ''Not in House''
| style="background:#FBF373;" | ''Exempt''
| style="background:#cfc;" | ''House Captain''
| Kaajal Arav
| Ganesh Bindu
| Vaiyapuri Arav
| style="background:#959FFD;"|''Nominated''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Finalist''
| style="background:#7FFFD4;" colspan="2" |'''2nd Runner-Up''' (Day 98)
|-
! Ganesh
| Ganja Sri
| Bharani Ganja
| style="background:#cfc;"| ''House Captain''
| Oviya Namitha
| Oviya Juliana
| Oviya Juliana
| style="background:#ccc"|''Nominations Rejected''
| colspan="2" | Vaiyapuri
| Gayathri Raiza
| Raiza Vaiyapuri
| Arav Kaajal
| Suja Snehan
| Vaiyapuri Bindu
| style="background:#959FFD;"|''Nominated''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Finalist''
| style="background:#DDA0DD;" colspan="2" |'''3rd Runner-Up''' (Day 98)
|-
! Bindu
| colspan="5" style="background:#fff;"| ''Not in House''
| style="background:#FBF373;"|Juliana Gayathri
| style="background:#ccc"|''Nominations Rejected''
| colspan="2" | Vaiyapuri
| style="background:#cfc;"| ''House Captain''
| Raiza Snehan
| Kaajal Arav
| Suja Harish
| Vaiyapuri Snehan
| style="background:#959FFD;"|''Nominated''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Finalist''
| colspan="2" style="background:#FF69B4;"|'''4th Runner-Up''' (Day 97)
|-
! Suja
| colspan="9" style="background:#fff;" | ''Not in House''
| style="background:#FBF373;" | ''Exempt''
| style="background:#FBF373;" |Vaiyapuri Raiza
| Arav Kaajal
| Bindu Snehan
| style="background:#87CEFA;"|Arav Snehan
| style="background:#959FFD;"|''Nominated''
| style="background:salmon" colspan="3" |''Evicted'' (Day 91)
|-
! Vaiyapuri
| Sri Anuya
| Bharani Namitha
| Namitha Oviya
| Ganesh Namitha
| Gayathri Juliana
| style="background:#959FFD;" |Juliana Raiza
| style="background:#ccc"|''Nominations Rejected''
| colspan="2" | Himself
| Gayathri Raiza
| Raiza Ganesh
| Kaajal Suja
| style="background:#cfc;" | ''House Captain''
| Harish Bindu
| colspan="4" style="background:salmon" |''Evicted'' (Day 84)
|-
! Kaajal
| colspan="9" style="background:#fff;" | ''Not in House''
| style="background:#FBF373;" | ''Exempt''
| style="background:#FBF373;" |Vaiyapuri Snehan
| Vaiyapuri Bindu
| colspan="6" style="background:salmon" |''Evicted'' (Day 70)
|-
! Raiza
| Gayathri Juliana
| Juliana Oviya
| Juliana Oviya
| Oviya Juliana
| style="background:#959FFD;" | Juliana Oviya
| Oviya Ganesh
| colspan="3" style="background:#cfc;" | ''House Captain''
| Vaiyapuri Gayathri
| Vaiyapuri Snehan
| colspan="7" style="background:salmon" |''Evicted'' (Day 65)
|-
! Gayathri
| Raiza Juliana
| style="background:#cfc;" | ''House Captain''
| Oviya Juliana
| Ganesh Oviya
| Oviya Arav
| Oviya Arav
| style="background:#ccc"|''Nominations Rejected''
| colspan="2" | Vaiyapuri
| Raiza Vaiyapuri
| colspan="8" style="background:salmon" |''Evicted'' (Day 56)
|-
! Shakthi
| Sri Ganja
| Raiza Bharani
| Harathi Oviya
| style="background:#cfc;" | ''House Captain''
| Oviya Arav
| Oviya Juliana
| style="background:#ccc"|''Nominations Rejected''
| colspan="2" | Vaiyapuri
| colspan="10" style="background:salmon" |''Evicted'' (Day 49)
|-
! Juliana
| Anuya Raiza
| Bharani Ganja
| Harathi Vaiyapuri
| Oviya Namitha
| Arav Ganesh
| Oviya Ganesh
| colspan="12" style="background:salmon" |''Evicted'' (Day 42)
|-
! Oviya
| Ganja Sri
| Ganja Raiza
| Gayathri Raiza
| Ganesh Namitha
| Juliana Ganesh
| Arav Raiza
| colspan="12" style="background:#fcf" |''Walked'' (Day 41)
|-
! Namitha
| Sri Anuya
| Bharani Oviya
| Vaiyapuri Juliana
| Ganesh Oviya
| colspan="14" style="background:salmon" |''Evicted'' (Day 28)
|-
! Harathi
| Juliana Sri
| Ganesh Arav
| Shakthi Juliana
| style="background:salmon" colspan=15|''Evicted'' (Day 21)
|-
! Bharani
| Sri Raiza
| Ganja Namitha
| style="background:#FFE08B" colspan="16" |''Ejected'' (Day 14)
|-
! Ganja
| Sri Anuya
| Bharani Oviya
| style="background:salmon" colspan="16" |''Evicted'' (Day 14)
|-
! Anuya
| Harathi Juliana
| style="background:salmon" colspan="17"|''Evicted'' (Day 7)
|-
! Sri
| Gayathri Shakthi
| style="background:#fcf" colspan="17"|''Walked'' (Day 4)
|-
! Note
| ''[[#endnote 1|1]]''
| ''[[#endnote 2|2]]''
| colspan=2 bgcolor=#ccc |''none''
| ''[[#endnote 3|3]]'', ''[[#endnote 4|4]]''
| ''[[#endnote 5|5]]'', ''[[#endnote 6|6]]'', ''[[#endnote 7|7]]'', ''[[#endnote 9|9]]''
| colspan="3"| ''[[#endnote 8|8]]'', ''[[#endnote 10|10]]'', ''[[#endnote 11|11]]'', ''[[#endnote 12|12]]''
| ''[[#endnote 13|13]]''
| ''[[#endnote 13|13]]'', ''[[#endnote 14|14]]''
| ''[[#endnote 7|7]]'', ''[[#endnote 15|15]]''
| ''[[#endnote 16|16]]'', ''[[#endnote 17|17]]'', ''[[#endnote 18|18]]''
| ''[[#endnote 19|19]]'', ''[[#endnote 20|20]]''
| ''[[#endnote 21|21]]''
| colspan="3"| ''[[#endnote 7|7]]'', ''[[#endnote 22|22]]''
|-
! Against public vote
| Anuya Juliana Raiza <s>Sri</s>
| Bharani Ganja Oviya Raiza
|Harathi Juliana Oviya Vaiyapuri Raiza
| Ganesh Namitha Oviya
| Arav Juliana Oviya Raiza
| Juliana <s>Oviya</s> Vaiyapuri
| Arav Bindu Ganesh Gayathri Shakthi Snehan Vaiyapuri
| colspan="2"| Arav Bindu Ganesh <s>Gayathri</s> Shakthi Snehan Raiza
| Gayathri Raiza
| Raiza Snehan Vaiyapuri
| Arav Kaajal Snehan Suja
| Bindu Ganesh Harish Suja
| Arav Harish <s>Snehan</s> Vaiyapuri 
| Arav Bindu Ganesh Harish Suja
| colspan="3" |'''Arav Bindu Ganesh Harish Snehan'''
|-
! Walked
| style="background:#fcf"|'''Sri'''|| colspan="4"|''none'' || style="background:#fcf"|'''Oviya''' || colspan="12"|''none''
|-
! Ejected
| ''none'' || style="background:#FFE08B"|'''Bharani''' || colspan="15"|''none''
|
|-
! rowspan="2"|Evicted
| style="background:salmon;" rowspan="3" |'''Anuya'''
| style="background:salmon;" rowspan="3" |'''Ganja'''
| style="background:salmon;" rowspan="3" |'''Harathi'''
| style="background:salmon;" rowspan="3" |'''Namitha'''
| style="background:#ccc;" rowspan="3" |''No Eviction''
| style="background:salmon;" rowspan="3"|'''Juliana'''
| colspan="3" style="background:salmon;" rowspan="3"|'''Shakthi'''
| style="background:salmon;" rowspan="3"|'''Gayathri'''
| style="background:salmon;" rowspan="3"|'''Raiza'''
| style="background:salmon;" rowspan="3"|'''Kaajal'''
| style="background:#87CEFA;" rowspan="3"|'''Suja'''
|style="background:salmon;" rowspan="3"|'''Vaiyapuri'''
|style="background:salmon;" rowspan="3"|'''Suja'''
| rowspan="3" style="background:#FF69B4;"|'''Bindu'''
| style="background:#DDA0DD;"|'''Ganesh'''
| style="background:#7FFFD4;"|'''Harish'''
|-
| style="background:#D1E8EF;" |'''Snehan'''
| style="background:#73FB76;"|'''Arav'''
|}
</blockquote>

===Notes===

:{{Color box|#cfc|border=silver}} indicates the House Captain.
:{{Color box|#959FFD|border=silver}} indicates that the housemate was directly nominated for eviction prior to the regular nominations process.
:{{Color box|#FBF373|border=silver}} indicates that the housemate was granted immunity from nominations.
:{{Color box|#cff;|border=silver}} indicates that an evicted housemate returned temporarily to the house as a guest.
:{{Color box|#87CEFA;|border=silver}} indicates that the housemate moved to the Secret Room.
*{{note|1|Note 1}}: Sri left the show on day 4 because of his poor health conditions.<ref>[http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/%E2%80%8Bbigg-boss-tamil-episode-7-summary-kamal-haasan-discusses-about-the-week-gone-by-with-snehan-juliana-ganja-karupu-and-bharani-4732261/ Bigg Boss Tamil episode 7 summary: Kamal Haasan discusses the week gone by with Snehan, Juliana, Ganja Karupu and Bharani]</ref>
*{{note|2|Note 2}}: Bharani was ejected from the show for breaking the Bigg Boss rule by trying to escape from the house.<ref name="bharani" />
*{{note|3|Note 3}}: Raiza was automatically nominated for eviction for Week 5 during Week 4 as punishment for talking about the eviction nominees despite being forbidden to do so.<ref>[http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-tamil-week-4-oviyas-popularity-grows-namitha-battles-elimination-3833037.html Bigg Boss Tamil week 4: Oviya's popularity grows, Namitha battles elimination]</ref>
*{{note|4|Note 4}}: There was no eviction during Week 5; however, the housemates still nominated their fellow housemates for eviction without knowing that there would be no eviction.<ref name="week 5" />
*{{note|5|Note 5}}: Snehan was saved from eviction while Vaiyapuri was nominated for eviction for Week 6 during Week 5 by Arav and Gayathri, who both had the power to save and nominate one housemate each for eviction in their role of ''Junior Bigg Boss'' for a day.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-27th-july-2017-episode-33-update-on-day-32-bigg-boss-selects-junior-bigg-boss/articleshow/59806354.cms Bigg Boss Tamil – 27 July 2017, Episode 33 Update: On Day 32, Bigg Boss selects Junior Bigg Boss]</ref>
*{{note|6|Note 6}}: As the new housemate, Bindu Madhavi was granted immunity from nomination for Week 6.
*{{note|7|Note 7}}: There was no House Captain for Weeks 6, 10 and 14.
*{{note|8|Note 8}}: After ending up on the losing side in a daily task during Week 6, housemates in the winning team nominated Arav for eviction for Week 7.<ref>[http://www.news18.com/news/movies/bigg-boss-tamil-oviya-asked-to-pack-bags-in-episode-41-1483425.html Bigg Boss Tamil Day 40: Oviya Asked to Pack Bags in Episode 41]</ref>
*{{note|9|Note 9}}: Oviya left the show because of mental stress arising due to tension in relationships with Arav and the other housemates.<ref name="oviya">[http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-oviya-walks-out-of-the-show-4784618/ Bigg Boss Tamil: Tamil Nadu's darling Oviya walks out of the show, leaves her Army heartbroken]</ref>
*{{note|10|Note 10}}: All the housemates except Raiza (and Arav who was already nominated) were nominated for eviction for Week 7 as they did not provide valid reasons while nominating a housemate for eviction, as a result of which Raiza became the House Captain for Week 7 by default.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-7th-august-2017-episode-44-update-on-day-43-except-raiza-everyone-gets-nominated/articleshow/59969896.cms Bigg Boss Tamil – 7 August 2017, Episode 44 Update: On Day 43, Except Raiza, everyone gets nominated!]</ref>
*{{note|11|Note 11}}: Vaiyapuri was chosen to be saved from the Week 7 eviction by the other housemates.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-10th-august-2017-episode-47-update-on-day-46-rift-between-gayathri-and-raiza/articleshow/60017406.cms Bigg Boss Tamil – 10 August 2017, Episode 47 Update: On Day 46, rift between Gayathri and Raiza!]</ref>
*{{note|12|Note 12}}: Gayathri was saved from Week 7 eviction after winning a task in which housemates had to answer five questions about the Bigg Boss house.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-11th-august-2017-episode-48-update-on-day-47-gayathri-saved-from-elimination/articleshow/60032213.cms Bigg Boss Tamil – 11 August 2017, Episode 48 Update: On Day 47, Gayathri saved from elimination!]</ref>
*{{note|13|Note 13}}: As the new housemates, Suja, Harish and Kajal were granted immunity from nominations for Weeks 8 and 9.
*{{note|14|Note 14}}: After winning a daily task during Week 8, Arav was granted immunity from nomination for Week 9.<ref>[http://www.news18.com/news/movies/bigg-boss-tamil-episode-54-inmates-get-busy-with-a-new-task-1495285.html Bigg Boss Tamil Episode 54: Inmates Get Busy With a New Task]</ref>
*{{note|15|Note 15}}: Snehan was nominated for Week 10 eviction during Week 9 at the end of the luxury budget task wherein the nomination for Week 10 eviction changed between the housemates.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-24-august-2017-episode-61-update-on-day-60-tasks-get-exciting/articleshow/60230665.cms Bigg Boss Tamil – 24 August 2017, Episode 61 Update: On Day 60, tasks get exciting!]</ref>
*{{note|16|Note 16}}: Although Harathi, Juliana and Shakthi were guests in the Bigg Boss house and ex-contestants, they were allowed to nominate the other housemates for eviction.
*{{note|17|Note 17}}: Though Snehan received a sufficient number of votes to be nominated for Week 11 eviction, he was saved from nomination by Ganesh with the help of the joker card he received as a prize for winning a daily task during Week 8. After being saved, Snehan nominated Bindu as his replacement for Week 11 eviction.<ref>[http://www.newsnation.in/photos/entertainment/kamal-haasan-bigg-boss-tamil-harish-eliminated-2435/slide1 Bigg Boss Tamil: Ganesh, Suja, Harish, Bindu – THIS contestant to get ELIMINATED tonight from Kamal Haasan's show]</ref>
*{{note|18|Note 18}}: Suja was evicted by the regular eviction process, however in accordance with the Secret Room twist, she was moved to a temporary abode and stayed there for a day before returning to the house on Day 78. Following her return, she has also exempted from nomination for the Week 12 eviction, though she could nominate the other housemates.<ref name="suja" /><ref name="suja returns" />
*{{note|19|Note 19}}: Even though Arav was the House Captain for Week 12, he was still eligible to be nominated for Week 12 eviction.<ref name="suja returns" />
*{{note|20|Note 20}}: As Snehan won the Golden Ticket during Week 12, he was granted immunity till the final week.<ref name="golden ticket" />
*{{note|21|Note 21}}: Since Snehan was already a finalist, he was made House Captain for Week 13 by default while the rest of the housemates were automatically nominated for eviction.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-18th-september-2017-episode-86-update-on-day-85-suja-gets-upset-with-snehans-game/articleshow/60748136.cms Bigg Boss Tamil – 18 September 2017, Episode 86 Update: On Day 85, Suja gets upset with Snehan's game!]</ref>
*{{note|22|Note 22}}: All finalists were nominated for a mid-week eviction.<ref name="suja evicted" /> Bindu was evicted and declared as the 4th runner up of Bigg Boss during the mid-week eviction as she received the fewest public votes to win Bigg Boss.<ref name="aarav wins">[http://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/bigg-boss-tamil-winner-aarav-s-victory-has-stunned-the-audience/story-JfoYa7wvMYjPWlovqASAgL.html Bigg Boss Tamil grand finale: Arav's victory has stunned Twitter]</ref>

==Guests==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left; line-height:20px; width:auto;"
|-
! width:3%;" | Week(s)
! width:25%;" | Days(s)
! width:25%;" | Guest(s)
! width:60%;" |Purpose of Visit
|-
|-
| align=center rowspan=1 |'''4'''
| align=center|Day 25
| [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
| To promote their team for the [[2017 Pro Kabaddi League season]].<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-20-july-2017-episode-26-on-day-25-drama-intensifies-as-julie-falls-sick/articleshow/59698928.cms Bigg Boss Tamil – 20 July 2017, Episode 26: On day 25, drama intensifies as Julie falls sick]</ref>
|-
| align=center rowspan=1 |'''7'''
| align=center|Day 45
| A thief (Sridhar) and a clown
| As part of a daily task, to get the attention of the housemates.
|-
| align=center rowspan=1 |'''8'''
| align=center|Day 52
| An [[exorcist]]
| As a part of a luxury budget, to play an exorcist role in the prank of a particular housemate.
|-
| align=center rowspan=2 |'''9'''
| align=center|Day 59
| Masked man to steal eggs
| Punishment for the contestants, as Raiza broke the house rule by sleeping in the daytime.
|-
| align=center|Day 61
| | A referee and two wrestlers (one male and another female)
| To wrestle with the housemates as part of a daily task.
|-
| align=center rowspan=1 |'''10'''
| align=center|Day 64 – 70
| [[Aarthi (actress)|Harathi Ganesh]] and Maria Juliana
| They re-entered the house as guests for a week.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-28-august-2017-episode-65-update-on-day-64julie-and-harathi-re-enter-the-house/articleshow/60274819.cms Bigg Boss Tamil- 28 August 2017, Episode 65 Update: On day 64, Julie and Harathi re-enter the house]</ref>
|-
| align=center rowspan=6 |'''11'''
| align=center|Day 70 – 77
| Harathi Ganesh and Maria Juliana
| Stay as house guests extended for another week.<ref name="kaajal">[http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-tamil-week-10-update-kajal-evicted-trigger-sakthi-makes-surprise-re-entry-4005961.html Bigg Boss Tamil Week 10 update: Kajal evicted; 'Trigger' Sakthi makes surprise re-entry]</ref>
|-
| align=center|Day 70 – 77
| [[Shakthi Vasudevan]]
| Shakthi re-entered the house as a guest for a week.<ref name="kaajal"/>
|-
| align=center| Day 73
| Vaiyapuri's family, Bindu's friends and Harish's parents
| To surprise Vaiyapuri, Bindu and Harish respectively as part of the week's luxury budget task.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-7th-september-2017-episode-74-update-on-day-73-friends-and-families-visit-housemates/articleshow/60407421.cms Bigg Boss Tamil – 7 September 2017, Episode 74 Update: On Day 73, Friends and families visit housemates]</ref>
|-
| align=center|Day 74
| Snehan's father and Ganesh's wife [[Nisha Krishnan]]
| To surprise Snehan and Ganesh respectively as part of the week's luxury budget task.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-7th-september-2017-episode-75-update-on-day-74-snehans-father-and-ganeshs-wife-visit-the-house/articleshow/60421639.cms Bigg Boss Tamil – 7 September 2017, Episode 75 Update: On Day 74, Snehan's father and Ganesh's wife visit the house]</ref>
|-
| align=center|Day 75
| Arav's friend, brother and nephew and Suja's mother and sister
| To surprise Arav and Suja respectively as part of the week's luxury budget task.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-8th-september-2017-episode-76-update-on-day-75-bindu-loses-her-chocolates/articleshow/60437926.cms Bigg Boss Tamil – 8 September 2017, Episode 76 Update: On Day 75, Bindu loses her chocolates!]</ref>
|-
| align=center|Day 76
| [[Vishnu Vishal|Vishnu]] and [[Catherine Tresa]]
| To promote their movie ''[[Katha Nayagan (2017 film)|Kathanayagan]]''.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-9th-september-2017-episode-77-update-on-day-76-vishnu-and-catherine-visit-bigg-boss-house/articleshow/60449566.cms Bigg Boss Tamil – 9 September 2017, Episode 77 Update: On Day 76, Vishnu and Catherine visit Bigg Boss house]</ref>
|-
| align=center rowspan="1" |'''12'''
| align=center|Day 84
| [[Kamal Haasan]]
| Visited the house to announce the Golden Ticket winner.<ref name="golden ticket">[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-17th-september-2017-episode-85-update-on-day-84-snehan-wins-ticket-to-finale-vaiyapuri-eliminated/articleshow/60731151.cms Bigg Boss Tamil – 17 September 2017, Episode 85 Update: On Day 84, Snehan wins ticket to finale, Vaiyapuri eliminated!]</ref>
|-
| align=center rowspan="6" |'''14'''
| align=center |Day 92
| [[Anjali (film actress)|Anjali]]
| To promote her movie ''[[Balloon (2017 film)|Balloon]]''.<ref>[https://regional.pinkvilla.com/tamil/tv/bigg-boss-tamil-25th-september-2017-episode-93-update-day-92-actress-anjali-visits-final-five-bigg-boss-house/ Bigg Boss Tamil – 25 September 2017, Episode 93 update: On day 92, Actress Anjali visits the final five of the Bigg Boss house]</ref>
|-
| align=center |Day 96
| A thief (Sridhar) and drummers (Arjun and Suman)
| To distract the housemates, as a part of the daily task.
|-
| align=center rowspan="4"|Day 98
| All evicted/ejected/walked housemates except [[Sri (actor)|Sri]] and [[Namitha]]
| Invited for the ''Bigg Boss Tamil'' grand finale.
|-
| Ganesh's wife Nisha Krishnan
| To escort Ganesh out of the Bigg Boss house after he finished fourth.
|-
| [[Oviya]] (ex-contestant)
| To escort Harish out of the Bigg Boss house after he finished third.
|-
| [[Kamal Haasan]]
| To escort the remaining two housemates{{snd}}Arav and Snehan{{snd}}from the Bigg Boss house to the finale stage.
|}

==Controversies==

* Bigg Boss Tamil 1 fame Bharani was eliminated from the show as he tried to escape the BB house by jumping off the wall. He was mentally strained due to the treatment of the housemates. His exit sparked a controversy with the viewers slamming the contestants for their inappropriate behaviour towards Bharani.

==Weekly summary==
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 96%; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"
|-
|'''Week's'''
| '''Context'''
| '''Notes'''
|-
! rowspan="5" | Week 1
| '''Entrances''' ||
* Sri, Anuya Bhagvath, Vaiyapuri, Gayathri Raguram, Bharani, Raiza Wilson, Snehan, Oviya, Harathi Ganesh, Arav, Ganja Karuppu, Maria Juliana, Ganesh Venkatraman, Shakthi Vasudevan entered the Bigg Boss house on Day 0. Namitha entered as a wildcard entrant on Day 1.
|-
| '''House Captain''' ||
* Snehan
|-
| '''Nominations''' ||
* Anuya, Juliana and Sri
|-
| '''Luxury Budget Tasks''' ||
* Identifying childhood photos of fellow housemates
|-
| '''Exits''' ||
* Sri left the house on Day 4 due to health problems.
* Anuya was evicted on Day 7.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-episode-8-anuya-gets-evicted-kamal-haasan-asks-contestants-to-keep-it-real-4733352/|title=Bigg Boss Tamil episode 8: Anuya gets evicted, Kamal Haasan asks contestants to keep it real|date=2017-07-03|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2017-07-03|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="5" | Week 2
|-
| '''House Captain''' ||
* Gayathri
|-
| '''Nominations''' ||
* Bharani, Ganja and Oviya
|-
| '''Luxury Budget Tasks''' ||
* Meendum Palli ku Pogalam (learning Tamil in school setting)
|-
| '''Exits''' ||
* Ganja was evicted on Day 14.<ref>[http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-ganja-karuppu-evicted-oviya-professes-love-for-aarar-harathi-ganesh-is-afraid-of-juliana-4744380/ Bigg Boss Tamil: Ganja Karuppu evicted, Oviya professes love for Aarar, Harathi Ganesh is afraid of Juliana]</ref>
* Bharani was ejected on Day 14 for trying to escape from the house.<ref name="bharani">[http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-tamil-week-3-update-demoralised-bharani-ousted-from-show-julie-vows-to-trounce-harathi-3807541.html Bigg Boss Tamil week 3 update: Demoralised Bharani ousted from show; Julie vows to trounce Harathi]</ref>
|-
! rowspan="5" | Week 3
|-
| '''House Captain''' ||
*Ganesh
|-
| '''Nominations''' ||
* Harathi, Juliana, Oviya and Vaiyapuri
|-
| '''Luxury Budget Tasks''' ||
* Dance marathon (dressing up as a Tamil film star and dancing to his film song which is played at random)
|-
| '''Exits''' ||
* Harathi was evicted on Day 21.<ref>[http://www.ibtimes.co.in/bigg-boss-tamil-vaiyapuri-harathi-ganesh-juliana-oviya-danger-zone-wholl-be-eliminated-this-734743/ Bigg Boss Tamil: Harathi Ganesh eliminated from Kamal Hassan's show]</ref>
|-
! rowspan="5" | Week 4
|-
| '''House Captain''' ||
* Shakthi
|-
| '''Nominations''' ||
* Ganesh, Namitha and Oviya
|-
| '''Luxury Budget Tasks''' ||
* Thiruda Thiruda (who stole the diamond)
|-
| '''Exits''' ||
*Namitha was evicted on Day 28.<ref>[http://www.ibtimes.co.in/bigg-boss-tamil-elimination-namitha-ganesh-oviya-safe-kamal-haasan-735673 Bigg Boss Tamil: Namitha eliminated from Kamal Haasan's show]</ref>
|-
! rowspan="5" | Week 5
|-
| '''House Captain''' ||
* Snehan
|-
| '''Nominations''' ||
* Arav, Juliana, Oviya and Raiza
|-
| '''Luxury Budget Tasks''' ||
* Ottam Mudinthal Attam Mudiyum (cycling to access kitchen, bedroom and bathroom)
|-
| '''Exits''' ||
* None<ref name="week 5">[http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-tamil-week-5-gayathri-snehan-elected-leader-again-3861047.html Bigg Boss Tamil Week 5: Gayathri and Oviya settle differences; Snehan elected leader again]</ref>
|-
! rowspan="5" | Week 6
| '''Entrances''' ||
* Bindu Madhavi entered the Bigg Boss house on Day 35.
|-
| '''House Captain''' ||
* None
|-
| '''Nominations''' ||
* Juliana and Vaiyapuri
|-
| '''Luxury Budget Tasks''' ||
* Bigg Boss Research Centre (mental hospital tasks)
|-
| '''Exits''' ||
*Oviya walked out of the show on Day 41<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-oviya-walks-out-of-the-show-4784618/|title=Bigg Boss Tamil: Tamil Nadu's darling Oviya walks out of the show, leaves her Army heartbroken|date=2017-08-06|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-09-23}}</ref>
* Juliana was evicted on Day 42.<ref name="julie">[http://www.newsnation.in/photos/entertainment/kamal-haasan-bigg-boss-tamil-juliana-elimination-oviya-exit-2295/slide1#ph-22954 Bigg Boss Tamil: After Oviya, THIS contestant leaves Kamal Haasan Show]</ref>
|-
! rowspan="4" | Week 7
| '''House Captain''' ||
* Raiza
|-
| '''Nominations''' ||
* Arav, Bindu, Ganesh, Gayathri, Shakthi, Snehan and Vaiyapuri
|-
| '''Luxury Budget Tasks''' ||
* Bigg Boss Laundry Centre (washing, sewing and ironing clothes from outside in the traditional manner)
|-
| '''Exits''' ||
* Shakthi was evicted on Day 49.<ref>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/bigg-boss-tamil-shakti-evicted-and-much-like-oviya-vaiyapuri-too-wants-to-quit/story-cnwqc3emlNOrcJREXimbMI.html Bigg Boss Tamil: Shakti evicted and much like Oviya, Vaiyapuri too wants to quit]</ref>
|-
! rowspan="5" | Week 8
|'''Entrances'''||
* Suja Varunee, Harish Kalyan & Kaajal Pasupathi entered the Bigg Boss house on Days 52, 53 & 54 respectively.
|-
| '''House Captain''' ||
* Bindu
|-
| '''Nominations''' ||
* Gayathri and Raiza
|-
| '''Luxury Budget Tasks''' ||
* Bigg Boss Veettil Pei Nadamattam (secret task among housemates to select one housemate and make them believe the house is haunted by ghosts)
|-
| '''Exits''' ||
* Gayathri was evicted on Day 56.<ref>[http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-tamil-week-8-gayathri-evicted-harish-kalyan-and-kaajal-pasupathi-make-wild-card-entry-3955307.html Bigg Boss Tamil Week 8: Gayathri evicted; Harish Kalyan and Kaajal Pasupathi make wild card entry]</ref>
|-
! rowspan="5" | Week 9
|-
| '''House Captain''' ||
* Harish
|-
| '''Nominations''' ||
* Raiza, Snehan and Vaiyapuri
|-
| '''Luxury Budget Tasks''' ||
* Nominations Changer (changing nomination for Week 10 eviction between housemates)
|-
| '''Exits''' ||
* Raiza was evicted on Day 63.<ref>[http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-tamil-week-9-raiza-evicted-kamal-haasan-invites-ex-contestants-to-show-3981073.html Bigg Boss Tamil Day 63: Raiza Evicted and Kamal Haasan invites ex-contestants to show]</ref>
|-
! rowspan="5" | Week 10
|-
| '''House Captain''' ||
* None
|-
| '''Nominations''' ||
* Arav, Kaajal and Snehan
|-
| '''Luxury Budget Tasks''' ||
*NRI Kudumbam vs. Madurai Kudumbam (Housemates divided into 2 teams{{snd}}NRI Kudumbam and Madurai Kudumbam{{snd}}to perform the daily tasks. The winning team was exempted from performing the tasks for the rest of the week.)
|-
| '''Exits''' ||
* Kaajal was evicted on Day 70.<ref name="kaajal"/>
|-
! rowspan="5" | Week 11
|-
| '''House Captain''' ||
* Vaiyapuri
|-
| '''Nominations''' ||
* Bindu, Ganesh, Harish and Suja
|-
| '''Luxury Budget Tasks''' ||
* Freeze and Release (Housemates must freeze in their positions when Bigg Boss says 'Freeze' and should not move again until Bigg Boss says 'Release'; housemates were punished for failure.)
|-
| '''Exits''' ||
* Suja was sent to the Secret Room on Day 77.<ref name="suja">[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-10th-september-2017-episode-78-update-on-day-77-suja-is-kept-in-a-secret-room/articleshow/60461607.cms Bigg Boss Tamil – 10 September 2017, Episode 78 Update: On Day 77, Suja is kept in a secret room!]</ref><ref name="suja returns">[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-11th-september-2017-episode-79-update-on-day-78-housemates-fight-for-ticket-to-finale/articleshow/60478733.cms Bigg Boss Tamil – 11 September 2017, Episode 79 Update: On Day 78, Housemates fight for ticket to finale!]</ref>
|-
! rowspan="6" | Week 12
|-
|'''Entrances'''||
* Suja Varunee re-entered the Bigg Boss house on Day 78 after spending a day in the Secret Room.
|-
| '''House Captain''' ||
* Arav
|-
| '''Nominations''' ||
* Arav, Harish, Snehan and Vaiyapuri
|-
| '''Luxury Budget Tasks''' ||
* Ticket to Finale Part 1 (The winner of a series of tasks for the week will receive the Golden Ticket which will give immunity from eviction nomination for the rest of the show.)
|-
| '''Exits''' ||
* Vaiyapuri was evicted on Day 84.<ref name="golden ticket"/>
|-
! rowspan="5" | Week 13
|-
| '''House Captain''' ||
* Snehan
|-
| '''Nominations''' ||
* Arav, Bindu, Ganesh, Harish and Suja
|-
| '''Luxury Budget Tasks''' ||
* Ticket to Finale Part 2 (Housemates have to perform tasks assigned by the Bigg Boss who communicates through a telephone.)
|-
| '''Exits''' ||
* Suja was evicted on Day 91.<ref name="suja evicted">[http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-tamil-week-13-updates-suja-varunee-evicted-kamal-haasan-announces-mid-week-elimination-4078309.html Bigg Boss Tamil week 13 updates: Suja Varunee evicted; Kamal Haasan announces mid-week elimination]</ref>
|-
! rowspan="10" | Week 14
|-
| '''House Captain''' ||
* None
|-
| '''Luxury Budget Tasks''' ||
* N/A
|-
| '''Finalists''' ||
During the final week the public vote for who they want to win Bigg Boss. The finalists for the title were as following:

::•[[Arav]]
::•[[Harish Kalyan]]
::•[[Ganesh Venkatraman]]
::•[[Bindu Madhavi]]
::•[[Snehan]]
|-
|style="background:#73FB76; text-align:center;" | '''Winner''' ||style="background:; text-align:center;" |[[Arav]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/bigg-boss-tamil-winner-Snehan-s-victory-has-stunned-the-audience/story-JfoYa7wvMYjPWlovqASAgL.html | title=Bigg Boss Tamil grand finale: Arav's victory has stunned Twitter | date=October 2017 | publisher=Hindustan Times | access-date=2017-10-01}}</ref>
|-
|style="background:#30D5C8; text-align:center;"| '''Runner-Up'''||style="background:; text-align:center;" |[[Snehan]]
|-
|style="background:#7FFFD4; text-align:center;"| '''Third Place''' || style="background:; text-align:center;" | [[Harish Kalyan]]
|-
|style="background:#D1E8EF; text-align:center;"| {{nowrap| '''Fourth Place''' }}|| style="background:; text-align:center;" | [[Ganesh Venkatraman]]
|-
|style="background:#eefbf8; text-align:center;"| {{nowrap| '''Fifth Place''' }}|| style="background:; text-align:center;" | [[Bindu Madhavi]]
|}

==Reception==

After the launch of the show, the viewership of the channel increased by 10%.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Looking back at Bigg Boss Tamil Season One: Top seven controversies|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/looking-back-at-bigg-boss-tamil-season-one-top-seven-controversies-5220445/|website=The Indian Express|date=16 June 2018}}</ref> The series garnered a low rating of 5.2 TVR in debut week with 5.6 million impressions and 5.4 million impressions for premiere episode.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Is Tamil 'Bigg Boss' a hit or flop? What the figures tell us|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tamil-bigg-boss-hit-or-flop-what-figures-tell-us-65032|website=The News Minute|date=11 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Kamal Haasan's Bigg Boss 2 Tamil TRP ratings are impressive|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/kamal-haasan-s-bigg-boss-2-tamil-trp-ratings-are-impressive/story-y1CQWYyRfLtzka2Cd3WQ6K.html|website=Hindustan Times|date=28 June 2018}}</ref> It improved further the following weeks where it averaged 8.4 TVR for a six weeks average ratings.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bigg Boss Tamil and Telugu top the charts|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-and-telugu-top-the-charts/articleshow/60024585.cms|website=The Times of India |date=11 August 2017 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.hotstar.com/tv/bigg-boss/14455 Official Website on Hotstar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617215946/http://www.hotstar.com/tv/bigg-boss/14455 |date=17 June 2018 }}

{{STAR Vijay TV shows}}
{{Bigg Boss (Tamil TV series)}}

[[Category:Bigg Boss (Tamil TV series) seasons|Tamil 1]]
[[Category:Star Vijay original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language reality television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language game shows]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:2017 Tamil-language television seasons]]
[[Category:2017 Tamil-language television series endings]]
[[Category:2017 Indian television seasons]]

HIT (film series)

2026-03-23T12:40:22Z

HesterBrewer: adding new details

{{short description|Shared fictional universe}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox media franchise
| italic_title = no
| origin = ''[[HIT: The First Case]]'' (2020)
| creator = [[Sailesh Kolanu]]
| owner = [[Wall Poster Cinema]] Unanimous Productions
| years = 2020{{ndash}}present
| films = {{ubl|''[[HIT: The First Case]]'' (2020) | ''[[HIT: The Second Case]]'' (2022) | ''[[HIT: The Third Case]]'' (2025)}}
| soundtracks = * ''[[HIT: The First Case#Soundtrack|HIT: The First Case]]'' (2020)
* ''[[HIT: The Second Case#Music|HIT: The Second Case]]'' (2022)
* ''[[HIT: The Third Case#Music|HIT: The Third Case]]'' (2025)
| otherlabel1 = Budget
| otherdata1 = {{Ubl | '''Total (3 films):''' | {{Estimation}} {{INR|91.2 crores|link=yes}}}}
| otherlabel2 = Box office
| otherdata2 = {{Ubl | '''Total (3 films):''' | {{Estimation}} {{INR|174.45 crores|link=yes}}{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}} }}
}}

'''''HIT''''' is an Indian [[crime thriller]] film series created by [[Sailesh Kolanu]]. The title is an acronym for "Homicide Intervention Team".<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-02-11 |title=Video: Vishwak Sen's "HIT" is Homicide Intervention Team |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/video-vishwak-sens-hit-is-homicide-intervention-team/articleshow/74078044.cms |access-date=2025-05-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

The first film, ''[[HIT: The First Case]],'' was released on 28 February 2020,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nyayapati |first=Neeshita |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/vishwak-sen-and-ruhani-sharmas-next-titled-hit/articleshow/71734748.cms |title=Vishwak Sen and Ruhani Sharma's next titled 'Hit' |date=24 October 2019 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=27 March 2020}}</ref> the second, ''[[HIT: The Second Case]],'' on 2 December 2022,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/box-office/hit-box-office-vishwak-sens-crime-thriller-enters-into-profits-in-the-first-week-itself/articleshow/74511540.cms |title='HIT' Box-Office: Vishwak Sen's crime-thriller enters into profits in the first week itself |date=6 March 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=27 March 2020}}</ref> and the third, ''[[HIT: The Third Case]]'', on 1 May 2025. It is currently the [[List of highest-grossing Telugu films #Highest-grossing franchises|6th highest-grossing Telugu film series worldwide]].

== Development ==
“I had written both the stories based on news reports in other countries, and it is eerie to see such real-life similarities prior to the release of these films,” says [[Sailesh Kolanu|Sailesh]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}

On 24 October 2019, the ceremonial [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]] for ''The First Case'' was held and production for the film commenced. [[Nani (actor)|Nani]] and [[Prashanti Tipirneni]] produced the film under "Wall Poster Cinema" banner. This film is their second venture after [[Awe (film)|Awe]]. A teaser was launched on 1 January 2020.

After the success of ''[[HIT: The First Case]]'', [[Nani (actor)|Nani]] announced a sequel in February 2021, one year after the film's release.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2021 |title=Nani announces HIT 2, says its time to go on a nailbiting journey |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/nani-announces-hit-2-says-its-time-to-go-on-a-nailbiting-journey-7208514/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126132828/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/nani-announces-hit-2-says-its-time-to-go-on-a-nailbiting-journey-7208514/ |archive-date=26 January 2022 |access-date=26 January 2022 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> Sailesh Kolanu who directed the first film of the franchise would be directing this. [[Adivi Sesh]] has replaced [[Vishwak Sen]] in the sequel.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 March 2021 |title=Telugu film HIT sequel announced with Adivi Sesh in lead; producer Nani unveils first poster |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/telugu-film-hit-sequel-announced-with-adivi-sesh-in-lead-producer-nani-unveils-first-poster-9441881.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210083512/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/telugu-film-hit-sequel-announced-with-adivi-sesh-in-lead-producer-nani-unveils-first-poster-9441881.html |archive-date=10 February 2022 |access-date=10 February 2022 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref> Nani wanted the franchise to be "concept oriented" rather than "star oriented," so he moved the setting from [[Telangana]] to [[Andhra Pradesh]] and chose Sesh as the protagonist.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=17 December 2021 |title='HIT 2': Nani Reveals Why Adivi Sesh Is The Perfect Choice For The Film |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/entertainment-news-nani-reveals-why-adivi-sesh-was-the-best-choice-for-hit-2/405568 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210082452/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/entertainment-news-nani-reveals-why-adivi-sesh-was-the-best-choice-for-hit-2/405568 |archive-date=10 February 2022 |access-date=10 February 2022 |website=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]}}</ref> [[Meenakshi Chaudhary]] was cast opposite Sesh.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adivi |first=Sashidhar |date=4 March 2021 |title=Meenakshi Chaudhary bags Hit 2 |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/040321/meenakshi-chaudhary-bags-hit-2.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211041855/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/040321/meenakshi-chaudhary-bags-hit-2.html |archive-date=11 February 2022 |access-date=10 February 2022 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> Sen said he missed out on the sequel due to scheduling conflicts, and wished he'd be part of ''HIT'' 3 or 4.{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}

==Films==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+
!Film
!Protagonist
!Release date
!Director
!Producer
|-
!{{no wrap|''[[HIT: The First Case]]''}}
|[[Vishwak Sen]]
|28 February 2020
| rowspan="3" |[[Sailesh Kolanu]]
|[[Wall Poster Cinema#as producer|Wall Poster Cinema]]
|-
!{{no wrap|''[[HIT: The Second Case]]''}}
|[[Adivi Sesh]]
|2 December 2022
|Wall Poster Cinema
|-
!{{no wrap|''[[HIT: The Third Case]]''}}
|[[Nani (actor)|Nani]]
|1 May 2025
|Wall Poster Cinema Unanimous Productions
|}

=== ''HIT: The First Case'' (2020) ===
{{Main|HIT: The First Case}}
Vikram Rudraraju, is an [[Superintendent (police)|SP]] in HIT at [[Hyderabad]], where he is assigned to investigate the missing case of an 18 year-old girl Preethi.
''HIT: The First Case'' is the first installment of the HIT Universe, which stars [[Vishwak Sen]] in the lead role, along with [[Ruhani Sharma]].

=== ''HIT: The Second Case'' (2022) ===
{{Main|HIT: The Second Case}}
Krishna Dev, shortly known as KD is an [[Superintendent (police)|SP]] in HIT at [[Visakhapatnam]], is assigned to catch a serial killer, who is responsible for gruesome murders of several women. The film stars [[Adivi Sesh]], and [[Meenakshi Chaudhary]].

=== ''HIT: The Third Case'' (2025) ===
{{Main|HIT: The Third Case}}
Arjun Sarkaar, an [[Superintendent (police)|SP]] in HIT [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] is transferred to [[Visakhapatnam]] to catch a group of serial killers who are responsible for the gruesome murders of several people. The film stars [[Nani (actor)|Nani]] and [[Srinidhi Shetty]].

==Cast and characters==
{{Cast indicator|appeared=HIT Universe|C|A|V}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width="100%"
|-
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Actor
! colspan="3" scope="col" style="text-align:center:" | Films
|-
! scope="col" style="width:28%"| ''[[HIT: The First Case]]'' (2020)
! scope="col" style="width:28%" | ''[[HIT: The Second Case]]'' (2022)
! scope="col" style="width:28%"| ''[[HIT: The Third Case]]'' (2025)
|-
! scope="row"|[[Vishwak Sen]]
|Vikram Rudaraju
|Vikram Rudaraju{{ref|archival footage|A}}
| style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
|-
! scope="row"|[[Adivi Sesh]]
| rowspan="3" style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
|Krishna Dev (K.D)
|Krishna Dev (K.D){{ref|cameo|C}}
|-
! scope="row"|[[Nani (actor)|Nani]]
|Arjun Sarkaar{{ref|cameo|C}}
|Arjun Sarkaar
|-
![[Karthi]]
| rowspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
|Veerappan{{ref|cameo|C}}
|-
! scope="row" |[[Ruhani Sharma]]
| Neha
| rowspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
|-
! scope="row" |[[Meenakshi Chaudhary]]
| rowspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
|Aarya
|-
![[Srinidhi Shetty]]
| style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
|Mrudula
|-
! scope="row" |Maganti Srinath
| colspan="2" |Abhilash
|Abhilash{{ref|cameo|C}}
|-
! scope="row" |[[Brahmaji]]
| colspan="2" |R. Shinde
| rowspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
|-
![[Bhanu Chander]]
|Vishwanath
|Vishwanath{{ref|archival audio|A}}
|-
![[Rao Ramesh]]
| rowspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
| colspan="2" |Nageswara Rao
|-
![[Komalee Prasad]]
| colspan="2" |Varsha
|}

==Reception==
===Box office performance===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! style="text-align:center;"| Film
! style="text-align:center;"| Release date
! style="text-align:center;"| Budget
! style="text-align:center;"| Box office revenue
|-
|''[[HIT: The First Case]]''
|28 February 2020
|{{INRConvert|6.2|c|year=2020|mode=historical}}
|{{INR convert|12.6|c|year=2020|mode=historical}}
|-
|''[[HIT: The Second Case]]''
|2 December 2022
|{{INR convert|15|c|year=2022|mode=historical}}
|{{INR convert|41.85|c|year=2022|mode=historical}}
|-
|''[[HIT: The Third Case]]''
|1 May 2025
|{{INR convert|70|c|year=2025}}
|{{INR convert|120|c|year=2025}}
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | Total
! style="text-align:center;" | {{INR convert|91.2|c}} ({{small|three films}})
! style="text-align:center;" | {{INR convert|174.45|c}} ({{small|three films}})
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Sailesh Kolanu}}

[[Category:Indian film series]]
[[Category:Action film franchises]]
[[Category:Fictional universes]]
[[Category:Shared universes]]
[[Category:Continuity (fiction)]]

Kapurthala House

2026-03-22T19:23:36Z

HesterBrewer: small changes

{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox building
|name = Kapurthala House
|logo =
|image =
|caption =
|construction_start_date = {{start date and age|1603}}
|completion_date = {{start date and age|1611}}
|number_of_rooms = 66
|elevator_count = 5
|cost =
|floor_area = {{cvt|1000|m2}}
|architect =
|engineer =
|main_contractor =
|developer =
|owner = [[Government of Punjab, India]] ''(present)''
|operator =
|website =
}}

{{Coord|28.605873|77.223630|display=title}}
'''Kapurthala House''' is the former residence of the Maharaja of the [[Kapurthala State|Kapurthala]] [[princely state]]. The building is located close to [[Connaught Place, New Delhi|Connaught Place]] in Delhi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Kapurthala House to stay with Punjab government, rules Delhi High Court |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/kapurthala-house-to-stay-with-punjab-govt-delhi-hc/story-LpuZsbqxYBkoZX3re6FfzH.html |access-date=17 April 2025 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

It is in close proximity to 'The Chambers-Taj', Motilal Nehru Marg and Aurangzeb Road. It is used by the [[Government of Punjab, India|Government of Punjab]] and is the residence of the [[List of chief ministers of Punjab, India|Chief Minister]] whenever they visit the national capital.<ref name=":0" />

== History ==
Kapurthala House was commissioned in 1603 by the [[Ahluwalia (misl)|Ahluwalia rulers]] of Kapurthala as their Delhi capital residence and completed in 1611, under Maharaja Paramjit Singh.<ref name="Vasdev">{{Cite web |last=Vasdev |first=Kanchan |date=2025-02-13 |title=Capital-isation: The importance of Kapurthala House in Delhi |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/kapurthala-house-delhi-eci-aap-9833315/ |access-date=2025-07-09 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> After [[Indian Independence Act 1947|Indian Independence]], the property was requisitioned under the Delhi Premises (Requisition and Acquisition) Act, 1947, on 17 June 1950, and formally taken over by the [[Government of India]] on 4 December 1950 for ₹1.5 lakh.<ref name="Tribune">{{Cite web |title=Delhi’s Kapurthala House remains property of Punjab govt: Delhi HC |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/punjab/delhi-s-kapurthala-house-remains-property-of-punjab-govt-delhi-hc-814395/ |access-date=2025-07-09 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref> In August 2019, the Delhi High Court upheld the Punjab Government’s title to the building, confirming its continued use as the official residence for the state’s chief minister when in New Delhi.<ref name="HT">{{Cite news |date=8 August 2019 |title=Kapurthala House to stay with Punjab government, rules Delhi High Court |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/kapurthala-house-to-stay-with-punjab-govt-delhi-hc/story-LpuZsbqxYBkoZX3re6FfzH.html |access-date=9 July 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

== Architecture ==
Kapurthala House is a two‑storey mansion encompasses 66 rooms over approximately 11,000 sq ft, laid out around a central courtyard and approached via a broad, colonnaded veranda. Its design draws on French [[Renaissance architecture|Renaissance]] forms, evident in the steeply pitched hipped roofs, dormered [[Dormer|attic windows]], and quoined corners, blended with Indo‑Colonial elements such as deep overhanging eaves and [[jharokha]] style balconies.<ref name="Vasdev"/> Constructed of lime‑mortar brick and finished with plastered facades, the building originally featured marble floors, carved wooden doors, and imported wrought‑iron balustrades. several elevators (now numbered five) were later installed to serve its upper level when repurposed for government use.<ref name="HT"/>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Official residences in India]]
[[Category:State governments' houses in Delhi]]
[[Category:Royal residences in Delhi]]
[[Category:Kapurthala State]]
[[Category:Government of Punjab, India]]

Encyclopedia

2026-03-17T20:32:11Z

HesterBrewer:

{{Short description|Type of reference work}}
{{Other uses}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{pp-move}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use American English|date=March 2025}}
[[File:Wikipedia and Encyclopædia Britannica.jpg|thumb|357x357px|A laptop shows a Wikipedia page on "Encyclopedia", beside stacked volumes and an open page of the ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. ]]
An '''encyclopedia'''{{efn|Also spelled '''encyclopaedia''' in [[American and British English spelling differences|British English]]; from {{langx|grc|ἐγκύκλιος παιδεία|enkyklios paideia}}}} is a [[reference work]] or [[compendium]] providing summaries of [[knowledge]], either general or special, in a particular field or discipline.<ref>{{cite web |title=Encyclopedia. |url=http://library.rcc.edu/riverside/glossaryoflibraryterms.htm#e |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070803182506/http://library.rcc.edu/riverside/glossaryoflibraryterms.htm#e |archive-date=August 3, 2007}} Glossary of Library Terms. Riverside City College, Digital Library/Learning Resource Center. Retrieved on: November 17, 2007.</ref><ref name="what">{{cite web |title=What are Reference Resources? |url=https://eiu.libguides.com/ResearchHelp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122193111/https://eiu.libguides.com/ResearchHelp |archive-date=November 22, 2022 |access-date=December 17, 2022 |publisher=Eastern Illinois University}}</ref> Encyclopedias are divided into [[article (publishing)|articles]] or entries that are arranged [[Alphabetical order|alphabetically]] by article name<ref name="DOLencyclopedia">{{cite book |last1=Hartmann |first1=R. R. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=49NZ12icE-QC&q=%22encyclopedic%20dictionary%22%2Bencyclopedia&pg=PA49 |title=Dictionary of Lexicography |last2=James |first2=Gregory |publisher=Routledge |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-415-14143-7 |page=48 |access-date=July 27, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114034551/https://books.google.com/books?id=49NZ12icE-QC&q=%22encyclopedic%20dictionary%22%2Bencyclopedia&pg=PA49 |archive-date=January 14, 2021 |url-status=}}</ref> or by thematic categories, or, in the case of [[Online encyclopedia|online encyclopedias]], they are [[hyperlink]]ed and searchable.<ref name="webster">{{cite web |title=Encyclopedia |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/encyclopedia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929221816/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/encyclopedia |archive-date=September 29, 2022 |access-date=December 17, 2022 |website=Merriam-Webster}}</ref> Encyclopedia entries are longer and more detailed than those in most [[dictionary|dictionaries]].<ref name="DOLencyclopedia" /><ref name="humanities">{{cite web |last=Bocco |first=Diana |date=August 30, 2022 |title=What is an Encyclopedia? |url=https://www.languagehumanities.org/what-is-an-encyclopedia.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927200756/https://www.languagehumanities.org/what-is-an-encyclopedia.htm |archive-date=September 27, 2022 |access-date=January 24, 2023 |website=Language Humanities}}</ref> Generally speaking, encyclopedia articles focus on ''[[fact|factual information]]'' concerning the subject named in the article's title;<ref name="humanities" /> this is unlike dictionary entries, which focus on [[Linguistics|linguistic]] information about [[word]]s, such as their [[etymology]], meaning, [[pronunciation]], use, and [[grammar|grammatical]] forms.<ref name="humanities" /><ref name="bejoint">Béjoint, Henri (2000). [https://books.google.com/books?id=DJ8gwtomUpMC&dq=lexicography%20translated%20encyclopedia%20dictionary&pg=PA30 ''Modern Lexicography''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230031758/https://books.google.com/books?id=DJ8gwtomUpMC&lpg=PA30&dq=lexicography%20translated%20encyclopedia%20dictionary&pg=PA30 |date=December 30, 2016}}, pp. 30–31. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-829951-6}}</ref><ref name="EB">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopaedia |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia |access-date=July 27, 2010 |quote=An English lexicographer, H.W. Fowler, wrote in the preface to the first edition (1911) of ''The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English language'' that a dictionary is concerned with the uses of words and phrases and with giving information about the things for which they stand only so far as current use of the words depends upon knowledge of those things. The emphasis in an encyclopedia is much more on the nature of the things for which the words and phrases stand. |archive-date=December 16, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="DOLei">{{cite book |last1=Hartmann |first1=R. R. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=49NZ12icE-QC&q=%22encyclopedic%20dictionary%22%2Bencyclopedia&pg=PA49 |title=Dictionary of Lexicography |last2=James |first2=Gregory |publisher=Routledge |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-415-14143-7 |page=49 |quote=In contrast with linguistic information, encyclopedia material is more concerned with the description of objective realities than the words or phrases that refer to them. In practice, however, there is no hard and fast boundary between factual and lexical knowledge. |access-date=July 27, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114034551/https://books.google.com/books?id=49NZ12icE-QC&q=%22encyclopedic%20dictionary%22%2Bencyclopedia&pg=PA49 |archive-date=January 14, 2021 |url-status=}}</ref><ref name="OHEL22">{{cite book |last=Cowie |first=Anthony Paul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nhnVF9Or_wMC |title=The Oxford History of English Lexicography, Volume I |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-415-14143-7 |page=22 |quote=An 'encyclopedia' (encyclopaedia) usually gives more information than a dictionary; it explains not only the words but also the things and concepts referred to by the words. |access-date=August 17, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415131818/https://books.google.com/books?id=nhnVF9Or_wMC |archive-date=April 15, 2021 |url-status=}}</ref>

Encyclopedias have existed for around 2,000 years<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Short History of the Greatest Encyclopedias of Past and Present |url=https://www.publishinghistory.com/encyclopedias.html |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=www.publishinghistory.com}}</ref> and have evolved considerably during that time as regards language (written in a major international or a vernacular language), size (few or many volumes), intent (presentation of a global or a limited range of knowledge), cultural perspective (authoritative, ideological, didactic, utilitarian), authorship (qualifications, style), readership (education level, background, interests, capabilities), and the technologies available for their production and distribution (hand-written manuscripts, small or large print runs, Internet). As a valued source of reliable information compiled by experts, printed versions found a prominent place in [[libraries]], [[schools]], and other educational institutions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-06 |title=250 Years of the Encyclopaedia Britannica – And Chicago's Role in Its Success |url=https://www.wttw.com/playlist/2018/12/06/encyclopaedia-britannica |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=WTTW Chicago |language=en}}</ref>

In the [[21st century]], the appearance of [[Online encyclopedia|digital and open-source versions]] such as [[Wikipedia]] (together with the [[wiki]] website format) has vastly expanded the accessibility, authorship, readership, and variety of encyclopedia entries.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Hunter |first1=Dan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kUNpPa-P8BYC&dq=The+appearance+of+digital+and+open-source+versions+in+the+21st+century,+such+as+Wikipedia&pg=PA138 |title=Amateur Media: Social, Cultural and Legal Perspectives |last2=Lobato |first2=Ramon |last3=Richardson |first3=Megan |last4=Thomas |first4=Julian |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-78265-4 |language=en}}</ref>

==Etymology==
[[File:"Encyclopedia" in 15th c. manuscript of Institutio Oratoria.png|alt=Medieval manuscript containing the Greek phrase "enkúklios paideía"|thumb|A 15th-century manuscript of ''[[Institutio Oratoria]]''. The Greek root of the word ''encyclopedia'' is highlighted.]]
The word ''[[wikt:encyclopedia|encyclopedia]]'' comes from the [[Koine Greek]] {{lang|grc|ἐγκύκλιος παιδεία}},<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2007.01.0060%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D10%3Asection%3D1 Ἐγκύκλιος παιδεία] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209012127/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2007.01.0060:book%3D1:chapter%3D10:section%3D1 |date=February 9, 2021}}, Quintilian, ''Institutio Oratoria'', 1.10.1, at Perseus Project</ref> [[transliterated]] {{transliteration|grc|enkúklios paideía}} {{gloss|general education}}, from {{transliteration|grc|enkúklios}} ({{lang|grc|ἐγκύκλιος}}) {{gloss|circular, recurrent, required regularly, general}}<ref name="humanities" /><ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3De%29gku%2Fklios ἐγκύκλιος] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308213346/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3De)gku%2Fklios |date=March 8, 2021}}, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek–English Lexicon'', at Perseus Project</ref> and {{transliteration|grc|[[Paideia|paideía]]}} ({{lang|grc|παιδεία}}) {{gloss|education, rearing of a child}}; together, the phrase literally translates as {{gloss|complete instruction, complete knowledge}}.<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dpaidei%2Fa παιδεία] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308034728/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dpaidei%2Fa |date=March 8, 2021}}, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek–English Lexicon'', at Perseus Project</ref> However, the two separate words were reduced to a single word due to a scribal error<ref>According to some accounts, such as the [http://www.thefreedictionary.com/encyclopedia ''American Heritage Dictionary''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819022705/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/encyclopedia |date=August 19, 2017}}, copyists of Latin manuscripts took this phrase to be a single Greek word, {{lang|grc|ἐγκυκλοπαιδεία}} {{transliteration|grc|enkuklopaideía}}.</ref> by copyists of a [[Latin]] manuscript edition of [[Quintillian]] in 1470.<ref>{{cite book |last=Franklin-Brown |first=Mary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oG8ttUuJrgUC&pg=PA8 |title=Reading the world: encyclopedic writing in the scholastic age |publisher=The University of Chicago Press |year=2012 |isbn=9780226260709 |location=Chicago London |page=8}}</ref> The copyists took this phrase to be a single Greek word, {{Lang|grc-latn|enkuklopaideía}}, with the same meaning, and this spurious Greek word became the [[Neo-Latin]] word {{Lang|la|encyclopaedia}}, which was in turn [[Loanword|borrowed]] into English. Because of this compounded word, readers since the fifteenth century have often, and incorrectly, thought that the Roman authors Quintillian and [[Natural History (Pliny)|Pliny]] described an ancient genre.<ref>{{cite book |last=König |first=Jason |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mfPXAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 |title=Encyclopaedism from antiquity to the Renaissance |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-107-03823-3 |location=New York |page=1}}</ref> Following [[Noah Webster]]'s [[English-language spelling reform#19th century|spelling reform]],{{Sfn|Cook|Ryan|2016|p=418}} the [[American and British English spelling differences|spelling]] of the word varies between ''encyclopedia'' in American English, ''encyclopaedia'' in British English (although the spelling ''encyclopedia'' is increasingly gaining acceptance), and ''encyclopædia'' in certain specialized cases.{{Sfn|Cook|Ryan|2016|p=121}}

==Characteristics==

The modern encyclopedia evolved from the [[dictionary]] in the 18th century; this lineage can be seen in the alphabetical order of print encyclopedias.<ref>As explained by Richard Yeo, ''Encyclopaedic Visions: Scientific Dictionaries and Enlightenment Culture'' (Cambridge: University Press, 2001 {{ISBN|978-0-521-15292-1}}</ref> Historically, both encyclopedias and dictionaries have been compiled by well-educated authors, but they are significantly different in structure. A dictionary is a linguistic work that primarily focuses on an alphabetical listing of [[words]] and their [[definitions]]. [[Synonym]]ous words and those related by the subject matter are to be found scattered around the dictionary, giving no obvious place for in-depth treatment. Thus, a dictionary typically provides limited [[information]], [[wikt:Analysis|analysis]] or background for the word defined.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dictionary vs. Encyclopedia - What's the Difference? |url=https://thisvsthat.io/dictionary-vs-encyclopedia |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=This vs. That |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=curious |first1=Patrick FROMAGET I. am very |last2=web |first2=I. love to learn about all types of subjects Thanks to my experience on the |last3=site :) |first3=I. share my discoveries with you on this |title=Differences Between Encyclopedia and Dictionary – AllDifferences |url=https://alldifferences.com/encyclopedia-vs-dictionary/ |access-date=2025-06-05 |language=en-US}}</ref> While it may offer a definition, it may leave the reader lacking in [[understanding]] the meaning, significance or limitations of a [[Term (language)|term]], and how the term relates to a broader field of knowledge.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Encyclopedias |url=https://secondary.oslis.org/learn-to-research/plan/plan-possible-sources/encyclopedias |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250425092017/https://secondary.oslis.org/learn-to-research/plan/plan-possible-sources/encyclopedias |archive-date=April 25, 2025 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=Oregon School Library Information System |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

To address those needs, an encyclopedia article is typically not limited to simple definitions, and is not limited to defining an individual word, but provides a more extensive meaning for a ''subject or [[list of academic disciplines|discipline]]''. The Merriam-Webster definition of encyclopedia states that it is "a work that contains information on all branches of knowledge or treats comprehensively a particular branch of knowledge usually in articles arranged alphabetically often by subject".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-31 |title=Definition of ENCYCLOPEDIA |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/encyclopedia |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en}}</ref> In addition to defining and listing synonymous terms for the topic, the article can treat the topic's more extensive meaning in more depth and convey the most relevant accumulated knowledge on that subject. An encyclopedia article also often includes many [[map]]s and [[illustration]]s, as well as [[bibliography]] and [[statistics]].<ref name="humanities" />

In addition, sometimes books or reading lists are compiled from a compendium of articles (either wholly or partially taken) from a specific encyclopedia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-01 |title=Definition of COMPENDIUM |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/compendium |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en}}</ref>

=== Four major elements ===

Four major elements define an encyclopedia: its subject matter, its scope, its method of organization, and its method of production:

# Encyclopedias can be general, containing articles on topics in every field<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Wilkins |first=Paige |title=Guides: Types of Sources: Encyclopedias |url=https://libguides.wpi.edu/c.php?g=355432&p=2396449 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=libguides.wpi.edu |language=en}}</ref> (the English-language ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' and German ''[[Brockhaus Enzyklopädie|Brockhaus]]'' are well-known examples).<ref name="what" /> General encyclopedias may contain guides on how to do a variety of things, as well as embedded dictionaries and [[gazetteer]]s.<ref name=":1" /> There are also encyclopedias that cover a wide variety of topics from a particular cultural, ethnic, or national perspective, such as the ''[[Great Soviet Encyclopedia]]'' or ''[[Encyclopaedia Judaica]]''.<ref name=":0" />
# Works of encyclopedic scope aim to convey the important accumulated knowledge for their subject domain, such as an encyclopedia of [[medicine]], [[philosophy]] or [[law]]. Works vary in the breadth of material and the depth of discussion, depending on the [[target audience]].
# Some systematic methods of organization are essential to making an encyclopedia usable for reference. There have historically been two main methods of organizing printed encyclopedias: the [[alphabetical order|alphabetical]] method (consisting of several separate articles, organized in alphabetical order) and organization by [[hierarchy|hierarchical]] categories.<ref name="webster" /> The former method is today the more common, especially for general works. The fluidity of [[electronic media]], however, allows new possibilities for multiple methods of organization of the same content. Further, electronic media offer new capabilities for search, [[Subject indexing|indexing]] and [[cross reference]]. The [[epigraph (literature)|epigraph]] from [[Horace]] on the title page of the 18th century ''Encyclopédie'' suggests the importance of the structure of an encyclopedia: "What grace may be added to commonplace matters by the power of order and connection."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Allan |first=David |title=Some Methods and Problems in the History of Reading: Georgian England and the Scottish Enlightenment |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249409991 |journal=Journal of Historical Society |date=2003 |volume=3 |pages=91–124 |doi=10.1111/1540-5923.00048 |via=ResearchGate}}</ref>
# As modern multimedia and the information age have evolved, new methods have emerged for the collection, verification, summation, and presentation of information of all kinds.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Miza |first=Jessica |date=2025-02-04 |title=Clarifying the Role of Encyclopedias in Research |url=https://www.atlas.org/blog/research-sources/clarifying-the-role-of-encyclopedias-in-research |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=www.atlas.org |language=en}}</ref> Projects such as [[Interpedia]], [[Everything2]], Microsoft [[Encarta]], [[h2g2]], and [[Wikipedia]] are examples of new forms of the encyclopedia as [[information retrieval]] becomes simpler. The method of production for an encyclopedia historically has been supported in both for-profit and non-profit contexts; such was the case of the ''[[Great Soviet Encyclopedia]]'' mentioned above which was entirely state-sponsored,<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/greatsovietencyc0017unse |title=Great Soviet encyclopedia |date=1973 |publisher=New York, Macmillan |others=Internet Archive}}</ref> while the ''Britannica'' was supported as a for-profit institution.

=== Encyclopedic dictionaries ===

Some works entitled "dictionaries" are similar to encyclopedias, especially those concerned with a particular field (such as the ''[[Dictionary of the Middle Ages]]'', the ''[[Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships]]'', and ''[[Black's Law Dictionary]]''). The ''[[Macquarie Dictionary]],'' Australia's national dictionary, became an [[encyclopedic dictionary]] after its first edition in recognition of the use of proper nouns in common communication, and the words derived from such proper nouns.{{citationneeded|date=January 2026}}

=== Differences between encyclopedias and dictionaries ===

There are some broad differences between encyclopedias and dictionaries. Most noticeably, encyclopedia articles are longer, fuller, and more thorough than entries in most general-purpose dictionaries.<ref name="DOLencyclopedia" /><ref name="DOLencyclopedicdefinition" /> There are differences in content as well. Generally speaking, dictionaries provide [[linguistics|linguistic]] information about words themselves, while encyclopedias focus more on the concepts for which those words stand.<ref name="bejoint" /><ref name="EB" /><ref name="DOLei" /><ref name="OHEL22" /> Thus, while dictionary entries are inextricably fixed to the word described, encyclopedia articles can be given a different entry name. As such, dictionary entries are not fully translatable into other languages, but encyclopedia articles can be.<ref name="bejoint" />

In practice, however, the distinction is not concrete, as there is no clear-cut difference between factual, "encyclopedic" information and linguistic information typically found in dictionaries.<ref name="DOLei" /><ref name="DOLencyclopedicdefinition">{{cite book |last1=Hartmann |first1=R. R. K. |last2=James |first2=Gregory |year=1998 |title=Dictionary of Lexicography |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-14143-7 |pages=48–49 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=49NZ12icE-QC&q=%22encyclopedic%20dictionary%22%2Bencyclopedia&pg=PA49 |access-date=July 27, 2010 |quote=Usually these two aspects overlap – encyclopedic information being difficult to distinguish from linguistic information – and dictionaries attempt to capture both in the explanation of a meaning{{nbsp}}... |archive-date=January 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114034551/https://books.google.com/books?id=49NZ12icE-QC&q=%22encyclopedic%20dictionary%22%2Bencyclopedia&pg=PA49 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Bejoint31">{{cite book |last=Béjoint |first=Henri |year=2000 |title=Modern Lexicography |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-829951-6 |page=31 |quote=The two types, as we have seen, are not easily differentiated; encyclopedias contain information that is also to be found in dictionaries, and vice versa.}}</ref> Thus, encyclopedias may contain material that is also found in dictionaries, and vice versa.<ref name="Bejoint31" /> In particular, dictionary entries often contain factual information about what the word refers to.<ref name="DOLencyclopedicdefinition" /><ref name="Bejoint31" />

== Pre-modern encyclopedias ==
{{Main|History of encyclopedias}}
[[File:Plinio il vecchio, naturalis historia, 1446, manoscritto S. XI.1, 02.JPG|alt=Two pages from medieval manuscript of Pliny's Natural History|thumb|[[Pliny the Elder]]'s [[Natural History (Pliny)|''Natural History'']] is one of the oldest extant encyclopedias.]]

The earliest encyclopedic work to have survived to modern times is the [[Natural History (Pliny)|''Natural History'']] of [[Pliny the Elder]], a [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] statesman living in the 1st century AD,<ref name="humanities" /><ref name="chicago" /><ref name="history">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/encyclopaedia/History-of-encyclopaedias |title=History of Encyclopaedias |website=Britannica |access-date=December 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006151548/https://www.britannica.com/topic/encyclopaedia/History-of-encyclopaedias |archive-date=October 6, 2022}}</ref><ref name="capsules">{{cite web |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/12/encyclopedias-are-time-capsules/419619/ |title=Encyclopedias Are Time Capsules |last=Nobel |first=Justin |date=December 9, 2015 |website=The Atlantic |access-date=December 17, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205195631/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/12/encyclopedias-are-time-capsules/419619/ |archive-date=December 5, 2022}}</ref> a work indebted to [[Marcus Terentius Varro|Varro]] (1st century BCE).<ref>{{cite book|title=Histoire du livre et de l'édition |last=Sordet |first=Yann |publisher=Albin Michel |location=Paris |year=2021 |isbn=978-2-226-45767-7 |language=fr |page=36}}</ref> He compiled a work of 37 chapters covering [[natural history]], architecture, medicine, [[geography]], geology, and all aspects of the world around him.<ref name="capsules" /> This work became very popular in [[Classical antiquity|antiquity]], was one of the first classical manuscripts to be printed in 1470, and has remained popular ever since as a source of information on the [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] world, and especially [[Roman art]], [[Roman technology]] and [[Roman engineering]].

The Spanish scholar [[Isidore of Seville]] was the first Christian writer to try to compile a ''[[summa]]'' of universal knowledge, the ''[[Etymologiae]]'' ({{Circa|600–625}}), also known by classicists as the ''Origines'' (abbreviated ''Orig''.). This encyclopedia—the first such Christian [[epitome]]—formed a huge compilation of 448 chapters in 20 books<ref>MacFarlane 1980:4; MacFarlane translates ''Etymologiae'' viii.</ref> based on hundreds of classical sources, including the {{Lang|la|Naturalis Historia}}. Of the ''Etymologiae'' in its time it was said ''quaecunque fere sciri debentur'', "practically everything that it is necessary to know".<ref>Braulio, ''Elogium'' of Isidore appended to Isidore's ''[[De viris illustribus]]'', heavily indebted itself to [[Jerome]].</ref><ref name="history" /> Among the areas covered were: [[grammar]], [[rhetoric]], [[mathematics]], [[geometry]], [[music]], [[astronomy]], [[medicine]], [[law]], the [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic Church]] and [[heretical]] sects, [[pagan]] [[philosopher]]s, [[language]]s, [[cities]], [[animal]]s and [[bird]]s, the [[Earth|physical world]], [[geography]], [[architecture|public buildings]], [[road]]s, [[metals]], [[rock (geology)|rock]]s, [[agriculture]], [[ship]]s, [[clothes]], [[food]], and [[tool]]s.

Another Christian encyclopedia was the ''Institutiones divinarum et saecularium litterarum'' of [[Cassiodorus]] (543–560) dedicated to the Christian divinity and the seven liberal arts.<ref name="history" /><ref name="humanities" /> The encyclopedia of [[Suda]], a massive 10th-century Byzantine encyclopedia, had 30,000 entries (broadly alphabetically arranged), many drawing from ancient sources that have since been lost, and often derived from medieval [[Christianity|Christian]] compilers.<ref name="history" />
[[File:Yongle Encyclopedia.jpg|thumb|The ''[[Yongle Encyclopedia]]'' is the largest paper encyclopedia of world history]]
From India, the [[Siribhoovalaya]] (Kannada: ಸಿರಿಭೂವಲಯ), variously dated to c. 800 AD, the 15th century,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sheth |first=Dr. Chayya |title=SIRIBHOOVALAYA |url=https://sarcouncil.com/download-article/SJAL-40-2023-1-5.pdf |journal=Sarcouncil Journal of Arts and Literature |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=1–5 |via=sarcouncil.com}}</ref> or an even more recent time, is a work of [[Kannada]] literature written by [[Kumudendu Muni]], a Jain monk.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-07 |title=The Ancient Science of Kannada |url=https://projectshivoham.com/2024/10/07/the-ancient-science-of-kannada/ |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=Project Shivoham |language=en}}</ref> It is unique because rather than employing alphabets, it is composed entirely in [[Kannada numerals]]. Many philosophies which existed in the Jain classics are eloquently and skillfully interpreted in the work.

The 2nd century BC reference work ''[[Shiben]]'' has been described as a Chinese encyclopedia of genealogies, while the ''[[Huanglan]]'', completed in the 220s, was an early ''[[leishu]]'' encyclopedia. The ''[[Yiwen Leiju]]'', completed in 624, was a landmark literature encyclopedia of the early [[Tang dynasty]]; other important ''leishu'' encyclopedias from the Tang include the ''[[Chuxue ji]]'' and ''[[Liutie]]''. The ''[[Tongdian]]'', ''[[Tongzhi (encyclopedia)|Tongzhi]]'' and ''[[Wenxian Tongkao]]'' were three comprehensive institutional encyclopedias of the Tang, Song and Yuan dynasties, and were collectively referred to as the ''Three Tongs'' (''Santong''). The enormous encyclopedic works of the ''[[Four Great Books of Song]]'', compiled by the 11th century during the early [[Song dynasty]] (960–1279), was a massive literary undertaking for the time. The last encyclopedia of the four, the ''[[Prime Tortoise of the Record Bureau]]'', amounted to 9.4 million [[Chinese characters]] in 1,000 written volumes. The ''[[Yongle Encyclopedia]]'' (completed 1408) comprised 11,095 volumes, making it the largest paper encyclopedia in world history.{{Sfn|Fu|Cao|2019|p=297}}{{Sfn|Ditmanson|2018|p=255}}

There were many great encyclopedists throughout Chinese history, including the scientist and statesman [[Shen Kuo]] (1031–1095) with his ''[[Dream Pool Essays]]'' of 1088; the statesman, inventor, and agronomist [[Wang Zhen (official)|Wang Zhen]] (active 1290–1333) with his ''Nong Shu'' of 1313; and [[Song Yingxing]] (1587–1666) with his ''Tiangong Kaiwu''. Song Yingxing was termed the "[[Denis Diderot|Diderot]] of China" by British historian [[Joseph Needham]].<ref>Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 102.</ref>

== Printed encyclopedias ==
{{More citations needed|section|date=July 2025}}
[[File:Encyclopaedia Britannica 15 with 2002.jpg|thumb|Britannica 15th edition printed encyclopedias, 2002]]Before the advent of the printing press, encyclopedic works were all hand-copied and thus rarely available, beyond wealthy patrons or monastic men of learning: they were expensive, and usually written for those extending knowledge rather than those using it. The introduction of [[printing]] from Asia allowed a wider diffusion of encyclopedias and every scholar could have his or her copy. [[Nuremberg Chronicle]] from 1493 is one of the best-documented early printed books—an [[incunabulum]]—and one of the first to successfully integrate illustrations and text. Both Latin and German editions were printed by [[Anton Koberger]] in Nuremberg.<ref>Cambridge Digital Library, University of Cambridge, http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/PR-INC-00000-A-00007-00002-00888/1 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121206053438/http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/PR-INC-00000-A-00007-00002-00888/1|date=2012-12-06}}</ref> The ''[[De expetendis et fugiendis rebus]]'' by [[Giorgio Valla]] was posthumously printed in 1501 by [[Aldo Manuzio]] in [[Venice]]. This work followed the traditional scheme of liberal arts. However, Valla added the translation of ancient Greek works on mathematics (firstly by [[Archimedes]]), newly discovered and translated. The ''Margarita Philosophica'' by [[Gregor Reisch]], printed in 1503, was a complete encyclopedia explaining the [[seven liberal arts]].

Financial, commercial, legal, and intellectual factors changed the size of encyclopedias. Middle classes had more time to read and encyclopedias helped them to learn more. Publishers wanted to increase their output so some countries like Germany started selling books missing alphabetical sections, to publish faster. Also, publishers could not afford all the resources by themselves, so multiple publishers would come together with their resources to create better encyclopedias. Later, rivalry grew, causing copyright to occur due to weak underdeveloped laws.
[[John Harris (writer)|John Harris]] is often credited with introducing the now-familiar alphabetic format in 1704 with his English ''Lexicon Technicum: Or, A Universal English Dictionary of Arts and Sciences: Explaining not only the Terms of Art, but the Arts Themselves'' – to give its full title. Organized alphabetically, its content does indeed contain an explanation not merely of the terms used in the arts and sciences, but of the arts and sciences themselves. [[Isaac Newton|Sir Isaac Newton]] contributed his only published work on chemistry to the second volume of 1710.

=== ''Encyclopédie'' ===
{{Quote box|Indeed, the purpose of an encyclopedia is to collect knowledge disseminated around the globe; to set forth its general system to the men with whom we live, and transmit it to those who will come after us, so that the work of preceding centuries will not become useless to the centuries to come; and so that our offspring, becoming better instructed, will at the same time become more virtuous and happy, and that we should not die without having rendered a service to the human race in the future years to come.|[[Denis Diderot|Diderot]]<ref>Denis Diderot; Jean le Rond d'Alembert. [http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=did;cc=did;idno=did2222.0000.004;rgn=main;view=text ''Encyclopédie'']. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429032124/http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=did;cc=did;idno=did2222.0000.004;rgn=main;view=text |date=April 29, 2011}}. University of Michigan Library: Scholarly Publishing Office and DLXS. Retrieved on: November 17, 2007.</ref>|width=40%}}{{excerpt|Encyclopédie|only=paragraphs|templates=-See Wiktionary}}

=== ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' ===
{{excerpt|Encyclopædia Britannica|only=paragraphs}}

=== ''Brockhaus Enzyklopädie'' ===
{{excerpt|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie|only=paragraphs}}

===Encyclopedias in the United States===
In the United States, the 1950s and 1960s saw the introduction of several large popular encyclopedias, often sold on installment plans. The best known of these were ''[[World Book]]'' and ''[[Funk and Wagnalls]]''. As many as 90% were sold [[door to door]].<ref name="chicago">{{cite web |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/opinion/commentary/ct-perspec-flash-encyclopedia-world-book-britannica-1210-20171205-story.html |title=Long before Google, there was the encyclopedia |last=Grossman |first=Ron |date=December 7, 2017 |website=Chicago Tribune |access-date=December 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022091053/https://www.chicagotribune.com/opinion/commentary/ct-perspec-flash-encyclopedia-world-book-britannica-1210-20171205-story.html |archive-date=October 22, 2022}}</ref> Jack Lynch says in his book ''[[You Could Look It Up]]'' that encyclopedia salespeople were so common that they became the butt of jokes. He describes their sales pitch saying, "They were selling not books but a lifestyle, a future, a promise of social mobility." A 1961 ''World Book'' ad said, "You are holding your family's future in your hands right now," while showing a feminine hand holding an order form.<ref>{{cite web |last=Onion |first=Rebecca |date=June 3, 2016 |title=How Two Artists Turn Old Encyclopedias Into Beautiful, Melancholy Art |website=Slate |url=https://slate.com/human-interest/2016/06/how-two-artists-turn-old-encyclopedias-into-beautiful-melancholy-art.html |access-date=September 23, 2019 |archive-date=September 23, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190923122858/https://slate.com/human-interest/2016/06/how-two-artists-turn-old-encyclopedias-into-beautiful-melancholy-art.html |url-status=live}}</ref> As of the 1990s, two of the most prominent encyclopedias published in the United States were ''[[Collier's Encyclopedia]]'' and ''[[Encyclopedia Americana]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kister |first=K. F. |url=https://archive.org/details/kistersbestencyc00kist |title=Kister's Best Encyclopedias: A Comparative Guide to General and Specialized Encyclopedias |date=1994 |publisher=Oryx Press |isbn=0-89774-744-5 |edition=2nd |location=Phoenix, Arizona |page=23 |author-link=Kenneth Kister}}</ref>

== Digital encyclopedias ==
=== Physical media ===
By the late 20th century, encyclopedias were being published on [[CD-ROM]]s for use with [[personal computers]]. This was the usual way computer users accessed encyclopedic knowledge from the 1980s and 1990s. Later, [[DVD]] discs replaced CD-ROMs, and by the mid-2000s, [[internet encyclopedias]] were dominant and replaced disc-based software encyclopedias.<ref name="humanities" />

CD-ROM encyclopedias were usually a [[macOS]] or [[Microsoft Windows]] (3.0, 3.1 or 95/98) application on a CD-ROM disc. The user would execute the encyclopedia's software program to see a menu that allowed them to start browsing the encyclopedia's articles, and most encyclopedias also supported a way to search the contents of the encyclopedia. The article text was usually [[hyperlink]]ed and also included [[photograph]]s, [[Digital audio|audio]] clips (for example in articles about historical speeches or musical instruments), and [[digital video|video clips]]. In the CD-ROM age, the video clips usually had a low resolution, often 160x120 or 320x240 pixels. Such encyclopedias which made use of photos, audio and video were also called [[Multimedia|multimedia encyclopedias]].

[[Microsoft]]'s ''[[Encarta]]'', launched in 1993, was a landmark example as it had no printed equivalent. It featured around 25,000 articles, supplemented with 7,000 high-quality images, 9 hours of audio files, and 30 videos. After sixteen years, Microsoft discontinued the Encarta line of products in 2009 with the rise of the Internet.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://mundobytes.com/que-fue-de-microsoft-encarta/ |title=Qué fue de Microsoft Encarta y por qué desapareció la legendaria enciclopedia digital |work=MundoBytes |publisher=AB Internet Networks }}</ref> Other examples of CD-ROM encyclopedia are [[Grolier]] Multimedia Encyclopedia and ''Britannica''.

Digital encyclopedias enable "Encyclopedia Services" (such as [[Wikimedia Enterprise]]) to facilitate programmatic access to the content.<ref>{{cite web |title=Encyclopedia Service Are About To Become A Huge Market |url=https://www.stillwatercurrent.com/encyclopedia-service-are-about-to-become-a-huge-market-investopedia-techpedia-wikipedia-baidu-baike/ |website=www.stillwatercurrent.com |access-date=September 27, 2021 |archive-date=September 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927161417/https://www.stillwatercurrent.com/encyclopedia-service-are-about-to-become-a-huge-market-investopedia-techpedia-wikipedia-baidu-baike/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Online ===
{{Excerpt|Online encyclopedia}}

==== Free encyclopedias ====
{{Redirect|Free encyclopedia|the website that uses the term as its motto|Wikipedia}}
[[File:Otros enciclopedias libres from EL.png|thumb|class=skin-invert-image|List of other free encyclopedias, from Enciclopedia Libre.]]
The concept of a free encyclopedia began with the [[Interpedia]] proposal on [[Usenet]] in 1993, which outlined an Internet-based [[online encyclopedia]] to which anyone could submit content that would be freely accessible. Early projects in this vein included [[Everything2]] and [[Open Site]]. In 1999, [[Richard Stallman]] proposed the [[GNUPedia]], an online encyclopedia which, similar to the [[GNU operating system]], would be a "generic" resource. The concept was very similar to Interpedia, but more in line with Stallman's [[GNU]] philosophy.{{citation needed|date=January 2026}}

It was not until [[Nupedia]] and later [[Wikipedia]] that a stable free encyclopedia project could be established on the Internet.{{citationneeded|date=January 2026}}

The [[English Wikipedia]], which was started in 2001, became the world's largest encyclopedia in 2004 at the 300,000 article stage.<ref>[http://linuxreviews.org/news/2004/07/07_3000k/ "Wikipedia Passes 300,000 Articles making it the worlds largest encyclopedia"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927210350/http://linuxreviews.org/news/2004/07/07_3000k/ |date=September 27, 2007}}, ''Linux Reviews'', 2004 Julich y 7.</ref> By late 2005, Wikipedia had produced over two million articles in more than 80 languages with content licensed under the [[copyleft]] [[GNU Free Documentation License]]. {{As of|August 2009|post=,}} Wikipedia had over 3 million articles in English and well over 10 million combined articles in over 250 languages. Today, Wikipedia has [[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] articles in English, over 60 million combined articles in over 300 languages, and over 250 million combined pages including project and discussion pages.<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Wikipedias - Meta |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias |access-date=August 20, 2023 |website=meta.wikimedia.org |language=en}}</ref>

Since 2002, other free encyclopedias appeared, including [[Hudong]] (2005–) and [[Baidu Baike]] (2006–) in Chinese, and Google's [[Knol]] (2008–2012) in English. Some MediaWiki-based encyclopedias have appeared, usually under a license compatible with Wikipedia, including the Spanish encyclopedia [[Enciclopedia Libre Universal en Español|Enciclopedia Libre]] (2002–2021) and the English encyclopedias [[Conservapedia]] (2006–), [[Scholarpedia]] (2006–), and [[Citizendium]] (2007–).

==See also==
{{portal|Literature|Education}}
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Bibliography of encyclopedias]]
* [[Biographical dictionary]]
* [[Encyclopedic knowledge]]
* [[Encyclopedism]]
* [[Fictitious entry]]
* [[History of science and technology]]
* [[Lexicography]]
* [[Library science]]
* [[Lists of encyclopedias]]
* [[Thesaurus]]
* [[Speculum literature]]
{{div col end}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

=== Cited works ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite web |title=encyclopedia |website=Online Etymology Dictionary |url=https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=encyclopedia |access-date=May 13, 2020 |archive-date=March 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308154841/https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=encyclopedia |url-status=live }}
* {{cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopaedia |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia |access-date=July 27, 2010 |archive-date=December 16, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |last=Béjoint |first=Henri |year=2000 |title=Modern Lexicography |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-829951-6}}
* C. Codoner, S. Louis, M. Paulmier-Foucart, D. Hüe, M. Salvat, A. Llinares, ''L'Encyclopédisme. Actes du Colloque de Caen'', A. Becq (dir.), Paris, 1991.
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Bergenholtz |editor1-first=H. |editor2-last=Nielsen |editor2-first=S. |editor3-last=Tarp |editor3-first=S. |year=2009 |title=Lexicography at a Crossroads: Dictionaries and Encyclopedias Today, Lexicographical Tools Tomorrow |publisher=Peter Lang |isbn=978-3-03911-799-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Blom |first=Phillip |year=2004 |title=Enlightening the World: Encyclopédie, the Book that Changed the Course of History |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location=New York; Basingstoke |isbn=978-1-4039-6895-1 |oclc=57669780}}
* {{cite book |last=Collison |first=Robert Lewis |year=1966 |title=Encyclopaedias: Their History Throughout the Ages |edition=2nd |publisher=Hafner |location=New York, London |oclc=220101699}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781317365815 |title=The Routledge Handbook of the English Writing System |date=July 15, 2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-36581-5 |editor-last=Cook |editor-first=Vivian |edition=1 |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781315670003 |editor-last2=Ryan |editor-first2=Des}}
* {{cite book |last=Cowie |first=Anthony Paul |year=2009 |title=The Oxford History of English Lexicography, Volume I |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-415-14143-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nhnVF9Or_wMC |access-date=August 17, 2010 |archive-date=April 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415131818/https://books.google.com/books?id=nhnVF9Or_wMC |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |last=Darnton |first=Robert |year=1979 |title=The business of enlightenment: a publishing history of the Encyclopédie, 1775–1800 |publisher=Belknap Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-674-08785-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/Business_201507 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Ditmanson |first=Peter |chapter=The Ming dynasty (pre-1521) |editor-last=Xiong |editor-first=Victor Cunrui |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cmNwDwAAQBAJ |title=Routledge Handbook of Imperial Chinese History |editor2-last=Hammond |editor2-first=Kenneth |date=September 17, 2018 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-53822-6 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Fu |first1=Chonglan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YjulDwAAQBAJ |title=Introduction to the Urban History of China |last2=Cao |first2=Wenming |date=July 25, 2019 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-981-13-8207-9 |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last1=Hartmann |first1=R. R. K. |last2=James |first2=Gregory |year=1998 |title=Dictionary of Lexicography |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-14143-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=49NZ12icE-QC&q=%22encyclopedic%20dictionary%22%2Bencyclopedia&pg=PA49 |access-date=July 27, 2010 |archive-date=January 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114034551/https://books.google.com/books?id=49NZ12icE-QC&q=%22encyclopedic%20dictionary%22%2Bencyclopedia&pg=PA49 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Kafker |editor-first=Frank A. |year=1981 |title=Notable encyclopedias of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries: nine predecessors of the Encyclopédie |publisher=Voltaire Foundation |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-7294-0256-9 |oclc=10645788}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Kafker |editor-first=Frank A. |year=1994 |title=Notable encyclopedias of the late eighteenth century: eleven successors of the Encyclopédie |publisher=Voltaire Foundation |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-7294-0467-9 |oclc=30787125}}
* {{cite book |last=Needham |first=Joseph |year=1986 |title=Science and Civilization in China |chapter=Part 7, Military Technology; the Gunpowder Epic |publisher=Caves Books Ltd. |location=Taipei |isbn=978-0-521-30358-3 |oclc=59245877 |volume=5 – Chemistry and Chemical Technology}}
* {{cite journal |last=Rosenzweig |first=Roy |author-link=Roy Rosenzweig |date=June 2006 |title=Can History Be Open Source? Wikipedia and the Future of the Past |journal=Journal of American History |issn=1945-2314 |jstor=4486062 |doi=10.2307/4486062 |volume=93 |issue=1 |pages=117–46 |url=http://chnm.gmu.edu/essays-on-history-new-media/essays/?essayid=42 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100425130754/http://chnm.gmu.edu/essays-on-history-new-media/essays/?essayid=42 |archive-date=April 25, 2010 }}
* {{cite book |last=Ioannides |first=Marinos |date=2006 |title=The e-volution of information communication technology in cultural heritage: where hi-tech touches the past: risks and challenges for the 21st century |publisher=Archaeolingua |location=Budapest |isbn=963-8046-73-2 |oclc=218599120}}
* {{cite book |last=Walsh |first=S. Padraig |year=1968 |title=Anglo-American general encyclopedias: a historical bibliography, 1703–1967 |publisher=Bowker |location=New York |oclc=577541 |page=270}}
* {{cite book |last=Yeo |first=Richard R. |year=2001 |title=Encyclopaedic visions: scientific dictionaries and enlightenment culture |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, New York |isbn=978-0-521-65191-2 |oclc=45828872 |url=http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/history/history-ideas-and-intellectual-history/encyclopaedic-visions-scientific-dictionaries-and-enlightenment-culture?format=HB |access-date=April 15, 2014 |archive-date=April 16, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416064030/http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/history/history-ideas-and-intellectual-history/encyclopaedic-visions-scientific-dictionaries-and-enlightenment-culture?format=HB |url-status=live }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Wiktionary|encyclopedia|encyclopaedia|encyclopedic}}
{{Commons category|Encyclopedias}}
{{Wikisource portal|Encyclopedias}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060114061155/http://www.educ.fc.ul.pt/hyper/eng/index.html Encyclopaedia and Hypertext] 
* [http://www.accuracyproject.org/cbe-errors-books.html Internet Accuracy Project] – Biographical errors in encyclopedias and almanacs
* [http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=did;cc=did;idno=did2222.0000.004;rgn=main;view=text "Encyclopedia"] – Diderot's article on the Encyclopedia from the original ''[[Encyclopédie]]''.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080615051823/http://www.dm.unipi.it/~tucci/index.html ''De expetendis et fugiendis rebus''] – First Renaissance encyclopedia
* [http://kennedy.byu.edu/staff/peterson/multivol/multibooks.html Errors and inconsistencies in several printed reference books and encyclopedias]; {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010718235527/http://kennedy.byu.edu/staff/peterson/Multivol/Multibooks.html |date=July 18, 2001 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131109213126/http://reviews.cnet.com/1990-3118_7-6378998-1.html "Digital encyclopedias put the world at your fingertips"]{{snd}} [[CNET]] article
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080112134535/http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/reference/encycl.htm Encyclopedias online] University of Wisconsin{{snd}} Stout listing by category
* [https://search.library.wisc.edu/digital/ACyclopaedia Chambers' ''Cyclopaedia''], 1728, with the 1753 supplement
* [http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=moa&cc=moa&key=title&page=browse&value=encyclop%C3%A6dia+americana&Submit=Quick+Browse ''Encyclopædia Americana''], 1851, [[Francis Lieber]] ed. (Boston: Mussey & Co.) at the University of Michigan Making of America site
* [http://www.1902encyclopedia.com/ ''Encyclopædia Britannica''], articles and illustrations from 9th ed., 1875–89, and 10th ed., 1902–03.

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Encyclopedias| ]]
[[Category:Works about history]]

2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff

2026-03-15T01:54:41Z

HesterBrewer: small changes

{{Short description|Period of military and political tension between India and Pakistan}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = 2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff Indian Codename: '' Operation Parakram''
| partof = the [[Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts]]
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| date = 13 December 2001{{spaced ndash}}10 June 2002 ({{Age in months, weeks and days|year1=2001|month1=12|day1=13|year2=2002|month2=06|day2=10}})
| place = [[Indo-Pakistani border]]
| coordinates =
| map_type =
| map_relief =
| latitude =
| longitude =
| map_size =
| map_marksize =
| map_caption =
| map_label =
| territory =
| status =
| combatants_header =
| combatant1 = [[India]]
| combatant2 = [[Pakistan]]
| combatant3 =
| commander1 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] [[L. K. Advani]] [[Sundararajan Padmanabhan|S. Padmanabhan]]
| commander2 = [[Pervez Musharraf]]
| commander3 =
| units1 =
| units2 =
| units3 =
| strength1 = 500,000–800,000 soldiers<ref>Narang 2010</ref><ref name="gs">[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/kashmir-2002.htm Kashmir Crisis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060711070348/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/kashmir-2002.htm |date=11 July 2006}} [[GlobalSecurity.org]]</ref>
| strength2 = 300,000–400,000 soldiers<ref name="gs" />
| casualties1 = 798 killed<ref name="798 soldiers">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Op-Parakram-claimed-798-soldiers/articleshow/104948.cms |title=Op Parakram claimed 798 soldiers |date=31 July 2003 |access-date=20 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022092929/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-07-31/india/27204243_1_op-parakram-indian-soldiers-operation-parakram |archive-date=22 October 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live}}</ref> 1,874 casualties altogether<ref name="1874 Casualties"/><ref>{{cite web|last=Bhaskar|first=C. Uday |date=2016-09-20|title=No Nation Must Stumble Into War: Lessons from Op Parakram Post Uri|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/no-nation-must-stumble-into-war-lessons-operation-parakram-post-uri-attack-pakistan-soldiers-jawans-kashmir-modi|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303133904/https://www.thequint.com/news/india/no-nation-must-stumble-into-war-lessons-operation-parakram-post-uri-attack-pakistan-soldiers-jawans-kashmir-modi|archive-date=3 March 2020|access-date=2021-11-15|website=TheQuint|language=en}}</ref> (per Indian government) 
900 casualties<ref>{{cite web|date=2019-03-04|title=India's national interests must not be subsumed by politically-motivated, competitive machismo masquerading as patriotism|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/lessons-from-a-crisis-pulwama-terror-attack-pakistan-india-5609328/|access-date=2021-11-16|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> (per [[Arun Prakash]]) 1,295 civilian casualties between 2001–2005 in mine-related incidents (per an Indian NGO survey)<ref>{{cite news|last1=Singh|first1=Satnam Jit|last2=Puangsuan|first2=Yeshua Moser|date=2015-03-19|title=It's time for India to join the Mine Ban Treaty|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/its-time-for-india-to-join-the-mine-ban-treaty/article7008157.ece|access-date=2021-11-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420230800/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/its-time-for-india-to-join-the-mine-ban-treaty/article7008157.ece|archive-date=20 April 2019|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
| casualties2 = Unknown
| casualties3 = 155,000 Indians and 44,000 Pakistanis displaced (per The News International)<ref name=dc/>
| notes =
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Indo-Pakistani Wars}}
}}

The '''2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff''' was a military standoff between [[India]] and [[Pakistan]] that resulted in the massing of troops on both sides of the [[India–Pakistan border|border]] and along the [[Line of Control]] (LoC) in the region of [[Kashmir]]. This was the second major military standoff between India and Pakistan following the successful detonation of [[nuclear weapon|nuclear devices]] by both countries in 1998, after the [[Kargil War]] of 1999.

The military buildup was initiated by India responding to [[2001 Indian Parliament attack|a terrorist attack]] on the [[Parliament of India|Indian Parliament]] in [[New Delhi]] on 13 December 2001 (during which twelve people, including the five terrorists who attacked the building, were killed) and the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] on [[2001 Jammu and Kashmir legislative assembly attack|1 October 2001]]<ref name="Rajesh M. Basrur">{{cite book|title=Asymmetric Warfare in South Asia: The Causes and Consequences of the Kargil Conflict|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-76721-7|page=326|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-vifpWqV2WYC&pg=PA326|author=Rajesh M. Basrur|edition=1st|editor=Peter R. Lavoy|chapter=The lessons of Kargil as learned by India|date=14 December 2009}}</ref> in which 38 people were killed.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|title=The brink of war|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/south_asia/2002/india_pakistan/timeline/2001.stm|url-status=live|access-date=2021-11-16|website=BBC News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020217181947/http://news.bbc.co.uk:80/hi/english/static/in_depth/south_asia/2002/india_pakistan/timeline/2001.stm |archive-date=17 February 2002}}</ref> India claimed that the attacks were carried out by two Pakistan-based terror groups fighting in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Indian-administered Kashmir]]—[[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] and [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]], both of whom India has said are backed by Pakistan's [[Inter-Services Intelligence|ISI]]<ref name=letjemisi>[http://www.economist.com/printedition/displayStory.cfm?Story_ID=917228 "Who will strike first"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205030926/http://www.economist.com/printedition/displayStory.cfm?Story_ID=917228 |date=5 December 2008}}, [[The Economist]], 20 December 2001.</ref>–a charge that Pakistan has denied.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kashmir Militant Extremists|url=http://www.cfr.org/kashmir/kashmir-militant-extremists/p9135|publisher=Council Foreign Relations|author=Jamal Afridi|date=9 July 2009|quote=Pakistan denies any ongoing collaboration between the ISI and militants, stressing a change of course after 11 September 2001.|access-date=4 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302144145/http://www.cfr.org/kashmir/kashmir-militant-extremists/p9135|archive-date=2 March 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Perlez |first=Jane |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/30/world/asia/30pstan.html |title=Pakistan Denies Any Role in Mumbai Attacks |location=Mumbai (India);Pakistan |work=The New York Times |date=29 November 2008 |access-date=31 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105185510/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/30/world/asia/30pstan.html |archive-date=5 January 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wsws.org/articles/2001/dec2001/ind-d20.shtml |title=Attack on Indian parliament heightens danger of Indo-Pakistan war |publisher=Wsws.org |date=20 December 2001 |access-date=31 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111215163045/http://wsws.org/articles/2001/dec2001/ind-d20.shtml |archive-date=15 December 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Farooq Abdullah]] the then chief minister of Jammu and Kashmir state urged India to launch a war against militant training camps across the border in Pakistan.<ref name=":1" />

In [[Western media]], coverage of the standoff focused on the possibility of a [[Nuclear warfare|nuclear war]] between the two countries and the implications of the potential conflict on the American-led "[[War on terror|Global War on Terrorism]]" in nearby [[Afghan Interim Administration|Afghanistan]]. Tensions de-escalated following international diplomatic mediation which resulted in the October 2002 withdrawal of Indian<ref name=toiwithdraw>[http://www1.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/cms.dll/articleshow?artid=25384627 "India to withdraw troops from Pak border"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031130174834/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/cms.dll/articleshow?artid=25384627 |date=30 November 2003}}, [[The Times of India]], 16 October 2002.</ref> and Pakistani troops<ref name=bbcwithdraw>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2335599.stm "Pakistan to withdraw front-line troops"] , [[BBC]], 17 October 2002.</ref> from the [[India–Pakistan border|international border]].

The Indian codename for the military mobilization was [[Operation Parakram]], which has been characterized by Sanjay Ahirwal of ''[[NDTV]]'' as a manifestation of India's "resolve to have an eyeball to eyeball confrontation" with Pakistan, and also an operation which led to attainment of some of its military and political objectives.<ref name="CLAWS" />

Towards the end of the protracted military standoff, in a surreptitious operation, India's [[Jat Regiment]] occupied a strategically important mountain peak on the Pakistani side of the LoC near [[Dras]], Point 5070, and subsequently rechristened it ''Balwan''.<ref>{{cite book|title=A Ridge Too Far: War in the Kargil Heights 1999 |last=Singh |first=Amarinder |authorlink=Amarinder Singh |publisher=Motibagh Palace |year=2001 |isbn=9788193107416 |page=132}}</ref><ref name="Mehta dominates"/><ref name="CLAWS" /> This had implications for the Pakistani army, which was accustomed to occupying the peak during summer, as the peak gave India a vantage view of [[Gultari valley]] which sustained Pakistani posts in Dras. In consequence, the Pakistani army dispensed its entire [[Command hierarchy#Chain of command|chain of command]], including the Pakistani [[Brigade Commander]] and GOC of the Northern Areas over the loss of this peak, while their Indian counterpart Lt. Gen. [[Deepak Summanwar]] was felicitated with an [[Uttam Yudh Seva Medal]] as a recognition of India's complete domination of the boundary area near Dras.<ref name="Mehta dominates">Gen Ashok K. Mehta, [http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040713/edit.htm Point 5353 still in Pakistan's possession], The Tribune (Chandigarh), 13 June 2004</ref><ref name="CLAWS" />

== Prelude ==
{{Main|2001 Indian Parliament attack}}

On the morning of 13 December 2001, a [[Clandestine cell system|cell]] of five armed men attacked the [[Parliament of India]] by breaching the security cordon at Gate 12. The five men killed seven people before being shot dead by the [[Indian Armed Forces|Indian Security Forces]].

World leaders and leaders in nearby countries strongly condemned the attack on the parliament, including [[Pakistan]]. On 14 December, the ruling Indian [[National Democratic Alliance]] blamed Pakistan-based [[Lashkar-e-Taiba|Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT)]] and [[Jaish-e-Mohammed|Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM)]] for the attack. [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Indian Home Minister]] [[L. K. Advani|L.K. Advani]] claimed, "''we have received some clues about yesterday's incident, which shows that a neighboring country, and some terrorist organizations active there are behind it''",<ref name=advanipakclues>[http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/dec/14parl21.htm "Parliament attack: Advani points towards neighbouring country"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050906065831/http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/dec/14parl21.htm |date=6 September 2005}}, [[Rediff]], 14 December 2001.</ref> in an indirect reference to Pakistan and [[Terrorism in Pakistan|Pakistan-based militant groups]]. The same day, in a [[démarche]] to Pakistan's [[High commissioner|High Commissioner]] to [[India]], [[Ashraf Qazi|Ashraf Jehangir Qazi]], India demanded that Pakistan stop the activities of LeT and JeM, apprehend the organisation's leaders and their access to all financial assets.<ref name=demarche>[http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/dec/14parl12.htm "Govt blames LeT for Parliament attack, asks Pak to restrain terrorist outfits"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070313105139/http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/dec/14parl12.htm |date=13 March 2007}}, [[Rediff]], 14 December 2001.</ref> Following the [[Government of India|Indian Government]]'s statements, Pakistan put its [[Pakistan Armed Forces|military]] into full combat readiness the same day.

The spokesman for the Pakistani military's public media wing ([[Inter-Services Public Relations|ISPR]]), [[Major general|Major-General]] [[Rashid Qureshi]], said that the attack on the Indian parliament was a result of India's efforts to start a conflict with Pakistan, claiming that "''Those [Indians] who can kill thousands of defenseless people in [[Kashmir conflict|Kashmir]] can resort to such tactics to gain international sympathy. We demand the international community probe this attack independently to know the truth''." while another senior official maintained that India's failure to solve internal problems have caused them to blame Pakistan for everything without cause, stating "''Why have the Indians rejected the [[Federal government of the United States|U.S. government]]’s offer to send an [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] team to investigate the attack on the parliament?''"<ref name=dawndec14>[http://www.dawn.com/2001/12/15/top1.htm "Pakistan forces put on high alert: Storming of parliament"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314041910/http://www.dawn.com/2001/12/15/top1.htm |date=14 March 2007}}, [[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]], 15 December 2001.</ref>

On 20 December, amid calls from the United States, [[Russia]], and [[United Nations]] to exercise restraint, India mobilised and deployed its troops to [[Kashmir]] and [[Punjab, India|Indian Punjab]] in what was India's largest military mobilisation since the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|1971 conflict]].<ref name=USAToday2002>{{cite news|title=Musharraf vows to stop terror activity in Pakistan|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2002/06/22/india.htm|access-date=9 January 2013|newspaper=[[USA Today]]|date=22 June 2002|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007052612/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2002/06/22/india.htm|archive-date=7 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> The Indian codename for the mobilisation was Operation ''Parakram''.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/02/06/stories/2004020604461200.htm |location=Chennai, India |title=Gen. Padmanabhan mulls over lessons of Operation Parakram |date=6 February 2004 |access-date=4 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203233122/http://www.hindu.com/2004/02/06/stories/2004020604461200.htm |archive-date=3 December 2008 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==January offensive==
===Planning===
The troop deployment to India's western border was expected to take three to four weeks, accordingly, the military action involving a limited offensive against the terrorists' training camps in Pak administered Kashmir was planned by the Indian [[Cabinet Committee on Security]] for the second week of January 2002. It would start with an airstrike by the [[Indian Air Force]]'s Tiger Squadron to attack zones with a large concentration of camps. Special forces of the [[Indian Army]] would then launch a limited ground offensive to further neutralize the terrorist camps and help to occupy the dominant positions on the LoC. 14 January 2002, was decided as the tentative [[D-Day (military term)|D-day]].<ref name="IT_Twice">{{cite news |title=Twice in 2002, India was on the verge of striking against Pakistan. Here's why it didn't |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20021223-twice-in-2002-india-was-on-the-verge-of-striking-against-pakistan-793809-2002-12-23 |access-date=9 September 2018 |work=Cover Story |date=23 December 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909190501/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20021223-twice-in-2002-india-was-on-the-verge-of-striking-against-pakistan-793809-2002-12-23 |archive-date=9 September 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

According to the Indian strategy, a limited strike in the [[Pakistan administered Kashmir]] was preferred as it would convey the Indian resolve to Pakistan and yet keep the international retribution levels that are manageable. Indian actions would then be comparable to the ongoing US offensive in Afghanistan against [[Osama bin Laden]]'s [[Al-Qaeda]] terrorists.<ref name="IT_Twice"/>

The CCS had weighed in the possibility of Pakistan launching an all-out offensive as a response to the Indian strikes. The intelligence assessment suggested that the Pakistani Army was not well prepared. This further minimized the chances of Pakistan launching a full-scale war. The Indian plans were strengthened by a strong [[Economy of India|economy]] with low inflation, high petroleum, and [[Foreign exchange reserves|forex reserves]]. [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Finance minister]] [[Yashwant Sinha]] announced that the Indian economy was prepared for war, in spite of being the final option. The limited strike served as a tactical option. The troop build-up signaled "India's seriousness" to the international community. If Pakistan's strategy did not change then India would have no other option.<ref name="IT_Twice"/>

=== Military confrontations ===
In late December, both countries moved [[ballistic missile]]s closer to each other's border, and mortar and artillery fire was reported in Kashmir.<ref>[http://archives.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/south/12/25/india.pakistan.kashmir.missiles Pakistan, India 'move missiles' to border] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070106131408/http://archives.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/south/12/25/india.pakistan.kashmir.missiles/ |date=6 January 2007}} [[CNN]], 26 December 2001.</ref> By January 2002, India had mobilized around 500,000 troops and three armored divisions on Pakistan's border, concentrated along the [[Line of Control]] in Kashmir. Pakistan responded similarly, deploying around 300,000 troops to that region.<ref name="gs" /> The tensions were partially defused after [[Pervez Musharraf|Musharraf]]'s speech on 12 January promising action on terror emanating from Pakistan.<ref name="IT_Twice"/>

Artillery duels were commonplace during the protracted military confrontations. In one such instance, well over 40 Pakistani soldiers perished on [[Point 5353]] near Dras when Indian troops from nearby Point 5165, [[Point 5240]] and Point 5100 commenced artillery fire on the Pakistani post, rendering the Pakistanis unable to reinforce their troops.<ref name="War and peace on Gurkha Post">{{cite news |last=Swami |first=Praveen |authorlink=Praveen Swami |title=War and peace on Gurkha Post |date=9 March 2004 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2004/03/10/stories/2004031001731200.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=25 September 2017}} {{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

===Diplomacy===
India initiated its diplomatic offensive by recalling [[High Commission of India, Islamabad#Indian High Commissioner|Indian high commissioner]] and the civilian flights from Pakistan were banned.<ref name="IT_Twice"/>

Pakistan picked up the war signals and began mobilization of its military and initiated diplomatic talks with US president [[George W. Bush]]. [[American Secretary of State]] [[Colin Powell]] engaged with India and Pakistan to reduce tensions. In the first week of January, [[British prime minister]] [[Tony Blair]] visited India with a message that he was pressurizing Pakistani president Musharraf. The US declared LeT and JeM as [[United States State Department list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations#Groups designated as FTOs|foreign terrorist groups]].<ref name="IT_Twice"/>

===Musharraf's speech===
On 8 January 2002, [[Indian Home Minister]] [[L. K. Advani]] visited the US, where he was informed about the contents of the upcoming landmark speech by Musharraf.<ref name="IT_Twice"/> On 12 January 2002, [[President of Pakistan|President]] [[Pervez Musharraf]] gave a speech intended to reduce tensions with India. He for the first time condemned the attack on Parliament as a terrorist attack and compared it with the [[11 September attacks]].<ref name="nys"/> He declared in his speech that terrorism was unjustified in the name of Kashmir and Pakistan would combat extremism on its own soil. Pakistan would resolve Kashmir with dialogue and no organization will be allowed to carry out terrorism ''under the pretext of Kashmir''.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/1756965.stm Musharraf declares war on extremism] , [[BBC]], 12 January 2002.</ref> As demanded by India, he also announced plans for the regulation of [[madrasa]]s and banning the known terrorist groups that were operating out of Pakistan.<ref name="IT_Twice"/> He announced a formal ban on five jihadi organizations, that included Jaish-e-Mohammed and Lashkar-e-Taiba engaged in militancy in Kashmir.<ref name="nys"/>

===Indian decision===
The Indian [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]] [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee|Atal B. Vajpayee]] though skeptic of the seriousness of Musharraf's pledges, decided not to carry out the military attack planned for 14 January.<ref name=nys>[https://www.newyorker.com/archive/2006/02/13/060213fa_fact_coll "The Stand-off"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080718000407/http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2006/02/13/060213fa_fact_coll |date=18 July 2008}}, [[The New Yorker]], 13 February 2006.</ref>

== Kaluchak massacre ==
{{Main|2002 Kaluchak massacre}}
Tensions escalated significantly in May 2002. On 14 May, three suicidal terrorists attacked an army camp at [[Kaluchak]] near [[Jammu]] and [[Kaluchak Massacre|killed 34 people]] and injured fifty more before getting killed, most of the victims were the wives and children of Indian soldiers serving in Kashmir. The terrorist incident again revived the chance of a full-blown war.<ref name="nys"/>

On 15 May, PM Vajpayee was quoted in the Indian Parliament saying "''Hamein pratikar karna hoga (We will have to counter it).''"<ref name="IT_Twice"/> American [[Deputy Secretary of State]], [[Richard Armitage (naval officer)|Richard Armitage]], quoted the incident as a trigger for further deterioration of the situation.<ref name="nys"/>

The [[Union Council of Ministers|Indian Cabinet]] had little belief that diplomatic pressure could stop Pakistan's support for the militants in Kashmir. India accused Pakistan that it was failing to keep its promise on ending the cross-border terrorism.<ref name="IT_Twice"/> Musharraf's follow-up to his speech on 12 January was observed by India as weak and disingenuous. Pakistan did not extradite the terrorist leaders demanded by India, and Lashkar was allowed to continue its operations in Pakistan as a charity with a new name. During the spring, jihadi militants started crossing the Line of Control again.<ref name="nys"/>

==June Offensive==
===Planning===
On 18 May, Vajpayee reviewed the preparedness with the [[Minister of Defence (India)|defence minister]] [[George Fernandes|Fernandes]], director-general military operations and military intelligence chief. The CCS met and favored taking military action against terrorists in Pakistan. A limited military action similar to the one planned in January was not considered viable as Pakistan had strengthened its forces on the LoC. Any action limited to Pakistan administered Kashmir would only have limited military gains. Indian military favored an offensive along the Indo-Pak border that will stretch the Pakistani troops and provide India access to Pakistan administered Kashmir.<ref name="IT_Twice"/>

The Indian armed forces accordingly prepared the plan to target the war-waging capabilities of Pakistan and destroy the terrorist camps. The battle canvas planned for June was larger than the one planned in January. The Indian Air Force along with the 1 Strike Corps of India would initiate an attack in [[Shakargarh]] bulge to engage Pakistan's Army Reserve North (ARN) that was spread from [[Muzaffarabad]] to [[Lahore]]. This would engage Pakistan's key strike corp while Indian strike formations from [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Command]] would carry out the offensive at the Line of Control and capture the strategic positions used by the terrorists for infiltrations. The period considered was between 23 May and 10 June.<ref name="IT_Twice"/>

=== Military confrontations ===
During the end of May 2002, the Indian and Pakistani armed forces continued to be fully mobilized. The tenor of statements published in the [[Media of India|Indian press]] and intelligence information collected, pointed to an imminent invasion by India.<ref name="nys"/> An SOS sent to [[Israel]] by the Indian Defence Ministry for defense supplies during the month of June confirmed the intelligence.<ref name="IT_Twice"/>

On 18 May, India expelled the Pakistani High Commissioner. That same day, thousands of villagers had to flee Pakistani artillery fire in Jammu.<ref>{{cite news |title=India expels Pakistan's ambassador |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/india-expels-pakistan-s-ambassador-1.325671 |access-date=26 January 2020 |publisher=CBC News |date=18 May 2002}}</ref> On 21 May, clashes killed six Pakistani soldiers and 1 Indian soldier, as well as civilians from both sides.<ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020522/main1.htm "Six more Pak soldiers killed"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205002353/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020522/main1.htm |date=5 February 2007}}, [[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]], 21 May 2002.</ref> On 22 May, Indian Prime Minister Vajpayee announced to his troops to prepare for a "decisive battle".<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/may/22/kashmir.india "Indian PM calls for 'decisive battle' over Kashmir"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204021816/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/may/22/kashmir.india |date=4 February 2017}}, ''[[The Guardian]]'', Wednesday 22 May 2002. Retrieved 7 February 2013.</ref>

Between 25 and 28 May, Pakistan conducted 3 [[Chronology of Pakistan's rocket tests|missile tests]]. India reviewed its nuclear capability to strike back.<ref name="IT_Twice"/> On 7 June the [[Indian Air Force]] lost an [[unmanned aerial vehicle]] near Lahore, which Pakistan claimed to have shot down.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://vayu-sena-aux.tripod.com/other-Parakram-IAF-UAV-Wreckage.html |title=IAF's Searcher-II Loss on June 07, 2002 |publisher=Vayu-sena-aux.tripod.com |access-date=1 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123123614/http://vayu-sena-aux.tripod.com/other-Parakram-IAF-UAV-Wreckage.html |archive-date=23 January 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Threat of nuclear war ===
As both India and Pakistan are armed with nuclear weapons, the possibility a [[conventional war]] could escalate into a [[Nuclear war|nuclear one]] was raised several times during the standoff. Various statements on this subject were made by Indian and Pakistani officials during the conflict, mainly concerning a [[no first use]] policy. Indian [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|External Affairs Minister]] [[Jaswant Singh]] said on 5 June that India would not use nuclear weapons first,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0WDQ/is_2002_June_3/ai_86623659 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205194211/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0WDQ/is_2002_June_3/ai_86623659 |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 December 2008 |title=India will not use nuclear weapons first: Singh |work=BNET |date=3 June 2002 |access-date=20 March 2012}}</ref> while Musharraf said on 5 June he would not [[Nuclear doctrine of Pakistan|renounce]] Pakistan's right to use [[nuclear weapon]]s first.<ref>[http://archives.tcm.ie/irishexaminer/2002/06/05/story29703.asp Irish Examiner – 2002/06/05: "Musharraf refuses to renounce first use of nuclear weapons"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929150119/http://archives.tcm.ie/irishexaminer/2002/06/05/story29703.asp|date=29 September 2007}}, [[Irish Examiner]], 5 June 2002</ref> There was also concern that a 6 June 2002 [[asteroid]] explosion over Earth, known as the [[Eastern Mediterranean Event]], could have caused a nuclear conflict had it exploded over India or Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.spacedaily.com/news/deepimpact-02s.html |title=Near-Earth Objects Pose Threat, General Says |publisher=Spacedaily.com |access-date=1 March 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20021201192527/http://www.spacedaily.com/news/deepimpact-02s.html |archive-date=1 December 2002 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Diplomacy===
Vajpayee contacted the leaders of the global community including Bush, Blair, [[Russian president]] [[Vladimir Putin]] and [[French president]] [[Jacques Chirac]] and informed them Musharraf could not deliver on his 12 January speech and the patience of the country was running out. In the diplomacy that followed, Bush, Putin, Blair and [[Japanese prime minister]] [[Junichiro Koizumi]] requested Vajpayee to avoid taking the extreme step. The global community informed India that it would negotiate with Musharraf to clarify his position on stopping the cross-border infiltration.<ref name="IT_Twice"/>

Attempts to defuse the situation continued. The Russian president Vladimir Putin tried to mediate a solution, but in vain.<ref>[https://www.voanews.com/a/a-13-a-2002-06-03-10-putin-66287377/541040.html "Putin Attempts to Mediate India-Pakistan Tensions"], ''[[VOA]]'', 3 June 2002. Retrieved 7 February 2013.</ref>

Restraint was urged by the global community as there were fears that Pakistan would proceed to use its nuclear weapons in the face to counter its conventional asymmetry as compared to the Indian armed forces. In April, in an interview to German magazine [[Der Spiegel]] Musharraf had already hinted that he was willing to use nukes against India. Pakistan's nuclear threats led to US Secretary of State Powell contacting Musharraf at five occasions in the last week of May and reading the [[Riot Act|riot act]].<ref name="IT_Twice"/>

On 5 June 2002, American Deputy Secretary of State Richard Armitage visited Pakistan. He asked Musharraf if he would "permanently" end cross-border infiltration and help to dismantle the infrastructure used for terrorism. On 6 June 2002, Musharraf 's commitment was conveyed to Powell, and to India after his arrival. On 10 June 2002, Powell announced Musharraf's promise to the global community, after which India called off its strike plans.<ref name="IT_Twice"/>

A full-frontal invasion would have translated into war. Political logic implied it was better to give another chance to Musharraf. The military build-up on the border by India in January and June had forced both the international community and Pakistan into action.<ref name="IT_Twice" />

== July–August strikes ==
On 29 July 2002 for the first time after the end of the Kargil war, India used air power to attack positions held by the Pakistani forces at Loonda Post on the Indian side of the Line of Control in the Machil sector. Eight IAF [[Mirage 2000]] H aircraft dropped precision-guided bombs weighing 1,000-pounds to destroy four bunkers that were occupied by Pakistan. The forward trenches prepared by Indian troops in earlier years were also occupied by the Pakistani forces and 155-millimetre [[Bofors howitzer]]s were used to hit them. According to Indian military intelligence officials, at least 28 Pakistani soldiers were killed in the fighting. The air assault was conducted in daylight and to demonstrate India's willingness to escalate the conflict in response to provocations.<ref>[https://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1918/19180220.htm When Pakistan took Loonda Post] ''Frontline'' Volume 19 – Issue 18, 31 August – 13 September 2002</ref>

Towards the end of the protracted military standoff, in a surreptitious operation, India's [[Jat Regiment]] occupied a strategically important mountain peak on the Pakistani side of the LoC near [[Dras]], Point 5070, and subsequently rechristened it ''Balwan''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Amarinder |title=A Ridge Too Far: War in the Kargil Heights 1999 |publisher=Motibagh Palace |year=2001 |isbn=9788193107416 |page=132 |authorlink=Amarinder Singh}}</ref><ref name="Mehta dominates"/><ref name="CLAWS" /> This had implications for the Pakistani army, which was accustomed to occupying the peak during summer, as the peak gave India a vantage view of the [[Gultari valley]], which sustained Pakistani posts in [[Dras]]. In consequence, the Pakistani army dispensed its entire [[Command hierarchy#Chain of command|chain of command]], including the Pakistani [[Brigade Commander]] and GOC of the Northern Areas, over the loss of this peak, while their Indian counterpart Lt. Gen. [[Deepak Summanwar]] was felicitated with an [[Uttam Yudh Seva Medal]] as a recognition of India's domination of the boundary area near Dras.<ref name="Mehta dominates" /><ref name="CLAWS" />

Pakistani army troops stationed near the post in the Kupwara sector's Kel area of the LoC had been shelling the Indian positions across the LoC. India suspected a troop build-up situation near the border post that was similar to Kargil. Indian army planned retaliation by sending troops to attack the Pakistani posts. The initial ground attack to retake the post failed, with the Indian army suffering 11 casualties.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Irish Times |title=Details of major clash in Kashmir were kept secret by India and Pakistan |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/details-of-major-clash-in-kashmir-were-kept-secret-by-india-and-pakistan-1.1093156 |access-date=26 Aug 2002 |publisher=Irish Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Kargil-II Incident |url=http://vayu-sena.tripod.com/other-loonda-kargil-ii.html}}</ref> Later on, after deliberations with the then Army Chief, General [[Sundararajan Padmanabhan]], the plan was modified and instead of only a ground assault, the decision was made to first attack Pakistani positions using the IAF jets followed by a ground assault by the [[Special forces of India|Indian Special Forces]]. At 1:30 pm on 2 August, IAF's LGB capable Mirage 2000 H fighter aircraft loaded with laser-guided weapons bombed the Pakistani bunkers located in the Kel. The attack destroyed the bunkers with an unknown number of casualties.<ref name="IT_Twice" /><ref name="HuffStrike">{{cite news |title=EXCLUSIVE: In 2002, India's Fighter Jets Hit Pakistan In A Surgical Strike You've Never Been Told About |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/2017/01/26/exclusive-in-2002-india-s-fighter-jets-hit-pakistan-in-a-surgi_a_21701344/ |access-date=9 September 2018 |work=HuffPost |date=27 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909221838/https://www.huffingtonpost.in/2017/01/26/exclusive-in-2002-india-s-fighter-jets-hit-pakistan-in-a-surgi_a_21701344/ |archive-date=9 September 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Easing of tension==
While tensions remained high throughout the next few months, both governments began easing the situation in Kashmir. By October 2002, India had begun to demobilise their troops along her border and later Pakistan did the same, and in November 2003 a cease-fire between the two nations was signed.<ref>[http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/ceasefire-violation-pak-continues-firing-for-seventh-day-233448 "India-Pakistan Ceasefire Agreement"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130111074126/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/ceasefire-violation-pak-continues-firing-for-seventh-day-233448 |date=11 January 2013}}, ''[[NDTV]]''. Retrieved 7 February 2013.</ref>

== Casualties ==
The Indian casualties were up to 1,874, including 798 fatal.<ref name="798 soldiers" /><ref name="1874 Casualties">[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-suffered-1874-casualties-without-fighting-a-war/articleshow/45016284.cms India suffered 1,874 casualties without fighting a war], THE TIMES OF INDIA.</ref> Pakistani casualties were not divulged.

== Cost of standoff ==
The Indian cost for the buildup was [[United States dollar|$]]3 billion to [[United States dollar|$]]4 billion<ref>{{Cite web|title=What did India's military mobilisation after Parliament attack achieve?|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2021/12/13/what-did-indias-military-mobilisation-after-parliament-attack-achieve.html|access-date=2022-01-05|website=The Week|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Pak casualties 2021">{{cite web|title=Media Coverage of Pak-India Standoff 2002: An Analysis|url=http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/pols/pdf-files/20-v26_1_19.pdf|last1=Sajjad Malik|first1=Muhammad|last2=Iqbal Cheema|first2=Pervaiz|publisher=Journal of Political Studies, Vol. 26, Issue – 1, 2019|quote=The tension continued for a period of 10 months and it had impact on both nations. Reportedly India lost about 2,000 troops while Pakistan suffered less than three dozen deaths.|access-date=29 December 2021}}</ref> while Pakistan's was [[United States dollar|$]]1.4 billion.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2003/jan/16defence.htm |title=Parakram cost put at Rs 6,500 crore |work=Rediff.com India Limited |date=16 January 2003 |author=[[Aditi Phadnis]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030203133106/http://www.rediff.com/money/2003/jan/16defence.htm |archive-date=3 February 2003 |access-date=20 March 2012}}</ref> The standoff led to a total of 155,000 Indians and 45,000 Pakistanis displaced, per Pakistani media estimates.<ref name=dc>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/266623-the-cost-of-conflict-ii-beyond-the-direct-cost-of-war|title=The cost of conflict-II Beyond the direct cost of war|work=The News International|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230160547/https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/amp/266623-the-cost-of-conflict-ii-beyond-the-direct-cost-of-war|archive-date=30 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

One of the reasons for the failure of Operation Parakram is described to be the slow mobilisation of 500,000 troops. It took nearly three weeks for India to completely move 500,000 troops, 3 armoured divisions, and other supporting units to the border. The delay allowed Pakistan to move its own 300,000 troops along with the supporting units to the border. Lacking strategic surprise, Indian military decided to withdraw its troops.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/01/is-the-indian-military-capable-of-executing-the-cold-start-doctrine/|title=Is the Indian Military Capable of Executing the Cold Start Doctrine?|last=Gady|first=Franz-Stefan|date=29 January 2019|work=The Diplomat}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FGdaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA74|title=Pakistan's War Machine: An Encyclopedia of its Weapons, Military Security: Pakistan's War Machine: An Encyclopedia of its Weapons, Strategy and Military Security|date=13 May 2018|publisher=Saghir Iqbal|last=Iqbal|first=Saghir|page=74|isbn=9781986169424}}</ref>

On 5 November 2011, former Indian naval chief, Admiral [[Sushil Kumar (admiral)|Sushil Kumar]], claimed that operation Parakram lacked clear objectives. He described the operation as a "punishing mistake" for India. Moreover, he said that Operation Parakram, may in fact have encouraged both Pakistan and China to increase cross-border violations. Had India tried a similar operation against China, it would have been a fatal blunder for India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Operation-Parakram-after-Parliament-attack-lacked-cleared-objectives-Ex-Navy-chief-Sushil-Kumar/articleshow/10625959.cms|title=Operation Parakram after Parliament attack lacked cleared objectives: Ex navy chief Sushil Kumar|date=6 November 2011|work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/op-parakram-most-punishing-mistake-exnavy-chief/871149/|title=Op Parakram most punishing mistake: Ex-Navy chief|date=5 November 2011|work=The Indian Express}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts]]
* [[2002 Eastern Mediterranean event]]
* [[India-Pakistan relations]]
* [[2002 Kaluchak massacre|Kaluchak Incident]]

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="CLAWS">{{cite journal |last=Bhonsle |first=Rahul K |title=Kargil 1999: Limited War, Unlimited Consequences |url=https://archive.claws.in/images/journals_doc/1400824878Rahul%20K%20Bhonsle%20CJ%20SSummer%202009.pdf |journal=[[Centre for Land Warfare Studies]] |date=2009 |page=78}}</ref>

</references>

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040225101306/http://www.hindu.com/2004/02/06/stories/2004020604461200.htm Gen. Padmanabhan mulls over lessons of Operation Parakram]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081202061336/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MONITOR/ISSUE5-5/Sunils.html Thoughts on Operation Parakram]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121022092929/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-07-31/india/27204243_1_op-parakram-indian-soldiers-operation-parakram Operation Parakram]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130514232235/http://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552636 Nuclear Proliferation in India and Pakistan] from the [https://web.archive.org/web/20160115205405/https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552494 Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives]

{{Indian Armed Forces}}
{{Kashmir conflict}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2001-2002 India-Pakistan Standoff}}
[[Category:Indian–Pakistani border conflicts]]
[[Category:Vajpayee administration]]
[[Category:Military operations of the Kashmir conflict]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 2001|I]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 2002|I]]
[[Category:2002 in India]]
[[Category:2001 in India]]
[[Category:2001 in Pakistan]]
[[Category:2002 in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Nuclear history of Pakistan]]
[[Category:2000s in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Armed standoffs in Asia]]

CNN

2026-03-13T18:14:19Z

HesterBrewer: General improvements to article content

{{Short description|American news channel}}
{{About|the channel|other uses|CNN (disambiguation)}}
{{Protection padlock|reason=Restoring indefinite semi-protection after expiry of full protection per HJMitchell and Fvasconcellos.|small=yes}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox television channel
| name = CNN
| logo = [[File:CNN Logo (2014).svg|175px|frameless]]
| logo_size = 175px
| founder = {{Plainlist|
* [[Ted Turner]]
* [[Reese Schonfeld]]
}}
| launch_date = {{start date and age|1980|6|1}}
| owner = {{Plainlist|
* [[Warner Bros. Discovery]] {{small|(sale to [[Paramount Skydance]] pending)}}
}}
| parent = CNN Worldwide
| picture_format = [[1080i]] ([[High-definition television|HDTV]]){{Break}}(downscaled to [[Letterboxing (filming)|letterbox]]ed [[480i]] for the [[Standard-definition television|SDTV]] feed)
| country = United States
| language = English
| area = {{Plainlist|
* United States
* Canada
* Brazil
* Japan
* India
* Caribbean islands
* Worldwide (via CNN International)
}}
| headquarters = {{Plainlist|
* [[Atlanta]], Georgia, United States
* [[New York City]], United States
}}
| key_people = {{Plainlist|
* [[Mark Thompson (media executive)|Sir Mark Thompson]] (Chairman and CEO)
* David Leavy (COO)
* Michael Bass (EVP of Programming, CNN-US)<ref name="CNN president Jeff Zucker resigns">{{cite news |last1=Barr |first1=Jeremy |last2=Izadi |first2=Elahe |last3=Ellison |first3=Sarah |last4=Farhi |first4=Paul |title=CNN president Jeff Zucker resigns, citing undisclosed relationship with colleague |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/media/2022/02/02/cnn-president-jeff-zucker-announces-resignation-over-undisclosed-relationship-with-colleague/ |access-date=February 2, 2022 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=February 2, 2022 |archive-date=February 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202161538/https://www.washingtonpost.com/media/2022/02/02/cnn-president-jeff-zucker-announces-resignation-over-undisclosed-relationship-with-colleague/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Brad Ferrer ([[Vice President|EVP]]/[[Chief Financial Officer|CFO]])
* [[Amy Entelis]] ([[Vice President|EVP]])<ref name="CNN president Jeff Zucker resigns"/>
* [[Ken Jautz]] (EVP, CNN-US and [[HLN (TV network)|HLN]])<ref name="CNN president Jeff Zucker resigns"/>
* [[Andrew Morse]] (EVP/Chief Digital Officer)
}}
| sister_channels = {{collapsible list|
* [[CNN Airport]] (defunct)
* [[CNN Arabic]]
* [[CNN Brazil]]
* [[CNN Chile]]
* [[CNN en Español]]
* [[CNN Indonesia]]
* [[CNN International]]
* [[CNN-News18]]
* [[CNN Portugal]]
* [[CNN Türk]]
* [[HLN (TV network)|HLN]]
* [[CNN Prima News]]
* A2 CNN
* [[Antena 3 CNN]]
}}
| website = {{URL|https://www.cnn.com}}
| online_serv_1 = Online stream
| online_chan_1 = [https://edition.cnn.com/videos/live CNN Live] (pay-TV subscribers only)
| online_serv_2 = Affiliated Streaming Service
| online_chan_2 = [[HBO Max]]
| online_serv_3 = Service(s)
| online_chan_3 = [[DirecTV Stream]], [[Hulu + Live TV]], [[Sling TV]], [[YouTube TV]]
| online_serv_4 =
| online_chan_4 =
}}

The '''Cable News Network''' ('''CNN''') is an American multinational  [[news]] [[media conglomerate|media company]] and the flagship namesake property of [[CNN Worldwide]], a division of [[Warner Bros. Discovery]] (WBD). Founded on June 1, 1980, by American [[media proprietor]] [[Ted Turner]] and [[Reese Schonfeld]] as a 24-hour [[United States cable news|cable news]] channel and headquartered in [[Atlanta]], Georgia,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Time Warner: Turner Broadcasting |url=http://www.timewarner.com/corp/businesses/detail/turner_broadcasting/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110122111404/http://www.timewarner.com/corp/businesses/detail/turner_broadcasting/index.html |archive-date=January 22, 2011}}</ref> CNN is the first television channel to provide [[24-hour news cycle|24-hour news coverage]] and the first all-news television channel in the United States.<ref name="CNN20">{{cite news|url=http://www.enquirer.com/editions/2000/05/28/loc_kiesewetter.html|title=In 20 years, CNN has changed the way we view the news|date=May 28, 2000|newspaper=Cincinnati Enquirer|last=Kiesewetter|first=John|access-date=January 24, 2009|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171011224046/http://www.enquirer.com/editions/2000/05/28/loc_kiesewetter.html|archive-date=October 11, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Charles Bierbauer, CNN senior Washington correspondent, discusses his 19-year career at CNN. (May 8, 2000) |work=CNN |url=http://cnn.com/COMMUNITY/transcripts/2000/5/8/bierbauer/ |access-date=October 12, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120929070034/http://www.cnn.com/COMMUNITY/transcripts/2000/5/8/bierbauer/ |archive-date=September 29, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=January 29, 2001 |title=Reese's Pieces: Mr. Schonfeld, Forgotten Founder of CNN, Is a Man of Many Projects |url=https://observer.com/2001/01/reeses-pieces-mr-schonfeld-forgotten-founder-of-cnn-is-a-man-of-many-projects/ |access-date=March 1, 2022 |website=Observer |language=en-US |archive-date=September 26, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926162437/https://observer.com/2001/01/reeses-pieces-mr-schonfeld-forgotten-founder-of-cnn-is-a-man-of-many-projects/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Stelter |first=Brian |date=July 28, 2020 |title=Reese Schonfeld, CNN's founding president, has died at 88 |work=CNN |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/07/28/media/reese-schonfeld-obituary/index.html |url-status=live |access-date=July 31, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729142448/https://www.cnn.com/2020/07/28/media/reese-schonfeld-obituary/index.html |archive-date=July 29, 2020}}</ref><ref name="CNNtaipei">{{cite web |date=May 31, 2005 |title=CNN changed news – for better and worse |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/archives/2005/05/31/2003257358 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150603070942/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/archives/2005/05/31/2003257358 |archive-date=June 3, 2015 |access-date=January 24, 2009 |work=Taipei Times}}</ref>

{{As of|December 2023}}, CNN had 68,974,000 television households as subscribers in the United States. According to [[Nielsen Corporation|Nielsen]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wrestlenomics.com/u-s-cable-network-households-universe-1990-2023-nielsen-data/|title=U.S. cable network households (universe), 1990 – 2023|website=wrestlenomics.com|date=May 14, 2024|access-date=July 28, 2019}}</ref> down from 80 million in March 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CNN Worldwide Fact Sheet |url=https://cnnpressroom.blogs.cnn.com/cnn-fact-sheet/ |access-date=March 15, 2023 |language=en-US |archive-date=March 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325122213/https://cnnpressroom.blogs.cnn.com/cnn-fact-sheet/ }}</ref> In June 2021, CNN ranked third in viewership among cable news networks, behind [[Fox News]] and [[MS NOW]], averaging 580,000 viewers throughout the day, down 49% from a year earlier, amid sharp declines in viewers across all cable news networks.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Johnson |first1=Ted |title=Fox News Tops June And Q2 Viewership, But Plunge In Ratings Continues Across All Major Cable News Networks |url=https://deadline.com/2021/06/cable-news-viewership-plunges-in-june-1234783434/ |work=[[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]] |date=June 29, 2021 |access-date=July 6, 2021 |archive-date=July 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210707162029/https://deadline.com/2021/06/cable-news-viewership-plunges-in-june-1234783434/ |url-status=live }}</ref> While CNN ranked 14th among all basic cable networks in 2019,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Andreeva |first1=Nellie |last2=Johnson |first2=Ted |title=Cable Ratings 2019: Fox News Tops Total Viewers, ESPN Wins 18–49 Demo As Entertainment Networks Slide |url=https://deadline.com/2019/12/cable-ratings-2019-list-fox-news-total-viewers-espn-18-49-demo-1202817561/ |access-date=January 16, 2020 |publisher=[[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]]|date=December 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114141444/https://deadline.com/2019/12/cable-ratings-2019-list-fox-news-total-viewers-espn-18-49-demo-1202817561/ |archive-date=January 14, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Schneider |first1=Michael |title=Most-Watched Television Networks: Ranking 2019's Winners and Losers |url=https://variety.com/2019/tv/news/network-ratings-top-channels-fox-news-espn-cnn-cbs-nbc-abc-1203440870/ |access-date=January 16, 2020 |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=December 26, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200106110035/https://variety.com/2019/tv/news/network-ratings-top-channels-fox-news-espn-cnn-cbs-nbc-abc-1203440870/ |archive-date=January 6, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> then jumped to 7th during a major surge for the three largest cable news networks (completing a rankings streak of Fox News at number 5 and MS NOW at number 6 for that year),<ref>{{Cite news |last=Schneider |first=Michael |title=Most-Watched Television Networks: Ranking 2020's Winners and Losers |date=December 28, 2020 |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |url=https://variety.com/2020/tv/news/network-ratings-2020-top-channels-fox-news-cnn-msnbc-cbs-1234866801/ |access-date=May 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228180921/https://variety.com/2020/tv/news/network-ratings-2020-top-channels-fox-news-cnn-msnbc-cbs-1234866801/ |archive-date=December 28, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> it settled back to number 11 in 2021<ref>{{Cite web|last=Schneider|first=Michael|date=December 30, 2021|title=Most-Watched Television Networks: Ranking 2021's Winners and Losers|url=https://variety.com/2021/tv/news/network-ratings-2021-top-channels-1235143630/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220112203222/https://variety.com/2021/tv/news/network-ratings-2021-top-channels-1235143630/|archive-date=January 12, 2022|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref> and had further declined to number 21 in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Schneider|first=Michael|date=December 29, 2022|title=Most-Watched Television Networks: Ranking 2022's Winners and Losers|url=https://variety.com/2022/tv/news/most-watched-channels-2022-tv-network-ratings-1235475170/|url-status=live|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|access-date=January 19, 2023|archive-date=January 18, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118090730/https://variety.com/2022/tv/news/most-watched-channels-2022-tv-network-ratings-1235475170/}}</ref>

Globally, CNN programming has aired through [[CNN International]], seen by viewers in over 212 countries and territories.<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.timewarner.com/corp/newsroom/pr/0,20812,667801,00.html|title=CNN is Viewers Cable Network of Choice for Democratic and Republican National Convention Coverage|publisher=Time Warner|date=August 18, 2000|access-date=February 20, 2010}}{{Dead link|date=January 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Since May 2019, however, the American domestic version has absorbed international news coverage in order to reduce programming costs. The American version, sometimes referred to as CNN (US), is also available in Canada, and some islands in the Caribbean. CNN also licenses its brand and content to other channels, such as [[CNN-News18]] in India. In Japan it broadcasts [[CNNj]] which started in 2003, with simultaneous translation in Japanese.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnnasiapacific.com/factsheets/partnersandjv/?catID=19|title=CNN Partners|work=CNN Asia Pacific|access-date=May 4, 2020|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120729154345/http://www.cnnasiapacific.com/factsheets/partnersandjv/?catID=19|archive-date=July 29, 2012}}</ref>

CNN has often been subjected to criticism from conservative media and other organizations for having a perceived left-wing bias; conversely, it has also been criticized for [[false balance]] in support of conservative positions. 

==History==
{{Main|History of CNN}}

The Cable News Network launched at 5:00 p.m. [[Eastern Time Zone|Eastern Time]] on June 1, 1980. After an introduction by [[Ted Turner]], the husband and wife team of [[David Walker (journalist)|David Walker]] and [[Lois Hart]] anchored the channel's first newscast.<ref>{{Cite book|title=American Television News: The Media Marketplace and the Public Interest|first1=Steve Michael|last1=Barkin|first2=M.E.|last2=Sharpe|year=2003}}</ref> [[Burt Reinhardt]], the executive vice president of CNN, hired most of the channel's first 200 employees, including the network's first [[News presenter|news anchor]], former [[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] [[Capitol Hill]] senior correspondent [[Bernard Shaw (journalist)|Bernard Shaw]].<ref name=wp>{{cite news|first=Lauren|last=Wiseman|title=Burt Reinhardt dies at 91: Newsman helped launch CNN|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/burt-reinhardt-dies-at-91-newsman-helped-launch-cnn/2011/04/14/AFMd9mkG_story.html|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=May 10, 2011|access-date=May 19, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190718201454/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/burt-reinhardt-dies-at-91-newsman-helped-launch-cnn/2011/04/14/AFMd9mkG_story.html|archive-date=July 18, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bernard Shaw {{!}} 2009 Cable Hall of Fame Honoree |url=https://syndeoinstitute.org/honorees/past-honorees/honorees-2009/bernard-shaw/}}</ref>

Since its debut, CNN has expanded its reach to several cable and satellite television providers, websites, and specialized closed-circuit channels (such as [[CNN Airport]]). The company has 42 bureaus (12 domestic, 31 international),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.journalism.org/2016/06/15/cable-news-fact-sheet/|title=Cable News: Fact Sheet|date=June 15, 2016|website=Pew Research Center's Journalism Project|access-date=April 20, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419055510/http://www.journalism.org/2016/06/15/cable-news-fact-sheet/|archive-date=April 19, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> more than 900 affiliated local stations (which also receive news and features content via the video newswire service CNN Newsource),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnnnewsource.com/|title=CNN Newsource|website=CNN Newsource|language=en-US|access-date=April 20, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421095108/http://www.cnnnewsource.com/|archive-date=April 21, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> and several regional and foreign-language networks around the world.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZQhDq8fPj2IC&q=cnn%20regional%20and%20foreign-language%20networks&pg=PA599|title=Encyclopedia of journalism. 6. Appendices|last=Sterling|first=Christopher H.|date=September 25, 2009|publisher=SAGE|isbn=978-0-7619-2957-4|language=en|access-date=October 15, 2020|archive-date=April 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414103429/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZQhDq8fPj2IC&q=cnn%20regional%20and%20foreign-language%20networks&pg=PA599|url-status=live}}</ref> The channel's success made a bona-fide mogul of founder Ted Turner and set the stage for conglomerate [[Time Warner]]'s (later WarnerMedia which merged with [[Discovery, Inc.|Discovery Inc.]] forming [[Warner Bros. Discovery]]) eventual acquisition of the [[Turner Broadcasting System]] in 1996.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YhMu7Ps_BW4C&q=time%20warner%201996&pg=PA134|title=The Equation: Applying the 4 Indisputable Components of Business Success|last=Tyree|first=Omar|date=April 27, 2009|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-45283-7|language=en|access-date=October 15, 2020|archive-date=April 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414103502/https://books.google.com/books?id=YhMu7Ps_BW4C&q=time%20warner%201996&pg=PA134|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2001/04/23/the-lost-tycoon|title=Ted Turner, the Lost Tycoon|magazine=The New Yorker|date=April 15, 2001|access-date=April 20, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224192412/http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2001/04/23/the-lost-tycoon|archive-date=February 24, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Programming==
{{See also|List of programs broadcast by CNN}}

===Current schedule===
CNN's current weekday schedule consists mostly of rolling news programming during daytime hours, followed by in-depth news and information programs with a focus on political news and discussion during the evening and primetime hours. The network's morning programming consists of ''[[Early Start]]'', an early-morning news program now hosted by [[Rahel Solomon]] at 5:00 a.m. [[Eastern Time Zone|ET]]. This is followed by ''[[CNN This Morning (2022)|CNN This Morning]]'', hosted by [[Audie Cornish]], at 6 a.m. ET. Since April 2023, ''[[CNN News Central]]'' has served as the network's rolling news block on weekdays, with a morning edition anchored by [[John Berman]], [[Kate Bolduan]], and [[Sara Sidner]] from 7 a.m–10 a.m., and an afternoon edition from 1–4 p.m. ET anchored by [[Brianna Keilar]] and Boris Sanchez.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 6, 2023 |title='CNN News Central' focuses on visual storytelling in effort to stand out in a crowded field |url=https://www.newscaststudio.com/2023/04/06/cnn-news-central-focuses-on-visual-storytelling-in-effort-to-stand-out-in-a-crowded-field/?og=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408022959/https://www.newscaststudio.com/2023/04/06/cnn-news-central-focuses-on-visual-storytelling-in-effort-to-stand-out-in-a-crowded-field/?og=1 |archive-date=April 8, 2023 |access-date=April 8, 2023 |website=NewscastStudio |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=Ted |date=March 1, 2023 |title=CNN Sets April Debut For 'News Central' Dayside Lineup |url=https://deadline.com/2023/03/cnn-daytime-lineup-cnn-news-central-1235275556/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331233344/https://deadline.com/2023/03/cnn-daytime-lineup-cnn-news-central-1235275556/ |archive-date=March 31, 2023 |access-date=March 1, 2023 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]] |language=en-US}}</ref> The gap between the two editions of ''News Central'' is filled by [[The Situation Room with Wolf Blitzer and Pamela Brown|''The Situation Room'']] with [[Wolf Blitzer]] and [[Pamela Brown (journalist)|Pamela Brown]], and ''[[Inside Politics]]'' with [[Dana Bash]] in the noon hour.<ref name="tvnewser-sugarhigh">{{cite web|title=Why a Sugar High is in the Making for Kate Bolduan's Daughter|url=http://www.adweek.com/tvnewser/cnns-kate-bolduan-plans-to-get-her-daughter-high-on-sugar/269347|website=TVNewser|date=August 16, 2015 |publisher=Adweek Blog Network|access-date=August 20, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820120515/http://www.adweek.com/tvnewser/cnns-kate-bolduan-plans-to-get-her-daughter-high-on-sugar/269347|archive-date=August 20, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> CNN's late afternoon and early evening lineup consists of ''The Arena with Kasie Hunt'' followed at 5 p.m. by ''[[The Lead with Jake Tapper]]''.

The network's evening and prime time lineup from at 7 p.m. onward is devoted towards personality-based discussion programs. including ''[[Erin Burnett OutFront]]'',<ref>{{cite web|last=Hall|first=Colby|title=CNN Reveals New 7 pm Show Title: Erin Burnett: OutFront|url=http://www.mediaite.com/tv/cnn-reveals-erin-burnetts-new-show-title-outfront/|work=Mediaite|access-date=September 23, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120731015404/http://www.mediaite.com/tv/cnn-reveals-erin-burnetts-new-show-title-outfront/|archive-date=July 31, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Anderson Cooper 360°]]'', ''[[The Source with Kaitlan Collins]]'', ''[[CNN NewsNight with Abby Phillip]]'', and ''[[Laura Coates Live]].''<ref>{{Unbulleted list citebundle|{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=Ted |date=August 14, 2023 |title=CNN Unveils Lineup Overhaul: Abby Phillip And Laura Coates Get Nighttime Shows, Phil Mattingly and Kasie Hunt To Host In Mornings |url=https://deadline.com/2023/08/cnn-overhauls-lineup-phil-mattingly-kasie-hunt-abby-phillip-1235498136/ |access-date=December 28, 2023 |website=Deadline |language=en-US |archive-date=August 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829233528/https://deadline.com/2023/08/cnn-overhauls-lineup-phil-mattingly-kasie-hunt-abby-phillip-1235498136/ |url-status=live }}|{{Cite web |last=Darcy |first=Oliver |date=January 11, 2023 |title=CNN announces revamped daytime lineup with new show format |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/01/11/media/cnn-daytime-lineup/index.html |access-date=March 3, 2023 |website=CNN |language=en |archive-date=March 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303042420/https://www.cnn.com/2023/01/11/media/cnn-daytime-lineup/index.html |url-status=live }}|{{Cite web |last=Steinberg |first=Brian |date=February 18, 2023 |title=CNN Readies 'CNN Primetime' For 9 PM Hour |url=https://variety.com/2023/tv/news/cnn-prime-launch-9-pm-tv-news-1235527638/ |access-date=March 3, 2023 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|language=en-US |archive-date=March 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301235758/https://variety.com/2023/tv/news/cnn-prime-launch-9-pm-tv-news-1235527638/ |url-status=live }}|{{Cite web |last=Steinberg |first=Brian |date=February 27, 2023 |title=CNN Bets News, Not Big Names, Will Capture Crowds at 9 PM |url=https://variety.com/2023/tv/news/cnn-9pm-news-anchors-specials-primetime-1235537038/ |access-date=March 3, 2023 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|language=en-US |archive-date=March 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303042421/https://variety.com/2023/tv/news/cnn-9pm-news-anchors-specials-primetime-1235537038/ |url-status=live }}|{{Cite web |last1=Johnson |first1=Dominic |last2=Johnson |first2=Ted |date=March 1, 2023 |title=Bill Maher Predicts Joe Biden Beats Donald Trump In 2024 Match Up; HBO Host Center Stage As CNN Launches New 9 PM Strategy |url=https://deadline.com/2023/02/biden-beats-trump-2024-bill-maher-cnn-jake-tapper-interview-1235275281/ |access-date=March 3, 2023 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]]|language=en-US |archive-date=March 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303042418/https://deadline.com/2023/02/biden-beats-trump-2024-bill-maher-cnn-jake-tapper-interview-1235275281/ |url-status=live }}}}</ref> The East Coast late-night hours were previously filled by reruns of prime time programs; in October 2025, the network introduced a live program anchored from Los Angeles, ''[[The Story Is with Elex Michaelson]]'', which airs from 9–11 p.m. [[Pacific Time Zone|PT]] (12 a.m–2 a.m. ET).<ref name=":23">{{Cite web |last=Harris |first=Raquel 'Rocky' |date=2025-10-24 |title=CNN Sets Week 1 Guests for New Show 'The Story Is' With Elex Michaelson |url=https://www.thewrap.com/cnn-new-show-the-story-is-with-elex-michaelson-week-1-guests/ |access-date=2025-10-26 |website=TheWrap |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{cite web |author=Battaglio, Stephen |date=September 11, 2025 |title=Elex Michaelson joins CNN as anchor for a late-night program based in Los Angeles |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/business/story/2025-09-11/elex-michaelson-joins-cnn-as-anchor-for-late-night-program-from-l-a |access-date=2025-10-26 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref>

Weekend programming follows a different schedule, with the morning show ''[[CNN This Morning Weekend]]'' with [[Victor Blackwell]], followed on Saturday mornings by ''Smerconish'' with [[Michael Smerconish]], ''Table for Five, and'' ''The Amanpour Hour'' with [[Christiane Amanpour|Christine Amanpour]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=CNN announces new programming lineup |date=August 14, 2023 |website=CNN Press Room |url=https://cnnpressroom.blogs.cnn.com/2023/08/14/cnn-announces-new-programming-lineup-prime-weekends-dayside-anchors-schedule/ |access-date=December 29, 2023 |language=en-US |archive-date=December 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231229012405/https://cnnpressroom.blogs.cnn.com/2023/08/14/cnn-announces-new-programming-lineup-prime-weekends-dayside-anchors-schedule/ }}</ref> The Sunday morning lineup consists primarily of [[Sunday morning talk show|political talk shows]], including ''Inside Politics'' with [[Manu Raju]]. ''[[State of the Union (American TV program)|State of the Union]]'' with [[Jake Tapper]] and Dana Bash, and the [[International relations|international affairs]] program ''[[Fareed Zakaria GPS]].''<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 21, 2023 |title=CNN's Inside Politics Sunday With Manu Raju Debuts This Week |url=https://www.adweek.com/tvnewser/cnns-inside-politics-sunday-with-manu-raju-debuts-this-week/538507/ |first1=Mark |last1=Mwachiro |access-date=December 29, 2023 |website=Adweek |language=en-US |archive-date=May 19, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519141851/https://www.adweek.com/tvnewser/cnns-inside-politics-sunday-with-manu-raju-debuts-this-week/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Weekend afternoons are filled by the rolling news block ''[[CNN Newsroom]]'' (which was formerly used on weekdays before its replacement with ''News Central'').<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=Ted |date=2023-01-11 |title=CNN Unveils Overhaul Of Dayside Lineup With Anchor Trios, Emphasis On Breaking News And Events |url=https://deadline.com/2023/01/cnn-dayside-line-up-1235218743/ |access-date=2023-01-11 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=Ted |date=2023-03-01 |title=CNN Sets April Debut For 'News Central' Dayside Lineup |url=https://deadline.com/2023/03/cnn-daytime-lineup-cnn-news-central-1235275556/ |access-date=2023-03-01 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 April 2023 |title='CNN News Central' focuses on visual storytelling in effort to stand out in a crowded field |url=https://www.newscaststudio.com/2023/04/06/cnn-news-central-focuses-on-visual-storytelling-in-effort-to-stand-out-in-a-crowded-field/?og=1 |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=NewscastStudio |language=en-US}}</ref>

The prime time schedule on weekends is dedicated primarily to [[Factual television|factual programming]], such as [[documentary film]]s, [[miniseries]], and specials relating to current affairs, politics, and popular culture (some of which acquired and presented under the [[CNN Films]] banner), as well as [[Reality television|reality]]-style [[docuseries]].<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" />

===Past programming===

For the 2014–15 season, after canceling ''[[Piers Morgan Tonight]]'' (which, itself, replaced the long-running ''[[Larry King Live]]''), CNN experimented with running factual and reality-style programming during the 9:00 p.m. ET hour, such as [[John Walsh (television host)|John Walsh]]'s ''[[The Hunt with John Walsh|The Hunt]]'', ''[[This Is Life with Lisa Ling]]'', and [[Mike Rowe]]'s ''[[Somebody's Gotta Do It]]''. Then-president [[Jeff Zucker]] explained that this new lineup was intended to shift CNN away from a reliance on [[pundit]]-oriented programs, and attract younger demographics to the network. Zucker stated that the 9:00 p.m. hour could be pre-empted during major news events for expanded coverage. These changes coincided with the introduction of a new imaging campaign for the network, featuring the slogan "Go there".<ref name="variety-newprime">{{cite news|title=CNN Keeps Burnett, Cooper in Primetime While Adding 'CNN Tonight' at 10 P.M.|url=https://variety.com/2014/tv/news/cnn-keeps-burnett-cooper-in-primetime-while-adding-cnn-tonight-at-10-pm-1201155404 |date=April 10, 2014 |first1=Brian |last1=Steinberg |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|access-date=April 11, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413093546/http://variety.com/2014/tv/news/cnn-keeps-burnett-cooper-in-primetime-while-adding-cnn-tonight-at-10-pm-1201155404/|archive-date=April 13, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="lat-newlineup">{{cite news|title=CNN unveils new prime-time lineup, moves away from 9 p.m. talk|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/envelope/cotown/la-et-ct-cnn-prime-time-20140410,0,3282490.story|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|access-date=April 11, 2014|first=Joe|last=Flint|date=April 10, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411213034/http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/envelope/cotown/la-et-ct-cnn-prime-time-20140410,0,3282490.story|archive-date=April 11, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="tvn-cnnnewlineup">{{cite web|title=CNN Doubles Down on a Mix of Live News, Original Series and Films|url=https://www.adweek.com/tvnewser/cnn-doubles-down-on-a-mix-of-live-news-original-series-and-films/|work=TVNewer|date=April 10, 2014 |access-date=April 11, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411143252/http://www.mediabistro.com/tvnewser/cnn-doubles-down-on-a-mix-of-live-news-original-series-and-films_b221080|archive-date=April 11, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> In May 2014, CNN premiered ''[[The Sixties (miniseries)|The Sixties]]'', a documentary miniseries produced by [[Tom Hanks]], and [[Gary Goetzman]] which chronicled the United States in the 1960s. Owing to its success, CNN commissioned follow-ups focusing on other decades.<ref name="cnnsanjay">{{Cite news|url=https://deadline.com/2018/04/cnn-six-new-original-series-2019-slate-projects-from-sanjay-gupta-vox-media-1202362425/|title=CNN Adds Six New Original Series To 2019 Slate; Projects From Sanjay Gupta, Vox Media, More|last=Petski|first=Denise|date=April 11, 2018|work=[[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]]|access-date=May 13, 2018|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180526043917/http://deadline.com/2018/04/cnn-six-new-original-series-2019-slate-projects-from-sanjay-gupta-vox-media-1202362425/|archive-date=May 26, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Unbulleted list citebundle|{{Cite news|url=https://deadline.com/2017/05/cnn-adds-original-series-60s-70s-hln-unmasking-killer-upfronts-1202095460/|title=CNN Adds Series On 1960s & '70s To Slate; HLN Adds 'Unmasking A Killer'|last=de Moraes|first=Lisa|date=May 17, 2017|work=[[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]]|access-date=May 13, 2018|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180514065117/http://deadline.com/2017/05/cnn-adds-original-series-60s-70s-hln-unmasking-killer-upfronts-1202095460/|archive-date=May 14, 2018|url-status=live}}|{{cite web|title=CNN To Follow 'The Sixties' Docu-series With 'The Seventies'|url=https://variety.com/2014/tv/news/cnn-to-follow-the-sixties-docu-series-with-the-seventies-1201361031/|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=November 20, 2014|access-date=April 3, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160320201408/http://variety.com/2014/tv/news/cnn-to-follow-the-sixties-docu-series-with-the-seventies-1201361031/|archive-date=March 20, 2016|url-status=live}}|{{cite web|title=CNN To Launch 'The Eighties' In March|url=https://variety.com/2016/tv/news/cnn-the-eighties-1201715099/|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=February 25, 2016|access-date=April 3, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406105823/http://variety.com/2016/tv/news/cnn-the-eighties-1201715099/|archive-date=April 6, 2016|url-status=live}}}}</ref> ''[[Anderson Cooper 360°]]'' was expanded to run two hours long, from 8 p.m. to 10 p.m.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.adweek.com/tvnewser/ratings-for-anderson-coopers-karen-mcdougal-interview/360109|title=Ratings for Anderson Cooper's Karen McDougal Interview|website=TVNewser|date=March 23, 2018 |language=en-US|access-date=May 28, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529131403/https://www.adweek.com/tvnewser/ratings-for-anderson-coopers-karen-mcdougal-interview/360109|archive-date=May 29, 2018}}</ref>

By 2019, CNN had produced at least 35 original series. Alongside the Hanks/Goetzman franchise (including the 2018 spin-off ''1968''), CNN has aired other documentary miniseries relating to news and US policies, such as ''The Bush Years'', and ''American Dynasties: The [[Kennedy family|Kennedys]]''—which saw the highest ratings of any CNN original series premiere to-date, with 1.7 million viewers. ''Parts Unknown'' concluded after the 2018 [[suicide]] of its host [[Anthony Bourdain]]; CNN announced several new miniseries and docuseries for 2019, including ''American Style'' (a miniseries produced by the digital media company [[Vox Media]]),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thewrap.com/vox-entertainment-produce-new-cnn-original-series-american-style/|title=Vox Entertainment to Produce New CNN Original Series 'American Style'|date=April 11, 2018|website=TheWrap|language=en-US|access-date=May 5, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215224707/https://www.thewrap.com/vox-entertainment-produce-new-cnn-original-series-american-style/|archive-date=December 15, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> ''The Redemption Project with [[Van Jones]]'', ''Chasing Life with [[Sanjay Gupta]]'', ''Tricky Dick'' (a miniseries chronicling [[Richard Nixon]]), ''[[The Movies (miniseries)|The Movies]]'' (a spin-off of the Hanks/Goetzman decades miniseries), and ''Once in a Great City: Detroit 1962–64''.<ref name="cnnsanjay" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2019/tv/news/cnn-van-jones-anthony-bourdain-original-series-1203164234/|title=CNN Original Series Ride News Tide to Multiplatform Success|last=Littleton|first=Cynthia|date=March 15, 2019|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|language=en|access-date=May 5, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929224007/https://variety.com/2019/tv/news/cnn-van-jones-anthony-bourdain-original-series-1203164234/|archive-date=September 29, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

With the takeover of CNN by [[Chris Licht]] and Warner Bros. Discovery, it was announced in October 2022 that CNN would cut back on acquisitions and commissions from third-parties as a cost-cutting measure, but Licht stressed that "[[Long-form journalism|long-form content]] remains an important pillar of our programming", while the network announced a slate for 2023 that would include commissions such as ''Giuliani: What Happened to America's Mayor?'', ''United States of Scandal'', and ''[[The 2010s (miniseries)|The 2010s]]''.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=Ted |date=December 13, 2022 |title=CNN Unveils 2023 Original Series And Films Slate: Projects Include 'Giuliani,' Jake Tapper-Hosted 'United States Of Scandal' And 'The 2010s' |url=https://deadline.com/2022/12/cnn-original-series-films-rudy-giuliani-1235197621/ |access-date=December 13, 2022 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]]|language=en-US |archive-date=December 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213145313/https://deadline.com/2022/12/cnn-original-series-films-rudy-giuliani-1235197621/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=Ted |date=October 28, 2022 |title=CNN To Scale Back Original Series And Films As It Looks To Move Longform In House |url=https://deadline.com/2022/10/cnn-to-scale-back-original-series-and-films-1235157404/ |access-date=December 13, 2022 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]]|language=en-US |archive-date=March 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322123346/https://deadline.com/2022/10/cnn-to-scale-back-original-series-and-films-1235157404/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In May 2024, CNN ordered an [[Have I Got News for You (American game show)|American version]] of the long-running British news comedy [[panel show]] ''[[Have I Got News for You]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=White |first=Peter |date=May 15, 2024 |title='Have I Got News for You': U.S. Remake Set At CNN |url=https://deadline.com/2024/05/have-i-got-news-for-you-cnn-1235917098/ |access-date=November 15, 2024 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref>

===On-air presentation===

CNN began broadcasting in the [[high-definition television|high-definition]] [[1080i]] resolution format in September 2007.<ref name=hdlaunch>{{cite web|last=Robbins|first=Stephanie|url=http://www.tvweek.com/news/2007/09/cnn_hd_debuts.php|title=TV Week September 6, 2007 CNN HD Debuts|publisher=Tvweek.com|access-date=October 12, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015070721/http://www.tvweek.com/news/2007/09/cnn_hd_debuts.php|archive-date=October 15, 2013}}</ref> This format is now standard for CNN and is available on all major cable and satellite providers.
[[File:CNN Election Express.jpg|thumb|right|The CNN Election Express bus, used for broadcasts]]
CNN's political coverage in HD was first given mobility by the introduction of the CNN Election Express bus in October 2007. The Election Express vehicle, capable of five simultaneous HD feeds, was used for the channel's CNN-YouTube presidential debates and for presidential candidate interviews.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tvtechnology.com/article/17920|title=CNN Rolls Out Election Express|publisher=Tvtechnology.com|date=October 17, 2007|access-date=October 12, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125163505/http://www.tvtechnology.com/article/17920|archive-date=November 25, 2011}}</ref>

In December 2008, CNN introduced a comprehensive redesign of its on-air appearance, which replaced an existing style that had been used since 2004. On-air graphics took a rounded, flat look in a predominantly black, white, and red color scheme, and the introduction of a new box next to the CNN logo for displaying show logos and segment-specific graphics, rather than as a large banner above the lower third. The redesign also replaced the scrolling ticker with a static "flipper", which could either display a feed of news headlines (both manually inserted and taken from the [[RSS]] feeds of CNN.com), or "topical" details related to a story.<ref name=CNNnewlook>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.broadcastingcable.com/article/160701-CNN_Gets_New_Graphic_Look.php|title=CNN Gets New Graphic Look|date=December 15, 2008|magazine=Broadcasting & Cable|last=Dickson|first=Glen|access-date=January 24, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090206234223/http://www.broadcastingcable.com/article/160701-CNN_Gets_New_Graphic_Look.php|archive-date=February 6, 2009|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="tvn-2011look">{{cite web|title=CNN Debuts New Graphics Package|url=https://www.adweek.com/tvnewser/cnn-debuts-new-graphics-package/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713161604/http://www.mediabistro.com/tvnewser/cnn-debuts-new-graphics-package_b47645|archive-date=July 13, 2014|website=TVNewser|date=January 10, 2011 |url-status=live|access-date=September 3, 2014}}</ref>

CNN's next major redesign was introduced on January 10, 2011, replacing the dark, flat appearance of the 2008 look with a glossier, blue-and-white color scheme, moving the secondary logo box to the opposite end of the screen, and framing its graphics for the [[16:9]] aspect ratio (which is downscaled to a [[letterboxing (filming)|letterboxed]] format for standard definition feeds).<ref name="tvn-2011look"/> On February 18, 2013, following Jeff Zucker's arrival as head of the network, the "flipper" was dropped and reverted to a scrolling ticker.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.adweek.com/tvnewser/so-long-flipper-the-ticker-returns-to-cnn/|title=The Ticker Returns to CNN|last=Airens|first=Chris|date=February 18, 2013|work=TVNewser|access-date=February 19, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130221024656/http://www.mediabistro.com/tvnewser/so-long-flipper-the-ticker-returns-to-cnn_b167507|archive-date=February 21, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

On August 11, 2014, CNN introduced a new graphics package, dropping the glossy appearance for a flat, rectangular scheme incorporating red, white, and black colors, and the [[Gotham (typeface)|Gotham]] typeface. The ticker alternated between general headlines and financial news from [[CNN Business]], and the secondary logo box was replaced with a smaller box below the CNN bug, which displayed either the title, [[hashtag]], or [[Twitter]] handle for the show being aired or its anchor.<ref name="tvn-2014graphics">{{cite web|title=CNN Updates Graphics Package|url=https://www.adweek.com/tvnewser/cnn-updates-graphics-package/|website=TVNewser|date=August 11, 2014 |access-date=September 3, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140815050801/http://www.mediabistro.com/tvnewser/cnn-updates-graphics-package_b235005|archive-date=August 15, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> In April 2016, CNN began to introduce a new corporate typeface, known as "CNN Sans", across all of its platforms. Inspired by [[Helvetica Neue]] and commissioned after consultations with Troika Design Group, the font family consists of 30 different versions with varying weights and widths to facilitate use across print, television, and digital mediums.<ref name="promaxbda-newfont">{{cite web|title=CNN customizes new company-wide font|url=http://www.promaxbda.org/brief/content/cnn-customizes-new-company-wide-font#!|website=PromaxBDA|access-date=September 22, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911040833/http://www.promaxbda.org/brief/content/cnn-customizes-new-company-wide-font#!|archive-date=September 11, 2016}}</ref> CNN International would also adopt these graphics, but with the CNN logo bug having a white on red color scheme to differentiate it from the domestic network.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web |last=Hill |first=Michael P. |date=June 1, 2023 |title=CNN rolls out new insert graphics in conjunction with its 43rd birthday |url=https://www.newscaststudio.com/2023/06/01/cnn-new-graphics-chryons-lower-thirds/?og=1 |website=NewscastStudio |language=en-US |archive-date=June 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602001951/https://www.newscaststudio.com/2023/06/01/cnn-new-graphics-chryons-lower-thirds/?og=1 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In August 2016, CNN announced the launch of CNN Aerial Imagery and Reporting (CNN AIR), a drone-based news collecting operation to integrate aerial imagery and reporting across all CNN branches and platforms, along with Turner Broadcasting and Time Warner entities.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://techcrunch.com/2016/08/18/cnn-air|title=CNN is launching a drone-based news collecting operation|work=[[TechCrunch]]|date=August 18, 2016|access-date=January 19, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407122207/https://techcrunch.com/2016/08/18/cnn-air/|archive-date=April 7, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

On June 1, 2023, CNN refreshed its graphics to mark the 43rd anniversary of its launch, using gradients and [[Superellipse|rounded corners]], thinner fonts, and a modified layout that moved the show title to a secondary tab on the lower third next to the segment title, and replaced the ticker with a static "flipper" for the first time since 2013, among other changes.<ref name=":22"/> Amid poor internal reception to the redesign and the firing of Chris Licht as head of CNN, elements of the prior graphics began to be reinstated later that month, including the bolder typography previously used for lower third headlines.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 27, 2023 |title=CNN starts hitting the 'undo' key on font updates in graphics |url=https://www.newscaststudio.com/2023/06/27/cnn-reverting-graphics/?og=1 |access-date=June 27, 2023 |website=NewscastStudio |language=en-US |archive-date=June 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627204627/https://www.newscaststudio.com/2023/06/27/cnn-reverting-graphics/?og=1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Darcy |first=Oliver |date=June 27, 2023 |title=A bolder CNN is emerging after the ouster of former network chief Chris Licht |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/06/26/media/cnn-after-chris-licht-reliable-sources/index.html |access-date=June 27, 2023 |website=CNN |language=en |archive-date=June 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627204626/https://www.cnn.com/2023/06/26/media/cnn-after-chris-licht-reliable-sources/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Further changes were made on August 14, 2023, with the return of the scrolling ticker and the show title box to make it closer resemble the 2014–23 graphics, but maintaining most of the other visual changes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=P. Hill |first=Michael |date=August 15, 2023 |title=CNN continues to tweak insert graphics package |url=https://www.newscaststudio.com/2023/08/15/cnn-graphics-update-august-2023/?og=1 |access-date=August 16, 2023 |website=NewscastStudio |language=en-US |archive-date=August 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816171204/https://www.newscaststudio.com/2023/08/15/cnn-graphics-update-august-2023/?og=1 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On June 27, 2024, CNN hosted the first presidential debate for former President Donald Trump and President Joe Biden. CNN claimed that more people watched the CNN Presidential Debate than any other CNN program in history.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mitovich |first=Jared |date=June 28, 2024 |title=47.9 million people watched Biden and Trump debate, a steep decline from 2020 |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2024/06/28/how-many-people-watched-cnn-debate-00165838 |work=Politico}}</ref>

==Staff==
{{Main|List of CNN personnel}}

On July 27, 2012, CNN president [[Jim Walton (journalist)|Jim Walton]] announced he was resigning after 30 years at the network. Walton remained with CNN until the end of that year.<ref>{{cite news|title=AP NewsBreak: CNN chief Jim Walton calls it quits|access-date=July 27, 2012|url=http://money.ca.msn.com/investing/news/business-news/ap-newsbreak-cnn-chief-jim-walton-calls-it-quits|newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|date=July 27, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014141109/http://money.ca.msn.com/investing/news/business-news/ap-newsbreak-cnn-chief-jim-walton-calls-it-quits|archive-date=October 14, 2013}}</ref> In January 2013, former [[NBCUniversal]] President Jeff Zucker replaced Walton.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/11/29/jeff-zucker-cnn-chief-network-hires-former-nbcuniversal-ceo_n_2211447.html|title=Jeff Zucker CNN President: Network Officially Hires Former NBC Universal Chief|work=[[HuffPost]]|date=November 29, 2012|access-date=November 28, 2012|first=Rebecca|last=Shapiro|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130152440/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/11/29/jeff-zucker-cnn-chief-network-hires-former-nbcuniversal-ceo_n_2211447.html|archive-date=November 30, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>

On January 29, 2013, longtime political analysts [[James Carville]] and [[Mary Matalin]], and fellow political contributor [[Erick Erickson]] were let go by CNN.<ref>{{cite news|first1=Brett|last1=LoGiurato|access-date=August 24, 2019|title=CNN Is Losing Its Managing Editor And Five Star Political Contributors|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/cnn-james-carville-mary-matalin-mark-whitaker-erick-erickson-2013-1|website=[[Business Insider]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824040441/https://www.businessinsider.com/cnn-james-carville-mary-matalin-mark-whitaker-erick-erickson-2013-1|archive-date=August 24, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

In February 2022, Zucker was asked to resign by [[Jason Kilar]], the chief executive of CNN's owner WarnerMedia, after Zucker's relationship with one of his lieutenants was discovered during the investigation into former CNN primetime host [[Chris Cuomo]]'s efforts to control potentially damaging reporting regarding his brother [[Andrew Cuomo]], governor of New York.<ref>{{Cite news |title=CNN president Jeff Zucker resigns over relationship with network executive |language=en |work=[[NPR]] |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/02/02/1077609394/jeff-zucker-resigns |access-date=March 1, 2022 |archive-date=February 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220203140628/https://www.npr.org/2022/02/02/1077609394/jeff-zucker-resigns |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Brian Stelter and Oliver Darcy |title=CNN President Jeff Zucker resigns over consensual relationship with key lieutenant |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/02/02/media/jeff-zucker-cnn/index.html |access-date=March 1, 2022 |website=CNN |date=February 2, 2022 |archive-date=February 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202162022/https://www.cnn.com/2022/02/02/media/jeff-zucker-cnn/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Kilar announced that the interim co-heads would be executive vice presidents Michael Bass, [[Amy Entelis]], and [[Ken Jautz]].<ref name="CNN president Jeff Zucker resigns"/> On February 26, 2022, it was announced that [[Chris Licht]]—known for his work at MSNBC and CBS—would be the next president of CNN; he was planned to be instated after the spin off and merger of WarnerMedia into [[Discovery, Inc.|Discovery Inc.]]<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Grynbaum |first1=Michael M. |last2=Koblin |first2=John |date=February 26, 2022 |title=Chris Licht, a Creator of 'Morning Joe' and 'Colbert' Producer, Is Set to Run CNN |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/26/business/media/cnn-chris-licht.html |access-date=February 27, 2022 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=March 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320212619/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/26/business/media/cnn-chris-licht.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Licht started his tenure in May 2022, and his tenure ended in June 2023.<ref>{{cite news |last=Katz |first=A.J. |url=https://www.adweek.com/tvnewser/the-chris-licht-era-at-cnn-begins-today/506480/ |title=The Chris Licht Era at CNN Starts Today |work=TVNewser |publisher=Adweek |date=May 2, 2022 |access-date=May 2, 2022 |archive-date=May 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511035154/https://www.adweek.com/tvnewser/the-chris-licht-era-at-cnn-begins-today/506480/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=Koblin, John |author2=Mullin, Benjamin |title=Chris Licht Is Out at CNN |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/07/business/media/chris-licht-cnn.html |website=[[The New York Times]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607125133/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/07/business/media/chris-licht-cnn.html |archive-date=June 7, 2023 |date=June 7, 2023}}</ref> He expressed an intention to have more [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]] on the air and to cut down on opinion-related content.<ref name=":1" />

A trio of EVPs, Entelis, Virginia Moseley and Eric Sherling, formed an interim management group, until October 2023, when [[Mark Thompson (media executive)|Mark Thompson]], formerly of ''[[The New York Times]],'' became CEO.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Darcy |first=Oliver |date=August 30, 2023 |title=Mark Thompson named CNN chief executive and chairman at critical juncture in news network's history {{!}} CNN Business |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/08/30/media/cnn-ceo-mark-thompson/index.html |access-date=February 14, 2025 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> In one of his first major moves, he kept the executive team under Chris Licht—the "Quad", composed of David Leavy, [[chief operating officer|COO]], and three [[vice president|EVP]]s (Moseley for editorial, Entelis for talent, and Sherling for programming)— all in place, and expanded their responsibilities. Moseley became the network's first executive editor and would have both national and international news. Adding their ranks, Thompson made Alex MacCallum, who worked with Thompson at The New York Times, executive vice president of digital products. In highlighting these moves, Thompson emphasized existing staff would need to get used to change.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Mullin |first1=Benjamin |last2=Koblin |first2=John |date=August 30, 2023 |title=CNN Names Mark Thompson Its Next Chief Executive |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/30/business/media/cnn-mark-thompson-ceo.html |access-date=August 30, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=August 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830155211/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/30/business/media/cnn-mark-thompson-ceo.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Darcy |first=Oliver |date=January 18, 2024 |title=CNN chief Mark Thompson outlines his plan to transform the network for the future: 'It's time for a revolution' {{!}} CNN Business |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/01/18/media/mark-thompson-cnn-transformation/index.html |access-date=January 22, 2024 |website=CNN |language=en |archive-date=January 22, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240122202534/https://www.cnn.com/2024/01/18/media/mark-thompson-cnn-transformation/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In July 2024, CNN announced that it was cutting one hundred jobs, or about 3% of its total workforce. The company also announced that it was consolidating three newsrooms into one, namely, its US news gathering, international news gathering and digital news gathering operations.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Koblin |first1=John |title=CNN Cuts 100 Jobs, and Announces Plan for Digital Subscription Product |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/10/business/media/cnn-layoffs-subscription-product.html |access-date=July 10, 2024 |work=New York Times |date=July 10, 2024}}</ref> CNN's global workforce, in July 2024, included roughly 3,500 people.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fischer |first1=Sara |title=CNN boss lays out plans for digital future, layoffs to come |url=https://www.axios.com/2024/07/10/cnn-layoffs-mark-thompson-digital-future |access-date=July 11, 2024 |publisher=Axios |date=July 10, 2024}}</ref>

==Other platforms==
===Website===

CNN launched its website, CNN.com (initially known as ''CNN Interactive''), on August 30, 1995.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/EVENTS/timeline/|title=CNN Interactive Timeline: May – December, 1995|website=CNN|access-date=September 26, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924172706/http://www.cnn.com/EVENTS/timeline/|archive-date=September 24, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The site attracted growing interest over its first decade and is now one of the most popular news websites in the world. The widespread growth of blogs, [[social media]] and [[user-generated content]] have influenced the site, and blogs, in particular, have focused CNN's previously scattershot online offerings, most noticeably in the development and launch of [[CNN Pipeline]] in late 2005.<ref>{{cite web |last=brianlname|date=December 5, 2005|title=CNN Pipeline: Soft Launch On Sunday |url= https://www.adweek.com/tvnewser/cnn-pipeline-soft-launch-on-sunday/ |website= Adweek.com |publisher = Shamrock Capital |access-date=June 12, 2025}}</ref>

In April 2009, CNN.com ranked third place among online global news sites in unique users in the US, according to Nielsen/NetRatings; this is an increase of 11% over the previous year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.editorandpublisher.com/category/news/?vnu_content_id=1003975048|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100131054901/http://www.editorandpublisher.com/eandp/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003975048|title=News – Editor & Publisher Magazine|archive-date=January 31, 2010}}</ref>

CNN Pipeline was the name of a paid subscription service, its corresponding website, and a content delivery client that provided streams of live video from up to four sources (or "pipes"), on-demand access to CNN stories and reports, and optional pop-up "news alerts" to computer users. The installable client was available to users of [[personal computer|PCs]] running [[Microsoft Windows]]. There was also a browser-based "web client" that did not require installation. The service was discontinued in July 2007, and was replaced with a free streaming service.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/help/pipeline/message.html|title=Important Message Regarding CNN Pipeline|website=CNN|access-date=September 19, 2020|archive-date=October 26, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026110410/https://edition.cnn.com/help/pipeline/message.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

On April 18, 2008, CNN.com was targeted by Chinese hackers in retaliation for the channel's coverage on the [[2008 Tibetan unrest]]. CNN reported that they took preventive measures after news broke of the impending attack.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2008/TECH/04/18/cnn.websites|title=CNN website targeted|work=CNN|date=April 18, 2008|access-date=October 12, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015061607/http://www.cnn.com/2008/TECH/04/18/cnn.websites/|archive-date=October 15, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Thomas |first=Claburn |title=CNN Faces Cyberattack Over Tibet Coverage |url=http://www.informationweek.com/news/security/cybercrime/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=207400699 |date=2008 |access-date=March 1, 2022 |work=[[InformationWeek]] |language=en |archive-date=April 23, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080423172902/http://www.informationweek.com/news/security/cybercrime/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=207400699 }}</ref>

The company was honored at the 2008 [[Technology & Engineering Emmy Award]]s for development and implementation of an integrated and portable IP-based live, edit and store-and-forward digital news gathering (DNG) system.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://insidecable.blogsome.com/2008/01/08/cnn-awarded-technical-emmy |title=CNN Awarded Technical Emmy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721045010/http://insidecable.blogsome.com/2008/01/08/cnn-awarded-technical-emmy|archive-date=July 21, 2011}}</ref> The first use of what would later win CNN this award was in April 2001 when CNN correspondent Lisa Rose Weaver<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uiowa.edu/jmc/faculty/weaver.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629111536/http://www.uiowa.edu/jmc/faculty/weaver.html|title=Lisa Rose Weaver|archive-date=June 29, 2011}}</ref> covered, and was detained,<ref>{{cite news|title=CNN crew released|url=http://archives.cnn.com:80/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/east/04/12/cnn.crew.detained/index.html|access-date=November 14, 2017|work=CNN|date=April 12, 2001|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080312183129/http://archives.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/east/04/12/cnn.crew.detained/index.html|archive-date=March 12, 2008}}</ref> for the release of the [[United States Navy|US Navy]] crew of a damaged electronic surveillance plane after the [[Hainan Island incident]]. The technology consisted of a videophone produced by 7E Communications Ltd of London, UK.<ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015210439/http://www.privateline.com/war/videophone.html|archive-date=October 15, 2013|url=http://www.privateline.com/war/videophone.html|title=Videophone Technology|publisher=Privateline.com|date=October 9, 2001|url-status=usurped|access-date=March 10, 2016}}</ref> This DNG workflow is used today by the network to receive material worldwide using an [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] [[MacBook Pro]], various [[wikt:prosumer#Etymology 2|prosumer]] and professional digital cameras, software from Streambox Inc., and [[BGAN]] terminals from [[Hughes Network Systems]].{{citation needed|date=January 2018}}

On October 24, 2009, CNN launched a new version of the CNN.com website; the revamped site included the addition of a new "sign up" option, in which users can create their own username and profile, and a new "CNN Pulse" (beta) feature, along with a new red color theme.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/interactive/relaunch|title=Welcome to the New CNN.com – Interactive tour|work=CNN|access-date=February 20, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100227043124/http://www.cnn.com/interactive/relaunch/|archive-date=February 27, 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> However, most of the news stories archived on the website were deleted.

===Blogs===

The topical news program ''[[Judy Woodruff's Inside Politics]]'' was the first CNN program to feature a round-up of blogs in 2005.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/life/columnist/mediamix/2005-03-20-media-mix_x.htm|title=It's prime time for blogs on CNN's 'Inside Politics'|date=March 20, 2005|work=[[USA Today]]|last=Johnson|first=Peter|access-date=January 24, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226050602/http://www.usatoday.com/life/columnist/mediamix/2005-03-20-media-mix_x.htm|archive-date=February 26, 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> Blog coverage was expanded when ''[[Inside Politics]]'' was folded into ''The Situation Room'' (''Inside Politics'' later returned to CNN in 2014, this time hosted by the network's chief national correspondent John King.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}). In 2006, CNN launched CNN Exchange and [[CNN iReport]], initiatives designed to further introduce and centralize the impact of everything from [[blogging]] to [[citizen journalism]] within the CNN brand. CNN iReport which features user-submitted photos and video, has achieved considerable traction, with increasingly professional-looking reports filed by amateur journalists, many still in high school or college. The iReport gained more prominence when observers of the [[Virginia Tech shootings]] sent in first-hand photos of what was going on during the shootings.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.canada.com/reginaleaderpost/news/story.html?id=250570b8-2555-4ac0-8fb7-a0431a321e0d&k=80562|title='Citizen journalist' often there first to snap photos|date=April 12, 2008 |newspaper=Regina Leader-Post|last=Cobb |first=Chris|access-date=January 24, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080621203445/http://www.canada.com/reginaleaderpost/news/story.html?id=250570b8-2555-4ac0-8fb7-a0431a321e0d&k=80562|archive-date=June 21, 2008}}</ref>

In April 2010, CNN announced via Twitter that it would launch a food blog called "Eatocracy", which will "cover all news related to food—from recalls to health issues to culture".<ref>{{cite web|author=Brion, Raphael|title=Eatocracy: CNN Gets in the Food Blog Business|work=Eater National |url=http://eater.com/archives/2010/04/13/eatocracy-cnn-gets-in-the-food-blog-business.php|publisher=Eater.com|date=April 13, 2010|access-date=April 15, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100923061342/http://eater.com/archives/2010/04/13/eatocracy-cnn-gets-in-the-food-blog-business.php|archive-date=September 23, 2010}}</ref> CNN had an [[internet relay chat]] (IRC) network at chat.cnn.com. CNN placed a live chat with [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] on the network in 1998.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/community/netanyahu/Net1getready.html|title=How to join the chat and view the Webcast|work=CNN|access-date=October 12, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911174405/http://www.cnn.com/community/netanyahu/Net1getready.html|archive-date=September 11, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

CNNHealth consists of expert doctors answering viewers' questions online at CNN's "The Chart" blog website. Contributors include [[Sanjay Gupta]] (Chief Medical Correspondent), [[Charles Raison]] (Mental Health Expert), [[Otis Brawley]] (Conditions Expert), Melina Jampolis (Diet and Fitness Expert), Jennifer Shu (Living Well Expert), and [[Elizabeth Cohen]] (Senior Medical Correspondent).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thechart.blogs.cnn.com/category/expert-qa|title=Expert Q&A|website=thechart.blogs.cnn.com|access-date=April 10, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414134344/http://thechart.blogs.cnn.com/category/expert-qa/|archive-date=April 14, 2016}}</ref>

===Other digital offerings===

In early 2008, CNN began maintaining a live streaming broadcast available to cable and [[satellite broadcasting|satellite subscribers]] who receive CNN at home (a precursor to the [[TV Everywhere]] services that would become popularized by cable and satellite providers beginning with Time Warner's incorporation of the medium).<ref name="CNNlivestreaming">{{Cite web|title=Live Video from CNN|url=https://www.cnn.com/video/live/live.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070823034008/http://www.cnn.com/video/live/live.html|archive-date=August 23, 2007|access-date=August 2, 2007|website=CNN}}</ref> CNN International is broadcast live, as part of the [[RealNetworks]] SuperPass subscription service outside the US. CNN also offers several [[RSS|RSS feeds]] and [[podcast]]s.

CNN manages the [[YouTube]] channels "CNN" and "CNN-News18", which ranked among the 20 most subscribed news publishers in January 2025, with 17.4 million and 8.8 million subscribers respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maher |first=Bron |date=January 16, 2025 |title=Biggest news publishers on Youtube: 100+ publishers have more than 1m subscribers |url=https://pressgazette.co.uk/social_media/biggest-news-publishers-on-youtube-2025/ |access-date=May 10, 2025 |website=Press Gazette |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2014, CNN launched a radio version of their television programming on [[TuneIn]] Radio.<ref>{{cite web|last=Lee|first=Nicole|url=https://www.engadget.com/2014/05/07/tunein-redesign-audio-network/|title=TuneIn tries reinventing itself as a social network for audio|publisher=Engadget.com|date=May 7, 2014|access-date=February 5, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205044538/http://www.engadget.com/2014/05/07/tunein-redesign-audio-network/|archive-date=February 5, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

On March 7, 2017, CNN announced the official launch of its virtual reality unit named CNNVR. It will produce 360 videos to its [[Android (operating system)|Android]] and [[iOS]] apps within CNN Digital.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://variety.com/2017/digital/news/cnn-360-vr-cnnvr-1202003703|title=CNN Adds 360 Video to Mobile Apps, Website as Part of VR Push|magazine=Variety|first=Janko|last=Roettgers|date=March 7, 2017|access-date=March 8, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307215016/http://variety.com/2017/digital/news/cnn-360-vr-cnnvr-1202003703/|archive-date=March 7, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.engadget.com/2017/03/07/cnn-virtual-reality-unit-cnnvr|title=CNN launches a virtual reality news unit|work=[[TechCrunch]]|author=engadget|date=March 7, 2017|access-date=March 8, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307230720/https://www.engadget.com/2017/03/07/cnn-virtual-reality-unit-cnnvr/|archive-date=March 7, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> It is planning to cover major news events with the online, and digital news team in [[New York City]], [[Atlanta]], [[London]], [[Hong Kong]], [[San Francisco]], [[Dubai]], [[Johannesburg]], [[Tokyo]], and [[Beijing]].<ref>{{cite web|title=CNN Digital Debuts its Virtual Reality Unit: CNNVR|url=http://cnnpressroom.blogs.cnn.com/2017/03/07/cnn-digital-vr-virtual-reality-cnnvr/|website=CNN Pressroom|access-date=March 8, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170308160902/http://cnnpressroom.blogs.cnn.com/2017/03/07/cnn-digital-vr-virtual-reality-cnnvr/|archive-date=March 8, 2017}}</ref>

[[File:CNN NewSource.jpg|thumb|right|CNN Newsource offices at the CNN Center in Atlanta]]
CNN Newsource is a [[subscription]]-based affiliation [[video]] service that provides CNN [[Content (media)|content]] to [[Network affiliate|television station affiliates]] with CNN, including [[terrestrial television|terrestrial]] stations and international stations. Newsource allows affiliates to download videos from CNN, as well as from other affiliates who upload their video to Newsource.

CNN also maintains a [[wire service]] known as CNN Wire.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/intlsyndication/wire.html|title=CNN Syndication Services|website=CNN|access-date=April 10, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414154825/http://www.cnn.com/intlsyndication/wire.html|archive-date=April 14, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

CNN's digital storefront, which sells branded merchandise, household goods, and software, is operated by [[StackCommerce]] via partnership.

In 2021, CNN Digital had an average of 144 million unique visitors in the United States according to [[Comscore]], making it the most viewed digital news outlet, ahead of ''The New York Times'', NBC News, Fox News, ''The Washington Post''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CNN Digital Dominates All Competitors; #1 Digital News Outlet Of 2021 |url=https://cnnpressroom.blogs.cnn.com/2022/01/26/cnn-digital-ratings-top-competitors-largest-digital-news-outlet-2021/ |access-date=September 5, 2022 |language=en-US |archive-date=September 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220905195225/https://cnnpressroom.blogs.cnn.com/2022/01/26/cnn-digital-ratings-top-competitors-largest-digital-news-outlet-2021/ }}</ref>

====CNN 10====

The network also hosts CNN 10, a daily 10-minute video show visible at the CNN website or YouTube. It replaced the long-running show CNN Student News which had been aired since 1989.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2013/07/22/studentnews/sn-what-is-student-news/index.html|title=What is CNN 10?|date=April 7, 2020|work=CNN|access-date=May 19, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411034007/https://www.cnn.com/2013/07/22/studentnews/sn-what-is-student-news/index.html|archive-date=April 11, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> It is aimed at a global audience of students, teachers, and adults, and was hosted by Carl Azuz.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://civiceducator.org/teaching-current-events-cnn10/|title=Five Reasons CNN 10 Videos Are Great Tools for Teaching Current Events|work=The Civic Educator|date=September 8, 2017 |access-date=May 19, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629070317/http://civiceducator.org/teaching-current-events-cnn10/|archive-date=June 29, 2020}}</ref> In the fall of 2022, Carl Azuz was replaced by [[Coy Wire]] as the host of CNN 10,<ref>{{Cite web |title=CNN Profiles - Coy Wire - CNN Sports Anchor & Correspondent |url=https://www.cnn.com/profiles/coy-wire-profile |access-date=October 11, 2022 |website=CNN |archive-date=October 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011201158/https://www.cnn.com/profiles/coy-wire-profile |url-status=live }}</ref> after leaving CNN due to a "personal decision" according to a CNN spokesperson in a newsletter published on September 18, 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Weekman |first=Kelsey |title=The Beloved Host Of CNN's Student Show Left And Everyone Freaked Out |url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/kelseyweekman/carl-azuz-cnn-10-news-anchor-tiktok |access-date=October 11, 2022 |website=[[BuzzFeed News]] |date=October 5, 2022 |language=en |archive-date=October 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011201200/https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/kelseyweekman/carl-azuz-cnn-10-news-anchor-tiktok |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Beme===
{{main|Beme (company)}}

On November 28, 2016, CNN announced the acquisition of [[Beme (company)|Beme]] for a reported {{USD|25 million|long=no}}.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/cnn-buys-casey-neistats-video-app-beme-1480353128|title=CNN Buys Casey Neistat's Video App Beme|last=Perlberg|first=Steven|date=November 28, 2016|newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|issn=0099-9660|access-date=December 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203235143/http://www.wsj.com/articles/cnn-buys-casey-neistats-video-app-beme-1480353128|archive-date=December 3, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> On November 29, 2016, Matt Hackett, co-founder of Beme, announced via an email to its users that the [[Beme (app)|Beme app]] would be shutting down on January 31, 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://medium.com/@mhkt/beme-is-shutting-down-but-our-work-is-just-starting-3d4636b37c32|title=Beme is Shutting Down, But Our Work Is Just Starting|last=Hackett|first=Matt|date=November 28, 2016|website=Medium|access-date=December 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203060328/https://medium.com/@mhkt/beme-is-shutting-down-but-our-work-is-just-starting-3d4636b37c32|archive-date=December 3, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Since the shutdown of the app, it was announced that CNN intended to use the current talent behind Beme to work on a separate start-up endeavor. Beme's current team will retain full creative control of the new project, which was slated to be released in the summer of 2017.<ref>{{cite web|title=i sold my company to CNN|website = [[YouTube]]|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JkrmR3dr8ow|access-date=February 3, 2017|date=November 30, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204164715/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JkrmR3dr8ow|archive-date=February 4, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Beme have also brought on other internet stars such as the host of [[Vsauce]] 3, Jake Roper, as head of production, who features prominently in Beme co-founder [[Casey Neistat]]'s vlogs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KIwqboJLrpY&t|title=CNN update|date=July 5, 2017|website=[[YouTube]]|publisher=Casey Neistat|access-date=July 9, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407121209/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KIwqboJLrpY&t|archive-date=April 7, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Beme (company)|Beme News]] has since begun uploading news related video on [[YouTube]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCY0YIply-je0EhSWLgpftVw/videos|title=Beme News|website=[[YouTube]]|language=en|access-date=December 12, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126231227/https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCY0YIply-je0EhSWLgpftVw/videos|archive-date=January 26, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Films===
{{main|CNN Films}}

In October 2012, CNN formed a film division called [[CNN Films]] to distribute and produce made-for-TV and feature [[documentary film|documentaries]]. Its first acquisition was a documentary entitled ''[[Girl Rising (film)|Girl Rising]]'', a documentary narrated by [[Meryl Streep]] that focused on the struggles of girls' education.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Lieberman|first=David|date=October 8, 2012|title=CNN Creates Unit To Acquire Documentary Films For Theaters And TV|url=https://deadline.com/2012/10/cnn-documentary-films-349476/|access-date=March 1, 2022|website=[[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]]|language=en-US|archive-date=March 1, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301195357/https://deadline.com/2012/10/cnn-documentary-films-349476/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Radio===
In July 2014, [[Cumulus Media]] announced that it would end its partnership with [[ABC News Radio]], and enter into a new partnership with CNN to syndicate national and international news content for its stations through [[Westwood One]] beginning in 2015, including access to a wire service, and digital content for its station websites. [[Westwood One News|The service]] was unbranded, allowing individual stations to integrate the content with their news brands.<ref name="abc-cnncumulus">{{cite web|title=Cumulus taps CNN for Westwood One news service|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/atlanta/news/2014/07/31/cumulus-taps-cnn-for-westwood-one-news-service.html|website=Atlanta Business Chronicle|access-date=December 12, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216135053/http://www.bizjournals.com/atlanta/news/2014/07/31/cumulus-taps-cnn-for-westwood-one-news-service.html|archive-date=December 16, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> On July 9, 2020, citing "extraordinary circumstances in the current marketplace" and a need to prioritize the company's resources, Westwood One announced that the service would be discontinued on August 30.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://radioinsight.com/headlines/190739/westwood-one-news-to-cease-operations/|title=Westwood One News to cease operations|work=Radio Insight|date=July 9, 2020|access-date=July 9, 2020}}</ref>

The audio simulcast of CNN is distributed on the [[Audacy]] website and app.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Radio.com Adds CNN & Bloomberg Live Audio And Podcasts|url=https://radioinsight.com/headlines/174347/radio-com-adds-cnn-bloomberg-live-audio-and-podcasts/|access-date=March 1, 2022|website=RadioInsight|language=en-US|archive-date=June 2, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190602061032/https://radioinsight.com/headlines/174347/radio-com-adds-cnn-bloomberg-live-audio-and-podcasts/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Other channels==
{{more citations needed section|date=May 2022}}
[[File:Debate televisivo Canal 13 CNN.jpg|thumb|right|[[CNN en Español]] televised debate for the 2005 Chilean elections]]
[[File:CNN Post Production.jpg|thumb|right|Post-production editing offices in Atlanta]]
Over the years, CNN has launched spin-off networks in the United States and other countries. Channels that currently operate include:
* [[CNN Brazil]] – a Brazilian news channel that launched on March 15, 2020. (licensed to Novus Media)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.em.com.br/app/noticia/internacional/2019/01/25/interna_internacional,1024435/lancamento-da-cnn-brasil-impactara-mercado-televisivo.shtml|title=Lançamento da CNN Brasil impactará mercado televisivo – Internacional – Estado de Minas|first1=Estado de|last1=Minas|date=January 25, 2019|website=Estado de Minas|access-date=October 24, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024212231/https://www.em.com.br/app/noticia/internacional/2019/01/25/interna_internacional,1024435/lancamento-da-cnn-brasil-impactara-mercado-televisivo.shtml|archive-date=October 24, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://exame.abril.com.br/negocios/fundador-da-mrv-vai-trazer-operacao-da-cnn-para-o-brasil/|title=CNN terá canal no Brasil e prevê contratação de 400 jornalistas|website=EXAME|access-date=October 24, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191102063054/https://exame.abril.com.br/negocios/fundador-da-mrv-vai-trazer-operacao-da-cnn-para-o-brasil/|archive-date=November 2, 2019}}</ref>
* [[CNN Chile]] – a Chilean news channel that launched on December 4, 2008.
* [[CNN en Español]]
* [[CNN International]]
* [[CNN Türk]] – a Turkish media outlet (licensed to [[Demirören Group]])
* [[CNN-News18]] – an Indian news channel. (licensed to [[Network 18]])
* [[CNN Indonesia]] – an Indonesian news channel that launched on August 17, 2015. (licensed to [[Trans Media]])
* [[CNNj]] – a Japanese news outlet
** CNN/US HD – launched for American viewers in late 2010,<ref>{{cite web |title=CNN US HD |url=http://www.jctv.co.jp/images/press101108.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222141451/http://www.jctv.co.jp/images/press101108.pdf |archive-date=February 22, 2016 |access-date=May 4, 2020 |work=JCTV, Japan}}</ref> and is distributed by [[Japan Cable Television]] (JCTV) to several different multi-channel TV providers, such as J:COM, [[SKY PerfecTV!]], iTSCOM and the JCTVWiFi service.<ref>{{cite web |title=CNN US |url=https://www2.jctv.co.jp/cnn_english/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630025911/https://www2.jctv.co.jp/cnn_english/ |archive-date=June 30, 2020 |access-date=May 4, 2020 |work=JCTV, Japan}}</ref>
* [[CNN Prima News]] – a Czech news channel. (launched on May 3, 2020, licensed to Prima Group)
* [[A2 CNN]] – an Albanian news channel
* [[Antena 3 CNN]] – a Romanian news channel. (licensed to [[Intact Media Group]])
* [[HLN (TV network)|HLN]] – a US basic cable channel (formerly called CNN2 and CNN Headline News)
* [[CNN Portugal]] – a Portuguese news channel launched on November 22, 2021. (Licensed to [[Media Capital]])<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.publico.pt/2021/05/24/economia/noticia/media-capital-anuncia-acordo-lancar-cnn-portugal-1963771|title=Media Capital anuncia acordo para lançar CNN Portugal|work=[[Público (Portugal)|Público]]|language=pt-pt|access-date=May 24, 2021|archive-date=May 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524111555/https://www.publico.pt/2021/05/24/economia/noticia/media-capital-anuncia-acordo-lancar-cnn-portugal-1963771|url-status=live}}</ref>
* CNN Fast – [[Free ad-supported streaming television|Free, ad-supported television]] channel with 24/7 fast-paced news and short form stories, available in certain territories on [[Samsung TV Plus]], [[Rakuten TV]], [[LG|LG Channels]] and [[Pluto TV]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=CNN launches new FAST channel in Europe |url=https://cnnpressroom.blogs.cnn.com/2023/05/23/cnn-launches-new-fast-channel-in-europe/ |access-date=August 21, 2023 |language=en-US |archive-date=August 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821203045/https://cnnpressroom.blogs.cnn.com/2023/05/23/cnn-launches-new-fast-channel-in-europe/ }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=CNN Launches New CNN Originals FAST Channel in the US |url=https://cnnpressroom.blogs.cnn.com/2024/08/07/cnn-launches-new-cnn-originals-fast-channel/ |access-date=February 12, 2025 |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Former channels===

CNN has also launched television and online ventures that are no longer in operation, including:
* [[CNN Airport]]
* [[CNN Checkout Channel]] (out-of-home place-based custom channel for grocery stores that started in 1991 and shuttered in 1993)
* {{ill|CNN-D|de|CNN-D}} (a German news programming block that aired through CNN International's TV signal in Germany between 1997 and 2003.)
* CNN Italia<ref>{{cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/about|title=CNN|access-date=October 12, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131123021513/http://edition.cnn.com/help/italia/|archive-date=November 23, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> (an Italian news website launched in partnership with the publishing company [[Gruppo Editoriale L'Espresso]], and after with the financial newspaper {{lang|it|[[Il Sole 24 Ore]]}}, it launched on November 15, 1999<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.repubblica.it/online/internet/annuncio/annuncio/annuncio.html|title=Nasce 'Cnn Italia' 24 ore di notizie web|date=September 15, 1999|access-date=April 22, 2009|language=it|work=[[la Repubblica]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100525151709/http://www.repubblica.it/online/internet/annuncio/annuncio/annuncio.html|archive-date=May 25, 2010|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.repubblica.it/online/tecnologie_internet/cnn/cnn/cnn.html|title=Roma-Atlanta via web Parte CNN Italia|date=September 15, 1999|access-date=April 22, 2009|language=it|work=[[la Repubblica]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703145847/http://www.repubblica.it/online/tecnologie_internet/cnn/cnn/cnn.html|archive-date=July 3, 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> and closed on September 12, 2003)
* [[CNN Pipeline]] (24-hour multi-channel broadband online news service, replaced with CNN.com Live)
* [[CNN Sports Illustrated]] (also known as CNNSI; US sports news channel, closed in 2002)
* [[CNN+ (Spanish TV network)|CNN+]] (a partner channel in Spain, launched in 1999 joint venture with [[Sogecable]]).<ref name="closed">{{cite web |date=December 10, 2010 |title=CNN+ deja de emitir a partir del próximo 31 de diciembre |url=http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/899590/0/cnn/deja/emitir/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513005957/https://www.20minutos.es/noticia/899590/0/cnn/deja/emitir/ |archive-date=May 13, 2020 |access-date=December 10, 2010 |publisher=20 Minutos |language=es}}</ref>
* CNN.com Live
* [[CNNfn]] (financial channel, closed in December 2004)
* [[CNN Max]] – a linear streaming channel exclusively for subscribers to [[Warner Bros. Discovery]]'s [[Max (streaming service)|Max]] that mirrored much, but not all, of the main CNN channel's programming;<ref>{{cite web | url=https://variety.com/2023/tv/news/cnn-max-live-streaming-linear-schedule-cable-1235737329/ | title=CNN's New Streaming Counterpart Features a Big Chunk of Linear Schedule | date=September 27, 2023 | access-date=April 15, 2024 | archive-date=October 9, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009173709/https://variety.com/2023/tv/news/cnn-max-live-streaming-linear-schedule-cable-1235737329/ | url-status=live }}</ref> discontinued on November 17, 2025
* {{ill|CNN Money Switzerland|fr|CNNMoney Switzerland}} (Switzerland financial channel, joint venture with MediaGo)
* [[CNN Philippines]] – an English-language Filipino news channel launched on March 16, 2015; and closed on January 31, 2024<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rivas |first=Ralf |date=January 29, 2024 |title=CNN Philippines shuts down as losses mount |url=https://www.rappler.com/business/cnn-philippines-shuts-down-january-2024/ |access-date=January 29, 2024 |website=[[Rappler]] |archive-date=January 29, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129025636/https://www.rappler.com/business/cnn-philippines-shuts-down-january-2024/ |url-status=live }}</ref> (licensed to [[Nine Media Corporation]] and [[Radio Philippines Network]] (RPN))
* [[Great Big Story]] – launched in 2015 for younger viewers, shut down in September 2020<ref>{{cite web |title='Two very, very different companies': Why CNN's Great Big Story failed to survive |date=November 2, 2020 |url=https://digiday.com/media/two-very-very-different-companies-why-cnns-great-big-story-failed-to-survive/ |publisher=Digiday |access-date=June 4, 2021 |archive-date=June 4, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604104159/https://digiday.com/media/two-very-very-different-companies-why-cnns-great-big-story-failed-to-survive/ |url-status=live }}</ref> after gaining nearly six million followers on both Facebook and YouTube.<ref>{{cite web |title="Great Big Story" |url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCajXeitgFL-rb5-gXI-aG8Q |website=YouTube.com |publisher=[[YouTube]] |access-date=June 4, 2021 |archive-date=June 4, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604105508/https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCajXeitgFL-rb5-gXI-aG8Q |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Bureaus==

[[File:CNN bureau location map.svg|thumb|upright=1.15|CNN bureau locations]]
[[File:Cnncenter.jpg|right|thumb|The [[CNN Center]] in Atlanta]]
[[File:CNN headquarters in New York City IMG 3707.JPG|right|thumb|CNN in New York City]]
[[File:Los Angeles, California (September 10, 2022) - 207.jpg|thumb|CNN in Los Angeles]]
[[File:CNN Center studios.jpg|thumb|CNN Center studios]]

CNN operates bureaus in the following cities {{As of|2023|02|lc=y}}:<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 2023 |title=CNN Worldwide Fact Sheet |url=https://cnnpressroom.blogs.cnn.com/cnn-fact-sheet/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530070319/https://cnnpressroom.blogs.cnn.com/cnn-fact-sheet/ |archive-date=May 30, 2023 |access-date=June 11, 2023 |website=CNN Press Room}}</ref>

'''United States'''

*Turner Techwood campus, Midtown, [[Atlanta]], Georgia (operational headquarters)<ref name="hq"/>
*[[New York City]], New York (corporate headquarters)<ref name="hq">{{Cite news |title=Bye bye CNN Center: CNN employees moving to Midtown Atlanta campus |url=https://www.ajc.com/life/radiotvtalk-blog/bye-bye-cnn-center-cnn-employees-moving-to-midtown-campus/VJSV5U6KTNEOZPMFDZPRT6I3VQ/ |last1=Ho |first1=Rodney |access-date=May 11, 2024 |work=[[The Atlanta Journal-Constitution]] |last2=Hansen |first2=Zachary |orig-date=2023-01-12 |archive-date=May 11, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240511090528/https://www.ajc.com/life/radiotvtalk-blog/bye-bye-cnn-center-cnn-employees-moving-to-midtown-campus/VJSV5U6KTNEOZPMFDZPRT6I3VQ/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Charlotte, North Carolina|Charlotte]], North Carolina
*[[Chicago]], Illinois
*[[Dallas]], Texas
*[[Denver]], Colorado
*[[Houston]], Texas
*[[Los Angeles]], California
*[[Miami]], Florida
*[[Philadelphia]], Pennsylvania
*[[San Francisco]], California
*[[Washington, D.C.]]

===Worldwide===

{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[Abu Dhabi]], United Arab Emirates
*[[Beijing]], China
*[[Beirut]], Lebanon
*[[Berlin]], Germany
*[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina
*[[Cairo]], Egypt
*[[Caracas]], Venezuela
*[[Dubai]], United Arab Emirates
*[[Havana]], Cuba
*[[Hong Kong]], China
*[[Islamabad]], Pakistan
*[[Istanbul]], Turkey
*[[Jerusalem]], Israel
*[[Johannesburg]], South Africa
*[[Lagos]], Nigeria
*[[London]], United Kingdom
*[[Mexico City]], Mexico
*[[Moscow]], Russia
*[[Nairobi]], Kenya
*[[New Delhi]], India
*[[Paris]], France
*[[Rome]], Italy
*[[Seoul]], South Korea
*[[Taipei]], Taiwan
*[[Tokyo]], Japan
{{div col end}}

In parts of the world without a CNN bureau, reports from local affiliate stations will be used to file a story.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}

==Controversies and criticisms==
{{Main|CNN controversies}}

CNN has been involved in various controversies, criticisms, and allegations since its inception in 1980. The channel is known for its dramatic live coverage of [[breaking news]], some of which has drawn [[CNN controversies|criticism]] as overly [[Sensationalism|sensationalistic]].

CNN claims to be "The Most Trusted Name in News",<ref>{{Cite web |title=CNN |url=http://edition.cnn.com/services/trusted/ |access-date=January 13, 2022 |website=CNN |archive-date=March 31, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331151122/http://edition.cnn.com/services/trusted/ }}</ref> but its efforts to be [[Nonpartisanism in the United States|nonpartisan]] have led to accusations of both liberal bias and well as [[false balance]] in support of conservatives.{{refn|<ref>{{cite web|first1=Justin|last1=Peters|access-date=January 8, 2020|title=Firing Jeffrey Lord Doesn't Fix CNN's Jeffrey Lord Problem|url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2017/08/firing-jeffrey-lord-doesnt-fix-cnns-jeffrey-lord-problem.html|date=August 11, 2017|website=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114044139/https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2017/08/firing-jeffrey-lord-doesnt-fix-cnns-jeffrey-lord-problem.html|archive-date=January 14, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=January 8, 2020|title=CNN's pro-Trump posse clouds its journalism|url=https://www.cjr.org/covering_the_election/cnn_trump_analyst_lord_lewandowski_mcenany.php|website=Columbia Journalism Review|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114044140/https://www.cjr.org/covering_the_election/cnn_trump_analyst_lord_lewandowski_mcenany.php|archive-date=January 14, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="IntReview">{{cite news |last1=Roberts |first1=Jacob W. |title=The Tragedy of Media Sensationalism in America |url=http://scir.org/2014/05/the-tragedy-of-media-sensationalism-in-america/ |access-date=August 6, 2019 |work=Southern California International Review |date=May 20, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190916130930/http://scir.org/2014/05/the-tragedy-of-media-sensationalism-in-america/ |archive-date=September 16, 2019 }}</ref><ref name="Vox">{{cite news |last1=Maza |first1=Carlos |title=CNN treats politics like a sport — that's bad for all of us |url=https://www.vox.com/videos/2017/4/17/15325172/strikethrough-cnn-espn-trump-surrogates |access-date=August 6, 2019 |work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]] |date=April 17, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804052117/https://www.vox.com/videos/2017/4/17/15325172/strikethrough-cnn-espn-trump-surrogates |archive-date=August 4, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Shafer|first=Jack|date=May 25, 2021|title=Rick Santorum and CNN's 'Trumping Heads' Problem|url=https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2021/05/25/rick-santorum-cnn-donald-trump-490813|access-date=June 3, 2021|website=[[Politico]]|language=en|archive-date=June 3, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603135920/https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2021/05/25/rick-santorum-cnn-donald-trump-490813|url-status=live}}</ref>}} One study measured airtime of guests on major news networks between 2010 and 2021 and compared that to the guests' campaign donations. It found guests on CNN to have a liberal bias (a "campaign finance score" of −9.7, where 0 is equal airtime, compared to −14.1 for MSNBC and 49.8 for Fox News), which became more pronounced during the [[First presidency of Donald Trump|Trump administration]]. The same study found that some popular primetime news shows on CNN, such as ''[[Anderson Cooper 360°|Anderson Cooper 360]]'' or ''[[CNN Tonight]]'', are more left-leaning than popular MSNBC shows such as ''[[The Rachel Maddow Show]]'' or ''[[The 11th Hour with Stephanie Ruhle|The 11th Hour with Brian Williams]]''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bauder |first=David |date=August 26, 2022 |title=CNN management intent on changing perception of the network |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Business/wireStory/cnn-management-intent-changing-perception-network-88892179 |access-date=September 5, 2022 |website=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] |language=en |archive-date=September 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907022134/https://abcnews.go.com/Business/wireStory/cnn-management-intent-changing-perception-network-88892179 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kim |first1=Eunji |last2=Lelkes |first2=Yphtach |last3=McCrain |first3=Joshua |date=August 9, 2022 |title=Measuring dynamic media bias |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=119 |issue=32 |article-number=e2202197119 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2202197119 |doi-access=free |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=9371639 |pmid=35914125|bibcode=2022PNAS..11902197K }}</ref>

In January 2020, CNN settled a multi-million dollar [[defamation]] lawsuit from [[2019 Lincoln Memorial confrontation|Nick Sandmann]], a [[Covington Catholic High School]] student involved in an encounter with [[Omaha people|Omaha]] tribe elder Nathan Phillips at the [[Lincoln Memorial]] in [[Washington, D.C.]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Darcy |first=Oliver |date=January 7, 2020 |title=CNN settles lawsuit with Nick Sandmann stemming from viral video controversy {{!}} CNN Business |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/01/07/media/cnn-settles-lawsuit-viral-video/index.html |access-date=May 13, 2023 |website=CNN |language=en |archive-date=November 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113164935/https://www.cnn.com/2020/01/07/media/cnn-settles-lawsuit-viral-video/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=January 8, 2020 |title=CNN settles defamation lawsuit with Kentucky teen in Lincoln Memorial case |language=en |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-media-cnn-idUSKBN1Z70CL |access-date=May 13, 2023 |archive-date=May 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513123126/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-media-cnn-idUSKBN1Z70CL |url-status=live }}</ref>

After being fired in December 2021, former host [[Chris Cuomo]] was reported to be seeking {{USD|125 million|long=no}} in damages, alleging a breach of agreement.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Shivaram |first1=Deepa |title=Chris Cuomo seeks $125 million after being fired from CNN |work=NPR |date=March 17, 2022 |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/03/17/1087167551/chris-cuomo-cnn-125-million |access-date=May 9, 2023 |archive-date=May 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509175908/https://www.npr.org/2022/03/17/1087167551/chris-cuomo-cnn-125-million |url-status=live }}</ref> In April 2023, host [[Don Lemon]] announced that he had been fired.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Michael M. Grynbaum, John Koblin |first1=and Benjamin Mullin |title=Don Lemon Ousted From CNN in Move That Left Him 'Stunned' |work=The New York Times |date=April 24, 2023 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/24/business/media/don-lemon-cnn.html |access-date=May 9, 2023 |archive-date=April 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424165616/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/24/business/media/don-lemon-cnn.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

During the ongoing war between Israel and Hamas, CNN has been accused by its own staff of producing biased coverage that privileges the Israeli point of view to such an extent that it ends up parroting [[Israeli public diplomacy in the Gaza war|pro-Israeli propaganda]], and of applying tight restrictions on citing [[Hamas]] or [[Palestinian]] voices in general.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=McGreal |first=Chris |date=February 4, 2024 |title=CNN staff say network's pro-Israel slant amounts to 'journalistic malpractice' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2024/feb/04/cnn-staff-pro-israel-bias |access-date=July 5, 2025 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Johnson |first=Adam |date=October 14, 2024 |title=A Study Reveals CNN and MSNBC's Glaring Gaza Double Standard |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/society/cnn-msnbc-gaza-media-bias-study/ |access-date=July 5, 2025 |language=en-US |issn=0027-8378}}</ref>

==Awards and honors==

1998: CNN received the [[Four Freedoms Award]] for the [[Freedom of Speech]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rooseveltinstitute.org/four-freedoms-awards|title=Four Freedom Awards|access-date=April 4, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150325223647/http://www.rooseveltinstitute.org/four-freedoms-awards|archive-date=March 25, 2015}}</ref>

2017: CNN received the [[Monte Carlo TV Festival#Prince Rainier III Special Prize|Prince Rainier III Special Prize]] at the [[Monte Carlo TV Festival]] for the documentary, ''Midway: A Plastic Island'' about sea pollution.<ref>{{cite web |title=CNN Wins Prince Rainier III Special Prize at Monte Carlo TV Festival |url=http://cnnpressroom.blogs.cnn.com/2017/06/22/cnn-wins-prince-rainier-iii-special-prize-at-monte-carlo-tv-festival/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622185922/http://cnnpressroom.blogs.cnn.com/2017/06/22/cnn-wins-prince-rainier-iii-special-prize-at-monte-carlo-tv-festival/ |archive-date=June 22, 2017 |access-date=June 22, 2017 |website=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=June 20, 2017 |title=British TV Rules Monte Carlo TV Fest, With Double Wins for 'Victoria,' 'Fleabag' |url=https://variety.com/2017/tv/news/victoria-fleabag-score-multiple-prizes-at-monte-carlo-tv-fest-1202472767/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622122914/http://variety.com/2017/tv/news/victoria-fleabag-score-multiple-prizes-at-monte-carlo-tv-fest-1202472767/ |archive-date=June 22, 2017 |access-date=June 20, 2017 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref>

2018: CNN received the [[Overseas Press Club of America]] David Kaplan Award for best TV or video spot news reporting from abroad for reporting on the fall of [[ISIS]] by [[Nick Paton Walsh]] and [[Arwa Damon]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Overseas Press Club of America Announces Annual Award Winners |url=https://opcofamerica.org/overseas-press-club-of-america-announces-annual-award-winners/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823014413/https://opcofamerica.org/overseas-press-club-of-america-announces-annual-award-winners/ |archive-date=August 23, 2018 |access-date=March 21, 2018 |website=Overseas Press Club of America |date=March 21, 2018 }}</ref>

2018: CNN received the [[George Polk Award]] of [[Long Island University]] for Foreign Television Reporting for uncovering a hidden modern-day slave auction of African refugees in Libya. Reporting done by [[Nima Elbagir]] and Raja Razek.<ref>{{cite web |title=George Polk Award for Foreign Television Reporting |url=http://cnnpressroom.blogs.cnn.com/2018/02/21/cnn-wins-george-polk-award-for-undercover-report-on-slave-auctions-in-libya/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221180213/http://cnnpressroom.blogs.cnn.com/2018/02/21/cnn-wins-george-polk-award-for-undercover-report-on-slave-auctions-in-libya/ |archive-date=February 21, 2018 |access-date=February 21, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=David Begnaud, Ronan Farrow, Elle Reeve, Nima Elbagir, Raja Razek Among 2017 Polk Award Winners |url=http://www.adweek.com/tvnewser/david-begnaud-ronan-farrow-elle-reeve-nima-elbagir-raja-razek-among-2017-polk-award-winners/357686/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180409213448/http://www.adweek.com/tvnewser/david-begnaud-ronan-farrow-elle-reeve-nima-elbagir-raja-razek-among-2017-polk-award-winners/357686 |archive-date=April 9, 2018 |access-date=February 20, 2018 |website=Adweek's TVNewser |date=February 20, 2018 }}</ref>

2018: CNN's Nima Elbagir received the Courage in Journalism Award from the [[International Women's Media Foundation]].<ref>{{cite web |title=CNN's Nima Elbagir to Receive 2018 Courage in Journalism Award |url=http://cnnpressroom.blogs.cnn.com/2018/06/19/cnns-nima-elbagir-to-receive-2018-courage-in-journalism-award/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930190313/http://cnnpressroom.blogs.cnn.com/2018/06/19/cnns-nima-elbagir-to-receive-2018-courage-in-journalism-award/ |archive-date=September 30, 2018 |access-date=October 2, 2018}}</ref>

2018: CNN won a network-record six [[News and Documentary Emmy Awards]] of the [[National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences]], for Outstanding Breaking News Coverage, Outstanding Continuing Coverage of a News Story in a Newscast, Outstanding Live Interview, Outstanding Hard News Feature Story in a Newscast, Outstanding News Special, Outstanding Science, Medical and Environmental Report.<ref>{{cite web |title=CNN Wins Network-Record Six News & Documentary Emmy® Awards |url=http://cnnpressroom.blogs.cnn.com/2018/10/02/cnn-wins-network-record-six-news-documentary-emmy-awards/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002210256/http://cnnpressroom.blogs.cnn.com/2018/10/02/cnn-wins-network-record-six-news-documentary-emmy-awards/ |archive-date=October 2, 2018 |access-date=October 2, 2018}}</ref>

2019: The [[USC Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism|USC Annenberg School]] awarded CNN with a [[Walter Cronkite Award for Excellence in Journalism|Walter Cronkite Award]] for its Parkland Town Hall event.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Here's Who Won 2019 Walter Cronkite Awards for Excellence in TV Political Journalism |url=https://adweek.it/2JAmk0q |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211226054928/https://www.adweek.com/tvnewser/heres-who-won-2019-walter-cronkite-awards-for-excellence-in-tv-political-journalism/397104/ |archive-date=December 26, 2021 |access-date=August 2, 2020 |website=adweek.it |date=March 19, 2019 |language=en-US}}</ref>

2020: CNN's Ed Lavandera was awarded a [[Peabody Award]] for "The Hidden Workforce: Undocumented in America",<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Vella |first=Lauren |date=June 10, 2020 |title=Journalists Engel, Lavandera among 2020 Peabody Award winners |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/media/502097-journalists-engel-lavandera-among-2020-peabody-award-winners |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708154745/https://thehill.com/homenews/media/502097-journalists-engel-lavandera-among-2020-peabody-award-winners |archive-date=July 8, 2020 |access-date=August 2, 2020 |website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]|language=en}}</ref> and CNN Films was awarded a Peabody for the documentary "Apollo 11".<ref name=":0" />

2021: CNN won a [[George Polk Award]] of [[Long Island University]] for Foreign Reporting for their reporting on the [[coronavirus outbreak]] in [[Wuhan, China]], and later reporting under quarantine in [[Beijing]].<ref>{{cite web |title=CNN Wins George Polk Award for Reporting from Wuhan at Onset of Covid-19 Pandemic |url=https://cnnpressroom.blogs.cnn.com/2021/02/24/cnn-wins-george-polk-award-for-reporting-from-wuhan-at-onset-of-covid-19-pandemic/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604104628/https://cnnpressroom.blogs.cnn.com/2021/02/24/cnn-wins-george-polk-award-for-reporting-from-wuhan-at-onset-of-covid-19-pandemic/ |archive-date=June 4, 2021 |access-date=June 4, 2021 |work=CNN}}</ref>

2021: CNN and [[Clarissa Ward]] were named finalists for the [[DuPont-Columbia Award]] of the [[Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism]] for their "Russia's Secret Influence Campaigns" investigation.<ref>{{cite web |title=2021 duPont-Columbia Awards Finalists | Columbia Journalism School |url=https://journalism.columbia.edu/2021-dupont-columbia-awards-finalists#CNN |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604104637/https://journalism.columbia.edu/2021-dupont-columbia-awards-finalists#CNN |archive-date=June 4, 2021 |access-date=June 4, 2021 |publisher=Columbia Journalism School}}</ref>

==See also==

{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*[[Broadcasting]]
*[[FOX News]]
*[[Journalistic objectivity]]
*[[List of CNN personnel]]
*[[Mass media]]
*[[Media bias in the United States]]
*[[News media]]
*[[News media in the United States]]
*[[Radio Maria]]
*[[Television studio]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
{{Scholia|organization}}

*{{Official website}}
*[https://archive.org/details/TV-CNNW CNN (San Francisco) Internet Archive]

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Rima Kallingal

2026-03-10T16:53:45Z

HesterBrewer: update

{{short description|Indian actress, dancer and film producer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rima Kallingal
| image = File:Rima Kallingal Actor.jpg
| image_upright = 1.0
| caption = Kallingal in 2018, photographed by [[Aashiq Abu]]
| birth_name = Rima Kallingal
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1984|01|18|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Thrissur]], [[Kerala]], India
| education = [[Christ University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]] Journalism, 2001)
| yearsactive = 2009–present
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|[[film producer]]|[[dancer]]|television host}}
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Aashiq Abu]]|1 November 2013}}
| parents = K. R. Rajan (father){{br}}Leenabhai (mother)
| known_for = ''[[22 Female Kottayam]]'' (2012); ''[[Virus (2019 film)|Virus]]'' (2019); co-founding [[Women in Cinema Collective]]
| awards = {{ubl
| [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actress]] (2013)
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Malayalam]] (2013)
| [[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress]] (2012, 2025)
}}
| website = {{URL|https://www.instagram.com/rimakallingal/|rimakallingal}} (Instagram)
}}

'''Rima Kallingal''' (born 18 January 1984) is an Indian actress, dancer, and film producer who primarily works in [[Malayalam cinema]]. Trained in dance from a young age, she participated in reality television before placing first runner-up in the [[Miss Kerala]] 2008 pageant, which led to her film debut in ''[[Ritu (2009 film)|Ritu]]'' (2009).<ref name="sify.com">{{Cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/Rima-Kallingal-strikes-a-pose-imagegallery-kollywood-lhzo8rhgefb.html?html=5 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140129001927/http://www.sify.com/movies/Rima-Kallingal-strikes-a-pose-imagegallery-kollywood-lhzo8rhgefb.html?html=5 |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 January 2014 |title=Rima Kallingal strikes a pose |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Her performance in ''[[22 Female Kottayam]]'' (2012) earned her the [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actress]] and the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Malayalam]]. She is a co-founder of the [[Women in Cinema Collective]] (WCC), an organisation formed in 2017 to advocate for gender equity and safe working conditions in the Malayalam film industry.<ref name="wcc-about">{{cite web|url=https://wccollective.org/about/|title=About|publisher=Women in Cinema Collective|access-date=5 July 2024}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Born in [[Thrissur]], [[Kerala]], Kallingal began practising dance when she was three years old. She was born to K. R. Rajan and Leenabhai, at the Ayyanthol Kallingal family home in Thrissur district.<ref name="m3db">{{cite web|url=https://m3db.com/rima-kallingal|title=Rima Kallingal|publisher=M3DB|access-date=8 March 2026|language=ml}}</ref> She studied at [[Stanes School|Stanes Anglo-Indian School]] in [[Coonoor]] up to fifth grade and completed her schooling at [[Chinmaya Vidyalaya]] in Thrissur, graduating in 2001. She holds a [[bachelor's degree]] in Journalism from [[Christ University]], [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]].<ref name="m3db"/>

She is also trained in [[taekwondo]], [[Chao (martial art)|chao]] (a Manipuri martial art), and [[Kalaripayattu|kalari]].<ref name="m3db"/> She joined the Bengaluru-based contemporary dance company Nritarutya after graduation and performed with the company on national and international stages before transitioning to acting.<ref name="m3db"/>

She was a semi-finalist on the [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] reality show ''Vodafone Thakadhimi'', and later participated in the Miss Kerala 2008 beauty pageant, placing first runner-up to Shree Thulasi in a tie-breaker.<ref name="malayalamcinema"/>

==Career==
===Acting===
Director [[Lal Jose]] noticed Kallingal on a magazine cover and approached her for a goat herder role in the Tamil film ''Mazhai Varappoguthu''. The project did not go ahead, but director [[Shyamaprasad]] subsequently cast her in the lead female role of Varsha in ''[[Ritu (2009 film)|Ritu]]'' (2009), which marked her acting debut.<ref name="sify.com"/><ref name="malayalamcinema">{{cite web |url=https://www.malayalamcinema.com/interviews/view/rima-kallingal |title=Rima Kallingal |publisher=Malayalamcinema.com |access-date=1 December 2013}}</ref> In 2009 she also appeared in the anthology film ''[[Kerala Cafe]]'', in the segment ''Mrityunjayam'', and in ''[[Neelathamara (2009 film)|Neelathaamara]]'' directed by Lal Jose.

In 2012, Kallingal was cast opposite [[Fahadh Faasil]] in ''[[22 Female Kottayam]]'', directed by [[Aashiq Abu]], playing a nurse and rape survivor seeking justice. The film performed well commercially<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/Mollywoods-small-budget-films-that-did-big-wonders-at-the-box-office/photostory/53020290.cms|title=Mollywood's small-budget films that did big wonders at the box office|work=The Times of India|date=2 July 2016|access-date=4 December 2016|archive-date=4 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804143850/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/Mollywoods-small-budget-films-that-did-big-wonders-at-the-box-office/photostory/53020290.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> and won Kallingal the [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actress]] and the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Malayalam]].<ref name="22fk-thehindu">{{cite news |author=P.K. Ajith Kumar |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/22-female-kottayams-success-has-rima-on-cloud-nine/article3392318.ece |title=22 Female Kottayam's success has Rima on cloud nine |work=The Hindu |date=7 May 2012 |access-date=1 December 2013 |location=Chennai, India |archive-date=3 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203162903/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/22-female-kottayams-success-has-rima-on-cloud-nine/article3392318.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The film also drew praise from critics; ''[[Sify]]'' wrote that Kallingal delivered "a spectacular performance" and that she "poured her heart into her character".<ref name="sify-22fk">{{cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/22-female-kottayam-review-malayalam-pcmauAieccbhd.html|title=22 Female Kottayam Review|work=Sify|date=14 April 2012|access-date=29 November 2012}}</ref>

In 2013, she hosted the [[Mazhavil Manorama]] reality show ''[[Midukki]]'', following which the Kerala Film Chamber imposed a temporary ban on her, which was subsequently revoked.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-03-14 |title=Kerala Film Chamber bans Rima Kallingal and more |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/kerala-film-chamber-bans-rima-kallingal-and-more-596636.html |access-date=2024-07-05 |publisher=News18}}</ref> That same year she played a housewife in ''[[August Club]]''. Paresh C. Palicha of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' noted that Kallingal portrayed a character "who has learnt to stifle her feelings and finding other ways to give them an outlet".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-august-club-since-1969/20130429.htm|title=Review: August Club Since 1969 is nothing great|first=Paresh C.|last=Palicha|date=29 April 2013|work=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=11 May 2013}}</ref>

In 2015 she appeared alongside [[Manju Warrier]] in ''[[Rani Padmini (film)|Rani Padmini]]'', playing a disruptive North Indian woman on a road trip from Kerala to Shimla. The film was a commercial success<ref>{{cite news|author1=Anjana George|title=Rani Padmini is a visual treat: Manju|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Rani-Padmini-is-a-visual-treat-Manju/articleshow/49411621.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=16 October 2015|access-date=23 October 2015}}</ref> and critic Deepa Soman described her performance as a "knockout".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/rani-padmini/movie-review/49524888.cms|title=Rani Padmini Movie Review|agency=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=31 October 2015}}</ref>

In ''[[Virus (2019 film)|Virus]]'' (2019), directed by Aashiq Abu, Kallingal played nurse Akhila, a character based on [[Lini Puthussery]] — the nurse who died treating Kerala's first patient in the [[2018 Nipah virus outbreak in Kerala|2018 Nipah virus outbreak]].<ref name="quint-virus">{{cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/indian-cinema/virus-malayalam-movie-review-nipah|title=Virus Malayalam Full Movie Review|publisher=The Quint|date=7 June 2019|access-date=23 November 2022}}</ref> Lini Puthussery's husband, who attended a screening of the film, said that Kallingal's portrayal was faithful and delivered "a flawless performance as Lini".<ref name="onmanorama-virus">{{cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2019/06/11/real-life-characters-virus-narrate-real-story-behind-fighting-nipah.html|title=Real life characters of 'Virus' narrate the real story behind fighting Nipah|publisher=Onmanorama|date=11 June 2019|access-date=23 November 2022}}</ref> Kallingal co-produced the film with Aashiq Abu under their production banner OPM Cinemas.<ref name="firstpost-virus">{{Cite web |date=2019-06-06 |title=Rima Kallingal opens up on her role as producer in Virus |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/rima-kallingal-opens-up-on-her-role-as-producer-in-virus-i-want-my-art-to-be-strong-and-hard-hitting-6767581.html |access-date=2023-03-30 |publisher=Firstpost|archive-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330193907/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/rima-kallingal-opens-up-on-her-role-as-producer-in-virus-i-want-my-art-to-be-strong-and-hard-hitting-6767581.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Sowmya Rajendran]] described her performance as "expressive".<ref name="tnm-virus">{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/virus-review-compassionate-gripping-medical-thriller-103183|title='Virus' review: A compassionate, gripping medical thriller|first=Sowmya|last=Rajendran|publisher=The News Minute|date=7 June 2019|access-date=23 November 2022}}</ref>

In the 2021 film ''[[Santhoshathinte Onnam Rahasyam]]'', directed by Don Palathara, Kallingal played an entertainment journalist opposite [[Jitin Puthenchery]]. [[Baradwaj Rangan]] described her performance as "terrific".<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 February 2021 |title=IFF Kerala 2021: Don Palathara's Fascinating Santhoshathinte Onnam Rahasyam |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/malayalam-review/iff-kerala-2021-don-palatharas-fascinating-santhoshathinte-onnam-rahasyam-with-rima-kallingal-and-jitin-puthenchery-is-both-familiar-and-new-baradwaj-rangan/ |publisher=Film Companion}}</ref> The film won her Best Actress at the Diorama International Film Festival.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2021/12/27/rima-kallingal-wins-best-actor-award-at-diorama-film-fest-for-santhoshathinte-onnam-rahasyam.html|title=Rima Kallingal wins best actor award at Diorama Film Fest|work=The Week|access-date=11 December 2021}}</ref>

In 2023 she appeared in ''[[Neelavelicham (film)|Neelavelicham]]'', a horror drama co-produced with Aashiq Abu.<ref name="Neelavelicham">{{Cite web |title=Aashiq Abu's Neelavelicham to release a day before |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/mar/26/aashiq-abus-neelavelicham-to-releasea-day-before-41540.html |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=26 March 2023 |archive-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330182933/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/mar/26/aashiq-abus-neelavelicham-to-releasea-day-before-41540.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2025, Kallingal starred in ''[[Theatre: The Myth of Reality|Theatre]]'', written and directed by [[Sajin Baabu]], playing Meera, a woman who has lived an isolated life on a coastal Kerala island alongside her elderly mother. The film explores the conflict between traditional belief and modern science. The film had its world premiere at the Eurasian Bridge International Film Festival in Yalta on 9 October 2025, before its theatrical release on 16 October 2025.<ref name="theatre-onmanorama">{{cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2025/10/04/rima-kallingal-theatre-myth-reality-trailer-unveiled.html|title=Rima Kallingal-headlined 'Theatre: The Myth of Reality' team honours women achievers|publisher=Onmanorama|date=4 October 2025|access-date=15 April 2025}}</ref> The role was physically demanding; director Sajin Baabu noted that Kallingal spent several hours atop a coconut tree for a single scene and completed multiple retakes despite sustaining bruises.<ref name="theatre-director">{{cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/interviews/2025/10/21/rima-kallingal-theatre-the-myth-of-reality-movie-director-sajin-baabu.html|title=Rima had to spend hours atop coconut tree just for the right shot: 'Theatre' director Sajin Baabu|publisher=Onmanorama|date=21 October 2025|access-date=15 April 2025}}</ref> The film won Kallingal a joint [[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress]], shared with [[Nazriya Nazim]].<ref name="kfca2025">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-film-critics-award-feminichi-fathima-tovino-thomas-nazriya-nazim-rima-kallingal/article69452021.ece|title=Kerala Film Critics Award: Tovino Thomas, Nazriya Nazim and Rima Kallingal win acting honours|work=The Hindu|access-date=15 April 2025|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

===Film production===
Kallingal co-founded the production banner OPM Cinemas alongside her husband, director Aashiq Abu. The company has backed a range of films, including ''[[Maheshinte Prathikaaram]]'' (2016), directed by [[Dileesh Pothan]], which was a significant commercial success. As a statement of commitment to workplace safety, Aashiq Abu announced that OPM Cinemas would establish an Internal Complaints Committee (ICC) for every film it produces — the first Malayalam film production company to make such a public commitment.<ref name="wcc-about"/>

===Dance===
Alongside her screen career, Kallingal has maintained an active presence as a performer and choreographer. In 2014 she established Mamangam, a dance studio in [[Kochi]], which closed in 2021 due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref name="mamangam">{{Cite web |date=2021-02-05 |title=Rima Kallingal announces closing down of Mamangam dance studio |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/rima-kallingal-announces-closing-down-mamangam-dance-studio-142878 |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=The News Minute|archive-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330195557/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/rima-kallingal-announces-closing-down-mamangam-dance-studio-142878 |url-status=live }}</ref> She subsequently reconstituted it as Mamangam Dance Company, which continues to produce and tour contemporary dance work.

In November 2023, Mamangam Dance Company presented its debut full-length contemporary dance production, ''Neythe — Dance of the Weaves'', at the Fine Arts Society Hall, Kochi. The 35-minute work paid tribute to the handloom weavers of [[Chendamangalam]] and was inspired by the displacement of livelihoods after the [[2018 Kerala floods]]. The production was staged at the [[International Theatre Festival of Kerala]] in Thrissur in March 2025.<ref name="theatre-review-onmanorama">{{cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2025/10/16/theatre-the-myth-of-reality-movie-review-sajin-babu-rima-kallingal.html|title='Theatre: The Myth of Reality' review: Rima Kallingal brings quiet strength to a reflective film|publisher=Onmanorama|date=16 October 2025|access-date=15 April 2025}}</ref>

Kallingal also created ''Nayika'', a one-hour dance production tracing a century of women in Malayalam cinema, beginning with a tribute to [[P. K. Rosy]], the industry's first actress.<ref name="rima-kfca-thehindu">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-film-critics-award-feminichi-fathima-tovino-thomas-nazriya-nazim-rima-kallingal/article69452021.ece|title=Kerala Film Critics Award: Rima Kallingal wins acting honour|work=The Hindu|date=15 April 2025|access-date=15 April 2025|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Women in Cinema Collective==
In May 2017, following the sexual assault of a prominent Malayalam film actress in Kochi, Kallingal was among a group of women film professionals who petitioned the Chief Minister of Kerala and subsequently co-founded the [[Women in Cinema Collective]] (WCC). The WCC was formally registered as a society on 1 November 2017.<ref name="tnm-wcc">{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/keralas-women-cinema-collective-registers-society-fight-gender-parity-70931|title=Kerala's Women in Cinema Collective registers as society, to fight for gender parity|publisher=The News Minute|date=2 November 2017|access-date=5 July 2024}}</ref>

The WCC's petition to the government resulted in the formation of the [[Justice Hema Committee]] in 2018, tasked with studying the conditions faced by women in the Malayalam film industry. The committee submitted its report in December 2019; it was made public in August 2024 and documented systemic issues including gender-based discrimination, inadequate workplace safety, and the prevalence of power-based exploitation.<ref name="federal-wcc">{{cite web|url=https://thefederal.com/category/states/south/kerala/wcc-hema-committee-malayalam-films-sexual-harrassment-141120|title=Hema Committee and beyond: Gritty story of WCC, which took on the mighty|publisher=The Federal|date=29 August 2024|access-date=15 April 2025}}</ref>

As a member of the [[Association of Malayalam Movie Artists]] (AMMA), Kallingal resigned in protest when the association reinstated a member accused in the 2017 assault case while the matter was still under judicial consideration. She was one of three WCC members — along with [[Geethu Mohandas]] and [[Remya Nambissan]] — to resign alongside the survivor herself.<ref name="wcc-about"/>

Kallingal has spoken publicly about the personal and professional costs of the collective's advocacy. "We knew it would be tough, but we never imagined it would cost us personal relationships, careers and expose us to such intense social trolling," she told ''[[The Federal]]'' in 2024.<ref name="federal-wcc"/> A widely cited moment from this period was her display of the WCC's ''Avalkoppam'' ("With Her") solidarity banner following a dance performance at the state government's awards ceremony in 2018, which was met with sustained applause.<ref name="federal-wcc"/>

==Public image==

Kallingal's roles in ''22 Female Kottayam'', ''August Club'', and ''Rani Padmini'' are cited among the strongest female-led characters in Malayalam cinema.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/from-elsamma-enna-aankutty-to-uyare-the-definitive-women-centric-malayalam-films-of-the-decade/article30339114.ece/ |title=The best women-centric Malayalam films of the decade |first=Nita |last=Sathyendran |work=The Hindu|date=18 December 2019 |access-date=20 December 2019 |archive-date=27 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727133532/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/from-elsamma-enna-aankutty-to-uyare-the-definitive-women-centric-malayalam-films-of-the-decade/article30339114.ece/amp/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Kallingal was named the [[The Times of India|Kochi Times Most Desirable Woman]] in 2012.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Rima Kallingal: Kochi Times Most Desirable Woman 2012 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/rima-kallingal-kochi-times-most-desirable-woman-2012/articleshow/20227753.cms |access-date=23 September 2014 |website=Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

==Personal life==
[[File:Rima Kallingal.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|left|Kallingal in 2016]]
Kallingal married director [[Aashiq Abu]] on 1 November 2013, at the Kakkanad Registration Office, Kochi.<ref name="filmibeat-wedding">{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2013/why-rima-kallingal-not-wear-gold-wedding-aashiq-abu-124022.html|title=Why Rima Kallingal did not wear gold at her wedding with Aashiq Abu|publisher=Filmibeat|date=4 November 2013|access-date=18 January 2020}}</ref> Ahead of the ceremony, the couple donated ₹1 million towards the welfare of cancer patients at the General Hospital, Ernakulam, and ₹25,000 towards the dietary kitchen at the same hospital.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/366540/rima-kallingal-marries-director-aashiq.html |title=Rima Kallingal marries director Aashiq Abu |date=1 November 2013 |website=Deccan Herald |access-date=18 January 2020 |archive-date=29 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329050548/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/366540/rima-kallingal-marries-director-aashiq.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Filmography==
===As actress===
{{small|All projects are in Malayalam language unless noted.}}
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" | Year !! scope="col" | Title !! scope="col" | Role !! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2009 || ''[[Ritu (2009 film)|Ritu]]'' || Varsha John || Malayalam debut<ref name="mamangam"/>
|-
| ''[[Kerala Cafe]]'' || Grand daughter || Segment: ''Mrityunjayam''<ref>{{Cite web |title=The ten who made Kerala Cafe possible |url=https://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2009/oct/29/slide-show-1-south-ten-directors-in-kerala-cafe.htm |access-date=2023-04-03 |work=Rediff.com|archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604170343/http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2009/oct/29/slide-show-1-south-ten-directors-in-kerala-cafe.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Neelathamara (2009 film)|Neelathaamara]]'' || Shaarath Ammini ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2010 || ''[[Happy Husbands (2010 film)|Happy Husbands]]'' || Diana ||
|-
| ''[[Best of Luck (2010 film)|Best of Luck]]'' || Diya ||
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2011 || ''[[City of God (2011 film)|City of God]]'' || Surya Prabha ||
|-
| ''[[Ko (film)|Ko]]'' || Herself || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] debut; special appearance
|-
| ''[[Shankaranum Mohananum]]'' || Jyotsna Mathew ||
|-
| ''[[Yuvan Yuvathi]]'' || Nisha || Tamil film
|-
| ''[[Sevenes]]'' || Aravindan's sister ||
|-
| ''[[Doubles (2011 film)|Doubles]]'' || Seetha Lakshmi || Cameo appearance
|-
| ''[[Indian Rupee (film)|Indian Rupee]]'' || Beena ||
|-
| rowspan=7 | 2012 || ''[[Orkut Oru Ormakoot]]'' || Crystal Falth Ritz ||
|-
| ''[[Unnam]]'' || Jennifer ||
|-
| ''[[Nidra (2012 film)|Nidra]]'' || Ashwathy ||
|-
| ''[[22 Female Kottayam]]'' || Tessa Kurissuparambil Abraham ||
|-
| ''[[Husbands in Goa]]'' || Teena ||
|-
| ''[[Ayalum Njanum Thammil]]'' || Diya ||
|-
| ''[[Bavuttiyude Namathil]]'' || Noorjahan ||
|-
| rowspan=6 | 2013 || ''[[Proprietors: Kammath & Kammath]]'' || Mahalakshmi ||
|-
| ''[[Natholi Oru Cheriya Meenalla]]'' || Annie ||
|-
| ''[[August Club]]'' || Savithri ||
|-
| ''[[Zachariayude Garbhinikal]]'' || Fathima ||
|-
| ''[[Escape from Uganda]]'' || Shikha Samuel ||
|-
| ''[[Ezhu Sundara Rathrikal]]'' || Sini Alex ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2015 || ''[[Chirakodinja Kinavukal]]'' || Sumathi ||
|-
| ''[[Rani Padmini (film)|Rani Padmini]]'' || Rani ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2017 || ''[[Kaadu Pookkunna Neram]]'' || Maoist ||
|-
| ''[[Clint (film)|Clint]]'' || Chinnamma ||
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Aabhaasam]]'' || Passenger ||<ref>{{Cite news |title=Rima Kallingal, Suraj Venjaramoodu team up for a social satire |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/rima-kallingal-suraj-venjaramoodu-team-up-for-a-social-satire/articleshow/58895302.cms |access-date=2023-03-30 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330205904/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/rima-kallingal-suraj-venjaramoodu-team-up-for-a-social-satire/articleshow/58895302.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Virus (2019 film)|Virus]]'' || Nurse Akhila || Also co-producer<ref name="firstpost-virus"/>
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2021 || ''[[Santhoshathinte Onnam Rahasyam]]'' || Maria ||<ref name="mamangam"/>
|-
| ''[[Chithirai Sevvaanam]]'' || Asha Nair || Tamil film
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Neelavelicham (film)|Neelavelicham]]'' || Bhargavi || Also co-producer<ref name="Neelavelicham"/>
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Theatre: The Myth of Reality|Theatre]]'' || Meera ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-25 |title=Rima Kallingal-starrer Theatre gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Aug/25/rima-kallingal-starrer-theatre-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-08-26 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

===As producer===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" | Year !! scope="col" | Title !! scope="col" | Director !! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Gangster (2014 film)|Gangster]]'' || [[Aashiq Abu]] || rowspan="4" | Associate producer
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Maheshinte Prathikaaram]]'' || [[Dileesh Pothan]]
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Mayanadi]]'' || [[Aashiq Abu]]
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Ee.Ma.Yau]]'' || [[Lijo Jose Pellissery]]
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Virus (2019 film)|Virus]]'' || [[Aashiq Abu]] || Co-produced with [[Aashiq Abu]] under OPM Cinemas
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Bheemante Vazhi]]'' || [[Ashraf Hamza]] || Co-produced with [[Chemban Vinod Jose]] and [[Aashiq Abu]]
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Naaradan]]'' || [[Aashiq Abu]] || Co-produced with [[Santhosh T. Kuruvilla]] and [[Aashiq Abu]]
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Neelavelicham (film)|Neelavelicham]]'' || [[Aashiq Abu]] || Co-produced with [[Aashiq Abu]]<ref name="Neelavelicham"/>
|-
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" | Year !! scope="col" | Program !! scope="col" | Role !! scope="col" | Channel !! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Midukki]]'' || Host || [[Mazhavil Manorama]] || Reality show
|}

===Web series===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" | Year !! scope="col" | Title !! scope="col" | Role !! scope="col" | Language !! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes !! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ref.
|-
| 2021 || ''Zindagi in Short'' || Dr. Kavya Menon || [[Hindi]] || Segment: "Sunny Side Upar" ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-26 |title=Zindagi inShort review: Short film anthology infuses hope and happiness |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/zindagi-inshort-review-guneet-monga-s-rainbow-of-short-films-infuses-hope-and-happiness/story-6X41UBPgyf2zZrE4w2x1fO.html |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=The Hindustan Times|archive-date=30 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430072943/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/zindagi-inshort-review-guneet-monga-s-rainbow-of-short-films-infuses-hope-and-happiness/story-6X41UBPgyf2zZrE4w2x1fO.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2025 || ''Yuva Sapnon Ka Safar'' || Kanya || Multilingual (mainly [[English language|English]]) || Segment: ''Backstage'' ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Backstage review: Anjali Menon's film is a gentle take on the fragilities of friendship |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/backstage-review-anjali-menons-film-is-a-gentle-take-on-the-fragilities-of-friendship |website=[[The News Minute]] |access-date=23 May 2025 |date=25 April 2025}}</ref>
|}

===Short film===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" | Year !! scope="col" | Title !! scope="col" | Role !! scope="col" | Language !! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ref.
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Lalanna's Song]]'' || Miriam || Malayalam ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2025/05/03/lalannas-song-review-parvathy-thiruvothu-rima-kallingal-short-surrealism-megha-ramaswamy.html|title='Lalanna's Song' review: This Parvathy, Rima Kallingal surrealistic short prods us to think deeper|publisher=Onmanorama|date=3 May 2025|access-date=12 June 2024}}</ref>
|}

==Accolades==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" | Year !! scope="col" | Award !! scope="col" | Category !! scope="col" | Film !! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Result !! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ref.
|-
| [[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards 2011|2012]] || [[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress]] || Best Actress || ''[[Indian Rupee (film)|Indian Rupee]]'' || {{won}} ||<ref>{{cite news |title=Mohanlal, Blessy win Critics' award for 'Pranayam' |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/article3431213.ece |access-date=29 January 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=18 May 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120913085710/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/article3431213.ece?textsize=small&test=2 |archive-date=13 September 2012}}</ref>
|-
| [[43rd Kerala State Film Awards|2013]] || [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actress]] || Best Actress || ''[[22 Female Kottayam]]'' || {{won}} ||<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/prithviraj-and-rima-kallingal-receive-state-awards/articleshow/20331757.cms|title=Prithviraj and Rima Kallingal bag State film awards 2013|work=The Times of India|access-date=31 December 2013}}</ref>
|-
| [[60th Filmfare Awards South|2013]] || [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Malayalam]] || Best Actress – Malayalam || ''22 Female Kottayam'' || {{won}} ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/list-of-winners-at-the-60th-idea-filmfare-awards-south-3745.html|title=The Winners at the 60th Idea Filmfare Awards South|website=Filmfare|access-date=28 December 2013}}</ref>
|-
| [[2nd South Indian International Movie Awards|2013]] || [[SIIMA Critics Award for Best Actress – Malayalam]] || Critics Award – Best Actress – Malayalam || ''22 Female Kottayam'' || {{won}} ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://siima.in/2013/winners.html |title=South Indian International Movie Awards – Malayalam |website=siima.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528003132/http://siima.in/2013/winners.html |archive-date=2016-05-28}}</ref>
|-
| 2013 || [[Vanitha Film Awards]] || Best Actress || ''22 Female Kottayam'' || {{won}} ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asianet.in/entertainment/vanitha-film-awards-went-to-the-new-generation-stars-fahad-reema.html|title=Vanitha Film awards went to the new generation stars: Fahadh & Reema|website=Asianet News|date=14 February 2013|access-date=14 May 2020}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>
|-
| 2016 || [[Vanitha Film Awards]] || Special Performance – Actress || ''[[Rani Padmini (film)|Rani Padmini]]'' || {{won}} ||<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.vinodadarshan.com/2015/03/winners-of-vanitha-film-awards-2015.html|title=Winners of Vanitha Film Awards, 2015 |access-date=23 September 2021 |work=Vinodadarshan |archive-date=26 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026182322/https://www.vinodadarshan.com/2015/03/winners-of-vanitha-film-awards-2015.html?m=1 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2021 || Diorama International Film Festival || Best Actress || ''[[Santhoshathinte Onnam Rahasyam]]'' || {{won}} ||<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2021/12/27/rima-kallingal-wins-best-actor-award-at-diorama-film-fest-for-santhoshathinte-onnam-rahasyam.html|title=Rima Kallingal wins best actor award at Diorama Film Fest|work=The Week|access-date=11 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 2021 || [[Vanitha Film Awards]] || Best Social Responsible Actress || ''[[Virus (2019 film)|Virus]]'' || {{won}} ||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2020/02/09/vanitha-film-awards-2020-winners-list-madhuri-jacqueline-kochi.html|title=Vanitha Film Awards 2020 winners list|website=Malayala Manorama|date=11 February 2020|access-date=12 December 2020}}</ref>
|-
| [[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards 2024|2025]] || [[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress]] || Best Actress (joint) || ''[[Theatre: The Myth of Reality|Theatre]]'' || {{won}} ||<ref name="kfca2025"/>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=3634501}}
* {{Instagram|rimakallingal}}
{{commons}}

{{FilmfareMalayalamBestActress}}
{{KeralaStateAwardForBestActress}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kallingal, Rima}}
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Thrissur]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Indian women film producers]]
[[Category:Film producers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Kerala State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Kerala Film Critics Awards winners]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:Female models from Kerala]]
[[Category:Christ University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian female taekwondo practitioners]]
[[Category:Indian contemporary dancers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

Kerala School Sports Meet

2026-03-05T21:20:38Z

HesterBrewer:

{{refimprove|date=May 2025}}
{{AI-generated|date=March 2026|reason=since v1 from 2024, note [[WP:AISIGNS]] in promotional tone, vocab distro typical of 2024 LLM output etc}}
{{Short description|Multi-sport event in Kerala, India}}
{{for-multi|details on the recently concluded event|2024 Kerala School Sports Meet}}
{{Infobox recurring event
| name = Kerala School Sports Meet
| logo_caption =
| logo_size =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| founded =
* 1956 as Kerala State School Athletics & Games
* 2024 as Kerala School Sports Meet
| status = Active
| genre = Sports Event
| date = 
| frequency = Annually
| venue = [[Kerala]]
| coordinates = 
| country = [[India]]
| years_active =
| first =
| founder_name = [[R. Sankar]]
| last = [[2024 Kerala School Sports Meet|2024]]
| prev =
| next =
| participants = 20000
| attendance =
| capacity =
| area = Kinder Garden to Higher Secondary Classes
| budget =
| activity =
| leader_name =
| patron =
| organised = [[Government of Kerala]]
| filing =
| people = [[V. Sivankutty]]
| member =
| sponsor = IT@school
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Kerala School Sports Meet''', previously known as '''Kerala State School Athletics and Games''' were inaugurated in 1956 by [[R. Sankar]], the then [[Chief Minister of Kerala]]. This initiative was established to promote athletics and physical education among school students across the state.<ref>{{Cite news |title=In a first, Kerala State School Sports Meet to be held along the lines of Olympics |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/in-a-first-kerala-state-school-sports-meet-to-be-held-along-the-lines-of-olympics/article68450584.ece |access-date=2024-07-27 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=26 July 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Kerala's first School Olympics to be held in Ernakulam in October |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/keralas-first-school-olympics-to-be-held-in-ernakulam-in-october/article68363971.ece |access-date=2024-07-03 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=3 July 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

Each year, over 40 sporting events are held, culminating in the announcement of state champions for each event, along with district and school champions. Participants are awarded gold, silver, and bronze medals, celebrating their achievements and fostering a spirit of competition and excellence.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Palakkad district clinches victory in 65th Kerala State School Sports Meet with 266 points |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/palakkad-district-clinches-victory-in-65th-kerala-state-school-sports-meet-with-266-points/articleshow/104588759.cms |access-date=2023-10-20 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=20 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

== Background ==
The Kerala State School Athletic Games is an event launched by the [[Kerala Government]] to promote sports and physical education among school students. Its goal is to build a strong sports culture by encouraging student participation in various athletic events, helping to identify and nurture young talent. The program organizes competitions by age group, offering a wide range of events, from athletics to team sports. Schools compete at district, sub-district and state levels. In collaboration with the Kerala State Sports Council and the [[Department of General Education]], the initiative not only promotes physical fitness but also emphasizes teamwork and discipline, supporting the overall development of students.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala School Kalolsavam in Thiruvananthapuram from Dec 3 to 7 |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/career-and-campus/top-news/2024/07/29/kerala-school-kalolsavam-in-thiruvananthapuram-from-dec-3-to-7.html |access-date=2024-07-29 |website=onmanorama.com |language=en}}</ref>

=== Olympics-model ===
[[Department of General Education|The Kerala Education Department]] launched the inaugural "School Olympics" in 2024, an event that aims to revolutionize school sports in the state. Scheduled to take place in [[Kochi]] from November 4 to 11, this historic sports meet will feature students from across [[Kerala]] competing in 39 diverse sports, including [[Sport of athletics|athletics]], [[Team sport|team sports]], and [[Inclusive recreation|inclusive sports]] designed for disabled athletes. This initiative marks a first of its kind in [[India]], emphasizing the importance of sports in the educational landscape. The winning district will be awarded a 3-kilogram gold trophy, named in honour of the Chief Minister, although logistical challenges may delay its presentation until next year. The opening ceremony at [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi)]] promises to be a vibrant celebration, incorporating cultural performances inspired by the Olympic spirit. Competitions will be held at 19 different venues throughout [[Kochi]], with the inclusion of students from Kerala schools in the [[Persian Gulf|Gulf states]] for the first time. This revamped event signifies a significant evolution from the traditional focus on athletics in school sports meets, as the Public Education Department has meticulously planned a torch relay featuring international athletes, a grand march-past, a theme song, and a sports-cultural festival. The new School Olympics aims to become a landmark event in Kerala's education system, promoting the integration of sports with academics and the arts, thereby fostering a holistic approach to student development.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala's first-ever 'School Olympics' to dazzle with 3-kg gold trophy |url=https://thebridge.in/news/keralas-first-ever-school-olympics-to-dazzle-with-3-kg-gold-trophy-and-festive-launch-50217?infinitescroll=1 |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=thebridge.in | date=17 October 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala introduces new school programmes, sports manual for differently-abled |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/kerala-introduces-new-school-programmes-sports-manual-for-differently-abled-2562730-2024-07-05 |access-date=2024-07-05 |website=indiatoday.in |date=5 July 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

Students from the Gulf region will also participate in the Kerala State School Olympics in [[Kochi]]. The Director of Public Education issued a circular inviting non-resident students to take part in the event. This marks the first time that students from Gulf countries have been invited to a state government-sponsored sports event. The team from the [[United Arab Emirates]] will compete as the 15th district in the games, adding international dimension to the competition.<ref>{{Cite web |title=State School Olympics: UAE will be named the "15th District" |url=https://www.mediaoneonline.com/gulf/uae/state-school-olympics-uae-15th-district-team-269675 |access-date=2024-10-19 |website=mediaoneonline.com |date=17 October 2024 |language=ml}}</ref>

However, on 22 October 2024, the Education Department decided to remove the term 'Olympics' from the title of the school sports festival. This decision stems from regulations that prohibit the use of the word 'Olympics' without authorization from the [[International Olympic Committee]] (IOC). Initially, the government had named the event a major sports festival, but upon realizing that 'Olympics' is a registered trademark protected under the [[Olympic Charter]], they retracted the name. Thus, the event will now officially be called the "Kerala School Sports Meet". All future promotional materials and official documents related to the event will reflect this updated name. Moving forward, it will be referred to as the "Kerala School Kayika Mela in Olympic Model Kochi-24", aligning with the revised branding while maintaining the essence of a large-scale sports festival.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Use of term 'Olympics' excluded from Kerala School Sports Meet |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/term-olympics-excluded-from-kerala-school-sports-meet-1.10008881#:~:text=Thiruvananthapuram%3A%20The%20Kerala%20government%20has,the%20Kerala%20School%20Sports%20Meet. |access-date=2024-10-22 |website=mathrubhumi.com | date=22 October 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Olympics' Removed from Kerala School Sports Meet Title |url=https://www.twentyfournews.com/2024/10/22/education-department-has-withdrawn-the-word-olympics-from-the-name-given-to-the-school-sports-festival.html|access-date=2024-10-22 |website=twentyfournews.com |date=22 October 2024 |language=ml}}</ref>

==== Format ====
The 2024 Kerala School Sports Meet was modeled after the [[Olympic Games]], including opening and closing ceremonies similar to those of the Olympics. Athletes who secured top positions received medals modeled after the Olympic design, along with cash awards and certificates.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala's New Sporting Tradition: School Olympics to Debut in Kochi with 41 Events |url=https://skoobuzz.com/news/kerala-adopts-olympics-format-for-school-sports-meet-2024|access-date=2024-07-30 |website=skoobuzz.com |language=en}}</ref>

The events are grouped into three main categories: Athletics, Aquatics, and Games. Participants, both boys and girls, competes in age divisions—Sub-Junior, Junior, and Senior. Points are awarded as follows: 5 points for gold, 3 points for silver, and 1 point for bronze. Trophies and medals are given to the top three athletes in each event, with additional recognition for overall champions in Athletics, Aquatics, and Games. The overall champion district is determined by adding up the points across all events and divisions.
{|class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:100%;"
|-
! Participating Districts / Regions
|-
|{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
* [[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]]
* [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]]
* [[Idukki district|Idukki]]
* [[Kannur district|Kannur]]
* [[Kasaragod district|Kasargod]]
* [[Kollam district|Kollam]]
* [[Kottayam district|Kottayam]]
* [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]]
* [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]]
* [[Palakkad district|Palakkad]]
* [[Pathanamthitta district|Pathanamthitta]]
* [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]]
* [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]
* [[Wayanad district|Wayanad]]
* [[United Arab Emirates]] ([[Malayali diaspora]])
{{div col end}}
|}

=== Selection of participants ===
The Education Department manages the selection process for the Kerala School Sports Meet, ensuring that rules and regulations are followed at every level, from sub-district to state. The system aims to identify top athletes across the state, allowing them to progress from sub-district to district, and eventually to the state level.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala School Games Transformed: 39 Sports and 10,000 Matches Mark a New Era in School Olympics |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/ml/!state/kerala-school-olympics-cochin-2024-kerala-news-kls24101403110 |access-date=2024-10-14 |website=etvbharat.com |date=14 October 2024 |language=ml}}</ref>

==== Inclusivity ====
In 2024, the Kerala School Sports Meet featured 1,800 differently-abled students who participated in 21 events. These included 3 team games and 18 athletic competitions. This was the first time that differently-abled students competed in the inclusive category at the state school sports festival. The events in this category included athletics, football, handball, and badminton.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Visually challenged participants at Inclusive Sports cry foul over 'guide runner' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/visually-challenged-participants-at-inclusive-sports-cry-foul-over-guide-runner/article68828460.ece |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=thehindu.com |date=4 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Competitors of the inclusive category preparing for the March Past |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/videos/one-minute-video/kerala-school-athletic-meet-differently-abled-students-march-past-1.10047656 |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=keralakaumudi.com |date=4 November 2024}}</ref>

==== Age categories ====
Participants are divided into three main categories based on age:<ref>{{cite book |date=2024 |title=Age Group for Sports & Games Championships2024-2025 |url=https://sports.kite.kerala.gov.in/2024/site/doc/Age_Group_for_Sports.pdf?v2 |publisher=Kerala Government Department of Education |page=1}}</ref>
# Under-14 (Sub-junior): Players must be born after January 1, 2011.
# Under-17 (Junior): Players must be born after January 1, 2008.
# Under-19 (Senior): Players must be born after January 1, 2006.

In addition to these categories, competitions are also held at lower levels for Kiddies, LP Kiddies, and LP Mini categories, for younger students.

==== Participation process ====
Each revenue district is assigned a set number of participants for each sport to ensure fair competition. The number of athletes allowed per district is consistent for each event.
* In [[sport of athletics|athletics]], the competition includes 25 track and field events. Each district can send up to three participants per event, except for the relay events, which allow more athletes.
* In [[Swimming (sport)|swimming]], districts can send six participants for relays and three participants in individual events across 19 swimming events.
* For [[Shooting sports|shooting]], three participants are allowed per district in each of the three events.
* In [[archery]], four participants can compete in each of the six events from each district.
* [[Tug of war]] (a traditional sport) allows a team of nine players, although the competition itself is for an eight-member team. The total body weight of the eight-member boys' team must not exceed 560 kg, while the girls' team has a limit of 440 kg.

=== Sport events ===
As of 2024, the following sports events are held annually:<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kerala School Olympics to have inclusive sports: Minister |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-school-olympics-to-have-inclusive-sports-minister/article68562868.ece |access-date=2024-08-24 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=24 August 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Aquatics]]
** [[Swimming (sport)|Swimming]]
** [[Water polo]]
* [[Archery]]
* [[Sport of athletics|Athletics]]
* [[Badminton]]
** [[Ball badminton]]
* [[Baseball]]
* [[Basketball]]
* [[Boxing]]
* [[Chess]]
* [[Cricket]]
* [[Cross country running|Cross country]]
* [[Cycle sport|Cycling]]
* [[Fencing]]
* [[Association football|Football]]
** [[Subroto Cup|Subroto Cup football]]
* [[Gymnastics]]
* [[Handball]]
* [[Field hockey|Hockey]]
* [[Judo]]
* [[Kabaddi]]
* [[Karate]]
* [[Kho kho]]
* [[Netball]]
* [[Powerlifting]]
* [[Roller skating]]
* [[Sepak takraw]]
* [[Shooting sports|Shooting]]
* [[Softball]]
* [[Taekwondo]]
* [[Table tennis]]
* [[Tennis]]
* [[Tennikoit]]
* [[Throwball]]
* [[Tug of war]]
* [[Volleyball]]
* [[Weightlifting]]
* [[Wrestling]]
* [[Wushu (sport)|Wushu]]
* [[Yoga]]
{{Div col end}}

== Medal table ==
The following medal table is based on performances in Aquatics and Athletics events, with data and medal tallies recorded from 2011 onward. No competitions were held in 2020 and 2021 due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala School Sports & Games 2023 Official Website |url=https://sports.kite.kerala.gov.in/2023/site/index.php/result/resultsite_athletics_home/ |website=kerala.gov.in |language=en}}</ref>

=== Athletic Events ===
==== District-wise Medal Tally ====
The following table displays the total number of medals earned by each district in athletic events.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;text-align:center;width:50%"
|-
! width=2%| Rank
! width=10%| District
! style="width:10%; background:gold;" | Gold
! style="width:10%; background:silver;" | Silver
! style="width:10%; background:#c96;" | Bronze
! width=4%| Total
|-
| 1
| [[Ernakulam]]
| 274
| 242
| 201
| 717
|-
| 2
| [[Palakkad]]
| 272
| 244
| 205
| 721
|-
| 3
| [[Kozhikode]]
| 121
| 122
| 119
| 362
|-
| 4
| [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| 73
| 81
| 94
| 248
|-
| 5
| [[Thrissur]]
| 63
| 59
| 56
| 178
|-
| 6
| [[Malappuram]]
| 62
| 93
| 92
| 247
|-
| 7
| [[Kottayam]]
| 45
| 64
| 68
| 177
|-
| 8
| [[Kannur]]
| 26
| 25
| 31
| 82
|-
| 9
| [[Alappuzha]]
| 23
| 27
| 45
| 95
|-
| 10
| [[Idukki]]
| 22
| 27
| 56
| 105
|-
| 11
| [[Kasargod]]
| 19
| 11
| 9
| 39
|-
| 12
| [[Kollam]]
| 13
| 12
| 20
| 45
|-
| 13
| [[Wayanad]]
| 10
| 21
| 23
| 54
|-
| 14
| [[Pathanamthitta]]
| 9
| 13
| 7
| 29
|}

==== District-Wise Annual Champions (Athletic) ====
{| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" style="font-size:90%; text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan=2 width=5% | Year
! rowspan=2 width=5% | Number of Events
! rowspan=2 width=13% | Districts (Top 3)
! colspan=2 width=12% | Number of
! colspan=3 width=12% | Medals awarded
! rowspan=2 width=25% | Best Performing School
! colspan=2 width=10% | Number of
! rowspan=2 width=10% | Date & Location
|-
! {{small|Points Earned}}
! {{small|Medals Earned}}
! align=center style="background:gold; width=7%;"|{{gold1}}
! align=center style="background:silver; width=7%;"|{{silver2}}
! align=center style="background:#cc9966; width=7%;"|{{bronze3}}
! {{small|Points Earned}}
! {{small|Medals Earned}}
|-
| rowspan=3| 2011
| rowspan=3| 94
| align=left| [[Ernakulam]]
| 278
| 85
| bgcolor="#F7F6A8"| 28
| bgcolor="#DCE5E5"| 32
| bgcolor="#FFDAB9"| 25
| rowspan=3| Mar Basil Higher Secondary School, [[Kothamangalam]] {{small|[[Ernakulam]]}}
| rowspan=3| 150
| rowspan=3| 44
| rowspan=3| December 4 – 7, [[Ernakulam]]
|-
| align=left| [[Palakkad]]
| 232
| 61
| bgcolor="#F7F6A8"| 26
| bgcolor="#DCE5E5"| 24
| bgcolor="#FFDAB9"| 11
|-
| align=left| [[Kozhikode]]
| 76
| 23
| bgcolor="#F7F6A8"| 8
| bgcolor="#DCE5E5"| 6
| bgcolor="#FFDAB9"| 9
|-
| rowspan=3| 2012
| rowspan=3| 94
| align=left| [[Palakkad]]
| 272
| 79
| bgcolor="#F7F6A8"| 28
| bgcolor="#DCE5E5"| 28
| bgcolor="#FFDAB9"| 23
| rowspan=3| St. George's Higher Secondary School, [[Kothamangalam]] {{small|[[Ernakulam]]}}
| rowspan=3| 111
| rowspan=3| 33
| rowspan=3| December 4 – 7, [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
|-
| align=left| [[Ernakulam]]
| 257
| 82
| bgcolor="#F7F6A8"| 28
| bgcolor="#DCE5E5"| 30
| bgcolor="#FFDAB9"| 24
|-
| align=left| [[Kozhikode]]
| 84
| 26
| bgcolor="#F7F6A8"| 10
| bgcolor="#DCE5E5"| 8
| bgcolor="#FFDAB9"| 8
|-
| rowspan=3| 2013
| rowspan=3| 95
| align=left| [[Ernakulam]]
| 251
| 79
| bgcolor="#F7F6A8"| 28
| bgcolor="#DCE5E5"| 24
| bgcolor="#FFDAB9"| 27
| rowspan=3| St. George's Higher Secondary School, [[Kothamangalam]] {{small|[[Ernakulam]]}}
| rowspan=3| 100
| rowspan=3| 33
| rowspan=3| November 23 – 26, [[Ernakulam]]
|-
| align=left| [[Palakkad]]
| 218
| 67
| bgcolor="#F7F6A8"| 27
| bgcolor="#DCE5E5"| 14
| bgcolor="#FFDAB9"| 26
|-
| align=left| [[Kozhikode]]
| 110
| 32
| bgcolor="#F7F6A8"| 11
| bgcolor="#DCE5E5"| 12
| bgcolor="#FFDAB9"| 9
|-
| rowspan=3| 2014
| rowspan=3| 95
| align=left| [[Ernakulam]]
| 289
| 81
| bgcolor="#F7F6A8"| 33
| bgcolor="#DCE5E5"| 28
| bgcolor="#FFDAB9"| 20
| rowspan=3| St. George's Higher Secondary School, [[Kothamangalam]] {{small|[[Ernakulam]]}}
| rowspan=3| 83
| rowspan=3| 29
| rowspan=3| December 8 – 11, [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
|-
| align=left| [[Palakkad]]
| 190
| 61
| bgcolor="#F7F6A8"| 15
| bgcolor="#DCE5E5"| 26
| bgcolor="#FFDAB9"| 20
|-
| align=left| [[Kozhikode]]
| 156
| 48
| bgcolor="#F7F6A8"| 16
| bgcolor="#DCE5E5"| 17
| bgcolor="#FFDAB9"| 15
|-
| rowspan=3| 2015
| rowspan=3| 95
| align=left| [[Ernakulam]]
| 241
| 71
| bgcolor="#F7F6A8"| 25
| bgcolor="#DCE5E5"| 28
| bgcolor="#FFDAB9"| 18
| rowspan=3| Mar Basil Higher Secondary School, [[Kothamangalam]] {{small|[[Ernakulam]]}}
| rowspan=3| 91
| rowspan=3| 29
| rowspan=3| December 5 – 8, [[Kozhikode]]
|-
| align=left| [[Palakkad]]
| 225
| 68
| bgcolor="#F7F6A8"| 24
| bgcolor="#DCE5E5"| 23
| bgcolor="#FFDAB9"| 21
|-
| align=left| [[Kozhikode]]
| 130
| 34
| bgcolor="#F7F6A8"| 16
| bgcolor="#DCE5E5"| 9
| bgcolor="#FFDAB9"| 9
|-
| rowspan=3| 2016
| rowspan=3| 95
| align=left| [[Palakkad]]
| 255
| 74
| bgcolor="#F7F6A8"| 28
| bgcolor="#DCE5E5"| 25
| bgcolor="#FFDAB9"| 21
| rowspan=3| Mar Basil Higher Secondary School, [[Kothamangalam]] {{small|[[Ernakulam]]}}
| rowspan=3| 107
| rowspan=3| 35
| rowspan=3| December 3 – 6, [[Malappuram]]
|-
| align=left| [[Ernakulam]]
| 247
| 75
| bgcolor="#F7F6A8"| 24
| bgcolor="#DCE5E5"| 31
| bgcolor="#FFDAB9"| 20
|-
| align=left| [[Kozhikode]]
| 101
| 27
| bgcolor="#F7F6A8"| 12
| bgcolor="#DCE5E5"| 8
| bgcolor="#FFDAB9"| 7
|-
| rowspan=3| 2017
| rowspan=3| 95
| align=left| [[Ernakulam]]
| 258
| 71
| bgcolor="#F7F6A8"| 34
| bgcolor="#DCE5E5"| 16
| bgcolor="#FFDAB9"| 21
| rowspan=3| Mar Basil Higher Secondary School, [[Kothamangalam]] {{small|[[Ernakulam]]}}
| rowspan=3| 75
| rowspan=3| 21
| rowspan=3| October 20 – 23, [[Kottayam]]
|-
| align=left| [[Palakkad]]
| 185
| 60
| bgcolor="#F7F6A8"| 22
| bgcolor="#DCE5E5"| 14
| bgcolor="#FFDAB9"| 24
|-
| align=left| [[Kozhikode]]
| 109
| 34
| bgcolor="#F7F6A8"| 8
| bgcolor="#DCE5E5"| 20
| bgcolor="#FFDAB9"| 6
|-
| rowspan=3| 2018
| rowspan=3| 96
| align=left| [[Ernakulam]]
| 253
| 76
| bgcolor="#F7F6A8"| 30
| bgcolor="#DCE5E5"| 26
| bgcolor="#FFDAB9"| 20
| rowspan=3| St. George's Higher Secondary School, [[Kothamangalam]] {{small|[[Ernakulam]]}}
| rowspan=3| 81
| rowspan=3| 25
| rowspan=3| October 26 – 29, [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
|-
| align=left| [[Palakkad]]
| 196
| 53
| bgcolor="#F7F6A8"| 24
| bgcolor="#DCE5E5"| 16
| bgcolor="#FFDAB9"| 13
|-
| align=left| [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| 101
| 31
| bgcolor="#F7F6A8"| 10
| bgcolor="#DCE5E5"| 11
| bgcolor="#FFDAB9"| 10
|-
| rowspan=3| 2019
| rowspan=3| 98
| align=left| [[Palakkad]]
| 201
| 60
| bgcolor="#F7F6A8"| 18
| bgcolor="#DCE5E5"| 26
| bgcolor="#FFDAB9"| 16
| rowspan=3| Mar Basil Higher Secondary School, [[Kothamangalam]] {{small|[[Ernakulam]]}}
| rowspan=3| 62
| rowspan=3| 20
| rowspan=3| November 15 – 18, [[Kannur]]
|-
| align=left| [[Ernakulam]]
| 157
| 46
| bgcolor="#F7F6A8"| 21
| bgcolor="#DCE5E5"| 14
| bgcolor="#FFDAB9"| 11
|-
| align=left| [[Kozhikode]]
| 123
| 39
| bgcolor="#F7F6A8"| 14
| bgcolor="#DCE5E5"| 7
| bgcolor="#FFDAB9"| 18
|-
| rowspan=3| 2022
| rowspan=3| 98
| align=left| [[Palakkad]]
| 201
| 71
| bgcolor="#F7F6A8"| 32
| bgcolor="#DCE5E5"| 21
| bgcolor="#FFDAB9"| 18
| rowspan=3| Ideal E. H. S. S. Kadakassery {{small|[[Palakkad]]}}
| rowspan=3| 66
| rowspan=3| 20
| rowspan=3| December 3 – 6, [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
|-
| align=left| [[Malappuram]]
| 149
| 44
| bgcolor="#F7F6A8"| 13
| bgcolor="#DCE5E5"| 17
| bgcolor="#FFDAB9"| 14
|-
| align=left| [[Kozhikode]]
| 122
| 40
| bgcolor="#F7F6A8"| 8
| bgcolor="#DCE5E5"| 16
| bgcolor="#FFDAB9"| 16
|-
| rowspan=3| 2023
| rowspan=3| 98
| align=left| [[Palakkad]]
| 266
| 67
| bgcolor="#F7F6A8"| 28
| bgcolor="#DCE5E5"| 27
| bgcolor="#FFDAB9"| 12
| rowspan=3| Ideal E. H. S. S. Kadakassery {{small|[[Palakkad]]}}
| rowspan=3| 57
| rowspan=3| 23
| rowspan=3| October 16 – 20, [[Thrissur]]
|-
| align=left| [[Malappuram]]
| 168
| 55
| bgcolor="#F7F6A8"| 13
| bgcolor="#DCE5E5"| 22
| bgcolor="#FFDAB9"| 20
|-
| align=left| [[Kozhikode]]
| 95
| 29
| bgcolor="#F7F6A8"| 10
| bgcolor="#DCE5E5"| 7
| bgcolor="#FFDAB9"| 12
|-
| colspan=12| Kerala School Sports Meet
|-
| rowspan=3| [[2024 Kerala School Sports Meet|2024]]
| rowspan=3| 39
| align=left| Thiruvananthapuram
| 1935
| 541
| bgcolor="#F7F6A8"| 227
| bgcolor="#DCE5E5"| 150
| bgcolor="#FFDAB9"| 164
| rowspan=3| [[G. V. Raja Sports School]] {{small|Thiruvananthapuram}}
| rowspan=3| 268
| rowspan=3| 68
| rowspan=3| November 4 – 11, [[Kochi]]
|-
| align=left| Thrissur
| 848
| 244
| bgcolor="#F7F6A8"| 80
| bgcolor="#DCE5E5"| 65
| bgcolor="#FFDAB9"| 99
|-
| align=left| Malappuram
| 824
| 292
| bgcolor="#F7F6A8"| 64
| bgcolor="#DCE5E5"| 90
| bgcolor="#FFDAB9"| 138
|}

=== Aquatic Events ===
==== District-wise Medal Tally ====
The following table displays the total number of medals earned by each district in aquatic events. Due to the unavailability of data for the events held in 2012 and 2018, those years have been excluded from the following information.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;text-align:center;width:50%"
|-
! width=2%| Rank
! width=10%| District
! style="width:10%; background:gold;" | Gold
! style="width:10%; background:silver;" | Silver
! style="width:10%; background:#c96;" | Bronze
! width=4%| Total
|-
| 1
| [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| 661
| 603
| 502
| 1766
|-
| 2
| [[Ernakulam]]
| 138
| 105
| 122
| 365
|-
| 3
| [[Thrissur]]
| 69
| 108
| 167
| 344
|-
| 4
| [[Kottayam]]
| 45
| 53
| 58
| 156
|-
| 5
| [[Palakkad]]
| 8
| 32
| 58
| 98
|-
| rowspan=2|6
| [[Kasargod]]
| 2
| 8
| 15
| 25
|-
| [[Kollam]]
| 2
| 1
| 2
| 5
|-
| 7
| [[Kozhikode]]
| 0
| 12
| 5
| 17
|-
| 8
| [[Kannur]]
| 0
| 6
| 7
| 13
|-
| 9
| [[Alappuzha]]
| 0
| 5
| 3
| 8
|-
| 10
| [[Malappuram]]
| 0
| 1
| 0
| 1
|-
| rowspan=3|11
| [[Idukki]]
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
|-
| [[Pathanamthitta]]
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
|-
| [[Wayanad]]
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
|}

==== District-Wise Annual Champions (Aquatic) ====
{| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" style="font-size:90%; text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan=2 width=5% | Year
! rowspan=2 width=5% | Number of Events
! rowspan=2 width=13% | Districts (Top 3)
! colspan=2 width=12% | Number of
! colspan=3 width=12% | Medals awarded
! rowspan=2 width=25% | Best Performing School
! colspan=2 width=10% | Number of
! rowspan=2 width=10% | Date & Location
|-
! {{small|Points Earned}}
! {{small|Medals Earned}}
! align=center style="background:gold; width=7%;"|{{gold1}}
! align=center style="background:silver; width=7%;"|{{silver2}}
! align=center style="background:#cc9966; width=7%;"|{{bronze3}}
! {{small|Points Earned}}
! {{small|Medals Earned}}
|-
| rowspan=3| 2011
| rowspan=3| 104
| align=left| [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| 666
| 201
| bgcolor="#F7F6A8"| 68
| bgcolor="#DCE5E5"| 63
| bgcolor="#FFDAB9"| 70
| rowspan=3| Government V. H. S. S, Kalamassery {{small|[[Ernakulam]]}}
| rowspan=3| 57
| rowspan=3| 13
| rowspan=3| October 24 – 27, [[Thrissur Aquatic Complex|Aquatics Complex Thrissur]]
|-
| align=left| [[Ernakulam]]
| 232
| 44
| bgcolor="#F7F6A8"| 21
| bgcolor="#DCE5E5"| 13
| bgcolor="#FFDAB9"| 10
|-
| align=left| [[Thrissur]]
| 127
| 40
| bgcolor="#F7F6A8"| 13
| bgcolor="#DCE5E5"| 8
| bgcolor="#FFDAB9"| 19
|-
| rowspan=3| 2013
| rowspan=3| 104
| align=left| [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| 657
| 201
| bgcolor="#F7F6A8"| 66
| bgcolor="#DCE5E5"| 69
| bgcolor="#FFDAB9"| 66
| rowspan=3| Government V. H. S. S, Pirappancode {{small|[[Thiruvananthapuram]]}}
| rowspan=3| 202
| rowspan=3| 58
| rowspan=3| October 28 – 31, Swimming Pool [[Pirappancode]]
|-
| align=left| [[Ernakulam]]
| 224
| 54
| bgcolor="#F7F6A8"| 26
| bgcolor="#DCE5E5"| 19
| bgcolor="#FFDAB9"| 9
|-
| align=left| [[Thrissur]]
| 134
| 43
| bgcolor="#F7F6A8"| 10
| bgcolor="#DCE5E5"| 13
| bgcolor="#FFDAB9"| 20
|-
| rowspan=3| 2014
| rowspan=3| 104
| align=left| [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| 686
| 199
| bgcolor="#F7F6A8"| 78
| bgcolor="#DCE5E5"| 60
| bgcolor="#FFDAB9"| 61
| rowspan=3| Government V. H. S. S, Pirappancode {{small|[[Thiruvananthapuram]]}}
| rowspan=3| 223
| rowspan=3| 63
| rowspan=3| October 28 – 31, [[Thrissur Aquatic Complex|Aquatics Complex Thrissur]]
|-
| align=left| [[Ernakulam]]
| 157
| 42
| bgcolor="#F7F6A8"| 14
| bgcolor="#DCE5E5"| 15
| bgcolor="#FFDAB9"| 13
|-
| align=left| [[Thrissur]]
| 131
| 44
| bgcolor="#F7F6A8"| 11
| bgcolor="#DCE5E5"| 14
| bgcolor="#FFDAB9"| 19
|-
| rowspan=3| 2015
| rowspan=3| 104
| align=left| [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| 663
| 196
| bgcolor="#F7F6A8"| 69
| bgcolor="#DCE5E5"| 69
| bgcolor="#FFDAB9"| 58
| rowspan=3| Government V. H. S. S, Pirappancode {{small|[[Thiruvananthapuram]]}}
| rowspan=3| 161
| rowspan=3| 49
| rowspan=3| October 28 – 31, [[Thrissur Aquatic Complex|Aquatics Complex Thrissur]]
|-
| align=left| [[Thrissur]]
| 168
| 57
| bgcolor="#F7F6A8"| 12
| bgcolor="#DCE5E5"| 17
| bgcolor="#FFDAB9"| 28
|-
| align=left| [[Ernakulam]]
| 137
| 31
| bgcolor="#F7F6A8"| 18
| bgcolor="#DCE5E5"| 4
| bgcolor="#FFDAB9"| 9
|-
| rowspan=3| 2016
| rowspan=3| 104
| align=left| [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| 683
| 203
| bgcolor="#F7F6A8"| 71
| bgcolor="#DCE5E5"| 70
| bgcolor="#FFDAB9"| 62
| rowspan=3| Government V. H. S. S, Pirappancode {{small|[[Thiruvananthapuram]]}}
| rowspan=3| 161
| rowspan=3| 49
| rowspan=3| October 28 – 31, [[Thrissur Aquatic Complex|Aquatics Complex Thrissur]]
|-
| align=left| [[Ernakulam]]
| 142
| 35
| bgcolor="#F7F6A8"| 14
| bgcolor="#DCE5E5"| 11
| bgcolor="#FFDAB9"| 10
|-
| align=left| [[Thrissur]]
| 134
| 46
| bgcolor="#F7F6A8"| 10
| bgcolor="#DCE5E5"| 14
| bgcolor="#FFDAB9"| 22
|-
| rowspan=3| 2017
| rowspan=3| 104
| align=left| [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| 698
| 200
| bgcolor="#F7F6A8"| 76
| bgcolor="#DCE5E5"| 67
| bgcolor="#FFDAB9"| 57
| rowspan=3| Government V. H. S. S, Kalamassery {{small|[[Ernakulam]]}}
| rowspan=3| 55
| rowspan=3| 13
| rowspan=3| November 10 – 13, [[Thrissur Aquatic Complex|Aquatics Complex Thrissur]]
|-
| align=left| [[Thrissur]]
| 140
| 50
| bgcolor="#F7F6A8"| 6
| bgcolor="#DCE5E5"| 20
| bgcolor="#FFDAB9"| 24
|-
| align=left| [[Ernakulam]]
| 111
| 29
| bgcolor="#F7F6A8"| 13
| bgcolor="#DCE5E5"| 7
| bgcolor="#FFDAB9"| 9
|-
| rowspan=3| 2019
| rowspan=3| 104
| align=left| [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| 648
| 169
| bgcolor="#F7F6A8"| 70
| bgcolor="#DCE5E5"| 69
| bgcolor="#FFDAB9"| 30
| rowspan=3| Rajagiri Higher Secondary School, Kalamassery {{small|[[Ernakulam]]}}
| rowspan=3| 67
| rowspan=3| 21
| rowspan=3| October 29 – November 1, [[Thrissur Aquatic Complex|Aquatics Complex Thrissur]]
|-
| align=left| [[Ernakulam]]
| 160
| 53
| bgcolor="#F7F6A8"| 16
| bgcolor="#DCE5E5"| 10
| bgcolor="#FFDAB9"| 27
|-
| align=left| [[Kottayam]]
| 147
| 39
| bgcolor="#F7F6A8"| 15
| bgcolor="#DCE5E5"| 12
| bgcolor="#FFDAB9"| 12
|-
| rowspan=3| 2022
| rowspan=3| 104
| align=left| [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| 705
| 198
| bgcolor="#F7F6A8"| 79
| bgcolor="#DCE5E5"| 65
| bgcolor="#FFDAB9"| 54
| rowspan=3| Govt. Girls H. S. S, Kanniakulangara {{small|[[Thiruvananthapuram]]}}
| rowspan=3| 96
| rowspan=3| 32
| rowspan=3| November 7 – 9, [[Thrissur Aquatic Complex|Aquatics Complex Thrissur]]
|-
| align=left| [[Ernakulam]]
| 139
| 40
| bgcolor="#F7F6A8"| 13
| bgcolor="#DCE5E5"| 12
| bgcolor="#FFDAB9"| 15
|-
| align=left| [[Thrissur]]
| 75
| 21
| bgcolor="#F7F6A8"| 6
| bgcolor="#DCE5E5"| 8
| bgcolor="#FFDAB9"| 7
|-
| rowspan=3| 2023
| rowspan=3| 103
| align=left| [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| 721
| 199
| bgcolor="#F7F6A8"| 84
| bgcolor="#DCE5E5"| 64
| bgcolor="#FFDAB9"| 51
| rowspan=3| Madhava Vilasom H. S. S, Thundathil {{small|[[Thiruvananthapuram]]}}
| rowspan=3| 132
| rowspan=3| 30
| rowspan=3| December 8 – 11, Dr.B R Ambedkar International Aquatic Complex, [[Pirappancode]]
|-
| align=left| [[Ernakulam]]
| 99
| 37
| bgcolor="#F7F6A8"| 3
| bgcolor="#DCE5E5"| 14
| bgcolor="#FFDAB9"| 20
|-
| align=left| [[Kottayam]]
| 73
| 23
| bgcolor="#F7F6A8"| 7
| bgcolor="#DCE5E5"| 6
| bgcolor="#FFDAB9"| 10
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.kerala2015.com/}}

[[Category:1956 in multi-sport events]]
[[Category:1956 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Sport in Kerala]]

Udayarpalayam

2026-03-05T18:53:15Z

HesterBrewer:

{{About|the panchayat town in Tamil Nadu, India||Udayarpalayam (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{One source|date=November 2007}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Udayarpalayam
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = tamil
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town Panchayat
| image_skyline = Payarneeswarar temple.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Payarneeswarar temple
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|11.1873|N|79.2931|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ariyalur district|Ariyalur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 11325
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Udayarpalayam''' is a [[panchayat town]] in the [[Ariyalur district]] of the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], near [[Jayankondam]].

==Demographics==
As of the 2001 India [[census]], Udayarpalayam has a population of 11,325. Males constitute 51% of the population and females constitute 49%. Udayarpalayam has an average literacy rate of 62%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy rate is 73%, and female literacy rate is 52%. In Udayarpalayam, 13% of the population is under 6 years of age.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref>

Udayarpalayam was constituted as a village panchayat in 1886. Through a government order, dated 7 July 2006, the town was upgraded as a grade-one town panchayat. Udayarpalayam's town panchayat is divided into 15 wards and representatives from each ward constitute the council. The town administration is governed by an executive officer of Town Panchayat; Jayankondam Being the headquarters of Udayarpalayam Taluk.

==More information==
Udayarpalayam was ruled by many kings in the history such as Early Cholas, Kalabhras, Pallavas, Medieval Cholas, Later Cholas, Later Pandyas, Delhi Sultanate, Madurai Sultanate, Vijayanagar Empire, Gingee Nayaks , Kalatka Thola Udayars, Arcot Nawabs and British Raj.

It has many government and private schools and education institutes also.

The main occupations of this town is agricultural, fishing, and hand looms

The soil type found here is predominantly while red loam, clay loam & black cotton varieties are widely common in the outer edge of the city.

The major crop is paddy rice; other crops include millet, legumes, oil seed, sugarcane and cotton.

Its temperatures in summer reaches, 40 C max. & 26.3 C min., although temperatures more than 42 C are very common. Winter temperatures lie from 29.6 C to 18 C.

==History==
.Udayarpalayam was initially a small principality under the suzerainty of the Vijayanagara empire and Gingee Nayaks.The zamindari system existed still 1956, Chinnanalla Udayar, was the last Zamindar, who ruled till 1956. Even now their successors are found in the town. The town has a large palace and a temple and temple tank within its premises.<ref>Tamil Nadu Govt. Project Report on UdayarPalayam town [http://www.tn.gov.in/dtp/CCBP/Udayarpalayam.pdf] History of Udayarpalayam,</ref>

==Location==
Udayarpalayam is 255 km from Chennai.

On the south around 29 km from kumbakonam via Neelathanallur-Mathanathur bridge.

On the east and 30 km from Ariyalur.

On the North 33 km from Srimueshnam. On the North and 44 km from Viruthachalam.

On the east and 58 km from away Chidambaram.

Udayarpalayam Town limit extends over an area of 12 km2.

==Locational Advantage==
[[File:Murals in Payarneeswarar Temple, Udayarpalayam, Tamil Nadu.jpg|thumb|Murals in Payarneeswarar Temple, Udayarpalayam, Tamil Nadu]]

Udayarpalayam town is located at a distance of 45 km from the district headquarters on the State Highway (SH 4), which runs form Tiruchirappalli to Chidambaram.

The town is located at a distance of 85 km on the north eastern side of Tiruchirappalli.

The other towns of the region namely, Ariyalur, Virudhachalam, Kumbakonam, Tanjore and Perambalur are located within a distance of 50 km from the town and are well connected by state and private run buses.

The town is also connected to all the parts of the state. Ariyalur is the nearest railway station and is 28 km from the town.

==Tourism Importance==
As far as tourism potential of the town is concerned, the historic monuments and the heritage elements which are to be utilized to optimum levels and included in the tourist circuit of the region.

The palace and the Payarneeshwarar temple are the major attractions of the town. Payarneeshwarar temple is one of the oldest Shiva temples in the state, dating back to 1400 years, quite older than Thanjavur Prahadeeshwarar temple.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://udayarpalayam.com/ | title=Udayarpalayam {{!}} Ariyalur {{!}} Tamilnadu – India | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722100625/https://udayarpalayam.com/ | archive-date=2020-07-22}}</ref>

There are large numbers of tourist places, namely Gangaikonda Chozhapuram, Chidambaram; Thanjavur etc., located within a radius of 100 km of the town.

==Nearby cities and towns==
{{Geographic Location
|title = '''Destinations from Udayarpalayam'''
|North = [[Thittakudi]], [[Pennadam]], [[Virudhachalam]]
|Northeast = [[Andimadam]], [[Varadarajanpettai]], [[Sree Mushnam]], [[Neyveli]]
|West = Sendurai, [[perambalur]], [[Thuraiyur]]
|Northwest = [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]]
|Centre = Udayarpalayam
|East = [[Kachiperumal]], [[Jayankondam]], [[Kattumannarkoil]], [[Chidambaram]]
|Southeast = [[Anaikarai]], [[Thiruppanandal]]
|Southwest = [[Thanjavur]], [[Ariyalur]], [[Tiruchirapalli]]
|South = [[T.Palur]], [[Kumbakonam]]
}}

*
*[[Gangaikonda Cholapuram|Gangaikonda cholapuram]]
*[[Jayankondam|Jayamkondam]]
*[[Kallankurichi]]
*

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Ariyalur district]]

Dujone

2026-03-04T03:47:41Z

HesterBrewer: data!

{{Short description|2009 Indian Bengali romance film by Rajiv Kumar Biswas}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Dujone
| image = Dujone (2009) film poster.jpeg
| director = [[Rajiv Kumar Biswas]]
| screenplay = Rajiv Kumar Biswas
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1 = Dialogues by
| data1 = Moloy Banerjee
}}
| producer = [[Ashok Dhanuka]]
| starring = [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]] [[Srabanti Chatterjee]] [[Arun Bannerjee]] Debesh Roy Chowdhury [[Kharaj Mukherjee]]
| cinematography = Manoj Mishra
| editing = [[Raviranjan Maitra|Rabi Ranjan Maitra]]
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Jeet Gannguli]] '''Background score:''' [[S. P. Venkatesh]]
| studio = [[Eskay Movies]]
| distributor = Eskay Movies
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2009|09|17}}
| runtime = 141 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| budget = {{estimated|₹2 crore}}
| gross = {{estimated|₹6.8 crore}}
}}

'''''Dujone''''' ({{IPA|bn|duˈd͡ʒone}}; {{Translation|'''''The Two'''''}}) is a 2009 Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language [[Romance film|romantic action film]] directed by [[Rajiv Kumar Biswas]] in his directorial debut. Produced by [[Ashok Dhanuka]] under the banner of [[Eskay Movies]], the film stars [[Dev Adhikari|Dev]] and [[Srabanti Chatterjee]] in lead roles, with [[Arun Bannerjee]], Debesh Roy Chowdhury, [[Kharaj Mukherjee]], Nandini Chatterjee, [[Mousumi Saha]], [[Seema Biswas]] and Arijit Dutta in supporting roles.

The film plots a love story between Akash and Meghna, belonged to different backgrounds, which is opposed by their families, leading to Akash's father to hire a contract killer to eliminate Meghna. Announced in December 2008, the film marks Biswas's first collaboration with Dev, and pairs Dev and Srabanti for the first time. Predominantly shot in [[Kolkata]], [[Siliguri]] and [[Sikkim]], with additional filming in [[Switzerland]] and [[Houston]], over a span of five months. [[Jeet Gannguli]] composed its soundtrack, while [[S. P. Venkatesh]] provided its score, with lyrics penned by Gautam Sushmit and Priyo Chattopadhyay.

''Dujone'' was theatrically released worldwide on 17 September 2009, opening to highly positive reviews. Emerged as a hit, grossing over {{Indian rupee|6.8 crore}} against a budget of {{Indian rupee|2 crore}} the film is noted to be the first Bengali film with [[Digital intermediate|Digital Intermediate]] technology. It was remade into Hindi as ''[[Ishaqzaade]]'' (2012).

== Plot ==
Akash is the son of a multimillionaire in Kolkata. He is very much addicted to sports rather than education in college. On the other hand, Meghna, the first girl of his class, shows hatred towards Akash due to his belief regarding this. She is the daughter of a fisherman. Over a period of time, her hatred turns into love. Finally, he falls in love with her too, but their parents do not agree to their marriage. Their parents plan to avoid their marriage by giving the couple a clause that they should not meet each other for one year. If their love remains even after one year then their parents will agree to their marriage.

Akash's father puts him under house arrest in Siliguri. while Meghna's father takes her to his hometown and arranges her marriage with another man. However, both Akash and Meghna manage to escape. They reach a garden where they spend a lot of days working for money. But Akash's father sends goons to bring back his son. In the end, both of them get married in front of the Legislative Assembly where; whole college comes to support them.

== Cast ==

* [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]] as Akash Banerjee
* [[Srabanti Chatterjee]] as Meghna
* [[Arun Bannerjee]] as Mr. Banerjee, Akash's father
* Debesh Roy Chowdhury as Shankar, Meghna's father
* [[Kharaj Mukherjee]]
* Nandini Chatterjee as Mrs. Sen
* [[Mousumi Saha]] as Meghna's mother
* [[Seema Biswas]] as Meghna's aunt
* Dwijen Banerjee as Manohar,
* [[Ramaprasad Banik]] as the principal of Pailan College
* Debjani Mukherjee
* Arijit Dutta as Pandit
* Rintu Dey as Sunil, Akash's friend
* Pradip Dhar as the announcer in the sports meet
* Atanu Mukherjee as Das, Mr. Banerjee's manager

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Dujone
| type = soundtrack
| longtype = to ''Dujone''
| artist = [[Jeet Gannguli]]
| released = 2009
| genre = [[Feature Film Soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=27|s=54}}
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| label = [[Eskay Movies|Eskay Music]]
| producer = Jeet Gannguli
| prev_title = Krodh
| prev_year = 2009
| year = 2009
| next_title = [[Thana Theke Aschi]]
| next_year = 2010
| misc = {{external media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|oMLHOOLYQ_g&list|Dujone Audio Jukebox}}
}}
}}
[[Jeet Gannguli]] composed the soundtrack in his first collaboration with Biswas and sixth with Dev, after working on ''[[I Love You (2007 Bengali film)|I Love You]]'' (2007), ''[[Premer Kahini]]'' (2008), ''[[Mon Mane Na (2008 film)|Mon Mane Na]]'' (2008), ''[[Challenge (2009 film)|Challenge]]'' (2009) and ''[[Paran Jai Jaliya Re]]'' (2009). The album contains six tracks, penned by Gautam Sushmit and Priyo Chattopadhyay.
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 27:54
| title1 = Rama Ho
| length1 = 3:20
| lyrics1 = Priyo Chattopadhyay
| extra1 = Dipendu Mukherjee
| title2 = Bodhua
| length2 = 5:03
| lyrics2 = Gautam Sushmit
| extra2 = [[Zubeen Garg]], [[Monali Thakur]]
| title3 = Kar Chokhe
| length3 = 4:50
| lyrics3 = Priyo Chattopadhyay
| extra3 = Zubeen Garg, Monali Thakur
| title4 = Bodhua (sad version)
| length4 = 6:17
| lyrics4 = Gautam Sushmit
| extra4 = Zubeen Garg
| title5 = Sonali Roddure
| length5 = 4:57
| lyrics5 = Gautam Sushmit
| extra5 = [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], Monali Thakur
| title6 = Dujone title track
| length6 = 3:25
| lyrics6 = Priyo Chattopadhyay
| extra6 = [[Jeet Gannguli]], [[June Banerjee]]
}}

== Release ==
''Dujone'' had its release on 17 September 2009 with in 126 theatres in [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2009-09-19 |title=Cinema 19-09-2009 |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/cinema-19-09-2009/cid/1173022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251204150032/https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/cinema-19-09-2009/cid/1173022 |archive-date=2025-12-04 |access-date=2025-12-04 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref> It had at least 235 shows from second week, which eventually increased later.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2009-10-12 |title=Crossover calling |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/crossover-calling/cid/582239 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251204143238/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/crossover-calling/cid/582239 |archive-date=2025-12-04 |access-date=2025-12-04 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2009-04-09 |title=Europe calling |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/europe-calling/cid/633546 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251204144240/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/europe-calling/cid/633546 |archive-date=2025-12-04 |access-date=2025-12-04 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref> On 18 September 2009, it was screened in 25 theatres across [[Mumbai]], [[Bihar]], [[Odisha]], [[Assam]] and [[Tripura]], also worldwidely including [[Chicago]], [[Miami]], [[San Francisco]], [[Houston]] and [[New Jersey]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=KN |first= |date=2009-09-01 |title=Picture perfect |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/picture-perfect/cid/591121 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251204142655/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/picture-perfect/cid/591121 |archive-date=2025-12-04 |access-date=2025-12-04 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |quote=''Dujone'' will pull off another first in Tollywood when it will be screened at some local theatres in Chicago, Miami, San Francisco and New Jersey.}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:2009 films]]
[[Category:2009 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:2009 Indian films]]
[[Category:2009 action films]]
[[Category:2009 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2009 action drama films]]
[[Category:2000s teen romance films]]
[[Category:2000s romantic action films]]
[[Category:2000s romantic musical films]]
[[Category:2000s musical drama films]]
[[Category:2000s masala films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic action films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Sikkim]]
[[Category:Films shot in Houston]]
[[Category:Films shot in Switzerland]]
[[Category:Indian interfaith romance films]]
[[Category:Films about honor killing]]
[[Category:Honour killing in India]]
[[Category:Bengali-language action drama films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language romantic action films]]
[[Category:Bengali films remade in other languages]]

Khaddama

2026-03-03T20:50:13Z

HesterBrewer: adding a pg...

{{Short description|2011 film by Kamal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Khaddama
| image = Gadhama.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Kamal (director)|Kamal]]
| producer = P. V. Pradeep
| story = K. U. Iqbal
| screenplay = K. Girishkumar Kamal
| starring = {{Unbulleted list|[[Kavya Madhavan]]|[[Sreenivasan]]|[[Biju Menon]]||[[Murali Gopy]]|[[Shine Tom Chacko]]|[[Suraj Venjaramoodu]]|}}
| music = '''Score:''' [[M. Jayachandran]] '''Songs:''' [[Bennet Veetraag]]
| cinematography = Manoj Pillai
| editing = K. Rajagopal
| studio = Anitha Productions
| distributor = Murali Films
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2011|02|04|ref1=<ref name="release">{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/Gaddama-to-release-on-February-4-imagegallery-malayalam-lbymgnaaadb.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110203043820/http://www.sify.com/movies/Gaddama-to-release-on-February-4-imagegallery-malayalam-lbymgnaaadb.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2011-02-03|title=Gaddama to release on February 4|website=[[Sify]]|date=2011-01-31|access-date=2011-02-01}}</ref>}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Khaddama''''' ({{Translation|Housemaid}}<ref name="Khaleej">{{cite news|url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/displayarticle.asp?xfile=data/diversions/2011/January/diversions_January18.xml&section=diversions&col=|title=Maid film highlights abuse|author=Sajila Saseendran|newspaper=[[Khaleej Times]]|date=2011-01-14|access-date=2011-01-30|archive-date=1 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001184922/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/displayarticle.asp?xfile=data%2Fdiversions%2F2011%2FJanuary%2Fdiversions_January18.xml&section=diversions&col=|url-status=dead}}</ref>) is a 2011 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[survival film|survival]] [[drama film]] co-written and directed by [[Kamal (director)|Kamal]]. It stars [[Kavya Madhavan]] in the lead role and was produced by P. V. Pradeep under the banner of Anitha Productions. The film features songs composed by [[Bennet Veetraag]] and the background music by [[M. Jayachandran]].

The title of the film is a colloquial version of the [[Arabic language|Arabic]] word ''Khadima'' ({{langx|ar|خادمة}} "servant"). The film narrates the story of some immigrants in the [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf|Persian Gulf]] region through the life of a housemaid in [[Saudi Arabia]]. It is scripted by K. Girishkumar and Kamal and the story is based on a feature by K. U. Iqbal, published in ''[[Bhashaposhini]]'', depicting the real–life incidents of a Kerala–born housemaid in Arabia.<ref name="Khaleej" /> Principal photography for the film began in October 2010 and took place mainly in the [[Middle East]]. After a special screening in the last week of January, the film made its theatrical debut in Kerala on 4 February 2011. The film's release was banned across the Middle East.<ref name="Bangalore Mirror interview" /><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2011/Apr/29/gaddama-at-the-receiving-end-yet-again-248906.html | title='Gaddama' at the receiving end yet again | date=16 May 2012 }}</ref>

The film was well received by film critics, with most of them applauding it as a realistic film,<ref name="Rev1" /><ref name="Rev2" /><ref name="Rev3" /><ref name="Rev4" /><ref name="Rev5" /><ref name="Rediffreview" /> while the performance of Kavya Madhavan has been rated as one of the best in her career.<ref name="Kavya1" /><ref name="Kavya2" /><ref name="Kavya3" /><ref name="Kavya4" />

The movie was dubbed in to Tamil as "Palaivana Roja".

== Plot ==
Razak Kottekkad is a migrant social worker, who owns a supermarket in [[Saudi Arabia]]. He makes an effort to both identify "unknown Indians" whose bodies arrive at the mortuary and to secure their return home.

Aswathi Chandrasekharan is a lower middle-class [[Malayalis|Malayali]] woman from [[Pattambi]], [[Kerala]]. She marries a thug named Radhakrishnan who confesses to her about his premarital life and assures a complete change. Unfortunately, after a short period of happy life, he dies due to drowning. Due to the financial constraints of her family and the untimely death of her husband, Aswathi is forced to be the bread earner of the house and opts to go to the Persian Gulf. Usman, who is the car driver of an Arab family, belongs to Aswathi's village and he arranges the visa for Aswathi and brings her to Saudi Arabia. After she lands in Saudi Arabia, she is forced to wear a burqa at all times, due to the strict dress code of the country. She is subsequently exposed to a slavery-like vocation and is taken up under a sponsor to work for him as a maid. Aswathi had to face numerous troubles – sexual abuse and battery in her sponsor's house. Aswathi is accompanied by Usman, who actually brought her to all the miseries. However, he indulges in a sexual affair with an [[Indonesia|Indonesian]] maid Fathma there and gets caught and is kicked out of the sponsor's house. Aswathi helps the other maid to escape the premises and in turn is tortured as punishment.

The story follows Razak, who tries to trace Aswathi who had disappeared while escaping torture. Aswathi runs into people good and bad, eventually culminating in a deportation. After facing much trouble, she reaches Razak, who was actually looking for her. He inquires about her complete story and eventually helps Aswathi head back home to Kerala.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Kavya Madhavan]] as Aswathi Chandrasekharan
* [[Sreenivasan]] as Razak Kottekkad
* [[Biju Menon]] as Radhakrishnan, Aswathi's husband
* [[Murali Gopy]] as Bharathan, the truck driver
* [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]] as Usman
* [[Jaffar Idukki]] as Varghese, Razak's friend
* [[Lena (actress)|Lena]] as Sareena, Razak's wife
* [[K. P. A. C. Lalitha]] as Ashwathi's mother
* [[Sukumari]] as Razak's mother
* [[Shine Tom Chacko]] as Basheer, Bharathan's friend
* [[K. T. C. Abdullah]] as Hamsa
* Abigail de Jong as Fatma, the Indonesian maid
* Manu Jose<ref>{{cite news |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/article464550.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121201162823/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/article464550.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 December 2012 |author=K. Surekha|title=Multifaceted Manu |date=2011-03-31 |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=2011-04-14}}</ref>
* [[Sasi Kalinga]] as Chaandu Maash
* K.K. Moideen Koya as Hameed
* Khaamiz. S. Mohammed as Nawaf Ahmed Bin Khalid Mohammed, the sponsor
* Ali Khamees as Khalid Ahmed Bin Said Mohammed
* Mariam Sulthan as the sponsor's mother
* Hala Al Sayed as Sameera
* Ahmed Saleh as the sponsor's son
* Ali Adnan Althuki as Badar
* Tehani Ali Mohammed as Sana

}}

== Development ==
=== Writing ===

Saudi–based journalist K. U. Iqbal wrote an article which was published in ''[[Bhashaposhini]] Varshika Pathippu 2010''.<ref name="Khaleej" /><ref name="The Hindu" /> The report was based on the abuse and mistreatment of ''Khaddamas'' ("housemaids") in [[Saudi Arabia]] and was particularly inspired by the true life incidents of a maid servant named Subaida. It was a small news item published in ''Malayalam News'' (a Malayalam daily published in the Persian Gulf area) in 2002 — ''Subaida Vilikkunnu'', which forms the seed of the reportage. Iqbal says he is used to getting calls from Indians in deportation camps on a daily basis, but somehow it was the call from Subaida which struck a chord in him and he followed it up. Years later the ''Bhashaposhini'' editor-in-charge, K. C. Narayanan, asked Iqbal to do an article for its anniversary edition. Iqbal narrated several of his Gulf stories to him but it was the story of Subaida which appealed to the editor.<ref name="Iqbal">{{cite news|url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/article394758.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304094230/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/article394758.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 March 2016|title='Gaddama' – When fact inspires fiction|date=2011-02-09|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=2011-02-22}}</ref>

Kamal, who was inspired by the thematic significance and dramatic value of the story, immediately picked it up for his next film. He had already directed the Gulf-centric ''[[Perumazhakkalam]]'', which depicted the story of a young man facing death penalty in the Gulf.<ref name="Bangalore Mirror interview" /> Kamal said: "The series that appeared in ''Bhashaposhini'' caught my attention and I thought the theme had immense potential for a feature film. Although Malayalam cinema has handled Gulf-centric themes before, this had a unique perspective as it is centred on a woman. Our previous Gulf narratives mostly revolve around men, money and memories of homeland. This, I thought, was a marked deviation from that. Hence the decision to make it into a film"<ref name="The Hindu">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/article1154294.ece|title=Lost in the sands of time|author=Sangeeta|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=2011-02-04|access-date=2011-02-04}}</ref>

Kamal hired K. Girishkumar to co-write the screenplay. Girishkumar's earlier works were mostly [[family film|family dramas]], such as ''[[Veruthe Oru Bharya]]'', ''[[Kana Kanmani (film)|Kana Kanmani]]'' and ''Amrutham''.<ref name="The Hindu" /> Kamal and Girishkumar have included several real-life characters and incidents as Girishkumar says: "Many of the incidents captured in the film are taken from real-life incidents. Only the structure of the story is fictional, the rest of it has been picked up from various individual experiences."<ref name="The Hindu" /> According to Kamal, more than 90 per cent of the film is captured from real life.<ref name="Bangalore Mirror interview" />

=== Casting and principal photography ===
The central character Aswathi is played by [[Kavya Madhavan]]. Her previous association with Kamal was in ''[[Perumazhakkalam]]'', which won her a [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actress]], public appreciations and critical praise.<ref name="The Hindu" /> She was also introduced to films by Kamal as a child artist in ''[[Pookkalam Varavayi]]'' and ''[[Azhakiya Ravanan]]''.<ref name="The Hindu" /> ''Khaddama'' also marks her comeback to Malayalam cinema after she took a break from films for sometime, only recently returning.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Kavya-in-her-second-stint/700183/|title=Kavya in her second stint|date=2010-10-22|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=2011-02-25}}</ref> The film also marks her first screen appearance after the official divorce from Nishal.<ref name="kavya" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://in.movies.yahoo.com/news-detail/104217/Nischal-agrees-divorce-mutual-consent.html |title=Nischal agrees to divorce by mutual consent |access-date=2010-10-22 |publisher=[[Yahoo]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101028140318/http://in.movies.yahoo.com/news-detail/104217/Nischal-agrees-divorce-mutual-consent.html |archive-date=28 October 2010 }}</ref> According to Girishkumar, Kamal had no other choice for the protagonist of the film. He says: "Kavya was the first and obvious choice for the film. Even before the idea germinated into the story, she was decided as the protagonist."<ref name="The Hindu" /> Kavya signed the project after soon after completing [[Priyanandanan]]'s ''[[Bhakthajanangalude Sradhakku]]''. According to Kavya, it is one of the best characters she has ever got. She says: "I was really moved when Kamal sir narrated the story, which will be an eye-opener to many women in south India with dreams of living in the [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf|Persian Gulf]]. Aswathi is one of the best characters that I've ever done."<ref>{{cite news|title=Kavya's big comeback|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-04/news-interviews/28375431_1_kavya-madhavan-film-expat-workers|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912174419/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-04/news-interviews/28375431_1_kavya-madhavan-film-expat-workers|url-status=dead|archive-date=2011-09-12|date=2011-02-04|access-date=2011-02-22}}</ref>

The other roles are played by [[Sreenivasan]], [[Biju Menon]], [[Suraj Venjaramood]], Jaffer Idukki, [[Murali Gopy]], [[Lena (actress)|Lena]], [[K. P. A. C. Lalitha]] and [[Sukumari]]. Sreenivasan's character of a social worker (named Razak Kottekkad) has been heavily influenced by the real-life character named Shihab.<ref name="Iqbal" /> Suraj Venjaramoodu, known for his comic roles, plays a negative character in the film. Several theatre artists from [[Indonesia]], [[Iran]], [[Saudi Arabia]] and [[Egypt]] are featured in the film.<ref name="Kavya2">{{cite news|url=http://entertainment.oneindia.in/malayalam/top-stories/2011/kamal-more-awards-kavya-gadhama-050111.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130218192947/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/malayalam/top-stories/2011/kamal-more-awards-kavya-gadhama-050111.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-02-18 |title=Kamal expects more awards for Kavya's Gadhama role |date=2011-01-05 |publisher=[[Oneindia.in]] }}</ref><ref name="Kavya3">{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalamcinemanews.com/news/view/102|title=ഗദ്ദാമയിലെ അശ്വതി എന്റെ കരിയറിലെ മികച്ച കഥാപാത്രങ്ങളിലൊന്ന് - കാവ്യാ മാധവന്‍|language=ml|access-date=2011-02-05|publisher=Malayalamcinemanews.com|archive-date=14 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714024208/http://www.malayalamcinemanews.com/news/view/102|url-status=dead}}</ref> Shine Tom, who plays Basheer, has also served as an assistant director for the film.


The film was launched in October 2010 with its pre-shooting blessing held in [[Kochi]],<ref name="kavya">{{cite web|url=http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/oct/08/slide-show-1-south-malayalam-snippets.htm|title=Kavya gets busy|access-date=2010-08-10|publisher=[[Rediff]]}}</ref> filming began on 20 October in [[Dubai]].<ref name="kavya" /> Almost 90% of the film was shot in Dubai and other parts of [[United Arab Emirates]], while the remaining parts were filmed in [[Ottappalam]], Kerala.<ref name="Ottappalam">{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/gaddama-unit-in-ottappalam-news-malayalam-kmljk1gabgh.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101215163447/http://www.sify.com/movies/gaddama-unit-in-ottappalam-news-malayalam-kmljk1gabgh.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2010-12-15|title=Gaddama unit in Ottappalam|date=2010-12-11|access-date=2011-02-04|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref name="authorbackedrole">{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kavya-in-an-author-backed-role-news-malayalam-kl0kU1dgjic.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129032858/http://sify.com/movies/kavya-in-an-author-backed-role-news-malayalam-kl0kU1dgjic.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2010-11-29|title=Kavya in an author backed role|date=2010-11-26|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=2011-02-04}}</ref> Though the film is set in [[Saudi Arabia]] it was not filmed there. Kamal had visited several labour camps in Saudi Arabia and had gathered information from a jail personnel to know more about the life of the people there. He also spoke to many Khaddamas who returned to Kerala.<ref name="Bangalore Mirror interview" /> Kamal argues that his research made the film more realistic and convincing. Manoj Pillai, who has been an assistant of [[Santosh Sivan]], an independent cinematographer for a few Malayalam films<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fr/2007/02/16/stories/2007021600780200.htm|title=Sign of success|author=Sangeeta|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=2007-02-16|access-date=2011-02-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100809110949/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fr/2007/02/16/stories/2007021600780200.htm|archive-date=9 August 2010|url-status=usurped}}</ref> was the cameraman. Manoj Pillai says: "The desert is a difficult terrain to work on. It was stressful, but we managed it. And the footage looks nice. It is a testimony of the fantastic crew that we add"<ref name="The Hindu" />

The central character, Aswathi, appears in a black [[Pardah]] in major parts of the film.<ref name="The Hindu" /> The costumes have been designed by Anil Kumar, while Pandiyan did the make up.<ref name="authorbackedrole" /> Shafeer Sait, who has a longtime association with Kamal, is the production controller.<ref>[http://www.shafeersait.com/About-me.html "About me: Shafeer Sait"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110201191134/http://shafeersait.com/About-me.html |date=1 February 2011 }}. Shafeersait.com. Retrieved 2011-02-04.</ref> Suresh Kollam is the art director. Tapas Nayak, who was an assistant of [[H. Sridhar]], completed the sound design.

=== Post-production ===
The film retains the title of K. U. Iqbal's feature published in ''Bhashaposhini''.<ref name="The Hindu2">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/10/05/stories/2010100550210200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009172912/http://www.hindu.com/2010/10/05/stories/2010100550210200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2010-10-09|title='Gulf Malayalis' is theme for next Kamal film|date=2010-10-05|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2011-02-04}}</ref> "Khaddama" (often spelt "Gaddama" or "Gadhama") is a colloquial version of the [[Arabic language|Arabic]] word ''Khadima'' ({{langx|ar|خادمة}} "servant").<ref name="Khaleej" /> The name is generally used to address domestic workers in Arabian countries who come from other countries.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/malayalamContentView.do?contentId=9096675&programId=3982928&channelId=-1073750705&BV_ID=@@@&tabId=3|title=പേരു വരുത്തിയ വിനകൾ|language=ml|newspaper=[[Malayala Manorama]]|date=2011-04-04|access-date=2011-04-09}}</ref> Most of them are from North African countries, the [[Philippines]] and [[Sri Lanka]]. Indians are comparatively few, but most are from the [[Malabar (Northern Kerala)|Malabar]] region.<ref name="Bangalore Mirror interview" />

Kamal organised a special screening of the film in the first week of January. The screening was attended by several industry people including actresses [[Manju Warrier]] and [[Samyuktha Varma]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/article391734.ece|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629235039/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/article391734.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 June 2013|title=Friends come to Kavya's rescue |date=2011-02-02|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=2011-04-14}}</ref><ref name="preview">{{cite news|url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/malayalamContentView.do?contentId=8756817&programId=3982928&channelId=-1073750705&BV_ID=@@@&tabId=3|title=മഞ്ജു വാര്യരും കാവ്യയും സ്ക്രീനിൽ ഒന്നിക്കുന്നു|language=ml|newspaper=[[Malayala Manorama]]|date=2011-02-04|access-date=2011-02-06}}</ref> The preview was held at D.L.S. theatre, [[Kakkanad]], [[Kochi]].<ref name="preview" /> The film received positive responses among those who attended the preview.<ref name="screening">{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kavya-madhavan-s-big-day-news-malayalam-lcdre3fdgdf.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206081230/http://www.sify.com/movies/kavya-madhavan-s-big-day-news-malayalam-lcdre3fdgdf.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2011-02-06|title=Kavya Madhavan's big day|website=[[Sify]]|date=2011-02-03|access-date=2011-02-04}}</ref> After the show it was reported that, "Kavya was brilliant as the harassed Indian maid working in an Arab household".<ref name="screening" />

== Release and reception ==
The film was distributed by Murali Films. It had a limited release in about thirty theatres in Kerala on 4 February 2011.<ref name="release" /><ref name="screening" /> The film was anticipated among both critics and cinema-goers, not only because of its theme but also due to the wide marketing strategy.<ref name="The Hindu" /> It was the only Malayalam film released on the date and hence had no significant competition.

Even though the film had a limited release it became a box office winner. The film's fiftieth day celebration was held at the Avenue Centre, Kochi on 27 March. The function was attended by film directors [[Joshiy]] and [[Sibi Malayil]], producers [[Siyad Koker]], [[Swargachitra Appachan]] and Vyshakh Rajan, writer P. Sukumar, and politician [[V. M. Sudheeran]], along with the cast and crew of the film. During the function V. M. Sudheeran opined that ''Khaddama'' was one of the best films of recent times and that he had congratulated Kamal for the bold movie soon after watching it.<ref>{{cite web|author=Vazhoor Jose |url=http://malayalam.deepikaglobal.com/feature/featuredetails.asp?ncode=2137&feature_cat=Cat19 |title=ഗദ്ദാമ വിജയാഘോഷം |language=ml |publisher=[[Deepika (newspaper)|Deepika]] |date=2011-03-27 |access-date=2011-04-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110705102533/http://malayalam.deepikaglobal.com/feature/featuredetails.asp?ncode=2137&feature_cat=Cat19 |archive-date= 5 July 2011 }}</ref>

===Controversy===
The film was to be released in the Middle East on the same day, a big market for Malayalam films, but it was banned across the Middle East as the Censor Board rejected the film.<ref name="Bangalore Mirror interview">{{cite news|url=http://www.bangaloremirror.com/index.aspx?Page=article&sectname=Entertainment%20-%20Bollywood&sectid=24&contentid=201103272011032719271292986872096|title=Gadhamas on celluloid|newspaper=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|date=2011-03-27|access-date=2011-04-17|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317052745/http://www.bangaloremirror.com/index.aspx?Page=article&sectname=Entertainment%20-%20Bollywood&sectid=24&contentid=201103272011032719271292986872096|archive-date=17 March 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.madhyamam.com/news/73918/110430 |title='ഗദ്ദാമ' ഗള്‍ഫ് രാജ്യങ്ങളുടെ ബ്ലാക്ക് ലിസ്റ്റില്‍; യു.എ.ഇ പ്രദര്‍ശനം നിരോധിച്ചു |language=ml |trans-title='Khaddama' blacklisted in Gulf countries; U.A.E banned the release |newspaper=[[Madhyamam]] |date=2011-04-30 |access-date=2011-07-02 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110824094450/http://www.madhyamam.com/news/73918/110430 |archive-date=24 August 2011 }}</ref>

=== Critical response ===
The film received generally favorable critical reviews and some applauded ''Khaddama'' as a realistic film. [[Kavya Madhavan]]'s lead performance has been rated as one of the best in her career.<ref name="Kavya1">{{cite news|url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/malayalamContentView.do?contentId=9025477&programId=3982928&channelId=-1073750705&BV_ID=@@@&tabId=3|title=അശ്വതിയുടെ അഭിനയം|language=ml|date=2011-03-02|newspaper=[[Malayala Manorama]]|access-date=2011-04-07}}</ref><ref name="Kavya3" /><ref name="Kavya4">{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/will-kavya-win-a-national-award-news-malayalam-lchjUleiaeb.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110211010245/http://www.sify.com/movies/will-kavya-win-a-national-award-news-malayalam-lchjUleiaeb.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2011-02-11|title=Will Kavya win a National award?|date=2011-02-08|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=2011-04-17}}</ref><ref name="Kavya2x">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.screenindia.com/news/i-already-got-my-award/760534/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120912085349/http://www.screenindia.com/news/i-already-got-my-award/760534/|archive-date=2012-09-12|title=I already got my award |author=Unni R. Nair|date=2011-03-11|magazine=[[Screen India]]|access-date=2011-04-17|url-status=dead}}</ref>

M. Ashitha of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' said, "Director Kamal makes convincing depiction of the obscure fate of poor Indian women in an alien land. Kavya excels in her role. Manoj Pillai's outstanding camerawork makes the film realistic."<ref name="Rev1">{{cite news|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/141227/destiny-desert.html|title=Destiny in desert|author=M. Ashitha|newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]|access-date=2011-04-17}}</ref>

S. Anandan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' commented, "Kamal's movie, on its part, attempts to catalogue the society's brutality meted out to Gulf Malayalees. The movie is a decent depiction of lives in exile in the Middle East. However, going by the accounts of Gulf deportees, what is shown is just the tip of the iceberg insofar as the agonies of the diasporic workers in the Persian Gulf are concerned. ''Khaddama'' would have evoked a better response had its narrative been a little nuanced and punctuated with dark humour."<ref name="Rev2">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/03/04/stories/2011030450320200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110309011749/http://www.hindu.com/2011/03/04/stories/2011030450320200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2011-03-09|title=A searing tale from the desert|author=S. Anandan|date=2011-03-04|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2011-04-17}}</ref>

Paresh C. Palicha of [[Rediff.com]] gave the film three out of five stars, saying "''Khaddama'' is one example where he [Kamal] deals with a subject that requires realistic treatment and he has come up on top."<ref name="Rediffreview">{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-khadama/20110204.htm|title=Khadama review: As real as it gets|author=Paresh C. Palicha|date=2011-01-04|publisher=[[Rediff]]|access-date=2011-01-05}}</ref>

The reviewer of ''[[Sify]].com'' gave the film a verdict of 'Above Average' and stated, "Khaddama handles a different issue and it is indeed one that needs grave attention as well."<ref name="Rev3">{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/khaddama-review-malayalam-14962196.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416094722/http://www.sify.com/movies/khaddama-review-malayalam-14962196.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2014-04-16|title=Movie Review: Khaddama|date=2011-02-05|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=2011-02-06}}</ref>

Nikhil Narayanan of [[Oneindia.in]] stated, "If you are unhappy with the lack of women-centric themes in Malayalam cinema, here's a reprieve. This movie belongs to Kavya Madhavan, who has brilliantly delivered the role portraying the hardships of a Malayalee maid in a Sheikh's house in Saudi Arabia."<ref name="Rev4">{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/reviews/2011/gadhama-movie-review-280311-aid0062.html|author=Nikhil Narayanan|title=Gadhama – Movie Review|date=2011-03-28|publisher=[[Oneindia.in]]|access-date=2011-04-17|archive-date=22 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022170401/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/malayalam/reviews/2011/gadhama-movie-review-280311-aid0062.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The reviewer of ''[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]'' said, "All in all, 'Khaddama' is a quality offering from the master director, with a genuine upsetting story. The movie has plenty of faces that continue to haunt you even after the film has ended. This is a film for the discerning viewer who likes to go a little beyond the regular masala stereotype."<ref name="Rev5">{{cite web|url=http://www.asianetindia.com/cinebuzz/gaddama_241737.html |title=Gaddama: Movie Review |date=2011-02-14 |publisher=[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] |access-date=2011-04-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110303032347/http://www.asianetindia.com/cinebuzz/gaddama_241737.html |archive-date= 3 March 2011 }}</ref>

=== Accolades ===
The film has received various awards and nominations. In the 2011 Kerala Film Critics Awards it became the biggest winner, with three awards for Best Film, Best Director and Best Actress.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/critics-award-gaddama-adjudged-best-film/755271/|title=Critics award: Gaddama adjudged best film|date=2011-02-26|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=2011-02-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/article401573.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122140113/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/article401573.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 November 2012|title=Kavya Madhavan, Gaddama steal limelight|date=2011-02-28|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=2011-03-01}}</ref> The film was selected as one of the six Malayalam films to compete for the [[National Film Awards]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?Section=Movies&ID=ENTEN20110175298&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&keyword=regional&nid=104721 |title=Seven Malayalam Films To Compete For National Award |author=[[Press Trust of India]] |date=10 May 2011 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |access-date=17 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524042037/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?Section=Movies&ID=ENTEN20110175298&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&keyword=regional&nid=104721 |archive-date=24 May 2011 }}</ref> Kavya Madhavan was in the final round in the Best Actress category, but she lost to [[Mitalee Jagtap Varadkar]] and [[Saranya Ponvannan]].<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.madhyamam.com/news/79543/110520
|title=കാവ്യാ മാധവന്‍ അവസാന റൗണ്ടില്‍ പുറത്തായി
|language=ml
|date=20 May 2011
|newspaper=[[Madhyamam]]
|access-date=26 May 2011
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110602222929/http://madhyamam.com/news/79543/110520
|archive-date= 2 June 2011
}}</ref> She won the [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress Award]] at the 2011 [[Kerala State Film Awards]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/05/23/stories/2011052361020100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526155715/http://www.hindu.com/2011/05/23/stories/2011052361020100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 May 2011|title=Adaminte Makan Abu adjudged best film |date=23 May 2011|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=26 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/article473336.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606215221/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/article473336.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 June 2014|title=Debutant directors sweep Kerala state awards |date=23 May 2011|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=26 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?Section=Movies&ID=ENTEN20110176136&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&keyword=regional&nid=10751 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120710131220/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?Section=Movies&ID=ENTEN20110176136&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&keyword=regional&nid=10751 |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 July 2012 |title=Adaminte Makan Abu Wins Top Honours At Kerala State Awards |date=22 May 2011 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |access-date=26 May 2011 }}</ref> and Amrita-FEFKA Film Awards.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bestmediainfo.com/2011/06/amrita-fefka-film-awards-announced/|title=Amrita FEFKA Film Awards Announced|date=2 June 2011|publisher=Best Media Info|access-date=2 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/article/67286.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605061414/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/article/67286.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 June 2011|title=Amritha awards for Mammootty, Kavya and T D Dasan|date=2 June 2011|website=IndiaGlitz|access-date=2 June 2011}}</ref> Gaddhama was screened in the ''Malayalam Cinema Today'' section at the 16th [[International Film Festival of Kerala]] (IFFK), in [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]] in 2011.<ref name="A slice of Kerala">{{cite web|title=A slice of Kerala|url=http://newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/food/article136099.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012212341/http://newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/food/article136099.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 October 2013|publisher=Expressbuzz.com}}</ref>

;[[1st South Indian International Movie Awards]]
* [[SIIMA Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] – Kavya Madhavan

; Thikkurissy Foundation Awards (2012)<ref>{{cite news|author=[[Press Trust of India]] |title='Aadminte Makan Abu chosen best film by Thikkurissy foundation |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/aadminte-makan-abu-chosen-best-film-by-thikkurissy-foundation/947678.html |access-date=8 January 2012 |publisher=[[IBN Live]] |date=7 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119053141/http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/aadminte-makan-abu-chosen-best-film-by-thikkurissy-foundation/947678.html |archive-date=19 January 2012 }}</ref>
* Best Actress – Kavya Madhavan
* Best Female Playback Singer – K. S. Chithra
* Best Male Playback Singer – Karthik
* Best Lyricist – Rafeeq Ahamed
; Kerala state film award 2011 Best actress – Kavya Madhavan
; Asianet Film Award 2011 Best actress – Kavya Madhavan
; [[59th Filmfare Awards South]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Malayalam|Best Actress]] – Kavya Madhavan
*Nominated National film award for Best Actress- Kavya Madhavan

=== Accusation of plagiarism ===
A controversy regarding the film's plot originated when [[Kozhikode]]-based writer Salim Kurukkalakath claimed that the main story of the film was plagiarised from his story published in ''[[Madhyamam]]'' weekly on 20 October 2000. Salim says he had written the story while he was working in the Gulf and alleges that though he had written to Kamal on the issue in the initial stages of film making itself, Kamal had not replied. "It became clear after I saw the film", he says."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.madhyamam.com/news/47849/110214 |title='ഗദ്ദാമ' സിനിമയുടെ കഥ മോഷണമെന്ന് |language=ml |date=2011-02-14 |newspaper=[[Madhyamam]] |access-date=2011-04-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218181315/http://www.madhyamam.com/news/47849/110214 |archive-date=18 February 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.keralabhooshanam.com/?p=50654 |title=ഗദ്ദാമ സിനിമക്കെതിരെ നിയമനടപടി സ്വീകരിക്കും |language=ml |date=2011-02-16 |publisher=Kerala Bhooshanam |access-date=2011-04-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120905095710/http://www.keralabhooshanam.com/?p=50654 |archive-date=5 September 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://janayugomonline.com/php/newsDetails.php?nid=81023 |title=ഗദ്ദാമ സിനിമക്കെതിരെ നിയമനടപടി സ്വീകരിക്കും |language=ml |date=2011-02-15 |publisher=Janayugom |access-date=2011-04-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110818203042/http://janayugomonline.com/php/newsDetails.php?nid=81023 |archive-date=18 August 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://entertainment.oneindia.in/malayalam/top-stories/2011/gadhama-facing-plagiarism-charges-150211-aid0062.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120709122326/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/malayalam/top-stories/2011/gadhama-facing-plagiarism-charges-150211-aid0062.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-07-09 |title=Kavya's Gadhama facing plagiarism charges |date=2011-02-15 |publisher=[[Oneindia.in]] |access-date=2011-02-22 }}</ref>

== Music and soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Khaddama
| type = soundtrack
| artist = Bennet Veetraag
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2011
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = Satyam Audios
| producer = P. V. Pradeep
| prev_title = [[Dr. Patient]]
| prev_year = 2009
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
The film's background score has been composed by [[M. Jayachandran]], collaborating with Kamal for the first time after ''[[Perumazhakkalam]]''. The songs are composed by the duo [[Bennet Veetraag]]<ref name="music review">{{cite news|url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/malayalamContentView.do?contentId=8766015&programId=1073752867&channelId=-1073751205&BV_ID=@@@&tabId=4|title=ഗദ്ദാമയിലെ ഗാനങ്ങൾ|language=ml|newspaper=[[Malayala Manorama]]|access-date=2011-02-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714030136/http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/malayalamContentView.do?contentId=8766015&programId=1073752867&channelId=-1073751205&BV_ID=@@@&tabId=4|archive-date=14 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> and feature lyrics by noted poet Rafeeque Ahammed.

The soundtrack album, released on Satyam Audios, contains five songs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalamcinemanews.com/news/view/30|title=ഏറ്റവും പുതിയ ഓഡിയോ റിലീസുകള്‍|language=ml|access-date=2010-02-05|publisher=Malayalamcinemanews.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101112182139/http://www.malayalamcinemanews.com/news/view/30|archive-date=12 November 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Out of the five songs only two, "Naattuvazhiyorathe" and "Vidhuramee", are featured in the film as the track "Ariyumo" was a promotional song. The soundtrack received critical praise, particularly for the melody in the tracks.<ref name="music review" />

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| total_length = 26:22
| title1 = Naattuvazhiyorathe
| extra1 = [[Chithra]] & [[Vijay Yesudas]]
| length1 = 5:19
| title2 = Ariyumo
| extra2 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
| length2 = 4:52
| title3 = Vidhuramee
| extra3 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]] & [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
| length3 = 5:21
| title4 = Naattuvazhi
| extra4 = [[Chithra]]
| length4 = 5:19
| title5 = Vidhuramee Yathra
| extra5 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
| length5 = 5:21
}}

==See also==
* [[The Goat Life]]: a similar film of a migrant worker getting enslaved based on the life of Najeeb.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Official website|http://www.khaddama.com/}} ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807113538/http://www.khaddama.com/|url2=https://web.archive.org/web/2011*/http://www.khaddama.com/*|title2=List of archived pages}})
* [http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=4272 ''Khaddama''] at the Malayalam Movie Database

{{Kamal (director)}}
{{Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Film}}

[[Category:2011 films]]
[[Category:2011 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Bennet Veetraag]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in Saudi Arabia]]
[[Category:Indian films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Films shot in the United Arab Emirates]]
[[Category:Films about women in the Indian diaspora]]
[[Category:Films involved in plagiarism controversies]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kerala]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ottapalam]]
[[Category:Films shot in Palakkad]]
[[Category:2011 drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Kamal (director)]]
[[Category:Indian intellectual property law]]
[[Category:2011 controversies]]

Ore Raththam

2026-03-03T05:13:46Z

HesterBrewer: fixed section after review

{{short description|1987 film by K. Sornam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Ore Raththam.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[K. Sornam]]
| writer = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| based_on = {{based on|''Ore Raththam''|M. Karunanidhi}}
| producer = M. Suryanarayanan
| starring = {{ubl|[[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]]|[[Pandiyan (actor)|Pandiyan]]|[[Radha Ravi]]|[[Kishmu]]|[[M. K. Stalin]]|[[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]]|[[Madhuri (Tamil actress)|Madhuri]]}}
| cinematography = M. S. Annadurai
| editing = L. Kesavan
| music = [[Devendran]]
| studio = Murasu Movies
| released = {{film date|1987|5|8|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Ore Raththam''''' ({{IPA|ta|oɾeː ɾattam|pron}} {{translation|Same Blood}})<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mohan |first=Rohini |date=26 March 2011 |title=K Klutch Klan |url=http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main49.asp?filename=Ne260311Coverstory.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428093448/http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main49.asp?filename=Ne260311Coverstory.asp |archive-date=28 April 2018 |access-date=27 April 2018 |work=[[Tehelka]]}}</ref> is a 1987 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[political drama]] film directed by [[K. Sornam]] and written by [[M. Karunanidhi]]. The film has an [[ensemble cast]] including [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]], [[Pandiyan (actor)|Pandiyan]], [[Radha Ravi]], [[Kishmu]], [[M. K. Stalin]], [[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]] and [[Madhuri (Tamil actress)|Madhuri]]. It is based on Karunanidhi's novel of the same name which was [[Serial (literature)|serialised]] in the magazine ''[[Kungumam (magazine)|Kungumam]]''. The film was released on 8 May 1987.

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=June 2021}}

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]] as Magesh
* [[Pandiyan (actor)|Pandiyan]] as Ponnan
* [[Radha Ravi]]
* [[Kishmu]] as the rigid religionist
* [[M. K. Stalin]] as Nandhakumar<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shekar |first=Anjana |date=26 March 2021 |title=MK Stalin's brief stint with acting: Two films and a TV serial |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/mk-stalins-brief-stint-acting-two-films-and-tv-serial-145993 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610235058/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/mk-stalins-brief-stint-acting-two-films-and-tv-serial-145993 |archive-date=10 June 2021 |access-date=11 June 2021 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref>
* [[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]] as the straying girl
* [[Madhuri (Tamil actress)|Madhuri]]
* [[K. K. Soundar]]
* [[M. R. Krishnamurthy]]
* [[Chinni Jayanth]]
* [[C. I. D. Sakunthala]]
* [[Bhagyalakshmi (actress)|Bhagyalakshmi]] as Merry
* [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Parvathi
}}

== Production ==
''Ore Raththam'' was a story which was [[Serial (literature)|serialised]] in the magazine ''[[Kungumam (magazine)|Kungumam]]''. The author [[M. Karunanidhi]] adapted it for the screen with the same title.<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Ore Raththam |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=Murasu Movies |year=1987 |time=0:00 to 15:55 |time-caption=Opening credits, from}}</ref> His son [[M. K. Stalin|Stalin]] made his cinematic acting debut with this film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 March 2017 |title='ஒரே ரத்தம்' நந்தகுமார்... 'குறிஞ்சி மலர்' அரவிந்தன் - மு.க.ஸ்டாலின் திரைப்பயணம்! #VikatanExclusive |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/pokkisham/82353-stalin-has-acted-as-an-artist-in-cinema-and-serial-in-his-early-age.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180420105151/https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/pokkisham/82353-stalin-has-acted-as-an-artist-in-cinema-and-serial-in-his-early-age.html |archive-date=20 April 2018 |access-date=27 April 2018 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Devendran]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ore Raththam |url=https://gaana.com/album/ore-raththam-tamil |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611101858/https://gaana.com/album/ore-raththam-tamil |archive-date=11 June 2021 |access-date=11 June 2021 |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Neethikku Thandanai/Ore Raththam Tamil LP Record |url=https://www.carousell.com.my/p/neethikku-thandanai-ore-raththam-tamil-lp-record-1150890849/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310055612/https://www.carousell.com.my/p/neethikku-thandanai-ore-raththam-tamil-lp-record-1150890849/ |archive-date=10 March 2023 |access-date=10 March 2023 |website=Carousell}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 7:19 
| title1 = Ore Raththam Than Oduthu
| extra1 = Devendran
| length1 = 4:08
| title2 = Oru Poralien Payanam Idu
| extra2 = Devendran
| length2 = 3:11
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Ore Raththam'' was released on 8 May 1987.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 May 1987 |title=Ore Ratham |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19870508&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=27 April 2018 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=4 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref> N. Krishnaswamy of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' liked the film because "most of the characters get a say, the focus shifts to each of them one time or another". He also praised the narration, dialogue, background score, camera work, and editing.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishnaswamy |first=N. |date=22 May 1987 |title=Cinematic equality |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19870522&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=27 April 2018 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=12 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref> [[Subha (writers)|Jayamanmadhan]] of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' felt that Karunanidhi wrote this script seemed like not go towards political area and also felt the song sequences and method of story telling has outdated feel, citing director Sornam was in huge slumber then woke up suddenly and went to the sets and concluded saying if the film was ended showing Kishmu's character as reformed than dying it would have been a propaganda play preaching life education.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=ஜெயமன்மதன் |author-link=Subha (writers) |date=24 May 1987 |title=ஒரே ரத்தம் |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1987/may/24-05-1987/p61.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220730041420/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1987/may/24-05-1987/p61.jpg |archive-date=2022-07-30 |access-date=2022-11-19 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=61 |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1987 Indian films]]
[[Category:1980s political drama films]]
[[Category:1987 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1987 films]]
[[Category:Films based on Tamil novels]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Sornam]]
[[Category:Films scored by Devendran]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by M. Karunanidhi]]
[[Category:Indian political drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Viralukketha Veekkam

2026-03-03T04:45:22Z

HesterBrewer: new page

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Viralukketha Veekkam
| image = Viralukketha Veekkam poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical poster
| director = [[V. Sekhar]]
| writer = V. Sekhar
| producer = S. S. Durairaju K. Parthiban
| starring = {{unbulleted list|[[J. Livingston|Livingston]]|[[Vadivelu]]|[[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]]|[[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]]|[[Kovai Sarala]]|[[Kanaka (actress)|Kanaka]]}}
| cinematography = G. Rajendran P. S. Selvam
| editing = A. P. Manivannan
| music = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
| studio = Thiruvalluvar Kalaikoodam
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1999|07|16}}
| runtime = 155 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Viralukketha Veekkam''''' ({{translation|Swelling should commensurate with the size of the finger}}) is a 1999 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[comedy drama]] film directed by [[V. Sekhar]]. The film stars [[J. Livingston|Livingston]], [[Vadivelu]], [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]], [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]], [[Kovai Sarala]] and [[Kanaka (actress)|Kanaka]]. It was released on 16 July 1999 and became successful at the box-office.<ref>{{Cite web |title=viralukketha veekkam ( 1999 ) |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=viralukketha%20veekkam |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061029134133/http://cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=viralukketha%20veekkam |archive-date=29 October 2006 |access-date=11 December 2012 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Old wine in a new bottle |url=http://www.tamilstar.com/topnews/viralukku.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000818181628/http://www.tamilstar.com/topnews/viralukku.shtml |archive-date=18 August 2000 |access-date=12 January 2022 |website=Tamil Star}}</ref> The film was remade into [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Kshemamga Velli Labhamga Randi]]'' (2000),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kshemanga Velli Labanga Randi |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/kshemanga-velli-labanga-randi-review-telugu-pcltUKccfdebe.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111201627/https://www.sify.com/movies/kshemanga-velli-labanga-randi-review-telugu-pcltUKccfdebe.html |archive-date=11 November 2021 |access-date=31 July 2023 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> into [[Kannada]] as ''[[Yaarige Saluthe Sambala]]'' (2000)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yaarige Saluthe Sambala |url=http://www.onlinebangalore.com/life/movi/yarige/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020612210813/http://www.onlinebangalore.com/life/movi/yarige/ |archive-date=12 June 2002 |access-date=31 July 2023 |website=onlinebangalore.com}}</ref> and into [[Hindi]] as ''[[Aamdani Atthanni Kharcha Rupaiya]]'' (2001).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Arunachalam |first=Param |title=BollySwar: 2001–2010 |publisher=Mavrix Infotech |isbn=978-81-938482-0-3 |pages=2}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Ravishankar, Kabali, and Ramanathan are three friends living in the Thavathiru Shanmugamani Colony with their wives, Suguna, Ranjitham, and Malu. They work as mechanics at Madras Motors, while their wives share a close bond. However, the men are carefree and irresponsible, spending heavily on drinking, leaving their wives to struggle to make ends meet. They've borrowed money from Annachi, a factory peon who lends money at high interest rates, and often find themselves trapped in debt.

When a new family, Gayathri and her husband, moves in nearby, the women are surprised to see Gayathri's husband doing household chores, a stark contrast to their own husbands' chauvinistic attitudes. Inspired by Gayathri's example, the women consider getting jobs to support their families and save some money. However, their husbands are opposed to the idea. When the men are denied a bonus from their company, they're unable to pay their children's school fees, leading to their suspension. Gayathri's husband, a school teacher, steps in to help them pay the fees. To regain their wives' respect, the men borrow more money from Annachi and lavishly spend on [[Diwali]] celebrations, convincing themselves to put aside their anger and enjoy the festival.

The three friends get into a fight with their factory owner, who didn't pay their bonus, and end up losing their jobs. Kabali advises that they meet his rich friend Karuppaiyya in [[Bengaluru]] to seek the help of {{INRConvert|5,00,000|year=1999}} so that they can start their own mechanic company. They lie to their wives that they're going to Bengaluru for training. However, they soon learn that Karuppaiyya is a fraud. In [[Chennai]], the wives learn that their husbands have lost their jobs and lied to them about going for training. The families are now facing the brunt of Annachi, who demands repayment, and he leaves with confiscating the men's three bikes. The house owner asks the families to vacate as soon as possible because they have claimed his house as theirs and have incurred debts. Under Gayathri's recommendation, the three wives get jobs in a garment factory to make ends meet.

Meanwhile, the three husbands return home, beaten by the police. They learn that their wives have gone to work, which hurts their ego, and they challenge their wives to repay all their debts within the next two months. Enraged that their wives are mistreating them since Gayathri had fetched them jobs, the three husbands pull up a fight with Gayathri. She complaints to police, but Gayathri's husband intervenes and saves them from arrest. The three husbands secure jobs at a mechanic factory owned by the same person who owns the garment factory where their wives work, but they get hired by lying about their wives' disabilities. Soon, they revert to their old habits, drinking and spending lavishly, and demand that their wives quit their jobs. Annachi arrives and confiscates some appliances due to pending payments, sparking a fight between the husbands and wives. The wives intervene to protect their husbands, but the husbands beat and throw them out of the house. The husbands humiliate Gayathri's husband for helping their wives, but he beats them up. Gayathri provides emotional support to the wives. The husbands bring home a mistress, but the wives chase her away and beat their husbands.

Ravishankar's daughter is diagnosed with a heart condition, and the surgery requires {{INRConvert|50,000|year=1999}}. Ravishankar tries to arrange the money, but their employer refuses to help due to their earlier lies. In desperation, Ravishankar encounters Karuppaiyya, who offers him a job transporting [[Cannabis (drug)|marijuana]] in exchange for the money. Ravishankar accepts the job to secure the funds for his daughter's surgery. Suguna meets her boss, who generously provides the money for her daughter's surgery. Meanwhile, the police track down Ravishankar for smuggling marijuana and detain them in prison. In jail, they realize their mistakes and regret not seeking help from their wives.

The wives, with the help of Gayathri's husband and their boss, arrange bail to release their husbands. After their release, the husbands are completely reformed, apologizing to Gayathri and their respective wives for their past behavior. Ravishankar and Suguna's daughter undergoes a successful operation.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[J. Livingston|Livingston]] as Ravishankar
*[[Vadivelu]] as Kabali
*[[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] as Ramanathan
*[[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]] as Suguna (Voice dubbed by K.R.Anuradha)
*[[Kanaka (actress)|Kanaka]] as Malu (Voice dubbed by Jayageetha)
*[[Kovai Sarala]] as Ranjitham
*[[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Gayathri's husband
*[[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] as Gayathri
*[[Kumarimuthu]] as the house owner
*[[S. V. Ramadas]] as the car mechanic shop owner
*[[Jai Ganesh]] as the garment factory owner
*[[Thyagu (actor)|Thyagu]] as Karuppaiyya
*[[Suryakanth]] as Annachi, the peon
*Kalidaas as an [[Inspector]]
*Vijay Ganesh as a coworker

}}

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack were composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Viraluketha Veekkam (1999) |url=https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/viraluketha-veekkam-songs-T0001071 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720190548/https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/viraluketha-veekkam-songs-T0001071 |archive-date=20 July 2023 |access-date=20 July 2023 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Lyrics
|-
| "Alli Alli" || [[Deva (composer)|Deva]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
|-
| "Pombalaya Lesa" || [[K. S. Chithra]], [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] || Kalidasan
|-
| "Pondatti Illaaina" || [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], K. S. Chithra || [[Palani Bharathi]]
|-
| "Viralukketha Veekkam" || Deva || [[Thamarai]]
|-
| "Yettukattu Vaasal" || K. S. Chithra, Mano || Kalidasan
|}

== Reception ==
D. S. Ramanujam of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "''[[Keeping up with the Joneses]]'' is the crux of theme which has been tried in many earlier Tamil movies. The director being aware of it, focusses on the problem of vexed housewives turning office-goers, the plus and minus points of it and the role of unemployed husbands during such periods. All these common occurrences have been fabricated to an enjoyable level by the dialogue and screenplay of the director in this lengthy family drama of nearly three hours".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=D. S. |date=23 July 1999 |title=Film Reviews: Anthapuram / Viralukkaetha Veekkam / Sangamam |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.indiaserver.com/thehindu/1999/07/23/stories/09230224.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=31 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010604213121/http://www.indiaserver.com/thehindu/1999/07/23/stories/09230224.htm |archive-date=4 June 2001}}</ref> Vadivelu won the Dinakaran Cinema Award for Best Comedy Actor.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Awards: "Dinakaran Cinema Awards"--1999 |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/awards/28-1.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625100834/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/awards/28-1.htm |archive-date=25 June 2008 |access-date=27 September 2024 |website=[[Dinakaran]] |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}
{{V. Sekhar}}
[[Category:1999 Indian films]]
[[Category:1999 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1999 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:1999 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by V. Sekhar]]
[[Category:Films scored by Deva (composer)]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Pokkiri Mannan

2026-03-03T03:33:59Z

HesterBrewer: adding post

{{Short description|2015 Indian film by Ragomadhesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pokkiri Mannan
| image = Pokkiri Mannan.jpg
| caption = Release poster
| director = Ragomadhesh
| producer = Ramesh Reddy
| writer = Ragomadhesh
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Sridhar (choreographer)|Sridhar]]
*Spoorthi
}}
| music = Indhiravarman
| cinematography = Cinetech Suri
| editing =
| studio = Srinidhi Films
| distributor = Thanigaivel<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/270919/trailer-of-film-on-sri-lankan-ethnic-war-released.html |title=Trailer of film on Sri Lankan ethnic war released|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=27 September 2019 |access-date=23 March 2022 |archive-date=1 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191101161118/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/270919/trailer-of-film-on-sri-lankan-ethnic-war-released.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|2015|09|04|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Pokkiri Mannan''''' ({{translation|Rogue king}}) is a 2015 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language action film directed by Ragomadhesh and starring choreographer [[Sridhar (choreographer)|Sridhar]] in his lead debut<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.iflicks.in/news/2015/08/03153234/sridhar-turns-hero-in-pokkiri-mannan.vpf |title= Sridhar turns hero in Pokkiri Mannan |access-date=23 March 2022 |archive-date=23 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323084434/http://www.iflicks.in/news/2015/08/03153234/sridhar-turns-hero-in-pokkiri-mannan.vpf | work=[[Dinathanthi|iFlicks]]|date= 3 August 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/pokkiri-mannan/articleshow/48852820.cms |title=Pokkiri Mannan|work=The Times of India |date=7 September 2015 |access-date=23 March 2022 |archive-date=23 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323084434/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/pokkiri-mannan/articleshow/48852820.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://tamil.filmibeat.com/news/dance-master-sridhar-turns-hero-pokkiri-mannan-035997.html |access-date=23 March 2022 |archive-date=4 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150804022632/http://tamil.filmibeat.com/news/dance-master-sridhar-turns-hero-pokkiri-mannan-035997.html |url-status=live|language=ta|title=போக்கிரி மன்னன்: ஹீரோவாக மாறிய டான்ஸ் மாஸ்டர் ஸ்ரீதர் [Pokkiri Mannan: Sridhar turns hero]|work=Filmibeat |date=August 2015 }}</ref> opposite [[Kannada]] actress Spoorthi Suresh with [[Singampuli]] in an important role. Producer Ramesh Reddy plays the antagonist.

== Plot ==
{{no plot|date=March 2022}}

== Cast ==
*[[Sridhar (choreographer)|Sridhar]] as Marudhu
*Spoorthi as Archana
*[[Singampuli]] as Kali
*[[Mayilsamy]] as Marudhu's father
*Ramesh Reddy as Teja
*[[Kabali Vishwanth|Vishwanth]] as Marudhu's friend

== Soundtrack ==
Music by Indhiravarman.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://gaana.com/album/pokkiri-mannan |title=Archived copy |access-date=27 April 2023 |archive-date=27 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427070011/https://gaana.com/album/pokkiri-mannan |url-status=live }}</ref>
*"Thejavoda" - [[Velmurugan]], Deepa
*"Oothu Oothu" - [[Rahul Nambiar]]
*"Bhoom Bhoom" - Doggy Josie, [[Anuradha Paudwal]]
*"Kaiyodu Kai" - [[Haricharan (singer)|Haricharan]], Pooja

==Release==
The film released on 4 September alongside ''[[Paayum Puli (2015 film)|Paayum Puli]]'' and ''[[Savaale Samaali]]'' after the [[Tamil Film Producers Council]] moved its [[Lingaa loss issue#Aftermath|strike]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150904/nation-current-affairs/article/new-movies-be-released-scheduled-today |title=New movies to be released as scheduled today|work=Deccan Chronicle |date=4 September 2015 |access-date=23 March 2022 |archive-date=24 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924074755/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/150904/nation-current-affairs/article/new-movies-be-released-scheduled-today |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/tfpc-pushes-its-strike-tamil-films-will-release-as-usual-on-september-4-news-tamil-pjdrWFfadfffb.html| title=TFPC pushes its strike, Tamil films will release as usual on September 4!|work=Sify|access-date=23 March 2022 |archive-date=7 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907004150/http://www.sify.com/movies/tfpc-pushes-its-strike-tamil-films-will-release-as-usual-on-september-4-news-tamil-pjdrWFfadfffb.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-september-4-news-tamil-pjekfPfdchiej.html|title=Friday Fury-September 4|work=Sify|date=4 September 2015|access-date=23 March 2022|archive-date=9 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009120509/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-september-4-news-tamil-pjekfPfdchiej.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 1/5 and said "the film is as infuriating as nails on a chalkboard".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Pokkiri-Mannan/movie-review/48832724.cms|title=Pokkiri Mannan Movie Review {1/5}: Critic Review of Pokkiri Mannan by Times of India|work=The Times of India|accessdate=11 August 2018}}</ref> Malini Mannath of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' criticised the film and opined that "There is a sense of deja vu throughout, the plot seeming like a weak copy of earlier such formula flicks".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2015/sep/14/a-weak-copy-of-a-formula-flick-814386.html |title=A Weak Copy of a Formula Flick|work=The New Indian Express |date=14 September 2015 |access-date=23 March 2022 |archive-date=23 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323084434/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2015/sep/14/A-Weak-Copy-of-a-Formula-Flick-814386.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A critic from ''[[Dinakaran]]'' criticised the film's plot holes.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cinema.dinakaran.com/cine-news-details.aspx?id=18412&id1=13 |title=போக்கிரி மன்னன் விமர்சனம் [Pokkiri Mannan Review] |access-date=23 March 2022 |archive-date=19 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919211725/http://cinema.dinakaran.com/cine-news-details.aspx?id=18412&id1=13 |url-status=live|work=Dinakaran|language=ta }}</ref> A critic from ''[[Dinamalar]]'' criticised the film's lack of story.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/movie-review/1507/Pokkiri%20Mannan/ |title=போக்கிரி மன்னன் - விமர்சனம் [Pokkiri Mannan - Review] |access-date=23 March 2022 |archive-date=23 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323084434/https://cinema.dinamalar.com/movie-review/1507/Pokkiri%20Mannan/ |url-status=live|work=Dinamalar|language=ta }}</ref> A critic from ''[[Maalaimalar]]'' praised the cast's performance.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cinema.maalaimalar.com/cinema/review/2015/09/04100318/Pokkiri-Mannan-Movie-review.vpf |title=போக்கிரி மன்னன் [Pokkiri Mannan] |access-date=23 March 2022 |archive-date=2 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102235404/https://cinema.maalaimalar.com/cinema/review/2015/09/04100318/Pokkiri-Mannan-Movie-review.vpf|language=ta|work=Maalaiamalar|date=4 September 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|13057404}}

[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:2015 action films]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:2015 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2015 Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Mukhram Sharma

2026-03-01T12:13:57Z

HesterBrewer: Put Up Biography

{{Short description|Indian film lyricist and story-writer (1909–2000)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{infobox person
|name =Mukhram Sharma
|image =Mukhram Sharma.jpg
|caption=Mukhram Sharma
|occupation =writer
|birth_date ={{birth date|df=yes|1909|5|13}}
|birth_place =Poothi, [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Provinces]], [[British India]] {{small|(present day [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]])}}
|death_date ={{death date and age|df=yes|2000|4|25|1909|5|13}}
|death_place =[[Meerut]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
|years_active=1954-1980
}}
'''Mukhram Sharma''' (13 May 1909 – 25 April 2000) was an Indian film lyricist, script, and story writer. He is best known for winning the first [[Filmfare Award]] in the [[Filmfare Award for Best Story|Best Story category]] in 1955 for the film ''[[Aulad (1954 film)|Aulad]]''. His notable works as story writer include ''[[Vachan]]'' (1955), ''[[Sadhna (1958 film)|Sadhna]]'' (1958), ''[[Talaq (1958 film)|Talaq]]'' (1958) and ''[[Dhool Ka Phool]]'' (1959). He also produced films like ''[[Talaq (1958 film)|Talaq]]'' (1958), ''Santaan'', and ''[[Diwana (1967 film)|Diwana]]'' (1967).

At the [[6th Filmfare Awards]], Sharma received dual nominations for Best Story for ''Sadhna'' and ''Talaq'', making him the first-ever multi-nominee across all categories—a record he shares with actress [[Vyjayanthimala]]. Both went on to win for ''Sadhna'' in their respective categories.

== Early life ==
Sharma was born in Poothi village of [[Uttar Pradesh]], India on 13 May 1909. He studied Sanskrit and was brought up in [[Meerut]]. He worked as a Hindi and Sanskrit language teacher while continuing writing poetry and short stories for local magazines.<ref name=FWA>{{cite web|url=http://fwa.co.in/ogtemplate.php?get=FWAoig1|title=Old is Gold: Pt. Mukhram Sharma: Our first Star-Writer!|accessdate=16 April 2017|publisher=The Film Writers' Association}}</ref><ref name=Jagran>{{cite news|url=https://www.jagran.com/entertainment/special100years-meeruts-pandit-mukhram-sharma-works-for-bollywood-for-40-long-years-N16058.html|title=मेरठ के शख्स ने मुंबई में पाया शख्सीयत का दर्जा|trans-title=Common man from Meerut gains celebrity status in Mumbai|language=Hindi|newspaper=Jagran|date=25 April 2012|access-date=16 April 2017|author=Vashishth, Praveen|location=Bijnor}}</ref>

== Works ==
Sharma narrated one of his stories to one of his friends in Meerut who was associated with Hindi film industry. On his friend's request, who was impressed with Sharma's stories, Sharma to visited Mumbai (then Bombay) in 1939. But, he did not get any work in Mumbai so Sharma moved to [[Pune]], Maharashtra with his family. He joined [[Prabhat Films]] owned by filmmaker [[V. Shantaram]] as a [[Marathi language]] tutor to newcomers at the salary of {{INR}} 40 per month. In 1942, Sharma got his break by penning lyrics and dialogue of the Hindi-Marathi bilingual film ''[[Das Baje]]''. The film was directed by Raja Nene, starring Urmila and Paresh Banerji. He worked with Nene on more films like ''Taramati'', based on mythological love story of King [[Harishchandra]] and Taramati where actress [[Shobhna Samarth]] played the title role. He worked on more mythological films like ''Vishnu Bhagwan'' and ''Nal Damyanti''. Sharma's next film was [[Marathi cinema|Marathi film]] ''Stree Janma Hee Tujhi Kahani'' (1952) which was with director Datta Dharmadhikari. The film was based on Sharma's earlier short story ''Aaj Ka Sawaal'', later recreated in Hindi as ''[[Aurat Teri Yehi Kahani (1954 film)|Aurat Teri Yehi Kahaani]]'' (1954) by Chaturbhuj Doshi.<ref name=FWA/><ref>{{cite book|author1=Gokulsing, K. Moti|author2=Dissanayake, Wimal|title=Routledge Handbook of Indian Cinemas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QwGgF-rDucEC&pg=PT169|date=17 April 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-77291-7|pages=486}}{{rp|169}}</ref>

Meeting initial success, Sharma moved to Mumbai where his first film released in 1954 was ''[[Aulad (1954 film)|Aulad]]''. He won the first [[Filmfare Award]] in the [[Filmfare Award for Best Story|Best Story]] (1955) category.<ref name=FWA/> He continued writing for films like ''[[Vachan]]'' (1955), ''[[Ek Hi Raasta (1956 film)|Ek Hi Rasta]]'' (1956), ''Dushman'', ''[[Sadhna (1958 film)|Sadhna]]'' (1958), ''Santaan'', ''Do Behneh'', ''[[Talaq (1958 film)|Talaq]]'' (1958), ''[[Dhool Ka Phool]]'' (1959), ''Samadhi'', ''[[Pyaar Kiya To Darna Kya (1963 film)|Pyaar Kiya Toh Darna Kya]]'' (1963), and ''[[Humjoli]]'' (1970). Sharma's films often dealt with prevailing social issues. For ''[[Sadhna (1958 film)|Sadhna]]'' (1958) which described the life of a prostitute, Sharma had initially approached director [[Bimal Roy]] who requested to change the ending. Sharma refused for any alternation to the story and approached [[Baldev Raj Chopra|B. R. Chopra]] who made the film starring [[Vyjayanthimala]] and [[Sunil Dutt]]. Sharma also worked with filmmaker [[L. V. Prasad]] for his Hindi film, ''Daadi Maa'' (1966), ''[[Raja Aur Runk]]'' (1968), ''[[Jeene Ki Raah]]'' (1969), and ''[[Main Sunder Hoon]]'' (1971), with [[AVM Productions]] for ''[[Do Kaliyaan]]'' (1968) and with [[Gemini Studios]] for ''[[Gharana (1961 film)|Gharana]]'' (1961), ''[[Grahasti (film)|Grahasti]]'' (1963).<ref name=FWA/>

Sharma took retirement from film writing after the release of ''[[Nauker (1979 film)|Nauker]]'' (1979) and ''[[Sau Din Saas Ke]]'' (1980) and moved to [[Meerut]].<ref name=FWA/>

== Death ==
Sharma died on 25 April 2000 at the age of 92 at his residence in Meerut.<ref name=Jagran/>

== Filmography ==
*''[[Aulad (1954 film)|Aulad]]'' (1954)
*''[[Vachan]]'' (1955)
*''[[Ek Hi Raasta (1956 film)|Ek Hi Rasta]]'' (1956)
*''[[Sadhna (1958 film)|Sadhna]]'' (1958)
*''[[Talaq (1958 film)|Talaq]]'' (1959)
*''[[Dhool Ka Phool]]'' (1960)
*''[[Gharana (1961 film)|Gharana]]'' (1961)
*''[[Grahasti (film)|Grahasti]]'' (1963)
*''[[Pyaar Kiya To Darna Kya (1963 film)|Pyaar Kiya To Darna Kya]]'' (1963)
*''Daadi Maa'' (1966)
*''[[Raja Aur Runk]]'' (1968)
*''[[Do Kaliyaan]]'' (1968)
*''[[Jeene Ki Raah]]'' (1969)
*''[[Humjoli]]'' (1970)
*''[[Nauker (1979 film)|Nauker]]'' (1979)
*''[[Sau Din Saas Ke]]'' (1980)

== Awards ==

* 1955 - [[Filmfare Award for Best Story]] - ''[[Aulad (1954 film)|Aulad]]''<ref name="1955FF">{{cite web|url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/366345.cms|title=The Winners 1955|accessdate=27 April 2017|url-status=dead|publisher=Filmfare Award|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130914193849/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/366345.cms|archivedate=14 September 2013}}</ref>
* 1956 - Filmfare Award for Best Story - ''[[Vachan]]''<ref name="1956FF">{{cite web|url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/366347.cms|title=The Nominations 1956|accessdate=27 April 2017|url-status=dead|publisher=Filmfare Award|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20131214155921/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/366347.cms|archivedate=14 December 2013}}
* {{cite web|url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/366376.cms|title=The Winners 1956|accessdate=27 April 2017|url-status=dead|publisher=Filmfare Award|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120709174123/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/366376.cms|archivedate=9 July 2012}}</ref>
* 1959 - [[Filmfare Award for Best Film]] - ''[[Talaq (1958 film)|Talaq]]'' (along with [[Mahesh Kaul]]) (Nominated)<ref name="1959FF">{{cite web|url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/366373.cms|title=The Nominations 1958|accessdate=27 April 2017|url-status=dead|publisher=Filmfare Award|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20131214155928/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/366373.cms|archivedate=14 December 2013}}
* {{cite web|url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/366376.cms|title=The Winners 1958|accessdate=27 April 2017|url-status=dead|publisher=Filmfare Award|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120709174123/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/366376.cms|archivedate=9 July 2012}}</ref>
* 1959 - Filmfare Award for Best Story - ''[[Sadhna (1958 film)|Sadhna]]''<ref name="1959FF"/>
* 1959 - Filmfare Award for Best Story - ''[[Talaq (1958 film)|Talaq]]'' (Nominated)<ref name="1959FF"/>
* 1960 - Filmfare Award for Best Story - ''[[Dhool Ka Phool]]'' (Nominated)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.yashrajfilms.com/movies/dhool-ka-phool|title=Dhool Ka Phool @ Yash Raj Films|accessdate=4 January 2017|publisher=Yash Raj Films }}</ref>
* 1961 - [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] — Films (Screenplay)<ref name="SAF">{{cite web|url=http://sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/Awardees.php?section=aa|title=Sangeet Natak Akademi Awards|accessdate=4 January 2017|publisher=Sangeet Natak Akademi|location=New Delhi}}</ref>
* 2000 - [[Zee Cine Award for Lifetime Achievement]]<ref name=FWA/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name}}
{{Filmfare Award for Best Story}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Mukhram}}
[[Category:1909 births]]
[[Category:2000 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian lyricists]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Hindi-language screenwriters]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
[[Category:People from Meerut]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]

Gharib Niwaz (Manipur)

2026-02-26T17:29:16Z

HesterBrewer: new!

{{Short description|King of Manipur from 1709 to 1748}}
{{AI-generated|date=October 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Pamheiba Gharib Niwaz
| title = Meidingu, [[Ningthou]] & [[Maharaja]] of {{langnf|mni|[[Manipur kingdom|Kangleipak]]|[[Manipur kingdom]]}}
| titletext =
| more =
| image =
| type =
| succession = [[King of Manipur]]
| moretext =
| reign = 1709–13 December 1748
| reign-type =
| coronation = 1709
| cor-type =
| predecessor = [[Pitambar Charairongba]]<ref name=":Sipra_Sen_Garib_Niwaz" />
| pre-type =
| successor = [[Chitsai]]
| suc-type =
| regent =
| reg-type =
| birth_name = Pamheiba<ref name=":Sipra_Sen_Garib_Niwaz" />
| birth_date = 23 December 1690
| birth_place = [[Kangla Palace|Kangla]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1748|12|13|1690|12|23|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Kingdom of Ava|Ava]]
| burial_date =
| burial_place =
| spouse =
| spouse-type =
| consort = 
| issue = *[[Syam Sai|Khurai Lakpa]]
*[[Ajit Sai|Chitsai (Ajit Sai)]]
*[[Bharatsai]]
*[[Theer Sai|Prince Ngaobram Bir Sai, the Senapati (Theer Sai)]]
*[[Ananta Sai]]
*[[Haricharan Sai]]
*[[Princess Haripriya|Haripriya]]
| issue-link =
| issue-pipe =
| issue-type =
| dynasty = [[Ningthouja dynasty]]
| full name = Meidingu Pamheiba
| era name =
| era dates =
| regnal name =
| posthumous name =
| temple name =
| house = Royal Family of Manipur
| house-type =
| father = [[Pitambar Charairongba]]<ref name=":Sipra_Sen_Garib_Niwaz" />
| mother = Nungthilchaibi
| religion = Hinduism
}}
{{Kingdom of Manipur}}
{{Meitei people}}
'''Gharib Niwaz''' ({{langx|mni|/pāmheiba/}},<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r-poAAAAIAAJ&q=pamheiba+gopal+singh |title=Anthropological Linguistics |date=2005 |publisher=Department of Anthropology, [[Indiana University]] |pages=207 |language=en |quote=Garibniwaz Meithei name : Pamheiba Hindu name : Gopal Singh Reign name : Mayamba ('the elder brother')}}</ref> {{langx|sa|Gopal Singh}};<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sanajaoba |first=Naorem |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-CzSQKVmveUC&dq=Pamheiba%C2%A0alias+Mayamba+%28+also+known+by+non-+Manipuri+name%C2%A0Gopal+Singh%C2%A0or+%2C+Garibnawaz+%29&pg=PR44 |title=Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization |date=1988 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-853-2 |page=44 |language=en}}</ref> 23 December 1690 – 13 December 1748), also known as '''Pamheiba''', was the ruler of the [[Manipur Kingdom]],<ref>—{{Cite book |last1=Subba |first1=Tanka Bahadur |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JrDcxRPeXtoC&dq=pamheiba+meitei+king&pg=PA233 |title=Between Ethnography and Fiction: Verrier Elwin and the Tribal Question in India |last2=Som |first2=Sujit |date=2005 |publisher=[[Orient Blackswan]] |others=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-81-250-2812-3 |page=233 |language=en |quote=The Meitei king Pamheiba had a special department for the hill people. ...}} —{{Cite book |last=Kamei |first=Samson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l7uXEAAAQBAJ&q=Meitei+king+Pamheiba+who+later+adopted+the+name+Garibnawaz&pg=PT34 |title=The Resilience of Indigenous Religion: A Struggle for Survival of Tingkao Ragwang Chapriak in Manipur |date=2022 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=978-1-000-82888-7 |page=34 |language=en}} —{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=A. Prafullokumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b3TwS0WRn5kC&dq=pamheiba+meitei+king&pg=PA8 |title=Elections and political dynamics |date=2009 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-8324-279-0 |pages=8 |language=en |quote=Meitei king Pamheiba (also known as Garib Niwaz) maintained the most cordial hill plain relations.}}</ref> ruling from c. 1709 until his death in 1748. He introduced [[Hinduism]] as the state religion of his kingdom (1717)<ref name=":Sipra_Sen_Garib_Niwaz" /><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Coleman |first1=Daniel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L6UaAwAAQBAJ&q=Garib+Niwaz&pg=PA130 |title=Countering Displacements: The Creativity and Resilience of Indigenous and Refugee-ed Peoples |last2=Glanville |first2=Erin Goheen |last3=Hasan |first3=Wafaa |last4=Kramer-Hamstra |first4=Agnes |date=2012 |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |isbn=978-0-88864-607-1 |page=130 |language=en}}</ref> and changed the name of the kingdom from "Kangleipaak" to the Sanskrit ''Manipur'' (1724). He changed his royal name from his birth name ''Pamheipa'' to the Persianate "Gharib Niwaz".<ref name=":Sipra_Sen_Garib_Niwaz">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sipra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bQQNCU-QWBAC&dq=garib+niwaz&pg=PA13 |title=Tribes and Castes of Manipur: Description and Select Bibliography |date=1992|publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-310-0 |pages=13, 28, 69, 250 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Tamang |first=Jyoti Prakash |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HRHUDwAAQBAJ&q=Garib+Niwaz&pg=PA355 |title=Ethnic Fermented Foods and Beverages of India: Science History and Culture |date=2020 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-981-15-1486-9 |pages=355 |language=en |quote=After the advent of Hinduism some 300 years ago during the reign of King Pamheiba (latter known as King Garib Niwaz after adopting Hinduism in 1717 AD)...}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Roy |first=Jyotirmoy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ws4BAAAAMAAJ&q=the+word+%22+Gharib+Niwaz+%22+used+by+Pamheiba+belongs+to+the+Persian+vocabulary |title=History of Manipur |date=1973 |publisher=Eastlight Book House |others=[[University of Michigan]] |pages=35 |language=en |quote=there can be little doubt that the word Gharib Niwaz used by Pamheiba belongs to the Persian vocabulary.}}</ref>
During most of his reign he was engaged in warfare against the weakened Burmese [[Toungoo Dynasty]].<ref>[http://www.manipuronline.com/Features/May2003/thangal13_2.htm Thangal General, Charai Thangal And Pamheiba] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927043127/http://www.manipuronline.com/Features/May2003/thangal13_2.htm |date=27 September 2007 }} Manipur Online – 13 May 2003</ref>

In the early years of his rule (1710–1717 CE), Gharib Niwaz focused on consolidating his empire and engaging in military expeditions, including a notable victory in 1714 when his forces, disguised as a marriage party, defeated Burmese troops at the confluence of Chindwin and Ru Rivers.<ref>[https://theprint.in/opinion/manipurs-imperial-moment-when-king-gharib-nawaz-spread-hinduism-conquered-burma/1616786/ Manipur's imperial moment: When King Gharib Nawaz spread Hinduism, conquered Burma]</ref> As conflicts with the expanding Burmese empire intensified, Gharib Niwaz achieved significant military triumphs, such as defeating Burmese forces at Shan villages and successfully defending against Burmese and Tripuri attacks in 1723.

Gharib Niwaz's military endeavors went beyond defense, with offensive campaigns against Tripuris in 1727 and 1733, and multiple invasions into Burma from 1724 to 1741. The conquest of Saigang city on the Irrawaddy in 1738 highlighted his military prowess. His legacy, marked by tales of triumph over Burmese forces, showcases Garib Niwaz's strategic brilliance and the enduring impact of his military successes. Under his rule, the Manipuri empire reached unprecedented heights, solidifying its dominance in South-East Asia and leaving an indelible mark on the region's history. According to historian [[Gangmumei Kamei|Gangmumei]], during the reign of Garib Niwaz, the Manipuri empire achieved the peak of its power and consolidation in the contemporary South-East Asian region.<ref>Gangmumei Kabui. ''History of Manipur''. p. 238</ref>

==Early life==
Pamheiba ({{langx|mni|{{script|Mtei|ꯄꯥꯝꯍꯩꯕ}}|Paamheiba}}, {{langx|sa-Deva|गोपाल सिंह|Gopal Singh}}, {{langx|fa|غریب نواز|Ghareeb Nawaaz}}) was born on 23 December 1690 in Manipur to [[Pitambar Charairongba]] and was crowned ''Meidingu'' ("king") on 28 August 1709 (the 23rd of Thawan, 1631 [[Saka Era]]).<ref>{{cite book|last=Sana|first=Raj Kumar Somorjit|title=The Chronology of Meetei Monarchs (from 1666 CE to 1850 CE)|year=2010|publisher=Waikhom Ananda Meetei|location=Imphal|isbn=978-81-8465-210-9|page=59}}</ref>
Pamheiba has a fascinating and somewhat mysterious background that intertwines with Naga society and Manipuri royal customs. Raised by a Naga Chief amidst the Naga community, Gharib Niwaz's affinity for Naga customs and attire persisted even after his coronation, where he donned a Naga robe, endearing him to the Nagas who finally found a king of their own. However, historical accounts diverge on his parentage, with British writers suggesting he was the son of a Naga, while local anecdotes hint at royal lineage. Legends speak of a clandestine birth to Queen Nungshel Chaibi, who, fearing the royal custom of only allowing heirs born to the chief queen to survive, sent Gharib Niwaz to be raised by a Naga Chief. Another version suggests he was hidden from a prophecy of patricide, his true identity revealed years later. Eventually, Gharib Niwaz returned to the royal palace, where his true parentage was disclosed, leading to his recognition as the heir to the throne. After converting to Hinduism Pamheiba took the Persianate name ''Gharib Nawaz''.<ref>Jyotirmoy Roy, ''History of Manipur''. pp. 30–32</ref>

==Military conquests==
His reign lasted 39 years. During that time, the realm of Manipur extended from the [[Irrawaddy River]] in the east to [[Cachar]] and [[Tripura]] in the west. At some points during his reign, his realm extended into the [[Chittagong Hill Tracts]].{{citation needed|date=December 2018}}

[[File:Sphere_of_influence_of_Maharaja_Garib_Niwaz_of_Manipur.jpg|thumb|''Sphere of influence of Maharaja Garib Niwaz of Manipur.'']]

===Burma===

{{Main|Manipuri–Burmese wars of 1717 to 1749}}
The conflict between the Kingdom of Manipur and the Kingdom of Burma, also known as Awa, was sparked by a series of events rooted in familial ties and political grievances. Following the demotion of his sister, who was married to the Burmese King as Awa-Leima, Manipur King Charairongba harbored deep resentment. Before his demise, he tasked his son Pamheiba (Garibaniwaz) with avenging this slight against their family. The tensions escalated when a delegation from Burma, accompanied by [[Hsawnghsup|Samsok]] emissaries, arrived in Manipur seeking a Meitei princess's hand in marriage. Despite King Garibaniwaz's courteous reception, the presence of the Samsok people further fueled his anger, setting the stage for further hostilities between the two kingdoms.<ref>[https://imphalreviews.in/garibaniwaz-pamheiba-the-master-of-manipur-and-upper-burma-west-of-irrawaddy-1709-1748/ Garbaniwaz (Pamheiba): The Master of Manipur and Upper Burma (West of Irrawaddy) (1709–1748)]</ref>

Instead of a princess, the King of Burma was met by cavalry, led by Pamheiba that massacred the [[Bamar|Burmese]] army, and brought many [[POW|prisoners of war]] to [[Imphal]].<ref name="KO">[http://www.kanglaonline.com/index.php?template=kshow&kid=58& Garib Niwaz: Wars and Religious Policy in 18th Century Manipur] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927172001/http://www.kanglaonline.com/index.php?template=kshow&kid=58& |date=27 September 2007 }} KanglaOnline</ref> The Burmese sent an expedition in revenge, but it was ambushed in the swamps near Heirok, southwest of [[Thoubal]], and losing heavily retreated in haste. In 1735, Pamheiba invaded [[Myedu]] in [[Shwebo]] district and carried off loot, cattle and a thousand people. In 1737, Pamheiba again invaded Burma, killed two-thirds of a royal levy, including commander, who came to oppose the invading Manipuris, and swept down to [[Tabayin]] in Shwebo district, burning everything they met.<ref name=geh-208>Harvey 1925: 208</ref> Again in 1738, Manipuris went and camped in Thalunbyu west of [[Sagaing]], burnt every house and monastery up to the walls of [[Inwa|Ava]], stormed the stockade built to protect the [[Kaunghmudaw Pagoda]], slaughtering the Burmese troops like cattle in a pen and killing the commandant, a minister of the [[Hluttaw]] Council; the old door-leaves of the pagoda's eastern gateway show a gash made by the sword of Maharaj Pamheiba when he was forcing an entrance.<ref name=geh-208-9>Harvey 1925: 208–209</ref>

===Tripura===
In April 1723, King [[Dharma Manikya II|Dharma Manikya]] of Tripura dispatched Commander Satrajit Narayan to invade Manipur. Satrajit Narayan's invasion saw initial success, capturing seven posts and defeating the Manipuri army led by Pamon Hanchpa and Naharup Sanglen Rakpa. King Gharib Niwaz responded by sending reinforcements under Akong Haopamcha, eventually repelling the Tripuris and forcing them out of Manipur by June 1723. King Dharma Manikya of Tripura formed an alliance with the Burmese. Two forces, totaling 30,000 men, attacked Manipur from different directions. The Manipuris faced challenges but ultimately triumphed, winning battles against both the Burmese and Tripuris in a series of engagements. King Gharib Niwaz launched a retaliatory invasion against Tripura, led by his son Khamlang Pamsapa and Guru Santa Das Gosai. While peace was initially achieved through diplomacy, Gharib Niwaz later overran Tripura in 1734 CE, assuming the title of 'Takhen Ngampa' or Victor of Tripura.
In Pamheiba's Tripura campaign, 1100 prisoners were captured, who were absorbed into the Meitei community.<ref name="IIT">[http://www.iitg.ernet.in/rcilts/his_mnme.html History of Manipur] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605122530/http://www.iitg.ernet.in/rcilts/his_mnme.html |date=5 June 2011 }} – IIT Guwahati</ref>

===Shan States===
With the help of Burmese, the chieftain of [[Hsawnghsup]] declared independence from Manipur. It took 7 years to crush them along with Chanta, Mwang and tongmon Nammon.<ref>History of Manipur by Gangmumei Kabui Volume 1</ref>
In 1717–18, the Manipur king led his forces against the Samjok Shans, known as Panga, who were descendants of the Awa ruler of the Pagan Dynasty. He devastated Chanta, a village supplying food to Samjok, and pursued and killed its fleeing inhabitants. Afterward, he attacked Samjok, cutting off its supply lines. Starved and desperate, the Samjok people surrendered to the Manipur king, who agreed to feed them but took their chief and son as captives.<ref>[https://imphalreviews.in/garibaniwaz-pamheiba-the-master-of-manipur-and-upper-burma-west-of-irrawaddy-1709-1748/ Garibaniwaz (Pamheiba): The Master of Manipur and Upper Burma (West of Irrawaddy) (1709–1748)]</ref>

On account of rise of Burmese Kingdom, the Shan [[Kingdom of Pong]] was in danger. In March 1739, the [[Shan people|Shans]] requested Manipur to help them. The envoys from Pong returned to their country after about 19 days. Pamheiba started for Burma to invade Sagaing. After the Battle of Sagaing, Pamheiba made the elder brother of the king of Pong king.<ref name="ReferenceA">''A short history of Manipur'' By R K Jhalajit Singh</ref>

===Mon===
According to ''Ningthourol lambuba'', the [[Kingdom of Ava|king of Ava]], named Mangdra, sent an emissary to King Pamheiba's court, expressing a sincere desire for a matrimonial alliance. Mangdra specifically requested Princess Satyamala's hand in marriage and invited Pamheiba to visit Ava. Pamheiba, considering the sincerity of the request, agreed and crossed the Irawaddy river. Upon reaching Ava, he learned that Mangdra sought Manipur's friendship to strengthen his forces against the [[Mon people|Mons]]. In response, Pamheiba crossed Irawaddy river and assaulted the Mons where he captured two prominent chiefs of Mons, destroyed the revolting Mons of Koi, he also presented several chopped heads of Mon rebels to his son-in-law king Mangdra.
<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

=== Death ===
Gharib Niwaz and his eldest son Sham Shai went to Burma to settle some political affairs there, his second son, Ajit Shai suspecting that his father intended to place Sham Shai to the throne of Manipur, secretly organized the murder of both of them on their way back to Manipur.<ref>{{Harvcol|Barpujari|1992|p=386}}</ref> He is also believed to be murdered by Ajit Shai at [[Brahmaputra river|Brahmaputra]] because Gharib Niwaz also murdered his father [[Charairongba]] when the tribes of the hilly areas launched an attack on the Meiteis and Charairongba could not do anything but pray to God. When he was stabbed, he cursed Gharib Niwaz that he will also be murdered by one of his children when he is about to place his eldest son to the throne. Before Charairongba died, he ordered Gharib Niwaz to get revenge on the Burmese for insulting his younger sister.

==Religious policy==
During the early 18th century, Hindu priests from [[Sylhet]] arrived in Manipur to spread [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism]]. They were led by [[Shantidas Adhikari]] and his associate [[Guru Gopal Das]] who succeeded in converting the King from the old [[Sanamahism|Meitei religion]] to [[Vaishnavism]] in 1710. Later during his reign, Pamheiba made Hinduism the official religion, and converted nearly all the Meitei people to Hinduism.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sheram |first=AK |year=2012 |chapter=Manipuri, The |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Manipuri,_The |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Barker |first1=Clive |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yjQmDTpRq7AC&dq=garib+niwaz&pg=PA12 |title=New Theatre Quarterly 29: Volume 8, Part 1 |last2=Trussler |first2=Simon |date=1992 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-42940-5 |page=12 |language=en |quote=... One remains entirely ignorant about the indigenous culture of Manipur prior to the Vaishnavite movement of the eighteenth century, which was strongly propagated by ruling monarchs like Garib Niwaz (1709–48) and Bhagyachandra (1763–98). ... In this context, it should be acknowledged that the proselytizing of Hinduism as a state religion, particularly in the reign of Garib Niwaz, was blatantly aggressive. It involved such measures as the destruction of the traditional lai (gods), the burning of ancient manuscripts, the banning of the Meithei script and its replacement by the Bengali script, the introduction of the Hindu calendar and system of gotras (enforcement of Hindu dietary laws), and the sanctification of the first recorded instances in Manipuri history of sati. ...}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Baral |first=Kailash C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uE2_EAAAQBAJ&dq=garib+niwaz&pg=PA112 |title=Cultural Forms and Practices in Northeast India |date=2023 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-981-19-9292-6 |pages=112, 164, 230 |language=en}}</ref>

== Family ==
[[File:Meitei Royal Family Tree of King Pamheiba (alias Garib Niwaz alias Garib Niwaj alias Gopal Singh), the ruler of Kangleipak (Manipur).jpg|thumb|250px|Meitei Royal Family Tree of King Pamheiba (alias Garib Niwaz)]]
Pamheiba had eight wives, and a large number of sons and daughters. His eldest son, [[Samjai Khurai-Lakpa]], was assassinated by his younger son [[Chitsai]], who came to power after Pamheiba's grandson [[Gaurisiam]]. The reign was then followed by [[Ching-Thang Khomba]].<ref name="IIT" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Keen |first=Caroline |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7hOMDwAAQBAJ&dq=garib+niwaz&pg=PR9 |title=An Imperial Crisis in British India: The Manipur Uprising of 1891 |date=2015 |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]] |isbn=978-1-78673-987-2 |pages=v, viii, ix |language=en |chapter=Family Tree: Descendants of Niwaz }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book |last=Barpujari|first=HK |title=The Comprehensive History of Assam |volume=2 |editor-last=Barpujari |editor-first=H K |year=1992 |publisher=Publication Board Assam |location=Guwahati}}
* {{citation |last=Banerjee |first=A. C. |title=The Eastern Frontier of British India, 1784–1826 |publisher=A. Mukherjee |location=Calcutta |date=1946 |orig-date=1943 |edition=2nd |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.76519 |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Banerjee, The Eastern Frontier of British India|1946}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Harvey |first=G. E.| title=History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824 |publisher=Frank Cass & Co. Ltd |year=1925 |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.9463 |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Harvey, History of Burma|1925}}}}
* {{cite book|surname=Singh |given=Kunj Bihari |year=2004 |orig-date=1963 |chapter=Manipur Vaishnavism: A Sociological Interpretation |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mc6GAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA125 |title=Sociology of Religion in India |editor=Rowena Robinson |series=Themes in Indian Sociology, 3 |place=New Delhi |publisher=Sage Publ. India |pages=125–132 |url={{Google books|Mc6GAwAAQBAJ|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |isbn=0-7619-9781-4}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box |
before= [[Pitambar Charairongba]] |
title=King of [[Manipur]] |
years=1720–1751 |
after=[[Gaurisiam]]
}}
{{s-end}}

[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:Gaudiya religious leaders]]
[[Category:Devotees of Krishna]]
[[Category:Converts to Hinduism]]
[[Category:1690 births]]
[[Category:1751 deaths]]
[[Category:Ningthouja kings]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian monarchs]]

Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Kodagu

2026-02-21T07:30:22Z

HesterBrewer: cleanup

{{More citations needed |date=June 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Kodagu
| logo =
| seal_image =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| motto = Pragnyan Brahm
| motto_translation = Consciousness is God
| location = Galibeedu
| region =
| city = Madikeri
| state = Karnataka
| postal_code = 571201
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|12.4542455|75.7073021|display=inline,title|format=dms}}
| schooltype = Public
| established = 1987
| school_board = CBSE
| district = Kodagu
| school_number =
| school_code =
| principal = O M Pankajakshan
| staff =
| faculty =
| teaching_staff =
| grades = Class 6 - 12
| years = 7
| gender_label = Co-education
| age_range = 11-18
| enrollment = 80 Students Yearly
| classes =
| avg_class_size =
| language = English
| classrooms = 14 + 1
| campus_size = 53 acres
| campus_type = Rural
| houses = 4
| colors = Blue(Aravali) {{!}} Green(Nilgiri) {{!}} Red(Shivalik) {{!}} Yellow(Udaigiri) {{color box|#0000FF}}{{color box|#00FF00}}{{color box|#FF0000}}{{color box|#FFFF00}}
| slogan =
| song = "Hum nava yug ki nayi Bharathi"
| fight_song =
| nickname = JNVGK
| fees =
| affiliations = [[Central Board for Secondary Education|C.B.S.E.]]
| information =
| website = {{URL|www.jnvkodagu.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
| picture =
| picture_caption =
| picture2 =
| picture_caption2 =
}}
'''Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya''' is a school in [[Kodagu]], India, and is a part of the [[Navodaya Vidyalaya]] group. The school is located near [[Madikeri]], which is 7 km from Madikeri, the headquarters of Kodagu district. The school is also known as '''JNV Kodagu'''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Navodaya at a glance |url=https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/KODAGU/en/about_us/About-JNV |access-date=30 December 2023}}</ref>

== History ==
Established in 1987 under the Navodaya Vidyalaya Scheme, the school is CBSE affiliated,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cbseaff.nic.in/cbse_aff/schdir_Report/AppViewdir.aspx?affno=840007|title=CBSE Affiliation data|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=|archive-date=16 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216214121/http://cbseaff.nic.in/cbse_aff/schdir_Report/AppViewdir.aspx?affno=840007|url-status=dead}}</ref> co-educational, and residential. Initially, when the school building and other infrastructure were under development, the school was operational in a building in the government junior premises at Madikeri Town. In 1995, the Vidyalaya was shifted to the present site at Galibeedu Road.

== Purpose ==
Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, known as JNV, are Indian schools for talented children and form a part of the system of gifted education. The objectives of the scheme are to provide good-quality modern education to the talented rural children in each district of the country. These vidyalayas
are fully residential and co-educational, with reservations for 75% rural, 33% urban, 33% girls, 15% SC, 7.5% ST, and 3% physically handicapped students. The unique feature of the Navodaya Scheme is the migration system for promoting national integration through the exchange of 30% of students in 9th grade from Hindi-speaking states to non-Hindi-speaking states and vice versa.

== Co-Curricular Activities ==
Various competitions in literary, cultural, performing, visual, physical education, sports, games, etc. are conducted regularly. All the competitions are conducted house-wise in order to inculcate a healthy competitive spirit among children. Students of the Vidyalaya participate in the Republic Day and Independence Day celebrations at District Headquarters every year.

== House System ==
The students are accommodated in four houses named after the old mountain ranges of the country Viz: Aravali, Nilgiri, Shivalik, and Udaygiri, separately for boys and girls and for juniors and seniors. The teachers are assigned the duties of housemasters for boys and housemistresses for girls.

== Migration ==
The migration of students in class 9 takes place every year to JNV Manpur. Also, approximately the same number of students immigrate here from that school. It aims at bringing regional harmony and unity against regionalism. It also gives the students a chance to learn languages other than their own. The students have to fill out the willingness form to assure that they are ready for migration at the time of admission. The selection of students is based on willingness, and if it does not meet the 30% requirement of the batch in 9th grade, a lot system is adopted. Those who are not ready even after they are selected by lottery will have to quit the school. But till date, everyone who has enjoyed the migration facility is satisfied and happy about living in Manpur, except Darshan J.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jnvkodagu.gov.in/english-migration|title=JNV Kodagu Migration policy|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=|archive-date=28 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228105338/http://www.jnvkodagu.gov.in/english-migration|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*

{{Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya |state=expanded}}

[[Category:Schools in Kodagu district]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1987]]
[[Category:1987 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Boarding schools in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalayas in Karnataka]]

Lokmanya Tilak Terminus–Sitapur Junction Superfast Express

2026-02-15T15:01:38Z

HesterBrewer:

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Lokmanya Tilak Terminus - Sitapur Junction Superfast Express
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast]]
| locale =
| first =
| last =
| operator = [[Central Railway zone]]
| ridership =
| start = [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus]] ('''LTT''')
| stops = 13
| end = {{rws|Sitapur Junction}} ('''LJN''')
| distance = {{convert|1492|km|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 25h 5m as 12107 & 25h 10m as 12108
| frequency = Tri-weekly {{efn|Runs three days in a week for every direction.}}
| class = AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved
| seating = No
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = On-board Catering Pantry Car E-Catering
| observation = [[LHB coach]]
| entertainment = No
| baggage = No
| other facilities= Below the seats
| stock = 2
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification = Yes
| trainnumber = 12107/12108
| speed = {{cvt|59|km/h}}, including halts
| map =
| map_state =
}}

'''Lokmanya Tilak Terminus - Sitapur Junction Superfast Express''' is a [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast]] train of the [[Indian Railways]] connecting [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus]] Kurla in [[Maharashtra]] and [[Sitapur Junction railway station|Sitapur Junction]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. It is currently being operated with 12107/12108 train numbers on tri-weekly basis.<ref>[http://wcr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=3387&did=1456895606160666D12141201B827FC0913219352C0A0.web91 Temporary Stoppage of Mail/Express Trains]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170903121156/http://epaper.jagran.com/mdetail/02-sep-2017-edition-Lucknow-page_5-14318-5618-11.html Tundla Route trains will be run on the route]</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/unnao-lokmanya-tilak-ac-express-derails-near-unnao-16064609.html | trans-title=11 cans of Lokmanya Tilak derailed near Unnao | title=उन्नाव के पास पटरी से उतरे लोकमान्य तिलक के 11 डिब्बे | date=21 May 2017 | publisher=Jagran.com | accessdate=13 January 2019 }}</ref>

==Service==

The 12107/Lokmanya Tilak Terminus - Sitapur Junction SF Express has an average speed of 59 km/h and covers 1492 km in 25h 5m. The 12108/Sitapur Junction - Lokmanya Tilak Terminus SF Express has an average speed of 59 km/h and covers 1492 km in 25h 10m.

== Route and halts ==

The important halts of the train are:

* [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus]]
* {{rws|Kalyan Junction}}
* {{rws|Kasara}}
* {{rws|Igatpuri}}
* {{rws|Nasik Road}}
* {{rws|Bhusaval Junction}}
* {{rws|Bhopal Junction}}
* {{rws|Lalitpur Junction}}
* {{rws|Jhansi Junction}}
* {{rws|Orai}}
* {{rws|Kanpur Central}}
* {{rws|Aishbagh Junction}}
* {{rws|Mohibullapur}}
* {{rws|Sidhauli}}
* {{rws|Sitapur Junction}}

==Coach composite==

The train has standard LHB rakes with a maximum speed of 110 km/h. The train consists of 22 coaches :

* 1 AC II Tier
* 4 AC III Tier
* 12 Sleeper Coaches
* 2 General
* 1 Pantry Car
* 1 Second-class Luggage/parcel van
* 1 EOG(End-On Generator)

==Traction==

Both trains are hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Bhusawal|Bhusawal Loco Shed]] based [[WAP-4]] electric locomotive from [[Kurla]] to [[Lucknow]] and vice versa.

== See also ==

* [[Udyognagri Express]]
* [[Mumbai LTT - Habibganj Superfast Express]]
* [[Lashkar Express]]

== Notes ==

{{notelist}}

== External links ==

* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/1019 12107/Mumbai LTT - Lucknow Jn. SF Express]
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/1005 12108/Lucknow Jn. - Mumbai LTT SF Express]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{Railways in Northern India}}
{{Railways in Central India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lokmanya Tilak Terminus - Lucknow Junction Superfast Express}}
[[Category:Passenger trains originating from Lucknow]]
[[Category:Transport in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Madhya Pradesh]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Vinod Kannan

2026-02-12T06:15:17Z

HesterBrewer: new a stub

{{Short description|Indian businessman}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vinod Kannan
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| education = {{Unbulleted_list|[[National University of Singapore]]|[[University of California, Los Angeles]]|[[Nanyang Technological University]]}}
| occupation =
| known for = CEO of [[Vistara]] airline
| networth =
| title =
| term =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| boards =
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| parents =
| relatives =
| website =
}}
'''Vinod Kannan''' is an Indian businessman. He was the CEO of [[Vistara]] Airlines, until it merged with [[Air India]] in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-02 |title=Vinod Kannan takes over as Vistara CEO |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/vinod-kannan-takes-over-as-vistara-ceo-7701767/ |access-date=2022-08-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kundu |first=Rhik |date=2021-09-14 |title=Vinod Kannan to take over as Vistara CEO |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/vinod-kannan-to-replace-leslie-thng-as-ceo-of-vistara-11631608224771.html |access-date=2022-08-14 |website=LiveMint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Shrabona |date=2022-07-04 |title=For Vistara, Sky Is Not the Limit |url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/430727 |access-date=2022-08-14 |website=Entrepreneur |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Kannan grew up in Bangalore and left for Singapore to do his degree in Electronic Engineering at [[Nanyang Technological University]] after which he joined [[Singapore Airlines]]. He later did a master's degree in Business Administration from the [[National University of Singapore]] and [[University of California, Los Angeles]].<ref>{{Cite web |agency=Press Trust of India |date=2022-01-01 |title=Vinod Kannan takes over as Vistara CEO, replaces Leslie Thng |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/vinod-kannan-takes-over-as-vistara-ceo-replaces-leslie-thng-122010100433_1.html |access-date=2022-08-14 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
Kannan had worked with [[Singapore Airlines]] (SIA) for over twenty years. In June 2019, he joined [[Vistara]] as the Chief Strategy Officer. In January 2020, he became the Chief Commercial Officer of Vistara.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gandhi |first=Forum |date=2021-12-31 |title=We see a consistent return in demand for air travel, says Vinod Kannan of Vistara |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/we-see-a-consistent-return-in-demand-for-air-travel-says-vinod-kannan-of-vistara/article38077196.ece |access-date=2022-08-14 |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |language=en}}</ref> In January 2022, he became the chief executive officer of [[Vistara]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=vistara airlines: Vinod Kannan takes over as CEO at Vistara - The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/vinod-kannan-takes-over-as-ceo-at-vistara/articleshow/88632914.cms |access-date=2022-08-14 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kannan, Vinod}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:National University of Singapore alumni]]
[[Category:University of California, Los Angeles alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Lydian Nadhaswaram

2026-02-08T11:55:04Z

HesterBrewer: Put Up A Data

{{Short description|Indian musician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Lydian Nadhaswaram
| image =
| alt =
| caption = Indian child pianist
| birth_name = Lydian Nadhaswaram
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2005|09|05|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Musician]]|[[Pianist]]|[[Keyboardist]]|[[Music Composer]]}}
| years_active = 2019–present
| known_for = Winning the 2019 [[CBS]] talent show, ''[[The World's Best]]''
| notable_works =
| mother = Jhansi
| father = Varshan
| awards = 2019 ''[[The World's Best|World's Best Performer Award]]'' by [[CBS]]
}}
'''Lydian Nadhaswaram''' (born 5 September 2005) is an Indian Tamil musician from [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="AA">{{cite web|url=http://www.asianage.com/entertainment/music/290918/striking-the-right-note.html|title=Striking the right note|first=Vanessa|last=Viegas|date=29 September 2018|website=The Asian Age}}</ref><ref name="TH_PianoChase">{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/the-grand-piano-chase/article20004323.ece|title=The grand piano chase|last=Gaitonde|first=Vishwas R. |date=8 November 2017|website=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=30 March 2020}}</ref> In 2019, he appeared on ''[[The World's Best]]'' on [[CBS]] and won, earning prize money of $1 million.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.penbugs.com/chennais-13-years-old-prodigy-lydian-nadhaswaram-wins-the-worlds-best/|title=Chennai's 13 years old prodigy Lydian Nadhaswaram wins the 'World's Best'|date=2019-03-14|website=Penbugs|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2019/03/13/the-worlds-best-and-the-winner-is/|title=The World's Best and the Winner is ...|date=19 March 2019|work=Mercury News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.weportal.in/13yo-chennais-prodigy-lydian-wins-worlds-best-show/|title=13YO Chennai's prodigy Lydian wins 'World's best' show!|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-03}}</ref>

==Early life==
Nadhaswaram was born to Varshan Satish, a Tamil music director, and Jhansi as their second child. At the age of two, he started performing on the [[drums]], and at eight he taught himself to play the [[piano]].<ref name="TH_PianoChase"/> He is a student of Augustine Paul, the music director of the century-old [[Madras Musical Association]] Choir.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/the-grand-piano-chase/article20004323.ece | title=Grand strokes from a li'l Mozart of Madras | publisher=The Hindu | work=Vishwas R Gaitonde | date=8 November 2017 | access-date=6 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/lifestyle/news/2019/03/14/chennaiboy-crowned-the-world-best.html | title=Chennai boy Lydian crowned 'The World's Best'; bags USD 1 million. | publisher=Manorama | date=15 March 2019 | access-date=15 March 2019}}</ref>

Nadhaswaram spent four years studying at [[KM Music Conservatory]], a higher education institution founded in 2008 by the [[AR Rahman Foundation]]. In a YouTube video, Nadhaswaram was at home playing a Vande Matram song by [[A.R. Rahman]] on the piano in front of the composer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://themusicman.uk/lydian-nadhaswaram/|title=14-Year-Old Wins $1 Million Playing a 2 Piano Medley in Talent Competition|date=28 August 2020}}</ref>

In September 2019, it was announced that Nadhaswaram would make his debut as a film composer with the [[Malayalam]]-language [[fantasy film]] ''[[Barroz 3D|Barroz 3D – Guardian of D'Gama's Treasure]]'', directed by [[Mohanlal]], starring himself in the lead.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mohanlal-announces-13-year-old-child-prodigy-lydian-as-the-music-director-for-barroz/articleshow/71261011.cms | title=Mohanlal announces 13-year-old child prodigy Lydian as the music director for 'Barroz' | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=23 September 2020 | access-date=8 November 2020}}</ref> He played the role of Guddu in the film ''[[Atkan Chatkan]]''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/arts/piano-prodigy-lydian-nadhaswaram-on-his-film-debut-atkan-chatkan-and-musical-journey/cid/ | title=Lydian Nadhaswaram on his film debut and musical journey | publisher=The Telegraph | work=Urvashi Bhattacharya | date=7 October 2020 | access-date=8 November 2020}}{{dead link|date=February 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

== Award ==
Nadhaswaram was awarded the [[Lokmat]] [[Sur Jyotsna National Music Awards|Sur Jytosna National Music Award]] in 2021, which was given away by the information and broadcast Minister Anurag Thakur.<ref>{{Cite web |last=|date=2021-12-28 |title=Sur Jyotsna National Music Awards 2021: मैथिली ठाकूर, लिडियन नादस्वरम यांचा सन्मान; 'सूर ज्योत्स्ना' पुरस्कार सोहळ्याला दिग्गजांची उपस्थिती |url=https://www.lokmat.com/photos/national/sur-jyotsna-national-music-awards-2021-honor-maithili-thakur-and-lydian-nadaswaram-a719/?utm_source=Lokmat.com&utm_medium=infiniteGallery-Desktop#google_vignette |access-date=2024-12-06 |website=Lokmat |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-25 |title=Lokmat Media Group hosts the 8th edition of Sur Jyotsna National Music Awards {{!}} MediaNews4U |url=https://www.medianews4u.com/lokmat-media-group-hosts-the-8th-edition-of-sur-jyotsna-national-music-awards/ |access-date=2024-12-06 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of child music prodigies]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nadhaswaram, Lydian}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2005 births]]
[[Category:Musicians from Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian pianists]]
[[Category:Indian film score composers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male musicians]]
[[Category:Child musicians]]

{{pianist-stub}}

Howrah–Malda Town Intercity Express

2026-02-04T21:00:49Z

HesterBrewer: brief expand lead for clarity additionally and updated info

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Howrah Malda Town Intercity Express
| image= Howrah Malda Town Intercity Express.jpg
| caption =
| type = [[Express train|Express]]
| first =
| last =
| operator = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railways]]
| start = [[Howrah railway station|Howrah Junction]]
| stops = 16 in both directions
| end = [[Malda Town railway station|Malda Town]]
| distance = {{convert|340|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 07 hours 25 minutes as 13011 [[Howrah railway station|Howrah]] [[Malda Town railway station|Malda Town]] '''Intercity Express''', 06 hours 55 minutes as 13012 [[Malda Town railway station|Malda Town]] [[Howrah railway station|Howrah]] '''Intercity Express'''
| frequency = Daily
| class = [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC Chair Car]], [[Indian Railways coaching stock|2nd Class seating]], [[Indian Railways coaching stock|Unreserved/General]]
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = No
| autorack =
| catering = No [[Dining car|Pantry car coach]] attached
| observation = Rake Sharing with 53047 / 48 [[Viswabharati Fast Passenger]]
| entertainment =
| baggage =
| other facilities=
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 13011 / 13012
| speed = {{convert|110|km/h|0|abbr=on}} maximum {{convert|47.44|km/h|0|abbr=on}} including halts
| map =
| map_state =
}}

The 13011 / 12 '''Howrah''' '''– Malda Town''' '''Intercity Express''' is an [[Express train|Express]] train belonging to [[Indian Railways]] - [[Eastern Railway zone]] that runs between [[Howrah railway station|Howrah Junction]] & [[Malda Town railway station|Malda Town]] via [[Rampurhat]] in [[India]].It previously ran between [[Howrah railway station|Howrah]] and [[Rampurhat Junction railway station|Rampurhat]], and was gradually extended—first up to [[Pakur railway station|Pakur]], and then further to [[Malda Town railway station|Malda Town]].

It operates as train number 13011 from [[Howrah railway station|Howrah Junction]] to [[Malda Town railway station|Malda Town]] and as train number 13012 in the reverse direction serving the states of [[West Bengal]] & [[Jharkhand]].

==Coaches==

The 13011 / 12 [[Howrah railway station|Howrah]] [[Malda Town railway station|Malda Town]] '''Intercity Express''' presently has 2 [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC Chair Car]], 2 [[Indian Railways coaching stock|2nd Class seating]], 14 [[Indian Railways coaching stock|Unreserved/General]] & 2 [[Diesel generator|End on Generator]] coaches. It does not carry a [[Dining car|Pantry car coach]].

As is customary with most train services in [[India]], Coach Composition may be amended at the discretion of [[Indian Railways]] depending on demand.

==Service==

The 13011 [[Howrah railway station|Howrah]] [[Malda Town railway station|Malda Town]] '''Intercity Express''' covers the distance of 340 kilometres in 07 hours 25 mins {{convert|45.84|km/h|0|abbr=on}} & in 06 hours 55 mins as 13012 [[Malda Town railway station|Malda Town]] [[Howrah railway station|Howrah]] '''Intercity Express''' {{convert|49.16|km/h|0|abbr=on}}.

==Routeing==

The 13011 / 12 [[Howrah railway station|Howrah]] [[Malda Town railway station|Malda Town]] '''Intercity Express''' runs from [[Howrah railway station|Howrah Junction]] via [[Bardhaman railway station|Bardhaman Junction]], [[Bolpur Shantiniketan railway station|Bolpur Shantiniketan]], [[Rampurhat Junction]], [[New Farakka railway station|New Farakka Junction]] to [[Malda Town railway station|Malda Town]].

[[File:Howrah Malda Town Intercity Express - AC Chair Car.jpg|thumb|Howrah Malda Town Intercity Express - [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC Chair Car]]]]
[[File:Howrah Malda Town Intercity Express at Howrah.jpg|thumb|Howrah Malda Town Intercity Express at [[Howrah railway station|Howrah Junction]]]]

==Traction==

Previously, a [[Howrah railway station|Howrah]] based [[Indian locomotive class WDM-3A|WDM 3A]] / [[Indian locomotive class WDM-3A|WDM 3D]] / [[EMD GT46PAC|WDP 4]] powered the train for its entire journey.

As the route is now fully electrified, a [[Howrah railway station|Howrah]] based Indian locomotive class [[Indian locomotive class WAP-4|WAP-4]] or [[Indian locomotive class WAP-7|WAP-7]] or [[Indian locomotive class WAP-5|WAP-5]] powers the train for its entire journey.

==Timings==

13011 [[Howrah railway station|Howrah]] [[Malda Town railway station|Malda Town]] '''Intercity Express''' leaves [[Howrah railway station|Howrah Junction]] on a daily basis at 15:25 hrs IST and reaches [[Malda Town railway station|Malda Town]] at 22:55 hrs IST the same day.

13012 [[Malda Town railway station|Malda Town]] [[Howrah railway station|Howrah]] '''Intercity Express''' leaves [[Malda Town railway station|Malda Town]] on a daily basis at 04:30 hrs IST and reaches [[Howrah railway station|Howrah Junction]] at 11:25 hrs IST the same day.

== References ==
{{reflist}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Afoale1ED7Q|title=Howrah Malda Town Intercity Express crosses Rampurhat Howrah Intercity Express - YouTube|date=9 May 2009 |publisher=youtube.com|accessdate=2014-05-30}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/43144819@N05/5517039958/|title=Howrah Malda Town Intercity via Rampurhat at Burdwan | Flickr - Photo Sharing!|date=7 March 2011 |publisher=flickr.com|accessdate=2014-05-30}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/cities/kolkata-list-of-trains-affected-due-bharat-bandh-21024|title=Kolkata: List of trains affected due Bharat bandh | NDTV.com|publisher=ndtv.com|accessdate=2014-05-30}}
*{{cite web|url=http://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/India/20140215/2341142.html|title=MSR inaugurates 12 projects and services in West Bengal|publisher=news.webindia123.com|accessdate=2014-05-30|archive-date=23 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140523230957/http://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/India/20140215/2341142.html|url-status=dead}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2007/09/25/several-trains-cancelled-following-waterlogging-on-tracks-1190734486.html|title=Several trains cancelled following waterlogging on tracks - News Oneindia|publisher=Oneindia|access-date=2014-05-30}}

==External links==
*{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in |title=Welcome to Indian Railway Passenger reservation Enquiry |publisher=indianrail.gov.in |accessdate=2014-04-05 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408180437/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/ |archivedate=8 April 2014 |df=dmy-all }}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.irctc.co.in|title=IRCTC Online Passenger Reservation System|publisher=irctc.co.in|accessdate=2014-04-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070303131207/http://www.irctc.co.in/|archive-date=3 March 2007|url-status=dead}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.irfca.org|title=[IRFCA] Welcome to IRFCA.org, the home of IRFCA on the internet.|publisher=irfca.org|accessdate=2014-04-05}}

{{Railway lines in Eastern India}}

[[Viswabharati Fast Passenger]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Howrah-Malda Town Intercity Express}}
[[Category:Rail transport in Howrah]]
[[Category:Transport in Maldah]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Intercity Express (Indian Railways) trains]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]

Murder of Shraddha Walkar

2026-02-02T08:29:54Z

HesterBrewer:

{{Short description|2022 Shraddha Walkar murder case}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shraddha Walkar
| image =
| birth_date = 1995
| birth_place = [[Maharashtra]], India
| death_date = May 18, 2022 (aged 27)
| death_place = [[Delhi]], India
| death_cause = [[Strangulation in domestic violence]]
| occupation = [[Call centre]] employee
}}

'''Shraddha Walkar''' was a 27-year-old Indian woman who was murdered by her 28-year-old boyfriend and [[Cohabitation|live-in]] partner Aaftab Amin Poonawala in [[Delhi]] on 18 May 2022.<ref name="freepressjournal.in">{{Cite web |title=Delhi Murder: Mumbai youth Aaftab threw body parts of Shraddha everyday in Chhatarpur forest hoping animals would eat them |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/delhi-shocker-mumbai-youth-aaftab-threw-body-parts-of-shraddha-everyday-in-chhattarpur-forest-hoping-animals-would-eat-them |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref>

==Incident==
The case only came to light nearly six months after the murder, when Shraddha's father lodged a missing persons complaint after learning from Shraddha's friends that they were unable to contact her for over two-and-a-half months.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Man Killed Partner In Delhi, Dumped Body Pieces At 2 am For 18 Days: Cops |url=https://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/body-chopped-into-35-pieces-disposed-across-delhi-over-18-days-at-2-am-3517633 |access-date=2022-11-14 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> On 18 May 2022, 28-year-old Aaftab Poonawala strangled his live-in partner Shraddha over an argument and then proceeded to dismember her body into 35 pieces, allegedly charring her face to hide her identity.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Shraddha murder case: Charred her face to hide identity, confesses Aftab |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/shraddha-murder-case-charred-her-face-to-hide-identity-confesses-aftab/articleshow/95576737.cms |access-date=2022-11-19}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> A [[Women in refrigerators|300-litre fridge was used]] to store her body parts,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi Murder: Aftab used to SLAP the severed head of Shraddha kept in fridge, Unlimited CRUELTY inside Hate Story 2022 |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/delhi-murder-aftab-used-to-slap-the-severed-head-of-shraddha-kept-in-fridge-unlimited-cruelty-inside-hate-story-2022-2536292.html |access-date=2022-11-19 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-14 |title=Woman's murder by live-in partner: How horror unfolded in a first-floor flat, under nose of neighbours |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/woman-murder-live-in-partner-horror-unfolded-first-floor-flat-8268446/ |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> which were individually disposed in the [[Chhatarpur, Delhi Assembly constituency|Chhatarpur]] forest over the next 18 days, at around 2 AM every night to avoid suspicion.<ref name="freepressjournal.in"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shraddha Walkar murder: Police widen search, focus on skulls found across Delhi |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/shraddha-walkar-murder-police-widen-search-focus-on-skulls-found-across-delhi-8274634/ |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=The Indian Express |date=17 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

Poonawala was arrested by the [[Delhi Police]] on 12 November 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shraddha Walker Murder Case LIVE Updates: Aaftab taken to jungle by Delhi police where he disposed body parts |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/shraddha-walker-murder-case-live-updates-delhi-aaftab-amin-poonawala-killed-live-in-partner-girlfriend-updates-3002341 |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref> Shraddha's father has demanded the [[Capital punishment|death penalty]] for Aaftab.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-15 |title='We demand death penalty': Father of woman murdered by live-in partner in Delhi |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/we-demand-death-penalty-father-of-woman-murdered-by-live-in-partner-in-delhi-101668490461768.html |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

==About Shraddha Walkar==
Shraddha Walkar lived with her family until 2018, which consisted of her mother and brother in [[Vasai]], [[Palghar district|Palghar District]], Maharashtra. She studied in a convent school in Vasai and took admission in a BMM course in Viva Institute of Technology, Virar. She later dropped out from the course. Her father, Vikas Walkar, lived separately and operated an electronics service business. While working at a call centre of an MNC in [[Malad]], Shraddha met Aaftab Amin Poonawala via the [[Bumble]] app. Aaftab is also resident of Vasai. He went to L.S. Raheja College for BMM studies. He, coincidentally, also worked at the same call centre. In 2019, she moved out to live with him, against her family's wishes, who opposed the interfaith relationship and the idea of living-in with someone "she barely knew".<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |date=15 November 2022 |title=Shraddha murder case: Forget I am your daughter, she had said & left home {{!}} Mumbai News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/shraddha-murder-case-forget-i-am-your-daughter-she-had-said-left-home/articleshow/95518295.cms |access-date=2022-11-21 |website=The Times of India |language=en |quote="When the family opposed Shraddha's decision, "she told us that she was 25 years old and had the right to take decisions pertaining to her life", the father said. Then saying she was no longer their daughter, the girl left the house." "I told her to leave Aaftab and stay back at home but she returned after Aaftab apologised," said Walkar. Later, Shraddha's friends, Shivani Mahatre alsosaid he often thrashed her."}}</ref>

Friends and family of Shraddha have further accused Poonawala of physically abusing Walkar regularly prior to the murder.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi Fridge Murder: Victim Was Hospitalised In 2020 For "Internal Injuries" |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/shraddha-walkar-murder-woman-murdered-by-live-in-partner-was-hospitalised-in-2020-with-bruises-on-face-3532033 |access-date=2022-11-19 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> They were said to frequently argue over financial issues, and they were arguing when the murder took place.<ref name=":5" /> During interrogation, Aftab confessed to the crime and said that they fought often as Shraddha was pressurizing him for marriage.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Dexter: All You Need To Know About TV Show That Allegedly Inspired Aftab Poonawala |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/aftab-ameen-poonawala-shraddha-walkar-dexter-all-you-need-to-know-about-tv-show-that-allegedly-inspired-aftab-poonawala-3522315 |access-date=2024-10-04 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

Shraddha's father, Vikas Walkar, had no idea that she was living in Delhi, and thought that she was in Bangalore. Whenever he asked her about her partner, she would not speak much about him. Her father also stated that she was closer to her uncle than to him.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=2022-11-17 |title=Shraddha Murder Case: Aftab Amin Poonawalla inspired by crime shows, wanted to kill her a week before |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/shraddha-murder-case-aftab-inspired-by-crime-shows-wanted-to-kill-her-a-week-before/articleshow/95548494.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-10-04 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

==Accused==
Aaftab Poonawala worked at the same MNC call centre as Shraddha Walkar, whom he met on [[Bumble]].<ref name=":4" /> He confessed to the murder after the police discovered discrepancies in his statements and recovered evidence of the murder. He was then taken to the forest to identify Shraddha's remains.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-17 |title='Shraddha murder case: This is how Delhi Police caught Aaftab Poonawalla's lie|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/shraddha-murder-case-this-is-how-delhi-police-caught-aftab-poonawallas-lie/articleshow/95571969.cms |access-date=2022-11-17 |website=IndiaTimes |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title= Shraddha Walker case. |date=1996-08-09 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781843143093-68 |work=Sourcebook Criminal Law |pages=124–127 |publisher=Routledge-Cavendish |doi=10.4324/9781843143093-68 |isbn=978-1-84314-309-3 |access-date=2022-11-30|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ray |first=Anshu |date=2022-11-29 |title='No regret even if hanged, will get hoors in Jannat,' says Aftab during polygraph test, report says - North East Business Mirror |url=https://nebusinessmirror.com/no-regret-even-if-hanged-will-get-hoors-in-jannat-says-aftab-during-polygraph-test-report-says/ |access-date=2022-11-30 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shraddha Murder Case: फांसी भी मिली तो अफसोस नहीं, जन्नत में मिलेगी हूर; आफताब ने दिया चौंकाने वाला बयान |url=https://www.jagran.com/delhi/new-delhi-city-ncr-shraddha-murder-accused-aftab-poonawala-says-even-if-get-hanged-don-not-regret-i-will-get-houri-in-heaven-23234748.html |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> The police brought a dog squad to discover the body parts. However, many pieces, including the head, could not be found. Thirteen decomposed parts of her body were found, of which mostly pieces of bones remained. Upon a DNA match, it was confirmed that the body parts indeed belonged to Shraddha.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2023-05-09 |title=Shraddha Walkar case: Aftab Poonawala charged with murder, disappearance of evidence |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/shraddha-walkar-killing-case-aftab-poonawala-charged-for-murder-101683609544768.html |access-date=2024-05-24 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

Being a trained chef, Aaftab knew how to dismember and preserve flesh.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Malviya |first=Deepankar |date=8 March 2023 |title=Aaftab Poonawala a trained chef, knew how to preserve flesh: Delhi cops to court |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/aaftab-poonawala-a-trained-chef-knew-how-to-use-knife-delhi-police-to-court-101678212971683.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> The Delhi Police also revealed that after searching on [[Google Search|Google]], he cleaned blood stains from the floor with some chemicals and disposed of the stained clothes. Aaftab had taken inspiration from the TV show ''[[Dexter (TV series)|Dexter]]'' to dispose the body. He used to sleep in the same room where he had chopped the victim's body. He used to see the face after keeping it in the fridge and also cleaned the fridge after disposing of the body parts.<ref name=":3" /> He started by chopping off her liver and intestines.<ref name=":4" />

In his confession, Aaftab stated that he had planned to kill Shraddha Walkar a week before he actually did it. However, seeing her emotional and crying, he decided to "hold back for later". He believed Shraddha Walkar had trust issues and accused him of cheating whenever he talked to someone on the phone.<ref name=":4" />

On 31 July 2023, Shraddha Walkar's father, Vikas Madan Walkar, was presented before the [[Sessions Court|sessions court]] in [[Saket (Delhi)|Saket]] as a [[Witness|prosecution witness]], where he testified that Aaftab Poonawala told him that he had purchased a [[shovel]], two [[Knife|knives]], and a [[hammer]] and cut both of Shraddha's wrists during the night, placing the body parts in a [[polythene bag]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-31 |title=Aaftab said he strangulated her with his own hands: Shraddha Walkar's father |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/law/story/shraddha-walker-murder-case-victims-father-makes-shocking-revelations-in-court-2414428-2023-07-31 |access-date=2024-10-04 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

In the same session, Shraddha's brother Shreejay Walkar also testified against Aaftab, stating that two weeks after leaving her home, Shraddha told him that she and Aaftab were fighting a lot — [[Verbal abuse|verbal]] and [[Physical abuse|physical]]. She had told him that Aaftab would [[Islam and domestic violence|beat her up]] occasionally.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ANI |date=2023-06-01 |title=Shraddha murder case: Shraddha's brother tells Delhi Court about altercation between his sister, Aftab |url=https://theprint.in/india/shraddha-murder-case-shraddhas-brother-tells-delhi-court-about-altercation-between-his-sister-aftab/1607037/ |access-date=2024-10-04 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> In spite of trying to reason with her, she refused to [[breakup]] with him, saying that Aaftab would apologise to her after every fight, and she would accept the apology and continue living with him. Following this, Shreejay's interaction with Shraddha also reduced substantially, after he believed she has been completely influenced by Aaftab.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Banka |first=Richa |date=1 August 2023 |title='Aaftab Poonawala would beat her up', Shraddha Walkar's brother to Delhi court |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/aaftab-poonawala-beat-her-up-occasionally-shraddha-walkar-brother-testifies-delhi-court-101685612874895.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> After the death of their mother, Shreejay advised Shraddha to breakup with Aaftab again, which she did not listen to.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2023-06-01 |title=Shraddha Murder Case: Poonawala used to beat Shraddha, brother testifies in court |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/state/delhi/shraddha-murder-case-trial-process-started-in-saket-court/na20230601200229453453014 |access-date=2024-10-04 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref>

== Arrest ==
Aaftab Amin Poonawalla was charged by Delhi police for killing Shraddha Walkar and chopping her body in May 2022. The chargesheet was based on evidence and witness testimony. Police allege he strangled Shraddha and disposed of remains. Aaftab was arrested after investigation found last location in Delhi.<ref>{{Cite news |title= chargesheet of witnesses |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=22 January 2023 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/shraddha-walkar-murder-case-delhi-police-list-100-witnesses-in-3000-page-chargesheet-against-aaftab-poonawalla/articleshow/97222281.cms}}</ref> He is currently lodged in [[Tihar Prisons|Tihar Jail]] cell number 4 in [[West Delhi district|West Delhi]], where he is constantly surveilled.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=On Camera, Men With Swords Attack Police Van Carrying Aaftab Poonawala |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/police-van-carrying-aaftab-poonawala-accused-of-killing-girlfriend-attacked-in-delhi-3560411 |access-date=2024-05-24 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> The Delhi Police also filed a 6,629 pages long chargesheet against him. The chargesheet was filed 75 days after the investigation began.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-15 |title='Unlock Him For 8 Hours...': Big Relief For Shraddha Walkar Murder Accused Aaftab Poonawala |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/crime/unlock-him-for-8-hours-big-relief-for-shraddha-walkar-murder-accused-aaftab-poonawala-article-108521967 |access-date=2024-10-04 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>

On 29 November 2022, when Aaftab was being taken back to jail from the Forensic Science Laboratory of West Delhi, the police van was attacked by sword-wielding members of [[Hindu Sena]]. The organisation distanced itself from the incident, saying what the activists did was out of their personal motive, and that the organisation shall never support any act that is against the [[Constitution of India]].<ref name=":2" />

On 15 March 2024, on the request of his lawyer Akshay Bhandari, the Delhi High Court ordered Tihar prison to let Aaftab Poonawala out of his prison cell for eight hours every day like the rest of the inmates. Previously, he was only allowed to step out of his prison cell for two hours.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kakkar |first=Shruti |date=15 March 2024 |title=Delhi HC lets Aaftab Poonawala step out of prison cell for 8 hrs daily |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/delhi-hc-lets-aatab-poonawala-come-out-of-tihar-prison-cell-for-8-hrs-daily-101710501384397.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> The order was passed by a bench headed by Justice Suresh Kumar Kait on a petition filed by Poonawala, saying that he cannot be kept in solitary confinement under the "garb of security".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unlock Shraddha Walkar Murder Accused Aaftab Poonawala For 8 Hours Daily, Tihar Jail Told |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/unlock-shraddha-walkar-murder-accused-aaftab-poonawala-for-8-hours-daily-tihar-jail-told-5242870 |access-date=2024-10-04 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

==Reactions==
[[Kaushal Kishore (politician)|Kaushal Kishore]], the Union Minister of State for Housing and Urban Affair, said that couples who wish to live together must register in court or should have proper registration. He also added that women should stay away from such live-in relationships.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shraddha Walkar Murder: Now, Union Minister Blames Live-In Relationships For Rising Crimes |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/other/shraddha-walkar-murder-now-union-minister-blames-live-in-relationships-for-rising-crimes/ar-AA14fKlO |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=MSN.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=श्रद्धा मर्डर केस : आफताब ने 2020 में भी हत्या का प्रयास किया था। - JADOLYA |work=JADOLYA |url=https://www.jadolya.com/shraddha-murder-case-aftab-attempted-murder-in-2020-as-well-21976 |access-date=2022-11-27 |language=hi-IN}}</ref>

The case was cited by the [[Vishva Hindu Parishad|Vishwa Hindu Parishad]] as an example of "[[Love jihad conspiracy theory|love jihad]]", who demanded that the central government make laws to stop such incidents from happening, adding that they have recorded 420 incidents of love jihad in the past ten years from New Delhi alone. The group also decided to launch a campaign from 21 to 31 December 2022 to raise awareness about love jihad.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-01 |title=Citing Shraddha murder case, VHP demands nationwide 'anti love jihad' law |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/citing-shraddha-murder-case-vhp-demands-anti-love-jihad-law-2304080-2022-12-01 |access-date=2024-05-24 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Walkar's father also accused Poonawala of waging what he called love jihad.<ref>{{cite web |last=Team |first=DNA Web |date=2022-11-15 |title=Shraddha Walker murder: Who is Aftaab Poonawala, Instagram celebrity with 28,000 followers and murder accused? |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-shraddha-walker-murder-who-is-aftaab-poonawala-instagram-celebrity-with-28000-followers-and-love-jihad-ac-3002355 |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=DNA India}}</ref>

An interfaith wedding reception that had to take place on 20 November 2022 in Vasai, the town Aaftab and Shraddha belonged to, had to be cancelled because of local Hindu organisations contacting the owner of the marriage hall and urging him to cancel the event to ensure peace in the area.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shraddha Walkar case: Interfaith couple's wedding reception cancelled in Vasai |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/shraddha-walkar-case-interfaith-couples-wedding-reception-cancelled-in-vasai |access-date=2024-05-24 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref> The incident was a result of the [[editor-in-chief]] of [[Sudarshan News|Sudharshan News]] [[Suresh Chavhanke|Suresh Chavanke]] [[doxing]] the couple's wedding invitation card on [[Twitter]]. While initially the couple had no idea their wedding invitation card had gone viral on social media, they decided to call off the reception following the political discourse it had taken.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Qureshi |first=Arshi |date=2022-11-18 |title=Chavhanke Links Interfaith Wedding Reception to Shraddha Murder, Event Cancelled |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/suresh-chavhanke-links-divya-imran-wedding-reception-vasai-to-shraddha-walkar-murder |access-date=2024-05-24 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Walkar, Shraddha}}
[[Category:2022 murders in India]]
[[Category:May 2022 in India]]
[[Category:2020s in Delhi]]
[[Category:Murder in Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian murder victims]]
[[Category:Criminal investigation]]
[[Category:May 2022 crimes in Asia]]
[[Category:Interfaith marriage]]
[[Category:Deaths by person in India]]
[[Category:Deaths by strangulation]]
[[Category:Dismemberments]]
[[Category:Hinduism and Islam]]
[[Category:Copycat crimes]]
[[Category:2022 in women's history]]
[[Category:Uxoricides in India]]

BCCI domestic teams

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HesterBrewer: added references

#REDIRECT [[List of BCCI domestic tournaments and teams]]

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Tumkur

2026-01-20T01:53:59Z

HesterBrewer: updated page

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
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| name = Tumkur
| official_name = Tumakuru
| other_name =
| nickname = ''Kalpatharu Nadu'' (land of coconut trees)<ref name="nickname"/>
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = File:Tumkur Montage.png
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Clockwise from top: [[Siddaganga Matha]], [[Kote Anjaneya|Kote Anjaneya Swami Statue]], [[Sri Siddhartha Institute of Technology|Globe Library of SSIT]], SIT, India Food Park
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| map_alt =
| map_caption = Tumkur in Karnataka
| coordinates = {{coord|13.34|N|77.1|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Tumkur district|Tumkur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Mayor–council government|Mayor–Council]]
| governing_body = Tumakuru City Corporation
| leader_title1 = Mayor
| leader_name1 = Prabhavathi M
| leader_title2 = Commissioner
| leader_name2 = Ashwija B V (IAS)<ref>{{cite web |title=Tumakuru City Corporation - City Staff |url=http://www.tumakurucity.mrc.gov.in/en/node/58 |website=Tumkur City, Government of Karnataka, India |access-date=8 November 2024}}</ref>
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="profile">{{cite web|title=City Summary|url=http://www.tumkurcity.mrc.gov.in/citycouncil|website=Tumkur City Corporation|access-date=1 June 2016|archive-date=8 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708104603/http://www.tumkurcity.mrc.gov.in/citycouncil|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| area_rank = 2nd largest district
| area_total_km2 = 102.9
| elevation_footnotes =
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| population_total = 305821
| population_metro = 400442
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank = [[List of most populous cities in India|India]] : [[List of most populous cities in India|150]]{{break}}[[List of cities in Karnataka by population|Karnataka]] : [[List of cities in Karnataka by population|10]]
| population_density_km2 = auto
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| population_footnotes = <ref name="profile" />
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|Pincode(s)]]
| postal_code = 572101-107
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = [[Telephone numbers in India|+91-(0)816]]
| registration_plate = KA-06
| blank_name = {{nowrap|[[Official language]]}}
| blank_info = [[Kannada]]<ref name="OfficialLang">{{cite web |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |title=50th Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India (July 2012 to June 2013) |access-date=14 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708012438/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |archive-date=8 July 2016}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|http://www.tumkurcity.mrc.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Tumkur''', officially '''Tumakuru''',<ref name="official_name">{{cite news |title=Bangalore becomes 'Bengaluru'; 11 other cities renamed |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bangalore-becomes-bengaluru-11-other-cities-renamed/articleshow/45002333.cms |work=The Economic Times |agency=PTI |date=1 November 2014 |location=Bangalore |access-date=19 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Prabhu|first=Nagesh|date=1 November 2014|title=New names for cities|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/from-bangalore-to-bengaluru/article6553314.ece|access-date=31 December 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> is a city and the headquarters of [[Tumkur district]] in [[Karnataka]] state, [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=About Tukur {{!}} SSDC|url=https://www.ssdctumkur.org/about-tumkur.html|access-date=31 December 2020|website=www.ssdctumkur.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=elevationmap.net|title=Tumkur City, Tumkur, Bangalore, India on the Elevation Map. Topographic Map of Tumkur City, Tumkur district, Bangalore, India.|url=https://elevationmap.net/|access-date=31 December 2020|website=elevationmap.net|language=en}}</ref> It is known for the [[Siddaganga Matha]] Lingayat monastery. Tumkur hosts India's first mega food park, a project of the ministry of food processing. The India Food Park was inaugurated by Prime Minister of India in September 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/live-pm-modi-inaugurates-mega-food-park-in-tumkur/article6441169.ece|title=Modi inaugurates Mega Food Park in Tumkur|date=24 September 2014|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> It is also included in the [[Smart Cities Mission]] list and is among the 100 smart cities to be developed in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.smartcitytumakuru.in/|title=About Smart City|access-date=31 December 2020|website=www.smartcitytumakuru.in}}</ref> Since 28 August 2010, Tumkur has been accorded the status of a [[Municipal corporations of India|city corporation]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2 September 2013|title=Tumkur, Shimoga and Bijapur cities to be upgraded as Municipal Corporations|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/tumkur-shimoga-and-bijapur-cities-to-be-upgraded-as-municipal-corporations/article5085415.ece|access-date=1 January 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Tumkur is an emerging industrial hub in India, and has a large upcoming industrial corridor as well as a Japanese township.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nicdc.in/index.php/chennai-bengaluru-industrial-corridor-cbic/tumakuru-industrial-area-karnataka.html|title=about Industrial corridor|language=en-IN}}</ref> A new International stadium is expected to be completed in Tumkur by 2028, where international cricket tournaments can be hosted.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/bengaluru-news/tumakuru-to-get-international-cricket-stadium-karnataka-cm-siddaramaiah-lays-foundation-stone-101733129783543.html|title=Upcoming International cricket stadium|language=en-IN}}</ref> The Green Line of the Bengaluru [[Namma Metro]] extension is planned to connect with Tumkur after 2030.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2024/07/09/aarvee-awarded-tumkur-metro-lines-feasibility-contract-by-bmrcl/|title=Namma metro extension upto tumakuru}}</ref>

==Etymology==
Etymologically, the name of the city is believed to have been mutated possibly from "Tumbe ooru" because of the abundance of thumbe hoovu, a kind of flower, or thamate ooru because of the folk musical percussion instrument thamate, that might have been used most here. It is also called ''Kalpatharu Nadu'' (land of coconut trees), due to the abundance of coconut trees in the area.<ref name="nickname">{{Cite web|title=About Tumkur, the land of education {{!}} SSDC|url=https://www.ssdctumkur.org/about-tumkur.html|access-date=31 December 2020|website=www.ssdctumkur.org}}</ref>

Another story says that during the rule of cholas Gulur was their capital. Since Tumkur is at high elevation the guards used to be there on any hill with tumaki (a kind of drum) and used to make sound in case of any alerts, hence the name. The Indian central government approved the request to officially rename the Tumkur and 12 other cities in October 2014. The city officially became "Tumakuru" on 1 November 2014.<ref>{{cite news|last1=New City|first1=Names to Karnatka|title=New name for cities|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/from-bangalore-to-bengaluru/article6553314.ece|access-date=1 November 2014|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>

==Geography==
Tumkur is located at {{Coord|13.34|N|77.1|E|}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/19/Tumkur.html|title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Tumkur, India|website=www.fallingrain.com}}</ref> Tumkur is a city located in the southern state of Karnataka, India. It is situated at an altitude of around 800 meters above sea level and is located about 70 kilometres northwest of the state capital, Bengaluru.

The surrounding district features elevated terrain intersected by river valleys. The region also contains hilly and forested areas, including the scenic Devarayanadurga hill range.<ref>{{cite web |title=City Information |url=https://tumakurucitycorp.org/WebSite/Citizen/CityInfo.aspx
|website=Tumakuru City Corporation |access-date=29 November 2025}}</ref>

Agriculture in Tumakuru district is supported by monsoon rainfall and favourable terrain. Major crops cultivated include coconut, areca nut, rice, ragi, groundnut, and several oilseeds.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tumakuru District Profile |url=https://investkarnataka.co.in/our-districts/tumakuru/
|website=Invest Karnataka |access-date=29 November 2025}}</ref>

===Climate===
{{Weather box
| location = Tumkur (1981–2010, extremes 1972–1999)
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| Jan record high C = 32.5
| Feb record high C = 35.0
| Mar record high C = 37.4
| Apr record high C = 38.9
| May record high C = 38.1
| Jun record high C = 39.0
| Jul record high C = 36.1
| Aug record high C = 36.1
| Sep record high C = 32.5
| Oct record high C = 33.0
| Nov record high C = 31.2
| Dec record high C = 31.0
| year record high C = 39.0
| Jan high C = 28.6
| Feb high C = 31.3
| Mar high C = 33.9
| Apr high C = 35.0
| May high C = 34.5
| Jun high C = 30.5
| Jul high C = 28.9
| Aug high C = 28.4
| Sep high C = 29.2
| Oct high C = 28.9
| Nov high C = 27.8
| Dec high C = 27.3
| year high C = 30.4
| Jan low C = 16.2
| Feb low C = 17.9
| Mar low C = 20.1
| Apr low C = 21.5
| May low C = 21.2
| Jun low C = 20.3
| Jul low C = 19.6
| Aug low C = 19.3
| Sep low C = 19.3
| Oct low C = 19.1
| Nov low C = 17.8
| Dec low C = 16.3
| year low C = 19.1
| Jan record low C = 10.6
| Feb record low C = 12.1
| Mar record low C = 13.0
| Apr record low C = 6.0
| May record low C = 14.5
| Jun record low C = 14.5
| Jul record low C = 13.0
| Aug record low C = 15.6
| Sep record low C = 11.8
| Oct record low C = 10.0
| Nov record low C = 10.6
| Dec record low C = 10.4
| year record low C = 6.0
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 7.2
| Feb rain mm = 2.4
| Mar rain mm = 8.4
| Apr rain mm = 31.9
| May rain mm = 60.5
| Jun rain mm = 91.9
| Jul rain mm = 124.5
| Aug rain mm = 119.7
| Sep rain mm = 158.2
| Oct rain mm = 137.3
| Nov rain mm = 52.2
| Dec rain mm = 15.2
| year rain mm = 809.5
| Jan rain days = 0.3
| Feb rain days = 0.2
| Mar rain days = 0.5
| Apr rain days = 1.9
| May rain days = 4.2
| Jun rain days = 6.3
| Jul rain days = 8.1
| Aug rain days = 8.5
| Sep rain days = 7.6
| Oct rain days = 6.8
| Nov rain days = 3.2
| Dec rain days = 1.0
| year rain days = 48.8
|time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 35
| Feb humidity = 27
| Mar humidity = 24
| Apr humidity = 29
| May humidity = 40
| Jun humidity = 61
| Jul humidity = 67
| Aug humidity = 68
| Sep humidity = 62
| Oct humidity = 60
| Nov humidity = 57
| Dec humidity = 47
|year humidity = 48
|source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref name=IMDnormals>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| title = Station: Tumkur Climatological Table 1981–2010
| work = Climatological Normals 1981–2010
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = January 2015
| pages = 759–760
| access-date = 19 April 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = December 2016
| page = M104
| access-date = 19 April 2020}}</ref>
}}

==Demographics==
As per the [[2011 India census]],<ref name="we">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=16 June 2004|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=1 November 2008|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> the population of Tumkur was approximately 542,000. The city has a population density of 3,100 people per square kilometre. The majority of the population belongs to the Hindu religion, with a small minority of Muslims and Christians.<ref name="we"/>

===Languages===
{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Tumkur City ([[2011 Census of India|2011 census]])<ref name="census2011-langreport">{{cite web |title=Language – India, States and Union Territories |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf |work=Census of India 2011 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General |pages=12–14, 49 |access-date=8 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114073412/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf |archive-date=14 November 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|label1 = [[Kannada]] |value1 =67.48 |color1= darkslateblue
|label2 = [[Urdu]] |value2 = 24.40 |color2 = green
|label3 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]] |value3 = 2.30 |color3 = steelblue
|label4 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]] |value4 = 2.02 |color4 = royalblue
|label5 = [[Hindi]] |value5 = 1.81|color5 = orange
|label6 = Others |value6 =1.99 |color6 = grey
}}

[[Kannada]] is the language of the majority in Tumkur, which is also the state's official language.<ref name="OfficialLang"/><ref name="census2011-langreport"/> The city has a significant number of [[Urdu]] speakers, and small populations of [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Hindi]] speakers.<ref name="census2011-langreport"/>

===Religion===
{{bar box
|title=Religions in Tumkur City (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Karnataka|Hinduism]]|darkorange|71.83}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|24.76}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Karnataka|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|1.84}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism]]|pink|0.88}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.69}}
}}

[[Hindu]]s form the majority of the population, with a significant [[Muslim]] minority.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Karnataka |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11378/download/14491/DDW29C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Transportation==
The city's railway station comes under the [[South Western Railway Zone]] (India), and has been renovated recently.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ವಾರ್ತೆ |first=ಪ್ರಜಾವಾಣಿ |title=ತುಮಕೂರು ರೈಲು ನಿಲ್ದಾಣಕ್ಕೆ ಹೊಸ ಸ್ಪರ್ಶ |url=https://www.prajavani.net/district/tumakuru/tumkuru-railway-station-development-at-16-crore-2630827 |access-date=29 September 2024 |website=Prajavani |language=kn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 November 2023 |title=Tumakuru Railway Station: ಹೈಟೆಕ್ ಆಗಲಿದೆ ತುಮಕೂರು ರೈಲ್ವೆ ನಿಲ್ದಾಣ |url=https://kannada.oneindia.com/news/tumakuru/tumakuru-railway-station-transformation-under-amrit-bharat-scheme-330027.html |access-date=30 September 2024 |website=Oneindia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 February 2024 |title=ತಿಪಟೂರು ಹಾಗೂ ತುಮಕೂರು ರೈಲ್ವೆ ನಿಲ್ದಾಣಗಳ ಅಭಿವೃದ್ಧಿಗೆ 50 ಕೋಟಿ ಹಣ ಬಿಡುಗಡೆ! (50 cr. budget released for development of Tumkur & Tiptur Railway stations) |url=https://kannada.oneindia.com/news/karnataka/50-crores-released-for-the-development-of-tipaturu-and-tumkur-railway-stations-345095.html |access-date=30 September 2024 |website=Oneindia}}</ref> It is on the [[Bangalore–Arsikere–Hubli line|Bangalore-Hubli]] main line, and is located in the centre of the city, close to the bus stand and the town hall.

Municipal buses are available for transportation within the city, and are run by KSRTC. The service is known as Sri Siddaganga Nagara Sarige, named after the holy place, [[Siddaganga Matha|Siddaganga]].

The nearest airport to Tumkur is [[Kempegowda International Airport]] in Bangalore which is around 90 km from the city.

The state government has plans to expand Bengaluru's [[Namma Metro]] rail to Tumkur to enhance connectivity between city & the [[Bangalore|state capital]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 February 2024 |title=Karnataka CM Siddaramaiah announces extension of Bengaluru Metro to Devanahalli, Tumkur in Budget speech |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/karnataka-cm-siddaramaiah-extension-bengaluru-metro-devanahalli-tumkur-budget-speech-9165404/ |access-date=29 September 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 February 2024 |title=Bengaluru Metro To Extend To Tumakuru And Devanhalli, CM Announces - Metro Rail News |url=https://metrorailnews.in/bengaluru-metro-to-extend-to-tumakuru-and-devanhalli-cm-announces/ |access-date=29 September 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 March 2024 |title=Bengaluru-Tumkur Namma Metro Project: 19 Elevated Stations Proposed For 52.41 km Line |url=https://www.oneindia.com/bengaluru/bengaluru-tumkur-namma-metro-project-19-elevated-stations-proposed-for-52-41km-line-3786035.html |access-date=30 September 2024 |website=Oneindia}}</ref>

==Educational institutes==


*Siddaganga Institute of Technology
*[[Sri Siddhartha Medical College]]
*[[Tumkur University]]

Tbe Siddaganga Matha provides free education and accommodation for more than 9000 children. Karnataka Rathna [[Shivakumara Swami]] was the president of this matha.<ref>{{cite web |title=SSDC |url=https://ssdctumkur.org/|website=ssdctumkur.org |access-date=29 October 2022 }}</ref>

==Media==
Tumkur has a private FM radio channel, Siddhartha, situated at SSIT campus, broadcasting in Kannada language. Amogha local channel is Amogha Networks.
<gallery>
File:ARALAGUPPE temple.jpg|Aralaguppe temple
File:Tumkuru. Balasankri.jpg|Bhanasankari Temple
File:Tumkuru City.jpg|City Entrance
File:Townhall building.jpg|Townhall building tumkur
File:CSI Wesley Church Tumkur 1.jpg|CSI Wesley Church
</gallery>

==Notable people==
===Actors===


{{div col}}
*[[Achyuth Kumar]], actor
*[[Arjun Sarja]], actor
*[[Ashika Ranganath]], actress
*[[Jaggesh]], actor
*[[Komal Kumar]], actor and comedian
*[[Lohithaswa]] T.S actor, [[writer]]
*[[Manjula (Kannada actress)|Manjula]], actress
*[[Narasimharaju (Kannada actor)|Narasimharaju]], Indian theatre and film actor
*[[Rangayana Raghu]], Actor and Comedian
*[[Tabla Nani]], actor and Comedian
*[[Sharath Lohithaswa]], actor
*[[Siddhanth]], actor
*[[Sudha Rani]], actress
*[[Suman Ranganath]], actress
*[[Umang Jain]], actress
*[[Umashree]], actress
{{div col end}}

===Arts===


{{div col}}
*[[Doddarange Gowda]], poet
*[[Chandrika Gururaj]] - playback singer
*[[Amarashilpi Jakanachari]], [[sculptor]]
*[[Renuka Kesaramadu]], [[painter]] and sculptor
*[[Kunigal Nagabhushan]], writer
*[[T. Sunandamma]], writer and [[humorist]]
*[[B. M. Srikantaiah]], writer known as Kannadada Kanva
*[[T. N. Srikantaiah]], poet, linguist and teacher
*[[Chi. Udayashankar]], lyricist
*[[Gubbi Veeranna]], theatre director
{{div col end}}

===Politicians===


*[[Rank Nazeer Ahmed]], politician
*[[G. S. Basavaraj]], politician
*[[K. Lakkappa]], politician
*[[S. Mallikarjunaiah]], politician
*[[G. Parameshwara]], former [[Deputy Chief Minister of Karnataka]], former [[Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee|KPCC]] President

===Sports===


*[[Poll Ashokanand]], cricketer
*[[Poll Shyamsunder]], cricketer

===Others===


*[[C. P. Sadashivaiah]], Indian freedom fighter
*[[Shivakumara Swami]], supercentenarian, humanitarian, spiritual leader and educator
*[[Saalumarada Thimmakka]], Indian environmentalist
*[[Raja Ramanna]] , Indian nuclear physicist

==See also==
* [[Tumkur City Assembly constituency]]
* [[Ajjappanahalli, Tumkur]]
* [[Bajagur]]
* [[Narasimha Swamy Temple, Seebi]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.tuda.co.in/index.php?view=category&catid=32&startpage=1&substartpage=1&option=com_joomgallery&Itemid=53 Official website of Tumkur Urban Development Authority]

{{Commons category|Tumkur}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Tumkur]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Tumakuru district]]
[[Category:Cities in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Municipal corporations in Karnataka]]

Kathasaritsagara

2026-01-18T13:11:20Z

HesterBrewer: cleanup layout further and fixed typos

{{Short description|11th-century Sanskrit collection of tales}}
{{More citations needed|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox book
| image = Folio from Kathasaritsagara.JPG
| caption = A 16th century folio from an Indian retelling of the ''Kathāsaritsāgara''
}}
The '''''Kathāsaritsāgara''''' ("Ocean of the Streams of Stories") ([[Devanagari]]: कथासरित्सागर) is a famous 11th-century collection of Indian legends and folk tales as retold in [[Sanskrit]] by the [[Shaivism|Shaivite]] [[Somadeva]] from [[Kashmir]].{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}

''Kathāsaritsāgara'' contains multiple layers of [[story within a story]] and is said to have been adopted from [[Guṇāḍhya]]'s ''[[Brihatkatha|Bṛhatkathā]]'' ("the Great Narrative"), which was written in a poorly-understood language known as [[Paiśācī|Paiśāchī]]. The ''Bṛhatkathā'' is no longer extant but several later adaptations still exist — the ''Kathāsaritsāgara'', ''[[Brihatkathamanjari|Bṛhatkathamanjari]]'' and ''[[Bṛhatkathāślokasaṃgraha]]''. However, none of these recensions necessarily derives directly from Gunadhya, and each may have intermediate versions. Scholars compare [[Guṇāḍhya]] with [[Vyasa]] and [[Valmiki]] even though he did not write the now long-lost ''[[Brihatkatha|Bṛhatkathā]]'' in Sanskrit. Presently available are its two Sanskrit [[recension]]s, the ''[[Brihatkathamanjari|Bṛhatkathamanjari]]'' by [[Kshemendra|Kṣemendra]] and the ''Kathāsaritsāgara'' by Somadeva.

==Author and structure==
[[File:Brhatkatha stemma.svg|thumb|upright=2.5|Probable relationship between versions of the [[Brihatkatha]]]]

The author of ''Kathasaritsagara'', or rather its compiler, was [[Somadeva]], the son of Rāma, a Śaiva Brāhman of Kashmir. He tells us that his ''magnum opus'' was written (sometime between 1063-81 CE) for the amusement of Sūryavatī, wife of King Ananta of Kashmir, at whose court Somadeva was poet. The tragic history of Kashmir at this period - Ananta’s two sons, Kalaśa and Harṣa, the worthless degenerate life of the former, the brilliant but ruthless life of the latter, the suicide of Ananta himself, the self-immolation of Sūryavatī on his funeral pyre, and the resulting chaos - forms as a dark and grim background for the setting of Somadeva’s tales. The frame story is the narrative of the adventures of Naravahanadatta, son of the legendary king Udayana, his romances with damsels of great beauty and wars with enemies. As many as 350 tales are built around this central story, making it the largest existing collection of Indian tales.

Somadeva declares that his work is a faithful though abridged translation of a much larger collection of stories known as the ''[[Brihatkatha|Bṛhatkathā]]'', or Great Tale written in the lost [[Paisaci]] dialect by [[Gunadhya|Guṇāḍhya]]. But the Kashmirian (or "Northwestern") ''Bṛhatkathā'' that [[Somadeva]] adapted may be quite different from the Paisaci [[wikt:urtext|ur-text]], as at least 5 apparent descendants of Guṇāḍhya's work exist — all quite different in form and content, the best-known (after the ''Kathāsaritsāgara'' itself) probably being the ''[[Bṛhatkathāślokasaṃgraha]]'' of [[Budhasvamin]] from [[Nepal]]. Like the ''Panchatantra'', tales from the ''Kathāsaritsāgara'' (or its related versions) travelled to many parts of the world.

''Kathāsaritsāgara'' consists of 18 ''lambhakas'' ("books") of 124 ''taramgas'' (chapters called as "waves") and approximately 22,000 [[shloka|śloka]]s (distichs) in addition to prose sections.<ref>Penzer 1924 Vol I, p xxxi.</ref> The śloka consists of 2 half-verses of 16 syllables each. Thus, syllabically, the ''Kathāsaritsāgara'' is approximately equal to 66,000 lines of iambic pentameter; by comparison, [[John Milton]]'s ''[[Paradise Lost]]'' is 10,565 lines. All this pales in comparison to the (presumably legendary) 700,000 ślokas of the lost original ''[[Brihatkatha]]''.

Somadeva’s narrative captivates both by its simple and clear, though very elegant, style and diction and by his skill in drawing with a few strokes pictures of types and characters taken from the real every-day life. Hence it is that even in the miraculous and fantastical facts and events that make up the bulk of the main story and of a great deal of the incidental tales the interest of the reader is uninterruptedly kept. His lively and pleasant art of story-telling — though now and then encumbered with inflatedness or vitiated by far-fetched false wit — is enhanced also by his native humor and the elegant and pointed sentences strewn about here and there with a good taste.<ref>[[Jacob Samuel Speyer|J. S. Speyer]], ''Studies about the Kathasaritsagara'' (Wiesbaden: M. Sandig, 1968)</ref>

==Synopsis==
The ''Kathāsaritsāgara'' is a large work. Each book comprises a number of stories loosely strung together, by being narrated for the recreation or information of the same individuals, or arising out of their adventures. These are [[Udayana]], king of [[Kosambi]], and his son Naravahanadatta. The marriage of the latter with various damsels of terrestrial or celestial origin, and his elevation to the rank of king of the [[Vidyadhara]]s, a class of heavenly spirits, are the leading topics of most of the books; but they merely constitute the skeleton of the composition, the substance being made up of stories growing out of these circumstances, or springing from one another with an ingenuity of intricacy which is one of the great charms of all such collections.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/kathasaritsagara-the-ocean-of-story/d/doc79557.html|title = Ratnaprabhā [Book VII]|date = 12 March 2014}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable floatright"
|+ style="text-align: center;" | ''Kathāsaritsāgara''
|-
! Book !! ''Lambhaka'' !! ''Taramga'' !! Count of ''slokas''
|-
| 1 || ''Kathapitha'' (Foundation) || 1-8 || 818
|-
| 2 || ''Kathamukha'' (Introduction) || 9-14 || 871
|-
| 3 || ''Lavanaka'' || 15-20 || 1198
|-
| 4 || ''Naravahanadattajanana'' (Birth of Naravahanadatta) || 21-23 || 501
|-
| 5 || ''Caturdarika'' (The Four Wives) || 24-26 || 818
|-
| 6 || ''Madanamancuka'' || 27-34 || 1544
|-
| 7 || ''Ratnaprabha'' || 35-43 || 1421
|-
| 8 || ''Suryaprabha'' || 44-50 || 115
|-
| 9 || ''Alamkaravati'' || 51-56 || 4929
|-
| 10 || ''Saktiyasas'' || 57-66 || 1120
|-
| 11 || ''Vela'' || 67 || 220
|-
| 12 || ''Sasankavati'' || 68-103 || 993
|-
| 13 || ''Madiravati'' || 104 || 624
|-
| 14 || ''Panca'' (The Five) || 105-108 || 1628
|-
| 15 || ''Mahabhiseka'' (The Imperial Coronation) || 109-110 || 1739
|-
| 16 || ''Suratamanjari'' || 111-113 || 2128
|-
| 17 || ''Padmavati'' || 114-119 || 301
|-
| 18 || ''Visamasila'' || 120-124 || 420
|}

=== Book 1 ===
The first book (''Kathapitha'') is introductory, and refers the origin of the tales contained in the collection to [[Shiva]], who, it is said, related them in private conversation with his wife, [[Parvati]], for her entertainment. One of the attendants of the deity, Pushpadanta, took the liberty of listening, and he repeated them, under the seal of secrecy, to his wife, Jaya, a sort of lady’s maid to the goddess. Jaya takes an opportunity of intimating to her mistress that she is acquainted with the stories narrated by Shiva to the great mortification of Parvati who had flattered herself that they had been communicated to her alone. She accordingly complains to Shiva of his having deceived her and he vindicates himself by discovering the truth. Parvati thereupon pronounces an imprecation upon Pushpadanta, condemning him to be born upon the earth as a man; and she sentences his friend Malyavan, who had ventured to intercede for him, to a like destination. Parvati tells the culprits that they shall resume their celestial condition when Pushpadanta, encountering a [[yaksha]], a follower of [[Kubera]], the god of wealth, doomed for a certain time to walk the earth, as a [[pishacha]] or goblin, shall recollect his own former state, and shall repeat to the pishacha the stories he overheard from Shiva; and when Malyavan, falling in with the Pisacha, shall hear from him again the stories that his friend Pushpadanta had narrated. The recitation of the stories forms also the limit of the pishacha’s sojourn amongst mortals.

The two demigods, Pushpadanta and Malyavan, are born as two [[Brahmin]]s, named [[Vararuchi]] and [[Gunadhya]], and their adventures as mortals constitute the subject of several tales. Some of these possess much local interest: we have in them literary anecdotes relating to celebrated works and authors, as to [[Pāṇini|Panini]] the grammarian; notices of historical persons and events, as of the accession of [[Chandragupta Maurya]]; and traditions of the origin of celebrated places, as of that of [[Pataliputra]]. One of the best-told stories in the whole work occurs here. Upakosha the wife of Vararuchi, becomes during the absence of her husband, the object of the addresses of the king's family priest, the commander of the guards, the prince's tutor, and her husband's banker. She makes assignations with them all: each as he arrives is quickly followed by his successor, and is secreted only to be finally exposed and punished.

Malyavan, or Gunadhya, in consequence of a dispute with a rival Brahmin, forgoes the use of the Sanskrit, Prakrit and Deshya, or vernacular languages. He afterwards learns the Paisachi language, or that of the goblins, which enables him to receive the narrations as they are told him by the metamorphosed yaksha or pishacha. Gunadhya having heard the stories, extending to seven hundred thousand stanzas, wrote them with his blood, for there was no ink in the forest. He then offered the work to [[Satavahana dynasty|Satavahana]], king of [[Pratishthan]]a, who rejected it with abhorrence, on which the author kindled a fire in the forest, and reading it aloud, to the great edification of spirits and goblins, and birds and beasts, he burned it leaf by leaf as he finished the perusal. The news of this proceeding at last reached the king, and he repented of what he had done, and repaired to Gunadhya to solicit the gift of the work. The sage consented to present the king with the hundred thousand verses that had not yet been consigned to the flames. Satavahana took it to his capital, and having received an explanation of it from two of Gunadhya's disciples, he translated it from the language of the pishachas.

===Books 2 to 5===
The second book (''Kathamukha'') commences that part of the original narrative which was supposedly not consumed, and records the adventures of [[Udayana]], king of Kosambi, a prince of great fame in Sanskrit plays and poems, and his marriage with Vasavadatta, princess of [[Ujjain]]. The major sub-stories include the tales of Sridatta, Devasmita and Lohajangha.

The third book (''Lavanaka'') describes his marriage to the second wife, Padmavati, princess of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] and his subsequent conquests. This book is especially rich in mythological sub-stories like [[Durvasa]] and [[Kunti]], [[Urvashi]] and [[Pururavas]], [[Indra]] and [[Ahalya]], Sunda and Upasunda &c.

The fourth book (''Naravahanadattajanana'') narrates the birth of the son of Udayana, by Vasavadatta, Naravahanadatta; at the same time sons are born to the chief ministers of Udayana, and they become the companions and councilors of the young prince. The book contains the famous story of [[Jimutavahana]].

The fifth book (''Caturdarika'') records the adventures of Saktivega who became king of the heavenly beings termed Vidyadharas, a class of spirits who reside upon the loftiest peaks of the Himalaya mountains. While a mortal, he possessed superhuman longevity and faculties including [[clairvoyance]] and [[extrasensory perception]]. Naravahanadatta, is prophecised to be a king of the Vidyadharas.

=== Book 6 ===
[[File:BK relations.svg|thumb|upright=2.5|Relationships of chief characters in the ''Brihatkatha'' (as evidenced by the derived texts ''Brihatkathashlokasamgraha'', ''Brihatkathamanjari'', and ''Kathasaritsagara'').]]
The main focus of the sixth book (''Madanamanchuka'') is the marriage of the young prince Naravahanadatta with Madanamanchuka the daughter of Kalingasena, a princess whose mother is a celestial nymph. Kalingasena had been enamoured of Udayana, and desires to wed him. Udayana wants to marry her; but as he has two wives already, his chief minister argues against it. A friend of the princess, a nymph of air, is also opposed to the match, and a variety of tales are recited on either side in support of the reasoning for and against the union. In the end, a spirit of air, in love with the princess, assumes the form of Udayana, and in this identity weds her. She reconciles without remedy, and has a daughter, Madanamanchuka who is the bride of Udayana's son. The book features the famous story of Usha and [[Aniruddha]].

=== Book 7 ===
In the next book (''Ratnaprabha'') Naravahanadatta marries Ratnaprabhā a Vidyadhari who was prophesied to be his bride; the wedding is celebrated at the palace of her father Hemaprabha, on one of the snow-crowned summits of the Himalaya. When the married couple return to Kosambi the young bride persuades her husband to throw open the doors of the inner quarters, and allow free access to his friends and associates. “The honour of women,” she affirms, “is protected by their own principles alone; and where these are corrupt, all precautions are vain.” This arrangement not only emancipates the women from jealous restraint, but also triggers a subsequent series of tales, with the prince's companions as narrators. The stories that then ensue (for e.g. Somasvamin, Sringabhuja and Rupasikha) are about the conduct of women; some are tales of revenge.

=== Books 8 and 9 ===
The eighth book (''Suryaprabha'') is devoted to the adventures of a prince named Suryaprabha, who became king of the Vidyadharas. The scene of action is mostly in the [[Loka]]s beyond earth, and the [[dramatis personae]] are the [[Nāga|Nagas]] or snake-gods of [[Patala]] and the Vidyadharas. This is further illustration of the mode in which Naravahanadatta may fulfil the prophecy.

In the ninth book (''Alamkaravati''), Naravahanadatta is distraught on the disappearance of his favorite bride Madanamanchuka after throwing open the doors of the inner quarters. He is consoled by the narration of a number of stories about the temporary separation and final reunion of faithful couples. They consist of a compendious recital of the adventures of [[Nala]] and [[Damayanti]]. The stories continue till the thirteenth book.

=== Book 10 ===
The next book (''Saktiyasas''), the tenth, is important in the [[history of literature]], as it includes the whole of the ''[[Panchatantra]]''. We also have in this book a possible inspiration of another well-known story, that of King Shahryar and His Brother in the ''[[One Thousand and One Nights]]''. Two young Brahmins travelling are benighted in a forest, and take up their lodging in a tree near a lake. Early in the night a number of people come from the water, and having made preparation for an entertainment retire; a Yaksha, a genie, then comes out of the lake with his two wives, and spends the night there; when he and one of his wives are asleep, the other, seeing the youths, invites them to approach her, and to encourage them, shows them a hundred rings received from former gallants, notwithstanding her husband's precautions, who keeps her locked up in a chest at the bottom of the lake. The youths reject her advances; she wakes the genie who is going to put them to death, but the rings are produced in evidence against the unfaithful wife, and she is cast away with the loss of her nose.

=== Books 11 to 13 ===
The eleventh book (''Vela'') is one huge story, that of Vela, a damsel married to a merchant's son focusing on their shipwreck, separation and re-union.

The twelfth book (''Sasankavati'') narrates the huge tale of Mrigankadatta, prince of Ayodhya. The narrative is similar to [[Daṇḍin]]'s [[Dashakumaracharita]], the Tale of the Ten Princes, in which a prince and his nine companions are separated for a season, and recount what has happened to each when they meet again. The exact stories, however, are different. This book also contains an earlier version of a popular collection of tales called the [[Vetala Panchavimshati]]: twenty-five tales of a [[Vetala]] being related to Trivikramasena, king of [[Pratishthan]], on the Godavari.

The thirteenth book (''Madiravati'') is short and recounts the adventures of two young Brahmans, who have secret marriages with a princess and her friend. The incidents are curious and diverting and similar to the contrivances by which Madhava and Makaranda obtain their mistresses in the drama entitled ''Malatimadhava'' by [[Bhavabhuti]].

{{multiple image
| total_width = 440
| header = Illustrations from an edition of the Kathasaritsagara, c.1590
| image1 = Tale of the Cunning Siddhikari.jpg
| width1 = 520
| height1 = 640
| caption1 = ''Tale of the Cunning Siddhikari''
| image2 = Somaprabha and a Celestial Nymph Listening to Music.jpg
| width2 = 640
| height2 = 610
| caption2 = ''Somaprabha and a Celestial Nymph Listening to Music''
}}

=== Book 14 and 15 ===
The two next books, the fourteenth (''Panca'') and fifteenth (''Mahabhisheka''), the scene of action is the fabulous region of the Vidyadharas. In the first, the prince Naravahanadatta, realises that his queen Madanamanchuka was abducted by ''Manasavega'' the Vidyadhara , marries additional five women of Vidhyadhara (''Vidhyadhari'') and finally kills Manasavega to regain his queen.

In Mahabhisheka, Naravahanadatta is crowned emperor of the Vidyadhara people.

=== Book 16 ===
In (''Suratamanjari''), the sixteenth book, Udayana, resigns his throne to Gopalaka, the brother of his wife Vasavadatta, and, accompanied by his wives and ministers, goes to Mount Kalanjana. A heavenly chariot descends, and conveys them all to heaven. Gopalaka, inconsolable for the loss of his brother-in-law, soon relinquishes his regal state of Kosambi to his younger brother, Palaka, retires to the White Mountain, and spends the rest of his days in the hermitage of [[Kashyapa]]. We have then an account of the son of Palaka falling in love with a young girl of low caste, a [[Chandala|Chandali]], and different stories illustrative of odd couples. Palaka's ministers argue that the very circumstance of the prince's being enamoured of the Chandali is a proof that she must be a princess or goddess in disguise; otherwise it were impossible that she should have attracted the affections of any noble individual. They therefore counsel the king to demand her hand from Matanga, her father . Matanga consents on condition that the [[Brahmins]] of Ujjain eat in his house. Palaka issues orders that eighteen thousand Brahmins, shall dine with the Chandala. The Brahmins are in great alarm, as this is a degradation and loss of caste, and they pray to [[Mahakala]], the form of Siva especially worshipped in Ujjain, to know what to do. He commands them in a dream to comply, as Matanga is in truth a Vidyadhara. He had conspired against the life of Naravahanadatta, in order to prevent his becoming emperor of the Vidyadharas, and had been therefore condemned by Siva to live in Ujjain with his family as Chandalas. The curse was to terminate when eighteen thousand Brahmins should eat in his house; and this being accomplished, Matanga is restored to his rank, and his daughter is judged a fit bride for the son of the king.

=== Books 17 and 18 ===
The two last books are composed of narratives told by Naravahanadatta, when on a visit to his uncle Gopalaka at the hermitage of Kashyapa. He repeats those stories which were communicated to him when he was separated from Madanamanchuka, to console him under the anguish of separation. (''Padmavati'') is the love story of Muktaphalaketu, a prince of the Vidyadharas, and Padmavati, daughter of the king of the Gandharvas. The former is condemned by a holy person to become a man, and he is thus for a season separated from the latter. He is, after a short time, restored to his station and his wife.

The last book (''Visamasila'') has Vikramaditya or Vikramasila, son of Mahendraditya, king of Ujjain, for its hero, and describes his victories over hostile princes, and his acquirement of various princesses. These are interspersed with love adventures, some of which reiterate the calumnies against women, and with stories relating the tricks of professed cheats.

==Historiography: versions and translations==
=== Sanskrit antecedents: ''Bṛhatkathāmañjarī'' and ''Bṛhatkathāślokasaṃgraha'' ===
==== ''Bṛhatkathāmañjarī'' ====
{| class="wikitable floatright"
|+ style="text-align: center;" | ''Bṛhatkathāmañjarī''
|-
! Book !! ''Lambhaka'' !! Count of ''slokas''
|-
| 1 || ''Kathapitha'' (Foundation) || 392
|-
| 2 || ''Kathamukha'' (Introduction) || 421
|-
| 3 || ''Lavanaka'' || 414
|-
| 4 || ''Naravahanadattajanana'' (Birth of Naravahanadatta) || 142
|-
| 5 || ''Caturdarika'' (The Four Wives) || 263
|-
| 6 || ''Suryaprabha'' || 245
|-
| 7 || ''Madanamancuka'' || 612
|-
| 8 || ''Vela'' || 75
|-
| 9 || ''Sasankavati'' || 2435
|-
| 10 || ''Visamasila'' || 288
|-
| 11 || ''Madiravati'' || 83
|-
| 12 || ''Padmavati'' || 115
|-
| 13 || ''Panca'' (The Five) || 236
|-
| 14 || ''Ratnaprabha'' || 83
|-
| 15 || ''Alamkaravati'' || 375
|-
| 16 || ''Saktiyasas'' || 646
|-
| 17 || ''Mahabhiseka'' (The Imperial Coronation) || 55
|-
| 18 || ''Suratamanjari'' || 215
|}
Somadeva tells us that the ''Kathāsaritsāgara'' is not his original work, but is taken from a much larger collection by Guṇāḍhya, known as the ''Bṛhatkathā''. Kṣemendra, the Sanskrit aesthete from Kashmir, had written his ''Bṛhatkathāmañjarī'', a summary of the ''Bṛhatkathā'' twenty or thirty years previously. The ''Kathāsaritsāgara'' and the ''Bṛhatkathāmañjarī'' agree in the number and the titles of the different ''lambhakas'' but, after ''lambhaka'' 5, disagree in the order of them. However, all the books of the same name in both versions overlap with each other exactly (excluding a few minor details), except for two. Book 8 (''Vela'') in Kṣemendra is a combination of Book 11 (''Vela'') and the beginning of Book 14 (''Panca'') in ''Kathāsaritsāgara''. Considering that Kṣemendra composed two near faithful extracts of the celebrated epics: the ''Bharatamanjari'' and the ''Ramayanamanjari'', it is more probable that it was Kṣemendra, and not Somadeva, who drew up the faithful reproduction of the old Paisaci poem. ''Kathāsaritsāgara'' is considered to have better charm of language, elegance of style, masterly arrangement and metrical skill.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/kathasaritsagara-the-ocean-of-story/d/doc64287.html|title = Introduction|date = 6 August 2013}}</ref> Also, Kṣemendra’s collection is a third the length of the ''Kathāsaritsāgara'', the printed text amounting to a little more than 7,561 slokas.

In 1871 Professor Bühler (''Indian Antiquary'', p. 302 et seq.) proved two important facts: firstly, that Somadeva and Kṣemendra used the same text, and secondly, that they worked entirely independently from one another. A ''Bṛhatkathā'' such as the two writers reproduced, a prose work in the Paiśācī dialect, existed, therefore, in Kashmir. But it was no longer the book which Guṇāḍhya had composed. It was a huge compilation, incorporating not only many particular stories from heterogeneous sources, but even whole books such as the ''Pañcatantra'', the ''Vetālapañcaviṃśati'' and the story of [[Nala]]. The charge of abridging, obscuring and dislocating the main narrative is valid, not against Somadeva and Kṣemendra, but against predecessors, whose work of amplification had been completed, so far as completion can be predicated, perhaps two or three centuries earlier.<ref>J. S. Speyer, ''Studies about the Kathasaritsagara'' (Wiesbaden: M. Sandig, 1968)</ref>

==== ''Bṛhatkathāślokasaṃgraha'' ====
Apart from the Kashmir redactions there exists a Sanskrit version of Guṇāḍhya’s work, bearing the title ''Bṛhatkathāślokasaṃgraha,'' i.e. the “Great Tale: Verse Epitome.” Only about six of the twenty-six lābhas are currently available. Its discoverer and editor, M. Félix Lacôte, had published (''Essai sur Guṇāḍhya et la Bṛhatkathā'', Paris, 1908) along with the text an elaborate discussion of all the questions of higher criticism relating to the ''Kathāsaritsāgara'' and the other recensions. M. Lacôte’s conclusions, which are developed with great perspicacity, may be summarised as follows.<ref>Lacôte, Félix, ''Essai sûr Guṇāḍhya et la Bṛhatkathā'' (Paris: Ernest Leroux, 1908)</ref> The manuscript came from Nepal, the work of a Nepalese writer, by name Budhasvāmin. It is dated to the eighth to the ninth century CE and is based upon the Paiśāci original. It lacks many of the subsidiary tales in the ''Kathāsaritsāgara'', and thus the main narrative stands out concerned predominantly with the actual adventures of Naravāhanadatta, a hero of Guṇāḍhya’s own invention.

=== Persian adaptations: ''Bahr al-asmar'' and ''Darya-yi asmar'' ===
''Kathāsaritsāgara'' was translated into Persian in Kashmir during the reign of [[Zayn al-Abidin the Great|Zayn al-‘Abidin]] (r. 1418/20-1470) under the name of ''Bahr al-asmar'' (“Ocean of Stories”). Nowadays this version is not extant; it is known solely through the evidence from other sources. A likely reference to it can be found in the ''[[Rajatarangini]]'' by Śrīvara (fl. 1459-1505). Śrīvara, the poet laureate at the court, refers to the commissioning of the translation of Sanskrit works into Persian and vice versa by his patron Zayn al-‘Abidin, among them a translation of “a digest of the ''[[Bṛhatkathā]]''” (''bṛhatkathāsāra'') which may refer to the ''Kathāsaritsāgara''.<ref>Walter Slaje,“Kaschmir im Mittelalter und die Quellen der Geschichtswissenschaft,” ''Indo-Iranian Journal'' 48, 1 (2005): 23.</ref>

Another Persian version was commissioned in the second half of the 16th century during [[Akbar]]'s reign and accomplished by a certain Mustafa Khaliqdad ‘Abbasi also known as the translator of other works. This work was presumably carried out after 1590 following the military annexation of Kashmir.<ref>Heike Franke, “Akbar’s Kathāsaritsāgara: The Translator and Illustrations of an Imperial Manuscript,” ''Muqarnas'' 27 (2010): 313–356, 321-322.</ref> Abbasi named it ''Darya-yi asmar'' (“River of Stories”) to distinguish it from the Kashmirian translation. In its preface, ʿAbbasi mentions that he was assigned to rewrite an earlier version “of the book ''barhatkata'' […] which the Kashmirian Brahmin Sumdevbat […] had shortened” and which “someone had undertaken during Zayn al-‘Abidin’s reign”, being fraught with Arabic expressions, in a more readable style.” In conformity with the Sanskrit text, the Persian adaptation is likewise divided into eighteen main chapters, called ''nahr'' (rivers), each subdivided into several ''mauj'' (waves).<ref>Khaliqdad ‘Abbasi, Mustafa, ''Darya-yi asmar tarjuma-yi katasaritsagar'', ed. Tara Chand, Sayyid Amir Hasan ‘Abidi (New Delhi: Aligarh Muslim University and Markaz-i tahqiqat-i farsi, Rayzan-i farhangi-yi sifarat-i jumhuri-yi islami-yi Iran, 1997).</ref> This translation was discovered around 1968-9 (National Museum, New Delhi no. 62.1005). It was edited by Dr. Tara Chand and Prof. Syed Amir Hasan Abidi. It is worth mentioning that today only two manuscripts of the Persian version are available; both are incomplete and contain only 8 out of the original 18 chapters of the Sanskrit version each, which Chand and ‘Abidi based their edition upon.<ref>The Manuscripts are stored in the State Central Library of Hyderabad and the India Office Collection, London. See Khaliqdad ‘Abbasi, ''Darya-yi asmar tarjuma-yi katasaritsagar'', Introduction, 8.</ref>

In contrast to other examples from similar kind of literature like Abu al-Maʿali Nasrullah Munshi’s ''Kalila va Dimna'', the ''Darya-yi asmar'' was retold not in artificial prose (''nasr-i musajja‘'') aimed at connoisseurs but rather in simple prose with features that remind of an oral recital. In the Persian narrative we encounter a mix of adaptation techniques: some sections display a transfer close to the Indian version, whereas most parts indicate a more narrative approach. This means that special attention was given to the transmission of the narrated story and not to the preservation of as many textual features as possible. One of the adaptation techniques applied in the ''Kathāsaritsāgara'' is the use of explanations and glosses to single words that refer to persons, objects or concepts. The translator-compiler ‘Abbāsī remarks, for example, that “this story is elaborated upon in [other] Indian books”, or comments on certain passages by adding: “[…] according to the sayings of the people of India […].” The second type of strategy encountered is that of inserting poetic quotations from the pool of Persian poetry such as ''[[Gulistan (book)|Gulistan]]'', ''[[Hafez|Divan-i Hafiz]]'', ''Divan-i Salman-i Savaji'', ''Manzumat-i Sharaf al-Din Yazdi'', [[Nizami Ganjavi|Nizami]]'s ''Khusrau-u-Shirin'', ''[[Makhzan al-Asrar]]'', ''Haft paykar'', and various others.<ref>Anna Martin, “‘Translator’s Invisibility’: Strategies of Adaptation in Persian Versions of Indian Tales from the Mughal Period,” ''Iran Namag'', Volume 2, Number 2 (Summer 2017), XXIV-XXXVII.</ref>

=== Printed editions and modern translations ===
Professor H. H. Wilson was the first European scholar who drew the attention of the Western world to this storehouse of fables. In 1824, he gave a summary of the first five books in the ''Oriental Quarterly Magazine''. The first edition of the work was undertaken by Professor Brockhaus. In 1839 he issued the first five chapters only, and it was not till 1862 that the remaining thirteen appeared. Both publications formed part of the ''Abhandlungen der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft''.

It was this text which C. H. Tawney used for his excellent translation (''Ocean of the River of Streams'') published by the Asiatic Society of Bengal in the ''Bibliotheca Indica'', 1880-1884 (the index not appearing till 1887). Brockhaus’ edition was based primarily on six MSS., though in the second part of the work he apparently had not so many at his disposal. Tawney was not satisfied with several of Brockhaus’ readings, and consequently made numerous fresh renderings or suggestions largely taken from MSS. borrowed from the Calcutta College and from three India Office MSS. lent him by Dr Rost.

In 1889 Durgāprasād issued the Bombay edition, printed at the Nirṇayasāgara Press, which was produced from Brockhaus’ edition and two Bombay MSS. This is the latest text now available.

In 1919, N. M. Penzer first approached Tawney with the suggestion of reissuing his ''Ocean of the River of Streams''. But he revised and published Tawney’s 2 volumes in 10 volumes in 1924. The first volume gave an introduction of Hindu fiction and the other famous story-collections like ''Panchatantra'', ''Hitopadesha'' etc. Volumes 2 to 10 published the original translation with extensive comments. Penzer invited different scholars to write forewords to each volume resulting in nine excellent essays dealing with all aspects of the great collection.

A project to translate the full work into modern English prose, translated by Sir James Mallinson, began to appear in 2007 from the Clay Sanskrit Library, published by New York University Press. The translation was based on the Nirnaya Press’s 1915 edition of the Sanskrit text, the edition favored by Sanskritists today. Currently available are 2 volumes of the projected 7-volume edition.

==== Printed editions ====

* {{citation | year=1889 | title = The Kathâsaritsâgara of Somadevabhatta | editor1=Pandit Durgāprasāda | editor2=Kāśīnātha Pāṇḍuraṅga Paraba | publisher=The Nirnaya-Sâgara Press | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OKlDAAAAYAAJ}}
* {{citation | year=1915 | title = The Kathâsaritsâgara of Somadevabhatta | editor1=Pandit Durgāprasāda | editor2=Kāśīnātha Pāṇḍuraṅga Paraba | publisher=The Nirnaya-Sâgara Press | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OKlDAAAAYAAJ|edition=3rd|editor3-last=Wasudev Laxman Shastri Pansikar}}

==== Translations ====

*[[Charles Henry Tawney|C. H. Tawney]] (1880-84), ''The Kathá sarit ságara; or, Ocean of the streams of story'', 2 vols, [[iarchive:kathsaritsga01somauoft|Vol I]], {{Internet Archive|id=kathsaritsga02somauoft|name=Vol II}}. The only complete translation into English.
*[[Norman Mosley Penzer|N. M. Penzer]] (1924-28), ''The ocean of story, being C. H. Tawney's translation of Somadeva's Katha sarit sagara (or Ocean of streams of story)'', 10 vols [[iarchive:oceanofstorybein01somauoft|Vol I]], [[iarchive:oceanofstorybein02somauoft|Vol II]], [[iarchive:oceanofstorybein03somauoft|Vol III]], [[iarchive:oceanofstorybein04somauoft|Vol IV]], [[iarchive:oceanofstorybein05somauoft|Vol V]], [[iarchive:oceanofstorybein06somauoft|Vol VI]], [[iarchive:oceanofstorybein07somauoft|Vol VII]], [[iarchive:oceanofstorybein08somauoft|Vol VIII]], [[iarchive:oceanofstorybein09somauoft|Vol IX]], {{Internet Archive|id=oceanofstorybein10somauoft|name=Vol X}}. Based on Tawney's translation, but greatly expanded, with additional notes and remarks comparing stories from different cultures.
*[[A. R. Krishnashastry]] (1952), ''Kathaamrita'' (Kannada: ಕಥಾಮೃತ), Geetha Book House, K.R. Circle, Mysore 570 001, India.
* Sir [[James Mallinson (author)|James Mallinson]] (2007-9), ''The Ocean of the Rivers of Story'', [[Clay Sanskrit Library]]. New York: New York University Press. [http://www.claysanskritlibrary.org/volume-v-30.html vol 1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111103154325/http://www.claysanskritlibrary.org/volume-v-30.html |date=2011-11-03 }}, [http://www.claysanskritlibrary.org/volume-v-86.html vol 2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111109040427/http://www.claysanskritlibrary.org/volume-v-86.html |date=2011-11-09 }}. intended to be a complete translation in nine volumes, only two volumes, reaching up to canto 6.8, were published before the publisher ended operations.
*[[P. C. Devassia]] (1978) ''Sri Somadevabattante Kathasaritsagaram'' (samboornagadyavivarthanam. Prose translation of Somadeva's Sanskrit Poem) (Malayalam). Publishers: Sahitya Pravarthaka Cooperative Society Ltd., Kottayam, Kerala State, India. Sold by National Book Stall. Reprinted 1990.
*[[Arshia Sattar]] (1997), ''Tales from the Kathasaritsagara''. Penguin. Includes key selections from the ''Kathasaritsagara''.
*[[Radhavallabh Tripathi]], ''Katha Sarit Sagar'' (Hindi). National Book Trust. {{ISBN|9788123714318}}.

==Influence==
* The stories and their order in ''Tantrakhyayika'' within Book 10 are consistent with the tales and arrangement of the ''Kalila wa Demna'' more than even the ''Panchatantra'', and it would appear therefore that we have in the ''Kathasaritsagara'' an earlier representative of the original collection than even the Panchatantra, at least as it is now met with.
* The book was a favourite of scholar of Buddhism Herbert V. Guenther, according to Jodi Reneé Lang, Ph.D.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://herbertguenther.com/?q=node/8 |title=Jodi Reneé Lang, Ph.D.: Herbert Guenther, The Man}}</ref>
* The idea of a sea of stories was an inspiration for [[Salman Rushdie]]'s ''[[Haroun and the Sea of Stories]]''.<ref>''The Ocean of the Rivers of Story Volume One'', trans. by James Mallinson, Clay Sanskrit Library (New York: New York University Press, 2007), p. 23.</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Poetry}}
* [[Hitopadesa]]
* [[Kshemendra]]
* [[One Thousand and One Nights]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/kathasaritsagara-the-ocean-of-story Online HTML ebook of ''The Ocean of Story'' (kathasaritsagara), volume 1-9], proofread, including thousands of notes and extra appendixes.
* [http://sf-encyclopedia.uk/fe.php?nm=ocean_of_story Ocean of Story] at the [[The Encyclopedia of Fantasy|Encyclopedia of Fantasy]]
* {{Gutenberg author | id=40719| name=Somadeva Bhatta}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Somadeva |dname=Somadeva Bhatta}}
* {{Librivox author |id=5963}}

{{Brihatkatha}}
{{Panchatantra}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:11th-century Sanskrit literature]]
[[Category:11th-century Indian books]]
[[Category:Collections of fairy tales]]
[[Category:Indian fairy tales]]
[[Category:Indian folklore]]
[[Category:Indian literature]]
[[Category:Indian legends]]
[[Category:Indian short story collections]]
[[Category:Panchatantra]]

Mizoram Information Commission

2026-01-02T06:50:37Z

HesterBrewer: Put Up New Info

{{Short description|Statutory body in Mizoram, India}}

{{Infobox high court
| court_name = Mizoram State Information Commission
| native_name =
| established = 2 March 2006
| image = Mizoram Information Commission logo.png
| location =
| appeals =
| terms = 3 years from the date of entering office or up to 65 years of [[Ageing|age]] (whichever is earlier)
| authority = [[Right to Information Act, 2005]]
| website = https://mic.mizoram.gov.in/
| motto =
| chiefjudgetitle = Chief Information Commissioner
| chiefjudgename = Mr. John Neihlaia, IPS (Rtd)
| chiefjudgetitle2 = Information Commissioner
| chiefjudgename2 = Mr. Mangjangam Touthang, IIS (Rtd)
}}

'''Mizoram Information Commission''' is an [[Autonomy|autonomous]] and [[Statute|statutory]] body constituted as per [[Right to Information Act, 2005|The Right to Information Act, 2005]] by the state government of [[Mizoram]] through a notification in [[Government gazette|official Gazette]]. The commission will have one State Chief Information Commissioner (CIC) and not more than 10 State Information Commissioners (IC) to be appointed by the [[Governor (India)|Governor]] on the recommendation of the committee consisting of the [[Chief minister (India)|Chief Minister]] as Chairperson, the [[Leader of the Opposition]] in the [[Legislative assembly|Legislative Assembly]] and a state [[Minister (government)|Cabinet Minister]] nominated by the Chief Minister.

== History and objective ==

Mizoram State Information Commission has to be constituted as per The Right to Information Act, 2005 by the State Governments in India through a notification in the [[Government gazette|Official Gazette]].<ref name="sic ref1">{{cite news |title=State Information Commission: Composition, Power and Functions |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/state-information-commission-1438319829-1 |access-date=15 January 2022 |publisher=jagranjosh.com |date=30 March 2019}}</ref>

Mizoram State Information Commission is formed to take up the following:<ref name="sic ref12">{{cite news |title=The decline of India's right to information regime, in four charts |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/the-decline-of-india-s-right-to-information-regime-in-four-charts-11604385637705.html |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=livemint |date=4 November 2020}}</ref>

* Appeals on the information shared by various government entities under the Right to Information Act.<ref name="mic ref3">{{cite news |title=Mizoram School Board demands Rs500 for answer sheet; CIC orders to give it for Re1 |url=https://www.moneylife.in/article/mizoram-school-board-demands-rs500-for-answer-sheet-cic-orders-to-give-it-for-re1/46767.html |access-date=19 January 2022 |publisher=moneylife.in |date=28 April 2016}}</ref>
* Complaints on refusal to give information or in relation to inability to file Right to Information Act.
* Commission should get annual report from various departments working in the state about complaints received under Right to Information Act, 2005 and their responses on the same.

Mizoram Information Commission occasionally conducts awareness programmes on implementation of the Right to Information (RTI) Act, 2005 effectively by general public.

== Composition ==

Mizoram State Information Commission members should consist of a:<ref name="sic ref3">{{cite news |last1=M |first1=Parita |title=State Information Commission |url=http://kanoon.nearlaw.com/2017/12/22/state-information-commission/ |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=kanoon.nearlaw.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250121203529/https://mic.mizoram.gov.in/page/Profile|archive-date=21 January 2025}}</ref>

1. State Chief Information commissioner and

2. Not more than ten State Information Commissioners.

The Chief and other members of State Information Commission are appointed by the Governor on the recommendation of the committee consisting of the Chief Minister as Chairperson, the Leader of the Opposition in the Legislative Assembly and a state Cabinet Minister.

The members of State Information Commission should be of eminence in public life<ref name="sic ref7" /> and are not permitted to hold any other office of profit or any position which is connected with any political party and are also barred from carrying on any business or continuing any profession in any field.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|+ List of Mizoram information Commissioners<ref>{{cite web |title=Profile |url=https://mic.mizoram.gov.in/page/Profile |website=Mizoram Information Commission |access-date=10 October 2025}}</ref>
|-
! No.
! Name
! Image
! Took office
! Left office
|-
|1
|Robert Hrangdawla, IAS (Rtd)
|[[File:Robert Hrangdawla.jpg|70 px]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|7|5}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2010|2|1}}
|-
|2
|Lal Dingliana, IFS (Rtd)
|[[File:Lal Dingliana.png|70 px]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2011|8|8}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2016|8|7}}
|-
|3
|Lalduhthlana Ralte, IFS (Rtd)
|[[File:Lalduhthlana Ralte.jpg|70 px]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2016|12|21}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2021|10|17}}
|-
|4
|Lalnunmawia Chuaungo, IAS (Rtd)
|[[File:Lalnunmawia Chuango.jpg|70px]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2021|11|1}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2023|6|19}}
|-
|5
|Mr. John Neihlaia, IPS (Rtd)
|[[File:John Neihlaia.jpg|70px]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2023|10|5}}
|incumbent
|-
|}

== Tenure and service ==

The tenure of the Mizoram State Chief Information Commissioner and a State Information Commissioner for holding office will be a term of 3 years or until they attain the age of 65 years, whichever is earlier and will not be eligible for reappointment on completion of tenure.<ref name="sic ref2">{{cite news |title=Information Commissioners' Tenures, Salaries Now Firmly in Centre's Hands |url=https://thewire.in/government/centre-rti-act-information-commissioners-tenure-salary-retirement-benefits |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=The Wire |date=25 October 2019}}</ref>
Any vacancy in the State Information Commission has to be filled within six months from the date of vacancy.<ref name="sic ref7">{{cite news |title=SC Asks States for Updates on Vacancies, Pendency in Information Commissions |url=https://thewire.in/government/sc-orders-state-to-file-status-reports-on-information-commissions |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=The Wire |date=19 August 2021}}</ref>

Mizoram Chief Information Commissioner (CIC), Information Commissioner (IC) and State Information Commissioner's salaries, allowances and other service terms and conditions are equivalent to a Judge of the Supreme Court.<ref name="sic ref10">{{cite news |title=RTI Bill 2019: Undermining autonomy of information commissions and transparency in governance |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/rti-bill-2019-undermining-autonomy-of-information-commissions-and-transparency-in-governance-1571439-2019-07-19 |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=indiatoday.in |date=19 July 2019}}</ref>

== Powers and functions ==

Mizoram State Information Commission prepares report on the implementation of the provisions of State Information Commission act and submits an annual report to the state government which is placed by the later before the state legislature.<ref name="sic ref14">{{cite news |title=How the Right to Information Act is being steadily scuttled |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/how-the-right-to-information-act-is-being-steadily-scuttled-1868754-2021-10-24 |access-date=19 January 2022 |publisher=indiatoday.in |date=24 October 2021}}</ref><ref name="sic ref9">{{cite news |title=Over 2.5 Lakh RTI Appeals, Plaints Pending with 26 Information Commissions across India |url=https://www.moneylife.in/article/over-25-lakh-rti-appeals-plaints-pending-with-26-information-commissions-across-india/65422.html |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=moneylife.in |date=21 October 2021}}</ref><ref name="sic ref1" /><ref name="sic ref13">{{cite news |title=Chhattisgarh Only State To File Annual Reports Under RTI Act |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/chhattisgarh-only-state-to-file-annual-reports-under-rti-act-uttar-pradesh-does-none-2115539 |access-date=18 January 2022 |publisher=ndtv.com |date=12 October 2019}}</ref>

The commission on reasonable grounds can order inquiry into any matter related to the Act.

The commission under powers granted to it can secure from the public authorities compliance of any of its decisions.

Commission is duty bound to receive and conduct enquiry into any complaint received from any person.
The commission can call for and examine any record which it considers necessary and is under the possession of the public authority and any such record should not be withheld from it on any grounds during the inquiry of a complaint.

The commission has the power of the civil court during the course of enquiry and in respect of the following matters:

Any complaint which requires the discovery and inspection of documents relating to it.

Powers exercised for issuing summons requiring examination of any witnesses or related documents or any other prescribed matters relating to complaint.

Any provision under which summons were issued and as per which attendance is required of persons and requires them to give written or oral evidence under an oath and producing documents or other details relevant to it.

Provision requiring evidence on stamped [[affidavit]].

Powers relating to request from any court or office of any public record.

Commission under the powers can recommend steps which can be taken for confirming to the provisions of the act if any public authority fails to do so.

== Challenges ==

Mizoram State Information Commission are overburdened with backlog cases, similar to [[Central Vigilance Commission]].<ref name="sic ref8">{{cite news |last1=Mishra |first1=Soni |title=Central Information Commission headless for 5th time in 6 years |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/08/27/central-information-commission-headless-for-5th-time-in-6-years.html |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=the week |date=27 August 2020}}</ref> Due to shortage of available staff and vacancies not being filled, there is backlog of cases filed.<ref name="sic ref4">{{cite news |last1=sharma |first1=nidhi |title=Info commissions have a waiting time of over one year for an applicant seeking information under RTI Act: Report |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/info-commissions-have-a-waiting-time-of-over-one-year-for-an-applicant-seeking-information-under-rti-act-report/articleshow/86946016.cms?from=mdr |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=economictimes |date=11 October 2021}}</ref><ref name="sic ref5">{{cite news |title=Over 32,000 RTI appeals pending with Central Information Commission: Govt. |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/over-32000-rti-appeals-pending-with-central-information-commission-govt/article37969462.ece |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=thehindu.com |date=16 December 2021}}</ref> The maximum number of appeals and complaints pending as per October 2014 records were in state of Uttar Pradesh. However, some states like Mizoram, Sikkim and Tripura didn't have pending complaints.<ref name="sic ref6">{{cite news |title=21 of 29 state information commissions did not hold any RTI hearings during lockdown |url=https://theprint.in/india/21-of-29-state-information-commissions-did-not-hold-any-rti-hearings-during-lockdown/426103/ |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=The Print |date=21 May 2020}}</ref> State Information Commission as per the provision has limited to provide information and cannot take any action.

In spite of above limitation, Mizoram State Information Commissions plays a crucial role in ensuring transparency in public life and supports in greater way in checking corruption, combating oppression, preventing nepotism and misuse of the public authority.

A survey conducted by [[Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative]], showed that most State Information Commission in India were inactive during Covid pandemic.<ref name="sic ref11">{{cite news |title=State information commissions inactive during COVID-19: Survey |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/governance/state-information-commissions-inactive-during-covid-19-survey-70736 |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=downtoearth |date=28 April 2020}}</ref>

== Related articles ==

[[Central Information Commission]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://mic.mizoram.gov.in/ Official Website]



[[Category:Indian commissions and inquiries]]
[[Category:Anti-corruption measures in India]]
[[Category:Anti-corruption agencies]]

List of major district roads in Tamil Nadu

2025-12-10T20:53:47Z

HesterBrewer: Put Up Location

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
[[File:Highway Network of Tamil Nadu.png|thumb|right|Map indicating road network of Tamil Nadu]]
In [[Tamil Nadu]], there is a separate Highways Department (HD)<ref name="sdgdsfgghjY">{{cite web | url= http://www.tnhighways.gov.in/index.html | title= Wings of Highways Department | accessdate=19 March 2014|website = Highways Department|publisher = [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]}}</ref> which was established in April 1946 and renamed as Highways & Minor Ports Department (HMPD) on 30 October 2008.<ref name="asdflkhsdfgjY">{{cite web | url= http://www.tn.gov.in/gorders/par/par_e_202_2008.pdf | title= Highways Department renamed as Highways and Minor Ports Department| author= Government of Tamil Nadu| accessdate=15 July 2010}}</ref> HMPD of Tamil Nadu is primarily responsible for construction and maintenance of roads including [[List of National Highways in India#Tamil Nadu|national highways]], [[Highways of Tamil Nadu|state highways]] and '''major district roads''' in Tamil Nadu.

Roads with traffic density less than 10,000 PCUs but more than 5,000 PCUs are designated as major district roads (MDR). MDRs provide linkage between production and marketing centres within a district. They also provide connections between district and taluk headquarters with the state highways and national highways. Construction and maintenance is carryout by the Highways Department for MDR along with state highways and ODR. These roads have a minimum width of 15 meters.

== Lane wise distribution ==

Details of lane wise distribution of MDR roads in Tamil Nadu as of March 2013:<ref>{{cite web |title=Lanewise Details of MDR in Tamilnadu |url=http://www.tnhighways.gov.in/MDR.html |website=Tamilnadu Highways Department |publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu |access-date=19 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171003195437/http://www.tnhighways.gov.in/MDR.html |archive-date=3 October 2017}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: center;"
!S. no
!Division
!Single lane (in km)
!Intermediate lane (in km)
!Double lane (in km)
!Multi lane (in km)
!Total (in km)
|-
| 1
| Chennai City Roads
|
|
| 31.73
| 10.01
| 41.74
|-
| 2
| Tiruvallur
| 69.50
| 96.45
| 119.02
| 7.00
| 291.97
|-
| 3
| Chengalpattu
| 129.61
| 89.25
| 152.83
| 5.30
| 376.98
|-
| 4
| Vellore
| 97.80
| 55.60
| 60.65
| 12.65
| 226.70
|-
| 5
| Vaniyambadi
| 8.80
| 20.00
| 29.96
| 1.60
| 60.36
|-
| 6
| Thiruvannamalai
| 139.00
| 191.30
| 110.95
|
| 441.25
|-
| 7
| Villupuram
| 66.15
| 102.32
| 18.52
|
| 186.99
|-
| 8
| Kallakurichi
| 189.35
| 52.50
| 47.30
|
| 289.15
|-
| 9
| Cuddalore
| 162.72
| 158.61
| 73.78
| 0.40
| 395.50
|-
| 10
| Ariyalur
| 93.60
| 85.71
| 42.19
| 1.40
| 222.90
|-
| 11
| Trichy
| 165.31
| 112.65
| 55.52
| 2.50
| 335.98
|-
| 12
| Pudukottai
| 97.59
| 311.97
| 27.87
|
| 437.43
|-
| 13
| Thanjavur
| 182.20
| 214.18
| 47.73
|
| 444.10
|-
| 14
| Nagapattinam
| 81.01
| 201.71
| 14.85
| 1.20
| 298.76
|-
| 15
| Tiruvarur
| 124.00
| 92.95
| 13.40
|
| 230.35
|-
| 16
| Salem
| 212.57
| 152.67
| 238.94
| 16.73
| 620.90
|-
| 17
| Namakkal
| 10.50
| 191.64
| 69.94
| 1.95
| 274.04
|-
| 18
| Krishnagiri
| 28.31
| 153.09
| 109.20
| 2.76
| 293.36
|-
| 19
| Dharmapuri
| 73.70
| 117.03
| 87.91
|
| 278.64
|-
| 20
| Tiruppur
| 62.00
| 87.88
| 79.61
| 9.20
| 238.68
|-
| 21
| Dharapuram
| 91.12
| 130.79
| 47.45
|
| 269.36
|-
| 22
| Erode
| 62.00
| 86.82
| 103.13
| 3.06
| 255.00
|-
| 23
| Karur
| 113.72
| 218.68
| 75.20
|
| 407.60
|-
| 24
| Coimbatore
| 29.40
| 105.25
| 155.00
| 26.17
| 315.82
|-
| 25
| Pollachi
| 72.14
| 83.50
| 27.95
| 0.80
| 184.39
|-
| 26
| Gobi
| 31.30
| 98.20
| 75.47
| 2.24
| 207.20
|-
| 27
| Ooty
| 27.37
| 148.80
| 4.20
|
| 180.37
|-
| 28
| Madurai
| 176.30
| 68.00
| 306.25
| 1.60
| 552.14
|-
| 29
| Theni
| 6.18
| 90.85
| 129.03
|
| 226.05
|-
| 30
| Dindigul
| 284.93
| 328.29
| 144.50
| 0.97
| 758.69
|-
| 31
| Sivagangai
| 154.86
| 124.16
| 40.67
| 0.80
| 320.49
|-
| 32
| Ramanathapuram
| 144.98
| 141.36
| 40.80
|
| 327.14
|-
| 33
| Tirunelveli
| 107.82
| 60.44
| 54.21
| 0.00
| 222.47
|-
| 34
| Tenkasi
| 56.98
| 68.90
| 38.80
|
| 164.67
|-
| 35
| Thoothukudi
| 95.62
| 100.39
| 95.48
| 2.28
| 293.77
|-
| 36
| Virudhunagar
| 202.53
| 109.21
| 20.91
|
| 332.64
|-
| 37
| Nagercoil
| 55.38
| 76.20
| 104.62
|
| 236.20
|-
| 38
| Cheyyar
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| 39
| Perambalur
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
! Grand Total
! 3706.34
! 4527.33
! 2895.52
! 110.61
! 11239.79
|}

== List of MDRs ==
List of major district roads in Tamil Nadu (as of March 2019).<ref>{{cite web |title=TN Road details GO |url=http://www.stationeryprinting.tn.gov.in/gazette/2019/39_II_2_A_Sup.pdf |website=Tamilnadu Highways Department |publisher=Tamil Nadu Government |access-date=12 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413104906/http://www.stationeryprinting.tn.gov.in/gazette/2019/39_II_2_A_Sup.pdf |archive-date=13 April 2021 }}</ref>

=== MDR 1 to MDR 100 ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Road number
!OSM relation
!Name of road
!Division
!Length (in km)
!Remarks
|-
| MDR
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12367925 OSM]
| Soolaimeni - Thervoy Kandigai Road
| Tiruvallur
| 4.80
|
|-
| MDR
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12596477 OSM]
| Pattukkottai Bypass Road
| Thanjavur
| 7.40
|
|-
| MDR
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12930575 OSM]
| Velankanni - Thiruthuraipoondi Road (Abandoned Section)
| Nagapattinam
| 1.057
| KM 16/23 to KM 16/68, KM 22/015 to KM 22/399, KM 22/432 to KM 22/655.
|-
| MDR
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12990289 OSM]
| Rasipuram Bypass Road
| Namakkal
| 6.00
| KM 2/8 to KM 8/8
|-
| MDR1
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12342703 OSM]
| Abulkalam Azad Road
| Tirunelveli
| 1.80
|
|-
| MDR5
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12342747 OSM]
| Aduthurai - South Thiruneelakudi Road
| Thanjavur
| 2.80
| KM 10/4 to KM 13/2
|-
| MDR6
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12343408 OSM]
| Ayikudi - Nainaragaram Road
| Tenkasi
| 3.20
|
|-
| MDR7
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12343421 OSM]
| Akkur Railway Feeder Road
| Nagapattinam
| 0.80
|
|-
| MDR9
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13837193 OSM]
| Alagesapuram Road
| Tuticorin
| 1.32
|
|-
| MDR10
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13013069 OSM]
| Alampatti - Sedapatti Road
| Madurai
| 18.40
|
|-
| MDR11
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12577961 OSM]
| Alapakkam Railway Feeder Road
| Cuddalore
| 0.524
|
|-
| MDR12
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12581470 OSM]
| Allithurai - Thogaimalai Road
| Trichy, Karur
| 28.20
| KM 5/4 to KM 33/6, road till KM 5/4 is part of another MDR
|-
| MDR13
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13003838 OSM]
| Ambarampalayam - Anaimalai - Sethumadai Road
| Pollachi
| 16.00
| MDR till KM 16/0, from there unclassified road
|-
| MDR14
|
| Ambasamudram - Alangulam Road
|
| 20.40
| Upgraded as SH40B
|-
| MDR16
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13809612 OSM]
| Ambasamudram Travellers Bungalow Road
| Tirunelveli
| 1.00
|
|-
| MDR18
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12473736 OSM]
| Ambur - Sathgur Road
| Vaniyambadi
| 1.80
| Ambur town limit
|-
| MDR21
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12596050 OSM]
| Ammapettai - Vaduvur Road
| Thanjavur, Tiruvarur
| 13.70
|
|-
| MDR22
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13003824 OSM]
| Anaimalai - Poolankinar Road
| Pollachi, Dharapuram
| 32.40
|
|-
| MDR23
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13003846 OSM]
| Anaimalai Loop Road
| Pollachi
| 7.80
|
|-
| MDR27
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13882155 OSM]
| Anjugramam Road
| Nagercoil
| 10.30
|
|-
| MDR28
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13009800 OSM]
| Anthiyur - Ammapettai Road
| Erode
| 17.40
|
|-
| MDR29
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13009803 OSM]
| Anthiyur - Athani Road
| Erode
| 9.20
|
|-
| MDR30
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13009792 OSM]
| Arachalur - Sivagiri - Thamaraipalayam Road
| Erode
| 20.60
|
|-
| MDR32
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12359497 OSM]
| Tiruvallur - Arakkonam Road
| Tiruvallur, Vellore
| 20.80
|
|-
| MDR34
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12596450 OSM]
| Arasalar New Bridge Approach Road
| Thanjavur
| 0.427
|
|-
| MDR35
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13011540 OSM]
| Aravakurichy - Chinnadharapuram Road
| Karur
| 10.03
|
|-
| MDR37
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13011581 OSM]
| Aravakurichy - Pungampadi Road
| Karur
| 6.60
| MDR till 6/6, from Dindigul district border another MDR continues with origin from 6/4, overlapping between divisions.
|-
| MDR38
|
| Arisipallayam - Cherring Cross Road
|
| 1.20
| KM 2/4 to KM 3/6, upgraded as SH218
|-
| MDR40
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12486053 OSM]
| Arni - Devikapuram Road
| Cheyyar
| 21.20
|
|-
| MDR41
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12483705 OSM]
| Arni - Ettivadi Road
| Cheyyar, Tiruvannamalai
| 17.70
|
|-
| MDR42
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12485623 OSM]
| Arni - Kalambur Road
| Tiruvannamalai
| 0.80
| Extension to MDR41 (KM 9/6 to KM 10/4)
|-
| MDR43
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12485931 OSM]
| Arni - Vandavasi Road
| Cheyyar
| 39.20
|
|-
| MDR44
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12576420 OSM]
| Arungunam Road
| Cuddalore
| 4.40
|
|-
| MDR45
|
| Athiyuthu-Surandai road
|
| 12.00
| Upgraded as SH39B
|-
| MDR46
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12968101 OSM]
| Attaiyampatti - Masakkalipatti Road
| Salem, Namakkal
| 12.80
|
|-
| MDR48
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13013083 OSM]
| Avaniapuram - Thirupparankundram Road
| Madurai
| 4.80
|
|-
| MDR52
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12596151 OSM]
| Ayyampettai Railway Approach Road
| Thanjavur
| 1.60
|
|-
| MDR53
|
| Bagalur - Berigai Road
|
| 12.00
| Upgraded as SH17C
|-
| MDR54
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13882273 OSM]
| Balamore Road
| Nagercoil
| 20.40
| KM 17/2 to KM 37/6
|-
| MDR55
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12968153 OSM]
| Bauxite Mines Road
| Salem
| 2.00
|
|-
| MDR57
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13005309 OSM]
| Bhavani - Kavandapady Road
| Gopichettipalayam
| 13.60
|
|-
| MDR58
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13040454 OSM]
| Bodi - Kurangani Road
| Theni
| 10.00
| KM 6/0 to KM 16/0, till KM 6/0 it is NH
|-
| MDR59
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12604585 OSM]
| Brahmin Burning Ghat - Vijayapuram Regulator Road
| Tiruvarur
| 0.60
|
|-
| MDR62
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13009828 OSM]
| Thindal - Periyasemur Link Road via Villarasampatti Bypass
| Erode
| 8.40
|
|-
| MDR65
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12350670 OSM]
| Chennai - Kovalam - Mamallapuram Road
| Chengalpattu
| 5.60
| KM 35/2 - KM 40/0 and KM 57/6 - KM 58/4
|-
| MDR66
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12350777 OSM]
| Chennai - Ponnerikarai - Kanchipuram Road
| Chengalpattu
| 4.50
| KM 70/4 - KM 74/9
|-
| MDR70
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13009815 OSM]
| Chennimalai - Arachalur - Kodumudi Road
| Erode
| 13.60
|
|-
| MDR71
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13008156 OSM]
| Chennimalai - Uthukuli Road
| Erode, Tiruppur
| 18.20
|
|-
| MDR73
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13800074 OSM]
| Chetinad Railway Feeder Road
| Sivagangai
| 2.781
|
|-
| MDR75
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12487613 OSM]
| Cheyyar Bypass Road
| Cheyyar
| 0.60
|
|-
| MDR78
|
| Chinnamanur - Seepalakottai Road
|
| 8.80
| Upgraded as SH227
|-
| MDR80
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12547245 OSM]
| Chunampet Road
| Villupuram
| 3.00
|
|-
| MDR81
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12997176 OSM]
| Coimbatore - Siruvani Road
| Coimbatore
| 29.80
| MDR till KM 29/8, from there unclassified road
|-
| MDR83
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13800075 OSM]
| College Campus Road - Karaikudi Railway Station Road
| Sivagangai
| 1.20
|
|-
| MDR84
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13855693 OSM]
| Construction Road
| Tuticorin
| 2.80
|
|-
| MDR86
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13006087 OSM]
| Coonoor - Kundha Road
| Udhagai
| 26.80
| MDR from KM 3/2 to KM 30/3, till KM 3/2 it is NH
|-
| MDR87
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13813431 OSM]
| Courtallam - Five Falls Road
| Tenkasi
| 4.00
|
|-
| MDR88
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13813418 OSM]
| Courtallam - Mathalamparai Road
| Tenkasi
| 7.40
|
|-
| MDR89
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12545913 OSM]
| Cuddalore - Pallineliyanur Road
| Cuddalore, Villupuram
| 17.50
| MDR from KM 2/8 till KM 4/3 and from KM 7/6 till KM 23/6. KM 4/3 till KM 7/6 is under Puducherry UT.
|-
| MDR90
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13040440 OSM]
| Cumbam - Cumbammettu Road
| Theni
| 12.80
| at KM 12/8 it is Kerala state border, road joins with SH there
|-
| MDR91
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12993741 OSM]
| Denkanikottai - Kelamangalam - Uddanapalli Road
| Krishnagiri
| 21.20
|
|-
| MDR93
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13805162 OSM]
| Devipattinam - Pottagavayal - Nainarkoil Road
| Ramanathapuram
| 27.20
| KM 0/0 to KM 12/8 and KM 15/8 to KM 30/2, in between it is ODR
|-
| MDR94
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13009413 OSM]
| Dhali - Komaralingam Road
| Dharapuram
| 16.80
|
|-
| MDR95
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13009420 OSM]
| Dharapuram Bypass Road
| Dharapuram
| 0.40
| KM 3/8 to KM 4/2, till KM 3/8 it is SH
|-
| MDR96
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13009419 OSM]
| Dharapuram - Pollachi Road
| Dharapuram
| 1.00
| KM 0/6 to KM 1/6
|-
| MDR100
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12996749 OSM]
| Dharmapuri - Papparapatti Road
| Dharmapuri
| 13.20
|
|}

=== MDR 101 to MDR 200 ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Road number
!OSM relation
!Name of road
!Division
!Length (in km)
!Remarks
|-
| MDR101
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13013098 OSM]
| East Velli Street
| Madurai
| 0.80
|
|-
| MDR103
|
| Edappadi - Magudanchavadi Road
|
| 17.80
| Upgraded as SH221
|-
| MDR104
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13013085 OSM]
| Elumalai Road
| Madurai
| 12.80
|
|-
| MDR105
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13885447 OSM]
| Eraniel - Muttom Road
| Nagercoil
| 9.60
|
|-
| MDR106
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13885430 OSM]
| Eraniel - Rajakkamangalam Road
| Nagercoil
| 9.70
| KM 0/0 to KM 9/4 and KM 11/8 to KM 12/1, KM 9/4 to KM 11/8 converted to SH, from KM 12/1 it is ODR
|-
| MDR107
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13885508 OSM]
| Eraniel - Thuckalay Road
| Nagercoil
| 4.00
|
|-
| MDR108
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13009653 OSM]
| Erode - Chennimalai Road
| Erode
| 24.00
|
|-
| MDR109
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13009685 OSM]
| Old Erode-Karur Road at Kodumudi town
| Erode
| 1.40
| KM 36/6 to KM 38/0
|-
| MDR110
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13009670 OSM]
| Old Karur Road via Vendipalayam
| Erode
| 3.30
|
|-
| MDR112
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13809482 OSM]
| Eruvadi - Thirukkurankudi Road
| Tirunelveli
| 5.60
|
|-
| MDR113
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13885350 OSM]
| Eathenkattumadam Road
| Nagercoil
| 12.20
|
|-
| MDR114
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13809423 OSM]
| Gangaikondan - Kuppakurichi Road
| Tirunelveli
| 6.00
|
|-
| MDR115
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13817279 OSM]
| George Road
| Tuticorin
| 2.40
| KM 0/0 to KM 0/53 is MDR434, approximate mapping, at the end of the road SH begins.
|-
| MDR116
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13005248 OSM]
| Gobi - Savandapur Road
| Gopichettipalayam
| 12.60
|
|-
| MDR117
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13029267 OSM]
| Goshen Road
| Dindigul
| 39.20
| KM 23/4 to KM 62/6, till KM 23/4 it is part of another MDR, from KM 62/2 another MDR begins
|-
| MDR119
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12547208 OSM]
| Govindasamy Arts College Road
| Villupuram
| 4.847
|
|-
| MDR120
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12473800 OSM]
| Gowthampet Road
| Vaniyambadi
| 0.563
| KM 0/437 to KM 1/0
|-
| MDR121
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12996763 OSM]
| Harur Bypass Road
| Dharmapuri
| 2.40
|
|-
| MDR124
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12994545 OSM]
| Hosur Town - Hosur R.S. Road
| Krishnagiri
| 2.00
|
|-
| MDR125
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13001413 OSM]
| Imperial Bank Road
| Coimbatore
| 0.80
|
|-
| MDR126
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13003795 OSM]
| Iyerpadi Branch Road
| Pollachi
| 1.00
| MDR till KM 1/0, from there ODR begins
|-
| MDR130
|
| Jayankondam - Sendurai road
|
| 25.40
| Upgraded as SH217
|-
| MDR131
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13817178 OSM]
| Kadambur - Eppodumvendran Road
| Tuticorin
| 20.50
| KM 0/0 to KM 11/0 and KM 11/7 to KM 21/2
|-
| MDR132
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13813320 OSM]
| Kadayanallur - Valasai Road
| Tenkasi
| 6.20
|
|-
| MDR133
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12968228 OSM]
| Kakapalayam - Attamyapatty Road
| Edappadi, Salem
| 5.20
|
|-
| MDR134
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12967757 OSM]
| Kakkapalayam - Chinnappampatty Road
| Salem, Edappadi
| 12.60
|
|-
| MDR135
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12549553 OSM]
| Kallakurichi - Kachirapalayam - Sankarapuram Road
| Kallakurichi
| 35.30
|
|-
| MDR143
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12349409 OSM]
| Kancheepuram Bypass road
| Chengalpattu
| 6.40
|
|-
| MDR144
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12547363 OSM]
| Kandambakkam Railway Feeder Road
| Villupuram
| 1.70
|
|-
| MDR147
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12577898 OSM]
| Karaikadu Cross Road
| Cuddalore
| 1.40
|
|-
| MDR148
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13800043 OSM]
| Karaikudi - Collage Campus Road
| Sivagangai
| 4.035
| KM 2/4 to KM 6/435
|-
| MDR149
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13009429 OSM]
| Karatholuvu - Madathukulam - Komaralingam Road
| Dharapuram
| 15.60
|
|-
| MDR150
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13005256 OSM]
| Karattadipalayam - Bungalowpudur Road
| Gopichettipalayam
| 6.60
|
|-
| MDR151
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13809532 OSM]
| Karungadal - Munanjipatti Road
| Tirunelveli
| 2.80
| KM 22/0 to KM 24/8, from Tuticorin district border it is another MDR
|-
| MDR152
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13809570 OSM]
| Karungulam - Moolakaraipatti Road
| Tuticorin, Tirunelveli
| 15.60
|
|-
| MDR154
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13813401 OSM]
| Kasimajorpuram - Kuthukalvalasai Road
| Tenkasi
| 1.80
|
|-
| MDR155
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13003779 OSM]
| Kattampatty - Koduvai Road
| Pollachi, Tiruppur
| 36.60
|
|-
| MDR157
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12472671 OSM]
| Kaveripattinam – Kakankarai Road
| Krishnagiri, Vaniyambadi
| 35.20
|
|-
| MDR158
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13817194 OSM]
| Kayalpattinam Bypass Road
| Tuticorin
| 4.472
|
|-
| MDR159
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13817177 OSM]
| Kayathar - Kadambur Road
| Tuticorin
| 12.20
|
|-
| MDR160
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13817147 OSM]
| Kayathar - Kalugumalai Road
| Tuticorin
| 23.00
|
|-
| MDR161
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12554642 OSM]
| Keerapalayam - Sethiyathope Road
| Cuddalore
| 13.60
|
|-
| MDR162
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12577779 OSM]
| Killai Road
| Cuddalore
| 4.20
| KM 7/2 to KM 11/4
|-
| MDR165
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13003755 OSM]
| Kinathukadavu - Kattampatti Road
| Pollachi
| 16.00
|
|-
| MDR166
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13003744 OSM]
| Pollachi - Vadakkipalayam - Nadupuni Road
| Pollachi
| 17.40
| MDR till KM 17/4, from Kerala state border it is unclassified road
|-
| MDR167
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13009461 OSM]
| KM 15/6 of Udumalpet-Chinnar Road - Amaravathi Nagar Road
| Dharapuram
| 5.40
|
|-
| MDR168
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12369920 OSM]
| Nazarathpet Road
| Tiruvallur
| 1.40
| MDR till KM 1/4, from Chengalpattu district border it is ODR
|-
| MDR169
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13001297 OSM]
| KM 6/8 of Coimbatore-Siruvani Road - KM 165/8 of Salem-Cochin Road
| Coimbatore
| 6.60
|
|-
| MDR170
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13028709 OSM]
| Kodaikanal - Cochin Road
| Dindigul, Theni
| 53.00
| KM 0/0 to KM 23/4 is for public access, KM 23/4 to KM 50/0 is unmaintained with Forest department, KM 50/0 to KM 58/4 falls within Kerala State, KM 58/4 to KM 61/4 is under Tamil Nadu for public access, from KM 61/4 at Kerala state border it is SH.
|-
| MDR171
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13030334 OSM]
| Kodaikanal - Palani Ghat Road
| Dindigul, Palani
| 39.60
|
|-
| MDR175
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13005261 OSM]
| Kodivery Dam Road
| Gopichettipalayam
| 2.00
|
|-
| MDR176
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13799968 OSM]
| Kovilpatti Junction - Pudukkottai District Border Road
| Sivagangai
| 11.21
| at Pudukottai District border SH201 terminates
|-
| MDR177
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12579402 OSM]
| Koilpatti - Manapparai Road
| Trichy
| 12.20
|
|-
| MDR178
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13809466 OSM]
| Kokkirakulam - Nanguneri Road
| Tirunelveli
| 5.80
| KM 4/0 to KM 9/8
|-
| MDR180
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13005191 OSM]
| Kollegal - Hassanur Road
| Gopichettipalayam
| 25.80
| MDR from KM 52/4 to 78/2, till Karnataka state border it is SH
|-
| MDR181
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12990061 OSM]
| Kolli Hills Ghat Road
| Namakkal
| 22.00
|
|-
| MDR182
|
| Komarapalayam - Eadapadi Road
|
| 25.60
| Upgraded as SH221
|-
| MDR183
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12604589 OSM]
| Koradachery Railway Feeder Road
| Tiruvarur
| 0.40
|
|-
| MDR185
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13800010 OSM]
| Kottaiyur - Aranthangi Road
| Sivagangai
| 10.804
| KM 5/6 to KM 16/404, till KM 5/6 upgraded as NH, from Pudukottai District border at KM 16/404 it is ODR
|-
| MDR186
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12547372 OSM]
| Kottakuppam Road
| Villupuram
| 1.40
|
|-
| MDR187
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13885505 OSM]
| Kottar - Dharmapuram Road
| Nagercoil
| 8.10
|
|-
| MDR188
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13885453 OSM]
| Kottar - Manakudy Road
| Nagercoil
| 8.30
| KM 0/0 to KM 7/6 and KM 10/2 to KM 10/9, KM 7/6 to KM 10/2 converted to SH
|-
| MDR191
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13817049 OSM]
| Kovilpatti Bypass Road
| Tuticorin
| 1.00
|
|-
| MDR192
|
| Krishnagiri - Rayakottai road
|
| 30.80
| Upgraded as SH225
|-
| MDR193
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12994534 OSM]
| KRP Dam Approach Road
| Krishnagiri
| 2.80
|
|-
| MDR194
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13881728 OSM]
| Krishnankovil - Koomapatti Road
| Virudhunagar
| 14.80
|
|-
| MDR195
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13813321 OSM]
| Kulasekaramangalam - Valasai Road
| Tenkasi
| 10.40
|
|-
| MDR196
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13813327 OSM]
| Kulathupuzha Chowkey Road
| Tenkasi
| 8.20
|
|-
| MDR197
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12581534 OSM]
| Kulathur - Viralimalai Road
| Trichy
| 6.00
|
|-
| MDR198
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13809603 OSM]
| Kulavanigarpuram - Kurichi Road
| Tirunelveli
| 2.03
|
|-
| MDR199
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12552330 OSM]
| Kullanchavady - Kattugudalore Road
| Cuddalore
| 26.475
|
|-
| MDR200
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12576247 OSM]
| Kullanchavady Cross Road
| Cuddalore
| 6.31
|
|}

=== MDR 201 to MDR 300 ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Road number
!OSM relation
!Name of road
!Division
!Length (in km)
!Remarks
|-
| MDR201
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12575844 OSM]
| Kumaratchi - Puliyangudi Road
| Cuddalore
| 7.40
|
|-
| MDR205
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12595988 OSM]
| Kumbakonam - Kollidakkarai Road
| Thanjavur
| 8.80
|
|-
| MDR206
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12596102 OSM]
| Kumbakonam Railway Station - Old Cauvery Bridge Road
| Thanjavur
| 2.80
| KM 0/4 to KM 3/2
|-
| MDR209
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13799615 OSM]
| Kunnakudi - Kanadukathan Road
| Sivagangai
| 9.80
| KM 11/2 to KM 20/6 and KM 23/2 to KM 23/6. KM 20/6 to KM 23/2 is upgraded as NH.
|-
| MDR210
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13799635 OSM]
| Kunnakudi Devasthanam Road
| Sivagangai
| 0.195
|
|-
| MDR211
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12608341 OSM]
| Kuthalam - Komal Road
| Nagapattinam
| 10.00
|
|-
| MDR212
|
| Kuthukalvalasai-Panpozhi-Thirumalaikoil road
|
| 9.60
| KM 3/6 to KM 13/2, upgraded as SH43
|-
| MDR213
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12596085 OSM]
| Kuttalam - Panthanallur Road
| Nagapattinam, Thanjavur
| 9.80
|
|-
| MDR214
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12930474 OSM]
| Koothur Railway Feeder Road
| Nagapattinam
| 1.60
|
|-
| MDR216
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13885530 OSM]
| Kuzhithurai - Thengapattinam Road
| Nagercoil
| 7.50
| KM 0/0 to KM 7/0 and KM 11/0 to KM 11/5, KM 7/0 to KM 11/0 upgraded to SH
|-
| MDR217
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13029268 OSM]
| Lake Bridge - Observatory Road
| Dindigul
| 4.00
|
|-
| MDR220
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13837192 OSM]
| Link Road
| Tuticorin
| 2.08
| Approximate alignment
|-
| MDR221
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13009865 OSM]
| Kongampalayam - Rayapalayam Link Road connecting Erode-Sathy Road with Old Salem-Cochin NH
| Erode
| 1.40
|
|-
| MDR222
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13009530 OSM]
| Udumalpet-Chinnadharapuram Road - Palani-Dharapuram Road Link Road
| Dharapuram
| 0.60
|
|-
| MDR224
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12370034 OSM]
| Ma.Po.C. Road
| Tiruvallur
| 0.80
|
|-
| MDR226
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12593566 OSM]
| Madhukkur - Pattukkottai Road
| Thanjavur
| 11.00
| KM 59/0 to KM 70/0
|-
| MDR227
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13012890 OSM]
| Madurai - Palamedu Road
| Madurai
| 18.20
| KM 6/2 to KM 24/4, till KM 6/2 it is SH
|-
| MDR231
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13799660 OSM]
| Old Madurai - Thondi Road
| Sivagangai
| 1.60
| KM 72/4 to KM 74/0
|-
| MDR232
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13012929 OSM]
| Madurai - Thondi Road
| Madurai
| 5.00
| KM 12/8 to KM 17/8, from Sivagangai district border another MDR continues
|-
| MDR233
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13807163 OSM]
| Old Madurai - Kanyakumari Road
| Tirunelveli
| 0.38
| KM 149/5 to KM 149/88
|-
| MDR234
|
| Madurai - Melakkal Road
|
| 13.00
| KM 4/0 to KM 17/0, upgraded as SH73A
|-
| MDR237
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12996591 OSM]
| Mallapuram - Mookanur Road
| Dharmapuri
| 18.80
|
|-
| MDR238
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12989813 OSM]
| Malligundam - Koonandiyur Road
| Edappadi
| 6.634
|
|-
| MDR239
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12356658 OSM]
| Mamallapuram - Kokilamedu Road
| Chengalpattu
| 3.00
|
|-
| MDR240
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13799578 OSM]
| Managiri - Kallal - Madagupatti Road
| Sivagangai
| 15.084
| KM 11/6 to KM 26/684, till KM 11/6 upgraded to SH
|-
| MDR243
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13012874 OSM]
| Mangalrevu - Elumalai Road
| Madurai
| 22.40
|
|-
| MDR244
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12578608 OSM]
| Mannachanallur - Edumalai - Elanthalaipatty Road
| Trichy, Perambalur
| 29.80
|
|-
| MDR245
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12554699 OSM]
| Mannargudy - Eyyalur Road
| Cuddalore
| 10.20
|
|-
| MDR246
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12604565 OSM]
| Mannargudi - Thiruthuraipoondi Road
| Tiruvarur
| 1.40
|
|-
| MDR248
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12593294 OSM]
| Mannargudi - Orathanadu - Thiruvonam Road
| Tiruvarur, Thanjavur
| 38.80
| KM 4/8 to KM 43/6
|-
| MDR249
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12596387 OSM]
| Mariyammankoil Railway Approach Road
| Thanjavur
| 1.20
|
|-
| MDR250
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13885541 OSM]
| Marthandam - Karungal Road
| Nagercoil
| 6.80
|
|-
| MDR252
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12485630 OSM]
| Mathalankulam Street
| Tiruvannamalai
| 0.60
|
|-
| MDR255
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12604453 OSM]
| Mavoor - Sattiyakkudy Road
| Tiruvarur, Nagapattinam
| 7.20
|
|-
| MDR256
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12604473 OSM]
| Mayiladuthurai - Muthupet Road
| Tiruvarur
| 3.60
| KM 69/0 to KM 72/6, KM 91/8 to KM 94/2 section of 2.40 KMs modified as MDR1054
|-
| MDR257
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12605729 OSM]
| Mayiladuthurai - Pattavarthi Road
| Nagapattinam
| 13.00
| KM 0/2 to KM 13/2
|-
| MDR258
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12930616 OSM]
| Mayiladuthurai Rail Over Bridge Service Road
| Nagapattinam
| 1.00
|
|-
| MDR259
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12931377 OSM]
| Mayiladuthurai - Pattavarthy Road (town limit)
| Nagapattinam
| 0.600
| KM 0/6 to KM 1/2
|-
| MDR261
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13809533 OSM]
| Meingnanapuram - Munanjipatti Road
| Tuticorin
| 22.80
| from Tirunelveli district border it is another MDR
|-
| MDR262
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13012903 OSM]
| Melakkal - Peranai Road
| Madurai, Dindigul
| 21.00
| KM 17/4 to KM 38/4
|-
| MDR263
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12578011 OSM]
| Melpattampakkam Railway Feeder Road
| Cuddalore
| 0.20
|
|-
| MDR266
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13012878 OSM]
| Melur - Poovanthi - Thiruppuvanam Road
| Madurai, Sivagangai
| 20.839
| KM 0/0 to KM 19/4 and KM 19/564 to 21/003, from KM 21/003 road converted to NH
|-
| MDR267
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12576285 OSM]
| Memathur Channel Bund Road
| Cuddalore
| 6.20
| ODR joins at KM 6/2
|-
| MDR268
|
| Mettur-Palar Road
|
| 29.40
| Upgraded as SH20A
|-
| MDR269
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13885538 OSM]
| Meycode - Kulasekaram Road
| Nagercoil
| 7.20
|
|-
| MDR270
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12990104 OSM]
| Mohanur - Valayapatti Road
| Namakkal
| 13.60
|
|-
| MDR271
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12996574 OSM]
| Morappur - Karimangalam - Marandahalli Road
| Dharmapuri
| 54.40
|
|-
| MDR272
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12575732 OSM]
| Mudhanai Road
| Cuddalore
| 8.00
| ODR joins at KM 8/0
|-
| MDR273
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13805044 OSM]
| Mudukulathur - Kamuthi Road
| Ramanathapuram
| 18.40
|
|-
| MDR275
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12547396 OSM]
| Mundiyampakkam Railway Feeder Road
| Villupuram
| 0.20
|
|-
| MDR276
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12579269 OSM]
| Musiri - Pulivalam Road
| Trichy
| 24.00
|
|-
| MDR277
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12579204 OSM]
| Musiri - Thathaiyangarpettai - Eragudy - Murugur Road
| Trichy
| 40.805
|
|-
| MDR278
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13799729 OSM]
| Muthanendal Railway Feeder Road
| Sivagangai
| 0.053
| Approximate road chosen
|-
| MDR280
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13011530 OSM]
| Mylampatty - Palayam Road
| Karur
| 10.80
| MDR till 10/8, from Dindigul district border another MDR terminates
|-
| MDR282
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12967951 OSM]
| Nagalur - Puthur Road
| Salem
| 3.60
|
|-
| MDR283
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12930492 OSM]
| Nagapattinam - Velaganni Road
| Nagapattinam
| 1.20
| KM 1/2 to KM 2/4
|-
| MDR285
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12990125 OSM]
| Nainamalai - Sendamangalam Road
| Namakkal
| 8.60
|
|-
| MDR286
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13851031 OSM]
| Nallur - Kayalpattinam Road
| Tuticorin
| 3.80
|
|-
| MDR287
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13881788 OSM]
| Nalli Railway Station Road
| Virudhunagar
| 1.80
| from KM 1/8 an ODR begins
|-
| MDR291
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13807071 OSM]
| Nanguneri - Kalakad Road
| Tirunelveli
| 11.00
|
|-
| MDR292
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13806909 OSM]
| Nanguneri - Moolaikaraipatti Road
| Tirunelveli
| 14.20
|
|-
| MDR293
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12990062 OSM]
| Nanjundapuram - Naducombai Road
| Namakkal
| 8.00
|
|-
| MDR294
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13012952 OSM]
| New Austinpatti Road
| Madurai
| 2.00
|
|-
| MDR295
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12554720 OSM]
| Neyveli - Valayamadevi Road
| Cuddalore
| 8.60
| Intermediate section is closed for NLC mines operations.
|-
| MDR296
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13805087 OSM]
| Kothandaramasamy Koil Road
| Ramanathapuram
| 0.90
|
|-
| MDR297
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13807123 OSM]
| North High Ground Road
| Tirunelveli
| 2.70
|
|-
| MDR298
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13030333 OSM]
| Observatory - Pillar Rock Road
| Dindigul
| 1.20
|
|-
| MDR299
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13799593 OSM]
| Okkur - Keelapoongudi Road
| Sivagangai
| 11.493
| KM 13/19 to KM 24/683
|-
| MDR300
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13799646 OSM]
| Okkur - Nattarasankottai Road
| Sivagangai
| 8.531
|
|}

=== MDR 301 to MDR 400 ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Road number
!OSM relation
!Name of road
!Division
!Length (in km)
!Remarks
|-
| MDR301
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12547252 OSM]
| Olakkur Railway Feeder Road
| Villupuram
| 2.40
|
|-
| MDR302
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13012953 OSM]
| Old Austinpatti Road
| Madurai
| 2.00
|
|-
| MDR303
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13813442 OSM]
| Old Courtallam Falls Road
| Tenkasi
| 2.40
|
|-
| MDR304
|
| Old Cuddalore-Chidambaram road
|
| 3.20
| KM 34/0 to KM 37/2, upgraded as NH45A
|-
| MDR305
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13801046 OSM]
| Madurai - Thondi Road
| Sivagangai
| 1.40
| KM 17/8 to KM 19/2
|-
| MDR306
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12581566 OSM]
| Thriuverumbur - Grandanaicut Road
| Trichy, Thanjavur
| 9.40
|
|-
| MDR307
|
| Omalur-Mecheri Road
|
| 14.60
| Upgraded as SH222
|-
| MDR308
|
| Palacode - Nagadasampatti road
|
| 21.00
| Upgraded as SH224
|-
| MDR310
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13036596 OSM]
| Palani Adivaram -Thekkanthottam Road
| Palani
| 12.185
| KM 0/0 to KM 0/972 and KM 1/987 to KM 13/2, at KM 13/2 another MDR terminates
|-
| MDR311
| N/A
| Palayamkottai Bus Stand - Tiruchendur Road
| Tirunelveli
| 0.13
| KM 3/67 to KM 3/8, unable to identify the road segment
|-
| MDR312
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13036755 OSM]
| Palayam - Madukkarai Road
| Palani
| 2.20
| MDR till 2/2, at Karur district border another MDR terminates
|-
| MDR313
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13036744 OSM]
| Palayam - Servaikaranpatti Road
| Palani
| 3.20
| At KM 3/2 another MDR terminates
|-
| MDR314
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13807611 OSM]
| Palayamkottai - Thiruthu Road
| Tirunelveli
| 11.40
|
|-
| MDR315
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13809246 OSM]
| Palayamkottai - Tiruchendur Road
| Tirunelveli
| 0.20
| KM 4/2 to KM 4/4
|-
| MDR319
|
| Pallavaram-Kundrathur Road
|
| 6.80
| KM 1/0 to KM 7/8, upgraded as 113A
|-
| MDR322
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12547375 OSM]
| Panchalam Railway Feeder Road
| Villupuram
| 0.20
|
|-
| MDR324
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13805382 OSM]
| Pandikanmai Railway Feeder Road
| Ramanathapuram
| 0.40
|
|-
| MDR325
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13030390 OSM]
| Pannaikadu - Mangalamcombu Road
| Dindigul
| 8.40
| KM 3/6 to KM 12/0
|-
| MDR326
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13030389 OSM]
| Pannaikadu Road
| Dindigul
| 3.60
|
|-
| MDR328
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12996688 OSM]
| Pappireddipatti - Mallapuram Road
| Dharmapuri
| 19.00
|
|-
| MDR328A
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12996666 OSM]
| Pappireddipatti - Pallipatti - Thenkaraikottai - Morappur Road
| Dharmapuri
| 30.00
|
|-
| MDR329
|
| Paramakudi - Mudukulathur Road to Vilathur Road
|
| 2.60
| Merged with MDR548
|-
| MDR330
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13851249 OSM]
| Paramankurichi - Tiruchendur Road
| Tuticorin
| 8.40
|
|-
| MDR331
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13851270 OSM]
| Paramankurichi - Udangudi Road
| Tuticorin
| 6.80
|
|-
| MDR332
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13010559 OSM]
| Paramathy - Noyyal Road
| Karur
| 10.60
|
|-
| MDR333
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13010540 OSM]
| Paramathy - Rajapuram Road
| Karur
| 13.682
|
|-
| MDR334
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13885549 OSM]
| Parasalai - Panachamoodu Road
| Nagercoil
| 2.60
| KM 2/4 to KM 5/0, runs between two Kerala borders
|-
| MDR336
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12550153 OSM]
| Parikkal - Periyasevalai Road
| Kallakurichi
| 12.40
|
|-
| MDR337
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12581603 OSM]
| Parisalthurai Road
| Trichy
| 0.70
|
|-
| MDR338
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13805271 OSM]
| Parthibanur Railway Feeder Road
| Ramanathapuram
| 2.60
|
|-
| MDR339
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13805184 OSM]
| Parthibanoor - Vilathur Road
| Ramanathapuram
| 12.80
|
|-
| MDR340
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12596188 OSM]
| Pasupathikoil Railway Approach Road
| Thanjavur
| 1.20
|
|-
| MDR341
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13036556 OSM]
| Patchalur- Vadakadu - Oddanchatram Road
| Palani
| 31.60
|
|-
| MDR342
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12593563 OSM]
| Pattukkottai - Adirampattinam Road
| Thanjavur
| 11.60
| KM 47/2 to KM 58/8
|-
| MDR343
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12593483 OSM]
| Pattukkottai - Muthupettai Road
| Thanjavur
| 17.20
| KM 46/2 to KM 63/4
|-
| MDR345
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12485482 OSM]
| Pei Gopuram Road
| Tiruvannamalai
| 1.60
|
|-
| MDR346
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13851213 OSM]
| Peikulam - Perungulam Road
| Tuticorin
| 9.60
|
|-
| MDR347
|
| Pennagaram - Perumbalai - Mecheri Road
|
| 9.080
| KM 34/4 to KM 43/48, upgraded as SH222
|-
| MDR348
|
| Pennagaram - Perumbalai Road
|
| 34.40
| Upgraded as SH222
|-
| MDR349
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12996691 OSM]
| Pennagaram Bypass Road
| Dharmapuri
| 2.60
|
|-
| MDR351
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12600425 OSM]
| Peralam - Karaikkal Road
| Tiruvarur
| 7.40
| KM 0/0 to KM 6/8 and KM 8/0 to KM 8/6, remaining falls into Puducherry UT.
|-
| MDR354
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13003423 OSM]
| Old Valparai - Sholayar - Chalakkudy Road
| Pollachi
| 19.20
| MDR till KM 19/2, from Kerala state border it is SH.
|-
| MDR355
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12554484 OSM]
| Perumal Tank Bund Road
| Cuddalore
| 14.60
| chainage from KM 16/6 to KM 31/2
|-
| MDR357
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13005276 OSM]
| Perundurai - Maccanamcombai Road
| Erode, Gopichettipalayam
| 38.80
|
|-
| MDR358
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13851165 OSM]
| Petmanagaram - Vagaikulam Road
| Tuticorin
| 12.00
|
|-
| MDR359
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13807624 OSM]
| Pettai - Thiruvengadanathapuram Road
| Tirunelveli
| 1.60
|
|-
| MDR361
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13001415 OSM]
| Podanur Junction Road
| Coimbatore
| 2.60
|
|-
| MDR362
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13003488 OSM]
| Pollachi Bypass road
| Pollachi
| 2.60
|
|-
| MDR365
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12485545 OSM]
| KM 103/10 of Pondy-Krishnagiri Road - KM 54/2 of Villupuram-Tiruvannamalai Road
| Tiruvannamalai
| 1.20
|
|-
| MDR366
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12994570 OSM]
| Pondy - Krishnagiri Road
| Krishnagiri
| 0.955
| KM 243/045 to KM 244/0
|-
| MDR367
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12345337 OSM]
| Ponparappi Bypass Road
| Ariyalur
| 2.10
| KM 15/7 - KM 16/3 and KM 16/7 - KM 18/2
|-
| MDR368
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12370057 OSM]
| Ponnamallee - Avadi Road
| Tiruvallur
| 0.60
| KM 8/0 - KM 8/6
|-
| MDR369
|
| Ponnamallee - Kundrathur Road
|
| 5.20
| Upgraded as SH113A
|-
| MDR370
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12596078 OSM]
| Poonthottam - Nachiyarkoil Road
| Tiruvarur, Thanjavur
| 25.40
|
|-
| MDR371
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12579256 OSM]
| Poovalur - Siruganur - Thirupattur Road
| Trichy
| 25.60
|
|-
| MDR372
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12585782 OSM]
| Pudukkottai - Pattukottai Road
| Pudukkottai, Thanjavur
| 28.07
| KM 19/33 to KM 47/4
|-
| MDR374
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12577939 OSM]
| Puduchathiram Railway Feeder Road
| Cuddalore
| 1.00
|
|-
| MDR375
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12581537 OSM]
| Pudukkottai - South Kulathur Road
| Pudukkottai
| 8.00
| KM 42/8 to KM 50/8
|-
| MDR376
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13013000 OSM]
| Pudupatti - Mangalrevu Road
| Madurai
| 13.80
|
|-
| MDR377
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12590604 OSM]
| Pudupatti - Nedungudi Road
| Pudukkottai
| 4.20
| MDR till Sivagangai district border, then unclassified.
|-
| MDR378
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12360070 OSM]
| Puduvoyal - Periyapalayam Road
| Tiruvallur
| 12.00
|
|-
| MDR379
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12367107 OSM]
| Puduvoyal – Pulicut Road
| Tiruvallur
| 6.20
|
|-
| MDR380
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12579289 OSM]
| Pullambadi - Sirugalappur - Padalur Road
| Trichy
| 23.60
|
|-
| MDR383
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12554439 OSM]
| Chidambaram - Puthur Road
| Cuddalore
| 15.40
|
|-
| MDR384
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12468807 OSM]
| Puttuthakku Causeway Road
| Vellore
| 5.40
|
|-
| MDR387
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13881737 OSM]
| Rajapalayam - Ayyanarkovil Road
| Virudhunagar
| 13.00
|
|-
| MDR389
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13805302 OSM]
| Ramanathapuram - Devipattinam Road
| Ramanathapuram
| 0.40
| KM 15/2 to KM 15/6, un till KM 15/2 upgraded as NH/SH
|-
| MDR390
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13805199 OSM]
| Ramanathapuram - Nainarkoil - Emaneswaram Road
| Ramanathapuram
| 9.60
| KM 30/2 to KM 39/8, till KM 30/2 upgraded to SH
|-
| MDR391
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13805225 OSM]
| Ramanathapuram - Keelakkarai Road
| Ramanathapuram
| 5.00
| KM 0/4 to KM 4/0 and KM 15/8 to KM 17/2, in between upgraded to NH.
|-
| MDR393
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13805297 OSM]
| Ramanathapuram Railway Feeder Road
| Ramanathapuram
| 0.80
| KM 0/8 to KM 1/6
|-
| MDR394
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13805366 OSM]
| Rameswaram Railway Feeder Road
| Ramanathapuram
| 0.30
|
|-
| MDR395
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13805363 OSM]
| South Car Street
| Ramanathapuram
| 0.40
|
|-
| MDR396
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13805360 OSM]
| Chinnakadai Road
| Ramanathapuram
| 0.40
|
|-
| MDR397
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13805364 OSM]
| East Car Street
| Ramanathapuram
| 0.20
|
|-
| MDR398
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13805361 OSM]
| Middle Car Street
| Ramanathapuram
| 0.40
|
|-
| MDR399
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13805362 OSM]
| North Car Street
| Ramanathapuram
| 0.40
|
|-
| MDR400
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13805365 OSM]
| West Car Street
| Ramanathapuram
| 0.20
|
|}

=== MDR 401 to MDR 500 ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Road number
!OSM relation
!Name of road
!Division
!Length (in km)
!Remarks
|-
| MDR401
|
| Ranipet - Sholinghur Road
|
| 10.60
| Upgraded as SH61A
|-
| MDR402
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12990250 OSM]
| Rasipuram - Attur Road
| Namakkal
| 3.65
|
|-
| MDR403
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13806321 OSM]
| Reddiyarpatti - Vijayanarayanam Road
| Tirunelveli
| 40.800
|
|-
| MDR404
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13008191 OSM]
| Palladam Town Road
| Tiruppur
| 0.60
|
|-
| MDR406
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12547299 OSM]
| Salavathy Road
| Villupuram
| 2.00
|
|-
| MDR407
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12593497 OSM]
| Saliyamangalam - Papanasam Road
| Thanjavur
| 16.40
|
|-
| MDR408
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13810237 OSM]
| Sankarankoil - Thiruvenkadam Road
| Tenkasi
| 17.76
|
|-
| MDR409
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13810244 OSM]
| Sankarankovil - Veerasigamani Road
| Tenkasi
| 15.40
|
|-
| MDR411
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12485564 OSM]
| Sannathi Ramalinganar Street
| Tiruvannamalai
| 0.80
|
|-
| MDR412
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13885554 OSM]
| Santhapuram Road
| Nagercoil
| 12.40
|
|-
| MDR413
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13799560 OSM]
| Sarugani - Devakottai Road
| Sivagangai
| 15.48
|
|-
| MDR414
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13805395 OSM]
| Sathirakudi Railway Feeder Road
| Ramanathapuram
| 0.40
|
|-
| MDR416
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12579491 OSM]
| Seelaipillaiyarputhur - Kattuputhur - Namakkal Road
| Trichy
| 10.80
| MDR till KM 10/8, at Namakkal district border another MDR terminates
|-
| MDR417
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12997840 OSM]
| Selekarachal - Sulthanpet Road
| Coimbatore, Pollachi
| 11.60
|
|-
| MDR418
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13037112 OSM]
| Servaikaranpatti - Aravakurichi Road
| Palani
| 18.20
| MDR from KM 6/4 to KM 24/6, at Karur district border another MDR terminates with chainage of KM 6/6, overlapping between divisions, at KM 24/6 another MDR terminates.
|-
| MDR419
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13806450 OSM]
| Service Road
| Tirunelveli
| 0.90
|
|-
| MDR421
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12934882 OSM]
| Shevapet - Elampillai Road
| Salem
| 17.20
|
|-
| MDR422
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12993674 OSM]
| Shoolagiri - Berigai Road
| Krishnagiri
| 22.00
| MDR till KM 22/0, at Andhra Pradesh border another road joins
|-
| MDR424
|
| Singarapet - Thirupathur Road
|
| 13.20
| KM 16/4 to KM 29/6, upgraded as SH18A
|-
| MDR425
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12608349 OSM]
| Sirkali - Panangattangudi Road
| Nagapattinam
| 9.80
|
|-
| MDR426
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12605695 OSM]
| Sirkali - Thirumullaivasal - Koolaiyar Road
| Nagapattinam
| 19.00
|
|-
| MDR430
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13812872 OSM]
| Sivakasi - Kalugumalai Road
| Tenkasi
| 2.60
| KM 21/0 to KM 23/6, another SH terminates at Tenkasi District border
|-
| MDR431
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13810392 OSM]
| Sivaramapettai - Panpozhi - Shencottai Road
| Tenkasi
| 15.40
|
|-
| MDR431A
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13812838 OSM]
| Kadayanallur - Achampudur Road
| Tenkasi
| 6.40
|
|-
| MDR432
|
| Solathiram-Srimushnam road
|
| 20.00
| Upgraded as SH216
|-
| MDR433
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12350828 OSM]
| South Arcot Frontier Road
| Chengalpattu
| 4.20
|
|-
| MDR434
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13837191 OSM]
| South Beach Road
| Tuticorin
| 0.53
|
|-
| MDR435
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13851140 OSM]
| Srivaikuntam - Pudukkottai Road
| Tuticorin
| 17.22
|
|-
| MDR436
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13851139 OSM]
| Girder Bridge Road
| Tuticorin
| 0.40
|
|-
| MDR437
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12997810 OSM]
| Sulur - Selekarchal Road
| Coimbatore
| 11.00
|
|-
| MDR438
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12997826 OSM]
| Sulur Railway Feeder Road
| Coimbatore
| 5.60
|
|-
| MDR439
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12952037 OSM]
| Suramangalam - Tharamangalam Road
| Salem
| 11.10
| Old chainage KM 5/7 to KM 23/8, KM 16/8 to KM 23/8 upgraded as SH219 and chainage altered to KM 0/0 to KM 11/10.
|-
| MDR440
|
| Surandai-Senthamaram Road
|
| 10.87
| KM 12/0 to KM 22/87, upgraded as SH39B
|-
| MDR440A
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13812798 OSM]
| Idaikal - Sendamaram Road
| Tenkasi
| 12.80
|
|-
| MDR441
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12596082 OSM]
| Swamimalai - Patteeswaram Road
| Thanjavur
| 4.20
|
|-
| MDR442
|
| Tenkasi Loop Road
|
| 0.80
| Upgraded as SH43
|-
| MDR446
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12596430 OSM]
| Thambikottai Railway Approach Road
| Thanjavur
| 0.80
|
|-
| MDR447
|
| Thandalam - Perambakkam - Thakkolam - Arugilpadi Road
|
| 39.40
| Upgraded as SH50B
|-
| MDR449
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12596125 OSM]
| Thanjavur - Pattukkottai Road
| Thanjavur
| 2.80
| Orathanadu urban stretch (KM 21/2 to KM 24/0)
|-
| MDR451
|
| Tharamangalam - Jalagandapuram Road
|
| 10.00
| Upgraded as SH219A
|-
| MDR452
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12345842 OSM]
| Tharamani - Perungudi Road
| Chennai City Roads
| 2.01
|
|-
| MDR453
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12605718 OSM]
| Tharangampadi - Mayiladuthurai Road
| Nagapattinam
| 18.40
| KM 11/2 to KM 29/6
|-
| MDR454
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12576395 OSM]
| Thazhanallur Railway Feeder Road
| Cuddalore
| 4.80
|
|-
| MDR455
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12934735 OSM]
| Thedavoor - Thammampatty Road
| Salem
| 24.60
|
|-
| MDR456
|
| Theertham - Berigai road
|
| 18.20
| Upgraded as SH226
|-
| MDR460
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12581596 OSM]
| Trichy - Chidambaram Byepass Road
| Trichy
| 1.80
|
|-
| MDR461
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12579300 OSM]
| Trichy - Kulumani - Jeeyapuram Road
| Trichy
| 16.40
|
|-
| MDR461A
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12579453 OSM]
| Konarchathiram/Pandamangalam - Perur - Kulumani Road
| Trichy
| 11.30
| Road is of two segments KM 0 to KM 2/7 from Konarchathiram and KM 2/7 to KM 11/3 from Pandamangalam
|-
| MDR462
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12350773 OSM]
| Thirukazhukundram Bypass Road
| Chengalpattu
| 5.40
|
|-
| MDR466
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12604513 OSM]
| Thirumathikunnam Railway Feeder Road
| Tiruvarur
| 2.60
|
|-
| MDR467
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12604466 OSM]
| Thirunellikkaval - Kolappadu - Karunganni Road
| Nagapattinam, Tiruvarur
| 19.42
| KM 0/0 to KM 12/2, KM 12/38 to 19/6
|-
| MDR468
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12360051 OSM]
| Thirupachur - Kadambattur - Kondancheri Road
| Tiruvallur
| 12.50
|
|-
| MDR469
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13013225 OSM]
| Thirupparankundram Town Road
| Madurai
| 1.40
|
|-
| MDR472
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12593575 OSM]
| Thiruppananthal - Aduthurai Road
| Thanjavur
| 10.20
| KM 0/2 to KM 10/4
|-
| MDR477
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12356752 OSM]
| KM 33/6 of East Coast Road to Muttukadu Picturesque Beauty Spot Road
| Chengalpattu
| 0.84
|
|-
| MDR479
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13806364 OSM]
| Thisayanvilai - Udangudi Road
| Tirunelveli, Tuticorin
| 22.80
|
|-
| MDR480
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12930262 OSM]
| Thittachery - Thirumalarayanpattinam Road
| Nagapattinam
| 3.40
|
|-
| MDR482
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13010490 OSM]
| Thogamalai - Mylampatty Road
| Karur
| 18.80
|
|-
| MDR484
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13851154 OSM]
| Thoothukudi - Tharuvaikulam Road
| Tuticorin
| 6.80
|
|-
| MDR486
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13009842 OSM]
| Bhavani - Vellithiruppur Road
| Erode
| 18.20
|
|-
| MDR487
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12579389 OSM]
| Thottiyam - Kattuputhur Road
| Trichy
| 13.80
|
|-
| MDR488
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13885560 OSM]
| Thuckalay - Thadikarankonam Road
| Nagercoil
| 8.60
|
|-
| MDR489
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12997806 OSM]
| Thudiyalur - Kovilpalayam Road
| Coimbatore
| 15.40
|
|-
| MDR490
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12370008 OSM]
| Thirumazhisai - Sathyavedu Road
| Tiruvallur
| 1.20
| KM 44/0 - KM 45/2
|-
| MDR491
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12578672 OSM]
| Thuraimangalam Bungalow Road
| Perambalur
| 1.40
|
|-
| MDR496
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13851156 OSM]
| Tiruchendur - Kulasai - Udangudi Road
| Tuticorin
| 4.766
| KM 13/4 to KM 18/166
|-
| MDR499
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12551017 OSM]
| Thirukovilur Railway Feeder Road
| Kallakurichi
| 1.00
|
|}

=== MDR 501 to MDR 600 ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Road number
!OSM relation
!Name of road
!Division
!Length (in km)
!Remarks
|-
| MDR503
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12473875 OSM]
| Tiruvannamalai - Kanji Road
| Tiruvannamalai
| 21.60
|
|-
| MDR505
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12485967 OSM]
| Thiruvathipuram - Arni Road
| Cheyyar
| 30.40
|
|-
| MDR506
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12992231 OSM]
| Tiruchengode Bypass Road
| Namakkal
| 1.40
|
|-
| MDR508
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13806496 OSM]
| Udaiyarpatti - Seevalaperi Road
| Tirunelveli
| 16.60
|
|-
| MDR509
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13009305 OSM]
| Udumalpet - Chinnar Road
| Dharapuram
| 28.80
| MDR till KM 28/8, from Kerala state border it is SH
|-
| MDR510
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13009314 OSM]
| Udumalpet - Komaralingam Road
| Dharapuram
| 18.80
| MDR till KM 18/8, from Dindigul district border another MDR terminates
|-
| MDR511
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13003918 OSM]
| Udumalpet - Senjeri Hills Road
| Dharapuram, Pollachi
| 28.20
|
|-
| MDR512
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13009320 OSM]
| Udumalpet - Thirumoorthi Hills Road
| Dharapuram
| 13.80
| KM 7/0 to KM 20/8, till KM 7/0 another MDR exists.
|-
| MDR513
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12550971 OSM]
| Ulundurpet Railway Feeder Road
| Kallakurichi
| 0.40
|
|-
| MDR516
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13039499 OSM]
| Uthamapalayam Town Road
| Theni
| 1.20
|
|-
| MDR517
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12993346 OSM]
| Uthangarai Bypass Road
| Krishnagiri
| 1.20
|
|-
| MDR518
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12347054 OSM]
| Uthiramerur - Kammalampoondi - Acharapakkam Road
| Chengalpattu
| 18.40
| Ends at SH-115 Cheyyur-Vandavasi Road
|-
| MDR520
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13008119 OSM]
| Uthiyur - Kundadam Road
| Tiruppur, Dharapuram
| 10.60
|
|-
| MDR521
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13008138 OSM]
| Uthukuli R.S. - Uthukuli Town Road
| Tiruppur
| 2.40
|
|-
| MDR522
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13003873 OSM]
| Vadachittur - Chettipalayam Road
| Pollachi
| 11.80
|
|-
| MDR523
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13003876 OSM]
| Vadachittur - Negamam Road
| Pollachi
| 10.80
|
|-
| MDR525
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12585897 OSM]
| Vadavalam - Pudupatti Road
| Pudukkottai
| 24.80
| KM 8/8 to KM 33/6
|-
| MDR526
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13012776 OSM]
| Vaigai Causeway Approach Road
| Madurai
| 0.80
|
|-
| MDR530
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12952085 OSM]
| Valapady - Thimmanaickenpatty Road
| Salem
| 10.60
|
|-
| MDR531
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12990214 OSM]
| Valayapatti - Andapuram Road
| Namakkal
| 7.40
| MDR till KM 7/4, at Trichy district border another MDR terminates
|-
| MDR532
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12593419 OSM]
| Vallam - Orathanadu Road
| Thanjavur
| 21.60
|
|-
| MDR533
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12577995 OSM]
| Vallampadugai Railway Feeder Road
| Cuddalore
| 0.40
|
|-
| MDR534
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13003914 OSM]
| Valparai - Manicka Kurangumudi Road
| Pollachi
| 10.20
|
|-
| MDR536
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12578017 OSM]
| Varakkalpattu Railway Feeder Road
| Cuddalore
| 0.10
|
|-
| MDR540
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12348767 OSM]
| Vedanthangal Road
| Chengalpattu
| 12.60
|
|-
| MDR541
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13810057 OSM]
| Verakeralampudur - Shanmuganallur Road
| Tenkasi
| 28.60
|
|-
| MDR542
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12554503 OSM]
| Veeranam Tank Bund Road
| Cuddalore
| 14.40
|
|-
| MDR543
|
| Velachery Bye Pass Road
|
| 1.90
| Upgraded as SH48C
|-
| MDR544
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12604554 OSM]
| Velankanni - Thiruthuraipoondi Road
| Tiruvarur
| 1.40
| KM 38/8 to KM 40/2
|-
| MDR545
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13010474 OSM]
| Velayuthampalayam - Noyyal Road
| Karur
| 10.708
| KM 17/2 to KM 27/908
|-
| MDR546
|
| Vellore Municipal Bypass Road
|
| 1.20
| Upgraded as SH230
|-
| MDR547
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12992204 OSM]
| Velur - Mohanur Road
| Namakkal
| 16.20
|
|-
| MDR548
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13805114 OSM]
| Melayakudi - Vilathur - Muthaneri Road
| Ramanathapuram
| 15.45
|
|-
| MDR552
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12578004 OSM]
| Vridhachalam East and North Fort Street
| Cuddalore
| 0.40
|
|-
| MDR553
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12577986 OSM]
| Vridhachalam Good Shed Road
| Cuddalore
| 0.50
|
|-
| MDR554
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12577984 OSM]
| Vridhachalam Railway Feeder Road
| Cuddalore
| 0.50
|
|-
| MDR555
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12469730 OSM]
| Walajah Railway Station Road
| Vellore
| 3.20
| Extension to SH61 (KM 1/0 to 4/2)
|-
| MDR559
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13801143 OSM]
| Thiruppuvanam West Car Street
| Sivagangai
| 0.10
| Approximate road chosen
|-
| MDR560
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12471650 OSM]
| Yelagiri Hill Road
| Vaniyambadi
| 14.40
|
|-
| MDR561
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12934778 OSM]
| Yercaud - Vaniyar Road
| Salem
| 7.20
|
|-
| MDR563
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12934242 OSM]
| Yercaud Loop Road
| Salem
| 33.60
|
|-
| MDR564
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12486049 OSM]
| Abdullapuram - Moranam Road
| Cheyyar
| 24.25
|
|-
| MDR565
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12348559 OSM]
| Acharapakkam - Periyakalakadi Road
| Chengalpattu
| 15.00
|
|-
| MDR566
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12343432 OSM]
| Agaramthen - Kovilanchery Road
| Chennai City Roads
| 7.10
|
|-
| MDR568
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13012774 OSM]
| Sholavandan - Andipatti - Valayapatti Road
| Madurai
| 30.00
| MDR till 30/0, from there it is ODR
|-
| MDR570
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13039486 OSM]
| Andipatty - Theppampatti - Velappar Kovil Road
| Theni
| 18.00
|
|-
| MDR571
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12997791 OSM]
| Annur - Sirumugai Road
| Coimbatore
| 16.75
|
|-
| MDR572
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12469873 OSM]
| Arakkonam - Melpakkam Road
| Vellore
| 2.40
|
|-
| MDR574
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13010461 OSM]
| Puthambur - Venjamangudular - Pungambadi Road
| Karur
| 16.19
|
|-
| MDR575
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12361371 OSM]
| Avadi - Vaniyanchatiram Road
| Tiruvallur
| 10.40
| KM 1/6 - KM 12/0
|-
| MDR575A
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12364306 OSM]
| Vellanur - Red Hills Road
| Tiruvallur
| 9.00
|
|-
| MDR576
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12489053 OSM]
| Azhampoondy - Mazhavanthangal Road
| Villupuram
| 22.50
|
|-
| MDR577
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12370212 OSM]
| Banavaram - Sendhamangalam - Ganapathipuram Road
| Vellore
| 27.60
|
|-
| MDR578
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12490572 OSM]
| Brammadesam - Kiliyanur - Ranganathapuram Road
| Villupuram
| 20.20
|
|-
| MDR579
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13041172 OSM]
| KM 43/2 of NH49 - Kattanoor Road
| Sivagangai, Virudhunagar
| 22.883
|-
| MDR580
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12361310 OSM]
| Veeramangalam - Mahankalikapuram - Ammayarkuppam Road
| Tiruvallur
| 11.60
|
|-
| MDR581
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12347047 OSM]
| Chengalpattu - Thiruporur Road
| Chengalpattu
| 21.80
|
|-
| MDR582
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12486123 OSM]
| Cheyyar Anaicut Road
| Cheyyar
| 19.20
|
|-
| MDR583
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12553144 OSM]
| Chidambaram - Keelnatham - Veeranam Tank Bund Road
| Cuddalore
| 16.80
|
|-
| MDR584
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13010405 OSM]
| Chinnadharapuram - Kodumudi Road
| Karur
| 21.00
| MDR till 21/0, from Erode district border it is ODR
|-
| MDR585
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12576374 OSM]
| Chitharasur Road
| Cuddalore
| 4.90
|
|-
| MDR586
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12997796 OSM]
| Thondamuthur - Madampatty Road
| Coimbatore
| 3.20
|
|-
| MDR587
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13039489 OSM]
| Cumbam - Kamayagowndanpatty Road
| Theni
| 3.60
|
|-
| MDR588
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12993335 OSM]
| Denkanikottai - Anchety - Natrampalayam Road
| Krishnagiri
| 43.00
| Begins at SH termination point, runs till KM 43/0, then it is unclassified road
|-
| MDR589
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13030432 OSM]
| Dharumathupatty - Adalur - Thandigudi Road
| Dindigul
| 45.00
|
|-
| MDR590
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13030461 OSM]
| Dindigul - Manakkattur Road
| Dindigul
| 30.82
|
|-
| MDR591
|
| Edappady - Poolampatty - Mettur RS Road
|
| 12.935
| Upgraded as SH220A
|-
| MDR592
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12992230 OSM]
| Edward Memorial Road (Girivalapathai)
| Namakkal
| 3.20
|
|-
| MDR593
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13040478 OSM]
| Ilayangudi - Vandal - Sukkirapatti Road
| Sivagangai, Ramanathapuram
| 42.40
|
|-
| MDR594
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12933399 OSM]
| Gajalnaickenpatty - Panamarathupatty - Seshanchavadi Road
| Salem
| 38.09
|
|-
| MDR596
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12346967 OSM]
| GST Road - Padalam - Cheyyur Road
| Chengalpattu
| 32.00
|
|-
| MDR597
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12349270 OSM]
| GST Road - Arungal - Nallambakkam Road
| Chengalpattu
| 12.40
|
|-
| MDR598
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12348431 OSM]
| Guduvancheri - Kottamedu Road
| Chengalpattu
| 17.60
|
|-
| MDR599
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12359436 OSM]
| Gummidipoondi – Madarapakkam Road
| Tiruvallur
| 16.85
|
|-
| MDR599A
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12366854 OSM]
| Nagarajakandigai - Sirupuzhalpettai Road
| Tiruvallur
| 8.00
|
|-
| MDR600
|
| Jeyamangalam - Eluvanampatti Road
|
| 8.425
| Merged with MDR903
|}

=== MDR 601 to MDR 700 ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Road number
!OSM relation
!Name of road
!Division
!Length (in km)
!Remarks
|-
| MDR601
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12366950 OSM]
| Akkarapakkam - Thirunilai - Arani Road
| Tiruvallur
| 7.70
|
|-
| MDR602
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12550113 OSM]
| Kadampuliyur - Sendanadu - Ulundurpet Road
| Cuddalore, Kallakurichi
| 30.20
|
|-
| MDR603
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12587475 OSM]
| Kalagam - Avudayarkoil Road
| Thanjavur, Pudukkottai
| 36.20
|
|-
| MDR604
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13877816 OSM]
| Kanniseri - Mathiyasenai Road
| Virudhunagar
| 15.60
|
|-
| MDR605
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12997507 OSM]
| Karamadai - Tholampalayam Road
| Coimbatore
| 16.60
| MDR till KM 16/6, then unclassified road continues
|-
| MDR606
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13010096 OSM]
| Karur - Esanatham - Koombur - Vedasandur Road
| Karur, Palani
| 51.225
| KM 0/0 to KM 35/8 and 35/625 to 51.225, section KM 35/625 to KM 35/8 is overlapping between divisions.
|-
| MDR607
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12372603 OSM]
| Katpadi - Vallimalai Road
| Vellore
| 19.60
|
|-
| MDR608
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12344852 OSM]
| Keelapalur - Thirumalapadi - Pullambadi Road
| Ariyalur, Trichy
| 34.00
|
|-
| MDR609
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12599711 OSM]
| Kodavasal - Koradachery - Koothanallur - Mavoor Road
| Tiruvarur
| 35.60
|
|-
| MDR610
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12364787 OSM]
| Kodungaiyur – Vazhudhugaimedu Road
| Tiruvallur
| 8.80
|
|-
| MDR611
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13006146 OSM]
| Koduvai - Nachipalayam Road
| Tiruppur
| 17.20
|
|-
| MDR612
|
| Koduvilarpatti - S.Alagapuri - Seelayampatti Road
|
| 23.255
| Upgraded as SH228
|-
| MDR613
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13012837 OSM]
| Kokkulam - Uthappanaickanur Road
| Madurai
| 29.20
|
|-
| MDR616
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13039607 OSM]
| Krishnamanayakkanthoppu Road
| Theni
| 0.70
| KM 7/9 to KM 8/6, KM 1/6 to KM 7/9 modified as MDR1168
|-
| MDR618
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12578369 OSM]
| Kunnam - Veppur - Vayalapadi Road
| Perambalur
| 18.80
|
|-
| MDR619
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12552618 OSM]
| Kurinjipady - Palur Road
| Cuddalore
| 21.30
|
|-
| MDR620
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12549997 OSM]
| M.Kunnathur - Naripalayam Road
| Kallakurichi
| 20.30
|
|-
| MDR621
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13877753 OSM]
| M.Reddiapatti - Salukkuvarpatti - Thoppalakarai Road
| Virudhunagar
| 17.40
|
|-
| MDR622
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12345473 OSM]
| Madipakkam - Velachery Road
| Chennai City Roads
| 3.20
|
|-
| MDR623
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12997517 OSM]
| Madukkarai - Chettipalayam Road
| Coimbatore
| 12.60
|
|-
| MDR625
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13010051 OSM]
| Mahadhanapuram - Panjapatty - Tharagampatti Road
| Karur
| 33.671
|
|-
| MDR626
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12489035 OSM]
| Mailam - Karattai Road
| Villupuram
| 23.10
|
|-
| MDR627
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13781673 OSM]
| Manamadurai - T.Pudukkottai - Paramakudi Road
| Sivagangai
| 24.80
|
|-
| MDR628
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12579314 OSM]
| Manapparai -Tharagampatti- Gujiliamparai Road
| Trichy, Karur, Palani
| 34.00
| Road begins on the outskirts of Manapparai
|-
| MDR629
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13037134 OSM]
| Manjanaickenpatty - Kallimandayam Road
| Palani
| 18.00
|
|-
| MDR631
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13878501 OSM]
| Mariamman Kovil - Fathimanagar Road
| Virudhunagar
| 1.50
|
|-
| MDR632
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13010216 OSM]
| Mayanur - Sengal - Panchapatty Road
| Karur
| 16.555
|
|-
| MDR633
|
| Medavakkam - Mambakkam - Sembakkam Road
|
| 26.80
| Upgraded as SH110A
|-
| MDR634
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12357588 OSM]
| Medur - Gummidipoondi Road
| Tiruvallur
| 23.20
|
|-
| MDR635
|
| Mount - Medavakkam Road
|
| 9.10
| Upgraded as SH48A
|-
| MDR636
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12346977 OSM]
| Mudukarai - Kadalur Road
| Chengalpattu
| 28.80
|
|-
| MDR637
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13801276 OSM]
| Mudukulathur - Uthiragosamangai Road
| Ramanathapuram
| 26.60
|
|-
| MDR638
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13801284 OSM]
| Mudukulathur - Veerasolam - KM 99/4 of SH42 Road
| Ramanathapuram, Virudhunagar
| 35.725
|
|-
| MDR640
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12600343 OSM]
| Muthupet - Voimedu Road
| Tiruvarur, Nagapattinam
| 23.10
|
|-
| MDR642
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12478272 OSM]
| N.C.Veeralore Road
| Tiruvannamalai
| 18.40
|
|-
| MDR643
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13030562 OSM]
| Natchikulam - Nilakottai - Sempatti Road
| Dindigul
| 29.60
| Road ends with KM 10/0 chainage joining the same road which begins from end of another MDR with chainage from KM 10/0
|-
| MDR644
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13030494 OSM]
| Natham - Pillaiyarnatham Road
| Dindigul
| 32.80
| KM 0/0 to KM 8/6 is converted into NH.
|-
| MDR645
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12359976 OSM]
| Nochilli Road
| Tiruvallur
| 12.80
|
|-
| MDR646
|
| Omalur Main Road
|
| 2.40
| Upgraded as SH218
|-
| MDR647
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13781706 OSM]
| Padamathur - Thiruppachethi Road
| Sivagangai
| 10.00
|
|-
| MDR648
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13010240 OSM]
| Palaviduthi - Kadavur - Ayyalur Road
| Karur, Palani
| 24.854
|
|-
| MDR649
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13039540 OSM]
| Palayam - Uppukottai Road
| Theni
| 0.80
| KM 0/8 to KM 19/2 upgraded as SH229
|-
| MDR650
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13010298 OSM]
| Pallapatti - Aravakurichy - Esanatham - Gujiliamparai Road
| Karur, Palani
| 29.128
|
|-
| MDR651
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12347017 OSM]
| Pallur - Sogandy Road
| Chengalpattu
| 23.80
|
|-
| MDR652
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13801190 OSM]
| Paramakudi - Keerandai Road
| Ramanathapuram
| 34.46
|
|-
| MDR653
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12587430 OSM]
| Pattukottai - Peravurani - Aranthangi Road
| Thanjavur, Pudukkottai
| 44.20
|
|-
| MDR654
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12996710 OSM]
| Pennagaram - Nagamarai Road
| Dharmapuri
| 29.60
|
|-
| MDR655
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12968278 OSM]
| Pension Line Road
| Salem
| 0.93
|
|-
| MDR656
|
| Periyakulam - Devedhanapatti Road
|
| 8.60
| Merged with MDR903
|-
| MDR657
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13005058 OSM]
| Perundalaiyur - Kavandapady - Getticheiyur Road
| Gopichettipalayam, Erode
| 29.80
|
|-
| MDR658
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13010208 OSM]
| Pettavaithalai - Nangavaram - Kavalkaranpatty Road
| Karur
| 26.40
|
|-
| MDR659
|
| Polur - Jamunamarathur - Alangayam - Vaniyambadi Road
|
| 81.80
| Upgraded as SH215
|-
| MDR660
|
| Hill Round Road
|
| 5.20
| Upgraded as SH231
|-
| MDR662
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12576267 OSM]
| Puduchathiram - Portonovo Road
| Cuddalore
| 6.55
| KM 26/6 to KM 33/15
|-
| MDR663
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12585537 OSM]
| Pudukkottai - Arimalam - Embal Road
| Pudukkottai
| 46.00
|
|-
| MDR664
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12585681 OSM]
| Pudukkottai - Killukkottai - Manayeripatti Road
| Pudukkottai, Thanjavur
| 41.70
|
|-
| MDR665
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12585462 OSM]
| Pudukkottai - Manapparai Road
| Pudukkottai
| 48.20
|
|-
| MDR666
|
| Pudupadi - Illuppai - Vadailluppai - Perumbakkam - Vishar - Kancheepuram Road
|
| 37.60
| Upgraded as SH116A
|-
| MDR667
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13039505 OSM]
| Andipatty - Pullimancombai Road
| Theni
| 15.00
| MDR till KM 15/0 from Dindigul district border it is ODR
|-
| MDR668
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13010276 OSM]
| Punnam - Pugalur Road
| Karur
| 8.60
|
|-
| MDR669
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12935100 OSM]
| Puthiragoundampalayam - Panmadal - Edapatty Road
| Salem
| 14.60
|
|-
| MDR670
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12605581 OSM]
| Puthur - Pudupattinam - Palaiyar Road
| Nagapattinam
| 19.20
|
|-
| MDR672
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12549977 OSM]
| Rishivandhiyam - Eraiyur - Nemili Road
| Kallakurichi
| 27.85
|
|-
| MDR673
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12968395 OSM]
| KM 2/10 of Arisipalayam to Cherring Cross Road - Chinneri Vayakadu Road
| Salem
| 0.30
|
|-
| MDR674
|
| Salem Steel Plant Road
|
| 11.50
| Upgraded as SH219
|-
| MDR675
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12952265 OSM]
| Salem - Veeranam Road
| Salem
| 9.60
| KM 0/8 to KM 10/4
|-
| MDR676
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13039539 OSM]
| Sangarapuram - Chinnamanur Road
| Theni
| 11.20
|
|-
| MDR677
|
| Sankari - Edappady Road
|
| 13.20
| Upgraded as SH220
|-
| MDR678
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12997496 OSM]
| Saravanampatty - Thennampalayam Road
| Coimbatore
| 17.20
|
|-
| MDR679
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13004974 OSM]
| Sathy - Periyakodivery - Kadambur Road
| Gopichettipalayam
| 29.10
|
|-
| MDR680
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12605777 OSM]
| Sattanathapuram - Thiruvenkadu - Melaiyur Road
| Nagapattinam
| 12.80
|
|-
| MDR681
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13873228 OSM]
| Sattur - Elayirampannai - Guhanparai Road
| Virudhunagar
| 22.211
|
|-
| MDR682
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13877852 OSM]
| Sattur - Nenmeni - Nagalapuram Road
| Virudhunagar
| 13.25
| MDR till KM 13/25 at Tuticorin District border ODR terminates
|-
| MDR683
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13873217 OSM]
| Sattur - Thiruvenkatapuram Road
| Virudhunagar
| 31.55
| at KM 31/55 another ODR terminates
|-
| MDR684
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12343845 OSM]
| Sendurai - Udayarpalayam - Anaikarai Road
| Ariyalur
| 38.80
|
|-
| MDR685
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12604956 OSM]
| Sengathalai Bridge - Vedaranyam Road
| Nagapattinam
| 21.20
|
|-
| MDR686
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12348754 OSM]
| Singaperumalkoil - Reddikuppam Road
| Chengalpattu
| 13.20
|
|-
| MDR687
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13030579 OSM]
| Sitharevu - Chinnalapatty Road
| Dindigul
| 20.20
|
|-
| MDR688
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13006144 OSM]
| Sivagiri - Nathakadaiyur - Muthur Road
| Tiruppur, Dharapuram
| 34.60
|
|-
| MDR689
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13877616 OSM]
| Sivakasi - Erichanatham Road
| Virudhunagar
| 19.80
|
|-
| MDR690
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12989941 OSM]
| Solakadu - Semmedu - Vilaram - Semmedu Road
| Namakkal
| 43.20
|
|-
| MDR691
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13009523 OSM]
| Soundirapuram - Anankur - Kannivadi Road
| Karur, Dharapuram
| 20.00
|
|-
| MDR692
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13878535 OSM]
| South Car Street - Bus Stand Road
| Virudhunagar
| 1.00
| Approximate road chosen
|-
| MDR693
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13878544 OSM]
| South Car Street
| Virudhunagar
| 0.42
|
|-
| MDR694
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13006080 OSM]
| Sulthanbathery - Cherambadi Road
| Udhagai
| 9.40
| MDR from KM 11/0 to KM 20/4, continues from another MDR at Kerala state border
|-
| MDR695
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12593628 OSM]
| Sundaraperumalkovil - Maruthanallur Road
| Thanjavur
| 9.80
|
|-
| MDR696
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12968070 OSM]
| Suramangalam - Muthanaickenpatty - Omalur Road
| Salem, Edappadi
| 13.80
|
|-
| MDR697
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13878475 OSM]
| Tenkasi - Tirumangalam Road to Keelarajakularaman
| Virudhunagar
| 9.20
|
|-
| MDR698
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13878566 OSM]
| Tenkasi - Tirumangalam Road to Sholapuram
| Virudhunagar
| 10.40
|
|-
| MDR700
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13006074 OSM]
| Thalaikundha - Kallatty - Theppakadu Road
| Udhagai
| 29.20
|
|}

=== MDR 701 to MDR 800 ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Road number
!OSM relation
!Name of road
!Division
!Length (in km)
!Remarks
|-
| MDR701
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12935144 OSM]
| Thalaivasal - Veeraganur Road
| Salem
| 13.00
|
|-
| MDR703
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12994499 OSM]
| Thally - Jawalagiri Road
| Krishnagiri
| 11.20
| MDR till KM 11/2, at Karnataka state border other road joins
|-
| MDR705
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12585735 OSM]
| Thanjavur - Karambakudi - Seethambalpuram Road
| Thanjavur, Pudukkottai
| 56.60
|
|-
| MDR706
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12593310 OSM]
| Thanjavur - Periyakangeyanpatti Road
| Thanjavur
| 26.60
|
|-
| MDR707
|
| Tharamangalam - Nangavalli - Kunchandiyur Road
|
| 19.60
| Upgraded as SH223
|-
| MDR708
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12596067 OSM]
| Tharangambadi - Manganallur - Aduthurai Road
| Nagapattinam, Thanjavur
| 42.20
|
|-
| MDR709
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12486066 OSM]
| Thavasi - Vallam Road
| Cheyyar
| 19.40
|
|-
| MDR710
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12487480 OSM]
| Thellar - Mazhayur Road
| Cheyyar
| 15.20
|
|-
| MDR711
|
| Theni - Venkatachalapuram Road
|
| 10.70
| Upgraded as SH227
|-
| MDR712
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13040405 OSM]
| Theni Bypass Road
| Theni
| 4.40
|
|-
| MDR713
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12997384 OSM]
| Thennampalayam - Vagarayampalayam - Annur Road
| Coimbatore
| 20.00
|
|-
| MDR714
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12372617 OSM]
| Timiri - Kalavai Road
| Vellore
| 14.20
|
|-
| MDR715
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13797937 OSM]
| Thiruppathur - Alangudi Road
| Sivagangai
| 17.00
|
|-
| MDR716
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12471648 OSM]
| Tirupattur - Natrampalli Road
| Vaniyambadi
| 14.80
|
|-
| MDR717
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13801942 OSM]
| Thiruppullani - Pirappanvalasai Road
| Ramanathapuram
| 25.683
|
|-
| MDR718
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13797942 OSM]
| Thiruppuvanam - Pulvaikarai - Narikudi Road
| Sivagangai, Virudhunagar
| 33.80
|
|-
| MDR719
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12359497 OSM]
| Tiruttani - Nagalapuram Road
| Tiruvallur
| 14.565
| Up to Andhra Pradesh border
|-
| MDR720
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12593397 OSM]
| Thittai - Dharasuram Road
| Thanjavur, Tiruvarur
| 31.00
|
|-
| MDR721
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13012851 OSM]
| Thummakkundu - Ulaipatti Road
| Madurai
| 22.87
|
|-
| MDR725
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12968226 OSM]
| Town Railway Station Road
| Salem
| 1.275
|
|-
| MDR726
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12990025 OSM]
| Tiruchengode - Komarapalayam Road
| Namakkal
| 23.40
|
|-
| MDR728
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13010304 OSM]
| Vairamadai - Thoppampatty - Kuppam Road
| Karur
| 24.33
|
|-
| MDR729
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12579238 OSM]
| Vaiyampatty - Konnaiyur Road
| Trichy, Pudukkottai
| 48.50
|
|-
| MDR730
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12545194 OSM]
| Valathy - Avalurpet road
| Villupuram
| 16.40
|
|-
| MDR730A
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12547040 OSM]
| Melmalayanur - Kodukkankuppam - Melsevalampady Road
| Villupuram
| 9.60
|
|-
| MDR732
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13040108 OSM]
| Varatharajanagar - Renganathapuram Road
| Theni
| 13.80
|
|-
| MDR733
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13030627 OSM]
| Vathalagundu - Thandigudi Road
| Dindigul
| 40.90
|
|-
| MDR734
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13040128 OSM]
| Veerapandi - Nagalapuram Road
| Theni
| 10.37
| KM 4/83 to KM 15/2, KM 0/0 to KM 4/83 upgraded as SH229
|-
| MDR735
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13040136 OSM]
| Veerapandi - Seeppalakottai Road
| Theni
| 7.20
| KM 0/0 to KM 7/2, KM 7/2 to KM 16/52 upgraded as SH227
|-
| MDR736
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12550938 OSM]
| Veerapar - Gedilam Road
| Kallakurichi
| 7.20
|
|-
| MDR737
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12604873 OSM]
| Velankanni - Vedaranyam Road
| Nagapattinam
| 34.80
|
|-
| MDR739
|
| Vellemedupettai - Mailam Road
|
| 21.60
| Upgraded as SH136
|-
| MDR740
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12356920 OSM]
| Kannigaipair - Vengal - Seethancheri Road
| Tiruvallur
| 26.80
|
|-
| MDR741
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12552544 OSM]
| Veppur - Tholar - Eraiyur Road
| Cuddalore
| 21.60
|
|-
| MDR742
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13037039 OSM]
| Veriyappur - Markkampatty Road
| Palani
| 23.10
| MDR till 23/1, from Karur district border it is ODR
|-
| MDR743
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12487447 OSM]
| Vilangadu Road
| Cheyyar
| 15.20
| MDR till KM 15/2, from Kanchipuram district border it is ODR
|-
| MDR744
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12344798 OSM]
| Vilangudi - T.Palur - Annakaranpettai Road
| Ariyalur
| 25.80
|
|-
| MDR745
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12585818 OSM]
| Viralimalai - Kalamavur Road
| Pudukkottai
| 25.40
|
|-
| MDR746
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12550943 OSM]
| Vridhachalam - Palakollai Road
| Cuddalore, Kallakurichi
| 21.60
|
|-
| MDR748
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12489075 OSM]
| Alankuppam - Avanipur - Konerikuppam Road
| Villupuram
| 21.00
|
|-
| MDR749
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12345233 OSM]
| Andimadam - Srimushnam Road
| Ariyalur
| 4.80
| MDR till KM 4/8, from Cuddalure district border it is ODR
|-
| MDR751
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12483690 OSM]
| Arni - Padavedu Road
| Cheyyar, Tiruvannamalai
| 19.80
|
|-
| MDR753
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12600278 OSM]
| Kodavasal - Valangaiman - Papanasam Road
| Tiruvarur
| 23.20
|
|-
| MDR754
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12994507 OSM]
| Kundarapalli - Veppanapalli Road
| Krishnagiri
| 0.40
| KM 16/0 to KM 16/4, KM 0/0 to KM 16/0 upgraded as SH226
|-
| MDR762
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12604445 OSM]
| Andipandal - Nannilam Road
| Tiruvarur
| 5.80
|
|-
| MDR763
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13040381 OSM]
| Andipatty - Jeyamangalam Road
| Theni
| 6.60
| MDR till KM 6/6, from there it is SH
|-
| MDR764
|
| Avinashi - Puliyampatty Road
|
| 21.50
| Upgraded as SH166
|-
| MDR765
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13009867 OSM]
| Bhavani - Chellampalayam Road
| Erode
| 0.20
|
|-
| MDR766
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13009519 OSM]
| Chinnadharapuram - Aravakurichi Road
| Dharapuram, Karur
| 11.49
|
|-
| MDR767
|
| Edappady - Jalagandapuram - Mecheri Road
|
| 31.41
| Upgraded as SH220
|-
| MDR768
|
| Kallikudi - Thiruchuli - Kamuthi - Kariyapatti Road
|
| 73.30
| KM 15/0 to KM 88/3, upgraded as SH154
|-
| MDR769
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13012856 OSM]
| T.Kallupatti - Saptur Road
| Madurai
| 9.20
| MDR from KM 7/4 to 16/6, till KM 7/4 it is SH, from 16/6 it is ODR
|-
| MDR770
|
| Kancheepuram - Thiruvathipuram Road
|
| 17.20
| KM 13/0 to KM 30/2, upgraded as SH5A
|-
| MDR772
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13010362 OSM]
| Karur - Vangal Road
| Karur
| 11.40
|
|-
| MDR773
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12600359 OSM]
| Kottur - Meenamanallur - Senganthi Road
| Tiruvarur
| 14.20
|
|-
| MDR777
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12996722 OSM]
| Mookanur - Harur Road
| Dharmapuri
| 25.60
|
|-
| MDR778
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12593338 OSM]
| Pappanadu - Madhukkur - Perugavalanthan Road
| Thanjavur, Tiruvarur
| 26.45
|
|-
| MDR779
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13885574 OSM]
| Thamaraikulam Road
| Nagercoil
| 6.00
|
|-
| MDR781
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12356640 OSM]
| Tiruvallur - Karasangal Road
| Chengalpattu
| 3.60
| KM 31/4 - KM 35/0
|-
| MDR782
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12593196 OSM]
| Thoghur - Ayyampettai Road
| Thanjavur
| 42.20
|
|-
| MDR783
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13810219 OSM]
| Tiruchendur - Kanyakumari Road
| Tuticorin, Tirunelveli
| 5.40
| KM 11/4 to KM 15/0 and KM 102/65 to KM 104/45
|-
| MDR784
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12550057 OSM]
| Thirukovilur - Thiyagadurgam Road
| Kallakurichi
| 17.40
| SH till KM 14/2, MDR from KM 14/2 to KM 31/6
|-
| MDR786
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12359932 OSM]
| Pennalurpet Road
| Tiruvallur
| 8.00
|
|-
| MDR787
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12359933 OSM]
| Goonipalayam - Placepalayam Road
| Tiruvallur
| 12.80
|
|-
| MDR788
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12359600 OSM]
| Athimanjeri – Podaturpet – Nagari R.S. Road
| Tiruvallur
| 14.20
| Up to Andhra Pradesh border
|-
| MDR789
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12345927 OSM]
| Thirumukkudal - Nelvoy - Thirukazhukundram Road
| Chengalpattu
| 48.00
|
|-
| MDR790
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12350774 OSM]
| Perungalathur - Kolapakkam Road
| Chengalpattu
| 5.20
|
|-
| MDR791
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12349349 OSM]
| Kancheepuram - Rajakulam Road
| Chengalpattu
| 9.18
|
|-
| MDR792
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12372194 OSM]
| Kilveethi - Minnal - Ameerpet Road
| Vellore
| 25.00
|
|-
| MDR793
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12372455 OSM]
| Panapakkam - Ganapathipuram - Thakkolam Road
| Vellore
| 22.20
|
|-
| MDR794
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12373568 OSM]
| Ayal - Anvarthikanpet Road
| Vellore
| 11.80
|
|-
| MDR795
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12468427 OSM]
| Muppaduvetti - Kaniyanur Road
| Vellore
| 11.60
|
|-
| MDR797
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12469720 OSM]
| BHEL Feeder Road
| Vellore
| 4.40
|
|-
| MDR798
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12469789 OSM]
| Delhigate Road
| Vellore
| 2.80
|
|-
| MDR799
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12469913 OSM]
| Kelly's Road
| Vellore
| 1.80
|
|-
| MDR800
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12483742 OSM]
| Ammapalayam - Pudupalayam Road
| Tiruvannamalai
| 11.20
|
|}

=== MDR 801 to MDR 900 ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Road number
!OSM relation
!Name of road
!Division
!Length (in km)
!Remarks
|-
| MDR801
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12481376 OSM]
| Vadamathimangalam - Kommanandal Road
| Tiruvannamalai
| 17.00
|
|-
| MDR802
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12487529 OSM]
| Kalavai - Vazhapandal Road
| Cheyyar
| 4.80
| Extension to SH123 (KM 20/0 to KM 4/8)
|-
| MDR803
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12485388 OSM]
| Verayur - Thandarai Road
| Tiruvannamalai
| 9.80
|
|-
| MDR804
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12487496 OSM]
| Kozhapalur - Avaniyapuram Road
| Cheyyar
| 9.90
|
|-
| MDR805
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12485398 OSM]
| Radhapuram - Vanapuram Road
| Tiruvannamalai
| 7.80
|
|-
| MDR806
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12485417 OSM]
| Kalasapakkam - Melarni Road
| Tiruvannamalai
| 6.80
|
|-
| MDR807
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12489005 OSM]
| Soorapattu - Anandapuram - Athiyur - Ottampattu Road
| Villupuram
| 25.30
|
|-
| MDR808
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12546552 OSM]
| Perumpakkam - Tiruvakkarai - Kodukkur Road
| Villupuram
| 9.94
|
|-
| MDR809
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12549445 OSM]
| Vellimalai - Moolakadu - Pudhur Road
| Kallakurichi
| 62.80
|
|-
| MDR810
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12549589 OSM]
| Kachirapalayam - Vellimalai Road
| Kallakurichi
| 32.20
|
|-
| MDR811
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12550028 OSM]
| Thiyagadurgam - Adari Road
| Kallakurichi, Cuddalore
| 24.20
|
|-
| MDR812
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12485446 OSM]
| Thirukovilur - Vettavalam Road
| Kallakurichi, Tiruvannamalai
| 15.60
|
|-
| MDR813
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12478424 OSM]
| Chinnayampettai - Elayankanni Road
| Tiruvannamalai, Kallakurichi
| 20.40
|
|-
| MDR814
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12552201 OSM]
| Thittagudy - Avatti - Sirupakkam Road
| Cuddalore
| 31.60
|
|-
| MDR815
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12552649 OSM]
| Vridhachalam - Kattugudalore Road
| Cuddalore
| 19.60
|
|-
| MDR816
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12553112 OSM]
| Bhuvanagiri - Kurinjipady Road
| Cuddalore
| 18.00
|
|-
| MDR817
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12554704 OSM]
| Kumaragudy - Nachiyarpettai Road
| Cuddalore
| 10.00
|
|-
| MDR818
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12578166 OSM]
| Alathur - Ariyalur Road
| Perambalur
| 29.80
|
|-
| MDR819
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12578574 OSM]
| Krishnapuram - Poolambadi - Veeraganur Road
| Perambalur, Salem
| 21.80
|
|-
| MDR820
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12578336 OSM]
| Veppanthattai - Neikuppai - GST Road
| Perambalur
| 20.80
|
|-
| MDR821
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12581526 OSM]
| Cavery South Bank Road
| Trichy
| 8.525
|
|-
| MDR822
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12340719 OSM]
| Cauvery Left Bank Road
| Trichy
| 14.10
|
|-
| MDR823
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12579293 OSM]
| Samayapuram - Thirupanjili - Keelakannukulam Road
| Trichy
| 18.60
|
|-
| MDR824
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12579334 OSM]
| Thiruverambur - Suriyur Road
| Trichy
| 15.40
|
|-
| MDR825
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12585858 OSM]
| Keeranur - Adhanakottai Road
| Pudukkottai
| 24.20
|
|-
| MDR826
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12585714 OSM]
| Illuppur - Mathur Road
| Pudukkottai
| 29.20
|
|-
| MDR827
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12585907 OSM]
| Perumanadu - Konnaiyur Road
| Pudukkottai
| 20.70
|
|-
| MDR827A
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12587540 OSM]
| Arasamalai - Palakurichi Road
| Pudukkottai
| 16.40
| MDR till KM 16/4, from Trichy district border it is ODR
|-
| MDR828
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12593531 OSM]
| Thiruchitrambalam - Andikkadu Road
| Thanjavur
| 14.277
|
|-
| MDR829
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12593673 OSM]
| Thiruchitrambalam - Mavadukuruchi Road
| Thanjavur
| 8.80
|
|-
| MDR830
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12596035 OSM]
| Kathiramangalam - Pandanallur Road
| Thanjavur
| 8.20
|
|-
| MDR831
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12593651 OSM]
| Thiruvidaimarudur - Thirunageswaram - Thirunaraiyur Road
| Thanjavur
| 9.20
|
|-
| MDR832
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12596070 OSM]
| Maruthanallur - Annal Agraharam Road
| Thanjavur
| 5.20
|
|-
| MDR833
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12589476 OSM]
| Kunnandarkoil - Sengipatti Road
| Pudukkottai, Thanjavur
| 18.20
|
|-
| MDR834
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12593612 OSM]
| Orathanadu - Neyvasal Road
| Thanjavur
| 10.00
|
|-
| MDR835
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12605765 OSM]
| Sembodai - Chettipulam - Kariyapattinam Road
| Nagapattinam
| 13.00
|
|-
| MDR836
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12608321 OSM]
| Anaikkaranchatram - Mahendrapalli Road
| Nagapattinam
| 11.48
|
|-
| MDR837
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12928055 OSM]
| Kuravapulam - Karuppampulam - Kadinelvayal Road
| Nagapattinam
| 8.90
|
|-
| MDR838
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12929840 OSM]
| Moolakkarai - Piranthiyankarai - Kariyapattinam Road
| Nagapattinam
| 7.00
|
|-
| MDR839
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12599925 OSM]
| Koothanallur - Vedapuram - Thiruthuraipoondi Road
| Tiruvarur
| 32.90
|
|-
| MDR840
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12600311 OSM]
| Mannargudi - Thirumakkottai - Chockanavoor Road
| Tiruvarur
| 20.60
|
|-
| MDR841
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12935130 OSM]
| Kattokottai - Sadasivapuram - Thidavour Road
| Salem
| 14.00
|
|-
| MDR842
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12967886 OSM]
| Hasthampatti - Kannankurichi Road
| Salem
| 5.40
|
|-
| MDR843
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12989407 OSM]
| Konganapuram - Vaikundam - Kalipatty Road
| Edappadi, Namakkal
| 17.00
|
|-
| MDR844
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12967549 OSM]
| Pudupalayam - Ponnarampatty Road
| Salem, Namakkal
| 9.60
|
|-
| MDR845
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12934777 OSM]
| Kuppanur - Kottachedu - Valavanthi Road
| Salem
| 18.60
|
|-
| MDR846
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12967703 OSM]
| Manjini - Gangavalli Road
| Salem
| 5.80
|
|-
| MDR847
|
| Valappady - Belur Road
|
| 6.40
| Upgraded as SH232
|-
| MDR848
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12950936 OSM]
| Thalaivasal - Govindampalayam Road
| Salem
| 11.92
|
|-
| MDR849
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12989403 OSM]
| Jalagandapuram - Chinnappampatty Road
| Edappadi
| 10.80
|
|-
| MDR850
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12967603 OSM]
| Nalikkalpatty - Uthamasolapuram Road
| Salem
| 5.93
|
|-
| MDR851
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12968813 OSM]
| Theevattipatty - Danispet - Boomidi Road
| Edappadi
| 26.45
| MDR till KM 26/45, from Dharmapuri district border it is ODR
|-
| MDR852
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12967834 OSM]
| Malayalapatty - Ulipuram -Thammampatty Road
| Namakkal, Salem
| 9.90
|
|-
| MDR853
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12990141 OSM]
| Mettala - Mullukurichi - Periyakombai Road
| Namakkal
| 16.30
|
|-
| MDR854
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12990172 OSM]
| Chittalandur - Jedarpalayam Road
| Namakkal
| 10.00
|
|-
| MDR855
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12990194 OSM]
| Namagiripettai - Ariyagoundampatti - Kallakuruchi Pirivu Road
| Namakkal
| 7.585
|
|-
| MDR856
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12990146 OSM]
| Rasipuram - Pudupatti -Namagiripettai Road
| Namakkal
| 14.80
| KM 1/6 to KM 16/2
|-
| MDR857
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12990154 OSM]
| Vaiyappamalai - Velagoundampatti Road
| Namakkal
| 14.675
|
|-
| MDR858
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12990170 OSM]
| Mallasamuthiram - Vaiyappamalai Road
| Namakkal
| 12.275
|
|-
| MDR859
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12996743 OSM]
| Pennagaram - Mudugampatti - Malaiyanur Road
| Dharmapuri
| 24.04
|
|-
| MDR860
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12996739 OSM]
| Bommidi R.S. - Thoppaiyar Road
| Dharmapuri
| 24.20
|
|-
| MDR861
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12994171 OSM]
| Kaveripattinam - Palacode Road
| Krishnagiri, Dharmapuri
| 19.40
|
|-
| MDR862
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12994112 OSM]
| Kaveripattinam - Pochampalli Road
| Krishnagiri
| 19.20
|
|-
| MDR863
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12993772 OSM]
| Jandamedu - Puliyur Road
| Krishnagiri
| 20.20
|
|-
| MDR864
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13011490 OSM]
| Arasu Colony - Panjamadevi - Nerur Road
| Karur
| 8.05
|
|-
| MDR865
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13011419 OSM]
| Uppidamangalam - Munayanur Road
| Karur
| 9.417
|
|-
| MDR866
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13011518 OSM]
| Nangavaram - Perugamani Road
| Karur
| 2.60
|
|-
| MDR867
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13011509 OSM]
| Manmangalam - Vangal Road
| Karur
| 5.80
|
|-
| MDR868
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13011410 OSM]
| Irumboothipatty - Panjapatty Road
| Karur
| 11.80
|
|-
| MDR869
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13006199 OSM]
| Tiruppur - Vanjipalayam - Thekkalur Road
| Tiruppur
| 12.43
| KM 0/0 to KM 4/93 and KM 5/8 to KM 13/3
|-
| MDR871
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13006248 OSM]
| Karaipudur Pirivu - Valaithotathu Ayyan Koil Road
| Tiruppur
| 6.40
|
|-
| MDR872
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12997447 OSM]
| Ganapathy - Athipalayam Road
| Coimbatore
| 9.00
| KM 0/8 to KM 9/8
|-
| MDR873
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12997485 OSM]
| Sivanandha Mills - Vilankuruchi Road
| Coimbatore
| 2.00
| Begins from an unclassified road
|-
| MDR875
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13006229 OSM]
| Veerapandi - Ugayanur Road
| Tiruppur
| 8.00
|
|-
| MDR876
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12997474 OSM]
| Irrutupallam - Poondi Road
| Coimbatore
| 8.00
|
|-
| MDR877
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12997466 OSM]
| Thudiyalur - Saravanampatty Road
| Coimbatore
| 8.20
|
|-
| MDR878
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13006242 OSM]
| Anupparpalayam - Kaniyampoondi - Vanjipalayam Road
| Tiruppur
| 7.45
| KM 0/0 to KM 0/85 and KM 1/1 to KM 7/7
|-
| MDR879
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12997410 OSM]
| Chinniyampalayam - Ravathur - Somanur Road
| Coimbatore
| 19.40
|
|-
| MDR881
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13003814 OSM]
| Senjeri Hills - Mettulakshminaickenpalayam - Vadachittor Road
| Pollachi
| 17.40
|
|-
| MDR882
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13006153 OSM]
| Palladam - Boomalur Road
| Tiruppur
| 12.60
|
|-
| MDR883
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13006223 OSM]
| Pongalur - Genganaickenpalayam - Mettukadai Road
| Tiruppur, Dharapuram
| 13.10
|
|-
| MDR884
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13009337 OSM]
| Dharapuram - Poolavdai Road
| Dharapuram
| 27.66
|
|-
| MDR885
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13009628 OSM]
| Pasur R.S. - Elumathur - Vellodu Road
| Erode
| 27.10
|
|-
| MDR886
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13006244 OSM]
| Nathakkadaiyur - Uthamapalayam Road
| Tiruppur, Dharapuram
| 24.80
| KM 0/0 to KM 7/4 and KM 7/8 to KM 25/2
|-
| MDR887
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13009403 OSM]
| Uthur - Anankur Road
| Dharapuram
| 7.20
|
|-
| MDR888
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13005149 OSM]
| Sathy - Ukkaram - Puliyampatty Road
| Gopichettipalayam
| 20.00
|
|-
| MDR888A
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13005150 OSM]
| Puliyampatty - Nambiyur Road
| Gopichettipalayam
| 18.20
|
|-
| MDR889
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13005139 OSM]
| Puliyampatty - Bhavanisagar - Bannari Road
| Gopichettipalayam
| 27.00
| KM 0/0 to KM 15/0 and KM 18/0 to KM 30/0, rest is under Bhavanisagar area
|-
| MDR890
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13005168 OSM]
| Sathy - Kothamangalam Road
| Gopichettipalayam
| 11.20
|
|-
| MDR891
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13005187 OSM]
| Perundurai - Kavandapady Road
| Erode, Gopichettipalayam
| 17.40
|
|-
| MDR892
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13013545 OSM]
| Melur - Samuthirapatti - Kottaiyur - Aravakurichi Road
| Madurai, Dindigul
| 42.60
|
|-
| MDR893
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13013531 OSM]
| Kadachanendal - Thiruvathavour Road
| Madurai
| 17.80
|
|-
| MDR894
|
| Samayanallur - Melakkal Road
|
| 5.59
| Upgraded as SH73A
|-
| MDR895
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13013521 OSM]
| Koodakoil Road
| Madurai
| 13.40
|
|-
| MDR896
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13009389 OSM]
| Mulanur - Kilangundal - Moolakadai - Chinniyagoundanvalasu Road
| Dharapuram, Palani
| 27.39
|
|-
| MDR897
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13030721 OSM]
| Kodai - Pallangi Road
| Dindigul
| 9.40
|
|-
| MDR898
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13030709 OSM]
| Kuttupatti - Seithur - Sendurai Road
| Dindigul
| 14.80
| KM 0/0 to KM 1/8 is converted into NH
|-
| MDR899
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12580261 OSM]
| Thuvarankurichy - Kosukurichy Road
| Trichy, Dindigul
| 13.00
| KM 0/0 to KM 5/2 upgraded as NH785, road terminates at KM 9/0 and chainage begins as KM 9/0 from road splitting at KM 8/6.
|-
| MDR900
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13038144 OSM]
| Palaya Ayakudi - Porulur Road
| Palani
| 19.10
|
|}

=== MDR 901 to MDR 1000 ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Road number
!OSM relation
!Name of road
!Division
!Length (in km)
!Remarks
|-
| MDR901
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13038298 OSM]
| Palani - Kolumam Road
| Palani
| 13.20
| MDR till KM 13/2, at KM 13/2 another MDR terminates
|-
| MDR902
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13030821 OSM]
| Vathalagundu - Genguvarpatti Road
| Dindigul
| 10.00
|
|-
| MDR903
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13030761 OSM]
| Periyakulam - Jeyamangalam - Eluvanampatti - Palaya Vathalagundu Road
| Theni, Dindigul
| 31.23
| MDR till 31/23 from there residential road
|-
| MDR904
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13030820 OSM]
| Pithalaipatti - Palayakannivadi Road
| Dindigul
| 10.20
|
|-
| MDR905
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13031125 OSM]
| Reddiarchatram - Kannivadi Road
| Dindigul
| 7.60
|
|-
| MDR906
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13031218 OSM]
| Pettai Mettupatti - Nagal Nagar Road
| Dindigul
| 2.23
|
|-
| MDR907
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13038347 OSM]
| Reddiarchatram - Karuppimadam Road
| Palani
| 6.00
|
|-
| MDR908
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13009485 OSM]
| Kallimandayam - Kothampoondi - Mulanur Road
| Palani
| 15.20
| MDR till 15/2, from Tiruppur district road another MDR continues
|-
| MDR909
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13038344 OSM]
| Kedaiyerambu - Edaiyakottai Road
| Palani
| 9.40
|
|-
| MDR910
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13038117 OSM]
| Velampatti - Koothampoondi Road
| Palani
| 19.20
|
|-
| MDR911
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13038110 OSM]
| Puliyampatty - Salakkadai Road
| Palani
| 19.40
| MDR till KM 19/4, from Tiruppur district border it is unclassified road
|-
| MDR912
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13781988 OSM]
| Nattarasankottai - Panangudi - Chokkanathapuram Road
| Sivagangai
| 23.30
|
|-
| MDR913
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13797783 OSM]
| Singampunari - V. Pudur Road
| Sivagangai
| 19.20
|
|-
| MDR914
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12590196 OSM]
| Pulithipatti - Ponnamaravathy Road
| Sivagangai, Pudukkottai
| 23.20
|
|-
| MDR915
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13802133 OSM]
| Ettivayal - Uthiragosamangai - Edambadal Road
| Ramanathapuram
| 17.20
|
|-
| MDR915A
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13802687 OSM]
| Uthiragosamangai - Thiruppullani Road
| Ramanathapuram
| 11.08
| KM 0/0 to KM 10/88 and KM 11/21 to KM 11/41, in between there is MDR915B.
|-
| MDR915B
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13802710 OSM]
| Thiruppullani - Sethukarai Road
| Ramanathapuram
| 5.20
|
|-
| MDR916
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13802005 OSM]
| Thiruvadanai - S.P Pattinam Road
| Ramanathapuram
| 23.98
|
|-
| MDR917
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13797789 OSM]
| Devakottai - Vattanam Road
| Sivagangai, Ramanathapuram
| 30.89
|
|-
| MDR918
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13809376 OSM]
| Ramayanpatti Road
| Tirunelveli
| 1.80
|
|-
| MDR919
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13809405 OSM]
| Thaneerkulam Branch Road
| Tirunelveli
| 1.40
|
|-
| MDR920
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13809310 OSM]
| Veeragavapuram - Melanatham Road
| Tirunelveli
| 4.73
|
|-
| MDR921
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13809355 OSM]
| Gopalasamudram Road
| Tirunelveli
| 3.80
|
|-
| MDR922
|
| Kadayam - Mukkudal Road
|
| 28.00
| Upgraded as SH40A
|-
| MDR923
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13813303 OSM]
| Ayikudi - Tenkasi Road
| Tenkasi
| 5.40
|
|-
| MDR924
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13813220 OSM]
| Vadakarai - Adavinainar Dam Road
| Tenkasi
| 6.80
|
|-
| MDR925
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13813209 OSM]
| Alangulam - Kuruvikulam - Thiruvenkadam Road
| Tenkasi
| 13.00
|
|-
| MDR926
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13880237 OSM]
| Kariapatti - Narikudi Road
| Virudhunagar
| 24.20
|
|-
| MDR927
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13885676 OSM]
| Vellamadam - Suchindaram Road
| Nagercoil
| 7.30
|
|-
| MDR928
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13885695 OSM]
| Parassalai - Kollencode Road
| Nagercoil
| 7.60
| begins at Kerala state border
|-
| MDR929
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13885702 OSM]
| Swamiyarmadam -Meycode Road
| Nagercoil
| 6.90
|
|-
| MDR930
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13885705 OSM]
| Nagercoil Beach Road
| Nagercoil
| 8.50
|
|-
| MDR931
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13885710 OSM]
| Vattakottai - Kottaram - Agasteeswaram Road
| Nagercoil
| 8.50
|
|-
| MDR932
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13885717 OSM]
| Mulagumoodu - Colachel Road
| Nagercoil
| 11.20
|
|-
| MDR933
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13885729 OSM]
| Thiruvattar - Thirparappu Road
| Nagercoil
| 7.90
|
|-
| MDR934
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13809293 OSM]
| Kadayam - Pavoorchatram Road
| Tirunelveli, Tenkasi
| 13.40
|
|-
| MDR935
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13851327 OSM]
| [[Sillanatham]] - Puthiyamputhur Road
| Tuticorin
| 11.00
|
|-
| MDR936
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13851464 OSM]
| Arumuganeri - Veerapandiapattinam Road
| Tuticorin
| 6.20
|
|-
| MDR937
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13880248 OSM]
| Melamadai - Palavanatham Road
| Virudhunagar
| 23.60
| at KM 23/6 an ODR terminates
|-
| MDR938
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13878479 OSM]
| Thiruthangal - Sengamalanachiyarpuram Road
| Virudhunagar
| 5.40
|
|-
| MDR940
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13885749 OSM]
| Vellamadam - Shenbagaramanputhoor Road
| Nagercoil
| 5.10
|
|-
| MDR941
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13885789 OSM]
| Kuzhithurai - Alancholai - Arukani Road
| Nagercoil
| 29.10
| runs till Kerala state border
|-
| MDR942
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13885752 OSM]
| Lekshmipuram - Mondaikadu Road
| Nagercoil
| 2.80
|
|-
| MDR943
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13885759 OSM]
| Eraviputhoorkadai - Karungal Road
| Nagercoil
| 7.60
|
|-
| MDR944
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13024248 OSM]
| Thanichiyam - Alanganallur - Vavidamaruthur Road
| Madurai
| 19.40
|
|-
| MDR945
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13025588 OSM]
| Thirunagar - Palkalainagar Road
| Madurai
| 11.60
|
|-
| MDR946
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13025605 OSM]
| Othakadai - B.Muthupatti Road
| Madurai
| 10.80
|
|-
| MDR947
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13025882 OSM]
| Sellur - Kulamangalam Road
| Madurai
| 8.00
| KM 4/8 to KM 12/8
|-
| MDR948
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13025887 OSM]
| Varichiyur - Sakkudi Road
| Madurai
| 7.00
|
|-
| MDR949
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13025992 OSM]
| Alagarkoil - Natham Road
| Madurai
| 4.40
|
|-
| MDR950
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13024206 OSM]
| Kottanathampatti - Kodukkampatti Road
| Madurai
| 20.78
| MDR between KM 0/0 to KM 14/18 and KM 14/38 to KM 20/9, from Sivagangai district border it is ODR
|-
| MDR951
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13025967 OSM]
| Peraiyur - Melapatti Road
| Madurai
| 6.80
|
|-
| MDR952
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13025997 OSM]
| Vellaloor - Uranganapatti Road
| Madurai
| 6.20
| MDR till 6/2, from Sivagangai district border it is ODR
|-
| MDR953
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13025118 OSM]
| Thirumangalam - Madurai Airport Road
| Madurai
| 12.10
|
|-
| MDR954
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13024894 OSM]
| Chithalai - Vagaikulam - Munduvelampatti - Chellampatti Road
| Madurai
| 19.20
| Road till KM 14/0, then the chainage continues from KM 13/8 of the same road
|-
| MDR955
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13024964 OSM]
| Kumaram - Sholavandan Road
| Madurai
| 15.32
|
|-
| MDR956
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13024936 OSM]
| T.Kallupatti - Virudhunagar Road
| Madurai, Virudhunagar
| 21.29
|
|-
| MDR957
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13025016 OSM]
| Kallandiri - Panaikulam Road
| Madurai
| 13.40
|
|-
| MDR958
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13025142 OSM]
| Thirumal Road
| Madurai
| 12.00
|
|-
| MDR959
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13025498 OSM]
| Thumbaipatti - [[Jeyankondanilai]] Road
| Madurai
| 11.60
| KM 0/0 to KM 8/8 and KM 9/26 to KM 12/06
|-
| MDR960
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13025614 OSM]
| Avalsooranpatti - Sennampatti Road
| Madurai
| 9.603
|
|-
| MDR961
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13025665 OSM]
| Padeeswaran - Pannikundu Road
| Madurai
| 10.00
|
|-
| MDR962
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13025694 OSM]
| Peraiyur - Watrap Road
| Madurai
| 9.19
|
|-
| MDR963
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13025755 OSM]
| Sengapadai - Sivarakkottai Road
| Madurai
| 8.31
|
|-
| MDR964
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13040430 OSM]
| Bodi - Shanmugasundarapuram Road
| Theni
| 1.15
|
|-
| MDR965
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13040419 OSM]
| Pannaipuram - Pulikuthi Road
| Theni
| 6.60
|
|-
| MDR966
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13031108 OSM]
| Reddiarchatram - Devinaickenpatti - Kalvarpatty Road
| Dindigul, Palani
| 28.10
|
|-
| MDR967
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13031102 OSM]
| Veiladichampatty - Palayakannivady Road
| Dindigul
| 9.00
|
|-
| MDR968
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13031257 OSM]
| Veerkkal Road
| Dindigul
| 5.20
|
|-
| MDR969
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13031228 OSM]
| Ambathurai - Sempatty Road
| Dindigul
| 5.20
|
|-
| MDR970
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13038319 OSM]
| Ambilikkai - Kuthilippai Road
| Palani
| 11.40
|
|-
| MDR971
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13038334 OSM]
| Chatirapatty - 19 Pudur - Devathur Road
| Palani
| 9.57
|
|-
| MDR972
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13025499 OSM]
| Aralikottai - Keelavalavu Road
| Sivagangai
| 13.40
|
|-
| MDR973
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13781790 OSM]
| Devakottai - Kannankudi - Pudukkottai District Border Road
| Sivagangai
| 24.20
|
|-
| MDR974
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13797906 OSM]
| Karaikudi - Soorakudi Road
| Sivagangai
| 4.40
|
|-
| MDR975
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13797796 OSM]
| Thayamangalam Road
| Sivagangai
| 7.20
|
|-
| MDR976
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13802041 OSM]
| Mudukulathur - Sikkal Road
| Ramanathapuram
| 20.073
|
|-
| MDR977
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13001189 OSM]
| Ganapathy - Nanjegoundanpudur - Kanuvai Road
| Coimbatore
| 9.80
|
|-
| MDR978
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13001193 OSM]
| Thudiyalur - Chinnathadagam Road
| Coimbatore
| 9.60
|
|-
| MDR979
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13001207 OSM]
| Karamadai - Sirumugai Road
| Coimbatore
| 9.60
|
|-
| MDR980
|
| Chitra - Kurumbapalayam Road
|
| 8.61
| Upgraded as SH233
|-
| MDR981
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13001230 OSM]
| Kanthegoundanchavadi - Velanthavalum Road
| Coimbatore
| 8.20
|
|-
| MDR982
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13001137 OSM]
| Kaundampalayam - Vadavalli - Onappalayam Road
| Coimbatore
| 10.80
|
|-
| MDR983
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13008092 OSM]
| Kuppadampalayam - Ganapathypalayam - Singanur Road
| Tiruppur
| 10.60
|
|-
| MDR984
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13001151 OSM]
| Thudiyalur - Maruthamalai Road
| Coimbatore
| 10.20
|
|-
| MDR985
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13001250 OSM]
| KM 331/6 of Nagapattinam-Mysore Road - Pappampatty Road
| Coimbatore
| 6.80
|
|-
| MDR986
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13001261 OSM]
| Singanallur - Peelamedu Road
| Coimbatore
| 3.00
|
|-
| MDR987
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13001286 OSM]
| Ganapathy - Avarampalayam Road
| Coimbatore
| 1.06
| MDR till KM 1/06, then unclassified road continues
|-
| MDR988
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13003780 OSM]
| Kinathukadavu - Cochin Frontier Road
| Pollachi
| 14.10
| MDR till KM 14/1, from Kerala state border it is unclassified road
|-
| MDR989
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13009467 OSM]
| Akkaraipalayam - Kariyur Road
| Dharapuram
| 13.60
|
|-
| MDR990
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13009864 OSM]
| Perundurai R.S. - Arachalur Road
| Erode
| 13.00
|
|-
| MDR991
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13009485 OSM]
| Kallimandayam - Kothampoondi - Mulanur Road
| Dharapuram
| 7.00
| KM 15/2 to KM 22/2, at Dindigul district border another MDR joins
|-
| MDR992
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13008111 OSM]
| Kangayam Bypass Road
| Tiruppur
| 1.31
|
|-
| MDR993
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13008106 OSM]
| Uthiyur - Dasanaickenpatti Road
| Tiruppur, Dharapuram
| 17.80
|
|-
| MDR994
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13006101 OSM]
| Doddabetta - Iduhatty - Kattabettu Road
| Udhagai
| 21.80
|
|-
| MDR995
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13006102 OSM]
| Kotagiri - Kodanadu View Point Road
| Udhagai
| 16.60
|
|-
| MDR996
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12968215 OSM]
| Alagapuram Road
| Salem
| 2.60
|
|-
| MDR997
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12989816 OSM]
| Erode Privu Road - Sankari R.S. Road
| Salem
| 3.20
|
|-
| MDR998
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12992236 OSM]
| Paramathy - Jedarpalayam Road
| Namakkal
| 14.40
|
|-
| MDR999
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12992245 OSM]
| Mohanur - Oruvandur Road
| Namakkal
| 7.60
| MDR till KM 7/6, at Trichy district border ODR terminates
|-
| MDR1000
|
| Veppanapalli - Theertham Road
|
| 12.40
| Upgraded as SH226
|}

=== MDR 1001 to MDR 1100 ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Road number
!OSM relation
!Name of road
!Division
!Length (in km)
!Remarks
|-
| MDR1001
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12994489 OSM]
| Kurubarapalli - Kothakrishnapalli Road
| Krishnagiri
| 17.40
|
|-
| MDR1002
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13011348 OSM]
| Ayyarmalai - Valayapatty - Kumaramangalam Road
| Karur
| 13.40
|
|-
| MDR1003
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13011405 OSM]
| Velayuthampalayam - Pugalur R.S. Road
| Karur
| 5.80
|
|-
| MDR1004
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12581576 OSM]
| Musiri Byepass Road
| Trichy
| 2.85
|
|-
| MDR1005
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12587497 OSM]
| Arimalam - Thirumayam Road
| Pudukkottai
| 17.80
|
|-
| MDR1006
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12587434 OSM]
| Alangudi - Maramadakki - Kurumbur Road
| Pudukkottai
| 19.46
|
|-
| MDR1007
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12589655 OSM]
| Thirumayam - Panayapatti Road
| Pudukkottai
| 12.00
|
|-
| MDR1008
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12604419 OSM]
| Poonthottam - Karaikkal Road
| Tiruvarur, Nagapattinam
| 16.20
| KM 0/0 to KM 14/0, KM 14/6 to KM 15/0, KM 16/0 to KM 17/8
|-
| MDR1010
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12596142 OSM]
| Sakkottai - Annal Agharam Road
| Thanjavur
| 2.80
|
|-
| MDR1011
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12930413 OSM]
| Velankanni Church Road
| Nagapattinam
| 2.20
|
|-
| MDR1011A
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12927916 OSM]
| Akkaraipettai - Vadakkupoiyur - Velankanni Road
| Nagapattinam
| 9.20
|
|-
| MDR1012
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12928485 OSM]
| Kuravapulam - Thopputhurai Road
| Nagapattinam
| 7.36
|
|-
| MDR1013
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12550140 OSM]
| Chinnasalem - Kachirapalayam Road
| Kallakurichi
| 12.40
|
|-
| MDR1014
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12550932 OSM]
| Thirukovilur - Manalurpet Road
| Kallakurichi
| 11.00
|
|-
| MDR1015
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12575815 OSM]
| Pattampakkam - Maligaimedu - Rajapalayam Road
| Cuddalore
| 7.63
|
|-
| MDR1016
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12577684 OSM]
| Beach Road
| Cuddalore
| 4.30
|
|-
| MDR1017
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12577794 OSM]
| Kammiyampettai - Semmandalai - Gundusalai Road
| Cuddalore
| 4.18
|
|-
| MDR1018
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12367834 OSM]
| Manali - Mathur Road
| Tiruvallur
| 5.70
|
|-
| MDR1019
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12369814 OSM]
| Lakshmipuram - Puzhal Road
| Tiruvallur
| 3.00
|
|-
| MDR1020
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12368884 OSM]
| Valasaravakkam - Valluvar Nagar - Ramapuram Road
| Tiruvallur
| 3.00
|
|-
| MDR1021
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12369871 OSM]
| Maduravoyal - Valasaravakkam Road
| Tiruvallur
| 2.90
|
|-
| MDR1022
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12369897 OSM]
| Basin Road
| Tiruvallur
| 1.80
|
|-
| MDR1024
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12349380 OSM]
| Ponnerikarai - Paranthur Road
| Chengalpattu
| 8.20
|
|-
| MDR1025
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12356684 OSM]
| Railway Road
| Chengalpattu
| 1.46
|
|-
| MDR1026
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12350703 OSM]
| Kodambakkam to Sriperumbudur Road - Kolapakkam - Manapakkam Road
| Chengalpattu
| 5.60
|
|-
| MDR1027
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12350628 OSM]
| Pudupakkam - Sirucheri Road
| Chengalpattu
| 6.20
|
|-
| MDR1028
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12372539 OSM]
| Nelvoy - Pallikonda Road
| Vellore
| 19.80
|
|-
| MDR1029
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12469880 OSM]
| Gandhi Nagar Main Road
| Vellore
| 1.90
|
|-
| MDR1030
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12469709 OSM]
| Virinjipuram Road
| Vellore, Vaniyambadi
| 6.00
|
|-
| MDR1031
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13881669 OSM]
| Srivilliputhur - Thiruvannamalai Road
| Virudhunagar
| 3.00
|
|-
| MDR1038
|
| Tiruppur Ring Road
|
| 39.70
| Upgraded as SHN2
|-
| MDR1039
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12554663 OSM]
| Chidambaram - Pitchavaram Tourism Road
| Cuddalore
| 9.80
| KM 3/2 to KM 13/0, KM 0/0 to KM 3/2 upgraded as NH45A
|-
| MDR1040
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12997217 OSM]
| Coimbatore - Thondamuthur - Narasipuram Road
| Coimbatore
| 22.00
|
|-
| MDR1041
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12358932 OSM]
| Minjur – Kattur – Thirupalaivanam Road
| Tiruvallur
| 17.20
|
|-
| MDR1042
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12348547 OSM]
| Km.11/8 of SCKAT Road - Vitalapuram - Pudupattinam Road
| Chengalpattu
| 17.40
| KM 0 - KM 17 and KM 18/4 - KM 18/8
|-
| MDR1043
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12604999 OSM]
| Kilvelur - Katchanam Road
| Nagapattinam
| 20.40
|
|-
| MDR1044
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12933382 OSM]
| Ayothiyapattinam - Belur - Kilakkadu Road
| Salem
| 54.60
|
|-
| MDR1045
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13009617 OSM]
| Chellampalayam - Burgur - Kollegal Road
| Erode
| 51.20
| Begins at end of SH, MDR till 51/2, from Karnataka state border another road continues
|-
| MDR1047
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13817050 OSM]
| Kovilpatti - Ottapidaram - Puducottai - Eral - Mukkani Road
| Tuticorin
| 77.00
|
|-
| MDR1048
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13881597 OSM]
| Viswanatham - Venkatachalapuram Road
| Virudhunagar
| 16.125
|
|-
| MDR1049
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12358837 OSM]
| Kanakammachattiram - Thakkolam Road
| Tiruvallur
| 18.55
| MDR till KM 18/55, from Vellore district border it is ODR
|-
| MDR1054
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12604533 OSM]
| Mayiladuthurai - Muthupet Road
| Tiruvarur
| 2.40
| KM 91/8 to KM 94/2
|-
| MDR1055
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12604534 OSM]
| Pattukkottai - Muthupet Road
| Tiruvarur
| 1.10
| KM 65/9 to KM 67/0
|-
| MDR1071
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13005333 OSM]
| Udhagai - Avalanchi - Kundha - Thaishola Road
| Udhagai
| 42.17
| MDR till KM 42/17, then it is ODR
|-
| MDR1073
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13005359 OSM]
| Coonoor - Kattabettu Road
| Udhagai
| 13.80
|
|-
| MDR1077
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13005347 OSM]
| Udhagai - Kaikatty Road
| Udhagai
| 15.40
|
|-
| MDR1081
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13005360 OSM]
| Wellington - Kotagiri Road
| Udhagai
| 5.20
| KM 3/0 to KM 8/2, till KM 3/0 under Wellington roads
|-
| MDR1093
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12596415 OSM]
| Dharasuram - Mulayur Road
| Thanjavur
| 1.20
|
|-
| MDR1094
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13013504 OSM]
| Alanganallur - Muduvarpatti - Chathiravellalapatti Road
| Madurai
| 17.20
|
|-
| MDR1095
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13013471 OSM]
| Palamedu - Vembarali Road
| Madurai
| 6.60
|
|-
| MDR1096
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13030680 OSM]
| KM 377/6 of BCC Road - KM1/6 of SH35 Link Road
| Dindigul
| 1.16
|
|-
| MDR1097
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13805420 OSM]
| Manjoor - Keelakottai Road
| Ramanathapuram
| 3.40
|
|-
| MDR1098
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13805272 OSM]
| Edaiyar Kudiyurppu Road
| Ramanathapuram
| 0.40
|
|-
| MDR1099
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13801189 OSM]
| NH 49 Branch at KM 76/262 in Paramakudi Town Area
| Ramanathapuram
| 0.153
|
|-
| MDR1100
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12997370 OSM]
| KM 18/10 of Palladam-Cochin Frontier Road - Kalangal - Kasigoundenpudur Road
| Coimbatore
| 8.40
|
|}

=== MDR 1101 to MDR 1200 ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Road number
!OSM relation
!Name of road
!Division
!Length (in km)
!Remarks
|-
| MDR1101
|
| Thondamuthur - Madampatty Road
|
| 3.20
| Modified as MDR586
|-
| MDR1102
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13008057 OSM]
| Vavipalayam - Uthukuli Road
| Tiruppur
| 7.40
|
|-
| MDR1103
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13008063 OSM]
| Andipalayam - Attayampalayam Road
| Tiruppur
| 5.49
|
|-
| MDR1104
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13009536 OSM]
| Muthur - Vellakovil - Mulanur Road
| Dharapuram
| 0.60
| KM 14/6 to KM 15/2, rest is SH
|-
| MDR1105
|
| Kumbakonam - Sirkali Road (Link Road)
|
| 1.00
| Road modified and Unidentified
|-
| MDR1106
|
| Taramani Link Road
|
| 3.63
| Upgraded as SH48B
|-
| MDR1107
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12485453 OSM]
| Sathanur Dam Road
| Tiruvannamalai
| 5.00
|
|-
| MDR1108
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12468817 OSM]
| Jaffrabath Road
| Vellore
| 6.00
|
|-
| MDR1109
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12472285 OSM]
| Thumberi - Sankarapuram - Diguvapalayam Road
| Vaniyambadi
| 10.20
|
|-
| MDR1110
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12473719 OSM]
| Madanur - Gudiyatham Road
| Vaniyambadi
| 5.40
|
|-
| MDR1111
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12472619 OSM]
| Jolarpettai – Natrampalli Road
| Vaniyambadi
| 9.60
|
|-
| MDR1111A
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12472620 OSM]
| Dhamalerimuthur Road
| Vaniyambadi
| 8.80
|
|-
| MDR1112
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12478368 OSM]
| KM 4/2 of Tiruvannamalai-Arur Road - KM 12/2 of Thandrampet-Kottakulam Road
| Tiruvannamalai
| 17.90
| Kilsirupakkam - G.Krishnapuram Road
|-
| MDR1113
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12545147 OSM]
| Vallam - GST Road
| Villupuram
| 19.20
|
|-
| MDR1114
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12545868 OSM]
| Melpattampakkam - Madukarai - Panchamadevi Road
| Cuddalore, Villupuram
| 15.80
| MDR till KM 9/4 and between 12/3 and 18/5, ODR from KM 9/4 to KM 10/3 and then till 12/3 under Puducherry UT.
|-
| MDR1115
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12547136 OSM]
| Moratandy - Bommiyampalayam Road
| Villupuram
| 9.00
|
|-
| MDR1116
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12554520 OSM]
| Chidambaram - Thandavaransozhaganpettai Road
| Cuddalore
| 13.80
|
|-
| MDR1117
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12554599 OSM]
| Nemam - Devangudy Road
| Cuddalore
| 13.60
|
|-
| MDR1118
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12552476 OSM]
| Eraiyur - Kandappankurichi - Nallur Road
| Cuddalore
| 24.50
|
|-
| MDR1119
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12554426 OSM]
| Pudupettai - Oraiyur - Karumbur - Paithampadi Road
| Cuddalore
| 15.70
| MDR till KM 15/7, from Cuddalore district border unclassified road
|-
| MDR1120
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12578306 OSM]
| Alathur - Chettikulam - Senjeri Road
| Perambalur
| 21.20
|
|-
| MDR1120A
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12578658 OSM]
| Chettikulam - Nakkaselam Road
| Perambalur
| 7.20
|
|-
| MDR1121
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12344963 OSM]
| Sendurai - Anganur - Agaramseegur - Thirumandurai Road
| Ariyalur, Perambalur
| 36.40
|
|-
| MDR1122
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12344926 OSM]
| Thirumanur - Ellakurichi - Thoothur Road
| Ariyalur
| 21.49
|
|-
| MDR1123
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12579344 OSM]
| Eragudy - Alathudaiyanpatty - Puliyancholai Road
| Trichy
| 14.46
|
|-
| MDR1124
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12580277 OSM]
| Kajamalai - Mullipatty Road
| Trichy
| 10.00
|
|-
| MDR1125
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12579363 OSM]
| Siruthaiyur - Anbil - Sengaraiyur Road
| Trichy
| 13.60
|
|-
| MDR1126
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12579471 OSM]
| Mandapam - Kumulur - Peruvalappur Road
| Trichy
| 10.60
|
|-
| MDR1127
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12989443 OSM]
| Kamalapuram - Chinnathirupathi - Jodukuli Road
| Edappadi
| 18.70
|
|-
| MDR1128
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12989462 OSM]
| Edappadi - Moolapathai - Panikanur Road
| Edappadi
| 16.20
|
|-
| MDR1129
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12989788 OSM]
| Koneripatty - Kalvadangam Road
| Edappadi
| 3.00
|
|-
| MDR1129A
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12989785 OSM]
| Kalvadangam - Poolampatty Road
| Edappadi
| 7.00
|
|-
| MDR1129B
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12989787 OSM]
| Moolappathai - Kalvadangam Road
| Edappadi
| 6.40
|
|-
| MDR1130
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12989506 OSM]
| Chittoor - Pakkanadu - Jalagandapuram Road
| Edappadi
| 12.745
|
|-
| MDR1131
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12989786 OSM]
| Nedungulam Ferry Road
| Edappadi
| 0.40
|
|-
| MDR1132
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12993009 OSM]
| Tiruchengode - Kokkarayanpettai Road
| Namakkal
| 14.40
| MDR till KM 14/4, from there ODR runs till Erode district border
|-
| MDR1133
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12993656 OSM]
| Bargur - Jagadevi Road
| Krishnagiri
| 8.20
|
|-
| MDR1134
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12993438 OSM]
| Krishnagiri - Maharajakadai - Kandhikuppam Road
| Krishnagiri
| 22.60
| KM 0/0 to KM 18/5 and KM 18/9 to KM 23/0.
|-
| MDR1135
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12993639 OSM]
| Thally - Gummalapuram Road
| Krishnagiri
| 9.60
| MDR till KM 9/6, at Karnataka state border another road joins
|-
| MDR1136
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12993381 OSM]
| Athimugam - Perandapalli - Thorapalli Road
| Krishnagiri
| 23.20
|
|-
| MDR1137
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13009730 OSM]
| Perundurai - R.S. - Chennimalai Road
| Erode
| 13.40
|
|-
| MDR1138
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13009711 OSM]
| Unjalur R.S. - Sivagiri - Vadapalani Road
| Erode
| 22.00
|
|-
| MDR1139
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12997877 OSM]
| Kurumbapalayam - Karichipalayam Road
| Coimbatore
| 12.80
|
|-
| MDR1140
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13001021 OSM]
| Pethikuttai - Pulliyampatti Road
| Coimbatore
| 12.20
|
|-
| MDR1141
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12997860 OSM]
| Karuvalur - Kovilpalayam Road
| Tiruppur, Coimbatore
| 20.80
|
|-
| MDR1142
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13006130 OSM]
| Ketty - Palada - Selas Road
| Udhagai
| 10.40
|
|-
| MDR1143
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13006108 OSM]
| Sholurmattam Road
| Udhagai
| 12.00
| MDR till KM 12/0, from there another ODR begins
|-
| MDR1144
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13039652 OSM]
| Sitharpatty Vilakku - Ganeshapuram - Ambasamuthiram Road
| Theni
| 11.60
|
|-
| MDR1145
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13039646 OSM]
| Kanniyappapillaipatty - G.Usilampatty - Gandamanur Road
| Theni
| 13.60
|
|-
| MDR1146
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13040054 OSM]
| Periyakulam - Sothuparai Road
| Theni
| 9.68
| MDR till KM 9/68, from Dindigul district border it is unclassified
|-
| MDR1147
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13039642 OSM]
| Myladumparai - Vaikkalparai - Thangammalpuram Road
| Theni
| 14.40
|
|-
| MDR1148
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13013128 OSM]
| Parali - Lingavadi - Ponthuugampatti Road
| Dindigul, Madurai
| 7.40
|
|-
| MDR1149
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13030656 OSM]
| Dindigul - Sirumalai Ghat Road
| Dindigul
| 22.00
| MDR till KM 22/0, from there it is unclassified
|-
| MDR1150
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13037333 OSM]
| Palani - Balasamuthiram - Palaru Dam Road
| Palani
| 7.20
| MDR from KM 0/0 to KM 7/2, at KM 0/0 residential road terminates, from KM 7/2 it is unclassified road
|-
| MDR1151
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13799740 OSM]
| Devakottai - Muppaiyur Road
| Sivagangai
| 14.80
| Begins from MDR413
|-
| MDR1152
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13799758 OSM]
| Devakottai - A.Pudur Road
| Sivagangai
| 12.10
|
|-
| MDR1153
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13799760 OSM]
| Manamadurai - Puliyangulam Road
| Sivagangai
| 11.20
|
|-
| MDR1154
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13802760 OSM]
| Veneervaikkal - Manjoor Road
| Ramanathapuram
| 20.80
|
|-
| MDR1155
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13802764 OSM]
| Valudur - Periyapattinam Road
| Ramanathapuram
| 10.20
|
|-
| MDR1156
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13805033 OSM]
| Keelakidaram - Valinockam Road
| Ramanathapuram
| 7.80
|
|-
| MDR1157
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13807588 OSM]
| Alwarkurichi - Karuthapillaiyur Road
| Tirunelveli
| 9.40
|
|-
| MDR1158
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13807594 OSM]
| Ambur - Papanasam Road
| Tirunelveli
| 6.60
|
|-
| MDR1159
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13817109 OSM]
| Thailapuram - Meignanapuram - Kayamozhi - Gandhipuram Road
| Tuticorin
| 23.40
|
|-
| MDR1160
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13817128 OSM]
| Nazareth - Eral Road
| Tuticorin
| 16.80
|
|-
| MDR1161
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13885580 OSM]
| Derisanamcode - Surulacode Road
| Nagercoil
| 10.90
|
|-
| MDR1162
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13885607 OSM]
| Kadayal - Pechipparai Road
| Nagercoil
| 7.40
|
|-
| MDR1163
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12345449 OSM]
| Pallavaram - Thiruneermalai - Thirumudivakkam Road
| Chennai City Roads, Chengalpattu
| 8.40
|
|-
| MDR1163
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13040005 OSM]
| Old Batlakundu - Eluvanampatty Road
| Theni
| 2.20
| KM 13/0 to KM 15/2, begins from another MDR at KM 13/0
|-
| MDR1164
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12345812 OSM]
| Tambaram - Somangalam Road
| Chennai City Roads, Chengalpattu
| 9.60
|
|-
| MDR1164
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12581557 OSM]
| KM 6/8 of NH 210 to Annanagar Road
| Trichy
| 4.70
|
|-
| MDR1165
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12367027 OSM]
| Chettipadu – Nemam Road
| Tiruvallur
| 7.60
|
|-
| MDR1166
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12361429 OSM]
| Thiruverkadu - Ambattur Road
| Tiruvallur
| 9.20
|
|-
| MDR1167
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12367095 OSM]
| Melpakkam – Kannampalayam Road
| Tiruvallur
| 7.20
|
|-
| MDR1167
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13799907 OSM]
| Ilayangudi Bypass Road
| Sivagangai
| 2.43
|
|-
| MDR1168
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12468692 OSM]
| Timiri - Kavanur Road
| Vellore
| 6.20
|
|-
| MDR1168
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13039606 OSM]
| Periyakulam - Adukkam - Kodaikanal Road
| Theni
| 10.80
| MDR till 10/8, from Dindigul district border it is ODR
|-
| MDR1169
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12485389 OSM]
| Perumanam Road
| Tiruvannamalai
| 8.60
|
|-
| MDR1170
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12546969 OSM]
| Sathambady - Kaplampady Road
| Villupuram
| 9.675
|
|-
| MDR1171
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12545888 OSM]
| Gingee - Vadapalai Road
| Villupuram
| 12.80
|
|-
| MDR1172
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12576227 OSM]
| Karunkuzhi - Mettukuppam Road
| Cuddalore
| 7.15
|
|-
| MDR1173
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12952155 OSM]
| Mallur - Veerapandy Road
| Salem
| 9.725
|
|-
| MDR1174
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12989718 OSM]
| Tholasampatty Road
| Edappadi
| 9.60
|
|-
| MDR1174A
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12989496 OSM]
| Tholasampatty - Mallappanur Road
| Edappadi
| 15.80
|
|-
| MDR1175
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12989716 OSM]
| Karuppur - Vellapatty - Thathiyangarpatty Road
| Edappadi
| 9.70
|
|-
| MDR1176
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12993138 OSM]
| Mudalaipatti - Kalinaickanur Road
| Namakkal
| 11.30
|
|-
| MDR1177
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12993189 OSM]
| Puthuchathiram - Singalanthapuram Road
| Namakkal
| 9.82
|
|-
| MDR1178
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12993207 OSM]
| Vadugapatty - Alanganatham Road
| Namakkal
| 8.40
|
|-
| MDR1179
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12993247 OSM]
| Pudukkottai - Valayapatty Road
| Namakkal
| 8.30
|
|-
| MDR1180
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13008010 OSM]
| Thanneerpandal - Kambaliyampatti - Lakkamanaickenpalayam Road
| Tiruppur
| 12.60
| MDR till 12/4, from Dharapuram division border it is ODR
|-
| MDR1181
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13009780 OSM]
| Thavittupalayam - Appakoodal Road
| Erode
| 11.80
|
|-
| MDR1182
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13000991 OSM]
| Kuruchi - Madukkarai - Nachipalayam - Kannamanaickenur Road
| Coimbatore, Pollachi
| 18.40
|
|-
| MDR1183
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13003950 OSM]
| Samathur - Devanurpudur road
| Pollachi
| 10.60
| MDR till 10/6, from Tiruppur district border it is ODR
|-
| MDR1184
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13005300 OSM]
| Arasur Market - Nambiyur Market Road
| Gopichettipalayam
| 14.00
|
|-
| MDR1185
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13039663 OSM]
| Kottur - Kamatchipuram Road
| Theni
| 8.40
|
|-
| MDR1186
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13039957 OSM]
| Veerapandi - Koduvilarpatty Road
| Theni
| 6.60
|
|-
| MDR1187
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13881803 OSM]
| Ramanaickenpatti - Vadhuvarpatti Road
| Virudhunagar
| 7.20
| from KM 7/2 it is ODR
|-
| MDR1188
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13813454 OSM]
| Tenkasi - Sundarapandiyapuram Road
| Tenkasi
| 9.20
|
|-
| MDR1189
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13807587 OSM]
| Radhapuram - Irukkanthurai Road
| Tirunelveli
| 12.20
|
|-
| MDR1190
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13885665 OSM]
| Monday Market - Mankuzhy - Manavalakurichi Road
| Nagercoil
| 5.70
|
|-
| MDR1191
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13885662 OSM]
| Karungal - Colachel Road
| Nagercoil
| 6.10
|
|-
| MDR1192
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12580293 OSM]
| Sannasipatty - Sethurapatty - Fathima Nagar Road
| Trichy
| 9.60
|
|-
| MDR1193
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12589881 OSM]
| Veliyathur - Okkur Road
| Pudukkottai
| 10.60
|
|-
| MDR1194
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12589911 OSM]
| Avudayarkovil - Okkur Road
| Pudukkottai
| 8.11
|
|-
| MDR1195
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12589967 OSM]
| Avudayarkoil - Perumaruthur Road
| Pudukkottai
| 8.00
| ODR joins at KM 8/0
|-
| MDR1196
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12589640 OSM]
| Ponnamaravathy - Thirukkalambur Road
| Pudukkottai
| 12.70
| MDR till KM 12/7, from Sivaganga district border it is ODR
|-
| MDR1197
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12590005 OSM]
| Vallampudur - Nattani - Thatchankurichi Road
| Pudukkottai
| 7.40
| MDR till KM 7/4, from Thanjavur district border it is ODR
|-
| MDR1198
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12590044 OSM]
| Karaiyur - Melathaniyam Road
| Pudukkottai
| 7.10
|
|-
| MDR1199
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12608306 OSM]
| Alangudi - Thalainayar - Thalanthiruvasal Road
| Nagapattinam
| 12.00
|
|-
| MDR1200
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12608306 OSM]
| SathanKulam - Thisayanvilai Road
| Thoothukudi, Tirunelveli
| 13.00
|
|-
! !! !! !! '''Total''' !! '''11639.301''' !!
|}

== See also ==
* [[Highways of Tamil Nadu]]
* [[Road network in Tamil Nadu]]
* [[National Highway (India)|National Highways]]
* [[List of national highways in India]]
* [[National Highways Authority of India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Tamil Nadu Highway Network}}
{{Indian Highways Network}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Highways Of Tamil Nadu}}
[[Category:Roads in Tamil Nadu|*]]
[[Category:Lists of roads in India|Tamil Nadu highways]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu-related lists]]

Emperor vs Aurobindo Ghosh and others

2025-11-06T08:57:37Z

HesterBrewer: quick update

#REDIRECT [[Emperor v. Aurobindo Ghosh and Others]]

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