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John Bennet Hearsey

2026-05-07T16:34:09Z

Heriberto60T: put up bio - done

{{Short description|British military officer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox military person
|honorific_prefix =
|name = Sir John Hearsey
|honorific_suffix =
|image = Sir_John_Bennet_Hearsey.jpg
|image_upright =
|alt =
|caption = John Bennet Hearsey by unknown artist, 1839
|native_name =
|native_name_lang =
|birth_name = John Bennet Hearsey
|other_name =
|nickname =
|birth_date = {{birth date|1793|1|21|df=y}}
|birth_place = [[Midnapore]], [[West Bengal]]
|disappeared_date =
|disappeared_place =
|death_date = {{death date and age|1865|11|23|1793|1|21|df=y}}
|death_place = [[Boulogne-sur-Mer]], France
|death_cause = [[Bronchitis]]
|burial_place =
|burial_label =
|burial_coordinates = 
|allegiance = {{flagicon|British India}}[[British India]] [[East India Company]] 
|branch = [[Bengal Army]]
|branch_label = Branch
|service_years = 1808–65
|service_years_label =
|rank = [[Lieutenant-general (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant-General]]
|rank_label =
|service_number =
|unit =
|commands =
|known_for =
|battles = [[Sitabuldi Fort|Battle of Sitabuldi]] [[Siege of Bharatpur (1825–1826)|Siege of Bharatpur]] [[Second Anglo-Sikh War]]
|battles_label =
|awards = [[Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath]]
|memorials =
|alma_mater =
|spouse = {{marriage|Harriet Zihur-Ul-Nissa|1832|1848}}
|children =
|relations =
|other_work =
|signature =
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}}
[[Lieutenant-general (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant-General]] '''Sir John Bennet Hearsey''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|KCB|FLS}} (21 January 1793 – 23 October 1865) was a British military officer who was colonel of the [[21st Lancers|21st Hussars]] and of the [[3rd Bengal Light Cavalry]]. He was also an amateur [[naturalist]] and [[entomologist]] and collected a large number of insects from Asia.<ref name="obit">{{cite news |title=Death of Lieut. General John Bennet Hearsey |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002408/18651028/053/0006 |access-date=13 November 2023|work=[[London Morning Herald]] |date=28 October 1865 |page=6 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

==Biography==

Hearsey was born in [[Midnapore]], [[West Bengal]], the son of Lieutenant-Colonel Andrew Wilson Hearsey and Charlotte Crane. At the time of his birth, his father commanded the [[Bengal Native Infantry|9th Native Infantry]] at Midnapore.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pearse |first1=Colonel Hugh |title=The Hearseys: Five Generations of an Anglo Indian Family |date=1905 |publisher=William Blackwood And Sons |pages=119–123 |url=https://archive.org/details/hearseysfivegene030861mbp/page/n137/mode/2up |access-date=13 November 2023}}</ref>

He married his half-niece Harriet Zihur-Ul-Nissa (1806–48), the only daughter of his half-brother Maj. Hyder Young Hearsey and the [[Khanum]] Zihur-ul-nissa. His mother-in-law was the daughter of the deposed [[Cambay State|Prince of Cambay]]. They had four sons and three daughters. After her death in London, he married Emma Rumball, with whom he had four sons and a daughter. Emma died in 1865.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pearse |first1=Colonel Hugh |title=The Hearseys: Five Generations of an Anglo Indian Family |date=1905 |publisher=William Blackwood And Sons |page=137|url=https://archive.org/details/hearseysfivegene030861mbp/page/n137/mode/2up |access-date=13 November 2023}}</ref>

He died in [[Boulogne-sur-Mer]], France, from complications of [[bronchitis]], aged 72.<ref name="obit"/> He was the great-uncle of Archdeacon [[Henry Hearsey]].<ref>{{cite news |title= Obituary: Lt.-Col. H. H. Y. Hearsey |work=[[The Times]] |date= 3 May 1930|page=14 }}</ref>

==Career==

Hearsey enlisted in the British Indian army in 1808. He was promoted to lieutenant in 1809, captain in 1819, major in 1833, lieutenant colonel in 1838, brevet colonel in 1849, colonel in 1852, major general in 1854, and lieutenant general in 1862.<ref name="obit"/>

In 1817, Hearsey fought at the [[Sitabuldi Fort|battle of Sitabuldi]] and the 1825–26 [[Siege of Bharatpur (1825–1826)|siege and capture of Bhurtpore]]. During the [[Second Anglo-Sikh War]] in 1848-49, he fought at [[Battle of Chillianwala]] and [[Battle of Gujrat]], and commanded the cavalry in the final pursuit and surrender of the [[Sikh Empire|Sikh army]]. He was injured in battle several times during his career.<ref name="fls">{{cite journal |title=Obituary Notices |journal=The Journal of the Linnean Society: Zoology |date=1868|page=lxv |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G1mZShPo2wkC&dq=John+Bennet+Hearsey&pg=PR65 |access-date=13 November 2023 |publisher=The Society |language=en}}</ref>

In 1857, he was the commanding officer at [[Barrackpore]] when [[sepoy]] [[Mangal Pandey]] attempted to start a mutiny and was threatening to shoot British officers. When confronted by Maj.-Gen. Hearsey and ordered to surrender, Pandey shot himself but survived. He and another Indian sepoy—who had refused to arrest Pandey—were later hanged, despite Pandey's pleas that he had been under the influence of [[opium]] and [[bhang]] at the time of his actions. The incident contributed to the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Richards |first1=Donald |title=Cawnpore & Lucknow: A Tale of Two Sieges- Indian Mutiny |date=22 March 2007 |publisher=Pen and Sword |isbn=978-1-84415-516-3 |pages=20–21 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e1N-AwAAQBAJ&dq=John+Hearsey+Mangal+Pandey&pg=PA20 |access-date=13 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref> In July 1857, he was appointed a [[Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath]] for his role in suppressing the rebellion.<ref>{{London Gazette |date= 10 July 1857|issue=6717 | page= 622|endpage= |supp=y|city=Edinburgh}}</ref>

==Naturalist==

Hearsey had a keen interest in insects, collecting specimens from South Asia. He was elected a Fellow of the [[Linnean Society of London]] in 1847.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Desmond |first1=Ray |title=Dictionary Of British and Irish Botantists and Horticulturalists Including plant collectors, flower painters and garden designers |date=11 September 2002 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-4665-7387-1 |page=1455 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q0FZDwAAQBAJ&dq=John+Bennet+Hearsey+fls&pg=PA1455 |access-date=13 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref> He regularly exhibited his specimens from China and India, which were of great interest to British [[entomologists]].<ref name="fls"/>

''[[Prophalangopsis obscura]]'', a winged insect species found [[North India]], was identified in 1865 by [[Francis Walker (entomologist)|Francis Walker]] from Hearsey's specimen.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ashworth |first=James |title=Listen to the call: Scientists recreate the song of a 150-year-old insect that could help rediscover its species |website=Phys.org |date=2022-08-11 |url=https://phys.org/news/2022-08-recreating-song-year-old-insect-rediscover.html |access-date=2022-08-12}}</ref> His collection was a significant source for [[John O. Westwood]]'s illustrated book ''Cabinet of Oriental Entomology; Being a Selection of Some of the Rarer and More Beautiful Species of Insects, Natives of India and the Adjacent Islands'' (1848).<ref name="fls"/> Species named after Hearsey include the stalk-eyed fly ''[[Sphyracephala hearseiana]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lavigne |first1=Robert |title=Immature Stages of the Stalk-Eyed Fly, Sphyracephala Brevicornis (Say) (Diptera: Diopsidae) with Observations on Its Biology |journal=Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society |date=February 1962 |volume=LVII |issue=1 |page=14 |url=https://archive.org/details/bulletino576019621965broo/page/n23/mode/2up?q=hearsey |publisher=Brooklyn, N.Y. : The Society}}</ref>

Hearsey's entomological and botanical diary (1838–46) is held at the [[Oxford University Museum of Natural History]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Hearsey, Sir John Bennett, (1793-1865), Knight Major General |url=https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/c/F31873 |publisher=The National Archives, Kew |access-date=13 November 2023}}</ref>

;Gallery

[[John O. Westwood]]'s illustrations from ''Cabinet of Oriental Entomology'' based on Hearsey's collection:
<gallery>
Image:CabinetOrientalEntomology35.jpg|''Campsosternus templetonii''
Image:CabinetOrientalEntomology42.jpg|''Hestia lasonia ''
Image:CabinetOrientalEntomology6.jpg|''Deilephila cyrene''
Image:CabinetOrientalEntomology21.jpg|''Charaxes Psaphon''
Image:CabinetOrientalEntomology23.jpg|
Image:CabinetOrientalEntomology29.jpg|
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hearsey, Jphn Bennet}}
[[Category:1793 births]]
[[Category:1865 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Midnapore]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Linnean Society of London]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the Second Anglo-Sikh War]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the Indian Rebellion of 1857]]
[[Category:British Indian Army officers]]
[[Category:19th-century British naturalists]]

List of butterflies of Uttarakhand

2026-05-07T09:46:36Z

Heriberto60T: done

{{Short description|none}}

This article lists the butterfly species found in [[Uttarakhand]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sanjay |first1=Sondhi |title=Butterflies of Uttarakhand: A Field Guide |last2=Kunte |first2=Krushnamegh |year=2018 |publisher=Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh |isbn=9788121109185}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Butterflies of Uttarakhand |url=https://www.inaturalist.org/projects/butterflies-of-uttarakhand |access-date=2026-01-23 |website=iNaturalist |language=en}}</ref>

== History of studies on butterflies in Uttarakhand ==
In 1886, [[William Doherty]] published a list of 271 species of butterflies from [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Doherty |first1=William |last2=Doherty |first2=William |date=1886 |title=V.—A List of Butterflies Taken in Kumaon |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/350269 |journal=The Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal |volume=55 |issue=II |pages=103––140}}</ref> 13 years later, [[Philip Mackinnon]] and [[Lionel de Nicéville]] published several papers documenting 323 species from [[Mussoorie]] and neighboring regions.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mackinnon |first1=P. W. |last2=Niceville |first2=L. |date=1897-01-01 |title=A list of the butterflies of Mussoorie in the western Himalayas and neighbouring regions |url=https://eurekamag.com/research/037/605/037605282.php |journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |language=en}}</ref> Between 1910 and 1915, [[Frank Hannyngton]] compiled a list of 378 species from the Kumaon region. In 1963, M. L. Roonwal published a list of the identified species of insects in the Forest Research Institute in [[Dehradun]].

== Papilionidae ==

=== Papilioninae ===

* [[Atrophaneura aidoneus|Lesser batwing]], ''Atrophaneura aidoneus''
* [[Atrophaneura astorion|Common batwing]], ''Atrophaneura astorion''
* [[Byasa polyeuctes|Common windmill]], ''Byasa polyeuctes letincius''
* [[Byasa dasarada|Great windmill]], ''Byasa dasarada ravana''
* [[Byasa latreillei|Rose windmill]], ''Byasa latreillei'' ''latreillei''
* [[Pachliopta aristolochiae|Common rose]], ''Pachliopta aristolochiae aristolochiae''
* [[Papilio alcmenor|Redbreast]], ''Papilio alcmenor alcmenor''
* [[Papilio janaka|Western tailed redbreast]], ''Papilio janaka''
* [[Papilio arcturus|Blue peacock]], ''Papilio arcturus arius''
* [[Papilio polyctor|Common peacock]], ''Papilio polyctor''
* [[Papilio paris|Paris peacock]], ''Papilio paris paris''
* [[Papilio krishna|Krishna peacock]], ''Papilio krishna krishna''
* [[Papilio polytes|Common mormon]], ''Papilio polytes romulus''
* [[Papilio protenor|Spangle]], ''Papilio protenor protenor''
* [[Papilio helenus|Red helen]], ''Papilio helenus helenus''
* [[Papilio machaon|Common yellow swallowtail]], ''Papilio machaon asiatica''
* [[Papilio demoleus|Lime swallowtail]], ''Papilio demoleus demoleus''
* [[Papilio agestor|Tawny mime]], ''Papilio agestor govindra''
* [[Papilio clytia|Common mime]], ''Papilio clytia clytia''
* [[Graphium eurous|Sixbar swordtail]], ''Graphium eurous caschmirensis''
* [[Graphium garhwalica|Western spectacle swordtail]], ''Graphium garhwalica''
* [[Graphium nomius|Spot swordtail]], ''Graphium nomius nomius''
* [[Graphium doson|Common jay]], ''Graphium doson axionides''
* [[Graphium agamemnon|Tailed jay]], ''Graphium agamemnon agamemnon''
* [[Graphium cloanthus|Glassy bluebottle]], ''Graphium cloanthus cloanthus''
* [[Graphium sarpedon|Common bluebottle]], ''Graphium sarpedon sarpedon''
* [[Graphium xenocles|Great zebra]], ''Graphium xenocles phrontis''
* [[Meandrusa gyas|Brown gorgon]], ''Meandrusa lachinus lachinus''
* [[Troides aeacus|Golden birdwing]], ''Troides aeacus aeacus''

=== Parnassiinae ===

* [[Parnassius charltonius|Regal apollo]], ''Parnassius charltonius''
* [[Parnassius epaphus|Common red apollo]], ''Parnassius eahus''
* [[Parnassius hardwickii|Common blue apollo]], ''Parnassius hardwickii''
* [[Parnassius jacquemontii|Keeled apollo]], ''Parnassius jacquemontii''
* [[Parnassius simo|Black-edged apollo]], ''Parnassius simo''
* [[Parnassius stenosemus|Greater banded apollo]], ''Parnassius stenosemus''
* [[Parnassius stoliczkanus|Lesser banded apollo]], ''Parnassius stoliczkanus''

== Hesperiidae ==

=== Coeliadinae ===

* [[Brown awl]], ''Badamia exclamationis''
* [[Bibasis sena|Orange-tailed awlet]], ''Bibasis sena sena''
* [[Burara anadi|Plain orange awlet]], ''Burara anadi anadi''
* [[Burara jaina|Common orange awlet]], ''Burara jaina jaina''
* [[Burara oedipodea|Branded orange awlet]], ''Burara oedipodea belesis''
* [[Burara vasutana|Green awlet]], ''Burara vasutana''
* [[Hasora anura|Slate awl]], ''Hasora anura''
* [[Hasora chromus|Common banded awl]], ''Hasora chromus chromus''
* [[Choaspes benjaminii|Indian awlking]], ''Choaspes benjaminii japonica''
* [[Choaspes xanthopogon|Similar awlking]], ''Choaspes xanthopogon xanthopogon''

=== Hesperiinae ===

* [[Carterocephalus avanti|Orange-and-silver hopper]], ''Carterocephalus avanti avanti''
* [[Aeromachus stigmata|Veined scrub hopper]], ''Aeromachus stigmata stigmata''
* [[Astictopterus jama|Forest hopper]], ''Astictopterus jama olivascens''
* [[Ampittia subvittatus|Tiger hopper]], ''Ampittia subvittatus''
* [[Ampittia dioscorides|Bush hopper]], ''Ampittia dioscorides dioscorides''
* [[Pedesta masuriensis|Mussoorie bush bob]], ''Pedesta masuriensis masuriensis''
* [[Suastus gremius|Indian palm bob]], ''Suastus gremius gremius''
* [[Iambrix salsala|Chestnut bob]], ''Iambrix salsala salsala''
* [[Ancistroides nigrita|Chocolate demon]], ''Tamela nigrita diocles''
* [[Ancistroides folus|Grass demon]], ''Ancistroides folus''
* [[Notocrypta curvifascia|Restricted demon]], ''Ancistroides curvifascia curvifascia''
* [[Notocrypta paralysos|Common banded demon]], ''Ancistroides paralysos asawa''
* [[Notocrypta feisthamelii|Spotted demon]], ''Ancistroides feisthamelii'' ''alysos''
* [[Erionota torus|Banana skipper]], ''Erionota torus''
* [[Matapa aria|Common redeye]], ''Matapa aria''
* [[Gangara thyrsis|Giant redeye]], ''Gangara thyrsis thyrsis''
* [[Hyarotis adrastus|Tree flitter]], ''Hyarotis adrastus praba''
* [[Zographetus satwa|Purple-and-gold flitter]], ''Zographetus satwa''
* [[Halpe porus|Moore's ace]], ''Halpe porus''
* [[Sovia separata|Chequered ace]], ''Sovia separata separata''
* [[Sovia grahami|Graham's ace]], ''Sovia grahami grahami''
* [[Thoressa aina|Garhwal ace]], ''Thoressa aina''
* [[Pedesta gupta|Olive ace]], ''Pedesta gupta gupta''
* [[Actinor|Veined dart]], ''Actinor radians''
* [[Oriens goloides|Ceylon dartlet]], ''Oriens goloides''
* [[Potanthus dara|Himalayan dart]], ''Potanthus dara''
* [[Potanthus mara|Sikkim dart]], ''Potanthus mara mara''
* [[Potanthus pallida|Pale dart]], ''Potanthus pallida''
* [[Potanthus pava|Yellow dart]], ''Potanthus pava pava''
* [[Potanthus pseudomaesa|Indian dart]], ''Potanthus pseudomaesa clio''
* [[Taractrocera danna|Himalayan grass dart]], ''Taratrocera danna''
* [[Taractrocera maevius|Common grass dart]], ''Taractrocera maevius''
* [[Telicota bambusae|Dark palm dart]], ''Telicota bambusae'' ''bambusae''
* [[Telicota colon|Common palm dart]], ''Telicota colon'' ''colon''
* [[Ochlodes brahma|Himalayan darter]], ''Ochlodes brahma'' ''brahma''
* [[Ochlodes siva|Assam darter]], ''Ochlodes siva'' ''siva''
* [[Hesperia comma|Chequered darter]], ''Hesperia comma'' ''dimila''
* [[Baoris farri|Paintbrush swift]], ''Baoris farri''
* [[Baoris pagana|Figure of eight swift]], ''Baoris pagana''
* [[Borbo bevani|Bevan's swift]], ''Pseudoborbo bevani''
* [[Borbo cinnara|Rice swift]], ''Borbo cinnara''
* [[Caltoris plebeia|Tufted swift]], ''Caltoris plebeia''
* [[Gegenes nostrodamus|Dingy swift]], ''Gegenes nostrodamus''
* [[Parnara bada|Oriental straight swift]], ''Parnara bada''
* [[Parnara guttatus|Straight swift]], ''Parnara guttatus'' ''mangala''
* [[Pelopidas assamensis|Great swift]], ''Pelopidas assamensis''
* [[Pelopidas mathias|Small-branded swift]], ''Pelopidas mathias mathias''
* [[Pelopidas agna|Obscure-branded swift]], ''Pelopidas agna agna''
* [[Pelopidas sinensis|Large-branded swift]], ''Pelopidas sinensis''
* [[Pelopidas conjuncta|Conjoined swift]], ''Pelopidas conjuncta conjuncta''
* [[Polytremis eltola|Yellow-spot swift]], ''Zenonoida eltola eltola''
* [[Polytremis discreta|Himalayan swift]], ''Zenonoida discreta discreta''
* [[Polytremis lubricans|Contiguous swift]], ''Polytremis lubricans lubricans''

=== Pyrginae ===

* [[Lobocla liliana|Marbled flat]], ''Lobocla liliana ignatius''
* [[Celaenorrhinus dhanada|Himalayan yellow-banded flat]], ''Celaenorrhinus dhanada''
* [[Celaenorrhinus leucocera|Common spotted flat]], ''Celaenorrhinus leucocera''
* [[Celaenorrhinus munda|Himalayan spotted flat]], ''Celaenorrhinus munda''
* [[Celaenorrhinus patula|Large-spotted flat]], ''Celaenorrhinus patula''
* [[Celaenorrhinus pero|Mussoorie spotted flat]], ''Celaenorrhinus pero pero''
* [[Celaenorrhinus pulomaya|Multi-spotted flat]], ''Celaenorrhinus pulomaya pulomaya''
* [[Celaenorrhinus pyrrha|Double-spotted flat]], ''Celaenorrhinus pyrrha''
* [[Celaenorrhinus ratna|Tytler's multi-spotted flat]], ''Celaenorrhinus ratna daphne''
* [[Celaenorrhinus sumitra|Moore's spotted flat]], ''Celaenorrhinus sumitra''
* [[Pseudocoladenia fatih|West Himalayan pied flat]], ''Pseudocoladenia fatih''
* [[Sarangesa dasahara|Common small flat]], ''Sarangesa dasahara''
* [[Sarangesa purendra|Spotted small flat]], ''Sarangesa purendra purendra''
* [[Seseria dohertyi|Himalayan white flat]], ''Seseria dohertyi dohertyi''
* [[Seseria sambara|Sikkim white flat]], ''Seseria sambara sambara''
* [[Gerosis phisara|Dusky yellow-breast flat]], ''Gerosis phisara phisara''
* [[Tagiades japetus|Common snow flat]], ''Tagiades japetus ravi''
* [[Tagiades litigiosa|Water snow flat]], ''Tagiades litigiosa litigiosa''
* [[Tagiades menaka|Spotted snow flat]], ''Tagiades menaka menaka''
* [[Tagiades cohaerens|Striped snow flat]], ''Tagiades cohaerens cynthia''
* [[Mooreana trichoneura|Yellow flat]], ''Mooreana trichoneura pralaya''
* [[Coladenia indrani|Tricolor pied flat]], ''Coladenia indrani indrani''
* [[Abaratha agama|Spotted angle]], ''Abaratha agama agama''
* [[Abaratha alida|Alida angle]], ''Abaratha alida yerburi''
* [[Abaratha ransonnetii|Golden angle]], ''Abaratha ransonnetii potiphera''
* [[Tapena vasava|Tawny angle]], ''Tapena vasava vasava''
* [[Darpa hanria|Hairy angle]], ''Darpa hanria''
* [[Abaratha angulata|Chestnut angle]], ''Abaratha angulata angulata''
* [[Pyrgus cashmirensis|Kashmir skipper]], ''Pyrgus cashmirensis cashmirensis''
* [[Carcharodus alceae|Plain marbled skipper]], ''Carcharodus alceae gooraisa''
* [[Spialia galba|Indian skipper]], ''Spialia galba galba''

== Pieridae ==

=== Coliadinae ===

* [[Catopsilia pomona|Lemon emigrant]], ''Catopsilia pomona'' ''pomona''
* [[Catopsilia pyranthe|Mottled emigrant]], ''Catopsilia pyranthe'' ''pyranthe''
* [[Colias eogene|Fiery clouded yellow]], ''Colias eogene'' ''eogene''
* [[Colias erate|Pale clouded yellow]], ''Colias erate''
* [[Colias fieldii|Dark clouded yellow]], ''Colias fieldii fieldii''
* [[Colias ladakensis|Ladakh clouded yellow]], ''Colias ladakensis''
* [[Eurema andersonii|One-spot grass yellow]], ''Eurema andersonii'' ''jordani''
* [[Eurema blanda|Three-spot grass yellow]], ''Eurema blanda'' ''silhetana''
* [[Eurema drona|Small grass yellow]], ''Eurema drona'' ''rubella''
* [[Eurema hecabe|Common grass yellow]], ''Eurema'' ''hecabe hecabe''
* [[Eurema laeta|Spotless grass yellow]], ''Eurema laeta'' ''laeta''
* [[Gandaca harina|Tree yellow]], ''Gandaca harina'' ''assamica''
* [[Gonepteryx mahaguru|Lesser brimstone]], ''Gonepteryx mahaguru'' ''mahaguru''
* [[Gonepteryx nepalensis|Himalayan brimstone]], ''Gonepteryx nepalensis''

=== Pierinae ===

* [[Aporia agathon|Great blackvein]], ''Aporia agathon''
** ''Aporia agathon phryxe''
** ''Aporia agathon caphusa''
* [[Aporia soracta|Himalayan blackvein]], ''Aporia soracta''
* [[Aporia nabellica|Dusky blackvein]], ''Aporia nabellica'' ''nabellica''
* [[Aporia peloria|Thibet balckvein]], ''Aporia peloria'' ''peloria''
* [[Appias albina|Common albatross]], ''Appias albina'' ''darada''
* [[Appias lalage|Spot puffin]], ''Appias lalage'' ''lalage''
* [[Appias lyncida|Chocolate albatross]], ''Appias lyncida'' ''eleonora''
* [[Appias libythea|Western striped albatross]], ''Appias libythea''
* [[Belenois aurota|Pioneer]], ''Belenois aurota aurota''
* [[Delias acalis|Red-breast jezabel]], ''Delias acalis'' ''pyramus''
* [[Delias belladonna|Hill jezabel]], ''Delias belladonna'' ''horsfieldii''
* [[Delias berinda|Dark jezabel]], ''Delias berinda'' ''bolyeae''
* [[Delias sanaca|Pale jezabel]], ''Delias sanaca'' ''sanaca''
* [[Delias eucharis|Common jezabel]], ''Delias eucharis''
* [[Delias hyparete|Painted jezabel]], ''Delias hyparete'' ''indica''
* [[Leptosia nina|Psyche]], ''Leptosia nina'' ''nina''
* [[Prioneris thestylis|Spotted sawtooth]], ''Prioneris thestylis'' ''thestylis''
* [[Pontia butleri|Butler's white]], ''Pontia butleri'' ''butleri''
* [[Pontia callidice|Lofty bath white]], ''Pontia callidice'' ''kallora''
* [[Pontia chloridice|Lesser bath white]], ''Pontia chloridice''
* [[Pontia edusa|Greater bath white]], ''Pontia edusa moorei''
* [[Pontia glauconome|Desert bath white]], ''Pontia glauconome iranica''
* [[Euchloe daphalis|Little white]], ''Euchloe daphalis''
* [[Pieris brassicae|Large cabbage white]], ''Pieris brassicae'' ''nepalensis''
* [[Pieris canidia|Indian cabbage white]], ''Pieris canidia'' ''indica''
* [[Pieris ajaka|Himalayan white]], ''Pieris ajaka''
* [[Cepora nerissa|Common gull]], ''Cepora nerissa phryne''
* [[Ixias pyrene|Yellow orange tip]], ''Ixias pyrene evippe''
* [[Ixias marianne|White orange tip]], ''Ixias marianne''
* [[Pareronia hippia|Indian wanderer]], ''Pareronia anais''

== Riodinidae ==

=== Riodininae ===

* [[Dodona durga|Common punch]], ''Dodona durga durga''
* [[Dodona dipoea|Lesser punch]], ''Dodona dipoea'' ''nostia''
* [[Dodona eugenes|Tailed punch]], ''Dodona eugenes eugenes''
* [[Dodona egeon|Orange punch]], ''Dodona egeon egeon''
* [[Dodona ouida|Mixed punch]], ''Dodona ouida phlegra''
* [[Abisara bifasciata|Double-banded judy]], ''Abisara bifasciata suffusa''
* [[Spitosa fylla|Dark judy]], ''Spitosa fylla''
* [[Zemeros flegyas|Punchinello]], ''Zemeros flegyas flegyas''

== Lycaenidae ==

=== Curetinae ===

* [[Curetis bulis|Bright sunbeam]], ''Curetis bulis bulis''
* [[Curetis acuta|Angled sunbeam]], ''Curetis acuta dentata''

=== Lycaeninae ===

* [[Heliophorus brahma|Golden sapphire]], ''Heliophorus brahma brahma''
* [[Heliophorus epicles|Purple sapphire]], ''Heliophorus epicles latilimbata''
* [[Heliophorus oda|Eastern blue sapphire]], ''Heliophorus oda''
* [[Heliophorus moorei|Azure sapphire]], ''Heliophorus moorei'' ''coruscans''
* [[Heliophorus tamu|Powdery green sapphire]], ''Heliophorus tamu tamu''
* [[Heliophorus sena|Sorrel sapphire]], ''Heliophorus sena''
* [[Lycaena kasyapa|Green copper]], ''Lycaena kasyapa''
* [[Lycaena phlaeas|Common copper]], ''Lycaena phlaeas'' ''baralacha''
* [[Lycaena pavana|White-bordered copper]], ''Lycaena pavana''

=== Miletinae ===

* [[Miletus chinensis|Common brownie]], ''Miletus chinensis'' ''assamensis''
* [[Allotinus drumila|Great darkie]], ''Allotinus drumila'' ''drumila''
* [[Spalgis epius|Apefly]], ''Spalgis epius'' ''epius''

=== Polyommatinae ===

* [[Anthene emolus|Ciliate blue]], ''Anthene emolus emolus''
* [[Acytolepis puspa|Common hedge blue]], ''Acytolepis puspa'' ''gisca''
* [[Celastrina argiolus|Holly blue]], ''Celastrina argiolus'' ''kollari''
* [[Celastrina gigas|Silvery hedge blue]], ''Celastrina gigas''
* [[Celastrina huegelii|Large hedge blue]], ''Celastrina huegelii'' ''huegelii''
* [[Celastrina lavendularis|Plain hedge blue]], ''Celastrina lavendularis'' ''limbata''
* [[Celatoxia marginata|Margined hedge blue]], ''Celatoxia marginata'' ''marginata''
* [[Oreolyce vardhana|Dusky hedge blue]], ''Oreolyce vardhana'' ''vardhana''
* [[Udara dilectus|Pale hedge blue]], ''Udara dilectus'' ''dilectus''
* [[Udara albocaerulea|Albocerulean]], ''Udara albocaerulea'' ''albocaerulea''
* [[Azanus jesous|African babul blue]], ''Azanus jesous'' ''gabra''
* [[Azanus ubaldus|Bright babul blue]], ''Azanus ubaldus''
* [[Azanus uranus|Dull babul blue]], ''Azanus uranus''
* [[Caleta decidia|Angled pierrot]], ''Caleta decidia''
* [[Common pierrot]], ''Castalius rosimon rosimon''
* [[Discolampa ethion|Banded blue pierrot]], ''Discolampa ethion'' ''ethion''
* [[Talicada nyseus|Red pierrot]], ''Talicada nyseus'' ''nyseus''
* [[Tarucus balkanica|Black-spotted pierrot]], ''Tarucus balkanica nigra''
* [[Tarucus callinara|Spotted pierrot]], ''Tarucus callinara''
* [[Tarucus hazara|Hazara pierrot]], ''Tarucus hazara''
* [[Tarucus indica|Indian pierrot]], ''Tarucus indica''
* [[Tarucus nara|Striped pierrot]], ''Tarucus'' ''nara''
* [[Tarucus venosus|Himalayan pierrot]], ''Tarucus venosus''
* [[Catochrysops strabo|Forget-me-not]], ''Catochrysops strabo'' ''strabo''
* [[Cupido diporides|Tailed cupid]], ''Cupido diporides''
* [[Cupido huegelii|Dusky-blue cupid]], ''Cupido huegelii''
** ''Cupido huegelii dipora''
** ''Cupido huegelii huegelli''

* [[Cupido lacturnus|Indian cupid]], ''Cupido lacturnus'' ''assamica''
*[[Euchrysops cnejus|Gram blue]], ''Euchrysops cnejus cnejus''
*[[Chilades lajus|Lime blue]], ''Chilades lajus lajus''
*[[Luthrodes pandava|Plains cupid]], ''Luthrodes pandava pandava''
*[[Jamides bochus|Dark cerulean]], ''Jamides bochus bochus''
*[[Jamides celeno|Common cerulean]], ''Jamides celeno celeno''
*[[Lampides boeticus|Pea blue]], ''Lampides boeticus boeticus''
*[[Leptotes plinius|Zebra blue]], ''Leptotes plinius plinius''
*[[Nacaduba kurava|Transparent six-lineblue]], ''Nacaduba kurava''
*[[Prosotas aluta|Barred lineblue]], ''Prosotas aluta coelestis''
*[[Prosotas nora|Common lineblue]], ''Prosotas nora ardates''
*[[Prosotas noreia|White-tipped lineblue]], ''Prosotas noreia hampsonii''
*[[Prosotas dubiosa|Tailless lineblue]], ''Prosotas dubiosa indica''
*[[Petrelaea dana|Dingy lineblue]], ''Petrelaea dana''
*[[Freyeria trochylus|Grass jewel]], ''Freyeria trochylus orientalis''
*[[Freyeria putli|Small grass jewel]], ''Freyeria putli''
*[[Pseudozizeeria maha|Pale grass blue]], ''Pseudozizeeria maha maha''
*[[Zizeeria karsandra|Dark grass blue]], ''Zizeeria karsandra''
*[[Zizina otis|Lesser grass blue]], ''Zizina otis otis''
*[[Zizula hylax|Tiny grass blue]], ''Zizula hylax hylax''
*[[Megisba malaya|Malayan]], ''Megisba malaya sikkima''
*[[Neopithecops zalmora|Quaker]], ''Neopithecops zalmora zalmora''
*[[Polyommatus stoliczkana|Himalayan meadow blue]], ''Polyommatus stoliczkana stolickzana''
*[[Polyommatus dux|Kumaon meadow blue]], ''Polyommatus dux''
*[[Aricia agestis|Orange-bordered argus blue]], ''Aricia agestis'' ''nazira''
*[[Agriades lehanus|Common mountain blue]], ''Agriades lehanus''
*[[Pamiria galathea|Large green underwing]], ''Pamiria galathea'' ''galathea''
*[[Plebejus eversmanni|Pamir meadow blue]], ''Plebejus eversmanni'' ''eversmanni''

=== Poritinae ===

* [[Poritia hewitsoni|Common gem]], ''Poritia hewitsoni hewitsoni''

=== Theclinae ===

* [[Arhopala amantes|Large oakblue]], ''Arhopala amantes'' ''amantrix''
* [[Arhopala atrax|Indian oakblue]], ''Arhopala atrax''
* [[Arhopala bazalus|Powdered oakblue]], ''Arhopala bazalus'' ''teesta''
* [[Arhopala centaurus|Centaur oakblue]], ''Arhopala centaurus pirithous''
* [[Arhopala dodonaea|Pale Himalayan oakblue]], ''Arhopala dodonaea''
* [[Arhopala ganesa|Tailless oakblue]], ''Arhopala ganesa'' ''ganesa''
* [[Arhopala oenea|Hewitson's dull oakblue]], ''Arhopala oenea''
* [[Arhopala paraganesa|Dusky bushblue]], ''Arhopala paraganesa'' ''paraganesa''
* [[Arhopala rama|Dark Himalayan oakblue]], ''Arhopala rama'' ''rama''
* [[Arhopala singla|Yellowdisc oakblue]], ''Arhopala singla''
* [[Arhopala abseus|Aberrant bushblue]], ''Flos abseus''
* [[Flos adriana|Variegated plushblue]], ''Flos adriana''
* [[Flos asoka|Spangled plushblue]], ''Flos asoka''
* [[Chaetoprocta odata|Walnut blue]], ''Chaetoprocta odata'' ''peilei''
* [[Chaetoprocta kurumi|Nepal walnut blue]], ''Chaetoprocta kurumi'' ''baileyi''
* [[Shirozuozephyrus birupa|Fawn hairstreak]], ''Shirozuozephyrus birupa''
* [[Shirozuozephyrus triloka|Kumaon hairstreak]], ''Shirozuozephyrus triloka''
* [[Inomataozephyrus syla|Silver hairstreak]], ''Inomataozephyrus syla'' ''syla''
* [[Esakiozephyrus icana|Dull green hairstreak]], ''Esakiozephyrus icana''
* [[Iwaseozephyrus mandara|Indian purple hairstreak]], ''Iwaseozephyrus mandara''
* [[Euaspa milionia|Water hairstreak]], ''Euaspa milionia'' ''milionia''
* [[Shizuyaozephyrus ziha|White-spotted hairstreak]], ''Shizuyaozephyrus ziha''
* [[Pamela dudgeonii|Lister's hairstreak]], ''Pamela dudgeonii''
* [[Satyrium deria|Moore's hairstreak]], ''Satyrium deria''
* [[Thermozephyrus ataxus|Wonderful hairstreak]], ''Thermozephyrus ataxus'' ''ataxus''
* [[Catapaecilma major|Common tinsel]], ''Catapaecilma major'' ''major''
* [[Cheritra freja|Common imperial]], ''Cheritra freja'' ''evansi''
* [[Ticherra acte|Blue imperial]], ''Ticherra acte'' ''acte''
* [[Hypolycaena kina|Blue tit]], ''Hypolycaena kina'' ''kina''
* [[Hypolycaena othona|Orchid tit]], ''Hypolycaena othona'' ''othona''
* [[Deudorix epijarbas|Cornelian]], ''Deudorix epijarbas epijarbas''
* [[Horaga onyx|Common onyx]], ''Horaga onyx'' ''onyx''
* [[Horaga albimacula|Violet onyx]], ''Horaga albimacula viola''
* [[Iraota timoleon|Silverstreak blue]], ''Iraota timoleon timoleon''
* [[Loxura atymnus|Yamfly]], ''Loxura atymnus'' ''continentalis''
* [[Pratapa deva|White-tufted royal]], ''Pratapa deva'' ''lila''
* [[Pratapa icetas|Dark blue royal]], ''Pratapa icetas'' ''icetas''
* [[Tajuria cippus|Peacock royal]], ''Tajuria cippus'' ''cippus''
* [[Tajuria diaeus|Straightline royal]], ''Tajuria diaeus'' ''diaeus''
* [[Tajuria illurgis|White royal]], ''Tajuria illurgis'' ''illurgis''
* [[Tajuria illurgioides|Scarce white royal]], ''Tajuria illurgioides''
* [[Tajuria jehana|Plains blue royal]], ''Tajuria jehana jehana''
* [[Tajuria melastigma|Branded royal]], ''Tajuria melastigma''
* [[Tajuria yajna|Chestnut-and-black royal]], ''Tajuria yajna'' ''yajna''
* [[Ancema ctesia|Bi-spot royal]], ''Ancema ctesia'' ''ctesia''
* [[Creon cleobis|Broad-tailed royal]], ''Creon cleobis'' ''cleobis''
* [[Rapala iarbus|Common red flash]], ''Rapala'' ''iarbus'' ''sorya''
* [[Rapala manea|Slate flash]], ''Rapala'' ''manea'' ''schistacea''
* [[Rapala nissa|Common flash]], ''Rapala'' ''nissa'' ''nissa''
* [[Rapala pheretima|Copper flash]], ''Rapala'' ''pheretima'' ''petosiris''
* [[Rapala selira|Himalayan red flash]], ''Rapala'' ''selira''
* [[Rapala tara|Assam flash]], ''Rapala'' ''tara''
* [[Rapala varuna|Indigo flash]], ''Rapala'' ''varuna'' ''orseis''
* [[Sinthusa chandrana|Broad spark]], ''Sinthusa chandrana'' ''chandrana''
* [[Sinthusa nasaka|Narrow spak]], ''Sinthusa nasaka'' ''pallidior''
* [[Cigaritis lilacinus|Lilac silverline]], ''Cigaritis lilacinus''
* [[Cigaritis elwesi|Elwes' silverline]], ''Cigaritis elwesi''
* [[Cigaritis ictis|Common shot silverline]], ''Cigaritis ictis'' ''ictis''
* [[Cigaritis elima|Scarce shot silverline]], ''Cigaritis elima'' ''uniformis''
* [[Cigaritis lohita|Long-branded silverline]], ''Cigaritis lohita'' ''himalayanus''
* [[Cigaritis nipalicus|Silver-grey silverline]], ''Cigaritis nipalicus''
* [[Cigaritis vulcanus|Common silverline]], ''Cigaritis vulcanus'' ''vulcanus''
* [[Surendra quercetorum|Common acacia blue]], ''Surendra quercetorum quercetorum''
* [[Virachola isocrates|Common guava blue]], ''Virachola isocrates''
* [[Virachola perse|Large guava blue]], ''Virachola perse'' ''perse''
* [[Zesius chrysomallus|Redspot]], ''Zesius chrysomallus''

== Nymphalidae ==

=== Apaturinae ===

* [[Chitoria sordida|Sordid emperor]], ''Chitoria sordida sordida''
* [[Dilipa morgiana|Golden emperor]], ''Dilipa morgiana''
* [[Mimathyma ambica|Indian purple emperor]], ''Mimathyma ambica ambica''
* [[Euripus consimilis|Painted courtesan]], ''Euripus consimilis consimilis''
* [[Euripus nyctelius|Courtesan]], ''Euripus nyctelius nyctelius''
* [[Hestina nama|Circe]], ''Mimathyma nama nama''
* [[Hestina persimilis|Siren]], ''Hestina persimilis''
* [[Hestina nicevillei|Scarce siren]], ''Hestina nicevillei nicevillei''
* [[Rohana parisatis|Black prince]], ''Rohana parisatis parisatis''
* [[Sephisa dichroa|Western courtier]], ''Sephisa dichroa''
* [[Sephisa chandra|Eastern courtier]], ''Sephisa chandra chandra''

=== Biblidinae ===

* [[Ariadne ariadne|Angleed castor]], ''Ariadne ariadne pallidior''
* [[Ariadne merione|Common castor]], ''Ariadne merione tapestrina''

=== Calinaginae ===

* [[Calinaga buddha|Freak]], ''Calinaga buddha''

=== Charaxinae ===

* [[Charaxes agrarius|Anomalous nawab]], ''Polyura agrarius''
* [[Polyura arja|Pallid nawab]], ''Polyura arja'' ''arja''
* [[Polyura bharata|Cryptic nawab]], ''Polyura bharata''
* [[Polyura dolon|Stately nawab]], ''Polyura dolon'' ''dolon''
* [[Polyura eudamippus|Great nawab]], ''Polyura eudamippus'' ''eudamippus''
* [[Charaxes bernardus|Tawny rajah]], ''Charaxes bernardus'' ''hierax''
* [[Charaxes kahruba|Variegated rajah]], ''Charaxes kahruba''
* [[Charaxes marmax|Yellow rajah]], ''Charaxes marmax'' ''marmax''
* [[Polyura dolon|Black rajah]], ''Eriboea solon'' ''solon''

=== Cyrestinae ===

* [[Chersonesia risa|Common maplet]], ''Chersonesia risa'' ''risa''
* [[Cyrestis thyodamas|Common map]], ''Cyrestis thyodamas'' ''ganescha''

=== Danainae ===

* [[Danaus chrysippus|Plain tiger]], ''Danaus chrysippus'' ''chrysippus''
* [[Danaus genutia|Common tiger]], ''Danaus genutia'' ''genutia''
* [[Parantica aglea|Glassy tiger]], ''Parantica aglea'' ''melanoides''
* [[Parantica melaneus|Chocolate tiger]], ''Parantica melaneus'' ''plataniston''
* [[Parantica sita|Chestnut tiger]], ''Parantica sita'' ''sita''
* [[Tirumala limniace|Blue tiger]], ''Tirumala limniace'' ''exoticus''
* [[Tirumala septentrionis|Dark blue tiger]], ''Tirumala septentrionis'' ''spetentrionis''
* [[Euploea core|Common crow]], ''Euploea core'' ''core''
* [[Euploea midamus|Spotted blue crow]], ''Euploea midamus'' ''rogenhoferi''
* [[Euploea mulciber|Striped blue crow]], ''Euploea'' ''mulciber mulciber''
* [[Euploea radamanthus|Magpie crow]], ''Euploea radamanthus radamanthus''
* [[Euploea sylvester|Double-branded crow]], ''Euploea sylvester''

=== Heliconiinae ===

* [[Acraea issoria|Yellow coster]], ''Telchinia issoria'' ''issoria''
* [[Acraea terpsicore|Tawny coster]], ''Acraea terpsicore''
* [[Argynnis childreni|Large silverstreak]], ''Argynnis childreni'' ''sakontala''
* [[Argynnis clara|Silverstreak]], ''Argynnis clara'' ''clara''
* [[Argynnis hyperbius|Indian fritillary]], ''Argynnis hyperbius'' ''hyperbius''
* [[Argynnis jainadeva|Himalayan highbrown silverspot]], ''Argynnis jainadeva'' ''jainadeva''
* [[Argynnis kamala|Common silverstripe]], ''Argynnis kamala''
* [[Issoria gemmata|Gem silverspot]], ''Issoria gemmata gemmata''
* [[Issoria mackinnonii|Brilliant silverspot]], ''Issoria mackinnonii''
* [[Issoria lathonia|Queen of Spain fritilary]], ''Issoria lathonia'' ''isaeea''
* [[Boloria sipora|Straightwing silverspot]], ''Boloria sipora''
* [[Cethosia cyane|Leopard lacewing]], ''Cethosia cyane cyane''
* [[Cupha erymanthis|Rustic]], ''Cupha erymanthis'' ''lotis''
* [[Phalanta phalantha|Common leopard]], ''Phalanta phalantha'' ''phalantha''
* [[Vagrans egista|Vagrant]], ''Vagrans sinha''

=== Libytheinae ===

* [[Libythea lepita|Common beak]], ''Libythea lepita'' ''lepita''
* [[Libythea myrrha|Club beak]], ''Libythea myrrha'' ''sanguinalis''

=== Limenitidinae ===

* [[Athyma asura|Studded sergeant]], ''Limenitis asura asura''
* [[Limenitis trivena|Indian white admiral]], ''Limenitis trivena'' ''pallida''
* [[Athyma cama|Orange staff sergeant]], ''Athyma cama'' ''cama''
* [[Athyma daraxa|Green commodore]], ''Athyma daraxa'' ''daraxa''
* [[Athyma opalina|Hill sergeant]], ''Athyma opalina'' ''opalina''
* [[Athyma perius|Common sergeant]], ''Athyma perius'' ''perius''
* [[Athyma selenophora|Staff sergeant]], ''Athyma selenophora'' ''selenophora''
* [[Athyma zeroca|Small staff sergeant]], ''Athyma zeroca'' ''zeroca''
* [[Auzakia danava|Commodore]], ''Auzakia danava'' ''danava''
* [[Moduza procris|Commander]], ''Moduza procris'' ''procris''
* [[Neptis hylas|Common sailer]], ''Neptis hylas'' ''varmona''
* [[Neptis sappho|Pallas's sailer]], ''Neptis sappho'' ''astola''
* [[Neptis jumbah|Chestnut-streaked sailer]], ''Neptis jumbah''
* [[Neptis soma|Creamy sailer]], ''Neptis soma'' ''butleri''
* [[Neptis mahendra|Himalayan sailer]], ''Neptis mahendra'' ''mahendra''
* [[Neptis armandia|Variegated sailer]], ''Neptis armandia'' ''melba''
* [[Neptis nata|Nata sailer]], ''Neptis nata'' ''yerburii''
* [[Neptis clinia|Sullied sailer]], ''Neptis clinia'' ''praedicta''
* [[Neptis pseudovikasi|Dingy sailer]], ''Neptis pseudovikasi''
* [[Neptis sankara|Broad-banded sailer]], ''Neptis sankara'' ''sankara''
* [[Neptis cartica|Plain sailer]], ''Neptis cartica'' ''cartica''
* [[Neptis narayana|Broadstick sailer]], ''Neptis narayana'' ''narayana''
* [[Neptis manasa|Pale hockeystick sailer]], ''Neptis manasa'' ''manasa''
* [[Neptis zaida|Pale green sailer]], ''Neptis zaida'' ''zaida''
* [[Neptis ananta|Yellow sailer]], ''Neptis ananta'' ''ananta''
* [[Neptis miah|Small yellow sailer]], ''Neptis miah'' ''varshneyi''
* [[Neptis radha|Great yellow sailer]], ''Neptis radha'' ''radha''
* [[Phaedyma columella|Short-banded sailer]], ''Phaedyma columella'' ''ophiana''
* [[Pantoporia hordonia|Common lascar]], ''Pantoporia hordonia'' ''hordonia''
* [[Pantoporia sandaka|Extra lascar]], ''Pantoporia sandaka'' ''davidsoni''
* [[Tanaecia julii|Common earl]], ''Tanaecia julii'' ''appaides''
* [[Tanaecia lepidea|Grey count]], ''Tanaecia lepidea'' ''lepidea''
* [[Euthalia aconthea|Common baron]], ''Euthalia aconthea'' ''garuda''
* [[Euthalia lubentina|Gaudy baron]], ''Euthalia lubentina'' ''lubentina''
* [[Euthalia patala|Grand duchess]], ''Euthalia patala'' ''patala''
* [[Euthalia nais|Baronet]], ''Euthalia nais''

=== Nymphalinae ===

* [[Nymphalis canace|Blue admiral]], ''Nymphalis canace'' ''canace''
* [[Aglais caschmirensis|Indian tortoiseshell]], ''Nymphalis caschmirensis'' ''aesis''
* [[Nymphalis c-album|Comma]], ''Nymphalis c-album'' ''cognata''
* [[Aglais rizana|Mountain tortoiseshell]], ''Nymphalis rizana''
* [[Nymphalis ladakensis|Ladakh tortoiseshell]], ''Nymphalis ladakensis''
* [[Nymphalis xanthomelas|Large tortoiseshell]], ''Nymphalis xanthomelas'' ''fervescens''
* [[Hypolimnas bolina|Great eggfly]], ''Hypolimnas bolina'' ''jacintha''
* [[Hypolimnas misippus|Danaid eggfly]], ''Hypolimnas misippus''
* [[Junonia almana|Peacock pansy]], ''Junonia almana almana''
* [[Junonia atlites|Grey pansy]], ''Junonia atlites'' ''atlites''
* [[Junonia hierta|Yellow pansy]], ''Junonia hierta hierta''
* [[Junonia iphita|Chocolate pansy]], ''Junonia iphita'' ''iphita''
* [[Junonia lemonias|Lemon pansy]], ''Junonia lemonias'' ''lemonias''
* [[Junonia orithya|Blue pansy]], ''Junonia orithya'' ''orithya''
* [[Kallima inachus|Orange oakleaf]], ''Kallima inachus'' ''inachus''
* [[Kallima incognita|Cryptic oakleaf]], ''Kallima incognita''
* [[Symbrenthia brabira|Himalayan jester]], ''Symbrenthia brabira'' ''brabira''
* [[Symbrenthia hypselis|Spotted jester]], ''Symbrenthia hypselis'' ''cotanda''
* [[Symbrenthia lilaea|Common jester]], ''Symbrenthia lilaea'' ''khasiana''
* [[Symbrenthia niphanda|Bluetail jester]], ''Symbrenthia niphanda'' ''hysudra''
* [[Vanessa cardui|Painted lady]], ''Vanessa cardui'' ''cardui''
* [[Vanessa indica|Indian red admiral]], ''Vanessa indica'' ''indica''

=== Pseudergolinae ===

* [[Dichorragia nesimachus|Constable]], ''Dichorragia nesimachus'' ''nesimachus''
* [[Pseudergolis wedah|Tabby]], ''Pseudergolis wedah'' ''wedah''
* [[Stibochiona nicea|Popinjay]], ''Stibochiona nicea'' ''nicea''

=== Satyrinae ===
* [[Aulocera brahminus|Narrow-banded satyr]], ''Aulocera brahminus''
** ''Aulocera brahminus brahminus''
** ''Aulocera brahminus dokwana''
* [[Aulocera padma|Great satyr]], ''Aulocera padma'' ''padma''
* [[Aulocera loha|Doherty's satyr]], ''Aulocera loha'' ''loha''
* [[Aulocera pumilus|Mountain satyr]], ''Aulocera pumilus''
* [[Aulocera swaha|Common satyr]], ''Aulocera swaha'' ''swaha''
* [[Aulocera saraswati|Striated satyr]], ''Aulocera saraswati saraswati''
* [[Callerebia ananda|Ringed argus]], ''Callerebia ananda'' ''caeca''
* [[Callerebia hybrida|Hybrid argus]], ''Callerebia hybrida''
* [[Callerebia scanda|Pallid argus]], ''Callerebia scanda'' ''scanda''
* [[Callerebia nirmala|Common satyr]], ''Callerebia nirmala''
* [[Paralasa kalinda|Scarce mountain argus]], ''Paralasa kalinda'' ''kalinda''
* [[Paralasa shallada|Mountain argus]], ''Paralasa shallada'' ''shallada''
* [[Elymnias hypermnestra|Common palmfly]], ''Elymnias hypermnestra'' ''undularis''
* [[Elymnias malelas|Spotted palmfly]], ''Elymnias malelas'' ''nilamba''
* [[Elymnias patna|Blue-striped palmfly]], ''Elymnias patna'' ''patna''
* [[Hyponephele cheena|Branded meadowbrown]], ''Hyponephele cheena'' ''cheena''
* [[Hyponephele davendra|White-ringed meadowbrown]], ''Hyponephele davendra'' ''davendra''
* [[Hyponephele pulchella|Tawny meadowbrown]], ''Hyponephele pulchella''
* [[Hyponephele pulchra|Dusky meadowbrown]], ''Hyponephele pulchra''
* [[Hipparchia parisatis|White-edged rockbrown]], ''Hipparchia parisatis'' ''shiva''
* [[Oeneis buddha|Tibetan satyr]], ''Oeneis buddha'' ''garhwalica''
* [[Lasiommata schakra|Common wall]], ''Lasiommata schakra'' ''schakra''
* [[Lasiommata maerula|Scarce wall]], ''Lasiommata maerula'' ''maerula''
* [[Rhaphicera moorei|Small tawny wall]], ''Orinoma moorei'' ''moorei''
* [[Orinoma damaris|Tigerbrown]], ''Orinoma damaris'' ''damaris''
* [[Lethe baladeva|Treble silverstripe]], ''Lethe baladeva''
* [[Lethe confusa|Banded treebrown]], ''Lethe confusa'' ''confusa''
* [[Lethe europa|Bamboo treebrown]], ''Lethe europa'' ''niladana''
* [[Lethe rohria|Common treebrown]], ''Lethe rohria'' ''rohria''
* [[Lethe verma|Straight-banded treebrown]], ''Lethe verma'' ''verma''
* [[Lethe hyrania|Common forester]], ''Lethe hyrania'' ''hyrania''
* [[Lethe kansa|Bamboo forester]], ''Lethe kansa''
* [[Lethe sinorix|Tailed red forester]], ''Lethe sinorix'' ''sinorix''
* [[Lethe siderea|Scarce woodbrown]], ''Lethe siderea'' ''siderea''
* [[Lethe sidonis|Common woodbrown]], ''Lethe sidonis''
* [[Lethe dakwania|Garhwal woodbrown]], ''Lethe dakwania''
* [[Lethe nicetas|Yellow woodbrown]], ''Lethe nicetas''
* [[Lethe maitrya|Barred woodbrown]], ''Lethe maitrya'' ''maitrya''
* [[Lethe jalaurida|Small silverfork]], ''Lethe jalaurida'' ''jalaurida''
* [[Lethe goalpara|Large goldenfork]], ''Lethe goalpara'' ''goalpara''
* [[Melanitis leda|Common evening brown]], ''Melanitis leda'' ''leda''
* [[Melanitis phedima|Dark evening brown]], ''Melanitis phedima'' ''bela''
* [[Melanitis zitenius|Great evening brown]], ''Melanitis zitenius'' ''zitenius''
* [[Mycalesis francisca|Lilacine bushbrown]], ''Mycalesis francisca'' ''sanatana''
* [[Mycalesis mineus|Dark-brand bushbrown]], ''Mycalesis mineus'' ''mineus''
* [[Mycalesis perseus|Common bushbrown]], ''Mycalesis perseus'' ''blasius''
* [[Mycalesis suaveolens|Wood-Mason's bushbrown]], ''Mycalesis suaveolens'' ''ranotei''
* [[Mycalesis visala|Long-brand bushbrown]], ''Mycalesis visala'' ''visala''
* [[Neope pulaha|Veined labyrinth]], ''Neope pulaha'' ''pandyia''
* [[Neope yama|Dusky labyrinth]], ''Neope yama'' ''buckleyi''
* [[Orsotriaena medus|Smooth-eyed bushbrown]], ''Orsotriaena medus'' ''medus''
* [[Telinga heri|Moore's bushbrown]], ''Telinga heri''
* [[Telinga lepcha|Lepcha bushbrown]], ''Telinga lepcha'' ''lepcha''
* [[Telinga nicotia|Bright-eyed bushbrown]], ''Telinga nicotia''
* [[Ypthima asterope|Common threering]], ''Ypthima asterope'' ''mahratta''
* [[Ypthima nareda|Large threering]], ''Ypthima nareda''
* [[Ypthima newara|Newar threering]], ''Ypthima newara'' ''newara''
* [[Ypthima inica|Lesser threering]], ''Ypthima inica''
* [[Ypthima huebneri|Common fourring]], ''Ypthima huebneri''
* [[Ypthima kasmira|Kashmir fourring]], ''Ypthima kasmira''
* [[Ypthima avanta|Jewel fivering]], ''Ypthima avanta''
* [[Ypthima baldus|Common fivering]], ''Ypthima baldus'' ''baldus''
* [[Ypthima nikaea|Moore's fivering]], ''Ypthima nikaea''
* [[Ypthima sakra|Himalayan fivering]], ''Ypthima sakra'' ''sakra''
* [[Ypthima hannyngtoni|Hannyngton's fivering]], ''Ypthima hannyngtoni''
* [[Ypthima indecora|Western fivering]], ''Ypthima indecora''

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Lists of butterflies of India]]
[[Category:Wildlife of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Uttarakhand-related lists]]

Ouvry Roberts

2026-05-05T02:08:08Z

Heriberto60T: new some article w/ infobox - done

{{Short description|British Army general (1898–1986)}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[General (United Kingdom)|General]]
| name = Sir Ouvry Roberts
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|GCB|KBE|DSO}}
| image = OuvryRoberts.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| alt =
| caption = Roberts greeting former [[British Indian Army|Indian Army]] [[Prisoner of war|prisoners of war]] in [[British Malaya|Malaya]], 1945.
| nickname =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1898|04|03|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Bogawantalawa]], [[British Ceylon]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1986|03|16|1898|04|03|df=yes}}
| death_place =
| burial_place =
| allegiance = United Kingdom
| branch = [[British Army]]
| service_years = 1917–1955
| rank = [[General (United Kingdom)|General]]
| service_number = 10009
| unit = [[Royal Engineers]]
| commands = [[Southern Command (United Kingdom)|Southern Command]] (1949–52) [[HQ Northern Ireland|Northern Ireland District]] (1948–49) [[XXXIV Corps (British India)|XXXIV Indian Corps]] (1945) [[23rd Infantry Division (India)|23rd Indian Infantry Division]] (1943–45) [[16th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)|16th Infantry Brigade]] (1942) [[20th Indian Infantry Brigade]] (1941)
| battles = [[First World War]] [[Third Anglo-Afghan War]] [[Second World War]]
| awards = [[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]] [[Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire]] [[Distinguished Service Order]] [[Mentioned in Despatches]]
| relations =
| other_work =
}}
[[General (United Kingdom)|General]] '''Sir Ouvry Lindfield Roberts''', {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|sep=,|GCB|KBE|DSO}} (3 April 1898 – 16 March 1986) was a senior officer of the [[British Army]] and the [[British Indian Army]] during the [[First World War|First]] and [[Second World War]]s.

==Military career==
Educated at [[Cheltenham College]], the [[Royal Military Academy, Woolwich]] and [[King's College, Cambridge]], Ouvry Roberts was [[Commissioned officer|commissioned]] into the [[Royal Engineers]] on 6 June 1917.<ref name=lh>[http://www.kcl.ac.uk/lhcma/summary/ro25-001.shtml Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives]</ref> He served on the North West Frontier of India during the [[Third Anglo-Afghan War]] in 1919 and in Waziristan 1919–21.<ref name="Half Yearly Army List January 1946">Half Yearly Army List January 1946</ref>{{sfn|Smart|2005|p=274}}

Roberts played [[first-class cricket]] for the [[Cambridge University Cricket Club|University of Cambridge]] in 1925, and for the [[Free Foresters Cricket Club|Free Foresters]] in 1926.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/32/32413/First-Class_Matches.html|title=First-Class Matches played by Ouvry Roberts|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=6 April 2015}}</ref> After attending the [[Staff College, Camberley]] from 1934 to 1935, he served as Deputy Director of Military Operations and Intelligence in India from 17 September 1939 to 28 January 1941.<ref name=lh/><ref name="Half Yearly Army List January 1946"/>

In January 1941, Roberts was appointed GSO1 ([[Staff (military)|Chief Staff Officer]]) of the [[10th Indian Infantry Division]], which was then forming at Ahmednagar in India. Three months later the division was ordered to Iraq.{{sfn|Mead|2007|p=395}} The RAF training base at Habbaniya, defended by 1,200 locally recruited Assyrians and Kurds and some armoured cars, was threatened by an Iraqi force in late April and three companies from the 1st Battalion, [[King's Own Royal Regiment (Lancaster)]] were sent by air to reinforce the base. Roberts was sent to Habbaniya on 1 May to review the situation,{{sfn|Mead|2007|p=396}} and assumed the ''[[de facto]]'' command of the land operations at [[RAF Habbaniya]] after the departure of Air Vice Marshal [[Harry George Smart]] who had been injured in a car accident.{{sfn|Lyman|2006|p=19}} Roberts was awarded the [[Distinguished Service Order]] for commanding the ground forces defending RAF Habbaniya.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=35396 |date=26 December 1941 |page=7333 |supp=y }}</ref>

Roberts commanded what became known as the "Habbaniya Brigade" and, on 19 May 1941, participated in the successful capture of [[Fallujah]].{{sfn|Lyman|2006|p=20}} The Habbaniya Brigade was formed in the week following the end of the Iraqi siege of the British garrison at Habbaniya. Roberts formed the brigade by grouping the infantry reinforcements from [[Basra]] (2/4 Gurkha) and from [[Kingcol]] (1 Essex).{{sfn|Lyman|2006|p=69}} Roberts returned to 10th Indian Division after completing what his divisional commander, Major General [[William Slim, 1st Viscount Slim|William Slim]], later described as "one of the best single-handed jobs any officer of his then rank had performed in the war".{{sfn|Slim|1956|p=301}}

As chief staff officer, Roberts played an important role in the 10th Indian Division's involvement in the Euphrates expedition during the [[Syria–Lebanon campaign]] in July 1941 and the [[Anglo-Soviet Invasion of Iran]] a month later, earning him promotion to [[Commanding Officer]] of the division's 20th Indian Infantry Brigade in Iraq in January 1942.{{sfn|Mead|2007|p=396}}

From 1 July 1942 until 24 January 1943,{{sfn|Mead|2007|p=396}} Roberts was the Commanding Officer of the [[16th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)|16th Infantry Brigade]] in [[Ceylon]].<ref name=lh/> As the threat of a Japanese invasion of Ceylon receded, 16th Infantry Brigade was redeployed in July 1943 while Roberts was appointed chief staff officer (Brigadier General Staff) of [[IV Corps (United Kingdom)|IV Corps]] at [[Imphal]] commanded by Lieutenant General [[Geoffry Scoones]]<ref name=lh/>{{sfn|Mead|2007|p=397}} and which formed part of Slim's [[Fourteenth Army (United Kingdom)|Fourteenth Army]].<ref name="Half Yearly Army List January 1946"/>

On 10 August 1943 Roberts was promoted to acting major general and appointed [[General Officer Commanding]] [[23rd Infantry Division (India)|23rd Indian Infantry Division]], part of IV Corps. The division's units were heavily involved in the decisive [[Battle of Imphal]] and the subsequent Allied advance into Burma. In August 1944 the division was withdrawn to India.{{sfn|Mead|2007|pp=397–398}} Roberts was made a [[Commander of the Order of the British Empire]] on 8 February 1945.<ref name="Half Yearly Army List January 1946"/> He was promoted substantive major general on 17 February with seniority from 5 June 1944.<ref name="Half Yearly Army List January 1946"/>

On 12 March 1945 Roberts was promoted acting lieutenant general and appointed General Officer Commanding [[XXXIV Corps (India)|XXXIV Indian Corps]], which was tasked with Operation Roger, an amphibious assault on the Kra Peninsula in Thailand. Events moved more rapidly than anticipated and Operation Roger was canceled. The corps was then tasked with Operation Zipper, an amphibious landing on the coast of [[British Malaya|Malaya]]. In the event, the landings, which took place in September 1945, were unopposed, taking place days after the Japanese surrender.<ref name=lh/><ref name="Half Yearly Army List January 1946"/>{{sfn|Mead|2007|p=398}}

[[File:Ouvry Lindfield Roberts in 1953.jpg|thumb|Roberts in 1953]]

After the war Roberts was appointed as Vice [[Adjutant-General]] at the [[War Office]] in 1945.<ref name=lh/> He became General Officer Commanding [[HQ Northern Ireland|Northern Ireland District]] in 1948 and General Officer Commanding-in-Chief of [[Southern Command (United Kingdom)|Southern Command]] in 1949.<ref name=lh/> He became [[Quartermaster-General to the Forces]] in 1952 and retired in 1955,<ref name=lh/> widely regarded as one of the high achievers of the Second World War.{{sfn|Mead|2007|p=398}}

Roberts was [[Aide-de-camp general]] to [[Elizabeth II|the Queen]] from 1952 to 1955,<ref name=lh/> and [[Colonel Commandant]] the [[Royal Engineers]] from 1952 to 1962.<ref name=lh/>

==Retirement==
In retirement Roberts was a Director of Grosvenor Laing and then President of Grosvenor Laing from 1955 to 1960.<ref name=lh/>

==Personal life==
In November 1955, he married (Joyce) Mary Segar Scorer (27 July 1921 – 25 January 2011),<ref>''Times'' Friday 29 July 1921, page 1</ref> the sister of Lincoln innovative architect [[Sam Scorer]], in the King [[Henry VII Chapel]], [[Westminster Abbey]].<ref>''Lincolnshire Echo'' Thursday 17 November 1955, page 1</ref><ref>''Grimsby Telegraph'' Saturday 26 November 1955, page 4</ref> They had a son on 25 January 1957.<ref>''Times'' Tuesday 29 January 1957, page 1</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book| first=Robert|last=Lyman| series=Campaign Series| title=Iraq 1941: The Battles for Basra, Habbaniya, Fallujah and Baghdad| publisher=Osprey Publishing | location=Oxford| year=2006 | isbn=1-84176-991-6}}
*{{Cite book| first=Richard| last=Mead| title=Churchill's Lions: a biographical guide to the key British generals of World War II| year=2007| publisher=Spellmount| location=Stroud (UK)| isbn=978-1-86227-431-0}}
*{{cite book|last=Slim|first=William|author-link=William Slim, 1st Viscount Slim|title=Defeat into Victory|location=London|publisher=Cassell|year=1956| oclc=253543428}}
*{{cite book| first=Nick| last=Smart| title=Biographical Dictionary of British Generals of the Second World War| isbn=1844150496| year=2005| location=Barnesley| publisher=Pen & Sword}}
*{{cite book| first=Archibald| last=Wavell| year=1946| author-link=Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell| title=Despatch on Operations in Iraq, East Syria and Iran from 10th April, 1941 to 12th January, 1942| publisher= War Office| location= London}} in {{London Gazette| issue=37685 |date=13 August 1946 | supp=y|pages=4093–4102}}

==External links==
*[https://generals.dk/general/Roberts/Ouvry_Lindfield/Great_Britain.html Generals of World War II]

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Reginald Savory]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[23rd Indian Infantry Division|GOC 23rd Indian Infantry Division]]|years=1943–1945}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Douglas Cyril Hawthorn]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Gerard Bucknall]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Headquarters Northern Ireland|GOC British Army in Northern Ireland]]|years=1948–1949}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Reginald Denning|Sir Reginald Denning]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[John Harding, 1st Baron Harding of Petherton|Sir John Harding]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Southern Command (United Kingdom)|GOC-in-C Southern Command]]|years=1949–1952}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Ernest Down|Sir Ernest Down]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Ivor Thomas (British Army officer)|Sir Ivor Thomas]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Quartermaster-General to the Forces]]|years=1952–1955}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Maurice Chilton|Sir Maurice Chilton]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Roberts, Ouvry}}
[[Category:1898 births]]
[[Category:1986 deaths]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the Third Anglo-Afghan War]]
[[Category:British Army generals]]
[[Category:Alumni of King's College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Royal Engineers officers]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of World War I]]
[[Category:British Army generals of World War II]]
[[Category:Companions of the Distinguished Service Order]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]]
[[Category:English cricketers]]
[[Category:Cambridge University cricketers]]
[[Category:Free Foresters cricketers]]
[[Category:Graduates of the Staff College, Camberley]]
[[Category:Graduates of the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich]]
[[Category:People educated at Cheltenham College]]
[[Category:20th-century English sportsmen]]
[[Category:People of the Anglo-Iraqi War]]

Kollapur Assembly constituency

2026-04-26T03:04:05Z

Heriberto60T:

{{Short description|Constituency of the Telangana legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kollapur
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Telangana (85-Kollapur highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Kollapur Assembly constituency within Telangana
| mla = [[Jupally Krishna Rao]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| established = 1951
| state = [[Telangana]]
| district = [[Nagarkurnool district|Nagarkurnool]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Nagarkurnool Lok Sabha constituency|Nagarkurnool]]
| electors = 205,019
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 85
}}

'''Kollapur Assembly constituency''' is a constituency of the [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is one of the four constituencies in [[Nagarkurnool district]]. It is part of [[Nagarkurnool Lok Sabha constituency]].

[[Jupally Krishna Rao]], who won the assembly elections held in December 2023, is currently representing the constituency.

==Mandals==
The assembly constituency presently comprises the following mandals:
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal !!District
|-
| [[Kollapur]]am
| [[Nagarkurnool district|Nagarkurnool]]
|-
| [[Veepangandla]]
| [[Wanaparthy district|Wanaparthy]]
|-
| [[Kodair]]
| [[Nagarkurnool district|Nagarkurnool]]
|-
| [[Pangal, Wanaparthy|Pangal]]
| [[Wanaparthy district|Wanaparthy]]
|-
| Peddakothapalle
| [[Nagarkurnool district|Nagarkurnool]]
|-
| [[Chinnambavi]]
| [[Wanaparthy district|Wanaparthy]]
|-
| Pentlavelli
| [[Nagarkurnool district|Nagarkurnool]]
|}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Political party
|-
! colspan=4| [[Hyderabad]]
|-
|[[1952 Hyderabad Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|Anantha Ramachandra Rao
|{{Full party name with color|People's Democratic Front (Hyderabad)}}
|-
! colspan=4| [[United Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
|[[1957 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|M. Narsing Rao
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|K. Rang Das
|-
|[[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|B. Narasimha Reddy
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|K. Rangadas
|-
|[[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| rowspan="3" |Venkateshwar Rao Kotha
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
|-
|[[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
|[[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|Ramchandra Rao
|-
|[[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
|Katikeneni Madhusudhan Rao
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
|[[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Jupally Krishna Rao]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
|[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|-
|2012★
|{{Full party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2014 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
|[[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|[[Beeram Harshavardhan Reddy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|[[Jupally Krishna Rao]]
|-
|}
★by-election

== Election results ==

=== Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|Telangana Assembly Elections, 2023]]: Kollapur (Assembly constituency) }}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Jupally Krishna Rao]]|votes=93,609|percentage=48.70|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharat Rashtra Samithi|candidate=[[Beeram Harshavardhan Reddy]]|votes=63,678|percentage=33.13|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Aelleni Sudhakar Rao|votes=20,389|percentage=10.61|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Karne Shireesha (Barrelakka)|votes=5,754|percentage=2.99|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Gaganam Shekaraiah|votes=2,623|percentage=1.36|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=29,931|percentage=15.57|change=}}{{Election box turnout|votes=1,92,228|percentage=|change=}}{{Election box gain with party link|winner=Indian National Congress|loser=Bharat Rashtra Samithi|swing=}}{{Election box end}}

=== Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|Telangana Assembly Elections, 2018]]: Kolapur (Assembly constituency) }}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Beeram Harshavardhan Reddy]]|votes=80,617|percentage=46.36|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Telangana Rashtra Samithi|candidate=[[Jupally Krishna Rao]]|votes=68,071|percentage=39.15|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Aelleni Sudhakar Rao|votes=13,156|percentage=7.57|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=1,182|percentage=0.68|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=12,546|percentage=7.21|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,73,887|percentage=83.17|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner =Indian National Congress
| loser = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|Telangana Assembly Elections, 2014]]: Kolapur (Assembly constituency) }}<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150924043914/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=997&cid=85 Kollapur Results]}}</ref>{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Telangana Rashtra Samithi|candidate=[[Jupally Krishna Rao]]|votes=72,741|percentage=46.86|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Beeram Harshavardhan Reddy]]|votes=62,243|percentage=40.10|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Katikaneni Madhusudan Rao|votes=5,358|percentage=3.45|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=767|percentage=0.49|change=}}{{Election box majority|votes=10,498|percentage=6.76|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,55,224|percentage=74.52|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Telangana Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Telangana}}
{{coord|16.11|78.31|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Telangana]]
[[Category:Mahbubnagar district]]
[[Category:Politics of Telangana]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]

Sanjana Jadhav

2026-04-21T04:19:30Z

Heriberto60T: created details

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sanjana Jadhav
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| office = Member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = November 2024
| constituency = [[Kannad Assembly constituency|Kannad]]
| predecessor = [[Udaysingh Rajput]]
| office1 =
| term_start1 =
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| website =
| parents =
| father = [[Raosaheb Danve]]
| relatives = [[Santosh Danve]] (brother)
| spouse = [[Harshvardhan Jadhav]]
| children =
| party = [[Shiv Sena]]
| profession =
| alma_mater =
| date =
| year =
| signature =
| bodyclass =
}}
'''Sanjanatai Harshvardhan Jadhav''' also known as '''Sanjanatai''' (born 1983)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ranjanatai (Sanjana) Jadhav(Shiv Sena):Constituency- KANNAD(AURANGABAD) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/Maharashtra2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=1023 |access-date=26 November 2024 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from Maharashtra. She was elected to the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] from [[Kannad Assembly constituency|Kannad]] representing the [[Shiv Sena]]<ref name="r538">{{cite web | title=Kannad, Maharashtra Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: SHS's Sanjana Jadhav defeats Independent candidate Harshwardhan Jadhav with 18201 votes | website=India Today | date=23 November 2024
|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/kannad-maharashtra-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-maelb-2638213-2024-11-23 | access-date=23 November 2024}}</ref><ref name="h655">{{cite web | last=मुंढे | first=शितल | title=संजना जाधव यांनी मारली बाजी, रावसाहेब दानवेंच्या लेकीचा विजय | website=Maharashtra Times | date=23 November 2024 | url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/maharashtra/aurangabad/kannad-assembly-election-result-2024-eknath-shinde-sanjana-jadhav-vs-uddhav-thackeray-udaysingh-rajput-who-will-win-vidhan-sabha-nivadnuk/articleshow/115569171.cms | language=mr | access-date=23 November 2024}}</ref> winning the [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]].

== Early life and education ==
Sanjana is from [[Kannad]], Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar District, Maharashtra. She is the daughter of former union minister [[Raosaheb Danve]] and wife of two time MLA [[Harshvardhan Jadhav|Harshvardhan Raibhan Jadhav]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 November 2024 |title='Maverick leader' vs 'rising star': Maharashtra battle hits home as husband, wife slug it out |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/maharashtra-battle-hits-home-as-husband-wife-slug-it-out-9661811/ |access-date=26 November 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> She completed her bachelor of arts in 2005 at [[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University]], Aurangabad.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Jadhav won from [[Kannad Assembly constituency]] representing Shiv Sena, and backed by ruling Mahayuti alliance, in the [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]]. She polled 84,492 votes and defeated her nearest rival, husband and ex MLA,<ref>{{Cite web |last=|date=24 November 2024 |title=पती-पत्नीच्या लढाईत जिंकली पत्नीच; हर्षवर्धन जाधवांचा संजना यांनी केला पराभव |url=https://www.lokmat.com/chhatrapati-sambhajinagar/in-kannad-shiv-senas-sanjana-jadhav-defeated-sitting-mlas-along-with-her-husband-a-a320/ |access-date=26 November 2024 |website=Lokmat |language=mr}}</ref> [[Harshvardhan Jadhav|Harshvardhan Raibhan Jadhav]] an independent politician, by a margin of 18,201 votes.<ref name="x158">{{cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13105.htm |access-date=23 November 2024 |website=Election Commission of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kannad Election Result 2024 LIVE: Ranjanatai (Sanjana) Harshvardhan Jadhav of SS Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/kannad-election-result-2024-live-leading-winner-mla-9130050.html |access-date=26 November 2024 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Shiv Sena politicians]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:People from Aurangabad district, Maharashtra]]

Subramanian Ramadorai

2026-04-20T14:50:33Z

Heriberto60T: created new article

{{Short description|Indian businessman}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:Subramanian Ramadorai}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = S Ramadorai
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1944|10|6}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://penguin.co.in/book_author/s-ramadorai/|title=The TCS Story . . . And Beyond|access-date=September 17, 2011}}</ref>
| image =
| caption = Climate Crisis 2.0 Conference 2022
| birth_place = [[Nagpur]], [[British India]]
| alma_mater = [[Hansraj College]], [[University of Delhi]] [[Indian Institute of Science]] [[University of California, Los Angeles]] 
[[MIT Sloan School of Management]]
| occupation = Chairperson, Karmayogi Bharat Honorary Consul, Consulate of Uruguay in India
 Chairperson [[National Institute of Advanced Studies]] Chairperson [[Kalakshetra Foundation]]
| known_for = Former CEO and MD of [[Tata Consultancy Services]], Former Chairperson of [[National Skill Development Corporation|NSDC]] and [[National Skill Development Agency|NSDA]]
| children = 1
| awards = [[Padma Bhushan]] [[CBE]] [[Assam Saurabh]], 2025
| spouse = Mahalakshmi Ramadorai
}}

'''Subramanian Ramadorai''' (born 6 October 1944)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-07-31 |title=S. Ramadorai Profile - Forbes.com |url=http://people.forbes.com/profile/s-ramadorai/76733 |access-date=2023-09-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090731121848/http://people.forbes.com/profile/s-ramadorai/76733 |archive-date=31 July 2009 }}</ref> is an Indian executive who was former CEO and MD of [[Tata Consultancy Services]].<ref>{{Cite news |work= TCS |title=Board of Directors appoint S Ramadorai as Vice Chairman; Confirms N Chandrasekaran as new CEO & MD |url=https://www.tcs.com/who-we-are/newsroom/press-release/s-ramadorai-vice-chairman-chandrasekaran-ceo-md}}</ref> He was also the Adviser to the [[Prime Minister of India]] in the National Council on Skill Development, Government of [[India]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-02-01 |title=Ramadorai made PM's skill council advisor |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/ramadorai-made-pms-skill-council-advisor/articleshow/7401475.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-09-19 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> He held the rank equivalent to an Indian Cabinet Minister and was the Chairman of [[National Skill Development Agency|National Skill Development Agency (NSDA)]] and the [[National Skill Development Corporation|National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC)]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-03-18 |title=S.Ramadorai on the skilling challenges India faces |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/s-ramadorai-on-skills-gap-in-india-37591-2013-03-18 |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The nuts and bolts of skill development |url=https://apskills.ilo.org/news/the-nuts-and-bolts-of-skill-development |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=Skills and Employability Network |language=en-us}}</ref> As the Chairman of NSDA/NSDC, he initiated the process of standardization of skilling effort, quality benchmarking, inclusive collaboration, and commonality of purpose and outcomes in India by leveraging technology.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tara |first1=S. Nayana |last2=Sanath Kumar |first2=N. S. |date=2016-12-01 |title=Skill development in India:: In conversation with S. Ramadorai, Chairman, National Skill Development Agency & National Skill Development Corporation; former CEO, MD and Vice Chairman, Tata Consultancy Services |journal=IIMB Management Review |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=235–243 |doi=10.1016/j.iimb.2016.10.003 |issn=0970-3896|doi-access=free }}</ref> Currently, he is the Chairperson of Mission ‘Karmayogi Bharat’, the National Programme for Civil Services Capacity Building (NPCSCB) that aims to transform Indian bureaucracy and prepare civil servants for the future, through comprehensive reform of the capacity building apparatus at individual, institutional and process levels.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karmayogi Bharat |url=https://karmayogibharat.gov.in/board_of_director.php |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=karmayogibharat.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Union Minister Dr Jitendra Singh says, "Mission Karmayogi", launched by Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi, had institutionalised the process of capacity building, particularly for the benefit of civil servants |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1921429 |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Karmyogi Bharat Announces Non-Executive Directors To Its Board |url=http://bwpeople.businessworld.in/article/Karmyogi-Bharat-Announces-Non-Executive-Directors-To-Its-Board-/01-10-2022-448934 |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=BW people |language=en}}</ref>

He is the chairperson of the advisory board at Tata STRIVE,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tata STRIVE – Bridging the Skill Development Divide |url=https://www.tatastrive.com/aboutStrive.html |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=www.tatastrive.com}}</ref> which is the [[Tata Group]]’s CSR skill development initiative aimed towards skilling of the youth for employment, entrepreneurship and community enterprise.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tara |first1=S. Nayana |last2=Sanath Kumar |first2=N. S. |date=2016-12-01 |title=Skill development in India:: In conversation with S. Ramadorai, Chairman, National Skill Development Agency & National Skill Development Corporation; former CEO, MD and Vice Chairman, Tata Consultancy Services |journal=IIMB Management Review |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=235–243 |doi=10.1016/j.iimb.2016.10.003 |issn=0970-3896|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-04 |title=Corporations of the future will require a huge pool of sustainability leaders: S Ramadorai |url=https://openthemagazine.com/feature/corporations-future-will-require-huge-pool-sustainability-leaders-s-ramadorai/ |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=Open The Magazine |language=en-GB}}</ref>

He has been the CEO and MD of [[Tata Consultancy Services]] from 1996 to 2009 and Vice - Chairman of Tata Consultancy Services till 6 October 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Board of Directors appoint S Ramadorai as Vice Chairman; Confirms N Chandrasekaran as new CEO & MD |url=https://www.tcs.com/who-we-are/newsroom/press-release/s-ramadorai-vice-chairman-chandrasekaran-ceo-md |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=www.tcs.com |language=en}}</ref> His role has been instrumental in the growth story of TCS, where the company grew from a US$400 million revenues company with 6000 employees to one of the world's largest software and services company with more than 200,000 employees working in 42 countries and revenues over US$20.0 [[billion]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=TCS CEO Receives CBE; Top British Award for S Ramadorai |url=https://www.tcs.com/who-we-are/newsroom/press-release/tcs-ceo-receives-cbe-top-british-award-for-s-ramadorai |access-date=2023-09-26 |website=www.tcs.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Since 1968: The TCS Timeline {{!}} Tata group |url=https://www.tata.com/about-us/tata-group-our-heritage/tata-consultancy-services-tcs-timeline-1968 |access-date=2023-09-26 |website=www.tata.com |language=en}}</ref>

His current engagements include Chairperson – [[Kalakshetra Foundation]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chairman – Kalakshetra Foundation |url=https://www.kalakshetra.in/admin-structure/chairman/ |access-date=2023-09-19 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Nath |first=Damini |date=2020-02-24 |title=Ramadorai to head Kalakshetra Foundation |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/ramadorai-to-head-kalakshetra-foundation/article30907756.ece |access-date=2023-09-19 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Chairperson – [[National Institute of Advanced Studies|National Institute of Advanced Studies (NIAS)]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=NIAS |url=https://www.nias.res.in/about/About%20NIAS |access-date=2023-09-26 |website=www.nias.res.in}}</ref> Chairperson – [[PRS Legislative Research]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Board of Directors |url=https://prsindia.org/aboutus/board-of-directors |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=PRS Legislative Research |language=en-US}}</ref> Chairperson – Indian National Association for the [[Club of Rome]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Leadership{{!}} Club of Rome |url=http://clubofrome.in/Subramanian_Ramadorai.php |access-date=2023-09-26 |website=clubofrome.in}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Shri S Ramadorai, Chairman, Club of Rome – India |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jJ8L5RcgfVY |access-date=2023-09-26 |language=en}}</ref> Chairperson – [[Public Health Foundation of India]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-02-28 |title=Governance - Public Health Foundation of India |url=https://phfi.org/about/governance/ |access-date=2023-09-26 |website=phfi.org |language=en-US}}</ref> Chairperson – [[Indian Institute of Information Technology, Guwahati|Indian Institute of Information Technology Guwahati]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=IIIT-GUWAHATI |url=https://www.iiitg.ac.in/about-iiitg-1.html |access-date=2023-09-26 |website=www.iiitg.ac.in |language=en}}</ref> Trustee – [[Council On Energy, Environment and Water|Council on Energy, Environment And Water (CEEW)]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Member of the Board of Trustees |url=https://www.ceew.in/s-ramadorai |website=Council on Energy, Environment and Water}}</ref> President – Society for Rehabilitation of Crippled Children (SRCC),<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-02-16 |title=About - SRCC team Child development centre - SRCC |url=https://srcc.org.in/our-team/ |access-date=2023-09-26 |language=en-US}}</ref> Vice Chair – [[The Nature Conservancy]] India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mr Subramaniam Ramadorai |url=https://www.tncindia.in/about-us/our-people/subramaniam-ramadorai/ |access-date=2023-09-26 |website=The Nature Conservancy India |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
S Ramadorai was born in [[Nagpur]], [[India]], on 6 October 1944 and his family is from [[Tamil Nadu]]. His father was a civil servant who served as the Accountant General in Tamil Nadu State Government while his mother was a homemaker.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Advani |first=Personal Space {{!}} Sangitaa |date=2007-09-28 |title=Finely tuned |url=https://www.livemint.com/Home-Page/2mdX7XVukftvUrd4Q7YwhO/Finely-tuned.html |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> Ramadorai was the fourth of five children in the family and his ancestors hailed from [[Thanjavur]].

Ramadorai started his schooling at [[Delhi Tamil Education Association Senior Secondary Schools|DTEA]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2003-11-14 |title=DTEA alumni concert |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/dtea-alumni-concert/articleshow/282187.cms |access-date=2023-09-19 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and completed Higher Secondary education from Sardar Patel Vidyalaya in Delhi. He holds a bachelor's degree in [[Physics]] from [[Hansraj College]], [[Delhi University]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hansraj Internship Cell |url=https://www.placementhansraj.com/internshipcell/alumni.html |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=www.placementhansraj.com}}</ref> a Bachelor of Engineering degree in [[Electronics]] and Telecommunications and a Master of Science degree in [[Computer science|Computer Science]] from the [[University of California, Los Angeles]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramadorai |first=Ram |date=2009-05-16 |title=A Cross-Cultural Life |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/17/jobs/17boss.html |access-date=2023-09-19 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Itihaasa |url=https://itihaasa.com/describe/artefact/001_001_0410?interviewee=S.+Ramadorai |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=itihaasa.com}}</ref> In 1993, Ramadorai attended the Senior Executive Development Program at the [[MIT Sloan School of Management]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-06-07 |title=Q&A: Tata's S. Ramadorai |url=http://www.redherring.com/Home/14947 |access-date=2023-09-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607052430/http://www.redherring.com/Home/14947 |archive-date=7 June 2011 }}</ref>

==Career==
Beginning his career with TCS as a Junior Engineer in 1972,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2004-12-30 |title=IT Star: S Ramadorai |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/business/it-star-s-ramadorai/story-CGqZfWMbmWn7nVKUyEG0YI.html |access-date=2023-09-20 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=New Boss Named at TCS |language=en |work=Bloomberg.com |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2009-05-27/new-boss-named-at-tcs |access-date=2023-09-20}}</ref> he rose through the ranks and eventually was given the responsibility to set up TCS's operations in the [[United States]] in 1979 in New York.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Shelley |date=2009-08-30 |title=I will make TCS more visible: S Ramadorai |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/backpage/i-will-make-tcs-more-visible-s-ramadorai/articleshow/4949964.cms |access-date=2023-09-20 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Since taking on the role of CEO, he contributed towards efforts that helped TCS build new relationships with large corporations and academic institutions, venture into innovative IT services and products, and intensify the company's research and development activities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TCS story, told by Ram and 'briefly' retold by Ratan |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/tcs-story-told-by-ram-and-briefly-retold-by-ratan/cid/346174 |access-date=2023-09-20 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2009-10-05 |title='Every challenge is an opportunity' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/every-challenge-is-an-opportunity/articleshow/5087911.cms |access-date=2023-09-20 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Itihaasa |url=https://itihaasa.com/describe/sartefact/001_001_0413?term=S.+Ramadorai |access-date=2023-09-25 |website=itihaasa.com}}</ref> Ramadorai also initiated TCS's quality journey through initiatives that took sixteen<ref>{{Citation |last1=Kotlarsky |first1=Julia |title=Observations of GD CBD at TCS |date=2009 |url=https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230246195_6 |work=Managing Component-Based Development in Global Teams |pages=125–158 |editor-last=Kotlarsky |editor-first=Julia |access-date=2023-09-20 |place=London |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |language=en |doi=10.1057/9780230246195_6 |isbn=978-0-230-24619-5 |last2=Oshri |first2=Ilan |editor2-last=Oshri |editor2-first=Ilan|url-access=subscription }}</ref> of its Development Centers to SEI's [[Capability Maturity Model Integration|CMMI Level 5]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 2000 |title=The Evolution of Quality Processes at Tata Consultancy Services - IEEE Software |url=https://www.cin.ufpe.br/~hermano/pub/processos/The%20evolution%20of%20quality%20processes%20at%20Tata%20Consultancy%20Services.pdf |website=CIn-UFPE}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=TCS sets new benchmark in Quality; First software firm to be assessed at Level 5 enterprise-wide in software services and development |url=https://www.tcs.com/who-we-are/newsroom/press-release/tcs-level-5-cmmi-svc |access-date=2023-09-20 |website=www.tcs.com |language=en}}</ref> TCS also attained the distinction of being the World's first company to have all Centres assessed as operating at Level 5 of [[People Capability Maturity Model|PCMM (People Capability Maturity Model, People-CMM)]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tata Consultancy Services Limited Annual Report 2004-05 |url=https://www.annualreports.com/HostedData/AnnualReportArchive/t/OTC_TCS_2005.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=August 2000 |title=IEEE Software - Evolution of quality processes at Tata Consultancy Services |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/3247642 |website=IEEE Xplore}}</ref> He resigned as vice-chairman of TCS on 6 October 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menezes |first=Beryl |date=2014-10-07 |title=TCS vice-chairman S. Ramadorai steps down |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/xXUe5nh8cnavNvy2DjJSLN/TCS-vice-chairman-S-Ramadorai-steps-down.html |access-date=2023-09-20 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

He was the Chairperson of [[Bombay Stock Exchange|Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE)]],<ref>{{Citation |title=TCS' Ramadorai becomes BSE chairman |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j-AIG4S2g0M |access-date=2023-09-20 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Staff Writer |date=2010-03-13 |title=S Ramadorai elected chairman of BSE |url=https://www.livemint.com/Money/Qr1Xi4WQVzFeF3ooBo8JmK/S-Ramadorai-elected-chairman-of-BSE.html |access-date=2023-09-20 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> [[Tata Elxsi]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-09-06 |title=Ramadorai appointed chairman of Tata Elxsi |url=https://www.ciol.com/ramadorai-appointed-chairman-tata-elxsi/ |access-date=2023-09-20 |website=CIOL |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-10-07 |title=Ramadorai steps down from TCS |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/Ramadorai-retires-from-Tata-companies/article20881769.ece |access-date=2023-09-20 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref> He served as the Chairperson of [[AirAsia India]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-06-18 |title=AirAsia India appoints TCS' S Ramadorai as Chairman |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/airasia-india-appoints-tcs-s-ramadorai-as-chairman/articleshow/20631365.cms |access-date=2023-09-20 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-06-17 |title=TCS' Ramadorai is AirAsia India Chairman |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/tcs-ramadorai-is-airasia-india-chairman/article64116693.ece |access-date=2023-09-20 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref> He was the Chairperson of the Governing Board of the [[Tata Institute of Social Sciences]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-06-10 |title='TISS is a movement' |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/tiss-is-a-movement/article7294275.ece |access-date=2023-09-20 |website=Frontline |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lama |first=The 14th Dalai |date=2023-09-19 |title=Launch of Tata Institute of Social Sciences'… |url=https://www.dalailama.com/news/2017/launch-of-tata-institute-of-social-sciences-course-in-secular-ethics-for-higher-education |access-date=2023-09-20 |website=The 14th Dalai Lama |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Call for positive mindset - Ramesh exhorts TISS to produce 'unbiased scholars' |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/call-for-positive-mindset-ramesh-exhorts-tiss-to-produce-unbiased-scholars/cid/403197 |access-date=2023-09-20 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref> He was also the Chairperson of [[Tata Technologies|Tata Technologies Ltd.]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=2001-07-25 |title=S Ramadorai appointed Tata Tech chief |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/s-ramadorai-appointed-tata-tech-chief/articleshow/504560020.cms |access-date=2023-09-20 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> where he led the modernization of several [[Industrial training institute|ITIs]] in the country.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tata Technologies to revamp 71 ITIs in Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2022/jun/14/tata-technologies-to-revamp-71-itis-in-tamil-nadu-2465514.html |access-date=2023-09-20 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-11 |title=Assam Govt Inks Pact With Tata Technologies To Transform Polytechnics & ITI's - Sentinelassam |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/assam-govt-inks-pact-with-tata-technologies-to-transform-polytechnics-itis-591624 |access-date=2023-09-20 |website=www.sentinelassam.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Awards and recognitions==
Ramadorai is a Fellow of the [[Indian National Academy of Engineering]], [[List of fellows of IEEE Communications Society|Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] ([[IEEE]]),<ref>{{Cite web |title=IEEE Fellows 2004 {{!}} IEEE Communications Society |url=https://www.comsoc.org/membership/ieee-fellows/2004 |access-date=2023-09-21 |website=www.comsoc.org}}</ref> Member of the National Council of the [[Confederation of Indian Industry|Confederation of Indian Industry (CII)]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Commerce and Industry Minister Kamal Nath, left, speaks to Confederation of Indian Industries, CII, Chairman Services Council S. Ramadorai at a conference on 'Boosting Services Exports' organized by CII in New Delhi, India, Wednesday, Sept. 6, 2006. (AP Photo/Gurinder Osan Stock Photo - Alamy |url=https://www.alamy.com/indian-commerce-and-industry-minister-kamal-nath-left-speaks-to-confederation-of-indian-industries-cii-chairman-services-council-s-ramadorai-at-a-conference-on-boosting-services-exports-organized-by-cii-in-new-delhi-india-wednesday-sept-6-2006-ap-photogurinder-osan-image541313895.html |access-date=2023-09-25 |website=www.alamy.com |language=en}}</ref> Honorary Member of the Indo-American Society,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Honorary Member |url=https://www.iaccindia.com/honorary-member/ |access-date=2023-09-25 |website=Indo American Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Member of the Executive Education Advisory Board of [[USC Marshall School of Business|Marshall School of Business]] ([[University of Southern California|USC]]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Advisory Board |url=https://execed.marshall.usc.edu/about/advisory-board/ |access-date=2023-09-25 |website=USC Marshall Executive Education |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2001, Ramadorai received the Lifetime Achievement Award from the [[Indore Management Association]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indore Management Association |url=https://www.imaindore.com/eventById.php?id=25 |access-date=2023-09-25 |website=www.imaindore.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2003-02-08 |title=Software industry growing at a rate of 22 to 25% |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/software-industry-growing-at-a-rate-of-22-to-25/articleshow/36874543.cms |access-date=2023-09-25 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and he was honoured with CNBC Asia Pacific's prestigious 'Asia Business Leader of the Year' Award in 2002.<ref>[http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200210/11/eng20021011_104859.shtml Winners of Asia Business Leader Awards 2002 Named in HK]. English.peopledaily.com.cn (11 October 2002). Retrieved on 23 September 2013.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=Jan 28, 2013 |title=TCS Ramadorai Bags Asia Business Leader Award |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/tcs-ramadorai-bags-asia-business-leader-award-102101201035_1.html |website=Business Standard}}</ref> The same year, he was named by Consulting Magazine (USA) as being one of the Top 25 Most Influential Consultants in the world.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tech Troubadour |work=Business Standard |url=http://www.tata.com/company/Media/inside.aspx?artid=voxSGCsTPaM= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513050010/http://www.tata.com/company/Media/inside.aspx?artid=voxSGCsTPaM= |archive-date=13 May 2013 |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hillary |first=Mark Kobayashi |title=Outsourcing to India: The Offshore Advantage |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |year=2005 |isbn=978-8181282903 |pages=85 |language=English}}</ref>

In 2004, he was awarded [[Business India]]'s "Business Man of the Year" award.<ref>{{Cite web |title=S Ramadorai is Businessman of the Year 2004 |url=https://www.rediff.com/money/report/tcs/20041220.htm |access-date=2024-04-21 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=S Ramadorai is businessman of the year |url=https://www.rediff.com/money/2005/mar/17tcs.htm |access-date=2023-09-25 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref> He was also awarded the Distinguished Achievement Award from the [[Indian Institute of Science]], [[Bangalore]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Institute of Science |url=https://iisc.ac.in/about/awards/iisc-distinguished-alumnusalumna-award-given-by-the-iisc-alumni-association/ |access-date=2023-09-21 |language=en}}</ref> and a Fellowship of the Institute of Management Consultants of India, as well as the 'Management Man of the Year' award by the [[Bombay]] Management Association.

In 2006, on India's Republic Day, [[List of Padma Bhushan award recipients (2000–2009)|he was awarded]] the [[Padma Bhushan]], India's third highest civilian honour.<ref>{{Cite web |title=rediff.com: Padma awards conferred |url=https://m.rediff.com/money/2006/mar/21sld2.htm |access-date=2023-09-25 |website=m.rediff.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Padma Awards {{!}} Interactive Dashboard |url=https://dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in/?Award=Padma%20Bhushan&Name=ramadorai |access-date=2023-09-25 |website=dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:S Ramadorai - Padma Bhushan.jpg|thumb|The President, Dr A. P. J. Abdul Kalam presenting Padma Bhushan to Shri S Ramadorai on 26 January 2006, in recognition of his commitment and dedication to the IT industry.]]
On 28 April 2009, Ramadorai was awarded the Commander of the Order of the British Empire ([[CBE]]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=TCS CEO Receives CBE; Top British Award for S Ramadorai |url=https://www.tcs.com/who-we-are/newsroom/press-release/tcs-ceo-receives-cbe-top-british-award-for-s-ramadorai |access-date=2023-09-25 |website=www.tcs.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=28 April 2009 |title=News By Company |work=The Times of India |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/News-By-Company/Corporate-Announcement/-TCS-Ramadorai-honoured-with-CBE/articleshow/4460170.cms}}</ref>

On 31 January 2011, TCS Vice-chairman, Ramadorai was appointed by the Indian Government as the Advisor to Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh|Dr. Manmohan Singh]] for the National Skill Development Council.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-02-01 |title=Ramadorai made PM's skill council advisor |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/ramadorai-made-pms-skill-council-advisor/articleshow/7401475.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-09-25 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> He was awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award at [[Economic Times Awards|ET Awards]] 2015 for his contribution in shaping TCS.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-10-19 |title=ET Awards 2015: Former TCS CEO S Ramadorai gets Lifetime Achievement award |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/et-awards-2015-former-tcs-ceo-s-ramadorai-gets-lifetime-achievement-award/articleshow/49445755.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-09-25 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> In 2016, he was presented the prestigious ‘Outstanding Institutional Builder’ Award of the [[All India Management Association|All India Management Association (AIMA)]]’s Managing India Awards.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-05-04 |title=Padma Bhushan Mr. S Ramadorai gets the Prestigious AIMA 'Outstanding Institutional Builder' Award |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/industry-padma-bhushan-mr-s-ramadorai-gets-the-prestigious-aima-outstanding-institutional-builder-award-248153/ |access-date=2024-04-21 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>

On 16 February 2023, [[Deakin University|Deakin University, Australia]], recognized his distinguished lifetime achievement as a business leader, and conferred upon him the Honorary Doctorate for his extensive contributions to the [[Information technology in India|IT industry]] and his commitment to technological innovation for positive social outcomes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-17 |title=Subramanian Ramadorai awarded Honorary Doctorate by Deakin University for his contributions to India's IT industry |url=https://theprint.in/ani-press-releases/subramanian-ramadorai-awarded-honorary-doctorate-by-deakin-university-for-his-contributions-to-indias-it-industry/1378560/ |access-date=2023-09-25 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> In the past, he had been conferred with a Doctor of Sciences Degree (honoris causa) by Sastra University in 2006 and Doctorate (honoris causa) by Anna University.<ref>{{Cite web |title=23rd Annual Report 2008-09 |url=https://www.tatacommunications.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/AR2009.pdf |website=Tata Communications}}</ref>

==Books authored==
On 16 September 2011, his book ''The TCS Story... and Beyond'' was published by [[Penguin India]], covering his time at [[Tata Consultancy Services]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 21, 2013 |title=No one ever wrote a book about TCS |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/-no-one-ever-wrote-a-book-about-tcs-111091700058_1.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=September 19, 2023 |title=TCS: The Complete Story |work=Business Standard |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/tcs-the-complete-story-111092100102_1.html}}</ref>

On 4 March 2022, TCS - Oru Vetri Kathai, the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] translation of his book ''The TCS Story... and Beyond'' was launched.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Anantharam |first=Chitradeepa |date=2022-03-23 |title=The TCS story by S Ramadorai, now in Tamil |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/the-tcs-story-by-s-ramadorai-now-in-tamil/article65202212.ece |access-date=2023-09-19 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nair |first=Rekha |date=2022-03-05 |title=Launch Of The Tamil Version - The TCS Story . . . and Beyond by S. Ramadorai |url=http://businessnewsthisweek.com/news/launch-of-the-tamil-version-the-tcs-story-and-beyond-by-s-ramadorai/ |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=Business News This Week |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Philanthropy ==
He is the President of the Society for Rehabilitation of Crippled Children (SRCC) – a one-of-its-kind super speciality children's hospital in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 11, 2017 |title=SRCC Children's Hospital introduces free health screening camp for Children and Adolescents every Saturday |url=https://www.narayanahealth.org/sites/default/files/news-media/Final%20Press%20Release-%20NH%20SRCC%20Free%20Health%20Check-up.pdf |website=Narayana Health}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Bazaar - S Ramadorai, President at SRCC - October 1 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0avjK110e5E |access-date=2023-09-19 |language=en}}</ref> He is the Chairperson of the Axis Bank Foundation where the focus is on livelihood initiatives and community-centric work.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Axis Bank Foundation |url=https://www.axisbankfoundation.org/about-us/trustee-s-ramadorai.html |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=www.axisbankfoundation.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Journal |first=The CSR |date=2023-01-27 |title=Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR): Axis Bank Foundation reaches out to 1000+ villages, Creating sustainable livelihoods opportunities |url=https://thecsrjournal.in/corporate-social-responsibility-csr-axis-bank-foundation-reaches-out-to-1000-villages-creating-sustainable-livelihoods-opportunities/ |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=The CSR Journal |language=en-GB}}</ref> He is also the Chairperson of the [[British Asian Trust|British Asian India Foundation]] that focuses on delivering programs to help tackle [[poverty]] and inequality in [[South Asia]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=S. Ramadorai CBE |url=https://www.britishasiantrust.org/support-us/advisory-councils/s-ramadorai-cbe/ |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=British Asian Trust |language=en}}</ref>

He is the Chairman of the Governing Body of [[Sahapedia]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Governing Body |url=https://www.sahapedia.org/governing-body |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=Sahapedia |language=en}}</ref> a free-to-access digital library of India's heritage and culture, and offers digital content in [[multimedia]] formats—articles and books, [[Photo-essay|photo essays]] and video, interviews and [[Oral history|oral histories]], maps and timelines, authored by scholars and curated by experts.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-05-08 |title=Culture at a Click |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/culture-at-a-click-sahapedia-sudha-gopalakrishnan-s-ramadorai-interview-5167244/ |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Janardhan |first=Arun |date=2016-09-17 |title=Sahapedia: A challenge to India's hidebound museum culture |url=https://www.livemint.com/Sundayapp/v4fvvDtzQBuMRf3A9nxn2L/Sahapedia-A-challenge-to-Indias-hidebound-museum-culture.html |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

He and his wife Mala Ramadorai are also the founders of Anwesha Trust that supports several initiatives in [[Sengalipuram]] and other areas of rural Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DSP Annual Report |url=https://www.dspim.com/media/pages/docs/annual-report-for-the-fy-2022-23-dspam-for-website.pdf |website=DSP Asset Managers Private Limited}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
* {{cite book|title=The TCS Story and Beyond|first=S.|last=Ramadorai|publisher=Penguin Books|year=2011|isbn=978-0670084906|id=|ref=Ramadorai}}

==External links==
*[https://karmayogibharat.gov.in/board_of_director.php Chairperson, Karmayogi Bharat]
*[https://www.embassyofuruguayinindia.in/eou.php?id=cons_mumbai Honorary Consul, Consulate of Uruguay]
*[https://www.kalakshetra.in/admin-structure/chairman/ Chairperson, Kalakshetra Foundation]
*[https://itihaasa.com/describe/sartefact/001_001_0413?term=S.+Ramadorai Being the First Resident Manager, USA for TCS]
*[https://www.britishasiantrust.org/support-us/advisory-councils/s-ramadorai-cbe/ Advisor, British Asian Trust]

{{Tata Group}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2000–09}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramadorai, Subramanian}}
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Nagpur]]
[[Category:Fellows of the IEEE]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in trade and industry]]
[[Category:Tamil businesspeople]]
[[Category:Tata Consultancy Services people]]
[[Category:MIT Sloan School of Management alumni]]
[[Category:Indian chairpersons of corporations]]
[[Category:Indian Institute of Science alumni]]
[[Category:Hansraj College alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Assam Saurabh]]
[[Category:Sardar Patel Vidyalaya alumni]]
{{portal|India}}

Khushhal Khan (musician)

2026-04-18T17:26:47Z

Heriberto60T: put up article - done

{{Short description|Indian composer and musician}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Khushhal Khan "Anup"
| image = Khushhal Khan "Anup" with Raja Rao Ranbha Bahadur and Ghazi Khan (Rāg darshan, 1804).jpg
| alt = Miniature painting of Khushhal Khan seated with his patron and disciple.
| caption = Khushhal Khan "Anup" (centre) with [[Raja Rao Ranbha Bahadur]] and Ghazi Khan playing the bīn, from the illustrated ''Rāg darshan'' (1804).
| native_name = ख़ुशहाल ख़ान "अनूप"
| native_name_lang = hi
| birth_date = fl. 1799–1834
| occupation = [[Vaggeyakara]] (poet-composer), musician, music theorist
| era = Late Mughal–Hyderabad court period
| parents = Miyan Karim Khan
| relatives = [[Tansen]] (ancestor); Niʿmat Khan [[Sadarang]] (lineage ancestor)
| known_for = ''Rāg darshan'' (1800–1815); ''Rāg rāginī roz o shab''
}}

'''Khushhal Khan''' (fl. 1799–1834), also known by the pen name '''Anup''', was a prominent musician, composer, and theorist of the [[Hyderabad State]].<ref name="KCL" /><ref name="UPenn" /> A descendant of the legendary Mughal court musician [[Tansen]], he served as a critical cultural bridge between the Mughal musical traditions of Northern India and the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] courts.<ref name="KCL" />

== Lineage ==

[[File:Visual genealogy of the Tansen and Sadarang lineage.jpg|thumb|right|300px|A 1804 miniature from the ''Ragadarshan'' manuscript depicting the visual genealogy of the Tansen and Sadarang lineage. The author, [[Khushhal Khan (musician)|Khushhal Khan "Anup"]], is depicted at the bottom left.]]

Khushhal Khan was the son of Mian Karim Khan and a great-grandson of the maestro Tansen.<ref name="UPenn" /><ref name="KCL" /> He belonged to the elite ''Kalawant'' biradari, a class of hereditary vocalists who specialized in [[Dhrupad]] and were masters of the [[Veena|bin]] and the Indian [[Rabāb|Rabab]].<ref name="KCL" /> Within the kalawant community, his family constituted the '''Khandari''' lineage, which he identified as descending from a Rajput progenitor named Miyan Kunhi Khan.<ref name="KCL" /> His musical heritage incorporated the traditions and intellectual property of both the "Ras Baras" and "Sadarang" family lines.<ref name="KCL" />

== Career ==
Khushhal Khan's early career began in Northern India before he transitioned to the Deccan due to the changing political fortunes of the late 18th century.<ref name="KCL" /> By 1800, he entered the service of [[Raja Rao Ranbha Bahadur]] (Rambhaji Rao Nimbalkar), a Maratha military commander in the army of [[Nizam Ali Khan, Asaf Jah II]].<ref name="KCL" /><ref name="UPenn" />

[[File:Mah Laqa Bai playing Holi detail Ragadarshan.png|thumb|left|250px|Contemporary miniature from the ''Ragadarshan'' (c. 1804) depicting [[Mah Laqa Bai]] (Chanda Bibi) participating in [[Holi]] festivities with her teacher Khushhal Khan "Anup" and [[Raja Rao Ranbha Bahadur]].]]

During this period, he was a close associate of the Raja and the renowned poet and courtier [[Mah Laqa Bai]] (Chanda Bibi), who was also his musical student and dancing instructor.<ref name="Dalrymple2002" /> He was regarded as a feted intellectual within the "exclusive private majālis" of the city, where his presence was a marker of cultural refinement.<ref name="Schofield2023" /> He later served as a court musician for [[Mir Akbar Ali Khan Sikander Jah, Asaf Jah III]].<ref name="KCL" />

== Works ==
As a prolific ''[[Vaggeyakara]]'' (literate poet-composer), Khushhal Khan authored several significant musical treatises in Persian and [[Dakhini]].<ref name="KCL" /> His primary work, the '''''Ragadarshan''''' (1799–1804), is a lavishly illustrated Hindavi treatise commissioned by Raja Rao Ranbha and based on the ''Tuḥfat al-hind''.<ref name="KCL" /><ref name="UPenn" />

[[File:Procession of Raja Rao Ranbha Bahadur with Khushhal Khan.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Khushhal Khan (identified by the inscription "خوشحال خان") walking in the military procession of his patron, [[Raja Rao Ranbha Bahadur]]. From the ''Ragadarshan'' (c. 1804).]]

In 1808, he prepared a Persian recension of the ''Ragadarshan'' for Nizam Sikander Jah, followed by a bilingual Persian-Hindavi version in 1815 for Mah Laqa Bai.<ref name="KCL" /> His final major work, the '''''Rāg rāginī roz o shab''''' (1818–1834), is a massive compendium documenting the song repertoire of the Delhi kalawant lineages.<ref name="KCL" />

== Architecture and patronage ==
[[File:MoulaAli 1902.jpg|thumb|right|300px|The Arch (Kaman) at Moula Ali hill in 1902, commissioned by Khushhal Khan.]]
Khushhal Khan was a significant patron of religious and public architecture in [[Hyderabad]], particularly at the hilltop shrine of [[Moula Ali]] (Koh-e-Sharif). Using the wealth acquired through his career as a master musician, he commissioned several structures to serve the pilgrims and the local community, including a monumental ceremonial arch known as the ''Kaman'' on the route of the annual ''Sandal'' procession, an [[Ashurkhana]] for [[Muharram]] observances, and a mosque and [[Caravanserai]] (traveler's inn) on the outskirts of the hill.<ref name="Dalrymple2002" /><ref name="Bilgrami1927" />

An inscription on the arch records the following:
{{quote|By good fortune Khush-hal-Khan judiciously and inspiringly laid the foundation of the Arch, the Mosque and the grand Ashur Khana; the dignified Mosque was erected with sincere intention.<ref name="Bilgrami1927" />}}

The foundation of these buildings is dated to 1293 A.H. (1823 A.D.).<ref name="Bilgrami1927" /> Following his death, Khushhal Khan was buried in a mausoleum within his own garden on the foot of the hill, situated near the resting place of his student [[Mah Laqa Bai]].<ref name="Bilgrami1927" />

== References ==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="KCL">{{cite web|last=Schofield |first=Katherine Butler |title=Chief musicians to the Mughal emperors |url=https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/files/41848227/SchofieldDelhiKalawant_Revised.pdf |pages=9–10, 11-12 |accessdate=2026-02-08}}</ref>

<ref name="UPenn">{{cite web |title=Oversize LJS 63 Rāg darshan |url=https://openn.library.upenn.edu/Data/0001/html/ljs63.html |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Libraries |access-date=2026-02-08}}</ref>

<ref name="Dalrymple2002">{{cite book |last=Dalrymple |first=William |title=White Mughals: Love and Betrayal in Eighteenth-Century India |publisher=Penguin Books |year=2002 |isbn=978-0143030461 |page=530}}</ref>

<ref name="Schofield2023">{{cite book |last=Schofield |first=Katherine Butler |title=Music and Musicians in Late Mughal India: Histories of the Ephemeral, 1748–1858 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2023 |isbn=978-1108421041 |pages=117–118}}</ref>

<ref name="Bilgrami1927">{{cite book |last=Bilgrami |first=S.A. Asgar |title=The Landmarks of the Deccan: A Comprehensive Guide to the Archaeological Remains of the City and Suburbs of Hyderabad |publisher=Government Central Press |year=1927 |location=Hyderabad |pages=12–13}}</ref>
}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |last=Schofield |first=Katherine Butler |title=Music and Musicians in Late Mughal India: Histories of the Ephemeral, 1748–1858 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2023 |isbn=9781108420624}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Indian male composers]]
[[Category:Indian classical musicians]]
[[Category:People from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian musicians]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian people]]

Etcherla Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:39:39Z

Heriberto60T: started new entry and citations!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Etcherla
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (7-Etcherla highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Etcherla Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh
| mla = [[Nadukuditi Eswara Rao]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[Srikakulam district|Srikakulam]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Vizianagaram Lok Sabha constituency|Vizianagaram]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 231,279
| established = 1967
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 7
}}

'''Etcherla Assembly constituency''' is a constituency in [[Srikakulam district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref> It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Vizianagaram Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="constituencies">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|date=17 December 2018|website=The Election Commission of India|pages=16, 30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|archive-date=3 October 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>

[[Nadukuditi Eswara Rao]] is the current [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bharatiya Janta Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Etcherla Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Assembly Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/herla-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8916851.html |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-04 |title=BJP opens its account in Srikakulam district |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/bjp-opens-its-account-in-srikakulam-district/article68250817.ece |access-date=2024-06-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> As of 2019, there are a total of 231,279 electors in the constituency.<ref name="electors">{{cite web |title=Electors Summary |url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh |access-date=24 May 2019 |date=25 May 2019}}</ref>{{update after|2024|7}} The constituency was established in 1967, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (1967)''.

== Mandals ==

The four [[Tehsil|mandals]] that form the assembly constituency are:<ref name="constituencies" />
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
|-
| [[Etcherla]]
|-
| [[Laveru]]
|-
| [[Ranastalam|Ranasthalam]]
|-
| [[Ganguvari Sigadam|G.Sigadam]]
|}

<mapframe text="Mandals in Etcherla Assembly Constituency" width=300 height=300 align=center >{ "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q10948850,Q3424166,Q59834179,Q59834157"}</mapframe>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political Party
|-
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| N. A. Naidu
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Balllada Hariappala Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| Kothapalli Narasayya
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| rowspan=5 |[[K. Pratibha Bharati]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=5}}
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|-
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| [[Kondru Murali Mohan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| Meesala Neelakantam
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| [[Kimidi Kalavenkata Rao]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| [[Gorle Kiran Kumar]]

| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|-
|[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| [[Nadukuditi Eswara Rao]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Etcherla
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Eswara Rao Nadukuditi
|votes = 1,12,770
|percentage = 45.9
|change = {{Increase}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = Gorle.kiran Kumar
|votes = 83,681
|percentage = 34.06
|change = {{Decrease}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Karimajji.malleswara
Rao
|votes = 2,452
|percentage = 1.00
|change = --
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =
|candidate = Remaining
|votes = 3,707
|percentage = 1.51
|change = {{Decrease}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = NOTA
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 3,952
|percentage = 1.61
|change = {{Decrease}}
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 2,06,562
|percentage = 84.07
|change = {{Increase}}
}}
{{Election box registered electors
| reg. electors = 2,45,696
| change = {{Increase}}
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 29,089
|percentage = 11.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = YSR Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Etcherla
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = Gorle. Kiran Kumar
|votes = 99,672
|percentage = 42.95
|change = {{Decrease}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = Kalavenkata Rao Kimidi
|votes = 80,961
|percentage = 34.89
|change = {{Increase}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janasena Party
|candidate = Badana Venkata Janardhana Rao
|votes = 5,068
|percentage = 2.18
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =
|candidate = Remaining
|votes = 5,043
|percentage = 2.17
|change = {{Decrease}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = NOTA
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 4,628
|percentage = 1.99
|change = {{Increase}}
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,95,372
|percentage = 84.19
|change = {{Increase}}
}}
{{Election box registered electors
| reg. electors = 2,32,070
| change = {{Increase}}
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 18,711
|percentage = 8.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Etcherla
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = KALAVENKATARAO KIMIDI
|votes = 85,769
|percentage = 40.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = GORLE KIRANKUMAR
|votes = 81,028
|percentage = 38.51
|change =''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = RAVIKIRAN KILARI
|votes = 2,148
|percentage = 1.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =
|candidate = Remaining
|votes = 4,202
|percentage = 1.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = NOTA
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 854
|percentage = 0.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,74,001
|percentage = 82.70
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
| reg. electors = 2,10,400
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 4,741
|percentage = 2.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1967 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Etcherla}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=N. A. Naidu|votes=20,802|percentage=45.68|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Ballada Hariyappadu|votes=17,904|percentage=39.31|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh|candidate=G. Sanyasilingam|votes=3,458|percentage=7.59|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=D. S. A. V. Raju|votes=3,377|percentage=7.42|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=2,898|percentage=3.37|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=45,541|percentage=69.44|change=}}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1972 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Etcherla}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ballada Hariyappadu
|votes = 36,013
|percentage = 70.08
|change = {{increase}}30.77
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = A. Nadminiti
|votes = 15,377
|percentage = 29.92
|change = {{decrease}}15.76
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 20,636
|percentage = 40.16
|change = {{increase}}33.79
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 51,390
|percentage = 64.35
|change = {{decrease}}5.09
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Independent
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1978 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Etcherla}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Janata Party|candidate=Kothapalli Narasayya|votes=25,272|percentage=46.8|change}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Boddepalli Narasimhulu|votes=15,481|percentage=28.7|change={{decrease}}1.22}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Kanchayya Potnuru|votes=8,651|percentage=16.0|change={{decrease}}13.92}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Manda Venkatrao|votes=4,017|percentage=7.4|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Makayya Koppala|votes=557|percentage=1.0|change=''New''}}
{{Election box majority||votes=9,791|percentage=17.3|change={{decrease}}22.86}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=56,487|percentage=65.6|change={{increase}}1.25}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Janata Party
|loser = Independent
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1983 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Etcherla}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[K. Prathibha Bharathi|Kavali Bharathi]]
|votes = 40,894
|percentage = 66.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Yamala Narayana
|votes = 15,832
|percentage = 25.9
|change = {{decrease}}18.8
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Boddepalli Narasimhulu
|votes = 3,102
|percentage = 5.1
|change = {{decrease}} 23.6
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party=Independent
|candidate=Sirla Rao
|votes=1,290
|percentage= 2.1
|change=
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes= 25,062
|percentage=39.5
|change={{increase}} 22.2
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes= 63,518
|percentage=70.4
|change={{increase}} 4.8
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1985 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Etcherla}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[K. Prathibha Bharathi|Kavali Bharathi]]
|votes = 43,191
|percentage = 70.9
|change = {{increase}}4
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Vijayalaxmi Chappidi
|votes = 16,244
|percentage = 26.7
|change = {{increase}}0.9
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party= Independent
|candidate=Gudivada Apparao
|votes=1,515
|percentage= 2.5
|change=
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes= 26,947
|percentage=42.8
|change={{increase}} 3.3
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes= 62,926
|percentage=63.5
|change={{decrease}} 6.9
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1989 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Etcherla}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[K. Prathibha Bharathi|Kavali Bharathi]]|votes=46,883|percentage=59.0|change={{decrease}}11.9}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate= Boddepalli Narasimhulu|votes=28,302|percentage=35.6|change={{increase}}8.9}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Chiviki Asirappadu|votes=2,356|percentage=3.0|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Netala Viswanadham|votes=1,047|percentage=1.3|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Dannana Venkyya|votes=481|percentage=0.6|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Lokdal|candidate=Gudivada Apparao|votes=404|percentage=0.5|change=''New''}}
{{Election box majority||votes=15,581|percentage=21.4|change={{decrease}}21.4}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=86,840|percentage=70.3|change={{increase}}6.8}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1994 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Etcherla}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[K. Prathibha Bharathi|Kavali Bharathi]]
|votes = 59,934
|percentage = 64.7
|change = {{increase}}5.7
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Jampu Latchayya
|votes = 29,179
|percentage = 31.5
|change = {{decrease}}4.1
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Garbhapu Kumar
|votes = 2,157
|percentage = 2.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party=Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate=Kallepalli Papayya
|votes=1,412
|percentage= 1.5
|change=
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes= 30,755
|percentage=31.9
|change={{increase}} 10.5
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes= 96,365
|percentage=73.4
|change={{increase}} 3.1
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1999 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Etcherla}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[K. Prathibha Bharathi|Kavali Bharathi]]
|votes = 54,162
|percentage = 55.1
|change = {{decrease}}9.6
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Kondru Mohan
|votes = 43,372
|percentage = 44.1
|change = {{increase}}12.6
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party= Ajeya Bharat Party
|candidate=Kadithi Appalaraju
|votes=856
|percentage= 0.9
|change=
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes= 10,790
|percentage=10.5
|change={{decrease}} 21.4
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes= 102,466
|percentage=70.4
|change={{decrease}} 3
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2004 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Etcherla}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Kondru Murali Mohan
|votes = 58,676
|percentage = 52.6
|change = {{increase}}8.5
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = Kavalipratibha Bharathi
|votes = 52,987
|percentage = 47.5
|change = {{decrease}}7.6
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 5,689
|percentage = 5.1
|change = {{decrease}}5.4
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,11,640
|percentage = 76.7
|change = {{increase}}6.3
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing = {{increase}}8.05
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Etcherla}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Meesala Neelakantam|votes=59,365|percentage=39.1|change={{decrease}}13.5}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Nayana Suryanarayana Reddy|votes=44,350|percentage=29.2|change={{decrease}}18.3}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Praja Rajyam Party|candidate=Kimidi Kala Venkat Rao|votes=29,957|percentage=19.7|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent politician|candidate=Gorle Haribabunaidu|votes=6,893|percentage=4.5|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Lok Satta Party|candidate=Appalanaidu Gurugubilli|votes=3,287|percentage=2.2|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Paidi Venugopalam|votes=3,037|percentage=2.0|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Rashtriya Janata Dal|candidate=Appararao Dabbada|votes=2,612|percentage=1.7|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Gudivada Kuppayya|votes=2,300|percentage=1.5|change=''New''}}
{{Election box majority||votes=15,015|percentage=9.9|change={{increase}}4.8}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,51,801|percentage=80.8|change={{increase}}4.1}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing = {{increase}}2.4
}}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Coord|18.28|83.82|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Srikakulam district]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]

Yāmā (poetry collection)

2026-04-13T16:02:29Z

Heriberto60T:

{{Short description|1939 Hindi poetry collection by Mahadevi Varma}}
{{AI-generated|date=April 2026|reason=fall 2025 edits and possibly back to version 1, note [[WP:AISIGNS]] - superficial analyses, vocab distro typical of LLM text etc}}
{{infobox book
| name = Yāmā
| title_orig = यामा
| translator =
| image = Yāmā_(poetry_collection)_cover.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| caption = First edition
| author = [[Mahadevi Varma]]
| illustrator = Mahadevi Varma
| cover_artist =
| country = [[British India]]
| language = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| orig_lang_code = hi
| pub_date = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1939}}
| series =
| genre = [[Poem]]
| publisher = Kitabistan and Bharati Bhandar (former); Lokbharti Prakashan (current)
| english_release_date =
| media_type = Print ([[Hardcover]] and [[Paperback]])
| pages = 236
| awards = [[Jnanpith Award|Jñānapīṭh Award]]
| isbn = 8180313069
| isbn_note = (2008 edition)
| congress =
| dewey =
| oclc =
| preceded_by =
| native_wikisource =
}}
{{Italic title}}
'''Yama''' ({{langx|hi|यामा|translit={{transliteration|hi|ISO|Yāmā}}}}) is a Hindi [[poetry]] collection composed by [[Mahadevi Varma]]. It compiles poems from her four earlier collections and was first published in 1939. The collection also contains several [[paintings]], and [[line art]]s created by the poet herself.

Influenced by [[Bhakti movement|devotional]] and [[Mysticism|mystical]] traditions, the collection is characterized by [[Introspection|introspective depth]], [[emotion|emotional nuance]], and a [[Contemplation|contemplative]], philosophical style. For this work, Varma was presented with India's highest [[Literary award|literary honor]]—the [[Jnanpith Award|Jñānapīṭh Award]] for 1982—at a ceremony held in 1983. Selected poems from the collection have been set to [[Indian classical music|classical]] and [[Semi-classical music|contemporary]] music and translated into [[English language|English]] and several [[Languages of India|Indian languages]].

==Content==
The title ''Yāmā'' is derived from the feminine plural of ''yām'', a term referring to the four divisions of either the [[daytime]] or the [[night]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Śrī Bhajana-rahasya: The Deep Secrets of Bhajana |year=2003 |publisher=Spectrum Printing Press Pvt. Ltd. |location=New Delhi, India |isbn=978-1-63316-170-2 |lccn=2018908477 |page=431}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Turner |first=Ralph Lilley |date=1969–1985 |title=A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/soas_query.py?qs=y%C4%81%CC%81ma&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|location=London |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref> The choice of title is symbolic, reflecting the poetic phases across the poet's four previous works — Nīhār (''Mist,'' 1930), Raśmi (''A Ray of Light,'' 1932), Nīrajā (''Blossomed Lotus,'' 1933), and Sāndhyagīt (''Twilight Song,'' 1936).<ref>{{cite web |title=''Mahadevi Varma: Indian writer and activist'' |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mahadevi-Varma |access-date=30 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=''Nīhār se lekar Sāndhyagīt tak kā sajīva varṇan – Yāmā Kāvyasaṅgrah''|website=Aryavi|author=Aryavi|url=https://www.aryavi.com/yama-by-mahadevi-verma |access-date=6 August 2025}}</ref> In the [[preface]] to the book, the poet states:
{{blockquote
|Yāmā contains the shadow play of the four phases (yām) of my inner world. Whether these belong to the daytime or the night—this is not impossible for me to determine, but it is certainly difficult. If they are of the day, they did not tire my heart with toil to the point of yearning for rest; and if they are of the night, they did not allow me to lose my faith in the darkness. Therefore, to me, their value is equal—and shall always remain so. (English translation)<ref>{{cite book
| title = Yāmā
| year = 1939
| publisher = Kitabistan
| author = [[Mahadevi Varma]]
| location = [[Allahabad]]
| page = i
| contribution = Preface
}}
</ref>{{efn|यामा में मेरे अन्तर्जगत् के चार यामों का छायाचित्र है। ये याम दिन के हैं या रात के यह कहना मेरे लिए असम्भव नहीं तो कठिन अवश्य है। यदि ये दिन के हैं तो इन्होंने मेरे हृदय को श्रम से क्लान्त बना कर विश्राम के लिए आकुल नहीं बनाया और यदि रात के हैं तो इन्होंने अन्धकार में मेरे विश्वास को खोने नहीं दिया अतएव मेरे निकट इनका मूल्य समान है और समान ही रहेगा।}}
}}
The collection comprises 185 [[lyric poetry|lyric poems]] in total, drawing 47 from Nīhār, 35 from Raśmi, 58 from Nīrajā, and 45 from Sāndhyagīt.<ref>{{cite conference
| last = Rao
| first = Mythili P.
| title = From Poetess to Mystic – Mahadevi Verma
| book-title = The Asian Conference on Literature & Librarianship 2011: Official Conference Proceedings
| page = 63
| publisher = [[The International Academic Forum|IAFOR]]
| location = Osaka, Japan
| year = 2011
| issn = 2186-2281
}}</ref> Some early editions of Yāmā also included [[tipped-in page]]s featuring [[Book illustration|illustrations]] created by the poet herself, reflecting the stylistic influence of the [[Bengal School of Art]].<ref>{{cite news |title=''Poet's visual expression''|last1=Das |first1=Soumitra |last2=Dey |first2=Sreyoshi |last3=Chakraborty |first3=Showli |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |publisher=[[ABP Group]] |date=5 May 2013 |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/poet-s-visual-expression/cid/1287164 |access-date=30 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Dinkar |first=Niharika |title=Empires of Light: Vision, Visibility and Power in Colonial India|publisher=[[Manchester University Press]] |page=5 |date=19 September 2019 |isbn=9781526139641 |doi=10.7765/9781526139641}}</ref> Additionally, the imprints by Kitabistan featured an introductory poem that combined a [[Wash (visual arts)|wash-style]] painting with Varma's handwritten text; this poem was omitted in later editions and other compilations of her work.<ref>{{cite book
| title = Mahadevi
| author = Doodhnath Singh
| author-link = Doodhnath Singh
| publisher = Rajkamal Prakashan
| location = New Delhi
| year = 2009
| page = 117
| isbn = 978-81-267-1753-8
}}</ref> The current edition by Lokbharti Prakashan contains only a reduced selection of 63 poems from the complete volume and excludes all artwork.<ref>{{cite book
| title = Yāmā
| author = Mahadevi Varma
| author-link = Mahadevi Varma
| publisher = Lokbharti Prakashan
| location = Prayagraj
| year = 2008
| isbn = 978-81-8031-306-6
}}</ref>

==Themes==
The collection reflects the central themes of [[Chhayavad]], the literary movement to which Varma is attributed to. It explores motifs such as separation, yearning, [[Existentialism|existential melancholy]], [[Absolute (philosophy)|divine beloved]], [[Nature writing|bond with nature]], and the pursuit of [[Divine embodiment|spiritual transcendence]].<ref>{{cite web |title=''Rebel with a pause'' |last=Mukherjee |first=P. |date=26 March 2012 |website=Kindle Magazine |url=https://kindlemag.in/rebel-with-a-pause-the-rugged-landscape-of-mahadevi-verma/ |access-date=9 August 2025 |publisher=Kindle}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=''Rebel with a cause'' |last=Kumar |first=Kuldeep |date=6 April 2018 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/rebel-with-a-cause/article23446939.ece |access-date=9 August 2025 |url-access=subscription |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

The collection traces the evolving stages of the poet's emotional journey and poetic expression, moving from a state of [[Wonder (emotion)|wonder]], [[confusion]], and turmoil to one of [[contemplation]], [[Self-reflection|reflection]], and ultimately, a serene acceptance of [[pleasure]] and [[Sorrow (emotion)|sorrow]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Schomer |first=Karine |date=1983 |title=Mahadevi Verma and the Chhayavad Age of Modern Hindi Poetry |url=https://archive.org/details/mahadevivarmachh0000scho|publisher=[[University of California Press]] |isbn=978-0-520-04255-1 |pages=284–287|url-access=registration |access-date=30 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Mishra |first=Rajendra |title=Mahādevī kā Racanā-Saṃsār |publisher=Takshila Prakashan |year=2007 |isbn=9788179651346 |pages=158–170}}</ref>

==Analysis==
{{Quote box
|align=left
|quoted=true
|bgcolor=#d2e7fc
|salign=right
|quote =<poem>'''Devanagari'''
प्रिय मैं सीमा की गोदपली,
पर हूँ असीम से खेली भी!

'''Transliteration'''
Priya main sīmā kī godpalī,
par hū̃ asīm se kheli bhī!

'''Translation'''
Dear one, I was cradled in the lap of limitation,
But I have also played with the limitless.</poem>
|source=from ''Nīrajā''<ref>{{cite web |title=Playing with the Limitless: Mahadevi Verma's Poetry |url=https://daakvaak.com/postcards/playing-with-the-limitless-mahadevi-vermas-poetry |date=19 October 2024 |website=Daak Vaak }}</ref>}}
Literary critic, [[Ramchandra Shukla|Acharya Ramchandra Shukla]], noted that the sorrow of separation from an unseen beloved evokes a rich spectrum of emotions. He admired the lyrical brilliance of the poetry, highlighting Varma's unmatched ability to craft songs that combined refined language, profound emotional resonance, and a distinctive expressive power. While acknowledging her poetic achievements, Shukla also reflected on whether the deeply personal and seemingly otherworldly emotions in her work arose from lived experience or were the product of poetic imagination.<ref>{{cite book |title=Hindi Sahitya Ka Itihas |last=Shukla |first=Ramchandra |publisher=[[Nagari Pracharini Sabha]] |year=1942 |pages=719–720 |language=hi}}</ref>

[[Nand Dulare Bajpai]] observes that Varma's poetry draws significantly from the [[Bhakti movement|devotional]] and [[Mysticism|mystical]] traditions, particularly the saguṇa-sākāra mode—worship of the absolute with form. He characterizes her style as [[introspection|introspective]] and emotionally refined. Her poetic strength lies in her ability to express [[spirituality|spiritual]] sorrow subtly, though he also notes that her use of abstract [[imagery]] can, at times, lead to [[Hermeticism (poetry)|obscurity]]. Drawing comparisons to poets such as [[Meera]] and [[Rabindranath Tagore|Tagore]], Bajpai highlights Varma's restraint, [[Philosophy and literature|philosophical]] tone, and meditative quality as distinctive features of her work.<ref>{{cite book
| title = Mahadevi Varma: Kāvya, Kalā, Jīvan aur Darśan
| editor = Shachirani Gurtu
| chapter = ''Yāmā kā darśanik ādhār''
| author = Nand Dulāre Bājpai
| author-link = Nand Dulare Bajpai
| publisher = Atmaram and Sons
| location = New Delhi
| year = 1951
| pages = 205–224
| url = https://ia801406.us.archive.org/34/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.545162/2015.545162.Mhadevi-.pdf
| access-date = 1 August 2025
}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| last=Gupt| first=Jagadish|author-link=Jagdish Gupt| title=Mahadevi Varma| series=[[Makers of Indian Literature|Bhāratīya Sāhitya ke Nirmātā]]| publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]]| year=2024| language=Hindi| pages=33–54| isbn=978-81-7201-474-2}}</ref>

[[David Rubin (writer)|David Rubin]], an American author and translator, observed Varma as the most elusive among the Chhayavadi poets{{efn|The other prominent poets of Chhayavad are [[Jaishankar Prasad]], [[Suryakant Tripathi|Suryakant Tripathi ''Nirala'']] and [[Sumitranandan Pant]].}} and also the most challenging to translate, since the meaning in her work is inseparably bound to its subtle and allusive musicality. In her poetry, music itself becomes a vehicle of meaning, distinguishing her use of themes and images from that of the early Bhakti poets. Her writings, therefore, require from readers not only considerable patience but also an almost ecstatic immersion.<ref name="Rubin">{{cite book |title=The Return of Sarasvati: Four Hindi Poets |translator=David Rubin|publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1998|pages=131–132|isbn=9780195643695}}</ref>

==Reception==
[[File:Mahadevi Varma receiving the Gyanpeeth Award.jpg|thumb|Varma receiving the Jñānapīṭh Award|275px]]
The [[Bharatiya Jnanpith|Bhāratīya Jñānapīṭh]] on the occasion of [[Guru Purnima]] observed on July 24, 1983, announced Mahadevi Varma as the recipient of the 18th (1982) [[Jnanpith Award|Jñānapīṭh Award]].{{efn|The Jñānapīṭh Award is attributed to a particular year, but it is announced—and often presented—the following year.}} Shortly after the announcement, in an interview broadcast on [[All India Radio|Akashvani (AIR)]] with [[Agyeya]], she expressed:
{{blockquote
|That which is offered belongs to [[Sarasvati]] and is dedicated only at her feet. To consider it one's own, or to attribute it to a person, is a kind of mistake. We can only be intermediaries. This is an offering at the feet of Sarasvati, and it is also the offering of those who have appreciated the work. (English translation)<ref>{{cite web |title=''1982 - Ek Mulakat II Mahadevi Verma''|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWv5YFl-xYE&t=104s|website=youtube.com|publisher=[[All India Radio]]|date= 26 March 2021| access-date= 3 Aug 2025|time=1:44|language=hi |format=video}}</ref>{{efn|जो अर्पित किया जाता है वह तो सरस्वती का है और सरस्वती के चरणों में ही निवेदित है। उसे अपना समझ लेना, व्यक्ति का समझ लेना एक तरह की भूल होती है। हम केवल मध्यस्थ हो सकते हैं। सरस्वती के चरणों में यह निवेदन है और जिन्हें कृति अच्छी लगी होगी उनका भी निवेदन है।}}}}

That year, the criterion for awarding moved away from honoring a single work. Although Yāmā is a single volume, it was recognized more as a representative collection reflecting Mahadevi Varma's literary contribution than as one standalone creation.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jnanpith Award |website=Bharatiya Jnanpith |url=https://www.jnanpith.net/award.html?id=3&title=jnanpith |access-date=30 July 2025}}</ref>{{efn|Statement from the official website "The rule has been slightly revised since the 18th Award. The entire contributions of an author for Indian Literature are taken into account for the award."}}

The award was presented on November 28, 1983, by the then British Prime Minister, [[Margaret Thatcher]], who recited translated excerpts from Varma's poem ''Us Pār'' during the ceremony.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.margaretthatcher.org/document%2F105480? | title=''Speech at presentation of Jnanpith Literary Award'' | publisher=Margaret Thatcher Foundation |date=28 November 1983 | access-date=9 August 2025}}</ref> The ceremony was also attended by [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]], who was serving as India's [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Minister of External Affairs]] at the time and was also the Chairman of the Jñānapīṭh Selection Board.<ref>{{cite news |last=Muray |first=Leo |date=29 November 1983 |title=''Andropov makes contact'' |newspaper=[[Liverpool Daily Post]]|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005474/19831129/012/0012 |location=England |access-date=8 August 2025 |url-access=subscription}}
</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Gangwar |first=M.D. |title=''Sāhitya kā abhāv, bārbartā kā paryāy''|magazine=[[Dinaman|Dinmān]] |editor=Kanhaiyalal Nandan |date=1982 |pages=11–15}}</ref> Varma donated the entire prize money of ₹1,50,000 to a fund she had established for the welfare of indigent writers and their families.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Singh |first=Tejeshwar |date=5 November 1983 |title=''Letter from New Delhi'' |magazine=[[The Bookseller]]|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005089/19831105/071/0021 |location=England |access-date=8 August 2025 |url-access=subscription}}
</ref><ref name="honour">{{cite news |last1=Thapliyal |first1=Shreya |title=''Poet, writer, educator, feminist — Mahadevi Varma continues to inspire'' |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/poet-writer-educator-feminist-mahadevi-varma-continues-inspire-1502683373.html |work=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]|date=11 September 2018 }}</ref>

==Legacy==
Several poems from Yāmā have been musically interpreted in both [[Semi-classical music|light]] and [[Indian Classical Music|classical]] forms.<ref>{{cite web |last=Menon |first=Sadanand |title=''The magic of musical transmission'' |website=Business Standard |url=https://www.business-standard.com/ |date=14 June 2013 |access-date=6 August 2025}}</ref> In the 1970s, a selection of some poems was set to music by [[Jaidev]] and rendered by [[Asha Bhosle]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Bhatia |first=Manohar |title=''Outstanding Music Director Jaidev: A Mine of Talent that Remained Underexploited'' |website=Times of India Blogs |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/readersblog/manufocus/outstanding-music-director-jaidev-a-mine-of-talent-that-remained-underexploited-10855/ |date=22 March 2020 |access-date=6 August 2025}}</ref> The television channel [[DD Sahyadri]] aired a series titled Madhurima, one episode of which was devoted to a musical rendition of Varma's poetry.<ref>{{cite web
| title = ''Suranjali (Tribute to Jaidev)''
| url = https://www.qobuz.com/us-en/album/suranjali-asha-bhosle/l2cqc4c2ufxnc
| website = Qobuz
| publisher = Sony Music India – 550 Music
| date = 1 January 1993
| access-date = 15 September 2025
| others = Main artist: Asha Bhosle
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=''Asha unhappy with India release of Grammy album''|website=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/asha-unhappy-with-india-release-of-grammy-album/story-WoaxQdgmx2mulPhpkhDUNP.html |author=Hindustan Times |date=10 January 2006 |access-date=6 August 2025}}</ref> [[Dhrupad]] vocalists [[Ramakant Gundecha|Ramakant]] and [[Umakant Gundecha]] have also composed and performed select poems from the collection.<ref>{{cite web
| title = Gundecha Brothers – ''Dhrupad Vocal Raga Bilaskhani Todi''
| url = https://www.discogs.com/release/12323639-Gundecha-Brothers-Dhrupad-Vocal-Raga-Bilaskhani-Todi
| website = Discogs
| publisher = Sundaram Records
| format = CD, Album
| year = 2006
| location = India
| others = SR-CD-5-2006
| access-date = 15 September 2025
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=''Ramanavi Celebration – Gundecha Brothers, Dhrupad Singers'' |website=Yale Institute of Sacred Music |url=https://ism.yale.edu/events/ramanavi-celebration-gundecha-brothers-dhrupad-singers |access-date=6 August 2025}}</ref> Additionally, contemporary poet [[Kumar Vishwas]] included songs from Yāmā in his musical album [[Tarpan (TV series)|Tarpan]], a derivative of his biographical series [[Mahakavi (TV series)|Mahakavi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/mahakavi-episode-5-incredible-story-of-modern-meera-mahadevi-varma-457501|title=''Mahakavi-Episode 5: Incredible story of 'modern Meera' Mahadevi Varma''|publisher=Abpnews.abplive.in|date=4 July 2016|accessdate=6 August 2025}}</ref> An overview of such musical settings is given in the following table.
{| class="wikitable"
! style="text-align: center;" | Section
! style="text-align: center;" | Poem
! style="text-align: center;" | Album
! style="text-align: center;" | Composer(s)
! style="text-align: center;" | Singer(s)
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | Nīhār
| ''Jo tum aa jate ek baar''
| Suranjali, [[Tarpan (TV series)|Tarpan]]
| [[Jaidev]], [[Kumar Vishwas]]
| [[Asha Bhosle]], Ankisha Srivastava
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | Raśmi
| ''Kaise unko paun aali''
| Suranjali, Trikon ka chautha kon
| Jaidev
| Asha Bhosle, [[Chhaya Ganguly]]
|-
| style="text-align: center;" rowspan="6" | Nīrajā
| ''Vasant Rajani''
| Tarpan
| Kumar Vishwas
| Kumar Vishwas
|-
| ''Kaun tum mere hriday mein''
| Madhurima
| [[Ravindra Jain]]
| [[Hemlata (singer)|Hemlata]]
|-
| ''Been bhi hoon main''
| Tarpan
| Kumar Vishwas
| Ankisha Srivastava
|-
| ''Madhur madhur mere deepak jal''
| Suranjali
| Jaidev
| Asha Bhosle
|-
| ''Mukhar pik haule bol''
| Suranjali
| Jaidev
| Asha Bhosle
|-
| ''Tum so jao main gaun''
| Suranjali
| Jaidev
| Asha Bhosle
|-
| style="text-align: center;" rowspan="4" | Sāndhyagīt
| ''Priya! sandhygagan''
| Madhurima
| Ravindra Jain
| Hemlata
|-
| ''Shoonya mandir''
| Madhurima
| Ravindra Jain
| [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]
|-
| ''Main neer bhari''
| Dhrupad album, Tarpan
| [[Gundecha Brothers]], Kumar Vishwas
| Gundecha Brothers, Ankisha Srivastava
|-
| ''Jaag tujhko door jana''
| Madhurima
| Ravindra Jain
| [[Kumar Sanu]]
|}

==Translations==
Selections from Yāmā were translated into English by L. S. Sinha and published in 1987 by [[Writers Workshop (publisher)|Writers Workshop Kolkata]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Selected Poems |translator=L. S. Sinha |year=1987|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zU1R0AEACAAJ |publisher=[[Writers Workshop (publisher)|Writers Workshop]] |location=India |language=English}}</ref> Additional English translations by the American writer [[David Rubin (author)|David Rubin]] appeared in two notable anthologies: ''The Return of Sarasvati: Four Hindi Poets'' (1998) and ''Of Love and War: A Chhayavad Anthology'' (2005), both issued by [[Oxford University Press]].<ref name="Rubin" /><ref>{{cite book |title=Of Love and War: A Chhayavad Anthology |translator=David Rubin |year=2005 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0195675320}}</ref>

In addition to English translations, several poems from Yāmā have also been translated into Indian languages. A [[Bengali language|Bangla]] translation by [[Ujjal Singha]], titled ''Mahadevi Racanā-Saṃcayan'', was published in 2014 by the [[Sahitya Akademi]]. This collection includes selections from ''Yāmā'' as well as a few of her prose essays and memoirs.<ref>{{cite book |title=Mahādevī Racanā-Saṃcayan |translator=Ujjal Singha |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |year=2014 |isbn=9788126045198 |pages=276}}</ref> A [[Telugu language|Telugu]] compilation, ''Mahadevi Varma Gītalu'', rendered by [[:te:చాగంటి తులసి|Chaganti Tulasi]], was published in 2015 by Chaso Sphurti Publications.<ref>{{cite book |title=Mahadevi Verma Geetalu |translator=Chaganti Tulasi |year=2015 |publisher=Chaso Sphurti|pages=154|isbn=978-93-5235-935-6}}</ref> In [[Odia language|Odia]], a translation by Niharika Mallick, ''Mahādebī Barmāṅka Nirbācita Kabitā'', was released in 2022 by Anubad Sahitya Parisad.<ref>{{cite book |title=Mahādebī Barmāṅka Nirbācita Kabitā |translator=Niharika Mallick |year=2022 |publisher=Anubad Sahitya Parisad|pages=86|isbn=978-8194950691}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Symbolism (movement)|Symbolism]]
*[[Deepshikha]]
*[[Hindi literature]]
*[[List of Hindi poets]]
*[[Ram Ki Shakti Puja]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book| last=Varma| first=Mahadevi| title=Political Essays on Women, Culture, and Nation|year=2010| editor=Anita Anantharam| translator=Neera K. Sohoni|publisher=[[Cambria Press]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v3CgKqpJmBcC|isbn=9781621968801}}

==External links==
* {{Google books|id=xeiIQMq3heMC}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1930s poetry books]]
[[Category:1939 poetry books]]
[[Category:Asian literature]]
[[Category:Hindi-language literature]]
[[Category:Indian literature]]
[[Category:Jnanpith Award–winning works]]
[[Category:Indian poetry collections]]
[[Category:Poetry books by year]]
[[Category:South Asian literature]]
[[Category:Poetry collections]]

Anjali Nimbalkar

2026-04-04T03:18:33Z

Heriberto60T: added initial bio v1

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1976)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = File:Anjali Nimbalkar MLA.jpg
| image_size =
| name = Anjali Nimbalkar
| term_start = 2018
| term_end = 2023
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Khanapur, Karnataka Assembly constituency|Khanapur]]
| predecessor1 = [[Arvind Chandrakant Patil]]
| successor1 = [[Vithal Somanna Halagekar]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| parents =
| spouse = Hemant Nimbalkar
| alma_mater = DY Patil School of Medicine, Navi Mumbai [[Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College]], [[Mumbai]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1976|08|22|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Khanapur]], [[Karnataka]], India
| relations = [[Ashok Shankarrao Chavan]]
| profession = {{hlist|[[Physician]]|[[Politician]]}}
| children = 2
}}
'''Anjali Nimbalkar''' (born 22 August 1976) is an Indian physician and politician. She is a senior leader and spokesperson of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-09-23 |title=Hebbalkar, Nimbalkar appointed as Cong. spokespersons |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/hebbalkar-nimbalkar-appointed-as-cong-spokespersons/article32678870.ece |access-date=2022-06-12 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> She represented [[Khanapur, Karnataka Assembly constituency|Khanapur constituency]] at the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] from 2018 to 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Don't want salary hike, use money to help poor: K'taka Cong MLA Anjali Nimbalkar |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2022/02/23/dont-want-salary-hike-use-the-money-help-poor-karnataka-congress-mla-anjali-nimbalkar.html |access-date=2022-06-12 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-08 |title=Women's Day: Why are you people wishing us, MLA asks |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/top-karnataka-stories/women-s-day-why-are-you-people-wishing-us-mla-asks-1089421.html |access-date=2022-06-12 |website=[[Deccan Herald]] |language=en}}</ref> She was one of the ten doctors elected to make it to the [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-05-16 |title=10 doctors make it to the Assembly |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/10-doctors-make-it-to-the-assembly/article23906811.ece |access-date=2022-06-12 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Anjali Nimbalkar was born on 22 August 1976 into a Hindu family in [[Khanapur]], [[Karnataka]]. She holds a [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery|MBBS]] degree from [[Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College and General Hospital|Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College]], [[Mumbai]] obtained in 1998 and a [[Master of Surgery]] in [[Obstetrics and gynaecology]] from DY Patil School of Medicine, Navi Mumbai in 2010.

She is married to Hemant Nimbalkar, an officer with the [[Indian Police Service]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chennabasaveshwar |date=2018-05-16 |title=Karnataka Elections: IPS officer's wife creates history for Congress in Khanapur |url=https://www.oneindia.com/india/ips-officers-wife-creates-history-for-congress-in-khanapur-2697259.html |access-date=2022-06-12 |website=oneindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=bijapur |first=naushad |date=2018-05-16 |title=It's women power, 3 from Belagavi win |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/160518/its-women-power-3-from-belagavi-win.html |access-date=2022-06-12 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref>

During a Goa–New Delhi flight on 15 December 2025, Anjali administered [[Cardiopulmonary resuscitation|CPR]] to an American passenger who suffered a mid-air medical emergency, after she fainted and lost her pulse, helping to stabilise her condition. Following the incident, Anjali was commended by Karnataka Chief Minister [[Siddaramaiah]].<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-12-14 |title=Former Karnataka MLA turns lifesaver: Anjali Nimbalkar revives US woman on flight with CPR |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/former-karnataka-mla-turns-lifesaver-dr-anjali-nimbalkar-revives-us-woman-on-flight-with-cpr/article70393618.ece |access-date=2025-12-14 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Political career==
In 2018, Anjali Nimbalkar contested the election from Khanapur in the Karnataka Legislative Assembly election and won against Vithal Halagekar of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP).<ref name="TOI">{{cite web |title=Khanapur Constituency Election Results: Assembly seat details, MLAs, candidates & more |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/karnataka/constituency/khanapur-assembly-constituency-election-results-assembly-seat-details-mlas-candidates/articleshow/98939111.cms |website=The Times of India |date=May 24, 2023 |access-date=June 15, 2024}}</ref><ref name="News18">{{cite web |title=Meet Dr Anjali Nimbalkar, Congress Candidate From The Khanapur Seat |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/meet-dr-anjali-nimbalkar-congress-candidate-from-the-khanapur-seat-7556971.html |website=News18 |date=April 15, 2023 |access-date=June 15, 2024}}</ref> She secured a total of 36,649 votes, defeating Halagekar by a margin of 5,133 votes.<ref name="TOI" /> Nimbalkar protested the salary hike under the Karnataka Ministers Salaries and Allowances (Amendment) Bill, 2022, by the Government of Karnataka, and requested the government to spend the same money to provide better facilities to the citizens.

She organized a padyatra to highlight issues of poor and neglected communities from her constituency.<ref name="News18" /> In the 2023 Assembly election, she lost to [[Vithal Somanna Halagekar|Halagekar]] by a margin of more than 54,000 votes.<ref name="Jagran">{{cite web |title=Khanapur Election Result 2023: BJP Candidate Vithal Somanna Halagekar Wins Defeating Congress Anjali Hemant Nimbalkar |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/elections/karnataka-assembly-election/khanapur-assembly-election-2023-karnataka-mla-results-bjp-congress-jds-aap-candidates-vittal-halagekar-anjali-nimbalkar-naseer-bapulsab-bhagavan-latest-update-10076908 |website=Jagran |date=May 24, 2023 |access-date=June 15, 2024}}</ref>

In the 2024 general election to the Lok Sabha, she contested the Uttara Kannada constituency as a candidate of the Indian National Congress.<ref name="IndianExpress">{{cite web |title=Karnataka BJP urges EC to transfer IPS officer after Congress fields wife |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/karnataka-bjp-ec-transfer-ips-officer-congress-fields-wife-9236728/ |website=The Indian Express |date=March 27, 2024 |access-date=June 15, 2024}}</ref> However, she was not successful in this election.<ref name="Hindu">{{cite web |title=Karnataka Election Results 2024 Highlights: NDA retains Karnataka even as Congress makes a comeback; Prajwal ... |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/karnataka-election-results-2024-live/article68210738.ece |website=The Hindu |date=June 4, 2024 |access-date=June 15, 2024}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Election Contests of Anjali Nimbalkar
! Year !! Election !! Constituency !! Opponent !! Result !! Margin !! Reference
|-
| 2018 || Karnataka Legislative Assembly || [[Khanapur (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Khanapur]] || [[Vithal Somanna Halagekar|Vithal Halagekar (BJP)]] || Won || 5,133 votes || <ref name="TOI">{{cite web |title=Khanapur Constituency Election Results: Assembly seat details, MLAs, candidates & more |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/karnataka/constituency/khanapur-assembly-constituency-election-results-assembly-seat-details-mlas-candidates/articleshow/98939111.cms |website=The Times of India |date=May 24, 2023 |access-date=June 15, 2024}}</ref><ref name="News18">{{cite web |title=Meet Dr Anjali Nimbalkar, Congress Candidate From The Khanapur Seat |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/meet-dr-anjali-nimbalkar-congress-candidate-from-the-khanapur-seat-7556971.html |website=News18 |date=April 15, 2023 |access-date=June 15, 2024}}</ref>
|-
| 2023 || Karnataka Legislative Assembly || [[Khanapur (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Khanapur]] || [[Vithal Somanna Halagekar|Vithal Halagekar (BJP)]] || Lost || 54,629 votes || <ref name="Jagran">{{cite web |title=Khanapur Election Result 2023: BJP Candidate Vithal Somanna Halagekar Wins Defeating Congress Anjali Hemant Nimbalkar |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/elections/karnataka-assembly-election/khanapur-assembly-election-2023-karnataka-mla-results-bjp-congress-jds-aap-candidates-vittal-halagekar-anjali-nimbalkar-naseer-bapulsab-bhagavan-latest-update-10076908 |website=Jagran |date=May 24, 2023 |access-date=June 15, 2024}}</ref>
|-
| 2024 || Lok Sabha || [[Uttara Kannada (Lok Sabha constituency)|Uttara Kannada]] || [[Vishweshwar Hegde Kageri|Vishweshwar Hegde Kageri (BJP)]]|| Lost || 3,37,428 votes || <ref name="TOI2024">{{cite web |title=Uttara Kannada election results 2024 live updates |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/uttara-kannada-election-results-2024-karnataka-uttara-kannada-lok-sabha-elections-poll-result-updates-anjali-nimbalkar-cong-vishweshwar-hegde-kageri-bjp/articleshow/110679227.cms |website=The Times of India |date=June 4, 2024 |access-date=June 15, 2024}}</ref><ref name="Hindu">{{cite web |title=Karnataka Election Results 2024 Highlights: NDA retains Karnataka even as Congress makes a comeback; Prajwal ... |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/karnataka-election-results-2024-live/article68210738.ece |website=The Hindu |date=June 4, 2024 |access-date=June 15, 2024}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nimbalkar, Anjali}}
[[Category:Indian National Congress (Organisation) politicians]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Second Bhattacharjee ministry

2026-04-04T03:04:28Z

Heriberto60T:

{{multiple issues|{{moresources|date=October 2019}}{{rewrite|date=May 2011}}}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}

{{Infobox government cabinet
| cabinet_type = Ministry
| cabinet_number = 10th
| jurisdiction = [[West Bengal]]
| flag =
| flag_border = 100px
| incumbent = 2001—2006
| image = BuddhadebBabu.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| date_formed = 10 May 2001
| date_dissolved = 8 May 2006
| government_head_title = [[List of chief ministers of West Bengal|Chief Minister]]
| government_head = [[Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee]]
| government_head_history =
| governor = [[Viren J. Shah]] [[Gopalkrishna Gandhi]]
| members_number = * [[Cabinet Ministers]]
* [[Minister of state]] (I/C){{efn|I/C stands for independent charge. It means that a minister can hold portfolios independently in a junior rank.}}
* Minister of state
| former_members_resigned =
| total_number =
| political_party = {{Color box|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|border=darkgray}} '''[[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]]'''
| legislature_status = [[Majority government|Majority]]
| opposition_cabinet =
| opposition_party = {{Color box|{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}|border=darkgray}} [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| opposition_leader = [[Pankaj Banerjee]]
| election = [[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| last_election = [[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| legislature_term = [[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|13th Assembly]]
| budget =
| advice_and_consent1 =
| advice_and_consent2 = 
| incoming_formation =
| outgoing_formation =
| previous = [[First Bhattacharjee ministry]]
| successor = [[Third Bhattacharjee ministry]]
}}
{{Politics of India}}

[[Buddhadev Bhattacharya]] was sworn in as the chief minister of West Bengal in the sixth Left Front government along with other 47 ministers.<ref name="rediff">{{cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/news/2001/may/18wb.htm|website=rediff.com|title=48-member Left Front ministry takes oath in WB|access-date=2022-01-10}}</ref> Members of the [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]] Ministry in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]] as in May 2006 were as follows:

==Cabinet ministers==
* [[Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee]] - Chief Minister; Home (Police), Information and Cultural Affairs, Science and Technology
*[[Nirupam Sen (politician)|Nirupam Sen]] - Industry, Public Undertakings & Industrial Reconstruction, Planning & Development
* [[Surjya Kanta Mishra|Dr Surjya Kanta Mishra]] - Health & Family welfare, Rural Development, Panchayat
* [[Mohammed Amin (politician)|Mohammed Amin]] - Labour
* [[Asim Dasgupta]] - Finance
* [[Subhas Chakraborty]] - Transport, Sports, Hooghly River Bridge Commissioners
* [[Mohammed Salim (politician)|Mohammed Salim]] - Minorities Development & Welfare, Self-employment Scheme for the Urban Unemployed, Youth Services, Technical Education
*[[Kamal Guha]] - Agriculture
*[[Biswanath Chowdhury]] - Social Welfare, Jails
* [[Kiranmoy Nanda]] - Fisheries, Aquaculture, Aquatic Resources, Harbours
* Nandagopal Bhattacharjee - Small Irrigation, Water Investigation Development
* Prabodh Sinha - Parliamentary Affairs & Excise
*[[Kalimuddin Shams]] - Food & Supplies
* Amar Chaudhuri - Public Works
* [[Gautam Deb]] - Housing & Public Health and Engineering
*Kanti Biswas - School Education, Madrasah
*Naren De - Cooperation & Consumer Affairs
*Manabendra Mukherjee - Information Technology & Environment
*[[Ashok Bhattacharya]] - Municipal Affairs, Urban Development, Town and Country Planning
*[[Dinesh Chandra Dakua]] - Tourism
* [[Sailen Sarkar]] - Food Processing and Horticulture
*Satyasadhan Chakravarty - Higher Education
* Amarendralal Roy - Irrigation and Waterways
*[[Abdur Razzak Molla]] - Land and Land Reforms
* [[Mrinal Banerjee]] - Power
*[[Bansa Gopal Chowdhury]] - Cottage & Small Scale Industry
*Nisith Adhikary - Law and Judicial Department
* Upen Kisku - Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and Other Backward Classes Welfare
*[[Anisur Rahman (politician, born 1952)|Anisur Rahman]] - Animal Resources Development
*Jogesh Chandra Barman - Forests
*Nemai Mal - Library Services
*Nandarani Dal - Mass Education
* [[Chhaya Ghosh]] - Agriculture Marketing
* [[Hafiz Alam Sairani]] - Relief

==Ministers of State==
*Pratim Chatterjee - Fire Services
*Dhiren Sen - Land and Land Reforms, Panchayats and Rural Development
*[[Susanta Ghosh]] - Labour, Employment Exchange, Employees’ State Insurance (ESI)
* [[Dasrath Tirkey]] - Public Works
*Maheswar Murmu - Pashchimanchal Development and Forests
*Anju Kar - Municipal Affairs
* Bilasibala Sahis - Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and OBC
*Ganesh Chandra Mondal - Irrigation & Waterways
*Srikumar Mukherjee - Civil Defence
* [[Kanti Ganguly]] - Sunderbans Development Affairs
*Pratyush Mukherjee - Health & Family Welfare
*Narayan Biswas - Transport
* Nayan Sarkar - Refugee Rehabilitation
* Ibha Dey - School Education

==See also==
*[[Third Bhattacharjee ministry]]
*[[Left Front (West Bengal)]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:West Bengal ministries|Bhattacharjee II]]
[[Category:Indian ministries established in 2001|Bhattacharjee II]]
[[Category:Indian ministries disestablished in 2006|Bhattacharjee II]]
[[Category:Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee]]

Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Telugu

2026-03-27T03:00:02Z

Heriberto60T: corrected intro per standard format and fixed typos

{{Short description|Indian annual film award}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox award
| name = Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Telugu
| awarded_for = Best work by a female playback singer in Telugu films
| country = [[India]]
| presenter = ''[[Filmfare]]''
| holder = [[Shilpa Rao]] for "[[Chuttamalle]]" from ''[[Devara: Part 1]]'' ([[70th Filmfare Awards South|2024]])
| most_awards = [[K. S. Chitra]] (3)
| most_nominations = [[Shreya Ghoshal]] (10)
| year = [[K. S. Chitra]] for "Nuvvostanante" from ''[[Varsham (2004 film)|Varsham]]'' ([[52nd Filmfare Awards South|2004]])
| website =
| image = Shilpa Rao.jpg
| image_caption = The 2024 recipient: [[Shilpa Rao]]
}}
The '''Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Telugu''' is given by the ''Filmfare'' magazine as part of its annual [[Filmfare Awards South]] for [[Telugu film]]s. The first award in Telugu was given in 2004. During the period of 1997–2004, a common award was given irrespective of the gender of singers across all the four language-industries. [[K. S. Chithra]] is the first recipient and also holds the record for maximum number of wins.

==Winners==
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="0" width="75%"
|- bgcolor="#d1e4fd"
! Year || Singer || Film|| Song
!Ref.
|-
|[[70th Filmfare Awards South|2024]]
|[[Shilpa Rao]]
|''[[Devara: Part 1]]''
|"[[Chuttamalle]]"
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 February 2026 |title=Full List of Winners of The 70th Filmfare Awards South With Kerala Tourism (Telugu) |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/full-list-of-winners-of-the-70th-filmfare-awards-south-with-kerala-tourism-telugu-81912.html |access-date=23 February 2026 |website=[[Filmfare]] |language=en}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#edf3fe"
|[[69th Filmfare Awards South|2023]]
|[[Shweta Mohan]]
|[[Sir (2023 film)|''Sir'']]
|"Mastaaru Mastaaru"
|
|-
|[[68th Filmfare Awards South|2022]]
|[[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]
|''[[Sita Ramam]]''
|"Oh Prema"
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Winners of the 68th Filmfare Awards South (Telugu) 2023 {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/winners-of-the-68th-filmfare-awards-south-telugu-2023_-67194.html |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=www.filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#edf3fe"
| [[67th Filmfare Awards South|2020 / 21]]|| Indravathi Chauhan || ''[[Pushpa: The Rise]]''|| "[[Oo Antava Oo Oo Antava]]"
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners of the 65th Jio Filmfare Awards (South) 2018 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-of-the-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018_-28887-2.html}}</ref>
|-
| [[66th Filmfare Awards South|2018]]|| [[Shreya Ghoshal]]|| ''[[Bhaagamathie]]''|| "Mandaara Mandaara"
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/yamaha-fascino-filmfare-awards-south-shreya-ghoshal-wins-the-best-playback-singer-for-bhaagamathie/articleshow/72918994.cms |title=Archived copy |access-date=22 December 2019 |archive-date=22 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222185357/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/yamaha-fascino-filmfare-awards-south-shreya-ghoshal-wins-the-best-playback-singer-for-bhaagamathie/articleshow/72918994.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#edf3fe"
| [[65th Filmfare Awards South|2017]]|| [[Madhu Priya]]|| ''[[Fidaa]]''|| "[[Vachinde]]"
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners of the 65th Jio Filmfare Awards (South) 2018 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-of-the-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018_-28887-2.html}}</ref>
|-
| [[64th Filmfare Awards South|2016]]|| [[K. S. Chithra]]|| ''[[Nenu Sailaja]]''|| "Ee Premaki"
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners of the 64th Jio Filmfare Awards (South) |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-the-64th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-21594.html}}</ref>
|-
| [[63rd Filmfare Awards South|2015]]|| [[Geetha Madhuri]]|| ''[[Baahubali: The Beginning]]''|| "Jeevanadhi"
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners of the 63rd Britannia Filmfare Awards (South) |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-the-63rd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-13996.html}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#edf3fe"
| [[62nd Filmfare Awards South|2014]]|| [[Sunitha (Telugu singer)|Sunitha]]|| ''[[Oohalu Gusagusalade]]''|| "Em Sandehamledu"
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners of 62nd Britannia Filmfare Awards South |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-62nd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-9643.html}}</ref>
|-
| [[61st Filmfare Awards South|2013]]|| [[K. S. Chithra]]|| ''[[Seethamma Vakitlo Sirimalle Chettu]]''|| "Seethamma Vakitlo"
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners of 61st Idea Filmfare Awards South |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-of-61st-idea-filmfare-awards-south-6712.html}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#edf3fe"
| [[60th Filmfare Awards South|2012]]|| [[Suchitra]]|| ''[[Businessman (film)|Businessman]]''|| "Sir Osthara"
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Winners at the 60th Idea Filmfare Awards (South) |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/list-of-winners-at-the-60th-idea-filmfare-awards-south-3745.html}}</ref>
|-
| [[59th Filmfare Awards South|2011]]|| [[Shreya Ghoshal]]|| ''[[Sri Rama Rajyam]]''|| "Jagadhananda Karaka"
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=59th Idea Filmfare Awards South (Winners list) |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/59th-idea-filmfare-awards-south-winners-list-809.html}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#edf3fe"
| [[58th Filmfare Awards South|2010]]|| [[Geetha Madhuri]]|| ''[[Golimaar (film)|Golimaar]]''|| "Magallu"
|<ref>{{cite web |title=58th Idea Filmfare Awards South 2011 Winners - 8PM News - Telugu News Online Porta |url=http://www.8pmnews.com/news/headlines/58th-idea-filmfare-awards-south-2011-winners |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110160453/http://www.8pmnews.com/news/headlines/58th-idea-filmfare-awards-south-2011-winners |archivedate=2014-01-10}}</ref>
|-
| [[57th Filmfare Awards South|2009]]|| [[Priya Himesh]]|| ''[[Arya 2]]''|| "Ringa Ringa"
|
|- bgcolor="#edf3fe"
| [[56th Filmfare Awards South|2008]]|| [[Shweta Pandit]]|| ''[[Kotha Bangaru Lokam]]''|| "Nenani Neevani"
|
|-
|[[55th Filmfare Awards South|2007]]|| [[Sadhana Sargam]]|| ''[[Munna (2007 film)|Munna]]''|| "Manasa"
|
|- bgcolor="#edf3fe"
| [[54th Filmfare Awards South|2006]]|| [[Mamta Mohandas]]|| ''[[Rakhi (2006 film)|Rakhi]]''|| "Rakhi Rakhi"
|
|-
| [[53rd Filmfare Awards South|2005]]|| [[Smita]]|| ''[[Anukokunda Oka Roju]]''|| "Evaraina"
|
|- bgcolor="#edf3fe"
| [[52nd Filmfare Awards South|2004]] || [[K. S. Chithra]] || ''[[Varsham (2004 film)|Varsham]]'' || "Nuvvostanante"
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Filmfare 2004 Awards for South Indian Films |url=http://www.viggy.com/english/current_filmfare_award_2004.asp}}</ref>
|}

== Nominations ==
=== 2000s ===

'''2005:''' '''[[Smita]] – "Evaraina" – ''[[Anukokunda Oka Roju]]'''''
* [[K. S. Chithra]] – "Manasa Manasa" – ''Nireekshana''
* [[Kavita Krishnamurti|Kavita Krishnamurthy]] – "Pilichina" – ''[[Athadu]]''
* [[Malathy Lakshman|Malathy]] – "Jabilammavo" – ''[[Bunny (2005 film)|Bunny]]''
* [[Shreya Ghoshal]] – "Pillagali Allari" – ''Athadu''
* Shreya Ghoshal – "Neeke Nuvvu" – ''[[Modati Cinema]]''

'''2006:''' '''[[Mamta Mohandas]] – "Rakhi Rakhi" – ''[[Rakhi (2006 film)|Rakhi]]'''''
* [[Gopika Poornima]] – "Bommanu Geesthe" – ''[[Bommarillu]]''
* [[K. S. Chithra]] – "Manasa Vaacha" – ''[[Godavari (2006 film)|Godavari]]''
* K. S. Chithra – "Muvvala Navvakala" – ''[[Pournami (2006 film)|Pournami]]''

'''2008:''' '''[[Shweta Pandit]] – "Nenani Neevani" – ''[[Kotha Bangaru Lokam]]'''''
* [[Geetha Madhuri]] – "Ninne Ninne" – ''[[Nachavule]]''
* [[Sadhana Sargam]] – "Ninnenaa Nenu" – ''[[Satyam (2008 film)|Salute]]''
* [[Shreya Ghoshal]] – "Merupulaa" – ''[[Chintakayala Ravi]]''
* [[Sunitha (Telugu singer)|Sunitha]] – "Vayassunamee" – ''[[Kantri]]''

'''2009:''' '''[[Priya Himesh]] – "Ringa Ringa" – ''[[Arya 2]]'''''
* [[Amruthavarshini]] – "Meghama" – ''[[Prayanam (2009 film)|Prayanam]]''
* Nikitha Nigam – "Dheera Dheera" – ''[[Magadheera]]''
* [[Sunidhi Chauhan]] – "Saradaga" – ''[[Oy! (film)|Oy!]]''
* [[Sunitha (Telugu singer)|Sunitha]] – "Neela Neela Mabbulu" – ''[[Pravarakhyudu]]''

=== 2010s ===

'''2010:''' '''[[Geetha Madhuri]] – "Magallu" – ''[[Golimaar (film)|Golimaar]]'''''
* [[Kousalya (singer)|Kousalya]] – "Bangaru Konda" – ''[[Simha (film)|Simha]]''
* [[Suchitra]] – "Nijamena" – ''[[Brindavanam (2010 film)|Brindavanam]]''
* [[Sunitha Sarathy]] – "Hey CM" – ''[[Leader (2010 film)|Leader]]''
* [[Sunitha (Telugu singer)|Sunitha]] – "Egiripothe" – ''[[Vedam (film)|Vedam]]''

'''2011:''' '''[[Shreya Ghoshal]] – "Jagadhananda Karaka" – ''[[Sri Rama Rajyam]]'''''
* [[Neha Bhasin]] – "Hello Hello" – ''[[Dhada]]''
* [[Nithya Menen]] – "Ammammo Ammo" – ''[[Ala Modalaindi]]''
* Ramya – "Poovai Poovai" – ''[[Dookudu]]''
* [[Swathi Reddy]] – "A Square B Square" – ''[[100% Love (2011 film)|100% Love]]''

'''2012:''' '''[[Suchitra]] – "Saar Osthara" – ''[[Businessman (film)|Businessman]]'''''
* [[Gopika Poornima]] – "Laali Laali" – ''[[Damarukam (film)|Damarukam]]''
* [[Shreya Ghoshal]] – "Sai Andri Nanu" – ''[[Krishnam Vande Jagadgurum]]''
* [[Shweta Pandit]] – "Amara Rama" – ''[[Shirdi Sai]]''
* [[Sunidhi Chauhan]] – "Atu Itu" – ''[[Yeto Vellipoyindhi Manasu]]''

'''2013:''' '''[[K. S. Chithra]] – "Seethamma Vakitlo" – ''[[Seethamma Vakitlo Sirimalle Chettu]]'''''
* [[Chinnaponnu]] – "Mirchi" – ''[[Mirchi (film)|Mirchi]]''
* [[Geetha Madhuri]] – "Vechhani Vayasu" – ''[[Gundello Godari]]''
* [[Indu Nagaraj]] – "Pyar Mein Padipoya" – ''[[Potugadu]]''
* [[Shreya Ghoshal]] – "Hey Nayak" – ''[[Naayak]]''

'''2014:''' [[Sunitha (Telugu singer)|'''Sunitha''']] – '''"Yem Sandeham Ledu" – ''[[Oohalu Gusagusalade]]'''''
* [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]] – "Ra Rakumara" – ''[[Govindudu Andarivadele]]''
* [[Neha Bhasin]] – "Aww Tujho Moh" – ''[[1: Nenokkadine]]''
* [[Shreya Ghoshal]] – "Chinni Chinni Aasalu" – ''[[Manam (film)|Manam]]''
* [[Shruti Haasan]] – "Junction Lo" – ''[[Aagadu]]''

'''2015:''' '''[[Geetha Madhuri]] – "Jeevanadhi" – ''[[Baahubali: The Beginning]]'''''
* Aishwarya and [[K. S. Chithra]] – "Marhaba" – ''[[Malli Malli Idi Rani Roju]]''
* [[Jonita Gandhi]] – "Ye Katha" – ''[[Kerintha]]''
* [[Mohana Bhogaraju]] – "Size Sexy" – ''[[Size Zero]]''
* [[Shreya Ghoshal]] – "Nijamenani" – ''[[Kanche]]''

'''2016:''' '''[[K. S. Chithra]] – "Ee Premaki" – ''[[Nenu Sailaja]]'''''
* Amritavarshini KC – "Chinuku Taake" – ''[[Pelli Choopulu]]''
* [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]] – "Oye Meghamala" – ''[[Majnu (2016 film)|Majnu]]''
* [[Padmalatha]] & Vishnupriya – "Pareshaanu Raa" – ''[[Dhruva (2016 film)|Dhruva]]''
* [[Ramya Behara]] & Anjana Sowmya – "Naidorintikada" – ''[[Brahmotsavam (film)|Brahmotsavam]]''

'''2017:''' '''[[Madhu Priya]] – "[[Vachinde]]" – ''[[Fidaa]]'''''
* [[Geetha Madhuri]] and [[M. M. Manasi]] – "Mahanubhavudu" – ''[[Mahanubhavudu]]''
* [[Neha Bhasin]] – "Swing Zara" – ''[[Jai Lava Kusa]]''
* Sameera Bharadwaj – "Madhurame" – ''[[Arjun Reddy]]''
* Sonu and Deepu – "Hamsa Naava" – ''[[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion]]''

'''2018:''' '''[[Shreya Ghoshal]] – "Mandaraa Mandaraa" – ''[[Bhaagamathie]]'''''
* [[Ananya Bhat]] – "Yettagayya Shiva Shiva" – ''[[Rama Rama Re...|Aatagadharaa Siva]]''
* [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]] – "Yenti Yenti" – ''[[Geetha Govindam]]''
* [[M. M. Manasi]] – "Rangamma Mangamma" – ''[[Rangasthalam]]''
* [[Mohana Bhogaraju]] – "Reddamma Thalli" – ''[[Aravinda Sametha Veera Raghava]]''
* [[Ramya Behara]] – "Gelupu Leni Samaram" – ''[[Mahanati]]''

===2020s===
'''2020–2021: Indravathi Chauhan – "[[Oo Antava Oo Oo Antava]]" – [[Pushpa: The Rise (soundtrack)|''Pushpa: The Rise'']]'''
*Aditi Bhavaraju – "Baavochhadu" – ''[[Palasa 1978]]''
*[[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]] – "Manasulone Nilichipoke" – ''[[Varudu Kaavalenu]]''
*[[Madhu Priya]] – "He's So Cute" – ''[[Sarileru Neekevvaru]]''
*[[Ramya Behara]] – "Korameesam Polisoda" – [[Krack (film)|''Krack'']]
*Sinduri – "Chenguna Chenguna" – ''[[Varudu Kaavalenu]]''

'''2022:''' '''[[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]] – "Oh Prema" – [[Sita Ramam (soundtrack)|''Sita Ramam'']]'''

* Divya Malika – "Kolu Kolu" – ''[[Virata Parvam]]''
* Haripriya – "Ee Veduka" – ''[[Ashoka Vanamlo Arjuna Kalyanam]]''
* [[Jonita Gandhi]] – "Ento Enteynto" – [[Thank You (2022 film)|''Thank You'']]
* [[K. S. Chithra]] – "Antha Ishtam" – [[Bheemla Nayak (soundtrack)|''Bheemla Nayak'']]
* Prakruthi Reddy – "Komma Uyyala" – [[RRR (soundtrack)|''RRR'']]

'''2023:''' '''[[Shweta Mohan]] – "Mastaaru Mastaaru" – [[Sir (2023 film)|''Sir'']]'''

* [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]] – "Aradhya" – [[Kushi (2023 film)|''Kushi'']]
* Chinmayi – "Odiyamma" – [[Hi Nanna (soundtrack)|''Hi Nanna'']]
* [[Dhee (singer)|Dhee]] – "Chamkeela Angeelesi" – [[Dasara (soundtrack)|''Dasara'']]
* [[Mangli]] – "Ooru Palletooru" – [[Balagam (film)|''Balagam'']]
* [[Shakthisree Gopalan]] – "Ammaadi" – ''Hi Nanna''
'''2024:''' '''[[Shilpa Rao]] – "[[Chuttamalle]]" from ''[[Devara: Part 1 (soundtrack)|Devara: Part 1]]'''''

* [[Mangli]] – "Gulledu Gulledu" from ''[[Mechanic Rocky]]''
* [[Shreya Ghoshal]] – "Sooseki" from ''[[Pushpa 2: The Rule (soundtrack)|Pushpa 2: The Rule]]''
* [[Usha Uthup]] – "Title Track" from ''[[Lucky Baskhar (soundtrack)|Lucky Baskhar]]''

==Superlatives==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Superlative
! Artist
! Record
|-
|Most awards
| [[K. S. Chithra]]
|3
|-
|Most nominations
| rowspan="2" | [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
|10
|-
|Most consecutive nominations
|5 (2012–2016)
|-
|Youngest winner
|[[Madhu Priya]]
|20 years
|-
|Oldest winner
|K. S. Chithra
|53 years
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==See also==

* [[List of media awards honoring women]]
* [[Telugu cinema]]
{{Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Telugu}}{{Filmfare Awards South|state=expanded}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer - Telugu}}
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South (Telugu)|Female playback]]
[[Category:Music awards honoring women]]
[[Category:Indian music awards]]

Bagbazar

2026-03-26T08:48:38Z

Heriberto60T: added the article w/ refs - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement



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| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
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'''Bagbazar''' (also spelt as '''Baghbazar''') is a neighbourhood of [[North Kolkata]], in [[Kolkata district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. The area, under [[Shyampukur]] police station of [[Kolkata Police]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kolkatapolice.org/section.asp?PSID=1&Typ=PS |title=Shyapukur Police Station |access-date=2007-08-10 |publisher=Kolkata Police |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927201323/http://www.kolkatapolice.org/section.asp?PSID=1&Typ=PS |archive-date=2007-09-27 }}</ref> has been, along with neighbouring [[Shyambazar]], the citadel of the [[Bengali people|Bengali]] aristocracy, in a part of what was earlier known as [[Sutanuti]].<ref name = "Nair">Nair, P. Thankappan in ''The Growth and Development of Old Calcutta'', in ''Calcutta, the Living City'', Vol. I, edited by [[Sukanta Chaudhuri]], p. 17, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-19-563696-3}}.</ref>

==Origin of name==
The name, Bagbazar, is derived from two words put together from old Bengali literature: "bagh" meaning ''flower garden'' and "bazaar" meaning ''market''. So it refers to a place where flowers are abundant.

==History==
As [[Kalikata]] became settled, [[Sutanuti]] was gradually abandoned by the English as a place of residence. There remained, near its northernmost corner, Perin's Garden, a pleasure resort, where once it was the height of gentility for the [[British East India Company]]’s covenanted servants to take their ladies for an evening stroll or moonlight fete. However, it was little frequented from around 1746 and by 1752 was sold for Rs. 25,000. Captain Perin was owner of several ships.<ref>[[H.E.A.Cotton|Cotton, H.E.A.]], ''Calcutta Old and New'', 1909/1980, p. 34, General Printers and Publishers Pvt. Ltd.</ref> In 1754, Colonel C.F. Scott began manufacturing gunpowder at the garden.<ref name = "Nair"/>

===Bosepara===
Bosepara, which now forms part of Bagbazar, was set up by the Boses and Pals migrating from Hooghly district. Nidhuram Bose is believed to have arrived before the British came to Sutanuti. The Bagbazar High School is a very old school there.<ref name = "Nair"/>

====Nandalal and Pasupoti Bose's house====
The house is located on the North side of Bagbazar Street. Late 19th century Bengal found this house as one of the hub for nationalist politics. Many important meetings were held in this house during the course of anti partition politics in 1904–5. The famous procession to raise protest against partition of Bengal led by Rabindranath and other eminent persons started from Federation hall and ended at this house.

===Bagbazar Ghat===
Bagbazar Ghat, on the [[Hooghly River]] is an old one. It was once called Rogo Meeter's Ghat after Raghu Mitra, son of [[Gobindram Mitter|Gobindram Mitra]], the black zemindar, and once one of the wealthiest and most influential natives of Kolkata, in the early days of the [[British East India Company]].<ref>Cotton, H.R.A., pp. 281,290</ref>

There is steamer jetty next to Baghbazar Ghat, ghat in Bengali is a paved staircase. Steamers carry passengers to the opposite bank of the river, as also the office localities around [[B.B.D. Bagh]], [[Calcutta|Esplanade]] and [[Howrah]]. The old ghat is used by bathers, people collecting Ganges water for religious ceremonies, for performance of religious ceremonies, and for such mundane tasks as unloading country boats carrying various materials.

===Battle with Siraj===
Bagbazar has also seen battle - on 16 June 1756, a small force under Ensign Piccard repulsed an advance guard of [[Siraj ud-Daulah]] from the north, but two days later Kalikata fell in the [[Lal Dighi#Battle of Lal Dighi|Battle of Lal Dighi]].<ref>Cotton, H.E.A., p290</ref>

===Association with Sri Ramakrishna===
Possibly the first visit to a house in north Kolkata by [[Ramakrishna|Sri Ramakrishna]] was in 1877. He visited the ancestral house of [[Kalinath Bose]], then numbered 40 Bosepara Lane (presently 47B, Ma Saradamani Sarani). It was here that he first met Harinath Chaterjee (later [[Apostles of Ramakrishna#Swami Turiyananda|Swami Turiyananda]]), Gangadhar Ghatak (Gangopadhyay) (later [[Apostles of Ramakrishna#Swami Akhandananda|Swami Akhandananda]]) and [[Girish Chandra Ghosh]], the noted playwright.<ref>The stone tablet outside the house records this in detail. The visit has been described by Swami Turiyananda and Girish Chandra Ghosh, and quoted by [[Christopher Isherwood]] in his ''Ramakrishna and His Disciples'', Advaita Ashram, pp 228-229, 249. However, Christopher Isherwood does not mention any name. These are given in the stone tablet.</ref> The [[Ramakrishna Sarada Math]] is housed at 10, Ramakrishna Lane, Baghbazar.
[[File:Girish chandra Ghosh Home.jpg|thumb|Statue of [[Girish Chandra Ghosh]] in Bagbazar]]

[[Sister Nivedita]] came and lived in 53/1 Bosepara Lane. "Bagbazar in the northern part of Calcutta had its own fascination for Sri Ramakrishna’s devotees. On one side stood [[Balaram Bose]]’s house, the ‘Calcutta Citadel’ of Sri Ramakrishna, where his disciples repaired for rest. On its north-east is the huge family mansion of [[Girish Chandra Ghosh]]. A little to its north was the Holy Mother's house. All these houses were encircled by the Ramkanto Bose Street and Bosepara Lane, whose very dust was trod upon by Sri Ramakrishna."<ref>Pravrajika Atmaprana, ''Sister-Nivedita of Ramakrishna-Vivekananda'', pp. 4-5, Sister Nivedita Girls’ School.</ref> She opened her school formally on 13 November 1898 at 16, Bosepara Lane, in the presence of [[Sarada Devi|Sarada Ma]], [[Swami Vivekananda]], [[Apostles of Ramakrishna#Swami Brahmananda|Swami Brahmananda]], [[Apostles of Ramakrishna#Swami Saradanandane|Swami Saradanandane]].<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.udbodhan.org/bagarea.htm| title= Udbodhan| access-date= 2007-08-05| work= A brief history of the area around| publisher= Ramakrishna Math, 1 Udbodhan Lane, Kolkata - 700003| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070801075432/http://www.udbodhan.org/bagarea.htm| archive-date= 1 August 2007| url-status= dead}}</ref> The office of ''[[Udbodhan]]'', the magazine founded by Swami Vivekananda, is also located in Bagbazar.
{{OSM Location map 
| coord = {{coord|22.603|88.366}} 
| zoom = 15 
| label = Bagbazar
| mark-coord = {{coord|22.603|88.366}}
| label-pos = right
| float = left
}}

==Geography==
The old Chitpur Road (renamed Rabindra Sarani) was for many years the life line of Bagbazar. It followed the same track as the old pilgrim path built by [[Sabarna Roy Choudhury]] from [[Halisahar]] to [[Barisha, India|Barisha]].<ref>Nair, P.Thankappan, ''Civic and Public Services in Old Calcutta'', in ''Calcutta, the Living City'', Vol I, p. 228.</ref> Tram tracks along Rabindra Sarani came to Bagbazar in 1904<ref>Nair, P.Thankappan, ''Civic and Public Services in Old Calcutta'', p.235.</ref> and being renewed in 2007. Finally Tram service closed along Rabindra Sarani in Bagbazar since 2012 due to construction of [[Green Line (Kolkata Metro)|Green Line]].<ref>{{cite news|title=B.B.D. Bagh Metro Station Work Begins|url=https://newsmen.in/news/bbd-bag-minibus-stand-tram-station-to-be-shut-down-from-5-july/|access-date=15 May 2020|archive-date=28 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328065420/https://newsmen.in/news/bbd-bag-minibus-stand-tram-station-to-be-shut-down-from-5-july/|url-status=live}}</ref> While Rabindra Sarani cuts across Bagabazar from north to south, Bagbazar Street cuts across from Bagbazar Ghat in the west to [[Bidhan Sarani]] in the east. Girish Avenue is an extension of [[Chittaranjan Avenue]].<ref>Map no. 5, Detail Maps of 141 Wards of Kolkata, D.R.Publication and Sales Concern, 66 College Street, Kolkata – 700073</ref> When it was built in the 1930s, a portion of the house of [[Girish Chandra Ghosh]] was spared and stands in the middle with the two flanges of the road on both sides of the house. There are numerous lanes and bylanes in Bagbazar.

==Culture==
''[[Alaler Gharer Dulal]]'' (The Rich Man's Spoilt Child) (1857) by [[Peary Chand Mitra]] has an interesting piece of women's conversation centred on Bagbazar, possibly when they went for a bath in the [[Hooghly River]]:
:: "Some are speaking of their oppressive sisters-in-law, some are cursing their tyrannical mothers-in-law, some are tired of life because of the kicks they receive from their daughters-in-law, particularly when their sons are too timid to intervene; some complain of the intolerable behaviour of the wives of their husband’s brothers and some say how keen they are to get their ten-year-old sons married."<ref>Dasgupta, Rabindra Kumar, ''Old Calcutta as Presented in Literature'', in ''Calcutta, the Living City'', Vol. I, p. 130</ref>

Bagbazar has been home to many a creative person.

[[Nagendranath Basu]] (1866 – 1938) took twenty years to edit the 22 volume ''Biswakosh'', Bengali encyclopaedia. He lived and worked at 8 Biswakosh Lane in Bagbazar. Kolkata Municipal Corporation renamed it Biswakosh Lane. This is possibly the only road in the world named after a book.<ref>Majumdar, Swapan, ''Literature and Literary Life in Old Calcutta'', in ''Calcutta, the Living City'', Vol. I, p. 111</ref>

Mohanchand Basu, who lived in Bagbazar in the 19th century and was a disciple of Nidhu Babu, introduced ''kheur'' in Bengali ''akhrai'' songs.<ref>Mitra, Rajyeshwar, ''Music in Old Calcutta'', in ''Calcutta, the Living City'', Vol. I, p. 182</ref>

Bhola Maira (18th-19th century), the renowned [[Kavigan|kaviyal]] (verse-contestant) had a sweet-meat shop on Bagbazar Street.<ref>Banerjee, Sumanta, ''The World of Ramjan Ostagar, the Common Man of Old Calcutta'', in ''Calcutta, the Living City'', Vol. I, p. 82</ref>

Two auditoriums, side by side on Bagbazar Street, still testifies to active cultural life of Bagbazar. Girish Mancha, opened in 1986 has over 900 seats. The auditorium of Paschim Banga Jatra Akademi is next door.

However, the 125 year-old Bagbazar Reading Library is not in good shape because of paucity of funds.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070620/asp/calcutta/story_7944648.asp | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070930060731/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070620/asp/calcutta/story_7944648.asp | url-status = dead | archive-date = 30 September 2007 | title = Reading landmark in the doldrums | access-date = 2007-08-05 | last = Sarkar | first = Sebanti | publisher = The Telegraph, 20 June 2007}}</ref>

Bagbazar Durga Puja continues to a major crowd puller with its deity of traditional design and innovative decoration.

==Transport==
Buses ply along Rabindra Sarani, Girish Avenue (Khirode Vidyavinode Avenue) and Bagbazar Street in Bagbazar. [[Shyambazar|Shyambazar 5-Point]] crossing is also located nearby.

'''Bus routes'''
* S-21 (Baghbazar - Garia)
* S-45 (Baghbazar - Shakuntala Park)
* 240 (Baghbazar - Golf Green)
* 240/1 (Baghbazar - Garia Stn)
* 242 (Cossipore - Esplanade)
* 43 (Dakshineswar - Esplanade)
* 93 (Baghbazar - Kharibari)
* 79B (Baghbazar - Barasat)
* S-17A (Dakshineswar - Kudghat)

Bagbazar (Khirode Vidyavinode Avenue) is connected to [[Chitpur]] and [[Cossipore]] (Cossipore Road/Sri Sri Ramakrishna Paramahansa Dev Sarani) with '''Chitpur Bridge''' over a canal.<ref>Google maps</ref> The bridge was firstly inaugurated in 1937.<ref>{{cite news|title=Chitpur Bridge|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/the-ill-health-of-calcutta-bridges-spells-much-more-than-logistical-doom/cid/1719743|access-date=15 February 2023|archive-date=6 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206154513/https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/the-ill-health-of-calcutta-bridges-spells-much-more-than-logistical-doom/cid/1719743|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Bagbazar railway station]] on [[Kolkata Circular Railway]] line serves the locality. [[Kolkata Station]], one of the major railway hub stations of the city, is also located nearby.

==Gallery==
<gallery class="center">
image:Kolkata Girish Mancha.jpg|[[Girish Mancha]]
image:Kolkata WB Jatra Akademi.jpg|Auditorium of Paschim Banga Jatra Akademi
image:Kolkata House of Sister Nivedita.jpg|House where [[Sister Nivedita]] started her school in 1898
image:Kolkata Girish Avenue.jpg|Girish Avenue. At the time of the construction of the road, a portion of the house of [[Girish Chandra Ghosh]] was left in the middle.
image:Ramakrishna Math, at Bagbazar, Kolkata.jpg|House of Balaram Bose, now [[Ramakrishna Math]]
image:Kolkata Bosepara Lane2.jpg|Bosepara Lane in Bagbazar
image:Kolkata Bagbazar Ghat2.jpg|The Steamer Jetty as seen from Bagbazar Ghat
Image:Mayer Ghat Entrance - Baghbazar - Kolkata 2017-04-29 1921.JPG|Mayer Ghat Entrance on Rabindra Sarani, Bagbazar
image:Bom Kali Mandir - Rabindra Sarani - Baghbazar - Kolkata 2017-04-29 1832.JPG|Bom Kali Mandir on Rabindra Sarani, Baghbazar
image:Gaudiya Maath.jpg|Gaudiya Math, Bagbazar
File:Galiff Street Bird Market.jpg|Galiff Street Bird Market, Bagbazar
image:Bagbazar sarbojonin Durgapuja.jpg|[[Durga Puja]] at Bagbazar which was started in the year 1918
image:Kolkata Bagbazar Pandal 2006.jpg|Exterior decoration and lighting for Durga Puja 2006 - one of the earliest [[Barowari]] Pujas in Kolkata
image:Bagbazar railway station.jpg|[[Bagbazar railway station]]
</gallery>

==References==
{{Commons category|Bagbazar}}
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikivoyage inline|Kolkata/North Kolkata}}

{{Kolkata neighbourhoods}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Kolkata]]

Succession to the 52nd Dai al-Mutlaq

2026-03-25T11:07:22Z

Heriberto60T: created a data

{{Short description|Leadership dispute in the Dawoodi Bohras}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Multiple issues|collapsed=yes|
{{overly detailed|date=July 2016}}
{{Cleanup MOS|date=July 2016}}
{{Primary sources|date=August 2024}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}

The 52nd [[Da'i al-Mutlaq]] of the [[Dawoodi Bohras]], [[Mohammed Burhanuddin]] died in January 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/660017/leader-of-bohra-community-dr-syedna-mohammed-burhanuddin-dead-at-102/|title=Leader of Bohra community Dr Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin dead at 102|website= The Express Tribune|date=17 January 2014}}</ref> As per the tenets of the sect<ref>{{cite book |last= Blank |first= Jonah |date= 2001 |title= Mullahs on the Mainframe : Islam and Modernity Among the Daudi Bohras |publisher= University of Chicago Press; 1 edition (15 April 2001) |page= 135 & 165 |isbn= 978-0-226-05676-0}}</ref> each predecessor is required to nominate his successor prior to his death.<ref>{{cite book |last= Daftary |first= Farhad |date= 2007 |title= The Isma'ilis: Their History and Doctrines |publisher= Cambridge University Press |page= 275 |isbn= 978-1-139-46578-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Daftary |first= Farhad |date= 2011 |title= A Modern History of the Ismailis: Continuity and Change in a Muslim Community |publisher= I. B. Tauris |page= 333 |isbn= 978-1-84511-717-7}}</ref> Following Burhanuddin's death, Syedna [[Mufaddal Saifuddin]] took up the office of [[Da'i al-Mutlaq]], as per the appointment by Mohammed Burhanuddin.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 January 2014 |title=Mumbai mourns Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin's demise |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/mumbai-mourns-syedna-mohammed-burhanuddins-demise-1346039.html |work=First Post}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Live : Dr Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin's final journey |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=obotsYGvlIw |work=News Express| date=18 January 2014 }}</ref> [[Khuzaima Qutbuddin|Khuzaima Qutubuddin]] claiming to have been appointed heir 50 years earlier in secrecy,<ref name="Huff Post">{{cite news |last=Mawani |first=Rizwan |date=30 January 2014 |title=The Intricacies of Succession: Two Claimants Emerge for Dawoodi Bohra Leadership |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/rizwan-mawani/the-intricacies-of-succes_b_4687546.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927154410/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/rizwan-mawani/the-intricacies-of-succes_b_4687546.html |archive-date=27 September 2018 |access-date=11 February 2014 |work=[[The Huffington Post]]}}</ref><ref name="hindustantimes.com">{{cite web |title=Talk of rift among Bohras over Syedna's successor |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mumbai/talk-of-rift-among-bohras-over-syedna-s-successor/article1-1044475.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326095043/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mumbai/talk-of-rift-among-bohras-over-syedna-s-successor/article1-1044475.aspx |archive-date=26 March 2014 |access-date=26 March 2014}}</ref> challenged Mufaddal's right to be Dai in the [[Bombay High Court]].

In 2024, the [[Bombay High Court]] ruled in favour of Syedna Mufaddal Saifuddin as Dawoodi Bohra community leader<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-23 |title=Bombay High Court rules in favour of Dawoodi Bohra community leader Syedna Muffadal Saifuddin in succession suit |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/bombay-high-court-dawoodi-bohra-community-leader-syedna-muffadal-saifuddin-succession-suit-9285812/ |access-date=2024-07-28 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> and dismissed the suit<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-23 |title=Dawoodi Bohra succession row: Bombay HC dismisses suit against appointment of Syedna Mufaddal Saifuddin |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/dawoodi-bohra-succession-row-bombay-hc-dismisses-suit-against-appointment-of-syedna-mufaddal-saifuddin/articleshow/109525251.cms |access-date=2024-07-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> as the plaintiffs failed to provide evidence of their own claims.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joshi |first=Neha |date=2024-04-23 |title=Bombay High Court rules Mufaddal Saifuddin is rightful leader of Dawoodi Bohra community |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/bombay-high-court-rules-mufaddal-saifuddin-rightful-leader-dawoodi-bohra-community |access-date=2024-07-28 |website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news |language=en}}</ref>

Prior to the judgment, Mufaddal Saifuddin was largely accepted as the Bohras' leader<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ismailignosis.com/2014/07/05/what-is-shia-islam-a-visual-chart-of-different-shia-communities/|title=What is Shia Islam? A Visual Chart of Different Shia Communities|last=Gnostic|first=Ismaili|date=5 July 2014|website=Ismaili Gnosis|access-date=15 June 2016}}</ref> by government and other public bodies.<ref name="m500">{{Cite book |url=https://www.themuslim500.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/TheMuslim500-2020-low.pdf|title=The Muslim 500: The World's 500 Most Influential Muslims |access-date=12 Jun 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612095355/https://www.themuslim500.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/TheMuslim500-2020-low.pdf |archive-date=12 June 2020 |publisher=[[The Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre]] |editor1-link=Abdallah Schleifer |editor1-last=Schleifer |editor1-first=S Abdallah |isbn=9789957635459 |location=[[Jordan]] |year=2019}}</ref> The [[UK Charity Commission]] has stated in writing, that "our view is that His Holiness Syedna Mufaddal Saifuddin is the current incumbent of the office of Dai al-Mutlaq."<ref name=":34">{{cite news|title=UK Charity Commission's View regarding The Dawat-e-Hadiyah Trust|last1=Waring|first1=Kate|date=15 August 2014|publisher=Herbert Smith Freehills Solicitors and Nabarro Solicitors (Charity Commission)}}</ref>

== Overview ==

Prior to 2014, [[Mohammed Burhanuddin]] suffered a stroke in a [[London]] on 1 June 2011<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Syedna-suffers-stroke-names-son-successor/articleshow/8754141.cms|title=Syedna suffers stroke, names son successor|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=7 June 2011}}</ref> and on 4 June 2011, [[Mufaddal Saifuddin]] was named his successor.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Syedna-suffers-stroke-names-son-successor/articleshow/8754141.cms|title=Syedna suffers stroke, names son successor – Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=7 June 2011 |access-date=13 July 2016}}</ref> Following this, Mufaddal Saifuddin assumed this role as the successor and his appointment was welcomed by the Dawoodi Bohra community.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/dawoodi-bohras-welcome-nomination-of-successor/story-iUt3hoylSKVRYz1oJgtJVP.html|title=Dawoodi Bohras welcome nomination of successor|date=7 June 2011|access-date=13 July 2016}}</ref> In the [[Dawoodi Bohra]] [[Mithaq]] (oath of allegiance), Mufaddal Saifuddin's name was taken alongside [[Mohammed Burhanuddin]]'s.<ref name=":02" /> Together,<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-surat-to-host-dr-syedna-saheb-s-101st-birthday-1661054|title=Surat to host Dr Syedna Saheb's 101st birthday {{!}} Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=11 March 2012|language=en-US|access-date=13 July 2016}}</ref><ref name=":322">{{Cite web|url=http://udaipurtimes.com/bohras-celebrated-101-birthday-of-syedna/|title=Bohras Celebrated 101 Birthday of Syedna|date=14 March 2012|language=en-US|access-date=13 July 2016}}</ref> Burhanuddin and Mufaddal Saifuddin traveled the globe<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/article/20121014/ARTICLE/310149904/1002|title=Bohra leader in Dubai on way to Madinah – Khaleej Times|author=Staff Reporter|website=www.khaleejtimes.com|access-date=13 July 2016}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ft.lk/article/110297/Successor-to-Bohra-Leader-arrives-in-Sri-Lanka|title=Successor to Bohra Leader arrives in Sri Lanka|access-date=13 July 2016}}</ref> looking after the affairs<ref name=":62">{{Cite web|url=http://udaipurtimes.com/syedi-mufaddal-bhaisaheb-addresses-chehlum-waaz/|title=Syedi Mufaddal Bhaisaheb addresses Chehlum Waaz|date=23 December 2013|language=en-US|access-date=13 July 2016}}</ref> of the community<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/article/20130711/ARTICLE/307119846/1002|title=Bohra leader welcomed |website=www.khaleejtimes.com|access-date=13 July 2016}}</ref><ref name=":82">{{Cite web|url=http://udaipurtimes.com/dawoodi-bohra-priest-arrives-in-udaipur/|title=Dawoodi Bohra Priest arrives in Udaipur|date=22 December 2013|language=en-US|access-date=13 July 2016}}</ref> up until 2014.

== Claims ==

=== Mufaddal Saifuddin's Position ===
Mufaddal Saifuddin's position is that he has been appointed a number of times in presence of multiple witnesses.<ref name="His Holiness 615">{{cite book |first= Syedna Aali Qadr Mufaddal Saifuddin |last=Saheb |date= 1436H |title= رسالة اننعي المسماة – حكمة الغيبة القدسانية الابدية |publisher= His Holiness Syedna Aali Qadr Mufaddal Saifuddin Saheb, Badri Mahal, Mumbai, India |page= 615 }}</ref> These instances are:
* On 27 January 1969 (corresponding to the night of 11th Zil Qa'dah 1388 H) – in the presence of Sh Ibrahim Yamani, Sh Abdulhusain Tambawala & Sh Abdulhusein Sh Ibrahim Abdul Qadir, in [[Mumbai]].<ref name="His Holiness 615" /><ref name="mumbaimirror.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mumbaimirror.com/mumbai/others/Late-Syednas-son-banishes-uncle-sets-stage-for-brother/articleshow/29622505.cms?prtpage=1|title=Late Syedna's son banishes uncle, sets stage for brother – Mumbai Mirror -|access-date=19 July 2016}}</ref> This appointment is noted in a diary entry that was shown to the public on 4 February 2014 (4 Rabi al Akhar 1435H) by Mufaddal Saifuddin.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://believesyednaqutbuddin.com/2014/02/10/reason-52-the-nass-mubarak-of-syedna-mohammed-burhanuddin-al-hayy-al-muqaddas-ra/|title=THE NASS MUBARAK OF SYEDNA MOHAMMED BURHANUDDIN AL-HAYY AL-MUQADDAS RA|date=10 February 2014}}</ref>
* On 24 October 1994 (corresponding to 20 Jumada al Ula 1415H) in the presence of Sh Abdulhusain Yamani, in [[Karachi]].<ref name="His Holiness 615" />
* In October/November 2005, during the month of Ramadan 1426H, in the presence of Mohammed Burhanuddin's eldest son [[Qaidjoher Ezzuddin]] and Malek al Ashtar Shujauddin, in Bonham House, [[London]].<ref name="His Holiness 615" />
* On 4 June 2011 (corresponding to 3 Rajab al-Asab 1432H) in [[Cromwell Hospital]], London, in the presence of 6 witnesses.<ref name="His Holiness 615" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Syedna-suffers-stroke-names-son-successor/articleshow/8754141.cms|title=Syedna suffers stroke, names son successor |website=[[The Times of India]] |date= 7 June 2011 }}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news|title=Spiritual head of Dawoodi Bohras names second eldest son as heir |last1=Kamaal |first1=Saiyed |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/spiritual-head-of-dawoodi-bohras-names-second-eldest-son-as-heir/800295/ |date=7 June 2011 |location=Surat |website=archive.indianexpress.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618201629/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/spiritual-head-of-dawoodi-bohras-names-second-eldest-son-as-heir/800295/ |archive-date=18 June 2020 |access-date=18 June 2020 |quote=The announcement took many by surprise. Dr Burhanuddin called prominent members of his community and his relatives including Muffadal and his elder brother Qaid Zohar to the London hospital and is reported to have told them that Muffadal would be his successor.}}</ref>
* On 20 June 2011 (corresponding to 19th Rajab 1432H) in [[Raudat Tahera]], Mumbai in the presence of thousands of community members. This video was live broadcast worldwide to the entire Dawoodi Bohra community.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ge9wG2Irv-Q|title=Nass – Raudat Tahera – 19th Rajab 1432 (Part 1)|website=[[YouTube]]|date=7 April 2014 }}</ref>
For three years from 2011 to 2014 Mufaddal Saifuddin assumed the role of Burhanuddin's successor. In the Dawoodi Bohra Mithaq (oath of allegiance), Mufaddal Saifuddin's name was taken alongside Mohammed Burhanuddin's as the successor.<ref name=":02" /> Together,<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":322"/> Mohammed Burhanuddin and Mufaddal Saifuddin traveled the globe<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /> looking after the affairs<ref name=":62"/> of the community<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":82"/> up until Mohammed Burhanuddin's death in 2014. Henceforth, he assumed the role of the 53rd Da'i al-Mutlaq.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.samaa.tv/pakistan/2014/01/syedi-mufaddal-bhaisaheb-saifuddin-becomes-spiritual-leader-of-bohra-community/|title=Syedi Mufaddal Bhaisaheb Saifuddin becomes spiritual leader of Bohra community {{!}} SAMAA TV|access-date=14 July 2016}}</ref>

=== Khuzaima Qutbuddin's Claim ===
In 2011 up to 2014, Khuzaima Qutbuddin<ref name=":20" /><ref name=":21" /> and his family<ref name=":22" /> had publicly declared and congratulated Mufaddal Saifuddin as the successor. On a few occasions, Khuzaima Qutbuddin was seen participating in public gatherings seated below<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":24" /> Mufaddal Saifuddin. Until the Mohammed Burhanuddin's death, there wasn't any indication of objection from Khuzaima Qutbuddin.

Khuzaima Qutbuddin challenged this ascension and claimed that Mohammed Burhanuddin was too ill to have spoken coherently, and medically unfit to move or drink [[Sharbat (beverage)|sherbet]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Late Syedna 'too ill to have spoken coherently'|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/Late-Syedna-too-ill-to-have-spoken-coherently/articleshow/33144765.cms|website=Mumbai Mirror}}</ref>

In reply to these allegations, an audio recording of the appointment, and a video recording of the Majlis in Cromwell Hospital was shown to the entire Dawoodi Bohra community on 18 May 2014 (corresponding to 19 Rajab al Asab 1435H). This video confirmed Mohammed Burhanuddin speaking coherently to his family, drinking [[Sharbat (beverage)|sherbet]] and presiding over the [[Majlis]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Audio/Video clips on Nass - Dawoodi Bohra Forum|url=http://www.dawoodi-bohras.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=1&t=10277&sid=cfd77d27f5f6babe9fe98fe6b131075a|website=www.dawoodi-bohras.com}}</ref> therefore affirming the events described by Qaidjoher Ezzuddin and the Alvazaratus Saifiyah document.<ref name=":0" /> Qutbuddin has not responded to this video.

Following Burhanuddin's death in January 2014, Khuzaima Qutbuddin, claimed the title of the 53rd Dā'ī l-Muṭlaq of the Dawoodi Bohras. Khuzaima Qutbuddin claims that Mohammed Burhanuddin performed [[Nass (Islam)|nass]] on him 49 years ago in 1965 a ritual during which he appointed him as his successor in private without any witnesses.<ref name="trouble">{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/who-is-new-syedna-trouble-brews-as-half-brother-stakes-claim/|title=Who is new Syedna? Trouble brews as half-brother stakes claim|date=6 February 2014|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=11 February 2014}}</ref> Qutbuddin states that Burhanuddin told him that this was because otherwise, 'swords would be crossed'.

The rift between the two claimants started to appear even before the death of Burhanuddin, with followers of Khuzaima Qutbuddin rallying support for Khuzaima.<ref name="rift">{{cite news |date=15 April 2013 |title=Talk of rift among Bohras over Syedna's successor |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mumbai/talk-of-rift-among-bohras-over-syedna-s-successor/article1-1044475.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326095043/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mumbai/talk-of-rift-among-bohras-over-syedna-s-successor/article1-1044475.aspx |archive-date=26 March 2014 |access-date=23 August 2014 |newspaper=Hindustan Times}}</ref> A group formed in 2013 in support of Burhanuddin's half-brother Khuzaima Qutbuddin, who was Mazoon, serving second under Dai al Mutlaq.<ref name="rift" /> Khuzaima has denied formation of any separate sect by publishing a public affidavit.{{citation needed|date=July 2016|reason= Is there any source for this affidavit?}}

Khuzaima Qutbuddin died on 30 March 2016. On 31 March 2016 the family of Khuzaima Qutbuddin released a statement that Khuzaima Qutbuddin had conferred nass (announcement of successor) on his son [[Taher Fakhruddin]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.asianage.com/mumbai/syedna-s-death-won-t-affect-succession-row-high-court-717|title=Syedna's death won't affect succession row in High Court|work=[[The Asian Age]]|date=8 April 2016}}</ref>

== Chronological Account of the events in 2011 ==

=== The Events of 4 June 2011 ===
On 4 June 2011 (corresponding to 3 Rajab al-Asab 1432H), Mohammed Burhanuddin gathered three of his sons (commonly referred to as Shehzadas), namely Qusai, Idris and Ammar; his daughter Husaina; son in law Dr Moiz, and grandson Abdul Qadir Nooruddin to his room at Cromwell Hospital. He made a declaration appointing his son Mufaddal Saifuddin as his successor, and instructed them to inform the Dawoodi Bohra community.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|title= مثال – نص داعي الطيب منصور اليمن على المولى عقيق اليمن – 19 شهر رمضان 1432هـ |publisher=Alvazaratus Saifiyah |date=2011}}</ref> Mohammed Burhanuddin then summoned Mufaddal Saifuddin and his eldest son [[Qaidjoher Ezzuddin]] to Cromwell Hospital, where a short [[Majlis]] was held in Cromwell Hospital, Mohammed Burhanuddin was congratulated on his appointment, drank [[Sharbat (beverage)|sherbet]] and everyone present performed [[Š-L-M|salaam]] to Mohammed Burhanuddin and Mufaddal Saifuddin.<ref name=":0" />

These sequence of events were cited in a Majlis<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeninfosys.net/zen/sites/default/files/styles/akhbar-popup/public/photos/akhbar/saadat-kiraam/2011-06/7488/05-06-2011-123750-IMG_9974_2.jpg?itok=UDOwbPfU|title=Shz Qaid Joher Bs DM Presided over Urs Majlis of Seyedna Nurmohammed Nooruddin Gallery I|date=5 June 2011|work=Zeninfosys – Al Jamea tus Saifiyah}}{{Dead link|date=June 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> held by Qaidjoher Ezzuddin in al Masjid ul Husseini<ref name=":27">{{cite web|url=https://mosques.muslimsinbritain.org/maps.php#/mosque/1546|title=al Masjid ul Husseini -Northolt, London|work=Muslims in Britain}}</ref> in [[Northolt]]; London on 5 June 2011. The video of this Majlis was recorded and was broadcast to the Dawoodi Bohra community centers worldwide on 6 June 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dnasyndication.com/showarticlerss.aspx?nid=ZZXvspMsMOCU1SgaITYLM8ZGplAN5KAi0wkQGEuEWEE=|title=Attended majlis where successor was announced|date=30 July 2015|work=DNA Syndication}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://believesyednaqutbuddin.files.wordpress.com/2014/01/tahiyaat_then.jpg|title= 5th June Majlis Relay |work=Tayiyaat.com}}</ref> These events were also documented in an official report (Arabic: مثال) by the office of His Holiness,<ref name=":0" /> Alvazaratus Saifiyah.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.alvazarat.org|title= Alvazaratus Saifiyah |work=Tayiyaat.com}}</ref> This document was published and distributed to entire Dawoodi Bohra community during the month of [[Ramadan]] in 2011. [[Khuzaima Qutbuddin]] is said to have congratulated [[Mufaddal Saifuddin]] on his appointment as successor.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-04-15|title=Talk of rift among Bohras over Syedna's successor|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/talk-of-rift-among-bohras-over-syedna-s-successor/story-cb4UkDJk2lUM1JD3RkHUkJ.html|access-date=2021-06-25|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

==== Mohammed Burhanuddin's Medical Condition ====
At the time of Mohammed Burhanuddin's stroke his sons, attendant physician and son-in-law, Dr Moiz bhaisaheb and surviving daughter were present in London with him along with other close family members. Neither Qutbuddin nor his family were present before or subsequently.

The medical report presented by Khuzaima Qutbuddin explicitly ruled out the possibility of the Mohammed Burhanuddin having any ability to coherently speak or move.<ref name="perilous">{{cite news|url=https://www.mumbaimirror.com/mumbai/cover-story/A-perilous-transition/articleshow/29266169.cms|title=A perilous transition|date=24 January 2014|newspaper=Mumbai Mirror|access-date=4 April 2014}}</ref><ref name="mumbaimirrorill">{{cite web|url=https://www.mumbaimirror.com/mumbai/others/Late-Syedna-too-ill-to-have-spoken-coherently/articleshow/33144765.cms |title=Late Syedna 'too ill to have spoken coherently' |work=Mumbai Mirror |date=3 April 2014 |access-date=4 April 2014 |publisher=[[The Times Group]]}}</ref><ref name="DNA Nass Article">{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_successor-to-syedna-mohammed-burhanuddin-named_1551640|title=Successor to Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin named|work=dna|date=6 June 2011}}</ref>
The review<ref name="mumbaimirrorill" /> was done by Dr Daniel Mankens,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://doctors.beaumont.org/provider/Daniel+H+Arndt/227272|title=Dr. Daniel H Arndt, MD - Royal Oak, MI - Clinical Neurophysiology, Epilepsy Neurology, Pediatric Neurology - Request Appointment|website=doctors.beaumont.org}}</ref> chairman of Neurology Beaumont Hospital, Michigan. Based on this review report, Qutbuddin claimed that 'the succession was not done in London Hospital' as Mohammad Burhanuddin suffered from a 'full stroke at the age of 100 that made it difficult for him to write, speak, or move'.<ref name="mumbaimirrorill" /><ref name="mumbaimirror1">{{cite web|url=https://www.mumbaimirror.com/mumbai/others/Dawoodi-Bohra-succession-battle-takes-legal-turn/articleshow/33092989.cms |title=Dawoodi Bohra succession battle takes legal turn |work=Mumbai Mirror |date=2 April 2014 |access-date=4 April 2014 | publisher=[[The Times Group]]}}</ref>

The doctors behind these reports had never met nor treated Mohammed Burhanuddin at any time and gave their opinions based on medical reports and the explanations provided by Khuzaima Qutbuddin.

Meanwhile, the specialists who actually treated, attended to Mohammed Burhanuddin and who wrote the medical reports do not agree with these opinions. Dr John Francis Costello;<ref name=":41">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bupacromwellhospital.com/find-a-consultant/john-costello-consultant-in-respiratory-medicine/|title=Dr John Costello | Find a Consultant}}</ref> Consultant in Respiratory Medicine, and Neurologist Dr Omar Malik,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bupacromwellhospital.com/find-a-consultant/omar-malik-consultant-neurologist/|title=Dr Omar Malik | Find a Consultant}}</ref> both of whom had attended to Mohammed Burhanuddin at Cromwell Hospital in London have stated, in writing, that His Holiness was capable of making the declaration and of conducting a ceremony, even though his speech was slurred.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":15">{{cite news|last1=Malik |first1= Dr Omar|title= Letter – Neurological assessment and management of His Holiness between 01 June 2011 and over the subsequent 96 hours |publisher= Dr Omar Malik, PHD, FRCP – Consultant Neurologist (GMC No:3276389) |date=17 April 2014}}</ref> Further, Dr Costello stated that he believes the report provided by the USA doctor Dr Daniel Menkes is incorrect.<ref name=":12">{{cite news|last1=Costello |first1= John Francis|title= Letter – Summary of my view on the state of His Holiness's health in June 2011 |publisher=Notarized by Sarah Karen Mackie England Notary Public |date=17 April 2014}}</ref> He confirmed that his patient, Mohammed Burhanuddin indeed did communicate his wishes on a variety of issues during his admission.<ref name=":12" />

On 4 June, the day of the [[Nass (Islam)|Nass]] in question, Dr Costello noted that there was evidence of continued improvement in Mohammed Burhanuddin's health.<ref name=":12" /> He confirmed that although he did not witness the said Nass, there was no doubt that Mohammed Burhanuddin was able to effectively communicate his wishes whilst at Cromwell Hospital, particularly in his mother tongue [[Lisan al-Dawat]].<ref name=":12" />

In regards to His Holiness's intellectual state, both Dr Costello and Dr Malik confirmed that he was of sound cognitive state, and that he was able to clearly communicate with his family and medical staff.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":15" /> In regards to the reports by the U.S. doctors, Dr Omar denied there was any evidence of a receptive speech problem.<ref name=":15" /> Dr Costello further expressed that he felt a special connection with His Holiness as he often greeted him with a smile of recognition, looked him in the eye, interacted in English, and even become lively at times.<ref name=":12" />

A year later in 2012, Dr Costello was invited on stage to meet Mohammed Burhanuddin. In his medical report<ref name=":12" /> he notes that Burhanuddin instantly smiled at him with recognition, and shook his hand for a lengthy time.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web|url=http://zeninfosys.net/zen/sites/default/files/styles/akhbar-popup/public/photos/akhbar/huzurala-tus/2012-07/15080/13-07-2012-217907-img88380.jpg?itok=qqyJnfO6|title=SMB meeting with Dr Costello|date=14 July 2012}}{{Dead link|date=June 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Cite web|url=http://zeninfosys.net/zen/sites/default/files/styles/akhbar-popup/public/photos/akhbar/huzurala-tus/2012-07/15080/13-07-2012-217908-img88400.jpg?itok=8EW70ED6|title=SMB shaking hands with Dri Costello|date=14 July 2012|publisher=Zeninfosys}}{{Dead link|date=June 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

These reports were submitted in court in the sworn affidavit submitted by Shehzada Qaidjoher Ezzuddin, the eldest son of Mohammed Burhanuddin before the [[Mumbai High Court|Bombay High Court]].

=== The Raudat Tahera Ceremony ===
On 8 June 2011, Dr John Francis Costello noted improvements in His Holiness's health and there were discussions about his wishes to travel to Mumbai for to attend the death anniversary of his father [[Taher Saifuddin]]<ref name=":12" /> which was to be held on 20 June 2011. By 15 June 2011, there was further improvement. Dr John Francis Costello approved of sending His Holiness to Mumbai in an air ambulance as it was deemed safe and appropriate.<ref name=":12" /> On this day, Dr Costello recalls having a short coherent conversation in English with His Holiness about his journey to Mumbai.<ref name=":12" /> On 17 June 2011, His Holiness was discharged from Cromwell Hospital and traveled to Mumbai, as planned, in an air ambulance.<ref name=":12" /> These sequence of events, His Holiness's wishes to travel and the doctor's approval are of paramount significance because the group loyal to Qutbuddin allege that His Holiness was forced to travel against his own will despite suffering a stroke. Dr Costello's letter proves otherwise.

A ceremony was arranged in Raudat Tahera Mumbai on 20 June 2011 (corresponding to 19th Rajab 1432H) to declare Mufaddal Saifuddin as the Dā'ī.<ref name="auto"/> The entire ceremony was recorded and was broadcast on the same day to Dawoodi Bohra community centers worldwide. This video was posted by Qutbuddin's website and re-posted by another [[YouTube]] user.<ref name="auto" /> Images of this ceremony are also available online.

== Events following the succession (2011–2014) ==

=== Mohammed Burhanuddin's activities after the succession ===
From 2011 up to 2014, Mohammed Burhanuddin, despite his stroke, went on pilgrimages, traveled across India, overseas, and presided over many community gatherings.

In 1432H, He presided over the [[Eid al-Fitr]] [[Majlis]] with Mufaddal Saifuddin seated besides him.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|url=http://zeninfosys.net/zen/sites/default/files/styles/akhbar-popup/public/photos/akhbar/huzurala-tus/2011-08/8796/29-08-2011-138554-L1000176_0002.jpg|title=Eid al Fitr Majis 1432H}}{{Dead link|date=June 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Following the [[Ramadan]] of 2011 (1432H), Mohammed Burhanuddin went on a pilgrimage to [[Karbala]], [[Najaf]]<ref name="Syedna meets Governor of Najaf">{{Cite web|url=http://zeninfosys.net/zen/sites/default/files/styles/akhbar-popup/public/photos/akhbar/huzurala-tus/2011-09/9042/06-09-2011-141157-gov%20najaf%202.jpg?itok=mDr9jEuQ|title=Syedna meets Governor of Najaf|publisher=Zeninfosys – Al Jamea tus Saifiyah.}}{{Dead link|date=June 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="Syedna pilgrimage to Najaf">{{Cite web|url=http://zeninfosys.net/zen/sites/default/files/styles/akhbar-popup/public/photos/akhbar/huzurala-tus/2011-09/8930/03-09-2011-140254-0L1000313.JPG?itok=7lKcv6mc|title=Syedna pilgrimage to Najaf|publisher=Zeninfosys – Al Jamea tus Saifiyah}}{{Dead link|date=June 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> and [[Cairo]].<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=http://zeninfosys.net/zen/sites/default/files/styles/akhbar-popup/public/photos/akhbar/huzurala-tus/2011-10/9432/19-10-2011-145376-DSC_9903.jpg?itok=mBOcWQ9w|title=Syedna's visit to Cairo in October 2011|publisher=Zeninfosys}}{{Dead link|date=June 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

In the [[Islamic calendar|Hijri]] year of 1433H (November 2011), Mohammed Burhanuddin held the [[Muharram]] gatherings in Mumbai. On 2 Muharram Mohammed Burhanuddin conducted the first sermon,<ref name="zeninfosys.net">{{Cite web|url=http://zeninfosys.net/zen/sites/default/files/styles/akhbar-popup/public/photos/akhbar/huzurala-tus/2011-11/9947/26-11-2011-150851-mg0086.jpg?itok=7W96hqw_|title=Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin first sermon (waaz) in Muharram 1433H.|website=Zeninfosys}}{{Dead link|date=June 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> and presided over every Majlis at night until [[Day of Ashura|Ashura]] of 1432H. Following this, he traveled to [[Galiakot]] to the on a pilgrimage to the mausoleum of [[Fakhruddin Shaheed]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://zeninfosys.net/zen/sites/default/files/styles/akhbar-popup/public/photos/akhbar/huzurala-tus/2011-12/10851/22-12-2011-163084-img00204-20111223-1206.jpg?itok=Dh4zdeRO|title=Family photograph of Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin with his family in Galiakot (Muharram 1433H)|publisher=Zeninfosys}}{{Dead link|date=June 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> There he performed the opening of the new [[Mosque]] of [[Partapur, Rajasthan]] on 28 Muharram 1433.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://zeninfosys.net/zen/sites/default/files/styles/akhbar-popup/public/photos/akhbar/huzurala-tus/2011-12/10847/22-12-2011-163019-dsc01849.jpg?itok=bfP995lk|title=SMB Opening of Partapur Masjid|publisher=Zeninfosys}}{{Dead link|date=June 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In the month of [[Safar]] he went on a pilgrimage to Hasanpeer. There, on 4 [[Safar]] he performed the opening of the new [[Masjid]] in [[Rampura, Neemuch|Rampura]] and named it Mohammedi Masjid.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://zeninfosys.net/zen/sites/default/files/styles/akhbar-popup/public/photos/akhbar/huzurala-tus/2012-01/11045/06-01-2012-164783-jkp9318.jpg?itok=X6UR374w|title=Iftetah of Rampura Masjid on 4 Safar 1433H|publisher=Zeninfosys}}{{Dead link|date=June 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> He then traveled to [[Ahmedabad]] for [[Chehlum]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://zeninfosys.net/zen/sites/default/files/styles/akhbar-popup/public/photos/akhbar/huzurala-tus/2012-01/11163/12-01-2012-166060-gujarat-mirrordec-11hasnain.jpg?itok=BT30X9Df|title=SMB in Ahmedabad|publisher=Gujarat News}}{{Dead link|date=June 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> where Mufaddal Saifuddin presided over the sermons.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://zeninfosys.net/zen/sites/default/files/styles/akhbar-popup/public/photos/akhbar/huzurala-tus/2012-01/11045/06-01-2012-164783-jkp9318.jpg?itok=X6UR374w|title=Mufaddal Saifuddin Waaz on Chehlam Day 1433H|publisher=Zeninfosys}}{{Dead link|date=June 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> During this visit, his son Huzaifa Mohyuddin died in Ahmedabad, and the funeral rites were carried out by Mohammed Burhanuddin and Mufaddal Saifuddin.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/ahmedabad/report-dawoodi-bohra-sect-head-s-son-dies-of-heart-attack-1638790|title=Dawoodi Bohra sect head's son dies of heart attack {{!}} Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|newspaper=DNA India |date=17 January 2012|language=en-US|access-date=6 August 2016}}</ref> On 18 January 2012, [[Narendra Modi]] visited Burhanuddin in Ahmedabad to offer his condolences.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://zeninfosys.net/zen/sites/default/files/styles/akhbar-popup/public/photos/akhbar/huzurala-tus/2012-01/11324/19-01-2012-167678-akila-newspaperjan-20hasnain.jpg?itok=3ePD0JxM|title=Modi condolences to Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin 18 Jan 2012|publisher=Zeninfosys}}{{Dead link|date=June 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> On 20 January 2012, (26 [[Safar]] 1433H), he laid the foundation of the Qutbi Mazaar Development Project in Ahmedabad.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://zeninfosys.net/zen/sites/default/files/styles/akhbar-popup/public/photos/akhbar/huzurala-tus/2012-01/11340/19-01-2012-167834-7.jpg?itok=tBqUzt9T|title=Foundation of Qutbi Mazaar Development Project|publisher=Zeninfosys}}{{Dead link|date=June 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> He then visited Dongam on 27 Safar 1433H.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://zeninfosys.net/zen/sites/default/files/styles/akhbar-popup/public/photos/akhbar/huzurala-tus/2012-01/11341/20-01-2012-167860-aaj-kaal-news-paperjan-21.1.2012hasnain.jpg?itok=xfusy1cj|title=SMB Dongham|work=Gujarat Mirror}}{{Dead link|date=June 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

On 6 [[Rabi' al-awwal]] 1433H, he traveled to [[Pune]] where he was welcomed by a large gathering.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://zeninfosys.net/zen/sites/default/files/styles/akhbar-popup/public/photos/akhbar/huzurala-tus/2012-01/11502/28-01-2012-169671-mumineensalami02.jpg?itok=BRQMLdYF|title=SMB Welcome Celebration in Pune 6 Rabi al Awwal 1433H|website=Zeninfosys|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808045341/http://zeninfosys.net/zen/sites/default/files/styles/akhbar-popup/public/photos/akhbar/huzurala-tus/2012-01/11502/28-01-2012-169671-mumineensalami02.jpg?itok=BRQMLdYF|archive-date=8 August 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> On the 10th of Rabi' al-awwal the [[Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh]] [[Shivraj Singh Chouhan]] met Burhanuddin and expressed their condolences on the death of Shahzada Huzaifa Mohiyuddin.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://zeninfosys.net/zen/sites/default/files/styles/akhbar-popup/public/photos/akhbar/huzurala-tus/2012-02/11583/01-02-2012-170835-d30533342-large.jpg?itok=jgcYvUns|title=10th of Rabi' al-awwal the Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh Hon. Mr. Shivraj Singh Chouhan accompanied by other Govt Officials met the Syedna and expressed their condolences on the death of Shahzada Huzaifa Mohiyuddin|publisher=Zeninfosys|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808050950/http://zeninfosys.net/zen/sites/default/files/styles/akhbar-popup/public/photos/akhbar/huzurala-tus/2012-02/11583/01-02-2012-170835-d30533342-large.jpg?itok=jgcYvUns|archive-date=8 August 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 4 February 2012, on the [[Mawlid]] day in [[Pune]], her presided over the Majlis seated above Mufaddal Saifuddin for 3 hours, listening to his entire sermon.<ref name="SMB Miad al Nabi 1433H">{{Cite web|url=http://zeninfosys.net/zen/sites/default/files/styles/akhbar-popup/public/photos/akhbar/huzurala-tus/2012-02/11735/03-02-2012-172991-sanj-samachar-newspaperfeb-06hasnain.jpg?itok=BuyTIi_4|title=SMB Miad al Nabi 1433H|work=Gujarat Mirror}}{{Dead link|date=June 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web|url=http://zeninfosys.net/zen/sites/default/files/styles/akhbar-popup/public/photos/akhbar/huzurala-tus/2012-02/11656/03-02-2012-171907-dscf2424.jpg?itok=xO8lA4Zg|title=Milad al Nabi Waaz 1433H Syedna seated besides Mufaddal Saifuddin|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807073012/http://zeninfosys.net/zen/sites/default/files/styles/akhbar-popup/public/photos/akhbar/huzurala-tus/2012-02/11656/03-02-2012-171907-dscf2424.jpg?itok=xO8lA4Zg|archive-date=7 August 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 4 [[Rabi' al-thani]], he presided over the Mawlid Majlis in Saifee Masjid [[Mumbai]], as Mufaddal Saifuddin conducted the sermons seated besides him.<ref name=":26">{{Cite web|url=http://zeninfosys.net/zen/sites/default/files/styles/akhbar-popup/public/photos/akhbar/huzurala-tus/2012-02/12411/25-02-2012-181053-milad-waaz-0027.jpg?itok=hmVPFcFK|title=Milad Imam Zamaan 1433H – Mumbai|publisher=Zeninfosys|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808031757/http://zeninfosys.net/zen/sites/default/files/styles/akhbar-popup/public/photos/akhbar/huzurala-tus/2012-02/12411/25-02-2012-181053-milad-waaz-0027.jpg?itok=hmVPFcFK|archive-date=8 August 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

On 12 March 2012, on the eve of Burhanuddin's 101st birthday, he presided over the birthday celebrations and procession with Narendra Modi seated besides him.<ref name="auto3">{{Cite news|url=http://zeninfosys.net/zen/sites/default/files/styles/akhbar-popup/public/photos/akhbar/huzurala-tus/2012-03/13405/11-03-2012-197372-akila-newspaper13-march-2012hasnain.jpg?itok=Qu0o1nQO|title=SMB Birthday Night 2012|via=AAB TAK NEWSPAPER}}{{Dead link|date=June 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="Narendra Modi besides SMB & SMS">{{Cite web|url=http://zeninfosys.net/zen/sites/default/files/styles/akhbar-popup/public/photos/akhbar/huzurala-tus/2012-03/13255/10-03-2012-194384-5.jpg?itok=5b-cTIz5|title=Narendra Modi besides SMB & SMS}}{{Dead link|date=June 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The following day, he presided over the Majlis while Mufaddal Saifuddin conducted the sermons seated besides him.<ref name=":322"/><ref name=":2"/><ref name="auto4">{{Cite web|url=http://zeninfosys.net/zen/sites/default/files/styles/akhbar-popup/public/photos/akhbar/huzurala-tus/2012-03/13284/12-03-2012-194944-dsc0631.jpg?itok=VCeeAuZ_|title=SMB seated besides SMS on 1433 Milad Day}}{{Dead link|date=June 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In 1433H (August 2012) Mohammed Burhanuddin presided over the Eid al-Fitr Majlis with Mufaddal Saifuddin seated besides him.<ref name="Eid al Fitr 1433H">{{Cite web|url=http://zeninfosys.net/zen/sites/default/files/styles/akhbar-popup/public/photos/akhbar/huzurala-tus/2012-08/16406/17-08-2012-230662-dsc8019-dsc8021.jpg?itok=hXh2keEg|title=Eid al Fitr 1433H|publisher=Zeninfosys}}{{Dead link|date=June 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

On 19 June 2012 (30 [[Rajab]] 1433H), Mohammed Burhanuddin traveled to London. On 11 [[Sha'ban]] 1433H (30 June 2012), [[Asif Ali Zardari]] visited him at Masjid ul Husseini<ref name=":27" /> London.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://zeninfosys.net/zen/sites/default/files/styles/akhbar-popup/public/photos/akhbar/huzurala-tus/2012-07/14935/28-06-2012-216183-img6123.jpg?itok=HkxRZ5oe|title=Syedna meets Asif Zardari 30 June 2012|publisher=Zeninfosys|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808031715/http://zeninfosys.net/zen/sites/default/files/styles/akhbar-popup/public/photos/akhbar/huzurala-tus/2012-07/14935/28-06-2012-216183-img6123.jpg?itok=HkxRZ5oe|archive-date=8 August 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> In a public congregation at Masjid ul Husseini<ref name=":27" /> London on 14 July 2012, Dr Costello was invited on stage to meet Mohammed Burhanuddin. In his medical report<ref name=":12" /> he notes that he instantly smiled at him with recognition, and shook his hand for a lengthy time.<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":14" />

In the Hijri year of 1434H (November 2012), Mohammed Burhanuddin<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=http://zeninfosys.net/zen/sites/default/files/styles/akhbar-popup/public/photos/akhbar/huzurala-tus/2012-11/18037/14-11-2012-251528-008.jpg?itok=xJp_1dYH|title=Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin arrives in Surat for Ashara 1434|publisher=Zeninfosys}}{{Dead link|date=June 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> held the Muharram gatherings in [[Surat]].<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Muslims-gear-up-to-observe-Muharram/articleshow/17210051.cms|title=Muslims gear up to observe Muharram – Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 November 2012 |access-date=24 July 2016}}</ref><ref name="article.wn.com">{{Cite web|url=https://article.wn.com/view/2012/11/13/Muslims_gear_up_to_observe_Muharram/|title=Muslims gear up to observe Muharram|website=article.wn.com|access-date=24 July 2016}}</ref><ref name="Zeninfosys">{{Cite web|url=http://zeninfosys.net/zen/sites/default/files/styles/akhbar-popup/public/photos/akhbar/huzurala-tus/2012-11/18174/20-11-2012-252260-010resize.jpg?itok=KEG-GZuj|title=Mufaddal Saifuddin concuts Moharram Sermons in Surat 1434H|publisher=Zeninfosys}}{{Dead link|date=June 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> On 27 November 2012 (14 Moharram 1434H), he held the [[Nikah]] ceremony of community members in the Rasme Saify<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.taiseerunnikah.org/|title=Taiseer un Nikah – Rasme Saify|website=www.taiseerunnikah.org|access-date=1 August 2016}}</ref> ceremony in Surat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://zeninfosys.net/zen/sites/default/files/styles/akhbar-popup/public/photos/akhbar/huzurala-tus/2012-11/18402/27-11-2012-253257-008resize.jpg?itok=R98iCcKe|title=Rasme Saify – Surat, 14 Moharram 1434H}}{{Dead link|date=June 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In Mumbai, on 27 May 2013 (18 Rajab 1434H) he presided over the death anniversary of Taher Saifuddin and the final day examinations of [[Al Jamea tus Saifiyah]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://zeninfosys.net/zen/sites/default/files/styles/akhbar-popup-no-zenlogo/public/photos/akhbar/huzurala-tus/2013-05/21397/27-05-2013-262819-17.jpg?itok=SAkOxBZK|title=SMB Majlis 19th Rajab 1434, Mumbai}}{{Dead link|date=June 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

In the Hijri year of 1435H (November 2013), Mohammed Burhanuddin held the Muharram gatherings in Mumbai.<ref name=":28">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pressenza.com/2013/11/dawoodi-bohras-congregate-bhendi-bazaar-project/|title=Dawoodi Bohras congregate for observing Moharram – Pressenza|date=14 November 2013|language=en-US|access-date=7 August 2016}}</ref> For 10 days, Mufaddal Saifuddin conducted the sermons during the day,<ref name=":28" /> and Burhanuddin would preside over the Majlis at night.<ref name=":29">{{Cite web|url=http://zeninfosys.net/zen/sites/default/files/styles/akhbar-popup/public/photos/akhbar/huzurala-tus/2013-12/23691/12-11-2013-269822-p1000399.jpg?itok=pSpGskKs|title=Muharram 1435H, Night Majlis presided by Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin|publisher=Zeninfosys|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808042531/http://zeninfosys.net/zen/sites/default/files/styles/akhbar-popup/public/photos/akhbar/huzurala-tus/2013-12/23691/12-11-2013-269822-p1000399.jpg?itok=pSpGskKs|archive-date=8 August 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> On the day of Ashura Burhanuddin presided over the sermons conducted by Mufaddal Saifuddin.<ref name=":30">{{Cite web|url=http://zeninfosys.net/zen/sites/default/files/styles/akhbar-popup-no-zenlogo/public/photos/akhbar/huzurala-tus/2013-11/23536/13-11-2013-269194-9.jpg?itok=Db4cq2lw|title=Ashura 1435H – Mumbai|publisher=Zeninfosys|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808032536/http://zeninfosys.net/zen/sites/default/files/styles/akhbar-popup-no-zenlogo/public/photos/akhbar/huzurala-tus/2013-11/23536/13-11-2013-269194-9.jpg?itok=Db4cq2lw|archive-date=8 August 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

On 12 January 2014, he presided over the Majlis of the Mawlid in Raudat Tahera, Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://zeninfosys.net/zen/sites/default/files/styles/akhbar-popup-no-zenlogo/public/photos/akhbar/huzurala-tus/2014-01/24023/12-01-2014-270793-8.jpg?itok=kxW0S7Zk|title=Milad Nabi 1435H – 12 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808014753/http://zeninfosys.net/zen/sites/default/files/styles/akhbar-popup-no-zenlogo/public/photos/akhbar/huzurala-tus/2014-01/24023/12-01-2014-270793-8.jpg?itok=kxW0S7Zk|archive-date=8 August 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> This was his last public gathering before his death five days later on 17 January 2014.

=== Mufaddal Saifuddin's activities after the succession ===
Mufaddal Saifuddin assumed this role as the successor of Mohammed Burhanuddin and his appointment was welcomed by the [[Dawoodi Bohra]] community.<ref name=":11" /> Together, Mohammed Burhanuddin and Mufaddal Saifuddin undertook the leadership after the affairs of the community.

On 9 June 2011, then [[Chief Minister of Gujarat]], Narendra Modi congratulated Mufaddal Saifuddin on his succession.<ref name=":9">{{cite news|title=Letter – Narendra Modi to Mufaddal Saifuddin – Congratulations on Succession|date=9 June 2011|last1=Modi|first1=Narendra}}</ref> On 15 June 2011 the office of Mohammed Burhanuddin, The Alvazaratus Saifiyah<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.alvazarat.org|title=Alvazaratus Saifiyah}}</ref> instructed Dawoodi Bohras to take Mufaddal Saifuddin's name alongside Mohammed Burhanuddin's as the successor in their Mithaq (oath of allegiance).<ref name=":02">{{cite news|title=مثال شريف – عبارة عهد الاولياء و الرقعة – 24 شهر رحب الاصب 1432هـ|date=2011|publisher=Alvazaratus Saifiyah}}</ref>

A month later, in [[Sha'ban]], Mufaddal Saifuddin led the examinations of [[Al Jamea tus Saifiyah]] on behalf of Mohammed Burhanuddin. During the month of [[Ramadan]] and [[Eid al-Fitr]], Saifuddin led the community prayers<ref name=":10" /> and Mohammed Burhanuddin presided over the Eid al-Fitr [[Majlis]] with Mufaddal Saifuddin seated besides him.<ref name=":10" /> Following the Ramadan of 2011 (1432H), Mohammed Burhanuddin went on a pilgrimage to [[Karbala]], [[Najaf]]<ref name="Syedna meets Governor of Najaf"/><ref name="Syedna pilgrimage to Najaf"/> and [[Cairo]].<ref name="auto2"/>

In the Hijri year of 1433H (November 2011), Mohammed Burhanuddin held the Muharram gatherings in [[Mumbai]]. On 2 Muharram Mohammed Burhanuddin conducted the first sermon<ref name="zeninfosys.net"/> and instructed Mufaddal Saifuddin to conduct the remaining nine sermons until [[Day of Ashura|Ashura]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://zeninfosys.net/zen/sites/default/files/styles/akhbar-popup/public/photos/akhbar/huzurala-tus/2011-11/10117/29-11-2011-153152-5th-moh-1433015.jpg?itok=GoqHywUf|title=Mufaddal Saifuddin conducting Muharram sermons in 1433H}}{{Dead link|date=June 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> seated besides him.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://zeninfosys.net/zen/sites/default/files/styles/akhbar-popup/public/photos/akhbar/huzurala-tus/2011-12/10454/04-12-2011-158173-makhtal1433kpali-1-6.jpg?itok=4NFV82Kc|title=SMB and SMS conducting Ashura 1433H sermon}}{{Dead link|date=June 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

On 4 January 2012, on the Mawlid day in Pune, as his successor Mufaddal Saifuddin conducted the sermon on behalf of Mohammed Burhanuddin. Burhanuddin sat besides him for 3 hours listening to Saifuddin's entire sermon.<ref name="SMB Miad al Nabi 1433H"/><ref name="ReferenceA"/> On 12 March 2012, on the eve of Mohammed Burhanuddin's 101st birthday. Narendra Modi attended the birthday celebrations and procession besides Mohammed Burhanudin and Mufaddal Saifuddin.<ref name="Narendra Modi besides SMB & SMS"/><ref name="auto3"/> The following day, as the successor, Mufaddal Saifuddin conducted the sermons with Mohammed Burhanuddin seated on the stage besides him.<ref name=":322"/><ref name=":2" /><ref name="auto4"/> On 4 Rabi' al-thani, he conducted the sermons of the Mawlid Majlis in Saifee Masjid Mumbai, with Mohammed Burhanuddin seated besides him.<ref name=":26" /> On 1 April 2012, he conducted the sermon and [[Majlis]] of [[Fatima Al Zahra]] on 10 [[Jumada al-awwal]] 1433H in Surat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://zeninfosys.net/zen/sites/default/files/styles/akhbar-popup/public/photos/akhbar/huzurala-tus/2012-04/13557/31-03-2012-199680-dsc4727.jpg?itok=r-ergcKf|title=Majlis Shahadat Moulatena Fatema – 10 Jumada al Awwal 1433H|publisher=Zeninfosys|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808032712/http://zeninfosys.net/zen/sites/default/files/styles/akhbar-popup/public/photos/akhbar/huzurala-tus/2012-04/13557/31-03-2012-199680-dsc4727.jpg?itok=r-ergcKf|archive-date=8 August 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 9 [[Rajab]] 1433H (29 May 2012), he led annual examinations of [[Al Jamea tus Saifiyah]] on behalf of Mohammed Burhanuddin in Saify Mahal,<ref name=":03" /> Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://zeninfosys.net/zen/sites/default/files/styles/akhbar-popup/public/photos/akhbar/huzurala-tus/2012-05/14495/29-05-2012-211701-img8446resize.jpg?itok=aFrgm1FA|title=Jamea Imtehan Examinations Rajab 1433H|publisher=Zeninfosys|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808041009/http://zeninfosys.net/zen/sites/default/files/styles/akhbar-popup/public/photos/akhbar/huzurala-tus/2012-05/14495/29-05-2012-211701-img8446resize.jpg?itok=aFrgm1FA|archive-date=8 August 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

During the month of Ramadan 1433H (August 2012) and Eid al-Fitr, Saifuddin led the community prayers<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://zeninfosys.net/zen/sites/default/files/styles/akhbar-popup/public/photos/akhbar/huzurala-tus/2012-08/15853/08-08-2012-224837-23-mi-raat-1433005.jpg?itok=pJiRozY-|title=Ramadan 1433H|publisher=Zeninfosys}}{{Dead link|date=June 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> and Mohammed Burhanuddin presided over the Eid al-Fitr Majlis with Mufaddal Saifuddin seated besides him.<ref name="Eid al Fitr 1433H"/> Following that, Mohammed Burhanuddin appointed Mufaddal Saifuddin as the [[Amir al-hajj]] for the [[Hajj]] pilgrimage<ref name=":42">{{Cite web|url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/article/20121014/ARTICLE/310149904/1002|title=Bohra leader in Dubai on way to Madinah|work=Khaleej Times|access-date=13 July 2016}}</ref> on 14 October 2012 (29 Zil Qadah 1433H).

In the Hijri year of 1434H (November 2012), Mohammed Burhanuddin<ref name="auto1"/> held the Muharram gatherings in Surat.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com"/><ref name="article.wn.com"/> Mufaddal Saifuddin to conducted ten sermons until Ashura with Mohammed Burhanuddin seated besides him.<ref name="Zeninfosys"/>

Mufaddal Saifuddin's first official correspondence as successor was in May 2013 during the celebration of [[Mohammed Burhanuddin]]'s [[Golden jubilee|Golden Jubilee]], in which he instructed the community to set out on religious pilgrimages.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Golden Jubilee (Eid e Zahabi) Misaal – 7 May 2013 (27 Jumada al Ukhra)|last=Saifuddin|first=Mufaddal|publisher=Alvazaratus Saifiyah|year=2013|location=Mumbai}}</ref> In the month of [[Rajab]] of 2013, he conducted the annual examinations of Al Jamea tus Saifiyah on behalf of Mohammed Burhanuddin.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://zeninfosys.net/zen/sites/default/files/styles/akhbar-popup-no-zenlogo/public/photos/akhbar/huzurala-tus/2013-05/21397/27-05-2013-262819-17.jpg?itok=SAkOxBZK|title=Urus STS 19 Rajab 1434 – Last Day of Al Jamea tus Saifiyah Imtehan (Annual Examinations)|publisher=Zeninfosys}}{{Dead link|date=June 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

In the Hijri year of 1435H (November 2013), Mohammed Burhanuddin held the Muharram gatherings in Mumbai.<ref name=":28" /> For 10 days, Mufaddal Saifuddin conducted the sermons during the day,<ref name=":28" /> and Mohammed Burhanuddin would preside over the Majlis at night.<ref name=":29" /> On the day of Ashura Mufaddal Saifuddin conducted the Ashura sermon seated besides Mohammed Burhanuddin.<ref name=":30" />

On 23 December 2013, Mufaddal Saifuddin traveled to [[Udaipur]]<ref name=":82" /> to conduct the sermons of Chehlum 1435H.<ref name=":62" /> A video recording of this sermons was broadcast in community centers worldwide on 16 January 2014.

Khuzaima Qutbuddin<ref name=":20">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/talk-of-rift-among-bohras-over-syedna-s-successor/story-cb4UkDJk2lUM1JD3RkHUkJ.html|title=Talk of rift among Bohras over Syedna's successor|date=15 April 2013|access-date=17 July 2016}}</ref><ref name=":21">{{Cite web|url=https://believesyednaqutbuddin.files.wordpress.com/2014/01/tahiyaat_then.jpg|title=Tahiyaat.com – Website of Khuzaima Qutbuddin (Screenshot)}}</ref> and his family<ref name=":22">{{Citation|first=Juzar|last=Noorani|title=Abdeali, Khuzema's son on Nass proclamation|date=24 January 2014|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-jTmfICyKg8|access-date=17 July 2016}}</ref> had even publicly declared and congratulated Mufaddal Saifuddin as the successor. On a few occasions, Khuzaima Qutbuddin was seen participating in public gatherings seated below<ref name=":23">{{Cite web|url=https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-exBKimqpHPA/V2-AvVjqhmI/AAAAAAAAARM/fS6SOBS-3WAqJE5U02D1ghdID5SvuV2qwCLcB/s1600/KQ%2Btarteeb%2Bunder%2BSMS%2Bin%2BSMB%2Bbethak%2B-%2BCopy.jpg|title=Khuzaima Qutbuddin seated below Mufaddal Saifuddin in a Majlis of Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin}}</ref><ref name=":24">{{Cite web|url=https://believesyednaqutbuddin.files.wordpress.com/2014/01/sms-mazoon-2.jpg|title=Khuzaima Qutbuddin seated below Mufaddal Saifuddin at the funeral of Shz Hatim Hamiduddin.}}</ref> Mufaddal Saifuddin. Until Mohammed Burhanuddin's death, there wasn't any indication of objection from Khuzaima Qutbuddin.

== Events following Mohammed Burhanuddin's death ==

Mohammed Burhanuddin died on 17 January 2014 [1] (corresponding to 16 Rabi al Awwal 1435H) in [[Mumbai]], India.

Mufaddal Saifuddin, who had already been publicly appointed and accepted as the successor, assumed the position of the 53rd Da'i al-Mutlaq of the Dawoodi Bohra community.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.samaa.tv/pakistan/2014/01/syedi-mufaddal-bhaisaheb-saifuddin-becomes-spiritual-leader-of-bohra-community/|title=Syedi Mufaddal Bhaisaheb Saifuddin becomes spiritual leader of Bohra community {{!}} SAMAA TV|access-date=19 July 2016}}</ref> Saifuddin was in [[Colombo]] at the time and immediately traveled to Mumbai via [[Chennai]]. He conducted his first [[Jumu'ah]] [[Salah]] in [[Sri Lanka]] and arrived in Saify Mahal,<ref name=":03">{{Cite web|url=https://wikimapia.org/7261856/Saifee-Mahal|title=Saifee Mahal – Wikimapia|website=wikimapia.org|access-date=18 July 2016}}</ref> Mumbai that evening to conduct and lead the [[Janaza]] and funeral rites. Khuzaima Qutbuddin, who at the time was already in Saify Mahal,<ref name=":03" /> Mumbai, left for his residence in [[Thane]] prior to Mufaddal Saifuddin's arrival.<ref name=":16">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mumbaimirror.com/mumbai/cover-story/A-perilous-transition/articleshow/29266169.cms|title=A perilous transition – Mumbai Mirror -|access-date=19 July 2016}}</ref> Mufaddal Saifuddin led the [[Janaza]] rites throughout the night.<ref name=":16" /> and thousands of mourners attended the funeral on Saturday 18 January 2014 led by Mufaddal Saifuddin.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/maharashtra/syedna-mohammed-burhanuddin-laid-to-rest-in-mumbai-70000-mourners-attend-funeral_904988.html|title=Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin laid to rest in Mumbai, 70,000 mourners attend funeral|date=18 January 2014|access-date=19 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gettyimages.com/pictures/bohri-muslim-community-gathers-for-the-funeral-of-102-year-news-photo-463478931#bohri-muslim-community-gathers-for-the-funeral-of-102yearold-dawoodi-picture-id463478931|title=Dawoodi Bohra Community Spiritual Leader Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin Passes Away Pictures {{!}} Getty Images|date=18 January 2014 |language=en-US|access-date=19 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mumbaimirror.com/mumbai/others/Bohras-go-e-way-to-prevent-tragedy/articleshow/29095156.cms?prtpage=1|title=Bohras go e-way to prevent tragedy – Mumbai Mirror -|access-date=19 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Syedna Burhanuddin |url=http://www.milligazette.com/news/9922-syedna-burhanuddin |date=15 Feb 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200619145629/http://www.milligazette.com/news/9922-syedna-burhanuddin |archive-date=19 June 2020 |magazine=[[Milli Gazette]] |last1=Raghib |first1=Qureish }}</ref>

On the morning of Saturday 18 January, as the [[Janaza]] left Saify Mahal en route to [[Raudat Tahera]] for burial, Khuzaima Qutbuddin sent out an email campaign to Dawoodi Bohra Community members attaching a [[PDF]] letter addressed to Mufaddal Saifuddin stating his claim.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Qutbuddin|first=Khuzaima|date=18 January 2014|title=URGENT letter for Shz Mufaddal bs|access-date=3 May 2020|url=https://www.fatemidawat.com/teachings/explaining-past-events/wave-like-the-mountains-part-1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504042843/https://www.fatemidawat.com/teachings/explaining-past-events/wave-like-the-mountains-part-1|archive-date=4 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/|title=Official Msg of Nass from Khuzaima Qutbuddin Mawla TUS|access-date=4 May 2020|date=18 Jan 2014}}</ref> That evening, around 36 hours after Mohammed Burhanuddin's death, Qutbuddin posted a [[YouTube]] video of himself on his website claiming that he was the 53rd Da'i al-Mutlaq, having been appointed in total secrecy in 1965.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://fatemidawat.com |title=Fatemi Dawat – Dawat-e-Hadiyah Website {{!}} Website administered by the office of Syedna Khuzaima Qutbuddin TUS, leader of the Dawoodi Bohra community |date=18 January 2014 |access-date=19 July 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140118161428/http://fatemidawat.com/ |archive-date=18 January 2014 }}</ref>

On 20 January 2014, Khuzaima Qutbuddin's name was removed Dawoodi Bohra from all official community records as the Mazoon.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Mithaal Shareef (18 Rabi Awwal 1435H) – 20 January 2014|publisher=Alvazaratus Saifiyah|year=2014}}</ref>

On 30 January 2014, thousands<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://afternoondc.in/city-news/50k-dawoodi-bohras-gather-at-azad-maidan/article_102015|title=50k Dawoodi Bohras gather at Azad Maidan|website=afternoondc.in|access-date=19 July 2016}}</ref> of Dawoodi Bohras gathered at [[Azad Maidan]], Mumbai in support of Mufaddal Saifuddin as the 53rd Da'i al-Mutlaq, pledged their allegiance to him and dissociated from the breakaway faction formed by Khuzaima Qutbuddin.<ref name="mumbaimirror.com" /><ref name=":31">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-bohras-make-anti-syedna-faction-s-ex-communication-official-stick-by-mufaddal-saifuddin-1958375|title=Bohras make anti-Syedna faction's ex-communication official, stick by Mufaddal Saifuddin {{!}} Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=31 January 2014|language=en-US|access-date=19 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://zeninfosys.net/zen/sites/default/files/styles/akhbar-popup-no-zenlogo/public/photos/akhbar/huzurala-tus/2014-01/24144/30-01-2014-271299-b78x3720resize.jpg?itok=nBNz2er6|title=Azad Maidan|publisher=Zeninfosys}}{{Dead link|date=June 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Mufaddal's elder brother Qaidjoher Ezzuddin stated that "nass was performed on Mufaddal not once but a number of times".<ref name=":31" /> Similarly peace marches were organised in community centers worldwide where resolutions<ref name=":18">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mumbaimirror.com/mumbai/others/Sons-loyalists-knock-doors-at-night-for-support/articleshow/29369431.cms|title=Son's loyalists knock doors at night for support – Mumbai Mirror -|access-date=19 July 2016}}</ref> were signed<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Thousands-to-show-allegiance-to-Syednas-successor-today/articleshow/29582102.cms|title=Thousands to show allegiance to Syedna's successor today – Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=30 January 2014 |access-date=19 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Dawoodi-Bohras-stage-a-peace-march/articleshow/29556931.cms|title=Dawoodi Bohras stage a peace march – Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=29 January 2014 |access-date=19 July 2016}}</ref> handed over to Government officials.<ref>{{Citation|title=Dawoodi Bohras Followers of Syedna Mufaddal Saifuddin TUS|date=9 April 2014|url=https://believesyednaqutbuddin.com/2014/04/09/reason-95-we-are-united/|access-date=4 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504055637/https://believesyednaqutbuddin.com/2014/04/09/reason-95-we-are-united/|archive-date=4 May 2020}}</ref> A number of prominent personalities offered their condolences to Mufaddal Saifuddin as Mohammed Burhanuddin's son and successor.<ref name=":17">{{Cite web|url=http://www.maeeshat.in/2014/01/promiment-citizens-offer-condolences-to-late-syednas-son-and-successor/|title=Prominent Citizens Offer Condolences to Late Syedna's Son and Successor|date=26 January 2014|website=Maeeshat|language=en-US|access-date=19 July 2016}}</ref><ref name=":33">{{Cite web|url=http://zeninfosys.net/zen/sites/default/files/styles/akhbar-popup-no-zenlogo/public/photos/akhbar/huzurala-tus/2014-01/24151/31-01-2014-271326-img20140131103111.jpg?itok=Si432aRU|title=Narendra Modi offers condolences to Mufaddal Saifuddin|publisher=Zeninfosys|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307022647/http://zeninfosys.net/zen/sites/default/files/styles/akhbar-popup-no-zenlogo/public/photos/akhbar/huzurala-tus/2014-01/24151/31-01-2014-271326-img20140131103111.jpg?itok=Si432aRU|archive-date=7 March 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":19">{{cite web |author= |date=28 February 2014 |title=Union Foreign Minister Salman Khurshid |url=http://www.afternoondc.in/city-news/union-foreign-minister-salman-khurshid/article_104192 |work=Afternoon Despatch & Courier |location=Mumbai}}</ref>

In April 2014, Khuzaima Qutbuddin filed action in the Mumbai High Court against the succession of Mufaddal Saifuddin.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/New-Syednas-uncle-takes-succession-row-to-Bombay-high-court/articleshow/33095107.cms?prtpage=1|title=New Syedna's uncle takes succession row to Bombay high court – The Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=2 April 2014 |access-date=19 July 2016}}</ref>

== Support for the claimants ==

=== Saifuddin ===
* Mohammed Burhanuddin died in January 2014. [[Mufaddal Saifuddin]] led the last rituals in which hundreds of thousands of Bohras joined.<ref>{{cite web |last=Pinglay-Plumber |first=Prachi |date=18 January 2014 |title=The Last Glimpse |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?289229 |access-date=1 March 2014 |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]}}</ref> It is reported that hundreds of thousands of Dawoodi Bohras' standing gave an "indication of who they have believed to be their 53rd Dā'ī al-Muṭlaq". Indian Express further reports that "Many Bohras have accepted Burhanuddin's second son Syedi Mufaddal Saifuddin as Syedna".<ref name="trouble" />
* Around 90%<ref name="Johari">{{Cite web |last=Johari |first=Aarefa |title=A year after leader's death, Bohra Muslims stand divided and waiting for a legal verdict |date=7 January 2015 |url=https://scroll.in/article/699054/a-year-after-leaders-death-bohra-muslims-stand-divided-and-waiting-for-a-legal-verdict |access-date=4 September 2016 |language=en-US}}</ref> majority of the community support Mufaddal Saifuddin as the rightful leader of 2.5 million Dawoodi Bohras living in 100 countries.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TheMuslim500-2016v009 |url=http://themuslim500.com/downloads/151001-TheMuslim500-2016v009(23%7C48)-Web-Low.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126065025/http://themuslim500.com/downloads/151001-TheMuslim500-2016v009(23%7C48)-Web-Low.pdf |archive-date=26 January 2016}}</ref>
* The Indian foreign minister, [[Salman Khurshid]], on 28 Rabi' al-thani 1435 AH (28 February 2014 CE) arrived to offer condolences to Mufaddal Saifuddin at Burhanuddin's residence Saifee Mahal, Mumbai. It is reported that he presented a letter of good wishes from [[Sonia Gandhi]] as Saifuddin left for his first trip abroad, after "accession to the.. Dā'ī office".<ref name=":19" />
* A number of prominent personalities offered their condolences to Mufaddal Saifuddin as Mohammed Burhanuddin's son and successor.<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":33" /><ref name=":19" />
* Around 50,000 followers of Mufaddal Saifuddin gathered at a public ground in Mumbai to "endorse their solidarity and offer their condolences" to their "new spiritual leader". According to the official association handling the affairs of Dawoodi Bohras in Mumbai, Qutbuddin's "wrongful claim" has aggrieved community members, as they had witnessed "nass" in 2011 in Mumbai which "had [been] reaffirmed … on many occasions".<ref name="Press Conference">{{cite web |last=Vargese |first=Philip |date=31 January 2014 |title=50k Dawoodi Bohras gather at Azad Maidan |url=http://afternoondc.in/city-news/50k-dawoodi-bohras-gather-at-azad-maidan/article_102015 |access-date=28 February 2014 |website=Afternoon Despatch & Courier |location=Mumbai}}</ref>
* Followers of Mufaddal Saifuddin staged peace marches and submitted a memos protesting his half brother's claim in Bhopal, Surat, and 'in various parts of the country'.<ref name="protest">{{cite web |author= |date=26 January 2014 |title=Bohras protest Syedna's half-brother's claim |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/Bohras-protest-Syednas-half-brothers-claim/articleshow/29391867.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |publisher=[[The Times Group]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author= |date=28 January 2014 |title=Dawoodi Bohras expresssolidarity with Dai-al-Mutlaq |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/Dawoodi-Bohras-express-solidarity-with-Dai-al-Mutlaq/articleshow/29484841.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |publisher=[[The Times Group]]}}</ref>

=== Qutbuddin ===
* The former Chief Justice of India, [[Aziz Mushabber Ahmadi|AM Ahmadi]], in his personal stand, accepted [[Khuzaima Qutbuddin]] as the rightful successor. As per report, Ahmadi also said that he "examined the documents and believe that Qutbuddin's stand of the 53rd Dā'ī is principled" in his opinion.<ref name="hindustantimes">{{cite web |last=Variyar |first=Mugdha |date=31 January 2014 |title=Dawoodi Bohra succession issue: former chief justice pledges allegiance to Syedna's uncle – Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/dawoodi-bohra-succession-issue-former-chief-justice-pledges-allegiance-to-syedna-s-uncle/article1-1178939.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201022231/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/dawoodi-bohra-succession-issue-former-chief-justice-pledges-allegiance-to-syedna-s-uncle/article1-1178939.aspx |archive-date=1 February 2014 |access-date=2 April 2014 |work=Hindustan Times |publisher=HT Media |location=Mumbai}}</ref>
* Abdeali Qutbuddin, son of Khuzaima Qutbuddin, claimed that they have around 450,000 (450,000) followers.<ref name="MumabiMirror" />
* Other sources state that his support ranges from as much as 500 people.<ref name="Johari" />
* The faction supporting Mufaddal Saifuddin as the Dā'ī,<ref name="howchosen">{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/how-is-syedna-chosen-hc-wants-to-know/|title=How is Syedna chosen? HC wants to know|date=30 April 2014|newspaper=The Indian Express}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=November 2014}} has [[excommunication|excommunicated]] Qutbuddin and his followers.<ref>{{cite web |date=31 January 2014 |title=Bohras make anti-Syedna faction's ex-communication official, stick by Mufaddal Saifuddin |url=https://www.dnaindia.com//mumbai/report-bohras-make-anti-syedna-faction-s-ex-communication-official-stick-by-mufaddal-saifuddin-1958375 |access-date=30 June 2014 |website=[[Daily News and Analysis]]}}</ref> However, there is no official confirmation from the community on the alleged ex-communication while the progressive members have called a ban on this practice citing it illegal.<ref name="illegal">{{cite web |date=23 January 2014 |title=Social boycott of Khuzaima Qutbuddin oppressive, say progressive Bohras seeking its complete ban – Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-social-boycott-of-khuzaima-qutbuddin-oppressive-say-progressive-bohras-seeking-its-complete-ban-1955460}}</ref>

=== Un-decided ===

The [[Progressive Dawoodi Bohra]] took a neutral stance in wake of the succession controversy. The Progressives' Central Board warned the claimants that they would be "consigned to the [[Ash heap of history|dustbins of history]]" if they do not adapt and act more fairly.<ref name="Press Conference" /> Several community members interviewed welcomed the court action.<ref name="scroll">{{cite web |last=Johari |first=Aarefa |date=2 April 2014 |title=As Bohra succession battle heads to court, support for challenger gathers steam |url=https://scroll.in/article/660414 |website=Scroll.in}}</ref>

''[[The Times of India]]'' reported that "most Dawoodi Bohra back Burhanuddin's second son, Mufadda Saifuddin, and hold him as its 53rd spiritual leader".<ref>{{cite web |last=Wajihuddin |first=Mohammed |date=12 March 2014 |title=The late Syedna wanted his half-brother to succeed him |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/The-late-Syedna-wanted-his-half-brother-to-succeed-him/articleshow/31863688.cms |work=The Times of India |publisher=[[The Times Group]] |location=Mumbai}}</ref> There were reports that some Bohras who support Qutbuddin have been forced to swear allegiance to Saifuddin through social isolation and threats of divorce between married couples.<ref name="Mumbai Mirror">{{cite web |last=Punwani |first=Jyoti |date=19 February 2014 |title=Bohras who refuse to denounce Qutbuddin face boycott, threats |url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/mumbai/others/Bohras-who-refuse-to-denounce-Qutbuddin-face-boycott-threats/articleshow/30661224.cms,http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Breakaway-Dawoodi-Bohra-faction-alleges-harassment/articleshow/29874753.cms?referral=PM |access-date=4 April 2014 |work=Mumbai Mirror |publisher=[[The Times Group]]}}</ref> A cover story on the Bohra survey revealed that most Bohras (46%) support Khuzaima over Mufaddal and many are in the community due to fear and force [https://www.mumbaimirror.com/mumbai/cover-story/Disquiet-among-Bohras/articleshow/42292382.cms Disquiet among Bohras] However, the neutrality of this survey poll has been disputed<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=29 October 2014 |title=When polls mislead |url=https://mzs2cents.blogspot.in/2014/11/when-polls-mislead.html?m=1 |access-date=15 November 2016 |website=mzs2cents.blogspot.in}}</ref> citing reasons that it was carried out by an anonymous group, where the majority of the respondents were not Bohras, and it did not get any statistics from the Dawoodi Bohra head office in [[Mumbai]]. The survey was carried out by 399 respondents (0.0004% of community) from which a majority of respondents did not belong to the Dawoodi Bohra community, thus questioning the bias and validity of the report. Further, the article that was published in the [[Hindustan Times]] and the [[Mumbai Mirror]] had contradictory results with glaring dissimilarities among poll statistics,<ref name=":6" /> whereas the same media outlets had previously published that hundreds of thousands had gathered in support of Mufaddal Saifuddin,<ref>{{Cite news |title='We've lost our father today' – Mumbai Mirror - |newspaper=Mumbai Mirror |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/Weve-lost-our-father-today/articleshow/28979465.cms? |access-date=15 November 2016}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> once again questioning the validity of the survey.<ref name=":6" />

== Historical significance ==
The issue is also historic in the sense that similar [[Dawoodi Bohra#Intra-Bohra schisms|case]] was put up in the court of Mughal emperor [[Akbar]], in year 1591AD, where succession was challenged.<ref>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/kolkata/unique-case-from-akbar-s-court-in-1591-to-bombay-hc/story-u4QNPgu4wyYETNUSa2mjVN.html]; Unique case: From Akbar's court in 1591 to Bombay HC</ref> There is also a unique case ([[Chandabhoy Galla Case]]) filed in the British time court in Mumbai, in 1917 and decided in 1921, where claim was based on modality of succession earlier done. In both of these cases the challenger was defeated, [[Dawood Bin Qutub]] remained Dai in 1591AD<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20010210004257/http://www.bohra.net/archive/ahmedabad.html]; History of Duat Mutlakin's of Ahmedabad</ref> and, ownership of the Chandabhoy Galla remained with Taher Saifuddin.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0857735268]; History A Modern History of the Ismailis: Continuity and Change in a Muslim Community; edited by Farhad Daftary 2010 – Social Science; 'legal battle with dissidents:-chandbhai case,
internal dissent: legitimacy of nass on abdul qadi nazmuddin –nazim dai 50 yearts'</ref>

== Court cases ==
In January 2014, Qutbuddin published a public [[affidavit]] on his website declaring his position and legal status of properties, claiming to be the sole trustee of all the trusts in the Dawoodi Bohra community.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fatemidawat.com/news-and-events/press/|title=PUBLIC NOTICE: 17th January 2014|date=17 January 2014|work=Fatemi Dawat|author=Khuzaima Qutbuddin|access-date=17 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318034053/http://fatemidawat.com/news-and-events/press/|archive-date=18 March 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Qutbuddin filed petitions against Saifuddin concerning the succession controversy in Bombay High court and Gujrat High Court. Khuzaima published a public affidavit on his website declaring his position and legal status of properties<ref name="MumabiMirror">{{cite news|url=https://www.mumbaimirror.com/mumbai/others/Sons-loyalists-knock-doors-at-night-for-support/articleshow/29369431.cms|title=Son's loyalists knock doors at night for support|last=Sadhwani|first=Yogesh|date=25 January 2014|newspaper=[[Mumbai Mirror]]|access-date=12 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-succession-war-breaks-out-in-syedna-mohammed-burhanuddin-s-family-1954417|title=Succession war breaks out in Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin's family | Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=21 January 2014|newspaper=[[Daily News and Analysis|Dnaindia.com]]|access-date=23 March 2014}}</ref>

=== UK Charity Commission ===
In May 2014, Khuzaima Qutbuddin approached the UK Charity Commission<ref name=":35">{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/charity-commission|title=The Charity Commission – GOV.UK|website=www.gov.uk|access-date=27 August 2016}}</ref> claiming that there was no valid appointee as the Da'i al-Mutlaq. On 15 August 2014, the UK Charity Commission<ref name=":35" /> altered their position in favour of Mufaddal Saifuddin. The commission established that there is someone in office, albeit that their position is being challenged. They also stated in writing, that "our view is therefore that His Holiness Syedna Mufaddal Saifuddin is the current incumbent of the office of Dai al-Mutlaq."<ref name=":34" /> They further stated that Mufaddal Saifuddin can continue to administer the Charity until the outcome of the Bombay High Court case is known.<ref name=":34" />

=== Bombay High Court Suit No. 337 of 2014 ===
The late Mohammed Burhanuddin's half-brother Qutbuddin went to the High Court claiming the position of 53rd and to restrict Saifuddin from discharging the duties as the 53rd Dā'ī. The petition called for the High Court to have Qutbuddin, the half-brother, legally declared as the 53rd Dā'ī al-Mutlaq of the Bohra community, while simultaneously preventing his nephew, Mufaddal Saifuddin, from acting as the Dā'ī.<ref name="mumbaimirror1" />

The Bombay high court on 12 April 2023 concluded the hearing and reserved its verdict in the dispute.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/bombay-high-court-concludes-final-hearing-in-syedna-succession-case-marks-culmination-of-eight-year-trial-on-nass-and-doctrinal-aspects-101680719435011.html | title=HC concludes hearing in Syedna succession case, judgement expected in due course | date=6 April 2023 }}</ref> On 23 April 2024, the Bombay high court dismissed Taher Fakhruddin's claim.<ref name=":52">{{Cite web |title=Taher Fakhruddin Saheb v Mufaddal Burhanuddin Saifuddin {{!}} IN THE HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE AT BOMBAY ORDINARY ORIGINAL CIVIL JURISDICTION {{!}} SUIT NO. 337 OF 2014 |url=https://dawat.org/ |access-date=2025-01-20 |website=dawat.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bombay-high-court-rejects-dawoodi-bohra-succession-suit-101713852817458.html | title=Bombay high court rejects Dawoodi Bohra succession suit, upholds Syedna Mufaddal Saifuddin's claim | date=23 April 2024 }}</ref> The Bombay High Court's judgment hinged on the evidence presented. Khuzaima Qutbuddin's claim lacked sufficient corroborative evidence and relied on personal recollections, while Syedna Mufaddal Saifuddin's claim was supported by public declarations, witness testimonies, and documentation. The court emphasized the need for verifiable proof in religious succession disputes and examined the validity of nass within a legal context, particularly distinguishing between private and public declarations. The Plaintiff's case was dismissed due to the insufficiency of evidence.<ref name=":52" />

=== Gujarat High Court case ===
The [[Gujarat High Court]] issued an interim order on 16 April 2014 prohibiting Saifuddin from acting as the 53rd Dā'ī and his supporters from dealing with the trust properties. Khuzaima filed eight [[writ]] petitions before Gujarat High Court pertaining to the succession controversy.<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=17 April 2014 |title=Syedna row: 8 petitions in Gujarat HC |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/City/Mumbai/Syedna-row-8-petitions-in-Gujarat-HC/articleshow/33834539.cms |work=The Times of India |publisher=The Times Group}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite news |author= |date=16 April 2014 |title=Gujarat HC grants injunction on Dawoodi Bohra trusts, Wakfs |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/gujarat-hc-grants-injunction-on-dawoodi-bohra-trusts-wakfs-114041601405_1.html |work=Business Standard}}</ref> This order was rescinded to allow Mufaddal Saifuddin full control over and use of all properties in Gujarat, provided that as the sole trustee, nothing is done to degenerate the value of the trust, effectively allowing him to operate as the 53rd Dai, but without granting such recognition. This situation was to remain pending the outcome of the Bombay High Court.

On 5 May 2024, in view of the judgment and order dated 23.4.2024 by the Bombay High Court, the Gujarat High Court disposed off this case, "as the principal issue of succession of Syedna Mohammad Burhanuddin, leader of the Dawoodi Bohra Community, has been set at rest with the decision of the Bombay High Court."<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=Gujarat High Court |title=Mufaddal Burhanuddin Saifuddin vs Taher Fakhruddin Saheb Alias Taherbhai ... on 9 May, 2024 |date= 9 May 2024|url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/98766718/}}</ref>

=== Appeal in the High Court of Bombay ===
Taher Fakhruddin appealed the judgement on 10 July 2024 as Appeal Case No.139 of 2024 in Suit No.337 of 2014.<ref>Bombay High Court

'''CNR No. :-'''

HCBM020217942024

'''Lodging No. :-'''

APPL/21787/2024

'''Filing Date :-'''

10/07/2024

'''Main Matter'''

'''Lodging No.:-'''

SL/291/2014

'''Reg No. :-'''

S/337/2014</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Dawoodi Bohras]]
[[Category:Islam-related controversies]]
[[Category:Controversies in India]]
[[Category:Rival successions]]
[[Category:2010s in India]]

2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election

2026-03-21T18:17:12Z

Heriberto60T: refined structure further and corrected details per standard format

{{Short description|Election in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election
| country = India
| type = legislative
| registered = 71,822,450<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ceoelection.bihar.gov.in/F_1to8_2020/Format_2B_2020.pdf|title=Total Electors in Bihar Legislative Assembly Election 2020|work=ECI|accessdate=6 October 2025}}</ref>
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election
| previous_year = 2015
| election_date = {{Start date|df=yes|2020|10|28}} – {{End date|df=yes|2020|11|7}}
| next_election = 2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election
| next_year = 2025
| seats_for_election = All [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|243 seats]] in the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| majority_seats = 122
| turnout = 57.29%<ref>{{Cite web |title=Final turnout |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12787-bihar-legislative-election-2020/?do=download&r=38098&confirm=1&t=1&csrfKey=2ad253867cafa35f10d3d7fecb7f3879 |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref> ({{increase}} 0.38%)
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Tejaswi Yadav 2023.jpg|bSize=130|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=04}}
| leader1 = [[Tejashwi Yadav]]
| party1 = Rashtriya Janata Dal
| alliance1 = [[Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)|MGB]]
| leader_since1 = 2017
| leaders_seat1 = [[Raghopur Assembly constituency|Raghopur]] (Won)
| last_election1 = 80
| seats1 = '''75'''
| seat_change1 = {{decrease}} 5
| popular_vote1 = '''97,38,855'''
| percentage1 = '''23.11%'''
| swing1 = {{increase}} 4.79%
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Sanjay Jaiswal Member of Parliament (cropped).jpg|bSize=110|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=0}}
| leader2 = [[Sanjay Jaiswal]]
| party2 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| alliance2 = National Democratic Alliance
| leader_since2 = 2019
| leaders_seat2 = Did Not Contest
| last_election2 = 53
| seats2 = 74
| seat_change2 = {{Increase}} 21
| popular_vote2 = 82,02,067
| percentage2 = 19.46%
| swing2 = {{decrease}} 4.96%
| image3 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Nitish Kumar (cropped).JPG|bSize=110|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=04}}
| leader3 = [[Nitish Kumar]]
| party3 = [[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]]
| alliance3 = National Democratic Alliance
| leader_since3 = 2005
| leaders_seat3 = [[Bihar Legislative Council|MLC]](didn't contested)
| last_election3 = 71
| seats3 = 43
| seat_change3 = {{decrease}} 28
| popular_vote3 = 64,85,179
| percentage3 = 15.39%
| swing3 = {{decrease}} 1.44%
| image4 = <div style="width:100px;"> '''INC'''</div>
| leader4 = [[Madan Mohan Jha]]
| party4 = Indian National Congress
| alliance4 = [[Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)|MGB]]
| leader_since4 = 2019
| leaders_seat4 = Did not contest
| last_election4 = 27
| seats_before4 =
| seats_needed4 =
| seats4 = 19
| seat_change4 = {{decrease}} 8
| popular_vote4 = 39,95,319
| percentage4 = 9.48%
| swing4 = {{increase}} 2.82%
| image5 = <div style="width:110px;"> '''CPI(ML)L'''</div>
| leader5 = [[Dipankar Bhattacharya]]
| party5 = Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation
| alliance5 = [[Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)|MGB]]
| leader_since5 = 1996
| leaders_seat5 = ''Did Not Contest''
| last_election5 = 3
| seats_before5 =
| seats_needed5 =
| seats5 = 12
| seat_change5 = {{Increase}} 9
| popular_vote5 = 13,33,682
| percentage5 = 3.16%
| swing5 = {{increase}} 1.66%
| leader6 = [[Akhtarul Iman]]
| image6 = <div style="width:100px;"> '''AIMIM'''</div>
| party6 = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
| alliance6 = [[Grand Democratic Secular Front|GDSF]]
| leader_since6 = 2015
| leaders_seat6 = [[Amour Assembly constituency|Amour]] (Won)
| last_election6 = 0
| seats6 = 5
| seat_change6 = {{Increase}} 5
| popular_vote6 = 5,25,679
| percentage6 = 1.66%
| swing6 = {{increase}} 1.53%


| map_image = {{Switcher|[[File:2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Result Map.svg|350px]]|Party-wise results by constituency|[[File:2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly Alliance Wise Election Result Map.svg|350px]]|Alliance-wise results by constituency}}
| map2 = {{Switcher|[[File:Bharat Bihar Vidhan Sabha 2020.svg|350px]]|Party-wise structure|[[File:Bharat Bihar Vidhan Sabha Alliance Wise 2020.svg|350px]]|Alliance-wise structure}}
| title = [[Chief Minister of Bihar|Chief Minister]]
| before_election = [[Nitish Kumar]]
| before_party = [[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]]
[[National Democratic Alliance| NDA]]
| after_election = [[Nitish Kumar]]
| after_party = [[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]]
[[National Democratic Alliance| NDA]]
}}

The Bihar Legislative Assembly election was held in three phases through October–November to elect members to the Seventeenth [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]. The term of the previous [[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Bihar]] ended on 29 November 2020.

The election was held in three phases for a total of 243 seats:- the first for 71 seats on 28 October 2020, the second for 94 seats on 3 November 2020, and the third for the remaining 78 seats on 7 November 2020. The counting of votes began on 10 November 2020 and the incumbent [[National Democratic Alliance]] emerged as the winner with 125 elected [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLAs]], whereas the [[Parliamentary opposition|principal opposition]] coalition of [[Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)|Mahagathbandhan]] won 110 seats.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-11-11|title=Bihar election: India's BJP coalition wins key state election|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-54883737|access-date=2020-11-15|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032413/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-54883737|url-status=live}}</ref> Other minor coalitions and parties won 7 seats while only 1 newly elected MLA was an independent.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Election Commission of India|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ACTRENDS2020/partywiseresult-S04.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110025739/https://results.eci.gov.in/ACTRENDS2020/partywiseresult-S04.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 November 2020|access-date=2020-11-15|website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref>

After the elections, the incumbent [[List of chief ministers of Bihar|Chief Minister]] [[Nitish Kumar]] was elected as the leader of the [[National Democratic Alliance]] in Bihar and was sworn in again as Chief Minister, whereas two new [[List of deputy chief ministers of Bihar|deputy Chief Ministers]], [[Tarkishore Prasad]] and [[Renu Devi]] were inducted to the [[Seventh Nitish Kumar ministry|new ministry]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Tewary|first=Amarnath|date=2020-11-16|title=Nitish Kumar sworn in as Bihar CM again|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/bihar-assembly/nitish-kumar-returns-as-bihar-cm-for-seventh-time-in-20-years/article33107918.ece|access-date=2020-11-16|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=16 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116124633/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/bihar-assembly/nitish-kumar-returns-as-bihar-cm-for-seventh-time-in-20-years/article33107918.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> On the other side, [[Tejashwi Yadav]] was elected [[Leader of the Opposition]], and also leader of the [[Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)|Mahagathbandhan]] alliance.
Later [[Vijay Kumar Sinha]] was elected the new [[Bihar Legislative Assembly|Speaker of the Bihar Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Tewary|first=Amarnath|date=2020-11-25|title=NDA nominee Vijay Kumar Sinha elected Bihar Assembly Speaker|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/nda-nominee-vijay-kumar-sinha-elected-bihar-assembly-speaker/article33175746.ece|access-date=2020-11-27|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=25 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125134828/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/nda-nominee-vijay-kumar-sinha-elected-bihar-assembly-speaker/article33175746.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Background==
Outlined in Article 168 of the [[Constitution of India]], the Bihar Legislative Assembly is the lower house of the [[Bicameralism|bicameral legislature]] of [[Bihar]] and not a permanent body and subject to dissolution.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Article 168 in The Constitution Of India 1949|url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1555093/|access-date=13 October 2020|website=Indiankanoon.org|archive-date=18 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201218182338/https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1555093/|url-status=live}}</ref> The tenure of the Legislative Assembly is five years from the date appointed for its first sitting unless dissolved sooner. Members of the Legislative Assembly are directly elected by the people. The [[Tenure]] of [[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Bihar|current Bihar Legislative Assembly]] is scheduled to end on 29 November 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-25|title=Bihar Assembly Elections 2020 dates announced, to be conducted from Oct 28-Nov 7 in 3 phases|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-bihar-assembly-elections-2020-poll-dates-to-be-announced-today-election-commission-2845206|access-date=2020-09-30|website=DNA India|archive-date=1 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001010535/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-bihar-assembly-elections-2020-poll-dates-to-be-announced-today-election-commission-2845206|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the previous election, an alliance of three Major Parties consisting of [[Janata Dal (United)]], [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] and [[Indian National Congress]] named as [[Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)|Mahagathbandhan]] won against its primary opposition, the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] led [[National Democratic Alliance]]. However, in 2017, the [[Janata Dal (United)]] Chief Minister [[Nitish Kumar]] left the [[Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)|Mahagathbandhan]] and joined the [[National Democratic Alliance]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Nitish Kumar-led JD(U) passes resolution to join NDA - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/nitish-kumar-led-jdu-passes-resolution-to-join-nda/articleshow/60131233.cms|access-date=2020-10-13|website=The Times of India|date=19 August 2017|archive-date=14 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201014084432/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/nitish-kumar-led-jdu-passes-resolution-to-join-nda/articleshow/60131233.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> While [[Nitish Kumar]] remained the Chief Minister, [[Sushil Kumar Modi]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] replaced [[Tejashwi Yadav]] as the Deputy Chief Minister.

===Issues===
The main issue was that of the jobs and the economy. Bihar, for a long time, has been an economically backward state and sends large numbers of migrant laborers to cities across the country. Due to the coronavirus pandemic lockdown, thousands of migrant laborers were [[Indian migrant workers during the COVID-19 pandemic|forced to return]] to their home states due to lack of work, and Bihar was one of the most affected by the ensuing humanitarian crisis. Many of these workers blamed the current government for not having jobs for them in the first place, and not providing jobs when the lockdown started. There was also a significant anti-incumbency wave against Nitish, who had been CM for 15 years.<ref>{{Cite web|last=hermes|date=2020-11-07|title=Jobs a key issue in Bihar's election amid Covid-19|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/south-asia/jobs-a-key-issue-in-bihars-election-amid-covid-19|access-date=2020-11-07|website=The Straits Times|archive-date=7 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107090321/https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/south-asia/jobs-a-key-issue-in-bihars-election-amid-covid-19|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[2020 Indian agriculture acts|three agriculture bills]] passed by the [[Indian Parliament]] amid nationwide protests was expected to play a key role in the elections.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bihar Election 2020: Key issues that will guide voting and impact results|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/bihar-election-covid-pandemic-farm-bills-1726480-2020-09-29|access-date=2020-09-30|website=India Today}}</ref>

Issues such as the lack of employment, alleged politicisation of flood relief in the aftermath of the [[2019 Bihar floods]] and alleged inability of the state government to handle the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] were expected to be made an election issue by the opposition parties.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-29|title=Bihar election gets a new political constituency - over 16 lakh migrant workers|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bihar-election/bihar-election-gets-a-new-political-constituency-over-16-lakh-migrant-workers/story-M8XiwWwydN5rW6pBvITqLL.html|access-date=2020-10-13|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2020-09-25|title=Covid to flood: Tracing issues that may impact Bihar polls|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/covid-to-flood-tracing-issues-that-may-impact-bihar-polls/story-iLMMRQkSn0OPq1cCKaC6YN.html|access-date=2020-10-13|website=Hindustan Times|archive-date=6 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006054247/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/covid-to-flood-tracing-issues-that-may-impact-bihar-polls/story-iLMMRQkSn0OPq1cCKaC6YN.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The limited digital connectivity in Bihar and the [[Indian migrant workers during the COVID-19 pandemic|migrant crisis]] were among the issues which may have had an impact on campaigning and poll outcomes.<ref name=":0"/><ref>{{Cite web|last=Ranjan|first=Ashish|date=August 28, 2020|title=Deep Dive: Nitish Kumar's road to Bihar throne passes through migrant belt|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/deep-dive-nitish-kumar-s-road-to-bihar-throne-passes-through-migrant-belt-1716251-2020-08-28|access-date=2020-10-13|website=India Today|archive-date=18 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718060305/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/deep-dive-nitish-kumar-s-road-to-bihar-throne-passes-through-migrant-belt-1716251-2020-08-28|url-status=live}}</ref>

The death of the former [[Lok Janshakti Party]] president and union cabinet minister, [[Ram Vilas Paswan]] on 8 October 2020 was also speculated to have an effect on the prospects of the competing parties.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Singh|first1=Santosh|last2=Ghose|first2=Dipankar|date=2020-10-09|title=Ram Vilas Paswan's death will cast a shadow on Bihar elections|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ram-vilas-paswan-death-will-cast-a-shadow-on-bihar-elections-6716597/|access-date=2020-10-10|website=The Indian Express|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011161253/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ram-vilas-paswan-death-will-cast-a-shadow-on-bihar-elections-6716597/|url-status=live}}</ref>
It was reported that the [[BJP]] accorded special focus on the politically significant [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] which comprises 22 of the 38 [[districts of Bihar|districts of the state]] including Darbhanga, Madhubani, Supaul, Araria, Purnia, Katihar and Samastipur.<ref>{{Cite web|date=September 25, 2020|first=Kumar Shakti|last=Shekhar|title=Bihar assembly elections 2020: BJP eyes winning push from Mithila|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/bihar-assembly-elections-2020-bjp-eyes-winning-push-from-mithila/articleshow/78314749.cms|access-date=2021-11-29|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=29 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129184825/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/bihar-assembly-elections-2020-bjp-eyes-winning-push-from-mithila/articleshow/78314749.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Schedule==
On 25 September, Election Commission of India announced the dates for Bihar Assembly elections.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-09-25 |title=Three-phase voting, results on Nov 10: What's new about Bihar elections |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/polls-during-pandemic-whats-new-about-bihar-elections/articleshow/78311906.cms |access-date=2024-07-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=21 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821080345/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/polls-during-pandemic-whats-new-about-bihar-elections/articleshow/78311906.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Rowspan=3|Poll event
! Colspan=3|Phase
|-
! I
! II
! III
|-
|bgcolor=#28E2FF|
|bgcolor=yellow|
|bgcolor=pink|
|-
! Constituencies
! 71
! 94
! 78
|-
! Map of constituencies and their phases
| colspan ="3"|[[File:2020 Bihar voting phases.png|500x500px]]
|-
| Date of Issue of Notification
| bgcolor=#28E2FF|1 October 2020
| bgcolor=yellow| 9 October 2020
| bgcolor=pink| 13 October 2020
|-
| Last Date for filling nomination
| bgcolor=#28E2FF| 8 October 2020
| bgcolor=yellow| 16 October 2020
| bgcolor=pink| 20 October 2020
|-
| Scrutiny of nomination
| bgcolor=#28E2FF| 9 October 2020
| bgcolor=yellow| 17 October 2020
| bgcolor=pink| 21 October 2020
|-
| Last date for withdrawal of nomination
| bgcolor=#28E2FF| 12 October 2020
| bgcolor=yellow| 19 October 2020
| bgcolor=pink| 23 October 2020
|-
| Date of poll
| bgcolor=#28E2FF| 28 October 2020
| bgcolor=yellow| 3 November 2020
| bgcolor=pink| 7 November 2020
|-
! Date of Counting of Votes
! align=center Colspan=3|'''10 November 2020'''
|- style="text-align:center"
|colspan="5"| Source: [https://eci.gov.in/elections/currentelections/ Election Commission of India]

|}

== Parties and alliances ==

=== National Democratic Alliance ===
[[File:2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election NDA Seat Sharing.svg|2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election NDA Seat Sharing Map|thumb|right|300px]]
{| class="wikitable"
! No.
! Party
! Flag
! Symbol
! Photo
! Leader
! Seats contested
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}};color:white" |'''1.'''
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| [[File:Janata Dal (United) Flag.svg|50x50px]]
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Arrow.svg|50x50px]]
| [[File:Nitish Kumar (cropped).JPG|63x63px]]
| [[Nitish Kumar]]
| 115<ref>{{Cite web|last=Swarup|first=Vijay|date=2020-10-06|title=Bihar assembly election 2020: NDA seat-sharing pact sealed, Nitish Kumar jabs ex-ally Chirag Paswan|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bihar-election/bihar-assembly-election-2020-nda-seat-sharing-pact-sealed-nitish-kumar-jabs-ex-ally-chirag-paswan/story-POiVHX86FM7UKEXWEE1LaM.html|access-date=2020-10-06|website=Hindustan Times|archive-date=7 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201007035217/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bihar-election/bihar-assembly-election-2020-nda-seat-sharing-pact-sealed-nitish-kumar-jabs-ex-ally-chirag-paswan/story-POiVHX86FM7UKEXWEE1LaM.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white" |'''2.'''
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[File:BJP flag.svg|50x50px]]
| [[File:Lotos flower symbol.svg|50x50px]]
| {{CSS image crop|Image=Sanjay Jaiswal Member of Parliament (cropped).jpg|bSize=50|cWidth=50|cHeight=50|oLeft=10|oTop=0}}
| [[Sanjay Jaiswal]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gyan Varma|first=Anuja|date=2020-10-07|title=JD(U), BJP seal Bihar seat-sharing deal; Nitish to lead front|url=https://www.livemint.com/elections/assembly-elections/jd-u-bjp-seal-bihar-seat-sharing-deal-nitish-to-lead-front-11602038576441.html|access-date=2020-10-07|website=Livemint|archive-date=8 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008150530/https://www.livemint.com/elections/assembly-elections/jd-u-bjp-seal-bihar-seat-sharing-deal-nitish-to-lead-front-11602038576441.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| 110<ref name=":15">{{Cite web|date=7 October 2020|title=BJP spares 11 seats to associate partner VIP from its quota in Bihar polls|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/bjp-spares-11-seats-to-associate-partner-vip-from-its-quota-in-bihar-polls/1950780|access-date=2020-10-07|website=Outlook India|archive-date=9 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009024658/https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/bjp-spares-11-seats-to-associate-partner-vip-from-its-quota-in-bihar-polls/1950780|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Vikassheel Insaan Party}};color:white" |'''3.'''
| [[Vikassheel Insaan Party]]
|
|
|
| [[Mukesh Sahani]]
| 11<ref name=":15" />
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Hindustani Awam Morcha}};color:white" |'''4.'''
| [[Hindustani Awam Morcha]]
| [[File:Hindustani Awam Morcha Flag.svg|border|50x50px]]
| [[File:Telephone.svg|50x50px]]
| [[File:Sri Jitan Ram Manjhi.jpg|63x63px]]
| [[Jitan Ram Manjhi]]
| 7
|-
| colspan="7" style="text-align:center; background:#A9A9A9" | '''''Parties part of the National Democratic alliance at the center but not in state'''''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Lok Janshakti Party}};color:white" |'''5.'''
| [[Lok Janshakti Party]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mishra|first=Dipak|date=2020-10-11|title=LJP affiliates want Chirag Paswan in Modi cabinet after dad's death, BJP says it's PM's call|url=https://theprint.in/politics/ljp-affiliates-want-chirag-paswan-in-modi-cabinet-after-dads-death-bjp-says-its-pms-call/521427/|access-date=2020-10-17|website=ThePrint|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011191602/https://theprint.in/politics/ljp-affiliates-want-chirag-paswan-in-modi-cabinet-after-dads-death-bjp-says-its-pms-call/521427/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Ghargi|first=Arti|date=2020-10-16|title=LJP Trying To Mislead By Naming BJP's Top Leadership: Prakash Javadekar|url=https://hwnews.in/bihar-election-2020/ljp-trying-to-mislead-by-naming-bjps-top-leadership-prakash-javadekar/145548|access-date=2020-10-17|website=HW English|archive-date=1 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101193128/https://hwnews.in/bihar-election-2020/ljp-trying-to-mislead-by-naming-bjps-top-leadership-prakash-javadekar/145548|url-status=live}}</ref>
| [[File:Lok Janshakti Party Flag.svg|border|50x50px]]
|
| [[File:Chirag Paswan.jpg|63x63px]]
| [[Chirag Paswan]]
| 134
|}
The [[National Democratic Alliance]] in Bihar is the ruling political group headed by the chief minister [[Nitish Kumar]] and comprising primarily the [[Janata Dal (United)]] and the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in the legislative assembly.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-04-30|title=It is the CM's duty to bring back stranded students, says Bihar BJP leader|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/it-is-the-cms-duty-to-bring-back-stranded-students-says-bihar-bjp-leader/article31467733.ece|access-date=2020-10-07|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=12 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012001721/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/it-is-the-cms-duty-to-bring-back-stranded-students-says-bihar-bjp-leader/article31467733.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the previous election, the alliance was led by the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] alongside three smaller allies namely the [[Lok Janshakti Party]], the [[Rashtriya Lok Samta Party]] and the [[Hindustani Awam Morcha]], while the [[Janata Dal (United)]] had contested as part of the current opposition [[Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)|Mahagathbandan]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|last=Sinha|first=Arjun|date=10 November 2015|title=From lousy rallies to inept partners, the six charts that explain Modi's decimation in Bihar|url=https://qz.com/india/544758/from-ill-conceived-rallies-to-inept-partners-the-six-charts-that-explain-modis-decimation-in-bihar/|access-date=2020-10-07|website=Quartz India|archive-date=12 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612184806/https://qz.com/india/544758/from-ill-conceived-rallies-to-inept-partners-the-six-charts-that-explain-modis-decimation-in-bihar/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Varma|first=Gyan|date=2015-11-08|title=Bihar results: Social arithmetic, quota comments seen behind BJP's failure|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/1pOz3HPgOrKZDdpfrrbcNK/Bihar-results-Social-arithmetic-quota-comments-seen-behind.html|access-date=2020-10-07|website=Livemint|archive-date=24 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124155838/https://www.livemint.com/Politics/1pOz3HPgOrKZDdpfrrbcNK/Bihar-results-Social-arithmetic-quota-comments-seen-behind.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2017, the [[Janata Dal (United)]] switched alliance which caused the Mahagathbandan government to fall and the National Democratic Alliance came to power.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|last=Bhaskar|first=Utpal|date=2019-05-27|title=Lok Sabha win gives a 2nd wind to JD(U) for assembly polls, NDA in pole position|url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/lok-sabha-win-gives-a-2nd-wind-to-jd-u-for-assembly-polls-nda-in-pole-position-1558958108966.html|access-date=2020-10-07|website=Livemint|archive-date=18 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718060316/https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/lok-sabha-win-gives-a-2nd-wind-to-jd-u-for-assembly-polls-nda-in-pole-position-1558958108966.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, two of the partners, the [[Rashtriya Lok Samta Party|Rashtriya Lok Samata Party]] and the [[Hindustani Awam Morcha]] left the alliance.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kumar|first=Prakash|date=2018-12-10|title=Jolt to NDA; Kushwaha resigns as Union minister|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/rlsp-president-upendra-707313.html|access-date=2020-10-07|website=Deccan Herald|archive-date=21 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921102907/https://www.deccanherald.com/national/rlsp-president-upendra-707313.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":16">{{Cite web|date=2018-02-28|title=Jitam Ram Manjhi quits NDA, set to join 'Mahagathbandhan'|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jitan-ram-manjhi-nda-mahagathbandhan-grand-alliance-nda-ham-5081198/|website=The Indian Express|access-date=7 October 2020|archive-date=12 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012052623/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jitan-ram-manjhi-nda-mahagathbandhan-grand-alliance-nda-ham-5081198/|url-status=live}}</ref>

During the campaigning phase in August 2020, the alliance was re-joined by the [[Hindustani Awam Morcha]] which held one seat in the legislature.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Tewary|first=Amarnath|date=2020-09-02|title=Manjhi's HAM(S) joins NDA|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/former-bihar-chief-minister-manjhis-party-to-join-nda-on-sept-3/article32501850.ece|access-date=2020-10-07|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=3 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003121248/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/former-bihar-chief-minister-manjhis-party-to-join-nda-on-sept-3/article32501850.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Later, the alliance was also joined in by the [[Vikassheel Insaan Party]] in October 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|date=7 October 2020|title=BJP spares 11 seats to associate partner VIP from its quota in Bihar polls|work=The Week|agency=Press Trust of India|url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/national/2020/10/07/cal8-bh-poll-bjp-vip.html|access-date=7 October 2020|archive-date=9 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009191943/https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/national/2020/10/07/cal8-bh-poll-bjp-vip.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The campaign however faced problems with persistent attacks on the Janata Dal (United) by the Lok Janshakti Party.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kumar|first=Abhay|date=2020-03-08|title=Why is Nitish Kumar miffed with ally Chirag Paswan?|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/national-politics/why-is-nitish-kumar-miffed-with-ally-chirag-paswan-811846.html|access-date=2020-10-07|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Jeelani|first=Gulam|date=7 September 2020|title=Bihar elections: Paswans flex muscles as Nitish launches virtual poll campaign|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/economy/policy/bihar-elections-paswans-flex-muscles-as-nitish-launches-virtual-poll-campaign-5805991.html|access-date=2020-10-07|website=Moneycontrol|archive-date=18 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718060309/https://www.moneycontrol.com/europe/?url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/economy/policy/bihar-elections-paswans-flex-muscles-as-nitish-launches-virtual-poll-campaign-5805991.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Chirag Paswan]], the leader of the party in the state was called to Delhi to negotiate with the national leadership of the Bharatiya Janata Party, in the end the Lok Janshakti Party quit the alliance stating that they would contest all seats against the Janata Dal (United) but not against the Bharatiya Janata Party.<ref name="indianexpress.com">{{Cite web|date=2020-10-04|title=Bihar elections: LJP to contest against all JD(U) candidates but still 'support BJP'|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/bihar-election-nda-bjp-jdu-ljp-seat-sharing-6700395/|website=The Indian Express|access-date=4 October 2020|archive-date=6 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006231544/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/bihar-election-nda-bjp-jdu-ljp-seat-sharing-6700395/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Nair|first=Sobhana K.|date=2020-10-02|title=Bihar Assembly election {{!}} LJP to go it alone, but backs Narendra Modi|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/bihar-assembly-election-ljp-to-go-it-alone-but-backs-narendra-modi/article32751042.ece|access-date=2020-10-07|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=7 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201007182027/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/bihar-assembly-election-ljp-to-go-it-alone-but-backs-narendra-modi/article32751042.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Following the development, several notable leader of the Bharatiya Janata Party including the state vice president and 2 sitting legislators joined the Lok Janshakti Party to contest against Janata Dal (United) candidates.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-10-13|title=Bihar BJP expels 9 leaders including rebels contesting on LJP tickets|work=Business Standard India|agency=Press Trust of India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/elections/bihar-bjp-expels-9-leaders-including-rebels-contesting-on-ljp-tickets-120101201469_1.html|access-date=13 October 2020|archive-date=18 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718060307/https://www.business-standard.com/article/elections/bihar-bjp-expels-9-leaders-including-rebels-contesting-on-ljp-tickets-120101201469_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Menon|first=Aditya|date=2020-10-06|title=Hidden Deal in Bihar Polls? BJP Leaders to Contest on LJP Tickets|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/politics/bjp-ljp-rajendra-singh-rameshwar-chaurasia-bihar-assembly-elections-2020|access-date=2020-10-13|website=The Quint|archive-date=9 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009033335/https://www.thequint.com/news/politics/bjp-ljp-rajendra-singh-rameshwar-chaurasia-bihar-assembly-elections-2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Later during the campaigning period in October 2020, the Bharatiya Janata Party officially cut ties with the Lok Janshakti Party stating that the National Democratic Alliances in Bihar consisted of the four parties.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-12|title=Explained: What constitutes NDA in Bihar and what is its social composition and USP?|url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/explained-bihar-oct-12-what-constitutes-nda-in-bihar-its-social-composition-usp-6721619/|access-date=2020-10-13|website=The Indian Express|archive-date=12 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012222606/https://indianexpress.com/elections/explained-bihar-oct-12-what-constitutes-nda-in-bihar-its-social-composition-usp-6721619/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Swaroop|first=Vijay|date=2020-10-12|editor-last=Saxena|editor-first=Sparshita|title=Bihar assembly polls: BJP faces hard time clearing air about LJP's status in NDA|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bihar-election/bihar-assembly-polls-bjp-faces-hard-time-clearing-air-about-ljp-s-status-in-nda/story-BspnxII5lDkkJOmZoD7rVO.html|access-date=2020-10-13|website=Hindustan Times|archive-date=13 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013145507/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bihar-election/bihar-assembly-polls-bjp-faces-hard-time-clearing-air-about-ljp-s-status-in-nda/story-BspnxII5lDkkJOmZoD7rVO.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Mishra|first=Dipak|date=2020-10-11|title=LJP affiliates want Chirag Paswan in Modi cabinet after dad's death, BJP says it's PM's call|url=https://theprint.in/politics/ljp-affiliates-want-chirag-paswan-in-modi-cabinet-after-dads-death-bjp-says-its-pms-call/521427/|access-date=2020-10-13|website=The Print}}</ref>

According to political analysts the Lok Janshakti Party was unlikely to make any electoral gains but would act as spoilers for the Janata Dal (United) candidates,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Menon|first=Aditya|date=2020-10-05|title=Bihar Elections: LJP's Move Can Alter Poll Equations. Here's How|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/politics/lok-janshakti-party-chirag-paswan-nitish-kumar-bihar-assembly-elections-2|access-date=2020-10-07|website=The Quint|archive-date=9 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009162847/https://www.thequint.com/news/politics/lok-janshakti-party-chirag-paswan-nitish-kumar-bihar-assembly-elections-2|url-status=live}}</ref> the development was suggested to have been orchestrated by the Bharatiya Janata Party to gain leverage over the Janata Dal (United) by reducing its final tally.{{Refn|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-06|title=Downsizing Nitish|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/bihar-elections-ljp-bjp-jdu-nitish-kumar-6704351/|website=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Ray|first=Umesh Kumar|date=5 October 2020|title=Bihar Elections: What the LJP Hopes to Achieve By Walking Out of the NDA|url=https://thewire.in/politics/bihar-elections-chirag-paswan-nitish-kumar-ljp-jdu-bjp|access-date=2020-10-07|website=The Wire|archive-date=9 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009143308/https://thewire.in/politics/bihar-elections-chirag-paswan-nitish-kumar-ljp-jdu-bjp|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Menon|first=Aditya|date=2020-10-06|title=Hidden Deal in Bihar Polls? BJP Leaders to Contest on LJP Tickets|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/politics/bjp-ljp-rajendra-singh-rameshwar-chaurasia-bihar-assembly-elections-2020|access-date=2020-10-07|website=The Quint|archive-date=9 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009033335/https://www.thequint.com/news/politics/bjp-ljp-rajendra-singh-rameshwar-chaurasia-bihar-assembly-elections-2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Kumar|first=Arun|date=2020-10-05|title=Bihar Assembly Election 2020: LJP move to go solo could prove to be a double-edged sword|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bihar-election/bihar-assembly-election-2020-ljp-move-to-go-solo-could-prove-to-be-a-double-edged-sword/story-ppD8wNX7I735q2oCMvtj0J.html|access-date=2020-10-07|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>}} The Bharatiya Janata Party at the time re-asserted that Nitish Kumar would remain the chief ministerial face of the alliance.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mishra|first=Law Kumar|date=7 October 2020|title=Bihar Elections 2020: Nitish is NDA's CM candidate, no ifs or buts, LJP told|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/bihar-elections-2020-nitish-is-ndas-cm-candidate-no-ifs-or-buts-ljp-told|access-date=2020-10-07|website=Free Press Journal|archive-date=10 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201010121419/https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/bihar-elections-2020-nitish-is-ndas-cm-candidate-no-ifs-or-buts-ljp-told|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Mishra|first=Dipak|date=2020-10-06|title=Drama before BJP-JD(U) press meet, message to LJP loud and clear – Nitish is NDA's CM face|url=https://theprint.in/politics/drama-before-bjp-jdu-press-meet-message-to-ljp-loud-and-clear-nitish-is-ndas-cm-face/518270/|access-date=2020-10-07|website=The Print}}</ref>

Both the Lok Janshakti Party and the Janata Dal (United) are expected to hold sway among certain sections of [[Scheduled caste]] voters while the Bharatiya Janta Party are expected to draws its support base from [[Forward caste]] voters.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mishra|first=Law Kumar|date=7 October 2020|title=Who will undermine whom in Bihar?|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/analysis/who-will-undermine-whom-in-bihar|access-date=2020-10-07|website=Free Press Journal|archive-date=8 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008225407/https://www.freepressjournal.in/analysis/who-will-undermine-whom-in-bihar|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Kumar|first=Sanjay|date=2020-10-06|title=What separates Bihar's politics from UP's|url=https://www.livemint.com/elections/assembly-elections/what-separates-bihar-s-politics-from-up-s-11601969555963.html|access-date=2020-10-07|website=Livemint|archive-date=15 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415234444/https://www.livemint.com/elections/assembly-elections/what-separates-bihar-s-politics-from-up-s-11601969555963.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Janata Dal (United) though relied upon its core voters by giving importance to its [[Luv-Kush equation]] in ticket distribution, also gave good representation to the forward castes and EBCs. For 115 seats which it contested 17 forward caste were given party tickets while the Koeri and Kurmi candidates got 17 and 7 seats respectively. The EBCs on the other hand contested on 21 seats out of 115.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/bihar-elections-jdu-strategy-focus-on-core-base-bid-to-woo-others-too-6709024/|title=JD(U) strategy: Focus on core base, bid to woo others too|website=Indian Express|date=8 October 2020|access-date=2020-11-03|archive-date=10 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201010235540/https://indianexpress.com/elections/bihar-elections-jdu-strategy-focus-on-core-base-bid-to-woo-others-too-6709024/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Mahagathbandhan ===
[[File:2020 MGB Bihar.svg|2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Mahagathbandhan Seat Sharing Map|thumb|right|300px]]
{| class="wikitable"
! No.
! Party
! Flag
! Symbol
! Photo
! Leader
! Seats contested
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}};color:white" |'''1.'''
| [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| [[File:RJD Flag.svg|50x50px]]
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Hurricane Lamp.png|50x50px]]
|
| [[Tejashwi Yadav]]
| 144<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bihar polls: Tejashwi announces Grand Alliance's seat-sharing deal, Congress to contest from 70 seats|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/bihar-elections-opposition-alliance-rjd-144-congress-70-left-29-6685968/|access-date=2020-10-03|website=The Indian Express|date=3 October 2020|archive-date=26 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210326035411/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/bihar-elections-opposition-alliance-rjd-144-congress-70-left-29-6685968/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};color:white" |'''2.'''
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg|50x50px]]
| [[File:Hand INC.svg|50x50px]]
|
| [[Madan Mohan Jha]]
| 70
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation}};color:white" |'''3.'''
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation|Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist)]]
| [[File:CPIML LIBERATION FLAG.png|50x50px]]
| [[File:Flag Logo of CPIML.png|50x50 px]]
|
| [[Dipankar Bhattacharya]]
| 19
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}};color:white" |'''4.'''
| [[Communist Party of India]]
| [[File:CPI-banner.svg|50x50px]]
| [[File:CPI symbol.svg|50x50px]]
|
| [[Ram Naresh Pandey]]<ref>{{Cite news|date=4 October 2020|title=Bihar polls: CPI announces candidates in its quota of six seats|work=Deccan Herald|agency=Agence France-Presse|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/east-and-northeast/bihar-polls-cpi-announces-candidates-in-its-quota-of-six-seats-897234.html}}</ref>
| 6
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" |'''5.'''
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| [[File:CPI-M-flag.svg|50x50px]]
| [[File:CPI(M) election symbol - Hammer Sickle and Star.svg|50x50px]]
|
| Awadhesh Kumar
| 4
|}
The Mahagathbandhan is the main opposition political coalition comprising primarily the [[United Progressive Alliance]] members [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] and [[Indian National Congress]] along with left–wing parties such as CPI and CPI (M).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kumar|first=Abhay|date=2020-06-10|title=Ahead of Bihar polls, Mahagathbandhan may dump three of its allies|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/national-politics/ahead-of-bihar-polls-mahagathbandhan-may-dump-three-of-its-allies-847850.html|access-date=2020-10-07|website=Deccan Herald|archive-date=2 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201002191722/https://www.deccanherald.com/national/national-politics/ahead-of-bihar-polls-mahagathbandhan-may-dump-three-of-its-allies-847850.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Naqshbandi|first=Aurangazeb|date=2020-10-02|title=RJD-Congress close to sealing seat talks in Bihar, announcement soon|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bihar-election/rjd-congress-close-to-sealing-seat-talks-in-bihar-announcement-soon/story-LUwcdIct6OIwXBbO8jcRDP.html|access-date=2020-10-08|website=Hindustan Times|archive-date=8 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008151405/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bihar-election/rjd-congress-close-to-sealing-seat-talks-in-bihar-announcement-soon/story-LUwcdIct6OIwXBbO8jcRDP.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the previous election, the Mahagathbandhan formed and initially comprised the [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]], the Janata Dal (United) and the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name=":12" /> It was able to form government following the election but the government fell when the Janata Dal (United) switched sides and joined the National Democratic Alliance.<ref name=":10" /> In the opposition, the alliance was joined in by smaller parties like the Rashtriya Lok Samta Party, the Hindustan Awami Morcha and the Vikassheel Insaan Party.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-12-20|title=RLSP chief Kushwaha joins UPA in Bihar, becomes part of Mahagathbandhan|work=Business Standard India|agency=Press Trust of India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/elections/rlsp-s-upendra-kushwaha-joins-upa-in-bihar-becomes-part-of-mahagathbandhan-118122000664_1.html|access-date=2020-10-07|archive-date=14 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190914014126/https://www.business-standard.com/article/elections/rlsp-s-upendra-kushwaha-joins-upa-in-bihar-becomes-part-of-mahagathbandhan-118122000664_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":16" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Kumar|first=Manish|date=23 December 2018|title=कौन हैं ये मुकेश साहनी जो कह रहे हैं 'माछ भात खाएंगे महागठबंधन को जिताएंगे'|trans-title=Who is this Mukesh Sahani saying "will eat Fish-Rice and give victory to Mahagathbandan"|url=https://khabar.ndtv.com/news/bihar/mukesh-sahni-aka-son-of-mallah-joins-mahagathbandhan-in-bihar-1967031|access-date=2020-10-07|website=NDTV India|archive-date=8 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008214246/https://khabar.ndtv.com/news/bihar/mukesh-sahni-aka-son-of-mallah-joins-mahagathbandhan-in-bihar-1967031|url-status=dead}}</ref> The three parties however opted out of the alliance between August–October 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-09-25|title=Pappu Yadav promises corruption-free Bihar in six months|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/pappu-yadav-promises-corruption-free-bihar-in-six-months/article32690228.ece|access-date=2020-10-07|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=3 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003083003/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/pappu-yadav-promises-corruption-free-bihar-in-six-months/article32690228.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Swaroop|first=Vijay|date=2020-08-20|title=Jitan Ram Manjhi-led HAM-S exits Grand Alliance ahead of Bihar assembly polls|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jitan-ram-manjhi-led-ham-s-exits-grand-alliance-ahead-of-bihar-assembly-polls/story-bpSf73W79DRHV3yUJoCiZO.html|access-date=2020-10-07|website=Hindustan Times|archive-date=7 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201007204442/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jitan-ram-manjhi-led-ham-s-exits-grand-alliance-ahead-of-bihar-assembly-polls/story-bpSf73W79DRHV3yUJoCiZO.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-03|title=महागठबंधन में टूट: कॉन्फ्रेंस में बोले VIP चीफ - पीठ में छुरा मारा|trans-title=Break in Mahagathbandan: VIP chief in conference says backstabbed|url=https://hindi.thequint.com/elections/bihar-elections/bihar-election-2020-mukesh-sahni-vikassheel-insaan-party-quits-rjd-congress-mahagathbandhan|access-date=2020-10-07|website=TheQuint|language=hi|archive-date=18 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718061403/https://hindi.thequint.com/elections/bihar-election/bihar-election-2020-mukesh-sahni-vikassheel-insaan-party-quits-rjd-congress-mahagathbandhan|url-status=live}}</ref> In September 2020, the [[Samajwadi Party]] which had contested in previous elections in Bihar without success, declared that they would not contest this time and instead support the Rashtriya Janata Dal.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-09-23|title=SP to support RJD in Bihar polls|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/bihar-assembly/sp-to-support-rjd-in-bihar-polls/article32675348.ece|access-date=2020-10-07|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=18 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718061353/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/bihar-assembly/sp-to-support-rjd-in-bihar-polls/article61703500.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the meantime, the alliance after negotiations were joined in by the left–wing parties in Bihar; namely the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation]], the [[Communist Party of India]] and the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Verma|first=Nalin|date=29 August 2020|title=Will an RJD-Congress-Left Alliance Ride the Anti-Incumbency Wave in Bihar?|url=https://thewire.in/politics/bihar-elections-rjd-congress-left-alliance|access-date=2020-10-07|website=The Wire|archive-date=9 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009013958/https://thewire.in/politics/bihar-elections-rjd-congress-left-alliance|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Nair|first=Sobhana K.|date=2020-09-26|title=Bihar Assembly elections {{!}} Mahagatbandhan narrows down its seat sharing formula|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/bihar-assembly/bihar-assembly-elections-mahagatbandhan-narrows-down-its-seat-sharing-formula/article32704026.ece|access-date=2020-10-07|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=18 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718061404/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/bihar-assembly/bihar-assembly-elections-mahagatbandhan-narrows-down-its-seat-sharing-formula/article61702079.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The new arrangement was described as an experiment beyond the caste based politics in Bihar with a caste plus class strategy.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Tiwari|first=Amitabh|date=2020-10-07|title=Bihar Polls 2020: Will Tejashwi's 'Caste-Class' Strategy Succeed?|url=https://www.thequint.com/voices/opinion/bihar-assembly-elections-2020-tejashwi-yadav-caste-class-voter-base-nitish-kumar-bjp-jdu|access-date=2020-10-07|website=The Quint|archive-date=13 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013053227/https://www.thequint.com/voices/opinion/bihar-assembly-elections-2020-tejashwi-yadav-caste-class-voter-base-nitish-kumar-bjp-jdu|url-status=live}}</ref> The communist parties in Bihar had historically held a large presence in the state that was reduced following the [[Mandal Commission]], the Liberation group had retained some of its former base and had emerged as the largest non-alliance party in the previous election.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Verma|first=Nalin|date=26 August 2020|title=Will an RJD-Congress-Left Alliance Ride the Anti-Incumbency Wave in Bihar?|url=https://thewire.in/politics/bihar-elections-rjd-congress-left-alliance|access-date=2020-10-07|website=The Wire|archive-date=9 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009013958/https://thewire.in/politics/bihar-elections-rjd-congress-left-alliance|url-status=live}}</ref>

The seat sharing agreement was finalised on 3 October 2020 with the [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]] included in the alliance.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Tewary|first=Amarnath|date=2020-10-03|title=Bihar Assembly elections {{!}} Mahagathbandhan seals seat-sharing deal|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/bihar-assembly/bihar-assembly-elections-mahagathbandhan-clinches-seat-sharing-deal/article32760480.ece|access-date=2020-10-07|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> On 7 October, the Jharkhand Mukti Morcha opted out of the alliance in Bihar over disagreements on seat sharing while maintaining that they will continue to uphold their alliance in the state of [[Jharkhand]].<ref name="Mazumdar">{{Cite web|last=Mazumdar|first=Gautam|date=2020-10-06|title=JMM to go solo in Bihar polls, accuses RJD of 'political betrayal'|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bihar-election/jmm-to-go-solo-in-bihar-polls-accuses-rjd-of-political-betrayal/story-N9syF9hSpcCnWK6sD2t6KK.html|access-date=2020-10-07|website=Hindustan Times|archive-date=7 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201007035758/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bihar-election/jmm-to-go-solo-in-bihar-polls-accuses-rjd-of-political-betrayal/story-N9syF9hSpcCnWK6sD2t6KK.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Grand Democratic Secular Front ===
In the wake of the 2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election, Upendra Kushwaha pulled the party out of the [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] led [[Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)|Mahagathbandhan]] (Grand Alliance).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-03|title=Bihar polls: Tejashwi announces Grand Alliance's seat-sharing deal, Congress to contest from 70 seats|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/bihar-elections-opposition-alliance-rjd-144-congress-70-left-29-6685968/|website=[[The Indian Express]] | access-date=3 October 2020|archive-date=26 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210326035411/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/bihar-elections-opposition-alliance-rjd-144-congress-70-left-29-6685968/|url-status=live}}</ref> The party entered into an alliance with the [[Uttar Pradesh]] based [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] and the minor [[Janvadi Party (Socialist)]];<ref>{{Cite news|date=30 September 2020|title=Upendra Kushwaha's Key Aide Quits Over New Alliance With Mayawati's Party|work=[[NDTV]] | publisher=[[Press Trust of India]] | url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/upendra-kushwahas-key-aide-quits-over-new-alliance-with-mayawatis-party-2303428?amp=1&akamai-rum=off|access-date=9 November 2020|archive-date=30 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930195402/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/upendra-kushwahas-key-aide-quits-over-new-alliance-with-mayawatis-party-2303428?amp=1&akamai-rum=off|url-status=live}}</ref> The UDSA consisted of the [[Samajwadi Janata Dal Democratic]] led by the veteran socialist [[Devendra Prasad Yadav]] and the [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=28 September 2020|title=Turncoats have a field day in poll-bound Bihar|work=Livemint|agency=Press Trust of India|url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/turncoats-have-a-field-day-in-poll-bound-bihar-11601308455102.html|access-date=7 October 2020|archive-date=20 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120230951/https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/turncoats-have-a-field-day-in-poll-bound-bihar-11601308455102.html|url-status=live}}</ref> On 8 October 2020, the UDSA and the three party front including the Bahujan Samaj Party were merged into a single coalition called the [[Grand Democratic Secular Front]] (GDSF), the alliance additionally included the [[Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party]].<ref name=":13">{{Cite web|last=Mishra|first=Law Kumar|date=9 October 2020|title=Yet another election front formed in Bihar|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/yet-another-election-front-formed-in-bihar|access-date=2020-10-09|website=The Free Press Journal|archive-date=12 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012184838/https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/yet-another-election-front-formed-in-bihar|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":17">{{Cite news|date=8 October 2020|title=Asaduddin Owaisi, Upendra Kushwaha Form Front Of 6 Parties For Bihar Polls|work=NDTV|agency=Press Trust of India|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/asaduddin-owaisi-upendra-kushwaha-form-front-of-6-parties-for-bihar-polls-2307317|access-date=9 October 2020|archive-date=8 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008231802/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/asaduddin-owaisi-upendra-kushwaha-form-front-of-6-parties-for-bihar-polls-2307317|url-status=live}}</ref> Among the constituent parties, only the [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]] had representation in the assembly through a single legislator.<ref name=":17" />
{| class="wikitable"
! No.
! Party
! Flag
! Symbol
! Photo
! Leader
! Seats contested
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Rashtriya Lok Samta Party}};color:white" |'''1.'''
| [[Rashtriya Lok Samta Party]]
|
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Ceiling Fan.svg|50x50px]]
| [[File:The Minister of State for Human Resource Development, Shri Upendra Kushwaha addressing at the inauguration of the "Summer Fiesta", in New Delhi on May 22, 2018.JPG|64x64px]]
| [[Upendra Kushwaha]]
| 104<ref>{{Cite news |last=Anshuman |first=Kumar |title=Mayawati's open support to BJP spells setback for grand secular democratic front in Bihar |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/mayawatis-open-support-to-bjp-spells-setback-for-grand-secular-democratic-front-in-bihar/articleshow/78957355.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2022-06-11 |archive-date=11 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611093519/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/mayawatis-open-support-to-bjp-spells-setback-for-grand-secular-democratic-front-in-bihar/articleshow/78957355.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}};color:white" |'''2.'''
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| [[File:Elephant Bahujan Samaj Party.svg|50x50px]]
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Elephant.png|50x50px]]
|
| [[Ramji Gautam]]
| 80
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)}};color:white" |'''3.'''
| [[Samajwadi Janata Dal Democratic]]
|
|
|
| [[Devendra Prasad Yadav]]
| 25
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}};color:white" |'''4.'''
| [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]]
|
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Kite.svg|50x50px]]
|
| [[Akhtarul Iman]]
| 19
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party}};color:white" |'''5.'''
| [[Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party]]
|
|
|
| [[Om Prakash Rajbhar]]
| 5
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}};color:white" |'''6.'''
| Janvadi Party (Socialist)
|
|
|
| Dr. Sanjay Singh Chauhan
| 5
|}

=== Others ===
There were a number of other smaller parties and coalitions contesting the election,<ref name=":14">{{Cite news|last=Raj|first=Dev|date=2 October 2020|title=Alliances are raining down on poll-season Bihar|work=Telegraph India|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/alliances-are-raining-down-on-poll-season-bihar/cid/1793638}}</ref> the prospects and impact of these formations have been noted to be marginal.<ref name=":14" /><ref name=":11">{{Cite web|last=Kumar|first=Arun|date=2020-10-02|title=Bihar Assembly Election 2020: NDA vs GA contest shrinks space for smaller parties, new alliances|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bihar-election/bihar-assembly-election-2020-nda-vs-ga-contest-shrinks-space-for-smaller-parties-new-alliances/story-nuVs9BC9IbXhPro9pPhG5H.html|access-date=2020-10-07|website=Hindustan Times|archive-date=7 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201007174726/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bihar-election/bihar-assembly-election-2020-nda-vs-ga-contest-shrinks-space-for-smaller-parties-new-alliances/story-nuVs9BC9IbXhPro9pPhG5H.html|url-status=live}}</ref> As of January 2020, there were 120 [[unrecognised registered parties]] in Bihar.<ref name=":11" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-14|title=Explained: Apart from NDA and MGB, what other alliances are in the poll fray in Bihar?|url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/explained-apart-from-nda-and-mahagathbandhan-what-other-alliances-are-in-the-poll-fray-in-bihar-6724438/|access-date=2020-10-14|website=The Indian Express|archive-date=17 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017015513/https://indianexpress.com/elections/explained-apart-from-nda-and-mahagathbandhan-what-other-alliances-are-in-the-poll-fray-in-bihar-6724438/|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 2 October 2020, there were reportedly four other noteworthy alliances that had emerged; [[Progressive Democratic Alliance (Bihar)|Progressive Democratic Alliance (PDA)]], United Democratic Alliance (UDA). PDA consisted of [[Pappu Yadav]]'s [[Jan Adhikar Party]], [[Chandrashekhar Azad Ravan|Chandrashekhar Azad]]'s Azad Samaj Party, [[Social Democratic Party of India]] and [[Bahujan Mukti Party]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Swaroop|first=Vijay|date=2020-10-05|title=Political expediency changing faces of electoral alliances in Bihar|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bihar-election/political-expediency-changing-faces-of-electoral-alliances-in-bihar/story-wfSvmNF4TsLfk205vZTGPK.html|access-date=2020-10-07|website=Hindustan Times|archive-date=7 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201007195957/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bihar-election/political-expediency-changing-faces-of-electoral-alliances-in-bihar/story-wfSvmNF4TsLfk205vZTGPK.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The UDA consisted of a front of 20 parties collectively led by the former Bharatiya Janata Party cabinet minister [[Yashwant Sinha]] and other transiently popular mass leaders.<ref name=":14" />
The newly formed [[Plurals Party|The Plurals Party (TPP, दप्पा)]] also contested the election in 2020 on all 243 seats.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ranjan|first=Abhinav|date=2020-10-15|title=Who is Pushpam Priya Choudhary? The UK return girl who aspires to become Chief Minister of Bihar|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/who-is-pushpam-priya-choudhary-who-announced-herself-to-be-a-cm-candidate-in-bihar-election-2020-657248|access-date=2020-11-11|website=www.indiatvnews.com|archive-date=1 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101110543/https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/who-is-pushpam-priya-choudhary-who-announced-herself-to-be-a-cm-candidate-in-bihar-election-2020-657248|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the meantime, the UDA which was the front led by Yashwant Sinha had reportedly fallen apart as various members of the constituent parties had defected to join the mainstream regional and national parties.<ref name=":13" /> Other notable parties that contested independent of an alliance, are the Lok Janshakti Party on 134 seats, the [[Loktantrik Janata Dal]] on 51 seats, the [[Shiv Sena]] on 30–40 seats and the Jharkhand Mukti Morcha on 7 seats.<ref name="indianexpress.com" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=October 12, 2020|title=Sharad Yadav's LJD to contest 51 seats in Bihar polls alone|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/sharad-yadavs-ljd-to-contest-51-seats-in-bihar-polls-alone/articleshow/78624822.cms|access-date=2020-10-12|website=The Times of India|archive-date=13 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013021758/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/sharad-yadavs-ljd-to-contest-51-seats-in-bihar-polls-alone/articleshow/78624822.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=5 October 2020|title=Shiv Sena May Contest 30-40 Seats in Bihar Assembly Polls: MP Sanjay Raut|work=NDTV|agency=Press Trust of India|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/shiv-sena-may-contest-30-40-seats-in-bihar-assembly-polls-mp-sanjay-raut-2305546|access-date=7 October 2020|archive-date=18 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718061354/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/shiv-sena-may-contest-30-40-seats-in-bihar-assembly-polls-mp-sanjay-raut-2305546|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Mazumdar" />

==Candidates==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="line-height:20px;text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" |Assembly Constituency
! colspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |'''[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]'''
! colspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|[[Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)|'''MGB''']]
! colspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Lok Janshakti Party}}"|'''[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]'''
|-
!#
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
!Candidate
|-
| colspan="11" bgcolor="grey" align="center" |[[West Champaran district|'''West Champaran District''']]
|-
|1
|[[Valmiki Nagar Assembly constituency|Valmiki Nagar]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|[[Dhirendra Pratap Singh]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Rajesh Singh
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Mahendra Kumar Bharti
|-
|2
|[[Ramnagar, Bihar Assembly constituency|Ramnagar]] (SC)
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[BJP]]
|[[Bhagirathi Devi]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Rajesh Ram
! colspan="3" bgcolor=#FED8B1|
|-
|3
|[[Narkatiaganj Assembly constituency|Narkatiaganj]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[BJP]]
|[[Rashmi Verma]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Vinay Verma
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Naushad Alam
|-
|4
|[[Bagaha Assembly constituency|Bagaha]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[BJP]]
|Ram Singh
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Jayesh Mangal Singh
! colspan="3" rowspan="5" bgcolor="#FED8B1" |
|-
|5
|[[Lauriya Assembly constituency|Lauriya]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[BJP]]
|[[Vinay Bihari]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|Shambhu Tiwari
|-
|6
|[[Nautan Assembly constituency|Nautan]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[BJP]]
|[[Narayan Prasad]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Sheikh Kamran
|-
|7
|[[Chanpatia Assembly constituency|Chanpatia]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[BJP]]
|Umakant Singh
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Abhishek Ranjan
|-
|8
|[[Bettiah Assembly constituency|Bettiah]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[BJP]]
|[[Renu Devi]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Madan Mohan Tiwari
|-
|9
|[[Sikta Assembly constituency|Sikta]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|[[Khurshid Urf Firoj Ahmad|Khurshid (Feroz Ahmad)]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[CPIMLL|CPI(ML)L]]
|Birendra Prasad Gupta
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD|
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|Dilip Varma{{efn|name=LJP|[[Independent politician|IND]] in Sikta Supported By LJP.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://affidavit.eci.gov.in/show-profile/NjUyMw==/MTM=/OQ==/Mw==/QUM=|title=Dillip Verma Independent Candidate| date=19 October 2020| access-date=8 November 2020}}</ref>}}
|-
| colspan="11" bgcolor="grey" align="center" |[[East Champaran district|'''East Champaran District''']]
|-
|10
|[[Raxaul Assembly constituency|Raxaul]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[BJP]]
|[[Pramod Kumar Sinha]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Rambabu Yadav
! colspan="3" bgcolor=#FED8B1|
|-
|11
|[[Sugauli Assembly constituency|Sugauli]]
| bgcolor=#0000FF|
|[[Vikassheel Insaan Party|VIP]]
|[[Ramchandra Sahani]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|Shashi Bhushan Singh
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Vijay Prasad Gupta
|-
|12
|[[Narkatiya Assembly constituency|Narkatiya]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|Shyam Bihari Prasad
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|[[Shamim Ahmad]]
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Sonu Kumar
|-
|13
|[[Harsidhi Assembly constituency|Harsidhi]] (SC)
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[BJP]]
|Krishnanandan Paswan
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|Kumar Nagendra
! colspan="3" bgcolor=#FED8B1|
|-
|14
|[[Govindganj Assembly constituency|Govindganj]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[BJP]]
|Sunil Mani Tiwari
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Brajesh Pandey
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Raju Tiwari
|-
|15
|[[Kesaria Assembly constituency|Kesaria]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|Shalini Mishra
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|Santosh Kushawaha
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Ram Sharan Prasad Yadav
|-
|16
|[[Kalyanpur, Purvi Champaran Assembly constituency|Kalyanpur]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[BJP]]
|[[Sachindra Prasad Singh]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|Manoj Kumar Yadav
! colspan="3" rowspan="6" bgcolor=#FED8B1|
|-
|17
|[[Pipra, Purvi Champaran Assembly constituency|Pipra]]
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[BJP]]
|[[Shyambabu Prasad Yadav]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[CPI(M)]]
|Rajmangal Prasad
|-
|18
|[[Madhuban, Bihar Assembly constituency|Madhuban]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[BJP]]
|[[Rana Randhir|Rana Randhir Singh]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|Madan Prasad
|-
|19
|[[Motihari Assembly constituency|Motihari]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[BJP]]
|Pramod Kumar
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|Om Prakash Choudhary
|-
|20
|[[Chiraia Assembly constituency|Chiraia]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[BJP]]
|[[Lal Babu Prasad Gupta]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|Acchelal Yadav
|-
|21
|[[Dhaka Assembly constituency|Dhaka]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[BJP]]
|Pawan Jaiswal
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|[[Faisal Rahman]]
|-
| colspan="11" bgcolor="grey" align="center" |[[Sheohar district|'''Sheohar District''']]
|-
|22
|[[Sheohar Assembly constituency|Sheohar]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|[[Sharfuddin (politician)|Sharfuddin]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|[[Chetan Anand (politician)|Chetan Anand Singh]]
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Vijay Kumar Pandey
|-
| colspan="11" bgcolor="grey" align="center" |[[Sitamarhi district|'''Sitamarhi District''']]
|-
|23
|[[Riga Assembly constituency|Riga]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[BJP]]
|Moti Lal Prasad
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Amit Kumar Tunna
! colspan="3" rowspan="3" bgcolor=#FED8B1|
|-
|24
|[[Bathnaha Assembly constituency|Bathnaha]] (SC)
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[BJP]]
|Anil Ram
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Sanjay Ram
|-
|25
|[[Parihar Assembly constituency|Parihar]]
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[BJP]]
|[[Gayatri Devi (Bihar politician)|Gayatri Devi]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|[[Ritu Jaiswal]]
|-
|26
|[[Sursand Assembly constituency|Sursand]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|Dilip Ray
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|[[Syed Abu Dojana]]
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Amit Choudhari
|-
|27
|[[Bajpatti Assembly constituency|Bajpatti]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|[[Ranju Geeta]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|Mukesh Kumar Yadav
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|MD Intakhab Alam
|-
|28
|[[Sitamarhi Assembly constituency|Sitamarhi]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[BJP]]
|Mitilesh Kumar
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|Sunil Kumar
! colspan="3" bgcolor="#FED8B1|
|-
|29
|[[Runnisaidpur Assembly constituency|Runnisaidpur]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|[[Pankaj Kumar Mishra]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|[[Mangita Devi]]
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Guddi Devi
|-
|30
|[[Belsand Assembly constituency|Belsand]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|[[Sunita Singh Chauhan]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|Sanjay Kumar Gupta
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Md Nasir Ahmad
|-
| colspan="11" bgcolor="grey" align="center" |[[Madhubani district|'''Madhubani District''']]
|-
|31
|[[Harlakhi Assembly constituency|Harlakhi]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|[[Sudhanshu Shekhar]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|[[Ram Naresh Pandey]]
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Vikash Kumar Misra
|-
|32
|[[Benipatti Assembly constituency|Benipatti]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[BJP]]
|[[Vinod Narayan Jha]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|[[Bhawana Jha]]
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" bgcolor=#FED8B1|
|-
|33
|[[Khajauli Assembly constituency|Khajauli]]
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[BJP]]
|Arun Shankar Prasad
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|[[Sitaram Yadav (politician, born 1952)|Sitaram Yadav]]
|-
|34
|[[Babubarhi Assembly constituency|Babubarhi]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|[[Mina Kumari]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|[[Uma Kant Yadav]]
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Amar Nath Prasad
|-
|35
|[[Bisfi Assembly constituency|Bisfi]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[BJP]]
|Haribhushan Thakur
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|[[Faiyaz Ahmad]]
! colspan="3" bgcolor=#FED8B1|
|-
|36
|[[Madhubani Assembly constituency|Madhubani]]
| bgcolor=#0000FF|
|[[Vikassheel Insaan Party|VIP]]
|Suman Kumar Mahaseth
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|Samir Kumar Mahaseth
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Arvind Kumar Purbey
|-
|37
|[[Rajnagar, Bihar Assembly constituency|Rajnagar]] (SC)
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[BJP]]
|[[Ram Prit Paswan (Indian politician)|Ram Prit Paswan]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|Ramawatar Paswan
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" bgcolor=#FED8B1|
|-
|38
|[[Jhanjharpur Assembly constituency|Jhanjharpur]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[BJP]]
|[[Nitish Mishra]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|Ram Narayan Yadav
|-
|39
|[[Phulparas Assembly constituency|Phulparas]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|[[Sheela Kumari|Sheela Mandal]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Kripanath Pathak
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Binod Kumar Singh
|-
|40
|[[Laukaha Assembly constituency|Laukaha]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|Laxmeshwar Rai
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|Bharat Bhushan Mandal
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Pramod Kumar Priyedarshi
|-
| colspan="11" bgcolor="grey" align="center" |[[Supaul district|'''Supaul District''']]
|-
|41
|[[Nirmali Assembly constituency|Nirmali]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|[[Aniruddha Prasad Yadav]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|Yaduvansh Kumar Yadav
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Gautam Kumar
|-
|42
|[[Pipra, Supaul Assembly constituency|Pipra]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|Ram Vilas Kamat
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|[[Vishwa Mohan Kumar]]
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Shakuntala Prasad
|-
|43
|[[Supaul Assembly constituency|Supaul]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|[[Bijendra Prasad Yadav]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Minnauttallah Rahmani
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Prabhash Chandra Mandal
|-
|44
|[[Triveniganj Assembly constituency|Triveniganj]] (SC)
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|Veena Bharti
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|Santosh Sardar
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Renu Lata Bharti
|-
|45
|[[Chhatapur Assembly constituency|Chhatapur]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[BJP]]
|[[Neeraj Kumar Singh Bablu|Neeraj Kumar Singh]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|Vipin Kumar Nonia
! colspan="3" bgcolor=#FED8B1|
|-
| colspan="11" bgcolor="grey" align="center" |[[Araria district|'''Araria District''']]
|-
|46
|[[Narpatganj Assembly constituency|Narpatganj]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[BJP]]
|Jai Prakash Yadav
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|[[Anil Kumar Yadav (politician, born 1960)|Anil Kumar Yadav]]
! colspan="3" bgcolor=#FED8B1|
|-
|47
|[[Raniganj (Bihar Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Raniganj]] (SC)
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|Achmit Rishidev
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|Avinash Mangalam
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Parmanand Rishidev
|-
|48
|[[Forbesganj Assembly constituency|Forbesganj]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[BJP]]
|[[Vidya Sagar Keshri]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Zakir Hussain
! colspan="3" bgcolor=#FED8B1|
|-
|49
|[[Araria Assembly constituency|Araria]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|Shagufta Azim
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|[[Avidur Rahaman|Avidur Rahman]]
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Chandra Shekhar Singh Baban
|-
|50
|[[Jokihat Assembly constituency|Jokihat]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[BJP]]
|Ranjeet Yadav
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|[[Sarfaraz Alam]]
! colspan=3 rowspan=2 bgcolor=#FED8B1|
|-
|51
|[[Sikti Assembly constituency|Sikti]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[BJP]]
|Vijay Mandal
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|Shatrughan Mandal
|-
| colspan="11" bgcolor="grey" align="center" |[[Kishanganj district|'''Kishanganj District''']]
|-
|52
|[[Bahadurganj Assembly constituency|Bahadurganj]]
| bgcolor=#0000FF|
|[[Vikassheel Insaan Party|VIP]]
|Lakhan Lal Pandit
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|[[Md. Tauseef Alam]]
! colspan="3" bgcolor="#FED8B1|
|-
|53
|[[Thakurganj Assembly constituency|Thakurganj]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|[[Naushad Alam]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|Saud Alam
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Mahommad Kalim Uddin
|-
|54
|[[Kishanganj, Bihar Assembly constituency|Kishanganj]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[BJP]]
|Sweety Singh
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|[[Ijaharul Hussain]]
! colspan="3" bgcolor="#FED8B1|
|-
|55
|[[Kochadhaman Assembly constituency|Kochadhaman]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|[[Mujahid Alam]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|Shahid Alam
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Habibur Rahman
|-
| colspan="11" bgcolor="grey" align="center" |[[Purnia district|'''Purnia District''']]
|-
|56
|[[Amour Assembly constituency|Amour]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|[[Saba Zafar]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Abdul Jalil Mastan
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Manoj Kumar Nishad
|-
|57
|[[Baisi Assembly constituency|Baisi]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[BJP]]
|Vinod Kumar Yadav
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|Abdus Subhan
! colspan="3" bgcolor=#FED8B1|
|-
|58
|[[Kasba, Bihar Assembly constituency|Kasba]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[HAM(S)]]
|Rajendra Yadav
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Md. Afaque Alam
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Pradeep Kumar Das
|-
|59
|[[Banmankhi Assembly constituency|Banmankhi]] (SC)
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[BJP]]
|[[Krishna Kumar Rishi]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|Upendra Sharma
! colspan=3 bgcolor=#FED8B1|
|-
|60
|[[Rupauli Assembly constituency|Rupauli]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|[[Bima Bharti]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|Vikas Chandra Mandal
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Shankar Singh
|-
|61
|[[Dhamdaha Assembly constituency|Dhamdaha]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|[[Leshi Singh]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|Dilip Kumar Yadav
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Yogendra Kumar
|-
|62
|[[Purnia Assembly constituency|Purnia]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[BJP]]
|[[Vijay Kumar Khemka]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Indu Sinha
! colspan="3" bgcolor=#FED8B1|
|-
| colspan="11" bgcolor="grey" align="center" |[[Katihar district|'''Katihar District''']]
|-
|63
|[[Katihar Assembly constituency|Katihar]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[BJP]]
|[[Tarkishore Prasad]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|[[Ram Prakash Mahto]]
! colspan="3" bgcolor=#FED8B1|
|-
|64
|[[Kadwa Assembly constituency|Kadwa]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|Suraj Prasad Rai
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|[[Shakeel Ahmad Khan]]
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Chandra Bhushan Thakur
|-
|65
|[[Balrampur, Bihar Assembly constituency|Balrampur]]
| bgcolor=#0000FF|
|[[Vikassheel Insaan Party|VIP]]
|Barun Kumar Jha
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[CPIMLL|CPI(ML)L]]
|[[Mahbub Alam (politician)|Mahbub Alam]]
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Sangita Devi
|-
|66
|[[Pranpur Assembly constituency|Pranpur]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[BJP]]
|[[Nisha Singh]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Tauquir Alam
! colspan="3" bgcolor=#FED8B1|
|-
|67
|[[Manihari Assembly constituency|Manihari]] (ST)
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|Shambhu Suman
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Manohar Prasad Singh
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Anil Kumar Oraon
|-
|68
|[[Barari Assembly constituency|Barari]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|[[Bijay Singh|Vijay Singh Nishad]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|Neeraj Kumar
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Bibhash Chandra Choudhary
|-
|69
|[[Korha Assembly constituency|Korha]] (SC)
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[BJP]]
|Kavita Paswan
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Poonam Paswan
! colspan="3" bgcolor=#FED8B1|
|-
| colspan="11" bgcolor="grey" align="center" |[[Madhepura district|'''Madhepura District''']]
|-
|70
|[[Alamnagar Assembly constituency|Alamnagar]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|[[Narendra Narayan Yadav]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|Naveen Nishad
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Sunila Devi
|-
|71
|[[Bihariganj Assembly constituency|Bihariganj]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|[[Niranjan Kumar Mehta]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Subhashini Raj Rao
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Vijay Kumar Singh
|-
|72
|[[Singheshwar Assembly constituency|Singheshwar]] (SC)
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|[[Ramesh Rishidev]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|Chandrahas Choupal
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Amit Kumar Bharti
|-
|73
|[[Madhepura Assembly constituency|Madhepura]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|Nikhil Mandal
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|Chandra Shekhar
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Saakar Suresh Yadav
|-
| colspan="11" bgcolor="grey" align="center" |[[Saharsa district|'''Saharsa District''']]
|-
|74
|[[Sonbarsha Assembly constituency|Sonbarsha]] (SC)
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|Ratnesh Sada
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Tarni Rishidev
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Sarita Devi
|-
|75
|[[Saharsa Assembly constituency|Saharsa]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[BJP]]
|Alok Ranjan Jha
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|[[Lovely Anand]]
! colspan="3" bgcolor=#FED8B1|
|-
|76
|[[Simri Bakhtiarpur Assembly constituency|Simri Bakhtiarpur]]
| bgcolor=#0000FF|
|[[Vikassheel Insaan Party|VIP]]
|[[Mukesh Sahani]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|Yusuf Salahuddin
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Sanjay Kumar Singh
|-
|77
|[[Mahishi Assembly constituency|Mahishi]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|Gunjeshwar Sah
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|Gautam Krishna
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Abdur Razzaque
|-
| colspan="11" bgcolor="grey" align="center" |[[Darbhanga district|'''Darbhanga District''']]
|-
|78
|[[Kusheshwar Asthan Assembly constituency|Kusheshwar Asthan]] (SC)
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|Shashi Bhushan Hajari
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Ashok Kumar
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Poonam Kumari
|-
|79
|[[Gaura Bauram Assembly constituency|Gaura Bauram]]
| bgcolor=#0000FF|
|[[Vikassheel Insaan Party|VIP]]
|Swarna Singh
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|Afzal Ali Khan
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Rajeev Kumar Thakur
|-
|80
|[[Benipur Assembly constituency|Benipur]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|Binay Kumar Choudhary
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Mithilesh Chaudhary
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Kamal Ram Vinod Jha
|-
|81
|[[Alinagar Assembly constituency|Alinagar]]
| bgcolor=#0000FF|
|[[Vikassheel Insaan Party|VIP]]
|Mishri Lal Yadav
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|Binod Mishra
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Raj Kumar Jha
|-
|82
|[[Darbhanga Rural Assembly constituency|Darbhanga Rural]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|[[Faraz Fatmi]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|[[Lalit Kumar Yadav]]
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Pradeep Kumar Thakur
|-
|83
|[[Darbhanga Assembly constituency|Darbhanga]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[BJP]]
|[[Sanjay Saraogi]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|[[Amarnath Gami]]
! colspan=3 rowspan=2 bgcolor=#FED8B1|
|-
|84
|[[Hayaghat Assembly constituency|Hayaghat]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[BJP]]
|Ramchandra Shah
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|[[Bhola Yadav]]
|-
|85
|[[Bahadurpur Assembly constituency|Bahadurpur]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|[[Madan Sahni]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|Ramesh Chaudhary
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Devendra Kumar Jha
|-
|86
|[[Keoti Assembly constituency|Keoti]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[BJP]]
|Murari Mohan Jha
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|[[Abdul Bari Siddiqui]]
! colspan="3" rowspan=2 bgcolor=#FED8B1|
|-
|87
|[[Jale Assembly constituency|Jale]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[BJP]]
|Jibesh Kumar Mishra
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|[[Maskoor Usmani]]
|-
| colspan="11" bgcolor="grey" align="center" |[[Muzaffarpur district|'''Muzaffarpur District''']]
|-
|88
|[[Gaighat Assembly constituency|Gaighat]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|Maheshwar Prasad Yadav
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|Niranjan Rai
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Komal Singh
|-
|89
|[[Aurai, Bihar Assembly constituency|Aurai]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[BJP]]
|Ram Surat Ray
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[CPIMLL|CPI(ML)L]]
|Aftab Alam
! colspan="3" bgcolor=#FED8B1|
|-
|90
|[[Minapur Assembly constituency|Minapur]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|Manoj Kumar
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|[[Munna Yadav|Rajeev Kumar (Munna Yadav)]]
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Ajay Kumar
|-
|91
|[[Bochahan Assembly constituency|Bochahan]] (SC)
| bgcolor=#0000FF|
|[[Vikassheel Insaan Party|VIP]]
|Musafir Paswan
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|[[Ramai Ram]]
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Amar Azad
|-
|92
|[[Sakra Assembly constituency|Sakra]] (SC)
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|[[Ashok Kumar Choudhary]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Umesh Kumar Ram
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Sanjay Paswan
|-
|93
|[[Kurhani Assembly constituency|Kurhani]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[BJP]]
|Kedar Gupta
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
| Anil Kumar Sahni
! colspan=3 rowspan=2 bgcolor=#FED8B1|
|-
|94
|[[Muzaffarpur Assembly constituency|Muzaffarpur]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[BJP]]
|Suresh Kumar Sharma
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Bijender Chaudhary
|-
|95
|[[Kanti Assembly constituency|Kanti]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|Mohammad Jamal
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|Mohammad Israil Mansuri
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Bijay Prasad Singh
|-
|96
|[[Baruraj Assembly constituency|Baruraj]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[BJP]]
|[[Arun Kumar Singh (Bihar politician)|Arun Kumar Singh]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|Nand Kumar Rai
! colspan=3 rowspan=2 bgcolor=#FED8B1|
|-
|97
|[[Paroo Assembly constituency|Paroo]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[BJP]]
|Ashok Kumar Singh
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Anunay Kumar Singh
|-
|98
|[[Sahebganj Assembly constituency|Sahebganj]]
| bgcolor=#0000FF|
|[[Vikassheel Insaan Party|VIP]]
|Raju Kumar Singh
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|[[Ram Vichar Ray]]
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Krishan Kumar Singh
|-
| colspan="11" bgcolor="grey" align="center" |[[Gopalganj district, India|'''Gopalganj District''']]
|-
|99
|[[Baikunthpur, Bihar Assembly constituency|Baikunthpur]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[BJP]]
|[[Mithlesh Tiwari]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|Prem Shankar
! colspan=3 rowspan=3 bgcolor=#FED8B1|
|-
|100
|[[Barauli, Bihar Assembly constituency|Barauli]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[BJP]]
|Rampravesh Rai
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|[[Reyazul Haque Raju]]
|-
|101
|[[Gopalganj Assembly constituency|Gopalganj]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[BJP]]
|Subash Singh
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Asif Gafoor
|-
|102
|[[Kuchaikote Assembly constituency|Kuchaikote]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|Amarendra Kumar Pandey
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|[[Kali Prasad Pandey]]
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Ravi Pandey
|-
|103
|[[Bhore Assembly constituency|Bhore]] (SC)
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|[[Sunil Kumar (born 1988)|Sunil Kumar]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[CPIMLL|CPI(ML)L]]
|Jitendra Paswan
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Pushpa Devi
|-
|104
|[[Hathua Assembly constituency|Hathua]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|[[Ramsewak Singh Kushwaha]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|[[Rajesh Singh Kushwaha|Rajesh Kumar Singh]]
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Ramdarshan Prasad
|-
| colspan="11" bgcolor="grey" align="center" |[[Siwan district|'''Siwan District''']]
|-
|105
|[[Siwan Assembly constituency|Siwan]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[BJP]]
|[[Om Prakash Yadav]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|[[Awadh Bihari Choudhary]]
! colspan="3" bgcolor=#FED8B1|
|-
|106
|[[Ziradei Assembly constituency|Ziradei]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|Kamla Kushwaha
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[CPIMLL|CPI(ML)L]]
|[[Amarjeet Kushwaha]]
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Vinod Tiwari
|-
|107
|[[Darauli Assembly constituency|Darauli]] (SC)
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[BJP]]
|Ramayan Manjhi
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[CPIMLL|CPI(ML)L]]
|[[Satyadeo Ram]]
! colspan="3" bgcolor=#FED8B1|
|-
|108
|[[Raghunathpur, Bihar Assembly constituency|Raghunathpur]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|Rajeshwar Chouhan
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|[[Hari Shankar Yadav]]
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|[[Manoj Kumar Singh (Indian politician)|Manoj Kumar Singh]]
|-
|109
|[[Daraunda Assembly constituency|Daraunda]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[BJP]]
|[[Karanjeet Singh]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[CPIMLL|CPI(ML)L]]
|[[Amar Nath Yadav|Amarnath Yadav]]
! colspan="3" bgcolor=#FED8B1|
|-
|110
|[[Barharia Assembly constituency|Barharia]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|[[Shyam Bahadur Singh]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|Bachcha Pandey
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Birabahadur Singh
|-
|111
|[[Goriakothi Assembly constituency|Goriakothi]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[BJP]]
|Devesh Kant Singh
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|Nutan Verma
! colspan="3" bgcolor=#FED8B1|
|-
|112
|[[Maharajganj, Bihar Assembly constituency|Maharajganj]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|Hem Narayan Sah
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Vijay Shanker Dubey
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Kumar Deo Ranjan Singh
|-
| colspan="11" bgcolor="grey" align="center" |[[Saran district|'''Saran District''']]
|-
|113
|[[Ekma Assembly constituency|Ekma]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|Sita Devi
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|Sri Kant Yadav
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Kameshwar Singh
|-
|114
|[[Manjhi Assembly constituency|Manjhi]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|Madhvi Singh
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[CPI(M)]]
|[[Satyendra Yadav]]
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Saurabh Kumar Pandey
|-
|115
|[[Baniapur Assembly constituency|Baniapur]]
| bgcolor=#0000FF|
|[[Vikassheel Insaan Party|VIP]]
|Virendra Kumar Ojha
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|[[Kedar Nath Singh (Baniapur politician)|Kedarnath Singh]]
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Tarkeshwar Singh
|-
|116
|[[Taraiya Assembly constituency|Taraiya]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[BJP]]
|[[Janak Singh (politician)|Janak Singh]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|Sipahilal Mahato
! colspan="3" bgcolor=#FED8B1|
|-
|117
|[[Marhaura Assembly constituency|Marhaura]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|Altaf Alam
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|[[Jitendra Kumar Ray]]
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Vinay Kumar
|-
|118
|[[Chapra, Saran Assembly constituency|Chapra]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[BJP]]
|C.N. Gupta
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|Randhir Kumar Singh
! colspan=3 rowspan=3 bgcolor=#FED8B1|
|-
|119
|[[Garkha Assembly constituency|Garkha]] (SC)
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[BJP]]
|Gyanchand Manjhi
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|Surendra Ram
|-
|120
|[[Amnour Assembly constituency|Amnour]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[BJP]]
|[[Krishna Kumar Mantoo|Krishan Kumar Mantoo]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|Sunil Kumar Ray
|-
|121
|[[Parsa Assembly constituency|Parsa]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|[[Chandrika Roy]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|Chhote Lal Ray
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Rakesh Kumar Singh
|-
|122
|[[Sonpur Assembly constituency|Sonepur]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[BJP]]
|Vinay Kumar Singh
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|[[Ramanuj Prasad Yadav]]
! colspan="3" bgcolor=#FED8B1|
|-
| colspan="11" bgcolor="grey" align="center" |[[Vaishali district|'''Vaishali District''']]
|-
|123
|[[Hajipur Assembly constituency|Hajipur]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[BJP]]
|Awadhesh Singh
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|Deo Kumar Chaurasia
! colspan=3 bgcolor=#FED8B1|
|-
|124
|[[Lalganj, Bihar Assembly constituency|Lalganj]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[BJP]]
|[[Sanjay Kumar Singh (BJP politician)|Sanjay Kumar Singh]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Rakesh Kumar
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|[[Rajkumar Sah|Raj Kumar Sah]]
|-
|125
|[[Vaishali Assembly constituency|Vaishali]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|Siddharth Patel
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Sanjeev Singh
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Ajay Kumar Kushwaha
|-
|126
|[[Mahua Assembly constituency|Mahua]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|Ashma Parveen
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|Mukesh Kumar Raushan
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Sanjay Kumar Singh
|-
|127
|[[Raja Pakar Assembly constituency|Raja Pakar]] (SC)
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|Mahendra Ram
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|[[Pratima Kumari Das]]
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Dhananjay Kumar Paswan
|-
|128
|[[Raghopur Assembly constituency|Raghopur]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[BJP]]
|Satish Kumar Yadav
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|[[Tejashwi Yadav]]
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Rakesh Raushan
|-
|129
|[[Mahnar Assembly constituency|Mahnar]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|[[Umesh Kushwaha|Umesh Singh Kushwaha]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|[[Bina Singh]]
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Rabindra Kumar Singh
|-
|130
|[[Patepur Assembly constituency|Patepur]] (SC)
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[BJP]]
|[[Lakhendra Kumar Raushan]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|Shivchandra Ram
! colspan="3" bgcolor=#FED8B1|
|-
| colspan="11" bgcolor="grey" align="center" |[[Samastipur district|'''Samastipur District''']]
|-
|131
|[[Kalyanpur, Samastipur Assembly constituency|Kalyanpur]] (SC)
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|[[Maheshwar Hazari]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[CPIMLL|CPI(ML)L]]
|Ranjeet Kumar Ram
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Mona Prasad Sundeshwar Ram
|-
|132
|[[Warisnagar Assembly constituency|Warisnagar]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|[[Ashok Kumar (Warisnagar politician)|Ashok Kumar Singh]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[CPIMLL|CPI(ML)L]]
|Phoolbabu Singh
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Urmila Sinha
|-
|133
|[[Samastipur Assembly constituency|Samastipur]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|[[Ashwamedh Devi]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|Akhtarul Islam Shahin
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Mahendra Pradhan
|-
|134
|[[Ujiarpur Assembly constituency|Ujiarpur]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[BJP]]
|Sheel Kumar Roy
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|[[Alok Kumar Mehta]]
! colspan="3" bgcolor=#FED8B1|
|-
|135
|[[Morwa Assembly constituency|Morwa]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|Vidyasagar Singh Nishad
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|Ranvijay Sahu
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Abhay Kumar Singh
|-
|136
|[[Sarairanjan Assembly constituency|Sarairanjan]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|[[Vijay Kumar Chaudhary]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|Arvind Kumar Sahni
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Abhash Kumar Jha
|-
|137
|[[Mohiuddinnagar Assembly constituency|Mohiuddinnagar]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[BJP]]
|[[Rajesh Kumar Singh (Bihar politician)|Rajesh Singh]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|[[Ejya Yadav]]
! colspan="3" bgcolor=#FED8B1|
|-
|138
|[[Bibhutipur Assembly constituency|Bibhutipur]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|[[Ram Balak Singh Kushwaha]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[CPI(M)]]
|[[Ajay Kumar Kushwaha]]
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Chandrabali Thakur
|-
|139
|[[Rosera Assembly constituency|Rosera]] (SC)
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[BJP]]
|Birendra Paswan
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Nagendra Vikal
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Krishan Raj Paswan
|-
|140
|[[Hasanpur, Bihar Assembly constituency|Hasanpur]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|[[Raj Kumar Ray]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|[[Tej Pratap Yadav]]
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Manish Kumar Sahni
|-
| colspan="11" bgcolor="grey" align="center" |[[Begusarai district|'''Begusarai District''']]
|-
|141
|[[Cheria-Bariarpur Assembly constituency|Cheria-Bariarpur]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|[[Manju Verma]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|[[Raj Banshi Mahto]]
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Rakhi Devi
|-
|142
|[[Bachhwara Assembly constituency|Bachhwara]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[BJP]]
|Surendra Mehta
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|[[Awadhesh Kumar Rai]]
! colspan="3" bgcolor=#FED8B1|
|-
|143
|[[Teghra Assembly constituency|Teghra]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|Birendra Kumar
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|Ram Ratan Singh
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Lalan Kumar
|-
|144
|[[Matihani Assembly constituency|Matihani]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|Narendra Kumar Singh
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[CPI(M)]]
|Rajendra Prasad Singh
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Raj Kumar Singh
|-
|145
|[[Sahebpur Kamal Assembly constituency|Sahebpur Kamal]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|Shashikant Kumar Shashi
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|Sattanand Sambuddha
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Surendra Kumar
|-
|146
|[[Begusarai Assembly constituency|Begusarai]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[BJP]]
|Kundan Kumar
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|[[Amita Bhushan]]
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" bgcolor=#FED8B1|
|-
|147
|[[Bakhri Assembly constituency|Bakhri]] (SC)
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[BJP]]
|Ramshankar Paswan
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|Suryakant Paswan
|-
| colspan="11" bgcolor="grey" align="center" |[[Khagaria district|'''Khagaria District''']]
|-
|148
|[[Alauli Assembly constituency|Alauli]] (SC)
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|Sadhna Devi
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|Ramvriksh Sada
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Ram Chandra Sada
|-
|149
|[[Khagaria Assembly constituency|Khagaria]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|[[Poonam Devi Yadav]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Chatrapati Yadav
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|[[Renu Kumari Singh]]
|-
|150
|[[Beldaur Assembly constituency|Beldaur]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|Panna Lal Singh Patel
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Chandan Kumar
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Mithilesh Kumar Nishad
|-
|151
|[[Parbatta Assembly constituency|Parbatta]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|Sanjeev Kumar Singh
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|Digambar Prasad Tiwary
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Aditya Kumar Shyour
|-
| colspan="11" bgcolor="grey" align="center" |[[Bhagalpur district|'''Bhagalpur District''']]
|-
|152
|[[Bihpur Assembly constituency|Bihpur]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[BJP]]
|Kumar Shailendra
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|[[Shailesh Kumar Mandal]]
! colspan="3" bgcolor=#FED8B1|
|-
|153
|[[Gopalpur, Bihar Assembly constituency|Gopalpur]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|Narendra Kumar Niraj
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|Shailesh Kumar
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Suresh Bhagat
|-
|154
|[[Pirpainti Assembly constituency|Pirpainti]] (SC)
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[BJP]]
|Lalan Kumar Paswan
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|Ram Vilash Paswan
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" bgcolor=#FED8B1|
|-
|155
|[[Kahalgaon Assembly constituency|Kahalgaon]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[BJP]]
|[[Pawan Kumar Yadav]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|[[Shubhanand Mukesh]]
|-
|156
|[[Bhagalpur Assembly constituency|Bhagalpur]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[BJP]]
|Rohit Pandey
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|[[Ajeet Sharma]]
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Rajesh Verma
|-
|157
|[[Sultanganj Assembly constituency|Sultanganj]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|Lalit Narayan Mandal
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Lalan Kumar
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Nilam Devi
|-
|158
|[[Nathnagar Assembly constituency|Nathnagar]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|[[Lakshmikant Mandal]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|Ali Ashraf Siddiqui
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Amarnath Prasad
|-
| colspan="11" bgcolor="grey" align="center" |[[Banka district|'''Banka District''']]
|-
|159
|[[Amarpur, Bihar Assembly constituency|Amarpur]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|[[Jayant Raj Kushwaha]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Jitendra Singh
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Mrinal Shekhar
|-
|160
|[[Dhoraiya Assembly constituency|Dhoraiya]] (SC)
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|[[Manish Kumar]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|[[Bhudeo Choudhary]]
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Dipak Kumar Paswan
|-
|161
|[[Banka Assembly constituency|Banka]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[BJP]]
|[[Ramnarayan Mandal|Ram Narayan Mandal]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|Javed Iqbal Ansari
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" bgcolor=#FED8B1|
|-
|162
|[[Katoria Assembly constituency|Katoria]] (ST)
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[BJP]]
|Nikki Hembrom
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|[[Sweety Sima Hembram]]
|-
|163
|[[Belhar Assembly constituency|Belhar]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|Manoj Yadav
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|[[Ramdeo Yadav]]
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Kumari Archana Yadav
|-
| colspan="11" bgcolor="grey" align="center" |[[Munger district|'''Munger District''']]
|-
|164
|[[Tarapur Assembly constituency|Tarapur]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|Mewa Lal Choudhary
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|Divya Prakash
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Mina Devi
|-
|165
|[[Munger Assembly constituency|Munger]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[BJP]]
|Pranav Kumar Yadav
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|Avinash Kumar Vidyarthi
! colspan="3" bgcolor=#FED8B1|
|-
|166
|[[Jamalpur, Bihar Assembly constituency|Jamalpur]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|[[Shailesh Kumar (politician)|Shailesh Kumar]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Ajay Kumar Singh
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Durgesh Kumar Singh
|-
| colspan="11" bgcolor="grey" align="center" |[[Lakhisarai district|'''Lakhisarai District''']]
|-
|167
|[[Suryagarha Assembly constituency|Suryagarha]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|[[Ramanand Mandal]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|[[Prahlad Yadav]]
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Ravishanker Prasad Singh
|-
|168
|[[Lakhisarai Assembly constituency|Lakhisarai]]
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[BJP]]
|Vijay Kumar Sinha
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Amaresh Kumar
! colspan="3" bgcolor="#FED8B1" |
|-
| colspan="11" bgcolor="grey" align="center" |[[Sheikhpura district|'''Sheikhpura District''']]
|-
|169
|[[Sheikhpura Assembly constituency|Sheikhpura]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|Randhir Kumar Soni
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|Vijay Kumar
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Imam Ghazali
|-
|170
|[[Barbigha Assembly constituency|Barbigha]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|Sudarshan Kumar
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Gajanand Shahi
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Madhukar Kumar
|-
| colspan="11" bgcolor="grey" align="center" |[[Nalanda district|'''Nalanda District''']]
|-
|171
|[[Asthawan Assembly constituency|Asthawan]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|Jitendra Kumar
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|Anil Kumar
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Ramesh Kumar
|-
|172
|[[Biharsharif Assembly constituency|Biharsharif]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[BJP]]
|[[Sunil Kumar (born 1957)|Sunil Kumar]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|Sunil Kumar
! colspan="3" bgcolor=#FED8B1|
|-
|173
|[[Rajgir, Bihar Assembly constituency|Rajgir]] (SC)
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|Kaushal Kishore
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Ravi Jyoti Kumar
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Manju Devi
|-
|174
|[[Islampur, Bihar Assembly constituency|Islampur]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|Chandrasen Prasad
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|Rakesh Kumar Raushan
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Naresh Prasad Singh
|-
|175
|[[Hilsa Assembly constituency|Hilsa]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|Krishnamurari Sharan
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|[[Shakti Singh Yadav]]
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Kumar Suman Singh
|-
|176
|[[Nalanda Assembly constituency|Nalanda]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|[[Shrawan Kumar (politician)|Shrawan Kumar]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Gunjan Patel
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Ram Keshwar Prasad
|-
|177
|[[Harnaut Assembly constituency|Harnaut]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|Harinarayan Singh
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Kundan Gupta
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Mamta Devi
|-
| colspan="11" bgcolor="grey" align="center" |[[Patna district|'''Patna District''']]
|-
|178
|[[Mokama Assembly constituency|Mokama]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|Rajiv Lochan Narayan Singh
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|[[Anant Kumar Singh]]
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Suresh Singh Nishad
|-
|179
|[[Barh Assembly constituency|Barh]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[BJP]]
|[[Gyanendra Kumar Singh Gyanu|Gyanendra Kumar Singh]]
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Satyendra Bahadur
! colspan="3" rowspan="10" bgcolor=#FED8B1|
|-
|180
|[[Bakhtiarpur Assembly constituency|Bakhtiarpur]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[BJP]]
|[[Ranvijay Singh Yadav]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|[[Aniruddh Kumar Yadav]]
|-
|181
|[[Digha Assembly constituency|Digha]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[BJP]]
|[[Sanjeev Chaurasiya]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[CPIMLL|CPI(ML)L]]
|Shashi Yadav
|-
|182
|[[Bankipur Assembly constituency|Bankipur]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[BJP]]
|[[Nitin Nabin]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|[[Luv Sinha]]
|-
|183
|[[Kumhrar Assembly constituency|Kumhrar]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[BJP]]
|Arun Kumar Sinha
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|Dharamendra Kumar
|-
|184
|[[Patna Sahib Assembly constituency|Patna Sahib]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[BJP]]
|[[Nand Kishore Yadav]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Parveen Khushwaha
|-
|185
|[[Fatuha Assembly constituency|Fatuha]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[BJP]]
|Satyendra Kumar Singh
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|[[Rama Nand Yadav]]
|-
|186
|[[Danapur Assembly constituency|Danapur]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[BJP]]
|[[Asha Devi Yadav]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|[[Ritlal Yadav]]
|-
|187
|[[Maner Assembly constituency|Maner]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[BJP]]
|Nikhil Anand Yadav
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|[[Bhai Virendra]]
|-
|188
|[[Phulwari Assembly constituency|Phulwari]] (SC)
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|Arun Manjhi
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[CPIMLL|CPI(ML)L]]
|Gopal Ravidas
|-
|189
|[[Masaurhi Assembly constituency|Masaurhi]] (SC)
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|Nutan Paswan
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|Rekha Devi
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Parshuram Kumar
|-
|190
|[[Paliganj Assembly constituency|Paliganj]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|[[Jai Vardhan Yadav]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[CPIMLL|CPI(ML)L]]
|Sandeep Saurav Yadav
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|[[Usha Vidyarthi]]
|-
|191
|[[Bikram Assembly constituency|Bikram]]
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[BJP]]
|Atul Kumar
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Siddharth Saurav
! colspan="3" bgcolor=#FED8B1|
|-
| colspan="11" bgcolor="grey" align="center" |[[Bhojpur District, Bihar|'''Bhojpur District''']]
|-
|192
|[[Sandesh Assembly constituency|Sandesh]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|[[Vijendra Kumar Yadav|Vijendra Yadav]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|Kiran Devi
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Shweta Singh
|-
|193
|[[Barhara Assembly constituency|Barhara]]
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[BJP]]
|[[Raghvendra Pratap Singh (Bihar politician)|Raghvendra Pratap Singh]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|[[Saroj Yadav]]
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" bgcolor="#FED8B1" |
|-
|194
|[[Arrah Assembly constituency|Arrah]]
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[BJP]]
|[[Amrendra Pratap Singh]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[CPIMLL|CPI(ML)L]]
|Quyamuddin Ansari
|-
|195
|[[Agiaon Assembly constituency|Agiaon]] (SC)
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|Prabhunath Prasad
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[CPIMLL|CPI(ML)L]]
|Manoj Manzil
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Rajeshwar Paswan
|-
|196
|[[Tarari Assembly constituency|Tarari]]
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[BJP]]
|Kaushal Kumar Singh
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[CPIMLL|CPI(ML)L]]
|[[Sudama Prasad]]
! colspan="3" bgcolor=#FED8B1|
|-
|197
|[[Jagdishpur, Bihar Assembly constituency|Jagdishpur]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|Shushumlata Kushwaha
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|[[Ram Vishnun Singh|Ram Vishnu Singh]]
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Sri Bhagwan Singh Kushwaha
|-
|198
|[[Shahpur, Bihar Assembly constituency|Shahpur]]
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[BJP]]
|Munni Devi
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|Rahul Tiwari
! colspan="3" bgcolor="#FED8B1" |
|-
| colspan="11" bgcolor="grey" align="center" |[[Buxar district|'''Buxar District''']]
|-
|199
|[[Brahampur Assembly constituency|Brahampur]]
| bgcolor=#0000FF|
|[[Vikassheel Insaan Party|VIP]]
|Jairaj Chaudhary Bind
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|[[Shambhu Nath Singh Yadav|Shambhunath Yadav]]
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Hulas Pandey
|-
|200
|[[Buxar Assembly constituency|Buxar]]
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[BJP]]
|Parshuram Chaubey
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|[[Sanjay Kumar Tiwari]]
! colspan="3" bgcolor="#FED8B1" |
|-
|201
|[[Dumraon Assembly constituency|Dumraon]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|Anjum Ara
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[CPIMLL|CPI(ML)L]]
|Ajit Kumar Singh
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Akhilesh Kumar Singh
|-
|202
|[[Rajpur, Bihar Assembly constituency|Rajpur]] (SC)
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|[[Santosh Kumar Nirala]]
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Vishwanath Ram
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Nirbhaya Kumar Nirala
|-
| colspan="11" bgcolor="grey" align="center" |[[Kaimur district|'''Kaimur District''']]
|-
|203
|[[Ramgarh, Bihar Assembly constituency|Ramgarh]]
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[BJP]]
|Ashok Kumar Singh
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|Sudhakar Singh
! colspan="3" rowspan="4" bgcolor="#FED8B1" |
|-
|204
|[[Mohania Assembly constituency|Mohania]] (SC)
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[BJP]]
|Niranjan Ram
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|[[Sangita Kumari (politician)|Sangita Kumari]]
|-
|205
|[[Bhabua Assembly constituency|Bhabua]]
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[BJP]]
|Rinki Rani Pandey
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|Bharat Bind
|-
|206
|[[Chainpur Assembly constituency|Chainpur]]
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[BJP]]
|[[Brij Kishor Bind]]
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Prakash Kumar Singh
|-
| colspan="11" bgcolor="grey" align="center" |[[Rohtas district|'''Rohtas District''']]
|-
|207
|[[Chenari Assembly constituency|Chenari]] (SC)
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|[[Lalan Paswan]]
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Murari Prasad Gautam
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Chandra Shekhar Paswan
|-
|208
|[[Sasaram Assembly constituency|Sasaram]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|Ashok Kumar
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|Rajesh Kumar Gupta
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|[[Rameshwar Chaurasiya]]
|-
|209
|[[Kargahar Assembly constituency|Kargahar]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|Bashist Singh
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Santosh Kumar Mishra
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|Uday Pratap Singh
|-
|210
|[[Dinara Assembly constituency|Dinara]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|[[Jai Kumar Singh]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|Vijay Kumar Mandal
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Rajendra Prasad Singh
|-
|211
|[[Nokha, Bihar Assembly constituency|Nokha]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|[[Nagendra Chandravanshi]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|[[Anita Devi (politician)|Anita Devi]]
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Krishna Kabir
|-
|212
|[[Dehri Assembly constituency|Dehri]]
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[BJP]]
|[[Satyanarayan Singh (Bihar politician, Dehri)|Satyanarayan Singh Yadav]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|Phate Bahadur Singh
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" bgcolor="#FED8B1" |
|-
|213
|[[Karakat Assembly constituency|Karakat]]
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[BJP]]
|Rajeshwar Raj
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[CPIMLL|CPI(ML)L]]
|Arun Singh
|-
| colspan="11" bgcolor="grey" align="center" |[[Arwal district|'''Arwal District''']]
|-
|214
|[[Arwal Assembly constituency|Arwal]]
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[BJP]]
|Dipak Kumar Sharma
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[CPIMLL|CPI(ML)L]]
|Maha Nand Singh
! colspan="3" bgcolor=#FED8B1|
|-
|215
|[[Kurtha Assembly constituency|Kurtha]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|[[Satyadev Kushwaha|Satyadeo Singh]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|Bagi Kumar Verma
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Bhuwneshwar Pathak
|-
| colspan="11" bgcolor="grey" align="center" |[[Jehanabad district|'''Jehanabad District''']]
|-
|216
|[[Jehanabad Assembly constituency|Jehanabad]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|Krishnanandan Prasad Verma
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|Suday Yadav
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Indu Devi Kashyap
|-
|217
|[[Ghosi Assembly constituency|Ghosi]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|[[Rahul Kumar (politician)|Rahul Kumar]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[CPIMLL|CPI(ML)L]]
|Rambali Singh Yadav
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Rakesh Kumar Singh
|-
|218
|[[Makhdumpur Assembly constituency|Makhdumpur]] (SC)
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[HAM(S)]]
|Devendra Manjhi
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|Satish Kumar
! colspan="3" bgcolor="#FED8B1" |
|-
| colspan="11" bgcolor="grey" align="center" |[[Aurangabad district, Bihar|'''Aurangabad District''']]
|-
|219
|[[Goh Assembly constituency|Goh]]
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[BJP]]
|Manoj Kumar Sharma
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|[[Bheem Kumar Yadav]]
! colspan="3" bgcolor="#FED8B1" |
|-
|220
|[[Obra, Bihar Assembly constituency|Obra]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|Sunil Kumar
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|Rishi Kumar
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Prakash Chandra
|-
|221
|[[Nabinagar Assembly constituency|Nabinagar]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|[[Virendra Kumar Singh]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|Vijay Kumar Singh (Dabloo Singh)
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Vijay Kumar Singh
|-
|222
|[[Kutumba Assembly constituency|Kutumba]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[HAM(S)]]
|Shravan Bhuyan
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|[[Rajesh Kumar (born 1969)|Rajesh Kumar]]
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Sarun Paswan
|-
|223
|[[Aurangabad (Bihar Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Aurangabad]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[BJP]]
|[[Ramadhar Singh]]
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|[[Anand Shankar Singh]]
! colspan="3" bgcolor=#FED8B1|
|-
|224
|[[Rafiganj Assembly constituency|Rafiganj]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|Ashok Kumar Singh
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|[[Mohammad Nehaluddin]]
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Manoj Kumar Singh
|-
| colspan="11" bgcolor="grey" align="center" |[[Gaya district|'''Gaya District''']]
|-
|225
|[[Gurua Assembly constituency|Gurua]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[BJP]]
|[[Rajiv Nandan|Rajiv Nandan Dangi]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|Vinay Kumar
! colspan="3" bgcolor="#FED8B1" |
|-
|226
|[[Sherghati Assembly constituency|Sherghati]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|[[Vinod Prasad Yadav]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|[[Manju Agrawal]]
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Mukesh Kumar Yadav
|-
|227
|[[Imamganj Assembly constituency|Imamganj]] (SC)
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[HAM(S)]]
|[[Jitan Ram Manjhi]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|[[Uday Narayan Choudhary]]
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Shobha Sinha
|-
|228
|[[Barachatti Assembly constituency|Barachatti]] (SC)
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[HAM(S)]]
|Jyoti Devi
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|Samata Devi
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Renuka Devi
|-
|229
|[[Bodh Gaya Assembly constituency|Bodh Gaya]] (SC)
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[BJP]]
|[[Hari Manjhi]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|Kumar Sarvjeet
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" bgcolor="#FED8B1" |
|-
|230
|[[Gaya Town Assembly constituency|Gaya Town]]
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[BJP]]
|[[Prem Kumar (politician)|Prem Kumar]]
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Akhauri Onkar Nath
|-
|231
|[[Tikari Assembly constituency|Tikari]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[HAM(S)]]
|[[Anil Kumar (Bihar politician)|Anil Kumar]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Sumant Kumar
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Kamlesh Sharma
|-
|232
|[[Belaganj Assembly constituency|Belaganj]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|[[Abhay Kushwaha|Abhay Kumar Sinha]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|[[Surendra Prasad Yadav]]
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Ramashray Sharma
|-
|233
|[[Atri Assembly constituency|Atri]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|[[Manorama Devi]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|Ajay Yadav
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Arvind Kumar Singh
|-
|234
|[[Wazirganj Assembly constituency|Wazirganj]]
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[BJP]]
|[[Birendra Singh]]
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Shashi Shekhar Singh
! colspan="3" bgcolor="#FED8B1" |
|-
| colspan="11" bgcolor="grey" align="center" |[[Nawada district|'''Nawada District''']]
|-
|235
|[[Rajauli Assembly constituency|Rajauli]] (SC)
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[BJP]]
|Kanhaiya Kumar
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|Prakash Veer
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" bgcolor="#FED8B1" |
|-
|236
|[[Hisua Assembly constituency|Hisua]]
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[BJP]]
|[[Anil Singh (politician)|Anil Singh]]
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Nitu Kumari
|-
|237
|[[Nawada Assembly constituency|Nawada]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|[[Kaushal Yadav, Nawada|Kaushal Yadav]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|Vibha Devi
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Shashi Bhusan Kumar
|-
|238
|[[Gobindpur Assembly constituency|Gobindpur]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|Purnima Yadav
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|Mohammed Kamran
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Ranjeet Yadav
|-
|239
|[[Warisaliganj Assembly constituency|Warsaliganj]]
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[BJP]]
|Aruna Devi
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Satish Kumar
! colspan="3" bgcolor="#FED8B1" |
|-
| colspan="11" bgcolor="grey" align="center" |[[Jamui district|'''Jamui District''']]
|-
|240
|[[Sikandra (Bihar Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sikandra]] (SC)
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[HAM(S)]]
|Prafulla Manjhi
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Sudhir Kumar
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Ravishankar Paswan
|-
|241
|[[Jamui Assembly constituency|Jamui]]
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[BJP]]
|[[Shreyasi Singh]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|[[Vijay Prakash Yadav]]
! colspan="3" bgcolor="#FED8B1" |
|-
|242
|[[Jhajha Assembly constituency|Jhajha]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|[[Damodar Rawat]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|Rajendra Yadav
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|[[Ravindra Yadav|Rabindra Yadav]]
|-
|243
|[[Chakai Assembly constituency|Chakai]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
|[[JD(U)]]
|[[Sanjay Prasad]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|Savitri Devi
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|Sanjay Kumar Mandal
|-
! colspan="11" |Source: [https://affidavit.eci.gov.in/ Election Commission of India]
|}

==Surveys and polls==

===Seat projections===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;line-height:20px;"
|-
! rowspan="2" class="wikitable" style="width:180px;" | Polling type
! rowspan="2" class="wikitable" style="width:180px;" | Date
! rowspan="2" class="wikitable" style="width:180px;" | Polling Agency
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| bgcolor=#008000 |
| bgcolor="{{party color|Lok Janshakti Party}}" |
| style="background:gray;" |
| rowspan="2" |'''Majority'''
| rowspan="2" |'''Ref'''
|-
! class="wikitable" style="width:70px;"| NDA
! class="wikitable" style="width:70px;"| MGB
! class="wikitable" style="width:70px;"| LJP
! class="wikitable" style="width:70px;"| Others
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="9" |[[Exit poll]]
|-
|Republic-Jan Ki Baat
| 91-117
| 118-138
| 5-8
| 3-5
| style="background: grey; color:white" |{{nowrap|HUNG}}
| rowspan="1" | <ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-10|title=Republic TV Jan ki Baat Exit poll result: Tejashwi Yadav trumps Nitish Kumar|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-republic-tv-jan-ki-baat-exit-poll-result-tejashwi-yadav-trumps-nitish-kumar-2855070|access-date=2020-11-07|website=DNAIndia.com|archive-date=18 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718061858/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-republic-tv-jan-ki-baat-exit-poll-result-tejashwi-yadav-trumps-nitish-kumar-2855070|url-status=live}}</ref>

|-
|Patriotic Voter
| {{Party shading/BJP}}| 129
| 107
| 2
| 5
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |'''12 '''
| rowspan="1" | <ref name="sites.google.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sites.google.com/view/patvot/surveys/bihar-2020|title=Bihar20 - BIHAR SURVEY 2020|access-date=7 September 2021|archive-date=7 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907171832/https://www.sites.google.com/view/patvot/surveys/bihar-2020|url-status=live}}</ref>

|-
|News 18-Today's Chanakya
|55
| style="background:#32cd32;"|180
| -
| 8
| style="background:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |'''58'''
|rowspan = "1" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bihar Election Today's Chanakya Exit Poll 2020: Mahagathbandhan will win 180 seats, NDA 55 and others 8, pollster projects|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bihar-election/bihar-elections-2020-exit-polls-result-latest-updates-today-s-chanakya/story-4IlrvyPUzn3Rr1Sp68CtcI.html|access-date=2020-11-09|website=hindustantimes.com|date=7 November 2020|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109064213/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bihar-election/bihar-elections-2020-exit-polls-result-latest-updates-today-s-chanakya/story-4IlrvyPUzn3Rr1Sp68CtcI.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bihar Assembly Election 2020 Exit Poll, Bihar Chunav 2020 Opinion Polls|url=https://hindi.news18.com//assembly-election-2020/bihar-chunav/exit-poll-result/|access-date=2020-11-15|website=News18 India|language=hi|archive-date=13 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113142510/https://hindi.news18.com//assembly-election-2020/bihar-chunav/exit-poll-result/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| P-Marq (Politique Marquer
|{{Party shading/BJP}}|123-135
| 104-115
| 0-1
| 0-10
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |'''8-31 '''
| rowspan="1" |[https://telugu.news18.com/news/national/political-marque-is-the-only-pollster-predict-the-bihar-elections-2020-details-here-ms-658442.html]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-07|title=#SudarshanExitPoll NDA coming in royal style in Bihar. Modi wave continues, Yogi's confidence and Nitish's power|url=https://www.sudarshannews.in/now-result-came-out-in-bihar-elections-8875-newsdetails.aspx|access-date=2020-11-07|website=SudarshanNews.in|language=en, hi|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108044825/https://www.sudarshannews.in/now-result-came-out-in-bihar-elections-8875-newsdetails.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|Times Now-CVoter
|116
|120
|1
|6
| style="background: grey; color:white" |{{nowrap|HUNG}}
| rowspan="4" |<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-07|title=Clean Sweep to Neck & Neck: What Each Exit Poll Says for Bihar|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/politics/cvoter-my-axis-india-jan-ki-baat-bihar-exit-polls-predictions-tejashwi-yadav-nitish-kumar-nda-mahagathbandhan-all-surveys|access-date=2020-11-09|website=TheQuint|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108015406/https://www.thequint.com/news/politics/cvoter-my-axis-india-jan-ki-baat-bihar-exit-polls-predictions-tejashwi-yadav-nitish-kumar-nda-mahagathbandhan-all-surveys|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|India Ahead - [[ETG Research]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bihar exit polls give CM chair to Tejashwi Yadav, predict 'early retirement' for Nitish Kumar|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/bihar/article/bihar-exit-poll-november-7-2020-results/678771|access-date=2021-05-03|website=www.timesnownews.com}}</ref>
|108-120
|114-126
|2-5
|5-8
|{{nowrap|HUNG}}
|-
|India Today/AAJ Tak-Axis My India
|69-91
| style="background:#32cd32;"|139-161
|3-5
|3-5
| style="background:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |'''17-39 '''
|-
|ABP News-CVoter
|104-128
|108-131
|1-3
|4-8
| style="background: grey; color:white" |{{nowrap|HUNG}}
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[Opinion poll]]

|-
|23 October 2020
| Patriotic Voter
| {{Party shading/BJP}} | 133
| 102
|Colspan=2| 8
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |'''11-21'''
|<ref name="sites.google.com"/>
|-
|24 October 2020
|ABP-CVoter
| {{Party shading/BJP}} | 135-159
| 77-98
| colspan="2" | 5-13
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |'''13-37'''
|<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|date=2020-10-24|title=Bihar Elections ABP-CVoter Opinion Poll Highlights: JDU-BJP Set To Rule Bihar Again; Projected To Win 135-159 Seats, RJD+ Likely To Bag 77-98 Seats|url=https://news.abplive.com/news/india/bihar-election-opinion-poll-live-updates-abp-cvoter-opinion-poll-who-will-win-bihar-assembly-elections-seatwise-opinion-poll-results-1372139|access-date=2020-11-01|website=news.abplive.com|archive-date=26 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026112635/https://news.abplive.com/news/india/bihar-election-opinion-poll-live-updates-abp-cvoter-opinion-poll-who-will-win-bihar-assembly-elections-seatwise-opinion-poll-results-1372139|url-status=live}}</ref>

|-
|20 October 2020
|India Today-Lokniti CSDS
| {{Party shading/BJP}} | 133-143
| 88-98
|Colspan=2| 8-16
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |'''11-21'''
|<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=ओपिनियन पोलः बिहार में NDA को स्पष्ट बहुमत, सौ के भीतर सिमट सकता है महागठबंधन|url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/bihar-assembly-elections/story/lokniti-csds-bihar-opinion-poll-on-aajtak-india-today-bihar-assembly-elections-2020-majority-nda-grand-alliance-seat-1148798-2020-10-20|access-date=2020-11-01|website=Aaj Tak|date=20 October 2020|language=hi|archive-date=26 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026045413/https://www.aajtak.in/elections/bihar-assembly-elections/story/lokniti-csds-bihar-opinion-poll-on-aajtak-india-today-bihar-assembly-elections-2020-majority-nda-grand-alliance-seat-1148798-2020-10-20|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|12 October 2020
|Times Now-CVoter
| {{Party shading/BJP}} | 160
| 76
|Colspan=2| 7
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |'''39'''
|<ref>{{Cite news|title=Bihar election opinion polls: NDA projected to win 160 seats; BJP to emerge as single-largest party - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/bihar-election-opinion-polls-nda-likely-to-secure-160-seats-bjp-to-emerge-as-single-largest-party/articleshow/78624118.cms|access-date=2020-10-12|website=The Times of India|date=12 October 2020|archive-date=2 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102171257/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/bihar-election-opinion-polls-nda-likely-to-secure-160-seats-bjp-to-emerge-as-single-largest-party/articleshow/78624118.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|25 September 2020
|ABP-CVoter
| {{Party shading/BJP}} |141-161
| 64-84
|Colspan=2| 13-23
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |'''20–40'''
|<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2020-09-25|title=Bihar Elections 2020 ABP Opinion Poll: Bihar Wants Nitish Kumar As CM Again, Huge Win Predicted For NDA|url=https://news.abplive.com/news/india/bihar-elections-2020-abp-opinion-poll-nda-likely-to-win-big-nitish-kumar-looks-set-for-fourth-term-1348381|access-date=2020-09-30|website=news.abplive.com|archive-date=27 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927133202/https://news.abplive.com/news/india/bihar-elections-2020-abp-opinion-poll-nda-likely-to-win-big-nitish-kumar-looks-set-for-fourth-term-1348381|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

===Vote Share===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;line-height:20px;"
|-
! rowspan="2" class="wikitable" style="width:180px;" | Polling type
! rowspan="2" class="wikitable" style="width:180px;" | Date
! rowspan="2" class="wikitable" style="width:180px;" | Polling Agency
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| bgcolor=#008000 |
| style="background:gray;" |
! rowspan="2" |'''Ref'''
|-
! class="wikitable" style="width:70px;"| NDA
! class="wikitable" style="width:70px;"| MGB
! class="wikitable" style="width:70px;"| Others
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Opinion poll]]
|25 September 2020
|ABP-Cvoter
| {{Party shading/BJP}} |44.8
| 33.2
| 22.0
|<ref name=":1"/>
|-
|20 October 2020
|India Today-CSDS Lokniti
| {{Party shading/BJP}} |38
| 32
| 30
|<ref name=":3"/>
|-
|24 October 2020
|ABP-Cvoter
| {{Party shading/BJP}} |43
| 35
| 22
|<ref name=":4"/>
|}

==Election==
[[File: Polling official administering indelible ink to a voter, at a polling booth, during the first phase of the Bihar Assembly Election, at New Madhya Vidyalaya, in Gaya, Bihar on October 28, 2020.jpg|thumb|Polling official administering indelible ink to a voter, at a polling booth, during the first phase of the Bihar Assembly Election, at New Madhya Vidyalaya, in Gaya, Bihar on October 28, 2020.]]
[[File: Voters standing in the queue to cast their votes, at a polling booth, during the first phase of the Bihar Assembly Election, at New Madhya Vidyalaya, in Gaya, Bihar on October 28, 2020.jpg|thumb|Voters standing in the queue to cast their votes, at a polling booth, during the first phase of the Bihar Assembly Election, at New Madhya Vidyalaya, in Gaya, Bihar on October 28, 2020.]]
The [[Chief Election Commissioner of India]], [[Sunil Arora]], announced on 25 September 2020 that the Bihar assembly election will be held from 28 October 2020, in three phases for 243 constituencies.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bihar Votes In 3 Phases, Starting October 28, Results On November 10|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bihar-election-on-october-28-november-3-and-7-results-on-november-10-election-commission-2300871|access-date=2020-09-30|website=NDTV.com|archive-date=18 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718061900/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bihar-election-on-october-28-november-3-and-7-results-on-november-10-election-commission-2300871|url-status=live}}</ref> Per the [[Election Commission of India]], approximately 60 registered parties are to contest in the Bihar elections.{{Clarify|reason=Unclear language|date=November 2020}}<ref>{{cite web|title=List of parties and vote share|url=http://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Utilities/partywise.pdf|access-date=2020-10-01|website=ceobihar.nic.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001053829/http://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Utilities/partywise.pdf|archive-date=1 October 2020}}</ref>

The elections were conducted amid the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] with the necessary guidelines issued by the [[Election Commission of India]].<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|date=2020-09-27|title=Steps the EC has taken to ensure a safe election amid Covid-19|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/bihar-elections-covid-19-guidelines-election-commission-6610806/|access-date=2020-11-15|website=The Indian Express|archive-date=10 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110024733/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/bihar-elections-covid-19-guidelines-election-commission-6610806/|url-status=live}}</ref> The election will consist of both, virtual and physical campaigns. The authorities also passed the guidelines over limited people to be involved in the rallies. Due to COVID-19, the polling time will be increased by one hour and will now be from 7am to 6pm, except in [[Naxalite–Maoist insurgency]] affected areas.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Panda|first=Sushmita|date=2020-09-25|title=Election dates for 243 seat Bihar Assembly - biggest in Covid times- announced {{!}} HIGHLIGHTS|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/news-bihar-assembly-election-2020-dates-schedule-election-commission-model-code-of-conduct-live-updates-652020|access-date=2020-09-30|website=www.indiatvnews.com|archive-date=14 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201014012421/https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/news-bihar-assembly-election-2020-dates-schedule-election-commission-model-code-of-conduct-live-updates-652020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bihar elections 2020 schedule: Polling in 3 phases on October 28, November 3 and 7; results on November 10|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/bihar-assembly-election-2020-polling-dates-election-commission-of-india/657838|access-date=2020-09-30|website=www.timesnownews.com|archive-date=1 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001182234/https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/bihar-assembly-election-2020-polling-dates-election-commission-of-india/657838|url-status=live}}</ref> As per guidelines, maximum number of voters per polling station was reduced from 1,500 to 1,000. Arrangements were made for 7 lakh units of [[Hand sanitizer|hand sanitisers]], 46 lakh masks, 6 lakh [[Personal protective equipment|PPE kits]], 6.7 lakh [[face shield]]s, and 23 lakh [[Disposable product|single use]] gloves.<ref name=":8" />

===Voting===
The overall voter turnout in this election has been 57.05%, which is 0.39% more than the 56.66% in 2015 assembly polls. In these elections, 59.58% of females voted compared to a 54.68% voter turnout of males.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Voter turnout in Bihar assembly polls 0.39% more than in 2015 election: EC - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/voter-turnout-0-39-more-than-in-2015-election-ec/articleshow/79136183.cms|access-date=2020-11-12|website=The Times of India|date=10 November 2020|archive-date=11 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111032633/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/voter-turnout-0-39-more-than-in-2015-election-ec/articleshow/79136183.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Phase 1====

A total of 1,066 candidates, including 952 male and 114 female, contested in the first phase of elections from different constituencies.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=2020-10-29|title=Bihar Assembly election 2020: Amid COVID-19, voter turnout in Phase 1 breaks records; check details|url=https://zeenews.india.com/bihar/bihar-assembly-election-2020-amid-covid-19-voter-turnout-in-phase-1-breaks-record-check-details-2321036.html|access-date=2020-11-01|website=Zee News|archive-date=5 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105125330/https://zeenews.india.com/bihar/bihar-assembly-election-2020-amid-covid-19-voter-turnout-in-phase-1-breaks-record-check-details-2321036.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|last=Kashyap|first=Simran|date=2020-10-27|title=Bihar assembly election 2020: Voting for first phase today; 71 seats go to polls|url=https://www.oneindia.com/india/bihar-assembly-election-2020-voting-for-first-phase-tomorrow-71-seats-go-to-polls-3168645.html|access-date=2020-11-01|website=www.oneindia.com|archive-date=1 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101062654/https://www.oneindia.com/india/bihar-assembly-election-2020-voting-for-first-phase-tomorrow-71-seats-go-to-polls-3168645.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The maximum number of candidates contesting from one constituency in the first phase was being at [[Gaya Town Assembly constituency|Gaya Town]] with 27 candidates and the minimum at [[Katoria Assembly constituency|Katoria]] with 5 candidates in [[Banka district]].<ref name=":6" /> In the constituencies voting in the first phase of elections, approximately 2.15 crore [[Voter registration|registered electors]] were eligible to exercise their vote, out of which around 1.12 crore were male, 1.01 crore were female and 599 were categorised as the [[third gender]].<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=71 Seats, 1,066 Candidates, 2.14 Crore Voters In Bihar Election 1st Phase|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bihar-assembly-election-71-seats-1-066-candidates-2-14-crore-voters-in-bihar-election-1st-phase-2316649|access-date=2020-11-01|website=NDTV.com|archive-date=1 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101114410/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bihar-assembly-election-71-seats-1-066-candidates-2-14-crore-voters-in-bihar-election-1st-phase-2316649|url-status=live}}</ref>

The first phase of elections recorded a voter turnout of 55.68%.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|title=55.69 per cent voter turnout in 1st phase of Bihar assembly elections|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/55-69-per-cent-voter-turnout-in-1st-phase-of-bihar-assembly-elections-election-commission/articleshow/78936324.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2020-11-01|archive-date=18 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718061858/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/55-69-per-cent-voter-turnout-in-1st-phase-of-bihar-assembly-elections-election-commission/articleshow/78936324.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref> The male and female voter turnout for the first phase was 56.8% and 54.4% respectively.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bihar election results: The 'W' factor works for Nitish Kumar yet again|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/bihar-assembly-polls-2020/story/bihar-election-results-women-factor-nitish-kumar-victory-1739992-2020-11-11|access-date=2020-11-12|website=India Today|archive-date=18 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718061858/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/elections/bihar-assembly-polls-2020/story/bihar-election-results-women-factor-nitish-kumar-victory-1739992-2020-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> In the [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|previous assembly election in 2015]], the voter turnout was 54.94% for these constituencies.<ref name=":2" />

====Phase 2====

In the second phase of elections, 1463 candidates contested the elections, of which 1315 candidates were male, 147 candidates were female and 1 candidate belonged to the transgender community.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Bihar election 2020: 34% crorepati candidates in Phase II of polls - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/34-crorepati-candidates-in-phase-ii-of-bihar-polls/articleshow/78938883.cms|access-date=2020-11-01|website=The Times of India|date=30 October 2020|archive-date=1 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101063629/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/34-crorepati-candidates-in-phase-ii-of-bihar-polls/articleshow/78938883.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

The elections was held on 3 November.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Tewary|first=Amarnath|date=2020-10-31|title=Second phase of Bihar Assembly elections on November 3|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/bihar-assembly/second-phase-of-bihar-polls-on-nov-3/article32990437.ece|access-date=2020-11-01|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=1 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101072908/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/bihar-assembly/second-phase-of-bihar-polls-on-nov-3/article32990437.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Voter turnout for the 2nd phase was over 55.7%.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-11-03|title=Bihar Assembly elections phase 2, States' bypoll live {{!}} 54% turnout for second phase of Bihar polls|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/polling-for-second-phase-of-bihar-elections/article33008513.ece|access-date=2020-11-05|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=4 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104195758/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/polling-for-second-phase-of-bihar-elections/article33008513.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Phase 3====
In the third phase of elections, 1094 male candidates and 110 female candidates contested the elections for 78 Seats, out of a total of 23.5 Million eligible voters for this phase total of 12.3 Million were Male and 11.2 Million were female voters.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Bihar assembly elections phase III|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=7 November 2020|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/bihar-assembly-elections-phase-iii-all-you-need-to-know/articleshow/79087355.cms|access-date=2020-11-11|archive-date=9 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209222950/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/bihar-assembly-elections-phase-iii-all-you-need-to-know/articleshow/79087355.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

The elections were held on 7 November 2020 and the total Voting turnout was recorded 59.94%, which was highest among all three phases.<ref>{{Cite news|title=At phase 3 sees the highest turnout in Bihar|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=8 November 2020|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/at-57-9-phase-3-sees-highest-turnout-in-bihar/articleshow/79107065.cms|access-date=2020-11-11|archive-date=10 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210185114/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/at-57-9-phase-3-sees-highest-turnout-in-bihar/articleshow/79107065.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Incidents===
On 27 October 2020 a day before the first phase of the election, three [[improvised explosive devices]] (IEDs) were recovered and diffused from two different places in [[Imamganj]] area of [[Gaya district]].<ref>{{Cite news | date=28 October 2020 | title=3 IEDs recovered in Imamganj on poll eve | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/3-ieds-recovered-in-imamganj-on-poll-eve/articleshow/78900776.cms | access-date=2020-11-01 | work=The Times of India | archive-date=28 October 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028022640/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/3-ieds-recovered-in-imamganj-on-poll-eve/articleshow/78900776.cms | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=2 IED bombs found near polling booth in Bihar defused by CRPF|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/two-ied-bombs-found-near-polling-booth-in-bihar-defused-by-crpf-162285|access-date=1 November 2020|work=[[The Tribune (India)]]}}</ref>

==Results==

===Summary===
{| style="width:88%; text-align:center;"
|- style="color:white;"
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; width:51.44%;" | '''125'''
| style="background: #008000;color:white;45.26%;" | '''110'''
| style="background:gray; color:white; width:3.3%;" | '''8'''
|-
| {{color|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|'''NDA'''}}
| {{color|#008000|'''MGB'''}}
| {{color|black|'''Others'''}}
|}
[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] secured a total of 125 seats (37.26% votes) while [[Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)|MGB]] won 110 seats (37.23% votes).<ref>{{Cite news|title=So near, yet so far for Tejashwi: MGB got just 0.03% votes less than NDA - Times of India ►|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/so-near-yet-so-far-for-tejashwi-mgb-got-just-0-03-votes-less-than-nda/articleshow/79181077.cms|access-date=2020-11-18|website=The Times of India|date=12 November 2020|archive-date=18 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201118132051/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/so-near-yet-so-far-for-tejashwi-mgb-got-just-0-03-votes-less-than-nda/articleshow/79181077.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Grand Democratic Secular Front|GDSF]] got 6 seats, [[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]] & others won a seat each.<ref>{{Cite web|last=TimesNow|title=Vikassheel Insaan Party Bihar Election Results 2020 {{!}} Vip Bihar Vidhan Sabha Election Results 2020|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/vikassheel-insaan-party|access-date=2020-11-11|website=TimesNow|archive-date=16 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116165735/https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/vikassheel-insaan-party|url-status=dead}}</ref> The results surprised many analysts and polling agencies that predicted MGB to win.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-11|title=Why did the exit polls get the Bihar results wrong?|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bihar-election/why-did-the-exit-polls-get-the-bihar-results-wrong/story-f3Ye3kZorAdRGpvgH9VMBP.html|access-date=2021-02-26|website=Hindustan Times|archive-date=23 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123102910/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bihar-election/why-did-the-exit-polls-get-the-bihar-results-wrong/story-f3Ye3kZorAdRGpvgH9VMBP.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Venugopal|first=Vasudha|title=Exit polls miss the mark on Bihar again, experts blame samples that missed out voices of women|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/exit-polls-miss-the-mark-on-bihar-again-experts-blame-samples-that-missed-out-voices-of-women/articleshow/79167201.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2021-02-26|archive-date=14 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814235619/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/exit-polls-miss-the-mark-on-bihar-again-experts-blame-samples-that-missed-out-voices-of-women/articleshow/79167201.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref> Only agency to correctly predict the Bihar election results was Politique Marquer that had predicted a narrow majority for NDA.<ref>{{Cite web|title=എക്സിറ്റ് പോളുകൾ തോറ്റപ്പോള്‍ ജയിച്ച മലയാളി; പ്രവചനം കൃത്യം; എങ്ങനെ?|url=https://www.manoramanews.com/news/india/2020/11/11/abbin-theepura-correctly-predicts-bihar-exit-polls.html|access-date=2021-02-26|website=Manoramanews|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112034518/https://www.manoramanews.com/news/india/2020/11/11/abbin-theepura-correctly-predicts-bihar-exit-polls.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] won in 75 constituencies and became the largest political party in the Legislative Assembly, however its numbers reduced compared to previous election.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-09|title=Bihar Election Result Constituency-wise: RJD emerges single largest party, but NDA in the driver's seat|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/election-2020/bihar-election-results-constituency-wise-live-updates-rjd-jdu-bjp-nda-ljp-congress-ec-counting-tejashwi-yadav-winner-nitish-kumar-913419.html|access-date=2020-11-14|website=Deccan Herald|archive-date=16 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116171337/https://www.deccanherald.com/election-2020/bihar-election-results-constituency-wise-live-updates-rjd-jdu-bjp-nda-ljp-congress-ec-counting-tejashwi-yadav-winner-nitish-kumar-913419.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] won 74 seats and was the biggest gainer in terms of number of MLAs elected as it added more than 30% to its seat count compared to the last election.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Bellman|first1=Eric|last2=Roy|first2=Rajesh|date=2020-11-10|title=India Vote Shows How Narendra Modi Is Buffered From Covid-19 Fallout|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/india-vote-shows-how-narendra-modi-is-buffered-from-covid-19-fallout-11605015673|access-date=2020-11-13|issn=0099-9660|archive-date=14 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114215851/https://www.wsj.com/articles/india-vote-shows-how-narendra-modi-is-buffered-from-covid-19-fallout-11605015673|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ITRLO">{{Cite web|last=Dutta|first=Prabhash K.|date=November 12, 2020|title=Right, Left and Owaisi shine in Bihar election results|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/bihar-assembly-polls-2020/story/right-left-and-owaisi-shine-in-bihar-election-results-1740335-2020-11-12|access-date=2020-11-14|website=India Today}}</ref> The [[Janata Dal (United)]] and [[Indian National Congress]] won in 43 and 19 constituencies respectively and dropped the most seats compared to the previous election.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mustafa|first=Seema|title=Losers in Bihar - Nitish Kumar And The Congress|url=https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/NewsDetail/index/4/19612/Losers-in-Bihar---Nitish-Kumar-And-The-Congress|access-date=2020-11-14|website=The Citizen|date=13 November 2020|archive-date=18 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718061903/https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/NewsDetail/index/4/19612/Losers-in-Bihar---Nitish-Kumar-And-The-Congress--|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]] (AIMIM) also made inroads in the state winning 5 seats.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Khan|first=Fatima|date=2020-11-10|title=AIMIM wins 5 seats in Bihar, but hasn't made a big dent in Mahagathbandhan vote share|url=https://theprint.in/politics/aimim-set-to-bag-5-seats-in-bihar-but-hasnt-made-a-big-dent-in-mahagathbandhan-vote-share/541676/|access-date=2020-11-13|website=ThePrint|archive-date=11 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111125215/https://theprint.in/politics/aimim-set-to-bag-5-seats-in-bihar-but-hasnt-made-a-big-dent-in-mahagathbandhan-vote-share/541676/|url-status=live}}</ref> All the 5 MLAs of AIMIM were elected from constituencies in the [[Seemanchal]] region of the State.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bihar: What Worked in AIMIM's Favour in Five Assembly Seats of Seemanchal?|url=https://thewire.in/politics/mim-win-five-assembly-seats-seemanchal-bihar-elections-2020|access-date=2020-11-13|website=The Wire|archive-date=13 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113054856/https://thewire.in/politics/mim-win-five-assembly-seats-seemanchal-bihar-elections-2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ITRLO" /> The [[Communism in India|Communist parties]] also gained in these elections.<ref name="ITRLO" /> The [[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation|Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) (Liberation)]] won 12 seats, whereas the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] and [[Communist Party of India]] won 2 seats each.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Bihar election: BJP registers best strike rate; CPI (ML)(L) at 2nd spot|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/bihar-election-bjp-registers-best-strike-rate-cpi-mll-at-2nd-spot/articleshow/79165276.cms|access-date=2020-11-14|website=The Times of India|date=11 November 2020 }}</ref> The [[Vikassheel Insaan Party]] which contested the Assembly elections for the first time won 4 seats.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Remember This Moment In The Bihar Elections|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/remember-this-moment-in-the-bihar-elections-vips-mukesh-sahni-walks-out-of-tejashwi-yadav-led-mahagathbandhan-2323998|access-date=2020-11-15|website=NDTV.com|archive-date=14 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114150550/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/remember-this-moment-in-the-bihar-elections-vips-mukesh-sahni-walks-out-of-tejashwi-yadav-led-mahagathbandhan-2323998|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Sumit Kumar Singh]] was the only [[Independent politician|Independent candidate]] to win as a MLA.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-13|title=From 33 in 1967 Bihar Polls to Lone MLA in 2020, the Story of Diminishing Independents in Electoral Battle|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/from-33-in-1967-bihar-polls-to-lone-mla-in-2020-the-story-of-diminishing-independents-in-electoral-battle-3076934.html|access-date=2020-11-13|website=News18|archive-date=13 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113162504/https://www.news18.com/news/politics/from-33-in-1967-bihar-polls-to-lone-mla-in-2020-the-story-of-diminishing-independents-in-electoral-battle-3076934.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Though the LJP could win only one seat (Matihani) on its own, but it caused much harm to the NDA. Of the 54 seats where it dented margins, JD(U) was hurt the most. Data shows that on 25 seats, where JD(U) came second, LJP had more votes than the victory margin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bihar poll results: 'Modi's hanuman' Chirag Paswan hurt JD(U) the most |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/diu/story/bihar-poll-results-modi-s-hanuman-chirag-paswan-hurt-jd-u-the-most-1740118-2020-11-11 |access-date=2023-09-18 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031174259/https://www.indiatoday.in/diu/story/bihar-poll-results-modi-s-hanuman-chirag-paswan-hurt-jd-u-the-most-1740118-2020-11-11 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The constituencies with higher female turnout than male, the [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] was in lead. Out of the 125 seats that [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] won, 99 were constituencies where female turnout was more than their male counterparts.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-13|title=Bihar elections: More women voters step out; NDA 80% seats in constituencies with higher women turnout|url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/bihar-elections-more-women-voters-step-out-nda-80-seats-in-constituencies-with-higher-women-turnout-7049814/|access-date=2020-11-15|website=The Indian Express|archive-date=14 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114003415/https://indianexpress.com/elections/bihar-elections-more-women-voters-step-out-nda-80-seats-in-constituencies-with-higher-women-turnout-7049814/|url-status=live}}</ref> About 20% of the seats, the margin of victory was less than 2.5% of the votes polled.<ref name=":9">{{Cite news|last1=Radhakrishnan|first1=Vignesh|last2=Sen|first2=Sumant|last3=Singaravelu|first3=Naresh|date=2020-11-17|title=Data {{!}} Bihar Assembly election 2020 was the closest in State's history|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/data/data-bihar-assembly-election-2020-was-the-closest-in-states-history/article33095576.ece|access-date=2020-11-19|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=19 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119065224/https://www.thehindu.com/data/data-bihar-assembly-election-2020-was-the-closest-in-states-history/article33095576.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] won 21 seats with a less than 2.5% vote margin, while the [[Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)|Mahagathbandhan]] won in 22 such seats.<ref name=":9" />
{{wide image|2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Result Map.svg|500px|Map displaying constituencies won by parties}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Alliance
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Party
! colspan="3" |Popular vote
! colspan="3" |Seats
|-
!Votes
!%
!±[[Percentage point|pp]]
!Contested
!Won
!'''+/−'''
|-
|rowspan=6 bgcolor="{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}"|
!rowspan=6|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{formatnum:8202067}}
|19.46
|{{nowrap|{{decrease}}4.96}}
|110
|74
|{{nowrap|{{increase}} 21}}
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}"|
|[[Janata Dal (United)]]
|{{formatnum:6485179}}
|15.39
|{{decrease}}1.44
|115
|43
|{{decrease}} 28
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Vikassheel Insaan Party}}"|
|[[Vikassheel Insaan Party]]
|{{formatnum:639840}}
|1.52
|{{increase}}1.52
|11
|4
|{{increase}} 4
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Hindustani Awam Morcha}}"|
|[[Hindustani Awam Morcha]]
|{{formatnum:375564}}
|0.89
|{{decrease}}1.41
|7
|4
|{{increase}}3
|-
|{{Party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
|style="color:inherit;background:#fef3e8"|'''Total'''
|style="color:inherit;background:#fef3e8"|'''{{formatnum:15702650}}'''
|style="color:inherit;background:#fef3e8"|37.26
|style="color:inherit;background:#fef3e8"|{{decrease}}7.84
|style="color:inherit;background:#fef3e8"|243
|style="color:inherit;background:#fef3e8"|125
|style="color:inherit;background:#fef3e8"|{{no change}}
|-
|rowspan=7 bgcolor="{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}"|
!rowspan=7|[[Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)|MGB]]
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}"|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
|{{formatnum:9738855}}
|23.11
|{{increase}}4.79
|144
|75
|{{decrease}} 5
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|{{formatnum:3995319}}
|9.48
|{{increase}}2.82
|70
|19
|{{decrease}} 8
|-
|bgcolor="red"|
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation|Communist Party of India (ML) Liberation]]
|{{formatnum:1333682}}
|3.16
|{{increase}}1.66
|19
|12
| {{increase}} 9
|-
|bgcolor="red"|
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|{{formatnum:349489}}
|0.83
|{{decrease}}0.57
|6
|2
|{{increase}} 2
|-
|bgcolor="red"|
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|{{formatnum:274155}}
|0.65
|{{increase}}0.05
|4
|2
|{{increase}} 2
|-
|{{Party color cell|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|style="color:inherit;background:#fef3e8"|'''Total'''
|style="color:inherit;background:#fef3e8"|'''{{formatnum:15691500}}'''
|style="color:inherit;background:#fef3e8"|37.23
|style="color:inherit;background:#fef3e8"|{{up}}8.62
|style="color:inherit;background:#fef3e8"|243
|style="color:inherit;background:#fef3e8"|110
|style="color:inherit;background:#fef3e8"|{{no change}}
|-
|rowspan=5 bgcolor="{{party color|Rashtriya Lok Samta Party}}"|
!rowspan=5|[[Grand Democratic Secular Front|GDSF]]
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}"|
|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]]
|{{formatnum:523279}}
|1.24
|{{Increase}}1.03
|20
|5
|{{increase}} 5
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}"|
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|{{formatnum:628961}}
|1.49
|{{decrease}}0.60
|78
|1
|{{increase}} 1
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Rashtriya Lok Samta Party}}"|
|[[Rashtriya Lok Samta Party]]
|{{formatnum:744221}}
|1.77
|{{decrease}}0.82
|99
|0
|{{decrease}} 2
|-
|{{Party color cell|Rashtriya Lok Samta Party}}
|style="color:inherit;background:#fef3e8"|'''Total'''
|style="color:inherit;background:#fef3e8"|'''{{formatnum:1896461}}'''
|style="color:inherit;background:#fef3e8"|4.50
|style="color:inherit;background:#fef3e8"|{{down}}0.39
|style="color:inherit;background:#fef3e8"|197
|style="color:inherit;background:#fef3e8"|6
|style="color:inherit;background:#fef3e8"|{{up}}4
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |None
| bgcolor="{{party color|Lok Janshakti Party}}" |
|[[Lok Janshakti Party]]
|{{formatnum:2383457}}
|5.66
|{{increase}}0.77
|135
|1
| {{decrease}} 1
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent politician}}"|
|[[Independent politician|Independents]]
|{{formatnum:3641362}}
|8.64
|{{decrease}}0.76
|1299
|1
|{{decrease}} 3
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|None of the Above}}" |
|NOTA
|{{formatnum:706252}}
|1.68
|{{decrease}}0.82

|{{no change}}
|{{no change}}
|{{no change}}
|- class="unsortable" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"
! colspan = 4|Total
! {{formatnum:42142828}} !! style="text-align:center;" |100.00
!
!
!style="text-align:center;" |243
!
|-
! colspan="9" |
! colspan="10" |
|-
| style="text-align:right;" colspan="4" |Valid votes
|{{formatnum:42142828}}
|99.88
| colspan="6" rowspan="5" style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |
|-
| style="text-align:right;" colspan="4" |Invalid votes
|{{formatnum:51222}}
|0.12
|-
| style="text-align:right;" colspan="4" |'''Votes cast / Turnout'''
|'''{{formatnum:42194050}}'''
|'''57.29'''
|-
| style="text-align:right;" colspan="4" |Abstentions
|{{formatnum:31453610}}
|42.71
|-
| style="text-align:right;" colspan="4" |'''Registered voters'''
|'''{{formatnum:73647660}}'''
| colspan="1" style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |
|-
|}

===Results by District Wise===
In districts adjoining [[Uttar Pradesh]], the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] performed better than the [[Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)|Mahagathbandhan]], however [[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]'s seats declined.<ref name="TOIHBV" >{{Cite news|title=How Bihar voted|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/how-bihar-voted/articleshow/79184856.cms|access-date=2020-11-14|website=The Times of India|archive-date=14 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114082626/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/how-bihar-voted/articleshow/79184856.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] won in majority of the constituencies in the [[Champaran]] region.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-10|title=Bihar election results: NDA candidates lead in Champaran region after initial rounds|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bihar-election/bihar-election-results-nda-candidates-lead-in-champaran-region-after-initial-rounds/story-QSYvGCaDcoqmFJGgGgpZ6H.html|access-date=2020-11-14|website=Hindustan Times|archive-date=16 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116020557/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bihar-election/bihar-election-results-nda-candidates-lead-in-champaran-region-after-initial-rounds/story-QSYvGCaDcoqmFJGgGgpZ6H.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left:.6em;text-align: center;"
! rowspan="2"|District
! rowspan="2"|Total
! style="background:#FF9933;"|
! style="background:#00BFFF;"|
! style="background:#939393;"|
|-
!NDA
!MGB
!GDSF

|-
|[[West Champaran district|West Champaran]]
|9
|bgcolor=#FF9933|8
|1
|0
|-
|[[East Champaran district|East Champaran]]
|12
|bgcolor=#FF9933|9
|3
|0
|-
|[[Sheohar district|Sheohar]]
|1
|0
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|1
|0
|-
|[[Sitamarhi district|Sitamarhi]]
|8
|bgcolor=#FF9933|6
|2
|0
|-
|[[Madhubani district|Madhubani]]
|10
|bgcolor=#FF9933|8
|2
|0
|-
|[[Supaul district|Supaul]]
|5
|bgcolor=#FF9933|5
|0
|0
|-
|[[Araria district|Araria]]
|6
|bgcolor=#FF9933|4
|1
|1
|-
|[[Kishanganj district|Kishanganj]]
|4
|0
|2
|2
|-
|[[Purnia district|Purnia]]
|7
|bgcolor=#FF9933|4
|1
|2
|-
|[[Katihar district|Katihar]]
|7
|bgcolor=#FF9933|4
|3
|0
|-
|[[Madhepura district|Madhepura]]
|4
|2
|2
|0
|-
|[[Saharsa district|Saharsa]]
|4
|bgcolor=#FF9933|3
|1
|0
|-
|[[Darbhanga district|Darbhanga]]
|10
|bgcolor=#FF9933|9
|1
|0
|-
|[[Muzaffarpur district|Muzaffarpur]]
|11
|bgcolor=#FF9933|6
|5
|0
|-
|[[Gopalganj District, India|Gopalganj]]
|6
|bgcolor=#FF9933|4
|2
|0
|-
|[[Siwan district|Siwan]]
|8
|2
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|6
|0
|-
|[[Saran district|Saran]]
|10
|3
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|7
|0
|-
|[[Vaishali district|Vaishali]]
|8
|4
|4
|0
|-
|[[Samastipur district|Samastipur]]
|10
|5
|5
|0
|-
|[[Begusarai district|Begusarai]]
|7
|2
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|4
|1
|-
|[[Khagaria district|Khagaria]]
|4
|2
|2
|0
|-
|[[Bhagalpur district|Bhagalpur]]
|7
|bgcolor=#FF9933|5
|2
|0
|-
|[[Banka district|Banka]]
|5
|bgcolor=#FF9933|4
|1
|0
|-
|[[Munger district|Munger]]
|3
|bgcolor=#FF9933|2
|1
|0
|-
|[[Lakhisarai district|Lakhisarai]]
|2
|1
|1
|0
|-
|[[Sheikhpura district|Sheikhpura]]
|2
|1
|1
|0
|-
|[[Nalanda district|Nalanda]]
|7
|bgcolor=#FF9933|6
|1
|0
|-
|[[Patna district|Patna]]
|14
|5
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|9
|0
|-
|[[Bhojpur District, Bihar|Bhojpur]]
|7
|2
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|5
|0
|-
|[[Buxar district|Buxar]]
|4
|0
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|4
|0
|-
|[[Kaimur district|Kaimur]]
|4
|0
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|3
|1
|-
|[[Rohtas district|Rohtas]]
|7
|0
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|7
|0
|-
|[[Arwal district|Arwal]]
|2
|0
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|2
|0
|-
|[[Jehanabad district|Jehanabad]]
|3
|0
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|3
|0
|-
|[[Aurangabad district, Bihar|Aurangabad]]
|6
|0
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|6
|0
|-
|[[Gaya district|Gaya]]
|10
|5
|5
|0
|-
|[[Nawada district|Nawada]]
|5
|1
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|4
|0
|-
|[[Jamui district|Jamui]]
|4
|bgcolor=#FF9933|3
|0
|1
|-
|Total
|'''243'''
|125
|110
|8
|}

=== Results by Constituency ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
|+ Results
! colspan="2" |Assembly Constituency
! colspan="5" |Winner
! colspan="5" |Runner-up
! rowspan="2" |Margin
|-
! #
! Name
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! Votes
!'''%'''
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! Votes
!'''%'''
|-
| colspan="13" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[West Champaran district|'''West Champaran District''']]
|-
| 1
|[[Valmiki Nagar Assembly constituency|Valmiki Nagar]]
|[[Dhirendra Pratap Singh]]
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|74,906
|38.32
|Rajesh Singh
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|53,321
|27.28
| style="background:#003366 |'''21,585'''
|-
|2
|[[Ramnagar, Bihar Assembly constituency|Ramnagar]] (SC)
|[[Bhagirathi Devi]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|75,423
|39.57
|Rajesh Ram
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|59,627
|31.28
| style="background:#FF9933 |'''15,796'''
|-
|3
|[[Narkatiaganj Assembly constituency|Narkatiaganj]]
|[[Rashmi Verma]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|75,484
|45.85
|Vinay Verma
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|54,350
|33.02
| style="background:#FF9933 |'''21,134'''
|-
|4
|[[Bagaha Assembly constituency|Bagaha]]
|[[Ram Singh (politician)|Ram Singh]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|90,013
|49.51
|Jayesh Mangalam Singh
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|59,993
|33.00
| style="background:#FF9933 |'''30,020'''
|-
|5
|[[Lauriya Assembly constituency|Lauriya]]
|[[Vinay Bihari]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|77,927
|49.48
|Shambhu Tiwari
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|48,923
|31.06
| style="background:#FF9933 |'''29,004'''
|-
|6
|[[Nautan Assembly constituency|Nautan]]
|[[Narayan Prasad]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|78,657
|46.97
|Sheikh Mohammad Kamran
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|52,761
|31.51
|style="background:#FF9933 |'''25,896'''
|-
|7
|[[Chanpatia Assembly constituency|Chanpatia]]
|[[Umakant Singh]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|83,828
|47.69
|Abhishek Ranjan
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|70,359
|40.03
|style="background:#FF9933 |'''13,469'''
|-
|8
|[[Bettiah Assembly constituency|Bettiah]]
|[[Renu Devi]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|84,496
|52.83
|[[Madan Mohan Tiwari]]
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|66,417
|41.53
|style="background:#FF9933|'''18,079'''
|-
|9
|[[Sikta Assembly constituency|Sikta]]
| [[Birendra Prasad Gupta]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation|CPI(ML)L]]
|49,075
|28.85
| Dilip Varma
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD|
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|46,773
|27.50
|style="background:#FF0000|'''2,302'''
|-
| colspan="13" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[East Champaran district|'''East Champaran District''']]
|-
|10
|[[Raxaul Assembly constituency|Raxaul]]
|[[Pramod Kumar Sinha]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|80,979
|45.60
|Rambabu Prasad Yadav
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|44,056
|24.81
|style="background:#FF9933|'''36,923'''
|-
|11
|[[Sugauli Assembly constituency|Sugauli]]
|[[Shashi Bhushan Singh]]
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|65,267
|38.26
|[[Ramchandra Sahani]]
|bgcolor=#0000FF|
|[[Vikassheel Insaan Party|VIP]]
|61,820
|36.24
|style="background:#008000|'''3,447'''
|-
|12
|[[Narkatiya Assembly constituency|Narkatiya]]
|[[Shamim Ahmad]]
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|85,562
|46.69
|Shyam Bihari Prashad
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|57,771
|31.53
|style="background:#008000|'''27,791'''
|-
|13
|[[Harsidhi Assembly constituency|Harsidhi]] (SC)
|[[Krishnanandan Paswan]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|84,615
|49.71
|Kumar Nagendra Bihari
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|68,930
|40.50
|style="background:#FF9933|'''15,685'''
|-
|14
|[[Govindganj Assembly constituency|Govindganj]]
|[[Sunil Mani Tiwari]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|65,544
|43.22
|Brajesh Kumar
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|37,620
|24.81
|style="background:#FF9933|'''27,924'''
|-
|15
|[[Kesaria Assembly constituency|Kesaria]]
|[[Shalini Mishra]]
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|40,219
|26.59
|Santosh Kushwha
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|30,992
|20.49
|style="background:#003366|'''9,227'''
|-
|16
|[[Kalyanpur, Purvi Champaran Assembly constituency|Kalyanpur]]
|[[Manoj Kumar Yadav (Bihar politician)|Manoj Kumar Yadav]]
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|72,819
|45.35
|[[Sachindra Prasad Singh]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|71,626
|44.61
|style="background:#008000|'''1,193'''
|-
|17
|[[Pipra, Purvi Champaran Assembly constituency|Pipra]]
|[[Shyambabu Prasad Yadav]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|88,587
|44.18
|Rajmangal Prashad
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPM]]
|80,410
|40.10
|style="background:#FF9933|'''8,177'''
|-
|18
|[[Madhuban, Bihar Assembly constituency|Madhuban]]
|[[Rana Randhir|Rana Randhir Singh]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|73,179
|47.69
|Madan Prasad
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|67,301
|43.86
|style="background:#FF9933|'''5,878'''
|-
|19
|[[Motihari Assembly constituency|Motihari]]
|[[Pramod Kumar (Bihar politician)|Pramod Kumar]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|92,733
|49.44
|Om Prakash Chaudhary
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|78,088
|41.63
|style="background:#FF9933|'''14,645'''
|-
|20
|[[Chiraia Assembly constituency|Chiraia]]
|[[Lal Babu Prasad Gupta]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|62,904
|37.62
|Achchhelal Prasad
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|46,030
|27.53
|style="background:#FF9933|'''16,874'''
|-
|21
|[[Dhaka Assembly constituency|Dhaka]]
|[[Pawan Jaiswal]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|99,792
|48.01
|[[Faisal Rahman]]
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|89,678
|43.15
|style="background:#FF9933|'''10,114'''
|-
| colspan="13" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Sheohar district|'''Sheohar District''']]
|-
|22
|[[Sheohar Assembly constituency|Sheohar]]
|[[Chetan Anand (politician)|Chetan Anand Singh]]
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|73,143
|42.69
|[[Sharfuddin (politician)|Sharfuddin]]
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|36,457
|21.28
| style="background:#008000 |'''36,686'''
|-
| colspan="13" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Sitamarhi district|'''Sitamarhi District''']]
|-
|23
|[[Riga Assembly constituency|Riga]]
|[[Moti Lal Prasad]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|95,226
|53.07
|Amit Kumar
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|62,731
|34.96
|style="background:#FF9933|'''32,495'''
|-
|24
|[[Bathnaha Assembly constituency|Bathnaha]] (SC)
|[[Anil Kumar (born 1987)|Anil Kumar]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|92,648
|54.15
|Sanjay Ram
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|45,830
|26.79
|style="background:#FF9933|'''46,818'''
|-
|25
|[[Parihar Assembly constituency|Parihar]]
|[[Gayatri Devi (Bihar politician)|Gayatri Devi]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|73,420
|42.52
|[[Ritu Jaiswal]]
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|71,851
|41.61
|style="background:#FF9933|'''1,569'''
|-
|26
|[[Sursand Assembly constituency|Sursand]]
|[[Dilip Kumar Ray]]
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|67,193
|38.63
|[[Syed Abu Dojana]]
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|58,317
|33.53
|style="background:#003366|'''8,876'''
|-
|27
|[[Bajpatti Assembly constituency|Bajpatti]]
|[[Mukesh Kumar Yadav]]
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|71,483
|40.21
|[[Ranju Geeta]]
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|68,779
|38.69
|style="background:#008000|'''2,704'''
|-
|28
|[[Sitamarhi Assembly constituency|Sitamarhi]]
|[[Mithilesh Kumar]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|90,236
|49.90
|Sunil Kumar
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|78,761
|43.55
|style="background:#FF9933|'''11,475'''
|-
|29
|[[Runnisaidpur Assembly constituency|Runnisaidpur]]
|[[Pankaj Kumar Mishra]]
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|73,205
|47.96
|[[Mangita Devi]]
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|48,576
|31.83
|style="background:#003366|'''24,629'''
|-
|30
|[[Belsand Assembly constituency|Belsand]]
|[[Sanjay Kumar Gupta (RJD politician)|Sanjay Kumar Gupta]]
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|49,682
|35.71
|[[Sunita Singh Chauhan]]
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|35,997
|25.87
|style="background:#008000|'''13,685'''
|-
| colspan="13" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Madhubani district|'''Madhubani District''']]
|-
|31
|[[Harlakhi Assembly constituency|Harlakhi]]
|[[Sudhanshu Shekhar]]
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|60,393
|36.10
|[[Ram Naresh Pandey]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|42,800
|25.58
|style="background:#003366|'''17,593'''
|-
|32
|[[Benipatti Assembly constituency|Benipatti]]
|[[Vinod Narayan Jha]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|78,862
|50.63
|[[Bhawana Jha]]
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|46,210
|29.67
|style="background:#FF9933|'''32,652'''
|-
|33
|[[Khajauli Assembly constituency|Khajauli]]
|[[Arun Shankar Prasad]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|83,161
|44.51
|[[Sitaram Yadav (politician, born 1952)|Sitaram Yadav]]
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|60,472
|32.37
|style="background:#FF9933|'''22,689'''
|-
|34
|[[Babubarhi Assembly constituency|Babubarhi]]
|[[Mina Kumari]]
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|77,367
|40.39
|[[Uma Kant Yadav]]
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|65,879
|34.39
|style="background:#003366|'''11,488'''
|-
|35
|[[Bisfi Assembly constituency|Bisfi]]
|[[Haribhushan Thakur]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|86,574
|48.43
|[[Faiyaz Ahmad]]
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|76,333
|42.70
|style="background:#FF9933|'''10,241'''
|-
|36
|[[Madhubani Assembly constituency|Madhubani]]
|[[Samir Kumar Mahaseth]]
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|71,332
|38.00
|Suman Kumar Mahaseth
|bgcolor=#0000ff|
|[[Vikassheel Insaan Party|VIP]]
|64,518
|34.37
|style="background:#008000|'''6,814'''
|-
|37
|[[Rajnagar, Bihar Assembly constituency|Rajnagar]] (SC)
|[[Ram Prit Paswan (Indian politician)|Ramprit Paswan]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|89,459
|51.42
|Ramawatar Paswan
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|70,338
|40.43
|style="background:#FF9933|'''19,121'''
|-
|38
|[[Jhanjharpur Assembly constituency|Jhanjharpur]]
|[[Nitish Mishra]]
|bgcolor=#ff9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|94,854
|52.47
|Ram Narayan Yadav
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|53,066
|29.36
|style="background:#FF9933|'''41,788'''
|-
|39
|[[Phulparas Assembly constituency|Phulparas]]
|[[Sheela Kumari]]
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|75,116
|41.26
|Kripanath Pathak
|bgcolor=#00bfff|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|64,150
|35.24
|style="background:#003366|'''10,966'''
|-
|40
|[[Laukaha Assembly constituency|Laukaha]]
|[[Bharat Bhushan Mandal]]
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|78,523
|37.57
|Lakshmeshwar Ray
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|68,446
|32.75
|style="background:#008000|'''10,077'''
|-
| colspan="13" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Supaul district|'''Supaul district''']]
|-
|41
|[[Nirmali Assembly constituency|Nirmali]]
|[[Aniruddha Prasad Yadav]]
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|92,439
|49.33
|Yadubansh Kumar Yadav
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|48,517
|25.89
|style="background:#003366|'''43,922'''
|-
|42
|[[Pipra, Supaul Assembly constituency|Pipra]]
|[[Rambilash Kamat]]
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|82,388
|45.35
|[[Vishwa Mohan Kumar]]
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|63,143
|34.76
|style="background:#003366|'''19,245'''
|-
|43
|[[Supaul Assembly constituency|Supaul]]
|[[Bijendra Prasad Yadav]]
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|86,174
|50.20
|Minnatullah Rahmani
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|58,075
|33.83
|style="background:#003366|'''28,099'''
|-
|44
|[[Triveniganj Assembly constituency|Triveniganj]] (SC)
|[[Veena Bharti]]
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|79,458
|44.84
|Santosh Kumar
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|76,427
|43.13
|style="background:#003366|'''3,031'''
|-
|45
|[[Chhatapur Assembly constituency|Chhatapur]]
|[[Neeraj Kumar Singh Bablu|Neeraj Kumar Singh]]
|bgcolor=#ff9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|93,755
|46.39
|Vipin Kumar Singh
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|73,120
|36.18
|style="background:#FF9933|'''20,635'''
|-
| colspan="13" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Araria district|'''Araria District''']]
|-
|46
|[[Narpatganj Assembly constituency|Narpatganj]]
|[[Jai Prakash Yadav (politician)|Jai Prakash Yadav]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|98,397
|49.06
|[[Anil Kumar Yadav (politician, born 1960)|Anil Kumar Yadav]]
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|69,787
|34.79
|style="background:#FF9933|'''28,610'''
|-
|47
|[[Raniganj (Bihar Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Raniganj]] (SC)
|[[Achmit Rishidev]]
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|81,901
|44.12
|Avinash Mangalam
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|79,597
|42.88
|style="background:#003366|'''2,304'''
|-
|48
|[[Forbesganj Assembly constituency|Forbesganj]]
|[[Vidya Sagar Keshri]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|102,212
|49.53
|Zakir Hussain Khan
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|82,510
|39.98
|style="background:#FF9933|'''19,702'''
|-
|49
|[[Araria Assembly constituency|Araria]]
|[[Avidur Rahaman|Avidur Rahman]]
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|103,054
|54.84
|Shagufta Azim
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|55,118
|29.33
|style="background:#00BFFF|'''47,936'''
|-
|50
|[[Jokihat Assembly constituency|Jokihat]]
|[[Mohammed Shahnawaz Alam|Shahnawaz Alam]]
|bgcolor=#009F3C|
|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|59,596
|34.22
|[[Sarfaraz Alam]]
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|52,213
|29.98
|style="background:#009F3C|'''7,383'''
|-
|51
|[[Sikti Assembly constituency|Sikti]]
|[[Vijay Kumar Mandal]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|84,128
|46.92
|Shatrughan Prasad Suman
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|70,518
|39.33
|style="background:#FF9933|'''13,610'''
|-
| colspan="13" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Kishanganj district|'''Kishanganj District''']]
|-
|52
|[[Bahadurganj Assembly constituency|Bahadurganj]]
|[[Mohammad Anzar Nayeemi]]
|bgcolor=#009F3C|
|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|85,855
|49.77
|Lakhan Lal Pandit
|bgcolor=#0000FF|
|[[Vikassheel Insaan Party|VIP]]
|40,640
|23.56
|style="background:#009F3C|'''45,215'''
|-
|53
|[[Thakurganj Assembly constituency|Thakurganj]]
|[[Saud Alam]]
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|79,909
|41.48
|Gopal Kumar Aggarwal
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD|
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|56,022
|29.08
|style="background:#008000|'''23,887'''
|-
|54
|[[Kishanganj, Bihar Assembly constituency|Kishanganj]]
|[[Ijaharul Hussain]]
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|61,078
|34.20
|Sweety Singh
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|59,967
|33.42
|style="background:#00BFFF|'''1,381'''
|-
|55
|[[Kochadhaman Assembly constituency|Kochadhaman]]
|[[Muhammad Izhar Asfi]]
|bgcolor=#009F3C|
|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|79,893
|49.45
|[[Mujahid Alam]]
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|43,750
|27.08
|style="background:#009F3C|'''36,143'''
|-
| colspan="13" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Purnia district|'''Purnia District''']]
|-
|56
|[[Amour Assembly constituency|Amour]]
|[[Akhtarul Iman]]
|bgcolor=#009F3C|
|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|94,459
|51.17
|[[Saba Zafar]]
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|41,944
|22.72
|style="background:#009F3C|'''52,515'''
|-
|57
|[[Baisi Assembly constituency|Baisi]]
|[[Syed Ruknuddin Ahmad]]
|bgcolor=#009F3C|
|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|68,416
|38.27
|Binod Kumar
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|52,043
|29.11
|style="background:#009F3C|'''16,373'''
|-
|58
|[[Kasba, Bihar Assembly constituency|Kasba]]
|[[Md Afaque Alam]]
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|77,410
|41.12
|Pradeep Kumar Das
|bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|60,132
|31.94
|style="background:#00BFFF|'''17,278'''
|-
|59
|[[Banmankhi Assembly constituency|Banmankhi]] (SC)
|[[Krishna Kumar Rishi]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|93,594
|51.74
|Upendra Sharma
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|65,851
|36.41
|style="background:#FF9933|'''27,743'''
|-
|60
|[[Rupauli Assembly constituency|Rupauli]]
|[[Bima Bharti]]
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|64,324
|34.52
|Shankar Singh
|bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|44,994
|24.15
|style="background:#003366|'''19,330'''
|-
|61
|[[Dhamdaha Assembly constituency|Dhamdaha]]
|[[Leshi Singh]]
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|97,057
|48.50
|Dilip Kumar Yadav
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|63,463
|31.71
|style="background:#003366|'''33,594'''
|-
|62
|[[Purnia Assembly constituency|Purnia]]
|[[Vijay Kumar Khemka]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|97,757
|52.78
|Indu Sinha
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|65,603
|35.42
|style="background:#FF9933|'''32,154'''
|-
| colspan="13" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Katihar district|'''Katihar District''']]
|-
|63
|[[Katihar Assembly constituency|Katihar]]
|[[Tarkishore Prasad]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|82,669
|48.47
|Ram Prakash Mahto
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|72,150
|42.30
|style="background:#FF9933|'''10,519'''
|-
|64
|[[Kadwa Assembly constituency|Kadwa]]
|[[Shakeel Ahmad Khan]]
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|71,267
|42.00
|Chandra Bhushan Thakur
|bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|38,865
|22.90
|style="background:#00BFFF|'''32,402'''
|-
|65
|[[Balrampur, Bihar Assembly constituency|Balrampur]]
|[[Mahbub Alam (politician)|Mahbub Alam]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation|CPI(ML)L]]
|104,489
|51.11
|Barun Kumar Jha
|bgcolor=#0000FF|
|[[Vikassheel Insaan Party|VIP]]
|50,892
|24.89
|style="background:#FF0000|'''53,597'''
|-
|66
|[[Pranpur Assembly constituency|Pranpur]]
|[[Nisha Singh]]
|bgcolor=#ff9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|79,974
|39.97
|Tauquir Alam
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|77,002
|38.48
|style="background:#FF9933|'''2,972'''
|-
|67
|[[Manihari Assembly constituency|Manihari]] (ST)
|[[Manohar Prasad Singh]]
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|83,032
|45.81
|Shambhu Kumar Suman
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|61,823
|34.11
|style="background:#00BFFF|'''21,209'''
|-
|68
|[[Barari Assembly constituency|Barari]]
|[[Bijay Singh]]
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|81,752
|41.71
|Neeraj Kumar
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|71,314
|39.00
|style="background:#003366|'''10,438'''
|-
|69
|[[Korha Assembly constituency|Korha]] (SC)
|[[Kavita Devi (politician)|Kavita Devi]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|104,625
|53.31
|Punam Kumari
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|75,682
|38.56
|style="background:#FF9933|'''28,943'''
|-
| colspan="13" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Madhepura district|'''Madhepura District''']]
|-
|70
|[[Alamnagar Assembly constituency|Alamnagar]]
|[[Narendra Narayan Yadav]]
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|102,517
|48.17
|Nabin Kumar
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|73,837
|34.69
|style="background:#003366|'''28,680'''
|-
|71
|[[Bihariganj Assembly constituency|Bihariganj]]
|[[Niranjan Kumar Mehta]]
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|81,531
|43.63
|Subhashini Raj Rao
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|62,820
|33.61
|style="background:#003366|'''18,711'''
|-
|72
|[[Singheshwar Assembly constituency|Singheshwar]] (SC)
|[[Chandrahas Chaupal]]
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|86,181
|45.13
|Ramesh Rishidev
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|80,608
|42.21
|style="background:#008000|'''5,573'''
|-
|73
|[[Madhepura Assembly constituency|Madhepura]]
|[[Chandrashekhar Yadav]]
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|79,839
|39.24
|Nikhil Mandal
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|64,767
|31.83
|style="background:#008000|'''15,072'''
|-
| colspan="13" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Saharsa district|'''Saharsa District''']]
|-
|74
|[[Sonbarsha Assembly constituency|Sonbarsha]] (SC)
|[[Ratnesh Sada]]
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|67,678
|40.20
|Tarni Rishideo
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|54,212
|32.20
|style="background:#003366|'''13,466'''
|-
|75
|[[Saharsa Assembly constituency|Saharsa]]
|[[Alok Ranjan Jha]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|103,538
|45.59
|[[Lovely Anand]]
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|83,859
|36.93
|style="background:#FF9933|'''19,679'''
|-
|76
|[[Simri Bakhtiarpur Assembly constituency|Simri Bakhtiarpur]]
|[[Yusuf Salahuddin]]
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|75,684
|38.48
|[[Mukesh Sahani]]
|bgcolor=#0000FF|
|[[Vikassheel Insaan Party|VIP]]
|73,925
|37.58
|style="background:#008000|'''1,759'''
|-
|77
|[[Mahishi Assembly constituency|Mahishi]]
|[[Gunjeshwar Sah]]
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|66,316
|37.83
|Gautam Krishna
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|64,686
|36.90
|style="background:#003366|'''1,630'''
|-
| colspan="13" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Darbhanga district|'''Darbhanga District''']]
|-
|78
|[[Kusheshwar Asthan Assembly constituency|Kusheshwar Asthan]] (SC)
|[[Shashi Bhushan Hazari]]
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|53,980
|39.55
|Ashok Kumar
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|46,758
|34.26
|style="background:#003366|'''7,222'''
|-
|79
|[[Gaura Bauram Assembly constituency|Gaura Bauram]]
|[[Swarna Singh]]
|bgcolor=#0000FF|
|[[Vikassheel Insaan Party|VIP]]
|59,538
|41.26
|Afzal Ali Khan
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|52,258
|36.21
|style="background:#0000FF|'''7,280'''
|-
|80
|[[Benipur Assembly constituency|Benipur]]
|[[Binay Kumar Choudhary]]
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|61,416
|37.58
|Mithilesh Kumar Choudhary
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|54,826
|33.55
|style="background:#003366|'''6,590'''
|-
|81
|[[Alinagar Assembly constituency|Alinagar]]
|[[Mishri Lal Yadav]]
|bgcolor=#0000FF|
|[[Vikassheel Insaan Party|VIP]]
|61,082
|38.62
|Binod Mishra
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|57,981
|36.66
|style="background:#0000FF|'''3,101'''
|-
|82
|[[Darbhanga Rural Assembly constituency|Darbhanga Rural]]
|[[Lalit Kumar Yadav]]
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|64,929
|41.26
|[[Faraz Fatmi]]
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|62,788
|39.90
|style="background:#008000|'''2,141'''
|-
|83
|[[Darbhanga Assembly constituency|Darbhanga]]
|[[Sanjay Saraogi]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|84,144
|49.32
|[[Amarnath Gami]]
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|73,505
|43.08
|style="background:#FF9933|'''10,639'''
|-
|84
|[[Hayaghat Assembly constituency|Hayaghat]]
|[[Ramchandra Prasad Singh|Ram Chandra Prasad]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|67,030
|46.86
|[[Bhola Yadav]]
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|56,778
|39.69
|style="background:#FF9933|'''10,252'''
|-
|85
|[[Bahadurpur Assembly constituency|Bahadurpur]]
|[[Madan Sahni]]
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|68,538
|38.50
|Ramesh Choudhary
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|65,909
|37.03
|style="background:#003366|'''2,629'''
|-
|86
|[[Keoti Assembly constituency|Keoti]]
|[[Murari Mohan Jha]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|76,372
|46.75
|[[Abdul Bari Siddiqui]]
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|71,246
|43.61
|style="background:#FF9933|'''5,126'''
|-
|87
|[[Jale Assembly constituency|Jale]]
|[[Jibesh Kumar]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|87,376
|51.66
|[[Maskoor Usmani|Maskoor Ahmad Usmani]]
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|65,580
|38.78
|style="background:#FF9933|'''21,796'''
|-
| colspan="13" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Muzaffarpur district|'''Muzaffarpur District''']]
|-
|88
|[[Gaighat Assembly constituency|Gaighat]]
|[[Niranjan Roy]]
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|59,778
|32.92
|Maheshwar Pd Yadav
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|52,212
|28.75
|style="background:#008000|'''7,566'''
|-
|89
|[[Aurai, Bihar Assembly constituency|Aurai]]
|[[Ram Surat Kumar]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|90,479
|52.33
|Md. Aftab Alam
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation|CPI(ML)L]]
|42,613
|24.65
|style="background:#FF9933|'''47,866'''
|-
|90
|[[Minapur Assembly constituency|Minapur]]
|[[Munna Yadav|Rajeev Kumar]]
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|60,018
|33.51
|Manoj Kumar
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|44,506
|24.85
|style="background:#008000|'''15,512'''
|-
|91
|[[Bochahan Assembly constituency|Bochahan]] (SC)
|[[Musafir Paswan]]
|bgcolor=#0000FF|
|[[Vikassheel Insaan Party|VIP]]
|77,837
|42.62
|[[Ramai Ram]]
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|66,569
|36.45
|style="background:#0000FF|'''11,268'''
|-
|92
|[[Sakra Assembly constituency|Sakra]] (SC)
|[[Ashok Kumar Choudhary]]
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|67,265
|40.25
|Umesh Kumar Ram
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|65,728
|39.33
|style="background:#003366|'''1,537'''
|-
|93
|[[Kurhani Assembly constituency|Kurhani]]
|[[Anil Kumar Sahani]]
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|78,549
|40.23
|[[Kedar Prasad Gupta]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|77,837
|39.86
|style="background:#008000|'''712'''
|-
|94
|[[Muzaffarpur Assembly constituency|Muzaffarpur]]
|[[Bijendra Chaudhary]]
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|81,871
|48.16
|[[Suresh Kumar Sharma (politician)|Suresh Kumar Sharma]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|75,545
|44.44
|style="background:#00BFFF|'''6,326'''
|-
|95
|[[Kanti Assembly constituency|Kanti]]
|[[Mohammad Israil Mansuri]]
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|64,458
|32.89
|Ajit Kumar
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD|
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|54,144
|27.63
|style="background:#008000|'''10,314'''
|-
|96
|[[Baruraj Assembly constituency|Baruraj]]
|[[Arun Kumar Singh (Bihar politician)|Arun Kumar Singh]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|87,407
|49.47
|Nand Kumar Rai
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|43,753
|24.76
|style="background:#FF9933|'''43,654'''
|-
|97
|[[Paroo Assembly constituency|Paroo]]
|[[Ashok Kumar Singh (Paroo)|Ashok Kumar Singh]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|77,392
|40.92
|Shankar Prasad
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD|
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|62,694
|33.15
|style="background:#FF9933|'''14,698'''
|-
|98
|[[Sahebganj Assembly constituency|Sahebganj]]
|[[Raju Kumar Singh]]
|bgcolor=#0000FF|
|[[Vikassheel Insaan Party|VIP]]
|81,203
|44.25
|[[Ram Vichar Ray]]
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|65,870
|35.90
|style="background:#0000FF|'''15,333'''
|-
| colspan="13" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Gopalganj district, India|'''Gopalganj District''']]
|-
|99
|[[Baikunthpur, Bihar Assembly constituency|Baikunthpur]]
|[[Prem Shankar Prasad]]
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|67,807
|37.01
|[[Mithlesh Tiwari]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|56,694
|30.95
|style="background:#008000|'''11,113'''
|-
|100
|[[Barauli, Bihar Assembly constituency|Barauli]]
|[[Rampravesh Rai]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|81,956
|46.55
|[[Reyazul Haque Raju]]
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|67,801
|38.51
|style="background:#FF9933|'''14,155'''
|-
|101
|[[Gopalganj Assembly constituency|Gopalganj]]
|[[Subhash Singh (Bihar politician)|Subhash Singh]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|77,791
|43.49
|[[Sadhu Yadav|Anirudh Prasad]]
|bgcolor=#22409A|
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|41,039
|22.94
|style="background:#FF9933|'''36,752'''
|-
|102
|[[Kuchaikote Assembly constituency|Kuchaikote]]
|[[Amrendra Kumar Pandey]]
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|74,359
|41.19
|[[Kali Prasad Pandey]]
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|53,729
|29.76
|style="background:#003366|'''20,630'''
|-
|103
|[[Bhore Assembly constituency|Bhore]] (SC)
|[[Sunil Kumar (born 1988)|Sunil Kumar]]
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|74,067
|40.50
|Jitendra Paswan
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation|CPI(ML)L]]
|73,605
|40.25
|style="background:#003366|'''462'''
|-
|104
|[[Hathua Assembly constituency|Hathua]]
|[[Rajesh Singh Kushwaha|Rajesh Kumar Singh]]
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|86,731
|49.84
|Ramsewak Singh
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|56,204
|32.29
|style="background:#008000|'''30,527'''
|-
| colspan="13" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Siwan district|'''Siwan District''']]
|-
|105
|[[Siwan Assembly constituency|Siwan]]
|[[Awadh Bihari Choudhary]]
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|76,785
|45.30
|[[Om Prakash Yadav]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|74,812
|44.13
|style="background:#008000|'''1,973'''
|-
|106
|[[Ziradei Assembly constituency|Ziradei]]
|[[Amarjeet Kushwaha]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation|CPI(ML)L]]
|69,442
|48.11
|Kamala Singh
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|43,932
|30.44
|style="background:#FF0000|'''25,510'''
|-
|107
|[[Darauli Assembly constituency|Darauli]] (SC)
|[[Satyadeo Ram]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation|CPI(ML)L]]
|81,067
|50.50
|Ramayan Manjhi
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|68,948
|42.95
|style="background:#FF0000|'''12,119'''
|-
|108
|[[Raghunathpur, Bihar Assembly constituency|Raghunathpur]]
|[[Hari Shankar Yadav]]
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|67,757
|42.66
|[[Manoj Kumar Singh (Indian politician)|Manoj Kumar Singh]]
|bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|49,792
|31.35
|style="background:#008000|'''17,965'''
|-
|109
|[[Daraunda Assembly constituency|Daraunda]]
|[[Karanjeet Singh]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|71,934
|44.09
|[[Amar Nath Yadav]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation|CPI(ML)L]]
|60,614
|37.15
|style="background:#FF9933|'''11,320'''
|-
|110
|[[Barharia Assembly constituency|Barharia]]
|[[Bachcha Pandey]]
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|71,793
|41.62
|[[Shyam Bahadur Singh]]
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|68,234
|39.55
|style="background:#008000|'''3,559'''
|-
|111
|[[Goriakothi Assembly constituency|Goriakothi]]
|[[Devesh Kant Singh]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|87,368
|45.66
|Nutan Devi
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|75,477
|39.45
|style="background:#FF9933|'''11,891'''
|-
|112
|[[Maharajganj, Bihar Assembly constituency|Maharajganj]]
|[[Vijay Shanker Dubey]]
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|48,825
|30.07
|Hem Narayan Sah
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|46,849
|28.86
|style="background:#00BFFF|'''1,976'''
|-
| colspan="13" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Saran district|'''Saran District''']]
|-
|113
|[[Ekma Assembly constituency|Ekma]]
|[[Srikant Yadav]]
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|53,875
|35.05
|Sita Devi
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|39,948
|25.99
|style="background:#008000|'''13,927'''
|-
|114
|[[Manjhi Assembly constituency|Manjhi]]
|[[Satyendra Yadav]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPM]]
|59,324
|37.56
|Rana Pratap Singh
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD|
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|33,938
|21.49
|style="background:#FF0000|'''25,386'''
|-
|115
|[[Baniapur Assembly constituency|Baniapur]]
|[[Kedar Nath Singh (Baniapur politician)|Kedar Nath Singh]]
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|65,194
|38.74
|Virendra Kumar Ojha
|bgcolor=#0000FF|
|[[Vikassheel Insaan Party|VIP]]
|37,405
|22.23
|style="background:#008000|'''27,789'''
|-
|116
|[[Taraiya Assembly constituency|Taraiya]]
|[[Janak Singh (politician)|Janak Singh]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|53,430
|32.15
|Sipahi Lal Mahto
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|42,123
|25.35
|style="background:#FF9933|'''11,307'''
|-
|117
|[[Marhaura Assembly constituency|Marhaura]]
|[[Jitendra Kumar Ray]]
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|59,812
|39.44
|Altaf Alam
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|48,427
|31.93
|style="background:#008000|'''11,385'''
|-
|118
|[[Chapra, Saran Assembly constituency|Chapra]]
|[[C. N. Gupta]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|75,710
|44.97
|Randhir Kumar Singh
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|68,939
|40.95
|style="background:#FF9933|'''6,771'''
|-
|119
|[[Garkha Assembly constituency|Garkha]] (SC)
|[[Surendra Ram]]
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|83,412
|47.21
|Gyanchand Manjhi
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|73,475
|41.59
|style="background:#008000|'''9,937'''
|-
|120
|[[Amnour Assembly constituency|Amnour]]
|[[Krishna Kumar Mantoo|Krishan Kumar Mantoo]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|63,316
|42.29
|Sunil Kumar
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|59,635
|39.83
|style="background:#FF9933|'''3,681'''
|-
|121
|[[Parsa Assembly constituency|Parsa]]
|[[Chhote Lal Ray]]
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|68,316
|44.36
|[[Chandrika Roy]]
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|51,023
|33.13
|style="background:#008000|'''17,293'''
|-
|122
|[[Sonepur Assembly constituency|Sonepur]]
|[[Ramanuj Prasad Yadav]]
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|73,247
|43.11
|Vinay Kumar Singh
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|66,561
|39.18
|style="background:#008000|'''6,686'''
|-
| colspan="13" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Vaishali district|'''Vaishali District''']]
|-
|123
|[[Hajipur Assembly constituency|Hajipur]]
|[[Awadhesh Singh]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|85,552
|44.55
|Deo Kumar Chaurasia
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|82,562
|42.99
|style="background:#FF9933|'''2,990'''
|-
|124
|[[Lalganj, Bihar Assembly constituency|Lalganj]]
|[[Sanjay Kumar Singh (BJP politician)|Sanjay Kumar Singh]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|70,750
|36.88
|Rakesh Kumar
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|44,451
|23.17
|style="background:#FF9933|'''26,299'''
|-
|125
|[[Vaishali Assembly constituency|Vaishali]]
|[[Siddharth Patel]]
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|69,780
|35.96
|Sanjeev Singh
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|62,367
|32.14
|style="background:#003366|'''7,413'''
|-
|126
|[[Mahua Assembly constituency|Mahua]]
|[[Mukesh Kumar Raushan]]
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|62,580
|36.45
|Ashma Parveen
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|48,893
|28.48
|style="background:#008000|'''13,687'''
|-
|127
|[[Raja Pakar Assembly constituency|Raja Pakar]] (SC)
|[[Pratima Kumari Das]]
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|54,299
|35.67
|Mahendra Ram
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|52,503
|34.49
|style="background:#00BFFF|'''1,796'''
|-
|128
|[[Raghopur Assembly constituency|Raghopur]]
|[[Tejashwi Yadav]]
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|97,404
|48.74
|Satish Kumar
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|59,230
|29.64
|style="background:#008000|'''38,174'''
|-
|129
|[[Mahnar Assembly constituency|Mahnar]]
|[[Bina Singh]]
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|61,721
|37.34
|[[Umesh Kushwaha]]
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|53,774
|32.54
|style="background:#008000|'''7,947'''
|-
|130
|[[Patepur Assembly constituency|Patepur]] (SC)
|[[Lakhendra Kumar Raushan]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|86,509
|52.15
|Shiv Chandra Ram
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|60,670
|36.57
|style="background:#FF9933|'''25,839'''
|-
| colspan="13" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Samastipur district|'''Samastipur District''']]
|-
|131
|[[Kalyanpur, Samastipur Assembly constituency|Kalyanpur]] (SC)
|[[Maheshwar Hazari]]
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|72,279
|38.46
|Ranjeet Kumar Ram
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation|CPI(ML)L]]
|62,028
|33.00
|style="background:#003366|'''10,251'''
|-
|132
|[[Warisnagar Assembly constituency|Warisnagar]]
|[[Ashok Kumar (Warisnagar politician)|Ashok Kumar]]
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|68,356
|35.97
|Phoolbabu Singh
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation|CPI(ML)L]]
|54,555
|28.71
|style="background:#003366|'''13,801'''
|-
|133
|[[Samastipur Assembly constituency|Samastipur]]
|[[Akhtarul Islam Sahin]]
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|68,507
|41.21
|[[Ashwamedh Devi]]
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|63,793
|38.37
|style="background:#008000|'''4,714'''
|-
|134
|[[Ujiarpur Assembly constituency|Ujiarpur]]
|[[Alok Kumar Mehta]]
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|90,601
|48.81
|Sheel Kumar Roy
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|67,333
|36.27
|style="background:#008000|'''23,268'''
|-
|135
|[[Morwa Assembly constituency|Morwa]]
|[[Ranvijay Sahu]]
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|59,554
|37.06
|Vidyasagar Singh Nishad
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|48,883
|30.42
|style="background:#008000|'''10,671'''
|-
|136
|[[Sarairanjan Assembly constituency|Sarairanjan]]
|[[Vijay Kumar Chaudhary]]
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|72,666
|42.48
|Arvind Kumar Sahni
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|69,042
|40.36
|style="background:#003366|'''3,624'''
|-
|137
|[[Mohiuddinnagar Assembly constituency|Mohiuddinnagar]]
|[[Rajesh Kumar Singh (Bihar politician)|Rajesh Kumar Singh]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|70,385
|47.51
|[[Ejya Yadav]]
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|55,271
|37.31
|style="background:#FF9933|'''15,114'''
|-
|138
|[[Bibhutipur Assembly constituency|Bibhutipur]]
| [[Ajay Kumar (Bihar politician)|Ajay Kumar]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPM]]
|73,822
|45.00
|Ram Balak Singh
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|33,326
|20.31
|style="background:#FF0000|'''40,496'''
|-
|139
|[[Rosera Assembly constituency|Rosera]] (SC)
|[[Birendra Kumar (Bihar politician)|Birendra Kumar]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|87,163
|47.93
|Nagendra Kumar Vikal
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|51,419
|28.27
|style="background:#FF9933|'''35,744'''
|-
|140
|[[Hasanpur, Bihar Assembly constituency|Hasanpur]]
|[[Tej Pratap Yadav]]
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|80,991
|47.27
|[[Raj Kumar Ray]]
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|59,852
|34.93
|style="background:#008000|'''21,139'''
|-
| colspan="13" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Begusarai district|'''Begusarai District''']]
|-
|141
|[[Cheria-Bariarpur Assembly constituency|Cheria-Bariarpur]]
|[[Raj Banshi Mahto]]
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|68,635
|45.22
|[[Manju Verma]]
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|27,738
|18.27
|style="background:#008000|'''40,897'''
|-
|142
|[[Bachhwara Assembly constituency|Bachhwara]]
|[[Surendra Mehata]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|54,738
|30.21
|Abdhesh Kumar Rai
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|54,254
|29.94
|style="background:#FF9933|'''484'''
|-
|143
|[[Teghra Assembly constituency|Teghra]]
|[[Ram Ratan Singh]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|85,229
|49.80
|Birendra Kumar
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|37,250
|21.77
|style="background:#FF0000|'''47,979'''
|-
|144
|[[Matihani Assembly constituency|Matihani]]
|[[Rajkumar Singh (politician)|Rajkumar Singh]]
|bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|61,364
|29.64
|Narendra Kumar Singh
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|61,031
|29.48
|style="background:#0093DD|'''333'''
|-
|145
|[[Sahebpur Kamal Assembly constituency|Sahebpur Kamal]]
|[[Satanand Sambuddha]]
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|64,888
|41.45
|Shashikant Kumar Shashi
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|50,663
|32.36
|style="background:#008000|'''14,225'''
|-
|146
|[[Begusarai Assembly constituency|Begusarai]]
|[[Kundan Kumar]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|74,217
|39.66
|[[Amita Bhushan]]
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|69,663
|37.23
|style="background:#FF9933|'''4,554'''
|-
|147
|[[Bakhri Assembly constituency|Bakhri]] (SC)
|[[Suryakant Paswan]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|72,177
|44.14
|Ramshankar Paswan
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|71,400
|43.67
|style="background:#FF0000|'''777'''
|-
| colspan="13" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Khagaria district|'''Khagaria District''']]
|-
|148
|[[Alauli Assembly constituency|Alauli]] (SC)
|[[Ramvrikish Sada]]
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|47,183
|32.69
|Sadhna Devi
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|44,410
|30.77
|style="background:#008000|'''2,773'''
|-
|149
|[[Khagaria Assembly constituency|Khagaria]]
|[[Chhatrapati Yadav]]
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|46,980
|31.14
|[[Poonam Devi Yadav]]
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|43,980
|29.15
|style="background:#00BFFF|'''3,000'''
|-
|150
|[[Beldaur Assembly constituency|Beldaur]]
|[[Panna Lal Singh Patel]]
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|56,541
|31.95
|Chandan Kumar
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|51,433
|29.06
|style="background:#003366|'''5,108'''
|-
|151
|[[Parbatta Assembly constituency|Parbatta]]
|[[Sanjeev Kumar (politician born 1979)|Sanjeev Kumar]]
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|77,226
|41.61
|Digambar Prasad Tiwary
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|76,275
|41.10
|style="background:#003366|'''951'''
|-
| colspan="13" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Bhagalpur district|'''Bhagalpur District''']]
|-
|152
|[[Bihpur Assembly constituency|Bihpur]]
|[[Kumar Shailendra]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|72,938
|48.53
|[[Shailesh Kumar Mandal]]
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|66,809
|44.45
|style="background:#FF9933|'''6,129'''
|-
|153
|[[Gopalpur, Bihar Assembly constituency|Gopalpur]]
|[[Gopal Mandal|Narendra Kumar Niraj]]
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|75,533
|46.39
|Shailesh Kumar
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|51,072
|31.37
|style="background:#003366|'''24,461'''
|-
|154
|[[Pirpainti Assembly constituency|Pirpainti]] (SC)
|[[Lalan Kumar]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|96,229
|48.54
|Ram Vilash Paswan
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|69,210
|34.91
|style="background:#FF9933|'''27,019'''
|-
|155
|[[Kahalgaon Assembly constituency|Kahalgaon]]
|[[Pawan Kumar Yadav]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|115,538
|56.23
|Shubhanand Mukesh
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|72,645
|35.36
|style="background:#FF9933|'''42,893'''
|-
|156
|[[Bhagalpur Assembly constituency|Bhagalpur]]
|[[Ajeet Sharma]]
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|65,502
|40.52
|Rohit Pandey
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|64,389
|39.83
|style="background:#00BFFF|'''1,113'''
|-
|157
|[[Sultanganj Assembly constituency|Sultanganj]]
|[[Lalit Narayan Mandal]]
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|72,823
|42.58
|Lalan Kumar
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|61,258
|35.82
|style="background:#003366|'''11,565'''
|-
|158
|[[Nathnagar Assembly constituency|Nathnagar]]
|[[Ali Ashraf Siddiqui]]
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|78,832
|40.41
|[[Lakshmikant Mandal]]
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|71,076
|36.44
|style="background:#008000|'''7,756'''
|-
| colspan="13" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Banka district|'''Banka District''']]
|-
|159
|[[Amarpur, Bihar Assembly constituency|Amarpur]]
|[[Jayant Raj Kushwaha]]
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|54,308
|33.13
|Jitendra Singh
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|51,194
|31.23
|style="background:#003366|'''3,114'''
|-
|160
|[[Dhoraiya Assembly constituency|Dhoraiya]] (SC)
|[[Bhudeo Choudhary]]
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|78,646
|43.74
|[[Manish Kumar]]
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|75,959
|42.24
|style="background:#008000|'''2,687'''
|-
|161
|[[Banka Assembly constituency|Banka]]
|[[Ramnarayan Mandal]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|69,762
|43.80
|Javed Iqbal Ansari
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|52,934
|33.24
|style="background:#FF9933|'''16,828'''
|-
|162
|[[Katoria Assembly constituency|Katoria]] (ST)
|[[Nikki Hembrom]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|74,785
|47.01
|[[Sweety Sima Hembram]]
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|68,364
|42.98
|style="background:#FF9933|'''6,421'''
|-
|163
|[[Belhar Assembly constituency|Belhar]]
|[[Manoj Yadav (politician)|Manoj Yadav]]
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|73,589
|40.16
|[[Ramdeo Yadav]]
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|71,116
|38.81
|style="background:#003366|'''2,473'''
|-
| colspan="13" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Munger district|'''Munger District''']]
|-
|164
|[[Tarapur Assembly constituency|Tarapur]]
|[[Mewalal Chaudhary]]
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|64,468
|36.93
|Divya Prakash
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|57,243
|32.80
|style="background:#003366|'''7,225'''
|-
|165
|[[Munger Assembly constituency|Munger]]
|[[Pranav Kumar Yadav]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|75,573
|45.74
|Avinash Kumar Vidhyarthi
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|74,329
|44.99
|style="background:#FF9933|'''1,244'''
|-
|166
|[[Jamalpur, Bihar Assembly constituency|Jamalpur]]
|[[Ajay Kumar Singh (Bihar politician, Indian National Congress)|Ajay Kumar Singh]]
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|57,196
|37.65
|[[Shailesh Kumar (politician)|Shailesh Kumar]]
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|52,764
|34.73
|style="background:#00BFFF|'''4,432'''
|-
| colspan="13" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Lakhisarai district|'''Lakhisarai District''']]
|-
|167
|[[Suryagarha Assembly constituency|Surajgarha]]
|[[Prahlad Yadav]]
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|62,306
|32.82
|Ramanand Mandal
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|52,717
|27.77
|style="background:#008000|'''9,589'''
|-
|168
|[[Lakhisarai Assembly constituency|Lakhisarai]]
|[[Vijay Kumar Sinha]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|74,212
|38.20
|Amaresh Kumar
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|63,729
|32.80
|style="background:#FF9933|'''10,483'''
|-
| colspan="13" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Sheikhpura district|'''Sheikhpura District''']]
|-
|169
|[[Sheikhpura Assembly constituency|Sheikhpura]]
|[[Vijay Kumar Chaudhary|Vijay Kumar]]
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|56,365
|39.02
|Randhir Kumar Soni
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|50,249
|34.78
|style="background:#008000|'''6,116'''
|-
|170
|[[Barbigha Assembly constituency|Barbigha]]
|[[Sudarshan Kumar]]
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|39,878
|33.19
|Gajanand Shahi
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|39,765
|33.09
|style="background:#003366|'''113'''
|-
| colspan="13" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Nalanda district|'''Nalanda District''']]
|-
|171
|[[Asthawan Assembly constituency|Asthawan]]
|[[Jitendra Kumar (Bihar politician)|Jitendra Kumar]]
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|51,525
|35.75
|Anil Kumar
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|39,925
|27.70
|style="background:#003366|'''11,600'''
|-
|172
|[[Biharsharif Assembly constituency|Biharsharif]]
|[[Sunil Kumar (born 1957)|Sunil Kumar]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|81,888
|44.55
|Sunil Kumar
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|66,786
|36.34
|style="background:#FF9933|'''15,102'''
|-
|173
|[[Rajgir, Bihar Assembly constituency|Rajgir]] (SC)
|[[Kaushal Kishore (politician)|Kaushal Kishore]]
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|67,191
|42.58
|Ravi Jyoti Kumar
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|51,143
|32.41
|style="background:#003366|'''16,048'''
|-
|174
|[[Islampur, Bihar Assembly constituency|Islampur]]
|[[Rakesh Kumar Raushan|Rakesh Kumar Roushan]]
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|68,088
|41.65
|Chandra Sen Prasad
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|64,390
|39.39
|style="background:#008000|'''3,698'''
|-
|175
|[[Hilsa Assembly constituency|Hilsa]]
|[[Krishna Murari Sharan]]
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|61,848
|37.35
|[[Shakti Singh Yadav]]
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|61,836
|37.35
|style="background:#003366|'''12'''
|-
|176
|[[Nalanda Assembly constituency|Nalanda]]
|[[Shrawan Kumar (politician)|Shrawan Kumar]]
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|66,066
|38.97
|Kaushalendra Kumar
|bgcolor=#FF6633|
|[[Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna|JVP]]
|49,989
|29.48
|style="background:#003366|'''16,077'''
|-
|177
|[[Harnaut Assembly constituency|Harnaut]]
|[[Hari Naraian Singh|Hari Narayan Singh]]
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|65,404
|41.24
|Mamata Devi
|bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|38,163
|24.06
|style="background:#003366|'''27,241'''
|-
| colspan="13" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Patna district|'''Patna District''']]
|-
|178
|[[Mokama Assembly constituency|Mokama]]
|[[Anant Kumar Singh]]
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|78,721
|52.99
|Rajeev Lochan Narayan Singh
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|42,964
|28.92
|style="background:#008000|'''35,757'''
|-
|179
|[[Barh Assembly constituency|Barh]]
|[[Gyanendra Kumar Singh Gyanu|Gyanendra Kumar Singh]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|49,327
|32.94
|Satyendra Bahadur Singh
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|39,087
|26.10
|style="background:#FF9933|'''10,240'''
|-
|180
|[[Bakhtiarpur Assembly constituency|Bakhtiarpur]]
|[[Aniruddh Kumar Yadav]]
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|89,483
|52.17
|[[Ranvijay Singh Yadav]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|68,811
|40.12
|style="background:#008000|'''20,672'''
|-
|181
|[[Digha Assembly constituency|Digha]]
|[[Sanjeev Chaurasiya]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|97,044
|57.09
|Shashi Yadav
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation|CPI(ML)L]]
|50,971
|29.98
|style="background:#FF9933|'''46,073'''
|-
|182
|[[Bankipur Assembly constituency|Bankipur]]
|[[Nitin Nabin]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|83,068
|59.05
|[[Luv Sinha]]
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|44,032
|31.30
|style="background:#FF9933|'''39,036'''
|-
|183
|[[Kumhrar Assembly constituency|Kumhrar]]
|[[Arun Kumar Sinha (politician)|Arun Kumar Sinha]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|81,400
|54.00
|Dharamendra Kumar
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|54,937
|36.44
|style="background:#FF9933|'''26,463'''
|-
|184
|[[Patna Sahib Assembly constituency|Patna Sahib]]
|[[Nand Kishore Yadav]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|97,692
|51.91
|Pravin Singh
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|79,392
|42.19
|style="background:#FF9933|'''18,300'''
|-
|185
|[[Fatuha Assembly constituency|Fatuha]]
|[[Rama Nand Yadav]]
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|85,769
|50.87
|Satyendra Kumar Singh
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|66,399
|39.38
|style="background:#008000|'''19,370'''
|-
|186
|[[Danapur Assembly constituency|Danapur]]
|[[Ritlal Yadav]]
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|89,895
|48.44
|[[Asha Devi Yadav]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|73,971
|39.86
|style="background:#008000|'''15,924'''
|-
|187
|[[Maner Assembly constituency|Maner]]
|[[Bhai Virendra]]
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|94,223
|47.44
|Nikhil Anand
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|61,306
|30.86
|style="background:#008000|'''32,917'''
|-
|188
|[[Phulwari Assembly constituency|Phulwari]] (SC)
|[[Gopal Ravidas]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation|CPI(ML)L]]
|91,124
|43.57
|Arun Manjhi
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|77,267
|36.95
|style="background:#FF0000|'''13,857'''
|-
|189
|[[Masaurhi Assembly constituency|Masaurhi]] (SC)
|[[Rekha Devi]]
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|98,696
|50.21
|Nutan Paswan
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|66,469
|33.81
|style="background:#008000|'''32,227'''
|-
|190
|[[Paliganj Assembly constituency|Paliganj]]
|[[Sandeep Saurav]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation|CPI(ML)L]]
|67,917
|43.73
|[[Jai Vardhan Yadav]]
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|37,002
|23.83
|style="background:#FF0000|'''30,915'''
|-
|191
|[[Bikram Assembly constituency|Bikram]]
|[[Siddharth Saurav|Siddharth Saurav Singh]]
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|86,177
|47.71
|Anil Kumar Singh
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD|
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|50,717
|28.08
|style="background:#00BFFF|'''35,460'''
|-
| colspan="13" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Bhojpur District, Bihar|'''Bhojpur District''']]
|-
|192
|[[Sandesh Assembly constituency|Sandesh]]
|[[Kiran Devi Yadav]]
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|79,599
|51.54
|[[Vijendra Kumar Yadav|Vijayendra Yadav]]
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|28,992
|18.77
|style="background:#008000|'''50,607'''
|-
|193
|[[Barhara Assembly constituency|Barhara]]
|[[Raghvendra Pratap Singh (Bihar politician)|Raghvendra Pratap Singh]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|76,182
|46.15
|[[Saroj Yadav]]
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|71,209
|43.13
|style="background:#FF9933 |'''4,973'''
|-
|194
|[[Arrah Assembly constituency|Arrah]]
|[[Amrendra Pratap Singh]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|71,781
|45.05
|Quyamuddin Ansari
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation|CPI(ML)L]]
|68,779
|43.17
|style="background:#FF9933 |'''3,002'''
|-
|195
|[[Agiaon Assembly constituency|Agiaon]] (SC)
|[[Manoj Manzil]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation|CPI(ML)L]]
|86,327
|61.39
|Prabhunath Prasad
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|37,777
|26.87
|style="background:#FF0000 |'''48,550'''
|-
|196
|[[Tarari Assembly constituency|Tarari]]
|[[Sudama Prasad]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation|CPI(ML)L]]
|73,945
|43.53
|[[Sunil Pandey|Narendra Kumar Pandey]]
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD|
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|62,930
|37.05
|style="background:#FF0000 |'''11,015'''
|-
|197
|[[Jagdishpur, Bihar Assembly constituency|Jagdishpur]]
|[[Ram Vishnun Singh]]
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|66,632
|39.68
|[[Shri Bhagwan Singh Kushwaha]]
|bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|44,525
|26.51
|style="background:#008000|'''22,107'''
|-
|198
|[[Shahpur, Bihar Assembly constituency|Shahpur]]
|[[Rahul Tiwari]]
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|64,393
|41.14
|Shobha Devi
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD|
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|41,510
|26.52
|style="background:#008000|'''22,883'''
|-
| colspan="13" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Buxar district|'''Buxar District''']]
|-
|199
|[[Brahampur Assembly constituency|Brahampur]]
|[[Shambhu Nath Singh Yadav]]
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|90,176
|48.64
|Hulas Pandey
|bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|39,035
|21.05
|style="background:#008000|'''51,141'''
|-
|200
|[[Buxar Assembly constituency|Buxar]]
|[[Sanjay Kumar Tiwari]]
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|59,417
|36.38
|Parshuram Chaubey
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|55,525
|33.99
|style="background:#00BFFF|'''3,892'''
|-
|201
|[[Dumraon Assembly constituency|Dumraon]]
|[[Ajit Kushwaha]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation|CPI(ML)L]]
|71,320
|40.76
|Anjum Ara
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|46,905
|26.81
|style="background:#FF0000|'''24,415'''
|-
|202
|[[Rajpur, Bihar Assembly constituency|Rajpur]] (SC)
|[[Vishwanath Ram]]
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|67,871
|36.76
|[[Santosh Kumar Nirala]]
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|46,667
|25.28
|style="background:#00BFFF|'''21,204'''
|-
| colspan="13" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Kaimur district|'''Kaimur District''']]
|-
|203
|[[Ramgarh, Bihar Assembly constituency|Ramgarh]]
|[[Sudhakar Singh (Bihar politician)|Sudhakar Singh]]
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|58,083
|32.40
|[[Ambika Singh Yadav]]
|bgcolor=#22409A|
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|57,894
|32.30
|style="background:#008000|'''189'''
|-
|204
|[[Mohania Assembly constituency|Mohania]] (SC)
|[[Sangita Kumari (politician)|Sangita Kumari]]
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|61,235
|37.84
|Niranjan Ram
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|49,181
|30.39
|style="background:#008000|'''12,054'''
|-
|205
|[[Bhabua Assembly constituency|Bhabua]]
|[[Bharat Bind]]
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|57,561
|32.98
|Rinki Rani Pandey
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|47,516
|27.22
|style="background:#008000|'''10,045'''
|-
|206
|[[Chainpur Assembly constituency|Chainpur]]
|[[Mohd Zama Khan]]
|bgcolor=#22409A|
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|95,245
|46.24
|[[Brij Kishor Bind]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|70,951
|34.45
|style="background:#22409A|'''24,294'''
|-
| colspan="13" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Rohtas district|'''Rohtas District''']]
|-
|207
|[[Chenari Assembly constituency|Chenari]] (SC)
|[[Murari Prasad Gautam]]
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|71,701
|41.25
|[[Lalan Paswan]]
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|53,698
|30.89
|style="background:#00BFFF|'''18,003'''
|-
|208
|[[Sasaram Assembly constituency|Sasaram]]
|[[Rajesh Kumar Gupta]]
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|83,303
|46.54
|Ashok Kumar
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|56,880
|31.78
|style="background:#008000|'''26,423'''
|-
|209
|[[Kargahar Assembly constituency|Kargahar]]
|[[Santosh Kumar Mishra]]
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|47,321
|30.76
|Uday Pratap Singh
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|55,680
|28.66
|style="background:#00BFFF|'''4,083'''
|-
|210
|[[Dinara Assembly constituency|Dinara]]
|[[Vijay Mandal]]
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|59,541
|34.97
|Rajendra Prasad Singh
|bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|51,313
|30.13
|style="background:#008000|'''8,228'''
|-
|211
|[[Nokha, Bihar Assembly constituency|Nokha]]
|[[Anita Devi (politician)|Anita Devi]]
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|65,690
|44.15
|Nagendra Chandrawansi
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|48,018
|32.27
|style="background:#008000|'''17,672'''
|-
|212
|[[Dehri Assembly constituency|Dehri]]
|[[Fateh Bahadur Kushwaha]]
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|64,567
|41.57
|[[Satyanarayan Singh Yadav|Satyanarayan Yadav]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|64,103
|41.27
|style="background:#008000|'''464'''
|-
|213
|[[Karakat Assembly constituency|Karakat]]
|[[Arun Singh Kushwaha|Arun Kushwaha]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation|CPI(ML)L]]
|82,700
|48.19
|Rajeshwar Raj
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|64,511
|37.59
|style="background:#FF0000|'''18,189'''
|-
| colspan="13" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Arwal district|'''Arwal District''']]
|-
|214
|[[Arwal Assembly constituency|Arwal]]
|[[Maha Nand Singh]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation|CPI(ML)L]]
|68,286
|47.18
|Dipak Kumar Sharma
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|48,336
|33.40
|style="background:#FF0000 |'''19,950'''
|-
|215
|[[Kurtha Assembly constituency|Kurtha]]
|[[Bagi Kumar Verma]]
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|54,227
|39.54
|[[Satyadev Kushwaha]]
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|26,417
|19.26
|style="background:#008000|'''27,810'''
|-
| colspan="13" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Jehanabad district|'''Jehanabad District''']]
|-
|216
|[[Jehanabad Assembly constituency|Jehanabad]]
|[[Suday Yadav]]
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|75,030
|47.03
|Krishannandan Prasad Verma
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|41,128
|25.78
|style="background:#008000|'''33,902'''
|-
|217
|[[Ghosi Assembly constituency|Ghosi]]
|[[Ram Bali Singh Yadav]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation|CPI(ML)L]]
|74,712
|49.07
|[[Rahul Kumar (politician)|Rahul Kumar]]
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|57,379
|37.68
|style="background:#FF0000 |'''17,333'''
|-
|218
|[[Makhdumpur Assembly constituency|Makhdumpur]] (SC)
|[[Satish Kumar (Bihar politician)|Satish Kumar]]
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|71,571
|52.01
|Devendra Kumar
|bgcolor=#E74C3C|
|[[Hindustani Awam Morcha|HAM]]
|49,006
|35.62
|style="background:#008000|'''22,565'''
|-
| colspan="13" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Aurangabad district, Bihar|'''Aurangabad District''']]
|-
|219
|[[Goh Assembly constituency|Goh]]
|[[Bheem Kumar Yadav]]
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|81,410
|44.07
|[[Manoj Kumar (Bihar politician)|Manoj Kumar Sharma]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|45,792
|24.79
|style="background:#008000|'''35,618'''
|-
|220
|[[Obra, Bihar Assembly constituency|Obra]]
|[[Rishi Kumar (Indian politician)|Rishi Kumar]]
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|63,662
|36.24
|Prakash Chandra
|bgcolor=#0093DD|
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|40,994
|23.34
|style="background:#008000|'''22,668'''
|-
|221
|[[Nabinagar Assembly constituency|Nabinagar]]
|[[Vijay Kumar Singh (Bihar)|Vijay Kumar Singh]]
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|64,943
|40.68
|[[Virendra Kumar Singh]]
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|44,822
|28.07
|style="background:#008000|'''20,121'''
|-
|222
|[[Kutumba Assembly constituency|Kutumba]] (SC)
|[[Rajesh Kumar (born 1969)|Rajesh Kumar]]
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|50,822
|36.61
|Sharwan Bhuinya
|bgcolor=#E74C3C|
|[[Hindustani Awam Morcha|HAM]]
|34,169
|24.61
|style="background:#00BFFF|'''16,653'''
|-
|223
|[[Aurangabad (Bihar Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Aurangabad]]
|[[Anand Shankar Singh]]
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|70,018
|41.27
|[[Ramadhar Singh]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|67,775
|39.95
|style="background:#00BFFF|'''2,243'''
|-
|224
|[[Rafiganj Assembly constituency|Rafiganj]]
|[[Mohammad Nehaluddin]]
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|63,325
|34.22
|Pramod Kumar Singh
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD|
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|53,896
|29.12
|style="background:#008000|'''9,429'''
|-
| colspan="13" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Gaya district|'''Gaya District''']]
|-
|225
|[[Gurua Assembly constituency|Gurua]]
|[[Vinay Yadav]]
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|70,761
|39.55
|[[Rajiv Nandan|Rajiv Nandan Dangi]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|64,162
|35.86
|style="background:#008000|'''6,599'''
|-
|226
|[[Sherghati Assembly constituency|Sherghati]]
|[[Manju Agrawal]]
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|61,804
|35.74
|[[Vinod Prasad Yadav]]
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|45,114
|26.09
|style="background:#008000|'''16,690'''
|-
|227
|[[Imamganj Assembly constituency|Imamganj]] (SC)
|[[Jitan Ram Manjhi]]
|bgcolor=#E74C3C|
|[[Hindustani Awam Morcha|HAM]]
|78,762
|45.36
|[[Uday Narayan Choudhary]]
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|62,728
|36.12
|style="background:#E74C3C|'''16,034'''
|-
|228
|[[Barachatti Assembly constituency|Barachatti]] (SC)
|[[Jyoti Devi]]
|bgcolor=#E74C3C|
|[[Hindustani Awam Morcha|HAM]]
|72,491
|39.21
|[[Samta Devi]]
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|66,173
|35.79
|style="background:#E74C3C|'''6,318'''
|-
|229
|[[Bodh Gaya Assembly constituency|Bodh Gaya]] (SC)
|[[Kumar Sarvjeet]]
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|80,926
|41.84
|[[Hari Manjhi]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|76,218
|39.40
|style="background:#008000|'''4,708'''
|-
|230
|[[Gaya Town Assembly constituency|Gaya Town]]
|[[Prem Kumar (politician)|Prem Kumar]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|66,932
|49.89
|Akhauri Onkar Nath
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|55,034
|41.02
|style="background:#FF9933 |'''11,898'''
|-
|231
|[[Tikari Assembly constituency|Tikari]]
|[[Anil Kumar (Bihar politician)|Anil Kumar]]
|bgcolor=#E74C3C|
|[[Hindustani Awam Morcha|HAM]]
|70,359
|37.69
|Sumant Kumar
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|67,729
|36.28
|style="background:#E74C3C|'''2,630'''
|-
|232
|[[Belaganj Assembly constituency|Belaganj]]
|[[Surendra Prasad Yadav]]
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|79,708
|46.91
|[[Abhay Kushwaha]]
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|55,745
|32.81
|style="background:#008000|'''23,963'''
|-
|233
|[[Atri Assembly constituency|Atri]]
|[[Ajay Kumar Yadav|Ajay Yadav]]
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|62,658
|36.55
|[[Manorama Devi]]
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|54,727
|31.93
|style="background:#008000|'''7,931'''
|-
|234
|[[Wazirganj Assembly constituency|Wazirganj]]
|[[Birendra Singh]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|70,713
|40.23
|Shashi Shekhar Singh
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|48,283
|27.47
|style="background:#FF9933 |'''22,430'''
|-
| colspan="13" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Nawada district|'''Nawada District''']]
|-
|235
|[[Rajauli Assembly constituency|Rajauli]] (SC)
|[[Prakash Veer]]
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|69,984
|41.72
|Kanhaiya Kumar
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|57,391
|34.22
|style="background:#008000|'''12,593'''
|-
|236
|[[Hisua Assembly constituency|Hisua]]
|[[Nitu Kumari]]
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|94,930
|49.81
|[[Anil Singh (politician)|Anil Singh]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|77,839
|40.84
|style="background:#00BFFF|'''17,091'''
|-
|237
|[[Nawada Assembly constituency|Nawada]]
|[[Vibha Devi Yadav]]
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|72,345
|40.06
|Sharwan Kumar
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD|
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|46,125
|25.51
|style="background:#008000|'''26,220'''
|-
|238
|[[Gobindpur Assembly constituency|Gobindpur]]
|[[Mohammed Kamran]]
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|79,557
|49.21
|Purnima Yadav
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|46,483
|28.75
|style="background:#008000|'''33,074'''
|-
|239
|[[Warisaliganj Assembly constituency|Warisaliganj]]
|[[Aruna Devi]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|62,451
|36.49
|Satish Kumar
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|53,421
|31.22
|style="background:#FF9933 |'''9,030'''
|-
| colspan="13" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Jamui district|'''Jamui District''']]
|-
|240
|[[Sikandra (Bihar Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sikandra]] (SC)
|[[Prafull Kumar Singh|Prafull Kumar Manjhi]]
|bgcolor=#E74C3C|
|[[Hindustani Awam Morcha|HAM]]
|47,061
|30.67
|Sudhir Kumar
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|41,556
|27.09
| style="background:#E74C3C|'''5,505'''
|-
|241
|[[Jamui Assembly constituency|Jamui]]
|[[Shreyasi Singh]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|79,603
|43.89
|[[Vijay Prakash Yadav]]
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|38,554
|21.26
| style="background:#FF9933 |'''41,049'''
|-
|242
|[[Jhajha Assembly constituency|Jhajha]]
|[[Damodar Rawat]]
|bgcolor=#003366|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|76,972
|39.55
|Rajendra Prasad
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|75,293
|38.69
| style="background:#003366 |'''1,679'''
|-
|243
|[[Chakai Assembly constituency|Chakai]]
|[[Sumit Kumar Singh]]
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD|
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|45,548
|24.02
|Savitri Devi
|bgcolor=#008000|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|44,967
|23.71
| style="background:#DDDDDD |'''581'''
|-

|}{{Pie chart
| caption= NDA distribution of 125 seats for a majority in 2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election.
| radius = 70
| label1 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]-74
| value1 = 59.2 | color1 = #F39C12
| label2 = [[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]-43
| value2 = 34.4 | color2 = #003366
| label3 = [[Hindustani Awam Morcha|HAM]]-4
| value3 = 3.2 | color3 = #E74C3C
| label4 = [[Vikassheel Insaan Party|VIP]]-4
| value4 = 3.2 | color4 = #0000FF
}}

==Aftermath ==

=== Government formation ===
{{Main|Seventh Nitish Kumar ministry}}
After the election process concluded, [[List of chief ministers of Bihar|Chief Minister]] [[Nitish Kumar]] tendered his resignation to the [[List of governors of Bihar|Governor]] on 13 November 2020.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|date=2020-11-13|title=Bihar govt formation: Nitish Kumar tenders resignation to Governor ahead of NDA meet on Sunday|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bihar-govt-formation-nitish-kumar-tenders-resignation-to-govornor-ahead-of-nda-meet-on-sunday/story-gGmWQy7X3I2e1fBvqIhS1I.html|access-date=2020-11-13|website=Hindustan Times|archive-date=13 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113180547/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bihar-govt-formation-nitish-kumar-tenders-resignation-to-govornor-ahead-of-nda-meet-on-sunday/story-gGmWQy7X3I2e1fBvqIhS1I.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[National Democratic Alliance]] members met at around 12:30 pm [[Indian Standard Time|IST]], on 15 November to formally announce and elect the new Chief Minister.<ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-13|title=NDA Will Meet on Sunday at 12:30 pm to Elect Bihar's Next Chief Minister, Says Nitish Kumar|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/nda-will-meet-on-sunday-at-1230-pm-to-elect-bihars-next-chief-minister-says-nitish-kumar-3077327.html|access-date=2020-11-13|website=News18|archive-date=13 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113165401/https://www.news18.com/news/politics/nda-will-meet-on-sunday-at-1230-pm-to-elect-bihars-next-chief-minister-says-nitish-kumar-3077327.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Nitish Kumar]] was elected leader of the NDA and Chief Minister in the meeting.<ref>{{Cite news|agency=PTI|date=2020-11-15|title=Nitish Kumar unanimously elected as leader of NDA in Bihar; to return as CM|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/bihar-assembly/nitish-unanimously-elected-as-leader-of-nda-in-bihar-to-return-as-cm/article33101728.ece|access-date=2020-11-15|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=15 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115093250/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/bihar-assembly/nitish-unanimously-elected-as-leader-of-nda-in-bihar-to-return-as-cm/article33101728.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> After being elected as the NDA leader in Bihar, Nitish said that he did not want to become the chief minister of the state and wanted someone from the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] party to become the next chief minister. However he accepted the designation on the insistence of the BJP.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-15|title=Bihar: I did not want to become CM, says Nitish Kumar after elected as NDA chief|url=https://news.abplive.com/videos/news/india-bihar-i-did-not-want-to-become-cm-says-nitish-kumar-after-elected-as-nda-chief-1389955|access-date=2020-11-15|website=news.abplive.com|archive-date=18 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718061900/https://news.abplive.com/videos/news/india-bihar-i-did-not-want-to-become-cm-says-nitish-kumar-after-elected-as-nda-chief-1389955|url-status=live}}</ref> Soon after, Nitish visited the Governor to stake claim to form the new government.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-15|title=Nitish meets Bihar Governor, stakes claim for forming new government|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/nitish-meets-bihar-governor-stakes-claim-for-forming-new-government/1976300|access-date=2020-11-15|website=outlookindia.com|archive-date=21 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121003548/https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/nitish-meets-bihar-governor-stakes-claim-for-forming-new-government/1976300|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Reactions and analysis===
After the election results were announced, the incumbent Chief Minister of Bihar [[Nitish Kumar]] thanked the [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Narendra Modi]] for his contribution and support to the National Democratic Alliance in the election campaign.<ref>{{Cite web|title="The Public Decides. Thank PM For His Support": Nitish Kumar On Bihar Win|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/nitish-kumar-tweets-on-bihar-win-the-public-decides-i-thank-pm-modi-for-his-support-2323960|access-date=2020-11-13|website=NDTV.com}}</ref> [[Narendra Modi]] himself declared victory and quoted “Democracy has once again won in Bihar.”<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Schmall|first1=Emily|last2=Kumar|first2=Hari|date=2020-11-10|title=India's Modi Reverses His Fortunes in Crucial State|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/09/world/asia/india-bihar-election.html|access-date=2020-11-13|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=13 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113101819/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/09/world/asia/india-bihar-election.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-09|title=Bihar election updates: PM Modi says democracy has won with blessings of the people|url=https://theprint.in/politics/live-bihar-assembly-election-result-2020-tejashwi-yadav-mahagathbandhan-nitish-kumar-nda-seats-count-bjp-jdu-rjd-congress-vote-share/540430/|access-date=2020-11-13|website=ThePrint|archive-date=11 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111011328/https://theprint.in/politics/live-bihar-assembly-election-result-2020-tejashwi-yadav-mahagathbandhan-nitish-kumar-nda-seats-count-bjp-jdu-rjd-congress-vote-share/540430/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Following the results, [[Tejashwi Yadav|Tejashwi]] claimed to have "won 130 seats" and that "the mandate was in our favour, but the Election Commission’s results were declared in favour of [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]". He claimed, that the [[Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)|MGB]] "lost about 20 seats" because of "[[Electoral fraud|irregularities]]" in counting of [[postal ballot]]s<ref>{{Cite news|last=Tewary|first=Amarnath|date=2020-11-12|title=Mandate is in our favour, says Tejashwi Yadav|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/bihar-assembly/mandate-in-our-favour-but-results-were-declared-in-favour-of-nda-tejashwi/article33084152.ece|access-date=2020-11-19|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=19 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119034128/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/bihar-assembly/mandate-in-our-favour-but-results-were-declared-in-favour-of-nda-tejashwi/article33084152.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> and threatened to move to court.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Nezami|first=Sheezan|title=Tejashwi alleges foul play, threatens to go to court over counting 'loopholes' {{!}} Bihar Assembly Elections 2020 Election News|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/tejashwi-alleges-foul-play-threatens-to-go-to-court-over-counting-loopholes/articleshow/79202244.cms|access-date=2020-11-19|website=The Times of India|date=13 November 2020|archive-date=13 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113040045/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/tejashwi-alleges-foul-play-threatens-to-go-to-court-over-counting-loopholes/articleshow/79202244.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":18">{{Cite web|title=Bihar polls 2020: RJD to move court if EC rejects recount plea|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/nov/14/bihar-polls-2020-rjd-to-move-court-if-ec-rejects-recount-plea-2223551.html|access-date=2020-11-19|website=The New Indian Express|archive-date=15 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115174343/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/nov/14/bihar-polls-2020-rjd-to-move-court-if-ec-rejects-recount-plea-2223551.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The Election Commission termed the claims unfounded, adding that, according to procedure, the postal ballots including the invalid ones were re-verified where the margin of victory was less than the number of rejected ballots.<ref name=":18"/><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-12|title=Counting of votes in Bihar polls done in fair manner: Chief Electoral Officer H R Srinivas|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/election-2020/counting-of-votes-in-bihar-polls-done-in-fair-manner-chief-electoral-officer-h-r-srinivas-914880.html|access-date=2020-11-19|website=Deccan Herald|archive-date=13 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113055818/https://www.deccanherald.com/election-2020/counting-of-votes-in-bihar-polls-done-in-fair-manner-chief-electoral-officer-h-r-srinivas-914880.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Tejashwi also claimed that NDA won by "money, muscle power and deceit".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-12|title=Tejashwi Yadav demands recounting of votes, says mandate in favour of Grand Alliance|url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/bihar-election-results-tejashwi-yadav-rjd-grand-alliance-bjp-jdu-7049122/|access-date=2020-11-19|website=The Indian Express|archive-date=22 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201122074842/https://indianexpress.com/elections/bihar-election-results-tejashwi-yadav-rjd-grand-alliance-bjp-jdu-7049122/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Tejashwi elected leader of Grand Alliance legislature party, claims NDA won by deceit|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/elections/tejashwi-elected-leader-of-grand-alliance-legislature-party-claims-nda-won-by-deceit/article33083919.ece|access-date=2020-11-19|website=@businessline|date=12 November 2020|archive-date=13 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113004014/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/elections/tejashwi-elected-leader-of-grand-alliance-legislature-party-claims-nda-won-by-deceit/article33083919.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Later the Election Commission claimed that it had counted random [[voter-verified paper audit trail]] which matched the [[Electronic voting in India|EVM]] count.<ref>{{Cite news|agency=PTI|date=2020-12-03|title=No mismatch in EVM, VVPAT counts in Bihar polls: Election Commission|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/bihar-assembly/no-mismatch-in-evm-vvpat-counts-in-bihar-polls-election-commission/article33237353.ece|access-date=2020-12-03|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The [[Time (magazine)|Time magazine]] called the victory as a triumph for Modi's "[[Hindu nationalism|Hindu Nationalist]] Message".<ref>{{Cite magazine|title=India's Narendra Modi Just Won a Crucial State Election Despite COVID-19. It's a Triumph for His Hindu Nationalist Message|url=https://time.com/5910509/bihar-india-elections-bjp/|access-date=2020-11-13|magazine=Time|archive-date=13 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113083743/https://time.com/5910509/bihar-india-elections-bjp/|url-status=live}}</ref> According to analysts BJP has become more significant in the state than before.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Narayan|first=Badri|date=2020-11-12|title=A churning in Bihar politics|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/a-churning-in-bihar-politics/article33077707.ece|access-date=2020-11-15|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=15 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115120522/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/a-churning-in-bihar-politics/article33077707.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[14th Dalai Lama]] congratulated Nitish on his election victory.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dalai Lama writes to Nitish Kumar; congratulates him for the election victory|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/11/11/dalai-lama-writes-to-nitish-kumar-congratulates-him-for-the-election-victory.html|access-date=2020-11-13|website=The Week|archive-date=18 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718062422/https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/11/11/dalai-lama-writes-to-nitish-kumar-congratulates-him-for-the-election-victory.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Bye-election===

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!78
|Rowspan=2|30 October 2021<ref name="Bihar Bypolls Results 2021">{{cite news |title=Bihar Bypolls Results 2021 highlights: JD(U) wins both seats despite RJD's spirited fight in Tarapur |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/patna-news/bihar-bypolls-results-2021-live-updates-101635817113793.html |access-date=5 November 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=2 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Kusheshwar Asthan (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kusheshwar Asthan]] (SC)
| [[Shashi Bhushan Hazari]]
|bgcolor={{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}|
|[[Janata Dal (United)]]
|[[Aman Bhushan Hajari]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)]]
|-
!164
|[[Tarapur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tarapur]]
|[[Mewalal Chaudhary]]
|bgcolor={{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}|
|[[Janata Dal (United)]]
|[[Rajeev Kumar Singh (Bihar politician)|Rajeev Kumar Singh]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)]]|
|-
!91
|12 April 2022
|[[Bochahan (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bochahan]] (SC)
|[[Musafir Paswan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Vikassheel Insaan Party}}
|Amar Kumar Paswan
| {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
!101
| rowspan="2" |3 November 2022
|[[Gopalganj Assembly constituency|Gopalganj]]
|[[Subhash Singh (Bihar politician)|Subash Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Kusum Devi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
!178
|[[Mokama Assembly constituency|Mokama]]
|[[Anant Kumar Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
| Nilam Devi
| {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
!93
|5 December 2022
|[[Kurhani Assembly constituency|Kurhani]]
| Anil Sahani
| {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
| [[Kedar Prasad Gupta]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
!195
|1 June 2024<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-16 |title=CPI-ML MLA Manoj Manzil disqualified from Bihar assembly |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/Feb/16/cpi-ml-mla-manoj-manzil-disqualified-from-bihar-assembly |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Agiaon Assembly constituency|Agiaon]] (SC)
|[[Manoj Manzil]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation}}
| [[Shiv Prakash Ranjan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation}}
|-
!60
|10 July 2024<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiaherald.com/Politics/Read/994697380/Bima-resigns-from-post-of-MLA-will-contest-elections | title=Bima resigns from post of MLA, will contest elections }}</ref>
|[[Rupauli Assembly constituency|Rupauli]]
|[[Bima Bharti]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=yes}}
|[[Shankar Singh (Bihar politician)|Shankar Singh]]
|{{Party name with color|Independent}}
|-
!196
|Rowspan=4|13 November 2024
|[[Tarari Assembly constituency|Tarari]]
|[[Sudama Prasad]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation}}
|[[Vishal Prashant]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
!203
|[[Ramgarh, Bihar Assembly constituency|Ramgarh]]
|[[Sudhakar Singh (Bihar politician)|Sudhakar Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|[[Ashok Kumar Singh (Ramgarh)|Ashok Kumar Singh]]
|-
!227
|[[Imamganj Assembly constituency|Imamganj]] (SC)
|[[Jitan Ram Manjhi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Hindustani Awam Morcha}}
|[[Deepa Manjhi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Hindustani Awam Morcha}}
|-
!232
|[[Belaganj Assembly constituency|Belaganj]]
|[[Surendra Prasad Yadav]]
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|[[Manorama Devi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=yes}}
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[2020 elections in India]]

==References==
===Notes===
{{notelist}}

===Citations===
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://ceobihar.nic.in/ Official Election Commission - Bihar]
*[https://eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ Bihar Election Results ECI]

{{Bihar elections}}

[[Category:2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]
[[Category:2020s in Bihar]]
[[Category:State Assembly elections in Bihar]]

Jehangir Karamat

2026-03-19T06:56:01Z

Heriberto60T: improved article

{{Short description|Pakistan Army general (born 1941)}}
{{use Pakistani English|date=April 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = '''[[General (Pakistan)|General]]'''
| name =
| native_name = جہانگیر کرامت
| native_name_lang = ur
| honorific-suffix = {{post-nominals|country=PAK|NI(M)|HI(M)|TBt}}
| image = Jehangir Karamata.png
| imagesize =
| smallimage = 
| alt =
| caption =
| order2 = [[List of ambassadors of Pakistan to the United States|Pakistani Ambassador to the United States]]
| term_start2 = 17 November 2004
| term_end2 = 3 June 2006
| predecessor2 = [[Ashraf Qazi]]
| successor2 = [[Mahmud Ali Durrani]]
| president2 = [[Pervez Musharraf]]
| primeminister2 = [[Shaukat Aziz]]
| order1 = 9th [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee (Pakistan)|Chairman]] of the [[Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee]]
| office1 = 
| term_start1 = 9 November 1997
| term_end1 = 7 October 1998
| alongside1 = 
| vicepresident1 = 
| viceprimeminister1 = 
| deputy1 = 
| lieutenant1 = 
| monarch1 = 
| president1 = 
| primeminister1 = 
| governor1 = 
| succeeding1 = 
| predecessor1 = [[Air chief marshal|ACM]] [[Farooq Feroze Khan]]
| successor1 = [[General|Gen.]] [[Pervez Musharraf]]
| constituency1 = 
| mmajority1 = 
| office = 6th [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Army Staff]]
| term_start = 12 January 1996
| term_end = 6 October 1998
| predecessor = [[General Abdul Waheed Kakar]]
| successor = [[Pervez Musharraf]]
| president = {{plainlist|
* [[Farooq Leghari]]
* [[Wasim Sajjad]] (acting)
* [[Rafiq Tarar]]
}}
| primeminister = {{plainlist|
* [[Benazir Bhutto]]
* [[Nawaz Sharif]]
}}
| prior_term =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age |1941|02|20|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Karachi]], [[Sind Province (1936–1955)|Sind]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = 
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| nationality = [[Pakistanis|Pakistani]]
| party =
| otherparty = 
| spouse =
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| relations =
| children =
| residence =
| alma_mater = {{indented plainlist|
* [[Pakistan Military Academy]]
* [[Pakistan Command and Staff College|Command and Staff College]]
* [[Command and General Staff College]]
* [[National Defence University, Pakistan|National Defence University]]
}}
| occupation =
| profession =
| cabinet =
| committees =
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| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website =
| footnotes =
| blank1 = Institutions
| data1 = {{indented plainlist|
* [[National Defence University, Pakistan|National Defence University]] (NDU)
* Armed Forces War College (afwc)
}}
| blank2 = Field(s)
| data2 = [[Political science]]
| blank3 = Notable students
| data3 = {{indented plainlist|
* [[Pervez Musharraf]]
* [[Ali Kuli Khan Khattak|Ali Kuli Khan]]
* [[Abdul Aziz Mirza|Aziz Mirza]]
* [[Fasih Bokhari]]
}}
| blank4 = Notable work(s)
| data4 = Work in [[civil-military relations]] and [[Decentralization]]
| blank5 =
| data5 = 
| nickname =
| allegiance = {{PAK}}
| branch = {{Army|PAK}}
| serviceyears = 1958–1998
| rank = [[File:OF-9 Pakistan Army.svg|20px]] [[General (Pakistan)|General]]
| unit = [[Pakistan Army Armoured Corps|13th Lancers]]
| commands = {{indented plainlist|
* [[Chief of General Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of General Staff]], [[GHQ (Pakistan Army)|Army GHQ]]
* [[II Corps (Pakistan)|II Strike Corps]], [[Multan]]
* [[Pakistan Army Armoured Corps|Armoured Corps]]
* [[Director general|DG]] [[Pakistan Army Rangers|Army Rangers]]
* [[Directorate-General|DG]] for Military Operations
* [[Pakistan Armed Forces International deployments|Pakistan Armed Forces–Middle East Command]]
}}
| battles = {{indented plainlist|
* [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]]
* [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]
}}
| mawards = {{indented plainlist|
* [[Nishan-i-Imtiaz|Nishan-e-Imtiaz (Military)]]
* [[Hilal-i-Imtiaz|Hilal-e-Imtiaz (Military)]]
* [[Tamgha-i-Basalat|Tamgha-e-Basalat]]
* [[Order of Abdulaziz al Saud|Order of King AbdulAziz]]
* [[Order of Military Merit (Jordan)|Order of Military Merit]]
* [[Orders, decorations, and medals of Turkey|Turkish Legion of Merit]]
* [[Legion of Merit|The Legion of Merit]]
}}
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| military_blank3 =
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}}

[[General (Pakistan)|General]] '''Jehangir Karamat''' {{post-nominals|country=PAK|NI(M)|HI(M)|TBt}} ({{langx|ur|{{nq|جہانگیر کرامت}}}} ; born 20 February 1941) is a Pakistani retired military officer, [[Foreign Service of Pakistan|diplomat]], [[public intellectual]], and a former [[professor]] of [[political science]] at the [[National Defense University, Islamabad|National Defense University]].<ref name="ISPR (Army)" /> Prior to serving as a [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Army Staff]], he also served as the 9th [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee (Pakistan)|Chairman]] of the [[Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee]] from 1997 to 1998.<ref name="Free Press">{{cite book|last1=Musharraf|first1=Pervez|title=In the line of fire : a memoir|date=2006|publisher=Free Press|location=New York [u.a.]|isbn=074-3283449|url=https://archive.org/details/inlineoffirememo00mush}}</ref>

After joining the [[Pakistan Army]] in 1958, he entered in the [[Pakistan Military Academy]] at [[Kakul]], and [[Passing out (military)|passed out]] in 1961 to later serve in the combat in [[Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts|conflicts]] with [[India]] in [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|1965]] and in [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|1971]]. In 1995, he came into national prominence after he notably exposed the [[1995 Pakistani coup d'état attempt|attempted ''coup d'état'']] against [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Benazir Bhutto]], and eventually appointed as an [[Army Chief of Staff (Pakistan)|army chief]] and later [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee (Pakistan)|Chairman joint chiefs]]. His tenure is regarded as his pivotal role in enhancing the [[Democracy in Pakistan|democracy]] and the [[Civilian control of the military|civilian control]] when he staunchly backed Prime Minister [[Nawaz Sharif]]'s authorisation of [[List of nuclear weapons tests of Pakistan|atomic-testing programme]] in 1998.<ref name="Stanford University Press" />

On 6 October 1998, Karamat was [[Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif's relief of General Jehangir Karamat|forcibly relieved]] from his four-star commands by Prime minister Nawaz Sharif over a disagreement on [[national security]] and reforms of the [[Pakistani intelligence community|intelligence community]].<ref name="Harvard University Press" /> He is also one of very few army generals in the military history of Pakistan to have [[Resignation of Jehangir Karamat|resigned over a disagreement with the civilian authorities]].<ref name="Macmillan [u.a.]" />

After his resignation, he accepted the [[professorship]] at the [[Stanford University]] in [[California]] and appointed as to head Pakistan's [[Embassy of Pakistan, Washington, D.C.|diplomatic mission]] as an [[Pakistan Ambassador to the United States|Ambassador]] but was later removed due to strong advocacy for democracy.

Karamat has been credited for foresight prediction of the dangers of unbalanced [[Civil-Military Relations|civil-military relations]] and the rise of [[State-sponsored terrorism|foreign-supported]] [[Terrorism in Pakistan|homegrown terrorism]] in the country.<ref name="Harvard University Press"/> Many of his recommendations on [[National Security Council (Pakistan)|national security]] eventually became part of counterterrorism policy by Prime Minister [[Nawaz Sharif]] in 2013.<ref name="Harvard University Press"/>

==Early life and education==
Jehangir Karamat was born on 20 February 1941 in [[Karachi]], [[Sindh#Colonial period|Sindh]] in [[British Indian Empire]], into a [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]] [[Kakazai]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://jang.com.pk/news/465587|title=اسپیشل ایڈیشن – باجوہ ڈاکٹرائن : قومی چیلنجز کا حل کیسے؟ – Magazine {{!}} Daily Jang|access-date=2018-06-09}}</ref> family who initially hailed from Montgomery in [[Punjab, British India|Punjab]] (now [[Sahiwal]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]]).<ref name="Deutsches Orient-Institut, 1996">{{cite journal|last1=Staff writer|title=General Karamat appointed new army chief|journal=Deutsches Orient-Institut, 1996|date=1995|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qa25AAAAIAAJ&q=jehangir+karamat++February+1941}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Beaumont|first1=edited by Christophe Jaffrelot; translated by Gillian|title=A history of Pakistan and its origins|date=2004|publisher=Anthem|location=London|isbn=1843311496|edition=New|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q9sI_Y2CKAcC&q=jehangir+karamat++born+Karachi&pg=PA36|chapter=§No National Integration Yet?}}</ref>{{rp|59}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Daily Report: Near East & South Asia|date=1995|publisher=The Service|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aiQNiAhipC4C&q=Jehangir+Karamat+born|access-date=27 November 2017|language=en}}</ref>

His father, Ahmad Karamat, was an [[Civil Services of India|officer]] in the [[Indian Civil Service (British India)|Indian Civil Service]] with the [[Viceroy's Executive Council|Indian government]] who would later embarked his career as a [[Central Superior Services of Pakistan|bureaucrat]] in the [[Government of Pakistan]] after the [[partition of India]] in 1947.<ref name="Economist Publications, 1995">{{cite journal|last1=Staff writers and editors|title=Pakistan & Gulf Economist: Jehangir Karamat COAS|journal=Economist Publications, 1995|date=1995|volume=14|issue=40–52}}</ref><ref name="The News International, 1996">{{cite news|last1=editorial|title=Jehangir Karamat, COAS|url=http://thenews.com.pk/|work=Biographical work published by the News International's editorial section in 1996|agency=The News International, 1996|publisher=The News International, 1996|date=1996}}</ref>

After educating and graduating from the [[St Patrick's High School, Karachi|St. Patrick's High School]] in [[Karachi]] in 1958, Karamat joined the [[Pakistan Army]] when accepting at the [[Pakistan Military Academy]] (PMA) in [[Kakul]] in [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa]].<ref name="St Patrick's High School">{{cite web|title=Distinguished old Patricians|url=http://theoldpatricians.org/illustrious.htm|publisher=St Patrick's High School|access-date=7 January 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129092734/http://www.theoldpatricians.org/illustrious.htm|archive-date=29 November 2014}}</ref>

In 1961, Karamat gained [[Commissioned officer|commissioned]] as [[Second Lieutenant|2nd-Lt]] in the [[13th Lancers]] of the [[Pakistan Army Armoured Corps|Corps of Armoured]].<ref name="Pakistan Army Museum">{{cite web|last1=Pakistan Army Museum|title=General Jehangir Karamat|url=http://www.pakarmymuseum.com/exhibits/general-jehangir-karamat-2/|publisher=Pakistan Army Museum|access-date=7 January 2015|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924063353/http://www.pakarmymuseum.com/exhibits/general-jehangir-karamat-2/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 1969, [[Captain (army)|Capt.]] Karamat was directed to attend the [[Pakistan Command and Staff College|Command and Staff College]] in [[Quetta]] where he was noted for his intellect and competence at every level of courses he took as required in the [[curriculum]].{{rp|533–534}}<ref name="Partridge Pub"/> In 1971, Capt. Karamat graduated and qualified as the [[psc (Military)|psc]].<ref name="ISPR (Army)">{{cite web|title=General Jehangir Karamat|url=https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContent.aspx?pId=154|website=pakistanarmy.gov.pk|publisher=ISPR (Army)|access-date=27 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201034937/https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContent.aspx?pId=154|archive-date=1 December 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

After the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1971|third war]] with India in 1971, Major Karamat was one of the last military officers who were sent to the [[United States]] to study at the [[United States Army|U.S. Army]]'s [[Command and General Staff College]] at [[Fort Leavenworth]] in [[Kansas]].{{rp|92–93}}<ref name="Springer, Aslan (2017)">{{cite book|last1=Aslan|first1=Ömer|title=The United States and Military Coups in Turkey and Pakistan: Between Conspiracy and Reality|date=2017|publisher=Springer|location=New York, U.S.|isbn=9783319660110|pages=270|edition=1st|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TK4-DwAAQBAJ&q=karamat++Command+and+General+Staff+College&pg=PA92|access-date=28 November 2017|language=en|chapter-format=google books|chapter=External Support}}</ref>

Upon his graduation from the [[United States Army|U.S. Army]]'s [[Command and General Staff College]], [[Major (rank)|Major]] Karamat was then directed to attend the [[National Defence University, Pakistan|National Defence University]] where he graduated and gained the [[Master of Science|MSc]] in the [[International Relations]] in 1976–77.<ref>Constance Hale. [http://www.disam.dsca.mil/pubs/Indexes/v.23_1/hale.pdf "International Hallway Dedication Ceremony"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722185436/http://www.disam.dsca.mil/pubs/Indexes/v.23_1/hale.pdf |date=22 July 2011 }} ''U.S. Army Command and General Staff College'', 14 September 2000</ref> In 1976, Karamat completed his MSc in [[International Relations]] from there; and following his return, Karamat completed his master's programme at the [[National Defence University, Pakistan|National Defence University]].<ref name=Spearhead>{{cite web|last1=Spearhead|title=Panel of Experts|url=http://spearheadresearch.org/SR_CMS/index.php/panel-of-experts|publisher=Spearhead|access-date=7 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150107040413/http://spearheadresearch.org/SR_CMS/index.php/panel-of-experts|archive-date=7 January 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1978–80, Major Karamat attained the [[Master of Science|MSc]] in [[War studies]] where his master's thesis argued and enlightened on the failure of performance of armed forces in [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|third war]] with India 1971.<ref name="Macmillan [u.a.]">{{cite book|last1=Rizvi|first1=Hasan-Askari|title=Military, state and society in Pakistan|date=2000|publisher=Macmillan [u.a.]|location=Basingstoke [u.a.]|isbn=0312231938}}</ref><ref name="Brooklyn Institute">{{cite web|last1=staff writer|title=Former Chairman of the Pakistani Joint Chiefs of Staff, General Jehangir Karamat, arrives at Brookings|url=http://www.brookings.edu/about/media-relations/news-releases/2000/20000505karamat|publisher=Brooklyn Institute|access-date=7 January 2015|date=5 May 2000}}</ref><ref name="Partridge Pub">{{cite book|last1=Bhattacharya|first1=Brigadier Samir|title=Nothing But!|date=2014|publisher=Partridge Pub|isbn=978-1482817874|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7GrAAgAAQBAJ&q=jehangir+karamat+lancer&pg=PA553}}</ref>

== Military career ==

===During the Indo-Pakistani wars===

In 1963, [[Lieutenant (British Army and Royal Marines)|Lt.]] Karamat was posted in his [[Pakistan Army Armoured Corps|Armoured Corps]] to initially [[Command (military formation)|commanding]] a formation of [[main battle tank]]s.<ref name="Army Education Publishing House, Army Education Directorate GHQ">{{cite book|last1=Husain|first1=war despatches of Major General Abrar|title=Men of steel : 6 Armoured Division in the 1965 war|date=2005|publisher=Army Education Publishing House, Army Education Directorate GHQ|location=Rawalpindi|isbn=9698125191}}</ref> In 1965, [[Lieutenant (British Army and Royal Marines)|Lt.]] Karamat commanded an infantry [[Platoon (military)|platoon]] during the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1965|second war]] with India in the [[Akhnoor|Akhnur Sector]] in the [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Indian-administered Kashmir]].{{rp|14–15}}<ref name="Pakistan & Gulf Economist, 1995">{{cite book|title=Karamat named COAS|date=1995|publisher=Economist Publications|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Oxford University Press">{{cite book|last1=Ali|first1=Sartaj Aziz; foreword by Syed Babar|title=Between dreams and realities : some milestones in Pakistan's history|date=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Karachi|isbn=978-0195477184|edition=1. publ.|chapter=Second War}}</ref> [[Lieutenant (British Army and Royal Marines)|Lt.]] Karamat's [[Platoon (military)|platoon]] was the first unit that had penetrated {{convert|23|mi|km}} into the enemy territory, which encouraged backup military companies to move forward into the enemy territory.<ref name="Defence Journal, 1999"/> In this war performance, the [[13th Lancers]] had suffered death of fourteen soldiers, including three officers, while twenty eight were wounded.<ref name="Oxford University Press"/> For this action, the 13th Lancers was awarded the battle honour, ''Dewa— Chumb and Jaurian of 1965'', and was also awarded the title of ''The Spearhead Regiment''. <ref name="Defence Journal, 1999">{{cite web|last1=Amin|first1=Agha H.|title=Battle of Barapind-Jarpal 16 Dec 1971|url=http://www.defencejournal.com/oct99/barapind.htm|publisher=Defence Journal, 1999|access-date=6 January 2015|date=1999|archive-date=3 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103130528/http://www.defencejournal.com/oct99/barapind.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Although the 1965 war ended in a stalemate, his regiment’s performance was exemplary.

He progressed well in the army, eventually promoted to [[Captain (army)|captain]] in 1966; and elevated as [[Major (rank)|major]] in 1971.<ref name="Oup Pakistan"/> In 1971, [[Major (rank)|Major]] Karamat commanded the [[Company (military unit)|company]] of the [[Pakistan Army Armoured Corps|Aromoured Corps]] on the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|Western Front]] of the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|third war]] with India, defending the territories of [[Punjab, Pakistan]] against the approaching [[Indian Army]].<ref name="Oup Pakistan">{{cite book|last1=Qureshi|first1=Hakeem Arshad|title=1971 indo-pak war : a soldier's narrative.|date=2013|publisher=Oup Pakistan|location=[S.l.] Pakistan|isbn=978-0199067145}}</ref>

During this time, [[Major (rank)|Maj.]] Karamat was the [[commanding officer]] in the [[15th Lancers]] attached to the [[Baloch Regiment]], along with the [[13th Lancers]] that was fighting in the [[Shakargarh]] area of [[Sialkot|Sialkot Sector]], which is now known as [[Battle of Basantar|Battle of Barapind]].<ref name="Strategicus and Tacticus">{{cite book|last1=Amin|first1=Agha Humayun|title=India Pakistan Wars-1947 to 1971-A Strategic and Operational Analysis|date=2010|publisher=Strategicus and Tacticus|location=London|isbn=9780557519842|pages=723}}</ref> The regiment was awarded battle honour of ''Bara Pind 1971''.<ref name="Work published by then-Brigadier J. Karamat at the Inspector General Training and Evaluation Branch, General Headquarters">{{cite journal|last1=Karamat|first1=J.|title=The Tank that Failed|journal=Hilal Magazine|date=1984|volume=2|issue=8|pages=69|publisher=Work published by then-Brigadier J. Karamat at the Inspector General Training and Evaluation Branch, General Headquarters}}</ref>{{rp|<ref>{{cite book|last1=ehgal|first1=Ikram ul-Majeed|title=Defence Journal: With Former COAS Watching Live-Fire Demonstration|date=2003|publisher=Ikram ul-Majeed Sehgal|language=en}}</ref>}}

===Staff and war appointments===
[[File:Saudi Arabia 2003 CIA map.jpg|250px|right|thumb|[[Brigadier (United Kingdom)|Brig.]] Karamat served as an [[Officer commanding|OC]] of the [[Pakistan Armed Forces International deployments|Pakistan Armed Forces–Middle East Command]] in the 1980s near the [[Tabuk, Saudi Arabia|Saudi–Jordanian border]].]]
In 1979–80, [[Lieutenant-Colonel|Lt-Col.]] Karamat was posted as an [[Professor|instructor]] at the [[National Defence University, Pakistan|Armed Forces War College]] (afwc) of the [[National Defence University, Pakistan|National Defence University]] (NDU), instructing on courses [[War studies]].{{rp|432}}<ref>{{cite book|title=The Gazette of Pakistan|date=1980 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=98pPAQAAMAAJ&q=jehangir+karamat+lt+col|access-date=16 December 2017|language=en|author1=Pakistan }}</ref><ref name="Pakistan Army Museum" /> In 1981–83, [[Colonel|Col.]] Karamat was moved at the [[PAF Air War College|Air War College]], and did not take participation in the [[Soviet–Afghan War|Soviet intervention]] in [[Afghanistan]] during his teaching assignments beforing promoting as [[One star general|one-star]] rank army general in the Pakistan Army.<ref name="Penguin Press">{{cite book|last1=Coll|first1=Steve|title=Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001|url=https://archive.org/details/ghostwarssecreth00coll|url-access=registration|date=2004|publisher=Penguin Press|location=New York|isbn=1-59420-007-6}}</ref>

In 1983–88, [[Brigadier (United Kingdom)|Brig.]] Karamat was appointed [[officer commanding]] of the [[Pakistan Armed Forces deployments|Pakistan Armed Forces–Middle East Command]], consisting of the [[Pakistani military|joint armed branches]] in the [[Saudi Arabia]].<ref name="Cambridge University Press">{{cite book|editor-last1=Hassner|editor-first1=Ron E.|title=Religion in the military worldwide|date=2014|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, England|isbn=978-1-107-03702-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jtoaAgAAQBAJ&q=Karamat+saudi+troops&pg=PA98}}</ref> Initially stationed to cover the [[area of responsibility]] of [[Tabuk, Saudi Arabia|Tabuk]] and [[Khamis Mushait]] in [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Brigadier (United Kingdom)|Brig.]] Karamat [[Pakistan Armed Forces deployments|Pakistan Armed Forces–Arab Contingent]] during the height of the [[Iran–Iraq War]], protecting the territorial sovereignty of the [[Saudi Arabia]].{{rp|xxiv}}<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sehgal|first1=Ikram ul-Majeed|title=Defence Journal|date=2006|publisher=Ikram ul-Majeed Sehgal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W67fAAAAMAAJ&q=jehangir+karamat|access-date=18 December 2017|language=en}}</ref> {{rp|356–357}}<ref name="Brookings Institution Press, Cohen">{{cite book|last1=Cohen|first1=Stephen P.|title=The Idea of Pakistan|date=2004|publisher=Brookings Institution Press|isbn=0-8157-9761-3|url=https://archive.org/details/ideaofpakistan00cohe|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/ideaofpakistan00cohe/page/357 357]|access-date=18 December 2017|language=en}}</ref> In 1988, [[Brigadier (United Kingdom)|Brig.]] Karamat returned from his combat duty, promoting to the [[two-star rank]] assignment at the [[GHQ (Pakistan Army)|Army GHQ]].{{rp|232}}<ref name="Partridge Publishing, Bhattacharya">{{cite book|last1=Bhattacharya|first1=Brigadier Samir|title=NOTHING BUT!|date=2014|publisher=Partridge Publishing|isbn=978-1-4828-1732-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7GrAAgAAQBAJ&q=jehangir+karamat+DG+MO&pg=PA232|language=en}}</ref> From 1988 to 1991, [[Major-General]] Karamat served as the [[Director-General|DGl]] of the [[Directorate-General]] of the [[Military operations|Military Operations]] (DGMO), where he was credited with playing a crucial role in advancing the fighting capabilities of the Pakistan Army while he planned numerous military exercises for Pakistan Army, and reviewed the contingency operations in [[Kargil]] sector.{{rp|77}}<ref name="Cambridge University Press, Lavoy">{{cite book|last1=Lavoy|first1=Peter R.|title=Asymmetric warfare in South Asia : the causes and consequences of the Kargil Conflict|date=2009|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0-521-76721-7|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-vifpWqV2WYC&q=jehangir+karamat+DG+MO&pg=PA77|access-date=18 December 2017|language=en|chapter-format=googlebooks|chapter=Pakistan's motivations and calculations.}}</ref>

In 1991, [[Major-General|Maj-Gen.]] Karamat was appointed as [[Director-General]] of the [[Pakistan Army Rangers]] in [[Sindh]] but this appointment was short-lived when he was promoted to the [[three-star rank]] in 1992.<ref name="Strategicus and Tacticus" /><ref name="Emirates Centre for Strategic Studies">{{cite web|title=A Profile on Educated General|url=http://www.ecssr.ac.ae/ECSSR/print/prf.jsp?lang=en&prfId=/Profile/Profiles_0856.xml|publisher=Emirates Centre for Strategic Studies|access-date=7 January 2015}}</ref>

In 1992, [[Lieutenant-General]] Karamat was appointed as field command of the [[II Corps (Pakistan)|II Strike Corps]], stationed in [[Multan]], which he commanded until 1994.<ref name="Tranquebar Press">{{cite book|last1=Mir|first1=Amir|title=The Bhutto Murder Trail: from Waziristan to GHQ|date=2010|publisher=Tranquebar Press|location=Chennai |isbn=978-9380658612 }}</ref> In 1994, [[Lieutenant-General|Lt-Gen.]] Karamat was eventually elevated as the [[Chief of General Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of General Staff]] (CGS) at the [[GHQ (Pakistan Army)|Army GHQ]] under then-[[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|chief of army staff]] General [[Abdul Waheed Kakar]].<ref name="Tranquebar Press" /> From 1993 to 1996, Karamat continued to serve as honorary [[Colonel Commandant]], and then [[Colonel-in-Chief]]—both ceremonial posts—of the [[Pakistan Army Armoured Corps|Armoured Corps]] from 1996 to 1998.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Staff|title=COLONEL IN CHIEF-ARMOURED CORPS-01|url=http://www.pakarmymuseum.com/exhibits/colonel-in-chief-armoured-corps-01/|access-date=9 January 2015|archive-date=13 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013003804/http://www.pakarmymuseum.com/exhibits/colonel-in-chief-armoured-corps-01/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=COLONEL COMMANDANTS- ARMOURED CORPS|url=http://www.pakarmymuseum.com/exhibits/colonel-commandants-armoured-corps/|access-date=9 January 2015|archive-date=9 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109052558/http://www.pakarmymuseum.com/exhibits/colonel-commandants-armoured-corps/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 1995, [[Lieutenant-General|Lt-Gen.]] Karamat rose to public prominence when he had the [[Military Intelligence (Pakistan)|Military Intelligence]] (MI) to infiltrate within the [[Pakistan Army]] to apprehend the rogue culprits for [[1995 Pakistani coup d'état attempt|attempting]] a [[Military coups in Pakistan|coup d'état]].<ref name="Tranquebar Press" /> Acting under orders from the General Karamat, [[Director-General|DG]] [[Military Intelligence of Pakistan|MI]] [[Major-General]] [[Ali Kuli Khan Khattak|Ali Kuli Khan]] monitored the activities of [[Major-General]] [[Zaheerul Islam Abbasi]] who himself was posted at the [[GHQ (Pakistan Army)|Army GHQ]].<ref name="Tranquebar Press" /> The [[Military Intelligence of Pakistan|MI]] tapped the conversations and tracked down the culprits behind the coup.<ref name="Tranquebar Press" /> Upon revelation, [[Lieutenant-General]] Karamat forwarded the case and facilitated the high-ranking joint [[Judge Advocate General Branch|JAG court]] hearings at the specified military courts, and convened many proceedings while the hearings were heard by the military judges led by a [[Vice-Admiral]].<ref name="Routledge. 2007">{{cite book|last1=Aziz|first1=Mazhar|title=Military Control in Pakistan: The Parallel State|date=2007 |publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-07410-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FuPfooVvD48C&q=Karamat+military+control&pg=PA81}}</ref> His actions were widely perceived in the country, and for his efforts, General Karamat was conferred with national honours in public conventions and state gatherings.<ref name="Routledge. 2007" />

=== Chief of Army Staff ===
After approving the retirement papers of General [[Abdul Waheed Kakar|Kakar]], [[Lieutenant-General]] Karamat was appointed the Chief of Army Staff by Prime Minister [[Benazir Bhutto|Benazir]] who approved the paperwork for this appointment on 18 December 1995.<ref name="A.P.H. Publ.">{{cite book|last1=Chengappa|first1=Bidanda M.|title=Pakistan, Islamisation, army and foreign policy|date=2004|publisher=A.P.H. Publ.|location=New Delhi|isbn=8176485489}}</ref> As per [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Benazir Bhutto]]'s approval, [[President of Pakistan|President]] [[Farooq Ahmed Leghari|Farooq Leghari]] confirmed the promotion of Lieutenant-General Karamat to the [[four star rank|four-star]] rank and was appointed as the [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Army Staff]] when General [[Abdul Waheed Kakar|Kakar]] was due to retire on 12 January 1996.<ref name="A.P.H. Publ."/>

At the time of his promotion, he was the senior most general at that time, and therefore at promotion to four-star general, he superseded no one.<ref>Ihtashamul Haque. [http://www.lib.virginia.edu/area-studies/SouthAsia/SAserials/Dawn/1995/21Dc95.html#kara "Karamat named COAS"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212222032/http://www.lib.virginia.edu/area-studies/SouthAsia/SAserials/Dawn/1995/21Dc95.html#kara |date=12 February 2012 }} ''Daily Dawn'', 12 December 1995</ref> At the time of his promotion, there were four senior generals in the race to replace Kakar as Chief of Army Staff: Lieutenant-General Jehangir Karamat, chief of general staff (CGS); Lieutenant-General Nasir Akhtar, [[quartermaster general]] (QMG); Lieutenant-General Muhammad Tariq, [[inspector-general]] training and evaluation (IGT&E) at the GHQ; and Lieutenant-General [[Javed Ashraf Qazi]], commander [[XXX Corps (Pakistan)|XXX Corps]] stationed in [[Gujranwala]].<ref>Shuja Nawaz. ''Crossed Swords: Pakistan, Its Army, and the Wars Within'' (Oxford University Press, 2008)</ref> As Chief of Army Staff, General Karamat tried to work with the Prime minister and President at once, but soon came to understand that the misconducts of politicians and [[bureaucrats]] would eventually lead to the dismissal of Benazir Bhutto's final government.<ref name="Taylor and Francis-e-Library">{{cite book|last=Mazhar Aziz|title=Military control in Pakistan: the parallel state|year=2008|publisher=Taylor and Francis-e-Library|location=Milton Park, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK|isbn=978-0-415-43743-1|pages=80–81|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tIwXnkZOyoMC&q=dismissal+of+general++karamat&pg=PA81}}</ref>

General Karamat reached to then-[[Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan|Speaker]] of the [[National Assembly of Pakistan|National Assembly]] [[Yousaf Raza Gillani]] and "leaked" an intelligence information and tried convincing Benazir Bhutto and President Leghari to resolve their issues, and emphasised to focus on [[good governance]]. At one point, General Karamat wrote:

{{blockquote|text=In my opinion, if we have to repeat past events then we must understand that Military leaders can pressurize only up to a certain point. Beyond that, their own position starts getting undermined because the military is after all a mirror image of the society from which it is drawn. |sign=General Jehangir Karamat commenting on Benazir's dismissal |source=<ref name="Taylor and Francis-e-Library"/>}}

=== Chairman of Joint Chiefs ===
[[File:Chagaiatomictests.jpg|thumb|right|250px|{{small|As [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee|Chairman joint chiefs]], Gen. Karamat oversaw the military aspects of nuclear testing after receiving authorization from Prime Minist Sharif in 1998.}}]]
In 1997, [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee|Chairman joint chiefs]] [[Air Chief Marshal]] [[Farooq Feroze Khan]] was due retirement. On immediate basis, [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Nawaz Sharif]] appeared in [[News channels in Pakistan|news channels]] to confirmed General Karamat as the new [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee|Chairman joint chiefs]].<ref name="Authorhouse">{{cite book|last1=Hasanie|first1=Ali Abbas|title=Democracy in pakistan : crises, conflicts and hope for a change.|date=2013|publisher=Authorhouse|location=[S.l.]|isbn=978-1481790680}}</ref> The appointment was met no resistance in the [[Pakistani military|military]], and General Karamat appointed as [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee|Chairman joint chiefs]]; he supersedes no one.

General Karamat drove [[Pakistan Armed Forces]] to focus on more professional duties rather than playing politics.<ref name="Authorhouse"/> Karamat worked on integrating Pakistan's military on a common platform, and had his staff worked on inter-services coordination in the battlefield.<ref name="Kalpaz Publ.">{{cite book|last1=Mishra|first1=Keshav|title=Rapprochement across the Himalayas : emerging India-China relations in post Cold War period (1947–2003)|date=2004|publisher=Kalpaz Publ.|location=New Delhi|isbn=817835294X}}</ref> Karamat strengthened the joint work coordination and joint logistics of the military at the war time situations, resolving many issues that would hamper the performances of the inter-services in the war or peacetime situations.<ref name="Yale University Press"/><ref name="Brookings Inst. Press">{{cite book|last1=Talbott|first1=Strobe|title=Engaging India : diplomacy, democracy, and the bomb|date=2004|publisher=Brookings Inst. Press|location=Washington, DC|isbn=0815783000|edition=[Advance uncorrected manuscript].|url=https://archive.org/details/engagingindiadip00talb}}</ref>

As an aftermath of India's [[Pokhran-II|nuclear tests]] in 1998, General Karamat acted as principal military adviser to the government, aiding the [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Nawaz Sharif]] on military platform.<ref name="United States Institute of Peace">{{cite book|last1=Schaffer|first1=Howard B.|last2=Schaffer|first2=Teresita C.|title=How Pakistan negotiates with the United States : riding the roller coaster|date=2011|publisher=United States Institute of Peace|location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=978-1601270757|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=axT9i-FhO0UC&q=Jehangir+Karamat&pg=PA103|chapter=§Pakistan's politicians|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/howpakistannegot0000scha}}</ref> At the telephonic meeting with the [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Nawaz Sharif]], [[President of the United States|President]] [[Bill Clinton]] offered lucrative aid to Pakistan for not testing its [[Nuclear device|devices]]; [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Nawaz Sharif|Sharif]]'s response was inconclusive. [[President of the United States|President]] [[Bill Clinton]] described the meeting with the [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Nawaz Sharif]] to [[Strobe Talbott]]: "You can almost hear the guy [Sharif] wringing his hands and sweating."<ref name="United States Institute of Peace"/>

With requests made by [[Strobe Talbott]] [[USCENTCOM|CENTCOM]] commander, General [[Anthony Zinni]] and US [[Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff|Chairman Joint chiefs]] General [[Henry Shelton]], met with General Karamat to withdraw the decision to conduct [[nuclear weapon|nuclear test]].<ref name="United States Institute of Peace"/> Zinni'e meeting with Karamat was described by [[Strobe Talbott]] as less contentious. General Karamat and General Zinni were able to draw "soldier–to–soldier" bond.<ref name="United States Institute of Peace"/> General Karamat made it clear that the final decision would be carried out by the civilian government.<ref name="United States Institute of Peace"/> At the [[National Security Council (Pakistan)|NSC]] [[Cabinet Committee on National Security|cabinet meeting]], the Pakistani government, military, scientific, and civilian officials were participating in a debate, broadening, and complicating the decision-making process.<ref name="United States Institute of Peace"/> Although, General Karamat debated towards presenting the [[Cabinet Committee on National Security|national security]] and military point of view, the final decision was left on [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Nawaz Sharif]]'s say.<ref name="United States Institute of Peace"/>

After the decision was made, General Karamat was notified of [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Nawaz Sharif]]'s decision and asked the military to be stand-by orders. After providing the joint military logistics, the nuclear tests were eventually carried out on 28 May 1998, as [[Chagai-I]], and on 30 May 1998 as codename: [[Chagai-II]].<ref name="The Nation, 1998">{{cite news|last1=Azam |first1=Rai Muhammad Saleh |title=When Mountains Move – The Story of Chagai |url=http://www.defencejournal.com/2000/june/chagai.htm |access-date=7 January 2015 |work=Article written by RMS Azam ives a detailed account of events and personalities leading to Pakistan first nuclear explosion |agency=The Nation, 1998 |publisher=The Nation, 1998 |date=2 June 2000 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401181303/http://www.defencejournal.com/2000/june/chagai.htm |archive-date= 1 April 2012 }}</ref> As dawn broke over the Chagai mountains, Pakistan became the world's seventh nuclear power.<ref name="Yale University Press">{{cite book|last1=Jones|first1=Owen Bennett|title=Pakistan eye of the storm|date=2003|publisher=Yale University Press|location=New Haven, Conn.|isbn=0300101473|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ONZpltd6UZ8C&q=Karamat+Chagai&pg=PA193}}</ref>

===Removal from Chairman joint chiefs===
{{Main|Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif's relief of General Jehangir Karamat}}

As the [[nuclear test]]s were conducted, there was a strong feelings in the military all together that any concession to India on Kashmir policy and other related issues would lead to a decline in the prestige and standing of the [[Pakistani military|armed forces]]. After the failure to pass the [[Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan|fifteenth amendment]] to the [[Constitution of Pakistan|Constitution]], there were concerns raised by [[Benazir Bhutto]] and the [[Pakistan Peoples Party]] on [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] Nawaz Sharif's absolute control over the [[Politics in Pakistan|politics]], [[National Security Council (Pakistan)|national security]], and [[Foreign policy of Pakistan|foreign policy]].<ref name="Tribune India,1998">{{cite news|last1=Jaisingh|first1=Hari|title=Beleaguered Sharif wins first round|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/1998/98oct09/head5.htm|access-date=7 January 2015|work=The Tribune|location=Chandigarh|date=9 October 1998}}</ref>

On 6 October 1998, General Karamat who lectured at the [[Pakistan Naval War College|Naval War College]] in [[Karachi]] on the [[Civil military relations|civic-military relations]] and presented the idea on reestablishing the official [[National Security Council (Pakistan)|National Security Council]] (NSC) where [[Pakistani military|military]] could have representation in the country's politics.<ref name="Times Megazine, 1998">{{cite news|last1=McGrik|first1=Tim|title=The General Speaks Out|url=http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2054276,00.html|access-date=7 January 2015|agency=Times Magazine|publisher=Times Magazine, 1998|date=19 October 1998}}</ref> General Karamat openly spoke on the role of the [[Internal security|internal intelligences]], such as [[Federal Investigation Agency|FIA]] and [[Intelligence Bureau (Pakistan)|IB]], carrying out vendettas-like operations against political opponents and insecurity-driven and expedient policies while Pakistan capsized, at the behest of the politicians.<ref name="Times Megazine, 1998"/> Prime Minister [[Nawaz Sharif|Sharif]] and his cabinet members perceived this idea as [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee|Chairman joint chiefs]]'s interference in [[Politics in Pakistan|national politics]], therefore Sharif forced to resign Karamat when he criticised Pakistan's political leadership and advocated a National Security Council that would give the military a constitutional role in running the country, similar to Turkey's.<ref name="Owen Bennett-Jones">.{{cite news|last1=Bennett-Jones|first1=Owen|title=Analysis:Resignation shifts balance of power|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/189233.stm |publisher=BBC News|date=8 October 1998|access-date=19 February 2016}}</ref> In 1998, Prime Minister Sharif decided to relieve General Karamat from the [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee|chairmanship]] of [[Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee|joint chiefs]], eventually having him tender his resignation at the [[Prime Minister's Secretariat (Pakistan)|Prime Minister's Secretariat]].

The relief of the famous and famed general by the popular politician led to a storm of public controversy.<ref name="Owen Bennett-Jones"/><ref name="Oxford University Press, 2009">Aziz, PhD (Economics), Sartaj (2009) [2009], Between dreams and realities: some milestones in Pakistan's history (Illustrated ed.), Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press, 2009, p. 408, {{ISBN|978-0-19-547718-4}}</ref> Many influential ministers and advisers in Prime Minister Sharif's circle saw this decision as "ill-considered" and "blunder" made by the Prime Minister.<ref name="Stanford University Press">{{cite book|last1=Khan|first1=Feroze|title=Eating Grass: the making of Pakistan's atomic bomb|date=2010|publisher=§Stanford University Press|location=Stanford, Calif. [u.s.]|isbn=978-0804784801|chapter=CIvil-military relations and problems}}</ref> At the military, Admiral [[Fasih Bokhari]] ([[Chief of Naval Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Naval Staff]] at that time) criticized General Karamat for resigning but Karamat defended his actions as "right thing" to do as he lost the confidence of a constitutionally and [[Elections in Pakistan|popularly elected]] [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]].<ref name="Brookings Institution Press, 2004">{{cite book|last1=Cohen|first1=Stephen Philip|title=The idea of Pakistan|date=2004|publisher=Brookings Institution Press, 2004|location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=0815797613|edition=1st pbk.|url=https://archive.org/details/ideaofpakistan00cohe|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/ideaofpakistan00cohe/page/150 150]|quote=Jehangir Karamat National Security Council.}}</ref>

As General Karamat received a full [[guard of honour]] [[Honorable discharge|retirement]] in a colorful ceremony as [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee|Chairman joint chiefs]] and [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|chief of army staff]], Prime Minister Sharif's mandate plummeted and his popularity waned as the majority of the public disapproved of the decision to relieve Karamat.<ref name="Brookings Institution Press, 2004"/> Prime Minister Sharif's further suffered with wide public disapproval after appointing much-junior General [[Pervez Musharraf]] at the both capacity, overruling the Admiral [[Fasih Bokhari|Bokhari]]'s turn as the [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee|Chairman joint chiefs]].<ref name="Brookings Institution Press, 2004"/> In 1999, Musharraf's unilateral initiation of the [[Kargil war]] against [[India]] nearly pushed Pakistan and India to the brink of an all-out war between the two [[Nuclear states]]. Eventually, in the same year, [[Pervez Musharraf|Musharraf]] staged a successful [[1999 Pakistani coup d'état|coup d'état]] and overthrew Prime Minister Sharif.<ref name="APH Pub. Corp.">{{cite book|last1=Dutt|first1=Sanjay|title=Inside Pakistan : 52 years outlook|date=2000|publisher=APH Pub. Corp.|location=New Delhi|isbn=8176481572}}</ref>

Upon winning the [[2013 Pakistani general election|general elections]] in 2013, [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif|Sharif]] did exactly what General Karamat had called for; first reestablishing the [[National Security Council (Pakistan)|NSC]] with [[Pakistani military|military]] gaining representation in the country's politics; and further making more reforms in [[Pakistan Intelligence Community|intelligence community]].<ref name="Harvard University Press">{{cite book|last1=Shah|first1=Aqil|title=The Armed Forces and Democracy|date=2014|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Harvard, U.S|isbn=978-0674419773|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ShihAwAAQBAJ&q=Jehangir+Karamat+National+Security+Council&pg=PA285|chapter=Conclusion}}</ref>

==Academic career==

Before elevating to four-star assignments, General Karamat was the full [[Full Professor|tenured professor]] of the [[Political science]] at the [[National Defense University, Islamabad|National Defense University]] and held the chair of military science at the Armed Forces War College.<ref name=Spearhead /> Among his notable students included [[Pervez Musharraf]], [[Ali Kuli Khan Khattak|Ali Kuli Khan]], [[Fasih Bokhari]] and [[Abdul Aziz Mirza]] who studied under his guidance. Karamat had significance influence on [[Fasih Bokhari|Bokhari]] and [[Pervez Musharraf|Musharraf's]] [[philosophy]] and [[critical thinking]].<ref name="Free Press" />

In 2000, Karamat accepted the [[professorship]] of [[War studies]] at the [[Center for International Security and Cooperation|CISAC Institute]] of the [[Stanford University]] in [[Stanford, California|Stanford]], [[California]], [[United States]].<ref name="Emirates Centre for Strategic Studies" /> In addition, he was selected as a scholar and awarded research associateship on [[civil military relations]] at the [[Brookings Institution]] based in [[Washington, D.C.]], [[United States]].<ref name="Emirates Centre for Strategic Studies" /> In 2001, Karamat joined the [[United Nations]] (UN) and was a part of the [[Area studies|area study]] on [[Afghanistan]].<ref name="Daily Times, 2004">{{cite news|last1=Staff reporter |title=Jehangir Karamat next ambassador to the US |url=http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/main/22-Aug-2004/jehangir-karamat-next-ambassador-to-the-us |access-date=9 January 2015 |agency=Daily Times, 2004 |publisher=Daily Times, 2004 |date=22 August 2004 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109041645/http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/main/22-Aug-2004/jehangir-karamat-next-ambassador-to-the-us |archive-date= 9 January 2015 }}</ref> Thereafter, Karamat joined the influential [[Islamabad Policy Research Institute]] (IPRI) as the chairman of the [[board of governors]].<ref name="Emirates Centre for Strategic Studies" />

== Later career ==

=== Ambassador to the United States ===
In 2004, Karamat was first mentioned and named for the appointment as the [[Pakistan Ambassador to the United States]]. His nomination came after the outgoing [[Pakistan Ambassador to the United States|Pakistan Ambassador]], [[Ashraf Qazi|Ashraf Jehangir Qazi]], termed was due expired. On 23 September 2004, [[Pakistan Ambassador to the United States|Pakistan Ambassador]] [[Ashraf Qazi|Qazi]] was appointed by then-[[United Nations Secretary-General|Secretary General of the United Nations]], [[Kofi Annan]], as [[Special Representative of the Secretary-General]] for the [[United Nations Assistance Mission in Iraq]].<ref name="The Hindu, 2004">{{cite news|last1=Reddy|first1=B. Muralidhar|title=Jehangir Karamat is new Pakistan envoy to U.S.|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2004/09/24/stories/2004092404551100.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150117113317/http://www.thehindu.com/2004/09/24/stories/2004092404551100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 January 2015|access-date=9 January 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=23 September 2004}}</ref> On 10 December 2004, Karamat presented his [[Diplomatic credentials|credentials]] to [[President of the United States|President]] [[President George W Bush|George W. Bush]].<ref name="Daily Times, Washington">{{cite news|last1=APP |title=Gen Karamat meets Bush |url=http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/national/10-Dec-2004/gen-karamat-meets-bush |access-date=9 January 2015 |agency=Daily Times, Washington |publisher=Daily Times, Washington |date=10 December 2004 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109041348/http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/national/10-Dec-2004/gen-karamat-meets-bush |archive-date= 9 January 2015 }}</ref>

On 23 March 2006, Pakistani [[News channels in Pakistan|news media]] reported that Ambassador Karamat was to be replaced by retired [[Major General]] [[Mahmud Ali Durrani]]. The reports further stated Ambassador Karamat, who took his post on a two-year contract, would be returning home after only a year and a half.<ref>Khalid Hasan. [http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2006%5C03%5C23%5Cstory_23-3-2006_pg7_4 'Durrani in, Karamat out'] ''Daily Times'', 23 March 2006</ref> These speculations were confirmed by the [[Foreign Office of Pakistan|Foreign Office]] (FO) and noted that "Karamat will not be in the reception line at the [[Chaklala Airbase]] to welcome President George Bush.<ref name="Dawn News, 2006">{{cite news|last1=QA|title=Jehangir-Karamat-to-miss-bush-visit|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/181324/jehangir-karamat-to-miss-bush-visit|access-date=9 January 2015|agency=Dawn News, 2006|publisher=Dawn News|date=3 March 2006}}</ref>

While his stint as [[Pakistan Ambassador to the United States|Pakistan Ambassador]], Karamat made the [[pro-democracy]] statements at the different [[Pakistani American]] gatherings, while passing critics to [[President of Pakistan|President]] [[Pervez Musharraf|Musharraf]]'s style of running the [[Government of Pakistan|civilian government]].<ref name="Pakistan Weekly, 2006"/> In private, Karamat confided in Washington based U.S. journalist that "General [[Musharraf]] had made up [[Pervez Musharraf#Nuclear scandals|this story to create wedge]] between [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Nawaz Sharif]] and him to get him fired in 1998."<ref name="Pakistan Weekly, 2006">{{cite news|last1=Editorial|title=Why General Jehangir Karamat Falls From Grace?|url=http://www.pakistanweekly.com/Archive1/Ashraf45.htm|access-date=9 January 2015|agency=Pakistan Weekly|publisher=Pakistan Weekly, 2006|date=24 October 2012|archive-date=9 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109041113/http://www.pakistanweekly.com/Archive1/Ashraf45.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Founding the ''Spearhead Research'' think tank ===
After his ambassadorship, General Karamat founded a socio-political policy and analysis institute, ''Spearhead Research'', which focuses on social, economic, military and political issues concerning Pakistan and Afghanistan. General Karamat is the director and contributor to the ''Spearhead Research Institute''.

== Writings ==
Jehangir Karamat has written extensively on [[national security]], [[Civil–military relations|civil-military relations]], and strategic policy in Pakistan and South Asia. His notable works include:

"'''Sustained Political Progress: The Supportive Role of the Military'''" – In this essay, published as a book chapter in ''Pakistan at Seventy: A Handbook on Developments in Politics, Economy and Society'' (2018), Karamat discusses the role of the military in facilitating political stability and democratic consolidation in Pakistan.<ref name="PakistanAtSeventy">{{cite book |last=Karamat |first=Jehangir |title=Pakistan at Seventy: A Handbook on Developments in Politics, Economy and Society |editor1-last=Wolf |editor1-first=Siegfried O. |publisher=Routledge |year=2018 |chapter=Sustained Political Progress: The Supportive Role of the Military |pages=52–61 |isbn=9780429426810}}</ref>

"'''Missile Acquisition by Pakistan: Military Strategic Imperatives'''" – An article published in the journal ''South Asian Survey'' in 2004, where Karamat analyzes the military and strategic logic behind Pakistan's missile development and its implications for regional deterrence.<ref name="MissileSurvey">{{cite journal |last=Karamat |first=Jehangir |title=Missile Acquisition by Pakistan: Military Strategic Imperatives |journal=South Asian Survey |volume=11 |issue=2 |year=2004 |pages=177–189 |doi=10.1177/097152310401100201}}</ref>

'''Guest columns for ''Force India''''' – Karamat contributed multiple opinion pieces to the Indian defense monthly magazine ''Force India'' in 2003, covering issues such as regional security, Indo-Pak relations, and civil-military dynamics. Some of his articles include "Dangers of Complacency", "The Peace Primer", "The Burden of Power", and "Through the Dusty Looking Glass".<ref name="ForceIndia">{{cite web |title=Guest Column: Jehangir Karamat |url=https://forceindia.net/guest-column/guest-column-jehangir-karamat/ |website=Force India |access-date=6 June 2025}}</ref>
== Awards and decorations ==
{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Nishan-e-Imtiaz.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Hilal-e-Imtiaz.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Tamgha-e-Basalat.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Sitara-e-Harb 1965 War Ribbon.png|width=130}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Sitara-e-Harb 1971 War.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Tamgha-e-Jang 1965 War.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Tamgha-e-Jang 1971 War.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Tamgha-e-Baqa (1998).png|width=130}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=10 years Service Medal.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=20 years Service Medal.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=30 years Service Medal.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Tamgha-e-Sad Saala Jashan-e-Wiladat-e-Quaid-e-Azam.png|width=130}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Hijri Tamgha.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Jamhuriat Tamgha 1988.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Qarardad-e-Pakistan Tamgha Pakistan.svg|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Independence Day Golden Jubilee Medal, 2006.svg|width=130}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Order of King Abdulaziz, 1st Class (Saudi Arabia).png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Order of Military Merit (Jordan) - Knight.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Turkish Armed Forces Medal of Merit.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=US Legion of Merit Commander ribbon.png|width=130}}
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|'''[[Nishan-e-Imtiaz]]'''

'''[[Nishan-e-Imtiaz|(Military)]]'''

''(Order of Excellence)''
|'''[[Hilal-i-Imtiaz|Hilal-e-Imtiaz]]'''
'''[[Hilal-i-Imtiaz|(Military)]]'''

''(Crescent of Excellence)''
|'''[[Tamgha-i-Basalat|Tamgha-e-Basalat]]'''
''(Medal of Bravery)''
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Campaign / war medals|Sitara-e-Harb 1965 War]]'''
''(War Star 1965)''
|-
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Campaign / war medals|Sitara-e-Harb 1971 War]]'''
''(War Star 1971)''
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Campaign / war medals|Tamgha-e-Jang 1965 War]]'''
''(War Medal 1965)''
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Campaign / war medals|Tamgha-e-Jang 1971 War]]'''
''(War Medal 1971)''
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Commemorative medals|Tamgha-e-Baqa]]'''
''([[Chagai-I|Nuclear Test Medal]])''

'''1998'''
|-
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Long service medals|10 Years Service Medal]]'''
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Long service medals|20 Years Service Medal]]'''
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Long service medals|30 Years Service Medal]]'''
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Commemorative medals|Tamgha-e-Sad Saala Jashan-e-]]'''
'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Commemorative medals|Wiladat-e-Quaid-e-Azam]]'''

''(100th Birth Anniversary of''

''[[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]])''

'''1976'''
|-
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Commemorative medals|Hijri Tamgha]]'''
''(Hijri Medal)''

'''1979'''
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Commemorative medals|Jamhuriat Tamgha]]'''
''(Democracy Medal)''

'''1988'''
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Commemorative medals|Qarardad-e-Pakistan Tamgha]]'''
''(Resolution Day''

''Golden Jubilee Medal)''

'''1990'''
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Commemorative medals|Tamgha-e-Salgirah Pakistan]]'''
''(Independence Day''

''Golden Jubilee Medal)''

'''1997'''
|-
|'''[[Order of Abdulaziz al Saud|Order of King Abdul Aziz]]'''
'''[[Order of Abdulaziz al Saud|(1st Class)]]'''

'''([[Saudi Arabia]])'''
|'''[[Order of Military Merit (Jordan)|The Order of Military Merit]]'''
[[Order of Military Merit (Jordan)|'''(Grand Cordon)''']]

'''([[Jordan]])'''
|[[Order of Merit of the Republic of Turkey|'''Turkish Legion of Merit''']]
'''([[Turkey]])'''
|[[Legion of Merit|'''The Legion of Merit''']]
[[Legion of Merit|'''(Degree of Commander)''']]

'''([[United States|USA]])'''
|}

=== Foreign decorations ===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3" style="background:#006400; color:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" |'''Foreign Awards'''
|-
!{{flag|Saudi Arabia}}
|'''[[Order of Abdulaziz al Saud|Order of King Abdul Aziz]]''' '''[[Order of Abdulaziz al Saud|(1st Class)]]'''
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Order of King Abdulaziz, 1st Class (Saudi Arabia).png|width=130}}
|-
!{{flag|Jordan}}
|'''[[Order of Military Merit (Jordan)|The Order of Military Merit (Grand Cordon)]]'''
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Order of Military Merit (Jordan) - Knight.png|width=130}}
|-
!'''{{flag|Turkey}}'''
|[[Order of Merit of the Republic of Turkey|'''The Legion of Merit Turkey''']]
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Turkish Armed Forces Medal of Merit.png|width=130}}
|-
!'''{{flag|USA}}'''
|[[Legion of Merit|'''The Legion of Merit (Degree of Commander)''']]
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=US Legion of Merit Commander ribbon.png|width=130}}
|}

== See also ==
*[[Civilian control of the military]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824194047/http://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContent.aspx?pId=154 Official profile at Pakistan Army website]

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=Farrakh Khan}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Chief of General Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of General Staff]]|years=1994–1996}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Iftikhar Ali Khan (general)|Iftikhar Ali Khan]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Abdul Waheed Kakar]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Army Staff]]|years=1996–1998}}
{{s-aft|rows=2|after=[[Pervez Musharraf]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Farooq Feroze Khan]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee (Pakistan)|Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee]]|years=1997–1998}}
|-
{{s-dip}}
|-
{{succession box | before = [[Ashraf Jehangir Qazi]]| title = [[Pakistan Ambassador to the United States]] | years = 2004–2006 | after = [[Mahmud Ali Durrani]]}}
{{end}}

{{CJCSC Pakistan |state=expanded}}
{{Pakistan Army Staff Chief}}
{{Ambassadors of Pakistan to the United States}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Karamat, Jehangir}}
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:St. Patrick's High School, Karachi alumni]]
[[Category:Pakistan Military Academy alumni]]
[[Category:Pakistan Armoured Corps officers]]
[[Category:Pakistani military personnel of the India–Pakistan war of 1971]]
[[Category:National Defence University (Pakistan) alumni]]
[[Category:Non-U.S. alumni of the Command and General Staff College]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the National Defence University (Pakistan)]]
[[Category:Chiefs of the General Staff (Pakistan)]]
[[Category:Chiefs of Army Staff, Pakistan]]
[[Category:Chairmen Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee]]
[[Category:Nawaz Sharif administration]]
[[Category:Pakistani political philosophers]]
[[Category:Pakistani political scientists]]
[[Category:Stanford University faculty]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of Pakistan to the United States]]
[[Category:Pakistani democracy activists]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Karachi]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Government Gordon College alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of Military Merit (Jordan)]]

Nanna Nenu Naa Boyfriends

2026-03-14T19:00:49Z

Heriberto60T: new

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Nanna Nenu Naa Boyfriends
| image = Nanna Nenu Naa Boyfriends.jpg
| caption = Theaterical Release Poster
| director = Bhaskar Bandi
| producer = {{plainlist|
*[[Bekkam Venugopal]]
*Manasa
*Mahalakshmi
}}
| writer = B. Sai Krishna
| screenplay = [[Prasanna Kumar bezawada|Prasanna Kumar Bezawada]]
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Hebah Patel]]
*[[Rao Ramesh]]
*[[Tejaswi Madivada]]
*[[Noel Sean]]
*[[Ashwin Babu]]
*Parvateesam
}}
| music = [[Shekar Chandra]]
| cinematography = [[Chota K. Naidu]]
| editing = Chota K. Prasad
| studio = [[Lucky Media]]
| distributor = [[Sri Venkateswara Creations]]
| released = {{Film date|2016|12|16|df=y}}
| runtime = 140 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
}}

'''''Nanna Nenu Naa Boyfriends''''' ({{translation|Father, Me and my boyfriends}})<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/150316/hebah-s-next-is-female-oriented.html|title=Hebah's next is female-oriented|work=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> is a 2016 [[India]]n [[Telugu language|Telugu]] romantic comedy film directed by debutant Bhaskar Bandi and cinematography by [[Chota K. Naidu]]. Starring [[Rao Ramesh]], [[Hebah Patel]], [[Tejaswi Madivada]], [[Ashwin Babu]], [[Noel Sean]] and [[:simple:Parvateesam|Parvateesam]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/151116/cast-of-nanna-nenu-na-boyfriends-is-like-family.html|title=Cast of Nanna, Nenu, Na Boyfriends is like family|work=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> Music by Sekhar Chandra. Screenplay and Dialogues by [[Prasanna Kumar bezawada|Prasanna Kumar Bezawada]]. Produced by [[Bekkam Venugopal]] under the banner [[Lucky Media]] Pvt Ltd and Distributed by [[Dil Raju]] under the banner [[Sri Venkateswara Creations]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/dil-raju-acquires-distribution-rights-of-nanna-nenu-naa-boyfriends-3105745|title=Dil Raju acquires distribution rights of Nanna Nenu Naa Boyfriends|work=The Indian EXPRESS|date=27 October 2016 }}</ref> The film was released on 16 December 2016.

==Plot==
The story is about Padmavati, a pampered girl who loves her father very much. But her father Raghava Rao is said by a prophesier that his daughter will leave him if he disagree to any of her wish. So Raghava Rao pampers her from her childhood. When she is grown up, her father makes her alliance fixed with a man, who jobs in America. Paddu declares that she will herself choose a guy to marry and if she fails in that, she will marry the guy chosen by her father.

She leaves to Hyderabad and stays with her friend Maggie. Paddu meets Namo, Nani and Gokul. She befriends the three at a time which irritates Maggie. She too proposes all of them when they propose her. Then Paddu decides to test them. Paddu with Maggie tests her boyfriends in which they pass. On Paddu's birthday, her boyfriends wish her and she escapes the hurdles again. Namo, Nani and Gokul get job offers. But Paddu asks them to sacrifice their job or leave her. They sacrifice their career for her. Then Paddu's mother overhears her friend and hers conversation and forces Paddu to leave the city.

Paddu gets saddened by this and her father watches her. He reveals to her he knew about her boyfriends earlier. He meets her boyfriends and tells that Paddu loved three of them at once. They tell him that they have sacrificed their job for her. Raghava Rao then reveals that he had given them jobs to make Paddu decide her bridegroom. He tells that if they do not come to her marriage, he will cancel it. They reach Paddu's village and meet Raju, Paddu's fiancé who saved her at her childhood. Paddu and Raju marry and live happily.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Rao Ramesh]] as Raghava Rao, Padmavati’s father
*[[Hebah Patel]] as Padmavati / Paddu (Raghava Rao's daughter)
*[[Tejaswi Madivada]] as Maggie, Paddu's friend
*[[Noel Sean]] as Gokul
*[[Ashwin Babu]] as Nani
*[[:simple:Parvateesam|Parvateesam]] as Namo
*[[Shanoor Sana|Sana]] as Paddu's mother
*[[Krishna Bhagavan]] as Station Master
*Thotapalli Madhu
*[[Dhanraj (Telugu comedian)|Dhanraj]]
*[[Chammak Chandra]] as servant's lover
* [[Shakalaka Shankar]] as thief
*Jabardasth RP
* Jabardasth Ram Prasad
*[[Raj Tarun]] as Raju, Paddu's fiancé (cameo appearance)
}}

==Soundtrack==

{{Infobox album
| name = Naanna Nenu Naa Boyfriends
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Shekar Chandra]]
| cover =
| border = yes
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2016|12|07}}
| recorded = 2016
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 14:05
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = [[Bekkam Venugopal]]
| prev_title = [[Ekkadiki Pothavu Chinnavada]]
| prev_year = 2016
| next_title = [[Andhhagadu]]
| next_year = 2017
}}

The film's soundtrack was released on 7 December 2016. The soundtrack has 4 songs. The music is composed by Sekhar Chandra

{{track listing
| collapsed =
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 14:05
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics =
| all_music =
| title2 = Waiting Iam Waiting
| lyrics2 = Kasarala Shyam
| extra2 = Dhinakar
| length2 = 3:28

| title1 = Boyfriend Kavali
| lyrics1 = Bhashkarabhatla
| extra1 = Lipsika, Divya Diwakar
| length1 = 3:02

| title3 = Oka Paru Mugguru Devadasulu
| lyrics3 = Varikuppala Yadagiri
| extra3 = Malati
| length3 = 3:41

| title4 = Mounama O Mounama
| lyrics4 = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
| extra4 = Prakash Parighosh
| length4 = 4:34
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 3/5 stars and wrote, "The convoluted, and often predictable, script is made a wee bit more tolerable by the good production quality".<ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/nanna-nenu-naa-boyfriends/movie-review/56035736.cms</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|6323258}}
*{{Facebook|NaannaNenuNaaBoyFriends}}

[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:2016 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2016 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2016 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shekar Chandra]]

Parbung

2026-03-13T08:00:33Z

Heriberto60T:

{{Short description|Village in Pherzawl, Manipur, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Parbung
| native_name = Bungkhawpui
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Parbung Village
| pushpin_map = India Manipur#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Manipur, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.24897|N|93.10636|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Manipur]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pherzawl District]].<ref name="pherzawl">{{cite web | url=https://pherzawl.nic.in/sub-division-villages/ | title=Villages | Pherzawl District | India }}</ref>
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 2545<ref>{{cite book |title="Village and Town Directory", District Census Handbook, Churachandpur |date=2011 |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Manipur |page=86}}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hmar language|Hmar]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = MN
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Parbung''' is a [[Hmar people|Hmar]] village in [[Pherzawl District]], Manipur and is the headquarters of the [[Tipaimukh Sub-Division]].<ref name="pherzawl"/><ref>{{cite web | url=https://pherzawl.nic.in/administrative-setup/ | title=Administrative Setup | Pherzawl District | India }}</ref>
Prior to 2017, it used to be the headquarters of the larger [[Tipaimukh Sub-Division]],<ref>{{cite book |title=District Census Handbook, Churachandpur |date=2011 |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Manipur |page=20}}</ref>
It is also the center of a district council constituency of the [[Churachandpur Autonomous District Council]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://churachandpur.nic.in/administrative-setup/autonomous-district-council/ | title=Autonomous District Council | Churachandpur District, Government of Manipur | India }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://pherzawl.nic.in/demography/ | title=Demography | Pherzawl District | India }}</ref>

== History ==
Parbung village was founded by Mr. Ngamneivung in 1897. A memorial stone inscribes the following:
{{Quote box|align=right| quote=
<poem>
HRIETZINGNA

PARBUNG
KHUO SATTU - NGAMNEIVUNG
HLUO KUM - 11-4-1897
CHAN CHIN THA - 1910
Erected by KLC

----
Translation:
IN MEMORIAM

PARBUNG
Founder - Ngamneivung
Date of Residence - 11-4-1897
Reception of the Gospel - 1910
Erected by Khawthar Lenglai Club (KLC)
</poem>|}}

A monolith marking a hundred years of Parbung village is shown below.

=== Village Authority ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Parbung Village Authority (1961)
|-
! Chairman !! Secretary !! Members
|-
| H.H. Phaka || Darchunghnung || Thangkung, Chalrosung, Thangsang, T.Ruma, B.L. Thova, Hranghlei, Khumte, Vaia
|}

== Public Utility ==
The village has a police station<ref>{{cite web | url=https://pherzawl.nic.in/police/ | title=Police | Pherzawl District | India }}</ref> and a community hall.
[[File:Parbung Police Station.jpg|thumb|Parbung Police Station]]
[[File:Parbung Community Hall.jpg|thumb|Parbung Community Hall]]

== Healthcare ==
Community Health Centre (CHC) Parbung<ref>{{cite web | url=https://pherzawl.nic.in/public-utility/chc-parbung/ | title=CHC, Parbung | Pherzawl District | India }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://pherzawl.nic.in/public-utility-category/hospitals/ | title=Hospitals | Pherzawl District | India }}</ref> or informally, Pherzawl district hospital<ref>{{cite web | author1=P. D. | url=https://pherzawldistrict.com/staff-of-pherzawl-district-hospital-parbung/ | title=Staff of Pherzawl District Hospital, Parbung | work=Pherzawl District Website | date=15 July 2018 }}</ref> is the primary healthcare institution<ref>{{Cite web| title=Manipur ICTC | date=July 2010 | url=https://www.naco.gov.in/sites/default/files/Manipur,%20ICTC%20July-2010.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190829060448/http://www.naco.gov.in:80/sites/default/files/Manipur,%20ICTC%20July-2010.pdf | archive-date=2019-08-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| title=Approval of Proposals under Emergency COVID Response Package: Phase-ll (ECRP-I1) for the State of Manipur for implementation from 01.07.2021 to 31.03.2022 | url=https://nhsrcindia.org/sites/default/files/2021-09/Manipur%20ECRP-II.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302110922/https://nhsrcindia.org/sites/default/files/2021-09/Manipur%20ECRP-II.pdf | archive-date=2022-03-02}}</ref>

== Transport ==
Parbung Heliport is currently undergoing construction in its final stages.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://sansad.in/getFile/loksabhaquestions/annex/15/AU2694.pdf?source=pqals | title=Helicopter services in North-Eastern region | website=sansad.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/parbung-helipad-to-be-inaugurated-soon-manipur-cm-biren | title=Parbung helipad to be inaugurated soon: Manipur CM Biren }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://thefrontiermanipur.com/five-heliports-in-manipur-to-be-fully-operationalised-by-2024/ | title=Five heliports in Manipur to be fully operationalised by 2024 - the Frontier Manipur | date=10 December 2022 }}</ref>
[[File:Parbung Heliport View.jpg|thumb|Parbung Heliport]]

The [[National Highway 2 (India)]] runs through Parbung, connecting [[Manipur]] and [[Mizoram]] by road.

== Schools ==
Parbung has two private and one government run schools.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Parbung Higher Secondary School {{!}} Pherzawl District {{!}} India | url=https://pherzawl.nic.in/public-utility/parbung-higher-secondary-school/ | access-date=2025-08-05 | website=pherzawl.nic.in}}</ref>

== Notable people ==
*[[Ngursanglur Sanate]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] politician.
*[[Ngurdinglien Sanate]], former [[Manipur]] minister.

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Pherzawl district]]
[[Category:Villages in Pherzawl district]]
[[Category:Villages in Manipur]]

Akhil

2026-03-09T12:49:56Z

Heriberto60T: added the pg more to come - done

{{Short description|Unisex given name}}
{{wikt|अखिल}}
{{for|the 2015 Indian Telugu-language film|Akhil (film)}}
{{use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox given name
| name = Akhil
| image=
| imagesize=
| caption=
| pronunciation= अखिल
| gender = [[Male]]
| meaning = "entire", "whole"
| region = [[India]]
| origin = [[Sanskrit]] and other [[languages of India]]
| related names = [[Nikhil]], [[Akhila (disambiguation)|Akhila]]
}}
'''Akhil''' (in [[Devanagari]]: अखिल, [[IAST]]: akhila) is a [[given name]] of [[Sanskrit]] origin, meaning 'entire' or 'whole'.<ref>{{cite book |author=M. Shamala |title=Handbook of Hindu Names |year=1969 |publisher= ARNICA International |location=Calcutta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H2gbAAAAYAAJ |oclc=123270 |page=19 |quote="Akhil अखिल m — entire, whole" }}</ref> The equivalent feminine name is [[Akhila]] ([[IAST]]: akhilā).

People with this name include:
*[[Akhil (singer)]] (born 1990), Indian actor, singer, and songwriter
*[[Akhil (Tamil actor)]], Indian actor in Tamil cinema
*[[Akhil (Telugu actor)]], Indian actor in Telugu cinema
* [[Akhil Akkineni]], American-born Indian actor
* [[Akhil Amar]] (born 1958), Indian-American legal scholar
* [[Akhil Chandra Banerjea]], Indian virologist
* [[Akhil Datta-Gupta]], American academic
* [[Akhil George]], Indian cinematographer
* [[Akhil Giri]], Indian politician
* [[Akhil Gogoi]] (born 1976), Indian political activist
* [[Akhil Gupta]] (born 1959), Indian anthropologist
* [[Akhil Herwadkar]], Indian cricketer
* [[Akhil Iyer]], Indian actor
* [[Akhil Kapur]], Indian actor
* [[Akhil Katyal]], Indian poet, translator, and queer activist
* [[Akhil Kumar]] (born 1981), Indian boxer
* [[Akhil Maheshwari]], American neonatologist
* [[Akhil Mehta]] (1987–2015), Indian businessman
* [[Akhil Mishra]], Indian actor
* [[Akhil Niyogi]], Indian Bengali-language children's writer and editor
* [[Akhil Patel]], English cricketer
* [[Akhil Rabindra]] (born 1996), Indian racing driver
* [[Akhil Rajput]], Indian cricketer
* [[Akhil Ranjan Chakravarty]], Indian organic chemist
* [[Akhil Reed Amar]], American legal scholar
* [[Akhil Sachdeva]], Indian musician
* [[Akhil Sharma]] (born 1971), Indian writer

==See also==
* [[Akilan]] (1922–1998), Indian writer of Tamil literature
* [[Akhila (disambiguation)]], the feminine equivalent of Akhil

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian masculine given names]]
[[Category:Masculine given names]]
[[Category:Sanskrit-language names]]

Sarpanch Bhagirath

2026-03-04T09:44:05Z

Heriberto60T: created a data

{{Short description|2016 Marathi-language fim}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sarpanch Bhagirath
| image =
| caption =
| native_name =
| director = Ramdas Phutane
| writer =
| screenplay =
| producer = Shivkumar Lad
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Upendra Limaye]]
*Veena Jamkar
*[[Mohan Agashe]]
*[[Kishor Kadam]]
}}
| cinematography = Charudatt Dukhande
| editing = Sarvesh Parab
| music = Sambhaji Bhagat
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2016|03|04}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Sarpanch Bhagirath''''' is an Indian [[Marathi language]] film directed by Ramdas Phutane<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 August 2013 |title= 'सरपंच भगीरथ' द्वारे रामदास फुटाणे पुन्हा दिग्दर्शनात! |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/ramdas-phutane-directing-sarpanch-bhagirath-167114/lite/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215070037/https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/ramdas-phutane-directing-sarpanch-bhagirath-167114/lite/ |archive-date=15 December 2022 |access-date=15 December 2022 |website= [[Loksatta]] |language=Marathi
}}</ref> and produced by Shivkumar Lad. The film stars [[Upendra Limaye]], Veena Jamkar , [[Mohan Agashe]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 August 2013 |title= Mohan Agashe to play a kingmaker |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/mohan-agashe-to-play-kingmaker-in-a-marathi-film-on-reservation/articleshow/21554122.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215073508/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/mohan-agashe-to-play-kingmaker-in-a-marathi-film-on-reservation/articleshow/21554122.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=15 December 2022 |access-date=15 December 2022 |website= [[The Times of India]] |language= English
}}</ref> and [[Kishor Kadam]]. Music by Sambhaji Bhagat. The film was released on 4 March 2016.

== Synopsis ==
The story of how caste politics is played in rural areas is presented. As the sarpanch post of the village is reserved, Bhagirath becomes an OBC youth sarpanch with the help of a leader. The story is about how he has to face the situation, political pressure, caste politics and how he finds a way out of it.

== Cast ==
* [[Upendra Limaye]] As Sarpanch Bhagirath Girme
* Veena Jamkar As Bhagirath Wife Rahi
* [[Mohan Agashe]] As Sada Kaka
* [[Kishor Kadam]] As Bhagirath Friend Shridhar
* Swarangi Marathe As Salma
* Savita Malpekar As Yamuna Tai

== Production ==
[[Principal photography]] began on 7 December 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2012 |title= Sarpanch Bhagirath muhurat graced by Udaydada Laad |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/sarpanch-bhagirath-muhurat-graced-by-udaydada-laad/articleshow/17518635.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215072205/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/sarpanch-bhagirath-muhurat-graced-by-udaydada-laad/articleshow/17518635.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=15 December 2022 |access-date=15 December 2022 |website= [[The Times of India]] |language= English
}}</ref>

== Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Sarpanch Bhagirath
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Sambhaji Bhagat
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2013<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 August 2013 |title= Riteish Deshmukh releases music of Sarpanch Bhagirath |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/riteish-deshmukh-releases-music-of-sarpanch-bhagirath/1155426/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215075100/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/riteish-deshmukh-releases-music-of-sarpanch-bhagirath/1155426/ |archive-date=15 December 2022 |access-date=15 December 2022 |website= [[The Indian Express]] |language=English
}}</ref>
| recorded = 2013
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 18:11
| language = Marathi
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year = 2015
| year = 2017
| next_title =
| next_year = 2016
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
|{{YouTube|AaxrWXnJCsU| Sarpanch Bhagirath – Full Album}}
}}
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 18:11
| title1 = Ana Baya Pahatechya Ga Pari
| extra1 = Sambhaji Bhagat
| length1 = 4:23
| title2 = Andharalya Dhahi Disha
| extra2 = Chandan Kamble
| length2 = 2:42
| title3 = Mati Uphanalyavar
| extra3 = Sandeep Ubale
| length3 = 1:39
| title4 = Shivraya Re Gandhi Baba
| extra4 = Sambhaji Bhagat
| length4 = 3:06
| title5 = Kasa Ra Dada Jaticha Hyo Kila
| extra5 = Anand Shinde
| length5 = 4:05
| title6 = Kesari Fani Ga Maina
| extra6 = Mira Umap
| length6 = 2:56
}}

== Critical response ==
Sarpanch Bhagirath received mixed reviews from critics. Ganesh Matkari of ''[[Pune Mirror]]'' wrote"The film ends rather abruptly at a point more suitable as an intermission rather than climax, and much remains unsaid and unresolved".<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 March 2016 |title=FILM REVIEW: SARPANCH BHAGIRATH |url=https://punemirror.com/entertainment/marathi-reviews/film-review-sarpanch-bhagirath/cid5088082.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215075942/https://punemirror.com/entertainment/marathi-reviews/film-review-sarpanch-bhagirath/cid5088082.htm |archive-date=15 December 2022 |access-date=15 December 2022 |website= [[Pune Mirror]] |language=English
}}</ref> Jayanti Waghdhare of ''[[Zee News]]'' wrote "Ramdas Futane has tried to give proper treatment to the movie. There are many things in the movie which have been seen in many movies before. So there is not much innovation in the cinema".<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 March 2016 |title=फिल्म रिव्ह्यू : समाजाचं दाहक वास्तव मांडणारा 'सरपंच भगीरथ' |url=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/news/kallabaji/film-review-sarpanch-bhagirath/304382 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215080717/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/news/kallabaji/film-review-sarpanch-bhagirath/304382 |archive-date=15 December 2022 |access-date=15 December 2022 |website= [[Zee News]] |language=Marathi
}}</ref> Soumitra Pote of ''[[Maharashtra Times]]'' gave the film 3 stars out of 5 and wrote "Though the chosen subject matter is important, the directorial grip seems to be loosened at many places. That's probably why even after the end of the movie, something remains".<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 March 2016 |title=सरपंच भगीरथ: राजकारणातले जातवास्तव |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/sarpanch-bhagirath/amp_moviereview/51248792.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215081439/https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/sarpanch-bhagirath/amp_moviereview/51248792.cms |archive-date=15 December 2022 |access-date=15 December 2022 |website= [[Maharashtra Times]] |language=Marathi
}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt9460610}}

[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:2016 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]

10th Class

2026-03-03T21:56:06Z

Heriberto60T: added info

{{Short description|2006 Telugu romance film}}
{{No plot|date=July 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = 10th Class
| image = 10th Class.jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = [[Chandu (film director)|Chandu]]
| producer = Venkata Shyam Prasad
| writer = Chandu
| starring = Bharath [[Saranya Nag|Saranya]] [[Sunaina]]
| music = [[Mickey J Meyer]]
| cinematography = T. Surendra Reddy
| editing = [[Goutham Raju]]
| studio = [[SP Entertainments]]
| released = {{Film date|2006|4|7}}
| country = India
| runtime = 180 minutes
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

''''' 10th Class ''''' is a 2006 Indian [[Telugu film|Telugu]]-language romance film directed by [[Chandu (film director)|Chandu]] and produced by Venkata Shyam Prasad under [[SP Entertainments]]. The film stars Bharath, [[Kadhal Saranya]] and [[Sunaina]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/10th-class/telugu/10th-class-movie-reviews-2012-2.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806223927/https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/10th-class/telugu/10th-class-movie-reviews-2012-2.html|url-status=dead|title=10th Class review: 10th Class (Telugu) Movie Review - fullhyd.com|archivedate=6 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/pressmeet-10thclass.html|title=10th Class press meet - Telugu Cinema - Gowtam & saranya|website=[[Idlebrain.com]]|accessdate=2 April 2018|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924062241/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/pressmeet-10thclass.html|archivedate=24 September 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/2701/telugu/10th-class/660/review.htm | title=10th Class Review | 10th Class Telugu Movie Review by Kishore | date=19 December 2005 | access-date=12 September 2022 | archive-date=26 April 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426072839/https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/2701/telugu/10th-class/660/review.htm | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* Bharath as Srinu
* [[Saranya Nag|Saranya]] as Anjali
* [[Sunaina]] as Sandhya
* [[Jayalalita]]
* [[Ali (actor)|Ali]]
* [[Krishna Bhagavaan]]
* [[Ravali]]
* Ashok Kumar K.
* [[Gundu Sudarshan]]
}}

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[Mickey J. Meyer]] and Released by [[Aditya Music]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-10thclass.html|title=10th class - audio function - Telugu Cinema - Bharat & Saranya|website=[[Idlebrain.com]]|accessdate=2 April 2018|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228140855/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-10thclass.html|archivedate=28 February 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
{{Infobox album
| name = 10th Class
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Mickey J. Meyer]]
| cover =
| released = February 21, 2006
| recorded = 2006
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length = 31:37
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = [[Mickey J. Meyer]]
| next_title = [[Happy Days (2007 film)|Happy Days]]
| next_year = 2007
}}
{{tracklist|
|extra_column=Singer(s)
|headline = Track-List
|total_length=31:37
|all_writing = Kulasekhar
|title1=Kannulu Rendu|extra1=[[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[K. S. Chithra|Chithra]]|length1= 4:25
|title2=Oohala Pallakiva|extra2=Karthik, Shravani|length2=4:53
|title3=Namaha Namaha|extra3=[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], Shravani|length3=4:12
|title4=Mounamela Manasa |extra4=Krishna Chaitanya, Shravani, Chorus|length4=2:14
|title5=O Prema|extra5=[[Harini (singer)|Harini]]|length5=4:20
|title6=Emainado |extra6=Shravani|length6=1:10
|title7=Toli Choopule|extra7=Shravani| length7=1:20
|title8=Jabiliki |extra8=Deepu|length8=4:52
|title9=Maa Oopiri|extra9=[[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], Tarun Meyer| length9=4:11
}}

==Reception==
A critic from ''[[Telugucinema.com]]'' opined that "All in all, it is very average teenage love story with some good music".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/tc/movies/tenthclass_review.php |title=Reviews : Movie Reviews |website=[[Telugucinema.com]] |access-date=20 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061119124809/http://www.telugucinema.com/tc/movies/tenthclass_review.php |archive-date=19 November 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1603778}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2006 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Films scored by Mickey J Meyer]]
[[Category:Indian teen romance films]]
[[Category:2000s teen romance films]]

{{2000s-Telugu-film-stub}}

Dhinarathrangal

2026-03-03T20:57:15Z

Heriberto60T: expanded content

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Dhinarathrangal
| image = Dhinarathrangal.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Joshi (director)|Joshi]]
| producer = [[S. V. Krishna Reddy]]
| writer = [[Dennis Joseph]]
| narrator =
| starring = [[Mammootty]] [[Sumalatha]] [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] [[Parvathy Jayaram|Parvathi]] [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]]
| music = [[Ouseppachan]] (songs) [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]] (BGM)
| cinematography = [[Jayanan Vincent]]
| editing = K. Shankunny
| released = {{Film date|1988|1|21|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}
'''''Dhinarathrangal''''' ({{Translation|Days and Nights}}) is a 1988 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language film written by [[Dennis Joseph]], directed by [[Joshi (director)|Joshi]] and produced by [[S. V. Krishna Reddy]] and starring [[Mammootty]], [[Sumalatha]] and [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Mamootty, Joshiy join hands again after a decade |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/mamootty-joshiy-join-hands-again-after-a-decade-1.3437449 |date=30 Dec 2018}}</ref> The score and soundtrack were composed by [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]]. The film was inspired by the Hindi film [[Achanak (1973 film)|''Achanak'']] (1973).

==Cast==
*[[Mammootty]] as Aravindan
*[[Sumalatha]] as Dr. Savithri
*[[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] as Ajayan
*[[Parvathy Jayaram|Parvathy]] as Treesa
*[[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] as Sudhindran, Farm Labourer
*[[Prathapachandran]] as Doctor Bharghavan Nair
*[[Devan (actor)|Devan]] as Unni
*[[Karamana Janardanan Nair]] as Sankarath Madhava Menon
*[[Babu Namboothiri]] as Thomachan
*[[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]] as Ponni
*[[Philomina]] as Latha, Aravindan's Mother
*[[Sukumari]] as Lakshmi
*[[Jose Prakash]] as Commissioner Unnithan
*[[Jagannatha Varma]] as Balakrishnan, Madhava Menon's Brother-in-law
*[[Vijayaraghavan (actor)|Vijayaraghavan]] as Sasi
*[[Ganesh Kumar]] as Chekutty
*[[Mohan Jose]]
*[[Azeez (actor)|Azeez]] as Minister Shivaraman
*[[Baiju Santhosh|Baiju]] as Biju
*[[Santha Devi]] as Naniyamma
*[[Jagannathan (actor)|Jagannathan]]
*[[Kunchan (actor)|Kunchan]] as Hospital Attendant

==Release==
The film was released on 21 January 1988.

===Box office===
The film was a critical success.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/mobile/movies-music/movie-news/mamootty-joshiy-join-hands-again-after-a-decade-1.3437449|title=Mamootty, Joshiy join hands again after a decade|work=[[Mathrubhumi]]|date=30 December 2018}}{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

== Songs ==
There is only one song in the film, "Thirunellikkadu Poothu". It was written by [[Shibu Chakravarthy]], composed by [[Ouseppachan]] and sung by [[M. G. Sreekumar]] and [[K. S. Chithra]]. The song was shot by writer Dennis Joseph and features Mukesh and Parvathy.<ref name="pa">{{cite news |title=പാർവതി ചിത്രത്തിലെ മനോഹര ഗാനങ്ങൾ (Beautiful songs from actress Parvathy's movies) |url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/entertainment/evergreen-malayalam-hit-songs-parvathy-277787/ |date=17 Jul 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0271460}}
{{Joshiy}}
{{Dennis Joseph}}

[[Category:1988 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1988 films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kozhikode]]
[[Category:Films shot in Wayanad]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ouseppachan]]
[[Category:Films directed by Joshiy]]

{{1980s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Natpuna Ennanu Theriyuma

2026-03-03T03:02:57Z

Heriberto60T: stub - done

{{short description|2019 film by Shiva Aravind}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Natpuna Ennanu Theriyuma
| image =
| alt = 
| caption =
| director = Shiva Arvind
| producer = Ravindar Chandrasekaran
| writer =
| starring = [[Kavin (actor)|Kavin]] [[Ramya Nambeesan]] [[Raju Jeyamohan|Raju]] [[Arunraja Kamaraj]] 
| music = [[Dharan (music director)|Dharan]]
| cinematography = S. Yuva
| editing = R. Nirmal
| studio = Libra Productions Vanitha Pictures
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2019|05|17}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross =
}}
'''''Natpuna Ennanu Theriyuma''''' ({{translation|Do You Know What Friendship Means?}}) is a 2019 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[comedy film]] directed by Shiva Aravind. The film stars [[Kavin (actor)|Kavin]], [[Remya Nambeesan]], [[Raju Jeyamohan]], and [[Arunraja Kamaraj]] while [[Azhagam Perumal]] and [[Ilavarasu]] play supporting roles. The music was composed by [[Dharan Kumar|Dharan]] with editing by Nirmal and cinematography by Yuva. The film released on 17 May 2019.

==Plot==
Shiva ([[Kavin (actor)|Kavin]]), Raju ([[Raju Jeyamohan]]), and Manikandan ([[Arunraja Kamaraj]]) were all born on the same day, live in the same locality, and are childhood friends. They do not take studies seriously and roam around aimlessly. After wasting many years, they decide to start a business of their own. Their initial struggles are all real, but Mani's father leaves behind a bit of good fortune in the form of a shop in the market area, and that saves the business. The friends become wedding planning consultants. While Shiva is somewhat serious and gets orders, Raju boozes all the time. Mani, on the other hand, is innocent and a muff. The three friends also have a competitor in Ramanan ([[Ilavarasu]]), a veteran wedding planner in the locality. Now enters Shruti ([[Remya Nambeesan]]) in their lives. All three friends fall for her. From there on, their equation changes, and the friendship starts falling apart. However, Shruti reciprocates Shiva's proposal, though there is a reason for it.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Kavin (actor)|Kavin]] as Shiva (Shivakumar)
* [[Remya Nambeesan]] as Shruti
* [[Raju Jeyamohan|Raju]] as Raju
* [[Arunraja Kamaraj]] as Manikandan
* [[Ilavarasu]] as Ramanan
* [[Azhagam Perumal]] as Shruti's father
* [[Mansoor Ali Khan (actor)|Mansoor Ali Khan]] as Don
* [[Rajendran]] as Raju's father
* [[Rama (actress)|Rama]] as Shiva's mother
* Raviraj as Shiva's father
* Sujatha as Shruti's mother
* Papitha
* Jeni
* [[Theepetti Ganesan]]
* [[Rahul Thatha]]
* Jayamani
{{colend}}

==Production==
The film was launched in September 2017 and was titled ''Natpuna Ennanu Theriyuma'', taken from a dialogue in [[Mani Ratnam]]'s ''[[Thalapathi]]'' (1991). The venture marked the first lead role for television actor [[Kavin (actor)|Kavin]] in films, with [[Remya Nambeesan]] signed on to play the heroine.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Small-screen’s Kavin debuts as hero; to romance Remya Nambeesan - KOLLY TALK |url=http://www.kollytalk.com/cinenews/small-screens-kavin-debuts-hero-romance-remya-nambeesan-459373.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123201443/http://www.kollytalk.com/cinenews/small-screens-kavin-debuts-hero-romance-remya-nambeesan-459373.html |archive-date=2016-11-23 |access-date=2025-05-15}}</ref> Actors [[Arunraja Kamaraj]] and Raju were also brought in to play pivotal roles, with the newcomer director Shiva revealing that it would focus on three friends who fall for one girl.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Three friends and Remya Nambeesan! |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Three-friends-and-Remya-Nambeesan/articleshow/54048773.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The shoot of the film began in Kovalam during late 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arunraja in a romcom |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Arunraja-in-a-romcom/articleshow/54348608.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The soundtrack was composed by Dharan Kumar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 November 2017 |title=Natpuna Ennanu Theriyuma - All Songs - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/natpuna-ennanu-theriyuma/LbEaK,nkORY_ }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Natpuna Ennanu Theriyuma Songs Download: Natpuna Ennanu Theriyuma MP3 Tamil Songs Online Free on |url=https://gaana.com/album/natpuna-ennanu-theriyuma |access-date=2022-08-23 |publisher=Gaana}}</ref>
*"Cow Song" - [[Silambarasan|Simbu]]
*"Andhar Bulty" - [[Haricharan]], Alisha Thomas
*"Thookuda Collar" - Dr. Burn, Mark Anthony Thomas
*"Inky Pinky" - Dharan
*"Carrom Board" - Mirchi Vijay, [[Remya Nambeesan]]

==Release and reception==
The movie was initially scheduled to release on 20 July 2018 and also in October 2018<ref>{{Cite web |title=Natpuna Ennanu Theriyuma to release on July 20 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/natpuna-ennanu-theriyuma-to-release-on-july-20/articleshow/64814489.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> but due to financial issues and lack of theatres it got postponed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 July 2018 |title=Madras HC Orders Stay on Release of "Natpuna Ennanu Theriyuma" till July 30 |url=https://silverscreen.in/news/hc-interim-injunction-natpuna-ennanu-theriyuma/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517071411/https://silverscreen.in/news/hc-interim-injunction-natpuna-ennanu-theriyuma/ |archive-date=17 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 October 2018 |title=Release of "Natpuna Ennanu Theriyuma" Postponed Due to Unavailability of Screens |url=https://silverscreen.in/news/release-of-natpuna-ennanu-theriyuma-postponed-due-to-unavailability-of-screens/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517071413/https://silverscreen.in/news/release-of-natpuna-ennanu-theriyuma-postponed-due-to-unavailability-of-screens/ |archive-date=17 May 2019}}</ref> It was released on 17 May 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 May 2019 |title='Natpuna Ennanu Theriyuma' to Release on May 17 |url=https://silverscreen.in/news/natpuna-ennanu-theriyuma-to-release-on-may-17/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517071411/https://silverscreen.in/news/natpuna-ennanu-theriyuma-to-release-on-may-17/ |archive-date=17 May 2019}}</ref>

''Times of India'' wrote "The director takes some time to establish the characters which make the flow of events a little slow in the first half, but the one-liners and some hilarious scenes in the second half make it a harmless entertainer".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Natpuna Ennanu Theriyuma Movie Review {2.5/5}: Critic Review of Natpuna Ennanu Theriyuma by Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/natpuna-ennanu-theriyuma/movie-review/69362237.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|8043312}}

[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:2019 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2019 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2019 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Dharan Kumar]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Girnara Brahmin

2026-03-03T02:11:13Z

Heriberto60T:

{{Short description|Hindu caste}}
The '''Girnara Brahmin''' are a [[Hindu]] [[caste]] found in the state of [[Gujarat]] in [[India]]. They mainly serve as priests at [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnav]] [[Hindu temple|temples]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Shah|first=J. J.|title=Botanist Jaykrishnabhai: Life and Contributions|publisher=Charutar Vidyamandal|year=1999|pages=2}}</ref> They are of equal status{{Vague|reason=equal in what respect? what does that equality translate into? Are they treated in a particular way because of this status?|date=September 2025}} with [[Sachora Brahmin|Sachora Brahmins]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jindel|first=Rajendra|title=Culture Of Sacred Town: A Sociological Study Of Nathdwara|publisher=Popular Prakashan|year=1976|pages=179}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[Sompura Brahmin]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Social groups of Gujarat}}

[[Category:Brahmin communities of Gujarat]]

{{India-ethno-stub}}

Bishrampur, Jharkhand

2026-03-01T01:25:02Z

Heriberto60T: started some post added tags

{{other uses|Bishrampur (disambiguation){{!}}Bishrampur}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bishrampur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Census Town]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand, India3
| coordinates = {{coord|23.6771|N|85.0043|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Jharkhand|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ranchi district|Ranchi]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Federalism in India|Federal democracy]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 5.79
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 4487
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages (*For language details see [[Khelari block#Language and religion]])
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 829210
| area_code_type = Telephone/ [[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD code]]
| area_code = 06530
| registration_plate = JH 01
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank1_info_sec1 = 75.97%
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Ranchi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ranchi]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Kanke (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kanke]]
| website = {{URL|ranchi.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Bishrampur''' is a [[census town]] in the [[Khelari block|Khelari]] [[Community development block in India|CD block]] in the [[Ranchi Sadar subdivision]] of the [[Ranchi district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=450| height=350| zoom=9
| coord={{coord|23|23|0|N|85|25|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in Ranchi district in South Chotanagpur Division''' M: municipality, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, N: neighbourhood, T: tourist centre, D: dam, H: historical/ religious centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|24|26|N|85|29|6|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1= Angara | numbered1=R| mark-title1=[[Angara, Jharkhand]] (R)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #C40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|32|53|N|84|55|25|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Balsokra| numbered2=R| mark-title2=[[Balsokra]] (R)
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|18|5|N|85|0|56|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3= Bero| numbered3=R| mark-title3=[[Bero, India]] (R)
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|34|28|N|85|7|53|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4= Burmu| numbered4=R| mark-title4=[[Burmu]] (R)
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|30|44|N|84|58|35|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5= Chanho| numbered5=R| mark-title5=[[Chanho]] (R)
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|34|43|N|85|31|2|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6= Chutupalu| numbered6=R| mark-title6=[[Chutupalu]] (R)
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|40|5|N|85|1|20|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7= Dakra| numbered7=R| mark-title7=[[Dakra, Ranchi]] (R)
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|21|24|N|85|7|21|E}} | label-pos8=top|label8= Itki| numbered8=R| mark-title8=[[Itki, India]] (R)
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|6|45|N|84|56|32|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Lapung| numbered9=R| mark-title9=[[Lapung]] (R)
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|27|47|N|85|5|29|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10= Mandar| numbered10=R| mark-title10=[[Mandar, Ranchi]] (R)
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|26|5|N|85|24|44|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= Mesra| numbered11=R| mark-title11=[[Mesra, Ranchi]] (R)
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|19|20|N|85|11|0|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Nagri| numbered12=R| mark-title12=[[Nagri, Jharkhand]] (R)
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|29|30|N|85|29|0|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13= Ormanjhi| numbered13=R| mark-title13=[[Ormanjhi]] (R)
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|15|55|N|85|38|40|E}} | label-pos14=top|label14= Rahe| numbered14=R| mark-title14=[[Rahe, Jharkhand]] (R)
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|21|1|N|85|51|4|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15= Silli| numbered15=R| mark-title15=[[Silli]] (R)
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|12|13|N|85|42|26|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16= Sonahatu| numbered16=R| mark-title16=[[Sonahatu]] (R)
|mark-coord17={{coord|23|3|15|N|85|39|19|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= Tamar| numbered17=R| mark-title17=[[Tamar, India]] (R)
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|16|40|N|85|18|30|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Hatia| numbered18=R| mark-title18=[[Hatia]] (R)
|mark-coord19={{coord|23|21|6|N|85|19|12|E}} | label-pos19=left|label19=Ranchi| numbered19=M| mark-title19= [[Ranchi]] (M) |label-size19=12 |label-color19=#800000
|mark-coord20={{coord|23|10|12|N|85|34|48|E}} | label-pos20=top|label20=Bundu| numbered20=M| mark-title20= [[Bundu, India]] (M) |label-color20=#800000
|mark-coord21={{coord|23|21|25|N|85|24|15|E}} | label-pos21=right|label21= Ara | numbered21=CT| mark-title21=[[Ara, Ranchi]] (CT) |shape-color21= #A40000
|mark-coord22={{coord|23|25|50|N|85|20|40|E}} | label-pos22=top|label22= Arsande | numbered22=CT| mark-title22=[[Arsande]] (CT) |shape-color22= #A40000
|mark-coord23={{coord|23|18|20|N|85|22|11|E}} | label-pos23=right|label23= Bargarwa | numbered23=CT| mark-title23=[[Bargarwa]] (CT) |shape-color23= #A40000
|mark-coord24={{coord|23|39|40|N|85|0|0|E}} | label-pos24=left|label24= Bishrampur | numbered24=CT| mark-title24= Bishrampur (CT) |shape-color24=black| label-size24=13|label-color24=black 
|mark-coord25={{coord|23|41|55|N|85|1|11|E}} | label-pos25=left|label25= Churi | numbered25=CT| mark-title25=[[Churi]] (CT) |shape-color25= #A40000
|mark-coord26={{coord|23|27|46|N|85|26|32|E}} | label-pos26=right|label26= Irba | numbered26=CT| mark-title26=[[Irba]] (CT) |shape-color26= #A40000
|mark-coord27={{coord|23|26|8|N|85|18|20|E}} | label-pos27=bottom|label27= Kanke | numbered27=CT| mark-title27=[[Kanke]] (CT) |shape-color27= #A40000
|mark-coord28={{coord|23|38|10|N|84|59|0|E}} | label-pos28=bottom|label28= Khelari | numbered28=CT| mark-title28=[[Khelari]] (CT) |shape-color28= #A40000
|mark-coord29={{coord|23|23|44|N|85|51|41|E}} | label-pos29=left|label29= Muri | numbered29=CT| mark-title29=[[Muri, Ranchi]] (CT) |shape-color29= #A40000
|mark-coord30={{coord|23|19|50|N|85|22|36|E}} | label-pos30=right|label30= Namkum | numbered30=N| mark-title30=[[Namkum, Ranchi]] (N) |shape-color30=#C42222
|mark-coord31={{coord|23|25|13|N|85|13|14|E}} | label-pos31=top|label31= Ratu | numbered31=CT| mark-title31= [[Ratu, Ranchi]] (CT) |shape-color31= #A40000
|mark-coord32={{coord|23|42|36|N|85|3|12|E}} | label-pos32=right|label32= Ray | numbered32=CT| mark-title32=[[Ray, Jharkhand]] (CT) |shape-color32= #A40000
|mark-coord33={{coord|23|22|57|N|85|25|44|E}} | label-pos33=right|label33= Tati | numbered33=CT| mark-title33=[[Tati, Ranchi]] (CT) |shape-color33= #A40000
|mark-coord34={{coord|23|19|20|N|85|14|10|E}} | label-pos34=bottom|label34= Tundul | numbered34=CT| mark-title34=[[Tundul]] (CT) |shape-color34= #A40000
|mark-coord35={{coord|23|27|4|N|85|41|36|E}} | label-pos35= bottom|label35=Hundru |labela35= Falls| numbered35=T| mark-title35= [[Hundru Falls]] (T) |shape-color35= #74C365
|mark-coord36={{coord|23|20|30|N|85|36|30|E}} | label-pos36=right|label36=Jonha Falls| numbered36=T| mark-title36= [[Jonha Falls]] (T) |shape-color36= #74C365
|mark-coord37={{coord|23|8|46|N|85|28|2|E}} | label-pos37=left|label37=Dassam Falls| numbered37=T| mark-title37= [[Dassam Falls]] (T) |shape-color37= #74C365
|mark-coord38={{coord|23|27|34|N|85|32|40|E}}| label38= Getalsud |labela38= Dam| label-color38 = #C42222 | label-angle38=0| label-pos38=right| label-size38=11| mark-size38=12| numbered38=D|mark-title38 =[[Getalsud Dam]]| shape-color38=#C42222
|mark-coord39={{coord|23|28|0|N|85|48|0|E}} |label39= Subarnarekha |labela39= River |label-color39 = #77A1CB| label-angle39= 5| label-pos39=top| label-size39=10| mark-size39=0| mark-title39 =none
|mark-coord40={{coord|23|16|0|N|85|46|0|E}} |label40= Raru |labela40= River |label-color40 = #77A1CB| label-angle40= 10| label-pos40=top| label-size40=10| mark-size40=0| mark-title40 =none
|mark-coord41={{coord|23|5|20|N|85|43|0|E}} |label41= Kanchi |labela41= River |label-color41 = #77A1CB| label-angle41= -25| label-pos41=top| label-size41=10| mark-size41=0| mark-title41 =none
|mark-coord42={{coord|22|58|0|N|85|48|0|E}} |label42= Karkari |labela42= River |label-color42 = #77A1CB| label-angle42= 5| label-pos42=top| label-size42=10| mark-size42=0| mark-title42 =none
|mark-coord43={{coord|23|29|40|N|85|37|0|E}} |label43= Bhairavi |labela43= River |label-color43 = #77A1CB| label-angle43= -10| label-pos43=top| label-size43=10| mark-size43=0| mark-title43 =none
|mark-coord44={{coord|23|42|20|N|85|9|0|E}} |label44= Damodar |labela44= River |label-color44 = #77A1CB| label-angle44= 0| label-pos44=top| label-size44=10| mark-size44=0| mark-title44 =none
|mark-coord45={{coord|23|24|0|N|84|55|0|E}} |label45= Koel |labela45= River |label-color45 = #77A1CB| label-angle45= 0| label-pos45=top| label-size45=10| mark-size45=0| mark-title45 =none
|mark-coord46={{coord|23|38|20|N|85|1|20|E}} | label-pos46=right|label46=CCL North|labela46= Karanpura Area |numbered46=0 | mark-title46=[[North Karanpura Area]] | label-size46=12| shape-color46=#AA6666
|mark-coord47={{coord|23|23|18|N|84|57|45|E}} | label-pos47=left|label47= Narkopi| numbered47=R| mark-title47=[[Narkopi]] (R)
|mark-coord48={{coord|23|31|17|N|85|17|29|E}} | label-pos48=left|label48= Pithuriya| numbered48=R| mark-title48=[[Pithuriya]] (R)
|mark-coord49={{coord|23|29|6|N|85|36|33|E}} | label-pos49=right|label49= Sikidiri| numbered49=R| mark-title49=[[Sikidiri]] (R)
|mark-coord50={{coord|23|19|37|N|84|55|28|E}} | label-pos50=top|label50= Khukhragarh| numbered50=H| mark-title50=[[Khukhragarh]] (H)
|arc-coordA={{coord|23|12|10|N|85|57|0|E}}|arc-textA= WEST BENGAL| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=-95| arc-gapA=2.5| arc-radiusA=0.4}}

===Location===
Bishrampur is located at {{coord|23.6771|N|85.0043|E|display=inline}}.

===Area overview===
The map alongside shows a part of the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau|Ranchi plateau]], most of it at an average elevation of 2,140 feet above sea level. Only a small part in the north-eastern part of the district is the lower Ranchi plateau, spread over [[Silli block|Silli]], [[Rahe block|Rahe]], [[Sonahatu block|Sonahatu]] and [[Tamar block|Tamar]] CD blocks, at an elevation of 500 to 1,000 feet above sea level. There is a 16 km long ridge south-west of Ranchi. There are isolated hills in the central plateau. The principal river of the district, the [[Subarnarekha River|Subarnarekha]], originates near [[Ratu, Ranchi|Ratu]], flows in an easterly direction and descends from the plateau, with a drop of about 300 feet at [[Hundru Falls]]. Subarnarekha and other important rivers are marked on the map. The forested area is shaded in the map.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2019_PART_A_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Ranchi, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Pages 10-11: Physiography, Drainage |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 19 September 2021}}</ref> A major part of the [[North Karanpura Area]] and some fringe areas of the [[Piparwar Area]] of the [[Central Coalfields|Central Coalfields Limited]], both located in the [[North Karanpura Coalfield]], are in Ranchi district.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.centralcoalfields.in/areas/nrkpra.php | title= Central Coalfields Limited| work= Areas – North Karanpura |publisher= CCL| accessdate = 19 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.centralcoalfields.in/areas/pprwr.php| title= Central Coalfields Limited| work= Areas – Piparwar |publisher= CCL| accessdate = 19 September 2021}}</ref> There has been extensive industrial activity in Ranchi district, since independence.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2019_PART_A_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Ranchi, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Page 14: Industry |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 19 September 2021}}</ref> Ranchi district is the first in the state in terms of population. 8.83% of the total population of the state lives in this district - 56.9% is rural population and 43.1% is urban population.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2019_PART_A_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Ranchi, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Pages 10-11: Physiography, Drainage |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 19 September 2021}}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the district. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Bishrampur had a total population of 4,487, of which 2,321 (52%) were males and 2,166 (48%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 663. The total number of literate persons in Bishrampur was 2,905 (75.97% of the population over 6 years).<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2019_PART_B_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Ranchi, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Rural PCA-C.D. blocks wise Village Primary Census Abstract, location no. 373458, page 28-29|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 11 September 2021}}</ref>

==Infrastructure==
According to the ''District Census Handbook 2011, Ranchi'', Bishrampur covered an area of 5.79 km2. Among the civic amenities, it had 9 km roads with open drains, the protected water supply involved uncovered well, tap water from untreated sources, river infiltration gallery. It had 771 domestic electric connections. Among the medical facilities, it had 1 hospital, 6 dispensaries, 6 health centres, 8 family welfare centre, 8 maternity and child welfare centres, 8 maternity homes, 3 nursing homes, 1 medicine shop. Among the educational facilities it had 6 primary schools, 6 middle schools, 2 secondary schools, the nearest senior secondary school at Bukbuka 2 km away. An important commodity it produced was coal. It had the branch office of 1 nationalised bank.<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2019_PART_A_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf | title = District Census Handbook Ranchi, Census of India 2011, Series 21, Part XII A | work= Pages 675-681| publisher = Directorate of census Operations, Jharkhand |access-date = 10 September 2021}}</ref>

==Economy==
The projects of the [[North Karanpura Area]] of [[Central Coalfields|Central Coalfields Ltd.]] in [[North Karanpura Coalfield]] are: Churi underground, Dakra Bukbuka opencast, K.D.H. opencast, Karkatta opencast, Rohini opencast, Purnadih opencast.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.centralcoalfields.in/areas/nrkpra.php | title= Central Coalfields Limited| work= Areas – North Karanpura |publisher= CCL| accessdate = 27 December 2020}}</ref>

==Education==
Uttari Karnpura Shramik Mahavidyalaya was established at [[Dakra, Ranchi|Dakra]] in 1990.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.uksmdakra.org/ | title = Uttari Karnpura Shramik Mahavidyalaya | publisher = UKSM | access-date = 7 September 2021 | archive-date = 9 September 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210909135008/http://www.uksmdakra.org/ | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.shiksha.com/college/uttri-karanpura-sharamik-mahavidyalay-ranchi-104859| title = Uttar Karanpur Shramik Mahavidyalaya | publisher = Shiksha | access-date = 7 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.ranchiuniversity.ac.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=123&Itemid=307 | title = Affiliated Colleges | publisher = Ranchi University | access-date = 9 September 2021 | archive-date = 9 September 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210909014606/https://www.ranchiuniversity.ac.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=123&Itemid=307 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{South Chotanagpur Division}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Ranchi district]]

Timeline of Surat

2026-02-28T18:54:25Z

Heriberto60T: created a stub

{{short description|City history timeline}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=May 2023}}
{{Lead too short|date=June 2025}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
This article is a [[:Category:Timelines of cities in India|timeline]] of the city [[Surat]] in [[Gujarat]]<ref>This article is a converted form of the already existing Wikipedia article [[History of Surat]].</ref> For a more comprehensive overview of Surat's history, please see [[History of Surat]].

== Pre-1600s ==
* 12-15th centuries — Part of [[Dhiru Sultanate]], plundered multiple times.<ref name="EB">{{cite web|title=Surat|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Surat|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, inc.|access-date=9 January 2018|date=6 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180110000241/https://www.britannica.com/place/Surat|archive-date=10 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 1372 — [[Surat Fort]] initially constructed during [[Tughlaq]] rule.<ref name="SMC">{{cite web|title=Surat Municipal Corporation, Surat Fort|url=https://www.suratmunicipal.gov.in/TheCity/SuratFort}}</ref>
* 15th century — [[Gujarat Sultanate]] established.
* Late 15th century — Malik Gopi, a merchant and later Governor of Surat in the Sultanate, arrives and settles in the city.
* 1510s — Continuous developments of the city take place under Malik Gopi. [[Gopi Talav]], an artificial lake, is built. The city is first given the name Suryapur and soon after Surat.<ref name="EB"/>
* 1512 — City is first burned by the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] (second time in 1530).
* 1514 — Surat is acknowledged by Portuguese traveller [[Duarte Barbosa]] as an important port, frequented by many ships from [[Malabar Coast|Malabar]] and other various places.
* 1530 — The city is ravaged for a second time in flames by the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]].
* 1546 — Construction of the [[Surat Castle|Surat Fort]] is completed.
* 1573 — Surat is conquered by the [[Mughal emperor]] Akbar,<ref name="EB"/> the most prosperous port in the state, used for travel to the Hajj pilgrimage<ref name="Eraly07">{{cite book|author1=Abraham Eraly|author-link1=Abraham Eraly|title=The Mughal World: Life in India's Last Golden Age|date=2007|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0143102625|pages=13–14}}</ref>

== 1600s-1800s ==
* 1612
** First factory (KOTHI) in India is established by [[England]], a centre for trade and commerce.<ref name="Eraly07"/>
** 29–30 November — [[Battle of Swally|Battle of Suvali]] takes place in a village near Surat.
* 1616 — [[Dutch Suratte|Dutch trading post]] established by [[Pieter van den Broecke]] in Surat (Suratte).
* 1644 — Inauguration of [[Mughal Sarai, Surat|Mughal Sarai]].
* 1664 — [[Shivaji|Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaja]] emerges victorious in the [[Battle of Surat]] against Inayat Khan ([[Mughal Empire|Mughal]]) and goes on to raid the city.
* 1670 — City raided again by Marathas.
* 1759 — Over the past few years trade had substantially decreased due to the rise of [[Mumbai|Bombay]] as an important city.
* 1790-1 — An epidemic affects the city: 1,00,000 [[Gujaratis]] dead.<ref>{{cite book|page=193|title=Eighteenth-Century Gujarat: The Dynamics of Its Political Economy, 1750–1800|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=En_heITTXCoC&pg=PA193|author=Ghulam A. Nadri|isbn=978-9004172029|year=2009|publisher=BRILL |access-date=14 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014134206/https://books.google.com/books?id=En_heITTXCoC&pg=PA193|archive-date=14 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 1795 — [[Dutch Suratte]] comes under British protection, who promise to restore it to the Dutch when peace is reestablished in Europe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Van der Kemp |first=P.H. |year=1901 |title=De Nederlandsche factorijen in vóór-Indië in den aanvang der 19e eeuw |journal=Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=286–507 |doi=10.1163/22134379-90002075 |doi-access=free}}.</ref>
* 1797 — Under full control of [[Bombay Presidency]] in [[British East India Company]].
* 1802 — According to the [[Treaty of Amiens]], the Dutch were supposed to regain their territories, however, this did not take place.
* 1814 — The [[Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814]] finally restores Dutch Suratte to the Dutch.
* 1824
** Suratte is again relinquished to the British as per the [[Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824]].
** [[Anglican Church, Surat|Anglican Church]] built.
* 1837 — [[1837 Surat fire|Fire]] breaks out, taking the lives of 500 and demolishing 9,737 houses. It is the most destructive fire in the history of Surat.
* 1850 — [[Andrews Library]] established.

==1900s-Present==
* 1962 — [[Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology]] established.
* 1965 — [[Veer Narmad South Gujarat University]] established.
* 1991 — [[Kavi Narmad Central Library]] established.
* 1994 — [[1994 plague in India|Pneumonic plague]] affects Surat; 56 dead, 693 suspected, 3,00,000 migrated from the city.
* 2006 — [[2006 Surat flood|A flood]] ravaged Surat covering 80-95% of the city.
* 2010 — [[Surat Diamond Bourse]] established.
* 2013 — [[Surat Bus Rapid Transit System]] begin operation November 2013 (Phase I).
* 2015 — Project for restoration of the [[Surat Fort]] is inaugurated by government, with an investment of 55 crores.<ref name="SMC" />
* 2019 — [[2019 Surat fire|Fire]] in a commercial complex in Sarthana Jagatnaka kills 22 students.
* 2020 — [[COVID-19]] in Surat:
** Cases tested - 87.23 lakhs.
** Patients recovered - 2.11 lakhs.
** Total deaths - 2084.
* 2023 —[[Surat Diamond Bourse]], built at a cost of approximately Rs 3,500 crore, the building spans 6.6 lakh square metres (71 lakh square feet) of floor space and has the capacity to house nearly 4,500 diamond trading offices, was officially opened by [[Narendra Modi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Events - Surat Diamond Bourse |url=https://www.suratdiamondbourse.in/events |access-date=2025-06-20 |website=www.suratdiamondbourse.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Holland |first=Oscar |date=2023-07-18 |title=The world's new largest office building is bigger than the Pentagon |url=https://www.cnn.com/style/india-largest-office-building-surat-diamond-bourse |access-date=2025-06-20 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:History of Surat]]

1952 Madhya Bharat Legislative Assembly election

2026-02-27T21:33:18Z

Heriberto60T: updated page

{{Short description|Indian state election}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1952 Madhya Bharat Legislative Assembly election
| country = India
| type = parliamentary
| vote_type = Popular 
| ongoing = no
| election_date = 26 March 1952
| elected_members =
| next_election = 1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election
| next_year = 1957 (MP)
| seats_for_election= All 99 seats in the [[Madhya Bharat]] [[Legislative Assembly]]
| majority_seats = 50
| registered = {{formatnum:5723673}}
| turnout = 34.72%

| image1 = Hand INC.svg
| leader1 = [[Mishrilal Gangwal]]
| party1 = Indian National Congress
| alliance1 =
| leader_since1 =
| leaders_seat1 = [[Bagli Assembly constituency|Bagli]]
| seats_needed1 =
| seats1 = 75
| popular_vote1 = 9,38,918
| percentage1 = 47.24%

| image2 = Horse and rider Indian election symbol.png
| leader2 =
| party2 = Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha
| leader_since2 =
| leaders_seat2 =
| seats2 = 11
| popular_vote2 = 2,36,824
| percentage2 = 11.92%

| map_image =
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map =
| map_caption =

| title = Chief Minister of [[Madhya Bharat]]
| before_election = Takhatmal Jain
| after_election = [[Mishrilal Gangwal]]
| after_party = [[Indian National Congress]]
}}
[[File:India Administrative Divisions 1951.svg|thumb|Indian administrative divisions, as of 1951]]
Elections to the [[Vidhan Sabha|Legislative Assembly]] of the Indian state of [[Madhya Bharat]] were held on 26 March 1952. 440 candidates contested for the 79 constituencies in the Assembly. There were 20 two-member constituencies and 59 single-member constituencies.<ref name="MBECI1951"/> The [[Indian National Congress]] won a majority of seats and [[Mishrilal Gangwal]] became the new Chief Minister.

==Results==
<section begin=Results />{{election table|title=Summary of results of the 1952 Madhya Bharat Legislative Assembly election<ref name="MBECI1951">{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MB.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Bharat | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14}}</ref> |sortable=yes}}
!colspan=8|[[File:India Madhya Bharath Legislative Assembly 1952.svg]]
|- style="background-color:#E9E9E9; text-align:center;"
! class="unsortable" |
! Political party !! Flag !! Seats Contested !! Won !! % of Seats !! Votes !! Vote %
|- style="background: #90EE90;"
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Indian National Congress]]
| [[File:Flag of Indian National Congress.png|70px]]
| 99 || 75 || 75.76 || 9,38,918 || 47.24
|-
| {{party color cell|Socialist Party}}
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Socialist Party (India, 1948)|Socialist Party]]
|
| 59 || 4 || 4.04 || 1,45,845 || 7.34
|-
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|
| 42 || 4 || 4.04 || 1,93,627 || 9.74
|-
| {{party color cell|Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad}}
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad]]
|
| 39 || 2 || 2.02 || 1,43,132 || 7.20
|-
| {{party color cell|Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha}}
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha]]
|
| 33 || 11 || 11.11 || 2,36,824 || 11.92
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Independent politician}}
|
| 131 || 3 || 3.03 || 2,58,157 || 12.99
|- class="unsortable" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"
! colspan = 3| Total seats
! 99 !! style="text-align:center;" |Voters !! 57,23,673 !! style="text-align:center;" |Turnout !! 19,87,410 (34.72%)
|}<section end=Results />

==Elected members==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Constituency
!Reserved for ([[Scheduled Castes|SC]]/[[Scheduled Tribes|ST]]/None)
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| Barwani || ST || Partap Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| rowspan=2| Sendhwa || rowspan=2| None || Ram Chandra || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Barku || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan=2| Khargone || rowspan=2| None || Khode Ramakant || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Mandloi Swaisingh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bhikangaon || None || Vallabhdas Sitaram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan=2| Barwaha || rowspan=2| None || Jadav Chand || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sitaram Sadhu || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Rajpur || None || Hiralal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Manawar North || ST || Shivbhanu Galaji || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Manawar South || ST || Bhume Kiratsingh || {{Full party name with color|Hindu Mahasabha}}
|-
| Kukshi || ST || Ratu Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Alirajpur || ST || Bhima || {{Full party name with color|Socialist Party (India)}}
|-
| Jobat || ST || Premsingh || {{Full party name with color|Socialist Party (India)}}
|-
| Sardarpur || None || Shankar Lal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Jhabua || ST || Jamuna Bai || {{Full party name with color|Socialist Party (India)}}
|-
| Thandla || ST || Lal Singh || {{Full party name with color|Socialist Party (India)}}
|-
| Sailana || ST || Jeta Bhagga || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan=2| Dhar-Badnawar || rowspan=2| None || Gopal Prashad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Jagannath || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Mhow || None || Jal Rusramji Kavasji || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Indore City A || None || Verma Ram Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Indore City B || None || V. V. Dravid || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Indore City C || None || Manohar Singh Hullasmal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Indore City D || None || V. V. Sarwate || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan=2| Depalpur || rowspan=2| None || Sajjansingh Vishnar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Khadiwala Kanahiyalal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Ratlam Tehsil || None || Devisingh Surajmal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Ratlam City || None || Premsingh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Barnagar || None || Sawai Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Ujjain City || None || Vishwanath Vasudeo || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan=2| Ujjain Tehsil || rowspan=2| None || Durga Das || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Masood Ahmed || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan=2| Kachraud-Mahidpur || rowspan=2| None || Ram Chandra || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bherulal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Alot || None || Kusumkant Jain || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Jaora || None || Chaudhary Faizulla Alibaksh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Mandsaur South || None || Shyam Sukh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan=2| Sitamau || rowspan=2| None || Sagar Dhaniram Harish Chandra || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Chaudhari Bapulal Champalal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bhanpura || None || Vimal Kumar Mannalal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Manasa || None || Ram Lal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Jawad || None || Badri Datt || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Neemuch || None || Sita Ram Jajoo || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Mandsaur North || None || Patidar Shyam Sunder || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Agar || None || Sobhagmal Bapulal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sasner || None || Rana Mal Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Tarana || None || Totla Rameshwar Dayal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan=2| Dewas || rowspan=2| None || Patwardhan Anant Sadashiv || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Malviya Bapoo Krishna || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Bagli Assembly constituency|Bagli]] || None || [[Mishrilal Gangwal]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Khategaan || None || Kailash Chandra Giri || {{Full party name with color|Hindu Mahasabha}}
|-
| rowspan=2| Shajapur || rowspan=2| None || Masoorkar Hari Laxman || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kishanlal Nagaji || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Shujalpur || None || Gokhale Trimbak Sadashiv || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sonkatch || None || Vijaysingh Hira Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan=2| Narsingarh || rowspan=2| None || Radha Vallabh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bhanwarlal Jivan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Khilchipur West || None || Prabhu Dayal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Khilchipur East || None || Raghuraj Singh || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Rajgarh || None || Pratibha Devi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Biaora || None || Madan Lal || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Chachaura || None || Dwarkadas Ramnarayan || {{Full party name with color|Hindu Mahasabha}}
|-
| Raghogarh || None || Raja Balbhadra Singh || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| rowspan=2| Bhilsa || rowspan=2| None || Jamuna Prasad Mukharraya || {{Full party name with color|Hindu Mahasabha}}
|-
| Chaturbhuj Jatav || {{Full party name with color|Hindu Mahasabha}}
|-
| Basoda || None || Niranjan Verma || {{Full party name with color|Hindu Mahasabha}}
|-
| Kurwai || None || Ram Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Mungaoli || None || Kundanlal Madanlal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan=2| Pachhar || rowspan=2| None || Ram Dayal Singh Raghuwanshi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Duli Chand || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Guna || None || Tatke Sitaram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan=2| Shivpuri Kolaras || rowspan=2| None || Tula Ram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Narhari Prashad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Pichhore South || None || Barjor Singh || {{Full party name with color|Hindu Mahasabha}}
|-
| Pichhore North || None || Laxmi Narayan || {{Full party name with color|Hindu Mahasabha}}
|-
| Karera || None || Bhagwan Dass || {{Full party name with color|Hindu Mahasabha}}
|-
| Ghatigaon || None || Ghule Murlidhar Vishwanath Rao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Lashkar || None || Har Kishore || {{Full party name with color|Hindu Mahasabha}}
|-
| Gwalior || None || Purshottam Rao Inamdar || {{Full party name with color|Hindu Mahasabha}}
|-
| Morar || None || Pandviya Shyam Lal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan=2| Sheopur Pohri || rowspan=2| None || Soma || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Udaybhan Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bijaypur || None || Balmukund || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sabalgarh || None || Laxmi Chand || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Joura || None || Ram Chandra Mishra || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan=2| Ambah || rowspan=2| None || Jamuna Prasad Singh || {{Full party name with color|Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad}}
|-
| Chandana || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan=2| Morena || rowspan=2| None || Sowran Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Karan Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan=2| Gohad-Mehgaon || rowspan=2| None || Ram Dhan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Prabhu || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan=2| Pichhore Bhandair || rowspan=2| None || Rudra Deo Lal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kishorilal Sukhram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan=2| Lahar || rowspan=2| None || Har Sewak || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Gokul Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Umri || None || Ranvijay Singh || {{Full party name with color|Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad}}
|-
| Bhind || None || Narsingh Rao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Attair || None || Baboo Ram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

==State Reorganization and Merger==
On 1 November 1956, under [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956]], All districts of [[Madhya Bharat]], except the Sunel enclave of the Mandsaur district, was merged into [[Madhya Pradesh]]. The Sunel enclave of the Mandsaur district was merged in [[Rajasthan]].<ref name="1955ReorgStates">{{cite web | url=http://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/1955_7/42/reorganisation_of_statesthe_approach_and_arrangements.pdf | title=Reorganisation of States, 1955 | publisher=The Economic Weekly | date=15 October 1955 | accessdate=25 July 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Madhya Bharat]]
* [[1951–52 elections in India]]
*[[1952 Bhopal Legislative Assembly election]]
*[[1952 Vindhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[1952 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Madhya Pradesh elections}}

[[Category:State Assembly elections in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:1950s in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:1952 State Assembly elections in India|Madhya Bharath]]
[[Category:Madhya Bharat]]
[[Category:March 1952 in Asia]]

2008 Haveri police shooting

2026-02-27T20:54:20Z

Heriberto60T: added basic info added tags - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox event
| title = 2008 Haveri police shooting
| date = 10 June 2008
| location = [[Haveri district]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| cause = Protests over shortage of subsidized fertilizers
| injuries = Dozens reported
| deaths = 2
| perpetrator = [[Karnataka Police]]
}}

The '''2008 Haveri police shooting''' was an incident that occurred on 10 June 2008 in [[Haveri district]] in the Indian state of [[Karnataka]], when police opened fire on farmers protesting shortages of subsidized fertilizers during the pre-monsoon sowing season. Two protesters, Siddalingappa Churi and Puttappa Honnati, were killed, and several others were injured in the firing.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 June 2025 |title=Farmers pay tributes to those killed in 2008 Haveri police firing |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/farmers-pay-tributes-to-those-killed-in-2008-haveri-police-firing/article69679482.ece |access-date=17 January 2026 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The event triggered widespread protests across Karnataka and drew political scrutiny toward the state government led by [[B. S. Yediyurappa]].<ref>{{cite news |date=10 June 2008 |title=One killed as police fires on farmers demanding fertilizer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/one-killed-as-police-fires-on-farmers-demanding-fertilizer/articleshow/3118010.cms |access-date=18 January 2026 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Background ==
The protests were rooted in a broader fertilizer supply crisis affecting Karnataka during the 2008 [[kharif]] agricultural season. Farmers reported acute shortages of key inputs such as [[diammonium phosphate]] (DAP) and [[urea]], which were critical for rain-fed agriculture. According to state and central government figures, Karnataka received significantly less fertilizer than its projected requirement, contributing to delayed sowing and rising costs for rural cultivators.<ref>{{cite news |date=11 June 2008 |title=Fertilizer crisis exposes countrywide shortage |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/VD90lz23V0GiKojYHUeHkK/Fertilizer-crisis-exposes-countrywide-shortage.html |access-date=18 January 2026 |work=Mint}}</ref>

In the days leading up to the incident, farmer unions and local cultivators had gathered near the [[Agricultural Produce Market Committee]] (APMC) office in Haveri town, organizing marches and road blockades to demand immediate government intervention. The demonstrators called for the release of fertilizer stocks through cooperative societies and accused officials and private dealers of mismanagement and profiteering.<ref>{{cite news |date=10 June 2008 |title=Farmers stir in Karnataka turns violent, 1 killed |url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/farmers-stir-in-karnataka-turns-violent-1-killed/articleshow/3118515.cms |access-date=18 January 2026 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref>

Authorities initially used [[Lathi charge|lathi charges]] and tear gas to disperse demonstrators. According to official and media reports, the situation deteriorated after some protesters allegedly began pelting stones and attempting to damage police vehicles, prompting officers to resort to live firing to restore order.<ref>{{cite news |date=31 December 2008 |title=Police firing on farmers puts govt in a spot |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2008/Dec/31/police-firing-on-farmers-put-govt-in-a-spot-14637.html |access-date=18 January 2026 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

== Aftermath ==
The two men killed in the shooting were declared dead at the scene, while the injured were initially treated at a government hospital in Haveri and later transferred to the [[Karnataka Institute of Medical Sciences]] in [[Hubballi]] for advanced care.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karnataka: Farmer killed in police firing |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2008/jun/10farmer.htm |access-date=17 January 2026 |publisher=Rediff.com}}</ref> Contemporary reports estimated that dozens of protesters required medical attention for bullet and baton injuries.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 June 2011 |title=4th anniversary of police firing incident of Haveri |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hubballi/4th-anniversary-of-police-firing-incident-of-haveri/articleshow/8792298.cms |access-date=17 January 2026 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The incident drew condemnation from opposition parties and farmer organizations, who demanded a judicial inquiry and compensation for the victims’ families.<ref>{{cite news |date=15 June 2008 |title=Judicial probe ordered in Karnataka police firing |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/judicial-probe-ordered-in-karnataka-police-firing-26321-2008-06-15 |access-date=18 January 2026 |work=India Today}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Agriculture in Karnataka]]
* [[List of cases of police brutality in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Haveri District}}
[[Category:Haveri district| ]]
[[Category:2000s in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Belgaum division]]
[[Category:Police brutality in India]]
[[Category:June 2008 in India]]

{{India-hist-stub}}

Pausha

2026-02-26T02:45:26Z

Heriberto60T: Starting The Article W/ Refs

{{Short description|Tenth month of the Hindu lunar calendar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox month
| image = Pongum_pongal.jpg
| alt =
| caption = [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]] is a major [[Tamils|Tamil]] festival celebrated in the month of [[Thai (month)|Thai]]
| native_name = {{Native name|sa|पौष}}
| calendar = [[Hindu calendar]]
| num = 10
| days = 29 or 30
| season = [[Hemanta (season)|Hemanta]] (Pre-winter)
| gregorian = December–January
| holidays = {{ubl | [[Lohri]] |[[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]] |[[Thaipusam]] |[[Shakambhari Purnima]] |[[Vaikuntha Ekadashi]]{{efn|name=amanta|As per amanta tradition. The Hindu calendar follows two various systems:Amanta and Purnimanta. As per the amanta tradition, the lunar month ends on the [[new moon]] day and as per the purnimanta tradition, it ends on the [[full moon day]]. As a consequence, in the amanta tradition, [[Shukla paksha]] ([[waning moon]]) precedes [[Krishna paksha]] ([[waxing moon]]) in every lunar month, whereas the reverse happens in purnimānta tradition. Hence, Shukla paksha will always belong to the same month in both traditions, whereas Krishna paksha will always be associated with different but succeeding months in each tradition. The Amanta tradition is officially followed by the [[Indian national calendar]].<ref>{{cite book|author=V. R. Ramachandra Dikshitar|title=The Gupta Polity|publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]]|year=1993|isbn=978-81-208-1024-2|pages=24–35}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Amānta and Pūrṇimānta – Decoding Hindu Lunar Months |url=https://divinehindu.com/hinduism/amanta-and-purnimanta-decoding-hindu-lunar-months/|work=Divine Hindu |access-date=29 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Lunar months – Pūrṇimānta and Amānta system |url=https://www.ekohumm.com/article/lunar-months-purnimanta-and-amanta-system|work=Ekohumm |access-date=29 October 2025}}</ref>}} }}
| prev_month = [[Agrahayana]]
| next_month = [[Magha (month)|Magha]]
}}
{{Hinduism}}
'''Pausha''' ({{IAST|Pauṣa}}), or '''Pushya''' is the tenth month of the [[Hindu calendar|Hindu]] [[lunar calendar]] and the [[Indian national calendar]].<ref>{{cite book|editor=Kenneth W. Morgan|title=The Religion Of The Hindus|year= 1987|publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]]|isbn=978-8-120-80387-9|page=96}}</ref> The name of the month is derived from the position of the [[Moon]] near the [[Pushya]] [[nakshatra]] (star) on the [[full moon]] day.<ref name="Ety">{{cite book|title=Heavens and Earth: The Story of Astrology Through Ages and Cultures|author=Garima Garg|year=2022|isbn=978-9-354-92705-8|publisher=[[Penguin Random House]]|page=75}}</ref> The month corresponds to the pre-winter ([[Hemanta (season)|Hemanta]]) season and falls in December–January of the [[Gregorian calendar]].<ref>{{cite book|editor=Helene Henderson|year=2005|title=Holidays, festivals, and celebrations of the world dictionary|edition=Third|location=Detroit|publisher=Omnigraphics|page=xxix|isbn=978-0-780-80982-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=James G. Lochtefeld|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M, N-Z (Vol 1 & 2)|year=2002|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch/page/508 508]|url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch/page/508}}</ref><ref name=sewell5>{{cite book|author1=Robert Sewell|author2=Śaṅkara Bālakr̥shṇa Dīkshita|title=The Indian Calendar |url=https://archive.org/details/indiancalendarwi00sewerich |year=1896|publisher=S. Sonnenschein & Company|pages=[https://archive.org/details/indiancalendarwi00sewerich/page/5 5]–11, 23–29}}</ref>

In the Hindu [[solar calendar]], it corresponds to the month of [[Dhanu (month)|Dhanu]] and begins with the [[Sun]]'s entry into [[Sagittarius (constellation)|Sagittarius]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Christopher John Fuller|title=The Camphor Flame: Popular Hinduism and Society in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=To6XSeBUW3oC|year=2004|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|isbn=978-0-69112-04-85|pages=291–293}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Robert Sewell|author2=Śaṅkara Bālakr̥shṇa Dīkshita|title=The Indian Calendar |url=https://archive.org/details/indiancalendarwi00sewerich |year=1896|publisher=S. Sonnenschein & Company|pages=[https://archive.org/details/indiancalendarwi00sewerich/page/10 10]–11}}</ref><ref name="Siddhantha">{{cite book|title=The Siddhantas and the Indian Calendar|author1=Robert Sewell|author2=John Faithful Fleet|year=1989|publisher=[[Asian Educational Services]]|page=334}}</ref> It corresponds to Poush, the ninth month in the [[Bengali calendar]].<ref name="Siddhantha"/> In the [[Tamil calendar]], it corresponds to the tenth month of [[Thai (month)|Thai]], falling in the Gregorian months of January–February.<ref name="Siddhantha"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.timeanddate.com/calendar/tamil-calendar.html|title=Tamil Calendar – Months |work=Time and Date |access-date=1 October 2025}}</ref> In the [[Vaishnav]] calendar, it corresponds to the tenth month of [[Narayana]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vaisnavacalendar.info/aboutcalendar.htm|title=Vaisnava Calendar Reminder Services – About Calendar |work=Vaisnava Calendar |access-date=1 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.isvara.org/archive/on-the-calendar-by-srila-prabhupada/ |title=Something about the Vaisnava Calendar |work=ISVARA |access-date=1 October 2025}}</ref>

In the Hindu lunar calendar, each month has 29 or 30 days. The month begins on the next day after [[Amavasya]] ([[new moon]]) or [[Purnima]] ([[full moon]]) as per the [[Hindu calendar#Amānta and Purnimānta systems|amanta]] and [[Hindu calendar#Amānta and Purnimānta systems|purnimanta]] systems respectively. A month consists of two cycles of 15 days each, [[Shukla Paksha]] ([[waning moon]]) and [[Krishna Paksha]] ([[waxing moon]]). Days in each cycle is labeled as a [[thithi]], with each thithi repeating twice in a month.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://iskconeducationalservices.org/HoH/practice/festivals/the-hindu-calendar/|title=Hindu calendar|work=[[ISKCON]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://aryasamajhouston.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=166&Itemid=125|title=Hindu calendar|work=[[Arya Samaj]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref>
== Festivals ==
=== Lohri ===
[[Lohri]] is a [[harvest festival]] that marks the end of the pre-winter season. It is observed on the night before the next month, and marks the end of the [[winter crop]] season.<ref>{{cite book|author1=S. Warrier|author2=John G. Walshe|title=Dates and Meanings of Religious and Other Multi-Ethnic Festivals, 2002–2005|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R6VQ_YRIPl0C|year=2001|publisher=Foulsham |isbn=978-0-572-02659-2|page=112}}</ref> During the festivities, people perform various folk rituals around a [[bonfire]].<ref>{{cite web|title=What is the significance of Lohri and why we burn fire on Lohri?|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/india/faqs/what-is-the-significance-of-lohri-and-why-we-burn-fire-on-lohri/articleshow/73189207.cms|access-date=16 December 2021|website=Business Insider}}</ref>

=== Pongal ===
[[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]] is a multi-day harvest festival celebrated by [[Tamils]]. The festival is celebrated over three or four consecutive days, which are named [[Bhogi]], Thai Pongal, [[Mattu Pongal]] and [[Kaanum Pongal]]. Thai Pongal is celebrated on the first day of the [[Tamil calendar]] month of [[Thai (month)|Thai]].<ref name="Robinson">{{cite book|author1=Denise Cush|author2=Catherine A. Robinson|author3=Michael York|title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i_T0HeWE-EAC|year=2008|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-70071-267-0|pages=610–611|access-date=30 October 2019|archive-date=21 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421115354/https://books.google.com/books?id=i_T0HeWE-EAC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first1=A|last1=Mani|first2=Pravin|last2=Prakash|first3=Shanthini|last3=Selvarajan|editor=Mathew Mathews|title=Singapore Ethnic Mosaic, The: Many Cultures, One People|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y4RIDwAAQBAJ|year=2017|publisher=World Scientific Publishing Company, Singapore|isbn=978-9-81323-475-8|pages=207–211|access-date=30 October 2019|archive-date=21 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421115401/https://books.google.com/books?id=Y4RIDwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> It is dedicated to the [[solar deity]] [[Surya]] and the festival is traditionally an occasion for decorating with [[kolam]] artworks, preparing the [[Pongal (dish)|pongal]] dish, celebrating cattle, offering prayers, and getting together with family and friends.<ref>{{cite book|author=Vijaya Ramaswamy|title=Historical Dictionary of the Tamils|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ALUvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA274|year=2017|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|isbn=978-1-53810-686-0|pages=274–275|access-date=30 October 2019|archive-date=21 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421115406/https://books.google.com/books?id=ALUvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA274|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=J. Gordon Melton|title=Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lD_2J7W_2hQC|year=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-206-7|pages=547–548}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Roy W. Hamilton|author2=Aurora Ammayao|title=The art of rice: spirit and sustenance in Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yyQoAQAAMAAJ|year=2003|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-930741-98-3|pages=156–157|access-date=30 October 2019|archive-date=21 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421115348/https://books.google.com/books?id=yyQoAQAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Thaipusam ===
[[Thaipusam]] is a Tamil festival celebrated on the [[purnima]] ([[full moon day]]) in the Tamil month of Thai on the confluence of [[Nakshatra|star]] [[Pushya|Pusam]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Roy |first=Christian |title=Traditional Festivals: A Multicultural Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-ETPEAAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]] |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-851-09689-3 |access-date=21 August 2024 |archive-date=21 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240821044113/https://books.google.com/books?id=-ETPEAAAQBAJ |url-status=live |page=462 }}</ref> The festival is celebrated to commemorate the victory of god [[Murugan]] over the [[asura]]s, and includes ritualistic practices of [[fasting]] and [[Kavadi Aattam]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Javier |first=A.G. |title=They Do What: A Cultural Encyclopedia of Extraordinary and Exotic Customs from Around the World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NebIEAAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]] |year=2014 |isbn=979-8-216-15549-2 |access-date=21 August 2024 |archive-date=21 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240821043557/https://books.google.com/books?id=NebIEAAAQBAJ |url-status=live |page=387}}</ref>

=== Shakambhari Purnima ===
[[Shakambhari Purnima]] is celebrated on the full moon day of the month of [[Pausha]], and marks the culmination of the nine-day Shakambhari Navaratri.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/religion/shakambhari-navratri-2025-begins-on-banada-ashtami-check-date-time-puja-vidhi-and-significance-article-12902856.html|title=Shakambhari Navratri 2025: Begins on Banada Ashtami – Check Date, Time, Puja Vidhi and Significance|work=Money control|access-date=1 October 2025}}</ref> The festival marks the descent of the goddess [[Shakambhari]], a form of goddess [[Durga]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.srichants.in/shakambhari-purnima-incarnation-of-goddess-durga/|title=Shakambhari Purnima: Divine Incarnation of Goddess Durga|work=Sri Chants|access-date=1 October 2025}}</ref>

=== Vaikunta Ekadashi ===
[[Vaikunta Ekadashi]] is observed on the [[Ekadashi]] (eleventh lunar day) [[thithi]] of the [[Krishna Paksha]] ([[waxing moon]]) of the month as per [[Hindu calendar#amanta|amanta]] tradition.{{efn|name=amanta}}<ref>{{cite web |date=29 December 2003 |title=Vaikuntha Ekadasi |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2003/12/29/stories/2003122901450100.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040225085107/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2003/12/29/stories/2003122901450100.htm |archive-date=25 February 2004 |access-date=19 April 2007 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Vaikuntha Dvaram (gate to Vishnu's abode [[Vaikuntha]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.yogapedia.com/definition/9070/vaikuntha | title=What is Vaikuntha? |work=Yogapedia|access-date=1 June 2025 }}</ref>) is opened in Vishnu temples on the only this day of the year. Special prayers, and chanting of mantras are accompanies with [[Puja (Hinduism)|pujas]], and [[yagna]]s.<ref>{{cite book |last=Verma |first=Manish |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z4gzFFLdBoYC&dq=mura+vishnu&pg=PA65 |title=Fasts and Festivals of India |date=2013 |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books |isbn=978-81-7182-076-4 |page=65}}</ref> According to the ''[[Vishnu Purana]]'', fasting on Vaikuntha Ekadashi is equivalent to fasting on the remaining 23 ekadashis of the year, and is said to give people passage to Vaikuntha after the earthly life.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vaikuntha Ekadashi |url=http://www.ssvt.org/Festivals/VaikundaEkadasi.pdf |access-date=2007-04-19 |archive-date=5 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070305200110/http://www.ssvt.org/Festivals/VaikundaEkadasi.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Others ===
The [[Amavasya]] day of the month is celebrated in various temples in [[Southern India]]. During the day, the idols of gods are taken for a procession for [[Theppotsavam]] (float festival) at temple tanks ([[pushkarni]]).<ref>{{cite web|last1=Teppotsavam|title=Festivals|url=http://simhachalamdevasthanam.net/home.html|website=Simhachalam Devasthanam|access-date=24 June 2016|archive-date=30 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221030073328/http://simhachalamdevasthanam.net/home.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Astronomical basis of the Hindu calendar]]
* [[Hindu astrology]]
* [[Hindu calendar]]
* [[Indian astronomy]]
* [[Indian units of measurement]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Hinduism}}

{{Hindu calendar}}
{{Indian astronomy}}

[[Category:Months of the Hindu calendar|*10]]

Siddeshwar Swami

2026-02-25T20:58:06Z

Heriberto60T: minor cleanup

{{Short description|Indian religious leader (1940–2023)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Siddeshwar Swami
| image = Sri siddeshwar swamiji suttur math 27-09-2008.JPG
| birth_name = Siddagonda Ogappa Biradar
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1940|09|05}}
| birth_place = [[Bijjaragi]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British India]] ({{small|present-day [[Vijayapura district]], [[Karnataka]], India}})
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2023|01|02|1940|09|05}}
| death_place = [[Bijapur|Vijayapura]], Karnataka, India
| alma_mater = {{bulleted list
|[[Karnatak University]]
|[[Shivaji University]]
}}
| education=[[Master of Arts]]
| website = {{Official URL}}
| module= {{Infobox religious biography
| embed = yes
| guru =Mallikarjun Swamiji
| profession =Spiritual preacher & Philosopher
| background =Orange
| title= Pujya Shri Siddheshwara Swamiji
}}
}}

'''Siddeshwar Swami'''{{Efn|Alternatively spelt as '''Siddheshwar Swami''' and '''Siddeshwara Swami'''. The Hindu religious leader's name is often preceded by the honorific ''[[Shri]]''. [[Swami]] is also referenced by the honorific Swamiji.}} (born '''Siddagonda Ogappa Biradar'''; 5 September 1940 – 2 January 2023) was an Indian spiritual preacher and philosopher known for his teachings on yoga and spirituality. Swami was the head of ''Jnanayogashrama'', an [[ashram]] in the city of [[Bijapur|Vijayapura]] (formerly Bijapur), in the Indian state of Karnataka. He declined the [[Padma Shri]], India's fourth-highest civilian award, when it was awarded to him in 2018.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=28 January 2018 |title=Siddheshwar Swami turns down Padma Shri, writes to PM Modi: 'Being a sanyasin I am little interested in awards' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/karnataka-seer-siddheswara-swami-in-letter-to-pm-modi-declining-to-accept-the-padma-shri-5042022/ |access-date=7 January 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He had earlier declined an honorary doctorate from the [[Karnatak University]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=3 January 2023 |title='Burn my body sans any rituals and don't build any memorial': Siddeshwara Swamy of Karnataka, who refused Padma Shri, is no more |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/burn-body-dont-build-memorial-lingayat-seer-siddeshwara-swamis-dying-8359023/ |access-date=7 January 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Swami was born as Siddagonda Ogappa Biradar on 5 September 1940, to Sangavva and Ogappa Gowda Biradar into a [[Lingayat]] family of agriculturists.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 January 2023 |title=Prominent Lingayat seer Siddeshwara Swami dead |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/karnataka-lingayat-seer-siddeshwara-swami-dead-vijayapura-8357645/ |access-date=7 January 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=7 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230107183428/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/karnataka-lingayat-seer-siddeshwara-swami-dead-vijayapura-8357645/ |url-status=live }}</ref> His father was a [[zamindar]] and had six children{{Spnd}}three sons and three daughters, with Swami being the eldest.<ref name=":0" /> From a young age, he was deeply interested in spiritual matters and spent much of his time studying the Hindu scriptures and practising yoga and meditation. At 14, he completed his primary school education and joined Mallikarjun Swami's [[ashram]] as his disciple.<ref name=":1" /> He completed his pre-university education in Vijayapura and got a [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree from [[Karnatak University]] in [[Dharwad]].<ref name=":1" /> He followed it with a [[postgraduate degree]] in philosophy from [[Shivaji University]] in [[Kolhapur]] in Maharashtra.<ref name=":0" />

== Religious career ==
After his initiation, Swami spent many years studying and practising the teachings of the Hindu scriptures, particularly the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'' and the ''[[Yoga Sutras of Patanjali]]''. He also travelled across India, giving lectures and leading spiritual retreats.<ref name=":0" />

Swami was the head of ''Jnanayogashrama'', an [[ashram]] in [[Bijapur|Vijayapura]] (formerly Bijapur), in the Indian state of [[Karnataka]]. His discourses on various [[yogic]] principles, and complex philosophical topics using simple language attracted a large following, across religious barriers. Despite being a Hindu religious leader, his disciples spanned religions including Muslims who used to visit his ashram to hear his lectures.<ref name=":0" /> His discourses drew upon anecdotes from [[Basavanna]]'s [[Sharana (Hinduism)|Sharana]] literature and other epics in the local language. He was also known to draw from teachings of [[Shankaracharya]], [[Madhavacharya]], and [[Ramanujacharya]], in addition to other religious prophets including Jesus, Abraham, and Mohammed. Most of his sermons were in the local dialect of Kannada, in addition to Marathi and English.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 January 2023 |title=Musings on last days of Spiritual Masters of Sanatana Dharma |url=https://starofmysore.com/musings-on-last-days-of-spiritual-masters-of-sanatana-dharma/ |access-date=7 January 2023 |website=Star of Mysore |language=en-US |archive-date=7 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230107153639/https://starofmysore.com/musings-on-last-days-of-spiritual-masters-of-sanatana-dharma/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In addition to his teachings on yoga and spirituality, Swami was also known for his philanthropic efforts, establishing several charitable organisations to help the disadvantaged.<ref name=":0" /> He had written over 20 books on Indian philosophy and ''[[Vachana sahitya]]''. Many of his discourses were also published as books.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jnanyogashram |url=https://jnanayogashrama.org/books_kannada.php?lang=ENGLISH&offset=0 |access-date=7 January 2023 |publisher=jnanayogashrama.org |archive-date=7 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230107170100/https://jnanayogashrama.org/books_kannada.php?lang=ENGLISH&offset=0 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Swami declined the [[Padma Shri]], India's fourth-highest civilian award, when it was awarded to him in 2018, stating that as a ''[[sanyasi]]'', or ascetic, "he had no interest in such awards".<ref name=":2" /> He had earlier declined an honorary doctorate from the [[Karnatak University]].<ref name=":0" /> He also returned a sum of money given by the government of [[Karnataka]] for the ashram's development, stating that the ashram did not need it.<ref name=":0" />

== Personal life and death ==
Swami lived in a two-room house within the ''Jnanayogashrama'' ashram.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Desai |first=Rishikesh Bahadur |date=3 January 2023 |title=Siddeshwar Swami, a seer who transcended sectarian beliefs |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/siddeshwar-swami-a-seer-who-transcended-sectarian-beliefs/article66332965.ece |access-date=7 January 2023 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=7 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230107034117/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/siddeshwar-swami-a-seer-who-transcended-sectarian-beliefs/article66332965.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

Swami died on 2 January 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menasinakai |first=Sangamesh |date=3 January 2023 |title=Siddheshwar Swami Death News: Karnataka seer Siddheshwar Swamiji passes away at 82 after prolonged illness |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hubballi/karnataka-seer-siddheshwar-swamiji-passes-away-at-82-after-prolonged-illness/articleshow/96690942.cms |access-date=7 January 2023 |website=The Times of India |agency=TNN |language=en |archive-date=10 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110152029/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hubballi/karnataka-seer-siddheshwar-swamiji-passes-away-at-82-after-prolonged-illness/articleshow/96690942.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In his will, he requested that no memorial be built for him and that his body be cremated without any post-death rituals. His final rites were completed in the ashram.<ref name=":1"/><ref>{{Cite news |date=3 January 2023 |title=Over a million pay their last respects to Siddeshwar Swami |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/over-a-million-pay-their-last-respects-to-siddeshwar-swami/article66334245.ece |access-date=7 January 2023 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=7 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230107192552/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/over-a-million-pay-their-last-respects-to-siddeshwar-swami/article66334245.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Explanatory notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{Official website|https://www.jnanayogashrama.org/}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/@JnanayogashramaVijayapura Jnana Yogashrama] on YouTube

{{DEFAULTSORT:Swami, Siddeshwar}}
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:Karnatak University alumni]]
[[Category:Shivaji University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Hindu religious leaders]]

Balram Shukla

2026-02-25T18:05:38Z

Heriberto60T: added a info v1

{{short description|Indian poet and academic}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox writer
| image = Balram Shukla (poet and author).png
| name = Balram Shukla
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1982|1|19}}<ref name="sv">{{cite journal|last=Sharma|first=Jeevan|journal=संस्कृतवाणी|location=Delhi|title=विद्वत्परिचयः|volume=1|issue=15|trans-title=Introduction to a scholar|date=1 November 2014|language=Sanskrit|page=2|issn=2349-0586|id=RNI No. DELSAN/2014/55803|publisher=Srinivas Sanskrit Vidyapeeth}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Maharajganj district|Maharajganj]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Professor, Poet
| period =
| genre = [[Sanskrit]], [[Indian literature]]
| language = [[Sanskrit]], [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Prakrit]]
| subject =
| movement =
| influences =
| influenced =
| signature =
| website =
| alma_mater = [[University of Delhi]]
}}

'''Balram Shukla''' ({{langx|hi|बलराम शुक्ल}}; born 19 January 1982)<ref name="sv"/> is an academician, poet and author based in [[New Delhi]].<ref name="vartavali">{{cite episode | last1=Joshi | first1=Sunil | last2=Sharma | first2=Richa | last3=Singh | first3=Rekha (hosts) | title=Vaartavali: Sanskrit News Magazine | series=Vaartavali | language=Sanskrit | network=[[DD News|Doordarshan News]] | date=19 November 2016 | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pgDQcjRqYe0 | access-date=5 March 2017 | quote=ज्ञानार्जनक्षेत्रे भूयो भूयः कृतश्रमः संस्कृतफ़ारसीभाषयोः गहनाध्येता विद्वान् अद्यास्ति अस्मदीयः त्रिज्यातिथिः। युवसंस्कृतविद्वद्भ्यः उपकल्पितेन महर्षिबादरायणव्याससम्मानेन सभाजितः डॉ.बलरामशुक्लः अत्र उपस्थितोऽस्ति। संस्कृतजगति युवविद्वत्सु वरेण्यः, संस्कृतव्याकरणभाषाविज्ञानविशारदः, बहुभाषाप्रवीणः, संस्कृतकविषु प्रथितयशाः, गहनानुसन्धाता च विराजते डॉ.बलरामशुक्लः। ज्ञानदानस्य पुण्यकार्यं विदधानः विद्वान् एषः प्रतिष्ठितेन महर्षिबादरायणव्याससम्मानेनापि गौरवान्वितोऽस्ति। संस्कृतपारसीकभाषयोः पटुत्वेन ईरानदेशेऽपि लब्धकीर्तिः बहुमानभाजकश्च डा. बलरामशुक्लः अद्य संवादाय अस्मदीयविशेषातिथिरूपेण अत्र उपस्थितोऽस्ति।}}</ref> He is a self-taught scholar of [[Sanskrit]] and Indian literature.<ref name="vartavali"/> He works as a professor of [[Sanskrit]] at the [[University of Delhi]]. He is a scholar of Sanskrit, [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]], [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Prakrit]].<ref name="ss">{{cite journal|last=Bharatiya|first=Chandragupta|journal=संस्कृतसंवादः|location=Delhi|title=डॉ.बलरामशुक्लः पारसीकस्नातकोत्तरे सुवर्णपदकं लभते|volume=2|issue=26|trans-title=Dr. Balram Shukla gets gold medal in Persian masters|date=16 July 2012|language=Sanskrit|page=1|id=RNI No. DELSAN/2011/38660 DL(E)-21/5379/2011-2013}}</ref><ref name="sv"/> He writes poetry in both Sanskrit and Persian,<ref name="ss"/> and also translates Persian poetry into Sanskrit using the same poetic metres.<ref name="vartavali"/> He has been awarded the Badrayan Vyas Award for Sanskrit in 2013 by the [[President of India]].<ref name="outlook">{{cite news|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/prez-gives-certificate-of-honour-to-language-experts/825216|title=Prez Gives Certificate of Honour to Language Experts|date=17 January 2014|accessdate=18 February 2017|work=[[Outlook India]]}}</ref> He has authored eight books.

==Life==
Shukla hails from Sohrauna Raja village in [[Maharajganj district|Maharajganj]], [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name="jagran">{{cite news|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/maharajganj-11061315.html|title=डा.बलराम शुक्ल को मिला राष्ट्रपति सम्मान|language=Hindi|trans-title=Dr. Balram Shukla gets President's Award|date=4 February 2014|access-date=18 February 2017|work=[[Dainik Jagran]]}}</ref> His father is a retired school teacher.<ref name="jagran2"/> His initial education was at Maharajganj.<ref name="jagran2">{{cite news|title=डॉ.बलराम शुक्ल को महर्षि बादरायण व्यास सम्मान|language=Hindi|trans-title=Maharshi Badrayan Vyas Samman for Dr. Balram Shukla|date=18 August 2013|work=[[Dainik Jagran]]|edition=Gorakhpur}}</ref> He received a [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree from [[Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh|Gorakhpur]] and [[Master of Arts]] degrees in Sanskrit and Persian from [[University of Delhi]].<ref name="jagran2"/> Shukla topped in both subjects and received the C D Deshmukh gold medal.<ref name="jagran2"/> Shukla then received a PhD in Sanskrit grammar from the University of Delhi.<ref name="jagran2"/> Shukla took up research in Persian after completing his research in Sanskrit.<ref name="vartavali"/>

Since 2004, Shukla has taught in various colleges affiliated to the University of Delhi, including [[Hindu College, University of Delhi|Hindu College]] and [[Hans Raj College]].<ref name="sv"/> Currently, he is a professor in University of Delhi's Department of Sanskrit.<ref name="sv"/>

From 2020 to 2022, he was a research fellow at the Indian Institute of Advanced Study ([http://iias.ac.in/2020/03/23/balram-shukla/ IIAS]) Shimla. He worked on the topic, "प्राकृत कविता के चारुत्व के भाषिक प्रयोजक". His project aims to identify and explicate those linguistic peculiarities of Prakrit languages which have been exploited by poets to embellish their poetry and transcend the beauty of prior literature.

From 2023 to 2026, he will serve as the director of Swami Vivekananda Cultural Centre, Tehran, Iran with diplomatic rank of First Secretary.<ref>{{Cite web |title=डा. बलराम शुक्ल ईरान के सांस्कृतिक राजदूत नियुक्त |url=http://m.rashtriyasahara.com/imageview_12146_149047426_4_6_02-02-2023_10_i_1_sf.html |access-date=2023-02-03 |website=m.rashtriyasahara.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Swami Vivekananda Cultural Centre, Tehran, Iran {{!}} Official website of Indian Council for Cultural Relations, Government of India |url=https://iccr.gov.in/indianculturalcenter/swami-vivekananda-cultural-centre-tehran-iran |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=iccr.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=गोरखपुर के डॉ. बलराम ईरान में सांस्कृतिक राजदूत नियुक्त |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/gorakhpur/story-dr-balram-of-gorakhpur-appointed-cultural-ambassador-in-iran-7717753.html |access-date=2023-02-03 |website=Hindustan |language=hindi}}</ref>

==Recognition==
Shukla is recognized as one of the foremost young scholars of Sanskrit today.<ref name="vartavali"/> He is well known in India and Iran for his knowledge of Sanskrit and Persian, his expertise in Sanskrit grammar, and his poetry in Sanskrit.<ref name="vartavali"/> He often translates Persian poetry into Sanskrit in the same metre as the original.<ref name="vartavali"/>

Shukla has translated 100 Ghazals of Rumi along with several appendices, directly from Persian into Hindi. The book was recently launched in Iran's Art Bureau in the presence of the author.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://financialtribune.com/articles/art-and-culture/92036/rumi-s-ghazals-in-hindi|title=Rumi's Ghazals in Hindi|date=18 August 2018|website=Financial Tribune|access-date=2 June 2019}}</ref> Literary critics have immensely praised the book for being a pioneering work in Hindi and as a model for translation. From a review in ''The Hindu'' : "The book is a model of how translations of poetic works should be presented so that the readers may become familiar not only with the beauty of the poetry but also the richness of the literary traditions of that language, history of translations, meaning of words and basic principles of its grammar."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/rumi-in-hindi/article27209306.ece|title=Rumi in Hindi|last=Kumar|first=Kuldeep|date=23 May 2019|work=The Hindu|access-date=2 June 2019|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Shukla's Persian odes have recently been collected in a volume called "Haft Shaair az Fardaa" which contain sample-poems of 7 non-Iranian young Persian poets.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://taaghche.ir/book/45380/%D9%87%D9%81%D8%AA-%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%9B-%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81%DB%8C-%D9%88-%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84-%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%87-%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C-%DA%86%D9%86%D8%AF-%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%B1-%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C-%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%BA%DB%8C%D8%B1-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C|title=دانلود کتاب و کتاب صوتی با طاقچه|date=|website=طاقچه|language=fa|access-date=2 June 2019}}</ref>

===Awards and honours===
Shukla has been conferred many honours.<ref name="vartavali"/> Some of these are
*2012: Gold medal in Persian [[Master of Arts]] course, University of Delhi.<ref name="ss"/>
*2012: Honoured by [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]], the then [[President of Iran]], for contributions to Persian literature.<ref name="jagran2"/>
*2013: [[Maharshi Badrayan Vyas Samman]] by [[Pranab Mukherjee]], the President of India.<ref name="vartavali"/>
*"Pt. Pratap Narayan Mishra Yuva Sahityakara Samman" conferred by Bhaurao Deoras Seva Nyas, Lucknow on 2 October 2017<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.patrika.com/lucknow-news/pratap-narayan-mishra-yuva-sahityakar-samman-2017-declared-1780191/|title=प्रताप नारायण मिश्र युवा साहित्यकार सम्मान के लिए 6 साहित्यकार चयनित|website=www.patrika.com|date=4 September 2017 |language=hindi|access-date=2 June 2019}}</ref>
*Shukla has three Sanskrit poetry collections to his credit. One amongst them is "Parivaahah" which has been published by Sahitya Akademi Delhi ( {{ISBN|978-81260-4787-1}}) This book also have been awarded with "Kalidasa Samman" by Uttar Pradesh Sanskrit Sansthan in 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/maharajganj-event-17480569.html|title=कालिदास सम्मान से नवाजे गए डा. बलराम शुक्ल|website=Dainik Jagran|language=hi|access-date=2 June 2019}}</ref>
*2021: Conferred with the “Mahakavi Kalidasa Sanskrit-Vrati National Award<ref>{{cite web|title=The Hitavada|url=https://www.ehitavada.com/index.php?edition=Mpage&date=2021-12-16&page=1|access-date=2021-12-16|website=The Hitavada}}</ref>” by Kavikulguru Kalidasa Sanskrit University, Ramtek, Nagapur (Maharashtra).
*2022: Conferred with the “Mahakavi Kalidasa Sanskrit-Vrati National Award” by Kavikulguru Kalidasa Sanskrit University, Ramtek, Nagapur (Maharashtra).<ref>{{cite news |title=बलराम शुक्ल को महाकवि कालिदास संस्कृतव्रति राष्ट्रीय पुरस्कार |pages=1 |work=Rashtriya Sahara |url=http://m.rashtriyasahara.com/imageview_32239_133548750_4_6_19-09-2022_4_i_1_sf.html |access-date=8 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=राष्ट्रीय पुरस्कार से सम्मानित हुए प्रो बलराम |pages=१ |work=Hindustan |url=https://epaper.livehindustan.com/Home/MShareArticle?OrgId=199a4ff4901&imageview=0 |access-date=8 October 2022}}</ref>

==Views==
Shukla believes that Sanskrit and Persian have around 350 similar words, owing to their common origin.<ref name="vartavali"/> Shukla says that the influence of some Persian poets like [[Rumi]] and [[Hafez|Hafez Shirazi]] is seen in the poetry of several Indian languages including Sanskrit,<ref name="vartavali"/> as well as on Persian poets from India like [[Abdul-Qādir Bedil|Bedil Dehalvi]].<ref name="vartavali"/> Regarding Sanskrit poetry, Shukla believes that even today, Sanskrit poetry is being composed in the same metres and on the same topics as in Vedic times, and that India has poets who can compose poetry like [[Valmiki]] and [[Vyasa]] even today.<ref name="vartavali"/>

==Works==
===Books===
*Shukla, Balram (2025) ‘Bhāratīya Jñāna Paramparā : Sātatya evam Saṁvardhana’, An exhaustive theoretical account of how the Indian knowledge tradition has remained continuous and generative through the ages. New Delhi: Vāṇī Prakāśana, {{ISBN|978-93-73482-27-9}} (Hard Cover), {{ISBNT|978-93-73488-61-5}} (Paper Back). (Press Coverage)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Yadav |first=Yogendra |date=January 20, 2026 |title=Reading India’s political mood at the World Book Fair |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/yogendra-yadav-writes-reading-indias-political-mood-at-the-world-book-fair-10483428/ |url-status=live |access-date=February 7, 2026 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref>
*
*Shukla, Balram [Trans.](2021) ''Nihshabd-Noopur'' (Collection and Hindi Translation of Rumi's 100 Ghazals, First paperback edition, Second Edition - [https://www.firstpost.com/art-and-culture/tracing-the-unabating-universal-influence-of-rumi-and-his-connection-to-indian-vedantic-thought-10223581.html December 2021])''.'' New Delhi: Rajkamal Paperbacks. {{ISBN|978-93-90971-62-6}}
*Shukla, Balram [ed.] (2021) ''Paśyantī'' (A Collection of poems of 75 contemporary Sanskrit poets), Prayagraj: Raka Prakashan. {{ISBN|978-93-90964-27-7}}
*Shukla, Balram (2020, 1398hq) Zāfrān-o-Sandal ({{lang|fa|زعفران و صندل}}) (A Collection of Persian Ghazals), Tehran: Mo,assase-e-farhangi-e-shāerān-e-Pārsīzabān {{ISBN|978-622-99165-6-8}}<ref>{{cite news |date=14 January 2020 |script-title=fa:سروده‌های آیینی شاعر هندو منتشر شد/ «زعفران و صندل» شکلا به ایران رسید- اخبار فرهنگی - اخبار تسنیم |trans-title=Hindu poet's ritual poems published / Shakila's "saffron and sandal" arrived in Iran - Cultural News - Tasnim News |url=https://www.tasnimnews.com/fa/news/1398/10/24/2181770/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%87-%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%A2%DB%8C%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C-%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%B1-%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%B1-%D8%B4%D8%AF-%D8%B2%D8%B9%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%88-%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%84-%D8%B4%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF |newspaper=[[Tasnim News Agency]] |language=fa}}</ref>
*Shukla, Balram (Ed.)(2019) Śatāvadhāniracanāsaṃcayanam (Edited 7 beautiful compositions of modern Sanskrit poet Śatāvadhānī Dr. R. Ganesh with elaborate introduction and 600 notes to the same). New Delhi : Sahitya Akademi. {{ISBN|978-93-89195-01-9}}
*Shukla, Balram (Trans.)(2018) Nihshabd-Noopur (Collection and Hindi Translation of Rumi's 100 Ghazals). New Delhi : MGAHV Wardha and Rajkamal. {{ISBN|978-93-88183-25-3}}
*Shukla, Balram (2017) ‘Kavitāputrikājātiḥ’, (an original Sanskrit poetry collection) New Delhi: Rashtriya Sanskrit sansthan, {{ISBN|978-93-82091-68-4}}
*Shukla, Balram (2016). ''Parivahah'' ({{lang|sa|परीवाहः}}), a collection of Sanskrit poems. {{ISBN|978-81-260-4787-1}}. Published by [[Sahitya Akademi]]
*Shukla, Balram and Paramanand Jha (2015). ''Laghusandesham'' ({{lang|sa|लघुसन्देशम्}}), a collection of short Sanskrit poems. {{ISBN|978-93-85539-03-9}}.
*Shukla, Balram (2014). Hindi translation of Dawazdeh Band of [[Muhtasham Kashani]]. Rampur, India: Rampur Raza Library. {{ISBN|978-93-82949-20-6}}.
*Shukla, Balram (2013). ''Bharatiya evam pashchattya vakyartha siddhanta'' ({{lang|hi|भारतीय एवं पाश्चात्त्य वाक्यार्थ सिद्धान्त}}), a Hindi research work on Indian and Western theories of sentential meaning. New Delhi, India: Pratibha Prakashan. {{ISBN|978-81-7702-335-0}}.
*Shukla, Balram (2011). ''Isq-o-Atesh'' ({{lang|fa|عشق و آتش}}), a collection of Persian poems. Tehran, Iran: Midhat Publication. {{ISBN|978-600-5312-11-9}}.
*Shukla, Balram (2009). ''Adhunik Sanskrit Sahitya Sanchayan'' ({{lang|hi|आधुनिक संस्कृत साहित्य संचयन}}), a Hindi research work on modern Sanskrit poetry in India. Delhi: Vidyanidhi Publication. {{ISBN|978-81-86700-86-0}}.

===Example poetry===
Shukla's symmetrical (in the same metre) translation into Sanskrit of the opening couplets of Rumi's [[Masnavi]], along with the 1898 English translation by [[Edward Henry Whinfield]]:<ref name="vartavali"/>
{| style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto; width: 50em;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
|<poem>
Original Persian
بشنو از نی چون حکایت می‌کند
از جدایی‌ها شکایت می‌کند
کز نیستان تا مرا بُبْریدهاند
در نفیرم مرد و زن نالیده‌اند
سینه خواهم شرحه‌شرحه از فراق
تا بگویم شرح درد اشتیاق
هر کسی کو دور ماند از اصل خویش
باز جوید روزگار وصل خویش
</poem>
| <poem>
Sanskrit translation
श्रूयतां वंशीगलाद्वंशीकथा
कथ्यमाना विप्रयोगाणां व्यथा।
वंशिकारण्याद्यतो मां लूनवान्
सर्वलोकः कण्ठतो मे दूनवान्।
तद्वियोगैश्छिन्नभिन्नं मन्मनः
स्याद्यथोद्वेगं ब्रवीत्वेतज्जनः।
येन केनापि स्वमूलाद्भ्रश्यते
तेन भूयो योगमार्गोऽन्विष्यते।
</poem>
|-
| colspan="2" |
{{Quote|Hearken to the reed-flute, how it complains, lamenting its banishment from its home: "Ever since they tore me from my osier bed, my plaintive notes have moved men and women to tears. I burst my breast, striving to give vent to sighs, and to express the pangs of my yearning for my home. He who abides far away from his home is ever longing for the day he shall return."}}
|}

A Sanskrit verse by Shukla:<ref name="vartavali"/>
{{center|
<poem>
सर्वाङ्गं मलयजगन्धवन्द्यमानं
किं भूयो निटिलतटे पटीरचर्चा।
संजाता मम धमनी ससूत्रजाला
संशीर्णा पुनरुपवीतसूत्रतः किम्॥
</poem>
{{Quote|When all my limbs have the fragrance of sandalwood, why should I adorn my forehead alone with the [[tilaka]]? When all my nerves have become thin as threads, what is the need of the [[Yajnopavita|sacred thread]]?}}}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shukla, Balram}}
[[Category:People from Maharajganj district]]
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Indian Sanskrit scholars]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Usha Nandini

2026-02-21T05:13:23Z

Heriberto60T:

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{BLP sources|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Usha Nandini
| image =
| birth_name = Usha Devi
| birth_date = 1951
| birth_place = Kamaleswaram, [[Trivandrum]], [[Travancore-Cochin]], India
| education = Bachelor in Law
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 1967–1980
| parents =
| spouse = Mariappan
| children = 3
}}
'''Usha Nandini''' is an Indian actress who has appeared in South Indian films. She was a prominent [[lead actress]] during the 1970s in [[Malayalam film|Malayalam]] films.{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}} She has also acted in [[Tamil film|Tamil]] films.{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}}

==Early life==
Ushanandini was born as Usha Devi to parents K. G. Raman Pillai and Saraswathi in 1949 at Kamaleshwaram, [[Trivandrum]], [[Travancore-Cochin]], India. She has a Bachelor of Arts degree.{{cn|date=July 2024}}

==Career==
She made her Malayalam debut in 1967 with ''Aval'', a great success at the box office. She had acted as heroine to [[Sivaji Ganesan]] in many Tamil movies like [[Ponnunjal (film)|Ponnunjal]], [[Gauravam (1973 film)|Gowravam]], [[Rajapart Rangadurai]], [[Manidhanum Dheivamagalam|Manithanum Deivamagalam]] and [[Ennai Pol Oruvan]]. [[Nagarame Nandi]], [[Olavum Theeravum]], Aa Chithrasalabham Parannotte are the few among the important characters she played.

==Personal life==
She is married to a successful business magnate, S. Mariappan. She has three daughters, Preethi, Sajni and Keerthana. She also has two granddaughters.

==Partial filmography==
===Malayalam===
*Yakshagaanam (1976)
*[[Criminals (film)|Criminals]] (Kayangal) (1975)
*[[Sathyathinte Nizhalil]] (1975)
*Pattaabhishekam (1974)
*Check Post (1974)
*Ashwathi (1974)
*Police Ariyaruthu (1973)
*Periyar (1973)
*Kaamuki (1971)
*[[Makane Ninakku Vendi]] (1971)....Mary
*Jalakanyaka (1971)
*Aa Chithrashalabham Parannotte (1970)
*[[Olavum Theeravum]] (1970)
*[[Padunna Puzha]] (1968)
*[[Aval (1967 film)|Aval]] (1967)
*[[Nagarame Nandi]] (1967)

===Tamil===
*''[[Malathi]]'' (1970) as Chandra
*''Veettukku Oru Pillai'' (1971) as Ponni
*''[[Shakthi Leelai]]'' (1972) as Lord Parvathi
*''[[Ponnunjal (film)|Ponnunjal]]'' (1973) as Valli
*''[[Gauravam (1973 film)|Gauravam]]'' (1973) as Radha
*''[[Rajapart Rangadurai]]'' (1973) as Alamel
*''[[Ponvandu]]'' (1973) as Sathyabama
*''[[Athaiya Mamiya]]'' (1974) as Usha
*''Thaai Veetu Seedhanam'' (1975) as Radha
*''[[Manidhanum Dheivamagalam]]'' (1975) as Vijaya
*''[[Ennai Pol Oruvan]]'' (1978) as Usha

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|1166594}}
*[http://en.msidb.org/displayProfile.php?category=actors&artist=Ushanandini Ushanandini at MSI]

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]

Biswanath Rath

2026-02-06T06:08:27Z

Heriberto60T: started initial article and citations!

{{Short description|Indian film director, screenwriter, editor and producer}}
{{Promotional|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Biswanath Rath
| image = Director Biswanath Rath being honoured at Prabasi Odia Business Summit, Chennai in April 2017.jpg
| caption = Biswanath Rath being honoured at Prabasi Odia Business Summit, Chennai in April 2017
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1984|6|18}}
| birth_place = [[Jeypore|Jeypore, Odisha, India]]
| occupation = [[Film director]], [[screenwriter]], [[editor]], [[Film producer|producer]]
| years_active = 2013–present
| spouse = Archana Rath
| children = 1
}}

'''Biswanath Rath''' is an Indian [[film director]], [[screenwriter]], [[editor]] and [[film producer|producer]]. His films have received a total of 600 recognition/awards in various International Film Festivals across the globe.<ref>{{cite news |date=12 August 2025 |title= Biswanath Rath Creates History with 600 International Film Festival Accolades|url= https://odiacelebrity.com/biswanath-rath-creates-history-with-600-international-film-festival-accolades/|newspaper=Odia Celebrity|location= [[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=12 March 2024 |title= Biswanath Becomes First Odia Filmmaker To Win 500 International Film Festival Accolades/Awards|url= https://kalingavoice.com/odisha/biswanath-becomes-first-odia-filmmaker-to-win-500-international-film-festival-accolades-awards/ |newspaper=Kalinga Voice|location= [[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref><ref name="Orissa Post News">{{cite news |date=21 October 2017 |title=Global honour for Oriya filmmaker |url=http://www.orissapost.com/epaper/211017/p2.htm |newspaper=[[Orissa Post]] |location=[[Bhubaneswar]] |access-date=27 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226134907/http://www.orissapost.com/epaper/211017/p2.htm |archive-date=26 December 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=22 October 2017 |title= Award winning Odia filmmaker Biswanath hits Century in International Film Festival Accolades|url= http://www.bhubaneswarbuzz.com/stories-by-people/award-winning-odia-filmmaker-biswanath-hits-century-international-film-festival-accolades |newspaper=Bhubaneswar Buzz|location= [[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref><ref name="Odisha Live">{{cite news |date=30 October 2017 |title= ବିଶ୍ୱନାଥ ରଥଙ୍କ ସିନେମା ଓ ମ୍ୟୁଜିକ୍ ଭିଡିଓ ୟୁକେରେ ପ୍ରଦର୍ଶିତ|url=https://odisha.live/2017/10/30/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%B1%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A5-%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%A5%E0%AC%99%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%95-%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE/|newspaper=Odisha Live|location= [[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref><ref name="Sambad English">{{cite news |date=3 December 2022 |title=Sambalpuri Musical Video 'Kahide Thare' Wins Three Awards At International Film Festivals|url=https://sambadenglish.com/sambalpuri-musical-video-kahide-thare-wins-three-awards-at-international-film-festivals/|newspaper=Sambad English|location= [[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref> He is the first Odia filmmaker to achieve the milestone of winning 600 film festival accolades which includes 184 awards.<ref name="Odia Celebrity 2">{{cite news |date=12 March 2024 |title= Award-Winning Film Director Biswanath Rath Becomes First Odia Filmmaker To Win 500 International Film Festival Awards|url= https://odiacelebrity.com/award-winning-film-director-biswanath-rath-becomes-first-odia-filmmaker-to-win-500-international-film-festival-awards/ |newspaper=Odia Celebrity|location= [[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref> He is the founder of production company BnR Films LLP.<ref name="Motivateme.in">{{cite news |date=12 August 2016 |title=Biswanath Rath's & his venture BnR Films is committed to make films on Indian Cultures with Global appeal |url=http://motivateme.in/biswanath-raths-his-venture-bnr-films-is-committed-to-make-films-on-indian-cultures-with-global-appeal/ |newspaper=Motivateme.in |location=[[Noida]] |access-date=4 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180330143602/http://motivateme.in/biswanath-raths-his-venture-bnr-films-is-committed-to-make-films-on-indian-cultures-with-global-appeal/ |archive-date=30 March 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 2024, Biswanath has created history in [[Festival de Cannes]] by showcasing Odisha's [[Kotpad Handloom fabrics|Kotpad Handloom]] for the first time in the festival.<ref name="Odia Samaj">{{cite news|date=25 May 2024 |title=Odia Youth Biswanath Rath Creates History At Cannes Film Festival 2024|url= https://odiasamaj.org/odia-youth-biswanath-rath-creates-history-at-cannes-film-festival-2024/ |newspaper=Odia Samaj|location= [[New Delhi]]}}</ref>

==Work==
His first short film, ''Kar Bhalaa,'' garnered a total of 56 [[Film Festival|International Film Festivals]] nominations and three awards.<ref name="The Hindu">{{cite news |last= K. |first=Sarumathi |date=16 April 2016 |title=Young filmmaker makes a mark |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/downtown/young-filmmaker-makes-a-mark/article8483303.ece |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |location= [[Chennai]]}}</ref><ref name="Odisha TV">{{cite news |date=11 July 2017 |title=Famous Short film Director Biswanath Rath at Jaypore |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9sDdP3BrJ9Q |newspaper=[[Odisha TV]] |location= [[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref><ref name="NewsWorld Odisha">{{cite news |date=28 January 2016 |title=News World Special with filmaker [sic] Biswanath Rath |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eVeGdoEkbXQ |newspaper=[[News World India|News World]]|location= [[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref> His debut [[music video]] is called "Feel the Passion".<ref name="NewsWorld Odisha"/><ref name="Bhubaneswar Buzz 3">{{cite news |date=8 November 2015 |title= International Music Album 'Feel The Passion' Directed by Odia Director goes viral|url= http://www.bhubaneswarbuzz.com/updates/odisha-news/international-music-album-feel-the-passion-directed-by-odia-director-goes-viral |newspaper=Bhubaneswar Buzz|location= [[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref> It has received 31 international film festival nominations. His first ad film, ''The 'Right' Glass'' is a social ad-film based on [[Children's rights|child rights]], which has garnered 8 awards and 77 international [[film festival]] nominations.<ref name="The Hindu" /><ref name="DNA India">{{cite news|date= 23 March 2015|title= UNICEF announces winners for short film contest 'Kallola'|url= http://www.dnaindia.com/locality/bhubaneswar/unicef-announces-winners-short-film-contest-kallola-55654|newspaper= [[DNA India]]|location= [[Bhubaneswar]]}}{{Dead link|date=October 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> His [[Tamil language|Tamil]] music video, "Namma Chennai Chancey Illa," produced by national daily ''[[The Times of India]]'' with the theme celebration of [[Chennai]] and its culture, was premiered at TourFilm [[Riga]] - Tourism Film Festival in 2017.<ref name="Sambad Paper N2">{{cite news |date=21 April 2017 |title= ୟୁରୋପରେ ପ୍ରଦର୍ଶିତ ହେବ ବିଶ୍ୱନାଥଙ୍କ ମ୍ୟୁଜିକ ଭିଡିଓ
|url= http://www.sambadepaper.com/Details.aspx?id=348681&boxid=1263582|newspaper=[[Sambad]]|location= [[Jeypore]]}}</ref><ref name="Odisha Bytes">{{cite news |last= Mishra |first=Prachitara |date=19 April 2017 |title=Biswanath Rath's Tamil music video to be screened at Tourfilm Riga|url=http://www.odishabytes.com/biswanath-raths-tamil-music-video-screened-tourfilm-riga |newspaper=Odisha Bytes|location= [[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref> This video is a spiritual successor to ''[[Chancey Illa]]'' (2014).<ref name="Times Music Tamil">{{cite news |date=21 Aug 2017 |title=Chancey Illa-Tamil Music Video-Namma Chennai-Biswanath Rath-Anirudh|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nSvN5C1Mqgg |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |location= [[Chennai]]}}</ref> His English documentary, ''A Zero to Hero Collaborative Approach'', released on [[World Food Day]] (2016) received the Audience Award at the AgriCulture Film Festival held in [[Rome]] ([[Italy]]) on 9 December 2017.<ref name="The Statesman">{{cite news |date=25 Oct 2016 |title=New documentary pays tribute to farmers|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/new-documentary-pays-tribute-to-farmers-172747.html |newspaper=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |location= [[Kolkata]]}}</ref><ref name="Bhubaneswar Buzz 1">{{cite news |date=17 October 2016 |title= Zero to Hero : Documentary on Inspiring Stories of Farmers from Nabrangpur|url= http://www.bhubaneswarbuzz.com/updates/odisha-news/zero-hero-documentary-inspiring-stories-farmers-nabrangpur-dont-miss |newspaper=Bhubaneswar Buzz|location= [[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref><ref name="Nitidin Paper">{{cite news |date=19 Oct 2016|title= କୃଷକ ସଶକ୍ତୀକରଣ ସମ୍ପର୍କିତ ଡକ୍ୟୁମେଣ୍ଟାରି|url=http://odishanewsnitidin.com/index.php?ID=23&PubId=4&period=1476921600&PageId=12367&ImgId=103541&action=download|newspaper=Nitidin|location= [[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref><ref name="Motivateme.in" /><ref name="TheTelegraph">{{cite news |last= Ambaly |first=Anwesha |date=16 December 2017 |title=Farmers' story hits global stage |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/odisha/farmers-story-hits-global-stage-193818 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180330143734/https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/odisha/farmers-story-hits-global-stage-193818 |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 30, 2018 |newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)]] |location= [[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref><ref name="The Pioneer">{{cite news |last=Pattanaik |first=Nishan |date=4 December 2017 |title=N'Rangpur Docu to be Screened in Rome Fest |url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/bhubaneswar/nrangpur-docu-to-be-screened-in-rome-fest.html |newspaper=[[The Pioneer (newspaper)|The Pioneer]] |location= [[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref><ref name="ଖବର ଓଡ଼ିଶା">{{cite news |last= ଓଡ଼ିଶା |first=ଖବର |date=18 December 2017 |title=ରୋମରେ ପ୍ରଦର୍ଶିତ ହେଲା ଓଡ଼ିଆ ସିନେ ନିର୍ମାତାଙ୍କ ପ୍ରାମାଣିକ ଚଳଚ୍ଚିତ୍ର |url=http://khabarodisha.com/State/Odia-film-maker-Biswanaths-Documentary-film-shows-at-Rome-24450 |newspaper=ଖବର ଓଡ଼ିଶା |location= ଜୟପୁର}}</ref><ref name="Odisha Story">{{cite news |date=18 October 2016 |title=Documentary on success story of Dangarbheja Panchayat in Odisha |url=http://www.odishastory.com/2016/10/20/documentary-on-success-story-of-dangarbheja-panchayat-in-odisha/ |newspaper=Odisha Story Bureau |location= [[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref>

This documentary tells the inspirational success story of the collaboration between Dangarbheja Gram Panchayat ([[Nabarangpur]]) and a civil society organization named Govindalaya.<ref name="Orissa Post">{{cite news|date=16 October 2016|url=http://www.orissapost.com/epaper/161016/p2.htm|title=Good Times Ahead for Nabarangapur Farmers|location=[[Bhubaneswar]]|work=[[Orissa Post]]|access-date=23 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180330211337/http://www.orissapost.com/epaper/161016/p2.htm|archive-date=30 March 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

His silent short film, ''New Champion'', received the Best Film in Indian Panorama Award at CMS International Children's Film Festival at Lucknow on 9 April 2018.<ref name="Dainik Jagran">{{cite news |last=संवाददाता |first=जागरण|date=10 April 2018 |title= साइलेंट फ़िल्मों ने दिया बुलंद संदेश|url=http://epaper.jagran.com/epaper/10-apr-2018-11-lucknow-archive-edition-lucknow-Page-23.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418163339/http://epaper.jagran.com/epaper/10-apr-2018-11-lucknow-archive-edition-lucknow-Page-23.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=April 18, 2018 |newspaper=[[Dainik Jagran]] |location= [[Lucknow]]}}</ref>

His English documentary, ''Kotpad Weaving: The Story of a Race Against Time'', was telecasted on [[DD National]] on 24 March 2018.<ref name="Odisha Sun Times 2">{{cite news|date=26 March 2018|url=http://odishasuntimes.com/i-aspire-to-take-kotpad-story-to-global-audience-odisha-filmmaker/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180331042202/http://odishasuntimes.com/i-aspire-to-take-kotpad-story-to-global-audience-odisha-filmmaker/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=March 31, 2018|title=I aspire to take Kotpad story to global audience: Odisha filmmaker|location=[[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref> It explores the uniqueness of [[Kotpad Handloom fabrics|Kotpad Handloom]], the issues and possible solutions for revival of Kotpad weaving and dyeing.<ref name="The New Indian Express">{{cite news|date=4 August 2018|url=https://epaper.newindianexpress.com/1762945/The-New-Indian-Express-Bhubaneswar/04.08.2018#page/18/2|title=Reels of Kotpad|location=[[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref><ref name="The Better India">{{cite news|last= Wangchuk|first=Rinchen Norbu|date=6 March 2019|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/174285/natural-dye-sari-odisha-kotpad/|title=Disappearing Odisha Tradition Holds The Key to Chemical-Free, Naturally-Dyed Saris!|location=[[The Better India]]}}</ref> The film had its Australian premiere at Sydney on November 15, 2018 as part of a handloom exhibition titled “The Kotpad Collection” organized by brand Kay Collections (founded by Kushma Ram).<ref name="The Telegraph 3">{{cite news |last= Ambaly |first=Anwesha |date=18 November 2018 |title=Film to Revive Tribal Textile Tradition |url=https://epaper.telegraphindia.com/textview_234017_155428682_4__9_18-11-2018_78_0.html |newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)]] |location= [[Bhubaneswar]]}}{{dead link|date=February 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> It had its Indian premiere at Kashmir World Film Festival, Srinagar on 30 November 2018 where it won the Best Short Documentary award.<ref>{{cite news |date=5 December 2018 |title=Kashmir World Film Festival concludes |url=https://kashmirage.net/2018/12/04/kashmir-world-film-festival-concludes/ |newspaper=Kashmir Age|location= [[Srinagar]]}}</ref> The film also features [[List of Padma Shri award recipients (2010–2019)|2019 Padma Shri award]] recipient [[Gobardhan Panika]]. The documentary film has garnered a total of 51 international [[film festival]] nominations and 8 awards.<ref name="The Indian Express">{{cite news|date=6 April 2019|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/kotpad-handloom-weaving-odisha-tradition-tribal-rituals-5661286|title=In the red: Kotpad handloom and its ties with nature, tribal rituals|location=[[Pune]]}}</ref> This film is the world's first documentary film on Kotpad Handloom.<ref>{{cite news|date=6 April 2019|url=https://www.theindianwire.com/entertainment/biswanath-rath-kotpad-weaving-short-film-117001/|title=Filmmaker Biswanath Rath's short film based on Kotpad weaving is first on the subject|newspaper=The Indian Wire|location=[[Pune]]}}</ref> In June 2020, the film premiered on Amazon Prime US, UK, Canada, Australia and other English-speaking territories of Amazon Prime, making it the documentary from Odisha to feature on a major global [[Over-the-top media service|OTT]] platform.<ref name="Zee Odisha">{{cite news|date=2 July 2020|url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/zeeodisha/national-international/story-on-documentary-cinema-kotpad-pata/704890?fbclid=IwAR1xBYlVbPoCFuNh7hreZmlL6JxQ09VRRPJkAuukRcg0OT2J4CuKw-3t_IU|title=ଅବହେଳିତ କୋଟପାଡ଼ର କାହାଣୀ କହିବ କୋଟପାଡ଼ ପାଟ|newspaper=Zee Odisha|location=[[New Delhi]]}}</ref><ref name="MBC TV">{{cite news|date=20 July 2020|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JhClSmUC0VQ|title=Zilla Khabar|newspaper=MBC TV|location=[[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref>

In June 2020, his romantic Odia music video "ବର୍ଷା ଭିଜା ରାତି" ("Barshaa Bhijaa Raati") premiered on an OTT named IndieShorts, making it the first Odia music video to feature on a national OTT platform.<ref name="Prameya News 2">{{cite news|date=7 July 2020|url=http://www.prameyanews.com/oida-music-video-barshaa-bhijaa-raati-featured-on-indieshorts/|title=Odia music video 'Barshaa Bhijaa Raati' featured on IndieShorts|newspaper=Prameya News|location=[[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref><ref name="Kanak News 2">{{cite news |date=13 July 2020|title= First Odia Music Video Barsha Bhija Rati Released On OTT|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oflPrBF6HpQ|newspaper=[[Kanak News]]|location= [[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref>

In August 2020, his friendship-themed Hindi music video, “Woh Bhi Kya Din the Yaar,” premiered on YouTube on Friendship day. This music video is India's first independently made crowd-sourced music video.<ref name="Odisha Plus 4">{{cite news |date=10 August 2020 |title=Woh Bhi Kya Din the Yaar: India's first independent crowd sourced MV|url=https://www.odisha.plus/2020/08/woh-bhi-kya-din-the-yaar-indias-first-independent-crowd-sourced-mv/|newspaper=Odisha Plus|location= [[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref>

In November 2023, his feature documentary proposal 'Habaspuri Weaving: The Second and Last Death???' got selected in NFDC Film Bazaar Documentary Co-Production Market and was pitched in Film Bazaar Goa held between 20–24 November 2023.<ref name="PIB">{{cite news|date=26 October 2023|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1971667|title=NFDC Film Bazaar presents 12 promising documentary projects for this edition of the Documentary Co-Production Market|location=[[Mumbai]]}}</ref><ref name="Film Bazaar India">{{cite news|date=26 October 2023|url=https://filmbazaarindia.com/media/3389/pressrelease-nfdc2023_documentaryco-productionmarket.pdf|title=NFDC Film Bazaar presents 12 promising documentary projects for this edition of the Documentary Co-Production Market.|location=[[Mumbai]]}}</ref><ref name="Orissa Post 12">{{cite news|date=3 November 2023|url=https://www.orissapost.com/documentary-on-habaspuri-weaving-selected-for-nfdc-film-bazaar-2023/|title=Documentary on Habaspuri Weaving selected for NFDC Film Bazaar 2023|location=[[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref><ref name="PublicNow">{{cite news|date=26 October 2023|url=https://www.publicnow.com/view/19D20C7B07596CC9B274596C98F722BE890A832E?1698396367|title=NFDC Film Bazaar Presents 12 Promising Documentary Projects For This Edition Of The Documentary Co-Production Market|location=[[Mumbai]]}}</ref><ref name="Kalinga Voice 3">{{cite news|date=3 November 2023|url=https://kalingavoice.com/odisha/habaspuri-weaving-the-second-and-last-death/|title=HABASPURI WEAVING : THE SECOND AND LAST DEATH???|location=[[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref><ref name="The News Hashtag 3">{{cite news|date=27 October 2023|url=https://thenewshashtag.com/odishas-cinematic-talent-shines-at-nfdcs-film-bazaar/|title=Odisha's Cinematic Talent Shines At NFDC's Film Bazaar|location=[[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref> This documentary is the spiritual successor to his acclaimed handloom documentary 'Kotpad Weaving' and aspires to explore the uniqueness of Habaspuri Handloom as well as the issues and challenges faced by Habaspuri weavers from Kalahandi district (Odisha). This documentary proposal featured in the list of 12 Documentaries selected by NFDC team (for co-production market) out of 98 International entries. The documentary was shot in September 2024 and is currently in Post-production stage.

On 22 May 2024, Biswanath, in his very first visit to [[Festival de Cannes]] (77th Edition) created history by showcasing Kotpad Handloom in Cannes Film Festival for the first time.<ref name="Orissa Post 14">{{cite news|date=28 May 2024 |title='Habaspuri' handloom posters launched at Cannes|url= https://www.orissapost.com/habaspuri-handloom-posters-launched-at-cannes/ |newspaper=Orissa Post|location= [[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref><ref name="Odia Samaj">{{cite news|date=25 May 2024 |title=Odia Youth Biswanath Rath Creates History At Cannes Film Festival 2024|url= https://odiasamaj.org/odia-youth-biswanath-rath-creates-history-at-cannes-film-festival-2024/ |newspaper=Odia Samaj|location= [[New Delhi]]}}</ref> He also launched the posters of his upcoming Odia feature documentary ‘Habaspuri Weaving: The Second and Last Death???' on the same day.<ref name="Kalinga Voice 4">{{cite news|date=28 May 2024 |title=Filmmaker Biswanath Rath creates history at Cannes Film Festival 2024|url= https://kalingavoice.com/odisha/filmmaker-biswanath-rath-creates-history-at-cannes-film-festival-2024/ |newspaper=Kalinga Voice|location= [[New Delhi]]}}</ref><ref name="Couture Fashion">{{cite news|date=28 May 2024 |title=Odisha Filmmaker Biswanath Rath Shines at Cannes Film Festival |url= https://couturefashion.net/lifestyle/odisha-filmmaker-biswanath-rath-shines-at-cannes-film-festival/|newspaper=Couture Fashion|location= [[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref> This marked a significant milestone in his journey to celebrate and preserve Odisha’s rich artisan heritage and create awareness about these lesser-known handloom traditions across the globe.<ref name="City Buzz Click">{{cite news|date=1 June 2024 |title=Biswanath Rath showcases Kotpad handloom, unveils poster for Habaspuri documentary at Cannes 2024|url= https://citybuzzclick.com/biswanath-rath-showcases-kotpad-handloom-unveils-poster-for-habaspuri-documentary-at-cannes-2024/|newspaper= City Buzz Click|location= [[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref><ref name="Indus Valley Times">{{cite news|date=27 May 2024 |title=Filmmaker Biswanath Rath creates history at Cannes Film Festival 2024: Showcases Kotpad Handloom and launches the posters of his Feature Documentary on Habaspuri Handloom|url= https://indusvalleytimes.com/news/filmmaker-biswanath-rath-creates-history-at-cannes-film-festival-2024-showcases-kotpad-handloom-and-launches-the-posters-of-his-feature-documentary-on-habaspuri-handloom/|newspaper=Indus Valley Times|location= [[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Biswanath Rath was born in [[Jeypore|Jeypore, Odisha]] to Raghunath Rath and Pramila Rath.<ref name="Orissa Post News" /><ref name="Odisha TV" /> He is an alumnus of the Department of [[Mechanical Engineering]] at [[National Institute of Technology, Warangal]].<ref name="The Asian Entrepreneur">{{cite news|date=12 October 2016 |title="Never to take things for granted in this industry" Interview with Biswanath Rath CEO of BNR Films from Chennai, India.|url= http://theasianentrepreneur.com/blog/2016/10/12/interview-with-biswanath-rath-ceo-of-bnr-films/ |newspaper=The Asian Entrepreneur|location= [[Singapore]]}}</ref> From 2007 to 2010, he worked in [[Maruti Suzuki|Maruti Suzuki India Limited]] after which he moved to Chennai to learn filmmaking.<ref name="The Asian Entrepreneur" /> At Chennai, he completed formal courses in Screenwriting and Film Direction and started his filmmaking career.<ref name="The Asian Entrepreneur" /><ref name="pandolin">{{cite web|last=Bhatia|first=Nandini|title=Social Films Today Cannot Be Preachy|url=http://pandolin.com/social-films-today-cannot-be-preachy/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915072653/http://pandolin.com/social-films-today-cannot-be-preachy/|url-status=dead|archive-date=2015-09-15|work=Pandolin}}</ref>

In 2015, he founded [[Production company|film production company]] BnR Films LLP with his wife Archana Rath.<ref name="Motivateme.in" /><ref name="pandolin"/>

==Awards and recognition from Indian socio-cultural associations==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Award !! Event name !! Organisation !! Location
|-
| 2017 || Adarsh Prabasi Odia || Prabasi Odia Business Summit || Odisha Without Border|| Chennai
|-
| 2019 || Utkal Shree || Utkal Divas (Odisha Day) || Thane Odia Association|| Mumbai
|-
| 2019 || Adarsh Prabasi Samman || Raja Mahostav<ref name="Odisha Story 4">{{cite news |date=30 May 2019 |title=Pune Gears Up For Raja Mahostav-2019|url=http://www.odishastory.com/2019/05/30/pune-gears-up-for-raja-mahostav-2019/|newspaper=Odisha Story|location= [[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref> || Kalinga Swaraj Foundation|| Pune
|-
| 2019 || Bartika Artist Award || Odisha Hastatanta Carnival<ref name="Odisha Story 12">{{cite news |date=5 Nov 2019 |title=Documentary 'Kotpad Weaving' Screened At Odisha Hastatanta Carnival|url=http://www.odishabytes.com/documentary-kotpad-weaving-screened-at-odisha-hastatanta-carnival/|newspaper=Odisha Bytes|location= [[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref> || Bartika Handlooms|| Bhubaneswar
|}

==Filmography==

{|class="wikitable"
|+
! Year
! Title
! Type/language
! Director
! Writer
! Producer
! Editor
! Awards/festivals
|-
| 2013
| ''Kar Bhalaa''
| Short film (Hindi-Tamil)
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| (1) 2nd Best Short Film Award—Yuva Nirman Short Film Festival, Ahmednagar (2014) (2) Best Direction Award—Srishti Short Film Festival, Bhubaneswar (2015) (3) Nominated—[[Jaipur International Film Festival]], Jaipur (2014)<ref name="Incredible Orissa">{{cite news |date=23 December 2015|title=Short films by Odia filmmaker Biswanath Rath at Europe Film Festival |url= http://incredibleorissa.com/short-films-by-odia-filmmaker-at-europe-film-festival/|newspaper=Incredible Orissa|location= [[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref> (4) Nominated—[[Filmsaaz|FilmSaaz International Film Festival]], Aligarh (2014) (5) Nominated—[[Jagran Film Festival]], Mumbai (2014)<ref name="Mid-Day">{{cite news |last= Sangghvi |first=Malavika |date=5 July 2014|title=Jagran Film Festival: The Show Has Just Begun |url= https://www.mid-day.com/articles/jagran-film-festival-the-show-has-just-begun/15425182|newspaper=[[Mid-Day]]|location= [[Mumbai]]}}</ref> (6) Nominated—[[Siffcy|Smile International Film Festival for Children and Youth]], New Delhi (2016)
|-
| 2015
| ''The 'Right' Glass''
| Social ad-film (silent)
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| (1) Best Fiction Award—Srishti Short Film Festival, Bhubaneswar (2015)<ref name="Orissa Post News TRG">{{cite news |date=22 December 2015|title='The Right Glass' garners awards, praise and acclaim|url= http://www.orissapost.com/the-right-glass-garners-awards-praise-and-acclaim/|newspaper=[[Orissa Post]]|location= [[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref> (2) Children Choice Award—Kallola Short Film Festival, Bhubaneswar (2015)<ref name="DNA India"/><ref name="Odisha TV" /><ref name="UNICEF INDIA">{{cite news |date=23 March 2015|title= 'Kallola - A Short Films Contest on Child Rights|url= http://unicef.in/Story/1160/-Kallola-A-Short-Films-Contest-on-Child-Rights|newspaper=[[UNICEF]]|location= [[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref><ref name="Dharitri Epaper 2">{{cite news |date=21 March 2015|title=ସମାଜରେ ଶିଶୁଙ୍କ ଏକ ସ୍ୱତନ୍ତ୍ର ସ୍ଥାନ ରହିଛି|url= http://www.dharitri.com/e-Paper/Bhubaneswar/210315/p12.htm|newspaper=[[Dharitri (newspaper)|Dharitri]]|location= [[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref><ref name="Odisha Channel">{{cite news|date=21 March 2015 |title=Five short films on child rights awarded |url=http://odishachannel.com/index.php/3722/five-short-films-on-child-rights-awarded/ |newspaper=Odisha Channel|location= [[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref> (3) Nominated—[[Filmsaaz|FilmSaaz International Film Festival]], Aligarh (2015) (4) Nominated—[[Jagran Film Festival]], Mumbai (2015)<ref name="Incredible Orissa" /><ref name="Bollywood Helpline">{{cite news |date=22 October 2015|title=Richa Chadda, Bhumi Pednekar, R Balki, Shaan and many more attend the 6th Jagran Film Festival on Day 4|url= http://www.bollywoodhelpline.com/news-gossips/filmy-buzz/richa-chadda-bhumi-pednekar-r-balki-shaan-and-many-more-attend-the-6th-jagran-film-festival-on-day-4/30786|newspaper=Bollywood Helpline|location= [[Mumbai]]}}</ref> (5) Nominated—[[Development Film Festival]], Madurai (2015) (6) Nominated—[[Kolkata International Film Festival]], Kolkata (2015) (7) Nominated—[[City Montessori School#In the news|CMS International Children's Film Festival]], Lucknow (2016)<ref name="Bhubaneswar Buzz 2">{{cite news |date=2 April 2016 |title=Multi-award winning short film The Right Glass by Odia Filmmaker to represent India at Paris Film Festival|url= http://www.bhubaneswarbuzz.com/updates/odisha-news/short-film-the-right-glass-by-odia-filmmaker-to-represent-india-at-paris-film-festival |newspaper=Bhubaneswar Buzz|location= [[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref><ref name="Orissa Post Enews">{{cite news|date=29 December 2015|url=http://www.orissapost.com/epaper/291215/p2.htm|title=Short yet packing a punch|newspaper=[[Orissa Post]]|location=[[Bhubaneswar]]|access-date=25 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180330211245/http://www.orissapost.com/epaper/291215/p2.htm|archive-date=30 March 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> (8) Nominated—[[National Media Museum|Bradford Small World Film Festival]], UK (2016) (9) Nominated—[[Phoenix Film Festival]], USA (2016) <ref name="Telegraph">{{cite news |last=Ambaly |first=Anwesha |date=21 April 2016 |title=A short film made by Odia Filmmaker is making waves at Film Festivals across the globe |url=http://epaper.telegraphindia.com/details/183292-164450960.html |newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph(India)]] |location=[[Bhubaneswar]] |access-date=25 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180331035905/https://epaper.telegraphindia.com/details/183292-164450960.html |archive-date=31 March 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Orissa Post Enews 1">{{cite news |date= 3 April 2016 |title= Another recognition for 'The 'Right' Glass' |url= http://www.orissapost.com/epaper/030416/p2.htm |newspaper= [[Orissa Post]] |location= [[Bhubaneswar]] |access-date= 27 January 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160623013312/http://www.orissapost.com/epaper/030416/p2.htm |archive-date= 23 June 2016 |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref name="Kanak News">{{cite news |date=21 March 2015|title= ଦି ରାଇଟ୍ ଗ୍ଲାସ୍|url=http://kanaknews.com/the-right-glass/|newspaper=[[Kanak News]]|location= [[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref><ref name="Bhubaneswar Buzz 2"/> (10) Nominated—[[Marano di Napoli|Marano Ragazzi Spot Festival]], Italy (2016) (11) Nominated—[[Pondicherry International Film Festival|PickUrFlick Indie Film Festival]], Bengaluru (2017) (12) Nominated—[[Cardiff Film Festival]], UK (2017)<ref name="Orissa Post News" /><ref name="Odisha Live"/> <ref name="Bhubaneswar Buzz 4">{{cite news |date=8 August 2017 |title=Multi-award winning silent short films by Biswanath Rath selected for screening at Canada Film Festival|url= http://www.bhubaneswarbuzz.com/updates/odisha-news/multi-award-winning-silent-short-films-biswanath-rath-selected-screening-canada-film-festival |newspaper=Bhubaneswar Buzz|location= [[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref><ref name="Odisha Bytes 2">{{cite news |date=2 August 2017 |title=Biswanath Rath's short film 'The 'Right' Glass' travelling to Canada|url= http://www.odishabytes.com/biswanath-raths-short-film-right-glass-travelling-canada/|newspaper=Odisha Bytes|location= [[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref><ref name="Sambad Paper N1">{{cite news |date=17 September 2017 |title= ଜୟପୁର ଯୁବକଙ୍କ କମାଲ |url=http://www.sambadepaper.com/Details.aspx?id=386007&boxid=5628485 |newspaper=[[Sambad]]|location= [[Jeypore]]}}</ref> (13) Nominated—[[International Open Film Festival]], New York (2016)<ref name="Odisha Bytes 14">{{cite news |date=4 October 2018 |title=Odisha-born Director Makes a Mark With His Films|url=http://www.odishabytes.com/odisha-born-director-makes-a-mark-with-his-films/|newspaper=Odisha Bytes|location= [[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref> (14) The Encouragement Award—International Public Advertisement Festival of Seoul, South Korea (2020)<ref name="The Times of India 5 ">{{cite news |last= Bal |first=Sandip |date=31 October 2020 |title=Biswanath's short films win international acclaim|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/bhubaneswar/biswanaths-short-films-win-international-acclaim/articleshow/78964742.cms|newspaper=The Times of India|location= [[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref>(15) Best Filmmaker Award—Indian Creative Minds Film Festival, Mumbai (2021)
|-
| 2015
| ''Feel The Passion''
| Music video (English)
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| (1) Nominated—[[Filmsaaz|FilmSaaz International Film Festival]], Aligarh (2016)<ref name="Jamsphere">{{cite news|last=Nelson|first=Buddy|date=8 November 2015|url=http://jamsphere.com/reviews/purplehed-feel-the-passion-a-heavenly-dance-symphony-of-positive-music|title=Purplehed: "Feel the Passion" – a heavenly dance symphony of positive music!|newspaper=Jamsphere|location= Online}}</ref><ref name="Orissa Post ENews 2">{{cite news|date=4 May 2016|url=http://www.orissapost.com/epaper/040516/p2.htm|title=Album Selected for International Festival|newspaper=[[Orissa Post]]|location=[[Bhubaneswar]]|access-date=25 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180330211341/http://www.orissapost.com/epaper/040516/p2.htm|archive-date=30 March 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>(1) Nominated—[[Filmsaaz|FilmSaaz International Film Festival]], Aligarh (2016)
|-
| 2016
| ''New Champion''
| Silent short film
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| (1) 'Best films in Indian Panorama' Award—[[City Montessori School#In the news|CMS International Children's Film Festival]], Lucknow (2018)<ref name="Bhubaneswar Buzz 4"/><ref name="Odisha Bytes 2"/><ref name="CMS ICFF">{{cite web |date=25 March 2018 |title=Screening Schedule |url= http://www.cmsfilms.org/icff/|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121022231627/http://www.cmsfilms.org/icff/|url-status= usurped|archive-date= October 22, 2012|location= [[Lucknow]]}}</ref> 
|-
|2016
| ''A Zero To Hero Collaborative Approach''
| Documentary (English)
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
| (1) Audience Choice Award—AgriCulture Film Festival, Rome (2017)<ref name="Orissa Post Epaper">{{cite news |date=3 December 2017 |title=Orissa's film to be screened in Rome |url=http://www.orissapost.com/epaper/031217/p2.htm |newspaper=[[Orissa Post]] |location=[[Bhubaneswar]] |access-date=27 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180330211308/http://www.orissapost.com/epaper/031217/p2.htm |archive-date=30 March 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="News Odisha">{{cite news |date=18 December 2017 |title=Documentary on Nabarangpur farmers screened at Rome Agriculture Film fest |url=http://newsodisha.in/content-details/Documentary-on-Nabarangpur-farmers-screened-at-Rome-Agriculture-Film-fest-6254 |newspaper=News Odisha |location=[[Bhubaneswar]] |access-date=5 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180121105637/http://newsodisha.in/content-details/Documentary-on-Nabarangpur-farmers-screened-at-Rome-Agriculture-Film-fest-6254 |archive-date=21 January 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="ଖବର ଓଡ଼ିଶା"/><ref name="Odisha Bhaskar">{{cite news |date=4 December 2017 |title=Documentary about the upliftment of farmers of Dangarbheja selected for screening at Italy AgriCulture Film Festival |url=http://www.odishabhaskar.com/documentary-%E2%80%8B%E2%80%8Babout-the-upliftment-of-farmers-of-dangarbheja-selected%E2%80%8B-%E2%80%8Bfor-screening-at-%E2%80%8B%E2%80%8B%E2%80%8Bitaly-agriculture-film-festival/ |newspaper=Odisha Bhaskar |location=[[Bhubaneswar]] }}{{Dead link|date=October 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> (2) Nominated—[[Cardiff Film Festival]], UK (2017)<ref name="Orissa Post News" /><ref name="Odisha Live"/> (3)Semi-Finalist—[[G2 Green Earth Film Festival]], Los Angeles (2017)
|-
| 2017
| ''Namma Chennai Chancey illa''
| Music video (Tamil)
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| (1) Nominated—[[Cardiff Film Festival]], UK (2017)<ref name="Odisha Bytes"/><ref name="Sambad Paper N2" /><ref name="Orissa Post News" /><ref name="Odisha Live"/> 
|-
| 2018
| ''Kotpad Weaving : The Story of a Race Against Time''
| Documentary (English)
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| (1) World Premiere—Marin County International Festival of Short Film & Video, California (2018)<ref name="My City Links">{{cite news |date=8 June 2018 |title=Documentary On Odisha's Kotpad Weaving To Be Screened At Two International Film Fests|url= http://www.mycitylinks.in/documentary-on-odisha-s-kotpad-weaving-to-be-screened-at-two-international-film-fests |newspaper=My City Links|location= [[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref> (2) European Premiere—Zagreb Tourfilm Festival, Croatia (2018)<ref name="My City Links"/> (3) Award of Excellence-Metro Film & TV Awards, USA (2018)<ref name="Odisha Bytes 4">{{cite news |date=21 Sep 2018 |title=Odisha's Kotpad Tale Goes Global|url=http://www.odishabytes.com/odishas-kotpad-tale-goes-global/|newspaper=Odisha Bytes|location= [[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref> <ref name="Odisha Bytes 11">{{cite news |date=15 Jan 2019|title=Documentary On Kotpad Weaving Wins Award Of Excellence In USA|url=http://www.odishabytes.com/documentary-on-kotpad-weaving-wins-award-of-excellence-in-usa//|newspaper=Odisha Bytes|location= [[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref> (4) Best Short Documentary Award—Kashmir World Film Festival, Srinagar (2018)<ref name="The Tribune">{{cite news |date=5 December 2018 |title=Film fest signs off with hope to clear Valley's negative image|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jammu-kashmir/film-fest-signs-off-with-hope-to-clear-valley-s-negative-image/693291.html|newspaper=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|location= [[Srinagar]]}}</ref><ref name="Greater Kashmir">{{cite news |date=5 December 2018 |title=Kashmir World Film Festival concludes |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/srinagar-city/kashmir-world-film-festival-concludes/305063.html|newspaper=[[Greater Kashmir]]|location= [[Srinagar]]}}</ref><ref name="The Tribune 2">{{cite news |date=30 November 2018 |title='Beyond the Clouds' screened at film fest' |url= https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jammu-kashmir/-beyond-the-clouds-screened-at-film-fest/691528.html |newspaper=The Tribune|location= [[Srinagar]]}}</ref><ref name="Kashmir Age">{{cite news |date=30 November 2018 |title=Day 3 of KWFF: 'Beyond the Clouds' screened at Tagore Hall |url= https://kashmirage.net/2018/11/30/day-3-of-kwff-beyond-the-clouds-screened-at-tagore-hall/|newspaper=Kashmir Age|location= [[Srinagar]]}}</ref><ref name="United News of India">{{cite news |date=30 November 2018 |title=Day 3 of KWFF: Beyond the Clouds among several films screened |url= http://www.uniindia.com/day-3-of-kwff-beyond-the-clouds-among-several-films-screened/north/news/1421778.html |newspaper=United News of India|location= [[Srinagar]]}}</ref><ref name="Odisha Bytes 5">{{cite news |date=9 Nov 2018 |title='Kotpad' Story To Be Screened In Australia & Kashmir|url=http://www.odishabytes.com/kotpad-story-to-be-screened-in-australia-kashmir/|newspaper=Odisha Bytes|location= [[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref> (5) Best Documentary Award—Kala Samruddhi International Film Festival, Mumbai (2019) (6) Nominated—[[Smita Patil#Reception and legacy|Smita Patil International Film Festival]], Pune (2018)<ref name="Orissa Post 10">{{cite news |last= Shome |first=Chaitali |date=8 Nov 2018 |title=Indigenous Kotpad sarees set to make its mark in Australian expo|url=http://www.orissapost.com/indigenous-kotpad-sarees-set-to-make-its-mark-in-australian-expo/|newspaper=Orissa Post|location= [[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref><ref name="Orissa Post News 10">{{cite news |date=8 November 2018 |title=Indigenous Kotpad sarees set to make its mark in Australian expo |url= http://www.orissapost.com/indigenous-kotpad-sarees-set-to-make-its-mark-in-australian-expo/ |newspaper=[[Orissa Post]]|location= [[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref><ref name="Orissa Diary">{{cite news |date=7 November 2018 |title=Australian Premiere of Documentary 'Kotpad Weaving' at Exhibition 'The Kotpad Collection' |url= http://orissadiary.com/australian-premiere-documentary-kotpad-weaving-exhibition-kotpad-collection/ |newspaper=Orissa Diary|location= [[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref><ref name="Hindustan Times">{{cite news |date=7 December 2018 |title=7th Smita Patil international film festival to be held in Pune on December 8–9 |url= https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/7th-smita-patil-international-film-festival-to-be-held-in-pune-on-december-8-9/story-EiOo4iO5n1fNnfVEJhrqyN.html |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|location= [[Pune]]}}</ref> (7) Educational Screening—[[Asian College of Journalism, Chennai]] (2019) (8) Educational Screening—[[The Odisha Society of the Americas#Events|Golden Jubilee Convention by OSA]], New Jersey (2019)<ref name="Odisha Bytes 9">{{cite news |date=25 February 2019 |title= A Window To Odia Culture In Mumbai|url= http://www.odishabytes.com/a-window-to-odia-culture-in-mumbai/|newspaper=Odisha Bytes|location= [[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref><ref name="Orissa Post 9">{{cite news |date=24 February 2019 |title= 'Ama Utkarsha Odisha' fest held in Mumbai|url= http://www.orissapost.com/ama-utkarsha-odisha-fest-held-in-mumbai/|newspaper=Orissa Post|location= [[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref><ref name="Odisha Live 2">{{cite news |date=25 February 2019 |title= Mega Event 'Ama Utkarsha Odisha' Concludes at Mumbai|url= https://odisha.live/2019/02/25/mega-event-ama-utkarsha-odisha-concludes-at-mumbai/ |newspaper=Odisha Live|location= [[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref><ref name="Odisha Live 3">{{cite news |date=24 February 2019 |title= ମୁମ୍ବାଇରେ ଓଡିଆମାନଙ୍କ ଦ୍ୱାରା ଆୟୋଜିତ ଦୁଇଦିନିଆ ବିଶାଳ 'ଆମ ଉତ୍କର୍ଷ ଓଡ଼ିଶା' କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକ୍ରମ ଉଦ୍‌ଯାପିତ|url= https://odisha.live/2019/02/24/two-day-long-ama-utkarsh-program-by-odias-concludes-in-mumbai/ |newspaper=Odisha Live|location= [[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref><ref name="Orissa Diary 3">{{cite news |date=23 February 2019 |title= Two days' mega event 'Ama Utkarsha Odisha' kicked off in Mumbai, Jharkhand Governor Draupadi Murmu Inaugurates the festival|url= http://orissadiary.com/two-days-mega-event-ama-utkarsha-odisha-kicked-off-mumbai-jharkhand-governor-draupadi-murmu-inaugurates-festival/|newspaper=Orissa Diary|location= [[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref><ref name="Orissa Diary 4">{{cite news |date=25 February 2019 |title= Mega Event 'Ama Utkarsha Odisha' Concludes at Mumbai|url= https://orissadiary.com/mega-event-ama-utkarsha-odisha-concludes-mumbai/|newspaper=Orissa Diary|location= [[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref><ref name="Kalinga TV">{{cite news |date=2 March 2019 |title= Pravasi Odia enjoy first ever 'Ama Odisha Utkarsha' in Navi Mumbai-Kalinga TV|url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lOrGlPgTkrI |newspaper=Kalinga TV|location= [[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref><ref name="The Times of India">{{cite news |date=20 February 2019 |title=Odia short in South Asian Short Film Festival|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/bhubaneswar/odia-short-in-south-asian-short-film-festival/articleshow/68074845.cms|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|location= [[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref><ref name="Textiel Factorij">{{cite news |date=10 April 2019 |title=The future of Indian Crafts|url=http://www.textielfactorij.org/future-century-old-indian-craft-traditions/|newspaper=Textiel Factorij|location= [[Amsterdam]]}}</ref><ref name="Nitidin Paper 2">{{cite news |date=12 June 2019|title= ଶିଳ୍ପକଳା ସମ୍ପର୍କିତ ଫିଲ୍ମ ପ୍ରଦର୍ଶିତ |url=http://odishanewsnitidin.com/index.php?ID=20&PubId=8&schedule=2019-06-12&PageId=60084&PageNum=6|newspaper=Nitidin|location= [[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref><ref name="Odisha Bytes 12">{{cite news |date=19 May 2019|title=Movie by Odia Filmmaker to be screened at Latvia Film Festival|url=http://www.odishabytes.com/kotpad-movie-to-be-screened-at-latvia-film-festival/|newspaper=Odisha Bytes|location= [[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref> (9) Nominated—[[Public Service Broadcasting Trust|Open Frame Film Festival]], Delhi (2019)<ref name="Odisha Bytes 1">{{cite news |date=20 July 2019|title=Odia Documentary on Kotpad Weaving travels to Int'l Fest in Greece|url=http://www.odishabytes.com/odia-documentary-on-kopad-weaving-travels-to-intl-fest-in-greece/|newspaper=Odisha Bytes|location= [[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref><ref name="Update Odisha 1">{{cite news |date=19 October 2019 |title=Second edition of Koraput Literary Festival on Oct 20|url=https://updateodisha.com/2019/10/19/second-edition-of-koraput-literary-festival-on-oct-20-64098/|newspaper=Update Odisha|location= [[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref><ref name="Odisha Link 1">{{cite news |date=18 October 2019 |title=ଅକ୍ଟୋବର ୨୦ରୁ ୨ୟ କୋରାପୁଟ ସାହିତ୍ୟ ଉତ୍ସବ, ଉଦ୍‌ଯାପନୀ ଉତ୍ସବରେ ଯୋଗଦେବେ ରାଜ୍ୟପାଳ ଓ ସଂସ୍କୃତି ମନ୍ତ୍ରୀ|url=http://www.odishalink.com/2019/10/18/governor-and-culture-minister-to-grace-2nd-koraput-literary-festival/|newspaper=Odisha Link|location= [[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref><ref name="Pragativadi 2">{{cite news|date=19 October 2019 |title=Koraput Literary Festival: Odisha Guv, Culture Min to Grace the 2-day Event|url=http://www.pragativadi.com/koraput-literary-festival-odisha-guv-culture-min-to-grace-the-2-day-event/|newspaper=Pragativadi|location= [[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref><ref name="India Whispers">{{cite news |date=19 October 2019 |title=Koraput Literary Festival to start from tomorrow|url=https://www.indiawhispers.com/2019/10/19/2-nd-koraput-literary-festival-kicks-off-from-tomorrow-odisha-governor-ganeshi-lal-dogri-author-from-jammu-kashmir-lalit-mangotra/|newspaper=India Whispers|location= [[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref><ref name="Odisha Story 9">{{cite news|date=21 October 2019|title=Governor, Culture Minister Grace 2nd Koraput Literary Festival|url=http://www.odishastory.com/2019/10/21/governor-culture-minister-grace-2nd-koraput-literary-festival/|newspaper=Odisha Story|location=[[Bhubaneswar]]|access-date=25 October 2019|archive-date=25 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025200230/http://www.odishastory.com/2019/10/21/governor-culture-minister-grace-2nd-koraput-literary-festival/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Odisha Link 2">{{cite news |date=20 October 2019 |title=ଲଳିତ ମଙ୍ଗୋତ୍ରାଙ୍କ ଦ୍ବାରା ଦ୍ବିତୀୟ କୋରାପୁଟ ସାହିତ୍ୟ ଉତ୍ସବ ଉଦ୍‌ଘାଟିତ|url=http://www.odishalink.com/2019/10/20/prof-lalit-mangotra-inaugurates-koraput-literary-festival-2019/|newspaper=Odisha Link|location= [[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref><ref name="Odisha Story 8">{{cite news |date=20 October 2019 |title=Lalit Mangotra Inaugurates 2nd Koraput Literary Festival|url=http://www.odishastory.com/2019/10/20/lalit-mangotra-inaugurates-2nd-koraput-literary-festival/|newspaper=Odisha Story|location= [[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref><ref name="Prameya News 7">{{cite news |date=1 December 2019 |title=Koraput Kotpad Handloom Fabrics Exhibition In Bengaluru|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fFnbWpxdNxU|newspaper=Prameya News7|location= [[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref><ref name="Kalinga TV 3">{{cite news |date=14 December 2019 |title=Movie Released To Promote Odisha Handicrafts In Bangalore|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dzvgs04a5LE|newspaper=Kalinga TV|location= [[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref> (10) Best Indian Film Award (in Documentary Category)-Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Film Festival, Surat (2020)<ref name="Odisha Bhaskar 3">{{cite news |date=24 June 2021|title=ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଯୁବକଙ୍କ 'କୋଟପାଡ଼ ୱିଭିଂ' ଡକ୍ୟୁମେଣ୍ଟାରି MX Playରେ|url=https://odishabhaskar.com/kotpad-weaving-now-streaming-on-mx-player/|newspaper=Odisha Bhaskar|location= [[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref> 
|-
| 2018
| ''ଶତ ପ୍ରତିଶତ Original (100% Original)''<ref name="Odisha Bytes 6">{{cite news |last= Mishra |first=Sweta |date=20 Dec 2018 |title=Odia Web Series, The Beginning Of A New Trend|url=http://www.odishabytes.com/odia-web-series-the-beginning-of-a-new-trend/|newspaper=Odisha Bytes|location= [[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref><ref name="Bhubaneswar Buzz 10">{{cite news |date=25 Dec 2018 |title=ଶତ ପ୍ରତିଶତ Original (100% Original): BnR Films along with Pune based Odia artists launches a brand new Odia web series|url=http://www.bhubaneswarbuzz.com/videos/100-original-bnr-films-along-pune-based-odia-artists-launches-brand-new-odia-web-series|newspaper=Bhubaneswar Buzz|location= [[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref>
| Comedy short film (Odia)
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| (1) Best Odia Film Award-Indian Creative Minds Film Festival, Mumbai (2021)
|-
| 2019
| ''WAR : Rescue. Release. Repeat''<ref name="Edex Live 2">{{cite news |last= Rajpal |first=Seema |date=17 June 2019 |title=This Odisha lad has rescued over 6,000 snakes and 1,500 birds. This is his inspiring story|url=https://www.edexlive.com/40-under-40/2019/jun/11/this-odisha-lad-has-rescued-over-6000-snakes-and-1500-birds-this-is-his-inspiring-story-6562.html|newspaper=The New Indian Express|location= [[Hyderabad]]}}</ref><ref name="Odisha Bytes 3">{{cite news |date=4 Sep 2018 |title=Young Guns' War Against Poaching, Subject Of Web Series|url=http://www.odishabytes.com/young-guns-war-against-poaching-subject-of-web-series/|newspaper=Odisha Bytes|location= [[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref><ref name="Bhubaneswar Buzz 5">{{cite news |date=8 September 2018 |title= WAR : Documentary web series tells inspiring story of a young team from Jeypore Odisha working towards conservation of rich biodiversity of Koraput region|url= https://www.bhubaneswarbuzz.com/videos/war-documentary-web-series-tells-inspiring-story-young-team-jeypore-odisha-working-towards-conservation-rich-biodiversity-koraput-region |newspaper=Bhubaneswar Buzz|location= [[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref>
| Documentary web series (Odia)
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| (1) World Premiere—The Lift-Off Sessions, UK (2020)<ref name="Orissa Post 13">{{cite news |date=12 Jan 2020 |title=Docu Web Series from Odisha gets international platform|url=http://odishapostepaper.com/edition/688/orissapost/page/2|newspaper=Orissa Post|location= [[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref> 
|-
| 2019
| ''Desh Dosti Etc''<ref name="The Times of India 3">{{cite news |last= Bal |first=Sandip |date=30 April 2019 |title=Biswanath Rath makes short film on social media craze around elections|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/bhubaneswar/biswanath-rath-makes-short-film-on-social-media-craze-around-elections/articleshow/69109061.cms|newspaper=The Times of India|location= [[Hyderabad]]}}</ref><ref name="Edex Live">{{cite news |last= Rajpal |first=Seema |date=1 May 2019 |title=Losing friends over election arguments? Watching this short film could help solve this|url=https://www.edexlive.com/happening/2019/may/01/losing-friends-over-election-arguments-watching-this-short-film-could-help-solve-this-5995.html|newspaper=The New Indian Express|location= [[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref><ref name="Odisha Bytes 15">{{cite news |date=11 April 2019 |title='Desh Dosti Etc' Heats Up Election Season|url=http://www.odishabytes.com/hindi-short-film-desh-dosti-etc-launched/|newspaper=Odisha Bytes|location= [[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref><ref name="Nation First News">{{cite news |date=11 April 2019 |title=BnR Films launches Hindi Short Film 'Desh Dosti Etc' in Election Season|url=https://nationfirstnews.in/news/bnr-films-launches-hindi-short-film-desh-dosti-etc-in-election-season/|newspaper=Nation First News|location= [[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref><ref name="Orissa Post 11">{{cite news |date=12 April 2019 |title=Cybercitizens applaud Biswanath for 'Desh Dosti Etc|url=http://www.orissapost.com/cybercitizens-applaud-biswanath-for-desh-dosti-etc/|newspaper=Orissa Post|location= [[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref>
| Short film (Hindi)
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| (1) Best Screenplay Award—Indian Creative Minds Film Festival, Mumbai (2021)
|-
| 2019
| ''ବର୍ଷା ଭିଜା ରାତି (Barshaa Bhijaa Raati)''<ref name="Odisha Bytes 17">{{cite news |date=28 September 2019 |title=Odia Music Video 'Barsha Bhija Raati' Launched|url=https://www.odishabytes.com/odia-music-video-barsha-bhija-raati-launched/|newspaper=Odisha Bytes|location= [[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref><ref name="Odisha Story 6">{{cite news |date=27 September 2019 |title=BnR Films Launches Odia Music Video 'Barshaa Bhijaa Raati'|url=http://www.odishastory.com/2019/09/27/bnr-films-launches-odia-music-video-barshaa-bhijaa-raati/|newspaper=Odisha Story|location= [[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref><ref name="Mo Anubhav">{{cite news |date=6 October 2019 |title=Launch of Odia Music Video 'Barshaa Raati' By BNR Films|url=https://moanubhav.com/?p=7652|newspaper=Mo Anubhav|location= [[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref>
| Music video (Odia)
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| (1) World Premiere—The Lift-Off Sessions, UK (2020)<ref name="My City Links 2">{{cite news |last= Mishra |first=Debamitra |date=5 Dec 2019 |title=UK Fest call For Odia Music Video 'Barsha Bhijaa Raati'|url= https://www.mycitylinks.in/uk-fest-call-for-odia-music-video-barsha-bhijaa-raati |newspaper=My City Links|location= [[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref><ref name="Odisha Bytes 8">{{cite news |date=5 December 2019 |title=Odia Music Video 'Barshaa Bhijaa Raati' To Be Screened At UK Film Fest|url=https://www.odishabytes.com/odia-music-video-barshaa-bhijaa-raati-to-be-screened-at-uk-film-fest/|newspaper=Odisha Bytes|location= [[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref><ref name="Sabubarga Khabar">{{cite news |last=Khabar|first=Sabubarga|date=22 December 2019 |title=ୟୁକେରେ ପ୍ରଶଂସିତ ହେଲେ ବାଲେଶ୍ବରର ପ୍ରୟୋଜିକା ଅନ୍ନପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣା ଦାସ ଓ ପ୍ରୟୋଜକ ଜ୍ଯୋତି ପ୍ରକାଶ ଦାସ|url=http://www.sabubargakhabar.in/%e0%ad%9f%e0%ad%81%e0%ac%95%e0%ad%87%e0%ac%b0%e0%ad%87-%e0%ac%aa%e0%ad%8d%e0%ac%b0%e0%ac%b6%e0%ac%82%e0%ac%b8%e0%ac%bf%e0%ac%a4-%e0%ac%b9%e0%ad%87%e0%ac%b2%e0%ad%87-%e0%ac%ac%e0%ac%be%e0%ac%b2/|newspaper=Sabubarga Khabar|location= [[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref><ref name="Mo Anubhav 2">{{cite news |date=12 December 2019 |title='ବର୍ଷା ଭିଜା ରାତି'କୁ ଆନ୍ତର୍ଜାତିକ ସ୍ୱୀକୃତି|url=https://moanubhav.com/?p=7932|newspaper=Mo Anubhav|location= [[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref>
|-
| 2020
| ''Ravaiyaa''<ref name="Orissa Post Paper">{{cite news |date=17 May 2020 |title= Ravaiyaa showcases migrant labourers' untold tales|url= http://odishapostepaper.com/edition/829/orissapost/page/2 |newspaper=Odisha Plus|location= [[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref><ref name="Issue Odisha">{{cite news |date=26 May 2020 |title= ଦାଦନ ଶ୍ରମିକଙ୍କ ଅକୁହା କାହାଣୀ କହିବ "ରବୈୟା"|url= http://issueodisha.com/2020/05/26/%E0%AC%A6%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A6%E0%AC%A8-%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%99%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%95-%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BE-%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B9/ |newspaper=Issue Odisha|location= [[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref><ref name="Odisha Bytes 21">{{cite news |date=4 June 2020 |title=[Watch] 'Ravaiyaa', A Short Film On Migrant Workers Released Today! |url= https://odishabytes.com/watch-ravaiyaa-a-short-film-on-migrant-workers-released-today/?fbclid=IwAR2VwArf8bw9Vw7Iod0yLwhTT-JSMTWzcvgV4TSPUvW-o0Wi-Ycrp9ggbls |newspaper=Odisha Bytes|location= [[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref><ref name="Odisha Plus 3">{{cite news |date=4 June 2020 |title=Crowdfunded Short Film 'Ravaiyaa' by BnR Films Released |url= https://www.odisha.plus/2020/06/crowdfunded-short-film-ravaiyaa-by-bnr-films-released/ |newspaper=Odisha Plus|location= [[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref>
| Short film (Hindi)
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| (1) Best Short Film Award-RATMA International Film Festival, UK (2020)<ref name="Prameya News 4">{{cite news|date=7 November 2020|url=http://www.prameyanews.com/odia-youths-short-movie-ravaiyaa-wins-award-at-international-film-fest/|title=Odia youth's short movie 'Ravaiyaa' wins award at international film fest|newspaper=Prameya News|location=[[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref> (2) Best Thought Provoking Concept Award-Cinema of the World, Mumbai (2020) (3) Top Inspiring Film-Creative International Online Film Festival, Kolkata (2020) (4) Best Message Film (2nd Runner-up)-Indian International Film Awards, Bengaluru (2020) (5) Special Mention Jury Award-Cochin International Film Awards, Kerala (2020) (6) Special Festival Mention Award-South Indian International Film Awards, Bengaluru (2020) (7) Up Coming Filmmaker Award-Kolkata Online International Film Festival, Kolkata (2020) (8) Nominated-[[Indian Film Festival of Melbourne]] (9) Best Film Award-Cinemaking International Film Award, Dhaka (2020) (10) Honorable Mention-Huntington Beach Cultural Cinema Showcase, California (2021) (11) Best Picture Award- Indo American International Festival of World Cinema, Mumbai (2021) (12) Best Director Award-Indo American International Festival of World Cinema, Mumbai (2021) (13) Best Story Award-Indian Creative Minds Film Festival, Mumbai (2021) (14) Best Short Film Award-Aasha International Film Festival, Nashik (2021)
|-
| 2020
| ''India Jeetega''<ref name="Orissa Post Paper"/><ref name="Issue Odisha"/><ref name="Odisha Bytes 21"/><ref name="Odisha Plus 3"/>
| Music video (Hindi)
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| (1) Best Lyrics Award-Cinemaking International Film Award, Dhaka (2020) (2) Best Lyrics Award-Indian Creative Minds Film Festival, Mumbai (2021)
|-
| 2020
| ''Woh Bhi Kya Din the Yaar''<ref name="Odisha Bytes 7">{{cite news |date=3 Aug 2020 |title= Odia Helms India's First Independent Crowdsourced Music Video|url= https://odishabytes.com/odia-helms-indias-first-independent-crowdsourced-music-video |newspaper=Odisha Bytes|location= [[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref><ref name="Prameya News 3">{{cite news|date=4 August 2020|url=http://www.prameyanews.com/biswanath-raths-music-video-woh-bhi-kya-din-the-yaar-released-on-world-friendship-day/|title=Biswanath Rath's music video 'Woh Bhi Kya Din the Yaar' released on World Friendship Day|newspaper=Prameya News|location=[[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref><ref name="True Nation">{{cite news|date=5 August 2020|url=https://truenation.in/friendship-themed-music-video-wo-bhi-kya-din-the-yaar-released-on-world-friendship-day/|title=Friendship Themed Music Video 'Wo Bhi Kya Din The Yaar' Released On World Friendship Day|newspaper=True Nation|location=[[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref><ref name="Pragativadi 3">{{cite news |date=5 August 2020|title=World Friendship Day: Music Video "WBKDTY" released on YouTube|url=https://pragativadi.com/world-friendship-day-music-video-wbkdty-released-on-youtube/|newspaper=Pragativadi|location= [[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref><ref name="MyCityLinks 4">{{cite news|date=9 Aug 2020|url=https://www.mycitylinks.in/crowdsourced-music-video-woh-bhi-kya-din-the-yaar-binds-friends-together|title=Crowdsourced Music Video Woh Bhi Kya Din the Yaar|newspaper=MyCityLinks|location=[[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref>
| Music video (Hindi)
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| (1) Best Music Video Award-Cochin International Film Awards, Kerala (2020) (2) Best Singer & Composer Award-Cochin International Film Awards, Kerala (2020) (3) Best Lyricist Award-Cochin International Film Awards, Kerala (2020) (4) Best Music Video Award(First Runner-Up)-Indian International Film Awards, Bengaluru (2020) (5) Best Singer Award-Indian International Film Awards, Bengaluru (2020) (6) Best Music Video Award(First Runner-Up)-Global Indie Film Awards, Kolkata (2020) (7) Best Male Singer Award-South Indian International Film Awards, Bengaluru (2020) (8) Best Music Video Award-Indian Creative Minds Film Festival, Mumbai (2021) 
|-
| 2022
| ''Kahide Thare''<ref name="Sambad English"/><ref>{{cite news |date=17 Jan 2023 |title= ଦେଶରେ ପ୍ରଦର୍ଶିତ ହେଲା ସମ୍ବଲପୁରୀ ମ୍ୟୁଜିକ୍ ଭିଡିଓ; ଜିତିଲା ୧୭ଟି ଇଣ୍ଟରନ୍ୟସନାଲ ଆୱାର୍ଡ|url=https://www.pratidintv.com/odia-sambhalpuri-song-show-in-foreign-and-win-international-award/|newspaper=Pratidin TV|location= [[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=13 Jan 2023 |title= Sambalpuri Music Video 'Kahide Thare' bringing glory to Odisha's music and culture|url=http://indusvalleytimes.com/news/sambalpuri-music-video-kahide-thare-bringing-glory-to-odishas/|newspaper=Indus Valley Times|location= [[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=13 Jan 2023 |title= Sambalpuri Music Video 'Kahide Thare' Bringing Glory To Odisha's Music And Culture|url=http://odishanewsonline.com/sambalpuri-music-video-kahide-thare-bringing-glory-to-odishas-music/|newspaper=Odisha News Online|location= [[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref>
| Music video (Sambalpuri)
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| (1) Best Music Regional-Sambalpuri-Indogma Film Festival, Faridabad (2022)<ref>{{cite news |date=4 Dec 2022 |title= Sambalpuri MV 'Kahide Thare' Wins 3 Awards at International Film Festivals|url= https://odishabhaskar.in/news/sambalpuri-mv-kahide-thare-wins-3-awards-at-international-film-festivals/ |newspaper=Odisha Bhaskar|location= [[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref> (2) Best Music Video Award-iDEAL International Film Festival, Sillod (2022) (3) Best Director-Music Video Award-iDEAL International Film Festival, Sillod (2022)<ref>{{cite news |date=14 Jan 2023 |title= Sambalpuri Music Video 'Kahide Thare' Bringing Glory To Odisha's Music And Culture|url=https://odiacelebrity.com/sambalpuri-music-video-kahide-thare-bringing-glory-to-odishas-music-and-culture/|newspaper=Odia Celebrity|location= [[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref> (4) Best Music Video Award-Santa Dev International Film Festival, Tamil Nadu (2022) (5) Best Music Video Award-Canary International Film Festival, Tamil Nadu (2022)<ref>{{cite news |date=13 Jan 2023 |title= Sambalpuri Music Video 'Kahide Thare' Bringing Glory To Odisha's Music And Culture |url=https://kalingavoice.com/entertainment/sambalpuri-music-video-kahide-thare-bringing-glory-to-odishas-music-and-culture/|newspaper=Kalinga Voice|location= [[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref> (6) Best Music Video Award-Rohip International Film Festival, Tamil Nadu (2023) (7) Best Music Video Award (Special Mention)-Diamond Bell International Film Festival, Tamil Nadu (2022) (8) Best Lyricist-Filmyway International Film Festival, Mumbai (2022) (9) Best Lyricist-Janjira International Film Festival, Maharashtra (2023) (10) Best Drama-International Grand Glory Film Awards, Imphal (2023) (11) Best VFX-International Grand Glory Film Awards, Imphal (2023)<ref name="Odisha Ray">{{cite news |date=13 Jan 2023 |title= Sambalpuri Music Video 'Kahide Thare' Bringing Glory To Odisha's Music And Culture|url= https://www.odisharay.com/pages/single_page.php?id=36343|newspaper=Odisha Ray|location= [[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref> (12) Best Editing-International Grand Glory Film Awards, Imphal (2023)
|-
|-
| 2023
| ''The SoulCatcher''
| Documentary (English)
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| (1) Official Selection-Global Film Exhibition, USA (2023) (2) Official Selection-Cinema of the World, New Delhi (2023) (3)Official Selection-AIU Film Festival, Jahra, Kuwait (2023) 
|-
| 2023
| ''Tribal Fashion: The Dangaria Kandh Way''
| Documentary (English)
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| (1) Best Documentary Award-Roshani International Film Festival, Aurangabad (2024) 
|-
|-
| 2023
| ''Kahara Jiba''
| Short Film (Odia)
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| (1) Best Women Empowerment Project Award-Reels International Film Festival, Aurangabad (2024) (2) Best Social Awareness Short Film Award-Kodaikanal International Film Festival, Tamilnadu (2024) (3)Best Women Empowerment Film-Miseentage International Film Award (2024) (4) Best Drama Award-Indie Shorts Film Festival (2024) (5) Best Women Empowerment Project Award-Roshani International Film Festival, Aurangabad (2024)
|-
|-
| 2024
| ''Habaspuri Weaving: The Second and Last Death???''<ref>{{cite news |date=25 November 2023 |title= India's Film Bazaar Reveals Market Winners, Deals|url= https://variety.com/2023/film/asia/film-bazaar-winners-2023-1235808355/|newspaper=Variety Magazine|location= [[USA]]}}</ref>
| Feature Documentary (English-Odia)
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
|
|-
|-
| 2025
| ''Mana Manasi/Tera Raanjhana/Rasia Pila''<ref>{{cite news |date=10 January 2025 |title= Odisha's First Trilingual Music Video 'Mana Manasi' by BnR Films and Bankim Patel Music released on Amara Muzik|url= https://indusvalleytimes.com/news/odishas-first-trilingual-music-video-mana-manasi-by-bnr-films-and-bankim-patel-music-released-on-amara-muzik/|location= [[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref>
| Trilingual Music Video (Odia/Hindi/Sambalpuri)
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| (1) Best Music Video Award-Malda International Film Festival Award, West Bengal (2025) (2) Best Music Video & Best Director Award-West Bengal International Film Festival Award, Kolkata (2025) (3)Best Music Video & Best Director Award-Indie Shorts Film Festival, Kolkata (2025) (4) Best Music Video & Best Story Award-Nepal Wings International Film Festival, Kathmandu (2025) (5) Best Music Video & Best Director Award-Kanyakumari International Film Awards, Tamilnadu (2025) (2025) (6) Best Music Video, Best Director & Best Story/Screenplay Award-Crown International Film Awards, Bangladesh (2025) (7) Best Director Award-One Leaf International Film Festival (2025)
|-
|-
| 2025
| ''ChaariKaandha''
| Mid-length Film (Odia)
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| (1) Best Short Film Award-Gossner Cine Fest, Ranchi (2025) (2) Jury Mention Award-Bengal International Short Film Festival, Kolkata (2025) (3)Outstanding Achievement Award-iDEAL International Film Festival, Aurangabad (2025) (4) Special Mention Jury-iDEAL International Film Festival, Aurangabad (2024)
|-
|}

==References==

{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rath, Biswanath}}
[[Category:Film directors from Odisha]]
[[Category:Film editors from Odisha]]
[[Category:Film producers from Odisha]]
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Koraput district]]

Milk Mantra

2026-01-29T02:03:19Z

Heriberto60T: new - done

{{Short description|Dairy foods company based in Odisha, India}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Milk Mantra
| logo = Milk Mantra.svg
| logo_size = 180px
| logo_caption =
| logo_padding =
| trading_name =
| type = [[Private company|Private]]
| industry = [[food industry|Food]], [[dairy]], [[health food]]
| founded = August 2009
| founder = Srikumar Misra
| hq_location = [[Bhubaneswar]]
| hq_location_city = [[Odisha]]
| hq_location_country = India
| area_served = Odisha, [[Bengaluru]], [[Hyderabad]]
| key_people = {{plainlist|
*Srikumar Misra (Founder & Director)<ref name='BS' />
*Rashima Misra (Cofounder & Executive Director)
*Lt Col Ashit Mahapatra (Ex-Cofounder)<ref name="VC">{{cite web |title=Aavishkaar Picks Up A Significant Minority Stake In Milk Mantra |url=https://www.vccircle.com/aavishkaar-picks-significant-minority-stake-milk-mantra |website=VCCircle |date=1 February 2011}}</ref>
}}
| products = [[Milk]], [[curd]], [[buttermilk]], [[lassi]], [[cottage cheese]], [[mishti doi]], [[chhenapoda]]
| brands = Milky Moo, Moo Shake and Daily Moo
| production =
| production_year = 
| revenue = {{INRconvert|248|c}} (FY 2021)<ref name='BB'>{{cite web |title=Dairy Startup Milk Mantra Sees Bigger Market Share in Eastern India |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/videos/2021-07-21/dairy-startup-milk-mantra-sees-bigger-market-share-in-eastern-india-video |website=www.bloomberg.com|date=21 July 2021 }}</ref>
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| assets =
| equity =
| num_employees =
| num_employees_year =
| parent = [[Hatsun Agro Product]]
| website = {{URL|http://www.milkmantra.com}}
}}

'''Milk Mantra''' is an Indian [[dairy foods]] company based in [[Odisha]].<ref name="HBL"/> Founded in August 2009 by Srikumar Misra and cofounded by Rashima Misra and Lt Col Ashit Mahapatra, the company became operational in 2012.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Spindle |first1=Bill |title=A Milk Startup Takes On 300 Million Cows |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/techs-new-frontier-the-worlds-largest-dairy-herd-1530897704 |website=Wall Street Journal |date=7 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Shashidhar |first1=Ajita |title=BT Buzz: Regional companies outpacing dairy majors in India |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/bt-buzz/news/story/bt-buzz-regional-companies-outpacing-dairy-majors-in-india-207972-2019-06-27 |website=Business Today |date=27 June 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref name='ET'/>

In January 2025, Milk Mantra and its Milky Moo brand were acquired by [[Hatsun Agro Product]] Ltd (HAP) for ₹233 crore.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jacob |first=Shine |date=28 January 2025 |title=Hatsun Agro acquires Milk Mantra for Rs 233 cr to expand in East India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/hatsun-agro-acquires-milk-mantra-for-rs-233-crore-expands-presence-in-east-125012800548_1.html |work=Business Standard}}</ref>

==History==
Milk Mantra was founded in August 2009 by Srikumar Misra, a former executive with [[Tata Group]], Rashima Misra and Lt Col Ashit Mahapatra.<ref name="VC"/> In 2011, it received its first series of investments from VC firms Eight Roads Ventures, Aavishkaar Venture Management Services and angel investors.<ref name="VC" /><ref name='Stanford'>{{cite web |last1=Strebulaev |first1=Ilya A. |last2=Randolph |first2=Justin |title=VC Decision-Making in India: Aavishkaar and Milk Mantra (A) |url=https://www.gsb.stanford.edu/faculty-research/case-studies/vc-decision-making-india-aavishkaar-milk-mantra |website=Stanford Graduate School of Business |language=en}}</ref> The company started its operations in early 2012 with the commissioning of a factory in [[Gop, Odisha]].<ref name='BS'/><ref>{{cite web |title=Business Leader Award to Milk Mantra Founder Srikumar Misra |url=https://odishanewsinsight.com/events/business-leader-award-to-milk-mantra-founder-srikumar-misra/?page_number_0=11 |website=Odisha News Insight |date=7 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="unsettling">{{cite web |title=Milk Mantra: Unsettling The Dairy Biggies With Premium Play |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/regional-goliaths/milk-mantra-unsettling-the-dairy-biggies-with-premium-play/66609/1 |website=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref>

As of 2016, it sources its milk from over 70,000 farmers in the state of Odisha, called the Ethical Milk Sourcing (EMS) programme.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/article593617.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120824150303/http://newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/article593617.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 24, 2012|title=British team hails milk supply chain|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref name="HBL">{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/milk-mantra-eyes-rs-1000-cr-revenues-in-4-years/article8737122.ece | title=Odisha-based Milk Mantra targets ₹1,000-crore revenue in four years | publisher=Business Line | date=June 16, 2016 | accessdate=July 1, 2016 | author=Pandit, Virendra}}</ref>

In 2017, it raised $10 million funding from Neev Fund and other investors.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gooptu |first1=Biswarup |title=Neev Fund, others pour Rs 66.5 crore into Odisha-based Milk Mantra |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/money/neev-fund-others-pour-rs-66-5-crore-into-odisha-based-milk-mantra/articleshow/56613797.cms |website=The Economic Times}}</ref>

In 2020, Milk Mantra raised {{USD}}10 million debt funding from US DFC.<ref>{{cite web |title=India's Milk Mantra secures $10M from US International Development Finance Corporation |url=https://techcrunch.com/2020/06/19/indias-milk-mantra-secures-10m-from-us-international-development-finance-corporation/ |website=TechCrunch|date=19 June 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Dash |first1=Jayajit |title=Milk Mantra raises $10 million from US-based DFC, gets tech package too |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/milk-mantra-raises-10-million-from-us-based-dfc-gets-tech-package-too-120061901559_1.html |website=Business Standard India |date=19 June 2020}}</ref> It also received technical assistance grant of {{USD}}350,000.<ref name='inc'>{{cite web |title=Milk Mantra Secures $10 Mn Debt From International Development Finance Corporation |url=https://inc42.com/buzz/milk-mantra-secures-10-mn-debt-from-international-development-finance-corporation/ |website=Inc42 Media |date=20 June 2020}}</ref><ref name='ET1'>{{cite news |last1=Gooptu |first1=Biswarup |title=Milk Mantra scoops up $10 million in debt financing from US-backed DFC |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/newsbuzz/milk-mantra-secures-10-mn-in-structured-debt-financing-from-us-dfc/articleshow/76464398.cms |website=The Economic Times}}</ref>

In 2021, the company launched its own D2C dairy & subscription app DailyMoo.<ref>{{cite web |last1=THAKUR |first1=ARNIKA |title=Milk Mantra wants to target Rs 1000 crore revenue in five years |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/enterprise/milk-mantra-targets-1000-cr-revenue-in-five-years/105581 |website=www.fortuneindia.com |date=11 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

==Products==
Milk Mantra manufactures and sells dairy products<ref>{{cite web |title=We Want To Transform India's Food Value Chain: Srikumar Misra Of Milk Mantra |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/eye-on-india/videos/we-want-to-transform-indias-food-value-chain-srikumar-misra-of-milk-mantra-6647851.html |website=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref> like buttermilk, curd, probiotic yogurt, cheese, cottage cheese, milkshakes, dairy based desserts and other beverages under the brand Milky Moo.<ref name='BS' /><ref name="unsettling" />

Under the brand Moo Shake, the company also manufactures and sells flavored milkshakes<ref name='ET'>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Rajiv |title=Start-up Milk Mantra churns Rs 120 cr in 4 years, compelling Raghuram Rajan to take notice |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/start-up-milk-mantra-churns-rs-120-cr-in-4-years-compelling-raghuram-rajan-to-take-notice/articleshow/52849123.cms |work=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref name='N18'>{{cite web |title=Milk firms mantra to extend shelf life |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/milk-firms-mantra-to-extend-shelf-life-447960.html |website=News18 |language=en |date=19 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Odisha start-up launches innovative milkshake |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/odisha-startup-launches-innovative-milkshake/article7563470.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=21 August 2015}}</ref> and a beverage which is blended with [[curcumin]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Abrar |first1=Peerzada |title=Dairy farms employ tech to ramp up production, offer milk that's pure |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/technology/dairy-farms-employ-tech-to-ramp-up-production-offer-milk-that-s-pure-119010901227_1.html |website=Business Standard India |date=9 January 2019}}</ref><ref name='BS'>{{cite news | url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/milk-mantra-odisha-based-diary-product-start-up-makes-national-foray-115060700337_1.html | title=Milk Mantra, Odisha based dairy product start-up, makes national foray | publisher=[[Business Standard]] | date=June 7, 2015 | accessdate=July 1, 2016 | author=Ranjan Mishra, Bibhu| newspaper=Business Standard India }}</ref>

== Production ==
Milk Mantra has its main processing plant at Gop in [[Puri]] city of Odisha. It has a processing capacity of 2,40,000 liters of milk per day. It also has a plant in the neighbouring Sambalpur which can process 90,000 liters per day.<ref>{{cite news |title=Milk Mantra to ramp up capacity |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/milk-mantra-to-ramp-up-capacity-115082101433_1.html |website=Business Standard India |date=21 August 2015}}</ref>

== Honors ==
*[[Fast Company]] 10 most innovative Asia-Pacific companies of 2021<ref>{{cite web |title=The 10 most innovative Asia-Pacific companies of 2021 |url=https://www.fastcompany.com/90600371/asia-pacific-most-innovative-companies-2021 |website=[[Fast Company]] |date=9 March 2021}}</ref> and most innovative companies of 2020 in India<ref>{{cite web |title=The most innovative companies of 2020 in India |url=https://www.fastcompany.com/90457946/india-most-innovative-companies-2020 |website=[[Fast Company]] |date=10 March 2020}}</ref>
*2019 McNulty Prize<ref>{{cite web |title=Through sustainable dairy farming, Milk Mantra is |url=https://mcnultyfound.org/impact/stories/milk-mantra |website=McNulty Foundation |language=en |date=11 August 2021}}</ref>
*2016 [[Frost & Sullivan]] Awards for Product of the Year for MooShake<ref>{{cite web |title=Milk Mantra bags Frost & Sullivan's New Product Launch of the Year Award |url=https://agritimes.co.in/company-news/milk-mantra-bags-frost-and-sullivans-new-product-launch-of-the-year-award |website=Agritimes.co.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The toast of Odisha |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/venture/the-toast-of-odisha/100324 |website=www.fortuneindia.com |date=10 May 2016 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://www.milkmantra.com/}}

[[Category:Dairy products companies of India]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]
[[Category:Companies based in Bhubaneswar]]
[[Category:2009 establishments in Orissa]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2009]]
[[Category:Food and drink companies established in 2009]]

Diwali

2026-01-21T02:34:46Z

Heriberto60T: content fix

{{Short description|Hindu festival of lights}}
{{Redirect2|Deepawali|Dipawali|other uses|Deepavali (disambiguation)}}
{{Pp|small=yes}}
{{Pp-move}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox holiday
| holiday_name = Diwali
| type = Hindu
| official_name = {{IAST|Dīpāvalī}}
| nickname = Deepavali, Deepawali
| image = The Rangoli of Lights.jpg
| caption = [[Rangoli]] decorations, made using coloured fine powder or sand, are popular during Diwali.
| observedby = [[Hindus]], [[Jains]], [[Sikhs]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Townsend |first=Charles M |title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-19-969930-8 |page=440}}</ref> some [[Buddhism|Buddhists]] (notably [[Newar Buddhism|Newar Buddhists]]<ref name="diwaliBuddhist">{{Cite book |last=Todd T. Lewis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=whZ5kAPSwl8C&pg=PA118 |title=Popular Buddhist Texts from Nepal: Narratives and Rituals of Newar Buddhism |date=7 September 2000 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-7914-9243-7 |pages=118–119 |access-date=14 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102030235/https://books.google.com/books?id=whZ5kAPSwl8C&pg=PA118 |archive-date=2 January 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>)
| litcolor =
| significance = ''[[#Religious significance|See below]]''
| longtype = Religious, cultural, seasonal
| celebrations = {{hlist|[[Diya (light)|Diya]] lighting| ''[[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]]'' (worship and prayer)| ''[[Hukka Paati]]'' in [[Mithila region]]| ''[[Homa (ritual)|havan]]'' (fire offering)| ''[[Vrata|vrat]]'' (fasting)| ''[[dāna]]'' (charity)| ''[[melā]]'' (fairs/shows)|home cleansing and decoration|fireworks|gifts|and partaking in a feast and [[Sweets from the Indian subcontinent|sweets]]}}
| begins = {{ubli|Ashwayuja 27 or Ashwayuja 28 ([[Hindu calendar#amanta|amanta]] tradition) | Kartika 12 or Kartika 13 ([[Hindu calendar#purnimanta|purnimanta]] tradition)}}
| ends = {{ubli|Kartika 2 ([[Hindu calendar#amanta|amanta]] tradition) | Kartika 17 ([[Hindu calendar#purnimanta|purnimanta]] tradition)}}
| month = October/November
| frequency = Annual
| duration = 5 or 6 days (regional variations)
| relatedto = [[Diwali (Jainism)]], [[Bandi Chhor Divas]], [[Tihar (festival)|Tihar]], [[Swanti (festival)|Swanti]], [[Sohrai]], [[Bandna]]
| date2025 = October<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 November 2023 |title=Diwali 2025 Date: When is Diwali? All About the 5 Days Festival of Lights |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/events/diwali-2024-date-when-is-diwali-5-days-long-diwali-holidays-620859.html}}</ref>
* 18 ([[Dhanteras]]/Yama Deepam/Kwah Puja/Kaag Tihar)
* 19 ([[Naraka Chaturdashi]]/Kali Chaudas/Hanuman Puja/Chhoti Diwali/Khicha Puja/[[Kukur Tihar]])
* 20 ([[Lakshmi Puja]]/[[Kali Puja]]/Sharda Puja/Kedar Gauri Vrat/Sa Puja/Gai Tihar)
* 21 ([[Govardhan Puja]]/[[Balipratipada]]/[[Mha Puja]]/Goru Puja)
* 22 ([[Bhai Dooj]]/[[Vishwakarma Puja]]/[[Indian New Year's days|Gujarati New Year]]/Kija Puja)
| date2026 = 8 November 2026
| date2027 = 29 October 2027
| date =
}}
{{Hindu festival date info}}
{{Hinduism}}
{{Infobox intangible heritage
| Name = Deepavali
| Country = India
| ID = 02312
| Region = APA
| Year = 2025
| Session = 20th
| List = Representative
}}

'''Dipavali''' ([[IAST]]: {{IAST|Dīpāvalī}}),{{efn|Also spelled as '''Dipawali''', '''Deepavali''', or '''Deepawali'''.}} commonly known as '''Diwali''' ({{IPAc-en|d|ᵻ|ˈ|w|ɑː|l|iː}}),<ref name="Mead-2008a">{{Cite book |last=Mead |first=Jean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QJyZKOtHWg4C&dq=deepavali+hinduism&pg=PA5 |title=How and why Do Hindus Celebrate Divali? |date=February 2008 |publisher=Evans Brothers |isbn=978-0-237-53412-7 |language=en |access-date=5 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111150755/https://books.google.com/books?id=QJyZKOtHWg4C&dq=deepavali+hinduism&pg=PA5#v=onepage&q=deepavali%20hinduism&f=false |archive-date=11 November 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> is the [[Hindu festival]] of lights, with variations celebrated in other [[Indian religions]] such as [[Jainism]] and [[Sikhism]].{{efn|Related to '''[[Diwali (Jainism)|Jain Diwali]]''', '''[[Bandi Chhor Divas]]''', '''[[Tihar (festival)|Tihar]]''', '''[[Swanti (festival)|Swanti]]''', '''[[Sohrai]]''' and '''[[Bandna]]'''}} It symbolises the spiritual victory of ''[[Dharma]]'' over ''[[Adharma]]'', light over darkness, good over evil, and knowledge over ignorance.<ref name="Heiligman31">{{Cite book |last1=Vasudha Narayanan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rdTJJEQsDHoC&pg=PA31 |title=Celebrate Diwali |last2=Deborah Heiligman |publisher=National Geographic Society |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-4263-0291-6 |page=31 |quote=All the stories associated with Deepavali, however, speak of the joy connected with the victory of light over darkness, knowledge over ignorance, and good over evil. |access-date=14 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102023011/https://books.google.com/books?id=rdTJJEQsDHoC&pg=PA31 |archive-date=2 January 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="htoday">{{Cite book |last=Tina K Ramnarine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yTiPAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA78 |title=Musical Performance in the Diaspora |publisher=Routledge |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-317-96956-3 |page=78 |quote=Light, in the form of candles and lamps, is a crucial part of Diwali, representing the triumph of light over darkness, goodness over evil and hope for the future. |access-date=14 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102013829/https://books.google.com/books?id=yTiPAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA78 |archive-date=2 January 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Mead-2008b">{{cite book |last= Mead |first=Jean |title=How and why Do Hindus Celebrate Divali? |date=February 2008 |publisher=Evans Brothers |isbn=978-0-237-53412-7}}</ref>{{pn|date=October 2025}}<ref name="melton252">{{harvnb|Jones|2011|pp=252–255}}</ref> Diwali is celebrated during the [[Hindu calendar|Hindu lunisolar]] months of [[Ashvin (month)|Ashvin]] (according to the [[Hindu calendar#amanta|amanta]] tradition) and [[Kartika (month)|Kārtika]] – between around mid-October and mid-November.<ref name="OED-Diwali">''The New Oxford Dictionary of English'' (1998) {{ISBN|978-0-19-861263-6}} – p. 540 "'''Diwali''' /dɪwɑːli/ (also '''Diwali''') '''noun''' a Hindu festival with lights...".</ref>{{sfn|Goldstein|2015|pp=222–223}}<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/166786/Diwali Diwali] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501153023/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/166786/Diwali |date=1 May 2015 }} ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' (2009)</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 November 2020 |title=Diwali 2020 Date in India: When is Diwali in 2020? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/diwali-2020-date-in-india-when-is-diwali-in-2020-7013223/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116074618/https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/diwali-2020-date-in-india-when-is-diwali-in-2020-7013223/ |archive-date=16 November 2020 |access-date=2020-11-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-23 |title=Diwali 2024: When is Diwali in 2024? All you need to know its Significations - Global Times 18 |work=Global Times 18 |url=https://globaltimes18.com/when-is-diwali/ |access-date=2024-10-24 |language=en-US}}</ref> The celebrations generally last five or six days.{{sfn|Fieldhouse|2017|pp=150–151}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stent |first=David |title=Religious Studies: Made Simple |date=2013-10-22 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-1-4831-8320-6 |pages=137 |language=en}}</ref>

Diwali is connected to various religious events, deities and personalities, such as being the day [[Rama]] returned to his [[Kosala|kingdom]] in [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]] with his wife [[Sita]] and his brother [[Lakshmana]] after defeating the demon king [[Ravana]].<ref name="dhcd" /> It is also widely associated with [[Lakshmi]], the goddess of prosperity, and [[Ganesha]], the god of wisdom and the remover of obstacles.<ref name="Suzanne Barchers 2013">Suzanne Barchers (2013). ''The Big Book of Holidays and Cultural Celebrations'', Shell Education, {{ISBN|978-1-4258-1048-1}}</ref> Other regional traditions connect the holiday to [[Vishnu]], [[Krishna]], [[Durga]], [[Shiva]], [[Kali]], [[Hanuman]], [[Kubera]], [[Yama]], [[Yami]], [[Dhanvantari]], or [[Vishvakarman]].

Primarily a [[Hindus|Hindu]] festival, variations of Diwali are also celebrated by adherents of other faiths.{{sfn|Fieldhouse|2017|pp=150–151}} The [[Jainism|Jains]] observe their [[Diwali (Jainism)|own Diwali]] which marks the final liberation of [[Mahavira]].<ref name="Sharma2006">{{Cite book |last1=Sharma |first1=S.P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wPPr9HdmnHcC&q=diwali+mahavira+527&pg=PA79 |title=Fairs and Festivals of India |last2=Gupta |first2=Seema |publisher=Pustak Mahal |year=2006 |isbn=978-81-223-0951-5 |page=79 |access-date=10 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126200725/https://books.google.com/books?id=wPPr9HdmnHcC&q=diwali+mahavira+527&pg=PA79 |archive-date=26 January 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="N. Upadhye, Review 1982 pp. 231–232">{{Cite journal |last=Upadhye |first=A.N. |date=Jan–Mar 1982 |editor-last=Cohen |editor-first=Richard J. |title=Mahavira and His Teachings |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=102 |issue=1 |pages=231–232 |doi=10.2307/601199 |issn=0003-0279 |jstor=601199}}</ref> The [[Sikhism|Sikh]]s celebrate [[Bandi Chhor Divas]] to mark the release of [[Guru Hargobind]] from a [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] prison.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Geoff Teece |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kJO1WIABhPQC&pg=PA23 |title=Sikhism |publisher=Smart Apple Media |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-58340-469-0 |page=23 |access-date=14 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102024403/https://books.google.com/books?id=kJO1WIABhPQC&pg=PA23 |archive-date=2 January 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Newar Buddhism|Newar Buddhists]], unlike other [[Buddhism|Buddhists]], celebrate Diwali by worshipping Lakshmi, while the Hindus of [[Eastern India]] and [[Bangladesh]] generally, celebrate Diwali by worshipping the [[Kali|goddess Kali]].<ref name="MK72">McDermott and Kripal p.72</ref><ref name="diwaliBuddhist"/><ref name="Prem Saran 2012 175">{{Cite book |last=Prem Saran |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5-DfCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA175 |title=Yoga, Bhoga and Ardhanariswara: Individuality, Wellbeing and Gender in Tantra |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-136-51648-1 |page=175 |access-date=14 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102021020/https://books.google.com/books?id=5-DfCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA175 |archive-date=2 January 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

During the festival, the celebrants illuminate their homes, temples and workspaces with [[Diya (light)|''diyas'']] (oil lamps), candles and lanterns.<ref name="melton252" /> Hindus, in particular, have a ritual oil bath at dawn on each day of the festival.<ref name="YustJohnson2006">{{Cite book |last1=Karen-Marie Yust |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_dWh0l-iXHUC&pg=PA223 |title=Nurturing Child and Adolescent Spirituality: Perspectives from the World's Religious Traditions |last2=Aostre N. Johnson |last3=Sandy Eisenberg Sasso |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-7425-4463-5 |pages=232–233 |access-date=29 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110120611/https://books.google.com/books?id=_dWh0l-iXHUC&pg=PA223 |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> Diwali is also marked with fireworks as well as the decoration of floors with ''[[rangoli]]'' designs and other parts of the house with [[jhalar|''jhalars'']]. Food is a major focus with families partaking in feasts and sharing [[mithai (confectionery)|''mithai'']].<ref name="jgl" /> The festival is an annual homecoming and bonding period not only for families,<ref name="dhcd" /><ref name="Suzanne Barchers 2013" /> but also for communities and associations, particularly those in urban areas, which will organise activities, events, and gatherings.{{sfn|Johnson|Teuscher|Sabean|2011|pp=300–301}}{{sfn|Shah|1995|pp=41–44}} Many towns organise community parades and fairs with parades or music and dance performances in parks.{{sfn|Fieldhouse|2017|pp=150–151}} Some Hindus, Jains, and Sikhs will send Diwali greeting cards to family near and far during the festive season, occasionally with boxes of Indian confectionery.{{sfn|Fieldhouse|2017|pp=150–151}} Another aspect of the festival is remembering the ancestors.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Diane P. Mines |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iczwAAAAQBAJ |title=Everyday Life in South Asia, Second Edition |last2=Sarah E. Lamb |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-253-01357-6 |page=243 |access-date=25 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702103809/https://books.google.com/books?id=iczwAAAAQBAJ |archive-date=2 July 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Diwali is also a major cultural event for the [[Hindus|Hindu]], [[Sikhs|Sikh]], and [[Jainism|Jain]] [[diaspora]].<ref name="wsj">[https://web.archive.org/web/20130421024513/http://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2010/08/23/india-journal-tis-the-season-to-be-shopping/ India Journal: ‘Tis the Season to be Shopping] Devita Saraf, The Wall Street Journal (August 2010)</ref>{{sfn|Johnson|2007|pp=71–73}}{{sfn|Kelly|1988|pp=40–55}} The main day of the festival of Diwali (the day of Lakshmi Puja) is an official holiday in [[Fiji]],<ref>[http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Events/2016-FIJI-PUBLIC-HOLIDAYS.aspx Public Holidays] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916055429/http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Events/2016-FIJI-PUBLIC-HOLIDAYS.aspx |date=16 September 2018 }}, Government of Fiji</ref> [[Guyana]],<ref>[https://publicholidays.gy/ Public Holidays] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019163247/https://publicholidays.gy/ |date=19 October 2017 }}, Guyana</ref> [[India]], [[Malaysia]],{{efn|except [[Sarawak]]}}<ref>[http://www.hrdf.com.my/wps/portal/PSMB/MainEN/Resources/Public-Holiday Public Holidays] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190305093432/http://www.hrdf.com.my/wps/portal/PSMB/MainEN/Resources/Public-Holiday |date=5 March 2019 }}, Government of Malaysia</ref> [[Mauritius]], [[Myanmar]],<ref>[https://evisa.moip.gov.mm/public_holiday.aspx Public Holidays] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817060609/https://evisa.moip.gov.mm/public_holiday.aspx |date=17 August 2018 }}, Government of Myanmar</ref> [[Nepal]],<ref>[http://www.mos.com.np/holidaylist.php Public Holidays] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019163545/http://www.mos.com.np/holidaylist.php |date=19 October 2017 }}, Government of Nepal</ref> [[Pakistan]],<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/Pakistan-parliament-adopts-resolution-for-Holi-Diwali-Easter-holidays/articleshow/51423609.cms Pakistan parliament adopts resolution for Holi, Diwali, Easter holidays] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180306175436/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/Pakistan-parliament-adopts-resolution-for-Holi-Diwali-Easter-holidays/articleshow/51423609.cms |date=6 March 2018 }}, The Times of India (16 March 2016)</ref> [[Singapore]],<ref>[http://www.mom.gov.sg/newsroom/press-releases/2016/0405-singapore-public-holidays-2017 Public Gazetted Holidays] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215719/http://www.mom.gov.sg/newsroom/press-releases/2016/0405-singapore-public-holidays-2017 |date=19 October 2017 }}, Government of Singapore</ref> [[Sri Lanka]], [[Suriname]], and [[Trinidad and Tobago]],<ref>[https://www.ttconnect.gov.tt/gortt/portal/ttconnect/!ut/p/a1/jdDBDoIwDAbgp-FKC8tUvHFARUwMGBV2MWjmwCAjY4KPL3ozKNpbm-9P_hQYxMDKtMlFqnNZpsVzZ6NDENpIfYfgOkQH7ci3PKQBmY9JB5I3EM1nHfCotQh2BBH_y-OXcX_mN7yEPbBBtqQ90K_5AgM9lsBEIY-vnyRueSQTAUzxM1dcmTfVnTOtq3pqoIFt25pCSlFw8ySvBn6KZLLWEL9LqK7b-O5faNGs3AdjOzzp/dl5/d5/L2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh/?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/gortt/wcm/connect/gortt+web+content/ttconnect/non-national/role/anationalabroad/generalinformation/official+public+holidays Official Public Holidays] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303062241/https://www.ttconnect.gov.tt/gortt/portal/ttconnect/!ut/p/a1/jdDBDoIwDAbgp-FKC8tUvHFARUwMGBV2MWjmwCAjY4KPL3ozKNpbm-9P_hQYxMDKtMlFqnNZpsVzZ6NDENpIfYfgOkQH7ci3PKQBmY9JB5I3EM1nHfCotQh2BBH_y-OXcX_mN7yEPbBBtqQ90K_5AgM9lsBEIY-vnyRueSQTAUzxM1dcmTfVnTOtq3pqoIFt25pCSlFw8ySvBn6KZLLWEL9LqK7b-O5faNGs3AdjOzzp/dl5/d5/L2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh/?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=%2Fgortt%2Fwcm%2Fconnect%2Fgortt+web+content%2Fttconnect%2Fnon-national%2Frole%2Fanationalabroad%2Fgeneralinformation%2Fofficial+public+holidays |date=3 March 2021 }}, Government of Trinidad & Tobago</ref> and the [[United States|US]] states of [[Connecticut]], [[Pennsylvania]], and [[California]].<ref>{{CalGov|6700|subd. (a)(9)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-25 |title=Full list of USA states that recognise Diwali as a state holiday |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/full-list-of-usa-states-that-recognise-diwali-as-a-state-holiday/articleshow/114586236.cms |access-date=2024-10-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://religionnews.com/2025/10/10/three-states-now-recognize-diwali-as-a-holiday/|title=Three US states now recognize Diwali as a holiday|last=Karmarkar|first=Richa|accessdate=October 19, 2025|date=October 10, 2025|work=Religion News Sercice}}</ref>

{{TOC limit|limit=3}}

==Etymology==
''Diwali''<ref name="OED-Diwali" />{{efn|Also spelled as '''Divali''' or '''Dewali'''.<ref name="Mead-2008a" />{{sfn|Shattuck|1999|pp=51, 124}}}} comes from ''Dipavali'' ({{langx|sa|दीपावली|Dīpāvalī|translit-std=IAST}}), meaning {{gloss|a row or series of lights}}.<ref name="jgl">{{harvnb|Lochtefeld|2002|pp=200–201}}</ref>{{sfn|Frazier|Flood|2011|p=255}} The term is a compound of the Sanskrit words {{langx|sa|दीप|dīpa|lamp, light, lantern, candle, that which glows, shines, illuminates or knowledge|label=none}}<ref>Monier Monier Williams (2008 updated, Harvard University), Sanskrit English dictionary, दीप, [http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/2014/web/webtc/servepdf.php?page=481 p. 481] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817230340/http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/2014/web/webtc/servepdf.php?page=481 |date=17 August 2018 }}</ref> and {{langx|sa|आवलि|āvali|a row, range, continuous line, series|label=none}}.<ref>Monier Monier Williams (2008 updated, Harvard University), Sanskrit English dictionary, आवलि, [http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/cgi-bin/monier/serveimg.pl?file=/scans/MWScan/MWScanjpg/mw0155-Avarjaka.jpg p. 155] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327103005/https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/cgi-bin/monier/serveimg.pl?file=%2Fscans%2FMWScan%2FMWScanjpg%2Fmw0155-Avarjaka.jpg |date=27 March 2019 }}</ref>{{efn|The holiday is known as ''dipawoli'' in {{langx|as|দীপাৱলী}}, ''dīpabolī'' or ''dipali'' in {{langx|bn|দীপাবলি/দীপালি}}, ''dīvāḷi'' in {{langx|gu|દિવાળી}}, ''divālī'' in {{langx|hi|दिवाली}}, ''dīpavaḷi'' in {{langx|kn|ದೀಪಾವಳಿ}}, {{langx|knn|दिवाळी}}, ''dīpāvalī'' in {{langx|mai|दीपावली}}, {{langx|ml|ദീപാവലി}}, {{langx|mr|दिवाळी}}, ''dīpābali'' in {{langx|or|ଦୀପାବଳି}}, ''dīvālī'' in {{langx|pa|ਦੀਵਾਲੀ}}, ''diyārī'' in {{langx|sd|दियारी}}, ''tīpāvaḷi'' in {{langx|ta|தீபாவளி}}, and {{langx|te|దీపావళి}}, [[Galungan]] in [[Balinese language|Balinese]] and [[Swanti (festival)|Swanti]] in {{langx|ne|स्वन्ति}} or ''[[tihar (festival)|tihar]]'' in {{langx|ne|तिहार}} and Thudar Parba in {{langx|tcy|ತುಡರ್ ಪರ್ಬ}}.}}

==Dates==
The five-day celebration is observed every year sometime from the second half of October to the first half of November{{sfn|Jones|2011|pp= 252–253}} coinciding with a new moon ([[Amavasya|''amāvasyā'']]) as per the [[Hindu calendar|Hindu lunisolar calendar]].{{sfn|Pintchman|2005|pp=61–62}}

The festivities begin two days before ''[[Amavasya|amāvasyā]]'', on [[Dhanteras]], and extend two days after, until the second (or 17th) day of the month of Kartik.{{sfn|Pintchman|2005|p=61}} (According to Indologist Constance Jones, this night ends the lunar month of Ashwin and starts the month of Kartik{{sfn|Jones|2011|pp= 252–253}} – but see this note{{efn|Historical records appear inconsistent about the name of the lunar month in which Diwali is observed. One of the earliest reports on this variation was by Wilson in 1847. He explained that though the actual Hindu festival day is the same, it is identified differently in regional calendars because there are two traditions in the Hindu calendar. One tradition starts a new month from the new moon, while the other starts it from the full moon.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=H.H. Wilson |year=1847 |title=Religious festivals of the Hindus |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |volume=9 |page=61}}</ref>}} and [[Hindu calendar#Amanta and Purnima systems|Amanta and Purnima systems]].) The darkest night is the apex of the celebration.

The festival climax is on the third day and is called the main Diwali. It is an official holiday in a dozen countries, while the other festive days are regionally observed as either public or optional restricted holidays in India.<ref name="about">{{Cite web |title=Indian Government Holiday Calendar |url=http://india.gov.in/calendar/calendar.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225122630/https://www.india.gov.in/calendar/calendar.php |archive-date=25 December 2018 |access-date=16 November 2016 |publisher=National Portal of India}}</ref> In Nepal, it is also a multiday festival, although the days and rituals are named differently, with the climax being called the ''[[Tihar (festival)|Tihar]]'' festival by Hindus and ''[[Swanti (festival)|Swanti]]'' festival by Buddhists.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Robert Isaac Levy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ngacsMPGJPcC |title=Mesocosm: Hinduism and the Organization of a Traditional Newar City in Nepal |last2=Kedar Raj Rajopadhyaya |publisher=University of California Press |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-520-06911-4 |pages=411–417 |access-date=20 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112124529/https://books.google.com/books?id=ngacsMPGJPcC |archive-date=12 January 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shrestha |first=Bal Gopal |date=July 2006 |title=The Svanti Festival: Victory over Death and the Renewal of the Ritual Cycle in Nepal |url=http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/contributions/pdf/CNAS_33_02_03.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Contributions to Nepalese Studies |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=206–221 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213034438/http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/contributions/pdf/CNAS_33_02_03.pdf |archive-date=13 December 2013 |access-date=20 August 2018}}</ref>

==History==
The five-day long festival originated in the [[Indian subcontinent]] and is likely a fusion of harvest festivals in ancient [[India]].{{sfn|Jones|2011|pp= 252–253}} It is mentioned in early [[Sanskrit literature|Sanskrit]] texts, such as the ''[[Padma Purana]]'' and the ''[[Skanda Purana]],'' both of which were composed between the 7th and 10th centuries.<ref name="l796">{{Cite book |last=Doniger |first=W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nNsXZkdHvXUC |title=The Hindus: An Alternative History |publisher=OUP Oxford |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-19-959334-7 |page=370 |access-date=2024-10-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Clothey |first=F.W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0AevljBmCRQC&pg=PA224 |title=The Many Faces of Murukan̲: The History and Meaning of a South Indian God |publisher=Mouton |year=1978 |isbn=978-90-279-7632-1 |series=Religion and society |page=224 |access-date=2024-10-29}}</ref> The ''diyas'' (lamps) are mentioned in ''Skanda Kishore Purana'' as symbolising parts of the sun, describing it as the cosmic giver of light and energy to all life and which seasonally transitions in the Hindu calendar month of Kartik.<ref name="tp">{{harvnb|Pintchman|2005|pp=59–65}}</ref>{{sfn|Lochtefeld|2002|p=355}}

Emperor [[Harsha]] refers to Deepavali, in the 7th-century Sanskrit play ''[[Nagananda]]'', as ''Dīpapratipadotsava'' (''dīpa'' = light, ''pratipadā'' = first day, ''utsava'' = festival), where lamps were lit and newly engaged brides and grooms received gifts.<ref name="bnsharma">BN Sharma, ''Festivals of India'', South Asia Books, {{ISBN|978-0-8364-0283-4}}, pp. 9–35</ref><ref name="yaksha">{{Cite book |last=Varadpande |first=Manohar Laxman |title=History of Indian Theatre, Volume 1 |date=1987 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-221-5 |page=159}}</ref> [[Rajashekhara (Sanskrit poet)|Rajasekhara]] referred to Deepavali as ''Dipamalika'' in his 9th-century ''Kavyamimamsa'', wherein he mentions the tradition of homes being whitewashed and oil lamps decorated homes, streets, and markets in the night.<ref name="bnsharma" />

[[File:Radha and Krishna watching fireworks in the night sky.jpg|thumb|left|''Radha and Krishna celebrating Diwali'' by Sitaram. [[Kishangarh State|Kishangarh]], late 18th-century. [[National Museum, New Delhi]]]]
Diwali was also described by numerous travellers from outside India. In his 11th-century memoir on India, the Persian traveller and historian [[Abū Rayḥān al-Bīrūnī|Al Biruni]] wrote of Deepavali being celebrated by Hindus on the day of the New Moon in the month of Kartika.<ref>R.N. Nandi (2009), in ''A Social History of Early India'' (Editor: B. Chattopadhyaya), Volume 2, Part 5, Pearson Education, {{ISBN|978-81-317-1958-9}}, pp. 183–184</ref> The Venetian merchant and traveller [[Niccolò de' Conti]] visited India in the early 15th century and wrote in his memoir, "on another of these festivals they fix up within their temples, and on the outside of the roofs, an innumerable number of oil lamps{{nbsp}}... which are kept burning day and night" and that the families would gather, "clothe themselves in new garments", sing, dance, and feast.{{sfn|Eraly|2015|pp=315–316}}{{sfn|Sewell|2006|pp=85–86}} The 16th-century Portuguese traveller [[Domingo Paes]] wrote of his visit to the Hindu [[Vijayanagara Empire]], where ''Dipavali'' was celebrated in October with householders illuminating their homes, and their temples, with lamps.{{sfn|Sewell|2006|pp=85–86}} It is mentioned in the ''[[Ramayana]]'' that Diwali was celebrated for only 2 years in [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]].<ref name="S A NEWS-2020" />

Islamic historians of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] and the [[Mughal Empire]] era also mentioned Diwali and other Hindu festivals. A few, notably the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Akbar]], welcomed and participated in the festivities,{{sfn|Eaton|1996|pp=159–160 with footnotes}}{{sfn|Melville|2012|p=526|ps=: "He [Mahmud b. Amir Vali] gives a very detailed account of the celebration of the ten days of Moharram, which he witnessed in Lahore in 1965, as well as Hindu festivals such as Diwali (...)."}} whereas others banned such festivals as Diwali and [[Holi]], as [[Aurangzeb]] did in 1665.{{sfn|Okita|2014|pp=28–29}}{{sfn|Blake|2013|pp=87–89}}{{efn|According to Audrey Truschke, the Sunni Muslim emperor Aurangzeb did limit "public observation" of many religious holidays such as Hindu Diwali and Holi, but also of Shia observance of Muharram and the Persian holiday of Nauruz. According to Truschke, Aurangzeb did so because he found the festivals "distasteful" and also from "concerns with public safety" lurking in the background.{{sfn|Truschke|2017|pp=74–75}} According to Stephen Blake, a part of the reason that led Aurangzeb to ban Diwali was the practice of gambling and drunken celebrations.{{sfn|Blake|2013|pp=87–89}} Truschke states that Aurangzeb did not ban private practices altogether and instead "rescinded taxes previously levied on Hindu festivals" by his Mughal predecessors.{{sfn|Truschke|2017|pp=74–75}} John Richards disagrees and states Aurangzeb, in his zeal to revive Islam and introduce strict [[Sharia]] in his empire, issued a series of edicts against Hindu festivals and shrines.<ref name="Richards1995p175" /> According to Richards, it was Akbar who abolished the discriminatory taxes on Hindu festivals and pilgrims, and it was Aurangzeb who reinstated the Mughal era discriminatory taxes on festivals and increased other religion-based taxes.<ref name="Richards1995p175">{{Cite book |last=John F. Richards |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC |title=The Mughal Empire |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-521-56603-2 |pages=38–40, 175–176 |access-date=23 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529043831/https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC |archive-date=29 May 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>}}{{efn|Some Muslims joined the Hindu community in celebrating Diwali in the Mughal era. Illustrative Islamic records, states Stephen Blake, include those of 16th-century Sheikh Ahmad Sirhindi who wrote, "during Diwali.... the ignorant ones amongst Muslims, particularly women, perform the ceremonies... they celebrate it like their own Id and send presents to their daughters and sisters,.... they attach much importance and weight to this season [of Diwali]."{{sfn|Blake|2013|pp=87–89}}}}

Publications from the time of the [[British Raj]] also made mention of Diwali, such as the note on Hindu festivals published in 1799 by [[William Jones (philologist)|Sir William Jones]], a philologist known for his early observations on Sanskrit and [[Indo-European languages]].<ref name="jone1799p263" /> In his paper on ''The Lunar Year of the Hindus'', Jones, then based in [[Bengal]], noted four of the five days of Diwali in the [[autumn]] months of ''Aswina-Cartica'' {{sic}} as the following: ''Bhutachaturdasi Yamaterpanam'' (2nd day), ''Lacshmipuja dipanwita'' (the day of Diwali), ''Dyuta pratipat Belipuja'' (4th day), and ''Bhratri dwitiya'' (5th day). The ''Lacshmipuja dipanwita'', remarked Jones, was a "great festival at night, in honour of Lakshmi, with illuminations on trees and houses".<ref name="jone1799p263">{{Cite journal |last=Sir William Jones |author-link=William Jones (philologist) |year=1799 |title=The Lunar Year of the Hindus |journal=Asiatic Researches |volume=3 |pages=263–267, context: 257–293, note the mention of Brahmaputra and Ganges rivers, immersion ceremony on Durga puja}}</ref>{{efn|Williams Jones stated that the ''Bhutachaturdasi Yamaterpanam'' is dedicated to Yama and ancestral spirits, the ''Lacshmipuja dipanwita'' to goddess Lakshmi with invocations to Kubera, the ''Dyuta pratipat Belipuja'' to Shiva-Parvati and Bali legends, and the ''Bhratri dwitiya'' to Yama-Yamuna legend and the Hindus celebrate the brother-sister relationship on this day.<ref name="jone1799p263" /> Jones also noted that on the Diwali day, the Hindus had a mock cremation ceremony with "torches and flaming brands" called ''Ulcadanam'', where they said goodbye to their colleagues who had died in war or in a foreign country and had never returned home. The ceremony lit the path of the missing to the mansion of Yama.<ref name="jone1799p263" />}}

===Epigraphy===
[[File:1867 CE chromolithograph, Diwali, feast of lamps, by William Simpson.jpg|thumb|left|William Simpson labelled his chromolithograph of 1867 as "Dewali, feast of lamps". It showed streets lit up at dusk, with a girl and her mother lighting a street corner lamp.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=John William Kaye |title=India ancient and modern: a series of illustrations of the Country and people of India and adjacent territories. Executed in chromolithography from drawings by William Simpson |last2=William Simpson |publisher=London Day and Son |year=1867 |page=50 |oclc=162249047}}</ref>]]

Sanskrit inscriptions in stone and copper mentioning Diwali, occasionally alongside terms such as ''Dipotsava'', ''[[Dipawali (Jainism)|Dipavali]]'', ''Divali'' and ''Divalige'', have been discovered at numerous sites across India.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dineschandra Sircar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pySCGvdyYLIC |title=Indian Epigraphical Glossary |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1966 |isbn=978-81-208-0562-0 |page=98 |access-date=21 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126200729/https://books.google.com/books?id=pySCGvdyYLIC |archive-date=26 January 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=E. Hultzsch |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TcIUAAAAYAAJ |title=Epigraphia Indica and Record of the Archæological Survey of India, Volume V |publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India |year=1899 |page=13 |access-date=21 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110120608/https://books.google.com/books?id=TcIUAAAAYAAJ |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|Some inscriptions mention the festival of lights in Prakrit terms such as ''tipa-malai'', ''sara-vilakku'' and others.}} Examples include a 10th-century Rashtrakuta empire copper plate inscription of [[Krishna III]] (939–967 CE) that mentions ''Dipotsava'',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dineschandra Sircar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mh1y1eMgGBMC |title=Studies in the Religious Life of Ancient and Medieval India |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1971 |isbn=978-81-208-2790-5 |pages=128–129 |access-date=21 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815132825/https://books.google.com/books?id=mh1y1eMgGBMC |archive-date=15 August 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> and a 12th-century mixed Sanskrit-Kannada Sinda inscription discovered in the Isvara temple of [[Dharwad]] in Karnataka where the inscription refers to the festival as a "sacred occasion".<ref>{{Cite book |last=R.S. Panchamukhi |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.69982 |title=Epigraphia Indica, Volume XX |publisher=Archaeological Society of India |year=1933 |editor-last=Hirananda Sastri |pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.69982/page/n151 117], 121, see Lines 44–52}}</ref> According to [[Lorenz Franz Kielhorn]], a German Indologist known for translating many Indic inscriptions, this festival is mentioned as ''Dipotsavam'' in verses 6 and 7 of the Ranganatha temple Sanskrit inscription of the 13th-century [[Venad (Kingdom)|Venad]] Hindu king [[Ravivarman Kulaśēkhara|Ravivarman Samgramadhira]]. Part of the inscription, as translated by Kielhorn, reads:

<blockquote>the auspicious festival of lights which disperses the most profound darkness, which in former days was celebrated by the kings Ila, Kartavirya and Sagara, (...) as Sakra (Indra) is of the gods, the universal monarch who knows the duties by the three Vedas, afterwards celebrated here at Ranga for Vishnu, resplendent with Lakshmi resting on his radiant lap.<ref name="kielhorn1896">{{Cite book |last=F. Kielhorn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vqZCAAAAYAAJ |title=Epigraphia Indica, Volume IV |publisher=Archaeological Society of India |year=1896 |editor-last=E. Hultzsch |pages=148–151 |access-date=21 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110120611/https://books.google.com/books?id=vqZCAAAAYAAJ |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|The Sanskrit inscription is in the Grantha script. It is well preserved on the north wall of the second ''prakara'' in the [[Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam|Ranganatha temple]], Srirangam island, Tamil Nadu.<ref name="kielhorn1896" />}}</blockquote>

Jain inscriptions, such as the 10th-century Saundatti inscription about a donation of oil to Jinendra worship for the Diwali rituals, speak of ''Dipotsava''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ramendra Nath Nandi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7HRgstuWe6EC |title=Religious Institutions and Cults in the Deccan, c. A.D. 600–A.D. 1000 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1973 |isbn=978-0-8426-0564-9 |page=38 |access-date=21 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110120609/https://books.google.com/books?id=7HRgstuWe6EC |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Madhusudan A. Dhaky |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TXIYAQAAMAAJ |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian temple architecture, Volume 1, Part 3 |last2=Michael W. Meister |publisher=American Institute of Indian Studies |year=1996 |isbn=978-81-86526-00-2 |pages=255–257 |access-date=21 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110120610/https://books.google.com/books?id=TXIYAQAAMAAJ |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> Another early 13th-century Sanskrit stone inscription, written in the Devanagari script, has been found in the north end of a mosque pillar in [[Jalore]], [[Rajasthan]] evidently built using materials from a demolished Jain temple. The inscription states that Ramachandracharya built and dedicated a drama performance hall, with a golden cupola, on Diwali.<ref name="Hultzsch1268">{{Cite book |last=E. Hultzsch |url=https://archive.org/stream/EpigraphiaIndicaXI/Epigraphia%20Indica%20XI#page/n71 |title=Epigraphia Indica, Volume XI |publisher=Archaeological Society of India |year=1980 |pages=52–55}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Manohar Laxman Varadpande |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SISkCN6L0nUC&pg=PA23 |title=Religion and Theatre |publisher=Abhinav Publications |year=1983 |isbn=978-0-391-02794-7 |page=23 |quote=The most important reference is to the setting up of the golden cupola in the newly built central hall for dramatic performances on the occasion of Dipotsava Dana in v.s. 1268. The inscription written in Sanskrit clearly points out a tradition, in the Jain Viharas of performing plays on festive occasions before the idol of Mahavira. |access-date=21 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110120611/https://books.google.com/books?id=SISkCN6L0nUC&pg=PA23 |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|The Diwali-related inscription is the 4th inscription and it includes the year Vikrama Era 1268 (c. 1211 CE).<ref name="Hultzsch1268" />}}

==Religious significance==
[[File:Raja Ravi Varma, Goddess Lakshmi, 1896.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Diwali is commonly celebrated in the honour of [[Lakshmi]], the goddess of wealth.]]

The religious significance of Diwali varies regionally within India.
One tradition links the festival to legends in the Hindu epic ''[[Ramayana]]'', where Diwali is the day Rama, Sita, [[Lakshman]]a, and [[Hanuman]] reached [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]] after a period of 14 years in exile after Rama's army of good, defeated demon king [[Ravana]]'s army of evil.{{sfn|Bahadur|2006|p=91}} Throughout the epic, Rama's decisions were always in line with ''[[dharma]] (''duty'')'' and the Diwali festival serves as a reminder for followers of Hinduism to maintain their dharma in day-to-day life.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Campbell |first=Mason |title=Diwali and Its Origins |publisher=OUACHITA BAPTIST UNIVERSITY |year=2022 |pages=2 |language=English}}</ref>

Per another popular tradition, in the [[Dvapara Yuga]] period, [[Krishna]], an [[avatar]] of [[Vishnu]], killed the demon [[Narakasura]], who was the evil king of [[Pragjyotishapura]], near present-day Assam, and released 16000 girls held captive by Narakasura. Diwali was celebrated as a signifier of triumph of good over evil after Krishna's Victory over Narakasura. The day before Diwali is remembered as Naraka Chaturdashi, the day on which Narakasura was killed by Krishna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Krishna Killed Narakasur – The Narakasur Legend of Diwali – Diwali Legend |url=http://www.diwalicelebrations.net/diwali-legends/krisna-narakasur.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227121743/http://www.diwalicelebrations.net/diwali-legends/krisna-narakasur.html |archive-date=27 February 2019 |access-date=17 December 2018 |website=diwalicelebrations.net}}</ref>

[[File:Diwali Lakshmi Poojan.jpg|thumb|A picture of Lakshmi and [[Ganesha]] worship during Diwali]]
[[File:Diwali Ganesh Laxmi Puja 001.jpg|thumb|Diwali Ganesh Laxmi Puja]]

Many Hindus associate the festival with Goddess [[Lakshmi]], the goddess of wealth and prosperity, and wife of Vishnu. According to Pintchman, the start of the 5-day Diwali festival is stated in some popular contemporary sources as the day goddess Lakshmi was born from [[Samudra manthan|Samudra Manthana]], the churning of the cosmic ocean of milk by the [[Deva (Hinduism)|Devas]] (gods) and the [[Asuras]] (demons) – a Vedic legend that is also found in several [[Puranas]] such as the ''[[Padma Purana]]'', while the night of Diwali is when Lakshmi chose and wed Vishnu.<ref name="tp" /><ref name="Karen Pechilis 2007 pp 273-275">{{Cite journal |last=Pechilis |first=Karen |year=2007 |title=Guests at God's Wedding: Celebrating Kartik among the Women of Benares |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=66 |issue=1 |pages=273–275 |doi=10.1017/S0021911807000460}}</ref> Along with Lakshmi, who is representative of [[Vaishnavism]], [[Ganesha]], the elephant-headed son of [[Parvati]] and [[Shiva]] of [[Shaivism]] tradition, is remembered as one who symbolises ethical beginnings and the remover of obstacles.{{sfn|Bahadur|2006|p=91}}

Hindus of eastern India associate the festival with the Goddess Kali, who symbolises the victory of good over evil.{{sfn|Amazzone|2012|}}<ref>Buck, C. (2008). ''Hindu Festivals'', Festivals in Indian Society (2 Vols. Set), Vol 1, {{ISBN|978-81-8324-113-7}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Holm |first=Jean |year=2006 |title=Growing Up in Hinduism |journal=British Journal of Religious Education |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=116–120 |doi=10.1080/0141620840060303}}</ref> Hindus from the Braj region in northern India, parts of [[Assam]], as well as southern Tamil and Telugu communities view Diwali as the day the god Krishna overcame and destroyed the evil demon king Narakasura, in yet another symbolic victory of knowledge and good over ignorance and evil.{{sfn|Coogan|2003|pp=152–153}}{{sfn|Vemsani|2016|pp=190–191}}

Trade and merchant families and others also offer prayers to [[Saraswati]], who embodies music, literature and learning and [[Kubera]], who symbolises book-keeping, treasury and wealth management.<ref name="tp" /> In western states such as Gujarat, and certain northern Hindu communities of India, the festival of Diwali signifies the start of a new year.{{sfn|Coogan|2003|pp=152–153}}

Mythical tales shared on Diwali vary widely depending on region and even within Hindu tradition,<ref name="vasudha31">{{Cite book |last1=Vasudha Narayanan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rdTJJEQsDHoC |title=Celebrate Diwali |last2=Deborah Heiligman |publisher=National Geographic |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-4263-0291-6 |page=31 |access-date=14 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102030400/https://books.google.com/books?id=rdTJJEQsDHoC |archive-date=2 January 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> yet all share a common focus on righteousness, self-inquiry and the importance of knowledge,<ref>[http://www.hinduismtoday.com/modules/wfchannel/index.php?wfc_cid=39 Hindu Festivals] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151011182204/http://www.hinduismtoday.com/modules/wfchannel/index.php?wfc_cid=39 |date=11 October 2015 }} Hinduism Today (2010)</ref><ref>Carol Plum-Ucci (2007). ''Celebrate Diwali'', Enslow Publishers, {{ISBN|978-0-7660-2778-7}}, pp. 39–57</ref> which, according to Lindsey Harlan, an Indologist and scholar of Religious Studies, is the path to overcoming the "darkness of ignorance".{{sfn|Salamone|2004|p=112, Article on Divali by Lindsey Harlan}} The telling of these myths is reminiscent of the Hindu belief that good ultimately triumphs over evil.<ref>{{Cite book |last=[[Bridget Brereton]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uNrUU360mzsC&pg=PA113 |title=An Introduction to the History of Trinidad and Tobago |publisher=Heinemann |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-435-98474-8 |page=113 |access-date=19 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110120611/https://books.google.com/books?id=uNrUU360mzsC&pg=PA113 |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Goldstein|2015|pp=222–223}}

===Other religions===
Originally a Hindu festival, Diwali has transcended religious lines.{{sfn|Johnson|2007|pp=71–79}} Diwali is celebrated by Hindus, Jains, Sikhs, and Newar Buddhists,<ref name="diwaliBuddhist" /> although for each faith it marks different historical events and stories, but nonetheless the festival represents the same symbolic victory of light over darkness, knowledge over ignorance, and good over evil.<ref name="Heiligman31" /><ref name="htoday" /><ref>[http://www.hinduismtoday.com/pdf_downloads/pagers/Hindu-Festival_Diwali_broadsheet-color.pdf Diwali – Celebrating the triumph of goodness] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924041444/http://www.hinduismtoday.com/pdf_downloads/pagers/Hindu-Festival_Diwali_broadsheet-color.pdf|date=24 September 2015}} Hinduism Today (2012)</ref><ref>Jean Mead, How and why Do Hindus Celebrate Divali?, {{ISBN|978-0-237-53412-7}}, pp. 8–12</ref>

==== Jainism ====
{{main|Diwali (Jainism)}}

[[File:Mahavira Nirvan Kalyanak Diwali.jpg|thumb|260px|[[Mahavira|Lord Mahavir]] in meditation before attaining nirvana, the day is celebrated by [[Jains]] as ''Dipalikaya'']]

In Jain religion, Diwali is celebrated in observance of "Mahavira Nirvana Divas", the physical death and final nirvana of [[Mahavira]], the 24th [[Tirthankar]] of current time cycle. Nirvana is considered to be the state of a soul when it escapes from the cycle of birth and death, while experiencing its true nature of boundless bliss and infinite knowledge.<ref name="Jacobi 1895">{{Cite book |last1=Jacobi |first1=Hermann |url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/jai/sbe45/index.htm |title=Uttaradhyayana Sutra, Jain Sutras Part II, Sacred Books of the East, Vol. 45 |last2=Ed. F. Max Müller |publisher=The Clarendon Press |year=1895 |location=Oxford |access-date=19 December 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090704214930/http://www.sacred-texts.com/jai/sbe45/index.htm |archive-date=4 July 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Jain Diwali celebrated in many parts of India has similar practices to the Hindu Diwali, such as the lighting of lamps. However, the focus of the Jain Diwali remains the dedication to Mahavira.{{sfn|Long|2009|pp=26, 42}} According to the Jain tradition, this practice of lighting lamps first began on the day of Mahavira's nirvana in 527 BCE,{{efn|Scholars contest the 527 BCE date and consider Mahavira's biographical details as uncertain. Some suggest he lived in the 5th-century BCE contemporaneously with the Buddha.{{sfn|Potter|2007|pp=35–36}}{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=22}}}} when 18 kings who had gathered for Mahavira's final teachings issued a proclamation that lamps be lit in remembrance of the "great light, Mahavira".{{sfn|Melton|2011|p=255}}{{sfn|Long|2009|p=42}} This traditional belief of the origin of Diwali, and its significance to Jains, is reflected in their historic artworks such as paintings.{{sfn|Jain|Fischer|1978|p=13}}

==== Sikhism ====
{{main|Bandi Chhor Divas}}
[[File:A hukamnama from the tenth Sikh guru, Guru Gobind Singh, requesting all of the Sikh congregation to convene in his presence on the occasion of Diwali.jpg|thumb|A [[hukamnama]] from the tenth Sikh guru, [[Guru Gobind Singh]], requesting all of the Sikh congregation to convene in his presence on the occasion of Diwali]]
Sikhs celebrate Bandi Chhor Divas in remembrance of the release of [[Guru Hargobind]] from the [[Gwalior Fort]] prison by the Mughal emperor [[Jahangir]] and the day he arrived at the Golden Temple in Amritsar.<ref>{{Cite book |last=H.S. Singha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C&pg=PA62 |title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries) |publisher=Hemkunt Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-81-7010-301-1 |page=62 |access-date=6 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102024429/https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C&pg=PA62 |archive-date=2 January 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> According to J.S. Grewal, a scholar of Sikhism and Sikh history, Diwali in the Sikh tradition is older than the sixth Guru Hargobind legend. [[Guru Amar Das]], the third Guru of the Sikhs, built a well in Goindwal with eighty-four steps and invited Sikhs to bathe in its [[sacred waters]] on Baisakhi and Diwali as a form of community bonding. Over time, these spring and autumn festivals became the most important of Sikh festivals and holy sites such as Amritsar became focal points for annual pilgrimages.{{sfn|Grewal|1998|pp=50–51, 60, 73–78, 93}} The festival of Diwali, according to Ray Colledge, highlights three events in Sikh history: the founding of the city of Amritsar in 1577, the release of Guru Hargobind from the Mughal prison, and the day of Bhai Mani Singh's martyrdom in 1738 as a result of his failure to pay a fine for trying to celebrate Diwali and thereafter refusing to convert to Islam.{{sfn|Colledge|2017|pp=276–278}}{{sfn|Singh|Louis E. Fenech|2014|pp=431–433}}{{efn|Sikhs historically referred to this festival as Diwali. It was in early 20th-century, states Harjot Oberoi, a scholar of Sikh history, when the Khalsa Tract Society triggered by the [[Singh Sabha Movement]] sought to establish a Sikh identity distinct from the Hindus and the Muslims.{{sfn|Oberoi|1994|pp=346–349}} They launched a sustained campaign to discourage Sikhs from participating in Holi and Diwali, renaming the festivals, publishing the seasonal greeting cards in the Gurmukhi language and relinking their religious significance to Sikh historical events.{{sfn|Oberoi|1994|pp=347–349}} While some of these efforts have had a lasting impact for the Sikh community, the lighting, feasting together, social bonding, sharing and other ritual grammar of Sikh celebrations during the Diwali season are similar to those of the Hindus and Jains.{{sfn|Oberoi|1994|pp=347–349}}}}

==== Buddhism ====
Diwali is not a festival for most Buddhists, with the exception of the [[Newar people|Newar]] people of Nepal who revere various deities in [[Vajrayana]] Buddhism and celebrate Diwali by offering prayers to Lakshmi.<ref name="diwaliBuddhist" /><ref name="Prem Saran 2012 175" /> Newar Buddhists in Nepalese valleys also celebrate the Diwali festival over five days, in much the same way, and on the same days, as the Nepalese Hindu Diwali-Tihar festival.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jon Burbank |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EaWLU6Blh_sC&pg=PA111 |title=Nepal |publisher=Marshall Cavendish |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-7614-1476-6 |pages=111–112 |access-date=14 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102013443/https://books.google.com/books?id=EaWLU6Blh_sC&pg=PA111 |archive-date=2 January 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> According to some observers, this traditional celebration by Newar Buddhists in Nepal, through the worship of Lakshmi and Vishnu during Diwali, is not [[syncretism]] but rather a reflection of the freedom within [[Mahayana]] Buddhist tradition to worship any deity for their worldly betterment.<ref name="diwaliBuddhist" />

==Celebrations==
{{Infobox
| title = Diwali celebrations
| image =
{{image array|perrow=2|width=150|height=100
| image1 = Diwali Festival.jpg|caption1 = Hindu girls lighting [[diya (light)|diya]]s in Bangladesh
| image2 = Glowing Swayambhu (3005358416).jpg| caption2 = Decorations in [[Kathmandu]] for [[Tihar (festival)|Tihar]] (Diwali in Nepal)
| image3 = Diyas Diwali Decor India.jpg|caption3 = Diwali lamps arranged in the pattern of ''[[Om]]''
| image4 = Fireworks Diwali Chennai India November 2013 b.jpg| caption4 = Deepavali night fireworks over [[Chennai]]
| image5 = Diwali Pujan at Haridwar.jpg|caption5 = Indoor Diwali decorations in front of an altar in [[Haridwar]]
| image6 = United States Diwali Dance San Antonio 2011 b.jpg|caption6 = Dance event for Diwali in [[Texas]], US
| image7 = Divalinagar.jpg|caption7 =[[Divali Nagar]] celebration in Trinidad and Tobago
| image8 = Diwali Festival. Jpg.jpg|caption8 =Diyas lit for Diwali at [[Harmandir Sahib|Golden Temple]], Punjab
| image9 = Diwali offerings to god in Tamil Nadu JEG2437.jpg| caption9 = Diwali sweets and snacks
| image10 = DiwaliKarnal.JPG|caption10 =Decorative lights for Diwali on a house in Haryana
}}
|caption = Diwali festivities include a celebration of sights, sounds, arts and flavours. The festivities vary between different regions.<ref name="fs">Frank Salamone (2004). ''Encyclopedia of Religious Rites, Rituals and Festivals'', {{ISBN|978-0-415-88091-6}}, Routledge, pp. 112–113, 174, 252</ref><ref name="tp" /><ref name="dhcd">Deborah Heiligman, ''Celebrate Diwali'', {{ISBN|978-0-7922-5923-7}}, National Geographic Society, Washington, D.C.</ref>
}}
In the lead-up to Diwali, celebrants prepare by cleaning, renovating, and decorating their homes and workplaces with ''diyas'' (oil lamps) and ''[[rangoli]]s'' (colourful art circle patterns).<ref name="Raat">{{Cite book |last=Pramodkumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6A9EZRQIT9kC&pg=PA109 |title=Meri Khoj Ek Bharat Ki |date=2008 |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=978-1-4357-1240-9 |quote=It is extremely important to keep the house spotlessly clean and pure on Diwali. The goddess [[Lakshmi]] likes cleanliness, and it is believed that she will visit the cleanest house first. Lamps are lit in the evening to welcome the goddess. They are believed to light up her path. |access-date=26 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110120623/https://books.google.com/books?id=6A9EZRQIT9kC&pg=PA109 |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> During Diwali, people wear their finest clothes, illuminate the interior and exterior of their homes with saaki (earthen lamp), ''diyas'' and ''rangoli'', perform worship ceremonies of [[Lakshmi]], the goddess of prosperity and wealth,{{efn|Hindus of eastern and northeastern states of India associate the festival with the goddess [[Durga]], or her fierce avatar [[Kali]] ([[Shaktism]]).{{sfn|Amazzone|2012|}} According to McDermott, this region also celebrated the Lakshmi puja historically, while the Kali puja tradition started during the British Raj and was particularly prominent from the 1920s.{{sfn|McDermott|2011|pp=183–188}}}} light fireworks, and partake in family feasts, where ''mithai'' ([[South Asian sweets|sweets]]) and [[gift]]s are shared.

The height of Diwali is celebrated on the third day coinciding with the darkest night of Ashvin or Kartika.

The common celebratory practices are known as the festival of light, however there are minor differences from state to state in India. Diwali is usually celebrated twenty days after the [[Vijayadashami]] festival, with [[Dhanteras]], or the regional equivalent, marking the first day of the festival when celebrants prepare by cleaning their homes and making decorations on the floor, such as ''[[rangoli]]s''.<ref>Karen Bellenir (1997). ''Religious Holidays and Calendars: An Encyclopedic Handbook'', 2nd Edition, {{ISBN|978-0-7808-0258-2}}, Omnigraphics</ref> Some regions of [[India]] start Diwali festivities the day before Dhanteras with [[Govatsa Dwadashi]]. The second day is [[Naraka Chaturdashi]]. The third day is the day of [[Lakshmi Puja]] and the darkest [[night]] of the [[Kārtika (month)|traditional month]]. In some parts of [[India]], the day after [[Lakshmi Puja]] is marked with the [[Govardhan Puja]] and [[Balipratipada]] (Padwa). Some [[Hindus|Hindu]] communities mark the last day as [[Bhai Dooj]] or the regional equivalent, which is dedicated to the bond between sister and brother,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rajat Gupta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DatDDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA84 |title=Hospitality & Tourism Management |last2=Nishant Singh |last3=Ishita Kirar |publisher=Vikas |isbn=978-93-259-8244-4 |page=84 |access-date=13 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110120612/https://books.google.com/books?id=DatDDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA84 |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> while other Hindu and Sikh craftsmen communities mark this day as [[Vishwakarma Puja|Vishvakarma Puja]] and observe it by performing maintenance in their work spaces and offering [[prayer]]s.<ref name="haar2009">{{Cite book |last1=Kristen Haar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YOI1nB_zTyAC |title=Sikhism |last2=Sewa Singh Kalsi |publisher=Infobase Publishing |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4381-0647-2 |pages=98–99 |access-date=13 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200208123615/https://books.google.com/books?id=YOI1nB_zTyAC |archive-date=8 February 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Shobhna Gupta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g4TtrdejbTEC&pg=PA84 |title=Festivals of India |publisher=Har-Anand |year=2002 |isbn=978-81-241-0869-7 |page=84 |access-date=13 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110120607/https://books.google.com/books?id=g4TtrdejbTEC&pg=PA84 |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Diwali in Sri Lanka Culture and Sights.jpg|thumb|left|Diwali celebrations include [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]] (prayers) to Lakshmi and Ganesha. Lakshmi is of the Vaishnavism tradition, while Ganesha of the Shaivism tradition of Hinduism.{{sfn|Bahadur|2006|pp=92–93}}{{sfn|Kinsley|1988|pp=33–34}}]]
[[File:चंदुआ लालटेन, कला भूमि ओडिशा शिल्प संग्रहालय.jpg|thumb|left|Chandua lanterns on display for Diwali.]]

Rituals and preparations for Diwali begin days or weeks in advance, typically after the festival of Dusshera that precedes Diwali by about 20 days.{{sfn|Bahadur|2006|p=91}} The festival formally begins two days before the night of Diwali and ends two days thereafter. Each day has the following rituals and significance:<ref name="tp" /> Diwali has become more popular in other countries. In [[New York City]] lawmakers have passed legislation to make holidays in school. But debates over the holiday push back. In the future Diwali will be a holiday.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Closson |first=Troy |date=2023-06-26 |title=Diwali Is Set to Become a School Holiday in New York City |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/26/nyregion/diwali-school-holiday-nyc.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804020242/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/26/nyregion/diwali-school-holiday-nyc.html |archive-date=4 August 2023 |access-date=2023-08-02 |work=The New York Times |language=en}}</ref>

===Dhanteras and Yama Deepam (Day 1)===
{{main|Dhanteras}}
[[File:DiwaliOilLampCrop.JPG|thumb|Dhanteras starts off the Diwali celebrations with the lighting of ''[[Diya (lamp)|Diya]] or Panati'' lamp rows, house cleaning and floor [[rangoli]]]]

''Dhanteras'', also known as ''Dhanatrayodashi,'' is derived from ''Dhan'' meaning wealth and ''teras'' meaning thirteenth, marks the thirteenth day of the dark fortnight of Ashwin or Kartik and the beginning of Diwali in most parts of India.{{sfn|Pintchman|2005|pp=59–60}} On this day, many Hindus clean their homes and business premises. They install ''diyas'', small earthen oil-filled lamps that they light up for the next five days, near Lakshmi and Ganesha iconography.{{sfn|Pintchman|2005|pp=59–60}}{{sfn|Bahadur|2006|pp=92–93}} Women and children decorate doorways within homes and offices with ''rangolis'', colourful designs made from rice flour, flower petals, coloured rice or coloured sand,{{sfn|Fieldhouse|2017|pp=150–151}} while the boys and men decorate the roofs and walls of family homes, markets, and temples and string up lights and lanterns. The day also marks a major shopping day for buying new utensils, home equipment, gold jewellery, firecrackers, and other items.{{sfn|Bahadur|2006|pp=92–93}}<ref name="tp" /><ref name="Karen Pechilis 2007 pp 273-275" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-14 |title=Diwali {{!}} Definition & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Diwali-Hindu-festival |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501153023/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/166786/Diwali |archive-date=1 May 2015 |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> On the evening of Dhanteras, families offer prayers (''puja'') to Lakshmi and Ganesha, and lay offerings of puffed rice, candy toys, rice cakes and ''batashas'' (hollow sugar cakes).{{sfn|Bahadur|2006|pp=92–93}}

According to Tracy Pintchman, Dhanteras is a symbol of annual renewal, cleansing and an auspicious beginning for the next year.{{sfn|Pintchman|2005|pp=59–60}} The term ''Dhan'' for this day also alludes to the [[Ayurvedic]] icon [[Dhanvantari]], the god of health and healing, who is believed to have emerged from the "churning of cosmic ocean" on the same day as Lakshmi.{{sfn|Pintchman|2005|pp=59–60}} Some communities, particularly those active in Ayurvedic and health-related professions, pray or perform [[Homa (ritual)|havan]] rituals to Dhanvantari on Dhanteras.{{sfn|Pintchman|2005|pp=59–60}}

On Yama Deepam (also known as Yama Dipadana or Jam ke Diya), Hindus light a [[Diya (lamp)|diya]], ideally made of wheat flour and filled with sesame oil, which faces south in the back of their homes. This is believed to please [[Yama (Hinduism)|Yama]], the god of death, and to ward off untimely death.<ref name="drikpanchang1">{{Cite web |last=LLP |first=Adarsh Mobile Applications |title=2020 Yama Deepam date and timings for New Delhi, NCT, India |url=http://www.drikpanchang.com/diwali/yama-deepam/yama-deepam-date-time.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223185715/http://www.drikpanchang.com/diwali/yama-deepam/yama-deepam-date-time.html |archive-date=23 December 2017 |access-date=28 August 2021 |website=Drikpanchang}}</ref> Some Hindus observe Yama Deepam on the second night before the main day of Diwali.<ref name="swahainternational1">{{Cite web |title=The 'Yam-deep' or 'Jam ke Deeya' – SWAHA International |url=http://www.swahainternational.org/the-yam-deep-or-jam-ke-deeya/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110120618/http://www.swahainternational.org/the-yam-deep-or-jam-ke-deeya/ |archive-date=10 January 2022 |access-date=11 November 2020}}</ref><ref name="astroved1">{{Cite web |date=2021-12-29 |title=Significance of Yama Deepam on Diwali Eve |url=https://www.astroved.com/blogs/significance-yama-deepam-diwali-eve |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419040402/https://www.astroved.com/blogs/significance-yama-deepam-diwali-eve |archive-date=19 April 2021 |access-date=2022-01-10 |publisher=AstroVed.com}}</ref>

===Naraka Chaturdashi, Kali Chaudas, Chhoti Diwali, Hanuman Puja, Roop Chaudas, Yama Deepam (Day 2)===
{{main|Naraka Chaturdashi}}
{{multiple image|perrow = 2|total_width=400
| image1 = Diwali Food and Celebrations in Sri Lanka Culture and Sights.jpg
| image2 = Hindu diet, meal setting at festival.jpg
| footer = Choti Diwali is the major shopping day for festive ''mithai'' (sweets)
}}
''Naraka Chaturdashi'', also known as Chhoti Diwali, is the second day of festivities coinciding with the fourteenth day of the dark fortnight of Ashwin or Kartik.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 November 2020 |title=Choti Diwali 2020 date: Kali Chaudas significance, when and how to celebrate |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/astrology/rituals-puja/choti-diwali-2020-date-kali-chaudas-significance-when-and-how-to-celebrate/articleshow/79203502.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114134308/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/astrology/rituals-puja/choti-diwali-2020-date-kali-chaudas-significance-when-and-how-to-celebrate/articleshow/79203502.cms |archive-date=14 November 2020 |access-date=2020-11-14 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> The term "chhoti" means little, while "Naraka" means hell and "Chaturdashi" means "fourteenth".{{sfn|Pintchman|2005|pp=60–61}} The day and its rituals are interpreted as ways to liberate any soul from suffering in "Naraka", or hell, as well as a reminder of spiritual auspiciousness. For some Hindus, it is a day to pray for the peace to the manes, or defiled souls of one's ancestors and light their way for their journeys in the cyclic afterlife.{{sfn|Pintchman|2005|pp=60–61, 63}} A mythological interpretation of this festive day is the destruction of the asura (demon) [[Narakasura]] by Krishna, a victory that frees 16,000 imprisoned princesses kidnapped by Narakasura.{{sfn|Pintchman|2005|pp=60–61}} It is also celebrated as Roop Chaudas in some North Indian households, where women bathe before sunrise, while lighting a [[diya (lamp)]] in the bath area, they believe it helps enhance their beauty – it is a fun ritual that young girls enjoy as part of festivities. ''Ubtan'' is applied by the women which is made up of special gram flour mixed with herbs for cleansing and beautifying themselves.

Naraka Chaturdashi is also a major day for purchasing festive foods, particularly sweets. A variety of sweets are prepared using flour, semolina, rice, chickpea flour, dry fruit pieces powders or paste, milk solids (''mawa'' or ''khoya'') and clarified butter (''ghee'').{{sfn|Goldstein|2015|pp=222–223}} According to Goldstein, these are then shaped into various forms, such as [[laddu]]s, [[barfi]]s, [[halwa]], [[kachori]]s, [[shrikhand]], and [[Sandesh (confectionery)|sandesh]], rolled and stuffed delicacies, such as karanji, [[shankarpali]], maladu, susiyam, pottukadalai. Sometimes these are wrapped with edible silver foil ([[vark]]). Confectioners and shops create Diwali-themed decorative displays, selling these in large quantities, which are stocked for home celebrations to welcome guests and as gifts.{{sfn|Goldstein|2015|pp=222–223}}{{sfn|Bahadur|2006|pp=92–93}} Families also prepare homemade delicacies for Lakshmi Pujan, regarded as the main day of Diwali.{{sfn|Goldstein|2015|pp=222–223}} Chhoti Diwali is also a day for visiting friends, business associates and relatives, and exchanging gifts.{{sfn|Bahadur|2006|pp=92–93}}

On the second day of Diwali, Hanuman Puja is performed in some parts of India especially in [[Gujarat]]. It coincides with the day of Kali Chaudas. It is believed that spirits roam around on the night of Kali Chaudas, and [[Hanuman]], who is the deity of strength, power, and protection, is worshipped to seek protection from the spirits. Diwali is also celebrated to mark the return of [[Rama]] to [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]] after defeating the demon-king Ravana<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-24 |title=Ravana {{!}} King of Lanka, Demon King, Ten-Headed {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ravana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602165102/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ravana |archive-date=2 June 2023 |access-date=2023-07-28 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> and completing his fourteen years of exile. The devotion and dedication of Hanuman pleased Rama so much that he blessed Hanuman to be worshipped before him. Thus, people worship Hanuman the day before Diwali's main day.<ref name="drikpanchang.com">{{Cite web |title=2020 Hanuman Puja date and time during Diwali for New Delhi, NCT, India |url=https://www.drikpanchang.com/diwali/hanuman-puja/hanuman-puja-date-time.html?year=2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103035611/https://www.drikpanchang.com/diwali/hanuman-puja/hanuman-puja-date-time.html?year=2020 |archive-date=3 November 2021 |access-date=6 November 2020}}</ref>

This day is commonly celebrated as Diwali in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Goa]], and [[Karnataka]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2023}} Traditionally, [[Marathi people|Marathi]] Hindus and South Indian Hindus receive an oil massage from the elders in the family on the day and then take a ritual bath, all before sunrise.{{sfn|Bahadur|2006|pp=93–94}} Many visit their favourite Hindu temple.{{sfn|Rodrigues|2016|p=29}}

Some Hindus observe Yama Deepam (also known as Yama Dipadana or Jam ke Diya) on the second day of Diwali, instead of the first day. A diya that is filled with sesame oil is lit at back of their homes facing in the southern direction. This is believed to please [[Yama (Hinduism)|Yama]], the god of death, and to ward off untimely death.<ref name="drikpanchang1" /><ref name="swahainternational1" /><ref name="astroved1" />

===Lakshmi Pujan, Kali Puja (Day 3)===
{{Main|Lakshmi Puja|Kali Puja}}
The third day is the height of the festival{{sfn|Jacobs|2010|p=26}} and coincides with the last day of the dark fortnight of Ashwin or Kartik. This is the day when Hindu, Jain and Sikh temples and homes are aglow with lights, thereby making it the "festival of lights". The word Deepawali comes from the Sanskrit word ''दीप'' (dīpa, "light") and ''आवलि'' (āvali, "series, line, row"), where dīpa means an Indian lantern or lamp.{{sfn|Pintchman|2005|pp=61–62}}<ref name="Mead2008">{{Cite book |last=Jean Mead |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QJyZKOtHWg4C&pg=PA4 |title=How and why Do Hindus Celebrate Divali? |date=February 2008 |publisher=Evans Brothers |isbn=978-0-237-53412-7 |pages=4– |access-date=25 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110120611/https://books.google.com/books?id=QJyZKOtHWg4C&pg=PA4 |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Kit Kat Firecracker.jpg|thumb|left|upright|A sparkling firecracker, commonly known as 'Kit Kat' in India]]
The youngest members in the family visit their elders, such as grandparents and other senior members of the community, on this day. Small business owners give gifts or special bonus payments to their employees between Dhanteras and Lakshmi Pujan.{{sfn|Bahadur|2006|pp=93–94}}{{sfn|Jones|2011|p= 254}} Shops either do not open or close early on this day allowing employees to enjoy family time. Shopkeepers and small operations perform ''puja'' rituals in their office premises. Unlike some other festivals, the Hindus typically do not fast during the five-day long Diwali including Lakshmi Pujan, rather they feast and share the bounties of the season at their workplaces, community centres, temples, and homes.{{sfn|Bahadur|2006|pp=93–94}}

[[File:Woman lighting the candles for the Festival of Lights in India (cropped).jpg|thumb|Woman lighting candles for Diwali. People light candles and clay lamps in their houses and at temples during Diwali night]]
As the evening approaches, celebrants will wear new clothes or their best outfits, teenage girls and women, in particular, wear saris and jewellery.{{sfn|Bahadur|2006|pp=94–95}} At dusk, family members gather for the Lakshmi Pujan,{{sfn|Bahadur|2006|pp=94–95}} although prayers will also be offered to other deities, such as Ganesha, Saraswati, Rama, Lakshmana, Sita, Hanuman, or Kubera.<ref name="tp" /> The lamps from the puja ceremony are then used to light more earthenware lamps, which are placed in rows along the parapets of temples and houses,{{sfn|Bahadur|2006|pp=97–98}} while some ''diyas'' are set adrift on rivers and streams.<ref name="Mead-2008b" /><ref>John Bowker, ed., Oxford Concise Dictionary of World Religions (Oxford UP, 2000), See Festivals</ref>{{sfn|Klostermaier|2014|pp=59, 69}} After the ''puja'', people go outside and celebrate by lighting up ''patakhe'' (fireworks) together, and then share a family feast and ''[[Mithai (confectionery)|mithai]]'' (sweets, desserts).<ref name="tp" />

The ''puja'' and rituals in the [[Bengali Hindu]] community focus on Kali, the goddess of war, instead of Lakshmi.{{sfn|McDermott |2011|pp =183–188}}{{sfn|Rhodes|2010|pp=1–2}} According to Rachel Fell McDermott, a scholar of South Asian, particular Bengali, studies, in Bengal during Navaratri (Dussehra elsewhere in India) the ''[[Durga puja]]'' is the main focus, although in the eastern and northeastern states the two are synonymous, but on Diwali the focus is on the puja dedicated to Kali. These two festivals likely developed in tandem over their recent histories, states McDermott.{{sfn|McDermott|2011|pp=183–188}} Textual evidence suggests that Bengali Hindus worshipped Lakshmi before the colonial era, and that the Kali puja is a more recent phenomenon.{{efn|According to McDermott, while the Durga Puja is the largest Bengali festival and it can be traced to the 16th-century or earlier, the start of Kali puja tradition on Diwali is traceable to no earlier than about the mid-18th-century during the reign of Raja Krishnacandra Ray.{{sfn|McDermott|2011|pp=183–188}} McDermott further writes that the older historic documents of the Bengal confirm that the Bengali Hindus have long celebrated the night of Diwali with illuminations, firecrackers, foods, new account books, Lakshmi (not Kali), inviting their friends (including Europeans during the colonial era) and gambling.{{sfn|McDermott|2011|pp=183–188}} The Kali ''sarbajanin'' tradition on Diwali, with tantric elements in some locations, grew slowly into a popular Bengali tradition after the mid-1920s.{{sfn|McDermott|2011|pp=183–188}}}} Contemporary Bengali celebrations mirror those found elsewhere, with teenage boys playing with fireworks and the sharing of festive food with family, but with the [[Shaktism|Shakti]] goddess Kali as the focus.{{sfn|McDaniel|2004|pp=253–255}}

[[File:Sparkles phuljhari fireworks on DIWALI, festival of lights.jpg|thumb|A child playing with [[sparkler|(fuljhadi) sparkler]]s during Diwali]]
On the night of Diwali, rituals across much of India are dedicated to Lakshmi to welcome her into their cleaned homes and bring prosperity and happiness for the coming year.{{sfn|Pintchman|2005|pp=61–63}}<ref name="S A NEWS-2020">{{Cite web |date=2020-11-12 |title=Diwali Festival 2020 India:Date,Story,Celebration,Diwali Special Gift |url=https://news.jagatgururampalji.org/diwali-festival-2020-special-gift/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114053744/https://news.jagatgururampalji.org/diwali-festival-2020-special-gift/ |archive-date=14 November 2020 |access-date=2020-11-14 |website=S A NEWS |language=en-US}}</ref> While the cleaning, or painting, of the home is in part for goddess Lakshmi, it also signifies the ritual "reenactment of the cleansing, purifying action of the monsoon rains" that would have concluded in most of the Indian subcontinent.{{sfn|Pintchman|2005|pp=61–63}} Vaishnava families recite Hindu legends of the victory of good over evil and the return of hope after despair on the Diwali night, where the main characters may include Rama, Krishna, Vamana or one of the avatars of Vishnu, the divine husband of Lakshmi.{{sfn|Pintchman|2005|pp=61–63}}{{sfn|Bahadur|2006|pp=94–97}} At dusk, lamps placed earlier in the inside and outside of the home are lit up to welcome Lakshmi.{{sfn|Jacobs|2010|p=26}} Family members light up firecrackers, which some interpret as a way to ward off all evil spirits and the inauspicious, as well as add to the festive mood.<ref name="Firecracker2">{{Cite book |last=Petrillo |first=Valerie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GErOyV7FBNUC&pg=PA175 |title=Asian American History |date=28 May 2007 |publisher=Chicago Review Press |isbn=978-1-55652-634-3 |quote=There are firecrackers everywhere to scare off evil spirits and contribute to the festive atmosphere. |access-date=26 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110120612/https://books.google.com/books?id=GErOyV7FBNUC&pg=PA175 |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Firecracker3">{{Cite book |last1=DeRocco |first1=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TRyb8XqB7dEC&pg=SA9-PA1 |title=The International Holiday & Festival Primer |last2=Dundas |first2=Joan |last3=Ian Zimmerman |publisher=Full Blast Productions |year=1996 |isbn=978-1-895451-24-5 |quote=But as well as delighting the spectators, the fireworks are believed to chase away evil spirits. |access-date=26 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111153321/https://books.google.com/books?id=TRyb8XqB7dEC&pg=SA9-PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=11 November 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> According to Pintchman, who quotes Raghavan, this ritual may also be linked to the tradition in some communities of paying respect to ancestors. Earlier in the season's fortnight, some welcome the souls of their ancestors to join the family for the festivities with the ''Mahalaya''. The Diwali night's lights and firecrackers, in this interpretation, represent a celebratory and symbolic farewell to the departed ancestral souls.{{sfn|Pintchman|2005|p=63}}

The celebrations and rituals of the Jains and the Sikhs are similar to those of the Hindus where social and community bonds are renewed. Major temples and homes are decorated with lights, festive foods shared with all, friends and relatives remembered and visited with gifts.{{sfn|Jones|2011|p= 254}}{{sfn|Long|2009|pp=26, 42}}

===Annakut, Balipratipada (Padwa), New Year's Day, Govardhan Puja (Day 4)===
{{main|Balipratipada|Govardhan Puja}}
The day after Diwali is the first day of the bright fortnight of Kartik.{{sfn|Pintchman|2005|pp=63–64}} It is regionally called Annakut (heap of grain), Padwa, Goverdhan puja, Bali Pratipada, Bali Padyami, Kartik Shukla Pratipada and other names.{{sfn|Fieldhouse|2017|pp=150–151}}{{sfn|Pintchman|2005|pp=63–64}} According to one tradition, the day is associated with the story of Bali's defeat at the hands of Vishnu.<ref name="NarayananKurup1976">{{Cite book |last1=M.G.S. Narayanan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mvELAAAAIAAJ |title=Historical Studies in Kerala |last2=K.K.N. Kurup |publisher=Department of History, University of Calicut |year=1976 |access-date=12 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103135407/http://books.google.com/books?id=mvELAAAAIAAJ |archive-date=3 January 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Deborah Heiligman, ''Celebrate Diwali'', {{ISBN|978-1-4263-0291-6}}, National Geographic, p. 31</ref> In another interpretation, it is thought to reference the legend of Parvati and her husband Shiva playing a game of ''dyuta'' (dice) on a board of twelve squares and thirty pieces, Parvati wins. Shiva surrenders his shirt and adornments to her, rendering him naked.{{sfn|Pintchman|2005|pp=63–64}} According to Handelman and Shulman, as quoted by Pintchman, this legend is a Hindu metaphor for the cosmic process for creation and dissolution of the world through the masculine destructive power, as represented by Shiva, and the feminine procreative power, represented by Parvati, where twelve reflects the number of months in the cyclic year, while thirty are the number of days in its lunisolar month.{{sfn|Pintchman|2005|pp=63–64}}

{{multiple image|perrow = 2|total_width=400
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| footer = Annakut community meals (left), Krishna holding [[Govardhan Hill]] ritually made from cow dung, rice and flowers (right).
}}
This day ritually celebrates the bond between the wife and husband,{{sfn|Crump|2014|pp=112–113}} and in some Hindu communities, husbands will celebrate this with gifts to their wives. In other regions, parents invite a newly married daughter, or son, together with their spouses to a festive meal and give them gifts.{{sfn|Crump|2014|pp=112–113}}

In some rural communities of the north, west and central regions, the fourth day is celebrated as Govardhan puja, honouring the legend of the Hindu god Krishna saving the cowherd and farming communities from incessant rains and floods triggered by Indra's anger,{{sfn|Crump|2014|pp=112–113}} which he accomplished by lifting the Govardhan mountain. This legend is remembered through the ritual of building small mountain-like miniatures from cow dung.{{sfn|Crump|2014|pp=112–113}} According to Kinsley, the ritual use of cow dung, a common fertiliser, is an agricultural motif and a celebration of its significance to annual crop cycles.{{sfn|Kinsley|1988|pp=33–34}}{{sfn|Pintchman|2005|pp=64–65}}{{sfn|Lodrick|1987}}

The agricultural symbolism is also observed on this day by many Hindus as Annakut, literally "mountain of food". Communities prepare over one hundred dishes from a variety of ingredients, which is then dedicated to Krishna before being shared among the community. Hindu temples on this day prepare and present "mountains of sweets" to the faithful who have gathered for ''darshan'' (visit).{{sfn|Crump|2014|pp=112–113}} In Gujarat, Annakut is the first day of the new year and celebrated through the purchase of essentials, or ''sabras'' (literally, "good things in life"), such as salt, offering prayers to Krishna and visiting temples.{{sfn|Crump|2014|pp=112–113}} In Gujarat [[Indian New Year's days|New Year]] is celebrated after the day of Diwali. In the early morning people take showers, do prayer at home, visit temples for worship and children in the evening visit neighbour's houses to say happy new year, shake hands, get mukhvas for dessert, and chocolate.

===Bhai Duj, Bhau-Beej, Vishwakarma Puja (Day 5)===
{{main|Bhai Dooj|Vishwakarma Puja}}
[[File:Diwali (Bhaiya Dweej ).JPG|thumb|right|A sister ritually feeding her brother on Bhai Duj-Diwali]]
The last day of the festival, the second day of the bright fortnight of Kartik, is called ''Bhai Duj'' (literally "brother's day"<ref>{{Cite book |last=David L. Haberman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=63uDsPPr48gC&pg=PA129 |title=River of Love in an Age of Pollution: The Yamuna River of Northern India |publisher=University of California Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-520-24789-5 |page=129 |access-date=19 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111153322/https://books.google.com/books?id=63uDsPPr48gC&pg=PA129#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=11 November 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>), ''Bhau Beej'', ''Bhai Tilak'' or ''Bhai Phonta''. It celebrates the sister-brother bond, similar in spirit to [[Raksha Bandhan]] but it is the brother that travels to meet the sister and her family. This festive day is interpreted by some to symbolise Yama's sister [[Yamuna in Hinduism|Yamuna]] welcoming Yama with a ''tilaka'', while others interpret it as the arrival of Krishna at his sister [[Subhadra]]'s place after defeating Narakasura. Subhadra welcomes him with a ''tilaka'' on his forehead.{{sfn|Crump|2014|pp=112–113}}{{sfn|Pintchman|2005|pp=66–69}}

The day celebrates the sibling bond between brother and sister.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhai Bij in India in 2020 |url=https://www.officeholidays.com/holidays/bhai-bij |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116022133/https://www.officeholidays.com/holidays/bhai-bij |archive-date=16 November 2020 |access-date=2020-11-14 |website=Office Holidays |language=en}}</ref> On this day the womenfolk of the family gather, perform a puja with prayers for the well-being of their brothers, then return to a ritual of feeding their brothers with their hands and receiving gifts. According to Pintchman, in some Hindu traditions the women recite tales where sisters protect their brothers from enemies that seek to cause him either bodily or spiritual harm.{{sfn|Pintchman|2005|pp=66–69}} In historic times, this was a day in autumn when brothers would travel to meet their sisters or invite their sister's family to their village to celebrate their sister-brother bond with the bounty of seasonal harvests.<ref name="tp" />

The artisan Hindu and Sikh community celebrates the fourth day as the Vishwakarma puja day.{{efn|According to a Government of Himachal Pradesh and India publication, the Vishvakarma puja is observed on the fourth day of Diwali in the Himalayan state.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Government of India & Himachal Pradesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0EqykjrjNPYC |title=Census of India, 1981: Himachal Pradesh |publisher=Controller of Publications |year=1982 |page=46 |access-date=20 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111153324/https://books.google.com/books?id=0EqykjrjNPYC |archive-date=11 November 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>}} Vishwakarma is the presiding Hindu deity for those in architecture, building, manufacturing, textile work and crafts trades.<ref name="haar2009" />{{Efn|The Vishwakarma puja day is alternatively observed in other Hindu communities in accordance with the Hindu solar calendar, and this falls in September.{{sfn|Melton|2011|pp=908–909}}}} The looms, tools of trade, machines and workplaces are cleaned and prayers offered to these livelihood means.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Narayan |first1=Kirin |last2=George |first2=Kenneth M. |year=2017 |title=Tools and world-making in the worship of Vishwakarma |journal=South Asian History and Culture |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=478–492 |doi=10.1080/19472498.2017.1371506 |s2cid=149325687}}</ref>

==Other traditions and significance==
During the season of Diwali, numerous rural townships and villages host ''[[Mela Festival|melas]]'',<ref name="Kadowala1998">{{Cite book |last=Kadowala |first=Dilip |title=Diwali |publisher=Evans Brothers Limited |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-237-51801-1 |location=London}}</ref> or fairs, where local producers and artisans trade produce and goods. A variety of entertainments are usually available for inhabitants of the local community to enjoy. The women, in particular, adorn themselves in colourful attire and [[Mehndi|decorate]] their hands with [[henna]]. Such events are also mentioned in Sikh historical records.{{sfn|Oberoi|1994|pp=188–190 with footnote 96}}{{efn|[[Max Arthur Macauliffe|Max Macauliffe]], who lived in northwest Punjab area during the colonial era and is known for his work on Sikh literature and history, wrote about Diwali ''melas'' to which people visited to buy horses, seek pleasure, pray in nearby Amritsar temples for the prosperity of their children and their souls, and some on "errands, more or less worthy or unworthy character".{{sfn|Oberoi|1994|pp=188–190 with footnote 96}}}} In the modern day, ''Diwali mela'' are held at college, or university, campuses or as community events by members of the Indian diaspora. At such events a variety of music, dance and arts performances, food, crafts, and cultural celebrations are featured.<ref>Priya Krishna (2017), [https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/31/dining/diwali-mela-dallas-food.html If You Missed Diwali in India, Dallas Is the Place to Be] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820005814/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/31/dining/diwali-mela-dallas-food.html |date=20 August 2018 }}, ''The New York Times'', 31 October 2017</ref><ref>[http://www.asianimage.co.uk/news/15570042.Manchester_Dashehra_and_Diwali_Mela_plans_announced/ Manchester Dashehra and Diwali Mela plans announced] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820005747/http://www.asianimage.co.uk/news/15570042.Manchester_Dashehra_and_Diwali_Mela_plans_announced/ |date=20 August 2018 }}, Asian Image (2 October 2017), United Kingdom</ref>{{sfn|Salamone|2004|p=112, Article on Divali by Lindsey Harlan}}

In October 2025, the state of California made Diwali an official state holiday.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharath |first=Deepa |date=2025-10-07 |title=California makes Diwali an official statewide holiday |url=https://apnews.com/article/diwali-state-holiday-california-hindus-sikhs-buddhists-f7ddd73c14e212a698d2c559c12a8a4e |access-date=2025-10-09 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref>

===Economics===
Diwali marks a major shopping period in India,<ref name="wsj" /> and is comparable to the Christmas period in terms of consumer purchases and economic activity.{{sfn|Klostermaier|2014|p=59}} It is traditionally a time when households purchase new clothing, home refurbishments, gifts, gold, jewelry,<ref>[http://www.bullionstreet.com/news/festive-season-to-boost-india-gold-buying/145 Festive season to boost India gold buying] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207104526/http://www.bullionstreet.com/news/festive-season-to-boost-india-gold-buying/145 |date=7 December 2013 }} Bullion Street (15 October 2013)</ref><ref>[http://www.gold.org/jewellery/markets/india/ Gold, Key markets: India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207084755/http://www.gold.org/jewellery/markets/india/ |date=7 December 2013 }} World Gold Council (2013)</ref> and other large purchases particularly as the festival is dedicated to Lakshmi, the goddess of wealth and prosperity, and such purchases are considered auspicious.<ref>[http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/937525dc-e33f-11df-97db-00144feabdc0.html India's banks face pre-Diwali cash crunch] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121010/https://www.ft.com/content/937525dc-e33f-11df-97db-00144feabdc0 |date=10 January 2022 }} James Lamont, ''The Financial Times'' (29 October 2010)</ref><ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/business/story/festive-season-consumer-spending-slowing-economy-inflation-retailers-216207-2013-10-31 Diwali lights up consumer spending, festive spirit beats inflation] M.G. Arun, India Today (1 November 2013)</ref> According to Rao, Diwali is one of the major festivals where rural Indians spend a significant portion of their annual income, and is a means for them to renew their relationships and social networks.{{sfn|Rao|2001|pp=71–95}}

{{Wikinews|Indian Markets hits record close in Diwali trade}}

Other goods that are bought in substantial quantities during Diwali include confectionery and fireworks. In 2013, about {{INRConvert|25|b}} of fireworks were sold to merchants for the Diwali season, an equivalent retail value of about {{INRConvert|50|b}} according to ''The Times of India''.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131028060716/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-10-24/india/43361997_1_firecrackers-tamil-nadu-fireworks-diwali Firecrackers to cost a bomb this Diwali] ''The Times of India'' (24 October 2013)</ref>{{efn|A 2017 estimate states 50,000 tons (100 million pounds) of fireworks are exploded annually in India over the Diwali festival.<ref>[https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2017/10/17/558067395/fear-of-toxic-smog-leads-india-to-limit-diwali-fireworks Fear Of Toxic Smog Leads India To Limit Diwali Fireworks] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822113355/https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2017/10/17/558067395/fear-of-toxic-smog-leads-india-to-limit-diwali-fireworks |date=22 August 2018 }}, NPR (17 October 2017)</ref> As a comparison, Americans explode 134,000 tons (268 million pounds) of fireworks for 4 July celebrations in the United States.<ref>[http://fortune.com/2018/06/29/july-4th-fireworks-billion-dollar-burn-injuries/ Firework Facts: Americans Incinerate $1 Billion in July Fourth Fireworks Every Year] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822113406/http://fortune.com/2018/06/29/july-4th-fireworks-billion-dollar-burn-injuries/ |date=22 August 2018 }}, Fortune (29 June 2018)</ref>}} [[ASSOCHAM]], a trade organisation in India, forecasted that online shopping alone to be over {{INRConvert|300|b}} over the 2017 Diwali season.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/online-sales-may-surpass-rs-30000-crore-in-festive-month-assocham/articleshow/61035441.cms Oneline sales may surpass Rs 30000 crores in festive months] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828055348/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/online-sales-may-surpass-rs-30000-crore-in-festive-month-assocham/articleshow/61035441.cms |date=28 August 2018 }} The Times of India (11 October 2017)</ref> About two-thirds of Indian households, according to the ASSOCHAM forecast, would spend between {{INRConvert|5000}} and {{INRConvert|10000}} to celebrate Diwali in 2017.<ref>[http://www.assocham.org/newsdetail.php?id=6536 Average family to spend Rs. 10,000 on this Diwali: ASSOCHAM survey] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820005805/http://www.assocham.org/newsdetail.php?id=6536 |date=20 August 2018 }}, ASSOCHAM (17 October 2017); Tarandip Kaur (2017), [https://www.forbes.com/sites/tarandipkaur/2017/10/18/festival-of-lights-all-you-need-to-know-about-diwali/ "Festival of Lights: All You Need to Know About Diwali"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819214317/https://www.forbes.com/sites/tarandipkaur/2017/10/18/festival-of-lights-all-you-need-to-know-about-diwali/ |date=19 August 2018 }}, ''Forbes'' (18 October 2017)</ref> Stock markets like NSE and BSE in India are typically closed during Diwali, with the exception of a Diwali Muhurat trading session for an hour in the evening to coincide with the beginning of the new year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DNA Explainer: What is Diwali Muhurat Trading and why it is best time to invest in stocks |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-dna-explainer-what-is-diwali-muhurat-trading-and-why-it-is-best-time-to-invest-in-stocks-2918360 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105092714/https://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-dna-explainer-what-is-diwali-muhurat-trading-and-why-it-is-best-time-to-invest-in-stocks-2918360 |archive-date=5 November 2021 |access-date=2021-11-05 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref> In 2020, the INDF ETF was launched to mark the start of Diwali.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-12 |title=NextFins Celebrates Diwali With the Launch of INDF |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20201112005141/en/NextFins-Celebrates-Diwali-With-the-Launch-of-INDF |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112204731/https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20201112005141/en/NextFins-Celebrates-Diwali-With-the-Launch-of-INDF |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=2020-11-12 |website=businesswire.com |language=en}}</ref>

===Politics===
Diwali has increasingly attracted cultural exchanges, becoming occasions for politicians and religious leaders worldwide to meet Hindu or Indian origin citizens, diplomatic staff or neighbours. Many participate in other socio-political events as a symbol of support for diversity and inclusiveness. The Catholic dicastery [[Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue]], founded as Secretariat for non-Christians by Pope Paul VI, began sending official greetings and the Pope's message to the Hindus on Diwali in the mid-1990s.{{sfn|Barbato|2017|pp=93–97}}{{efn|The Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue was founded as Secretariat for non-Christians by Pope Paul VI. It began sending official greetings and message to Muslims in 1967 on ''Id al-Fitr''. About 30 years later, in the mid-1990s the Catholic authorities began sending two additional annual official greetings and message, one to the Hindus on Diwali and the other to the Buddhists on Buddha's birthday.{{sfn|Barbato|2017|pp=93–97}}}}

Many governments encourage or sponsor Diwali-related festivities in their territories. For example, the Singaporean government, in association with the [[Hindu Endowments Board]] of Singapore, organizes many cultural events during Diwali every year.<ref>Little India, Singapore (2013), [http://www.littleindia.com.sg/Diwali_in_Singapore.aspx Deepavali in Singapore] {{webarchive|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131203010347/http://www.littleindia.com.sg/Diwali_in_Singapore.aspx |date= 3 December 2013 }}</ref> National and civic leaders such as [[Charles III|the former Prince Charles]] have attended Diwali celebrations at prominent Hindu temples in the UK, such as the [[Neasden Temple|Swaminarayan Temple in Neasden]], using the occasion to highlight contributions of the Hindu community to British society.<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=10 November 2007 |title=Prince Charles, Camilla celebrate Diwali in UK |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/uk/Prince-Charles-Camilla-celebrate-Diwali-in-UK/articleshow/2532035.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104183044/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-11-10/uk/27962079_1_royal-couple-diwali-celebrations-temple |archive-date=4 November 2013 |access-date=3 November 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Their Royal Highnesses The Prince of Wales and The Duchess of Cornwall Celebrate Diwali at BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, London |url=http://www.mandir.org/news&events/2007/11/trhvisit/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114112622/http://www.mandir.org/news%26events/2007/11/trhvisit/index.htm |archive-date=14 November 2012 |access-date=3 November 2013 |website=mandir.org |publisher=BAPS Swaminarayan Sanstha}}</ref> Additionally, cities across the UK show support of the celebrations through Diwali lights, decorations, and cultural festivities such as dance performances, food stalls and workshops.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mayor announces the capital's Diwali in the Square celebrations {{!}} London City Hall |url=https://www.london.gov.uk/media-centre/mayors-press-release/Diwali-2023 |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=www.london.gov.uk |language=en}}</ref> Since 2009, Diwali has been celebrated every year at [[10 Downing Street]], the residence of the British Prime Minister.<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=17 October 2009 |title=Brown celebrates Diwali at 10, Downing Street, in a 'historic' first |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/uk/Brown-celebrates-Diwali-at-10-Downing-Street-in-a-historic-first/articleshow/5134278.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104183112/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-10-17/uk/28096259_1_diwali-downing-street-joginder-sangar |archive-date=4 November 2013 |access-date=3 November 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

Diwali was first celebrated in the [[White House]] by [[George W. Bush]] in 2003, and its religious and historical significance was officially recognized by the [[United States Congress]] in 2007.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sanchez |first=Aurelio |date=2 November 2007 |title=Fest celebrates triumph of light over dark |work=The Albuquerque Journal |page=10 |quote=According to a resolution passed recently by the Foreign Affairs Committee of the House of Representatives, the festival is celebrated by almost 2 million in the United States and many millions more around the world. The bill, H.R. 747, calls for the U.S. Congress to acknowledge 'the religious and historical significance of the festival of Diwali.'}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=30 October 2007 |title=US House passes resolution on significance of Diwali |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> [[Barack Obama]] became the first president to personally attend Diwali at the White House in 2009. On the eve of his first visit to India as President of the United States, Obama released an official statement sharing his best wishes with "those celebrating Diwali".<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 November 2010 |title=Statement by the President on Diwali |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2010/11/04/statement-president-diwali |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118112828/https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2010/11/04/statement-president-diwali |archive-date=18 January 2017 |access-date=1 March 2021 |website=[[whitehouse.gov]] |via=[[NARA|National Archives]]}}</ref>

President [[Donald Trump|Donald J. Trump]] posted an official statement celebrating Diwali in October 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=House |first=The White |date=2025-10-20 |title=Presidential Message on Diwali |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/2025/10/presidential-message-on-diwali/ |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=The White House |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-20 |title='To every American…': Trump extends Diwali greetings with message of 'hope and peace' amid US-India tariff tension |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/us-news/to-every-american-trump-extends-diwali-greetings-with-message-of-hope-and-peace-amid-us-india-tariff-tension-101760975790509.html |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> A similar message posted online by Trump administration [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] [[Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation|Director]] [[Kash Patel]] was met with a flood of [[Racism|racist]] and [[Xenophobia|xenophobic]] invective from [[Christian nationalism|Christian nationalists]] and other [[Make America Great Again|MAGA]]-aligned individuals.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-21 |title="Go Back": MAGA Floods Kash Patel's Diwali Post With Racism |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/articles/back-maga-floods-kash-patel-142849202.html |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=The New Republic via Yahoo News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Our Web Desk |date=21 October 2025 |title=Kash Patel makes a Diwali post, gets MAGA lessons and Valhalla reminders |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/world/kash-patel-makes-a-diwali-post-gets-maga-lessons-and-valhalla-reminders/cid/2128845#goog_rewarded |work=The Telegraph Online}}</ref>

As of October 2025, Diwali was an official holiday in three U.S. states: [[California]], [[Connecticut]], and [[Pennsylvania]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-20 |title=Diwali is now an official holiday in 3 states |url=https://www.deseret.com/faith/2025/10/20/diwali-is-an-official-holiday-in-three-states-here-s-how-to-celebrate-it/ |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=Deseret News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Hindmon |first1=Jade |last2=Rusch |first2=Ashley |title=Diwali becomes an official California state holiday |url=https://www.kpbs.org/podcasts/kpbs-midday-edition/diwali-becomes-an-official-california-state-holiday |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=KPBS Public Media |language=en}}</ref>

Every year during Diwali, Indian forces approach their [[Pakistani]] counterparts at the border bearing gifts of traditional Indian confectionery, a gesture that is returned in kind by the Pakistani soldiers who give Pakistani sweets to the Indian soldiers.<ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/diwali-manmohan-singh-amritsar-pranab-mukherjee-hamid-ansari-india-pakistan-216340-2013-11-02 Diwali Lights up India] India Today (3 November 2013)</ref>{{efn|Diwali was not a public holiday in Pakistan from 1947 to 2016. Diwali along with Holi for Hindus, and Easter for Christians, was adopted as public holiday resolution by Pakistan's parliament in 2016, giving the local governments and public institutions the right to declare Holi as a holiday and grant leave for its minority communities, for the first time.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 March 2016 |title=Pakistan parliament adopts resolution for Holi, Diwali, Easter holidays |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/Pakistan-parliament-adopts-resolution-for-Holi-Diwali-Easter-holidays/articleshow/51423609.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180306175436/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/Pakistan-parliament-adopts-resolution-for-Holi-Diwali-Easter-holidays/articleshow/51423609.cms |archive-date=6 March 2018 |access-date=13 March 2017 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sridharan |first=Vasudevan |year=2016 |title=Muslim-majority Pakistan set to declare Holi, Diwali and Easter as public holidays |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/muslim-majority-pakistan-set-declare-holi-diwali-easter-public-holidays-1550003 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318105641/http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/muslim-majority-pakistan-set-declare-holi-diwali-easter-public-holidays-1550003 |archive-date=18 March 2016 |access-date=19 March 2016 |work=International Business Times}}</ref> Diwali celebrations have been relatively rare in contemporary Pakistan, but observed across religious lines, including by Muslims in cities such as Peshawar.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 November 2015 |title=Muslims join Hindus in Diwali celebrations in Pakistan's Peshawar |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-11-17/news/68356366_1_diwali-celebrations-pakistan-hindu-peshawar |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211212853/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-11-17/news/68356366_1_diwali-celebrations-pakistan-hindu-peshawar |archive-date=11 December 2015 |access-date=19 March 2016 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref>}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=India-Pakistan border troops exchange Diwali sweets near Jaisalmer |date=November 2024 |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/india/india-pakistan-border-troops-exchange-diwali-sweets-near-jaisalmer-1.10038937 |publisher=Mathrubhumi}}</ref>

==Hazards==
{{See also|Firecrackers in India|Fireworks safety}}

The use of [[firecracker]]s on Diwali increases the concentration of [[dust]] and [[pollutant]]s in the air. After firing, the fine dust particles get settled on the surrounding surfaces which are packed with chemicals like [[copper]], [[zinc]], [[sodium]], [[lead]], [[magnesium]], [[cadmium]] and pollutants like [[Sulfur oxide|oxides of sulfur]] and [[Nitrogen oxide|nitrogen]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Air Pollution: Delhi's air quality enters 'Red Zone' ahead of Diwali |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/video-air-pollution-delhi-s-air-quality-enters-red-zone-ahead-of-diwali-2918268 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106202325/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/video-air-pollution-delhi-s-air-quality-enters-red-zone-ahead-of-diwali-2918268 |archive-date=6 November 2021 |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref> These invisible yet harmful particles affect the environment and in turn, put people's health at stake.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Diwali may bring 'severe' air pollution to Delhi, despite fireworks ban |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/11/03/delhi-fireworks-ban-green-diwali/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105121643/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/11/03/delhi-fireworks-ban-green-diwali/ |archive-date=5 November 2021 |access-date=2021-11-04 |newspaper=The Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> The smoke created by firecrackers lit up on Diwali causes smog which sometimes takes days to clear.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-10-24 |title=Residents across India celebrate Diwali with festivities and dazzling lights |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/10/24/1130942026/residents-across-india-celebrate-diwali-with-festivities-and-dazzling-lights |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727194915/https://www.npr.org/2022/10/24/1130942026/residents-across-india-celebrate-diwali-with-festivities-and-dazzling-lights |archive-date=27 July 2023 |access-date=2023-11-10 |work=[[Associated Press|AP]] |publisher=[[NPR]]}}</ref>

During Diwali, the levels of suspended particulate matter increase. When people are exposed to these pollutant particles, they may suffer from eye, nose, and throat-related problems. To produce colours when crackers are burst, [[carcinogen]]ic and poisonous elements are used.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-23 |title=Firecrackers Not Only Pollute The Environment But Also Carry Cancer Causing Chemicals |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/a-look-at-how-firecrackers-pollute-the-environment-and-carry-carcinogenic-agents-1916801.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106193152/https://www.news18.com/news/india/a-look-at-how-firecrackers-pollute-the-environment-and-carry-carcinogenic-agents-1916801.html |archive-date=6 November 2021 |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

During the 2023 celebration, [[New Delhi]] briefly took the top spot in the world for [[air pollution]] with an [[air quality index]] of 680 on one night.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mehta |first=Tanvi |date=2023-11-13 |title=Three Indian cities among world's 10 most polluted after Diwali |url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/three-indian-cities-amongst-worlds-10-most-polluted-after-diwali-2023-11-13/ |access-date=2023-11-22 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref>

The use of fireworks during Diwali can also lead to burn injuries. One particular firework called ''anar'' (fountain) has been found to be responsible for 65% of such injuries, with adults being the typical victims. Most of the injuries sustained are Group I type burns (minor) requiring only outpatient care. Experts urge precaution around candles and fires and ask for children to be kept a safe distance from flames and to enjoy the festivity of Diwali.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mohan |first1=D. |last2=Varghese |first2=M. |year=1990 |title=Fireworks cast a shadow on India's festival of lights |journal=World Health Forum |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=323–326 |pmid=2291800}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ahuja |first1=R.B. |last2=Bhattacharya |first2=S. |date=August 2004 |title=Burns in the developing world and burn disasters |journal=The BMJ |volume=329 |issue=7463 |pages=447–449 |doi=10.1136/bmj.329.7463.447 |pmc=514214 |pmid=15321905}}</ref>

==Guinness World Record==
In October 2025, a Diwali celebration in [[Ayodhya]], Uttar Pradesh, India, broke the [[Guinness World Records|Guinness World Record]] for the largest display of oil lamps with 2,617,615 displayed on the eve of Diwali.<ref name="r576">{{Cite web |last=Addow |first=Amina |date=2023-11-17 |title=Largest display of oil lamps illuminate Indian city to celebrate Diwali |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/commercial/2023/11/largest-display-of-oil-lamps-illuminate-indian-city-to-celebrate-diwali-761303 |access-date=2024-07-20 |website=Guinness World Records}}</ref>

== UNESCO’s list of Intangible Cultural Heritage ==
Diwali has been inscribed on [[UNESCO|UNESCO’s]] List of Intangible Cultural Heritage, becoming the 16th Indian tradition to receive global honour joining the ranks of [[Durga Puja]] and [[Yoga]] in international recognition.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-12-10 |title=Historic moment as Diwali makes it to Unesco list: Deepavali joins Yoga, Durga Puja among intangible cultural heritage — full list |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/historic-moment-as-diwali-makes-it-to-unesco-list-deepavali-joins-yoga-durga-puja-among-intangible-cultural-heritage-full-list/articleshow/125883637.cms |access-date=2025-12-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Div col}}
* [[Bandna]] – Agrarian festival that coincides with Diwali
* [[Bandi Chhor Divas]] – Sikh festival that coincides with Diwali
* [[Candlemas]] – the [[Christian]] celebration involving candles, celebrating the [[Presentation of Jesus]]
* [[Chinese New Year]] - Chinese celebration, one of the most important holidays in Chinese culture
* [[Day of the Little Candles]] – the Colombian Catholic festival of candles
* [[Diwali (Jainism)]] – Diwali's significance in Jainism
* [[Guy Fawkes Night]] – the British festival of bonfires and fireworks held on the fifth of November. In towns with a large [[British Asians|British Asian]] community, Diwali and Guy Fawkes festivities are often combined.
* [[Hanukkah]] – the Jewish festival of lights
* [[Jashn-e-Chiragah]] - the Mughal celebration of Diwali
* [[Kali Puja]] – Diwali is most commonly known as Kali Puja in West Bengal or in Bengali dominated areas
* [[Karthika Deepam]] – the festival of lights observed by [[Tamils]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]], [[Kerala]], [[Sri Lanka]] and elsewhere
* [[Lehyam]], often prepared on the occasion of Deepavali to aid the digestion
* [[Lantern Festival]] – the Chinese festival of lanterns
* [[Loy Krathong]] – the Thai festival of lights
* [[Nowruz]] – the Persian new year and festival of lights
* [[Saint Lucy's Day]] – the Christian festival of lights
* [[Swanti (festival)|Swanti]] – Newar version of Diwali
* [[Tihar (festival)|Tihar]] – Nepali version of Diwali
* [[Walpurgis Night]] – the German festival of bonfires{{Div col end}}

{{Clear}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
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{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Sister project auto|wikt=yes}}

* [https://www.history.com/news/the-ancient-origins-of-indias-biggest-holiday The Ancient Origins of Diwali, India's Biggest Holiday]—Becky Little (2017)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170910153209/http://knowindia.gov.in/culture-and-heritage/festivals/deepawali.php Deepawali] at Know India (archived)
* [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/health-fitness/health-news/winter-air-pollution-around-diwali-and-asthma-what-you-need-to-know/articleshow/104929975.cms?from=mdr Winter air pollution around Diwali and Asthma]


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Harsh Vardhan (Delhi politician)

2026-01-14T23:40:04Z

Heriberto60T: adjusted page for accuracy for accuracy

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1954)}}
{{For|others|Harsh Vardhan (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Harsh Vardhan
| birthname = Harshvardhan Goel<ref name=OriginalName>{{Cite web | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/7-days/what-s-in-a-surname/cid/1669503 |title = What's in a surname?}}</ref>
| image = Harsh Vardhan in 2017.jpg
| caption = Vardhan at the inauguration of India-Canada Technology Summit, in [[New Delhi]], 2017
| office = [[World Health Organization#World Health Assembly and Executive Board|Chairman of the WHO Executive Board]]
| term_start = {{Start date|2020|05|22|df=yes}}
| term_end = {{End date |2021|06|02|df=yes}}
| predecessor = Hiroki Nakatani
| successor = Patrick Amoth
| office1 = [[Minister of Health and Family Welfare]]
| term_start1 = {{Start date|2019|05|30|df=yes}}
| term_end1 = {{End date|2021|07|07|df=yes}}
| primeminister1 = [[Narendra Modi]]
| predecessor1 = [[Jagat Prakash Nadda]]
| successor1 = [[Mansukh L. Mandaviya]]
| term_start2 = {{Start date|2014|05|26|df=yes}}
| term_end2 = {{End date|2014|11|09|df=yes}}
| primeminister2 = [[Narendra Modi]]
| predecessor2 = [[Ghulam Nabi Azad]]
| successor2 = [[Jagat Prakash Nadda]]
| office3 = [[Ministry of Science and Technology (India)|Minister of Science and Technology]]
| term_start3 = {{Start date|2014|11|09|df=yes}}
| term_end3 = {{Start date|2021|07|07|df=yes}}
| primeminister3 = [[Narendra Modi]]
| predecessor3 = [[Jitendra Singh (BJP politician)|Jitendra Singh]]
| successor3 = [[Jitendra Singh (BJP politician)|Jitendra Singh]]
| office4 = [[Ministry of Earth Sciences|Minister of Earth Sciences]]
| term_start4 = {{Start date|2014|11|09|df=yes}}
| term_end4 = {{Start date|2021|07|07|df=yes}}
| primeminister4 = [[Narendra Modi]]
| predecessor4 = [[Jitendra Singh (BJP politician)|Jitendra Singh]]
| successor4 = [[Jitendra Singh (BJP politician)|Jitendra Singh]]
| office6 = [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change|Minister of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]]
| term_start6 = {{Start date|2017|05|27|df=yes}}
| primeminister6 = [[Narendra Modi]]
| term_end6 = {{End date|2019|05|30|df=yes}}
| predecessor6 = [[Anil Madhav Dave]]
| successor6 = [[Prakash Javadekar]]
| constituency5 = [[Chandni Chowk (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chandni Chowk]]
| office5 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start5 = {{Start date|2014|05|16|df=yes}}
| term_end5 = {{End date|2024|06|04|df=yes}}
| predecessor5 = [[Kapil Sibal]]
| successor5 = [[Praveen Khandelwal]]
| constituency7 = [[Krishna Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Krishna Nagar]]
| office7 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start7 = 2 December 1993
| term_end7 = {{End date|2014|05|16|df=yes}}
| predecessor7 = ''Constituency established''
| successor7 = [[S. K. Bagga]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1954|12|13}}
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], [[India]]
| nationality = 
| residence = [[New Delhi]]
| profession = {{hlist|[[Otorhinolaryngologist]]|[[Politician]]}}
| spouse = Nutan Goel
| children = 3
| alma_mater = [[Zakir Husain Delhi College|Zakir Husain College, Delhi]] [[Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi Memorial Medical College]] ([[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery|MBBS]]) and ([[Master of Surgery|MS]])
}}

'''Harsh Vardhan ''' (born '''Harshvardhan Goel''',<ref name=OriginalName /> 13 December 1954) is an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[politician]] and [[otorhinolaryngologist]]. He had served as the [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (India)|Minister of Health and Family Welfare]], [[Ministry of Science and Technology (India)|Minister of Science and Technology]] and [[Ministry of Earth Sciences|Minister of Earth Sciences]] in the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]-led [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] government of Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] from 30 May 2019 to 7 July 2021.{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}} He represents [[Chandni Chowk (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chandni Chowk]] in [[Delhi]] as a [[Member of parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] in the [[17th Lok Sabha]]. He was elected to the office of chairperson of the executive board of the [[World Health Organization]] from 22 May 2020.<ref>{{cite news |url =https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/harsh-vardhan-is-india-s-nominee-for-lead-role-in-who-takes-over-on-friday/story-kKuJTbmDveErkC1L0bc68L.html|title =Harsh Vardhan is India's nominee for lead role in WHO, takes over on Friday |quote =The WHO, a specialised agency of the United Nations responsible for international public health, is currently at the forefront of global efforts towards containing the novel coronavirus pandemic. Health minister Harsh Vardhan will have to work closely with Director General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus.|date =19 May 2020|website =The Hindustan Times|author =Shishir Gupta|access-date =20 May 2020}} —{{cite news |title=Dr Harsh Vardhan set to become chairman of WHO Executive Board on May 22|quote=It may be noted that Dr. Harsh Vardhan's taking over of the post in just a formality as it was decided last year that India's nominee would be elected to the executive board for a three-year term in May 2020. The post is held by rotation for one year among regional groups. Further, the post is not a full-time assignment and Dr. Harsh Vardhan will only chair the board's meetings.|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-dr-harsh-vardhan-set-to-become-chairman-of-who-executive-board-on-may-22-2825373}}</ref> Vardhan has been prominent in the [[Indian government response to the COVID-19 pandemic|Indian government's response]] to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref name="BBC News">{{Cite news|date=2021-04-18|title=Covid-19: How India failed to prevent a deadly second wave|publisher=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-56771766|access-date=2021-06-03}}</ref> He later resigned from his cabinet post ahead of the [[2021 Indian cabinet reshuffle|cabinet reshuffle]] in July 2021.{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}}

He retired from active politics on 4 March 2024 after allegedly being denied a ticket for the [[2024 Indian general election|2024 Lok Sabha elections]].<ref name="Denied ticket from Chandni Chowk, BJP MP Harsh Vardhan bows out of active politics">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |title=Denied ticket from Chandni Chowk, BJP MP Harsh Vardhan bows out of active politics |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/denied-lok-sabha-ticket-from-chandni-chowk-bjp-mp-harsh-vardhan-bows-out-of-active-politics/article67910008.ece |access-date=4 March 2024 |date=3 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240304154815/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/denied-lok-sabha-ticket-from-chandni-chowk-bjp-mp-harsh-vardhan-bows-out-of-active-politics/article67910008.ece|archive-date=4 March 2024}}</ref>

==Early life==
Harsh Vardhan was born in Delhi to Om Prakash Goel and Sneh Lata Goel.<ref name="DA_profile">{{cite web | url=http://delhiassembly.nic.in/aspfile/whos_who/Harsh_Vardhan.htm | title=List of Members – Dr. Harsh Vardhan | publisher=Delhiassembly.nic.in. [[Legislative Assembly of Delhi]] | access-date=26 August 2013}}</ref> Vardhan finished his schooling from Happy School, [[Daryaganj]], in 1971. He attended [[Zakir Husain Delhi College]] of the [[University of Delhi]] and [[Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi Memorial Medical College]] of the [[Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University|Kanpur University]], where he graduated in 1979 with a [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery]]. He earned his [[Master of Surgery]] in [[Otorhinolaryngology]] from the same college in 1983.{{citation needed|date=July 2021}} He has been a member of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] since childhood.<ref name="AboutMe">{{cite web|url=http://www.drharshvardhan.com/drharshvardhan-biography.php |title=About me – Profile |publisher=Drharshvardhan.com |access-date=28 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130904044819/http://www.drharshvardhan.com/drharshvardhan-biography.php |archive-date=4 September 2013 }}</ref>

==Political career==
In 1993, Vardhan was elected as a member of the Delhi Assembly representing Krishna Nagar.<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatRep_DL_93.pdf 1993 Election Commission of India]</ref> He was appointed as the State Minister of Health and Minister of Law for Delhi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/political-leaders/harsh-vardhan.html|title=Dr. Harsh Vardhan Biography|publisher=elections.in|access-date=10 August 2014}}</ref> He later became the state Minister of Education in 1996.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Harshvardhan-is-new-Delhi-BJP-president/articleshow/30687698.cms|title=Harshvardhan is new Delhi BJP president|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=19 February 2014|access-date=10 August 2014}}</ref> He has been re-elected from the same constituency in the 1998, 2003, 2008 and 2013 elections.<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-DEL98.pdf 1998 Election Commission of India]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_NOV_2003/StatisticalReports_DEL_Nov2003.pdf 2003 Election Commission of India]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2008/stats_DL_2008.pdf 2008 Election Commission of India]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.ap.nic.in/ConstituencywiseU0567.htm?ac=60|title=Assembly Elections December 2013 Results – NCT OF Delhi – KRISHNA NAGAR|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102191056/http://eciresults.ap.nic.in/ConstituencywiseU0567.htm?ac=60|archive-date=2 January 2014}}</ref>

===Minister of Health and Family Affairs of Delhi===
Vardhan as the State Minister of Health in 1994 oversaw the implementation of the pilot project of the Pulse Polio Programme which involved the mass immunisation of 1 million children up to the age of 3 in Delhi.<ref>{{cite journal |author= T Jacob-John|author2=VM Vashishta |date=May 2013 |title=Eradicating poliomyelitis: India's journey from hyperendemic to polio-free status |journal=Indian Journal of Medical Research |volume=137 |issue=5 |pages=881–94 |pmid= 23760372 |pmc=3734678 }}</ref> In 1995, this programme was launched nationwide leading to 88 million children being immunised.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unicef.org/india/Polio_Booklet-final_%2822-02-2012%29V3.pdf|title=From 200,000 to zero: the journey to a polio free India|publisher=UNICEF|page=8|date=22 February 2012|access-date=11 June 2014|archive-date=11 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611123829/http://www.unicef.org/india/Polio_Booklet-final_(22-02-2012)V3.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 28 March 2014, India was declared polio-free by the WHO, as there had been no reported cases for three years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2014/mar/28/india-10-other-asian-countries-declared-polio-free|title=India and 10 other Asian countries declared polio free|work=The Guardian|date=28 March 2014}}</ref>

In 1997, the Delhi Prohibition of Smoking and Non-Smokers Health Protection Act was passed in the Delhi assembly which was one of the first anti-tobacco laws implemented by any state government.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Smoking-fine-may-go-up-in-Delhi/articleshow/2691335.cms|title=Smoking fine may go up in Delhi|work=The Times of India|date=11 January 2008}}</ref> The act applied across the NCT of Delhi. It prohibited smoking in places of public work or use for example hospitals, restaurants, and educational institutions and in public service vehicles. It also prohibited the sale of smoking substances such as tobacco and beedis to anyone below the age of eighteen. Smoking products could not also be sold or stored within 100 metres of any educational institution. Under the provisions of the act, fines would be applied to anyone who contravened the law and they could potentially be ejected from places of public use by the police.<ref name=Smoke>{{cite web|url= http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/security/rpf/Files/law/BareActs/Delhismoking.doc|title=The Delhi Prohibition of Smoking and Non-Smokers Health Protection Act, 1996|publisher=Indian Railways|format=.doc|access-date=12 June 2014}}</ref>

===2013 Delhi Assembly elections===
On 23 October 2013, Vardhan was named the [[Chief Minister of Delhi|Chief Minister]] candidate for Delhi Assembly elections by the BJP.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-10-24/news/43365842_1_delhi-bjp-delhi-unit-vijay-goel |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131026052917/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-10-24/news/43365842_1_delhi-bjp-delhi-unit-vijay-goel |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 October 2013 |title=BJP trusts Dr Harsh Vardhan as its chief ministerial candidate for Delhi |work=The Economic Times |date=23 October 2013 }}</ref> After the 2013 elections, BJP emerged as the single largest party winning 31 out of the 70 seats in the [[Fifth Legislative Assembly of Delhi]]. However, they fell short of an absolute majority so were unable to form the government.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2013/20131213/main2.htm |title=BJP rejects offer to form govt |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |access-date=12 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222211436/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2013/20131213/main2.htm |archive-date=22 February 2014 }}</ref>

===2014 Lok Sabha election===
Vardhan contested the Chandni Chowk seat in Delhi where he defeated the incumbent Union Minister of Law and Justice, [[Kapil Sibal]] of the Indian National Congress.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseU051.htm?ac=1|title=Constituencywise-All Candidates|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=11 June 2014|archive-date=11 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511071144/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseU051.htm?ac=1|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was also appointed in the [[First Modi ministry|first Narendra Modi government]] as Minister of Health and Family Welfare on 26 May 2014.<ref name=HRD>{{cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/modis-complete-cabinet-jaitley-gets-finance-smriti-human-resources-1544129.html|title=Modi's complete cabinet: Jaitley gets Finance, Smriti Human Resources|publisher=Firstpost|date=27 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Live|first=India|title=PM Modi announces list of cabinet ministers with portfolios|url=http://indialive.today/pm-modi-announces-list-of-cabinet-ministers-with-portfolios/|newspaper=IndiaLive.today|date=26 May 2014}}</ref> In May 2017, he was given the additional charge of [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]] following the death of Minister [[Anil Madhav Dave]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Harsh Vardhan gets additional charge of Environment Ministry|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/harsh-vardhan-gets-additional-charge-of-environment-ministry/article9706966.ece|access-date=18 May 2017|work=[[Business Line]]|location=Chennai|date=18 May 2017}}</ref>

===2019 Lok Sabha election===
Vardhan again contested the Chandni Chowk seat in Delhi where he defeated Congress candidate [[Jai Parkash Aggarwal]] by a margin of 2,28,145 votes. While he received 52.94% votes, runner-up Aggarwal polled 29.67% votes.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india-dr-harsh-vardhan-mp-chandni-chowk-lok-sabha-seat-523691 |title = Dr Harsh Vardhan: Two-time MP from crucial Chandni Chowk Lok Sabha seat|date = 30 May 2019}}</ref>

===As Union Minister===
[[File:Dr. Harsh Vardhan taking charge as the Union Minister for Health and Family Welfare, in New Delhi on June 03, 2019.jpg|thumb|Vardhan taking charge as the Union [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare|Minister for Health and Family Welfare]] on 3 June 2019.]]
[[File:The Union Minister for Health & Family Welfare, Dr. Harsh Vardhan visiting the Lok Nayak Jaiprakash Narayan Hospital to take stock of preparedness to overcome COVID-19, in Delhi on April 04, 2020 (1).jpg|thumb|Dr. Vardhan visiting the Lok Nayak Jaiprakash Narayan Hospital to take stock of preparedness to overcome COVID-19, in [[New Delhi]] on 4 April 2020.]]
[[File:The Union Minister for Health & Family Welfare, Science & Technology and Earth Sciences, Dr. Harsh Vardhan visiting the GTB Hospital, Shahdara to review the preparedness of Dry Run of COVID-19 vaccine, in Delhi on January 02, 2021 (2).jpg|thumb|Dr. Vardhan visiting the GTB Hospital, [[Shahdara district|Shahdara]], [[Delhi]], to review the preparedness to overcome COVID-19, in [[New Delhi]] on 2 January 2021.]]
In the [[First Modi ministry]], Vardhan briefly led the [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]] in 2014 before being reassigned to the [[Ministry of Science and Technology (India)|Ministry of Science and Technology]] and [[Ministry of Earth Sciences]] from 2014 to 2021. During his first stint as Minister of Health and Family Welfare, Vardhan was criticized for his indifference to the [[Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation|Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation's]] failure to regulate quality control issues among Indian manufacturers of [[Generic drug|generic drugs]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Eban |first=Katherine |title=Bottle of Lies |date=2019 |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |isbn=9780062338785 |pages=377-379}}</ref>

From 2017 to 2019, Vardhan led the [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]] and from 2019 to 2021, he returned to leading the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare in the [[Second Modi ministry]].<ref>{{cite web|title= ENT Surgeon, Dr. Harsh Vardhan Appointed Union Health Minister in Modi Government 2.0 | url=https://medicaldialogues.in/ent-surgeon-dr-harsh-vardhan-appointed-union-health-minister-in-modi-government-2-0/ | publisher=Medical Dialogues | date=31 May 2019 | access-date=31 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=PM Modi allocates portfolios. Full list of new ministers |url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/pm-modi-allocates-portfolios-full-list-of-new-ministers-1559288502067.html |work=[[Live Mint]] |date=31 May 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://medicaldialogues.in/news/health/union-health-minister-dr-harsh-vardhan-resigns-new-minister-to-take-over-79478 | title=Union Health Minister Dr Harsh Vardhan resigns, new minister to take over | publisher=[[Medical Dialogues]] | date=7 July 2021 | access-date=7 July 2021}}</ref> During the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]], Vardhan endorsed an untested herbal cure devised by yoga guru [[Ramdev]], prompting criticism from health experts.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Lateef|first=Samaan|date=2021-02-22|title=Mumbai state fears Covid-19 third wave as health minister criticised for approving herbal 'cure'|work=The Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2021/02/22/mumbai-state-fears-covid-19-third-wave-health-minister-accused/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2021/02/22/mumbai-state-fears-covid-19-third-wave-health-minister-accused/ |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-03|issn=0307-1235}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In early March 2021, he erroneously declared that the country was in the "endgame" of the pandemic, shortly before infections across the country rose dramatically in an April second wave.<ref name="BBC News"/> Vardhan declared that children of health care workers who died during COVID-19 pandemic should be reserved seats in MBBS and BDS colleges.<ref>{{cite news|title=Children of COVID Warriors Who Died to Get MBBS & BDS Reservation |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/education/children-of-covid-warriors-to-get-reservation-in-mbbs-bds-courses |access-date=19 November 2020|publisher=The Quint|date=19 November 2020}}</ref>

== Controversies==
At the 105th Indian Science Congress in March 2018, after the death of legendary British scientist [[Stephen Hawking]], Vardhan claimed that Hawking had said that the [[Vedas]] postulated a theory superior to [[Albert Einstein]]'s [[theory of relativity]], despite the fact that there is no record of Hawking having made the statement.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/drharshvardhan/status/974582285407318017|title=#ISC2018 –Each and every custom and ritual of Hinduism is steeped in science; every modern Indian achievement is a continuation of our ancient scientific achievement. Even Stephen Hawking said, our Vedas might have a theory superior to Einstein's law E=MC2. @moefcc @IndiaDSTpic.twitter.com/QP9PbLElCd|last=Vardhan|first=Dr Harsh|date=16 March 2018|website=@drharshvardhan|access-date=2018-03-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/stephen-hawking-said-vedic-theory-superior-to-einsteins-science-minister-claims/article23272193.ece|title=Stephen Hawking said Vedas had a 'theory' superior to Einstein's thesis, says Harsh Vardan|last=Koshy|first=Jacob|date=2018-03-16|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-03-17|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/science-minister-harsh-vardhan-may-have-been-a-victim-of-fake-social-media-info-1191469-2018-03-17|title=Vedas superior to Einstein's Theory of Relativity? Union Minister Harsh Vardhan falls for fake information on social media|website=India Today|date=17 March 2018|access-date=2018-03-17}}</ref>

In 2019, after the [[Health Effects Institute]] released a scientific report estimating 1.2 million annual deaths in India due to air pollution, Vardhan denied the results, arguing that this report was intended to create panic.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/may/06/minister-harsh-vardhan-disagrees-with-reports-on-pollution-deaths-claims-it-was-released-to-create-panic-1973216.html|title=Minister Harsh Vardhan disagrees with reports on pollution deaths, claims it was released to create panic|website=The New Indian Express|date=6 May 2019 |access-date=2019-05-08}}</ref> In 2021, [[Indian Medical Association]] (IMA), the largest association of doctors in India, issued a statement which it objected to Vardhan who was endorsing Coronil, a product of [[Patanjali Ayurved]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ima-shocked-over-patanjalis-claim-on-coronil-demands-explanation-from-harsh-vardhan/article33902720.ece|title=IMA 'shocked' over Patanjali's claim on Coronil; demands explanation from Harsh Vardhan|newspaper=The Hindu|date=22 February 2021}}</ref> IMA questioned the ethics of a national health minister releasing a fabricated and unscientific product.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ima-slams-harsh-vardhan-for-coronil-backing/articleshow/81163292.cms|title=IMA slams Harsh Vardhan for Coronil 'backing'|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=23 February 2021 }}</ref>

In 2023, a legislator from the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) made Islamophobic remarks and used communal slurs against a Muslim MP inside the parliament. During a Thursday night debate on 22 September 2023 on the success of India's historic moon mission, BJP MP [[Ramesh Bidhuri]] called [[Kunwar Danish Ali]] of the opposition Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) a "terrorist" and a "pimp" among other anti-Islamic slurs.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Faisal |first1=Meer |title=Muslim MP called 'terrorist, pimp' by BJP member inside India's parliament |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/22/muslim-mp-called-terrorist-pimp-by-bjp-member-inside-indian-parliament |publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref> Dr Harsh Vardhan came under attack after a video footage of the incident went viral on social media. In the video clip, he was seen sitting behind [[Ramesh Bidhuri]] and appeared to be laughing.<ref>{{cite web |title=Harsh Vardhan, Seen Grinning When BJP MP Was Abusing in Parliament, Clarifies |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/harsh-vardhan-seen-grinning-when-bjp-mp-ramesh-bidhuri-was-abusing-in-parliament-clarifies-4413854 |publisher=NDTV}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=India |first1=Press Trust of |title=My name dragged to tarnish my image: Harsh Vardhan on Bidhuri remarks row |url=https://www.siasat.com/my-name-dragged-to-tarnish-my-image-harsh-vardhan-on-bidhuri-remarks-row-2703057/ |website=The Siasat Daily |date=22 September 2023}}</ref>

==Awards and honours==
Vardhan has received the following awards and recognitions:<ref>{{cite web|title= Biography of Dr Harsh Vardhan, BJP's CM Candidate for Delhi | url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2013/10/dr-harsh-vardhan-biography/ | publisher=Bihar Prabha | date=21 October 2013 | access-date=3 November 2013}}</ref>

* IMA President's Special Award of Appreciation by the [[Indian Medical Association]] in 1994.
* [[Director-General of the World Health Organization|Director-General]]'s Polio Eradication Champion Award Commendation Medal by the [[World Health Organization]] in 1998.
* Polio Eradication Champion Award by the [[Rotary International]] in 2001.
* "Doctor of the last Decade" (Swasthya Ratna) by Indian Medical Association's New Delhi branch in 2002.
* [[Director-General of the World Health Organization|Director-General]]'s Special [[World No Tobacco Day Award]], by [[World Health Organization|WHO]] in 2021, for bringing legislation to ban [[e-cigarettes]] and [[Heated tobacco product]]s, on the occasion of [[World No Tobacco Day]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/who-honours-harsh-vardhan-on-world-no-tobacco-day-for-banning-e-cigarettes-1809113-2021-05-31|title = WHO honours Harsh Vardhan on World No Tobacco Day for banning e-cigarettes| date=31 May 2021 }}</ref>

==Personal life==
Vardhan is married to Nutan, and they have two sons and one daughter.<ref name="AboutMe"/>

==Bibliography==

* {{Cite book|title= A Tale of Two Drops|publisher= Prabhat Prakashan |year=2018|isbn= 9788184305197 |location=New Delhi|pages=218}}

==See also==
* [[Pulse Polio|Pulse Polio programme in India]]
* [[Fifth Legislative Assembly of Delhi]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|in-lwr}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Kapil Sibal]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member of Parliament for [[Chandni Chowk (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chandni Chowk]]|years=2014 – present}}
{{s-aft|after=Incumbent}}
|-
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Ghulam Nabi Azad]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Minister of Health and Family Welfare (India)|Minister of Health and Family Welfare]]|years=26 May 2014 – 9 November 2014}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Jagat Prakash Nadda]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Jitendra Singh (BJP politician)|Jitendra Singh]] Minister of State (Independent Charge)}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Minister of Science and Technology (India)|Minister of Science and Technology]]|years=9 November 2014 – 7 July 2021}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Jitendra Singh (BJP politician)|Jitendra Singh]] Minister of State (Independent Charge)}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Jitendra Singh (BJP politician)|Jitendra Singh]] Minister of State (Independent Charge)}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Ministry of Earth Sciences|Minister of Earth Sciences]]|years=9 November 2014 – 7 July 2021}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Jitendra Singh (BJP politician)|Jitendra Singh]] Minister of State (Independent Charge)}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Anil Madhav Dave]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change|Minister of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]]|years=18 May 2017 – 29 May 2019}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Prakash Javadekar]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Jagat Prakash Nadda]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Minister of Health and Family Welfare (India)|Minister of Health and Family Welfare]]|years=30 May 2019 – 7 July 2021}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Mansukh L. Mandaviya]]}}
{{s-end}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website|http://www.drharshvardhan.com/}}

{{Second Narendra Modi Cabinet}}
{{17th Lok Sabha members from Union territories}}
{{Cabinet of Narendra Modi}}
{{16th Lok Sabha members from Union territories}}
{{Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (India)}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vardhan, Harsh}}
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Fagus sylvatica

2026-01-12T03:46:04Z

Heriberto60T: basic corrected article for clarity

{{Short description|Species of deciduous tree}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Fagus-sylvatica-cansiglio-forest-italy.jpg
| image_caption = [[Alps conifer and mixed forests|Alpine forest]] ([[Italy]])
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref>{{cite iucn |author=Barstow, M. |author2=Beech, E. |year=2018 |title=''Fagus sylvatica'' |volume=2018 |article-number=e.T62004722A62004725 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T62004722A62004725.en |access-date=21 July 2023}}</ref>
| genus = Fagus
| species = sylvatica
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
| range_map = Fagus sylvatica range.svg
| range_map_caption = Distribution map {{Color box|#70A800}} Native {{Color box|#FFD37F}} Introduced and naturalised
| synonyms = {{hidden begin}}
*''Castanea fagus'' Scop.
*''Fagus aspleniifolia'' (Dum.Cours.) Raf.
*''Fagus comptoniifolia'' Desf.
*''Fagus cuprea'' Hurter ex A.DC.
*''Fagus echinata'' Gilib.
*''Fagus incisa'' Dippel
*''Fagus laciniata'' A.DC.
*''Fagus purpurea'' (Aiton) Dum.Cours.
*''Fagus purpurea var. roseomarginata'' Cripps
*''Fagus purpurea tricolor'' (Simon-Louis ex K.Koch) Pynaert
*''Fagus sylvatica var. aenea'' Dum.Cours.
*''Fagus sylvatica var. albovariegata'' Weston
*''Fagus sylvatica f. albovariegata'' (Weston) Domin
*''Fagus sylvatica var. aspleniifolia'' Dum.Cours.
*''Fagus sylvatica f. aspleniifolia'' (Dum.Cours.) C.K.Schneid.
*''Fagus sylvatica var. atropunicea'' Weston
*''Fagus sylvatica f. atropunicea'' (Weston) Domin
*''Fagus sylvatica f. aureovariegata'' C.K.Schneid.
*''Fagus sylvatica f. bornyensis'' Simon-Louis ex Beissn.
*''Fagus sylvatica var. cochleata'' Dippel
*''Fagus sylvatica var. colorata'' A.DC.
*''Fagus sylvatica var. coriacea'' Wallr.
*''Fagus sylvatica var. cristata'' Dum.Cours.
*''Fagus sylvatica f. cristata'' (Dum.Cours.) Schelle
*''Fagus sylvatica f. fastigiata'' Simon-Louis ex K.Koch
*''Fagus sylvatica var. foliis-striatis'' Dippel
*''Fagus sylvatica var. grandidentata'' Dippel
*''Fagus sylvatica var. heterophylla'' Loudon
*''Fagus sylvatica var. laciniata'' Vignet
*''Fagus sylvatica f. laciniata'' (Vignet) Domin
*''Fagus sylvatica var. latifolia'' Loudon
*''Fagus sylvatica f. luteovariegata'' (Weston) Domin
*''Fagus sylvatica var. luteovariegata'' Weston
*''Fagus sylvatica var. miltonensis'' A.Henry
*''Fagus sylvatica pendula'' (Dum.Cours.) Lodd.
*''Fagus sylvatica var. pendula'' Dum.Cours.
*''Fagus sylvatica f. pendula'' (Dum.Cours.) Schelle
*''Fagus sylvatica pendula-purpurea'' Graebener
*''Fagus sylvatica var. purpurea'' Aiton in Hortus Kew. 3: 362 (1789)
*''Fagus sylvatica f. purpurea'' (Aiton) Schelle
*''Fagus sylvatica purpurea-latifolia'' Jacob-Makoy
*''Fagus sylvatica purpurea-pendula'' Van Geert
*''Fagus sylvatica var. purpureopendula'' H.Jaeger
*''Fagus sylvatica f. purpureopendula'' (H.Jaeger) Rehder
*''Fagus sylvatica var. pyramidalis'' Dippel
*''Fagus sylvatica f. quercifolia'' C.K.Schneid.
*''Fagus sylvatica var. quercifolia'' (C.K.Schneid.) Geerinck
*''Fagus sylvatica var. quercoides'' Pers.
*''Fagus sylvatica f. quercoides'' (Pers.) Aug.DC.
*''Fagus sylvatica var. remillyensis'' (Simon-Louis) A.Henry
*''Fagus sylvatica remillyensis'' Simon-Louis
*''Fagus sylvatica f. retroflexa'' Dippel
*''Fagus sylvatica rohanii'' Körb.
*''Fagus sylvatica f. rohanii'' (Körb.) C.K.Schneid.
*''Fagus sylvatica f. roseomarginata'' (Cripps) Domin
*''Fagus sylvatica f. roseomarginatis'' Dippel
*''Fagus sylvatica rotundifolia'' Jackman
*''Fagus sylvatica f. rotundifolia'' (Jackman) Rehder
*''Fagus sylvatica f. salicifolia'' Dippel
*''Fagus sylvatica var. sanguinea'' Amo
*''Fagus sylvatica subsp. Sanguinea'' (Amo) Arcang.
*''Fagus sylvatica var. suentelensis'' Schelle
*''Fagus sylvatica var. suntalensis'' Beissn.
*''Fagus sylvatica var. tortuosa'' Pépin
*''Fagus sylvatica proles tortuosa'' (Pépin) Rouy
*''Fagus sylvatica f. tortuosa'' (Pépin) Hegi
*''Fagus sylvatica f. tricolor'' Simon-Louis ex K.Koch
*''Fagus sylvatica var. variegata'' Dippel
*''Fagus sylvatica var. vulgaris'' Aiton
*''Fagus sylvatica var. zlatia'' Späth ex E.Goeze
*''Fagus sylvatica f. zlatia'' (Späth ex E.Goeze) Schelle
*''Fagus sylvestris'' Gaertn.
*''Fagus tortuosa'' (Dippel) F.Boden
{{hidden end}}
| synonyms_ref = <ref name="POWO">{{Cite web |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:305836-2 |title=''Fagus sylvatica'' L. |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=1 June 2023 |archive-date=15 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415161807/https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:305836-2 |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

'''''Fagus sylvatica''''', the '''European beech''' or '''common beech''', is a large [[deciduous]] tree in the [[Fagaceae|beech]] family with smooth silvery-grey bark, large leaf area, and a short trunk with low branches.<ref>{{cite web |title=European beech |url=https://mortonarb.org/plant-and-protect/trees-and-plants/european-beech/ |website=The Morton Arboretum |access-date=20 October 2023}}</ref> It is native to much of Europe, growing in humid climates.

The species is cultivated as an [[Ornamental plant|ornamental]]. Although slightly toxic due to the [[tannin]]s and [[alkaloid]]s they contain, the [[Nut (fruit)|nuts]] are consumed by animals and humans. The trees are also used for timber.

== Description ==

[[File:Fagus sylvatica Purpurea JPG4a.jpg|thumb|Copper beech in autumn]]

[[File:European Beech.jpg|thumb|Shoot with nut cupules]]

''Fagus sylvatica'' is a large [[tree]], capable of reaching heights of up to {{convert|50|m|ft|abbr=off}} tall<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bomeninfo.nl/tall%20trees.htm |title=Tall Trees |website=Bomeninfo.nl |access-date=2010-08-30 |archive-date=2014-07-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717004538/http://bomeninfo.nl/tall%20trees.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> and {{cvt|3|m|ft|frac=2}} trunk diameter, though more typically {{cvt|25|–|35|m}} tall and up to {{cvt|1.5|m|ft|frac=2}} trunk diameter. A 10-year-old sapling will stand about {{cvt|4|m|ft}} tall. Undisturbed, the European beech has a lifespan of 300 years; one tree at the Valle Cervara site was more than 500 years old, the oldest known in the northern hemisphere.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Packham |first1=John R. |last2=Hobson |first2=Peter R. |last3=Norris |first3=Catherine |title=Common beech Fagus sylvatica L; survival and longevity in changing times |journal=Arboricultural Journal |date=June 2013 |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=64–73 |doi=10.1080/03071375.2013.767078|bibcode=2013ArbJ...35...64P }}</ref> In cultivated forest stands trees are normally harvested at 80–120 years of age.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wühlisch, G. |title=European beech – ''Fagus sylvatica'' |journal=EUFORGEN Technical Guidelines for Genetic Conservation and Use |date=2008 |url=http://www.euforgen.org/fileadmin//templates/euforgen.org/upload/Publications/Technical_guidelines/1322_European_beech__Fagus_sylvatica_.pdf |access-date=2016-10-20 |archive-date=2019-08-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190819110558/http://www.euforgen.org/fileadmin/templates/euforgen.org/upload/Publications/Technical_guidelines/1322_European_beech__Fagus_sylvatica_.pdf }}</ref> 30 years are needed to attain full maturity (as compared to 40 for [[Fagus grandifolia|American beech]]). Like most trees, its form depends on the location; in forest areas, ''F. sylvatica'' grows to over {{cvt|30|m|ft|0}}, with branches being high up on the trunk. In open locations, it will become much shorter (typically {{cvt|20|m|ft|0}}) but more massive with a broader crown and stouter trunk.

The [[leaves]] are alternate, simple, and entire or with a slightly [[crenate]] margin, {{convert|5|-|10|cm|abbr=on|frac=8}} long and {{convert|3|-|7|cm|abbr=on}} broad, with 6–7 veins on each side of the leaf (as opposed to 7–10 veins in ''[[Fagus orientalis|F. orientalis]]''). When crenate, there is one point at each vein tip, never any points between the veins. The [[bud]]s are long and slender, {{convert|15|–|30|mm|frac=8|abbr=on}} long and {{cvt|2|–|3|mm|frac=32}} thick, but thicker, up to {{convert|4|–|5|mm|frac=8|abbr=on}}, where the buds include flower buds.

The leaves of beech are often not [[abscission|abscissed]] (dropped) in the autumn and instead remain on the tree until the spring. This process is called [[marcescence]]. This particularly occurs when trees are [[sapling]]s or when plants are clipped as a hedge (making beech hedges attractive screens, even in winter), but it also often continues to occur on the lower branches when the tree is mature.

The species is [[monoecious]]. The male flowers are borne in small [[catkin]]s,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Beech, common (Fagus sylvatica) |url=https://www.woodlandtrust.org.uk/trees-woods-and-wildlife/british-trees/a-z-of-british-trees/common-beech/ |access-date=2025-08-18 |website=Woodland Trust |language=en-GB}}</ref> a hallmark of the [[Fagales]] order. The female flowers produce beechnuts, small triangular [[Nut (fruit)|nuts]] {{cvt|15|–|20|mm|frac=8}} long and {{cvt|7|–|10|mm|frac=8}} wide at the base; there are two nuts in each cupule, maturing in the autumn 5–6 months after pollination. Flower and seed production is particularly abundant in years following a hot, sunny and dry summer, though rarely for two years in a row. Small quantities of seeds may be produced around 10 years of age, but not a heavy crop until the tree is at least 30 years old.

Spring leaf budding by the European beech is triggered by a combination of day length and temperature. Bud break each year is from the middle of April to the beginning of May, often with remarkable precision (within a few days). It is more precise in the north of its range than the south, and at {{cvt|600|m}} than at [[sea level]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mW4xBwAAQBAJ |title=Environment and Ecology in the Mediterranean Region II |last=Efe |first=Recep |date=2014-03-17 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-4438-5773-4}}</ref>

== Taxonomy ==

{{empty section|date=December 2025}}



== Distribution and habitat ==

{{See also|Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe}}

[[File:Fagus sylvatica pliocenica MHNT.PAL.VEG.2002.31.jpg|thumb|''Fagus sylvatica pliocenica'' – [[:fr:muséum de Toulouse|Museum of Toulouse]] ]]

The European beech is the most abundant hardwood species in Austrian, German and Swiss forests.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pramreiter |first1=Maximilian |last2=Grabner |first2=Michael |title=The Utilization of European Beech Wood (Fagus sylvatica L.) in Europe |journal=Forests |date=11 July 2023 |volume=14 |issue=7 |page=1419 |doi=10.3390/f14071419|doi-access=free |bibcode=2023Fore...14.1419P }}</ref> The native range extends from the north, in [[Sweden]], [[Denmark]], [[Norway]], [[Germany]], [[Poland]], [[Switzerland]], [[Bulgaria]], western [[Ukraine]], and [[Romania]], through Europe to [[France]], southern [[England]], Spain (on the [[Cantabrian Mountains|Cantabrian]], [[Sistema Ibérico|Iberian]] and [[Sistema Central|Central]] mountain ranges),<ref>{{cite web |title=Fagus sylvatica |url=http://www.floraiberica.es/floraiberica/texto/pdfs/02_041_01_Fagus.pdf |publisher=[[Flora Iberica]] |access-date=19 November 2023}}</ref> [[Italy]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Buonincontri |first1=Mauro Paolo |last2=Bosso |first2=Luciano |last3=Smeraldo |first3=Sonia |last4=Chiusano |first4=Maria Luisa |last5=Pasta |first5=Salvatore |last6=Di Pasquale |first6=Gaetano |date=2023-06-15 |title=Shedding light on the effects of climate and anthropogenic pressures on the disappearance of Fagus sylvatica in the Italian lowlands: evidence from archaeo-anthracology and spatial analyses |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969723015097 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=877 |article-number=162893 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162893 |pmid=36933734 |bibcode=2023ScTEn.87762893B |issn=0048-9697|url-access=subscription |hdl=11365/1233095 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> and east to northwest [[Turkey]],<ref name="POWO"/> where it exhibits an interspecific [[Cline (biology)|cline]] with the oriental beech (''[[Fagus orientalis]]''), which replaces it further east. In the [[Balkans]], it shows some [[Hybrid (biology)|hybridisation]] with oriental beech; these hybrid trees are named ''[[Fagus × taurica]]'' Popl. [''Fagus moesiaca'' (Domin, Maly) Czecz.]. In the southern part of its range around the [[Mediterranean]] and [[Sicily]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brullo |first1=S. |last2=Guarino |first2=R. |last3=Minissale |first3=P. |last4=Siracusa |first4=G. |last5=Spampinato |first5=G. |year=1999 |title=Syntaxonomical analysis of the beech forests from Sicily |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213185119/http://annalidibotanica.uniroma1.it/index.php/Annalidibotanica/article/view/9052/8992 |journal=Annali di Botanica |volume=57 |pages=121–132 |issn=2239-3129 |url=http://annalidibotanica.uniroma1.it/index.php/Annalidibotanica/article/view/9052/8992 |access-date=5 December 2013 |archive-date=2013-12-13}}</ref> it grows only in mountain forests, at {{cvt|600|-|1800|m|0}} altitude.

Although often regarded as native in southern England, recent evidence suggests that ''F. sylvatica'' did not arrive in England until about 4000 [[BCE]], or 2,000 years subsequent to the [[English Channel]] forming following the [[Last Glacial Period|ice ages]]; it could have been an early introduction by [[Stone Age]] humans, who used the [[Nut (fruit)|nuts]] for food.<ref>Harris, E. (2002) Goodbye to Beech? Farewell to Fagus? ''Quarterly Journal of Forestry'' 96 (2):97.</ref> The beech is classified as a native in the south of England and as a non-native in the north where it is often removed from 'native' woods.<ref>[http://www.forestry.gov.uk/newsrele.nsf/WebPressReleases/1A301105A92950FE80257012002508A0 International foresters study Lake District's 'greener, friendlier forests'] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100128215333/http://www.forestry.gov.uk/newsrele.nsf/WebPressReleases/1A301105A92950FE80257012002508A0 |date=2010-01-28 }} ''forestry.gov.uk''</ref> Localised pollen records have been recorded in the North of England from the Iron Age by Sir [[Harry Godwin]]. Changing climatic conditions may put beech populations in southern England under increased stress and while it may not be possible to maintain the current levels of beech in some sites it is thought that conditions for beech in north-west England will remain favourable or even improve. It is often planted in Britain. Similarly, the nature of Norwegian beech populations is subject to debate. If native, they would represent the northern range of the species, although molecular genetic analyses imply that these populations represent intentional introduction from Denmark before and during the [[Viking Age]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Myking |first1=T. |last2=Yakovlev |first2=I. |last3=Ersland |first3=G. A. |doi=10.1007/s11295-010-0358-y |title=Nuclear genetic markers indicate Danish origin of the Norwegian beech (''Fagus sylvatica'' L.) populations established in 500–1,000 AD |journal=Tree Genetics & Genomes |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=587–596 |year=2011 |s2cid=27550587}}</ref> The beech in [[Vestfold]] and at Seim north of [[Bergen]] in Norway is now spreading naturally and regarded as [[native plant|native]].<ref>[http://www.skogoglandskap.no/Artsbeskrivelser/boek Bøk – en kulturvekst?] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312050111/http://www.skogoglandskap.no/Artsbeskrivelser/boek |date=2017-03-12 }} {{in lang|no}}</ref>

The European beech tolerates a variety of soil types, but requires a humid atmosphere (precipitation well distributed throughout the year and frequent fogs) and well-drained soil. It prefers moderately fertile ground, calcified or lightly acidic, so it is found more often on the side of a hill than at the bottom of clayey basin. It tolerates rigorous winter cold, but is sensitive to spring frost. In Norway's oceanic climate planted trees grow well north to [[Bodø Municipality]], and produce seedlings and can spread naturally in Trondheim.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ntnu.no/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=3f0f72a1-d68e-4b96-938e-b6b290fa5324&groupId=10476 |title=Lade i Trondheim: naturtyper, flora og grunnlag for skjøtselsplan |first=Eli |last=Fremstad |language=no |website=Ntnu.no |access-date=2022-04-02 |archive-date=2021-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613150811/https://www.ntnu.no/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=3f0f72a1-d68e-4b96-938e-b6b290fa5324&groupId=10476 |url-status=live }}</ref> In Sweden, beech trees do not grow as far north as in Norway.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QusRAAAAYAAJ |title=System of Universal Geography: Founded on the Works of Malte-Brun and Balbi: Embracing a Historical Sketch of the Progress of Geographical Discovery … |last1=Laurie |first1=James |last2=Balbi |first2=Adriano |date=1842-01-01 |publisher=A. and C. Black}}</ref>

In the woodlands of southern Britain, beech is dominant over oak and elm south of a line from about north Suffolk across to Cardigan. Oak are the dominant forest trees north of this line. One of the most beautiful European beech forests called [[Sonian Forest]] (''Forêt de Soignes/Zoniënwoud'') is found in the southeast of Brussels, Belgium. Beech is a dominant tree species in France and constitutes about 10% of French forests. The largest [[virgin forest]]s made of beech trees are [[Uholka-Shyrokyi Luh primeval beech forest|Uholka-Shyrokyi Luh]] ({{convert|8800|ha|abbr=off|disp=or}}) in Ukraine<ref name="Commarmot-2013">{{cite book |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130814185502/http://www.wsl.ch/dienstleistungen/publikationen/pdf/12494.pdf |title=Inventory of the Largest Primeval Beech Forest in Europe |last1=Commarmot |first1=Brigitte |last2=Brändli |first2=Urs-Beat |last3=Hamor |first3=Fedir |last4=Lavnyy |first4=Vasyl |date=2013 |publisher=Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL |url=http://www.wsl.ch/dienstleistungen/publikationen/pdf/12494.pdf |archive-date=2013-08-14 |language=en}}</ref> and Izvoarele Nerei ({{cvt|5012|ha|disp=or}} in one forest body) in [[Semenic-Cheile Carașului National Park]], [[Romania]]. These habitats are the home of Europe's largest predators, the brown bear, the grey wolf, and the lynx.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tzYLRt9yVhIC |title=Romania & Moldova |date=1998-01-01 |publisher=Lonely Planet |isbn=978-0-86442-329-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RWZGAAAAQBAJ |title=Limnology of the Red Lake, Romania: An Interdisciplinary Study |last1=Romanescu |first1=Gheorghe |last2=Stoleriu |first2=Cristian Constantin |last3=Enea |first3=Andrei |date=2013-05-23 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-94-007-6757-7 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-ycg5PtQPugC&q=romania+lynx+beech&pg=PA320 |title=European Ungulates and Their Management in the 21st Century |last1=Apollonio |first1=Marco |last2=Andersen |first2=Reidar |last3=Putman |first3=Rory |date=2010-02-04 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-76061-4 |language=en |access-date=2020-10-07 |archive-date=2023-09-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902124832/https://books.google.com/books?id=-ycg5PtQPugC&q=romania+lynx+beech&pg=PA320 |url-status=live }}</ref> Many trees are older than 350 years in Izvoarele Nerei<ref>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309110256/http://pnscc.ro/zone-de-conservare/ |title=Zone de conservare – Parcul National Semenic Cheile-Carasului |website=Pnscc.ro |url=http://pnscc.ro/zone-de-conservare/ |access-date=2 April 2022 |archive-date=2022-03-09}}</ref> and even 500 years in Uholka-Shyrokyi Luh.<ref name="Commarmot-2013"/>

== Ecology ==

=== Symbioses ===

The root system is shallow, even superficial, with large roots spreading out in all directions. European beech forms [[ectomycorrhiza]]s with a range of fungi including many ''[[Russula]]'' species, as well as ''[[Laccaria amethystina]]'',<ref name="Packham-2012">{{cite journal |last1=Packham |first1=John R. |last2=Thomas |first2=Peter A. |last3=Atkinson |first3=Mark D. |last4=Degen |first4=Thomas |title=Biological Flora of the British Isles: ''Fagus sylvatica'' |journal=Journal of Ecology |date=19 October 2012 |volume=100 |issue=6 |pages=1557–1608 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2745.2012.02017.x |bibcode=2012JEcol.100.1557P |s2cid=85095298}}</ref> and with the species ''[[Ramaria flavosaponaria]]''.<ref name="Agerer-2012">{{cite book |editor1-last=Agerer |editor1-first=Reinhard |title=Colour Atlas of Ectomycorrhizae |date=1987–2012 |publisher=Einhorn-Verlag |location=Schwäbisch Gmünd |isbn=978-3-921703-77-9 |chapter-url=http://www.sysbot.biologie.uni-muenchen.de/en/people/agerer/book_ectomyc_atlas.html |access-date=19 July 2018 |language=en |oclc=263940450 |chapter=Tables of identified ectomycorrhizae |quote=''Ramaria flavo-saponaria'' + ''Fagus selvatica'' (Raidl, Scattolin) |archive-date=30 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121230131458/http://www.sysbot.biologie.uni-muenchen.de/en/people/agerer/book_ectomyc_atlas.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Tomentella]]'' Pat. species and ''[[Cenococcum geophilum]]'' have been found in Danish and Spanish beech forests. These fungi are important in enhancing uptake of water and nutrients from the soil.<ref name="Packham-2012"/>

=== Diseases and pathogens ===

[[File:Detail of Biscogniauxia nummularia.JPG|thumb|upright|[[Biscogniauxia nummularia|Beech tarcrust]] causes strip-canker and wood rot.]]

''Fagus sylvatica'' and other beeches are prone to false heartwood ('red heart') a condition where drought, nutrient deficient soil, branch breakage, pathogen infestation or other stressor induces formation of protection wood.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dzurenda |first1=Ladislav |last2=Dudiak |first2=Michal |last3=Kučerová |first3=Viera |title=Differences in Some Physical and Chemical Properties of Beechwood with False Heartwood, Mature Wood and Sapwood |journal=Forests |date=29 May 2023 |volume=14 |issue=6 |page=1123 |doi=10.3390/f14061123 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2023Fore...14.1123D }}</ref> False heartwood often manifests in the areas of the trunk associated with [[symplast]]less branches. As branch symplast dies, the trunk wood becomes depleted of nitrogen-containing molecules essential for life; this increases risk of catastrophic trunk failure.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hörnfeldt |first1=Roland |last2=Drouin |first2=Myriam |last3=Woxblom |first3=Lotta |title=False heartwood in beech ''Fagus sylvatica'', birch ''Betula pendula, B. papyrifera'' and ash ''Fraxinus excelsior'' - an overview |journal=Ecological Bulletins |pages=61–76 |date=2010|issue=53 |jstor=41442020 }}</ref>

As the European beech exhibits deterministic leaf and shoot development and has a larger leaf area than other European hardwood trees, it is relatively more sensitive to drought and may respond to a dry summer with pre-senescent [[abscission|leafdrop]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Leuschner |first=Christoph |title=Drought response of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.)—A review |journal=Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics |date=December 2020 |volume=47 |article-number=125576 |doi=10.1016/j.ppees.2020.125576|bibcode=2020PPEES..4725576L }}</ref>

''[[Biscogniauxia nummularia]]'' (beech tarcrust) is an [[Ascomycota|ascomycete]] primary pathogen of beech trees, causing strip-canker and wood rot. It can be found at all times of year and is not edible.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Blanchette |first1=Robert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h-zwCAAAQBAJ&q=Biscogniauxia+nummularia&pg=PA113 |title=Defense Mechanisms of Woody Plants Against Fungi |last2=Biggs |first2=Alan |date=2013-11-11 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-3-662-01642-8 |language=en |access-date=2020-10-07 |archive-date=2023-09-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902124833/https://books.google.com/books?id=h-zwCAAAQBAJ&q=Biscogniauxia+nummularia&pg=PA113 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Cultivation ==
[[File:Møns Klint beech trees in gorge 2015-04-01-4864.jpg|thumb|A look down a steep gorge with European beech leading down to the Baltic Sea at [[Møns Klint]], [[Denmark]]]]
European beech is a very popular ornamental tree in parks and large gardens in [[temperateness|temperate]] regions of the world. In North America, they are preferred for this purpose over the native [[Fagus grandifolia|''F. grandifolia'']], which despite its tolerance of warmer climates, is slower growing, taking an average of 10 years longer to attain maturity. The town of [[Brookline, Massachusetts]] has one of the largest, if not the largest, grove of European beech trees in the United States. The {{cvt|2.5|acre|adj=on|sigfig=1}} public park, called 'The Longwood Mall', was planted sometime before 1850 qualifying it as the oldest stand of European beeches in the U.S.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.brooklinema.gov/Facilities/Facility/Details/Longwood-Mall-109 |title=Longwood Mall |website=Brookline, MA |access-date=2015-10-17 |archive-date=2019-12-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220042634/https://www.brooklinema.gov/Facilities/Facility/Details/Longwood-Mall-109 |url-status=live }}</ref>

It is frequently kept clipped to make attractive hedges.

Since the early 19th century there have been numerous [[cultivar]]s of European beech made by horticultural selection, often repeatedly; they include:
*copper beech or purple beech (''Fagus sylvatica purpurea'')<ref>{{cite web |title=Copper Beech |url=http://www.tree-guide.com/copper-beech |website=Tree-Guide.com |access-date=5 October 2017 |archive-date=6 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171006012252/http://www.tree-guide.com/copper-beech |url-status=live }}</ref> – a mutation of the European beech which was first noted in 1690 in the "Possenwald" forest near the town of [[Sondershausen]] in Thuringia, Germany. It is assumed that about 99% of all copper beeches in the world are descendants of this copper beech. Its leaves are purple, in many selections turning deep spinach green by mid-summer. In the United States Charles Sprague Sargent noted the earliest appearance in a nurseryman's catalogue in 1820, but in 1859 "the finest copper beech in America... more than fifty feet high" was noted in the grounds of Thomas Ash, Esq., [[Throggs Neck]], New York;<ref>Andrew Jackson Downing and Henry Winthrop Sargent, ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening, Adapted to North America'' 1859:150.</ref> it must have been more than forty years old at the time.
*fern-leaf beech (''Fagus sylvatica'' Heterophylla Group) – leaves deeply serrated to thread-like
*[[dwarf beech]] (''Fagus sylvatica'' Tortuosa Group) – distinctive twisted trunk and branches
*[[weeping beech]] (''Fagus sylvatica'' Pendula Group) – branches pendulous
*Dawyck beech (''Fagus sylvatica'' 'Dawyck') – fastigiate (columnar) growth – occurs in green, gold and purple forms; named after [[Dawyck Botanic Garden]] in the Scottish Borders
*golden beech (''Fagus sylvatica'' 'Zlatia') – leaves golden in spring

===Cultivars===
The following [[cultivars]] have gained the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]'s [[Award of Garden Merit]]:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf |title=AGM Plants – Ornamental |date=July 2017 |page=38 |publisher=Royal Horticultural Society |access-date=26 February 2018 |archive-date=3 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200503221317/https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
*''F. sylvatica''<ref>{{cite web |title=''Fagus sylvatica'' AGM |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/7127/Fagus-sylvatica/Details |publisher=Royal Horticultural Society |access-date=1 July 2020 |archive-date=1 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701144153/https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/7127/Fagus-sylvatica/Details |url-status=live }}</ref>
*'Dawyck'<ref>{{cite web |title=''Fagus sylvatica'' 'Dawyck' AGM |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/95987/Fagus-sylvatica-Dawyck/Details |publisher=Royal Horticultural Society |access-date=1 July 2020 |archive-date=3 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703120329/https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/95987/Fagus-sylvatica-Dawyck/Details |url-status=live }}</ref>
*'Dawyck Gold'<ref>{{cite web |title=''Fagus sylvatica'' 'Dawyck Gold' AGM |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/98653/Fagus-sylvatica-Dawyck-Gold/Details |publisher=Royal Horticultural Society |access-date=1 July 2020 |archive-date=2 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702030221/https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/98653/Fagus-sylvatica-Dawyck-Gold/Details |url-status=live }}</ref>
*'Dawyck Purple'<ref>{{cite web |title=''Fagus sylvatica'' 'Dawyck Purple' AGM |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/98654/Fagus-sylvatica-Dawyck-Purple/Details |publisher=Royal Horticultural Society |access-date=1 July 2020 |archive-date=2 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702220638/https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/98654/Fagus-sylvatica-Dawyck-Purple/Details |url-status=live }}</ref>
*'Pendula' (weeping beech)<ref>{{cite web |title=''Fagus sylvatica'' 'Pendula' AGM |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/91418/Fagus-sylvatica-Pendula/Details |publisher=Royal Horticultural Society |access-date=1 July 2020 |archive-date=1 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701141348/https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/91418/Fagus-sylvatica-Pendula/Details |url-status=live }}</ref>
*'Riversii'<ref>{{cite web |title=''Fagus sylvatica'' (Atropurpurea Group) 'Riversii' AGM |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/98911/Fagus-sylvatica-(Atropurpurea-Group)-Riversii/Details |publisher=Royal Horticultural Society |access-date=1 July 2020 |archive-date=2 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702203529/https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/98911/Fagus-sylvatica-(Atropurpurea-Group)-Riversii/Details |url-status=live }}</ref>
*''F. sylvatica'' [[var.]] ''heterophylla'' 'Aspleniifolia'<ref>{{cite web |title=''Fagus sylvatica'' var ''heterophylla'' 'Aslpeniifolia' AGM |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/60571/Fagus-sylvatica-var-heterophylla-Aspleniifolia/Details |publisher=Royal Horticultural Society |access-date=1 July 2020 |archive-date=2 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702185449/https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/60571/Fagus-sylvatica-var-heterophylla-Aspleniifolia/Details |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{div col end}}

== Uses ==

=== Foods and flavourings ===

The nuts are eaten by humans and animals.<ref>{{cite book |last=Little |first=Elbert L. |title=The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees: Western Region |publisher=Knopf |year=1994 |isbn=0-394-50761-4 |edition=Chanticleer Press |page=390 |orig-date=1980}}</ref> Slightly toxic to humans if eaten in large quantities due to the [[tannin]]s and [[alkaloid]]s they contain, the nuts were nonetheless pressed to obtain an oil in 19th-century England that was used for cooking and in lamps. They were also ground to make flour, which could be eaten after the tannins were leached out by soaking.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fergus |first1=Charles |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tJfhE3IothQC |title=Trees of New England: A Natural History |last2=Hansen |first2=Amelia |date=2005-01-01 |publisher=Globe Pequot |isbn=978-0-7627-3795-6 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Fergus |first=Charles |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4LKBcxNzHZAC |title=Trees of Pennsylvania and the Northeast |date=2002-01-01 |publisher=Stackpole Books |isbn=978-0-8117-2092-2 |language=en |access-date=2016-03-16 |archive-date=2023-09-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902124835/https://books.google.com/books?id=4LKBcxNzHZAC |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lyle |first=Susanna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NLEQAQAAMAAJ |title=Fruit & nuts: a comprehensive guide to the cultivation, uses and health benefits of over 300 food-producing plants |date=2006-03-20 |publisher=Timber Press |isbn=978-0-88192-759-7}}</ref> Additionally, ''Primary Product AM 01'', a smoke flavouring, is produced from ''F. sylvatica.''<ref>European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) [http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/1396 Scientific Opinion on Safety of smoke flavour – Primary Product – AM 01] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180504093638/http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/1396 |date=2018-05-04 }} 8 January 2010</ref>

=== Timber ===

The timber of the European beech is used in the manufacture of numerous objects and implements. Its fine and short grain makes it an easy wood to work with, easy to soak, dye, varnish and glue. Steaming makes the wood even easier to machine. It has an excellent finish and is resistant to compression and splitting, and it is stiff when flexed. Milling is sometimes difficult due to cracking. The density of the wood is {{convert|720|kg|abbr=off}} per cubic metre.<ref>[http://www.nichetimbers.co.uk/european-hardwood/steamed-beech/ Steamed Beech] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101111114332/http://www.nichetimbers.co.uk/european-hardwood/steamed-beech/ |date=2010-11-11 }}. Niche Timbers. Accessed 20-08-2009.</ref> It is particularly well suited for minor carpentry, particularly furniture. From chairs to [[parquetry]] (flooring) and staircases, the European beech can do almost anything other than heavy structural support, so long as it is not left outdoors. Its hardness make it ideal for making wooden [[mallet]]s and [[workbench]] tops. The wood rots easily if it is not protected by a tar based on a distillate of its own bark (as used in [[railroad tie|railway sleepers]]).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Association |first=American Wood-Preservers' |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u5VOAAAAMAAJ |title=Railroad Tie Decay: Comprising The Decay of Ties in Storage, by C. J. Humphrey ... Defects in Cross Ties, Caused by Fungi, by C. Audrey Richards |date=1939-01-01 |publisher=American wood-preservers' association |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Goltra |first=William Francis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uMkqAAAAYAAJ |title=Some Facts about Treating Railroad Ties |date=1912-01-01 |publisher=Press of The J.B. Savage Company |language=en}}</ref> It is better for [[pulp (paper)|paper pulp]] than many other broadleaved trees though is only sometimes used for this, the high cellulose content can also be spun into [[Modal (textile)|modal]], which is used as a textile akin to cotton. The code for its use in Europe is {{smallcaps|fasy}} (from ''FA''gus ''SY''lvatica). Common beech is also considered one of the best [[firewood]]s for fireplaces.<ref>{{cite web |title=The burning properties of wood |url=http://www.scoutbase.org.uk/library/hqdocs/facts/pdfs/fs315001.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121223202805/http://www.scoutbase.org.uk/library/hqdocs/facts/pdfs/fs315001.pdf |archive-date=23 December 2012 |access-date=26 July 2013 |work=Scoutbase (Scout Information Centre) |publisher=Scout Association}}</ref>

== In culture ==

In [[Gallo-Roman religion]], ''Fagus'' (Latin for "beech") was a god known from four inscriptions found in the [[Hautes-Pyrénées]].<ref>Nicole Jufer & Thierry Luginbühl (2001). ''Les dieux gaulois : répertoire des noms de divinités celtiques connus par l'épigraphie, les textes antiques et la toponymie.'' Paris: Editions Errance. {{ISBN|2-87772-200-7}}.</ref>

== Gallery ==

<gallery mode="packed">
File:Hyde park tree.jpg|The famous Upside-down Tree, [[Hyde Park, London]], an example of ''F. sylvatica'' 'pendula'
File:Weeping-beech-leaves.jpg|Leaves of a weeping cultivar of European beech
File:March dyke sourlie.JPG|Beech planted on a march dyke (boundary hedge) in Scotland
File:Leaves of a "Fagus sylvatica Asplenifolia" tree in summer - Belfast (Botanic Gardens) 2015-08-21.JPG|Leaves of var. ''heterophylla'' 'Aspleniifolia', [[Botanic Gardens (Belfast)|Belfast Botanic Garden]]
File:Brussels Zonienwoud.jpg|Old stand of beech prepared for regeneration (note the young undergrowth) in the [[Sonian Forest]]
File:FagusSylvaticaBark.jpg|European beech bark
File:Fagus sylvatica MHNT.BOT.2010.6.81.jpg|''Fagus sylvatica'' wood – [[MHNT]]
File:Fagus sylvatica MHNT.BOT.2004.0.312.jpg|''Fagus sylvatica'' – [[MHNT]]
File:Purple-Fagus-sylvatica-leaves.jpg|Purple cultivar of Fagus sylvatica with developing beech-nuts
File:Entzia - Brotes de haya 01.jpg|Seedlings
File:Copperbeechmystic.jpg|A dark purple example of a copper beech in [[Mystic, Connecticut]]
File:BoisDeMadame.jpg|''Fagus sylvatica''
File:Beuk (Fagus sylvatica), zwellende bladknop. 24-04-2022 (d.j.b.).jpg|Swollen leaf bud
File:Fagus sylvatica 1 (cropped).JPG|Inflorescence
File:Vrucht van een beuk (Fagus sylvatica) 21-07-2023 (d.j.b.).jpg| Immature fruit of a beech
File:Zaaddozen_van_een_beuk_(Fagus_sylvatica)_13-09-2024_(d.j.b.).jpg|Half-opened seed pods of a beech (''Fagus sylvatica'')
File:Hortus Haren (Groningen) 13-12-2025. (actm.) 04.jpg|Typical rootstock of a ''Fagus sylvatica'' atropurpurea.
</gallery>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
{{Refbegin}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20200807012919/http://beechtreecollection.com/gallery/ Beech Tree Collection] – Photographs by Louis K. Meisel, NY
*[http://www.monumentaltrees.com/en/photos-europeanbeech/ Images, location details, and measurements of remarkable beeches]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605205632/http://www.monumentaltrees.com/en/photos-europeanbeech/ |date=2012-06-05 }}.
*[http://www.euforgen.org/species/fagus-sylvatica/ ''Fagus sylvatica''] ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020174028/http://www.euforgen.org/species/fagus-sylvatica/ |date=2016-10-20 }}) – distribution map, genetic conservation units and related resources. [[European Forest Genetic Resources Programme]] (EUFORGEN).
{{Refend}}

{{Nuts}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q146149}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Edible nuts and seeds]]
[[Category:Fagus|sylvatica]]
[[Category:Garden plants of Europe]]
[[Category:Ornamental trees]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
[[Category:Botanical taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
[[Category:Trees of Europe]]
[[Category:Trees of humid continental climate]]
[[Category:Trees of mild maritime climate]]
[[Category:Trees of temperate climates]]

S. J. Jananiy

2026-01-08T00:17:29Z

Heriberto60T: new some info v1 - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2017}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| honorific_prefix =
| name = S. J. Jananiy
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Jananiy.jpg
| image_upright =
| image_size =
| landscape = 
| alt =
| caption =
| background = solo_singer
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name = Subramanian Jaya Jananiy
| alias = Cuddalore Janani S. J. Janani
| birth_date = 10 December
| birth_place = [[Tirunelveli]], Tamil Nadu, India
| origin = [[Cuddalore]], Tamil Nadu, India
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| genre = [[Film score]], [[Carnatic music|Carnatic classical]], [[Hindustani music|Hindustani]], [[Western Classical Music|Western Classical]], [[Devotional music|Devotional]], [[Bhajan]], [[Pop music|Pop]], [[Electronic music|Electronic]]
| occupation = [[Musician]], [[Composer]], [[Music Director]], [[Performer]], [[Singer-Songwriter]], [[music programming|music programmer/producer]], record producer, keyboardist, pianist, [[carnatic music|carnatic keyboardist]]
| instrument = Keyboard Piano
| years_active = 1996–present
| label = JSJ Audio
| associated_acts = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] [[Pandit Hariprasad Chaurasia]]
| website = {{Official website|https://sjjananiy.com}}
| module =
| module2 =
| module3 =
}}
'''Subramanian Jaya Jananiy''', also known as '''Cuddalore Janani''' and '''S. J. Janani''', is a Film Composer, Singer-Songwriter, Carnatic Vocaslist, Playback Singer, Hindustani & Western Classical Vocalist, Music Producer, Record Producer, Multifaceted Musician, Multi-Instrumentalist & [[Music composer|Film Score composer]] based in [[Chennai]], Tamil Nadu.<ref name="HND1">[http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/her-masters-voice/article6478647.ece Her Master's Voice] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200321101032/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/her-masters-voice/article6478647.ece |date=21 March 2020 }} Srinivasa Ramanujam ''[[The Hindu]]'' 7 October 2014 Retrieved on 12 November 2017</ref> She was bestowed with [[National Child Award for Exceptional Achievement]] in 2001 by [[Government of India]]. Jananiy is honoured with the prestigious [[Kalaimamani]] Award by the [[Government of Tamilnadu]] for the year 2018. Earlier, she was also awarded with Kalai Ilamani Award in 2003 by [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].<ref>[http://www.trinitymirror.net/news/jananiy-sings-like-an-angel/ Jananiy sings like an angel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117175109/http://www.trinitymirror.net/news/jananiy-sings-like-an-angel/ |date=17 November 2017 }} ''[[Trinity Mirror]]'' 31 December 2015 Retrieved on 12 November 2017</ref> Jananiy is trained in [[Carnatic classical music]], [[Hindustani classical music]] and [[Western Classical Music]].<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/young-singers-flock-thyagaraja-aradhana/articleshow/56633401.cms Young singers flock Thyagaraja Aradhana] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223233447/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/young-singers-flock-thyagaraja-aradhana/articleshow/56633401.cms |date=23 December 2017 }} Sampath Kumari ''[[The Times of India]]'' 18 January 2017 Retrieved on 12 November 2017</ref><ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/jalsa-concerts-in-thiruvananthapuram/article8360763.ece Full of melody] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831105227/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/jalsa-concerts-in-thiruvananthapuram/article8360763.ece |date=31 August 2024 }} Damodar Narayanan ''[[The Hindu]]'' 17 March 2016 Retrieved on 12 November 2017</ref> She is also a keyboardist and pianist and plays violin, [[veena]] and guitar for [[studio recording]].<ref>[http://www.vikatan.com/news/cinema/83648-women-music-directors-from-bhanumathi-to-shruti-haasan.html பானுமதி முதல் ஸ்ருதி ஹாசன் வரை.. பெண் இசையமைப்பாளர்களின் ஹிட் நம்பர்ஸ்] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171118223415/https://www.vikatan.com/news/cinema/83648-women-music-directors-from-bhanumathi-to-shruti-haasan.html |date=18 November 2017 }} ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' 15 March 2017 Retrieved on 12 November 2017</ref> Jananiy is an ''A Grade Artiste'' at [[All India Radio]].<ref>[https://www.dinamalar.com/weekly/pokkisham/pokkisham/644549 முண்டாசு கவி பாரதிக்கு ஒரு இசை அர்ப்பணம்] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831105228/https://www.dinamalar.com/weekly/pokkisham/pokkisham/644549 |date=31 August 2024 }} ''[[Dinamalar]]'' Retrieved on 12 November 2017</ref>

==Early life and education==
Jananiy was born in [[Tirunelveli]], Tamil Nadu, to Shanti and V. Subramanian. She completed her education up to [[ninth grade]] at [[St. Mary's Matriculation Higher Secondary School, Cuddalore]] where she was awarded with ''Best Vocalist Award'' each year. While at St. Mary's Matriculation, Jananiy was also nominated for ''Pogo Amazing Kid Award'' conducted by [[Pogo TV]] at the national level in music category. In 2006, her family relocated to [[Chennai]] where she completed her [[matriculation]] from [[Adarsh Vidyalaya Higher Secondary School]]. She received her [[Higher Secondary]] degree from [[Sacred Heart Matriculation School|Sacred Heart Matriculation Higher Sec. School]] with distinction in [[Tamil language|Tamil]].<ref name="MUSMAG">[https://view.joomag.com/museek-mag-october-2016/0117902001475971541?short S. J. Jananiy Cover Story in Museek Mag] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831105236/https://viewer.joomag.com/museek-mag-october-2016/0117902001475971541?short |date=31 August 2024 }} ''Museek Mag'' issue :- October 2016 page 50-51 Retrieved on 12 November 2017</ref>

In 2009, Jananiy entered [[Stella Maris College, Chennai]] where she graduated in Economics in 2012. She received her Master of Arts and [[Master of Philosophy]] degrees in [[Music education|Music]] from [[Queen Mary's College, Chennai]]. As of 2017, Jananiy was doing PhD in Music from Queen Mary's College.<ref name="PRO">[https://www.sjjananiy.com/bio Subramanya Jaya Jananiy's career and profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222090622/https://sjjananiy.com/bio |date=22 February 2020 }} Retrieved 12 November 2017</ref>

==Music style and influence==
Jananiy has been a disciple of a prominent [[Carnatic music|Carnatic vocalist]], [[Mangalampalli Balamuralikrishna]].<ref name="INEX1">[https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2015/aug/18/when-balamuralikrishna-sang-for-his-disciple-800827.html When Balamuralikrishna Sang for his disciple] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422064229/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2015/aug/18/when-balamuralikrishna-sang-for-his-disciple-800827.html |date=22 April 2023 }} Manigandan K R ''[[Indian Express]]'' 18 August 2015 Retrieved 12 November 2017</ref> She also got trained under [[Neyveli Santhanagopalan]], Injikudi Ganesan, Rukmini Ramani, Chidambaram Shanmukham, Geetha Srinivasan & Guru Lakshmi.<ref name="HND1"/> Jananiy has completed [[ABRSM#Graded music exams|Grade 8]] in [[Music keyboard|keyboard]] as well as Grade 8 in Vocal from [[Trinity College London]], under Augustine Paul and V. Giridharan. She continued ATCL in [[Western Classical Music|Western Classical Vocal]] at [[Trinity College London]]. Jananiy learnt [[Hindustani classical music]] under the discipleship of Pandit Kuldeep Sagar and completed [[Diploma#India|Senior Diploma]] from [[Prayag Sangeet Samiti]], [[Allahabad]].<ref name="MUSMAG"/>

==Career==
Jananiy started her career at age of 5 by performing in her first stage show in [[Cuddalore]]. Over the years, Jananiy has performed in more than 1000 stage shows of Carnatic Classical Vocal, [[Fusion music|Fusion]], [[Bhajan]], [[Devotional music|Devotional]] and [[Light Music]] and also gave more than 100 [[Carnatic music|Carnatic Classical]] [[Music keyboard|keyboard]] concerts.<ref name="KNG">[http://kungumam.co.in/ThArticalinnerdetail.aspx?id=3671&id1=84&issue=20170116 ஜனனி...ஜனனி...புதிய இசையமைப்பாளர்] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422143252/http://kungumam.co.in/ThArticalinnerdetail.aspx?id=3671&id1=84&issue=20170116 |date=22 April 2021 }} ''[[Kungumam (magazine)|Kungumam]]'' 16 January 2017 Retrieved 12 November 2017</ref> At age of 8, she was recognized as ''Saadhanai Naayaki'' (achiever) by [[Tamil language]] weekly magazine, ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]''. ''[[Dinamani]]'', a [[Tamil language|Tamil]] daily newspaper, named her ''Eazhu vayadhu Isai kuyil'' (seven years old [[cuckoo]]) and [[Vairamuthu]], a prominent Tamil poet and lyricist titled her ''Nee En Magal'' (my daughter from then) in an interview to a Tamil weekly ''[[Kumudam]]''.

Jananiy's debut album, ''Natha Oli'', was released in 1999. ''Natha Oli'' was fusion of [[Carnatic music|Carnatic Classical Vocal]] and keyboard. The music director of the album was Kumardeva and it was released by JSJ Audio. After the release of her first album, she regularly participated in the ''Thiruvaiyyaru Thyagabrahma Utsavam'' and performed at ''Thiruvaiyaru Tamil Isai Mandram''. Jananiy also performed at ''Kodai Vizha Festival'' organized by [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/concert-by-cuddalore-s-j-jananiy/article8360838.ece Cuddalore S.J. Jananiy stayed true to the style of her guru M. Balamuralikrishna at a concert in Palakkad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317062234/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/concert-by-cuddalore-s-j-jananiy/article8360838.ece |date=17 March 2016 }} K. Ganapathi ''[[The Hindu]]'' 17 March 2016 Retrieved on 11 November 2017</ref>

In 2001, Jananiy was awarded with ''[[National Child Award for Exceptional Achievement]]'' in the field of Classical Music (vocal), by then [[Vice-President of India]], [[Krishan Kant]]. In 2002, her second album ''Poongatru '' was released in collaboration with [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]. [[L. Vaidyanathan]] directed the music and lyrics were written by [[Vairamuthu|Kaviperarasu Vairamuthu]].<ref name="PRO"/>

On 14 November 2002, Jananiy participated in ''Children's Day Function'' at [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]], New Delhi and performed [[Endaro Mahanubhavulu]] for [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]], then [[President of India]]. In 2003, Jananiy was bestowed with ''Kalai Ilamani Award'' from [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] for her excellence in classical music. The same year, she did [[playback singer|playback singing]] under the direction of [[Karthik Raja]], for a Tamil film, ''[[Album (2002 film)|Album]]''.<ref name="PRO"/>

In 2007, Jananiy's third album, ''Sri Venkatesa Suprabhatam & Kandha Sashti Kavacham'', was released. The album was collection of devotional songs with [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]] music. The album was released by [[M. Balamuralikrishna]] and [[Neyveli Santhanagopalan]]. After release of the album, Jananiy became disciple of Balamuralikrishna.<ref name="INEX1"/><ref>[http://www.vikatan.com/news/tamilnadu/94401-balamuralikrishna-likes-to-walk-in-beach-says-his-assistant-sj-janani.html "பாலமுரளி கிருஷ்ணா சாருக்கு பீச் வாக்னா ரொம்பப் பிடிக்கும்" நெகிழும் சிஷ்யை எஸ்.ஜே.ஜனனி #Balamuralikrishna] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171118223319/https://www.vikatan.com/news/tamilnadu/94401-balamuralikrishna-likes-to-walk-in-beach-says-his-assistant-sj-janani.html |date=18 November 2017 }} ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' 5 July 2017 Retrieved on 12 November 2017</ref>

In 2007, Jananiy collaborated with her uncle and released the concept-series ''Classic Waves''. The music for this series was [[Music conductor|conducted]], arranged and produced by Jananiy herself. ''Classic Waves 2'' and ''3'' were released in 2010 and 2011 respectively while 4 volumes of ''Classic Marvel'' series were released in 2009, 2010, 2011 and 2012 respectively. Jananiy received ''Yuvakala Bharathi'' from Bharat Kalachar in 2011.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/celebrating-25-years-of-patronising-arts/article2665033.ece Celebrating 25 years of patronising arts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117175924/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/celebrating-25-years-of-patronising-arts/article2665033.ece |date=17 November 2017 }} ''[[The Hindu]]'' 27 November 2011 Retrieved on 12 November 2017</ref> Later in 2011, Jananiy participated with [[Pandit Hariprasad Chaurasia]] in a [[Jugalbandi]] concert for the ''Music festival Au Fil des Voix'' at [[Alhambra (Paris)|Alhambra Concert Hall]] in Paris, France.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/look-whos-getting-a-musical-makeover/article5933883.ece Look who's getting a musical makeover] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226102835/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/look-whos-getting-a-musical-makeover/article5933883.ece |date=26 February 2021 }} Srinivasa Ramanujam ''[[The Hindu]]'' 21 April 2014 Retrieved on 12 November 2017</ref>

In 2012, Jananiy [[Music composer|composed]] and produced music for [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]'s contemporary album, ''Kandar Shashti Kavacham and Subrahmanya Bhujangam''. The album was released by [[EMI Virgin]]. Later in December that year, Jananiy collaborated again with Balasubrahmanyam along with [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]] and [[P. Unnikrishnan]] for ''Mahakavi Bharathiar's Vande Mataram''. She was also the composer, arranger and conductor of music for this album.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-downtown/Album-with-Bharathiyar-songs-released/article12468000.ece Album with Bharathiyar songs released] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026205945/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-downtown/Album-with-Bharathiyar-songs-released/article12468000.ece |date=26 October 2021 }} ''[[The Hindu]]'' 29 December 2012 Retrieved on 12 November 2017</ref>

Jananiy made the musical arrangements and produced music for ''Carnatic Symphony-Cleveland Thyagaraja Aradhana Festival'' that was held in [[Cleveland]], Ohio, in 2014 as well as in 2017. She was awarded with ''Sangitha Kovidha'' from Gayathri Fine Arts & Lakshmi Kuppuswamy Trust, New Delhi in 2015. She also received ''Bharathi Award'' from Vidiyal Charitable Trust & The Dawn Cultural & Social Association later that year. Jananiy composed music for the Tamil Movie ''Prabha'' that got launched in 2015.<ref>[http://lankasee.com/2016/11/23/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9-%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5/ “இது குழந்தைக்கான ஆசிர்வாதம்!” பாலமுரளிகிருஷ்ணா பாடிய கடைசி தமிழ்ப் பாடலின் இசையமைப்பாளர் ஜனனி நெகிழ்ச்சி!] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117174611/http://lankasee.com/2016/11/23/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9-%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5/ |date=17 November 2017 }} ''Lankasee'' Retrieved 12 November 2017</ref> As of 2024, she has released 90 albums in various genres apart from [[jingles]] and private songs.<ref name="PRO"/>

S. J. Jananiy has scored the music and five original soundtracks for the Indian Tamil Feature Film [[Rail (2024 film)|Rail]] that was released on 21 June 2024.<ref>[https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/tamil/rail-review-a-meaningful-film-that-manages-to-make-a-pertinent-point-review-111065404] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618133750/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/tamil/rail-review-a-meaningful-film-that-manages-to-make-a-pertinent-point-review-111065404 |date=18 June 2024 }} ''Times Now'' Retrieved 18 June 2024</ref>

This Movie was directed by the award-winning Bhaskar Sakthi, and this movie is based on the South Indian Nativity-based story. S. J. Jananiy has collaborated with the [[Bulgarian National Radio Symphony Orchestra]] to record the Strings Ensemble for the soundtracks and for the background score for this Movie. The five soundtracks are in five various genres such as a Tamil folklore melody, an Indian Classical melody, an emotional philosophical song that is sung by “Thenisai Thendral” [[Deva (composer)]] who is an iconic Music Director and Singer, a folk-based philosophical peppy song that is sung by [[Anthony Daasan]]. Jananiy has sung three songs. The Oppaari Song (a folk song that is performed during the death ceremony) in Strings Ensemble is a highlighting song of the Movie. The cameraman for this Movie is Theni Eswar, and the Editor is Nagooran Ramachandran. Rameshvaidya has phenomenally written the lyrics for the five soundtracks. This beautiful message conveying Rail Movie is produced by M.Vediyappan of Discovery Cinemas.

==Awards and recognition==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
* [[National Child Award for Exceptional Achievement]] from [[Vice-President of India]], [[Krishan Kant]] (2001)
* ''Pannisaiselvi'' from Tamil Isai Mandram, [[Thiruvaiyaru]] on (2002)
* ''Best Achiever'' from Manitha Urimai Kazhagam by [[N. Rangaswamy]], [[Chief Minister of Pondicherry]] (2002)
* ''Kalai Ilamani'' from [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] (2003)
* ''Bala Arul Isai Vaani'' from EKP School of Arts, [[Mayavaram]] (2003)
* ''Sundara Varshani'' from Aalala Sundara Sabha, [[Cuddalore]] (2003)
* ''Thenisai Vaani'' from Vani Vilasa Sabha, [[Kumbakonam]] (2004)
* ''Pogo Amazing Kid'' from [[Pogo TV]] (2005)
* ''Vocational Service Award'' from Rotary Club of Cuddalore Central on (2007)
* ''Young Achiever Award'' from Rotary Club of Madras Northwest (2007)
* ''Bala Swarna Jwala Award'' from Journal of School Social Work, [[Chennai]] (2007)
* ''Rising Star – [[Idea Jalsa|Idea Jalsa National Award]]'' from Indian Music Academy (2009)
* ''Vidivelli Achiever Award'' from Lions Club of Madras Peripheral City (2009)
* ''Yuvakala Bharati'' from Bharath Kalachar (2011)
{{col-break}}
* ''Cuddalore Isaikuyil'' from Saraswathi Gana Sabha, [[Cuddalore]] (2009)
* ''Isai Vaani'' from Jaya Educational Trust, [[Thirunindravur]] (2010)
* ''Best Artist Award – Classical Music'' from [[Stella Maris College, Chennai]] (2012)
* ''Maharajapuram Santhanam Endowment Prize'' from Sri Krishna Gana Sabha (2012)
* ''Best Junior Vocalist Award'' from Thyaga Brahma Gana Sabha, Vani Mahal (2013)
* ''Tamizhisai Kalaimani'' from Mahakavi Bharathi Narpani Mandram (2014)
* ''OSA Prize for MA Indian Music'' from [[Queen Mary's College, Chennai]] (2014)
* ''Smt.Chandra Kuppuraj Memorial Prize for MA Indian Music'' from [[Queen Mary's College, Chennai]] (2014)
* ''Union Prize for MA Indian Music'' from [[Queen Mary's College, Chennai]] (2014)
* ''Voletti Venkateswaralu Endowment Prize'' from Sri Krishna Gana Sabha (2014)
* ''Sanghitha Kovidha'' from Gayathri Fine Arts & Lakshmi Kuppuswamy Trust, New Delhi (2015)
* ''Bharathi Award'' from Vidiyal Charitable Trust & The Dawn Cultural & Social Association, [[Chennai]] (2015)
* ''1st Rank – MA Indian Music" & "Best Student in rendering Raga Hindolam'' from [[Queen Mary's College, Chennai]] (2015)
* ''Isai Arasi'' from Trinity Arts Festival of India (2015)
{{col-end}}

==Discography==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Album !! Year !! Notes
|-
| ''Naatha Oli''|| 1999|| Music by Kumar Deva
|-
| ''Poongatru'' with [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]|| 2002|| Music by [[L. Vaidyanathan]]
|-
| ''Sri Venkatesa Suprabhatam & Kandha Sashti Kavacham''|| 2007|| Released by [[M. Balamuralikrishna]] and [[Neyveli Santhanagopalan]]
|-
| ''Classic Waves Fusion Album''|| 2007|| Released by [[Vairamuthu|Kaviperarasu Vairamuthu]] and [[Kalaipuli Thanu]]. Music by Jananiy-Sanker
|-
| ''Pancharatna Krithis of St. Thiyagaraja''|| 2008|| Carnatic Classical Instrumental - Keyboard
|-
| ''Ohm Namashivaya Shivaya Nama ohm''|| 2008|| Devotional
|-
| ''Classic Marvel hits of St. Thiyagaraja''|| 2009|| Carnatic Classical Vocal
|-
| ''Classic Hits in Keyboard''|| 2009|| Released by [[M. Balamuralikrishna]] Carnatic Classical Instrumental - Keyboard
|-
| ''Classic Waves-2 Silambosai''|| 2010|| Fusion Music & Sung by S. J. Jananiy, Released by [[Vairamuthu|Kaviperarasu Vairamuthu]]
|-
| ''Classic Marvel-2 Hits of Dr. M. Balamuralikrishna''|| 2010|| Released by [[S. Ve. Shekher]] and [[P. Unnikrishnan]]
|-
| ''Classic Waves-3''|| 2011|| Fusion Music & sung by S. J. Jananiy, Released by [[Seetha (actress)|S. Parthiban]] and S.Mehanathan
|-
| ''Classic Marvel-3 Hits of Muthuswami Dhikshitar''|| 2011|| Carnatic Classical Vocal

|-
| ''Classic Marvel-4 Hits of Shyama Sastri''|| 2012|| Carnatic Classical Vocal

|-
| ''Kannan Hits in Keyboard''|| 2012|| –
|-
| ''Trinity's Evergreen 1''|| 2012|| –
|-
| ''Sri Khandar Shasthi Kavacham & Sri Subramanya Bhujangam''|| 2012|| Sung by [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], Music by S. J. Jananiy
|-
| ''Mahakavi Bharathiar's Vande Mataram''|| 2012|| Music by S.J. Jananiy. Sung with [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[P. Unnikrishnan]]. Released by [[Vairamuthu|Kaviperarasu Vairamuthu]], [[Kalaipuli Thanu]], [[La Ganesan]] and S.Mehanathan.
|-
| ''Trinity's Evergreen 2''|| 2013|| –
|-
| ''Trinity's Evergreen 3''|| 2015|| –
|-
| ''Prabha'' (Tamil movie)|| 2015|| Singers – [[M. Balamuralikrishna]], [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], Palakkad Sreeram, [[Vijay Prakash]], [[Swetha Mohan]], S. J. Jananiy. Music by S. J. Jananiy
|-
| ''Carnatic Fusion – Hits of S. J. Jananiy''|| 2015|| –
|-
| ''Navadurgas – Live Concert 2015 Vol 1''|| 2015|| Krithis Composed & Sung by S. J. Jananiy - Carnatic Classical Vocal
|-
| ''Navadurgas – Live Concert 2015 Vol 2''|| 2015|| Krithis Composed & Sung by S. J. Jananiy - Carnatic Classical Vocal
|-
| ''Carnatic Classical Vocal – Best of S. J. Jananiy''|| 2016|| –
|-
| ''Carnatic Classical Instrumental – Best of S. J. Jananiy ''|| 2016|| –
|-
| ''Shivamahimai Brahmakumaris''|| 2017|| Singers – [[P. Unnikrishnan]] and S. J. Jananiy. Music by S. J. Jananiy
|-
| ''Uravugale Oru Kaaval – Friendship Song – Single''|| 2017|| Pop - Music and singer – S. J. Jananiy
|-
| ''Yaronse Kar Yarana – Friendship Song – Single''|| 2017|| Pop - Music and singer – S. J. Jananiy
|-
| ''Devi Krithis, Vol 1''|| 2017||
|-
| ''Devi Krithis, Vol 2''|| 2017||
|-
| ''Adhu Nilavu - The Moon - Indian Pop'' || 2018|| Music & Singer S. J. Jananiy
|-
|''[[Rail (2024 film)|Rail]]''||2024||Feature film
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|https://sjjananiy.com}}


{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jananiy, S. J.}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women composers]]
[[Category:Indian women singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Indian male singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Indian singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Women Carnatic singers]]
[[Category:Carnatic singers]]
[[Category:Indian women classical singers]]
[[Category:Carnatic instrumentalists]]
[[Category:Tamil-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Women Carnatic musicians]]
[[Category:Hindustani singers]]
[[Category:Indian women ghazal singers]]
[[Category:Indian ghazal singers]]
[[Category:Bhajan singers]]
[[Category:Telugu film score composers]]
[[Category:Indian women pop singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian composers]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Singers from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:People from Tirunelveli]]
[[Category:People from Cuddalore district]]
[[Category:21st-century women composers]]

Cyber City metro station

2025-12-13T07:00:52Z

Heriberto60T:

{{Short description|Transit station in Haryana, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:RMRG logo.svg|60px|link=Rapid Metro Gurgaon]] Cyber City
| type =
| style = Rapid Metro Gurgaon
| image = IndusInd Bank Cyber City metro station.jpg
| image_caption =
| address =
| coordinates = {{coord|28.497963|77.089168|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| line =
| other =
| structure = Elevated
| platform = Platform-1 → [[Phase 3 metro station|Phase 3]]
| depth =
| levels = 2
| tracks = 1
| parking =
| bicycle =
| opened = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2014|05|07}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = 750 V, [[direct current|DC]] via [[third rail]]
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| code = GAT
| owned = Haryana Mass Rapid Transport Corporation Limited (HMRTC) <ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.delhimetrorail.com/rapid-metro |title= Rapid Metro Gurugram}}</ref>
| operator = [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]] (DMRC)
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{adjacent stations|system=Rapid Metro Gurgaon|line=1|left=Belvedere Towers|oneway-left=yes|right=Moulsari Avenue|to-right=Phase 3}}
| map_type = India Delhi#India Haryana
| map_dot_label = Cyber City
| map_size = 300
| route_map = {{Rapid Metro Gurgaon Line 1}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}
'''Cyber City''' is a station of the [[Rapid Metro Gurgaon]] that was inaugurated on 7 May 2014. It's owned by Haryana Mass Rapid Transport Corporation Limited (HMRTC) and operated by [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation|Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC)]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to Delhi Metro Rail Corporation(DMRC) {{!}} Official Website |url=https://www.delhimetrorail.com/rapid-metro |access-date=2022-04-25 |website=www.delhimetrorail.com}}</ref> Earlier it was operated by Rapid Metro Gurgaon Limited (RMGL).

The station was named after [[IndusInd Bank]] under corporate branding of stations, but the naming rights of the metro station expired in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Expiry of branding rights |url=http://www.railnews.in/gurgaons-rapid-metro-cyber-city-station-opens/ |access-date=2022-04-23 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==The station==
===Facilities===
The station has the following facilities:<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.delhimetrorail.com/station/GAT#station-facilities |title= Cyber City station facilities |access-date= 23 April 2022}}</ref>

*'''ITC Kiosk''': 3 kiosks - two on ground level and one in unpaid concourse
*'''[[Cash machine|ATM]]''': IndusInd bank ATM in the unpaid concourse
*'''Shop/Office''': Royal Mobile, selling mobile accessories in unpaid concourse.

==Entry/exits==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" width="65%"
|-
! align="center" colspan="5" style="background:#{{rcr|Rapid Metro Gurgaon|line 1}};"| '''Cyber City station Entry/exits<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.delhimetrorail.com/station/GAT#gates |title=Cyber City station gates}}</ref>'''
|-
! style="width:15%;"|Gate No-1 {{access icon}}
! style="width:15%;"|Gate No-2 {{access icon}}
|-
| Cyber Hub Road || Towards Gateway Towers
|-
|}

==Nearby places==
*[[Cyber City, Gurgaon]]
*Shankar Chowk
*Ericsson Building, Gurugram
*[[Udyog Vihar]]
*DLF Gateway Towers, Gurugram
*Infinity Towers, Gurugram
*Trident Hotel, Gurugram

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Rapid Metro Gurgaon}}
* {{Cite web |title=Rapid Metro Gurgaon |url=https://www.delhimetrorail.com/rapid-metro |website=Delhi Metro Rail Corporation}}
* {{Cite web |title=Rapid Metro Gurgaon |url=http://rapidmetrogurgaon.com/home/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822221208/http://rapidmetrogurgaon.com/home/ |archive-date=2017-08-22 |access-date=2022-04-22 |website=Former website}}

{{Rapid Metro Gurgaon navbox}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2014]]
[[Category:Rapid Metro Gurgaon stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Gurgaon district]]

{{Haryana-railstation-stub}}
{{Asia-metro-stub}}

Business Standard

2025-12-13T06:48:52Z

Heriberto60T: expanded formatting to improve readability and updated info

{{short description|Indian English-language daily newspaper}}
{{For|the Bangladeshi newspaper|The Business Standard}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2015}}
{{Infobox newspaper
| name = ''Business Standard''
| logo = Business Standard.svg
| logo_size =
| image = [[File:Business Standard cover 03-28-10.jpg|225px|border]]
| caption =
| type = Daily [[newspaper]]
| format = [[Broadsheet]]
| owners = Business Standard Private Limited ([[Kotak Mahindra Bank]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.virsanghvi.com/People-Detail.aspx?Key=12|title=Profile of Uday Kotak|publisher=Virsanghvi.com|access-date=17 August 2020|date=5 September 2005}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thedailypao.com/who-owns-your-daily-newspaper/ |title=Who Owns Your Daily Newspaper? |work=The Daily Pao |date=2 March 2016 |access-date=14 February 2020 |archive-date=9 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109050247/https://www.thedailypao.com/who-owns-your-daily-newspaper/ |url-status=bot: unknown }}March 2, 2016 The Daily Pao</ref>
| founder = [[ABP Group]]<ref>{{cite web|author=Sruthijith KK|title=Corrected: Business Standard Owner Uday Kotak Held Meetings With Potential Buyers|url=https://gigaom.com/2009/08/04/419-exclusive-business-standard-owner-uday-kotak-held-meetings-with-potenti/|website=gigaom.com|access-date=27 July 2018|date=4 August 2009|archive-date=7 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407233956/https://gigaom.com/2009/08/04/419-exclusive-business-standard-owner-uday-kotak-held-meetings-with-potenti/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| publisher = Business Standard Ltd
| editor = Shailesh Dobhal
| managing_editor =
| news_editor =
| campus_editor =
| campus_chief =
| opinion_editor =
| photo_editor =
| staff_writers = 400+(August, 2020)
| founded = {{Start date and age|1975|3|26}}
| language = English [[Hindi]]
| ceased_publication =
| headquarters = Nehru House 4, Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg [[New Delhi]] 110002
| circulation = 189,000
| sister_newspapers =
| ISSN =
| oclc = 496280002
| free = Yes
| website = {{URL|www.business-standard.com}} {{URL|http://hindi.business-standard.com/}}
}}

'''''Business Standard''''' is an Indian [[English language|English-language]] daily edition [[newspaper]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Contact Us|url=https://www.business-standard.com/contact-us|url-status=live|access-date=4 July 2021|website=Business Standard|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130209194246/http://www.business-standard.com:80/contact-us |archive-date=9 February 2013 }}</ref> also available in [[Hindi]]. Founded in 1975, the newspaper covers the [[Economy of India|Indian economy]], infrastructure, international business and trade, information on financial quotations, corporate governance, and a range of other financial news, opinions and insights.{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}

The main English-language edition comes from 12 regional centres: [[Mumbai]], [[New Delhi]], [[Kolkata]], [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]], [[Coimbatore]], [[Chennai]], [[Ahmedabad]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], [[Chandigarh]], [[Pune]], [[Lucknow]], [[Bhubaneswar]], and [[Kochi (India)|Kochi]], and reaches readers in over 1,000 towns and cities across India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/about-us|title=About Us - Brand - Business Standard|publisher=Business Standard}}</ref>

==History==
The newspaper's initial owner had been the [[Kolkata]]-based [[ABP Group]]. Circulation was rising, but losses were rising, possibly to above [[Rupee|Rs]] 50 [[crore]], and ABP could not support it. ABP hoped that the government would allow the ''[[Financial Times]]'' to take an equity stake in Business Standard Limited and bring in funds.{{Citation needed|date=April 2025}}

In 1997, ''Business Times'' was purchased by Kotak Mahindra Finance, in a deal led by now [[Kotak Mahindra Bank]] Managing Director and CEO [[Uday Kotak]]. Kotak said in an interview in 2005 that BS was losing Rs 1.5 crore a month and ABP feared being bankrupted by the losses. Aveek and Arup Sarkar spun BS off into a separate company and approached Kotak as a potential buyer, fearing they needed to close down the paper. "I did a quick calculation. I believed that if I put Rs 20 crore into the paper, we could turn it around. The cost of acquisition was virtually zero. The Sarkars were so desperate that they were ready to give the paper up for nothing. I can’t remember how much we paid but it was only a crore or so. Kotak Mahindra was flush with funds – some from the Goldman Sachs JV – so it seemed like a risk worth taking," he said.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.virsanghvi.com/People-Detail.aspx?Key=12|title=Profile of Uday Kotak|publisher=Virsanghvi.com|access-date=17 August 2020|date=5 September 2005}}</ref>

The paper remained India's second-largest business daily in terms of circulation for years, until in 2017, when its ranking sank. In January 2019, it was judged by the [[Indian Readership Survey]] (IRS) to be the fourth largest financial newspaper (with an average annual readership of 107,000 copies) and third largest selling financial newspaper (with a total readership of 505,000).<ref>{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/media/the-economic-times-is-number-4-among-english-newspapers-irs-2017/articleshow/62612582.cms |title=The Economic Times is number 4 among English newspapers: IRS 2017 |work=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref>

In January 2020, the paper had recovered some ground. The IRS 2019Q4 survey found the newspaper gained 45,000 readers over the final quarter of 2019 to hit an average issue readership of 189,000 copies. It is the third-highest selling financial newspaper in India, behind ''[[The Economic Times]]'' and ''[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/media/et-continues-to-grow-daily-readership-crosses-1-1-m/articleshow/75705627.cms|title=The Economic Times continues to grow, daily readership crosses 1.1 million|work=[[The Economic Times]]|date=13 May 2020|access-date=17 August 2020}}</ref>

==Editor==
Financial journalist T. N. Ninan was the editor from 1993 to 2009. In January 2010, Ninan became [[chairman]] and editorial director of Business Standard Ltd and was succeeded as editor of ''Business Standard'' by Dr [[Sanjaya Baru]], who was formerly media advisor to Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]]. Long-term Business Standard editorial staff Ashok K Bhattacharya took charge of the paper after Baru quit to join a UK-based think tank in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bestmediainfo.com/2011/09/ak-bhattacharya-replaces-sanjaya-baru-as-editor-of-business-standard/|title=AK Bhattacharya replaces Sanjaya Baru as Editor of BS}}</ref> The current editor is Shailesh Dobhal.{{cn|date=October 2025}}

==Employees==
While exact figures are not known, more than 100 business journalists are currently employed with the publication. After the onset of the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]], the newspaper fired almost 100 employees, almost half of whom were editorial staff.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2020/07/02/business-standard-discontinues-sunday-edition-initiates-layoffs-across-bureaus
|title=Business Standard discontinues weekend edition, initiates layoffs across bureaus|publisher=Newslaundry.com|date=2 July 2020|access-date=17 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2020/07/31/media-layoffs-et-gujarati-shuts-down-business-standard-initiates-second-round-of-retrenchments|title=Media layoffs: ET Gujarati shuts down, Business Standard initiates second round of retrenchments|publisher=Newslaundry.com|date=31 July 2020|access-date=17 August 2020}}</ref>

The offices with the largest editorial teams are in [[Delhi]], which mostly covers government policy news and [[Mumbai]], mostly dedicated to corporate, financial and share market news. Other offices with reporting bureaus are present in [[Kolkata]], [[Bangalore]], and [[Ahmedabad]]. The newspaper had few reporters in other major cities such as [[Chennai]] and [[Bhubaneswar]], and their numbers have been continuously reduced since 2016. Reporters based out of [[Lucknow]], [[Chandigarh]] and [[Hyderabad]] were let go.{{cn|date=October 2025}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

* {{official website|https://www.business-standard.com/}}

{{Newspapers in India}}
{{ABP Group}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Business Standard}}
[[Category:English-language newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:Business newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:Daily newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:Newspapers published in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Mahindra Group]]
[[Category:Newspapers established in 1975]]
[[Category:ABP Group]]
[[Category:1975 establishments in West Bengal]]

Idhar Udhar

2025-11-25T06:10:42Z

Heriberto60T: put up info

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| runtime = 22 minutes
| director = Anand Mahendroo
| producer =
| language = Hindi
| genre =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Ratna Pathak]]|[[Supriya Pathak]]}}
| country = India
| network = [[DD National]]
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = 34
| first_aired = {{start date|1985}}
| last_aired = {{end date|1998}}
}}

'''''Idhar Udhar''''' is a [[Hindi]] [[sitcom]] which first aired on [[Doordarshan]] in 1985.<ref name="Advance India">{{cite web|url=http://www.advanceindia.com/television.html|title=Advance India.com|accessdate=15 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520044736/http://www.advanceindia.com/television.html|archive-date=20 May 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> It was directed by Anand Mahendroo and produced by Shobha Doctor. It starred real-life sisters [[Ratna Pathak]] and [[Supriya Pathak]]. Its first season was taken off the air after 12 episodes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/story/19860415-increased-commercialisation-and-revenue-transform-dowdy-doordarshan-into-an-alluring-siren-800783-1986-04-14|title=Doordarshan: The money machine|publisher=|date=15 April 1986|access-date=15 March 2016}}</ref>

The show was heavily inspired by Three's Company.

In December 1997, owing to the success of ''[[Dekh Bhai Dekh]]'', Anand Mahendroo launched a sequel to the series under the banner of Advance Entertainment Network Ltd. with the original star cast of both Pathak sisters and Liliput, along with [[Bhavana Balsavar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/story/19971208-anand-mahendroo-plans-updated-version-of-dekh-bhai-dekh-and-idhar-udhar-831037-1997-12-07|title=Anand Mahendroo plans updated version of Dekh Bhai Dekh & Idhar Udhar|date=8 December 1997|access-date=15 March 2016}}</ref>

== Plot ==
===Season 1 (1985) ===
The story revolves around the lives of Sunita ([[Ratna Pathak]]), an air hostess and Poonam ([[Supriya Pathak]]), an ad executive. They stay together as paying guests in a flat in [[Mumbai]]. Their lives take an interesting turn when they end up sharing their flat with Kumar Bhairav ([[Ravi Baswani]]), a struggling actor and Sudhir ([[Lilliput (actor)|M.M. Faruqui (Lilliput)]]), a small-time broker.

Season 1 focuses on all the problems and joys they experience living in the same house.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oBgfrm8Ro7w|title=Idhar Udhar Season 1 Full Episode No. 1 Youtube|accessdate=15 March 2016}}</ref>

===Season 2 (1998) ===
13 years later, Sunita ([[Ratna Pathak]]) and Poonam ([[Supriya Pathak]] / [[Lillete Dubey]]) return to Mumbai and end up sharing the same apartment exactly the way they used to. They are allotted the same apartment by their old friend Sudhir's (Liliput) mischievous adopted sons Jai and Harsh. Sudhir is now a filthy rich builder and married to his ex-secretary Katie ([[Bhavana Balsavar]]).<ref name="Advance India" />

Season 2 peeks into the lives of Sunita, Poonam, Sudhir, Katie and their kids.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NQAp2qLUSO8|title=Idhar Udhar Season 2 Full Episode No. 1 Youtube|accessdate=15 March 2016}}</ref>

== Cast ==
;Season 1
* [[Ratna Pathak]] as Sunita
* [[Supriya Pathak]] as Poonam
* [[Lilliput (actor)|Lilliput]] as Sudhir
* [[Ravi Baswani]] as Kumar Bhairav(alias)/Asif Mohammad Khan (real name)/Ronnie Gonsalves(imposter)
* [[Shammi (actress)|Shammi]] as Mrs. Bregenza
* [[Dina Pathak]] as Poonam's grandmother
* Nisha Singh as Shabnam, Asif's love interest
* [[Guddi Maruti]] as Shabnam, Sunita's friend
* [[Tom Alter]] as Ronnie Gonsalves(real)
* [[Deepak Tijori]] as Susheel, a stranger in episode 8

;Season 2
* Ajay Padhye<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/old-html/industryresources/actors/ajay.htm|title=The Actors' Gallery on indiantelevison.com|publisher=|date=|accessdate=}}</ref> / Rakesh Paul as Harsh<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afternoondc.in/television/rakesh-pauls-baddie-image/article_89916|title=Rakesh Paul’s Baddie Image|date=26 August 2013|accessdate=15 March 2016}}</ref>
* [[Aditya Kapadia]] as Akhil
* Abhishek Sharma as Atul
* Shruti Sharma as Himani
* [[Tanvi Bhatia]] as Shivani
* [[Bhavana Balsavar]] as Katie
* [[Ananya Khare]] as Mary
* [[Parvin Dabas]] as Vishal, Poonam's husband
* [[Amita Nangia]] as Kiran
* [[Viju Khote]]
* Prabhat Bhattacharya as Jai
* [[Paintal (comedian)|Paintal]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt9254574/?ref_=nv_sr_srsg_0 Idhar Udhar] on [[IMDb]]

[[Category:Indian television sitcoms]]
[[Category:DD National original programming]]
[[Category:1980s Indian television series]]
[[Category:1985 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:1998 Indian television series endings]]

Leon James (composer)

2025-11-19T17:52:40Z

Heriberto60T:

{{short description|Indian film composer and singer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Leon James
| image =
| caption =
| image_size =
| birth_name =
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], Tamil Nadu, India
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1991|12|01}}
| origin = Tamil Nadu, India
| instrument = keyboard/piano
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Composer|Film composer]]|Music director}}
| years_active =
| website =
| label =
| associated_acts =
}}
'''Leon James''' (Leo) is an Indian [[film score|film composer]] and singer who works in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] and [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] films. He made his debut by composing two songs for the Tamil film, ''[[Kanchana 2]]'' (2015) directed by [[Raghava Lawrence]], before being noticed for his work in ''[[Ko 2]]'' (2016).<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/ko2-music-director-leon-james-talks-about-his-music-journey/article7927396.ece | title=From Kanchana-2 to Ko 2 | work=The Hindu | date=28 November 2015 | accessdate=29 April 2016}}</ref>

==Early life==
Leon James became interested in music as a result of his father Noel James's involvement in the industry as [[A. R. Rahman]]'s manager. As a child, Leon was both a singer (as part of a chorus group) and pianist. He played in a school band called Zinx alongside [[Anirudh Ravichander]], with the pair remaining close friends.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Latha |title=No rivalry between Anirudh and me, says 23-year-old music director Leon James |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/interview-no-rivalry-between-anirudh-and-me-says-23-year-old-music-director-leon-james-2139084 |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref> He is also currently a part of Project Yuj, a "neo-Carnatic funk" band alongside [[Aalap Raju]], Prakash Hariharan and Jeoraj George and the team released an independent album in November 2014.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/meet-the-members-of-project-yuj-a-chennai-band-that-promises-a-different-sound/article6538290.ece | title=The new funk formula | work=The Hindu | accessdate=1 October 2015 | author=Srinivasa Ramanujam| date=27 October 2014 }}</ref> Prior to making his debut as a composer, Leon has worked as a keyboardist for stage shows and film albums composed by [[Santhosh Narayanan]], [[Anirudh Ravichander]] and [[S. Thaman|Thaman]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-music-director/leon-james/an-exclusive-interview-with-leon-james-by-avinash-pandian.html | title=An exclusive interview with Leon James by Avinash Pandian | work=Behindwoods | accessdate=1 October 2015}}</ref> Leon's father died in January 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-29 |title=Leon James's Father Passes Away; Music Director Performs Final Rites Yet Delivers Song On Time |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/leon-jamess-father-passes-away-music-director-performs-final-rites-yet-delivers-song-on-time-article-117699163 |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
Leon James made a breakthrough in the Tamil film industry after his work was spotted by [[Raghava Lawrence]], who was working on his horror comedy film ''[[Kanchana 2]]'' (2015). Lawrence had heard a romantic melody song composed by Leon on YouTube and wanted it adapted to be used in his film, and subsequently brought the composer on board to work on the film's soundtrack. The song, "Vaayaa En Veera" sung by [[Shakthisree Gopalan]], won positive reviews with [[Karthik Srinivasan]] noting that "Leon's music seems very new-agey" and his "sound is fresh, and purposefully cluttered".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Karthik |author-link=Karthik Srinivasan |date=11 April 2015 |title=Hitman |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/hitman/article7092834.ece |access-date=1 October 2015 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> He later asked Leon to work on a further fast-paced song to be used in the film's climax, and the tune "Sandi Muni" was resultantly produced. The film went on to become amongst the profitable ventures of the year, with Leon's work noticed by critics.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thrilled when Lawrence asked for my song |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Thrilled-when-Lawrence-asked-for-my-song/articleshow/46945353.cms |access-date=1 October 2015 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Srinivasa Ramanujam |date=2 April 2015 |title=Striking a musical chord |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/striking-a-musical-chord/article7062430.ece |access-date=1 October 2015 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> Soon after the release of the film in April 2015, he teamed up with singer [[Andrea Jeremiah]] to record a song called "Ezhunthu Vaa" to promote female empowerment.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Actress Andrea Jeremiah and Leon James team up for a song called Ezhunthu Va, on women empowerment |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-15/andrea-and-leon-james-teams-up-for-a-song-called-ezunthu-va-on-women-empowerment.html |access-date=1 October 2015 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref>

The successful nature of his work in his first album prompted producer [[Elred Kumar]] to sign him up to work on the whole album for the political-thriller, ''[[Ko 2]]'' (2015).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Leon James signs Bobby Simhaa's film |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Leon-James-signs-Bobby-Simhaas-film/articleshow/47231226.cms |access-date=1 October 2015 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> The album of ''Ko 2'' entailed of six tracks, with a promotional song titled "Unnai Maatrinal" released early as a tribute to former Indian President [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|Abdul Kalam]], consisting of lyrics based on his speeches. The album featured vocals from Bollywood artistes [[Vishal Dadlani]], [[Salim–Sulaiman|Salim Merchant]] and [[Neeti Mohan]], while [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]] and Leon James, himself, also recorded songs. Leon James also chose to introduce Harish Sivaramakrishnan from the [[Bangalore]]-based rock band [[Agam (band)|Agam]] and London-based singer Inno Genga, for their first respective songs in the Tamil film industry.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 September 2015 |title=Exclusive details of 'Ko 2' music Album from its composer Leon James |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/exclusive-details-of-ko-2-music-album-from-its-composer-leon-james-tamil-news-142932.html |access-date=1 October 2015 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ko2 song-preview by Sony Music! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/ko2-song-preview-by-sony-music-news-tamil-pj0lINchbchde.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151104072108/http://www.sify.com/movies/ko2-song-preview-by-sony-music-news-tamil-pj0lINchbchde.html |archive-date=4 November 2015 |access-date=1 October 2015 |website=Sify}}</ref>

==Discography==
===As composer===

==== Original soundtrack ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Year
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Work
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Language
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2015 || ''[[Kanchana 2]]'' || rowspan="4" | Tamil || 2 songs "Sandi Muni" and "Vaaya Veera"
|-
| ''[[Ko 2]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="1" | 2016 || ''[[Kavalai Vendam]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2018 || ''[[Veera (2018 film)|Veera]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Next Enti?]]''|| Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Silukkuvarupatti Singam]]'' || rowspan="3" | Tamil||
|-
|2019 || [[LKG (film)|''LKG'']] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" | 2020 || ''[[Oh My Kadavule]]'' ||
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Paagal]]''|| rowspan="3" | Telugu || 1 song "Kanapadava" Background score
|-
|2022
|''[[Ori Devuda]]''
|Remake of ''Oh My Kadavule''
|-
| rowspan="3" |2023
|''[[Das Ka Dhamki]]''
|
|-
|''[[Single Shankarum Smartphone Simranum]]''
| rowspan="2" |Tamil
|
|-
|''[[Saba Nayagan]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2025
|[[Laila (2025 film)|''Laila'']]
|Telugu
|
|-
||[[Dragon_(2025_film)|''Dragon'']]
|Tamil
|
|-
|''[[Mazaka]]''
| rowspan="4" |Telugu
|
|-
|''[[Sundarakanda (2025 film)|Sundarakanda]]''
|
|-
|''[[Premante]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devulapally |first=Aditya |date=2025-10-09 |title=‘Dhochaave Nanne’ from Premante? strikes the perfect fusion of melody and groove |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Oct/09/dhochaave-nanne-from-premante-strikes-the-perfect-fusion-of-melody-and-groove |access-date=2025-11-09 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|{{TBA}}
|{{pending film|G.O.A.T}}
|
|-
|}

===As vocalist===

==== Non-film songs ====
*2015 – "Ezhunthu Vaa" (featuring [[Andrea Jeremiah]])
*2015 – "Punnagaiyya" (featuring [[Andrea Jeremiah]])
*2018 – "Kanne Kanne" (featuring [[Jonita Gandhi]])
*2020 - "Unna Vida Maaten" (featuring [[Andrea Jeremiah]])
*2020 - "Suzhaluren" (featuring [[Ko Sesha]])
*2021 - "Unakaaga Naan Irupen" (featuring Avinash Ashok & Shubhangi Jha)

==== Film songs ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Year
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Film
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Song
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Notes
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Varalaru]]'' || "Thottapuram" || composed by [[A. R. Rahman]]
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2015 || ''[[Kanchana 2]]'' || "Sandimuni" ||
|-
| ''[[Ko 2]]'' || "Kohila", "Vidaadha" ||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Kavalai Vendam]]'' || "En Pulse Yethitu Poriye" ||
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Sakka Podu Podu Raja (2017 film)|Sakka Podu Podu Raja]]'' || "Unakkaga" || composed by [[Silambarasan]]
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Veera (2018 film)|Veera]]'' || "Ootaanda Soltuvaa" ||
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Oh My Kadavule]]'' || "Haiyyo Haiyyo" ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2025 || ''[[Mazaka]]'' || "Baby Ma" || Telugu song
|-
|[[Dragon (2025 film)|''Dragon'']] || "Rise of Dragon" || Telugu dubbed song
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Facebook|leonjamesofficial|Leon James}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:James, Leon}}
[[Category:Loyola College, Chennai alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Musicians from Chennai]]
[[Category:Tamil film score composers]]
[[Category:1991 births]]
[[Category:Indian male film score composers]]
[[Category:Telugu film score composers]]

S. Chellapandian

2025-11-07T10:33:48Z

Heriberto60T: minor edit

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = S. Chellapandian
| image =
| caption =
| office = Speaker, [[Madras Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 31 March 1962
| term_end = 14 March 1967
| predecessor = [[U. Krishna Rao]]
| successor = [[S. P. Adithanar]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1913|8|25|df=yes}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Special cover on S. Chellapandian released|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/special-cover-on-s-chellapandian-released/article5060481.ece|work=The Hindu|accessdate=19 February 2018|date=26 August 2013}}</ref>
}}

'''S. Chellapandian''' was an Indian politician of the [[Indian National Congress]] and member of the legislative assembly of [[Madras state]] from Tirunelveli. He served as the Speaker of the [[Madras Legislative Assembly]] from 1962 to 1967.<ref name="india_speakerslist">{{cite web|title=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly: Details of terms of successive Legislative Assemblies constituted under the Constitution of India|url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/list/assemblies-overview.htm|publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu}}</ref><ref name="tamilnadu_speakerslist">{{cite web|title=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly: Details of terms of successive Legislative Assemblies constituted under the Constitution of India|publisher=Government of India|url=http://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/STATISTICAL/tamilnadu.htm|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090409221838/http://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/STATISTICAL/tamilnadu.htm|archivedate=2009-04-09}}</ref>
==Electoral performance ==
{{transcluded section|source=Cheranmadevi Assembly constituency}}
{{trim|{{#section-h:Cheranmadevi Assembly constituency|1967}}}}
{{transcluded section|source=Alangulam Assembly constituency}}
{{trim|{{#section-h:Alangulam Assembly constituency|1962}}}}
{{trim|{{#section-h:Alangulam Assembly constituency|1957}}}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chellapandian, S}}
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:1913 births]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:Madras MLAs 1962–1967]]

{{TamilNadu-INC-politician-stub}}

British counter-intelligence against the Indian revolutionary movement during World War I

2025-09-27T13:47:34Z

Heriberto60T: minor cleanup

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
'''British counter-intelligence against the Indian revolutionary movement during World War I''' began from its initial roots in the late-19th century and ultimately came to span in extent from Asia through Europe to the West Coast of the United States and Canada. It was effective in thwarting [[Hindu–German Conspiracy|a number of attempts]] for insurrection in [[British India]] during [[World War I]] and ultimately in controlling the [[Indian revolutionary movement]] both at home and abroad.

==Background==
{{Main|Indian Political Intelligence Office|Madan Lal Dhingra}}
{{See also|Shyamji Krishna Varma|The Indian Sociologist|Curzon Wyllie|Har Dayal|Hindu–German Conspiracy}}
During [[World War I]], although Indian political bodies and populace largely came to support the British war effort, [[Bengal]] and [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]] remained hotbeds of [[Revolutionary movement for Indian independence|anti colonial activities]]. Revolution in Bengal, increasingly closely linked with the unrests in Punjab, was significant enough to nearly paralyse the regional administration.<ref name=Gupta12>{{Harvnb|Gupta|1997|p=12}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Popplewell|1995|p=201}}</ref> Also from the beginning of the war, expatriate Indian population, notably from United States, Canada, and Germany, headed by the [[Berlin Committee]] and the [[Ghadar Party]], attempted to trigger insurrections in India on the lines of the [[1857 uprising]] with [[Irish Republican]], German and Turkish help in a massive conspiracy that has since come to be called the [[Hindu–German Conspiracy]]<ref name=Strachan798>{{Harvnb|Strachan|2001|p=798}}</ref><ref name=Hoover252>{{Harvnb|Hoover|1985|p=252}}</ref><ref name=GBrown300>{{Harvnb|Brown|1948|p=300}}</ref> This conspiracy also attempted to rally Afghanistan against British India.<ref name=Strachan788>{{Harvnb|Strachan|2001|p=788}}</ref> A number of failed attempts were made at mutiny, of which the [[Ghadar Conspiracy#February 1915|February mutiny plan]] and the [[1915 Singapore Mutiny|Singapore Mutiny]] remains most notable. This movement was suppressed by means of a massive international counter-intelligence operation and draconian political acts (including the [[Defence of India Act 1915]]) that lasted nearly ten years.<ref name=Hopkirk41>{{Harvnb|Hopkirk|2001|p=41}}</ref><ref name="Popplewell 1995 234">{{Harvnb|Popplewell|1995|p=234}}</ref>

==Counter-intelligence==

===Beginnings===
{{See also|W.C Hopkinson}}
Outlines and nascent ideas of the conspiracy began to be noted and tracked by British intelligence as early as 1911.<ref name="Hopkirk41"/> Incidents like the [[Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy]] and the ''[[Komagata Maru]]'' incident had already alerted the CID of the existence of a large-scale network and plans for pan-Indian militant unrest. Measures were taken which focussed on Bengal—the seat of the most intense revolutionary terrorism at the time—and on Punjab, which was uncovered as a strong and militant base in the wake of ''Komagata Maru''.<ref name=Popplewell168>{{Harvnb|Popplewell|1995|p=168}}</ref><ref name=Popplewell200>{{Harvnb|Popplewell|1995|p=200}}</ref> Har Dayal's extant group was found to have strong links with Rash Behari Bose, and were "cleaned up" in the wake of the Delhi bomb case.<ref name=Popplewell200/>

===In Asia===
{{Main|Ghadar Conspiracy|German plot}}
{{See also|Charles Tegart|Kirpal Singh (spy)|Oren (spy)|Vincent Kraft}}

At the outbreak of the war, Punjab CID sent teams to Hong Kong to intercept and infiltrate the returning Ghadarites, who often made little efforts to hide their plans and objectives.<ref name=Popplewell168/> These teams were successful in uncovering details of the full scale of the conspiracy, as well as discovering Har Dayal's whereabouts. Immigrants returning to India were double checked against a list of revolutionaries.<ref name=Popplewell194>{{Harvnb|Popplewell|1995|p=194}}</ref>

In Punjab, the CID, although aware of possible plans for unrest, was not successful in infiltrating the conspiracy for the mutiny until February 1915. A dedicated force was formed, headed by the Chief of Punjab CID, and including amongst its members [[Liaqat Hayat Khan]] (later head of Punjab CID himself). In February that year, the CID was successful in recruiting the services of one Kirpal Singh to infiltrate the plan. Singh, who had a Ghadarite cousin serving in the 23rd Cavalry, was able to infiltrate the leadership, being assigned to work in his cousin's regiment. Singh was soon under suspicion of being a spy, but was able to pass on the information regarding the date and scale of the uprising to British Indian intelligence.<ref name=Popplewell173>{{Harvnb|Popplewell|1995|p=173}}</ref> As the date for the mutiny approached, a desperate Rash Behari Bose brought forward the D-day to the evening of 19 February, which was discovered by Kirpal Singh on the very day. No attempts were made by the Ghadarites to restrain him, and he rushed to inform Liaqat Khan of the change of plans. Ordered back to his station to signal when the revolutionaries had assembled, Singh was detained by the would-be mutineers, but managed to make good his escape under the cover of answering the call of nature.<ref name=Popplewell173/>

In Bengal, counter-intelligence, especially against the activities of [[Jugantar]] was led by [[Charles Tegart]] while the role of German or Baltic-German double-agents, especially the agent named [[Oren (spy)|''Oren'']], was also important in infiltrating and preempting the plans for Autumn rebellions in Bengal in 1915 as well as scuttling Bagha Jatin's plans in winter that year. Jatin is believed to be personally shot by Tegart in his final battle on the banks of the river Burha Balang. Another source was the German double agent Vincent Kraft, a planter from Batavia, who passed information about arms shipments from Shanghai to British agents after being captured. Kraft later fled through Mexico to Japan where he was last known to be at the end of the war.<ref name=Strachan802>{{Harvnb|Strachan|2001|p=802}}</ref> Also arrested in November was a Javanese revolutionary by the name of Dekker while he travelled under the directions of the Berlin committee from Europe to Siam. He intended to work on publishing German war news and Indian revolutionary material to be smuggled into India via Burma.<ref name=McKale125>{{Harvnb|McKale|1998|p=125}}</ref> Later efforts by Mahendra Pratap's Provisional Government in Kabul were also compromised by Herambalal Gupta after he defected in 1918 and passed on information to Indian intelligence.<ref name=Strachan788/>

===In Europe===
{{See also|John Wallinger|Somerset Maugham|Tomas Masaryk|E.V. Voska|Virendranath Chattopadhyay}}
British efforts against the Indian revolutionary movement and against German spy networks involved both the [[Special Branch (Metropolitan Police)|Special Branch]] as well as the [[MI5]]. A branch of the [[MI5]] was formed early in the war to address the war time espionage operations <ref name=Popplewell219>{{Harvnb|Popplewell|1995|p=219}}</ref> The MI5 itself, working under [[Vernon Kell]], had a number of India experts at the beginning of the war. In September 1916, a special section, the MI5(d), section was formed to operate counter-espionage networks throughout the [[British Empire]]. Another subsection, the MI5(b), was formed in January 1917 to deal specifically with Indians and "other oriental races". The MI5(g) subsection was formed through renaming the MO5(g) in 1916. The MI5(g) had 27 officers in its staff, eight of whom had served in India before the war. Among them were ex-Indian civil servants including [[Robert Nathan (Indian civil servant)|Robert Nathan]] and H.L. Stephenson. Nathan began his work for British intelligence against Indian revolutionaries in October 1914. After retiring from the ICS in 1915, Nathan joined the MI5(g). Nathan's fellow officer at the time was another ex-Indian police official by the name of HL Stephenson.<ref name=Popplewell218>{{Harvnb|Popplewell|1995|p=218}}</ref> He headed at the time the political branch of the Secret service,<ref name=Popplewell232>{{Harvnb|Popplewell|1995|p=232}}</ref> and along with [[Basil Thomson]] who headed the Special Branch of the [[Scotland Yard]], Nathan was closely involved in the interrogation of Indians who worked along with the Germans during the war.<ref name=Popplewell220>{{Harvnb|Popplewell|1995|p=220}}</ref> The main emphasis of this counter-espionage network was to prevent the subversion of Indian troops in the European theatre. The organisation, especially under Nathan, worked closely with the Special Branch of the [[Scotland Yard]] in Britain and with the [[Indian Political Intelligence Office]] headed by [[John Wallinger]], which operated a network of spies in neutral Switzerland which a number of the Indian revolutionaries and members of the Berlin Committee used as a base.<ref name="Popplewell220"/>

[[File:Chatto01.jpg|thumb|[[Virendranath Chattopadhaya]] ]]

By the time the war broke out an Indian Intelligence office, headed by John Wallinger, had been opened in Europe. In scale this office was larger than those operated by the British War Office, approaching the European intelligence network of the [[Secret Service Bureau]]. This network already had agents in [[Switzerland]] against possible German intrigues. After the outbreak of the war Wallinger, under the cover of an officer of the British General Headquarters, proceeded to France where he operated out of Paris, working with the French Political Police, the [[Sûreté]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Popplewell|1995|pp=216,217}}</ref> Among other enterprises, the European intelligence network attempted to eliminate some of the Indian leaders in Europe. A British agent called Donald Gullick was dispatched to assassinate [[Virendranath Chattopadhaya]] while the latter was on his way to Geneva to meet [[Mahendra Pratap]] to offer Kaiser Wilhelm II's invitation. It is said that [[Somerset Maugham]], who was in the British Secret Service in Europe during the war, based a number of his stories on his first-hand experiences, modelling the character of [[Ashenden: Or the British Agent|John Ashenden]] after himself and Chandra Lal after Virendranath. The short story of ''Giulia Lazzari'' is a blend of Gullick's attempts to assassinate Virendranath and [[Mata Hari]]'s story. Winston Churchill reportedly advised Maugham to burn 14 other stories.<ref name="Popplewell 1995 234"/><ref>{{Harvnb|Barooah|2004|p=}}</ref> MI5(g)'s work at the time identified the plans by Ghadar Party and the Berlin Committee to assassinate [[Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|Lord Kitchener]] in 1915 through an associate of [[Har Dayal]], [[Gobind Behari Lal]].<ref name=Popplewell224>{{Harvnb|Popplewell|1995|p=224}}</ref> It was also responsible at this time, along with Basil Thomson, for the capture of Harish Chandra (who was associated with the Berlin Committee) and turning him into a double agent.<ref name=Popplewell227>{{Harvnb|Popplewell|1995|p=227}}</ref> Through Harish Chandra was also identified plans for obtaining information of Ghadarite intrigues in Japan and China. Among other works, Nathan was responsible for the plans made by British intelligence in late 1915 to assassinate [[Virendranath Chattopadhyaya]] through an agent by the name of Donald Gullick.<ref name=Popplewell229>{{Harvnb|Popplewell|1995|p=229}}</ref>

Nathan's efforts, along with those of [[John Wallinger]]'s [[Indian Political Intelligence Office]] (who Nathan worked closely with), were key in the British counter-espionage work.<ref name=Popplewell220/> Nathan's work at the time identified the plans by Ghadar Party and the Berlin Committee to assassinate [[Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|Lord Kitchener]] in 1915 through an associate of [[Har Dayal]], Gobind Behari Lal.<ref name="Popplewell224"/> He was also responsible at this time, along with Basil Thomson, to turn Harish Chandra (who was associated with the [[Berlin Committee]]) into a double agent.<ref name="Popplewell227"/>
Among other works, Nathan was responsible for the plans made by British intelligence in late 1915 to assassinate [[Virendranath Chattopadhyaya]] through an agent by the name of Donald Gullick.<ref name="Popplewell229"/>

===Middle East===

In the Middle East, British counter-intelligence was directed at preserving the loyalty of the Indian sepoy in the face of Turkish propaganda and the concept of ''The Caliph's Jihad'', while a particularly significant effort was directed at intercepting the [[Kabul Mission]]. The [[Seistan Force|East Persian Cordon]] was established in July 1915 in the [[Sistan|Sistan province]] of Persia to prevent the Germans from crossing into Afghanistan and to protect British supply caravans in [[Sarhad District|Sarhad]] from the Damani, Reki and Kurdish Baluchi tribal raiders who might be tempted by German gold. Among the commanders of the Sistan force was [[Reginald Dyer]] who led it between March and October 1916.<ref name=Collett144>{{Harvnb|Collett|2006|p=144}}</ref><ref name=Popplewell182>{{Harvnb|Popplewell|1995|pp=182,183,187}}</ref><ref name=Seidt4>{{Harvnb|Seidt|2001|p=4}}</ref>

===In the United States===
{{Main|Ghadar Conspiracy}}
{{See also|Guy Gaunt|Sir William Wiseman, 10th Baronet}}
In the United States, the conspiracy was successfully infiltrated by British intelligence through both Irish as well as Indian channels. The activities of [[Ghadar Party|Ghadar]] on the Pacific coast were noted by [[W. C. Hopkinson]], who had grown up in India and spoke fluent Hindi. Initially W.C.H. had been despatched from Calcutta to keep the Indian Police informed about the doings of [[Taraknath Das]].<ref>{{cite web
| author =
| publisher = UC, Berkeley, Bancroft Library
| url=http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/SSEAL/echoes/chapter7/chapter7.html
| title=Echoes of Freedom:South Asian pioneers in California 1899-1965.
| accessdate=2007-11-11
}}</ref>
The Home department of the British Indian government had begun the task of actively tracking Indian seditionists on the [[East Coast of the United States|East Coast]] as early as 1910. Francis Cunliffe Owen, the officer heading the Home Office agency in [[New York City]], had become thoroughly acquainted with [[George Freeman (newspaper editor)|George Freeman]] alias Fitzgerald and [[Myron Phelps]], the famous New York advocate, as members of the [[Clan-na-Gael]]. Owens' efforts were successful in thwarting the SS ''Moraitis'' plan.<ref>{{Harvnb|Popplewell|1995|p=147}}</ref> The Ghadar Party was incidentally established after Irish Republicans, sensing infiltration, encouraged formation of an exclusively Indian society.<ref name=Popplewell148>{{Harvnb|Popplewell|1995|p=148}}</ref> Following this, a number of approaches were adopted, including infiltration through a "Native" Indian intelligence officer by the name of Bela Singh who successfully set up a network of agents passing on information to British intelligence, as well as the use of the famous American [[Pinkerton's]] detective agency.<ref name=Popplewell148/><ref name=Radhan259>{{Harvnb|Radhan|2002|p=259}}</ref> W. C. Hopkinson himself was assassinated in a court in Victoria by a Ghadarite named Mewa Singh in October 1914.<ref name=Radhan261>{{Harvnb|Radhan|2002|p=261}}</ref>

Later, on instructions from British secret service, Robert Nathan transferred his work to the Pacific coast North America where the Ghadar Party worked closely with the German consulate at San Francisco to obtain arms and men for what came to be known as the [[Ghadar Conspiracy]]. Working with [[Thomas J Tunney]], the head of New York Bomb Squad, Nathan's works successfully brought the Ghadarites and staff at the German consulate to trial following the [[Annie Larsen affair|''Annie Larsen'' arms plot]]. He organised the [[Hindu-German conspiracy trial]], which at the time was the longest in merican{{Clarify|date=May 2016}} legal history.<ref name=Popplewell236>{{Harvnb|Popplewell|1995|p=236}}</ref> He was responsible for the arrest of [[Chandra Kanta Chakraverty]] and his subsequent interrogation, along with that Ernst Sekunna. Through March 1917, Nathan worked closely with [[Sir William Wiseman, 10th Baronet|William Wiseman]], and negotiated with the [[US State Department]] the details of the case against the Indian conspirators. He strongly supported granting the guarantee to the United States of not being held responsible for violation of neutrality.<ref name=Popplewell250>{{Harvnb|Popplewell|1995|p=250}}</ref> An Irish double agent by the name of Charles Lamb is said to have passed on the majority of the information that compromised the ''Annie Larsen'' and ultimately helped the construction of the prosecution. An Indian operative, codenamed "''C''" and described most likely to have been the adventurous Chandra Kanta Chakravarty (later the chief prosecution witness in the trial), also passed on the details of the conspiracy to British and American intelligence.<ref name=Plowman93>{{Harvnb|Plowman|2003|p=93}}</ref>

The [[Czechoslovakia|Czech]] revolutionary network in Europe also had a role in the uncovering of [[Bagha Jatin]]'s plans. The network was in touch with the members in the United States, and may have also been aware of and involved in the uncovering of the earlier plots.<ref>{{Harvnb|Voska|Irwin|1940|pp=98,108,120,122,123}}</ref><ref name=Masaryk50>{{Harvnb|Masaryk|1970|pp=50,221,242}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Bose|1971|pp=233,233}}</ref> The American network, headed by [[E.V. Voska]], was a counter-espionage network of nearly 80 members who, as [[Habsburg]] subjects, were presumed to be German supporters but were involved in spying on German and Austrian diplomats. Voska had begun working with [[Guy Gaunt]], who headed Courtenay Bennett's intelligence network, at the outbreak of the war and on learning of the plot from the Czech European network, passed on the information to Gaunt and to [[Tomáš Masaryk]] who further passed on the information the American authorities.<ref name=Masaryk50/><ref>{{Harvnb|Popplewell|1995|p=237}}</ref>

==Impact==
The British counter-intelligence operations effectively thwarted attempts within and from outside India, and ultimately was able to bring the [[Ghadar Party]] into the attention of American intelligence, while its counter-subversion within the Berlin committee and the Indian movement effectively broke the groups up and prevented a cohesive plan for being put into place.

==Notes==
{{reflist|27em}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Citation | last1 = Barooah | first1 = N. K. | year = 2004 | title = Chatto: The Life and Times of an Anti-Imperialist in Europe | publisher = Oxford University Press, USA | isbn = 0-19-566547-3}}
* {{Citation
| last1 = Bose
| first1 = A. C.
| year = 1971
| title = Indian Revolutionaries Abroad, 1905–1927
| publisher = Bharati Bhawan
| location = Patna
| isbn = 81-7211-123-1
}}
* {{Citation
| last1 = Brown
| first1 = Giles
| title = The Hindu Conspiracy, 1914–1917.
| journal = The Pacific Historical Review
| volume = 17
| issue = 3
| date = Aug 1948
| pages = 299–310
| publisher = University of California Press
| issn = 0030-8684
| doi=10.2307/3634258
|jstor = 3634258}}
* {{Citation
| last1 = Collett
| first1 = Nigel
| year = 2006
| title = The Butcher of Amritsar: General Reginald Dyer
| publisher = Continuum International Publishing Group
| isbn = 1-85285-575-4
}}
* {{Citation
| surname1 = Dignan
| given1 = Don
| year = 1983
| title = The Indian revolutionary problem in British Diplomacy,1914-1919
| publisher = New Delhi, Allied publishers
}}
*{{Citation
| surname1 = Gupta
| given1 = Amit K
| year = 1997
| title = Defying Death: Nationalist Revolutionism in India, 1897-1938.Social Scientist, Vol. 25, No. 9/10. (Sep. - Oct., 1997), pp. 3-27
| journal = Social Scientist
| doi = 10.2307/3517678
| jstor = 3517678
| issn= 0970-0293
}}
* {{Citation
| last1 = Hoover
| first1 = Karl
| date=May 1985
| title = The Hindu Conspiracy in California, 1913–1918.
| journal = German Studies Review
|volume=8
|issue=2
|pages=245–261
| publisher = German Studies Association
| doi=10.2307/1428642
| jstor = 1428642
}}
* {{Citation
| last1 = Hopkirk
| first1 = Peter
| authorlink = Peter Hopkirk
| year = 2001
| title = On Secret Service East of Constantinople
| publisher = Oxford Paperbacks
| isbn = 0-19-280230-5
}}
* {{Citation
| last1 = Masaryk
| first1 = T.
| year = 1970
| title = Making of a State
| publisher = Howard Fertig
| isbn = 0-685-09575-4
| url = https://archive.org/details/makingofstate0000masa
}}
* {{Citation
| last1 = McKale
| first1 = Donald M
| year = 1998
| title = War by Revolution: Germany and Great Britain in the Middle East in the Era of World War I
| publisher = Kent State University Press
| isbn = 0-87338-602-7
}}
* {{Citation
| last1 = Plowman
| first1 = Matthew
| year = 2003
| title = Irish Republicans and the Indo-German Conspiracy of World War I
| journal = New Hibernia Review
| pages=81–105
| publisher = Center for Irish Studies at the University of St. Thomas
| issn = 1092-3977
}}
*{{Citation
| surname1 = Popplewell
| given1 = Richard J
| year = 1995
| title = Intelligence and Imperial Defence: British Intelligence and the Defence of the Indian Empire 1904-1924.
| url = http://www.routledge.com/shopping_cart/products/product_detail.asp?sku=&isbn=071464580X&parent_id=&pc=
| publisher = Routledge
| isbn = 0-7146-4580-X
| access-date = 21 January 2008
| archive-date = 26 March 2009
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090326193437/http://www.routledge.com/shopping_cart/products/product_detail.asp?sku=&isbn=071464580X&parent_id=&pc=
| url-status = dead
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* {{Citation
| last1 = Radhan
| first1 = O. P.
| year = 2002
| title = Encyclopaedia of Political Parties
| publisher = Anmol Publications Pvt ltd
| isbn= 81-7488-865-9
}}
* {{Citation
| date= February 2001
| title = From Palestine to the Caucasus-Oskar Niedermayer and Germany's Middle Eastern Strategy in 1918.German Studies Review
| volume=24
| issue=1
| pages=1–18
| publisher = German Studies Association
| issn = 0149-7952
| doi = 10.2307/1433153
| last1 = Seidt
| first1 = Hans-Ulrich
| journal = German Studies Review
| jstor = 1433153
}}
*{{Citation
| surname1 = Strachan
| given1 = Hew
| year = 2001
| title = The First World War. Volume I: To Arms
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| isbn= 0-19-926191-1
}}
* {{Citation
| last1 = Voska
| first1 = E. V.
| last2 = Irwin
| first2 = W.
| year = 1940
| title = Spy and Counterspy
| publisher = Doubleday, Doran & Co
| location = New York
}}
{{refend}}

{{Hindu-German Conspiracy}}

[[Category:World War I espionage]]
[[Category:World War I]]
[[Category:Hindu–German Conspiracy]]
[[Category:Revolutionary movement for Indian independence]]

Amasebailu

2025-09-22T17:06:34Z

Heriberto60T: added some stub needs work - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Amasebailu
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{coord|13.6067|74.9376|display=inline, title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flagu|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Udupi]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluk]]
| parts = [[Kundapura]]
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Village Panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 74.676
| population_total = 3034
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| registration_plate =KA
| website =
}}

'''Amasebailu''' is a village in the [[Kundapur]] taluk of [[Udupi]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]].

== Demographics ==
In 2011, Amasebailu had a population of 3,034 people, consisting of 1,555 males and 327 females. The village occupies a total area of 5929.60 hecatres with a population density of 0.512 people per hectare. As of 2011, the total literacy rate was 68.33% which was higher than the national average of 59.5%.<ref name="udupi-census">{{Cite web |title=Census {{!}} Udupi District {{!}} India |url=https://udupi.nic.in/en/document-category/census/ |access-date=2023-05-20 |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2011, Amasebailu had an employment rate of 43.24%, 95.66% of whom are employed over 183 days in a year.<ref name="udupi-census" />

== Naxalite activity ==
Amasebailu was known as a [[Naxalite–Maoist insurgency|Naxalite hotspot]] during the 2004–2006. This led to the establishment of the Anti-Naxal Center in Amasebailu which is one of the biggest such centers in the region.<ref name=":0" /> However, there has been marked decrease in Naxalite activities after being adopted by the Amasebailu Charitable Trust and Karnataka Bank in 2008.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-04-07 |title=Naxal-hit village to get new facilities |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/naxalhit-village-to-get-new-facilities/article7079767.ece |access-date=2023-05-21 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=21 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521034357/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/naxalhit-village-to-get-new-facilities/article7079767.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> This, along with a lack of funding and interest from the government, has led to the abandonment and disrepair of the ANF Centre in Amasebailu.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-02-26 |title=Anti-naxal force staff at Amasebail sweat for water |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/anti-naxal-force-staff-at-amasebail-sweat-for-water/articleshow/18684639.cms |access-date=2023-05-21 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=21 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521034352/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/anti-naxal-force-staff-at-amasebail-sweat-for-water/articleshow/18684639.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Infrastructure ==
Amasebailu is one of the first villages to receive the tag of being a solar powered gram panchayat in 2016.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2016-12-08 |title=Naxal-hit Amasebailu will be state's first solar-powered GP |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2016/dec/08/naxal-hit-amasebailu-will-be-states-first-solar-powered-gp-1546881.html |website=The News Express |access-date=21 May 2023 |archive-date=21 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521042859/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2016/dec/08/naxal-hit-amasebailu-will-be-states-first-solar-powered-gp-1546881.html |url-status=live }}</ref> As of Dec 8 2016, the gram panchayat produces 60 units of solar power per day<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-12-08 |title=This Kundapur village thrives on solar power |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/this-kundapur-village-thrives-on-solar-power/articleshow/55865491.cms |access-date=2023-05-21 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=21 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521144226/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/this-kundapur-village-thrives-on-solar-power/articleshow/55865491.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Geography ==
Amasebailu is located in the [[Western Ghats|Western ghats]] and is surrounded by dense forests close to the [[Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mangalorean |first=Michael Rodrigues, Team |date=2021-02-07 |title=Karnataka Forest dept to impose fine on people for feeding wild animals |url=https://www.mangalorean.com/karnataka-forest-dept-to-impose-fine-on-people-for-feeding-wild-animals/ |access-date=2023-05-21 |website=Mangalorean.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETEnergyworld.com |title=This Kundapur village thrives on solar power - ET EnergyWorld |url=http://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/this-kundapur-village-thrives-on-solar-power/55885874 |access-date=2023-05-21 |website=ETEnergyworld.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Abdussubhan |date=2012-07-17 |title=Police arrest six; seize sambar deer meat, guns |url=https://www.bhatkallys.com/ur/bhatkal-community-news/police_arrest_six_seize_sambar_deer_meat_guns/ |access-date=2023-05-21 |website=Bhatkallys.com |language=en-US}}</ref> The village is one of the last stops in the Gali Gudda trial, a trekking path which leads to the Gali Gudda peak, a popular tourist destination.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kundapur: Galigudda, a beautiful haven for dendrophiles, trekkers alike |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=914466 |access-date=2023-05-21 |website=www.daijiworld.com |language=en |archive-date=21 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521034358/https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=914466 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-15 |title=On the wild side |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/metrolife/wild-side-687684.html |access-date=2023-05-21 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

Amasebailu is also close to the [[Varahi River|Machattu river]] (also known as the Varahi river or the Halady river) and is expected to see an increase in its agricultural productivity as a result of ongoing the [[Varahi lift irrigation project|Varahi Irrigation Project]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mangalorean |first=Shrikanth Hemmady, Team |date=2022-03-31 |title=Two Youths drown in River at Amasebailu |url=https://www.mangalorean.com/two-youths-drown-in-river-at-amasebailu/ |access-date=2023-05-21 |website=Mangalorean.com |language=en-US |archive-date=21 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521034359/https://www.mangalorean.com/two-youths-drown-in-river-at-amasebailu/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-04-12 |title=60% work on Varahi project completed, says Sorake |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/60-pc-work-on-varahi-project-completed-says-sorake/article7097403.ece |access-date=2023-05-21 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Udupi]]
* [[Kundapura]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Settlements in Udupi district}}

[[Category:Villages in Udupi district]]

Tere Bina Jiya Jaye Na

2025-09-22T03:52:35Z

Heriberto60T: created info

{{short description|Indian drama television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Terebinajiyajayena.jpg
| genre = [[Drama]]
| writer = [[Mrinal Jha]] Zeheer Sheikh '''Dialogues''' Rajesh Chawla
| screenplay = Akshita Pandey
| director =
| creative_director =
| starring = [[Avinesh Rekhi]] [[Anjali Tatrari]] [[Rakshanda Khan]]
| theme_music_composer = Raju Singh
| opentheme = ''Tere Bina Jiya Jaye Na''
| endtheme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 204
| executive_producer =
| producer = Anil Jha Mohomed Morani Mazhar Nadiadwala
| editor =
| cinematography =
| camera = Multi-camera
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = Dome Entertainment Private Limited
| channel = [[Zee TV]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2021|11|09}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2022|08|19}}
| related = ''Tula Pahate Re''
}}

'''''Tere Bina Jiya Jaaye Na''''' is a [[Hindi]] [[Television drama|Indian television drama series]] which premiered on 9 November 2021 on [[Zee TV]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=जी टीवी का नया शो 'तेरे बिना जिया जाए ना', कृषा को मिला सपनों का राजकुमार |url=https://www.amarujala.com/video/entertainment/television/tere-bina-jiya-jaye-na-zee-tv-show-anjali-tatrari-avinesh-rekhi-main-starcast |access-date=2022-05-27 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref> and digital platform [[ZEE5]]. It stars [[Avinesh Rekhi]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-14 |title=Avinesh Rekhi begins shoot for 'Tere Bina Jiya Jaye Na' {{!}} Hot News Full |url=https://news.abplive.com/videos/entertainment/avinesh-rekhi-begins-shoot-for-tere-bina-jiya-jaye-na-hot-news-full-1482122 |access-date=2022-05-27 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Avinesh Rekhi: Tere Bina Jiya Jaye Na has given me the opportunity to play a double role and explore my boundaries as an artiste - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/avinesh-rekhi-tere-bina-jiya-jaye-na-has-given-me-the-opportunity-to-play-a-double-role-and-explore-my-boundaries-as-an-artiste/articleshow/89970550.cms |access-date=2022-05-27 |website=The Times of India |date=3 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref> [[Anjali Tatrari]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=Anjali Tatrari on her role in upcoming show 'Tere Bina Jiya Jaye Na' - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/anjali-tatrari-on-her-role-in-upcoming-show-tere-bina-jiya-jaye-na/articleshow/87566079.cms |access-date=2022-05-27 |website=The Times of India |date=7 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref> and [[Rakshanda Khan]]. It replaced ''[[Kyun Rishton Mein Katti Batti]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-06 |title=Avinesh Rekhi's 'Tere Bina Jiya Jaye Na' to replace 'Kyun Rishton Mein Katti Batti' on TV {{!}} Hot News |url=https://news.abplive.com/videos/entertainment/television-avinesh-rekhi-s-tere-bina-jiya-jaye-na-to-replace-kyun-rishton-mein-katti-batti-on-tv-hot-news-1486266 |access-date=2022-05-27 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref> It went off air on 19 August 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tellyupdates.com/actress-anjali-tatrari-on-tere-bina-jiya-jaye-na-going-off-air/|title=Actress Anjali Tatrari On Tere Bina Jiya Jaye Na Going Off-Air|date=2022-07-14}}</ref>

==Plot==
This is the complicated story of the royal couple of Ambikhapur, Devraj surnamed Dev and Krisha Singh Rathore. Their meeting took place in special circumstances as Devraj took advantage of Krisha's naivety to seduce and marry her. Little by little, the young woman soon realizes that her husband is not what he seems and discovers the hidden reason for their marriage: Daksh and Maya.

Dakshraj Singh Rathore known as Daksh and Maya are Dev's twin and Krisha's lookalike respectively. In the past, Daksh, disabled and traumatized by the death of his parents, found solace in Maya, a family friend to whom he became attached. Seeing Maya's importance in the good recovery of their heir, the Rathores asked for her hand for Devraj. And although he accepted out of love for his brother, he did not really live a happy married life because his new wife was very superficial and possessive. When Maya dies in an accident, Daksh, an eyewitness, can't get over it. Afraid that their reputation would be tarnished in view of his state, the Rathores, or at least only Devraj and Jaya Ma, his housekeeper, decide to lock him in a room in the mansion and make him appear dead at the same time as Maya.

The fact that Krisha looks like Maya has given Dev hope for his brother's recovery. This is among other reasons why he married her, so that she could pretend to be his late wife in Daksh's eyes and help him heal. Although the methods he uses are severe, Devraj succeeds in completely changing the personality of Krisha who bends to his will for fear of disappointing her family.

In the 50th episode, however, Krisha discovers the whole truth, thanks to the help and company of her brothers-in-law, Rathi and Arav. Daksh finally comes out of his confinement, and seeing her, mistakes her for Maya. Realizing that he has done wrong towards Krisha, Dev decides to free her, only to later discover that the young woman intends to stay out of love for him. Since then, Krisha acts and behaves like Maya whenever she is in Daksh's presence.

Meanwhile, Roma, Dev's close friend, the one without whom he could not have seduced Krisha, turns out to be obsessed with him. Wanting to keep Krisha away from him, she decides to attack Daksh and make him take the blame. But to her surprise, Daksh confronts her, revealing that in reality he wasn't even sick. The truth is that all this time he was pretending to curry favor with the whole family without lifting a finger. And rather than attacking Roma for having attempted on his life, he decides to form an alliance with her, for a single objective: to separate Krisha and Devraj and then marry them.

Despite being their own, none of Roma and Daksh's plans work. They even tried to orchestrate a marriage proposal from Daksh to Maya, based on Dev and Maya's divorce proceedings when she was still alive. Realizing his feelings for Krisha, Dev refuses to lie any longer and confesses Maya's real identity to his brother. Later, as Daksh pretends to get over it and Dev and Krisha are closer than ever, Krisha soon begins to have suspicions about her brother-in-law. While he reveals himself to her knowing that she will do nothing to expose him, he makes sure to break Devraj's trust in her, in vain. As a last resort, he then commits the unthinkable. In episode 90, Daksh orchestrates his own murder by ensuring that Krisha shoots him in front of Dev. From then on, it was not only him who lost confidence in our heroine, but all of her in-laws who, until then, had nothing but praise for her.

Rather than arrest her for Daksh's murder, Jaya Ma suggests making her stay at the palace to avoid alerting the media and tarnishing their reputation with legal proceedings. But Krisha is not at the end of her surprises, because every day she spends at the palace, her in-laws and even Dev only belittle her and constantly remind her of her responsibility for Daksh's death. Not giving up, she does everything to prove her innocence, and at the same time save her marriage on the verge of breakdown. Dev's uncles and cousins soon take advantage of their nephew's depression to usurp his power. Krisha, aware of this, decides to look after his interests by coming to work with him in his hotel complex. She even manages to prevent arms dealers from setting up their network there, and save the reputation of the royal family. When she finally proves her innocence by exposing Roma who, in the process, is expelled from the palace, all of her in-laws' trust in her is regained, and Devraj promises her to turn the page by finally agreeing to live as husband and wife.
== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* [[Avinesh Rekhi]] as
** Devraj Singh Rathore – Prince of Ambikapur; Dakshraj's brother; Krisha's husband; Roma and Vamika's love interest (2021–2022)
** Dakshraj Singh Rathore – Devraj's twin brother; Maya's love interest (2022) (Dead)
* [[Anjali Tatrari]] as <ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=2021-12-20 |title='Tere Bina Jiya Jaye Na' Lead Anjali Tatrari Talks About Playing Double-Role In The Serial |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/tere-bina-jiya-jaye-na-lead-anjali-tatrari-talks-about-playing-double-role-in-the-serial-1500928 |access-date=2022-05-27 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>
** Krisha Singh Rathore – Sudha and Vishwanath's daughter; Yash's sister; Devraj's wife (2021–2022)
** Maya – Krisha's lookalike; Dakshraj's love interest (2021-2022) (Dead)
* [[Rakshanda Khan]] as Jayalakshmi Singh – Devraj and Dakshraj's governess; Bhuvan's wife; Vamika's mother (2021–2022)
* Garima Singh Rathore as Vamika Singh – Jayalakshmi and Bhuvan's daughter; Maan's adopted daughter; Devraj's obsessed lover (2022) (Dead)

==== Recurring ====
* [[Rudra Kaushish]] as Virendra Singh Rathore F/O Dev Raj Singh Rathore
* Karuna Verma / [[Shweta Gautam]] as Sudha Chaturvedi – Vishwanath's wife; Krisha and Yash's mother
* Aashish Bharadwaj as Yash Chaturvedi – Vishwanath and Sudha's son; Krisha's brother
* Saptrishi Ghosh as Vishwanath Chaturvedi – Sudha's husband; Krisha and Yash's father
* [[Deepak Wadhwa]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=Deepak Wadhwa to enter Tere Bina Jiya Jaye Na; happy to play a police inspector for the first time |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/deepak-wadhwa-to-enter-tere-bina-jiya-jaye-na-happy-to-play-a-police-inspector-for-the-first-time/articleshow/89562707.cms |access-date=2022-07-02 |newspaper=The Times of India |first=Neha | last=Maheshwri | date=14 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref> as Jahangir Chaudhary – a contract killer/Akhil Mehra – a fake police inspector (2022) (Dead)
* Deepa Mishra as Aditi – Aarav's love interest
* Farah Lakhani as Naina Chaubey
* [[Riya Deepsi]] as Roma (2021-2022)
* Romil Chaudhary as Raghav Chaubey
* Utkarsha Naik as Meenakshi Gajvardhan Singh Rathore
* [[Leenesh Mattoo]] as Aarav Singh Rathore (2021-2022) (Dead)
* Simran Sharma as Rati Raghav Chaubey
* Leena Balodi as Ugra Chaubey
* Dhananjay Pandey
* Sandeep Hemnaoni as Gajvardhan Singh Rathore

* Deepak Dutt Sharma
* Vikas Vasu
* Kriti Verma
* Girish Thapar
* Pinky Bankar as Aditi's mother
* Manoj Verma as Aditi's father
* Sharad Ghore
* Mukesh Fotwani
* Praveen Pachpore
* Nayan Bhatt
* Aryan Arora
* Akshay Dandekar as Head Servant of Devraj
* Krishnakant Singh Bundela as Panditji
* [[Ujjwal Gauraha]] as Mr. Diwan

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2021 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2022 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Zee TV original programming]]

Abdullah Tabib

2025-09-09T17:00:42Z

Heriberto60T: added the data first draft

{{Short description|Unani physician and writer}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Abdullah Tabib
| native_name = عبدالله طبيب or عبدالله یزدی
| other_names = Abdullah Yazdi, ʿAbdu'llāh Ṭabīb, ʿAbd Allāh Ṭabīb, ʿAbd Allāh Yazdī
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = [[Golconda Sultanate]] (present-day [[South India]])
| death_date = 
| death_place = 
| occupation = Unani physician; writer
| era = [[Mughal period]] (Golconda Sultanate)
| notable_works = ''Farid'' (also known as ''Tibb-i Faridi'')
}}

'''Abdullah Tabib''', also known as '''Abdullah Yazdi''',{{efn|Other transliterations of the name include 'Abdu'llāh Ṭabīb, 'Abdu'llāh Yazdī,<ref name="AR_1982"/> 'Abd Allāh Ṭabīb, and 'Abd Allāh Yazdī<ref name="CAS_1971"/>}} was a [[Unani medicine|Unani]] physician and writer from the [[Golconda Sultanate]] of present-day southern India. He is best known for writing the medical book ''Farid'', also known as ''Tibb-i Faridi''.

== Biography ==

Abdullah Tabib was a famous physician of [[Golconda Sultanate|Golconda]].<ref name="BVS">{{cite book |editor=B. V. Subbarayappa |title=Medicine and Life Sciences in India |year=2001 |publisher=[[Project of History of Indian Science, Philosophy and Culture]] |page=337 |isbn=978-81-87586-07-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UgbbAAAAMAAJ }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Syed Ejaz Hussain |chapter=Rise and Decline of Surgery in Indigenous Medicine with Emphasis on Unani-tibb |editor1=Mohit Saha |editor2=Syed Ejaz Hussain |title=India's Indigenous Medical Systems: A Cross-disciplinary Approach |year=2015 |publisher=Primus |isbn=9789380607627 |page=68 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IDoOswEACAAJ }}</ref> He lived during the reign of [[Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah]] (r. 1580–1612), to whom he dedicated his work ''Farid''.<ref name="CAS_1971"/><ref name="VKR_AS">{{cite book |editor1=V. Kishan Rao |editor2=A. Satyanarayana |title=A Thousand Laurels - Dr. Sadiq Naqvi: Studies on Medieval India with Special Reference to Deccan |volume=2 |year=2005 |publisher=Osmania University |page=699 |oclc=70864651 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DV9uAAAAMAAJ }}</ref> The author calls himself "Abdullah Tabib" in the book's preface. The end of the book's [[Bodleian Library]] manuscript, in which two leaves were added much later, calls him Abdullah [[Yazd]]i.<ref name="AR_1982"/> Another work, ''Subh-i Sadiq'', dates Abdullah Yazdi to the same period, and describes him as an immigrant to India and a pupil of Khwaja Jamaluddin Mahmud Shirazi.<ref name="AR_1982"/>

== Works ==

Abdullah Tabib's ''Farid''{{efn|Also known as ''Tibb-i-Farid'',<ref name="VKR_AS"/> ''Tibbi-i Farid'',<ref name="BVS"/> ''Tibb Farid'',<ref>{{cite book |editor=Hakim Abdul Hameed |title=Studies in History of Medicine and Science |volume=3 |year=1979 |publisher=Institute of History of Medicine and Medical Research |page=133 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nyYgAQAAMAAJ }}</ref> or ''Tibb-i Faridi''<ref name="CAS_1971"/>}} is a work on medicine that discusses hygiene and treatment of diseases through proper food and simple drugs.<ref name="BVS"/> For example, the author considers ''[[polygonum aviculare]]'' (''anjabar'' or knot grass) as the best drug for treating [[hematuria]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Asoke K. Bagchi |title=Medicine in Medieval India: 11th to 18th Centuries |year=1997 |publisher=Konark |isbn=9788122004687 |page=78 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EwHbAAAAMAAJ }}</ref> The introduction of the book discusses the essentials of health and its preservation. The book has a chapter dealing with common human diseases, and a conclusion divided into three parts.<ref name="AR_1982"/> The author quotes from several earlier writers including [[Hippocrates]], [[Plato]], [[Masawaiyh]], [[Abu Bakr al-Razi]], and [[Ibn Zuhr]].<ref name="VKR_AS"/> The manuscripts of ''Farid'' are available at [[Bodleian Library]] (possibly from late 17th century), [[Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Library]] (1763 CE), and the [[Government Nizamia Tibbi College|Nizamia Tibbi College]] Library.<ref name="CAS_1971"/><ref name="BVS"/>

The works attributed to Abdullah Yazdi include ''Hashiyah bar Mukhtasar Talkhis'', ''Hashiyah bar Sharh-i Tajrid'', and ''Hashiyah bar Tahzib''.<ref name="AR_1982">{{cite book |author=Abdur Rahman |title=Science and Technology in Medieval India: A Bibliography of Source Materials in Sanskrit, Arabic, and Persian |year=1982 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |oclc=9852452 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jY_gAAAAMAAJ |pages=3–4 |section='Abdu'llāh Ṭabīb}}</ref>

According to [[Charles Ambrose Storey]], a work titled ''Tibb i Faridi'', attributed to Farid al-Din, may be same as Abdullah Tabib's Farid. It is known from a manuscript at the Government Oriental Manuscripts Library in [[Chennai]], but does not contain any preface or colophon. It contains 368 chapters dealing with a particular disease and its treatment.<ref name="CAS_1971">{{cite book |author=C.A. Storey |title=Persian Literature - a Biobibliographical Survey: Volume II Part 2 - Medicine |year=1971 |publisher=[[Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland]] |isbn=9780700713622 |pages=251–252 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LkJUCBGJB_gC }}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Authority Control}}
[[Category:Indian medical writers]]
[[Category:16th-century Persian-language writers]]
[[Category:17th-century Persian-language writers]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Telangana]]
[[Category:Unani practitioners]]

Divya Dhayal

2025-09-06T13:48:49Z

Heriberto60T: started some article first draft!

{{short description|Indian archer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Divya Dhayal
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Divya-dhayal-archery.jpg
| image_size = 
| alt =
| caption = Divya Dhayal is a female archer from India
| headercolor = orange
| textcolor = 
| birth_name = 
| full_name = 
| nickname =
| nationality = {{Ind}}
| national_team = 
| ethnicity =
| citizenship = [[India]]
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = [[Bareilly]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| monuments =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation =
| years_active = 2014–present
| employer =
| agent =
| height = 
| weight = 
| spouse =
| life_partner =
| other_interests =
| website =
| module = 
| country = [[India]]
| sport = [[Archery]]
| position =
| disability =
| disability_class =
| weight_class =
| weight_class_type =
| rank = 35<ref name="WA">{{cite web|title=divya-dhayal|author=|access-date=28 January 2018|url=https://worldarchery.org/athlete/2747/divya-dhayal|website=worldarchery.org|publisher=[[World Archery Federation]]}}</ref>
| event =
| event_type =
| universityteam =
| collegeteam =
| league =
| league_type =
| club =
| team = [[Archery Association of India]]<ref name="AAI"/>
| turnedpro = 2014
| turnedpro_type =
| partner =
| former_partner =
| coach = Vikram S. Dhayal<ref name="vikram1">{{Cite web|url=https://worldarchery.org/athlete/3182/vikram-singh-dhayal|title=vikram singh dhayal|website=worldarchery.org|access-date=25 December 2018}}</ref>
| retired =
| coaching =
| module2 = 
| worlds =
| regionals =
| nationals =
| olympics =
| paralympics =
| commonwealth =
| highestranking = 21<ref>{{cite news|title=India's rising star Divya shines at Asia Cup|author=Selva Ganapathy|date=14 July 2017|access-date=25 December 2018|url=https://worldarchery.org/news/150151/indias-rising-star-divya-shines-asia-cup|website=worldarchery.org|publisher=[[World Archery Federation]]}}</ref>
| pb = 
| footnotes =
}}

'''Divya Dhayal''' is an Indian [[archer]]. She became the national archery champion at age 15.<ref name="national1" /> She has represented India at world archery youth championship, archery world cups, international archery tournaments<ref name="Bangkok18a">{{cite news|title=india finish with three gold medals at archery asia cup|author=PTI|date=8 March 2018|access-date=25 December 2018|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/india-finish-with-three-gold-medals-at-archery-asia-cup/articleshow/63222794.cms|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|publisher=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name="Bangkok18b">{{cite news|title=2018 Archery Asia Cup – Stage 1|access-date=25 December 2018|url=https://sportstalk24.com/2018-archery-asia-cup-stage-1|website=sportstalk24.com}}</ref> and other international archery events<ref name="Taipei17SK">{{cite news|title=15-year-old Divya Dhayal clinches two gold medals at Asia Archery Cup|author=Sarthak Sharma|date=8 July 2017|access-date=25 December 2018|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/archery/divya-dhayal-clinches-gold-in-asia-archery-cup|website=sportskeeda.com|publisher=Sportskeeda}}</ref><ref name="Taipei17TT">{{Cite news|url=https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/414894/Iran-s-Ebadi-wins-gold-at-Asia-Cup-archery-meet|title=Iran's Ebadi wins gold at Asia Cup archery meet|date=2017-07-08|access-date=25 December 2018|work=Digitalsporty}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Dhayal, born in [[Bareilly]], comes from a military family.<ref name="HT2017">{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/hitting-the-bullseye-one-arrow-at-a-time-pune-s-champion-family-of-archers-take-a-bow/story-s5eICKl1p8E9meDwL7cpSK.html|author=Ananya Barua|title=Hitting the bullseye: One arrow at a time, Pune's champion family of archers take a bow|access-date=25 December 2018|date=2018-11-07|work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> Her father Colonel Vikram S Dhayal<ref name="TOI" /> is an army officer.<ref name="HT30">{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/pune-s-30-under-30-part-1-young-achievers-aiming-for-the-stars/story-lwXL2wA5P3yrpmGiZSaz5J.html|author=Anjali Shetty|title=Pune's 30 Under 30|access-date=25 December 2018|date=2018-06-24|work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> She started her early archery training at the Army Sports Institute.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-03-08 |title=International standard shooting range |url=http://www.armysportsinstitute.com/facilities/archery.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181230160222/http://www.armysportsinstitute.com/facilities/archery.html |archive-date=30 December 2018 |access-date=25 December 2018 |website=www.armysportsinstitute.com}}</ref> in [[Pune]] and later at other places, under her father.<ref name="vikram1" />

== Career ==

Divya started her archery journey at the age of 13 years in 2014.<ref name="HT2017"/>

=== National ===

She won the Senior National Archery Championship in 2017 by winning the individual [[gold medal|gold]] and mixed team [[gold medal|gold]].<ref name="national1" />

=== International ===

She started playing as an International player by participating in the [[2016 Archery World Cup|World Cup]]<ref name="Antalya16a">{{cite web|title=Antalya 2016 Hyundai Archery World Cup Stage 3|author=|access-date=25 December 2018|url=https://worldarchery.org/competition/14531/antalya-2016-hyundai-archery-world-cup-stage-3#/entry/2747|website=worldarchery.org|publisher=[[World Archery Federation]]}}</ref> as a compound archer and has played for [[India]] since 2016.<ref name="news2016">{{cite news|title=9 athletes to watch at the 2017 World Archery Youth Championships|author=Chris Wells|date=2 October 2017|access-date=25 December 2018|url=https://worldarchery.org/news/153444/9-athletes-watch-2017-world-archery-youth-championships|website=worldarchery.org|publisher=[[World Archery Federation]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Achievements<ref name="WA"/>
!Year
!Title
!Category
!Medal
!Place
|-
|2018
|Archery Asia Cup Competition, Stage-3<ref name="Taipei18a">{{cite news|title=India bag four medals at Asian Archery, finish third|author=PTI|access-date=25 December 2018|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/india-bag-four-medals-at-asian-archery-finish-third-5254159|website=indianexpress.com|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref name="Taipei18b">{{cite news|title=India finished joint-third with Iran at Archery Asia Cup Stage 3 in Taipei, bag three silver medals and one bronze|author=PTI|date=10 July 2018|access-date=25 December 2018|url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/india-finished-joint-third-with-iran-at-archery-asia-cup-stage-3-in-taipei-bag-three-silver-medals-and-one-bronze-4708201.html|website=firstpost.com|publisher=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref>
|Women's Compound Individual
|[[Silver Medal|Silver]]
|[[Chinese Taipei]]
|-
|2018
|Asia Cup, Stage-2<ref name="Manila18c">{{cite news|title=Pune's archery prodigy, Divya Dhayal brings home two medals from Manila Asia Cup|author=Ananya Barua|date=11 April 2018|access-date=25 December 2018|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/pune-s-archery-prodigy-divya-dhayal-brings-home-two-medals-from-manila-asia-cup/story-hpGpFw480FoYy7vkakLAkN.html|website=hindustantimes.com|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>
|Women's Compound Individual
|[[Bronze Medal|Bronze]]
|[[Manila]]
|-
|2018
|Asia Cup, Stage-2
|Women's Compound Team
|[[Silver Medal|Silver]]
|[[Manila]]
|-
|2018
|Asia Cup, Stage-1<ref name="Bangkok18c">{{cite news|title=muskan kirar wins gold in team archery at asia cup stage I|author=Y B Sarangi|date=8 March 2018|access-date=25 December 2018|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/archery/muskan-kirar-wins-gold-in-team-archery-at-asia-cup-stage-i/article22986045.ece|website=sportstar.thehindu.com|publisher=[[Sportstar]]}}</ref>
|Women's Compound Team
|[[Bronze Medal|Bronze]]
|[[Bangkok]]
|-
|2018
|[[Archery World Cup|World Cup]]<ref name="antalya18a">{{cite news|title=India bag silver and bronze in archery World Cup|author=PTI|date=25 May 2018|access-date=25 December 2018|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/other-sports/india-bag-silver-and-bronze-in-archery-world-cup/story-jO8teLCZFECNHMi3VKf4sL.html|website=hindustantimes.com|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref name="antalya18b">{{cite news|title=India bag silver, bronze in archery World Cup|author=Jyothi Surekha Vennam|date=25 May 2018|access-date=25 December 2018|url=http://zeenews.india.com/other-sports/india-bag-silver-bronze-in-archery-world-cup-2111300.html|website=zeenews.india.com|publisher=[[Zee News]]}}</ref><ref name="antalya18c">{{cite news|title=india bag silver bronze in archery world cup|author=PTI|date=25 May 2018|access-date=25 December 2018|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/india-bag-silver-bronze-in-archery-world-cup/articleshow/64321962.cms|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|publisher=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|Women's Compound Team
|[[Silver Medal|Silver]]
|[[Antalya]]
|-
|2017
|[[2017 World Archery Youth Championships|World archery youth championship]]<ref name="rosario17a">{{cite news|title=Dhayal sisters qualify for Youth World Championship|author=Express News Service|date=5 September 2017|access-date=25 December 2018|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/dhayal-sisters-qualify-for-youth-world-championship-4829422/|website=indianexpress.com|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref name="rosario17b">{{cite news|title=Dhayal Sisters win bronze in World Championship|author=Express News Service|date=9 October 2017|access-date=25 December 2018|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/dhayal-sisters-win-bronze-in-world-championship-4881341/|website=indianexpress.com|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>
|Women's Compound Team
|[[Bronze Medal|Bronze]]
|[[Rosario, Santa Fe|Rosario]]
|-
|2017
|Asia Cup
|Women's Compound Team
|[[Silver Medal|Silver]]
|[[Taiwan]]
|-
|2017
|Asia Cup
|Women's Compound Individual
|[[Gold Medal|Gold]]
|[[Taiwan]]
|-
|2017
|Asia Cup
|Mixed Compound Team
|[[Gold Medal|Gold]]
|[[Taiwan]]
|-
|2017
|[[2017 Archery World Cup|World Cup]]<ref name="antalya17a">{{cite web|title=Divya Dhayal wins bronze medal at Archery World Cup|author=Arti Diwan|date=12 June 2017|access-date=25 December 2018|url=https://sportsflashes.com/en/news/divya-dhayal-wins-bronze-medal-at-archery-world-cup/82129.html|website=sportsflashes.com}}{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="antalya17c">{{cite web|title=Calmness can earn you medal|author=Jigar Hindocha|date=15 June 2017|access-date=25 December 2018|url=http://www.sakaltimes.com/sports/%E2%80%98calmness-can-earn-you-medal%E2%80%99-991|website=sakaltimes.com}}</ref><ref name="antalya17d">{{cite news|title=India win bronze in compound mixed team event at World Cup|author=ESPN staff|date=11 June 2017|access-date=25 December 2018|url=http://www.espn.in/espn/story/_/id/19597329/india-win-bronze-compound-mixed-team-event-world-cup|website=espn.in|publisher=[[ESPN]]}}</ref>
|Mixed Compound Team
|[[Bronze Medal|Bronze]]
|[[Antalya]]
|}

== Personal life ==
She gained the rank of Lieutenant in the Indian Army as a commissioned officer in September 2023.<ref name="AU2023">{{Cite news|url=https://epaper.amarujala.com/hisar/my-city/20230911/04.html?format=img&ed_code=hisar|author=Sanvad |title=International Archer Divya Dhayal Commissioned into the Indian Army as a Lieutenant|access-date=12 September 2023|date=2023-09-11|work=[[Amar Ujala]]}}</ref><ref name="HEK2023">{{Cite news|url=https://www.haryanaekhabar.com/hisar/haryana-archer-daughter-divya-dhayal-joins-indian-army-as-lieutenant-india-has-become-proud-at-international-level/|author=Ajay Sehrawat |title=Haryana archer Divya became a lieutenant in the Indian Army, has made India proud at the international level.|access-date=12 September 2023|date=2023-09-12|work=[[Haryana Ekhabar]]}}</ref> She received the Indian Sports Honours<ref name="ISH">{{cite web|title=Indian Sports Honours|access-date=25 December 2018|url=https://www.facebook.com/indiansportshonours/photos/a.436546453407210/473792253015963/?type=1&theater|website=facebook.com|publisher=[[Indian Sports Honours]]}}</ref> and has two siblings Khushbu Dhayal<ref name="Khushbu">{{cite web|title=Khushbu Dhayal|author=|access-date=28 January 2018|url=https://worldarchery.org/athlete/5417/khushbu-dhayal|website=worldarchery.org|publisher=[[World Archery Federation]]}}</ref> and Digvijay Dhayal.<ref name="Digvijay">{{cite web|title=Digvijay Dhayal|author=|access-date=28 January 2018|url=https://worldarchery.org/athlete/5552/digvijay-dhayal|website=worldarchery.org|publisher=[[World Archery Federation]]}}</ref> She completed her schooling from the [[Army Public School (Pune)|Army Public School, Pune]] and bachelors from [[Symbiosis Institute of Business Management, Pune|Symbiosis Institute, Pune]].<ref name="Bridge1">{{cite web|title=Everybody excels in their own time, you just need to be patient|author=Divya Dhayal|date=28 July 2018|access-date=25 December 2018|url=https://thebridge.in/everybody-excels-in-their-own-time-you-just-need-to-be-patient-by-divya-dhayal|website=thebridge.in}}{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="Bridge2">{{cite web|title=Looking back on 2017: Divya Dhayal raised the bar at the Archery Asia Cup|author=Md Imtiaz|date=25 December 2017|access-date=25 December 2018|url=https://thebridge.in/looking-back-2017-divya-dhayal-raised-bar-archery-asia-cup/|website=thebridge.in}}{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name="TOI">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/intl-archer-twins-hit-the-bullseye/articleshow/58980894.cms |title=International archer twins hit the bullseye |last=Upadhye |first=Aishwarya |date=4 June 2017 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=25 December 2018 |agency=TNN |location=[[Pune]]}}</ref>

<ref name="national1">{{Cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/pune-girl-divya-dhayal-becomes-national-archery-champion-4594683/ |title=Pune girl Divya Dhayal becomes national archery champion |last=Express News Service |date=1 April 2017 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=25 December 2018 |agency=Express News Service}}</ref>

<ref name="AAI">{{cite web | work=AAI Circular | title=Subject: 2nd and Final Selection Trial for 2018-Asian Games-Jakarta | date=21 May 2018 | access-date=25 December 2018|url=http://www.indianarchery.info/upload/AAI%20Circular%20for%202nd%20Selection%20Trial%20for%20Asian%20Games-Jakarta-2018%20with%20Eligible%20list%20.pdf | publisher=Archery Association of India}}</ref>

}}

== External links ==
* {{Twitter|divyadhayal}}
* {{World Archery|2747/divya-dhayal}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhayal, Divya}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian female archers]]

Safiujjaman Seikh

2025-08-27T01:26:19Z

Heriberto60T: created a page

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Beldanga Assembly constituency|Beldanga]]
| term_start = 2011
| term_end = 2021
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = Md. Refatullah
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
}}
'''Safiujjaman Seikh''' is an Indian politician from West Bengal. He was a two time elected [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Member of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]] and [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]], representing [[Beldanga Assembly constituency]] as a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].

== Political career ==
In the [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], Seikh was nominated by the [[Indian National Congress]] to contest from the [[Beldanga Assembly constituency|Beldanga constituency]]. He faced the [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]] candidate, Md. Refatullah, and won the election with a margin of 13,883 votes, securing a total of 67,888 votes compared to Refatullah's 54,005 votes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021 |title=Beldanga Assembly Election 2021 |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/west-bengal-assembly-election-2021/beldanga-election-result-s25a071/ |access-date=25 October 2024 |work=Money Control}}</ref>

In the [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]s, Seikh received the INC nomination again for the same constituency. This time, he contested against the [[Trinamool Congress|All India Trinamool Congress]] candidate, Golam Kibria Mia, and won the election by a margin of 30,281 votes, garnering a total of 87,017 votes, while Mia received 56,736 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-02 |title=Beldanga Election Result 2021 Live Updates: Hasanuzzaman Sk of TMC Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/beldanga-election-result-2021-live-updates-beldanga-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-3696725.html |access-date=2024-10-22 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=Beldanga Election Results 2021 LIVE, Vote Counting, Leading, Trailing, Winners West bengal Beldanga Constituency Election News LIVE |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/west-bengal-election-results-2021/wb-beldanga-constituency-71.html |access-date=2024-10-22 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Seikh, Safiujjaman}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Politicians from Murshidabad district]]

{{WestBengal-INC-politician-stub}}

Bhuma Singh Bhangi

2025-08-13T23:04:17Z

Heriberto60T: added first bio added tags - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
'''Bhuma Singh Bhangi''' (died 1746) was a Jat Sikh warrior of the 18th century in Punjab and the second leader of the [[Bhangi Misl]] succeeding [[Chhajja Singh Dhillon|Sardar Chhajja Singh]].<ref>Singh, Rishi (2015). ''State Formation and the Establishment of Non-Muslim Hegemony:Post-Mughal 19th-century Punjab''. India: Sage Publications India Pvt Ltd, New Delhi, 23 April 2015. {{ISBN|9789351500759}} </ref><ref>Dhavan, Purnima (2011). ''When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition, 1699-1799'', p.60. OUP USA Publisher, 3 November 2011.</ref><ref>Sikh History (2004). [http://www.sikh-history.com/sikhhist/events/bhangi.html "The Bhangi Misal"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304135121/http://www.sikh-history.com/sikhhist/events/bhangi.html |date=4 March 2016 }}, ''History of the Sikhs'', 2004. Retrieved on 7 September 2016</ref>

Sardar Bhuma Singh was a [[Dhillon]] [[Jat]] of the village of Hung, near Badhni in present-day [[Moga district]], who made a name for himself in skirmishes with [[Nadir Shah]]'s troops in 1739.<ref>2001. ''The Sikh Commonwealth or Rise and Fall of Sikh Misls. Edition:2001.''</ref> Bhuma Singh's latent genius as an organiser and commander helped the Bhangi ''misl'' grow. Historical records indicate he died in the [[Chhota Ghallughara]] (massacre) in 1746, while defending the Sikh community, from hostile attacks. Bhuma Singh was childless and had adopted his nephew, [[Hari Singh Dhillon|Hari Singh]]. On Bhuma Singh's death in 1746, Hari Singh Bhangi assumed the leadership of the Bhangi Misl. The Bhangi Misl got its name due to Bhuma Singh's addiction of ''hashish'' ([[bhang]]).<ref name="Khushwant Singh">{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Khushwant|title=A History of the Sikhs: 1469-1838|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MD9uAAAAMAAJ|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-567308-1|pages=127|date=2004-10-11}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Sikh Confederacy]]
* [[Misl]]
* [[Bhangi Misl]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| title = Second leader of [[Bhangi Misl]]
| before = [[Chhajja Singh]]
| after = [[Hari Singh Bhangi]]
| years = –1746
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Sikhism}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhillon, Bhuma Singh}}
[[Category:Misl leaders]]
[[Category:People from Moga, Punjab| ]]
[[Category:1746 deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]