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Siddique filmography

2026-05-07T07:13:56Z

HeikeC58098401: Created Pg

{{Short description|none}}
{{about|the Indian actor's filmography|the Indian director's filmography|Siddique (director)#Filmography}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
'''Siddique Mamathu''' (born 1 October 1962), known as "[[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]]", is an Indian actor and producer, who works mainly in [[Malayalam cinema]]. Along with appearing in over 350 Malayalam films, he has also acted in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Hindi]] language films.

== As actor ==
More than 350 films as of June 2021

=== Malayalam ===
==== 1980s ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" |1985
|''[[Aa Neram Alppa Dooram]]''
|Alex
|First movie
|-
|''[[Aarodum Parayaruthu]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1987
|''[[Vazhiyorakazchakal]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[New Delhi (1987 film)|New Delhi]]''
|Siddik
|
|-
|''[[Bhoomiyile Rajakkanmar]]''
|Siddik
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |1988
|''[[Dhinarathrangal]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Witness (1988 film)|Witness]]''
|Alexander
|
|-
|''[[Janmandharam]]''
|Abdu
|
|-
|''[[David David Mr. David]]''
|
|
|-
|''Varum Varathikkilla''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="12" |1989
|''[[Nagarangalil Chennu Raparkam]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Peruvannapurathe Visheshangal]]''
|Antappan
|
|-
|''Nidrayil Oru Rathri''
|Priest
|
|-
|''Rathibhavam''
|
|
|-
|''[[Pradeshika Varthakal]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Kaalal Pada|Kaalalppada]]''
|Vichu
|
|-
|''[[Carnivel]]''
|Siddhu
|
|-
|''Aaram Wardil Abyandrakalaham''
|
|
|-
|''Thadavarayile Rajakkanmar''
|SI Ravishankar
|
|-
|''[[Nair Saab|Nair saab]]''
|Cadet Siddique
|
|-
||Antharjanam
|
|
|-
|''[[New Year (1989 film)|New Year]]''
|
|
|-
|}

==== 1990s ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan="9" |1990
|''[[In Harihar Nagar]]''||Govindan Kutty||
|-
|''[[Pavam Pavam Rajakumaran]]''||Aravindhan Mash||
|-
|''Nanma Nirajavan sreenivasan''|| ||
|-
|''Gajakesariyogam''||Ram Mohan IAS
|
|-
|''[[Kouthuka Varthakal|Kouthuka varthkal]]''
|Pavithran
|
|-
|''[[Varthamana Kalam|Varthmanakalam]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[No.20 Madras Mail]]''
|Tony's Friend
|
|-
|''[[Purappadu (1990 film)|Purapaad]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Sunday 7 PM]]''
|Geevarghese
|
|-
| rowspan=15 | 1991 || ''[[Mookilla Rajyathu|Mookkilla Rajyathu]]'' || Venu ||
|-
| ''[[Sandhesam|Sandesham]]'' || Udayabhanu ||
|-
| ''Chanjattam'' || V.K Madhusoodhanan Nair ||
|-
| ''Nattu Vishesham'' || Aniyankunju ||
|-
| ''[[Ezhunnallathu|Ezhunallathu]]'' || Subramaniyam Iyyer ||
|-
| ''P.O.Box-27'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Mimics Parade]]'' || Sabu ||
|-
| ''[[Godfather (1991 film)|Godfather]]'' || Veerabhadran ||
|-
| ''[[Mukha Chithram|Mukhachitram]]'' || Kannan ||
|-
| ''[[Sundhari Kakka]]'' || Nixon ||
|-
| ''[[Georgootty C/O Georgootty]]'' || [[Sub-inspector|SI]] Feroz ||
|-
| ''[[Ganamela]]'' || Tony Fernandez ||
|-
| ''Irikku M.D Akkathundu'' || Sunny ||
|-
| ''Innathe Programme'' || Rajendran ||
|-
| ''[[Onnaam Muhurtham]]'' || Kumaran ||
|-
| rowspan="22" |1992
|''[[Daivathinte Vikrithikal]]''|| ||
|-
|''[[Ayalathe Adheham]]''||Rajeevan||
|-
|''[[Cheppadividya]]''||Sub Inspector
|
|-
|''[[Apaaratha]]''||Suresh||
|-
|''[[Mantrikacheppu]]''||Williams
|
|-
|''[[Soorya Manasam]]''||Urumees's father||
|-
|''[[Pandu Pandoru Rajakumari|Pandu Pandaru Rajakumari]]''||Johnson ||
|-
|''Poochakaru Manikkettum''||Hareendran ||
|-
|''[[Priyapetta Kukku]]''||Reji||
|-
|''Congratulations Miss Anitha menon''||Sudheer ||
|-
|''[[Kasarkode Khaderbai]]''||Sabu||
|-
|''[[Thiruthalvaadi]]''||Vishnu||
|-
|''[[Oru Kochu Bhoomikulukkam]]''||Ravi||
|-
|''[[Ezhara Ponnana|Ezharaponnanna]]''||Dasan ||
|-
|''[[Kunukkitta Kozhi]]''||Viswanathan||
|-
|''[[Mukhamudra|Mughamudra]]''||Bharathan||
|-
|''[[Ente Ponnu Thampuran|Ente Ponnu thampuran]]''||Pattar||
|-
|''[[Nagarathil Samsara Vishayam|Nagarathil Samsaravishayam]]''||Samson ||
|-
|''[[Kallan Kappalil Thanne]]''||Murali||
|-
|''[[Mr & Mrs (1992 film)|Mr & Mrs]]''|| ||
|-
|''[[Welcome to Kodaikanal]]''||Vinayachandran||
|-
|''[[Oottyppattanam|Ooty Pattanam]]''||Jimmy||
|-

| rowspan="17" |1993

|''[[Gandhari (film)|Gandhari]]''||CI Jayaram
|
|-
|''[[Kavadiyattam]]''||Kuruppu
|
|-
|''[[Vatsalyam]]''||Vijayakumaran Nair||
|-
|''[[Janam (1993 film)|Janam]]''||Sivan
|
|-
|''[[Arthana]]''||Suresh
|
|-
|''Tharavadu''||Kabeer Das||
|-
|''[[Uppukandam Brothers]]''||[[Superintendent of police (India)|SP]] Roy Mathews
|
|-
|''[[Ekalavyan (film)|Ekalavyan]]''||[[Inspector|CI]] Sharath Chandran||
|-
|''[[Kalippattam|Kalipattam]]''|| Kutty||
|-
|''[[Sthalathe Pradhana Payyans]]''||[[Commissioner of Police (India)|Commissioner]] Mohammad Iqbal [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]||
|-
|''[[Nandini Oppol]]''||Ajayan
|
|-
|''[[Porutham]]''||Chandrabhanu
|
|-
|''[[Pravachakan]]''||Prakashan||
|-
|''Adheham Enna Edheham''|| ||
|-
|''[[Journalist (1993 film)|Journalist]]''||Viswanathan
|
|-
|''Aganeyam''|| ||
|-
|''[[Koushalam]]''||[[Sub-inspector|SI]] Gopinathan||
|-
| rowspan="8" |1994
|''Bhismacharya''||[[Inspector|CI]] Sudheer||
|-
|''[[Gandeevam]]''||Commando Vijayan||
|-
|''[[Kinnaripuzhayoram]]''||Dr. UnniKrishnan
|
|-
|''[[Malappuram Haji Mahanaya Joji]]''||Kunjalikutty ||
|-
|''Pavam I.A. Ivachan''||[[Advocate|Adv.]] Susheelan Nair ||
|-
|''Pradakshinam''||Vasu ||
|-
|''[[Varanamalyam]]''||[[Advocate|Adv.]] Bharathan||
|-
|''[[Simhavalan Menon]]''||Insp. Jalram||
|-
| rowspan="3" |1995
|''[[Kaattile Thadi Thevarude Ana|Kaattile Thadi Thevarude Aana]]''||Devan
|
|-
|''[[Hijack (1995 film)|Hijack]]''||Dy.SP Balachandran
|
|-
|''[[Sargavasantham]]''||Roy||
|-
|1996
|''[[Lalanam]]''||Vijayakumar||
|-
| rowspan="4" |1997
|''[[Asuravamsam]]'' ||Dosth viswanathan||
|-
|''[[Lelam]]''||Hussain||
|-
|''[[Superman (1997 film)|Superman]]''||City Police Commissioner Rajagopal [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]||
|-
|''[[Krishnagudiyil Oru Pranayakalathu]]''||Renji||
|-
| rowspan="5" |1998
|''[[Kanmadam]]''||Damodaran||
|-
|''[[Sneham (1998 film)|Sneham]]''||Sivankutty||
|-
|''[[Mayilpeelikkavu]]''||Psychiatrist||
|-
|''Kalaapam''||[[Inspector|CI]] ||
|-
|''[[Ayal Kadha Ezhuthukayanu]]''||[[Advocate|Adv.]] K. G. Nambiar||
|-
| rowspan="7" |1999
|''[[Crime File]]''||[[Superintendent of police (India)|SP]] Anwar Rawther [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]||
|-
|''[[Vazhunnor]]''||Thevakattu Paulachen||
|-
|''[[Kannezhuthi Pottum Thottu]]''||Chandrappan||
|-
|''[[Chandamama (1999 film)|Chandamama]]''||[[Inspector|CI]] Mathew Vasiparamban||
|-
|''[[Veendum Chila Veettukaryangal|Veendum Chila Veetu Karyangal]]''||Paul||
|-
|''[[Ustaad (1999 film)|Ustad]]''||Irani||
|-
| ''[[Janani (1999 film)|Janani]]'' || ||
|-
|}

==== 2000s ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan="8" |2000
|''[[Sathyameva Jayathe|Satyameva Jayathe]]''||Balasubramaniam alias Balu Bhai||
|-
|''[[Cover Story (2000 film)|Cover Story]]''|| ||
|-
|''[[Dany (film)|Dany]]''|||Freddy||
|-
|''[[Valliettan]]''||Arakkal Raghu||
|-
|''[[Kochu Kochu Santhoshangal]]''||Ramesh||
|-
|''[[Ayyappantamma Neyyappam Chuttu]]''|| ||
|-
|''[[Arayannangalude Veedu]]''||Suresh Nair||
|-
|''Mimics 2000''|| ||
|-
| rowspan="8" |2001
|[[Kannaki (film)|''Kannaki'']]||Choman||
|-
|''[[Meghamalhar]]''|| ||
|-
|''[[Bharthavudyogam]]''||Reji Menon||
|-
|''[[Nariman (film)|Nariman]]''||[[Advocate|Adv.]] Padmanabhan Thampi||
|-
|''[[Raavanaprabhu]]''||[[Superintendent of police (India)|SP]] Sreenivasan [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]||
|-
|''[[Uthaman (2001 film)|Uthaman]]''||[[Sub-inspector|SI]] Jayaraj
|
|-
|''[[Naranathu Thampuran]]''||Dr.Rajeev
|
|-
|''[[Aram Indriyam]]''|| ||
|-
| rowspan="9" |2002
|''[[Kaiyethum Doorath|Kai Ethum Doorathu]]''||Babunath
|
|-
|''[[Puthooramputhri Unniyarcha]]''||Aromal Chekavar||
|-
|''Kalachakram''||Rajeev George
|
|-
|''[[Stop Violence]]''|| ||
|-
|''[[Onnaman]]''|| ||
|-
|''[[Bhavam]]''||Matthew||
|-
|''[[Yathrakarude Sradhakku]]''||Dr. Pradeep||
|-
|''[[Kalyanaraman (2002 film)|Kalyanaraman]]''||Doctor||Cameo Appearance
|-
|''[[Nandanam (film)|Nandanam]]''||Balan||Also Producer
|-
| rowspan="10" |2003
|''[[Kaliyodam (2003 film)|Kaliyodam]]''|| ||
|-
|''[[Ente Veedu Appuvinteyum]]''||[[Inspector|CI]] ||
|-
|''[[Sadanandante Samayam]]''||Sudakaran
|
|-
|''[[Mizhi Randilum]]''||Dr.Menon||
|-
|''[[Ivar (2003 film)|Ivar]]''||[[Superintendent of police (India)|SP]] Jacob Mathew [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]||
|-
|''[[Hariharan Pilla Happy Aanu]]''|| ||
|-
|''[[War and Love (2003 film)|War & Love]]''||Capt. Kabeer||
|-
|''[[Choonda]]''||Varghese Panjikaran||
|-
|''Malsaram''|| ||
|-
|''[[Manassinakkare]]''||Tony Kombanakkadan||
|-
| rowspan="11" |2004
|''[[Sasneham Sumithra]]''|| [[Inspector|CI]] ||
|-
|''[[Sethurama Iyer CBI]]''||Balagopal||
|-
|''[[Kanninum Kannadikkum]]''||Harikrishnan||
|-
|''Udayam''||DySP Vishwanathan||
|-
|''[[Vellinakshatram (2004 film)|Vellinakshatram]]''||Manavenda Varma / Mahendra Varma||
|-
|''[[Chathikkatha Chanthu]]''||Vasumathi's Uncle
|
|-
|''[[Greetings (2004 film)|Greetings]]''||Rangaswami Iyengar||
|-
|''[[Natturajavu]]''||Pathiriveettil Johnykutty||
|-
|''Thudakkam''||Sulaiman||
|-
|''[[Agninakshathram (2004 film)|Agninakshathram]]''||Chudalan/Maannappan||
|-
|''[[Koottu]]''|| ||
|-
| rowspan="8" |2005
|''[[Ben Johnson (film)|Ben Johnson]]''||S.P||
|-
|''[[Hridayathil Sookshikkan]]''|| ||
|-
|''Manikyan''||Gopikrishnan||
|-
|''[[Krithyam]]''||[[Assistant commissioner of police|ACP]] Surya Narayanan [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]||
|-
|''[[Thaskaraveeran (2005 film)|Thaskaraveeran]]''||Thommi||
|-
|''[[Udayon]]''||Mammali||
|-
|''[[Naran (film)|Naran]]''||Gopinathan Nambiar||
|-
|''[[The Tiger (2005 film)|The Tiger]]''||John Varghese||
|-
| rowspan="9" |2006
|''[[Rasathanthram]]''||Ramachandran||
|-
|''[[Pachakuthira]]''||Akash's foster father
|
|-
|''[[Balram vs. Tharadas]]''||DYSP George
|
|-
|''Thanthra''||Suryadharman||
|-
|''[[Prajapathi]]''||Kaliyarmadom Giri||
|-
||''Mughamariyathe''|| ||
|-
|''[[Bada Dosth]]''||Geevarghese|| Also producer
|-
|''[[Baba Kalyani (film)|Baba Kalyani]]''||[[Deputy inspector general of police|DIG]] Raghupathi [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]||
|-
|''[[Smart City (film)|Smart City]]''||[[Commissioner of Police (India)|Commissioner]] Arun Nambiar [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
|
|-
| rowspan="10" |2007
|''Anchil Oral Arjunan''||Vijayan||
|-
|''[[Chotta Mumbai]]''||'Mullan' Chandrappan||
|-
|''[[Time (2007 film)|Time]]''||[[Commissioner of Police (India)|Commissioner]] Alexander Mekkadan [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]||
|-
|''[[Nadiya Kollappetta Rathri]]''||Usthad Ghulam Musafir||
|-
|''[[July 4 (film)|July 4]]''|| [[Superintendent of police (India)|SP]] Ramachandran [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]||
|-
|''[[Hallo (film)|Hallo]]''||Mahesh Bhai||
|-
|''[[Ali Bhai]]''||Sundaran Thampi||
|-
|''[[Paradesi (2007 film)|Paradesi]]''||Hamsa||
|-
|''[[Rock n' Roll (2007 film)|Rock n' Roll]]''||Gunasekharan||
|-

|''[[Flash (2007 film)|Flash]]''||Chandi
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |2008
|''[[College Kumaran]]''||Minister Sethunathan
|
|-
|''[[Innathe Chintha Vishayam|Innathe Chinthavishayam]]''|| ||
|-
|''[[Annan Thambi]]''||Govindan||
|-
|''[[Shakespeare M.A. Malayalam]]''|| ||
|-
|''[[Madampi]]''||Sreedharan||
|-
|''Gulmohar''||Harikrishnan||
|-
|''[[Oru Pennum Randaanum]]''|| ||
|-
|''[[Kurukshetra (2008 film)|Kurukshetra]]''||Subedar Maj. Fussy Ahmed||
|-
|''[[Twenty:20 (film)|Twenty:20]]''||Madhava Menon||
|-
| rowspan="12" |2009
|''[[Red Chillies (film)|Red Chillies]]''||Commissioner Vyasan [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]||
|-
|''[[Nammal Thammil]]''||Anu's Father
|
|-
|''[[2 Harihar Nagar]]''||Govindan Kutty ||Sequel of ''[[In Harihar Nagar]]''
|-
|''[[I. G. - Inspector General]]''|| Saheer Ahmad [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]||
|-
|''[[Black Dalia]]''|| ||
|-
|''[[Ivar Vivahitharayal]]''||[[Advocate|Adv.]] Ananthan Menon||
|-
|''[[Chemistry (2009 film)|Chemistry]]''||Velayudhan
|
|-
|[[Seetha Kalyanam (2009 film)|''Seetha Kalyanam'']]||Harikrishnan||
|-
|''[[Kerala Cafe]]''||Ravi
|Segment Aviramam, co-starring [[Shweta Menon]]
|-
|''[[Meghatheertham]]''|| ||
|-
|''[[Paleri Manikyam: Oru Pathirakolapathakathinte Katha (film)|Paleri Manikyam: Oru Pathirakolapathakathinte Katha]]''||Balan Nair||
|-
|''[[Chattambinadu]]''||Kattappilly Nagendran||
|-
|}

==== 2010s ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan="16" |2010
|''[[Yugapurushan]]''||[[Padmanabhan Palpu|Dr.Padmanabhan Palpu]]
|
|-
|''[[Nayakan (2010 film)|Nayakan]]''||Shankar Das alias J.S. / Ram Das||
|-
|''[[In Ghost House Inn]]''||Govindan Kutty||Sequel of ''[[In Harihar Nagar]]'' and ''[[2 Harihar Nagar]]''
|-
|''[[Pramani]]''||Somasekara Panicker||
|-
|''[[April Fool (2010 film)|April Fool]]''||Music Director Rajesh||
|-
|''[[Pokkiri Raja (2010 film)|Pokkiri Raja]]''||Commissioner Rajendra Babu [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]||
|-
|''[[Alexander the Great (2010 film)|Alexander the Great]]''|| Rama Varma ||
|-
|''[[Nallavan (2010 film)|Nallavan]]''|| [[Sub-inspector|SI]] Kumaresan
|
|-
|''[[Kutty Srank]]''||Jonas Achan||
|-
|''[[Kadaksham]]''|| ||
|-
|''[[Pranchiyettan & the Saint]]''||Dr. Jose||
|-
|''[[Kaaryasthan]]''||Rajan||
|-
|[[Four Friends (2010 film)|''Four Friends'']]||Dr. Siddharth
|
|-
|''[[The Thriller]]''||[[Additional director general of police|ADGP]] Balagopal [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
|
|-
|''[[Again Kasargod Khader Bhai]]''||Sabu||Cameo appearance
|-
|''[[Tournament (film)|Tournament]]''||coach
|Cameo appearance
|-
| rowspan="7" |2011
|''[[Makeup Man]]''||Sidharth (Film Director)||
|-
|''[[Nadakame Ulakam]]''||Producer Ram Mohan
|
|-
|''[[August 15 (2011 film)|August 15]]''||Abraham||
|-
|''[[Seniors (film)|Seniors]]''||Unnithan (College Lecturer)||
|-
|''[[Naayika]]''||Film producer Stephen Muthalali
|
|-
|''[[Veeraputhran]]''||Moithu Moulavi
|
|-
|''[[Killadi Raman]]''||Chandru
|
|-
| rowspan="19" |2012
|''[[Orkut Oru Ormakoot]]''|| ||
|-
|''[[Asuravithu (2012 film)|Asuravithu]]''||Shaikh Muhammed [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]||
|-
|''[[Grihanathan]]''||Alex
|
|-
|''[[Parayan Baaki Vechathu]]''|| ||
|-
|''[[Thalsamayam Oru Penkutty]]''||Real TV [[CEO]]
|
|-
|''[[Masters (film)|Masters]]''||Isaac Panicker||
|-
|''[[Cobra (2012 film)|Cobra]]''|| Alphonse ||
|-
|''[[MLA Mani: Patham Classum Gusthiyum]]''|| SP Benjamin Martin [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] ||
|-
|''[[Mallu Singh]]''||Valiyamppatu Raghavan Nair||
|-
|''[[Grandmaster (2012 film)|Grandmaster]]''||Paul Matthew||
|-
|''[[Ustad Hotel]]''||Abdul Razak||
|-
|''[[Simhasanam (2012 film)|Simhasanam]]''||Raman Unni
|
|-
|''[[Ithramathram (2012 film)|Ithra Mathram]]''||Poduval
|
|-
|''[[Run Baby Run (2012 film)|Run Baby Run]]''||Rajan Kartha||
|-
|''[[Puthiya Theerangal]]''||Thamara's father
|Guest appearance
|-
|''Karpooradeepam''|| ||
|-
|''[[Face to Face (2012 Malayalam film)|Face to Face]]''||[[Superintendent of police (India)|SP]] Ramdas [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]||
|-
|''[[Poppins]]''|| ||
|-

|''Akasmikam''|| ||Lead role with [[Shanthi Krishna]]; delayed movie
|-

| rowspan="15" |2013

|''[[Drishyam]]''||Prabhakar||
|-
|''[[Ginger (2013 film)|Ginger]]''||Justice Kuriakose||
|-
|''[[Bicycle Thieves (2013 film)|Bicycle Thieves]]''|| ||
|-
|''[[Geethaanjali]]''||Thampichayan||
|-
|''[[Daivathinte Swantham Cleetus]]''||Father Sunny Vadakkumthala||
|-
|''[[Careebeyans]]''||Iqbal||
|-
|''[[Kunjananthante Kada]]''||Dr.Rahman||
|-
|''[[Kadal Kadannu Oru Maathukutty|Kadal Kadannu Oru Mathukutty]]''||Abraham & himself||
|-
|''[[Progress Report]]''|| ||
|-
|''[[Bharya Athra Pora]]''||Dr.Rahman ||
|-
|''[[Kutteem Kolum]]''||||
|-
|''[[Breaking News (2012 film)|Breaking News]]''|| ||
|-
|''[[Celluloid (film)|Celluloid]]''||Ramakrishna Iyer (I. A. S) ||
|-
|''[[Annum Innum Ennum]]''||Sidharth Menon||
|-
|''Players''|| ||Delayed movie
|-
| rowspan="16" |2014
|''[[Mylanchi Monchulla Veedu]]''||Kasim||
|-
|''Koottathil Oral''|| ||
|-
|''Nayana''|| ||
|-
|''Study Tour''|| ||
|-
|''[[Vellimoonga]]''||Vareedh||
|-
|''[[RajadhiRaja|Rajadhiraja]]''||Mahendra Varma IAS||
|-
|''[[Villali Veeran]]''||Sidharthan's father||
|-
|''[[Avatharam (2014 Malayalam film)|Avatharam]]''||Divakaran (Guest appearance)
|
|-
|''[[Mr. Fraud]]''||Rajashekhara Varma
|
|-
|''Garbha Shriman ''||Doctor||
|-
|''Bad Boys''|| ||
|-
|''Pakaram''|| ||
|-
|''[[Swapaanam]]''||Narayanan Namboodiri||
|-
|''[[Salalah Mobiles]]''||Ajay Chacko [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]||
|-
|''Thamarassery To Thailand''|| ||
|-
|''[[Vasanthathinte Kanal Vazhikalil]]''|| ||
|-
| rowspan="8" |2015
|''[[John Honai]]''||John Honai||
|-
|''Thilothama''|| ||
|-
|''[[Amar Akbar Anthony (2015 film)|Amar Akbar Anthony]]''||[[Circle Inspector|CI]] Sethunath V. R||
|-
|''[[Pathemari]]''||Velayudhan||
|-
|''[[Ithinumappuram]]''||Eppachan||
|-
|''Saigal Padukayaanu''||Priest||
|-
|''[[Loham]]''||Muhammed Unni||<ref>{{cite news |last1=Thomas |first1=Pramod |title=When Film-makers Prefer Shadow Walking |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2015/Aug/23/when-film-makers-prefer-shadow-walking-803486.html |access-date=1 April 2024 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=22 August 2015}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Fireman (film)|Fireman]]''||Sakhav Iqbal||
|-
| rowspan="11" |2016
|''[[Kappiri Thuruthu]]''||Choonda Masthan
|
|-
|''[[Kattappanayile Rithwik Roshan]]''||Surendran (Sura)||
|-
|''[[Pulimurugan]]''||[[Assistant commissioner of police|ACP]] Iype Zachariah [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]||
|-
|''[[Oppam]]''||Baputty||Cameo Appearance
|-
|''[[Welcome to Central Jail]]''||Keshavan||
|-
|''[[Annmariya Kalippilaanu]]''||Perungudy Baby||
|-
|[[White (2016 film)|''White'']]||Sunnychayan||
|-
|[[Kasaba (2016 film)|''Kasaba'']]||[[Inspector-general of police|IG]] Chandrashekhar [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]||
|-
|''[[Mohavalayam]]''|| ||
|-
|''Sukhamayirikkatte''|| ||
|-
|''[[Paavada]]''||[[Advocate|Adv.]] Anantharama Iyer||
|-
| rowspan="13" | 2017
| ''[[Achayans]]''||Rita's father||
|-
|''[[Sunday Holiday]]''||Narayanankutty Varayalveli / Nakkutty ||
|-
|''[[Role Models (2017 film)|Role Models]]''||Shreya's father ||
|-
|''[[Pokkiri Simon]]''|| ||Guest Appearance
|-
|''[[Villain (2017 film)|Villain]]''||DGP ||
|-
|''Vedam''|| ||
|-
|''[[Ramaleela ]]''||Udayabhanu||
|-
|''[[Chunkzz]]''||Pappachan ||
|-
|''[[Velipadinte Pusthakam]]''||Maathan Tharakan||
|-
|''[[Adventures of Omanakuttan]]''||Chandrashekhar||
|-
|[[Comrade in America|''CIA – Comrade In America'']] ||Mathew||
|-
|''[[Puthan Panam]]''||[[Inspector|CI]] Habeeb Rahman||
|-
|''[[Fukri]]''||Sulaiman Fukri||
|-
| rowspan="10" | 2018
|''[[Diwanjimoola Grand Prix]]'' || Jithendran ||
|-
|''[[Aadhi]]'' || Mohan Varma ||
|-
|''[[Hey Jude (film)|Hey Jude]]''||Dominic Rodriguez ||
|-
|''[[Captain (2018 film)|Captain]]'' || Maithanam ||
|-
|''[[Kammara Sambhavam]]'' || Bose Kammaran ||
|-
|''[[Mohanlal (film)|Mohanlal]]'' || Doctor||cameo appearance
|-
|''[[Iblis (film)|Iblis]]''||Jabbar||
|-
|''[[Oru Kuprasidha Payyan]]'' || Bharathan||
|-
|''[[Aanakkallan]]''||DYSP Aana Esthappan||
|-
|''[[Odiyan]]'' || Damodharan Nair ||
|-
| rowspan="17" |2019

|''[[Vijay Superum Pournamiyum]]''
|Chandramohan
|
|-
|''[[Mikhael (film)|Mikhael]]''
| George Peter
|
|-
|''[[Oru Adaar Love]]''
| Police officer
|
|-
|''[[Irupathiyonnaam Noottaandu]]''
|Father
|
|-
|[[Kodathi Samaksham Balan Vakeel|''Kodathi Samaksham Balan Vakkeel'']]
|Somasekharan Pillai
|
|-
|''[[Soothrakkaran]]''
|Minister for Water Resources
|Cameo appearance
|-
|''[[Madhura Raja]]''
|Rajendra Babu [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
|
|-
|''[[Uyare]]''
|Raveendran
|
|-
|''[[Subharathri]]''
|Muhammad
|
|-
|''[[And the Oscar Goes To...|And The Oscar Goes To]]''
|Prince
|
|-
|''[[Isakkinte Ithihasam]]''
|Fr.Isak
|
|-
|''[[Ittymaani: Made in China]]''
|Fr. John Paul
|
|-
|''[[Ganagandharvan]]''
|[[Advocate|Adv.]]Manoj
|
|-
|''[[Happy Sardar]]''
|Joysy Kochara
|
|-
|''[[Ulta (film)|Ulta]]''
|[[Additional Director General of Police#India|ADGP]] Mohan Rajeev [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
|
|-
|[[Mamangam (2019 film)|''Mamangam'']]
| Thalachennor
|
|-
|[[My Santa (2019 film)|''My Santa'']]
| Paul Pappan
|
|-
|}

==== 2020s ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan=5 | 2020 || ''[[Big Brother (2020 film)|Big Brother]]'' || Shetty ||
|-
| ''[[Al Mallu]]'' || Abraham Tharakan||
|-
| ''[[Uriyadi (2020 film)|Uriyadi]]'' || SI Ravisankhar ||
|-
| ''[[Shylock (2020 film)|Shylock]]'' || Commissioner Felix John IPS ||
|-
| ''[[Sufiyum Sujatayum]]'' || Sujata's father ||
|-
| rowspan=10 | 2021 || ''[[Vellam (2021 film)|Vellam]]'' || Dr. Subrahmanian ||
|-
| ''[[Drishyam 2]]'' || Prabhakar ||
|-
| ''[[Varthamanam]]'' || Prof. Satheesh Pothuvaal ||
|-
| ''[[Mohan Kumar Fans]]'' || Mohan Kumar ||
|-
| ''[[One (2021 film)|One]]'' || Speaker ||
|-
| ''[[Sara's]]'' || Dr. Hafiz ||
|-
| ''[[Anugraheethan Antony]]'' || Antony's father ||
|-
| ''[[Ellam Sheriyakum]]'' || K.C Chacko ||
|-
| ''[[Marakkar: Arabikadalinte Simham]]'' || Pattu Marakkar ||
|-
| ''[[Kunjeldho]]'' || Professor Gheevarghese||
|-
| rowspan=10 | 2022 || ''[[Aaraattu (2021 film)|Aaraattu]]'' || [[Circle Inspector#Kerala|CI]] Sivasankaran ||
|-
| ''[[12th Man (film)|12th Man]]'' || Psychiatrist ||
|-
| ''[[John Luther (film)|John Luther]]'' || Mathews ||
|-
| ''[[Maha Veeryar]]'' || MM Veerendra Kumar – Chief Judicial Magistrate ||
|-
| ''[[Theerppu]]'' || Basheer Marakkar ||
|-
| ''[[Night Drive (film)|''Night Drive'']]'' || Rajan Kurup ||
|-
| ''[[Peace (2022 film)|Peace]]'' || Kajaji ||
|-
| ''[[Ini Utharam]]'' || Home Minister ||
|-
| ''[[Monster (2022 film)|Monster]]'' || [[Additional Director General of Police#India|ADGP]] Chandrashekhar [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] ||
|-
| ''Kannadi'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=10 | 2023 || ''[[Ennalum Ente Aliya]]'' || Karim ||<ref>{{Cite web |title='Ennalum Ente Aliya' OTT release: Know when and where to watch Siddique, Lenaa-starrer |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2023/02/03/ennalum-ente-aliya-siddique-lenaa-suraj-venjaramoodu-gayathri-arun-ott-release.html |access-date=2023-02-18 |website=OnManorama}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Christopher (film)|Christopher]]'' || Chief Minister Rajashekaran Menon|| <ref>{{Cite news |title=Mammootty starrer 'Christopher' gets a release date! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mammootty-starrer-christopher-gets-a-release-date/articleshow/97514707.cms |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Corona Papers]]'' ||SI Shankararaman||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shane Nigam, Shine Tom Chacko team up for Priyadarshan's 'Corona Papers' |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2022/10/27/shane-nigam-shine-tom-chacko-priyadarshan-corona-papers-pooja-function.html |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=OnManorama}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[2018 (film)|2018]]'' ||Noora's father||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mammootty heaps praise on '2018' trailer. True depiction of Kerala's worst tragedy, add netizens |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2022/12/13/mammootty-jude-anthany-joseph-2018-trailer-mollywood-flood-movie.html |access-date=2023-05-05 |website=OnManorama}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Within Seconds]]'' || Minister Sadhanandhan ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-04 |title=Trailer Of Indrans' Malayalam Movie Within Seconds Out; Watch Here |url=https://www.news18.com/entertainment/regional-cinema/trailer-of-indrans-malayalam-movie-within-seconds-out-watch-here-7720105.html |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Voice of Sathyanathan]]'' ||Tabala Varkey/ Varkeychayan (Thavala) ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dileep's Voice of Sathyanathan censored |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/jul/06/dileeps-voice-of-sathyanathan-censored-45344.html |access-date=2023-08-21 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=6 July 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kasargold]]'' || Moosa Haji ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 July 2023 |title=Kasargold teaser: Asif Ali, Sunny Wayne and Vinayakan film will leave you intrigued, confused |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/kasargold-teaser-asif-ali-sunny-wayne-and-vinayakan-film-will-leave-you-intrigued-confused-8837468/ |access-date=11 December 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Garudan (2023 film)|Garudan]]'' || [[Advocate|Adv.]] Thomas Iype ||<ref>{{Cite news | date=26 June 2023 |title='Garudan' teaser: Suresh Gopi bashes up goons with a motorbike helmet |language=en-IN |newspaper=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/garudan-teaser-suresh-gopi-bashes-up-goons-with-a-motorbike-helmet/article67011474.ece |access-date=18 October 2023 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Bandra (film)|Bandra]]'' || Stanley [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-26 |title=Popular actor-model Dara Singh Khurana to play the villain in Dileep's 'Bandra' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/popular-actor-model-dara-singh-khurana-to-play-the-villain-in-dileeps-bandra/articleshow/100494399.cms |access-date=2023-12-26 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Neru (film)|Neru]]'' || [[Advocate|Adv.]] Rajasekharan||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-20 |title=Mohanlal's legal drama 'Neru' aims for November release |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mohanlals-legal-drama-neru-aims-for-november-release/articleshow/103804169.cms |access-date=2023-12-07 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=11 | 2024 || ''[[Qalb (film)|Qalb]]'' || Sayippu ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-11 |title=Sajid Yahiya's Big-budget Malayalam Film Qalb Set To Release In Theatres On January 12 |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/sajid-yahiyas-big-budget-malayalam-film-qalb-set-to-release-in-theatres-on-january-12-8736106.html |access-date=2024-01-15 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Anweshippin Kandethum]]'' || [[Superintendent of Police (India)|SP]] K. R. Rajagopal [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Teaser of Tovino Thomas' Anweshippin Kandethum will be released tomorrow |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/jan/11/teaser-of-tovino-thomas-anweshippin-kandethum-will-be-released-tomorrow-51148.html |access-date=2024-02-02 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=11 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Thankamani (film)|Thankamani]]'' || George Peruvathanam ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=First look of Dileep's Thankamani out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/oct/21/first-look-of-dileeps-thankamani-out-48837.html |access-date=2024-03-03 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=21 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Golam (2024 film)|Golam]]'' || Kuriakose Chemmanam||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-24 |title='Golam' release: Ranjith Sajeev's investigative thriller to release on THIS date |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/golam-release-ranjith-sajeevs-investigative-thriller-to-release-on-this-date/articleshow/110390393.cms |access-date=2024-05-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| ''Jamalinte Punjiri'' || Ibrahim Sett ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-06 |title=Jamalinte Punjiri To Sree Muthappan, 3 Malayalam Films Releasing This Week |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/jamalinte-punjiri-to-sree-muthappan-3-malayalam-films-releasing-this-week-8923270.html |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Manorathangal]]'' || The Man || Segment: Abhayam Thedi Veendum<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-07-15 |title=Manorathangal Trailer: Film legends assemble for anthology on MT Vasudevan Nair's stories |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Jul/15/manorathangal-trailer-film-legends-assemble-for-anthology-on-mt-vasudevan-nairs-stories |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Nunakkuzhi]]'' || Bhamakrishnan ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-07-20 |title=Nunakuzhi Teaser: Basil Joseph gets caught in a comedy of errors |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Jul/20/nunakuzhi-teaser-basil-joseph-gets-caught-in-a-comedy-of-errors |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kadha Innuvare]]'' || Palipattu Narayanan||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-08-24 |title=Kadha Innuvare release date announced |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Aug/24/kadha-innuvare-release-date-announced |access-date=2024-08-24 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Pushpaka Vimanam (2024 film)|Pushpaka Vimanam]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-09-06 |title=Siju Wilson and Balu Varghese's Pushpaka Vimanam gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Sep/06/siju-wilson-and-balu-vargheses-pushpaka-vimanam-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Anand Sreebala]]'' || Isaac ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-04-19 |title=It's a wrap for Arjun Ashokan and Aparna Das-starrer Anand Sreebala |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Apr/19/its-a-wrap-for-arjun-ashokan-and-aparna-das-starrer-anand-sreebala |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Marco (2024 film)|Marco]]'' || George D' Peter ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 2025 || ''[[Rekhachithram]]'' || Rajendran/Rajan ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madhu |first=Vignesh |date=2024-12-24 |title=Rekhachithram trailer has Asif Ali as a cop trying to unravel past mysteries |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Dec/24/rekhachithram-trailer-has-asif-ali-as-a-cop-trying-to-unravel-past-mysteries |access-date=2025-01-09 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Dominic and the Ladies' Purse]]'' ||Soman Pillai ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Santhosh |first=Vivek |date=2025-01-01 |title=Mammootty-starrer Dominic and the Ladies' Purse gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Jan/01/mammootty-starrer-dominic-and-the-ladies-purse-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Prince and Family]]'' || Baby Chakkalakkal ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-04-07 |title=Dileep's 150th film Prince and Family gets new release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Apr/07/dileeps-150th-film-prince-and-family-gets-new-release-date |access-date=2025-04-07 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Raveendra Nee Evide?]]'' ||George||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-06-23 |title=Anoop Menon-Dhyan Sreenivasan film Ideem Minnalum rechristened Raveendra Nee Evide? |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Jun/23/anoop-menon-dhyan-sreenivasan-film-ideem-minnalum-rechristened-raveendra-nee-evide |access-date=2025-06-25 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Hridayapoorvam]]'' || O.K. Panikker ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-07-20 |title='Hridayapoorvam' teaser: Mohanlal charms in Sathyan Anthikad's upcoming drama, meets a Fahadh Faasil superfan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/hridayapoorvam-teaser-mohanlal-charms-in-sathyan-anthikads-upcoming-drama-meets-a-fahadh-faasil-superfan/article69833845.ece |access-date=2025-07-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2026 || ''[[Chatha Pacha]]'' || Mayor S. R. Shivan ||<ref>{{Cite web |title='Chatha Pacha': Wrestling-Based Malayalam Film Completes Shoot |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/chatha-pacha-arjun-ashokan-and-roshan-mathews-wrestling-based-malayalam-film-completes-shoot |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=The Hollywood Reporter India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| {{Pending film|[[Kattalan]]}} || {{TableTBA}} ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2026-04-30 |title=Antony Varghese Pepe’s Kattalan gets a new release date |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2026/Apr/30/malayalamnews2026apr30antony-varghese-pepes-kattalan-gets-a-new-release-date |access-date=2026-05-04 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| {{Pending film| Unmadham}} || {{TableTBA}} ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-25 |title=Kunchacko Boban-Lijomol Jose film titled Unmadham, gets release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2026/Apr/25/kunchacko-boban-lijomol-jose-film-titled-unmadham-gets-release-date |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| {{TBA}} || {{Pending film|[[Ram (film)|Ram]]}} || Balakrishnan ||
|-
|}

===Tamil===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year !! Title !! Role
!Notes
|-
| 1996 || ''[[Subash (film)|Subash]]'' || Rajasekhar ||<ref name="subash">{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-04-22 |title=Siddique joins Vikram starrer Veera Dheera Sooran |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Apr/22/siddique-joins-vikram-starrer-veera-dheera-sooran |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Jana (film)|Jana]]''|| Bhandari ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2017 || ''[[Rangoon (2017 Tamil film)|Rangoon]]''|| Gunaseelan ||
|-
| ''[[Vaigai Express (film)|Vaigai Express]]''|| Kulanthai Kumaraswamy ||
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Bhaskar Oru Rascal]]''|| Sanjay's father ||<ref name="subash" />
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2022 || ''[[Vendhu Thanindhadhu Kaadu]]''|| Kunjukrishnan ||<ref name="subash" />
|-
| ''[[Varalaru Mukkiyam]]''|| Velayudhan Kutty ||
|-
|}

=== Other languages ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year !! Title !! Role !! Language
!Notes
|-
|rowspan=2 | 1988 || ''[[New Delhi (1988 Hindi film)|New Delhi]]''||Sidhique||Hindi||
|-
| ''[[Antima Teerpu (1988 film)|Anthima Teerpu]]'' || Raju || rowspan="4" | Telugu||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Naa Bangaaru Talli]]''|| Srinivas || [[Multiple-language version|Simultaneously shot]] in Malayalam as ''[[Naa Bangaaru Talli|Ente]]''
|-
| 2025 || ''Daksha: The Deadly Conspiracy''|| Balram || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/manchu-lakshmis-daksha-the-deadly-conspiracy-stars-streaming-on-amazon-prime-1015939|title=Manchu Lakshmi’s ‘Daksha – The Deadly Conspiracy’ stars streaming on Amazon Prime|first=Suhas|last=Sistu|date=18 October 2025|website=www.thehansindia.com}}</ref>
|-
| {{TBA}} || {{pending film|italic=no|''Agninakshathram''}}|| Balram Varma ||
|-
|}

== As voice actor ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Dubbed For !! Character !! Notes
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Sunny (2021 film)|Sunny]]'' || Himself || Jacob ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sunny Movie Review: Poignant and hopeful, if not groundbreaking, storytelling |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/review/2021/sep/23/sunny-moviereview-poignant-and-hopeful-if-not-groundbreaking-storytelling-26847.html |access-date=2023-03-11 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=23 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Alone (2023 film)|Alone]]'' || Himself || Karthavu || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Alone Movie Review: A daring experiment that becomes a tiring experience |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/review/2023/jan/26/alone-movie-review-a-daring-experiment-that-becomes-a-tiring-experience-39301.html |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=26 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

== As producer ==

# ''[[Bada Dosth]]'' (2006)
# ''[[Nandanam (film)|Nandanam]]'' (2002)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

[[Category:Indian filmographies]]
[[Category:Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Male actor filmographies]]

Guwahati Lok Sabha constituency

2026-05-07T02:47:32Z

HeikeC58098401: added new post!

{{short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Assam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Guwahati {{Small|AS-5}}
|map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Assam/Gauhati.map}}
|map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Guwahati Lok Sabha constituency
| state = [[Assam]]
| established = 1952
| reservation = None
| mp = [[Bijuli Kalita Medhi]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
}}

'''Guwahati Lok Sabha constituency''' (also spelt as Gauhati), is one of the largest [[Lok Sabha]] constituency in [[Assam]].

==Assembly segments==
Gauhati Lok Sabha constituency is composed of the following assembly segments:<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S03/AS_ACPC.pdf
|title=List of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies
|access-date=2008-10-05
|work=Assam
|publisher=Election Commission of India
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060504181808/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S03/AS_ACPC.pdf
|archive-date=2006-05-04
}}</ref>

===Current assembly segments===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!Name
!District
!Member
!colspan="2" |Party
!colspan="2" |2024 Lead
|-
|13
|[[Goalpara West Assembly constituency|Goalpara West]] (ST)
| rowspan="2" | [[Goalpara district|Goalpara]]
|Pabitra Rabha
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|15
|[[Dudhnai Assembly constituency|Dudhnai]] (ST)
|Tankeswar Rabha
|-
|27
|[[Chamaria Assembly constituency|Chamaria]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Kamrup district|Kamrup]]
|Rekibuddin Ahmed
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|28
|[[Boko–Chaygaon Assembly constituency|Boko–Chaygaon]] (ST)
|Raju Mesh
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=7}}
|-
|29
|[[Palasbari Assembly constituency|Palasbari]]
|Himangshu Shekhar Baishya
|-
|33
|[[Dispur Assembly constituency|Dispur]]
| rowspan="5" | [[Kamrup Metropolitan district|Kamrup Metro]]
|[[Pradyut Bordoloi]]
|-
|34
|[[Dimoria Assembly constituency|Dimoria]] (SC)
|Tapan Das
|{{party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad}}
|-
|35
|[[New Guwahati Assembly constituency|New Guwahati]]
|[[Diplu Ranjan Sarmah]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|36
|[[Guwahati Central Assembly constituency|Guwahati Central]]
|[[Vijay Kumar Gupta]]
|-
|37
|[[Jalukbari Assembly constituency|Jalukbari]]
|[[Himanta Biswa Sarma]]
|}

===Previous assembly segments===
{| class="wikitable"
! width="50px" style="font-size:75%" |Constituency number
! width="200px" |Name
! width="100px" style="font-size:75%" |Reserved for ([[Dalit|SC]]/[[Adivasi|ST]]/None)
! width="150px" |District
! colspan="2"|Party
! colspan="2"|2024 Lead
|-
|36
|[[Dudhnai (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dudhnai]]
|ST
|[[Goalpara district|Goalpara]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|Jadab Swargiary
|-
|48
|[[Boko (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Boko]]
|SC
|rowspan="3"|[[Kamrup district|Kamrup]]
|Nandita Das
|-
|49
|[[Chaygaon (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chaygaon]]
|None
|Rekibuddin Ahmed
|-
|50
|[[Palasbari (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Palasbari]]
|None
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|[[Hemanga Thakuria]]
|-
|51
|[[Jalukbari (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jalukbari]]
|None
|rowspan="4"|[[Kamrup Metropolitan district|Kamrup Metro]]
|[[Himanta Biswa Sarma]]
|-
|52
|[[Dispur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dispur]]
|None
|[[Atul Bora Sr.]]
|-
|53
|[[Gauhati East (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gauhati East]]
|None
|Sidhharth Bhatacharya
|-
|54
|[[Gauhati West (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gauhati West]]
|None
|{{party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad}}
|[[Ramendra Narayan Kalita]]
|-
|55
|[[Hajo (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Hajo]]
|None
|[[Kamrup district|Kamrup]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Suman Haripriya
|-
|60
|[[Barkhetry (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Barkhetry]]
|None
|[[Nalbari district|Nalbari]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Diganta Barman
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Winner
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1952 Indian general election|1952]]
|[[Rohini Kumar Chaudhury]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1956 Gauhati by-election|1956]]^
|Devendra Nath Sarma
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Hem Barua]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|[[Dhireswar Kalita]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|[[Dinesh Goswami]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|[[Renuka Devi Barkataki]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Lok Dal}}
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|[[Dinesh Goswami]]
|{{Full party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad}}
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|[[Kirip Chaliha]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|[[Prabin Chandra Sarmah]]
|{{Full party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad}}
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|[[Bhubaneshwar Kalita]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|[[Bijoya Chakravarty]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[Kirip Chaliha]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Bijoya Chakravarty]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=4|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[Queen Oja]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Bijuli Kalita Medhi]]
|}
^ by-poll

==Election results==
===General election 2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Guwahati]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate= Bijuli Kalita Medhi
|party= Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes= 894,887
|percentage= 55.95
|change={{down}}1.25
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate= Mira Borthakur Goswami
|party= Indian National Congress
|votes= 643,797
|percentage= 40.25
|change={{up}}2.64
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 20,249
|percentage = 1.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 251,090
|percentage = 15.70
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =1,602,455
|percentage =78.56
|change ={{decrease}}2.31
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = {{down}}1.25
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Gauhati]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Queen Oja]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=1,008,936|percentage=57.20|change=+6.60|Symbol=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Bobbeeta Sarma|votes=6,63,330|percentage=37.61|change=+7.90}}
{{Election box candidate||party=[[Independent (politician)|IND.]]|candidate=Upamanyu Hazarika|votes=21,193|percentage=1.20|change=+1.20}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=Manoj Sarma|votes=10,141|percentage=0.57|change=+0.03}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Faruk Ahmed Bhuyan
|party = [[Independent politician|IND.]]
|votes = 9,044
|percentage = 0.51
|change = +0.51
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=10,466|percentage=0.59|change=+0.15}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes=345,606
|percentage=19.59
|change= -1.30
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,763,950|percentage=80.87|change=+2.23}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = +6.60
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Gauhati]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Bijoya Chakravarty]]|votes=764,985|percentage=50.60|change=+5.86}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Manash Borah|votes=449,201|percentage=29.71|change=-13.96}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=All India United Democratic Front|candidate=Gopi Nath Das|votes=137,254|percentage=9.08|change=+2.47}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Asom Gana Parishad|candidate=Birendra Prasad Baishya|votes=86,546|percentage=5.72|change=+5.72}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Benedict Alok Areng|votes=12,432|percentage=0.82|change=+0.82}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=Biju Phukan|votes=8,162|percentage=0.54|change=+0.54}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Pradip Kalita|votes=7,345|percentage=0.49|change=+0.49}}{{Election box candidate|party=Regional Democratic Secular Congress|candidate=Kazi Nekib Ahmed|votes=6,636|percentage=0.44|change=+0.44}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Anil Bhagawati|votes=5,782|percentage=0.38|change=+0.38}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=Pranjal Bordoloy|votes=4,809|percentage=0.32|change=+0.32}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Dr. Faruk Aahammed Bhuyan|votes=3,540|percentage=0.23|change=+0.23}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Samajwadi Party|candidate=Bandana Barman Baruah|votes=3,240|percentage=0.21|change=-0.12}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Dhiraj Medhi|votes=2,845|percentage=0.19|change=+0.19}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Padmeshwar Phukan|votes=2,629|percentage=0.17|change=+0.17}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Khargeswar Das|votes=2,532|percentage=0.17|change=+0.17}}{{Election box candidate|party=Lok Bharati|candidate=Gopi Baruah|votes=2,411|percentage=0.16|change=+0.16}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Ajad Ali|votes=2,385|percentage=0.16|change=+0.16}}{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=6,720|percentage=0.44|change=+0.44}}
{{Election box majority||votes=315,784|percentage=20.89|change=+19.82}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,512,248|percentage=78.67|change=+14.35}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = +5.86
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1956 by-election===
In 1956, a bye-election was held. The election was won by the INC candidate [[Devendra Nath Sarma]] with 45057 votes, against [[Hem Barua]] of [[Praja Socialist Party]] with 29112 votes. <ref>{{cite web |title=Details of Bye Elections from 1952 to 1995 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ByeElection/Bye-ele-results52-95.xlsx |publisher=ECI, New Delhi |accessdate=13 September 2017 |archive-date=19 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170719012759/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ByeElection/Bye-ele-results52-95.xlsx |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Gauhati]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

{{17th LS members from Northeast_states}}
{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Assam}}

{{coord|26.2|91.7|display=title}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gauhati (Lok Sabha Constituency)}}
[[Category:Guwahati]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Assam]]
[[Category:1952 establishments in Assam]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies established in 1952]]

Assisi Nagar

2026-04-28T00:01:53Z

HeikeC58098401: Created A Stub

{{Short description|Neighbourhood of Chennai, India}}
{{More citations needed|date=October 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
'''Assisi Nagar''' is a neighbourhood near [[Chennai]], India. It is in [[Tiruvallur district|Tiruvallur]], and near [[Madhavaram, Chennai|Madhavaram]]. It is surrounded by a green area and has 10 streets with about 500 families.{{Citation needed|date=October 2021}}

== History ==
The name Assisi came from Late Rev Father Assisi. Assisi Nagar was a place for sri lankan refuges, later it was changed to residential area. Assisi Nagar is surrounded by many greeneries, which gives nourishment to the nature.{{Citation needed|date=October 2021}}
== Hospitals ==
[[File:Kmhospital Chennai.jpg|thumb|This a 24/7 hospital located at Arul Nagar, Madhavaram, Chennai]]
*Government Hospital, Palpannai
*KM Hospital
== Landmarks ==
[[File:St Judes Church, Assisi Nagar, November 2015.jpg|thumb|The church started in the near 6o's |207x207px]]
* St. Judes Church, Assisi Nagar
*Park, Assisi Nagar
*Milk Colony Playground
*Botanical Garden
== Education ==
=== Schools ===
* St. Joseph matriculation Higher Secondary School<ref>{{Cite web|title = ST JOSEPH'S MHS SCHOOL MADHAVARAM|url = http://www.stjosephschools.net|website = www.stjosephschools.net|access-date = 2016-01-16}}</ref>
* Vidya Mandir matriculation School<ref>{{Cite web|title = Vidya Mandir|url = http://www.vidya-mandir.edu.in/|website = www.vidya-mandir.edu.in|access-date = 2016-01-16}}</ref>
* Don Bosco matriculation higher secondary school<ref>{{Cite web|title = Don Bosco Higher Secondary School - Perambur - Chennai|url = http://www.donboscoperambur.com|website = www.donboscoperambur.com|access-date = 2016-01-16}}</ref>
* Viuksha Vidhyashram School<ref>{{Cite web|title = www.vrukshavidhyaashram.com|url = http://www.vrukshavidhyaashram.com/|website = www.vrukshavidhyaashram.com|access-date = 2016-01-16|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160207002156/http://www.vrukshavidhyaashram.com/|archive-date = 7 February 2016|url-status = dead}}</ref>

=== Colleges ===
*Jayagovind Harigopal Agarwal Agarsen College{{Citation needed|date=October 2021}}
* Sebastian ITI
* Thiruthangal nadar college<ref>{{Cite web|title = thiruths WordPress {{!}} Just another WordPress site|url = http://thiruthangalnadarcollege.org/en/|website = thiruthangalnadarcollege.org|access-date = 2016-01-16}}</ref>
* Nallalaghu polytechnic college<ref>{{Cite web|title = Sri Nallalaghu Nadar Polytechnic College - Puzhal, Chennai, 600066.|url = http://snptcollege.net/|website = snptcollege.net|access-date = 2016-01-16}}</ref>
* Tamil Nadu Veterinary University<ref>{{Cite web|title = Welcome to TAMILNADU VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY (TANUVAS)|url = http://www.tanuvas.tn.nic.in/|website = www.tanuvas.tn.nic.in|access-date = 2016-01-16|archive-date = 15 November 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151115184912/http://www.tanuvas.tn.nic.in/|url-status = dead}}</ref>
==References==
{{reflist}}


{{Coord|13.1649211|80.2339751|display=title}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tiruvallur district]]

{{Chennai-geo-stub}}

Nanotechnology in agriculture

2026-04-27T19:49:42Z

HeikeC58098401: stub.

Research has shown [[nanoparticles]] to be a groundbreaking tool for tackling many arising global issues, the [[agriculture|agricultural]] industry being no exception. In general, a nanoparticle is defined as any particle where one characteristic dimension is 100[[Nanometre|nm]] or less.<ref>ASTM 2456-06 Standard Terminology Relating to Nanotechnology. Available at: http://www.astm.org/Standard/index.shtml</ref> Because of their unique size, these particles begin to exhibit properties that their larger counterparts may not. Due to their scale, [[Quantum mechanics|quantum mechanical]] interactions become more important than [[classical mechanics|classic mechanical]] forces, allowing for the prevalence of unique physical and chemical properties due to their extremely high surface-to-body ratio. Properties such as [[cation exchange capacity]], enhanced diffusion, [[ion]] [[adsorption]], and [[complexation]] are enhanced when operating at nanoscale.<ref name=":0">Currall SC, King EB, Lane N, Madera J, Turner S. What drives public acceptance of nanotechnology? Nat Nanotechnol. 2006;1:153–155.</ref>
[[File:Surface_atoms.jpg|thumb|Comparison of surface area between bulk materials and nanoparticles.]]
This is primarily the consequence of a high proportion of atoms being present on the surface, with an increased proportion of sites operating at higher reactivities with respect to processes such as adsorption processes and electrochemical interactions. Nanoparticles are promising candidates for implementation in agriculture. Because many organic functions such as [[ion exchange]] and plant [[gene expression]] operate on small scales, nanomaterials offer a toolset that works at just the right scale to provide efficient, targeted delivery to living cells.<ref>Zubarev ER. Nanoparticle synthesis: any way you want it. Nat Nanotechnol. 2013;8:396–397</ref>
Current areas of focus of nanotechnology development in the agricultural industry include development of environmentally conscious nano fertilizers to provide efficient ion, and nutrient delivery into plant cells, and plant gene transformations to produce plants with desirable genes such as drought resistance and accelerated growth cycles.<ref name=":0" />

Nanotechnology in agriculture has been gaining traction due to the limitations that traditional farming methods impose at both the scientific and policy level. Nanotechnology aims to address productivity and mitigate damage on local ecosystems.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Mukhopadhyay |first=Siddhartha S. |date=August 2014 |title=Nanotechnology in agriculture: prospects and constraints |journal=Nanotechnology, Science and Applications |volume=7 |language=en |pages=63–71 |doi=10.2147/NSA.S39409 |doi-access=free |issn=1177-8903 |pmc=4130717 |pmid=25187699}}</ref> With the global population on the rise, it is necessary to make advancements in sustainable farming methods that generate higher yields in order to meet the rising food demand. Although there are seemingly numerous advantages in using nanotechnology in this sector, certain sustainability and ethical concerns around the topic cannot be ignored. The extent of their transport and interaction within their surrounding environments, as well as potential [[phytotoxicity]] and bioaccumulation of nanoparticles in food systems are not fully known.<ref name=":12">{{Cite book |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-981-10-4573-8 |title=Nanotechnology |date=2017 |publisher=Springer Singapore |isbn=978-981-10-4572-1 |editor-last=Prasad |editor-first=Ram |location=Singapore |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-981-10-4573-8 |editor-last2=Kumar |editor-first2=Manoj |editor-last3=Kumar |editor-first3=Vivek}}</ref> Ethical considerations also arise when we consider public discourse and regulatory challenges. The accessibility and affordability of nanotechnology-based agricultural solutions could disproportionately benefit large-scale industrial farms, potentially widening socioeconomic disparities with smallholder and Indigenous farmers. Experts emphasize the need for low-cost, scalable innovations that make these technologies accessible to diverse farming communities.<ref name=":12"/>

== Chemical Properties of Nanomaterials in Agricultural Use ==
There are multiple properties of nanoparticles that make them effective and sought after for agricultural applications. Their small size, high surface area, and tunable surface chemistry allow for improved efficiency in nutrient delivery, pest control, and environmental remediation. A high surface-to-volume ratio allows for enhanced reactivity, solubility, and absorption, which are key to a thriving agricultural industry. These properties specifically allow for increased nutrient uptake & enhanced plant cell penetration.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Wahab |first1=Abdul |last2=Muhammad |first2=Murad |last3=Ullah |first3=Shahid |last4=Abdi |first4=Gholamreza |last5=Shah |first5=Ghulam Mujtaba |last6=Zaman |first6=Wajid |last7=Ayaz |first7=Asma |date=2024-05-20 |title=Agriculture and environmental management through nanotechnology: Eco-friendly nanomaterial synthesis for soil-plant systems, food safety, and sustainability |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048969724020059 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=926 |article-number=171862 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171862 |pmid=38527538 |bibcode=2024ScTEn.92671862W |issn=0048-9697|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

These [[nanomaterials]] can be made from a variety of chemical structures, with the most prominent being various metal oxides, carbon-based nanomaterials, and organic nanoparticles. Iron is an essential [[micronutrient]], playing a role in [[chlorophyll]] synthesis, electron transport, and [[enzyme]] activation, and a deficiency can lead to reduced growth and crop yields.<ref>{{Cite web |last=West |first=T. J. |date=2023-11-22 |title=Iron's role in plant growth and development |url=https://omexcanada.com/blog/irons-role-in-plant-growth-and-development/ |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=OMEX |language=en-CA}}</ref> Iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles have been shown to improve seed [[germination]], enhancing shoot and root development more than traditional iron supplements do.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last1=Afzal |first1=Shadma |last2=Sharma |first2=Deepa |last3=Singh |first3=Nand K. |date=2021-08-01 |title=Eco-friendly synthesis of phytochemical-capped iron oxide nanoparticles as nano-priming agent for boosting seed germination in rice (Oryza sativa L.) |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11356-020-12056-5 |journal=Environmental Science and Pollution Research |language=en |volume=28 |issue=30 |pages=40275–40287 |doi=10.1007/s11356-020-12056-5 |pmid=33447981 |bibcode=2021ESPR...2840275A |issn=1614-7499|url-access=subscription }}</ref> One example shows these particles increasing rice plant growth by enhancing iron bioavailability, as these nanoparticles are soil stable and penetrate root epidermal cells, ensuring sufficient nutrient transport to other parts of the plant.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last1=Rui |first1=Mengmeng |last2=Ma |first2=Chuanxin |last3=Hao |first3=Yi |last4=Guo |first4=Jing |last5=Rui |first5=Yukui |last6=Tang |first6=Xinlian |last7=Zhao |first7=Qi |last8=Fan |first8=Xing |last9=Zhang |first9=Zetian |last10=Hou |first10=Tianqi |last11=Zhu |first11=Siyuan |date=2016-06-09 |title=Iron Oxide Nanoparticles as a Potential Iron Fertilizer for Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) |journal=Frontiers in Plant Science |language=English |volume=7 |page=815 |doi=10.3389/fpls.2016.00815 |doi-access=free |issn=1664-462X |pmc=4899443 |pmid=27375665 |bibcode=2016FrPS....7..815R }}</ref> Other elements, such as silver (Ag) and Copper (Cu), are becoming popular because of their antifungal and antimicrobial properties, making them useful in terms of disease and pest prevention.<ref name=":23">{{Cite journal |last=Mukhopadhyay |first=Siddhartha S. |date=4 August 2014 |title=Nanotechnology in agriculture: prospects and constraints |journal=Nanotechnology, Science and Applications |volume=7 |language=en |pages=63–71 |doi=10.2147/NSA.S39409 |doi-access=free |issn=1177-8903 |pmc=4130717 |pmid=25187699}}</ref> Specifically, the release of silver ions disrupts bacterial and fungal cell membranes that prevents diseases like [[powdery mildew]], [[bacterial blight]], and [[leaf spot]].<ref name=":102">{{Cite book |last=Kulkarni |first=Sulabha K. |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-09171-6 |title=Nanotechnology: Principles and Practices |date=2015 |publisher=Springer International Publishing |isbn=978-3-319-09170-9 |location=Cham |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-09171-6}}</ref> Nanoparticles can also be chemically modified to control properties like solubility. [[Chitosan]] or other polymer coatings have been shown to improve biodegradability and nutrient release,<ref name=":62">{{Cite journal |last1=Carmona |first1=Francisco J. |last2=Dal Sasso |first2=Gregorio |last3=Ramírez-Rodríguez |first3=Gloria B. |last4=Pii |first4=Youry |last5=Delgado-López |first5=José Manuel |last6=Guagliardi |first6=Antonietta |last7=Masciocchi |first7=Norberto |date=2021-02-09 |title=Urea-functionalized amorphous calcium phosphate nanofertilizers: optimizing the synthetic strategy towards environmental sustainability and manufacturing costs |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=3419 |bibcode=2021NatSR..11.3419C |doi=10.1038/s41598-021-83048-9 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=7873063 |pmid=33564033}}</ref> and one study shows Chitosan-coated zinc nanoparticles extend the release of zinc, reducing soil toxicity and preventing its over-accumulation in plants.<ref name=":72">{{Citation |last1=Kak |first1=Vasudha |title=Nanofertilizers: A New Frontier in Agriculture |date=2024 |work=Nanobiostimulants: Emerging Strategies for Agricultural Sustainability |pages=13–27 |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=Vandana |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-68138-7_2 |access-date=2025-02-16 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer Nature Switzerland |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-031-68138-7_2 |isbn=978-3-031-68138-7 |last2=Kishor |first2=Kunal |last3=Singh |first3=Keerti |editor2-last=Bhat |editor2-first=Rouf Ahmad |editor3-last=Dar |editor3-first=Gowhar Hamid|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
[[File:Zinc_oxide_nanoparticles_crop.png|thumb|Scanning Electron Microscopy Images of ZnO nanoparticles with a primary particle diameter of 20nm and a specific surface area of 50 m2/g. Electron microscopy of these samples was performed by Scanning Electron Microscopy using a JOEL 7500F Electron Microscope (JOEL Eching, Germany).]]
At the nanoscale, [[quantum confinement effect]]s alter electronic, optical, and chemical properties, which allow nanomaterials to be tailored to specific agricultural applications, particularly in crop protection, light absorption, and antimicrobial activity. For example, silver nanoparticles are known to absorb [[Ultraviolet|UV light]], a useful property for antimicrobial crop coatings.<ref name=":102"/> They can also scatter and reflect excess UV radiation, which has been shown to reduce sunburn damage to crops like tomatoes and grapes.<ref name=":12"/> Studies have also shown that [[silver nanoparticle]] sprays have reduced fungal infections in wheat crops while maintaining low toxicity to beneficial soil microbes.<ref name=":8" /> [[Zinc oxide nanoparticle]]s have a wide bandgap of 3.37 eV, which allows them to regulate [[Photosynthesis|photosynthetic activity]] by enhancing light absorption and electron transport, as well as increasing chlorophyll content.<ref name=":9" />

The environmental stability and degradability of these materials is a key component of what makes them so desirable for these applications. These properties are influenced by a variety of factors, including chemical composition, surface modification, and interactions with [[soil pH]] and organic matter. Understanding these interactions is crucial for noting pollution control and long-term environmental impact. As for chemical composition and solubility, metal-based particles can dissolve, releasing ions influencing soil and microbial activity,<ref name=":12"/> while carbon-based nanomaterials have been shown to absorb heavy metals from contaminated environments and resist degradation for much longer.<ref name=":23"/> Polymers such as chitosan or [[polyethylene glycol]] are used in coatings to increase water dispersion and prevent particle aggregation,<ref name=":62"/> while being selective with [[functional group]]s can enhance contaminant absorption.<ref name=":112">{{Cite journal |last=Zhang |first=Wei-xian |date=2003-08-01 |title=Nanoscale Iron Particles for Environmental Remediation: An Overview |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1025520116015 |journal=Journal of Nanoparticle Research |language=en |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=323–332 |doi=10.1023/A:1025520116015 |bibcode=2003JNR.....5..323Z |issn=1572-896X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Nanoparticles can interact with substances like clay minerals, organic matter, and soil microbes, influencing their mobility and availability for plant uptake, while higher organic matter content enhances stability by reducing aggregation and sedimentation <ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" />.

[[Soil remediation]] is one of the biggest sought-after benefits of utilizing nanoparticles in agriculture. The most promising materials include carbon-based nanomaterials and nano-clay materials, all of which exhibit high reactivity and [[selective adsorption]] capabilities. The molecular structure of [[Graphite oxide|graphene oxide]] and [[carbon nanotube]]s allows capture of metal ions due to high surface areas and strong absorption capacities. Activated carbon-based nanocomposites have been shown to remove up to 90% of heavy metal cadmium ions from water in a short time span of a few hours.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Citation |last1=Khan |first1=Sehresh |title=Iron Oxide Nanoparticles: Plant Response, Interaction, Phytotoxicity and Defense Mechanisms |date=2023 |work=Nanomaterials and Nanocomposites Exposures to Plants: Response, Interaction, Phytotoxicity and Defense Mechanisms |pages=227–245 |editor-last=Husen |editor-first=Azamal |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-99-2419-6_11 |access-date=2025-02-16 |place=Singapore |publisher=Springer Nature |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-981-99-2419-6_11 |isbn=978-981-99-2419-6 |last2=Akhtar |first2=Nazneen |last3=Rehman |first3=Shafiq Ur |last4=Jamil |first4=Muhammad|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Nano-clay materials, such as [[montmorillonite]]-based nanoclays, trap pesticide residues, preventing them from leaching into water sources and maintaining soil fertility. By modifying their surface chemistry, nanoclays retain other harmful chemicals, mitigating impact on surrounding ecosystems. One practical application involves clay-polymer [[nanocomposite]]s, which have been deployed in farmland runoff control to reduce pesticide and herbicide contamination, protecting nearby water bodies from exposure.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Van Alphen |first1=B. J. |last2=Stoorvogel |first2=J. J. |date=2000-12-01 |title=A Methodology for Precision Nitrogen Fertilization in High-Input Farming Systems |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1012338414284 |journal=Precision Agriculture |language=en |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=319–332 |doi=10.1023/A:1012338414284 |bibcode=2000PrAgr...2..319V |issn=1573-1618|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Water in crisis: a guide to the world's fresh water resources |date=1993 |publisher=Oxford Univ. Press |isbn=978-0-19-507628-8 |editor-last=Gleick |editor-first=Peter H. |location=New York, NY |editor-last2=Stockholm Environment Institute |editor-last3=Pacific Institute for Studies in Development, Environment, and Security}}</ref> These aforementioned properties are essential for agricultural applications—nanotechnology has been applied to create nanofertilizers, nanopesticides, and nanosensors, reducing excess waste, remediating soil conditions, and providing targeted nutrient uptake, reducing toxic conditions.

== Categories and Agricultural Applications ==

=== Nanofertilizers ===
One area of active research in this field is the use of nanofertilizers. Because of the aforementioned special properties of nanoparticles, nanofertilizers can be tuned to have specialized delivery to plants. Conventional [[fertilizer]]s can be dangerous to the environment because of the sheer amount of runoff that stems from their use.<ref>Zulfiqar, F., Navarro, M., Ashraf, M., Akram, N. A., & Munné-Bosch, S. (2019, September 16). Nanofertilizer Use for Sustainable Agriculture: Advantages and Limitations. Retrieved from</ref> Having a detrimental effect on everything from water quality to air particulate matter, being able to negate runoff from agriculture is extremely important for improving quality of life around the world for millions. For example, runoff from sugar plantations in [[Florida]] has spawned the infamous [[Algal bloom|algae bloom]] called "red tide" in water tributaries across the state, creating respiratory issues in humans and killing vital ecosystems for years.<ref>What does Big Sugar have to do with Florida's red tide? (2018, August 26)</ref>

Nanofertilizers deliver nutrients more efficiently than conventional fertilizers by increasing plant bioavailability and reducing leaching into water systems,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Saurabh |first1=Kirti |last2=Prakash |first2=Ved |last3=Dubey |first3=Abhishek Kumar |last4=Ghosh |first4=Sonaka |last5=Kumari |first5=Arti |last6=Sundaram |first6=Prem K. |last7=Jeet |first7=Pawan |last8=Sarkar |first8=Bikash |last9=Upadhyaya |first9=Ashutosh |last10=Das |first10=Anup |last11=Kumar |first11=Santosh |last12=Makarana |first12=Govind |last13=Kumar |first13=Ujjwal |last14=Kumar |first14=Atish |last15=Singh |first15=Ravi Ranjan |date=2024-10-20 |title=Enhancing sustainability in agriculture with nanofertilizers |journal=Discover Applied Sciences |language=en |volume=6 |issue=11 |pages=559 |doi=10.1007/s42452-024-06267-5 |issn=3004-9261 |doi-access=free}}</ref> and their small-scale size allows them to pass through plant cell walls for nutrient transport.<ref name=":42">{{Citation |last1=Rehmanullah |title=Application of Nanoparticles in Agriculture as Fertilizers and Pesticides: Challenges and Opportunities |date=2020 |work=New Frontiers in Stress Management for Durable Agriculture |pages=281–293 |editor-last=Rakshit |editor-first=Amitava |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-15-1322-0_17 |access-date=2025-02-16 |place=Singapore |publisher=Springer |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-981-15-1322-0_17 |isbn=978-981-15-1322-0 |last2=Muhammad |first2=Zahir |last3=Inayat |first3=Naila |last4=Majeed |first4=Abdul |editor2-last=Singh |editor2-first=Harikesh Bahadur |editor3-last=Singh |editor3-first=Anand Kumar |editor4-last=Singh |editor4-first=Uma Shankar|url-access=subscription }}</ref> For example, silica (SiO2) nanoparticles bind to soil, allowing retention of essential root macronutrients and water retention such as Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), and Potassium (K) for longer periods of time.<ref name=":52">{{Cite book |last=Mansoori |first=G Ali |url=https://www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/5749 |title=Principles of Nanotechnology: Molecular-Based Study of Condensed Matter in Small Systems |date=March 2005 |publisher=WORLD SCIENTIFIC |isbn=978-981-256-154-1 |language=en |doi=10.1142/5749}}</ref>

Studies have shown that, in most cases, greater than 50% of the amount of fertilizer applied to soil is lost to the environment, in some cases up to 90%.<ref name="Módenes, S. 2019">Módenes, S. (2019, November 27). Use of nanofertilizers in agriculture: advantages and safety concerns.</ref> As mentioned before, this poses extremely negative environmental implications, while also demonstrating the high waste associated with conventional fertilizers. On the other hand, nanofertilizers are able to amend this issue because of their high absorption efficiency into the targeted plant- which is owed to their remarkably high surface area to volume ratios. In a study done on the use of phosphorus nano-fertilizers, absorption efficiencies of up to 90.6% were achieved, making them a highly desirable fertilizer material.<ref>Miranda-Villagómez, Iris, L., Gómez-Merino, Fernando Carlos, S.-V., Manuel, Sánchez-García, & Ángel, M. (2019, November 18). Nanophosphorus Fertilizer Stimulates Growth and Photosynthetic Activity and Improves P Status in Rice.</ref> Another beneficial aspect of using nanofertilizers is the ability to provide slow release of nutrients into the plant over a 40-50 day time period, rather than the 4-10 day period of conventional fertilizers.<ref name="Módenes, S. 2019" /> This again proves to be beneficial economically, requiring less resources to be devoted to fertilizer transport, and less amount of total fertilizer needed.

As expected with greater ability for nutrient uptake, crops have been found to exhibit greater health when using nanofertilizers over conventional ones. One study analyzed the effect of a potato-specific nano fertilizer composed of a variety of elements including [[Potassium|K]], [[Phosphorus|P]], [[Nitrogen|N]], and [[Magnesium|Mg]], in comparison to a control group using their conventional counterparts. The study found that the potato crop which used the nano-fertilizer had an increased [[crop yield]] in comparison to the control, as well as more efficient water use and agronomic efficiency, defined as units of yield increased per unit of nutrient applied. In addition, the study found that the nano fertilized potatoes had a higher nutrient content, such as increased [[starch]] and [[ascorbic acid]] content.<ref>Al-Juthery, H. W. A., Al-Taee, R. A. H. G., Al-Obaidi, Z. H. H., Ali, E. A. H. M., & Nal-Shami, Q. M. (2019). Influence of foliar application of some nano-fertilizers in growth and yield of potato under drip irrigation. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1294, 092024. doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/1294/9/0920</ref> Another study analyzed the use of iron-based nanofertilizers in [[Black-eyed pea|black eyed peas]], and determined that root stability increased dramatically in the use of nano fertilizer, as well as chlorophyll content in leaves, thus improving photosynthesis.<ref>Delfani, M., Firouzabadi, M. B., Farrokhi, N., & Makarian, H. (2014). Some Physiological Responses of Black-Eyed Pea to Iron and Magnesium Nanofertilizers. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 45(4), 530–540. doi: 10.1080/00103624.2013.863911</ref> A different study found that [[zinc]] nanofertilizers enhanced [[photosynthesis]] rate in maize crops, measured through soluble carbohydrate concentration, likely as a result of the role of zinc in the [[photosynthesis]] process.<ref>Silva, S., Garcia, G., Reis, E., & Dalvi, L. (2020). Foliar nutrient content and maize yield with vinasse application during three crops. Revista Brasileira De Ciências Agrárias - Brazilian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 15(1), 1–6. doi: 10.5039/agraria.v15i1a6285</ref>

Much work needs to be done in the future to make nanofertilizers a consistent, viable alternative to conventional fertilizers. Effective legislation needs to be drafted regulating the use of nanofertilizers, drafting standards for consistent quality and targeted release of nutrients.<ref>Iqbal, M. A. (2019, December 13). Nano-Fertilizers for Sustainable Crop Production under Changing Climate: A Global Perspective.</ref> Further, more studies need to be done to understand the full benefits and potential downsides of nanofertilizers, to gain the full picture in approach of using nanotechnology to benefit agriculture in an ever-changing world.

=== Nanopesticides ===
Nanopesticides are viewed as being more effective than conventional pesticides, aiming for targeted pest control and chemical delivery while reducing the threat of environmental toxicity. Some nanopesticides utilize a controlled gradual release mechanism through nano-encapsulation, which means pesticides are delivered through a variety of nanocarriers.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Bei |last2=Lan |first2=Christopher Q. |last3=Horsman |first3=Mark |date=2012-07-01 |title=Closed photobioreactors for production of microalgal biomasses |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0734975012000328 |journal=Biotechnology Advances |series=Biorefining: Thermochemical and Enzymatic Biomass Conversion |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=904–912 |doi=10.1016/j.biotechadv.2012.01.019 |pmid=22306165 |issn=0734-9750|url-access=subscription }}</ref> This extends their effectiveness and reduces the amount of pesticide applications needed. One chitosan-based nano-encapsulated pesticide was able to be stabilized for several weeks, while maintaining efficacy against aphid infestation.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rai |first1=Mahendra |last2=Ingle |first2=Avinash |date=April 2012 |title=Role of nanotechnology in agriculture with special reference to management of insect pests |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00253-012-3969-4 |journal=Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology |language=en |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=287–293 |doi=10.1007/s00253-012-3969-4 |pmid=22388570 |issn=0175-7598|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Traditional pesticides can often have adverse effects on wildlife, harming insects, birds, and other beneficial pollinators.<ref name=":12"/> One solution has been to create pH-sensitive nanocarriers that remain inert in neutral environments, but activate in the alkaline bodies of pests.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kah |first1=M. |last2=Beulke |first2=S. |last3=Tiede |first3=K. |last4=Hofmann |first4=T. |date=January 2013 |title=Nanopesticides: State of Knowledge, Environmental Fate, and Exposure Modeling |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10643389.2012.671750 |journal=Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology |language=en |volume=43 |issue=16 |pages=1823–1867 |doi=10.1080/10643389.2012.671750 |bibcode=2013CREST..43.1823K |issn=1064-3389|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Nanopesticides also aim to address the problem of [[Adhesion|chemical adhesion]] to plant surfaces. [[Hydrophobe|Hydrophobicity]] and degradation from sun and rain can cause runoff into soil and waterways.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ahmar |first1=Sunny |last2=Mahmood |first2=Tahir |last3=Fiaz |first3=Sajid |last4=Mora-Poblete |first4=Freddy |last5=Shafique |first5=Muhammad Sohaib |last6=Chattha |first6=Muhammad Sohaib |last7=Jung |first7=Ki-Hung |date=2021-05-28 |title=Advantage of Nanotechnology-Based Genome Editing System and Its Application in Crop Improvement |journal=Frontiers in Plant Science |language=English |volume=12 |article-number=663849 |doi=10.3389/fpls.2021.663849 |doi-access=free |issn=1664-462X |pmc=8194497 |pmid=34122485 |bibcode=2021FrPS...1263849A }}</ref> Research has made advances in electrostatic attraction to plant cuticles,<ref name=":52"/> deeper plant tissue penetration,<ref name=":42"/> and hydrophilic formulations.<ref name=":72"/>

Nanopesticides take on a variety of classifications based on chemical composition and their mode of action. Nano-encapsulated pesticides use nanocarriers such as [[polymer]]s, [[liposome]]s, or [[Metal–organic framework|metal-organic frameworks]] to carry active pesticides to plants, aiming for a slow and controlled release of these chemicals.<ref name=":52" /> One neem oil chitosan-based formulation has increased bioactivity of botanical pesticides.<ref name=":42"/> Nano-emulsions are classified as oil-in-water emulsions meant to improve solubility and stability,<ref name=":3" /> with a highlight being a nano-emulsified [[azadirachtin]] defending against insecticidal activity more than traditional pesticide formulations.<ref name=":9" /> Inorganic pesticides are known to show antimicrobial properties, with Zinc oxide nanoparticles showing promise in fungicidal activity against mainstream plant pathogens.<ref name=":3" />

Despite all the apparent benefits, there are no clear regulations set for nanopesticides,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Litter |first1=Marta I. |last2=Choi |first2=Wonyong |last3=Dionysiou |first3=Dionysios (Dion) D. |last4=Falaras |first4=Polycarpos |last5=Hiskia |first5=Anastasia |last6=Li Puma |first6=Gianluca |last7=Pradeep |first7=Thalappil |last8=Zhao |first8=Jincai |date=2012-04-15 |title=Nanotechnologies for the treatment of water, air and soil |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S030438941200163X |journal=Journal of Hazardous Materials |volume=211-212 |pages=1–2 |doi=10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.02.017 |pmid=22386998 |bibcode=2012JHzM..211....1L |issn=0304-3894|url-access=subscription }}</ref> and there is debate as to how silver and copper nanoparticle accumulation in soil and water can affect insect, aquatic, and microbial communities.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pimentel |first1=David |last2=Harvey |first2=C. |last3=Resosudarmo |first3=P. |last4=Sinclair |first4=K. |last5=Kurz |first5=D. |last6=McNair |first6=M. |last7=Crist |first7=S. |last8=Shpritz |first8=L. |last9=Fitton |first9=L. |last10=Saffouri |first10=R. |last11=Blair |first11=R. |date=1995-02-24 |title=Environmental and Economic Costs of Soil Erosion and Conservation Benefits |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.267.5201.1117 |journal=Science |volume=267 |issue=5201 |pages=1117–1123 |doi=10.1126/science.267.5201.1117|pmid=17789193 |bibcode=1995Sci...267.1117P |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":52" />

=== Nanosensors ===
[[File:Simplified_representation_illustrating_the_component_of_nanosensors_to_monitoring_agroecosystems.webp|thumb|The past couple of decades have witnessed a great expansion of the science of nanotechnology and this development has largely facilitated the development of modest, quick, and economically viable bio and nanosensors for detecting different entities contaminating the natural agroecosystems with an advantage of being innocuous to human health. The growth of nanotechnology has offered rapid development of bio and nanosensors for the detection of several composites which range from several metal ions, proteins, pesticides, to the detection of complete microorganisms.]]
Nanosensors are new devices in [[precision agriculture]], designed to monitor soil health, detect pathogens, optimize irrigation, and assess overall soil and plant conditions. They utilize nanomaterials to respond to environmental changes by detecting changes in nutrient levels, pH, and soil contaminants. Graphene-based nanosensors have been created to monitor nitrate and phosphate concentrations,<ref>{{Citation |last1=Mufamadi |first1=M. S. |title=Nanomaterial-Based Biosensors in Agriculture Application and Accessibility in Rural Smallholding Farms: Food Security |date=2017 |work=Nanotechnology: An Agricultural Paradigm |pages=263–278 |editor-last=Prasad |editor-first=Ram |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-10-4573-8_12 |access-date=2025-02-16 |place=Singapore |publisher=Springer |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-981-10-4573-8_12 |isbn=978-981-10-4573-8 |last2=Sekhejane |first2=P. R. |editor2-last=Kumar |editor2-first=Manoj |editor3-last=Kumar |editor3-first=Vivek|url-access=subscription }}</ref> electrochemical sensors can measure heavy metal contamination, aiding in land remediation,<ref name=":112"/> and Zinc oxide sensors track nitrogen deficiency in soil.<ref name=":62"/> Other sensors have detected plant viruses and bacteria, such as [[Tobacco mosaic virus|Tobacco Mosaic Virus]], [[Citrus tristeza virus|Citrus Tristeza Virus]], and [[Xylella fastidiosa]], before symptoms appear.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jampílek |first1=Josef |last2=Kráľová |first2=Katarína |date=2015-09-01 |title=Application Of Nanotechnology In Agriculture And Food Industry, Its Prospects And Risks |journal=Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S |language=en |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=321–361 |doi=10.1515/eces-2015-0018 |bibcode=2015ECESC..22..321J |issn=1898-6196|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=":102"/>

A major concern in agricultural practices is water scarcity, and nanosensors hope to alleviate this by analyzing moisture levels in real-time. For example, Silicon-based nanosensors track water retention in soil, ensuring efficient irrigation and reducing water waste.<ref name=":23"/> Silver-based systems have detected nitrates and heavy metals in irrigation water,<ref name=":12"/> and hydrogel-embedded nanosensors are able to save water by adjusting release based on soil hydration levels.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lei |first1=Ming |last2=Baldi |first2=Antonio |last3=Nuxoll |first3=Eric |last4=Siegel |first4=Ronald A. |last5=Ziaie |first5=Babak |date=June 2009 |title=Hydrogel-based microsensors for wireless chemical monitoring |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10544-008-9168-5 |journal=Biomedical Microdevices |language=en |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=529–538 |doi=10.1007/s10544-008-9168-5 |pmid=18335316 |issn=1387-2176|url-access=subscription }}</ref> They have also been used to detect ethylene, allowing for precision harvesting,<ref>{{Citation |last1=Khedr |first1=Emad Hamdy |title=Biosensors and Nanosensors for Determination of Harvest Quality Parameters and Fruit Handling Processes Monitoring |date=2024 |work=Innovative Methods in Horticultural Crop Improvement: Biosensors and Nanosensors |pages=143–190 |editor-last=Al-Khayri |editor-first=Jameel M. |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-61095-0_7 |access-date=2025-02-16 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer Nature Switzerland |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-031-61095-0_7 |isbn=978-3-031-61095-0 |last2=Al-Khayri |first2=Jameel M. |editor2-last=Alnaddaf |editor2-first=Lina M. |editor3-last=Jain |editor3-first=Shri Mohan |editor4-last=Penna |editor4-first=Suprasanna|url-access=subscription }}</ref> monitor photosynthesis rates,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Fucheng |last2=Li |first2=Denghua |last3=Li |first3=Ganqiong |last4=Xu |first4=Shiwei |date=2025-01-07 |title=New horizons in smart plant sensors: key technologies, applications, and prospects |journal=Frontiers in Plant Science |language=English |volume=15 |article-number=1490801 |doi=10.3389/fpls.2024.1490801 |doi-access=free |issn=1664-462X |pmc=11747371 |pmid=39840367 |bibcode=2025FrPS...1590801Z }}</ref> and track plant stress signals in droughts or nutrient deficiencies.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Shaw |first1=Daniel S. |last2=Honeychurch |first2=Kevin C. |date=September 2022 |title=Nanosensor Applications in Plant Science |journal=Biosensors |language=en |volume=12 |issue=9 |pages=675 |doi=10.3390/bios12090675 |doi-access=free |issn=2079-6374 |pmc=9496508 |pmid=36140060}}</ref>

Nanosensors represent a significant advancement in the field of precision agriculture, and as the technology continues to evolve, they will play a vital role in enhancing productivity, although further research is needed to know the extent of long-term impacts on the ecosystem and farming practices.<ref name=":8"/> Recent work also highlights how nanosensors can assist in real-time monitoring of crops by tracking environmental and biological changes as they occur. These insights support timely responses during cultivation, helping farmers protect yields and manage resources more efficiently.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Vijayalakshmi |first1=S. |last2=Sachin |first2=C. |last3=Kirtan |first3=T. |date=2017-11-22 |title=Nanotechnology: A growing need for agriculture and food sectors |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10584587.2017.1370341 |journal=Integrated Ferroelectrics |language=en |volume=185 |issue=1 |pages=73–81 |doi=10.1080/10584587.2017.1370341 |bibcode=2017InFer.185...73V |issn=1058-4587|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Nanotechnology in plant transformations==

Nanotechnology has played a pivotal role in the field of [[genetic engineering]] and plant transformations, making it a desirable candidate in the optimization and manipulation of cultivated plants. In the past, most [[genetic modifications]] to plants have been done with [[Agrobacterium]], or utilising tools such as the [[gene gun]] (biolistics); however, these older methods of gene implementation face roadblocks due to low species compatibility lack of versatility/compatibility with Chloroplastial/Mitochondrial gene transformations, and potential for cell or organelle damage (due to impact of biolistics). While biolistics and Agrobacterium are useful in specific species of plants- more refined approaches are being explored through the utilisation of nanomaterials- allowing for a less invasive and forced delivery approach. These methods utilise Carbon Nanotube (CNT) and various porous nanoparticle (NP) enabled delivery methods, which may allow for higher-throughput plant transformation- while also circumventing legal GMO restrictions.<ref name="Wang, J. W. 2019">Wang, J. W., Grandio, E. G., Newkirk, G. M., Demirer, G. S., Butrus, S., Giraldo, J. P., & Landry, M. P. (2019). Nanoparticle-Mediated Genetic Engineering of Plants. In Molecular Plant (Vol. 12, Issue 8, pp. 1037–1040). Cell Press. doi: 10.1016/j.molp.2019.06.010</ref> The research of non-incorporative/DNA-Free genetic modifications has become a very important field of study, since traditional methods of plant transformation (agrobacterium and biolistics) risk DNA incorporation in the plant genome, thus making them transgenic and qualifying them as a GMO.<ref name="Demirer, G. S. 2019">Demirer, G. S., Zhang, H., Matos, J. L., Goh, N. S., Cunningham, F. J., Sung, Y., Chang, R., Aditham, A. J., Chio, L., Cho, M. J., Staskawicz, B., & Landry, M. P. (2019). High aspect ratio nanomaterials enable delivery of functional genetic material without DNA integration in mature plants. Nature Nanotechnology, 14(5), 456–464. doi: 10.1038/s41565-019-0382-5</ref>

A novel strategy utilizes highly-tailorable [[diffusion]] based nanocarriers for the delivery of genetic material, allowing for non-transgenic, non-destructive plant transformation. The method specificity is highly dependent on the properties of the material utilized, with key factors including size, polarity, and surface chemistry. Some approaches to diffusion based delivery have used Nano-Structured-DNA,<ref name="Zhang, H. 2019">Zhang, H., Demirer, G., Ye, T., Goh, N., Aditham, A., Cunningham, F., Fan, C., & Landry, M. (2019). DNA Nanostructures Coordinate Gene Silencing in Mature Plants. DNA Nanostructures Coordinate Gene Silencing in Mature Plants: Supplemental Information, 538678. doi: 10.1101/538678</ref> [[carbon nanotubes]],<ref name="Demirer, G. S. 2019"/> and other nanoparticles<ref name=":13">Hussain, H. I., Yi, Z., Rookes, J. E., Kong, L. X., & Cahill, D. M. (2013). Mesoporous silica nanoparticles as a biomolecule delivery vehicle in plants. Journal of Nanoparticle Research, 15(6), 1676. doi: 10.1007/s11051-013-1676-4</ref> as vesicles for the delivery of genetic information. . These methods typically rely on functionalization of the surface or manipulation of porosity of a nanocarrier in order to optimize the loading and delivery of genetic information. DNA nanostructures have been shown to be a highly programmable modality in terms of delivery of [[small interfering RNA]] (siRNA), exploring the optimal design parameters necessary for plant cell internalization.<ref name="Zhang, H. 2019"/> A recent study utilizing DNA loaded CNTs was able to successfully express desired traits in various mature model plant systems- and even isolated Eruca sativa [[protoplasts]] while managing to protect and maintain the fidelity of the transferred genetic material.<ref name="Demirer, G. S. 2019"/> Lastly, porous nanoparticles have been shown to be an effective DNA delivering agent for plant transformations- with efficiency depending on pore size and strand length.<ref name=":13" /> All in all, these diffusion based [[gene transformation]] methodologies offer a cheaper mode of plant gene transformation with lower impact to plant tissue, lower transformation efficiencies, and little to no risk of DNA incorporation.

Biolistics is the primary approach to plant transformation. The biolistic process involves launching microprojectiles (usually [[gold]] microparticles) carrying genetic information through the cell walls and membranes of cells to impart genetic transformation.<ref name="Wang, J. W. 2019"/> As previously mentioned, biolistics may result in damaging the targeted cells or organelles- thus in order to minimize potential cell damage, nano-biolistic methods have been developed. Due to the significantly reduced size of the particle being launched into the cell, the impact can be minimized, while offering a similar efficiency of genetic transformation as traditional biolistics. However, most studies utilizing nanoscale biolistic approaches are done with animal cells, so implementation in plant transformation is still fairly novel and may encounter roadblocks unseen in animal cell studies.<ref>Cunningham, F. J., Demirer, G. S., Goh, N. S., Zhang, H., & Landry, M. P. (2020). Nanobiolistics: An Emerging Genetic Transformation Approach. Methods in Molecular Biology, 2124, 141–159. doi: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0356-7_7</ref>

Overall, nanotechnology provides a novel and competitive approach to genetic transformation of plants. Going forward, future research into the applications of these approaches will span a greater variety of crops, aim to utilize cheaper, more scalable methods, and explore potential environmental effects. Ultimately, once these design criteria will determine whether [[nanomaterial]] plant transformations will become a widespread practice in the future of agriculture.

==Public opinion==

=== Success with Nanotechnology ===
Some case studies celebrate the success of nanotechnology with its transformative potential to enhance farming practices, boost yields, reduce costs, and improve sustainability in certain regions of the world. In recent years, as applications of [[nanotechnology]] have exhibited promise in many fields of study, an increasing number of government, scientific, and independent institutional bodies have seen the potential of nanotechnology in making significant contributions to alleviating the burden of the global [[food supply]]. Current public views on nanotechnology development in the agricultural industry are mixed.<ref name=":0" /> With consideration of the potential hazards in conjunction with the potential benefits, the current public opinion appears to be relatively neutral as critics see the technology as less risky, and more beneficial than a number of other technologies such as pesticides and chemical disinfectants; however, it is perceived as riskier and less beneficial than solar technologies and vaccinations.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marris |first=Claire |date=July 2001 |title=Public views on GMOs: deconstructing the myths: Stakeholders in the GMO debate often describe public opinion as irrational. But do they really understand the public? |url=https://www.embopress.org/doi/10.1093/embo-reports/kve142 |journal=EMBO Reports |language=en |volume=2 |issue=7 |pages=545–548 |doi=10.1093/embo-reports/kve142 |issn=1469-221X |pmc=1083956 |pmid=11463731}}</ref>

=== Environmental Impact ===
Despite potential publicized advantages for sustainability, the use of nanotechnology in agriculture raises concerns about environmental toxicity and bioaccumulation of particles in ecosystems. Among the general public, there still exists negative connotations related to [[fertilizers]] and [[genetic modification]] of living organisms. Concerns that despite the benefit of higher yields and shorter growing cycles, fertilizers are associated with toxic runoff that contaminate sources of water and can lead to the generation of acid rain.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-10-31 |title=Environmental Implications of Excess Fertilizer and Manure on Water Quality {{!}} NDSU Agriculture |url=https://www.ndsu.edu/agriculture/extension/publications/environmental-implications-excess-fertilizer-and-manure-water-quality |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=www.ndsu.edu |language=en}}</ref> Additionally, there exists the unfounded fear that consumption of [[genetically modified food]]s is 'unnatural' and dangerous, which has led to numerous legislative efforts- limiting the field to non-transgenic transformations.<ref name=":0" /> While the majority of public fears and concerns are unfounded, it is more the result of poor communication and lack of public awareness related to the issue of introducing novel technology to a traditional industry such as agriculture. Ultimately the production of clean and healthy food is considered by many to be of high importance, simply due to the high frequency of consumption and intimate relation people have with the food they consume.

=== Ethical Concerns ===
Concerns have also been raised about equitable access, cultural compatibility, and socioeconomic disparities, particularly in developing regions and in places still utilizing traditional and Indigenous farming practices. Arguments have been made that nanotechnology disproportionately favors large businesses over smaller farmers, widening the gap between industrial and traditional farming communities.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pokrajac |first1=Lisa |last2=Abbas |first2=Ali |last3=Chrzanowski |first3=Wojciech |last4=Dias |first4=Goretty M. |last5=Eggleton |first5=Benjamin J. |last6=Maguire |first6=Steven |last7=Maine |first7=Elicia |last8=Malloy |first8=Timothy |last9=Nathwani |first9=Jatin |last10=Nazar |first10=Linda |last11=Sips |first11=Adrienne |last12=Sone |first12=Jun’ichi |last13=van den Berg |first13=Albert |last14=Weiss |first14=Paul S. |last15=Mitra |first15=Sushanta |date=2021-12-28 |title=Nanotechnology for a Sustainable Future: Addressing Global Challenges with the International Network4Sustainable Nanotechnology |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsnano.1c10919 |journal=ACS Nano |volume=15 |issue=12 |pages=18608–18623 |doi=10.1021/acsnano.1c10919 |pmid=34910476 |bibcode=2021ACSNa..1518608P |issn=1936-0851|hdl=10029/625447 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Accessibility concerns from the cost of nanotechnology products that could impact lower-income regions have also been raised.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Nederstigt |first1=Tom A. P. |last2=Brinkmann |first2=Bregje W. |last3=Peijnenburg |first3=Willie J. G. M. |last4=Vijver |first4=Martina G. |date=2024-02-06 |title=Sustainability Claims of Nanoenabled Pesticides Require a More Thorough Evaluation |journal=Environmental Science & Technology |language=en |volume=58 |issue=5 |pages=2163–2165 |doi=10.1021/acs.est.3c10207 |issn=0013-936X |pmc=10851430 |pmid=38261547|bibcode=2024EnST...58.2163N }}</ref> Skepticism has been raised from Indigenous and traditional farming communities, due to the uncertainties about long-term effects on soil, water, and the ecosystem.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://nca2018.globalchange.gov/chapter/10/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123190858/https://nca2018.globalchange.gov/chapter/10/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 23, 2018 |title=Chapter 10 : Agriculture and Rural Communities. Impacts, Risks, and Adaptation in the United States: The Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume II |last1=Gowda |first1=Prasanna H. |last2=Steiner |first2=Jean |last3=Olson |first3=Carolyn |last4=Boggess |first4=Mark |last5=Farrigan |first5=Tracey |last6=Grusak |first6=Michael A. |date=2018 |publisher=U.S. Global Change Research Program |doi=10.7930/nca4.2018.ch10|doi-broken-date=16 October 2025 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Addressing ethical considerations requires inclusive policymaking, transparent risk assessment, and equitable benefit distribution, preventing marginalization of certain agricultural communities.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wiesner |first1=Mark R. |last2=Lowry |first2=Greg V. |last3=Alvarez |first3=Pedro |last4=Dionysiou |first4=Dianysios |last5=Biswas |first5=Pratim |date=2006-07-01 |title=Assessing the Risks of Manufactured Nanomaterials |journal=Environmental Science & Technology |language=en |volume=40 |issue=14 |pages=4336–4345 |doi=10.1021/es062726m |pmid=16903268 |bibcode=2006EnST...40.4336W |issn=0013-936X|doi-access=free }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Nanotechnology|agriculture]]
[[Category:Agricultural technology]]

Olivia Fraser (artist)

2026-04-26T23:20:12Z

HeikeC58098401: added article

{{Short description|Scottish artist}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Olivia Fraser
| education =
| alma_mater = [[University of Oxford]]
| occupation = Artist
| family = [[William Dalrymple]] (husband) [[Sam Dalrymple (historian)|Sam Dalrymple]] (son) [[James Baillie Fraser]] (great-great-great uncle) [[William Fraser (British India civil servant)|William Fraser]] (great-great-great uncle)
}}
'''Olivia Fraser''' is a Scottish artist based in [[London]]. She is known for her paintings, particularly of [[India]] where she spends a considerable amount of her time.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-05-31 |title=The Story Behind Artist Olivia Fraser's Stunning Indian-Inspired Works |url=https://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/olivia-fraser |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=Architectural Digest |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Klugt |first=Melissa van der |date=2023-11-18 |title=Olivia Fraser, the Scottish artist in India who mastered the miniature paintings of the Mughals |language=en |url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/olivia-fraser-the-scottish-artist-in-india-who-mastered-the-miniature-paintings-of-the-mughals-lfjsbdswv |access-date=2023-11-18 |issn=0140-0460}}</ref>

==Career==
Fraser took inspiration from [[James Baillie Fraser|James Bailie Fraser]] and moved to India in the late 1980s to paint the architecture of [[Delhi]] and travel watercolours of India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Bell |first=Julian |date=2012-11-02 |title=Olivia Fraser: mastering the Hindu miniature |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2012/nov/02/olivia-fraser-master-hindu-miniature |access-date=2023-11-18 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2014-02-05 |title=British artist's take on Indian miniatures |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-26014161 |access-date=2023-11-18}}</ref> In India, she mastered the craft of the Hindu miniature.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Maddox |first=Georgina |date=2018-06-01 |title=Olivia Fraser: In minutiae |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/art/olivia-fraser-in-minutiae/article24057293.ece |access-date=2023-11-18 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-27 |title=Forever Frames |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/forever-frames-6138784/ |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Later, she evolved her own method which is a combination of Indian styles and [[Bridget Riley]]'s optical patterns.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-08-09 |title=Tracing The History of Miniature Art {{!}} Verve Magazine |url=https://www.vervemagazine.in/arts-and-culture/history-of-miniature-art |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=www.vervemagazine.in |language=en-US}}</ref>

Fraser's works have been exhibited in top galleries around the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Scottish artist Olivia Fraser's latest show brings alive the Indian summer |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/features/scottish-artist-olivia-frasers-latest-show-brings-alive-the-indian-summer-243900 |website=The Tribune India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-05-15 |title=Artist Olivia Fraser's Venice diary |url=https://www.vogue.in/content/artist-olivia-frasers-venice-diary |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=Vogue India |language=en-IN}}</ref>

[[HarperCollins]] published her book ''A Journey Within'' in 2019 with a foreword by [[B. N. Goswamy]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-09 |title=Painting from the earth |url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com//news/talking-point/painting-from-the-earth-111642582949172.html |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=Mintlounge |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-29 |title=Mumbai: Olivia Fraser and William Dalrymple 's soulful exhibition |url=https://www.architecturaldigest.in/content/mumbai-olivia-fraser-and-william-dalrymple-come-together-for-a-soulful-exhibition-and-book-launch/ |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=Architectural Digest India |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Education and personal life==
Fraser has an M.A. in Modern Languages from the [[University of Oxford]]. She is married to historian [[William Dalrymple (historian)|William Dalrymple]]. Together, they have three children. One of them, [[Sam Dalrymple (historian)|Sam Dalrymple]], is a historian, writer, film-maker, peace activist, and social media influencer.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Painting the mood of a music piece fascinates me' {{!}} Tehelka |url=http://tehelka.com/painting-the-mood-of-a-music-piece-fascinates-me/ |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=tehelka.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-08 |title=The Inward Gaze of Olivia Fraser |url=https://openthemagazine.com/art-culture/the-inward-gaze-of-olivia-fraser/ |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=Open The Magazine |language=en-GB}}</ref> Scottish travel writer and artist James Bailie Fraser and British India civil servant [[William Fraser (British India civil servant)|William Fraser]] were her great-great-great uncles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Art exhibitions in New Delhi |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/your-week/story/19920229-art-exhibitions-in-new-delhi-767547-2013-06-20 |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fraser, Olivia}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:British women artists]]
[[Category:Scottish women painters]]
[[Category:Scottish expatriates in India]]
[[Category:21st-century Scottish painters]]
[[Category:21st-century Scottish women artists]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Mookkannoor Govt. Higher Secondary School

2026-04-24T12:49:10Z

HeikeC58098401: stub.

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
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| location = Mookkannoor
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| picture_caption2 =
}}
'''Mookkannoor Govt. Higher Secondary school''' is a school situated at [[Mookkannoor|Mookkannoor Gram Panchayath]], [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam District]], [[Kerala]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://lsgkerala.in/mookkannurpanchayat/history/|title=മൂക്കന്നൂര്‍ ഗ്രാമപഞ്ചായത്ത് (Mookkannur Grama Panchayat) » ചരിത്രം|access-date=6 December 2019|archive-date=6 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206042935/http://lsgkerala.in/mookkannurpanchayat/history/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sv1.mathrubhumi.com/education/schools/Govt._H._S._S._Mokkannoor/1284/|title=Govt. H. S. S. Mokkannoor|website=Mathrubhumi Education}}</ref> The school is situated in Angamaly assembly constituency.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sametham.kite.kerala.gov.in/publicView/schools/25027|title=Sametham - Kerala School Data Bank.|website=sametham.kite.kerala.gov.in}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web | title=Archived copy | url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/14kla/session_11/ans/u02767-180618-907000000000-11-14.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206042957/http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/14kla/session_11/ans/u02767-180618-907000000000-11-14.pdf | archive-date=2019-12-06}}</ref> The school was established on 1931.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.education.kerala.gov.in/downloads2014/statistics/ekmstat1892017.pdf|title=List of Schools in Ernakulam District|website=www.education.kerala.gov.in|access-date=2019-12-07}}</ref> The school is situated near St. Mary's Forane church in [[Angamaly]]-[[Ezhattumugham, Kerala|Ezattumugham]] Road.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ernakulam.nic.in/public-utility-category/schools/page/5/|title=Schools | Ernakulam District Website | India}}</ref>

==History==
The school was started as in 1913.<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Schools in Ernakulam District |url=http://www.education.kerala.gov.in/downloads2014/statistics/ekmstat1892017.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207113838/http://www.education.kerala.gov.in/downloads2014/statistics/ekmstat1892017.pdf |archive-date=2019-12-07 |access-date=2019-12-07 |website=www.education.kerala.gov.in}}</ref> by St. Mary's Church.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://lsgkerala.in/mookkannurpanchayat/history/|title=മൂക്കന്നൂര്‍ ഗ്രാമപഞ്ചായത്ത് (Mookkannur Grama Panchayat) » ചരിത്രം|access-date=2019-12-07|archive-date=6 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206042935/http://lsgkerala.in/mookkannurpanchayat/history/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Amenities==
All high school and higher secondary school has now upgraded to smart class rooms by KITES.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://survey.kite.kerala.gov.in/index.php/welcome/allschools_districtwise/|title=HIGH TECH SCHOOL|website=survey.kite.kerala.gov.in|access-date=2019-12-07}}</ref>

==Curriculum==
The school follows Kerala State Syllabus of Education (SCERT) for classes from 1st to 12th.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dhsekerala.gov.in/schoolist.aspx?dcode=07|title=schoolist|website=dhsekerala.gov.in}}</ref> In 2012, the school scored 100% victory in SSLC Examination.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/sslc-results-good-show-by-government-schools/article3359812.ece|title=SSLC results: good show by government schools|author=Staff Reporter|date=2012-04-27|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-12-07|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Buildings==
The school has two double storied buildings and a single storied building. The higher secondary campus and the playground is situated in nearby campus. There a doubly storied building and a single storied building for higher secondary school.

==Notable alumni==
*[[K.P Hormis|K P Hormis]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kphormisecs.org/about.aspx|title=kphormisecs | About|website=kphormisecs.org}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="nolines">
File:Govt HSS Mookkannoor HSS Campus, Kerala, India.jpg|Higher Secondary Campus
File:Mookkannoor Govt HSS Mookkannoor, Kerala, India.jpg|Main Gate
File:Govt Higher Secondary School Mookknnoor 1.JPG|Side View
File:Govt HSS main block, Mookkannoor, Kerala, India.jpg|Main Block
File:Mookkannoor Govt HSS second block, Mookkannoor, Kerala, India.jpg|Second Block
File:Govt HSS third block, Mookkannoor, Kerala, India.jpg|Third Block
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[List of schools in Ernakulam district]]
*[[SSLC]]
*[[Education in Kerala]]
==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Education in Kerala}}

[[Category:Schools in Ernakulam district]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Kerala]]

Lakshman Chandra Saren

2026-04-22T03:42:04Z

HeikeC58098401: stub.

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}{{short description|Santali writer}}
'''Lakshman Chandra Saren''' is an Indian Santali language writer. He received the [[Sahitya Akademi Bal Sahitya Puraskar]] in 2019 for his poetry book ''Jharumjhag''.<ref name="BSP2019">{{cite web|url=https://culture.gov.in/files/press_release_document/BSP_Pressrelease_19_14_06_2019.pdf
|title=Sahitya Akademi announces Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2019 |publisher=Ministry of Culture, Government of India |access-date=20 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/22-writers-to-get-sahitya-akademi-awards/article27943239.ece |title=22 writers to get Sahitya Akademi awards |website=The Hindu |access-date=20 March 2026}}</ref>

== Awards ==
* [[Sahitya Akademi Bal Sahitya Puraskar]] (2019) – for ''Jharumjhag''.<ref name="BSP2019"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://sahitya-akademi.org.in/?page_id=5871 |title=Bal Sahitya Puraskar |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |access-date=20 March 2026 |language=English}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Santali writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Bal Sahitya Puraskar]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian children's writers]]
{{India-writer-stub}}

Manohar Randhari

2026-04-20T01:58:30Z

HeikeC58098401: added

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Manohar Randhari
| birth_name =
| caption =
| image =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Member of Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Dabugam Assembly constituency|Dabugam]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| predecessor = Manohar Randhari
| constituency1 =
| term1 =
| term_end1 =
| successor1 =
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| party = [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| other_party =
| website =
| alma_mater =
| profession = Politician
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}

'''Manohar Randhari''' is an Indian politician who was elected to the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[Dabugam Assembly constituency|Dabugam]] as a member of the [[Biju Janata Dal]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Manohar Randhari Election Affidavit |url=https://www.myneta.info/Odisha2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=2 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=1 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Dabugam Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Manohar Randhari of BJD Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/dabugam-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8916966.html |website=News18 |publisher=Election Results Hub |access-date=1 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Odisha Assembly Elections 2024: Dabugam Constituency result |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/odisha/odisha-assembly-elections-2024-dabugam-constituency-result-3009700 |website=Deccan Herald |publisher=DH Web Desk |access-date=1 October 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Randhari, Manohar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Biju Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Odisha-BJD-politician-stub}}

Achyut Palav

2026-04-16T19:57:05Z

HeikeC58098401: Created Details!

{{Short description|Indian calligrapher}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Achyut Palav
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[India]]
| alma_mater = [[Sir J.J. Institute of Applied Art]]
| awards = [[Padma Shri]]
}}

'''Achyut Ramchandra Palav''' (born 1960) is an Indian [[Calligraphy|calligrapher]] and educator known for his contributions to the art of [[Brahmic scripts|Indian scripts]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=M |first=Athira |date=2019-12-13 |title=Achyut Palav believes in pushing boundaries as a calligrapher |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/achyut-palav-on-pushing-his-boundaries-as-a-calligrapher/article30296699.ece |access-date=2025-05-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Tripathi |first=Radhavallabh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q--UOWrQAjkC |title=Inventory of Sanskrit Scholars |date=2012 |publisher=Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan |isbn=978-93-86111-85-2 |language=en}}</ref>

== Life ==
He graduated from the [[Sir J. J. Institute of Applied Art|Sir J.J. Institute of Applied Art]] in Mumbai in 1982. Palav studied under [[R. K. Joshi|R.K. Joshi]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=From Lalbaug To The Padma Shri: Achyut Palav On His Lifelong Journey With Letters And The Art Of Calligraphy |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/lifestyle/from-lalbaug-to-the-padma-shri-achyut-palav-on-his-lifelong-journey-with-letters-and-the-art-of-calligraphy |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref> a prominent typographer and calligrapher.<ref name=":0" />

He received a research scholarship in 1984 to examine the Modi script, a historical Indian script.<ref name=":0" /> Palav's calligraphy is characterized by its expressive style and use of unconventional tools, including toothbrushes and spatulas.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-03-01 |title='Even ordinary words can look expressive with calligraphy' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/even-ordinary-words-can-look-expressive-with-calligraphy/articleshow/31186358.cms |access-date=2025-05-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Awards ==
He received [[Padma Shri]] Award, in 2025, [[India]]'s fourth highest civilian honor, for his contributions to the art of calligraphy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Navi Mumbai: NMMC Honours Padma Shri Awardee Achyut Palav For His Contributions To Calligraphy |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/navi-mumbai-nmmc-honours-padma-shri-awardee-achyut-palav-for-his-contributions-to-calligraphy |access-date=2025-05-05 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-26 |title=Padma Awards 2025: Celebrating unsung heroes |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/padma-awards-2025-celebrating-unsung-heroes/3726178/ |access-date=2025-05-05 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Palav, Achyut}}
[[Category:Indian calligraphers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Indian educators]]
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Guna Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T02:12:47Z

HeikeC58098401: put up a info

{{Short description|Assembly constituency in Madhya Pradesh}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Guna
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 29
| map_image = 29-Guna.svg
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Guna district|Guna]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Guna (Lok Sabha constituency)|Guna]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = SC
| mla = [[Panna Lal Shakya]]
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| latest_election_year = 2023
| preceded_by = Gopilal Jatav
}}
'''Guna''' is one of the 230 [[Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central India. This constituency is reserved for the candidates belonging to the [[Dalit|Scheduled castes]] since 2008, following the delimitation of the Legislative Assembly constituencies.<ref name=eci1>{{cite web|url=http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/DACList.aspx|title=District/Assembly List|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Madhya Pradesh website|access-date=13 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201083311/http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/(S(4ftawu55w1soru45gswzuz55))/DACList.aspx|archive-date=1 December 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> It came into existence in 1951, as one of the 79 Vidhan Sabha constituencies of the erstwhile [[Madhya Bharat]] state.<ref name=eci2>{{cite web|url=http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MB.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Bharat|page=5|publisher=Election Commission of India website|access-date=2011-02-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721155640/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MB.pdf|archive-date=2011-07-21|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Overview==
Guna (constituency number 29) is one of the 4 Vidhan Sabha constituencies located in [[Guna district]]. This constituency presently covers parts of Guna and Aron [[tehsil]]s of the district.<ref name="ceo">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|pages=228, 250}}</ref>

Guna is part of [[Guna (Lok Sabha constituency)|Guna Lok Sabha constituency]] along with seven other Vidhan Sabha segments, namely, [[Bamori Assembly constituency|Bamori]] in this district, [[Shivpuri Assembly constituency|Shivpuri]], [[Pichhore Assembly constituency|Pichhore]] and [[Kolaras Assembly constituency|Kolaras]] in [[Shivpuri district]] and [[Ashok Nagar Assembly constituency|Ashok Nagar]], [[Chanderi Assembly constituency|Chanderi]] and [[Mungaoli Assembly constituency|Mungaoli]] in [[Ashoknagar district]].<ref name="ceo"/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ [[Madhya Bharat]]: [[Shivpuri]] – [[Kolaras]]
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|1951
| Sitaram Tatke
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| Daulat Ram Kirar
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Brindawan Prasad
| {{Full party name with color|Hindu Mahasabha}}
|-
| [[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| R. L. Premi
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| [[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Shiv Pratap Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| Dharamswarup Saxena
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" | Shiv Pratap Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)|dab=y}}
|-
| [[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| Bhag Chandra Sogani
| {{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
| [[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| rowspan="2" | Shiv Pratap Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|-
| [[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
| Kanhaiyalal Rameshwar Agarwal
|-
| [[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| Rajendra Singh Saluja
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janshakti Party}}
|-
| [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| [[Panna Lal Shakya]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name="election2018" />
|[[Gopilal Jatav]]
|-
|[[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| [[Panna Lal Shakya]]
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Guna<ref name="election2023">{{Cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh General Legislative Election 2023 Statistical Report |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/mp-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>

}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Panna Lal Shakya]]
|votes = {{formatnum:114801}}
|percentage = 66.59
|change = +9.78
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Pankaj Kaneriya
|votes = {{formatnum:48347}}
|percentage = 28.05
|change = -6.03
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Jagveer Singh Jarsoniya
|votes = {{formatnum:3468}}
|percentage = 2.01
|change = -0.8
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Hariom Khateek
|votes = {{formatnum:1828}}
|percentage = 1.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1722}}
|percentage = 1.0
|change = -0.61
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:66454}}
|percentage = 38.54
|change = +15.81
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:172388}}
|percentage = 73.29
|change = +2.18
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Guna<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Gopilal Jatav]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:84149}}
|percentage = 56.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Chandra Prakash Ahirwar
|votes = {{formatnum:50482}}
|percentage = 34.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Suresh Kumar Roshan
|votes = {{formatnum:4169}}
|percentage = 2.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Sapaks Party
|candidate = Jagdish Khatik
|votes = {{formatnum:2593}}
|percentage = 1.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2390}}
|percentage = 1.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:33667}}
|percentage = 22.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:148131}}
|percentage = 71.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
==See also==
* [[Guna, India|Guna]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coords|24.64|77.31|display=title}}

[[Category:Guna district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]

Soro Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:35:46Z

HeikeC58098401: Created A Data

{{Short description|Constituency of the Odisha legislative assembly in India}}
{{About| the assembly constituency|its eponymous town|Soro, Balasore}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Soro
| state = [[Odisha]]
| constituency_no = 41
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| division = Central Division
| district = [[Balasore district|Balasore]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bhadrak (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhadrak]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = SC
| incumbent_image =
| mla = [[Madhab Dhada]]
| party = [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 2,28,076{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}
}}

'''Soro''' (Sl. No.: 41) is a [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] [[List of constituencies of Odisha Vidhan Sabha|constituency]] of [[Balasore district]], [[Odisha]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=41|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113143407/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=41|url-status=usurped|archive-date=13 January 2017|title= Orissa Assembly Election 2009 |work=empoweringindia.org |quote= Constituency: Soro (41) District : Balasore|accessdate= 24 February 2014}}</ref>

This constituency includes [[Soro, Baleshwar|Soro]], Soro block and 16 [[Gram panchayat|GP]]s (Anji, Aruhabad, Avana, [[Bahanaga]], Baripada, Bishnupur, Chittol, Dandaharipur, Gopalpur, Kalyani, Kharsahapur, Kochiakoili, Kuruda, Sahaspura, Saud and Talakurunia) of [[Bahanaga]] block.<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf Assembly Constituencies and their Extent]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls Seats of Odisha]</ref>

==Elected members==

{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S18/partycomp15.htm |title= 15 - Soro Assembly Constituency |work=eci.nic.in |year=2006 |quote=List Of Winning Candidates |accessdate=23 February 2014}}</ref>
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|39.07}}
{{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|35.70}}
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|41.95}}
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|43.19}}
{{bar percent|2004|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|48.95}}
{{bar percent|2000|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|56.56}}
{{bar percent|1996 (bypoll)|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|57.24}}
{{bar percent|1995|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|62.57}}
{{bar percent|1990|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|48.33}}
{{bar percent|1985|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|72.82}}
{{bar percent|1980|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|42.37}}
{{bar percent|1977|{{party color|Janata Party}}|65.03}}
}}

Since its formation in 1951, 18 elections were held till date including one bypoll in 1996. It was a 2 member constituency for 1957.

List of members elected from Soro constituency are:<ref name="prevMLAs">{{cite web|url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual - 2011 - List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly - (1951–2004) |access-date=6 October 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archive-date=17 December 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Soro Assembly Constituency, Orissa|url=http://www.elections.in/orissa/assembly-constituencies/soro.html|publisher=Compare Infobase Limited|accessdate= 18 June 2014}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
||[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Soro Assembly Election Results 2024: Soro Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/odisha/soro-constituency-result-18041 |access-date=2025-06-20 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Madhab Dhada]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=3|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |title=State Election, 2019 to the Legislative Assembly of Odisha |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11679-odisha-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |url-access=limited |access-date=7 October 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |[[Parshu Ram Dhada|Parshuram Dhada]]
|-
|[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<ref name=":1" />
|-
|[[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<ref name=":2" />
|Surendra Prasad Pramanik
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=5|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Kartik Mohapatra]]
|-
|[[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|-
|1996 (bypoll){{efn|Resignation of Kartik Mahapatra on his election to Lok Sabha}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC Bye Election: Soro 1996 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/ac/byeDetail/www.indiavotes.com/ac/byeDetail/562 |access-date=2025-06-20 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref>
|Indurani Mohapatra
|-
|[[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Kartik Mohapatra]]
|-
|[[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|{{full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Jadunath Das Mohapatra
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Pitamber Panda
|{{full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Haraprasad Mahapatra
|{{full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
| rowspan="2" |Jadunath Das Mohapatra
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|{{full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|-
|[[1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Haraprasad Mahapatra
|{{full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
|[[1961 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1961]]
|Karunakar Panigrahi
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1957 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1957]]{{efn|It was a 2 member constituency}}
|Chaitanya Prasad Sethi
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=3|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[Harekrushna Mahatab]]
|-
|[[1951 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
|Nanda kishore Das
|}

==Election results==

=== 2024 ===
Voting were held on 1st June 2024 in 4th phase of Odisha Assembly Election & 7th phase of Indian General Election. Counting of votes was on 4th June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}</ref> In 2024 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Madhab Dhada]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Parshu Ram Dhada|Parshuram Dhada]] by a margin of 802 votes.<ref name=":0" />

{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]],Soro}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Madhab Dhada]]
|votes = 63,642
|percentage = 39.07
|change = {{increase}}3.37
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Parshu Ram Dhada|Parshuram Dhada]]
|votes = 62,840
|percentage = 38.57
|change = {{increase}}6.09
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Subrat Dhada
|votes = 32,149
|percentage = 19.73
|change = {{decrease}}10.92
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 650
|percentage = 0.40
|change = {{increase}}0.02
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 802
|percentage = 0.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,62,905
|percentage = 71.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
In 2019 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Parshu Ram Dhada|Parshuram Dhada]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate Rakesh Kumar Malik by a margin of 4,936 votes.<ref name="election2019" />

{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]],Soro}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Parshu Ram Dhada|Parshuram Dhada]]
|votes = 54,775
|percentage = 35.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Rakesh Kumar Malik
|votes = 49,839
|percentage = 32.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Surendra Prasad Pramanik
|votes = 47,036
|percentage = 30.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 588
|percentage = 0.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 4,936
|percentage = 3.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,53,440
|percentage = 70.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
In 2014 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Parshu Ram Dhada|Parshuram Dhada]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Mrutyunjay Jena by a margin of 4,911 votes.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|title=Constituency Wise odisha Assembly Election result 2014|url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html|publisher=Leadtech.in|accessdate=29 May 2014|archive-date=18 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818230907/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|
|title= [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]: Soro<ref>{{cite web|title=Odisha - Soro|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/ConstituencywiseS1841.htm?ac=41|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=29 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Orissa Assembly Election 2014, Constituency: Soro (41)|url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=41|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714181716/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=41|url-status=usurped|archive-date=14 July 2014|publisher=EmpoweringIndia.org|accessdate=29 May 2014}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Parshu Ram Dhada|Parshuram Dhada]]
|votes = 57,319
|percentage = 41.95
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Mrutyunjay Jena
|votes = 52,408
|percentage = 38.36
|change = {{decrease}}4.83
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Rakesh Kumar Malik
|votes = 23,217
|percentage = 16.99
|change = {{decrease}}25.89
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 812
|percentage = 0.59
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 4,911
|percentage = 3.59
|change = 3.28
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,36,628
|percentage = 70.99
|change = 7.17
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 1,92,452
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
|loser = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
In 2009 election, [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Surendra Prasad Pramanik defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Parshu Ram Dhada|Parshuram Dhada]] by a margin of 360 votes.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |title=Orissa Election Result 2009 With Vote Margin |work=leadtech.in |quote=360 |accessdate=22 February 2014 |archive-date=27 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527163949/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{Election box begin|
|title= [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Soro<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3630-orissa-2009/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Surendra Prasad Pramanik
|votes = 50,159
|percentage = 43.19
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Parshu Ram Dhada|Parshuram Dhada]]
|votes = 49,799
|percentage = 42.88
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Jayakrushna Mallik
|votes = 11,318
|percentage = 9.75
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 360
|percentage = 0.31{{efn|% of total valid votes}}
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,16,172
|percentage = 63.82
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Balasore district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha|state=expanded}}
{{coord|21.28|86.69|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Balasore district]]
[[Category:Politics of Odisha]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Orissa]]

Malli Mastan Babu

2026-04-10T21:17:29Z

HeikeC58098401: info.

{{Short description|Indian mountaineer (1974–2015)}}
{{Multiple issues|{{more citations needed|date=January 2026}}}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mastan Babu Malli
| image = Malli Mastan Babu.jpg
| image_size = 250x350px
| birth_date = September 3rd, 1974
| birth_place = Gandhi Janasangam, Nellore, [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| death_date = 24 March 2015 (aged 41)
| death_place = [[Nevado Tres Cruces]], [[Andes]]
| education = [[B.Tech]], [[M.Tech]], [[PGDM]]
| alma_mater = {{ubl|[[National Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur|NIT Jamshedpur]]| [[IIT Kharagpur]]|[[IIM Calcutta]]}}
| occupation = [[Mountaineer]]
| website = [http://www.1stindian7summits.com 1stindian7summits.com]
| caption = Malli Mastan Babu
}}

'''Mastan Babu Malli''' (3 September 1974 – 24 March 2015) was an Indian mountaineer. In 2006, he broke the previous record by climbing the [[Seven Summits]] in 172 days,<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Magazine |first=Gripped |date=2015-04-08 |title=Malli Mastan Babu Found Dead in South America |url=https://gripped.com/profiles/malli-mastan-babu-found-dead-in-south-america/ |access-date=2026-01-23 |website=Gripped Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> starting on January 19th, 2006 and finishing on July 10th, 2006.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2015-04-09 |title=Malli Mastan Babu, Who Scaled the World’s Tallest Mountains, Dies at 40 (Published 2015) |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/09/sports/malli-mastan-babu-who-scaled-the-worlds-tallest-mountains-dies-at-40.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203050944/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/09/sports/malli-mastan-babu-who-scaled-the-worlds-tallest-mountains-dies-at-40.html |archive-date=2024-12-03 |access-date=2026-01-23 |language=en}}</ref> This accomplishment also made him the first South Asian to climb all seven summits, and the first Indian to climb [[Vinson Massif]], and the [[Puncak Jaya]], (also known as the Carstensz Pyramid). Malli died on March 24th, 2015 in the Andes mountains while on an expedition to summit [[Nevado Tres Cruces|Tres Cruces Sur]].<ref name=":1" />

==Early life and education==
Malli was born on 3 September 1974 in Gandhi Jana Sangam village, Sangam Mandal, [[Nellore]] district, [[Andhra Pradesh]], to Malli Mastanayya and Subbamma. He was the youngest of five children. He was among the first in his family to receive formal education.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://getahead.rediff.com/slide-show/2009/jun/08/slide-show-1-from-iit-iim-to-the-worlds-tallest-peaks.htm|title=The Indian on top of the world|date=9 June 2009|work=Rediff}}</ref>

He studied at [[Sainik School, Korukonda]] from 1985 to 1992. After completing his [[Bachelor of Engineering|B.E.]] in [[Electrical engineering|Electrical Engineering]] at the [[National Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur]] in 1996, Malli went on to earn an [[Master of Engineering|M.Tech.]] in electronics from [[Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur]] in 1998.<ref name=":2" /> After a three-year stint as a software engineer with [[Mahindra Satyam|Satyam Computers]], Malli was selected for the two-year Post Graduate Diploma in Management (PGDM) program at [[Indian Institute of Management Calcutta]], from which he graduated in 2004.<ref name=":2" /><ref>https://www.linkedin.com/pub/mastan-babu-malli/9/652/637 Retrieved from ‘Malli’s LinkedIn profile.{{primary source inline|date=October 2025}}</ref>

He was reportedly inspired to take up mountaineering by his school's statue of Lt. M. Uday Bhaskar Rao, a former student who lost his life during the Indian Army's Everest expedition of 1985.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061010/asp/calcutta/story_6850853.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150406014213/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061010/asp/calcutta/story_6850853.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 April 2015|title=The Telegraph - Calcutta : Metro|work=telegraphindia.com}}</ref> At [[IIM Calcutta]], Malli received the Dr. B. C. Roy Award for his contributions to campus life.

Malli's efforts to improve the fitness levels of his fellow students and to institutionalize adventure activities led to the founding of IIM-C's Adventure Club in 2003. The club continues to organize numerous events both on and off campus.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iimcal.ac.in/index.php?q=about/campus-life/adventure-club|title=Adventure Club|work=iimcal.ac.in}}</ref>

==Initiatives, achievements, and awards==
Malli was awarded the annual Distinguished Alumnus Award, presented by the [[Indian Institute of Management Calcutta]] in November 2011<ref name="iimcal.ac.in">{{cite web|url=https://alumnilive.iimcal.ac.in/about/golden-jubilee/events/2011-awardees-iim-calcutta|title=2011 Awardees, Distinguished Alumnus Award - IIM Calcutta ALUMNI|work=iimcal.ac.in|access-date=5 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418090402/https://alumnilive.iimcal.ac.in/about/golden-jubilee/events/2011-awardees-iim-calcutta|archive-date=18 April 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Distinguished Alumnus award 2011 |url=https://alumnilive.iimcal.ac.in/about/golden-jubilee/events/2011-awardees-iim-calcutta |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418090402/https://alumnilive.iimcal.ac.in/about/golden-jubilee/events/2011-awardees-iim-calcutta |archive-date=18 April 2015 |accessdate=5 April 2015 |publisher=IIM Calcutta}}</ref>, the Army Commander's Commendation in 2007 and the 2006 Conjee Rustumjee Cohoujee Bey Award given by the Friends of South Asian American Communities in California (FOSACC) for youth contribution.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nriinternet.com/Associations/USA/A_Z/F/FOSAAC/2008_Sep06/index.htm|title=FOSAAC celebrates 61st Independence Day|work=nriinternet.com}}</ref><ref name="saibabaschool.com">{{cite web|url=http://newsevents.saibabaschool.com/category/categories/page/4/|title=Categories - News and Events - Page 4|work=News and Events}}</ref>

After climbing [[Mount Everest]], he moved towards [[Mount Kailash]], but he did not ascend it due to its religious significance. Malli paid tribute to Lt. Uday Bhaskar Rao,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-04-09 |title=Malli Mastan Babu, Who Scaled the World's Tallest Mountains, Dies at 40 (Published 2015) |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/09/sports/malli-mastan-babu-who-scaled-the-worlds-tallest-mountains-dies-at-40.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203050944/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/09/sports/malli-mastan-babu-who-scaled-the-worlds-tallest-mountains-dies-at-40.html |archive-date=2024-12-03 |access-date=2025-10-01 |language=en}}</ref> and planted his school flag during his Everest trips. Many of his expeditions were planned but unguided.<ref name="iimcal.ac.in"/><ref name="yahoo.com">{{cite web|url=https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/ssk85to92/conversations/messages/1944|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150406081524/https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/ssk85to92/conversations/messages/1944|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 April 2015|title=Yahoo! Groups|work=yahoo.com}}</ref>

In June and July 2007, he made a high-altitude trek through the [[Char Dham|four major Hindu Dhams]] of [[Uttarakhand]]. In the same year, between 21 October and 3 November, he planned to run 14 half marathons, in 14 days, across 14 different Indian states, in the given time, he ran 8 full marathons and 3 half marathons in 13 days, across 10 states.<ref name="yahoo.com" />

In 2008, he completed a 75-day high-altitude trek from the Mount Everest region to [[Kangchenjunga|Kanchenjunga]], climbing all the high passes between them, covering a total of approximately 1,100km of the Himalayan terrain.<ref name="saibabaschool.com" /> With his 2,000km, 132-day trans-Himalayan expedition from Mount Everest to Mount Kailash, Malli wanted to raise awareness about glaciers in the [[Himalayas]] melting due to [[climate change]].<ref name="indianexpress.com">{{cite web |date=2 September 2009 |title=IIM-C alumnus, a master of high peaks, set for 2,000-km grand Himalayan voyage |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/iimc-alumnus-a-master-of-high-peaks-set-for-2-000km-grand-himalayan-voyage/ |work=The Indian Express}}</ref>

==Seven Summits==
In 2006, he accomplished the [[Seven Summits]], the highest peak in each of the seven continents, in a span of 172 days. At the time, this was also a world record.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Continent !! Mountain !! Elevation (m) !! Summit date !! Day
|-
| Antarctica || [[Vinson Massif]] || 4897 || 19 January 2006 || Thursday
|-
| South America || [[Aconcagua]] || 6962 || 17 February 2006 || Friday
|-
| Africa || [[Mount Kilimanjaro]] || 5895 || 15 March 2006 || Wednesday
|-
| Asia || [[Mount Everest]] || 8848 || 21 May 2006 || Sunday
|-
| Europe || [[Mount Elbrus]] || 5642 || 13 June 2006 || Tuesday
|-
| North America || [[Mount McKinley]] (Denali) || 6194 || 10 July 2006 || Monday
|-
| Australia || [[Puncak Jaya]] (Carstensz Pyramid) || 4884 || 28 October 2006 || Saturday
|}

==Death==
[[File:Mastan babu -funneral.JPG|thumb|Mastan Babu's funeral at Janasangam, India]]
Malli went missing on 24 March 2015 and died outside his pitched tent on the slopes of Cerro [[Nevado Tres Cruces|Tres Cruces Sur]] in the Andes.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Top-Indian-mountaineer-Malli-Mastan-Babu-who-went-missing-on-Mar-24-found-dead/articleshow/46802432.cms. Top-Indian-mountaineer-Malli-Mastan-Babu-who-went-missing-on-Mar-24-found-dead] ''The Times of India'', Retrieved 4 April 2015.</ref> Malli, who was climbing solo, was caught in extreme weather during the [[2015 Northern Chile floods and mudflow]] in the [[Andes]] which cut all the access routes to mountain. It took the rescue teams 10 days to reach his location. His body was found on April 3, 2015.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Vohra |first1=Supriya |url=http://www.outdoorjournal.in/news-2/malli-mastan-babu-found-dead-in-the-andes/|title=Malli Mastan Babu found dead in the Andes |work=The Outdoor Journal|date=4 April 2015 }}</ref> He planned to return to India by the end of the month after climbing the last of the ten highest peaks in the Andes.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2015/04/04/malli-mastan-babu_n_7002806.html|title=Malli Mastan Babu, India's Ace Mountaineer, Found Dead|work=The Huffington Post |date=4 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Top-Indian-mountaineer-Malli-Mastan-Babu-who-had-gone-missing-on-March-24-found-dead/articleshow/46802432.cms|title=Top Indian mountaineer Malli Mastan Babu, who had gone missing on March 24, found dead|work=The Times of India |date=4 April 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/mountaineer-malli-mastan-found-dead-in-argentina/|title=Mountaineer Malli Mastan found dead in Argentina|date=5 April 2015|work=The Indian Express}}</ref>

Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] paid homage to Malli.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/mbErel.aspx?relid=117961 | title=PM pays homage to Mountaineer Malli Mastan Babu | date=5 April 2015 | agency=Prime Minister's Office | accessdate=5 April 2015 | author=AK | location=New Delhi}}</ref> The Chief Minister of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]], also condoled his death.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/states/ap-cm-condoles-death-of-mountaineer-malli-mastan-babu/article7068345.ece | title=AP CM condoles death of mountaineer Malli Mastan Babu | date=4 April 2015 | agency=The Hindu Businessline | accessdate=5 April 2015 | author=V, Rishi Kumar | location=Hyderabad}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of Indian summiters of Mount Everest]]
*[[List of Mount Everest summiters by frequency]]
*[[List of Mount Everest records of India]]
*[[List of Mount Everest records]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Malli Mastan Babu}}
{{Indian mountaineers}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Babu, Malli Mastan}}
[[Category:Indian Institute of Management Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:IIT Kharagpur alumni]]
[[Category:People from Nellore]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian summiteers of Mount Everest]]
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:2015 deaths]]
[[Category:Summiteers of the Seven Summits]]

John Fernandes (Indian politician)

2026-04-07T17:27:55Z

HeikeC58098401: added biography

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = John Fernandes
| image =
| office = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Goa|Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start = 29 September 1987
| term_end = 28 September 1993
| constituency = [[Goa]]
| predecessor = ''Office established''
| successor = ''Himself''
| term_start1 = 29 September 1993
| term_end1 = 28 September 1999
| predecessor1 = ''Himself''
| successor1 = [[Eduardo Faleiro]]
| constituency1 = Goa
| office2 = President, [[Goa Pradesh Congress Committee]]
| term_start2 = July 2013
| term_end2 = 7 October 2014 <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/luizinho-new-gpcc-chief/ |title=Luizinho is new GPCC chief - the Navhind Times |website=www.navhindtimes.in |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140831095937/http://www.navhindtimes.in/luizinho-new-gpcc-chief/ |archive-date=31 August 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-10-14/news/55014557_1_goa-congress-booth-level-congress-president-sonia-gandhi {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711001602/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-10-14/news/55014557_1_goa-congress-booth-level-congress-president-sonia-gandhi |date=11 July 2015 }}</ref>
| predecessor2 = [[Subhash Shirodkar]]
| successor2 = [[Luizinho Faleiro]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-10-14/news/55014557_1_goa-congress-booth-level-congress-president-sonia-gandhi |title=Former CM Luizinho Faleiro takes charge as new Goa Congress chief - timesofindia-economictimes |website=[[The Economic Times]] |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711001602/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-10-14/news/55014557_1_goa-congress-booth-level-congress-president-sonia-gandhi |archive-date=11 July 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| birth_place =
| occupation =
| children =
| party =
| alma_mater =
| profession =
| spouse =
| sibling =
| website =
| honorific_suffix =
| honorific_prefix =
}}
'''John F. Fernandes''' is an Indian [[politician]] who was elected to the Upper House of the [[parliament of India|Indian Parliament]], the [[Rajya Sabha]], twice from 1987 to 1993 and 1993 to 1999. Fernandes is a member of the [[Indian National Congress Party]].<ref name="Rajya Sabha">{{cite web |url=http://164.100.47.5/Newmembers/alphabeticallist_all_terms.aspx |title=List of Rajya Sabha members Since 1952 }}</ref> Both times he represented the state of [[Goa]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fernandes, John}}
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Goa]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Goa]]
[[Category:Politicians from South Goa district]]
[[Category:Presidents of Goa Pradesh Congress Committee]]

{{Goa-INC-politician-stub}}

Sathish Krishnan

2026-03-29T16:14:54Z

HeikeC58098401:

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sathish Krishnan
| image = Sathishkrishnan.jpg
| imagesize = 230px
| caption = Sathish
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = 
| death_date =
| death_place =
| othername =
| yearsactive = 2007{{ndash}}present
| spouse = Swathi Sathish
| homepage =
| occupation = Actor, director, dance choreographer
}}
'''Sathish Krishnan''' (also credited as '''Sathish''') is an Indian dance choreographer, actor and film director, who has worked in predominantly [[Tamil films]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Gautham-Menon%E2%80%99s-find-turns-hero/2013/07/17/article1686764.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130721061257/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Gautham-Menon%E2%80%99s-find-turns-hero/2013/07/17/article1686764.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 July 2013 |title=Gautham Menon's find turns hero |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=2013-07-17 |accessdate=2014-03-01}}</ref>

==Career==

After winning the first season of the reality dance show, [[Maanada Mayilada]], Sathish was first seen portraying [[Vinay Rai]]'s friend in [[Jeeva (director)|Jeeva]]'s ''[[Unnale Unnale]]'' (2007). In ''[[Vaaranam Aayiram]]'', released in 2008, Sathish played a small but memorable role as [[Suriya]]’s school friend. His association with renowned director [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]] led to an opportunity to act in ''[[Achcham Enbadhu Madamaiyada]]'' (2016), where he portrayed [[Silambarasan]]’s friend. Notably, Sathish also showcased his choreography skills by handling all the songs in the same film.<ref name=filmyfocus>{{Cite news |title=Sathish Krishnan
|url=https://filmyfocus.com/celebs/sathish-krishnan |work=Filmy Focus}}</ref> He is the recipient of [[National Film Award for Best Choreography]] for ''[[Thiruchitrambalam]]'' (2022).<ref>{{Cite news |title=70th National Film Awards: Jani Master and Sathish Krishnan win Best Choreography for 'Megham Karukkatha'|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Aug/16/70th-national-film-awards-jani-master-and-sathish-krishnan-win-best-choreography-for-megham-karukkatha |access-date=2024-08-16 |work=Cinema Express}}</ref> Sathish made his directorial debut with the [[romantic comedy]] film ''[[Kiss (2025 film)|Kiss]]'' (2025), starring [[Kavin (actor)|Kavin]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Ashwin |date=2025-02-13 |title=Teaser for Kavin starrer Kiss to be released tomorrow |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Feb/13/teaser-for-kavin-starrer-kiss-to-be-released-tomorrow |access-date=2025-04-26 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===As choreographer===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Film !! Song(s) !! Language
!Notes
|-
| rowspan="2"|2013 || ''[[Thalaivaa]]'' || rowspan="5" | All songs || rowspan="5" | Tamil
|
|-
| ''[[Sutta Kadhai]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2015 || ''[[Darling (2015 Indian film)|Darling]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Vaalu]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2016 || ''[[Achcham Enbadhu Madamaiyada]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Sahasam Swasaga Sagipo]]'' || "Showkilla", "Kannulo Munde" || Telugu
|
|-
| 2018 || ''Koova Koova'' || rowspan="5" | All songs || Tamil
|[[Ondraga Entertainment|Ondraga Original]] music video<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 January 2018 |title=Koova Koova - Single | Ondraga Originals | Madhan Karky | Karthik | Gautham Menon {{!}} 4K |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6QQ4V976_aw |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3"|2019 || ''[[Irupathiyonnaam Noottaandu]]'' ||Malayalam
|
|-
| ''[[Enai Noki Paayum Thota]]'' || rowspan="3" | Tamil
|
|-
| ''[[Hero (2019 Tamil film)|Hero]]''
|
|-
|2021 || ''[[Master (2021 film)|Master]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2022 || ''[[RRR (film)|RRR]]'' || "Dosti" || Telugu
|
|-
|''[[The Warriorr]]'' || "Dhada Dhada" || Telugu / Tamil
|
|-
|''[[Thiruchitrambalam]]'' || "Thaai Kelavi", "Megham Karukkatha" || rowspan="3" | Tamil
|Won{{Emdash}}[[National Film Award for Best Choreography]]
|-
|''[[Naane Varuvean]]'' || All songs
|
|-
|''[[Prince (2022 film)|Prince]]'' || "Jessica"
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023 || ''[[Das Ka Dhamki]]'' || "O Dollar Pillagaa" || Telugu
|
|-
|[[Boo (2023 film)|''Boo'']]
|"Halloween"
|Tamil Telugu
|
|-
| rowspan="1"|2024 || ''[[Ayalaan]]'' || "Suro Suro" || Tamil
|
|-
|}

===As actor ===
*''Note: all films are in Tamil, unless otherwise noted.''
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Film !! Role
! Notes
|-
||2007 || ''[[Unnale Unnale]]'' || rowspan="2" | Sathish
|
|-
||2008 || ''[[Vaaranam Aayiram]]''
|
|-
||2012 || ''[[Neethaane En Ponvasantham]]'' || Dancer
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2013 || ''[[Thalaivaa]]'' || Dance Crew Member
|
|-
| ''[[Ainthu Ainthu Ainthu]]'' ||
|Special appearance
|-
||2014 || ''[[Endrendrum]]'' || Charles || Lead Role
|-
|rowspan="2"|2015 || ''[[Uppu Karuvaadu]]'' || Jagan
|
|-
|''[[Naanum Rowdy Dhaan]]'' || || Special appearance
|-
|rowspan="3"|2016 || ''[[Tharkappu]]'' || Jai
|
|-
| ''[[Achcham Enbadhu Madamaiyada]]'' || Mahesh
|
|-
| ''[[Sahasam Swasaga Sagipo]]'' ||
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film; special appearance in "Shokilla" song
|-
|2020 || ''[[Irandam Kuththu]]'' ||
|Special appearance
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
|''[[Beast (2022 Indian film)|Beast]]'' || Ramachandran (Raama)
|
|-
|''[[Prince (2022 film)|Prince]]'' || Anbarasan's friend
|
|-
| rowspan="1" |2023
|''[[Soppana Sundari]]'' || Naresh
|
|-
|2024
|''[[Brother (2024 film)|Brother]]'' || Dr. Vinay
|
|-
|TBA
|''[[Dhruva Natchathiram (unreleased film)|Dhruva Natchathiram]]'' ||
|Unreleased film
|-
|}

===As director===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Notes
|-
|2025||[[Kiss (2025 film)|''Kiss'']]||Directorial debut<ref>{{Cite web|date=11 February 2025|title=Sathish's directorial starring Kavin, titled 'Kiss'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sathishs-directorial-starring-kavin-titled-kiss/articleshow/118135697.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb name|id=3193037|name=Sathish Krishnan}}
{{National Film Award Best Choreography}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Krishnan, Sathish}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian film choreographers]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Tamil male actors]]
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:Best Choreography National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Color blindness

2026-03-27T20:09:11Z

HeikeC58098401: corrected information for consistency

{{Short description|Decreased ability to see color or color differences}}
{{redirect|Colorblind|the disorder that causes most forms of color blindness|Congenital red–green color blindness|a type caused by brain damage|Cerebral achromatopsia|other uses|Color blind (disambiguation)}}
{{cs1 config|name-list-style=vanc}}
{{Use American English|date=March 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox medical condition
| name = Color blindness
| synonyms = Color vision deficiency<ref name=Gor1998/>
| image = Ishihara 9.svg
| alt = The number "74"{{snd}}composed of scattered solid circles of varying size and varying but approximately green color{{snd}}surrounded by a field of approximately sandy brown circles also of varying size and color. Some of the color variation in the circles is deliberately curated such that viewers with red-green color blindness will likely see the number "21" instead of "74".
| field = [[Ophthalmology]]
| symptoms = Decreased ability to [[color vision|see color]]s<ref name=NEI2015/>
| complications =
| onset =
| duration = Long term<ref name=NEI2015/>
| causes = [[Genetics|Genetic]] ([[heredity|inherited]] usually [[X-linked]])<ref name=NEI2015/>
| risks =
| diagnosis = [[Ishihara color test]]<ref name=NEI2015/>
| differential =
| prevention =
| treatment = Adjustments to teaching methods, [[mobile apps]]<ref name=Gor1998/><ref name=NEI2015/>
| medication =
| prognosis =
| frequency = Red–green: 8% males, 0.5% females (Northern European descent)<ref name=NEI2015/>
| deaths =
| caption = Example of an [[Ishihara color test]] plate. Viewers with normal color vision should clearly see the number "74". Viewers with red-green color-blindness will likely see the number "21".
}}


'''Color blindness''' or '''color vision deficiency''' ('''CVD''') is the decreased ability to [[color vision|see color]], differences in [[color]], or distinguish shades of color.<ref name="NEI2015" /> The severity of color blindness ranges from mostly unnoticeable to full absence of color perception.

Color blindness is usually a [[Sex linkage|sex-linked]] [[Heredity|inherited]] problem or variation in the functionality of one or more of the three classes of [[cone cell]]s in the retina, which mediate color vision.<ref name="NEI2015" /> The most common form is caused by a genetic condition called [[congenital red–green color blindness]] (including protan and deutan types), which affects up to 1 in 12 males (8%) and 1 in 200 females (0.5%).<ref name="facts_colorblindness_article">{{cite journal |last1=Judd |first1=Deane B. |date=1 June 1943 |title=Facts of Color-Blindness |url=https://opg.optica.org/josa/abstract.cfm?uri=josa-33-6-294 |journal=JOSA |volume=33 |issue=6 |pages=294–307 |bibcode=1943JOSA...33..294J |doi=10.1364/JOSA.33.000294 |url-access=subscription |access-date=9 January 2025}}</ref> The condition is more prevalent in males, because the [[opsin]] genes responsible are located on the [[X chromosome]].<ref name="NEI2015" /> Rarer genetic conditions causing color blindness include congenital blue–yellow color blindness (tritan type), [[blue cone monochromacy]], and [[achromatopsia]]. Color blindness can also result from physical or chemical damage to the [[eye]], the [[optic nerve]], parts of the [[brain]], or from medication toxicity.<ref name="NEI2015" /> Color vision also naturally degrades in old age.<ref name="NEI2015" />


Diagnosis of color blindness is usually done with a [[color vision test]], such as the [[Ishihara test]]. There is no cure for most causes of color blindness; however, there is ongoing research into [[Gene therapy for color blindness|gene therapy]] for some severe conditions causing color blindness.<ref name=NEI2015/> Minor forms of color blindness do not significantly affect daily life and color blind people automatically develop adaptations and coping mechanisms to compensate for the deficiency.<ref name=NEI2015/> However, diagnosis may allow an individual, or their parents/teachers, to actively accommodate the condition.<ref name="Gor1998">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gordon N |date=March 1998 |title=Colour blindness |journal=Public Health |volume=112 |issue=2 |pages=81–4 |doi=10.1038/sj.ph.1900446 |issn=0033-3506 |pmid=9581449}}</ref> [[Color blind glasses]] may help the red–green color blind at some [[color task]]s,<ref name=NEI2015/> but they do not grant the wearer "normal color vision" or the ability to see "new" colors.<ref name="Robledo">{{cite journal |last1=Gómez-Robledo |first1=L |date=2018 |title=Do EnChroma glasses improve color vision for colorblind subjects? |journal=Optics Express |volume=26 |issue=22 |pages=28693–28703 |bibcode=2018OExpr..2628693G |doi=10.1364/OE.26.028693 |hdl=10481/57698 |pmid=30470042 |s2cid=53721875 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Some [[mobile app]]s can use a device's camera to identify colors.<ref name="NEI2015">{{cite web |date=February 2015 |title=Facts About Color Blindness |url=https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/color-blindness |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728003639/https://nei.nih.gov/health/color_blindness/facts_about |archive-date=28 July 2016 |access-date=29 July 2016 |website=NEI}}</ref>


Depending on the jurisdiction, color blind people are ineligible for certain careers,<ref name=Gor1998/> such as [[aircraft pilot]]s, [[train driver]]s, [[police officer]]s, [[firefighter]]s, and members of the [[armed forces]].<ref name=Gor1998/><ref>{{Cite web |title=OSHA does not have requirements for normal color vision. {{!}} Occupational Safety and Health Administration |url=https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/standardinterpretations/2004-01-29-0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506194815/https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/standardinterpretations/2004-01-29-0 |archive-date=6 May 2019 |access-date=2019-05-06 |website=www.osha.gov}}</ref> The effect of color blindness on artistic ability is controversial,<ref name=Gor1998/><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Marmor MF, Lanthony P |date=March 2001 |title=The dilemma of color deficiency and art |journal=Survey of Ophthalmology |volume=45 |issue=5 |pages=407–15 |doi=10.1016/S0039-6257(00)00192-2 |pmid=11274694}}</ref> but a number of famous artists are believed to have been color blind.<ref name=Gor1998/><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Marmor MF |date=February 2016 |title=Vision, eye disease, and art: 2015 Keeler Lecture |journal=Eye |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=287–303 |doi=10.1038/eye.2015.197 |pmc=4763116 |pmid=26563659}}</ref>

{{TOC limit|4}}

==Classification==
[[File:Color blindness.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|These color charts show how different color blind people see compared to a person with normal color vision.]]
Much terminology has existed and does exist for the classification of color blindness, but the typical classification for color blindness follows the [[Von Kries transform|von Kries]] classifications,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=von Kries |first1=J. |date=1897 |title=Ueber Farbensysteme |journal=Zeitschrift für Psychologie Physiologie Sinnesorg |volume=13 |pages=241–324}}</ref> which uses severity and affected cone for naming.

===Based on severity===
Based on clinical appearance, color blindness may be described as total or partial. Total color blindness (monochromacy) is much less common than partial color blindness.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Spring |first1=Kenneth R. |last2=Parry-Hill |first2=Matthew J. |last3=Fellers |first3=Thomas J. |last4=Davidson |first4=Michael W. |title=Human Vision and Color Perception |url=http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/lightandcolor/humanvisionhome.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070827191749/http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/lightandcolor/humanvisionhome.html |archive-date=2007-08-27 |access-date=2007-04-05 |publisher=[[Florida State University]]}}</ref> Partial color blindness includes dichromacy and anomalous trichromacy, but is often clinically defined as mild, moderate or strong.

====Monochromacy====
{{Main|Monochromacy}}

Monochromacy is often called ''total color blindness'' since there is no ability to see color. Although the term may refer to acquired disorders such as [[cerebral achromatopsia]], it typically refers to congenital color vision disorders, namely [[Achromatopsia|rod monochromacy]] and [[blue cone monochromacy]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Types of Colour Blindness |url=http://www.colourblindawareness.org/colour-blindness/types-of-colour-blindness/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529052207/http://www.colourblindawareness.org/colour-blindness/types-of-colour-blindness/ |archive-date=2014-05-29 |work=Colour Blind Awareness}}</ref><ref name=blom>
{{cite book |last=Blom |first=Jan Dirk |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KJtQptBcZloC&pg=PA4 |title=A Dictionary of Hallucinations |publisher=Springer |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4419-1222-0 |page=4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227164302/https://books.google.com/books?id=KJtQptBcZloC&pg=PA4 |archive-date=2016-12-27 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In cerebral achromatopsia, a person cannot perceive colors even though the eyes are capable of distinguishing them. Some sources do not consider these to be true color blindness, because the failure is of perception, not of vision. They are forms of [[visual agnosia]].<ref name=blom/>

[[Monochromacy]] is the condition of possessing only a single channel for conveying information about color. Monochromats are unable to distinguish any colors and perceive only variations in brightness. Congenital monochromacy occurs in two primary forms:
# Rod monochromacy, frequently called complete [[achromatopsia]], where the retina contains no cone cells, so that in addition to the absence of color discrimination, vision in lights of normal intensity is difficult.
# Cone monochromacy is the condition of having only a single class of cone. A cone monochromat can have good pattern vision at normal daylight levels, but will not be able to distinguish hues. Cone monochromacy is divided into classes defined by the single remaining cone class. However, red and green cone monochromats have not been definitively described in the literature. [[Blue cone monochromacy]] is caused by lack of functionality of L (red) and M (green) cones, and is therefore mediated by the same genes as red–green color blindness (on the X chromosome). Peak spectral sensitivities are in the blue region of the visible spectrum (near 440 nm). People with this condition generally show [[nystagmus]] ("jiggling eyes"), [[photophobia]] (light sensitivity), reduced [[visual acuity]], and [[myopia]] (nearsightedness).<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Weiss AH, Biersdorf WR |year=1989 |title=Blue cone monochromatism |journal=Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus |volume=26 |issue=5 |pages=218–23 |doi=10.3928/0191-3913-19890901-04 |pmid=2795409 |s2cid=23037026}}</ref> Visual acuity usually falls to the 20/50 to 20/400 range.

====Dichromacy====
{{main|Dichromacy}}

Dichromats can match any color they see with some mixture of just two [[primary color]]s (in contrast to those with normal sight ([[Trichromacy|trichromats]]) who require three primary colors for matching).<ref name=":0" /> Dichromats usually know they have a color vision problem, and it can affect their daily lives. Dichromacy in humans includes protanopia, deuteranopia, and tritanopia. Out of the male population, 2% have severe difficulties distinguishing between red, orange, yellow, and green (orange and yellow are different combinations of red and green light). Colors in this range, which appear very different to a normal viewer, appear to a dichromat to be the same or a similar color. The terms protanopia, deuteranopia, and tritanopia come from Greek, and respectively mean "inability to see (''anopia'') with the first (''prot-''), second (''deuter-''), or third (''trit-'') [cone]".

====Anomalous trichromacy====
Anomalous trichromacy is the mildest type of color deficiency and is usually characterized by the inability to distinguish between colors which are distinguishable to a person with normal color vision, but the severity ranges from almost dichromacy (strong) to almost normal trichromacy (mild).<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Simunovic MP |date=May 2010 |title=Colour vision deficiency |journal=Eye |volume=24 |issue=5 |pages=747–55 |doi=10.1038/eye.2009.251 |pmid=19927164 |doi-access=free}}</ref> In fact, many mild anomalous trichromats have very little difficulty carrying out tasks that require normal color vision and some may not even be aware that they have a color vision deficiency. The types of anomalous trichromacy include protanomaly, deuteranomaly and tritanomaly. It is approximately three times more common than [[dichromacy]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Deeb |first1=Samir S. |year=2006 |title=Genetics of variation in human color vision and the retinal cone mosaic |journal=Current Opinion in Genetics & Development |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=301–307 |doi=10.1016/j.gde.2006.04.002 |pmid=16647849}}</ref> Anomalous trichromats exhibit [[trichromacy]], but the color matches they make differ from normal trichromats. In order to match a given spectral yellow light, protanomalous observers need more red light in a red/green mixture than a normal observer, and deuteranomalous observers need more green. This difference can be measured by an instrument called an [[Anomaloscope]], where red and green lights are mixed by a subject to match a yellow light.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Moreland |first1=J.D. |last2=Kerr |first2=J. |year=1979 |title=Optimization of a Rayleigh-type equation for the detection of tritanomaly |journal=Vision Research |volume=19 |issue=12 |pages=1369–1375 |doi=10.1016/0042-6989(79)90209-8 |pmid=316945 |s2cid=29379397}}</ref>

===Based on affected cone===
There are two major types of color blindness: difficulty distinguishing between red and green, and difficulty distinguishing between blue and yellow.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hoffman |first=Paul S. |title=Accommodating Color Blindness |url=http://www.digitalspaceart.com/articles/ColorBlindness.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515103432/http://www.digitalspaceart.com/articles/ColorBlindness.pdf |archive-date=15 May 2008 |access-date=2009-07-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Neitz |first=Maureen E. |author-link=Maureen Neitz |date=30 August 2001 |title=Severity of Colorblindness Varies |url=http://healthlink.mcw.edu/article/999211295.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205055320/http://healthlink.mcw.edu/article/999211295.html |archive-date=5 February 2007 |access-date=2007-04-05 |publisher=[[Medical College of Wisconsin]]}}</ref>{{Dubious |Tritanopia|date=September 2020}} These definitions are based on the [[phenotype]] of the partial color blindness. Clinically, it is more common to use a genotypical definition, which describes which [[cone cell|cone]]/[[opsin]] is affected.

====Red–green color blindness====
Red–green color blindness includes '''protan''' and '''deutan''' CVD. Protan CVD is related to the L-cone and includes protanomaly (anomalous trichromacy) and protanopia (dichromacy). Deutan CVD is related to the M-cone and includes deuteranomaly (anomalous trichromacy) and deuteranopia (dichromacy).<ref name=pmid21774112>
{{cite journal |last=Wong |first=B. |date=June 2011 |title=Color blindness |journal=Nature Methods |volume=8 |issue=6 |page=441 |doi=10.1038/nmeth.1618 |pmid=21774112 |s2cid=36690778}}
</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Neitz J, Neitz M |date=April 2011 |title=The genetics of normal and defective color vision |journal=Vision Research |volume=51 |issue=7 |pages=633–51 |doi=10.1016/j.visres.2010.12.002 |pmc=3075382 |pmid=21167193}}</ref> The phenotype (visual experience) of deutans and protans is quite similar. Common colors of confusion include red/brown/green/yellow as well as blue/purple. Both forms are almost always symptomatic of [[congenital red–green color blindness]], so affects males disproportionately more than females.<ref name="harrison">{{cite book |last1=Harrison |first1=G.A. |url=https://archive.org/details/humanbiologyintr00gaha/page/183 |title=Human Biology |last2=Tanner |first2=J.M. |last3=Pilbeam |first3=D.R. |last4=Baker |first4=P.T. |date=1988 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-854144-8 |location=Oxford |pages=[https://archive.org/details/humanbiologyintr00gaha/page/183 183–187, 287–290]}}</ref> This form of color blindness is sometimes referred to as ''daltonism'' after [[John Dalton (scientist)|John Dalton]], who had red–green dichromacy. In some languages, ''daltonism'' is still used to describe red–green color blindness.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hunt |first1=D. M. |last2=Dulai |first2=K. S. |last3=Bowmaker |first3=J. K. |last4=Mollon |first4=J. D. |date=1995-02-17 |title=The chemistry of John Dalton's color blindness |journal=Science |volume=267 |issue=5200 |pages=984–988 |doi=10.1126/science.7863342 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=7863342 |bibcode=1995Sci...267..984H }}</ref>

[[File:ConeMosaics.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|Illustration of the distribution of cone cells in the [[Fovea centralis|fovea]] of a normal trichromatic retina (left), and a protanopic retina. The center of the fovea holds very few blue-sensitive cones.]]
{{anchor|Protanopia|Protanomaly|Protan}}
* Protan (2% of males): Lacking, or possessing anomalous [[OPN1LW|L-opsins]] for long-wavelength sensitive cone cells. Protans have a neutral point at a [[cyan]]-like wavelength around 492 nm (see [[spectral color]] for comparison)—that is, they cannot discriminate light of this wavelength from [[white]]. For a protanope, the brightness of red is much reduced compared to normal.<ref name="Genetics">{{cite journal |last1=Neitz |first1=Jay |last2=Neitz |first2=Maureen |date=2011 |title=The genetics of normal and defective color vision |journal=Vision Research |volume=51 |issue=7 |pages=633–651 |doi=10.1016/j.visres.2010.12.002 |pmc=3075382 |pmid=21167193}}</ref> This dimming can be so pronounced that reds may be confused with black or dark gray, and red traffic lights may appear to be extinguished. They may learn to distinguish reds from yellows primarily on the basis of their apparent brightness or lightness, not on any perceptible hue difference. [[shades of violet|Violet]], [[shades of purple|lavender, and purple]] are indistinguishable from various [[shades of blue]]. A very few people have been found who have one normal eye and one protanopic eye. These ''unilateral dichromats'' report that with only their protanopic eye open, they see wavelengths shorter than neutral point as blue and those longer than it as yellow.
{{anchor|Deuteranopia|Deuteranomaly|Deutan}}
* Deutan (6% of males): Lacking, or possessing anomalous [[OPN1MW|M-opsin]]s for medium-wavelength sensitive cone cells. Their neutral point is at a slightly longer wavelength, 498 nm, a more greenish hue of cyan. Deutans have the same hue discrimination problems as protans, but without the dimming of long wavelengths. Deuteranopic unilateral dichromats report that with only their deuteranopic eye open, they see wavelengths shorter than neutral point as blue and longer than it as yellow.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jgz_iI8NAzYC&pg=PA584 |title=Contributions to color science |publisher=NBS |year=1979 |editor1-last=MacAdam |editor1-first=David L. |page=584 |editor2-last=Judd |editor2-first=Deane B.}}</ref>

====Blue–yellow color blindness====
Blue–yellow color blindness includes '''tritan''' CVD. Tritan CVD is related to the S-cone and includes tritanomaly (anomalous trichromacy) and tritanopia (dichromacy). Blue–yellow color blindness is much less common than red–green color blindness, and more often has acquired causes than genetic. Tritans have difficulty discerning between bluish and greenish hues.<ref>Steefel, Lorraine T., and Timothy E. Moore, PhD. "Color Blindness." ''The Gale Encyclopedia of Nursing and Allied Health'', edited by Jacqueline L. Longe, 4th ed., vol. 2, Gale, 2018, pp. 890–892. ''Gale eBooks'', Accessed 29 Dec. 2021.</ref> Tritans have a neutral point at 571 nm (yellowish).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Graham |first1=C. H. |last2=Hsia |first2=Y. |date=1958-03-28 |title=Color defect and color theory; studies of normal and colorblind persons, including a subject color-blind in one eye but not in the other |journal=Science |volume=127 |issue=3300 |pages=675–682 |doi=10.1126/science.127.3300.675 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=13529033}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=SBFAQ Part 4: Color Blindness |url=https://visualexpert.com/Resources/cfaqPart4.html |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=visualexpert.com}}</ref>

{{anchor|Tritanopia|Tritanomaly|Tritan}}
* Tritan (< 0.01% of individuals): Lacking, or possessing anomalous [[OPN1SW|S-opsins]] or short-wavelength sensitive cone cells. Tritans see short-wavelength colors ([[blue]], [[indigo]] and spectral [[Violet (color)|violet]]) as greenish and drastically dimmed, some of these colors even as [[black]]. Yellow and orange are indistinguishable from [[white]] and [[pink]] respectively, and purple colors are perceived as various [[shades of red]]. Unlike protans and deutans, the mutation for this color blindness is carried on chromosome 7. Therefore, it is not sex-linked—it is equally prevalent in both males and female). The OMIM gene code for this mutation is 304000 "Colorblindness, Partial Tritanomaly".<ref>{{cite web |title=Disease-causing Mutations and protein structure |url=http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/bsm/humgen/chr__034.html#304000 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050501081119/http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/bsm/humgen/chr__034.html#304000 |archive-date=2005-05-01 |access-date=2007-04-02 |publisher=UCL Biochemistry BSM Group}}</ref>
{{anchor|Tetartanopia|Tetartanomaly|Tetartan}}
* '''Tetartan''' is a hypothetical "fourth type" of color blindness, and a type of blue–yellow color blindness. Given the molecular basis of human color vision, it is unlikely this type could exist.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=V |first1=Ionica |last2=Gastaud |first2=P |date=1996 |title=Test chromatique pour dépistage et étalonnage des dyschromatopsies |trans-title=Color vision test for detection and evaluation of dyschromatopsia |journal=Journal Français d'Ophtalmologie |language=fr |volume=19 |issue=11 |pages=679–688 |pmid=9033889}}</ref>

===Summary of cone complements===
The below table shows the cone complements for different types of human color vision. The cone complement contains the types of cones (or their opsins) expressed by an individual.
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:bottom;"|Type of color blindness
! colspan="8"|Cone complement{{efn|name=fn1}}
! colspan="3" rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:bottom;"|Types of color vision
|-
!colspan="2"|Red || rowspan="13" style="font-size:1px;" |
!colspan="2"|Green|| rowspan="13" style="font-size:1px;" |
!colspan="2"|Blue
|-
!{{abbr|N|Normal cone}}||{{abbr|A|Anomalous cone}}||{{abbr|N|Normal cone}}||{{abbr|A|Anomalous cone}}||{{abbr|N|Normal cone}}||{{abbr|A|Anomalous cone}}
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|1||Normal vision
|style="background:#FF0000"| ||style="background:#000000"|
|style="background:#00FF00"| ||style="background:#000000"|
|style="background:#0000FF"| ||style="background:#000000"|
|[[Trichromacy]]||colspan="2"|Normal
|- style="border-top:double #a2a9b1;"
|style="text-align:right;"|2||Protanomaly
|style="background:#000000"| ||style="background:#FF0000"|
|style="background:#00FF00"| ||style="background:#000000"|
|style="background:#0000FF"| ||style="background:#000000"|
|Anomalous [[trichromacy]]
|rowspan="6"|Partial color blindness||rowspan="4"|Red– green
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|3||Protanopia
|style="background:#000000"| ||style="background:#000000"|
|style="background:#00FF00"| ||style="background:#000000"|
|style="background:#0000FF"| ||style="background:#000000"|
|[[Dichromacy]]
|- style="border-top:2px solid #a2a9b1;"
|style="text-align:right;"|4||Deuteranomaly
|style="background:#FF0000"| ||style="background:#000000"|
|style="background:#000000"| ||style="background:#00FF00"|
|style="background:#0000FF"| ||style="background:#000000"|
|Anomalous [[trichromacy]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|5||Deuteranopia
|style="background:#FF0000"| ||style="background:#000000"|
|style="background:#000000"| ||style="background:#000000"|
|style="background:#0000FF"| ||style="background:#000000"|
|[[Dichromacy]]
|- style="border-top:2px solid #a2a9b1;"
|style="text-align:right;"|6||Tritanomaly
|style="background:#FF0000"| ||style="background:#000000"|
|style="background:#00FF00"| ||style="background:#000000"|
|style="background:#000000"| ||style="background:#0000FF"|
|Anomalous [[trichromacy]]||rowspan="2"|Blue– yellow
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|7||Tritanopia
|style="background:#FF0000"| ||style="background:#000000"|
|style="background:#00FF00"| ||style="background:#000000"|
|style="background:#000000"| ||style="background:#000000"|
|[[Dichromacy]]
|- style="border-top:double #a2a9b1;"
|style="text-align:right;"|8||Red-cone monochromacy
|style="background:#FF0000"| ||style="background:#000000"|
|style="background:#000000"| ||style="background:#000000"|
|style="background:#000000"| ||style="background:#000000"|
|[[Monochromacy]]
|colspan="4" rowspan="4"|[[Total color blindness]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|9||Green-cone monochromacy
|style="background:#000000"| ||style="background:#000000"|
|style="background:#00FF00"| ||style="background:#000000"|
|style="background:#000000"| ||style="background:#000000"|
|[[Monochromacy]]
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|10||[[Blue-cone monochromacy]]
|style="background:#000000"| ||style="background:#000000"|
|style="background:#000000"| ||style="background:#000000"|
|style="background:#0000FF"| ||style="background:#000000"|
|[[Monochromacy]]
|-
|- style="border-top:double #a2a9b1;"
|style="text-align:right;"|11||[[Achromatopsia]]
|style="background:#000000"| ||style="background:#000000"|
|style="background:#000000"| ||style="background:#000000"|
|style="background:#000000"| ||style="background:#000000"|
|[[Achromatopsia|Achromacy]]
|}
{{notelist|refs={{efn|name=fn1|The "N" column indicates there are cones sensitive for that color present and they are of the normal type. Whereas "A" indicates there are cones sensitive for that color but they are anomalous or abnormal. Black cells are for absent cones. Therefore, two black cells for a color would be there are no cones sensitive for that color present. The cone complement contains the types of cones (or their opsins) expressed by an individual.}}}}

==Presentation==
{{How-to|section|date=December 2024}}
A color blind person will have decreased (or no) color discrimination along the red–green axis, blue–yellow axis, or both. It is a common misconception that color blindness always equals [[monochromacy]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=MD |first=Dr Ananya Mandal |date=2009-11-23 |title=Color Blindness Misconceptions |url=https://www.news-medical.net/health/Color-Blindness-Misconceptions.aspx |access-date=2025-07-20 |website=News-Medical |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-12 |title=Debunking Myths: Understanding Color Vision Deficiency |url=https://www.zennioptical.com/blog/myths-color-blindness/ |access-date=2025-07-20 |website=www.zennioptical.com |language=en-US}}</ref> The vast majority of color blind people are only affected on their red–green axis.

The first indication of color blindness generally consists of a person using the wrong color for an object, such as when painting, or calling a color by the wrong name. The colors that are confused are very consistent among people with the same type of color blindness.

<gallery>
File:Вечір на "інтегралі" - річка Південний Буг.jpg|Normal sight
File:Deuteranopia sight.jpg|Deuteranopic sight
File:Protanopia sight.png|Protanopic sight
File:Tritanopia sight.jpg|Tritanopic sight
File:Monochromacy sight.jpg|Monochromatic sight
</gallery>

===Confusion colors===
[[File:Color Blind Confusion Lines.png|thumb|upright=1.8|Confusion lines for the three types of dichromacy superimposed on CIEXYZ color space]]
Confusion colors are pairs or groups of colors that will often be mistaken by color blind people. Confusion colors for red–green color blindness include:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Types of Colour Blindness |url=https://www.colourblindawareness.org/colour-blindness/types-of-colour-blindness/ |access-date=2026-03-27 |website=Colour Blind Awareness |language=en-GB}}</ref>
* cyan and grey
* [[rose (color)|rose-pink]] and grey
* blue and purple
* yellow and [[Shades of green#Neon green|neon green]]
* red, green, orange, brown
Confusion colors for tritan include:
* yellow and grey
* blue and green
* dark blue/violet and black
* violet and yellow-green
* red and [[Rose (color)|rose-pink]]
These colors of confusion are defined quantitatively by straight confusion lines plotted in [[CIEXYZ]], usually plotted on the corresponding [[CIE 1931 color space#CIE xy chromaticity diagram and the CIE xyY color space|chromaticity diagram]]. The lines all intersect at a ''copunctal point'', which varies with the [[#Based on affected cone|type of color blindness]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fomins |first1=S |date=2011 |title=Multispectral analysis of color vision deficiency tests |journal=Materials Science |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=104–108 |doi=10.5755/j01.ms.17.1.259 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Chromaticity|Chromaticities]] along a confusion line will appear [[Metamerism (color)|metameric]] to [[#Dichromacy|dichromats]] of that type. [[#Anomalous trichromacy|Anomalous trichromats]] of that type will see the chromaticities as metameric if they are [[Color difference|close enough]], depending on the strength of their CVD. For two colors on a confusion line to be metameric, the chromaticities first have to be made ''isoluminant'', meaning equal in [[lightness]]. Also, colors that may be isoluminant to the [[CIE 1931 color space#CIE standard observer|standard observer]] may not be isoluminant to a person with dichromacy.

===Color tasks===
{{main|Color task}}

Cole describes four color tasks, all of which are impeded to some degree by color blindness:<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cole |first1=Barry L |date=1972 |title=The handicap of abnormal colour vision |journal=Clinical and Experimental Optometry |volume=55 |issue=8 |pages=304–310 |doi=10.1111/j.1444-0938.1972.tb06271.x}}</ref>
* '''Comparative''' – When multiple colors must be compared, such as with mixing paint
* '''Connotative''' – When colors are given an implicit meaning, such as red = stop
* '''Denotative''' – When identifying colors, for example by name, such as "where is the yellow ball?"
* '''Aesthetic''' – When colors look nice – or convey an emotional response – but do not carry explicit meaning

The following sections describe specific color tasks with which color blind people typically have difficulty.

===Food===
[[File:Assorted Red and Green Apples (deuteranope view).jpg|thumb|Simulation of the normal (top half of photo) and dichromatic (lower half) perception of red and green apples. People with normal color vision see the apples in the lower half as yellowish; people with red–green color blindness may not spot that difference between the upper and lower halves.]]
Color blindness causes difficulty with the ''connotative'' color tasks associated with selecting or preparing food. Selecting food for ripeness can be difficult; the green–yellow transition of bananas is particularly hard to identify. It can also be difficult to detect bruises, mold, or rot on some foods, to determine when meat is done by color, to distinguish some varietals, such as a [[Braeburn]] vs. a [[Granny Smith]] apple, or to distinguish colors associated with artificial flavors (e.g. jelly beans, sports drinks).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Color as a factor in food choice |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/action/cookieAbsent |access-date=2026-03-27 |website=www.tandfonline.com |doi=10.1080/10408399309527614}}</ref>

===Skin color===
{{main|Evolution of color vision in primates#Skin Tone}}

Changes in skin color due to bruising, sunburn, blushing, rashes or even blushing are easily missed by the red–green color blind.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elfalah |first=Mutasem |last2=Sulyman |first2=Nesrin |last3=Alrwashdeh |first3=Anas |last4=Hajaj |first4=Sari Al |last5=Alrawashdeh |first5=Sonia |last6=Al-Rawashdeh |first6=Asad |last7=AlRyalat |first7=Saif Aldeen |date=2022-08-03 |title=Assessing the impact of color blindness on the ability of identifying benign and malignant skin lesions by naked-eye examination |url=https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0270487 |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=17 |issue=8 |pages=e0270487 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0270487 |doi-access=free|issn=1932-6203 |pmc=9348688 |pmid=35921375}}</ref>

===Traffic lights===
{{See also|#Driving}}
[[File:Tipperary Hill - greenoverred Syracuse, New York.jpg|thumb|The dangerous inverted traffic light in Syracuse, New York]] [[File:Salzburg - Gnigl - Eichstraße x Parscher Straße - 2020 01 03-2.jpg|thumb|The lack of standard positional clues makes this light difficult to interpret.]]
The colors of [[traffic light]]s can be difficult for red–green color-blind people. This difficulty includes distinguishing red/amber lights from sodium street lamps, distinguishing green lights (closer to cyan) from white lights, and distinguishing red from amber lights, especially when there are no positional clues (see image).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khalid |first=Rimsha |last2=Iqbal |first2=Muhammad Waseem |last3=Samand |first3=Noor |last4=Ishfaq |first4=Maryam |last5=Rashed |first5=Rameeza |last6=Rafiq |first6=Shaharyar |date=2022 |title=TRAFFIC LIGHT ISSUES FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED PEOPLE |url=https://files.osf.io/v1/resources/g2anp/providers/osfstorage/6398d2ebe4687408d69b57dc?action=download&direct&version=1 |url-status=live |access-date=27 March 2026}}</ref>

The main coping mechanism to overcome these challenges is to memorize the position of lights. The order of the common triplet traffic light is standardized as red–amber–green from top to bottom or left to right. Cases that deviate from this standard are rare. One such case is a [[Tipperary Hill#Green over red|traffic light in Tipperary Hill]] in [[Syracuse, New York]], which is upside-down (green–amber–red top to bottom) due to the sentiments of its [[Irish American]] community.<ref>{{cite news |date=6 November 2016 |title=New documentary uncovers the Irish links to America's Tipperary Hill |url=http://www.thejournal.ie/tipperary-hill-radio-documentary-3063059-Nov2016/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815182810/http://www.thejournal.ie/tipperary-hill-radio-documentary-3063059-Nov2016/ |archive-date=15 August 2017 |access-date=15 August 2017 |agency=TheJournal.ie}}</ref> The light has been criticized due to the potential hazard it poses for color blind drivers.<ref>{{cite web |author=Zhang, Sarah |date=17 March 2014 |title=The Story Behind Syracuse's Upside-Down Traffic Light |url=https://gizmodo.com/the-story-behind-syracuses-upside-down-traffic-light-1545301615 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140916034424/http://gizmodo.com/the-story-behind-syracuses-upside-down-traffic-light-1545301615 |archive-date=2014-09-16 |work=Gizmodo}}</ref>

[[File:Colourblind traffic signal.JPG|thumb|Horizontal traffic light in [[Halifax, Nova Scotia]], Canada]]
There are several other features of traffic lights that can help color-blind people. British Rail signals use more easily identifiable colors: The red is blood red, the amber is yellow and the green is a bluish color.{{citation needed|date=June 2022}} Most British road traffic lights are mounted vertically on a black rectangle with a white border (forming a "sighting board"), so that drivers can more easily look for the position of the light. In the [[Eastern Canada|eastern provinces of Canada]], traffic lights are sometimes differentiated by shape in addition to color: square for red, diamond for yellow, and circle for green (see image).

===Signal lights===
{{See also|#Occupations}}
[[Navigation light]]s in marine and aviation settings employ red and green lights to signal the relative position of other ships or aircraft. [[Railway signal#Colour light signals|Railway signal lights]] also rely heavily on red–green–yellow colors. In both cases, these color combinations can be difficult for the red–green color blind. [[Farnsworth Lantern Test|Lantern Tests]] are a common means of simulating these light sources to determine not necessarily whether someone is color blind, but whether they can functionally distinguish these specific signal colors. Those who cannot pass this test are generally completely restricted from working on aircraft, ships or rail, for example.

===Fashion===
{{see also|Color of clothing}}
[[Color analysis]] is the analysis of color in its use in fashion, to determine personal color combinations that are most aesthetically pleasing.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-01 |title=What is Color Analysis? |url=https://londonimageinstitute.com/what-is-color-analysis/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518123554/https://londonimageinstitute.com/what-is-color-analysis/ |archive-date=18 May 2024 |access-date=2024-02-21 |website=London Image Institute |language=en-US}}</ref> Colors to combine can include clothing, accessories, makeup, hair color, skin color, eye color, etc. Color analysis involves many aesthetic and comparative [[#Color tasks|color tasks]] that can be difficult for color blind people.

===Art===
Inability to distinguish color does not necessarily preclude the ability to become a celebrated artist. The 20th century expressionist painter [[Clifton Pugh]], three-time winner of Australia's [[Archibald Prize]], on biographical, gene inheritance and other grounds has been identified as a person with protanopia.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Cole BL, Harris RW |date=September 2009 |title=Colour blindness does not preclude fame as an artist: celebrated Australian artist Clifton Pugh was a protanope |journal=Clinical & Experimental Optometry |volume=92 |issue=5 |pages=421–8 |doi=10.1111/j.1444-0938.2009.00384.x |pmid=19515095 |s2cid=21676461 |doi-access=free}}</ref> 19th century French artist [[Charles Méryon]] became successful by concentrating on [[etching]] rather than painting after he was diagnosed as having a red–green deficiency.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Charles Meryon |encyclopedia=Art Encyclopedia. The Concise Grove Dictionary of Art. |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=http://www.answers.com/topic/charles-m-ryon |access-date=7 January 2010 |last=Anon |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101125063246/http://www.answers.com/topic/charles-m-ryon |archive-date=25 November 2010}}</ref> [[Jin Kim (animator)|Jin Kim]]'s red–green color blindness did not stop him from becoming first an [[animator]] and later a character designer with [[Walt Disney Animation Studios]].<ref name="LeeHyoWon">{{cite news |last1=Lee |first1=Hyo-won |date=15 May 2011 |title=Dreams come true, Disney style |url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/art/2014/01/135_87009.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140920004053/http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/art/2014/01/135_87009.html |archive-date=20 September 2014 |access-date=25 November 2019 |work=The Korea Times}}</ref>

===Advantages===

Deuteranomals are better at distinguishing different shades of [[khaki]] that looked identical to people with normal color vision, which may be advantageous when spotting camouflaged food items hidden among foliage. A 2005 study used a series of desaturated green disks painted with different mixtures of two yellow and two blue pigments. The colors were chosen to be distinguishable by a model deuteranomalous observer, while appearing as near-identical metamers to a normal observer. The study found that deuteranomalous subjects could consistently tell the difference between the colors and that they can distinguish 15 different shades of [[khaki]], while those with normal color vision could not.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Simonite |first1=Tom |date=December 5, 2005 |title=Colour blindness may have hidden advantages |journal=Nature |doi=10.1038/news051205-1}}</ref><ref name="dimension">{{cite journal |last1=Bosten |first1=J.M. |last2=Robinson |first2=J.D. |last3=Jordan |first3=G. |last4=Mollon |first4=J.D. |date=December 2005 |title=Multidimensional scaling reveals a color dimension unique to 'color-deficient' observers |journal=Current Biology |volume=15 |issue=23 |pages=R950–R952 |bibcode=2005CBio...15.R950B |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2005.11.031 |pmid=16332521 |s2cid=6966946 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

Color blind observers tend to learn to use texture, shape, and luminance cues more and so may be able to penetrate [[camouflage]] that has been designed to deceive individuals with normal color vision.<ref name="Morgan"/><ref>{{cite journal |year=1940 |title=Colour-Blindness and Camouflage |journal=Nature |volume=146 |issue=3694 |page=226 |bibcode=1940Natur.146Q.226. |doi=10.1038/146226a0 |s2cid=4071103 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

Some tentative evidence finds that the color blind observers are better at penetrating certain color camouflages. Such findings may give an evolutionary reason for the high rate of red–green color blindness.<ref name="Morgan">{{cite journal |vauthors=Morgan MJ, Adam A, Mollon JD |date=June 1992 |title=Dichromats detect colour-camouflaged objects that are not detected by trichromats |journal=Proceedings. Biological Sciences |volume=248 |issue=1323 |pages=291–5 |bibcode=1992RSPSB.248..291M |doi=10.1098/rspb.1992.0074 |pmid=1354367 |s2cid=35694740}}</ref> There is also a study suggesting that deuteranomals can distinguish colors that people with normal color vision are not able to distinguish.<ref name = dimension/> In World War II, color blind observers were reported as potentially more able to penetrate camouflage.<ref>{{cite news |date=6 December 2015 |title=Colour blindness not all it seems |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4498734.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623215610/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4498734.stm |archive-date=23 June 2016 |access-date=21 June 2016 |work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref>

There is also limited evidence that color blind observers, either dichromats or rod monochromats, might also have improved [[scotopic vision]] and a lower absolute brightness threshold than controls.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Verhulst |first=S. |last2=Maes |first2=F. W. |date=1998-11-01 |title=Scotopic vision in colour-blinds |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0042698997003398 |journal=Vision Research |volume=38 |issue=21 |pages=3387–3390 |doi=10.1016/S0042-6989(97)00339-8 |issn=0042-6989}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sacks |first=Oliver |title=The Island of the Colorblind |publisher=Picador London |year=1996 |isbn=978-0375700736}}</ref> Possible mechanisms include a reduction of active inhibition of rods by cones, relative increase in rod density, or increased reliance on rods. However, experimental results are mixed and some tests of monochromats demonstrate a higher absolute brightness threshold.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Simunovic |first1=Matthew P. |last2=Regan |first2=Benedict C. |last3=Mollon |first3=J. D. |date=2001-12-01 |title=Is Color Vision Deficiency an Advantage under Scotopic Conditions? |url=https://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2122885 |url-status=live |journal=Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science |language=en |volume=42 |issue=13 |pages=3357–3364 |issn=1552-5783 |pmid=11726645 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250326001728/https://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2122885 |archive-date=26 March 2025 |access-date=27 September 2025}}</ref>

In the presence of chromatic noise, the color blind observers are more capable of seeing a luminous signal, as long as the chromatic noise appears [[Metamerism (color)|metameric]] to them.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sousa |first1=Bruna Rafaela Silva |last2=Loureiro |first2=Terezinha Medeiros Gonçalves |last3=Goulart |first3=Paulo Roney Kilpp |last4=Cortes |first4=Maria Izabel Tentes |last5=Costa |first5=Marcelo Fernandes |last6=Bonci |first6=Daniela Maria Oliveira |last7=Baran |first7=Luiz Claudio Portnoi |last8=Hauzman |first8=Einat |last9=Ventura |first9=Dora Fix |last10=Miquilini |first10=Leticia |last11=Souza |first11=Givago Silva |date=21 October 2020 |title=Specificity of the chromatic noise influence on the luminance contrast discrimination to the color vision phenotype |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=10 |issue=1 |bibcode=2020NatSR..1017897S |doi=10.1038/s41598-020-74875-3 |pmc=7578001 |pmid=33087826 |article-number=17897}}</ref> This is the effect behind most "reverse" [[pseudoisochromatic plate]]s (e.g. "hidden digit" [[Ishihara plate]]s) that are discernible to the color blind observers but unreadable to people with typical color vision.<ref>National Research Council (US) Committee on Vision. Procedures for Testing Color Vision: Report of Working Group 41. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 1981. Appendix, Understanding test Design. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK217816/</ref>

===Digital design===
{{See also|Color coding in data visualization}}
[[File:Safe Chart Colors-F99-FEC-ADD.jpg|thumb|alt=snippet of colored cells in a table (foreground), surrounded in background showing how the image appears in color-blindness simulations.|Testing the colors of a web chart, ''(center)'', to ensure that no information is lost to the various forms of color blindness]]
[[Color code]]s are useful tools for designers to convey information. The interpretation of this information requires users to perform a variety of [[#Color tasks|color tasks]], usually comparative but also sometimes connotative or denotative. However, these tasks are often problematic for color blind people when design of the color code has not followed best practices for accessibility.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hovis |first=Jeffery K. |date=July 2002 |title=Diagnosis of Defective Colour Vision, 2nd Ed. |journal=Optometry and Vision Science |language=en-US |volume=79 |issue=7 |page=406 |doi=10.1097/00006324-200207000-00005 |issn=1538-9235 |doi-access=free}}</ref> For example, one of the most ubiquitous [[#Color tasks|connotative]] color codes is the "red means bad and green means good" or similar systems, based on the classic [[#Signal lights|signal light colors]]. However, this color coding will almost always be [[#Confusion colors|undifferentiable]] to [[#Deutan|deutans]] or [[#Protan|protans]], and can instead be supplemented with a parallel connotative system ([[Check mark|symbols]], [[smiley]]s, etc.).

Good practices to ensure design is accessible to color blind people include:
* When possible (e.g. in simple video games or apps), allowing the user to choose their own colors is the ''most'' inclusive design practice.
* Using other signals that are parallel to the color coding, such as patterns, shapes, size or order.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Caprette |first1=Heather |title=Best Practices in Accessible Online Design |publisher=Pressbooks @ MSL |chapter=14 Avoiding the Use of Color Alone to Convey Meaning and Algorithms That Help |access-date=12 August 2022 |chapter-url=https://pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu/accessibility/chapter/chapter-2-3-avoiding-the-use-of-color-alone-to-convey-meaning-and-algorithms-that-help/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812064823/https://pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu/accessibility/chapter/chapter-2-3-avoiding-the-use-of-color-alone-to-convey-meaning-and-algorithms-that-help/ |archive-date=12 August 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> This not only helps color blind people, but also aids understanding by normally sighted people by providing them with multiple reinforcing cues.
* Using brightness contrast (different shades) in addition to color contrast (different hues)
* To achieve good contrast, conventional wisdom suggests [[Color coding in data visualization#Grayscale, an important tool for visualization of data|converting a (digital) design to grayscale]] to ensure there is sufficient brightness contrast between colors. However, this does not account for the [[Luminous efficiency function#Color blindness|different perceptions of brightness to different varieties of color blindness]], especially [[#Protan|protan]] CVD, [[#Tritan|tritan]] CVD and [[#Monochromacy|monochromacy]].
* Viewing the design through a ''CVD Simulator'' to ensure the information carried by color is still sufficiently conveyed. At a minimum, the design should be tested for [[#Deutan|deutan]] CVD, the most common kind of color blindness.
* Maximizing the area of colors (e.g. increase size, thickness or boldness of colored element) makes the color easier to identify. [[Color coding in data visualization#Symbol size affects color salience|Color contrast improves as the angle the color subtends on the retina increases]]. This applies to all types of color vision.
* Maximizing brightness (value) and saturation (chroma) of the colors to maximize color contrast.
* Converting connotative tasks to comparative tasks by including a [[Chart#Features|legend]], even when the meaning is considered obvious (e.g. [[Red#Warning and danger|red means danger]]).
* Avoiding denotative color tasks ([[Color term|color naming]]) when possible. Some denotative tasks can be converted to comparative tasks by depicting the actual color whenever the color name is mentioned; for example, colored typography in "{{font color|purple|purple}}", {{color box|Purple|purple}} or "purple ({{Color sample|purple}})".
* For denotative tasks ([[Color term|color naming]]), using the most common shades of colors. For example, green and yellow are colors of confusion in red–green CVD, but it is not common to mix forest green ({{Color sample|green}}) with bright yellow ({{Color sample|yellow}}). Mistakes by color blind people increase drastically when uncommon shades are used, e.g. neon green ({{Color sample|#0F5}}) with dark yellow ({{Color sample|#882}}).
* For denotative tasks, using colors that are classically associated with a color name. For example, using "firetruck" red ({{Color sample|red}}) instead of [[Burgundy (color)|burgundy]] ({{Color sample|#802}}) to represent the word "[[red]]".

===Color selection in design===
[[File:Delivery track of the board game Great Western Trail.jpg|thumb|Colors of [[board game]] pieces must be carefully chosen to be accessible to color blind people.]]
A common task for designers is to select a subset of colors (''qualitative'' colormap) that are as mutually differentiable as possible ([[Color coding in data visualization#Choosing salient colors for color coding|salient]]). For example, player pieces in a [[board game]] should be as different as possible.

Classic advice suggests using [[Cynthia Brewer#Brewer palettes|Brewer palettes]],{{citation needed|date=December 2024}} but several of these are not actually accessible to color blind people.{{which|date=December 2024}}

An issue with color selection is that the colors with the greatest [[Contrast (vision)|contrast]] to the [[#Red–green color blindness|red–green color blind]] tend to be [[#Confusion colors|colors of confusion]] to the [[#Blue–yellow color blindness|blue–yellow color blind]] and vice versa.

===Sequential colormaps===
[[File:CVD-friendly sequential colormaps.png|thumb|Three sequential colormaps that have been designed to be accessible to color blind people]]

A common task for data visualization is to represent a color scale, or ''sequential'' colormap, often in the form of a [[heat map]] or [[choropleth]]. Several scales are designed with special consideration for color blind people and are widespread in academia, including Cividis,<ref name=VIRIDIS/> Viridis<ref name="VIRIDIS">{{cite journal |last1=Nuñez |first1=JR |date=2018 |title=Optimizing colormaps with consideration for color vision deficiency to enable accurate interpretation of scientific data |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=13 |issue=7 |arxiv=1712.01662 |bibcode=2018PLoSO..1399239N |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0199239 |pmc=6070163 |pmid=30067751 |doi-access=free |article-number=e0199239}}</ref> and [[Parula#In data visualization|Parula]]. These comprise a light-to-dark scale superimposed on a yellow-to-blue scale, making them [[monotonic]] and perceptually uniform to all forms of color vision.

==Causes==
{{See also|Trichromatic color vision|Congenital red–green color blindness#Mechanism}}
Color blindness is any deviation of color vision from normal [[trichromatic]] color vision (often as defined by the [[CIE 1931 color space#CIE standard observer|standard observer]]) that produces a reduced [[gamut]]. Mechanisms for color blindness are related to the functionality of [[cone cell]]s, and often to the expression of [[photopsin]]s, the [[photopigments]] that 'catch' [[photons]] and thereby convert light into chemical signals.

Color vision deficiencies can be classified as inherited or acquired.
* ''Inherited'': inherited or congenital/genetic color vision deficiencies are most commonly caused by mutations of the genes encoding opsin proteins. However, several other genes can also lead to less common and/or more severe forms of color blindness.
* ''Acquired'': color blindness that is not present at birth, may be caused by chronic illness, accidents, medication, chemical exposure or simply normal aging processes.<ref>
{{cite web |title=Acquired colour vision defects |url=http://www.colourblindawareness.org/colour-blindness/acquired-colour-vision-defects/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216094549/http://www.colourblindawareness.org/colour-blindness/acquired-colour-vision-defects/ |archive-date=2014-12-16 |website=colourblindawareness.org}}
</ref>

===Genetics===
{{unreferenced section|date=May 2023}}

Color blindness is typically an inherited genetic disorder. The most common forms of color blindness are associated with the [[Photopsin]] genes, but the mapping of the human genome has shown there are many causative mutations that do not directly affect the opsins. Mutations capable of causing color blindness originate from at least 19 different chromosomes and 56 different genes (as shown online at the [[Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man]] [OMIM]).

====Genetics of red–green color blindness====
{{main|Congenital red–green color blindness#Genetics}}

[[File:Punnett square colour blindness.svg|thumb|alt=A chart showing likelihoods of genetic combinations and outcomes for red–green color blindness|Punnett squares for each combination of parents' color vision status giving probabilities of their offsprings' status; A superscript 'c' denotes a chromosome with an affected gene.]]
By far the most common form of color blindness is [[congenital red–green color blindness]] (Daltonism), which includes protanopia/protanomaly and deuteranopia/deuteranomaly. These conditions are mediated by the [[OPN1LW]] and [[OPN1MW]] genes, respectively, both on the [[X chromosome]]. An 'affected' gene is either missing (as in Protanopia and Deuteranopia - [[Dichromacy]]) or is a [[chimeric gene]] (as in Protanomaly and Deuteranomaly).

Since the [[OPN1LW]] and [[OPN1MW]] genes are on the X chromosome, they are [[Sex linkage|sex-linked]], and therefore affect males and females disproportionately. Because the color blind 'affected' [[alleles]] are recessive, color blindness specifically follows [[X-linked recessive inheritance]]. Males have only one X chromosome (XY), and females have two (XX); Because the male only has one of each gene, if it is affected, the male will be color blind. Because a female has two alleles of each gene (one on each chromosome), if only one gene is affected, the dominant normal alleles will "override" the affected, recessive allele and the female will have normal color vision. However, if the female has two mutated alleles, she will still be color blind. This is why there is a disproportionate prevalence of color blindness, with ~8% of males exhibiting color blindness and ~0.5% of females.

====Genetics of blue–yellow color blindness====
Congenital blue–yellow color blindness is a much rarer form of color blindness including tritanopia/tritanomaly. These conditions are mediated by the [[OPN1SW]] gene on [[Chromosome 7]] which encodes the S-opsin protein and follows autosomal dominant inheritance.<ref name="Sharpe1999"/> The cause of blue–yellow color blindness is not analogous to the cause of red–green color blindness, i.e. the peak sensitivity of the S-opsin does not shift to longer wavelengths. Rather, there are 6 known point mutations of OPN1SW that degrade the performance of the S-cones.<ref name="RCM2020">{{cite book |last1=Rodriguez-Carmona |first1=Marisa |title=Encyclopedia of Color Science and Technology |last2=Patterson |first2=Emily J. |date=2020 |isbn=978-3-642-27851-8 |pages=1–7 |chapter=Photoreceptors, Color Vision |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-27851-8_277-3 |access-date=18 December 2023 |chapter-url=https://openaccess.city.ac.uk/id/eprint/23584/1/Photoreceptors%20Color%20Vision_submitted%20to%20CRO.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202184422/https://openaccess.city.ac.uk/id/eprint/23584/1/Photoreceptors%20Color%20Vision_submitted%20to%20CRO.pdf |archive-date=2 December 2023 |url-status=live |s2cid=226504635}}</ref> The OPN1SW gene is almost invariant in the human population. Congenital tritan defects are often progressive, with nearly normal trichromatic vision in childhood (e.g. mild tritanomaly) progressing to dichromacy (tritanopia) as the S-cones slowly die.<ref name="RCM2020"/> Tritanomaly and tritanopia are therefore different penetrance of the same disease, and some sources have argued that tritanomaly therefore be referred to as incomplete tritanopia.<ref name="Sharpe1999">{{cite book |last1=Sharpe |first1=LT |url=http://www.cvrl.org/people/stockman/pubs/1999%20Genetics%20chapter%20SSJN.pdf |title=Color vision: From genes to perception |last2=Stockman |first2=A |last3=Jägle |first3=H |last4=Nathans |first4=J |date=1999 |page=351 |chapter=Opsin genes, cone photopigments, color vision, and color blindness. |quote=True cases of tritanomaly, as distinct from partial or incomplete tritanopia, have never been satisfactorily documented. Although the separate existence of tritanopia and tritanomaly, with different modes of inheritance, has been postulated, it now seems more likely that tritanomaly does not exist, but rather has been mistaken for incomplete tritanopia. |access-date=16 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241003080812/http://www.cvrl.org/people/stockman/pubs/1999%20Genetics%20chapter%20SSJN.pdf |archive-date=3 October 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref>

====Other genetic causes====
Several inherited diseases are known to cause color blindness, including [[achromatopsia]], [[cone dystrophy]], [[Leber's congenital amaurosis]] and [[retinitis pigmentosa]]. These can be [[congenital]] or commence in childhood or adulthood. They can be static/stationary or [[Progressive disease|progressive]]. Progressive diseases often involve deterioration of the retina and other parts of the eye, so often progress from color blindness to more severe [[visual impairment]]s, up to and including total blindness.

===Non-genetic causes===
Physical trauma can cause color blindness, either neurologically – brain trauma which produces swelling of the brain in the [[occiput|occipital lobe]] – or retinally, either acute (e.g. from laser exposure) or chronic (e.g. from [[ultraviolet light]] exposure).

Color blindness may also present itself as a symptom of degenerative diseases of the eye, such as [[cataract]] and age-related [[macular degeneration]], and as part of the retinal damage caused by [[diabetes]]. [[Vitamin A]] deficiency may also cause color blindness.<ref>
{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/americanmedicala00amer |title=Complete Medical Encyclopedia |publisher=Random House, for the American Medical Association |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-8129-9100-0 |editor1-last=Leikin |editor1-first=Jerrold B. |edition=First |series=Random House Reference |location=New York, NY |page=[https://archive.org/details/americanmedicala00amer/page/388 388] |access-date=1 December 2011 |editor2-last=Lipsky |editor2-first=Martin S. |url-access=registration |via=archive.org}}
</ref>

Color blindness may be a [[side effect]] of prescription drug use. For example, red–green color blindness can be caused by [[ethambutol]], a drug used in the treatment of [[tuberculosis]].<ref>
{{cite web |last=Unknown |first=Unknown |title=NEI - Types of Color Vision Deficiency |url=https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/color-blindness/types-color-vision-deficiency |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708223716/http://www.rxlist.com/myambutol-drug.htm |archive-date=2014-07-08 |access-date=2024-07-21 |website=www.nei.nih.gov |series=Color Blindness, Color Vision Deficiency |quote=Description, Types of Color Vision Deficiency,}}
</ref> Blue–yellow color blindness can be caused by [[sildenafil]], an active component of [[Viagra]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Viagra (Sildenafil Citrate) Drug |url=http://www.rxlist.com/viagra-drug.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220608010719/https://www.rxlist.com/viagra-drug.htm |archive-date=8 June 2022 |access-date=2022-06-03 |website=RxList.com |series=drug information |quote=Description, user reviews, drug side effects, interactions–prescribing information}}</ref> [[Hydroxychloroquine]] can also lead to [[hydroxychloroquine]] retinopathy, which includes various color defects.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fraunfelder |first1=Frederick T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6bqXBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA79 |title=Drug-Induced Ocular Side Effects: Clinical ocular toxicology e‑book |last2=Fraunfelder |first2=Frederick W. |last3=Chambers |first3=Wiley A. |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-323-31985-0 |page=79 |language=en |access-date=19 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241003080813/https://books.google.com/books?id=6bqXBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA79#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=3 October 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Exposure to chemicals such as [[styrene]]<ref>
{{cite journal |vauthors=Choi AR, Braun JM, Papandonatos GD, Greenberg PB |date=November 2017 |title=Occupational styrene exposure and acquired dyschromatopsia: A systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=American Journal of Industrial Medicine |volume=60 |issue=11 |pages=930–946 |doi=10.1002/ajim.22766 |pmc=5652067 |pmid=28836685}}
</ref> or organic solvents<ref>
{{cite journal |vauthors=Betancur-Sánchez AM, Vásquez-Trespalacios EM, Sardi-Correa C |date=January 2017 |title=Impaired colour vision in workers exposed to organic solvents: A systematic review |journal=Archivos de la Sociedad Espanola de Oftalmologia |volume=92 |issue=1 |pages=12–18 |doi=10.1016/j.oftal.2016.05.008 |pmid=27422480}}
</ref><ref name="Dick">
{{cite journal |last=Dick |first=F.D. |date=March 2006 |title=Solvent neurotoxicity |journal=Occupational and Environmental Medicine |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=221–6, 179 |doi=10.1136/oem.2005.022400 |pmc=2078137 |pmid=16497867 |bibcode=2006OccEM..63..221D }}
</ref> can also lead to color vision defects.

Simple colored filters can also create mild color vision deficiencies. John Dalton's original hypothesis for his deuteranopia was actually that the [[vitreous humor]] of his eye was discolored:

{{Blockquote
|text=I was led to conjecture that one of the humours of my eye must be a transparent, but coloured, medium, so constituted as to absorb red and green rays principally... I suppose it must be the vitreous humor.
|author=John Dalton
|source=''Extraordinary facts relating to the vision of colours: with observations'' (1798)
}}

An autopsy of his eye after his death in 1844 showed this to be definitively untrue,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hunt |first1=D. |last2=Dulai |first2=K. |last3=Bowmaker |first3=J. |last4=Mollon |first4=J. |date=February 17, 1995 |title=The Chemistry of John Dalton's Color Blindness |journal=Science |volume=267 |issue=5200 |pages=984–988 |bibcode=1995Sci...267..984H |doi=10.1126/science.7863342 |pmid=7863342 |s2cid=6764146}}</ref> though other filters are possible. Actual physiological examples usually affect the blue–yellow opponent channel and are named [[Cyanopsia]] and [[Xanthopsia]], and are most typically an effect of yellowing or removal of the [[Lens (anatomy)|lens]].

The opponent channels can also be affected by the prevalence of certain cones in the [[retinal mosaic]]. The cones are not equally prevalent and not evenly distributed in the retina. When the number of one of these cone types is significantly reduced, this can also lead to or contribute to a color vision deficiency. This is one of the causes of '''tritanomaly'''.

Some people are also unable to distinguish between blue and green, which appears to be a combination of [[Cultural neuroscience#Culture differences in visual stimuli|culture]] and exposure to UV-light.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Josserand |first1=Mathilde |last2=Meeussen |first2=Emma |last3=Majid |first3=Asifa |last4=Dediu |first4=Dan |date=2021 |title=Environment and culture shape both the colour lexicon and the genetics of colour perception |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=19095 |bibcode=2021NatSR..1119095J |doi=10.1038/s41598-021-98550-3 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=8476573 |pmid=34580373}}</ref>

==Diagnosis==
===Color vision test===
{{main|Color vision test}}

The main method for diagnosing a color vision deficiency is in testing the color vision directly. The [[Ishihara color test]] is the test most often used to detect red–green deficiencies and most often recognized by the public.<ref name="Gor1998"/> Some tests are clinical in nature, designed to be fast, simple, and effective at identifying broad categories of color blindness. Others focus on precision and are generally available only in academic settings.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Toufeeq A |date=October 2004 |title=Specifying colours for colour vision testing using computer graphics |journal=Eye |volume=18 |issue=10 |pages=1001–5 |doi=10.1038/sj.eye.6701378 |pmid=15192692 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
* '''Pseudoisochromatic plates''', a classification which includes the [[Ishihara color test]] and HRR test, embed a figure in the plate as a number of spots surrounded by spots of a slightly different color. These colors must appear identical ([[Metamerism (color)|metameric]]) to color blind people but distinguishable to color sighted people. Pseudoisochromatic plates are used as screening tools because they are cheap, fast, and simple, but they do not provide precise diagnosis of CVD.
* '''Lanterns''', such as the [[Farnsworth Lantern Test]], project small colored lights to a subject, who is required to identify the color of the lights. The colors are those of typical signal lights, i.e. red, green, and yellow, which also happen to be colors of confusion of red–green CVD. Lanterns do not diagnose color blindness, but they are occupational screening tests to ensure an applicant has sufficient color discrimination to be able to perform a job.
[[Image:Huetestfmd15-2.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.4|A Farnsworth D-15 test]]
* '''Arrangement tests''' can be used as screening or diagnostic tools. The [[Farnsworth–Munsell 100 hue test#100 hue test|Farnsworth–Munsell 100 hue test]] is very sensitive, but the [[Farnsworth–Munsell 100 hue test#D15 test|Farnsworth D-15]] is a simplified version used specifically for screening for CVD. In either case, the subject is asked to arrange a set of colored caps or chips to form a gradual transition of color between two anchor caps.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Kinnear PR, Sahraie A |date=December 2002 |title=New Farnsworth–Munsell 100 hue test norms of normal observers for each year of age 5–22 and for age decades 30–70 |journal=The British Journal of Ophthalmology |volume=86 |issue=12 |pages=1408–11 |doi=10.1136/bjo.86.12.1408 |pmc=1771429 |pmid=12446376}}</ref>
* '''[[Anomaloscope]]s''' are typically designed to detect red–green deficiencies and are based on the [[anomaloscope#Principle|Rayleigh match]], which compares a mixture of red and green light in variable proportions to a fixed spectral yellow of variable luminosity. The subject must change the two variables until the colors appear to match. They are expensive and require expertise to administer, so they are generally only used in academic settings.

===Genetic testing===
While genetic testing cannot directly evaluate a subject's color vision ([[phenotype]]), most congenital color vision deficiencies are well-correlated with [[genotype]]. Therefore, the [[genotype]] can be directly evaluated and used to predict the [[phenotype]]. This is especially useful for [[Progressive disease|progressive]] forms that do not have a strongly color deficient phenotype at a young age. However, it can also be used to sequence the L- and M-Opsins on the X-chromosome, since the most common [[allele]]s of these two genes are known and have even been related to exact [[Spectral sensitivity|spectral sensitivities]] and peak wavelengths. A subject's color vision can therefore be classified through [[genetic testing]],<ref name="GHR2019">{{Cite web |last=Reference |first=Genetics Home |title=Color vision deficiency |url=https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/color-vision-deficiency/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200110053737/https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/color-vision-deficiency |archive-date=10 January 2020 |access-date=2019-05-06 |website=Genetics Home Reference |language=en}}</ref> but this is just a prediction of the phenotype, since color vision can be affected by countless non-genetic factors such as one's [[Retinal mosaic|cone mosaic]].

==Management==
Despite much recent improvement in [[gene therapy for color blindness]], there is currently no FDA approved treatment for any form of CVD, and otherwise no cure for CVD currently exists. Management of the condition by using lenses to alleviate symptoms or smartphone apps to aid with daily tasks is possible.

===Lenses===
{{main|Color blind glasses}}

There are three kinds of lenses that an individual can wear that can increase their accuracy in some color related tasks (although none of these will "''fix''" color blindness or grant the wearer normal color vision):
* A red-tint contact lens worn over the non-dominant eye will leverage [[binocular disparity]] to improve discrimination of some colors. However, it can make other colors more difficult to distinguish. A 1981 review of various studies to evaluate the effect of the X-chrom (one brand) contact lens concluded that, while the lens may allow the wearer to achieve a better score on certain color vision tests, it did not correct color vision in the natural environment.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Siegel IM |year=1981 |title=The X-Chrom lens. On seeing red |journal=Survey of Ophthalmology |volume=25 |issue=5 |pages=312–24 |doi=10.1016/S0039-6257(81)80001-X |pmid=6971497}}</ref> A case history using the X-Chrom lens for a rod monochromat is reported<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Zeltzer HI |date=July 1979 |title=Use of modified X-Chrom for relief of light dazzlement and color blindness of a rod monochromat |journal=Journal of the American Optometric Association |volume=50 |issue=7 |pages=813–8 |pmid=315420}}</ref> and an X-Chrom manual is online.<ref>[https://artoptical.com/lenses/special-lens-designs/x-chrom/ An X-Chrom manual] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412155316/https://artoptical.com/lenses/special-lens-designs/x-chrom/ |date=2015-04-12 }}. Artoptical.com. Retrieved on 2016-12-10.</ref>
* Tinted glasses (e.g. Pilestone/Colorlite glasses) apply a tint (e.g. magenta) to incoming light that can distort colors in a way that makes some color tasks easier to complete. These glasses can circumvent many [[color vision test]]s, though this is typically not allowed.<ref name="FAA">{{cite journal |last1=Welsh |first1=Kenneth W |date=April 1978 |title=Aeromedical implications of the X-chrom lens for improving color vision deficiencies |journal=Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine |location=Oklahoma City |publisher=Federal Aviation Administration |volume=50 |issue=3 |pages=249–255 |pmid=313209}}</ref>
* Glasses with a [[notch filter]] (e.g. [[EnChroma]] glasses) filter a narrow band of light that excites both the L and M cones (yellow–green wavelengths).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Zhou |first1=Li |title=A Scientist Accidentally Developed Sunglasses That Could Correct Color Blindness |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/scientist-accidentally-developed-sunglasses-that-could-correct-color-blindness-180954456/?no-ist |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903071849/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/scientist-accidentally-developed-sunglasses-that-could-correct-color-blindness-180954456/?no-ist |archive-date=3 September 2017 |access-date=6 January 2018 |website=Smithsonian |language=en}}</ref> When combined with an additional stopband in the short wavelength (blue) region, these lenses ''may'' constitute a [[neutral-density filter]] (have no color tint). They improve on the other lens types by causing less distortion of colors and will essentially increase the saturation of some colors. They will only work on trichromats (anomalous or normal), and unlike the other types, do not have a significant effect on Dichromats. The glasses do not significantly increase one's ability on color blind tests.<ref name="Robledo" />

===Aids===
Many mobile and computer applications have been developed to aid color blind individuals in completing color tasks:
* Some applications (e.g. [[color picker]]s) can identify the name (or coordinates within a [[color space]]) of a color on screen or the color of an object by using the device's camera.
* Some applications will make images easier to interpret by color blind people by enhancing color contrast in natural images or information graphics. These methods are generally called ''daltonization'' algorithms.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Simon-Liedtke |first1=Joschua Thomas |last2=Farup |first2=Ivar |date=February 2016 |title=Evaluating color vision deficiency daltonization methods using a behavioral visual-search method |journal=Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation |volume=35 |pages=236–247 |doi=10.1016/j.jvcir.2015.12.014 |hdl=11250/2461824 |hdl-access=free}}</ref>
* Some applications can simulate color blindness by applying a filter to an image or screen that reduces the gamut of an image to that of a specific type of color blindness. While they do not directly help color blind people, they allow those with normal color vision to understand how color blind people see the world. Their use can help improve inclusive design by allowing designers to simulate their own images to ensure they are accessible to color blind people.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Colour Blindness: Experience it |url=http://www.colourblindawareness.org/colour-blindness/colour-blindness-experience-it/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228204850/http://www.colourblindawareness.org/colour-blindness/colour-blindness-experience-it/ |archive-date=28 December 2019 |access-date=2019-12-11 |website=Colour Blind Awareness |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2003, a cybernetic device called [[eyeborg]] was developed to allow the wearer to hear sounds representing different colors.<ref>Alfredo M. Ronchi: ''Eculture: Cultural Content in the Digital Age.'' Springer (New York, 2009). p. 319 {{ISBN|978-3-540-75273-8}}</ref> Achromatopsic artist [[Neil Harbisson]] was the first to use such a device in early 2004; the eyeborg allowed him to start painting in color by memorizing the sound corresponding to each color. In 2012, at a [[TED Conference]], Harbisson explained how he could now perceive colors outside the ability of human vision.<ref>[https://www.ted.com/talks/neil_harbisson_i_listen_to_color "I listen to color"] , Neil Harbisson at TED Global, 27 June 2012.</ref>

==Epidemiology==
{| class="wikitable" style = "float: right; margin-left:15px; text-align:center"
|+ Rates of color blindness{{clarify|date=March 2014}}{{citation needed|date=February 2020}}
|-
! !! Males !! Females
|-
| '''Dichromacy''' || 2.4% || 0.03%
|-
| Protanopia || 1.3% || 0.02%
|-
| Deuteranopia || 1.2% || 0.01%
|-
| Tritanopia || 0.008% || 0.008%
|-
| '''Anomalous trichromacy''' || 6.3% || 0.37%
|-
| Protanomaly || 1.3% || 0.02%
|-
| Deuteranomaly || 5.0% || 0.35%
|-
| Tritanomaly || 0.0001% || 0.0001%
|}
Color blindness affects a large number of individuals, with protans and deutans being the most common types.<ref name=pmid21774112/> In individuals with Northern European ancestry, as many as 8 percent of men and 0.4 percent of women experience congenital color deficiency.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Birch |first1=Jennifer |year=2012 |title=Subjects with colour vision deficiency in the community: what do primary care physicians need to know? |journal=Journal of the Optical Society of America A |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=313–320 |doi=10.1364/JOSAA.29.000313 |pmid=22472762}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chan |first1=Xin |last2=Goh |first2=Shi |last3=Tan |first3=Ngiap |year=2014 |title=Subjects with colour vision deficiency in the community: what do primary care physicians need to know? |journal=Asia Pacific Family Medicine |volume=13 |issue=1 |page=10 |doi=10.1186/s12930-014-0010-3 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Interestingly, even Dalton's first paper already arrived upon this 8% number:<ref name="Dalton1" />

{{Blockquote
|text=...it is remarkable that, out of 25 pupils I once had, to whom I explained this subject, 2 were found to agree with me...
|author=John Dalton
|source=''Extraordinary facts relating to the vision of colours: with observations'' (1798)
}}

==History==
[[File:US Flag color blind.png|thumb|An 1895 illustration of normal vision and various kinds of color blindness, using the [[Flag of the United States]] as an example]]
During the 17th and 18th century, several philosophers hypothesized that not all individuals perceived colors in the same way:<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lanthony |first1=Philippe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4qJ8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA14 |title=The History of Color Blindness |date=2018 |publisher=Wayenborgh Publishing |isbn=978-90-6299-903-3 |page=3 |access-date=14 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241003080814/https://books.google.com/books?id=4qJ8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA14#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=3 October 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref>
{{blockquote
|text=...there is no reason to suppose a perfect resemblance in the disposition of the Optic Nerve in all Men, since there is an infinite variety in every thing in Nature, and chiefly in those that are Material, 'tis therefore very probable that all Men see not the same Colours in the same Objects.
|author=[[Nicolas Malebranche]]
|source=''The search after truth'' (1674)
<ref>{{cite book |last1=Malebranche |first1=Nicolas |url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?cc=eebo2;c=eebo2;idno=a51655.0001.001;seq=121;vid=60613;page=root;view=text |title=Malebranch's search after truth, or, A treatise of the nature of the humane mind and of its management for avoiding error in the sciences: vol I: done out of French from the last edition. |date=1712 |page=88 |language=en |access-date=14 April 2022 |orig-date=1674 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422014809/https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?cc=eebo2;c=eebo2;idno=a51655.0001.001;seq=121;vid=60613;page=root;view=text |archive-date=22 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

{{blockquote
|text=In the power of conceiving ''colors'', too, there are striking differences among individuals: and, indeed, I am inclined to suspect, that, in the greater number of instances, the supposed defects of sight in this respect ought to be ascribed rather to a defect in the power of conception.
|author=[[Dugald Stewart]]
|source=''Elements of the philosophy of the human mind'' (1792)
<ref>{{cite book |last1=Stewart |first1=Dugald |author1-link=Dugald Stewart |url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/moa/AJE6414.0001.001/94 |title=Elements of the philosophy of the human mind |date=1792 |edition=1 |page=80 |access-date=14 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014090241/https://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/moa/AJE6414.0001.001/94 |archive-date=14 October 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

[[Gordon Lynn Walls]] claims<ref name="Walls56">{{cite journal |last1=Walls |first1=Gordon L. |date=1956 |title=The G. Palmer Story (Or, "What It's Like, Sometimes, To Be A Scientist") |journal=Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=66–96 |doi=10.1093/jhmas/XI.1.66 |issn=0022-5045 |jstor=24619193 |pmid=13295579}}</ref> that the first well-circulated case study of color blindness was published in a 1777 letter from Joseph Huddart to [[Joseph Priestley]], which described "Harris the Shoemaker" and several of his brothers with what would later be described as protanopia. There appear to be no earlier surviving historical mentions of color blindness, despite its prevalence.<ref name="Walls56"/>

The phenomenon only came to be scientifically studied in 1794, when English chemist [[John Dalton]] gave the first account of color blindness in a paper to the [[Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society]], which was published in 1798 as ''Extraordinary Facts relating to the Vision of Colours: With Observations''.{{sfn |Lanthony |2018 |p=14}}<ref name="Dalton1">{{cite journal |last1=Dalton |first1=John |author1-link=John Dalton |date=1798 |title=Extraordinary Facts relating to the Vision of Colours: With Observations |url=https://digital.sciencehistory.org/works/fb4949523 |url-status=live |journal=Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society |series=Memoirs |location=England, Manchester |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=28–45 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328081022/https://digital.sciencehistory.org/works/fb4949523 |archive-date=28 March 2023 |access-date=14 April 2022}}</ref> Genetic analysis of Dalton's preserved eyeball confirmed him as having deuteranopia in 1995, some 150 years after his death.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hunt |first1=D. M. |last2=Dulai |first2=K. S. |last3=Bowmaker |first3=J. K. |last4=Mollon |first4=J. D. |date=February 17, 1995 |title=The chemistry of John Dalton's color blindness |journal=Science |volume=267 |issue=5200 |pages=984–988 |bibcode=1995Sci...267..984H |doi=10.1126/science.7863342 |pmid=7863342 |s2cid=6764146}}</ref>

Influenced by Dalton, German writer [[J. W. von Goethe]] studied color vision abnormalities in 1798 by asking two young subjects to match pairs of colors.{{sfn |Lanthony |2018 |pp=25–26}}

In 1837, [[August Seebeck]] first discriminated between protans and deutans (then as class I + II).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Seebeck |first1=August |date=1837 |title=Über den bei mancher Personen vorkommenden Mangel an Farbensinn |journal=Annalen der Physik |page=42}}</ref><ref name="Walls56"/> He was also the first to develop an objective test method, where subjects sorted colored sheets of paper, and was the first to describe a female colorblind subject.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=BB |date=1 July 2008 |title=The evolution of concepts of color vision. |journal=Neurociencias |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=209–224 |pmc=3095437 |pmid=21593994}}</ref>

In 1875, the [[Lagerlunda rail accident|Lagerlunda train crash]] in Sweden brought color blindness to the forefront. Following the crash, Professor [[Alarik Frithiof Holmgren]], a physiologist, investigated and concluded that the color blindness of the engineer (who had died) had caused the crash. Professor Holmgren then created the first test for color vision using multicolored skeins of wool to detect color blindness and thereby exclude color blind people from jobs in the transportation industry [[#Signal lights|requiring color vision to interpret safety signals]].<ref name="VC86">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vingrys AJ, Cole BL |year=1986 |title=Origins of colour vision standards within the transport industry |journal=Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=369–75 |doi=10.1111/j.1475-1313.1986.tb01155.x |pmid=3306566 |s2cid=41486427}}</ref> However, there is a claim that there is no firm evidence that color deficiency did cause the collision, or that it might have not been the sole cause.<ref name="lagerlunda">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mollon JD, Cavonius LR |year=2012 |title=The Lagerlunda collision and the introduction of color vision testing |journal=Survey of Ophthalmology |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=178–94 |doi=10.1016/j.survophthal.2011.10.003 |pmid=22301271}}</ref>

In 1920, Frederick William Edridge-Green devised an alternative theory of color vision and color blindness based on Newton's classification of 7 fundamental colors ([[ROYGBIV]]). Edridge-Green classified color vision based on how many distinct colors a subject could see in the spectrum. Normal subjects were termed ''hexachromic'' as they could not discern Indigo. Subjects with superior color vision, who could discern indigo, were ''heptachromic''. Color blind people were therefore ''dichromic'' (equivalent to dichromacy) or ''tri-'', ''tetra-'' or ''pentachromic'' (anomalous trichromacy).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McLaren |first1=K. |date=1985 |title=Newton's indigo |journal=Color Research & Application |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=225–229 |doi=10.1002/col.5080100411}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Edridge-Green |first1=F. W. |date=1913 |title=Trichromic Vision and Anomalous Trichromatism |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Containing Papers of a Biological Character |volume=86 |issue=586 |pages=164–170 |doi=10.1098/rspb.1913.0010 |issn=0950-1193 |jstor=80517 |s2cid=129045064}}</ref>

==Society and culture==
In the United States, under federal anti-discrimination laws such as the [[Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990|Americans with Disabilities Act]], color vision deficiencies have not been found to constitute a disability that triggers protection from workplace discrimination.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}

A Brazilian court ruled that color blind people are protected by the [[Inter-American Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Person with Disabilities]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Full text of the decision of the court – in Portuguese language |url=http://pt.scribd.com/doc/65834303/Acordao-Direito-Educacao-Deficientes |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120714220139/http://pt.scribd.com/doc/65834303/Acordao-Direito-Educacao-Deficientes |archive-date=2012-07-14 |access-date=2012-03-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Decree issued by president of a republic ratifying Legislative Decree No. 198, of june 13, which approved the Inter-American Convention AG/RES. 1608 – in Portuguese language |url=http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/decreto/2001/d3956.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325074802/http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/decreto/2001/D3956.htm |archive-date=2012-03-25 |access-date=2012-03-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Inter-American Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Person with Disabilities. |url=http://www.oas.org/juridico/english/ga-res99/eres1608.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130416205804/http://www.oas.org/juridico/english/ga-res99/eres1608.htm |archive-date=2013-04-16 |access-date=2012-03-09}}</ref> At trial, it was decided that the carriers of color blindness have a right of access to wider knowledge, or the full enjoyment of their human condition.{{citation needed|date=September 2021}}

===Occupations===
Color blindness may make it difficult or impossible for a person to engage in certain activities. Color blind people may be legally or practically barred from occupations in which color perception is an essential part of the job (''e.g.,'' mixing paint colors),<ref name="ONET_Painting">{{cite web |title=51-9123.00 - Painting, Coating, and Decorating Workers |url=https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/51-9123.00 |website=O*NET OnLine |publisher=U.S. Department of Labor |access-date=2026-02-02}}</ref><ref name="HSE_CV">{{cite web |title=Colour vision examination: A guide for employers |url=https://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/web03.htm |publisher=Health and Safety Executive (UK) |access-date=2026-02-02 |quote=In some industries, such as paint or textile manufacture, workers must be able to distinguish fine differences in colour for quality control purposes.}}</ref> or in which color perception is important for safety (''e.g.,'' operating vehicles in response to color-coded signals).<ref name="ICAO_Annex1">{{cite book |title=Annex 1 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation: Personnel Licensing |edition=14th |year=2022 |publisher=International Civil Aviation Organization |isbn=978-92-9265-732-1 |page=Chapter 6}}</ref> This occupational safety principle originates from the aftermath of the 1875 [[Lagerlunda rail accident|Lagerlunda train crash]], for which [[Alarik Frithiof Holmgren]] blamed the color blindness of the engineer and created the first occupational screening test ([[Holmgren's wool test]]) against color blind people.<ref name=VC86/>

{{Blockquote
|text=...I consider that to [Holmgren] above all others do we owe the present and future control of color-blindness on land and sea, by which life and property are safer, and the risks of travelling less.
|author=Benjamin Joy Jeffries
|source=''Color-blindness: Its Danger & Its Detection'' (1879)
}}

Color vision is important for occupations using telephone or computer networking cabling, as the individual wires inside the cables are color-coded using green, orange, brown, blue and white colors.<ref>{{cite book |last=Meyers |first=Michael |url=https://archive.org/details/allinoneacertif000meye |title=All in One A+ Certification Exam Guide |publisher=McGraw-Hill/Osborne |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-07-222274-6 |edition=4th |location=Berkeley, California}}{{page needed|date=August 2015}}</ref> Electronic wiring, transformers, resistors, and capacitors are color-coded as well, using black, brown, red, orange, yellow, green, blue, violet, gray, white, silver, and gold.<ref>{{cite book |last=Grob |first=Bernard |title=Basic Electronics |publisher=Glencoe/McGraw-Hill |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-02-802253-6 |location=Columbus, Ohio}}{{page needed|date=August 2015}}</ref>

Participation, officiating and viewing sporting events can be impacted by color blindness. Professional football players [[Thomas Delaney]] and [[Fábio Carvalho (footballer, born 2002)|Fabio Carvalho]] have discussed the difficulties when color clashes occur, and research undertaken by FIFA has shown that enjoyment and player progression can be hampered by issues distinguishing the difference between the pitch and training objects or field markings.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Football players shocked when experiencing Colour Blindness |url=https://www.tacbis.eu/news/football-players-shocked-when-experiencing-colour-blindness/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409133028/https://www.tacbis.eu/news/football-players-shocked-when-experiencing-colour-blindness/ |archive-date=9 April 2023 |access-date=9 April 2023 |website=Tacbis}}</ref> [[Snooker]] [[World Snooker Championship|World Champions]] [[Mark Williams (snooker player)|Mark Williams]] and [[Peter Ebdon]] sometimes need to ask the referee for help distinguishing between the red and brown balls due to their color blindness. Both have played foul shots on notable occasions by {{cuegloss|pot|potting}} the wrong ball.<ref>{{cite web |title=Billiard Index: Mark Williams MBE player profile |url=http://www.billiardindex.com/MarkWilliams.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080708183938/http://www.billiardindex.com/MarkWilliams.html |archive-date=8 July 2008 |access-date=15 November 2023 |website=Billiard Index}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2012-07-15 |title=Hawkins on Top Down Under |url=https://wst.tv/hawkins-on-top-down-under/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017161334/https://wst.tv/hawkins-on-top-down-under/ |archive-date=2023-10-17 |access-date=2023-11-15 |publisher=[[World Snooker Tour]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=13 October 2008 |title=Rueful Ebdon mistakes brown for red |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/snooker/7668421.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504082800/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/snooker/7668421.stm |archive-date=4 May 2012 |access-date=15 November 2023 |work=[[BBC Sport]]}}</ref>

===Driving===
{{See also|#Traffic lights}}
Red–green color blindness can make it difficult to drive, primarily due to the inability to differentiate red–amber–green [[traffic lights]]. Protans are further disadvantaged due to the darkened perception of reds, which can make it more difficult to quickly recognize brake lights.<ref name="Cole1">{{cite journal |last1=Cole |first1=Barry |date=September 2016 |title=Colour Blindness and Driving |journal=Clinical and Experimental Optometry |volume=99 |issue=5 |pages=484–487 |doi=10.1111/cxo.12396 |pmid=27470192 |s2cid=26368283 |doi-access=free}}</ref> In response, some countries have refused to grant [[driver's license]]s to individuals with color blindness:
* In April 2003, Romania removed color blindness from its list of disqualifying conditions for learner driver's licenses.<ref>{{cite web |title=ORDIN 87 03/02/2003 – Portal Legislativ |url=http://legislatie.just.ro/Public/DetaliiDocumentAfis/42195 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211231041937/http://legislatie.just.ro/Public/DetaliiDocumentAfis/42195 |archive-date=31 December 2021 |access-date=31 December 2021 |website=PORTAL LEGISLATIV |publisher=Ministerul Justiției |language=ro}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ORDIN 87 03/02/2003 – Portal Legislativ |url=http://legislatie.just.ro/Public/DetaliiDocumentAfis/43242 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211231041940/http://legislatie.just.ro/Public/DetaliiDocumentAfis/43242 |archive-date=31 December 2021 |access-date=31 December 2021 |website=PORTAL LEGISLATIV |publisher=Ministerul Justiției |language=ro}}</ref> It is now qualified as a condition that could potentially compromise driver safety, therefore a driver may have to be evaluated by an authorized ophthalmologist to determine if they can drive safely. As of May 2008, there is an ongoing campaign to remove the legal restrictions that prohibit color blind citizens from getting driver's licenses.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Corlăţean |first1=Titus |title=Discrimination against Romanians with genetic chromatic deficiencies |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/E-6-2008-2581_EN.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211231041941/https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/E-6-2008-2581_EN.html |archive-date=31 December 2021 |access-date=31 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
* In June 2020, India relaxed its ban on driver's licenses for color blind people to now only apply to those with strong CVD. While previously restricted, those who test as mild or moderate can now pass the medical requirements.<ref>{{cite news |author= |date=2020-06-26 |title=Mild to medium colour blind people can now obtain driver's license |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/76645290.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601223357/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/mild-to-medium-colour-blind-people-can-now-obtain-driving-licence/articleshow/76645290.cms |archive-date=1 June 2022 |access-date=2022-06-01 |work=[[The Times of India]] |agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref>
* Australia instituted a tiered ban on color blind people from obtaining commercial driver's licenses in 1994. This included a ban for all [[protan]]s, and a stipulation that [[deutan]]s must pass the [[Farnsworth Lantern]]. The stipulation on deutans was revoked in 1997 citing a lack of available test facilities, and the ban on protans was revoked in 2003.<ref name="Cole1" />
* All color blind individuals are banned from obtaining a driver's license in China<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lu |first1=Feiran |title=Some of us see the world in a different light |url=https://www.shine.cn/feature/lifestyle/2108274147/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241003084028/https://www.shine.cn/feature/lifestyle/2108274147/ |archive-date=3 October 2024 |access-date=1 June 2022 |website=Shine}}</ref> and since 2016 in Russia (2012 for dichromats).<ref>{{cite web |title=Do color blindmen a driver's license. Color blindmen allowed to drive cars |url=https://rozavetrovsibir.ru/en/dokumenty/will-colorblinders-be-given-a-drivers-license-daltonik-allowed-to-drive-cars/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241003080815/https://rozavetrovsibir.ru/en/dokumenty/will-colorblinders-be-given-a-drivers-license-daltonik-allowed-to-drive-cars/ |archive-date=3 October 2024 |access-date=1 June 2022 |website=Rozavet}}</ref>

===Piloting aircraft===
{{See also|#Signal lights}}
Although many aspects of aviation depend on color coding, only a few of them are critical enough to be interfered with by some milder types of color blindness. Some examples include [[Aviation light signals|color-gun signaling]] of aircraft that have lost radio communication, color-coded [[Precision approach path indicator|glide-path indications]] on runways, and the like. Some jurisdictions restrict the issuance of pilot credentials to persons with color blindness for this reason. Restrictions may be partial, allowing color-blind persons to obtain certification but with restrictions, or total, in which case color-blind persons are not permitted to obtain piloting credentials at all.<ref>{{cite web |last=King |first=Kathleen Dondzila |date=January 2012 |title=Answers for Pilots: Color vision |url=https://www.aopa.org/news-and-media/all-news/2012/january/01/answers-for-pilots-color-vision |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813183533/https://www.aopa.org/news-and-media/all-news/2012/january/01/answers-for-pilots-color-vision |archive-date=13 August 2020 |access-date=4 May 2020 |website=[[AOPA]]}}</ref>

In the United States, the [[Federal Aviation Administration]] requires that pilots be tested for normal color vision as part of their medical clearance in order to obtain the required medical certificate, a prerequisite to obtaining a pilot's certification. If testing reveals color blindness, the applicant may be issued a license with restrictions, such as no night flying and no flying by color signals—such a restriction effectively prevents a pilot from holding certain flying occupations, such as that of an airline pilot, although commercial pilot certification is still possible, and there are a few flying occupations that do not require night flight and thus are still available to those with restrictions due to color blindness (e.g., agricultural aviation). The government allows several types of tests, including medical standard tests (''e.g.,'' the [[Ishihara test|Ishihara]], [[Dvorine test|Dvorine]], and others) and specialized tests oriented specifically to the needs of aviation. If an applicant fails the standard tests, they will receive a restriction on their medical certificate that states: "Not valid for night flying or by color signal control". This was once a Statement of Demonstrated Ability (SODA), but the SODA was dropped, and converted to a simple waiver (letter) early in the 2000s.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aerospace Medical Dispositions – Color vision |url=http://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/avs/offices/aam/ame/guide/app_process/exam_tech/item52/amd/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090512031034/https://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/avs/offices/aam/ame/guide/app_process/exam_tech/item52/amd/ |archive-date=2009-05-12 |access-date=2009-04-11}}</ref>

Research published in 2009 carried out by the [[City University of London]]'s Applied Vision Research Centre, sponsored by the UK's [[Civil Aviation Authority]] and the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration, has established a more accurate assessment of color deficiencies in pilot applicants' red/green and yellow–blue color range which could lead to a 35% reduction in the number of prospective pilots who fail to meet the minimum medical threshold.<ref>{{cite web |last=Warburton |first=Simon |date=29 May 2009 |title=Colour-blindness research could clear more pilots to fly: UK CAA |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2009/05/29/327137/colour-blindness-research-could-clear-more-pilots-to-fly-uk.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090602082019/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2009/05/29/327137/colour-blindness-research-could-clear-more-pilots-to-fly-uk.html |archive-date=2 June 2009 |access-date=29 October 2009 |work=Air transport |publisher=Reed Business Information}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Medicine}}
* [[Color agnosia]] – Ability to see colors, but inability to recognize colors.
* [[Color anomia]] – Ability to see colors, but inability to name colors.
* [[List of people with color blindness]]
* [[Motion blindness]]
* [[Tetrachromacy]]

==References==
{{reflist|25em}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last1=Kaiser |first1=Peter K. |title=Human color vision |last2=Boynton |first2=Robert M. |publisher=Optical Society of America |year=1996 |isbn=978-1-55752-461-4 |location=Washington, DC |oclc=472932250}}
* {{cite book |last=McIntyre |first=Donald |title=Colour blindness: causes and effects |publisher=Dalton Publishing |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-9541886-0-3 |location=Chester |oclc=49204679}}
* {{cite book |last1=Rubin |first1=Melvin L. |title=Dictionary of eye terminology |last2=Cassin |first2=Barbara |last3=Solomon |first3=Sheila |publisher=Triad Pub. Co |year=1984 |isbn=978-0-937404-07-2 |location=Gainesville, Fla |oclc=10375427}}
* {{cite book |last=Shevell |first=Steven K. |title=The science of color |publisher=Elsevier |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-444-51251-2 |location=Amsterdam |oclc=52271315}}
* {{cite book |last1=Hilbert |first1=David |title=Readings on color |last2=Byrne |first2=Alexander |publisher=MIT Press |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-262-52231-1 |location=Cambridge, Mass |oclc=35762680}}
* {{cite book |last1=Stiles |first1=W. S. |title=Color science: concepts and methods, quantitative data and formulae |last2=Wyszecki |first2=Günter |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-471-39918-6 |location=Chichester |oclc=799532137}}
* {{cite book |last1=Kuchenbecker |first1=J. |title=Plates for color vision testing |last2=Broschmann |first2=D. |publisher=Thieme |year=2014 |isbn=978-3-13-175481-3 |location=New York}}
* {{cite journal |vauthors=Dalton J |year=1798 |title=Extraordinary facts relating to the vision of colours: with observations |journal=Memoirs of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester |volume=5 |pages=28–45 |oclc=9879327}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{sisterlinks|d=Q133696|c=Category:Color blindness|n=no|q=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=Popular Science Monthly/Volume 19/May 1881/Color-Blindness|wikt=no|species=no}}
* [http://tigger.uic.edu/~hilbert/Glossary.html "A Glossary of Color Science."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004164334/http://tigger.uic.edu/~hilbert/Glossary.html |date=4 October 2015 }}

{{Medical resources
| DiseasesDB = 2999
| ICD11 = {{ICD11|9D44}}
| ICD10 = {{ICD10|H53.5}}
| ICD9 = {{ICD9|368.5}}
| ICDO =
| OMIM =
| MedlinePlus = 001002
| eMedicineSubj =
| MeshID = D003117
}}
{{Color vision}}
{{Eye pathology}}
{{Color topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Color blindness| ]]
[[Category:Agnosia]]
[[Category:Color vision]]
[[Category:Vision]]
[[Category:Visual disturbances and blindness]]
[[Category:X-linked recessive disorders]]
[[Category:Bharatpedia medicine articles ready to translate]]
[[Category:Bharatpedia neurology articles ready to translate]]

Pirana Landfill

2026-03-25T23:03:20Z

HeikeC58098401: added new pg

{{Short description|Landfill in Ahmedabad, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}

'''Pirana Landfill''' (also called Pirana Dump Yard) is a large [[municipal solid waste]] site located in [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]]. In use since 1982, it is one of the largest and oldest landfills in India.<ref name="NDTV-GarbageMountains">{{cite news |title=Nearing 35 Years, Ahmedabad’s Pirana Landfill Is Infamous For Its Garbage Mountains And Frequent Fires |url=https://swachhindia.ndtv.com/nearing-35-years-ahmedabads-pirana-landfill-is-infamous-for-its-garbage-mountains-and-frequent-fires-11855/ |work=NDTV Swachh India |date=September 14, 2017 |access-date=May 24, 2025 |quote=Spreading over an area of 84 hectares, the Pirana landfill has been the city's major dumping yard since 1982.}}</ref><ref name="IndianExpress-Reclaiming">{{cite news |title=Gujarat Hardlook: Reclaiming wasteland |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/ahmedaabd-waste-management-landfill-site-ahmedabad-municipal-corporation-8974086/ |work=The Indian Express |date=October 9, 2023 |access-date=May 24, 2025 |quote=Over the last four decades, Ahmedabad’s entry point in Pirana village has metamorphosed to add stinking mounds of garbage reaching up to 50 metres in height.}}</ref><ref name="Quint-Poisoned">{{cite news |title='Poisoned' Near Pirana: Living Around Ahmedabad’s Mountain of Garbage |url=https://www.thequint.com/quintlab/ahmedabad-poisoned-near-pirana-gujarat-landfill-water/ |work=The Quint |date=November 30, 2022 |access-date=May 24, 2025 |quote=In use since the early '80s, the Pirana dumpsite is spread across 80 acres with 75-metre-high garbage mounds...}}</ref> The site has become infamous for its towering garbage mounds, health hazards and environmental challenges.<ref name="TOI-Toxicity">{{cite news |title=Toxi-city: Pirana pollution raises public health stink |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/toxi-city-pirana-pollution-raises-public-health-stink/articleshow/116345027.cms |work=The Times of India |date=December 5, 2024 |access-date=May 24, 2025 |quote=The unscientific dumping of waste over the past four decades has turned the area into a toxic hotspot...}}</ref><ref name="IndianExpress-Reclaiming"/>

The Pirana landfill was established in 1982 to receive solid waste generated by the [[Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation]] (AMC). For decades, it served as the primary waste disposal site for the city.<ref name="NDTV-GarbageMountains"/> As urban waste generation increased, the landfill became severely overburdened. Despite reaching full capacity, it continued to operate into the 2020s.<ref name="DeshGujarat-BioMining">{{cite news |title=95 lakh metric tonnes of waste removed from Pirana dumping site; 35 acres land cleared |url=https://deshgujarat.com/2023/09/20/95-lakh-metric-tonnes-of-waste-removed-from-pirana-dumping-site-35-acres-land-cleared/ |work=DeshGujarat |date=September 20, 2023 |access-date=May 24, 2025 |quote=The site had 85 acres of land where more than 1.25 lakh metric tonnes of waste from the city was dumped in the past four decades.}}</ref><ref name="IndianExpress-Reclaiming"/>

==Impact and remediation efforts==
As of 2023, the landfill had received over 126 [[lakh]] metric tonnes of waste. Waste from the city has been dumped in an unsegregated form, leading to massive accumulations of garbage, including non-biodegradable materials like plastic and rubber. The landfill's expansion led to environmental degradation and health issues for nearby residents.<ref name="Quint-Poisoned"/><ref name="LCW-HealthRisk">{{cite news |title=Gujarat Government Fails to Close Down Pirana Landfill, 3 Lakh People at Health Risk |url=https://www.landconflictwatch.org/conflicts/gujarat-government-fails-to-close-down-pirana-landfill-3-lakh-people-at-health-risk |work=Land Conflict Watch |date=December 2016 |access-date=May 24, 2025 |quote=Burning garbage at Pirana landfill is reportedly affecting the health of around three lakh nearby residents, in violation of Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016.}}</ref>

Pirana Landfill has been linked to severe public health problems in surrounding areas. Residents have reported illnesses due to air pollution, noxious odors, and contaminated groundwater<. Additionally, water used to control dust and fires at the site has led to significant water wastage—reportedly up to 48,000 liters daily.<ref name="TOI-Toxicity"/><ref name="LCW-HealthRisk"/>

==Fires==
The Pirana Landfill has experienced frequent fires over the years. These fires are often caused by the accumulation of methane gas from decomposing waste and the presence of flammable materials like plastic and rubber. They release thick smoke and toxic fumes,<ref name="NDTV-GarbageMountains"/> lowering air quality in Ahmedabad and causing health problems for people nearby.<ref name="NDTV-GarbageMountains"/><ref name="TOI-BurningMountain">{{cite news |title=Ahmedabad's Burning Mountain |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/ahmedabads-burning-mountain/articleshow/58249288.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |date=April 19, 2017 |access-date=May 24, 2025 |quote=Experts say that methane gas, generated from the huge quantities of rotting garbage, is the primary cause of these fires. Besides, presence of plastic and rubber also add fuel to the fire...}}</ref>

In April 2017, the landfill caught fire again, producing large plumes of smoke and a foul smell across the city.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pirana Dump Again Catches Flames |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/pirana-dump-again-catches-flames/articleshow/58230285.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |date=April 18, 2017 |access-date=May 24, 2025}}</ref> The same month, another report stated that thousands of residents were affected by the smoke, and the municipal corporation struggled to control the fire.<ref name="IE-PiranaHelpless">{{cite news |title=Pirana Fire Affects Thousands, Municipal Corporation Helpless |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/pirana-fire-affects-thousands-municipal-corporation-helpless-4617327/ |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=April 18, 2017 |access-date=May 24, 2025}}</ref>

Fires have occurred close together in time. In October 2016, two major fires happened just five days apart.<ref name="TOI-SecondBlaze">{{cite news |title=Second Blaze in Five Days, Pirana Spews Toxic Fumes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/second-blaze-in-five-days-pirana-spews-toxic-fumes/articleshow/55083516.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |date=October 27, 2016 |access-date=May 24, 2025}}</ref> In October 2017, the landfill was still burning several days after a fire started, causing continuing smoke and fumes.<ref name="TOI-MtStillAblaze">{{cite news |title=Mt Pirana Still Ablaze, Fumes Have Area in Chokehold |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/mt-pirana-still-ablaze-fumes-have-area-in-chokehold/articleshow/61191043.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |date=October 24, 2017 |access-date=May 24, 2025}}</ref>

In another October 2016 incident, firefighters took nine hours to control a large fire, which officials said could have turned into a disaster similar to Mumbai's Deonar landfill fire.<ref name="TOI-DeonarAverted">{{cite news |title=Deonar-Type Fire Barely Averted at Pirana |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/deonar-type-fire-barely-averted-at-pirana/articleshow/54990551.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |date=October 22, 2016 |access-date=May 24, 2025}}</ref>

These fires release harmful gases. Residents near the landfill report breathing problems, and some health experts have warned about long-term cancer risks.<ref name="TOI-CancerRisks">{{cite news |title=Chemical Fumes and Cancer Risks Cripple People Living Near Pirana |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/chemical-fumes-and-cancer-risks-cripple-people-living-near-pirana/articleshow/61144488.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |date=October 19, 2017 |access-date=May 24, 2025}}</ref> In December 2016, fireworks and flammable waste after Diwali caused another fire, described in media reports as turning Pirana into a "fiery pit of hell."<ref name="TOI-PiranaHell">{{cite news |title=Pirana Smoulders Like Fiery Pit of Hell |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/pirana-smoulders-like-fiery-pit-of-hell/articleshow/55735736.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |date=December 1, 2016 |access-date=May 24, 2025}}</ref>

One cause of these fires is the dumping of already burning garbage by trucks. In some cases, open flames are introduced by accident during unloading.<ref name="TOI-BurningMountain"/>

After a fire in October 2019, the Pirana area recorded the city's worst [[air quality index]] (AQI).<ref name="IE-AQI">{{cite news |title=Pirana Records Poorest Air Quality Index in Ahmedabad |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/pirana-records-poorest-air-quality-index-in-ahmedabad-6090573/ |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=October 28, 2019 |access-date=May 24, 2025}}</ref> However, some residents reported that pollution monitoring systems like SAFAR did not reflect the severity of the smoke.<ref name="TOI-SAFAR">{{cite news |title=With Smoke All Around, Safar Gives Suhana Picture |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/with-smoke-all-around-safar-gives-suhana-picture/articleshow/61137466.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |date=October 18, 2017 |access-date=May 24, 2025}}</ref>

==Current Status==
As of early 2024, AMC has reported significant progress in remediation.<ref name="TOI-40AcresFreed">{{cite news |title=40 acres freed up at Pirana |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/40-acres-freed-up-at-pirana/articleshow/109828473.cms |work=The Times of India |date=May 4, 2024 |access-date=May 24, 2025 |quote=The Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation (AMC) has successfully processed and disposed of 126.12 lakh metric tonnes of legacy waste at Pirana, freeing up 40 acres of land.}}</ref> The landfill remains partially active, with sections still under processing. City officials expect full reclamation of the site within the next three to five years, though concerns persist regarding long-term environmental sustainability.<ref name="IE-ReclaimingWasteland">{{cite news |title=Gujarat Hardlook: Reclaiming wasteland |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/ahmedaabd-waste-management-landfill-site-ahmedabad-municipal-corporation-8974086/ |work=The Indian Express |date=October 9, 2023 |access-date=May 24, 2025 |quote=AMC officials say they plan to clear the Pirana dumping the next three to five years.}}</ref><ref name="CPCB-ActionReport">{{cite report |title=Action Taken Report Submitted Before Hon'ble NGT |url=https://greentribunal.gov.in/sites/default/files/news_updates/REPORT%20BY%20CPCB%20VIDE%20EMAIL%20DT.%2021.01.2025%20OA%20NO.%20247%20of%202024%20NEWS%20ITEM%20TITLED%20AHEMDABAD%20SURAT%20LANDFILLS%20AMONG%20WORST%20THREE%20METHANE%20HOTSPOTS%20IN%20INDIA.pdf |publisher=Central Pollution Control Board |date=January 21, 2025 |access-date=May 24, 2025 |quote=Bio mining at Pirana dumpsite in Ahmedabad has been completed & capping is ongoing. The reclamation of land is ongoing.}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Deonar dumping ground]]
* [[Ghazipur landfill]]
* [[Mavallipura]]
* [[Okhla landfill]]
* [[Waste management in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://ahmedabadcity.gov.in Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251204194658/https://ahmedabadcity.gov.in/ |date=4 December 2025 }}

{{Landfills in india}}

{{coord|22.980|72.566|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Landfills in India]]
[[Category:Environmental issues in India]]
[[Category:Ahmedabad]]

Church of Sacred Heart of Jesus, Madanthyar

2026-03-25T19:38:58Z

HeikeC58098401: put up a info

{{Short description|Church in Dakshina Kannada, Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox church
|name = Church Of Sacred Heart Of Jesus, Madanthyar
|fullname =
|image =
|caption = Church Of Sacred Heart Of Jesus, Madanthyar
|native_name=
|denomination = [[Roman Catholic (Latin rite)]]
|churchmanship =
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|website = {{URL|http://madanthyarchurch.com/}}
|pushpin map = India Karnataka
|pushpin label position =
|pushpin map alt =
|pushpin mapsize =
|map caption =
|coordinates = {{coord|12.9482|75.1914|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
|location =[[Madanthyar]], [[Belthangady Taluk|Belthangady]], [[Dakshina Kannada]], [[Karnataka]]

|former name =
|bull date =
|founded date = 29 January 1893<ref name="madanthyarchurch" />
|founder = Fr Jacob Sequeira<ref name="madanthyarchurch" />
|dedication =
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|parish =
|deanery = [[Deanery of Belthangady|Belthangady Varado]]
|archdeaconry =
|episcopalarea =
|archdiocese = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bangalore]]
|metropolis =
|diocese = [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Mangalore]]
|province = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bangalore]]
|presbytery =
|synod =
|circuit =
|district = [[Dakshina Kannada]]
|division =
|subdivision =

|archbishop = Most Rev. Peter Machado
|bishop = Rev. Peter Paul Saldanha
|dean =
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|precentor =
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|prebendary =
|rector =
|vicar = Fr. Basil Vas
|curate =
|priestincharge =
|priest =
|asstpriest = Fr. William D'souza
|minister =
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}}

The '''Sacred Heart of Jesus, Church''' is a historic [[Roman Catholic Church]] situated at [[Madanthyar]] near [[Belthangady]]. The [[church (building)|church]] was built on 29 January 1893.<ref name="madanthyarchurch">{{cite web |url=http://madanthyarchurch.com/parish-history/ |title=Parish History |work=madanthyarchurch.com/ |access-date=22 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150804142630/http://madanthyarchurch.com/parish-history/ |archive-date=4 August 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> This church comes under [[Deanery of Belthangady]], [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Mangalore]]. This church is dedicated to [[Sacred Heart of Jesus]].

==History==
Sacred Heart of Jesus church was part of [[Church of Most Holy Saviour, Agrar|Agrar Church]] until 1886 and the priest from Agrar Church used to visit these villages once a year to bless the graves at the cemetery opened by local Catholics, to bless the houses and to celebrate. Later, the local Catholics obtained permission from the [[Archbishop of Goa]] to build a [[chapel]] here, to be served from Agrar Church. Fr. Emilian Alexander DSouza of [[Church of Most Holy Saviour, Agrar|Agrar Church]] had chosen a site for the chapel. The Concordat of 1886 came into operation and Agrar Church was transferred to the [[Diocese of Mangalore]]. So the people appealed to Bishop Nicholas Pagani SJ and he detached the area from Agrar Church and placed it under the care of Fr. Pascal Mascarenhas, the parish priest of [[Most Holy Redeemer Church, Belthangady|Gaddai (Belthangady)]]. Fr. Pascal Mascarenhas used to go occasionally to Madanthyar and offer mass in a shed in 1887. The people wanted an independent parish.<ref name="madanthyar_history" >{{cite web |url=http://www.dioceseofmangalore.com/parishes1/m/1158-madanthyar |title=Sacred Heart of Jesus, Madanthyar |work=dioceseofmangalore.com/ |access-date=22 September 2015 |archive-date=8 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408210331/http://www.dioceseofmangalore.com/parishes1/m/1158-madanthyar |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Mr Francis Dsouza Prabhu (Porso Porob) of Kolkebail endowed his vast property to the new parish. On 16 March 1889, Fr Rosario D’Souza was appointed the first parish priest.<ref name="madanthyar_history" />

Fr Jacob Sequeira (1890–1900) constructed the church and it was blessed by Bishop Pagani sj on 29 January 1893. He was successful in securing 50 acres of land for the parish. There were Konkani speaking and Tulu speaking Catholic families in the parish.<ref name="madanthyar_history" />

The seventh parish priest Fr Denis D’Souza (1925–1942) bought some land for the new church and started the construction of the church and the presbytery. The incomplete church and the presbytery were blessed by Bishop Victor Fernandes on 7 May 1940. Fr Gasper Baptist Pinto (1942–1959) completed the presbytery and flooring work of the new church. The present{{when|date=May 2018}} new presbytery is built by Fr Charles Noronha.<ref name="madanthyar_history" />

==Demographics==
The parish has 673 families with a population of 3500 members.<ref name="madanthyar_history" /> The parish consists 23 wards.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://madanthyarchurch.com/parish-wards/ |title=Parish Wards |work=madanthyarchurch.com |access-date=22 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160214055236/http://madanthyarchurch.com/parish-wards/ |archive-date=14 February 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Significance==
Fr. Jacob Sequeuira began Guardian Angels’ Primary School in a small shed in 1898.
Fr. Denis Dsouza had upgraded the school to Higher Primary level and took over St Antony's School at Gardady in 1920.
In 1927 Fr. Denis Dsouza established St Joseph's Primary School at Nainadu.
The Guardian Angels’ new School building was inaugurated during the tenure of Fr Ligory D'Souza (1977–1983) on 25 January 1980.
St Joseph's and St Anthony's Schools were upgraded to Higher Primary level on 4 July 1981.
Permissions for Sacred Heart High School, P.U. College and Degree College were obtained by Fr Ligoury Dsouza. The buildings for both the colleges were done during the time of Fr Fred V. Pereira, who rendered service as a parish priest and correspondent of the educational institutions (1983–1992).<ref name="madanthyar_history" />

==Parish associations==
The parish community are engaged in social service, helping the poor and other services which helps the needy. The list of associations in this parish is below.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://madanthyarchurch.com/parish-associations/ |title=Parish Associations |work=madanthyarchurch.com/ |access-date=22 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160214092301/http://madanthyarchurch.com/parish-associations/ |archive-date=14 February 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[St Vincent De Paul Society]]
* [[Sodality of Our Lady|Marian Sodality]]
* Women's Association
* [[Pastoral Council|Catholic Sabha]]
* [[Altar Server|Altar Boys]]
* [[Legion of Mary]]
* Young Catholic Students Movement
* [[Indian Catholic Youth Movement|ICYM]]
* Medical Relief Fund
* Maria Kripa Salesian Sisters
* Small Christian Community (Started in 2000)

==Former parish priests==
* Fr. Rosario D’Souza 1890–1890
* Fr. Jacob Sequeira 1890–1901
* Fr. Rosario Lewis 1901–1903
* Fr. Joseph P Fernandes 1903–1906
* Fr. Aloysius E Menezes 1906–1923
* Fr. Denis J D'Souza 1923–1942
* Fr. Gasper Baptist Pinto 25-1-1942 – 10–5–1959
* Fr. William E Veigas 10-5-1959 – 10–5–1972
* Fr. Ligory D'Souza 10-5-1972 – 25–7–1983
* Fr. Fred V Pereira 3-6-1983 – 25–5–1992
* Fr. Alexander Lobo 25-5-1992 – 13–6–1994
* Fr. Charles Noronha 4-7-1994 – 1–6–2001
* Fr. Harold Mascarenhas 1-6-2001 – 14–5–2005
* Fr. Valerian Frank 14-5-2005 – 29–5–2010
* Fr. Lawrence Mascarenhas
* Fr. Basil vas is the present parish priest.

==See also==
*[[Roman Catholicism in Mangalore]]
*[[Goan Catholics]]
*[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Udupi]]
*[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bangalore]]
*[[Most Holy Redeemer Church, Belthangady]]
*[[Deanery of Belthangady]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Churches in Mangalore Diocese]]
[[Category:Christian organizations established in 1893]]
[[Category:1893 establishments in India]]

2021 Nagaland killings

2026-03-25T18:07:13Z

HeikeC58098401: fixed issues

{{Short description|2021 massacre by Indian soldiers in Nagaland state of India}}
{{Citation style|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox civil conflict
| title = 2021 Nagaland Killings
| subtitle =
| partof = the [[Human rights issues in Northeast India]]
| image = Kohima Candlelight Vigil Service 2021.jpg
| caption = Candlelight vigil organised at [[Kohima]]
| date = 4–5 December 2021
| place = Yatong–Langkhao, Oting, [[Mon District]], [[Nagaland]], India
| coordinates =
| goals =
| methods = [[Ambush]]
| status =
| result =
| side1 = {{army |India}}
*[[Para (Special Forces)|21st Para Special Forces]]<ref name="21paracommandos"/><ref name="nagapolicefir">{{cite web |title=Nagaland Op That Killed 14 Civilians: Army Unit Named In FIR |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/in-nagaland-civilian-deaths-police-name-21-para-special-forces-of-army-allege-intention-to-murder-2638566 |website=NDTV.com |date=6 December 2021 |quote=The 21 Para Special forces of Army "blankly opened fire" resulting in the killing of many Oting villagers in Mon district of Nagaland near Assam border, the state police has alleged in its FIR against the Army unit.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=No attempt by Army to identify civilians, says Nagaland police report |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/no-attempt-by-army-to-identify-civilians-says-nagaland-police-report-121120800062_1.html |website=Business Standard India |date=8 December 2021 |quote=The Nagaland Police on its own filed an FIR against the 21st Para Special Force of the Army on Monday.}}</ref><ref name="hrwreport"/>
*[[Assam Rifles]]<ref name="hrwreport">{{cite web |title=India: Army Kills 14 Civilians in Nagaland |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/12/08/india-army-kills-14-civilians-nagaland |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en |date=8 December 2021}}</ref>
| side2 = Civilians
| side3 =
| side4 =
| leadfigures1 =
| leadfigures2 =
| leadfigures3 =
| leadfigures4 =
| howmany1 =
| howmany2 =
| howmany3 =
| howmany4 =
| casualties1 = 1 killed
| casualties2 = 14 killed
| casualties3 =
| casualties4 =
| fatalities =
| injuries =
| arrests =
| damage =
| buildings =
| detentions =
| charged =
| fined =
| effect =
| effect_label =
| casualties_label = Deaths
| notes =
| sidebox =
}}

On 4 December 2021, a unit of 21st Para Special Forces of the [[Indian Army]] killed six civilians near the village of Oting in the [[Mon district|Mon District]] of [[Nagaland]],[[Nagaland|{{nbsp}}]]India. Eight more civilians and a soldier were killed in subsequent violence. The killings were widely condemned with many calling to repeal and revoke the [[Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act|Armed Forces Special Powers Act]].<ref name=":13">{{Cite news|title=Indian troops kill 14 civilians in weekend incidents, spurring demands for repeal of special powers in some regions|language=en-US|newspaper=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/12/06/india-nagaland-encounter/|access-date=2021-12-07|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> Due to the provisions of the act, the accused army personnels were not prosecuted.

== Background ==
Nagaland has been long beset with [[Ethnic conflict in Nagaland|secessionist politics]], often spilling into armed insurgency, to which the government has responded with a heavy presence of armed forces.<ref name=":14">{{Cite book|last=Wouters|first=Jelle J. P.|url=https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/oso/9780199485703.001.0001/oso-9780199485703|title=In the Shadows of Naga Insurgency: Tribes, State, and Violence in Northeast India|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2018|doi=10.1093/oso/9780199485703.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19-909776-0}}</ref> In 1958, the Parliament of India enacted the Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA), which granted considerable leeway to armed forces and eliminated procedural safeguards. In addition, other laws and regulations make prosecution of army personnels impossible for human rights violations. This has resulted into several [[List of massacres in Nagaland|massacres in Nagaland]] as well as in Kashmir in the past.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Aparicio |first1=Teresa |url=https://iwgia.org/images/publications/0166_56_The_Naga_nation_and_its_struggle_against_genocide.pdf |title=The Naga Nation and its Struggle against Genocide |last2=Jorgensen |first2=Jorgen Brechner |last3=Gray |first3=Andrew |publisher=[[International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs]] |year=1986 |location=Copenhagen |language=en}}</ref> Despite several peace accords signed between insurgents groups and the Indian government, these laws still remain in force.

Prior to the 2021 killings, the Indian government had extended the application AFPSA across Nagaland for six months in June 2021. This decision was taken in less than a day after then Nagaland chief minister [[Neiphiu Rio]] had met with then India's home minister [[Rajnath Singh]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=30 June 2021 |title=Centre extends AFSPA in Nagaland till December 31 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/central-government-afspa-nagaland-extended-december21-naga-peace-treaty-1821258-2021-06-30 |access-date=1 October 2025 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Incidents ==
Oting is a village in Nagaland, within the Mon [[community development block]]. In the 2011 census, the population stood at 1266; 99% of them were classed under [[scheduled tribes]] with a 29% literacy rate. About 45.4% had annual employment exceeding half-a-year and were mostly cultivators; another 9.1% were "marginal workers" and mostly employed in household industries for less than 3 months.

=== Ambush ===
On the evening of 4 December 2021 at around 4:00–5:00{{nbsp}}p.m. [[Indian Standard Time|IST]], a unit of 21st [[Para (Special Forces)|Para Special Forces]]<ref name="21paracommandos">{{cite web |date=6 December 2021 |title=Nagaland killings: Full statement made by Home Minister Amit Shah in Parliament |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/nagaland-killings-amit-shah-full-statement-parliament-7658950/ |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> ambushed an open-bed pickup truck—carrying civilians from Oting village ({{Coord|26|50|42|N|94|57|27|E}}) who were returning from a coal mine at Tiru—and opened fire.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/dec/05/nagaland-killings-india-security-forces-shot-civilians-mistaken-for-militants|title=Nagaland killings: rioting as Indian security forces shoot dozen civilians|date=5 December 2021|website=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=5 December 2021}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/12/5/indian-villagers-protest-after-army-mistakenly-opens-fire|title=At least 13 civilians shot dead by army in India's Nagaland state|date=5 December 2021|website=[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]]|access-date=5 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-12-05|title=India Nagaland: Security forces kill 13 civilians amid ambush blunder|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-59531445|access-date=2021-12-07}}</ref> Six people died, and two received serious injuries.<ref name=":9" />

The Army claims the targeting of civilians occurred due to an intelligence failure; they had suspected the vehicle to contain [[National Socialist Council of Nagaland|Naga insurgents]].<ref name=":9" /><ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-12-06|title=Nagaland: Indian state tense after killing of 14 civilians|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-59544599|access-date=2021-12-07}}</ref> They further claim to have only opened fire when instructions to the vehicle to stop were not followed.<ref name="hindu1">{{Cite news|last1=Karmakar|first1=Rahul|last2=Peri|first2=Dinakar|date=December 5, 2021|title=Army operation in Nagaland goes awry, 15 civilians dead|newspaper=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/16-dead-after-armys-nagaland-ambush/article37849057.ece|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> The two survivors reject the claims, as did [[Nagaland Police]] upon a preliminary inquiry.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|date=2021-12-06|title=Nagaland Police rejects army's claim of credible intelligence behind Oting firing, says troops fired without establishing facts|url=https://thenortheasttoday.com/states/nagaland/nagaland-police-rejects-army’s-claim-of-credible-intelligen/cid5953391.htm|access-date=2021-12-07|website=thenortheasttoday.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-08|title=Nagaland killings: Direct marise…they shot right at us, no signal to stop, we did not flee, says ambush survivor|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/nagaland/nagaland-civilian-killings-indian-army-armed-forces-act-7661456/|access-date=2021-12-08|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

=== Discovery of bodies ===
Neighbouring villagers, apprehensive about the gunshots and villagers who were yet to return, soon arrived at the scene and intercepted a convoy of military vehicles; the troops claimed to be reinforcements who were shifting "injured people" to hospital and feigned ignorance about why the pickup truck stood splattered with blood.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|last=Zaman|first=Rokibuz|title=A Nagaland village mourns its dead: 'How can the army kill my innocent sons?'|url=https://scroll.in/article/1012235/a-nagaland-village-mourns-its-dead-how-can-the-army-kill-my-innocent-sons|access-date=2021-12-07|website=Scroll.in|date=7 December 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":15">{{Cite web |last=Agarwala |first=Tora |date=2021-12-07 |title='Admit we got aggressive but they killed our brothers, who had done no wrong' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/nagaland/nagaland-civilian-killing-afspa-armed-forces-7659930/ |access-date=2021-12-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":18">{{Cite web|author=Scroll Staff|title=Nagaland firing: Villagers say security personnel tried to pass off killed civilians as militants|url=https://scroll.in/latest/1012414/nagaland-killings-villagers-say-security-forces-heroic-reports-of-operation-are-false|access-date=2021-12-11|website=Scroll.in|date=9 December 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref> Subsequently, they were found to be transporting the dead to their base camp while also trying to change the attire of the deceased, evidently to [[Encounter killings by police|stage an encounter]].<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|title=Nagaland Civilian Killings: Police Report Also Hints at Cover-Up Attempt|url=https://thewire.in/government/nagaland-civilian-killings-police-report-also-hints-at-cover-up-attempt-by-security-forces|access-date=2021-12-07|website=The Wire}}</ref><ref name=":15" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=December 8, 2021|first=Sreya|last=Chatterjee|title=Nagaland shooting: Eyewitnesses claim there was an attempt to change the attire of dead civilians|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/nagaland-shooting-eyewitnesses-1885375-2021-12-08|access-date=2021-12-08|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":18" />

In the ensuing melee, tires of army vehicles were punctured, and three vehicles torched; in accompanying gunfire, seven civilians were killed and twenty injured.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":10" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=X|first=Samrat|title=Ambush, mob fury, and a lawless law: A timeline of what happened in Nagaland on December 4|url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2021/12/06/ambush-mob-fury-and-a-lawless-law-a-timeline-of-what-happened-in-nagaland-on-december-4|access-date=2021-12-07|website=Newslaundry |date=6 December 2021 }}</ref> The Indian Army claimed troops were attacked by machete-wielding villagers and claimed they opened fire under compulsion, as one infantryman was dead and others injured.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2021-12-06|title=Nagaland civilian killings: What Amit Shah said in Parliament|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/nagaland-civilian-killings-what-amit-shah-said-in-parliament/articleshow/88120999.cms|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-07|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206105719/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/nagaland-civilian-killings-what-amit-shah-said-in-parliament/articleshow/88120999.cms |archive-date=2021-12-06 }}</ref> Villagers rejected the claims and accused the Army of indiscriminate shooting.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":15" /> Nyawang Konyak, president of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]’s district unit claimed to have been fired at by Indian army soldiers despite his vehicle displaying a party-flag.<ref name=":12" /><ref>{{cite web |last1=Saikia |first1=Arunabh |title=BJP district chief in Nagaland alleges security forces fired at him 'despite party flag on car' |url=https://scroll.in/latest/1012127/bjp-district-chief-in-nagaland-alleges-security-forces-fired-at-him-despite-party-flag-on-car |website=Scroll.in |date=5 December 2021}}</ref>

==Aftermath==

=== Protests and remembrance ===
The following day, the [[Government of Nagaland]] imposed [[Section 144]] in Mon District to restrict public assembly and movement; mobile internet and bulk SMS services were indefinitely suspended.<ref name="hindu1" /> Despite, public protests were organized — hundreds of men entered into a local camp of [[Assam Rifles]] in [[Mon Town]] during which one more civilian was killed.<ref name="hindu1" /><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Yasir|first1=Sameer|last2=Kumar|first2=Hari|date=December 5, 2021|title=Anger Spreads in Northeastern India After Security Forces Kill 14 Civilians|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/05/world/asia/india-northeast-nagaland-civilians.html|access-date=6 December 2021|website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>

The Eastern Nagaland People's Organisation (ENPO), which represents six tribes, withdrew from the ongoing annual [[Hornbill Festival]].<ref name="hindu1" /> The [[Naga people|Nagas]] hoisted black flags on all its [[morung]]s at the festival while the [[Konyak Naga|Konyaks]] decided to have its cultural troupe abstain from participating at the festival. This was followed by the other Naga cultural troupes also abstaining on 5 December. Two minutes of silence were also observed at the venue on the same day.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Later on the evening of 5 December, the people of [[Kohima]] observed a [[power blackout]] for 30 minutes to mourn the death of the civilians.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://morungexpress.com/several-civilians-killed-by-security-forces-in-mon-high-level-sit-t-to-investigate-incident|title=Several civilians killed by security forces in Mon; High-level SIT t to investigate incident|date=5 December 2021|website=[[The Morung Express]]|access-date=5 December 2021}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.eastmojo.com/nagaland/2021/12/05/lotha-hoho-call-for-shutdown-in-wokha-district-over-civilian-killings/|title=Nagaland killings: Lotha Hoho to abstain from Hornbill Festival|date=5 December 2021|website=[[East Mojo]]|access-date=5 December 2021}}</ref> Candlelight marches were organised in Kohima, [[Dimapur]] and other towns on the same day.<ref name="hindu1" /> A six-hour shutdown was also called by the [[Naga Students' Federation]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=2021-12-06|title=Nagaland killings spark fresh demand for AFSPA repeal, SIT report in a month: Key points|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/nagaland-killings-spark-fresh-demand-for-afspa-repeal-sit-report-in-a-month-key-points/articleshow/88129873.cms|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-07|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206171842/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/nagaland-killings-spark-fresh-demand-for-afspa-repeal-sit-report-in-a-month-key-points/articleshow/88129873.cms |archive-date=2021-12-06 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Ambrocia|first=Medolenuo|date=2021-12-06|title=Nagaland killings: 6-hour total shut down across Naga inhabited areas|url=http://www.eastmojo.com/nagaland/2021/12/06/nagaland-killings-6-hour-total-shut-down-across-naga-inhabited-areas/|access-date=2021-12-07|website=EastMojo|language=en-US}}</ref> On 7 December, the Government of Nagaland announced that it would suspend all activities at the Hornbill Festival.<ref name=":17">{{Cite web|date=December 7, 2021|title=Nagaland to seek AFSPA repeal; Hornbill festival suspended|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/east-and-northeast/nagaland-to-seek-afspa-repeal-hornbill-festival-suspended-1058463.html|access-date=7 December 2021|website=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref>

=== Politics ===
[[Amit Shah]], [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of Home Affairs of India]], regretted the killings before the Parliament—which was in session—, and tasked a [[Special Investigation Team (India)|Special Investigation Team]] to complete an enquiry within a month; however, he reiterated the narrative of Indian Army in toto.<ref name=":2" /> The opposition staged a walkout in protest and later, condemned the government preventing political from accessing the area.<ref name=":16">{{Cite web |last=Barooah Pisharoty |first=Sangeeta |author-link=Sangeeta Barooah Pisharoty |date=8 December 2021 |title='This Is a Lie': Nagaland's BJP Leadership Decries Amit Shah's Justification of Killings in LS |url=https://thewire.in/politics/this-is-a-lie-nagalands-bjp-leadership-decries-amit-shahs-justification-of-killings-in-ls |access-date=2021-12-08 |website=The Wire}}</ref><ref name=":19">{{Cite web|author=Scroll Staff|title=Nagaland killings: Amit Shah twisted facts, civilians were not trying to flee, says BJP ally|url=https://scroll.in/latest/1012489/nagaland-killings-amit-shah-twisted-facts-civilians-were-not-trying-to-flee-says-bjp-ally|access-date=2021-12-11|website=Scroll.in|date=10 December 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Even members of the state BJP unit and its political allies reject Shah's narrative — party president [[Temjen Imma Along|Temjen Imna Along]] held the event to be "summary execution as well as genocide."<ref name=":16" /><ref name=":19" /><ref>{{Cite web|author=Scroll Staff|title='Black day': Naga groups, politicians condemn civilians killing by security forces|url=https://scroll.in/latest/1012140/black-day-naga-groups-politicians-condemn-civilians-killing-by-security-forces|access-date=2021-12-11|website=Scroll.in|date=5 December 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref> The local village council has since issued an informal ban on Indian Army entering into the village.<ref name=":18" />

== Investigations ==
On 6 December, the [[Nagaland Police]] registered a [[First information report]] against the 21 Para Special Forces, bringing charges of [[First Degree Murder|first degree murder]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kanojia|first=Sonu|date=2021-12-06|title=Nagaland Police lodged FIR against 21 Para Special Forces in the Nagaland Op Death|url=https://hwnews.in/news/national-news/army-unit-named-in-nagaland-op-deaths-intention-to-murder-allege-cops/175706|access-date=2021-12-07|website=HW English|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-12-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207072700/https://hwnews.in/news/national-news/army-unit-named-in-nagaland-op-deaths-intention-to-murder-allege-cops/175706|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":15" /> The [[National Human Rights Commission of India]] has sent notices to the central and the state governments.<ref name=":3" />

The Indian Army constituted a Court of Inquiry headed by a Major General to probe the circumstance under which the operation took place. In addition, it will also examine the credibility of the intelligence report which led to the detachment of the 21 Para Special Forces led by an officer of the rank of Major.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Pandit|first=Rajat|date=7 December 2021|title=Major General to head court of inquiry|work=[[Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/major-general-to-head-court-of-inquiry/articleshow/88132776.cms|access-date=28 January 2022}}</ref>

On 17 September 2024, the [[Supreme Court of India]] quashed criminal proceedings against the accused, citing the lack of government approval for prosecution.<ref>{{Cite news |last=AFP |date=18 September 2024 |title=Fury as India quashes charges for botched army ambush |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20240918-fury-as-india-quashes-charges-for-botched-army-ambush |access-date=18 September 2024 |work=[[France 24]]}}</ref>

== Funeral ==
On 6 December, all fifteen civilian casualties were interred in a mass funeral service, led by Chief Minister [[Neiphiu Rio]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Funerals for 15 civilians killed by Indian army held in Nagaland|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/12/6/india-nagaland-civilians-army-last-rites-afspa-mon|access-date=2021-12-11|website=www.aljazeera.com|language=en}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
The incident led to renewed calls to repeal the Armed Forces Special Powers Act.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|date=2021-12-07|title=Explained: Why Nagaland killings have rekindled debate on AFSPA|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/why-nagaland-killings-rekindled-debate-on-afspa-7659242/|access-date=2021-12-07|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|last=Mishra|first=Stuti|date=5 December 2021|title=Nagaland: 13 civilians accidentally shot dead by Indian security forces|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/india/nagaland-killings-death-india-b1970042.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205105516/https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/india/nagaland-killings-death-india-b1970042.html |archive-date=2021-12-05 |url-access=limited |url-status=live|access-date=5 December 2021|website=[[The Independent]]}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|date=5 December 2021|title=NESO condemns Oting massacre, demands repeal of AFSPA|url=http://www.uniindia.com/neso-condemns-oting-massacre-demands-repeal-of-afspa/east/news/2583894.html|access-date=5 December 2021|website=www.uniindia.com}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=5 December 2021 |title=Amit Shah expresses anguish over Nagaland killings, conveys condolences to families |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/amit-shah-expresses-anguish-over-nagaland-killings-conveys-condolences-to-families/articleshow/88101976.cms |access-date=5 December 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]] |agency=Asian News International}}</ref>{{excessive citations inline|date=September 2024}} On 7 December, the Government of Nagaland announced that it would officially seek its repeal.<ref name=":17" />

==See also==
* [[List of massacres in Nagaland]]
* [[List of massacres in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Oting massacre}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nagaland killings, 2021}}
[[Category:2021 in Nagaland|Killings]]
[[Category:2021 murders in India]]
[[Category:21st-century mass murders in India]]
[[Category:December 2021 in India]]
[[Category:History of the Indian Army]]
[[Category:2021 mass murders]]
[[Category:Crime in Nagaland|2021 killings]]
[[Category:Extrajudicial killings by the Indian military]]
[[Category:Ambushes in India]]

Gold (Control) Act, 1968

2026-03-25T18:05:25Z

HeikeC58098401:

{{Short description|Act of the Parliament of India, replaces Act 18 of 1965}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox legislation
| short_title = Gold (Control) Act, 1968
| legislature = [[Parliament of India]]
| long_title = An Act to provide, in the economic and financial interests of the community, for the control of the production, manufacture, supply, distribution, use and possession of, and business in, gold, ornaments and articles of gold and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.
| citation = [https://www.indiacode.nic.in/repealedfileopen?rfilename=A1968-45.pdf Act No. 45 of 1968]
| territorial_extent = whole of [[India]]
| enacted_by =
| date_passed =
| enacted_by2 =
| date_passed2 =
| date_assented = 1 September 1968
| date_commenced = 1 September 1968
| date_repealed = 6 June 1990
| administered_by =
| bill =
| bill_citation =
| bill_date =
| introduced_by =
| 1st_reading =
| 2nd_reading =
| 3rd_reading =
| conf_committee_passed =
| bill2 =
| bill_citation2 =
| bill_date2 =
| introduced_by2 =
| 1st_reading2 =
| 2nd_reading2 =
| 3rd_reading2 =
| conf_committee_passed2 =
| date_conf_committee =
| white_paper =
| committee_report =
| repeals = {{Ubl|Gold (Control) Act, 1965 (18 of 1965)|Gold (Control) Ordinance, 1968 (6 of 1968)}}
| repealed_by = Gold (Control) Repeal Act, 1990 (18 of 1990)
| related_legislation =
| status = repealed
}}

The '''Gold (Control) Act, 1968''' is a repealed [[Act of Parliament|Act]] of the [[Parliament of India]] which was enacted to control the sale and holding of [[gold]] in personal possession. High demand for gold in India with negligible indigenous [[Gold mining|production]] results in gold imports, leading to drastic devaluation of the [[Indian rupee]] and depletion of [[Foreign exchange reserves|foreign exchange]] [[Foreign-exchange reserves of India|reserves]] to alarming levels. Devaluation of the Indian rupee also leads to steep rises in food commodity prices due to costlier petroleum products imports. In these circumstances, the gold import policy of India aimed at curbing the gold imports to a manageable level time to time by imposing taxes and legal restrictions.
[[File:Map of gold production.svg|left|thumb|200px|[[List of countries by gold production|World gold output]] (in [[kilograms]])]]

==Gold Control Act==
[[History of India (1947–present)|Post-Independence]], the foreign exchange drain was accentuated in 1962 during the border dispute with China. [[Morarji Desai]], then-[[Minister of Finance (India)|Finance Minister of India]], came out with Gold Control Act, 1962, which recalled all gold loans given by banks and banned forward trading in gold. In 1963, the production of gold jewellery above 14 carat fineness was banned. In 1965, a gold bond scheme was launched with tax immunity for unaccounted wealth. All these steps failed to yield the desired result. Desai finally introduced the Gold Control Act, on 24 August 1968, which prohibited citizens from owning gold in the form of bars and coins. All existing holdings of gold coins and bars had to be converted into jewelry and declared to the authorities. Goldsmiths were not allowed to own more than 100 g of gold. Licensed dealers were not supposed to own more than 2 kg of gold, depending upon the number of artisans employed by them. They were banned from trading with each other. Desai believed that Indians would respond positively to these steps and stop consuming gold and help conserve precious foreign exchange. New gold jewellery purchases were either recycled or smuggled gold. This legislation killed the official gold market and a large unofficial market sprung up dealing in cash only. The gold was smuggled in and sold through the unofficial channel wherein, many jewellers and bullion traders traded in smuggled gold. A huge black market developed for gold. Goldsmith were an unorganised labour force and could not cope with the new developed situation. Only a few could get the licence to hold the gold, that also in very small quantities, with the result that the members of the [[Sunar]] caste, who depended only on their traditional occupation of making gold ornaments, lost their business and their financial condition deteriorated and families shattered.
[[File:Gold price history INR.jpg|thumb|Historical Gold price in INR<ref>{{cite news|title=Comparative chart on Gold and Sensex, adjusted for inflation: From 1979-80 to 2011-12|url=https://wisewealthadvisors.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/30-years-comparative-chart-on-gold-and-sensex-adjusted-for-inflation4.pdf|access-date=31 July 2015}}</ref>]]

In 1990, India had a major foreign exchange problems and was on verge of default on external liabilities. The Indian Government pledged 40 tons gold from their reserves with the Bank of England and avoided defaulting by securing a loan to recover. Subsequently, India embarked upon the path of [[economic liberalization]]. The era of licensing was gradually dissolved. The gold market also benefited because the government abolished the 1962 Gold Control Act on 6 June 1990.<ref name=gld>{{cite news|title=Will gold duty hike encourage smuggling?|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/will-gold-duty-hike-encourage-smuggling-112040400023_1.html|access-date=19 April 2013|newspaper=Business Standard|date=4 April 2012}}</ref> by Finance Minister Madhu Dandvate and liberalized the gold import into India on payment of a duty of Rs.250 per ten grams. The government thought it more prudent to allow free imports and earn the taxes rather than to lose it all to unofficial channel.<ref>{{cite news|title=A golden opportunity for India to correct the past|url=http://blogs.economictimes.indiatimes.com/et-commentary/46498/|access-date=2 June 2015|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=2 June 2015}}</ref> From official imports of practically nothing in 1991, India officially imported more than 110 tonnes of gold in 1992, which now stands about 800 tonnes in a year.

In September 1999, the Govt. of India launched a Gold Deposit Scheme to utilize the idle gold and simultaneously give a return to gold owners and reduce the country's reliance on imports. However, this plan was not widely accepted by the population.

[[Gold ETF]]s are also operating in India from March 2007. Alarmed by the excessive gold imports by Indians despite the public holdings of gold is in excess of 30,000 metric tons, Indian Government introduced a new Gold Deposit Scheme with attractive benefits to the gold depositors in the year 2015 to recycle the available idling gold in the country for meeting internally the entire fresh ornamental gold demand.<ref>{{cite news|title=In New Scheme, Rich Temples May Open Gold Vaults for PM Modi: Report|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/in-new-scheme-rich-temples-may-open-gold-vaults-for-pm-modi-report-753890|access-date=15 April 2015}}</ref> Government of India has nearly 550 tons of [[gold reserves]] which would help in kick starting the scheme.

==Crisis hedge not inflation hedge==
{{further|Gold as an investment}}
[[File:Gold price in USD.png|thumb|325px|Gold price history in 1960–2014]]
When the inflation adjusted gold value is examined, gold is not an inflation [[Hedge (finance)|hedge]] but crisis hedge.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://inflationdata.com/Inflation/Inflation_Rate/Gold_Inflation.asp|title= Gold is a "Crisis Hedge" not an Inflation hedge|access-date=17 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/gold-cant-be-default-option/articleshow/57724691.cms| title= Gold can't be default option|access-date=21 March 2017}}</ref> Some times, gold price apparently looks lower in US$ value but its price compared to corresponding crude [[price of oil|oil price]] can be exceeding 25 times far higher than long term average of 15 times.<ref>{{cite web|title=Deutsche Bank says gold's fair value is $US750 an ounce|url=http://www.etf.db.com/CHE/DEU/Download/Research-Commodities/55984c89-9f08-44ad-a5de-bac0be822f86/Special-Report.pdf |access-date=31 July 2015}}</ref>
In April 2020, one ounce of gold fetched more than 90 barrels of WTI crude oil in US in the midst of [[COVID-19 pandemic]] as gold price shot up to US$1,788/ounce. Thus during the lower oil prices period, gold acts as crisis hedge to overcome the loss of revenue from oil exports to the oil exporting countries. When oil prices are higher, it acts as crisis hedge to the oil importing countries to dispose oil stocks at profit and purchase gold with the accrued cash for replenishing oil stocks later during the lower oil price with respect to gold price.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fintrend.com/charts/gold-vs-oil-chart/|title= Which is Over Priced? Oil or Gold?|access-date=17 August 2015}}</ref> With the advent of [[Tight oil|shale oil]] production boom in USA, crude oil for the first time is being realistically priced in US$ irrespective of [[quantitative easing]] in USA and the agreement of USA with OPEC to transact their international crude oil exports in US$.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://inflationdata.com/articles/2014/05/30/oil-petrodollars-gold/|title= Oil, Petrodollars and Gold|access-date=19 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://inflationdata.com/articles/2012/09/14/effects-quantitative-easing/|title= The Effects of Quantitative Easing|access-date=17 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Wong |first=Andrea |date=30 May 2016 |title=The Untold Story Behind Saudi Arabia's 41-Year U.S. Debt Secret |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2016-05-30/the-untold-story-behind-saudi-arabia-s-41-year-u-s-debt-secret |publisher=[[Bloomberg News]] |access-date=23 May 2025|url-access=subscription|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603101409/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2016-05-30/the-untold-story-behind-saudi-arabia-s-41-year-u-s-debt-secret|archive-date=3 June 2016}}</ref> However international gold price is fixed by the major gold importing countries like India as gold market is fully buyers market with global gold stocks amounting to 300 times of its annual consumption or 53 times of [[List of countries by gold production|its annual production]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Golden Dilemma |first=Claude B. |last=Erb |first2=Campbell R. |last2=Harvey |journal=NBER Working Paper No. 18706 |date=January 2013 |doi=10.3386/w18706 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

In India, when the agriculture production is good, it will lead to slump in the agriculture commodity prices and raise in gold price due to demand from rural areas. Similarly, when agriculture commodity prices raise due to less production, gold prices would depress by lack of demand from rural areas.<ref>{{cite news|title=Why is gold falling, and where is it headed?|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/why-is-gold-falling-and-where-is-it-headed/|access-date=31 July 2015}}</ref> During good monsoon years, Indian government can sell its gold reserves at higher price catering to the gold demand from rural areas, to finance the surplus food grains purchase obligation at minimum support price (MSP) and the supply of adequate imported fertilizers to farmers. The depleted gold reserves could be purchased back later at lower price during the subsequent bad monsoon years with the funds after selling the food grain stocks at higher price to make up shortfall in the production. This analogy can be applied to all commodities and gold can be termed as super commodity with characters of international currency.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.visualcapitalist.com/why-gold-is-money-a-periodic-perspective/|title= Why Gold is Money: A Periodic Perspective|access-date=17 July 2019}}</ref> Thus Indian Government or Reserve Bank of India can overcome the economic crisis by effectively managing / hedging the gold reserves vis a vis food grain stocks or fertilizer stocks or crude oil stocks.

Gold trading daily turnover in the international commodity exchanges ([[New York Mercantile Exchange|NYMEX]], [[Tokyo Commodity Exchange|TOCOM]], [[Hong Kong Mercantile Exchange|HKMEx]], [[Dubai Gold & Commodities Exchange|DGCX]], etc.) is of the order of 300 tons/day (nearly 110,000 tons/year) compared to 3,000 tons/year global production.<ref>{{cite news|title=Daily turn over of gold |url=http://www.marketwatch.com/investing/future/gold|access-date=31 July 2015}}</ref> However, [[High-frequency trading|most of the trades]] are squared off without actual delivery.<ref>{{cite news|title=China is one step closer to global gold-price domination |url=http://www.marketwatch.com/story/china-is-one-step-closer-to-global-gold-price-domination-2016-04-19|access-date=20 April 2016}}</ref> India being the dominant importer of gold, Indian government can exercise full control on international gold trading when all its gold imports and recycled gold are channeled through it and distributed through the [[List of commodities exchanges#Asia|commodities exchanges]] of India.<ref>{{cite news|title= Algorithmic gold trading (page 137)|url=http://mragheb.com/NPRE%20402%20ME%20405%20Nuclear%20Power%20Engineering/Sustainable%20Energy%20and%20Resource%20Management.pdf|access-date=22 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title= Consultation Paper on proposed framework for Gold Exchange in India, SEBI|url=https://www.sebi.gov.in/reports-and-statistics/reports/may-2021/consultation-paper-on-proposed-framework-for-gold-exchange-in-india-and-draft-sebi-vault-managers-regulations-2021_50154.html|access-date=22 May 2021}}</ref>

== Current policy ==
[[File:Gold-nominal-constant-usd.svg|thumb|325px|Gold prices (US$ per troy ounce), in nominal US$ and inflation adjusted US$.]]
India imports in excess of 1000 tons annually (including unofficially smuggled gold) with negligible local production.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.usdebtclock.org/gold-demand-by-country.html|title= Gold demand by country |access-date=17 August 2014}}</ref> The annual gold imports are around 50 billion US$ next only to crude oil imports widening the trade deficit.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://atlas.media.mit.edu/en/visualize/stacked/hs92/import/show/all/7108/1995.2014/|title= Which countries import Gold? (1995-2014) |access-date=17 August 2015}}</ref> In the years since 2001 to 2015, the official net gold imports are 269 billion US$ whereas the [[Institutional investor|Foreign Institutional Investors]] (FII) invested only 157 billion US$ in Indian equities.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/savings-centre/analysis/gold-bonds-are-way-better-than-the-metal/articleshow/49719792.cms|title= Gold bonds are way better than the metal |access-date=9 November 2015}}</ref> Gold imports cost is nearly 3% of the GDP. Alarmed by the huge trade deficit in the year 2012, GoI introduced moderate customs duty (below 10%) on gold imports. Though the policy is fetching good customs income, the imports demand is not drastically coming down. It is due to the reason that world gold demand is mainly driven by Indians and its price is fixed by Indians in Indian rupees. Imposing customs tax on gold imports in India or devaluation of Indian currency, led to the softening of its international price but remained range bound in rupee terms. Customs duty imposition also led to increase in gold smuggling but narrowed the trade deficit to permissible limit as the smuggled gold would not get accounted as imports in trade deficit calculations.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/import-duty-on-gold-jewellery-hiked-to-15/article5138304.ece|title= Import duty on gold jewellery hiked to 15 % |access-date=17 August 2014}}</ref>

The gold imports are also serving to channelise undeclared earnings by exporters and importers of India. Invariably, [[Transfer mispricing|exporters under invoice their exports whereas importers over invoice their imports]] to stash [[Indian black money|black money]] in [[Tax haven|tax haven countries]]. This stashed money abroad is routed to India by importing gold (official channel or smuggled) which can be disposed off in to Indian rupees as gold commands insatiable demand from rural India.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/gold-smugglers-return-hike-in-import-duty-india-today-167701-2013-06-22|title= Spike in customs duty on gold import triggers innovative ways of smuggling with people risking their necks|access-date=17 August 2014}}</ref> This multiple malpractices by importers and exporters artificially widen the official [[Balance of trade|trade deficit]] by three folds of the actual trade deficit subjecting Indian currency constantly at the risk of devaluation and [[List of countries by credit rating|de-rating of India]] by [[Credit rating|international rating agencies]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.indiaspend.com/investigations/gold-diamonds-indias-biggest-tax-beneficiaries-12020|title= Gold, Diamonds & Large Corporations; India's Biggest Tax Beneficiaries|access-date= 17 August 2014|archive-date= 10 August 2015|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150810033809/http://www.indiaspend.com/investigations/gold-diamonds-indias-biggest-tax-beneficiaries-12020|url-status= dead}}</ref> It is estimated that unnecessary gold imports are retarding [[Gross domestic product|growth of Indian economy]] by at least 3% points.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.scribd.com/doc/58788144/Gold-Imports-A-Social-Evil|title= Gold imports - Social evil |year=2007|access-date=17 August 2014}}</ref> The customs duty forgone during the financial year 2013–14 on non-essential gold and diamonds import is Rs 48,635 crores which is constituting 16% of the total customs duty forgone.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://indiabudget.nic.in/ub2014-15/statrevfor/annex12.pdf|title= Revenue foregone under the Central Tax System: Financial Years 2012-13 and 2013-14|year=2014|access-date=17 August 2014}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Money}}
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break|width=30%}}
*[[BIS hallmark]]
*[[List of the largest trading partners of India]]
*[[Indian Currency Committee]]
{{col-break|width=25%}}
*[[London bullion market]]
*[[World Gold Council]]
*[[List of countries by gold production]]
{{col-break|width=15%}}
*[[Hatti Gold Mines]]
*[[Kolar Gold Fields]]
{{col-break}}
*[[List of gold mining disasters]]
*[[International Cyanide Management Code]]
{{col-end}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* [http://www.livemint.com/Money/lpiP9XsSoplSkQCLJZSO0O/Two-nations-two-gold-control-acts-One-worked-one-didnt.html Nilesh Shah (26 November 2012) ''Two nations, two gold control acts. One worked, one didn’t'' - ''Livemint'']
* [http://ticdata.treasury.gov/Publish/mfh.txt ''Major foreign holders of US treasury securities'']
* [http://www.visualcapitalist.com/re-awakening-golden-triangle/ ''Re-Awakening of the Golden Triangle'']
{{Policies of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gold (Control) Act, 1968}}
[[Category:Acts of the Parliament of India 1968]]
[[Category:Indira Gandhi administration]]
[[Category:Repealed Indian legislation]]
[[Category:Gold legislation|Control Act 1968]]
[[Category:Gold in India|Control Act 1968]]
[[Category:Gold standard|Control Act 1968]]
[[Category:Policies of India]]
[[Category:Economic history of India (1947–present)]]
[[Category:1968 in Indian law]]

Govind Vasantha

2026-03-23T22:48:07Z

HeikeC58098401: put up pg

{{short description|Indian musician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Govind Vasantha
| image =
| caption =
| alias = Govind Menon
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1988|10|29}}
| birth_place = [[Irinjalakuda]], [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]], Kerala, India
| occupation = {{hlist|Composer|singer|violinist}}
| spouse = Ranjini
| parents =
| relatives =
| footnotes =
| years_active = 2012–present
| nationality =
| module = {{Infobox musical artist
| embed=yes
| genre = [[Indian rock]]
| instrument = Violin, vocals
| label = {{hlist|[[Think Music India]]|[[Sony Music India]]|[[Muzik 247]]}}
| current_member_of = [[Thaikkudam Bridge]]
}}
}}

'''Govind Vasantha''' (born 29 October 1988) is an Indian composer, singer, and violinist who works predominantly in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] and [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] films.<ref name=TH1>{{cite news|title=Let the music play|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/let-the-music-play/article6506833.ece|accessdate=21 October 2014|work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref name=TOI1>{{cite news|title=Govind Vasantha turns composer in K'wood|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/Govind-Menon-turns-composer-in-Kwood/articleshow/42870199.cms|accessdate=21 October 2014|work=The Times of India}}</ref> He is one of the founding members of the musical band [[Thaikkudam Bridge]], in which he is a vocalist and violinist.<ref name=TH1 /> He won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Tamil]] for his work in ''[[96 (film)|96]]''.

==Personal life==

Govind is from a musical family in [[Irinjalakuda]], [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]], Kerala. His father Peethambaran's<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/peethambaran-thaikkudam-bridges-latest-sensation/article6360648.ece|title=He rocks the Bridge|last=Anasuya|date=28 August 2014|work=The Hindu|access-date=15 October 2018|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> elder brother Gopinathan was a Carnatic musician and his early exposure to music has been through his uncle. Govind changed his surname from Menon to Vasantha, taking his mother's name, in an effort towards removing the caste tag, providing an equality even on name-optics which was revealed by [[Vijay Sethupathi]] on a show on a Tamil television channel. Govind Vasantha is a founder member of the musical sensation [[Thaikkudam Bridge]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://thaikkudambridge.com/profile/govind-/|title=Govind P {{!}} Thaikkudam Bridge|work=Thaikkudam Bridge|access-date=15 October 2018}}</ref> His father Peethambaran has been a star performer of Thaikkudam Bridge, since his retirement from a government job in the Irrigation Department in 2012.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://thaikkudambridge.com/profile/peethambaran/|title=Peethambaran {{!}} Thaikkudam Bridge|work=Thaikkudam Bridge|access-date=15 October 2018|archive-date=16 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016034041/http://thaikkudambridge.com/profile/peethambaran/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Discography==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date= November 2022}}

=== As composer ===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Language !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
|2012 || ''[[Asuravithu (2012 film)|Asuravithu]]'' || rowspan="9" |Malayalam || Background score only
|-
|2013 || ''[[North 24 Kaatham]]'' ||
|-
|rowspan=3|2014 || ''[[Vegam (2014 film)|Vegam]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Njan Steve Lopez]]'' || Background score only
|-
| ''[[Nagara Varidhi Naduvil Njan]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="4"|2015 || |''[[Haram (film)|Haram]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Onnam Loka Mahayudham]]'' ||
|-
|''[[100 Days of Love]]'' || Songs only
|-
|''[[Premam]]'' || Unfinished Hope theme – Strings
|-
|2017
|''[[Solo (2017 film)|Solo]]''
|Malayalam Tamil
| Cameo appearance
|-
|rowspan=3|2018
|''[[Asuravadham]]''
|rowspan=3|Tamil
|
|-
|''[[96 (film)|96]]''
|
|-
|''[[Seethakaathi (film)|Seethakaathi]]''
| Cameo appearance
|-
|rowspan=3|2019
|''[[Flip (TV series)|Flip]]''
|Hindi
|Web series<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://silverscreenindia.com/|title=Silverscreen India | Entertainment, Books, Movies, TV and Art|website=Silverscreen India}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Uriyadi 2]]''
|rowspan=2|Tamil
|
|-
|''[[Thambi (2019 film)|Thambi]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="5"|2020
|''[[Jaanu (2020 film)|Jaanu]]''
| Telugu
| [[Remake]] of ''96''
|-
|''[[Ponmagal Vandhal]]''
|Tamil
|
|-
|''[[Taish]]''
|Hindi
|2 songs Background score
|-
|''[[Putham Pudhu Kaalai]]''
|rowspan="4"| Tamil
|
|-
|''[[Oru Pakka Kathai]]''
|Released on [[ZEE5]]
|-
|rowspan="4"|2021
|''[[Navarasa (web series)|Navarasa]]''
| Web series; Episode: Edhiri
|-
|''[[Tughlaq Durbar|Tughlaq Darbar]]''
|
|-
|''[[Madhuram]]''
|Malayalam
|1 song
|-
|''[[Writer (film)|Writer]]''
|rowspan="2"|Tamil
|
|-
| rowspan="6"|2022
|''[[Hey Sinamika]]''
|
|-
|''[[Jo and Jo]]''
|Malayalam
|
|-
|''[[Gargi (2022 film)|Gargi]]''
| Tamil
|
|-
|''[[19(1)(a)]]''
|rowspan="8"|Malayalam
|
|-
|''Chethi Mandharam Thulasi''
|
|-
|''[[Padavettu]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="11"|2023
|''[[Christy (2023 film)|Christy]]''
|
|-
|''[[Adi (film)|Adi]]''
|
|-
|''Masquerade''
| Web series
|-
|''[[Kadina Kadoramee Andakadaham]]''
|
|-
|''[[Jackson Bazaar Youth]]''
|
|-
|''[[Sweet Kaaram Coffee]]''
|rowspan="2"|Tamil
| Web series
|-
|''[[Bumper (film)|Bumper]]''
|
|-
|''[[Little Miss Rawther]]''
|Malayalam
|
|-
|''[[Wonder Women (2022 film)|Wonder Women]]''
|English
|
|-
|''[[Maharani (2023 film)|Maharani]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2023 |title=Shine Tom Chacko, Roshan Mathew's Maharani, gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/oct/01/shine-tom-chacko-roshan-mathews-maharani-gets-a-release-date-48183.html |access-date=28 November 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>
|Malayalam
|
|-
| ''[[Fight Club (2023 film)|Fight Club]]'' || rowspan=2 | Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2024 || ''[[Blue Star (film)|Blue Star]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Love Mouli]]'' || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Election (2024 film)|Election]]'' || rowspan=2 | Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Meiyazhagan]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2025 || ''[[Bromance (2025 film)|Bromance]]'' || Malayalam ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madhu |first=Vignesh |date=2025-02-01 |title=Bromance trailer promises a fun, youthful entertainer |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Feb/01/bromance-trailer-promises-a-fun-youthful-entertainer |access-date=2025-02-02 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Gentlewoman (film)|Gentlewoman]]'' || Tamil ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-02-21 |title=Lijomol's Gentlewoman trailer to be out on this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Feb/21/lijomols-gentlewoman-trailer-to-be-out-on-this-date |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Sarkeet]]'' || Malayalam ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-31 |title=Asif Ali's Sarkeet gets a new release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Mar/31/asif-alis-sarkeet-gets-a-new-release-date |access-date=2025-04-02 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Good Day (film)|Good Day]]'' || Tamil ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-23 |title=Good Day Trailer: Prithviraj Ramalingam battles suicidal thoughts before reclaiming his life |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jun/23/good-day-trailer-prithviraj-ramalingam-battles-suicidal-thoughts-before-reclaiming-his-life |access-date=2025-06-25 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| {{Pending film| Chinna Chinna Aasai}} || Malayalam ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-19 |title=Mani Ratnam unveils first look of Indrans-Madhoo's Chinna Chinna Aasai |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2025/May/19/mani-ratnam-unveils-first-look-of-indrans-madhoos-chinna-chinna-aasai |access-date=2025-08-30 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

=== As playback singer ===
{|class="wikitable"
! Year !! Film title !! Song !! Music Composer !!Co-singer !!Lyricist !!Language !! Notes
|-
|2016 || ''[[Anuraga Karikkin Vellam]]'' || "Anuraga Karikkinvellam"|| [[Prashant Pillai]]|| Peethambaran Menon|| [[Shabareesh Varma]]|| rowspan="1" |Malayalam ||
|-
|2020 || ''[[Dagaalty]]'' || "Kotha Kothudhu Bodhai"|| Vijay Narain|| Vijay Narain, [[Santhosh Narayanan]]|| Subu || rowspan="1" |Tamil ||
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|5962047}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Menon, Govind}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male film score composers]]
[[Category:Malayalam film score composers]]
[[Category:Tamil film score composers]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Tamil-language playback singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian composers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian violinists]]
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male singers]]

Lal Sawi

2026-03-22T16:24:06Z

HeikeC58098401: done.

{{Short description|Anti-chieftain rebellion (c.1880)}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}

{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = {{lang|lus|Lal sawi}}
| width =
| partof =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| date = {{circa|1888}}
| place = Eastern [[Lushai Hills]]
| coordinates = 
| map_type =
| map_relief =
| map_size =
| map_marksize =
| map_caption =
| map_label =
| territory =
| result = Sailo Victory 
| status =
| combatants_header =
| combatant1 = Anti-Sailo rebels
| combatant2 = [[Mizo Chieftainship|Mizo chiefs]]
| combatant3 =
| commander1 = [[Mizo people]]
| commander2 = [[Lianphunga]] Lalhluma
| commander3 =
| units1 = Mizo militia
| units2 = Lalhluma
| units3 =
| strength1 =
| strength2 =
| strength3 =
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
| casualties3 =
| notes =
| campaignbox =
}}
'''{{lang|lus|Lal sawi}}''' ({{translation|Punishing of the chief}}){{sfn|Lalthangliana|2006|p=83}} was an unsuccessful [[insurrection]] by the [[Mizo people]] against their [[Mizo chieftainship|chiefs]] in precolonial [[Mizoram]]. The uprising began in the eastern Lushai Hils and spread throughout the rest of Mizoram towards the other Sailo chiefs before being put down by [[Lianphunga]] and Lalhluma.

==Background==
Sangkima argues that the nature of [[Mizo chieftainship|chieftainship]] became too oppressive to the subjects of the chiefs, which encouraged the uprising.{{sfn|Sangkima|2004|p=71}} The measure of wealth in traditional Mizo society centred around the ownership of cattle such as [[Gayal|sial]] and precious heirlooms such as brass gongs, beads and silver. However, such property would often find its way to the chief as it was seized out of greed. The taxes were also not collected for the chief but for all the officials in the village such as {{lang|lus|upas}} ({{translation|council of elders}}) and the priests which became heavy and burdensome to the subjects. The privilege of the {{lang|lus|upas}} encouraged them to request due and favours from subjects irrespect of the chief's authority and thus they too became targets of the people's contempt for chieftainship. Inability to pay the rice paddy tax or meat tax would lead to severe punishments such as expulsion or execution. This was soon changed with the adoption of currency where chiefs also chose to fine their subjects {{currency|40|INR}} for failure to pay customary tax.{{sfn|Sangkima|2004|p=98}}

Another issue of chieftainship was the policy of {{lang|lus|ram}}. The chief held the authority to dispossess individuals who disobeyed them and were expelled from the village. No reason or justification was required to expel a subject and annex their property. Individuals also had the right to switch allegiances to chiefs but any dues owed by the chief were sometimes renegaded. Lastly the chief also practised favouritism and this led to economic inequality among families of the chiefdoms who were unable to influence decisions of the chief without significant wealth.{{sfn|Sangkima|2004|p=99}}

==Rebellion==
The rebellion was planned by the villagers under Lalkhuma, who stayed overnight in the river, making a fish trap, and made a plan to subdue Lalkhuma. The uprising thus began in Eastern Mizoram under the chiefs within the family of [[Vuta]]. Lalkhuma was the first chief to be affected, and soon his brothers Lungliana and Lalvunga also experienced the unrest and overthrow. The movement gained momentum among the subjects and spread to the Haulong chiefs descended from Rolura in the south. Even influential Haulong chiefs such as [[Bengkhuaia]] were affected by the uprising. The western Sailo chiefs also began to experience unrest as well, such as the sons of [[Suakpuilala]]. The only villages to not participate in the dethroning of chiefs were the villages established under [[Lalsavunga]] and [[Vanhnuailiana]]. It is assumed that these settlements were not oppressed or lacked the strength to participate.{{sfn|Sangkima|2004|p=100}}

The rebellion was bloodless as lethal weapons were used such as {{lang|lus|dao}} and guns but only two shots were fired during the whole uprising. Villagers would meet before the uprising in their village and pledge unity for their cause of dethroning their oppressive chiefs. The villagers would gather around a water basin and hold a burning piece of firewood before submerging it into the water stating {{lang|lus|"Lal lama ka tan leh chuan he mei and hian ka this ang"}}({{translation|"I will die like this fire if at all I support the chief again."}}) Rather than physically assaulting the chiefs, the villagers would force them to undertake pledges.{{sfn|Sangkima|2004|p=100}}

Some villages instead of deposing chiefs either made them swear an oath to improve the conditions for the people or elected/chose a new chief. The chief was given a piece of firewood with a burning end and made to dip it into the water basin and recite the oath: {{lang|lus|"Ka lalna hi he thingthu ang hian mit rawh se,"}} ({{translation|Let my chieftainship be extinguished like this fire.}}) This was implemented for the {{lang|lus|upas}} of the chief as well.{{sfn|Sangkima|2004|p=101}}{{sfn|Lalthangliana|2006|p=82}}

==Decline==
With the successful uprisings many villages became chief less. Sangkima argues that two factors led to the failure of the uprising in the chief less period. The first factor was that the pledge of unity between the people began to fade or break after the goal of removing the chief had been succeeded. Several tribes and clans in a settlement would conflict over who should become chief with the consideration of legitimacy and fairness. Hence some villages restored their rightful chiefs due to this dilemma.{{sfn|Sangkima|2004|p=101}}

In Lungliana's village of Hmawngkawn, a Paihte girl was mistreated by other tribes and this conflict escalated among the people eventually leading to the Paite tribesmen supporting the restoration of the deposed chief against their former allies. Chief Lungliana was thus reinstated and cooperated with other chiefs to contact the Western Chief Lianphunga.{{sfn|Sangkima|2004|p=101}} Chief Vanphunga arrived in Lianphunga's village Lungtian and offered him to confiscate whatever he wanted from his former subjects to restore order. Lianphunga accompanied Lalhluma with a party of men and arrived at Hmawngkawn where a bamboo barricade had been set up to prevent their entry. Armed with guns, the two chiefs were threatened to not enter or they would be killed.{{sfn|Sangkima|2004|p=101}}{{sfn|Lalthangliana|2006|p=82}} Lalhluma declared {{lang|lus|"Kaimah Lalhluma, [[Lallula]] tupa, sarthi rual ka ni leo"}} ({{translation|"I, Lalhluma, grandson of Lallula will not die of unnatural death, shoot me."}}) Two shots were fired that missed Lalhluma. The gunner, Luahmanga jumped out of the crowd and declared that he had accepted his chief and relit his fire once more. The rest of the armed villagers surrendered as a result. The news of the pacification of Hmawngkawn led to the deposed chiefs to return to their chiefdoms to rule once more.{{sfn|Sangkima|2004|p=102}}{{sfn|Lalthangliana|2006|p=82-83}} The chiefs began to punish the leaders of the rebellion but this was unable to be fully complete as the British soon led the [[Chin-Lushai Expedition]] to annex the Mizo people.{{sfn|Sangkima|2004|p=102}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book |last=Lalthangliana |first=B. |date=2006 |title=Culture and Folklore of Mizoram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Of88DwAAQBAJ |location=Aizawl |publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information and Broadcasting|isbn=978-81-230-2658-9}}
*{{cite book |last=Sangkima|date=2004 |title=Essays on the History of the Mizos |location=Guwahati |publisher=Spectrum Publications|isbn=81-87502-77-0}}

{{Lushai frontier}}

[[Category:History of Mizoram]]
[[Category:1888 in Asia]]

Aravidu Thimma

2026-03-19T03:29:25Z

HeikeC58098401: Created Info

{{lead rewrite|date=December 2025|reason=Its confusing and lacks context. }}
{{Short description|Military officer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Aravidu Thimma
| office1 = Military General
| term_start1 = 1505
| term_end1 =
| monarch1 = [[Viranarasimha Raya]]
| death_place =
| father = [[Aravidu Rama Raja I]]
| allegiance = [[Vijayanagara Empire]]
| battles = {{tree list}}
* [[Yusuf Adil Shah's Invasion of Vijayanagara (1505)]]
** [[Yusuf Adil Shah's Invasion of Vijayanagara (1505)#Invasion|Battle of Kandanavolu]]
** [[Yusuf Adil Shah's Invasion of Vijayanagara (1505)#Invasion|Battle of Adavani]]

{{tree list/end}}
}}

'''Aravidu Thimma''', a prominent member of the Aravidu family, was the son of [[Aravidu Rama Raja I]] and Lakkamba. He was a military general and defended the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] against Yusuf Adil Shah’s invasion. After his victories against [[Yusuf Adil Shah]] he captured Kasappa Udaiya, the governor of [[Adoni]] and presented him before [[Viranarasimha Raya]] who honored Timma with the Gandapendera anklet for his valor. He was also known for his patronage of literature and religious contributions. His eldest son, Tirumala constructed mantapas, choultries, and temple structures at [[Ahobilam]].<ref name="aps"/><ref name="bps"/><ref name="cps"/><ref name="dps"/>

==Family==
[[Aravidu Rama Raja I]] had a son named Timma from his wife, Lakkamba. Timma married Gopama Devi and had several sons, including Tirumala, Vitthala, Chinna Timma, and Papa Timma. He also had another wife, Tirumala Devi, who gave birth to his sons Konappa and Sri Rangaraja.<ref name="aps">{{Cite book |last=Krishnaswami Aiyangar |first=Sakkottai |url=https://archive.org/details/sourcesofvijayan00krisrich/page/204/mode/1up?view=theater |title=Sources of Vijayanagar history |date=1919 |pages=204–205|publisher=[Madras] : The University of Madras |others=University of California Libraries}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=A. Krishna Swami |url=https://archive.org/details/tva-bok-0027340-tva-bok-0027340-the-tamil-country-under-vijayanagar/page/220/mode/1up?view=theater |title=TVA BOK 0027340 TVA BOK 0027340 The Tamil Country Under Vijayanagar |date=2025-01-12|page=221}}</ref>

==Military career==
{{Main|Yusuf Adil Shah's Invasion of Vijayanagara (1505)}}
[[Viranarasimha Raya]] ruled Vijayanagara for five years, facing internal turmoil. His rise to the throne met strong resistance from powerful nobles,{{who|date=December 2025}} leading to widespread revolts.{{when|date=December 2025}} Despite this, he successfully suppressed most [[rebellions]] and asserted his authority. While records do not provide a full list of his defeated foes, inscriptions and contemporary [[Telugu literature]] mention some of his key adversaries.<ref name="bps">{{Cite book |last=Munshi |first=K. M. |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.106322/page/307/mode/1up |title=History and Culture Of The Indian People Vol.6 Delhi Sultanate |date=1960|pages=307–308 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan}}</ref><ref name="cps">{{Cite book |last=Rajagopal |first=M. V. Ed |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.460339/page/n68/mode/1up?view=theater |title=Andhra Pradesh District Gazetteers Kurnool |date=1974|page=47}}</ref><ref name="dps">{{Cite book |last=K.A.Nilakanta Sastry |url=https://archive.org/details/FurtherSourcesOfVijayanagaraHistory/page/n95/mode/1up?view=theater |title=Further Sources Of Vijayanagara History |date=1946 |pages=83–84|language=English}}</ref><ref name="eps">{{Cite book |last=Bh. Sivasankaranarayana |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.135802/page/n81/mode/1up?view=theater |title=Andhra Pradesh District Gazetteers |date=1970|pages=62–63}}</ref><ref name="fps">{{Cite book |last=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri |url=https://archive.org/details/K.A.NilakantaSastriBooks/K.%20A.%20Nilakanta%20Sastri/A-History-of-South-India/page/n277/mode/1up?view=theater |title=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri Books |date=1935|page=266}}</ref><ref name="mps">{{Cite book |last=Sri Lakshmi Katragadda |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.220599/page/n24/mode/1up?view=theater |title=Women In Vijayanagara |date=1996|page=16}}</ref>

Kacha or Kasappa Udaiya, the chief of Adavani (Adoni), controlled a vast region stretching from Adavani on the Tungabhadra to [[Penugonda]] in the [[Anantapur district]]. Though not a major threat alone, his alliance with Yusuf Adil Shah and possible support from the rebellious Polygars of [[Ummattur]] made him a dangerous enemy. Since his treacherous attack on [[Tuluva Narasa Nayaka]] in 1490, Yusuf Adil Khan had sought control over the Krishna-Tungabhadra doab. Encouraged by him, Bahmani king [[Mahmood Shah Bahmani II]] persuaded his nobles to wage a religious war against [[Vijayanagara]]. In 1502, during the final year of [[Tuluva Narasa Nayaka]]’s regency, the first jihad, known as the Compact of [[Bidar]] took place. Facing minimal resistance, Mahmud Shah successfully captured the doab, including the key fortresses of [[Raichur]] and [[Mudgal]] and granted the conquered lands to Yusuf Adil Khan.<ref name="bps"/><ref name="cps"/><ref name="dps"/><ref name="eps"/><ref name="fps"/><ref name="aps"/>

[[Yusuf Adil Khan]]’s conquest of the Krishna-Tungabhadra doab fueled his ambitions for further expansion, especially as [[Vijayanagara]] faced internal strife following [[Viranarasimha Raya]]’s usurpation. Seeing an opportunity, he allied with Kasappa Udaiya, the governor of [[Adoni]] and led an invasion into [[Vijayanagara]] territory, laying siege to the vital fort of Kandanavolu (Kurnool). His strategy appeared to involve capturing Kandanavolu, linking up with Kasappa Udaiya at Adavani, and advancing along the [[Tungabhadra]] valley toward Vijayanagara. However, his plans were disrupted when [[Viranarasimha Raya]] sent the Aravidu chief, [[Aravidu Rama Raja I]] and his son Timma to confront him. In a battle, they inflicted a defeat on [[Yusuf Adil Khan]] forcing him into a hasty retreat toward Adoni. As he attempted to regroup, the [[Vijayanagara]] forces defeated him again near [[Adoni]] routing his army and expelling him from their territory. Capitalizing on their victory, [[Aravidu Rama Raja I]] and Timma pursued the offensive, besieging and capturing the Adoni fort.<ref name="bps"/><ref name="cps"/><ref name="dps"/><ref name="eps"/><ref name="aps"/><ref name="mps"/>

After Thimma’s victories against [[Yusuf Adil Shah]] he captured the governor of [[Adoni]] Kasappa Udaiya, and brought him as a prisoner before [[Viranarasimha Raya]]. Pleased with Thimma’s success and loyalty, [[Viranarasimha Raya]] honored him by presenting him with the prestigious Gandapendera anklet, a symbol of valor and distinction in recognition of his service to the empire.<ref name="bps"/>

==Cultural activities==
The Telugu poem narrating the story of the Bhagavata was composed by Donuru Konerunatha Kavi and dedicated to his patron, Chinna Timma Raja of the [[Aravidu Dynasty|Aravidu family]]. Among Timma’s sons, the eldest, Tirumala, was known for his devotion and contributions to religious and public works. He built mantapas, choultries, and a garden, while also organizing various forms of worship for Lord Narasimha at Garudadri ([[Ahobilam]]). Additionally, he oversaw the construction of the large tank at the temple of Bhargava Narasimha in [[Ahobilam]].<ref name="aps"/>
==See also==
* [[Aravidu Rama Raja I]]
* [[Rama Raya]]
* [[Vijayanagara Empire]]
* [[Viranarasimha Raya]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Vijayanagara generals]]
[[Category:Indian warriors]]
[[Category:Indian military personnel]]
[[Category:Aravidu dynasty]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]

Hindustani grammar

2026-03-12T15:30:19Z

HeikeC58098401: added a entry

{{Short description|Grammatical features of the Hindustani lingua franca}}
{{multiple issues|
{{Very long|date=November 2020}}
{{cleanup lang|date=November 2020}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
[[File:A Grammar of Urdu or Hindustani language.jpg|thumb|Cover page of ''A Grammar of the Urdu or Hindustani Language'']]
{{Hindustani_language}}

[[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], the [[lingua franca]] of Northern India and Pakistan, has two standardised [[Register (sociolinguistics)|register]]s: [[Hindi]] and [[Urdu]]. Grammatical differences between the two standards are minor but each uses its own script: Hindi uses [[Devanagari]] while Urdu uses [[Urdu alphabet|an extended form]] of the [[Perso-Arabic script]], typically in the [[Nastaʿlīq script|Nastaʿlīq]] style.

On this grammar page, Hindustani is written in the [[Transcription (linguistics)|transcription]] outlined in {{Harvcoltxt|Masica|1991}}. Being "primarily a system of [[transliteration]] from the Indian scripts, [and] based in turn upon [[Sanskrit]]" ([[cf.]] [[IAST]]), these are its salient features: [[subscript]] [[dot (diacritic)|dot]]s for [[retroflex consonant]]s; [[Macron (diacritic)|macron]]s for etymologically, contrastively [[long vowel]]s; ''h'' for [[Aspiration (phonetics)|aspirated]] [[plosive]]s; and [[tilde]]s for [[nasalized vowel|nasalised vowel]]s.

==Phonology==
{{main|Hindustani phonology|Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu}}
The sounds presented in parentheses in the tables below signify they are only found in loanwords from either [[Persian language|Persian]] or [[Sanskrit]]. More information about phonology of Hindustani can be read on [[Hindustani phonology]] and [[Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu|IPA/Hindi and Urdu]].

=== Vowels ===
Hindustani natively possesses a symmetrical ten-vowel system. The vowels [ə], [ɪ], [ʊ] are always short in length, while the vowels [ɑː], [iː], [uː], [eː], [oː], [ɛː], [ɔː] are always considered long, in addition to an eleventh vowel /æː/ which is found in [[English language|English]] [[loanword]]s.
{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin: 1em 2em; text-align: center;"
|+Vowels in Hindustani
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="8" |Front
! colspan="4" rowspan="2" |Central
! colspan="8" |Back
|-
! colspan="4" |long
! colspan="4" |short
! colspan="4" |short
! colspan="4" |long
|-
!IPA
!{{abbr|Rom.|Romanization}}
! colspan="2" |script
!IPA
!{{abbr|Rom.|Romanization}}
! colspan="2" |script
!IPA
!{{abbr|Rom.|Romanization}}
! colspan="2" |script
!IPA
!{{abbr|Rom.|Romanization}}
! colspan="2" |script
!IPA
!{{abbr|Rom.|Romanization}}
! colspan="2" |script
|-
!Close
|<big>{{IPA link|iː}}</big>
|ī
|ई
|اِیْ
|<big>{{IPA link|ɪ}}</big>
|i
|इ
|اِ
|
|
|
|
|<big>{{IPA link|ʊ}}</big>
|u
|उ
|اُ
|{{IPA link|uː}}
|ū
|ऊ
|اُوْ
|-
!Close-mid
|<big>{{IPA link|eː}}</big>
|e
|ए
|اِےْ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|<big>{{IPA link|oː}}</big>
|o
|ओ
|اُوْ
|-
!Open-mid
|<big>{{IPA link|ɛː}}</big>
|ai
| rowspan="2" |ऐ
| rowspan="2" |اَےْ
|(<big>{{IPA link|ɛ}}</big>)
|ê
|ऍ
| اْ
|<big>{{IPA link|ə}}</big>
|a
|अ
|اَ
|(<big>{{IPA link|ɔ}}</big>)
|ô
|ऑ
|
|<big>{{IPA link|ɔː}}</big>
|au
|औ
|اَوْ
|-
!Open
|(<big>{{IPA link|æː}}</big>)
|æ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|<big>{{IPA link|ɑː}}</big>
|ā
|आ
|آ
|}

==== Vowel {{IPA|[ɛ]}} and {{IPA|[ɔ]}} ====
{{IPA|[ɛ]}} occurs as a conditional [[allophone]] of {{IPA|/ə/}} ([[schwa]]) in proximity to {{IPA|/ɦ/}}, if and only if the {{IPA|/ɦ/}} is surrounded on both sides by two schwas.<ref name="Harvcoltxt|Shapiro|2003|p=258">{{Harvcoltxt|Shapiro|2003|p=258}}</ref> and is realised as separate vowel. For example, in {{Transliteration|hi|kahanā}} {{IPA|/kəɦ(ə)naː/}} ({{lang|hi|कहना}} – {{lang|ur|{{nastaliq|کَہنا}}}} 'to say'), the {{IPA|/ɦ/}} is surrounded on both sides by schwa, hence both the schwas will become fronted to short {{IPA|[ɛ]}}, giving the pronunciation {{IPA|[kɛɦɛnaː]}}. Syncopation of phonemic middle schwa can further occur to give {{IPA|[kɛɦ.naː]}}.

Similarly, {{IPA|[ɔ]}} occurs as a conditional [[allophone]] of {{IPA|/ə/}} and {{IPA|/ʊ/}} in proximity to {{IPA|/ɦ/}}, specifically when they occur in the sequence {{IPA|/əɦʊ/}}, pronounced {{IPA|[ɔɦɔ]}}. For example, the word {{Transliteration|hi|bahut}} {{IPA|/bəɦʊt/}} ({{lang|hi|बहुत}} – {{lang|ur|{{nastaliq|بہت}}}} 'many') is pronounced {{IPA|[bɔɦɔt]}}.

=== Consonants ===
Hindustani has a core set of 28 [[consonant]]s inherited from earlier [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]. Supplementing these are two consonants that are internal developments in specific word-medial contexts,<ref name="Harvcoltxt|Shapiro|2003|p=260">{{Harvcoltxt|Shapiro|2003|p=260}}</ref> and seven consonants originally found in loan words, whose expression is dependent on factors such as status (class, education, etc.) and cultural register (Modern Standard Hindi vs Urdu).

==== Allophony of {{IPA|[v]}} and {{IPA|[w]}} ====
{{IPA|[v]}} and {{IPA|[w]}} are [[allophone]]s in Hindustani. These are distinct phonemes in English, but both are allophones of the phoneme {{IPA|/ʋ/}} in Hindustani (written {{angbr|{{lang|hi|व}}}} in Hindi or {{angbr|{{lang|ur|{{nastaliq|و}}}}}} in Urdu), including loanwords of [[Arabic language|Arabic]] and [[Persian language|Persian]] origin. More specifically, they are ''[[Complementary distribution#in phonology|conditional allophones]]'', i.e. rules apply on whether {{angbr|{{lang|hi|व}}}} is pronounced as {{IPA|[v]}} or {{IPA|[w]}} depending on context. Native Hindi speakers pronounce {{angbr|{{lang|hi|व}}}} as {{IPA|[v]}} in {{Transliteration|hi|vrat}} ({{lang|hi|व्रत}} – {{lang|ur|{{nastaliq|ورت}}}}, 'vow') and {{IPA|[w]}} in {{Transliteration|hi|pakwān}} ({{lang|hi|पकवान}} – {{lang|ur|{{nastaliq|پکوان}}}} 'food dish'), treating them as a single phoneme and without being aware of the allophonic distinctions, though these are apparent to native English speakers. The rule is that the consonant is pronounced as semivowel {{IPA|[w]}} in onglide position, i.e. between an onset consonant and a following vowel.<ref name="ref25lojir">{{Citation|author=Janet Pierrehumbert, Rami Nair|title=Implications of Hindi Prosodic Structure (Current Trends in Phonology: Models and Methods)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_jqjQwAACAAJ|year=1996|publisher=European Studies Research Institute, University of Salford Press, 1996|isbn=978-1-901471-02-1|quote=''... showed extremely regular patterns. As is not uncommon in a study of subphonemic detail, the objective data patterned much more cleanly than intuitive judgments ... {{IPA|[w]}} occurs when /{{lang|hi|व}} {{lang|ur|{{nastaliq|و}}}}/ is in onglide position ... {{IPA|[v]}} occurs otherwise ...''}}</ref>

[[Consonant]]s and [[vowel]]s are outlined in the table below.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Masica|1991|p=110}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Masica|1991|pp=117–118}}</ref> Hovering the mouse cursor over them will reveal the appropriate [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] information, while in the rest of the article hovering the mouse cursor over {{tooltip|2=|underlined}} forms will reveal the appropriate English [[translation]].
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+Consonants in Hindustani
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="4" |[[Labial consonant|Labial]]
| rowspan="13" |
! colspan="4" |[[Dental consonant|Dental]] / [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
| rowspan="13" |
! colspan="4" |[[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
| rowspan="13" |
! colspan="4" |[[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
| rowspan="13" |
! colspan="4" |[[Velar consonant|Velar]]
| rowspan="13" |
! colspan="4" |[[Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
| rowspan="13" |
! colspan="4" |[[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
!IPA
!{{abbr|Rom.|Romanization}}
! colspan="2" |script
!IPA
!{{abbr|Rom.|Romanization}}
! colspan="2" |script
!IPA
!{{abbr|Rom.|Romanization}}
! colspan="2" |script
!IPA
!{{abbr|Rom.|Romanization}}
! colspan="2" |script
!IPA
!{{abbr|Rom.|Romanization}}
! colspan="2" |script
!IPA
!{{abbr|Rom.|Romanization}}
! colspan="2" |script
!IPA
!{{abbr|Rom.|Romanization}}
! colspan="2" |script
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|''Nasal'']]
|{{IPA link|m}}
|m
|म
|م
|{{IPA link|n̪|n}}
|n
|न
|ن
|{{IPA link|ɳ}}
|ṇ
|ण
|ݨ
|({{IPA link|ɲ}})
|ñ
|ञ
|نیْ
|{{IPA link|ŋ}}
|ṅ
|ङ
|ن٘گ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="4" |[[Plosive consonant|''Plosive'']]
''and''

[[Affricate consonant|''Affricate'']]
![[Voicelessness|''voiceless'']]
|{{IPA link|p}}
|p
|प
|پ
|{{IPA link|t̪|t}}
|t
|त
|ت
|{{IPA link|ʈ}}
|ṭ
|ट
|ٹ
|{{IPA link|tʃ}}
|c
|च
|چ
|{{IPA link|k}}
|k
|क
|ک
|({{IPA link|q}})
|q
|क़
|ق
|
|
|
|
|-
!''[[Voicelessness|voiceless]] [[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]''
|{{IPA link|pʰ}}
|ph
|फ
|پھ
|{{IPA link|tʰ}}
|th
|थ
|تھ
|{{IPA link|ʈʰ}}
|ṭh
|ठ
|ٹھ
|{{IPA link|tʃʰ}}
|ch
|छ
|چھ
|{{IPA link|kʰ}}
|kh
|ख
|کھ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
![[Voice (phonetics)|''voiced'']]
|{{IPA link|b}}
|b
|ब
|ب
|{{IPA link|d̪|d}}
|d
|द
|د
|{{IPA link|ɖ}}
|ḍ
|ड
|ڈ
|{{IPA link|dʒ}}
|j
|ज
|ج
|{{IPA link|ɡ}}
|g
|ग
|گ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!''[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]] [[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]''
|{{IPA link|bʱ}}
|bh
|भ
|بھ
|{{IPA link|dʱ}}
|dh
|ध
|دھ
|{{IPA link|ɖʱ}}
|ḍh
|ढ
|ڈھ
|{{IPA link|dʒʱ}}
|jh
|झ
|جھ
|{{IPA link|ɡʱ}}
|gh
|घ
|گھ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" |[[Flap consonant|''Flap'']]
''and''

[[Trill consonant|''Trill'']]
!''voiced trill''
|
|
|
|
|{{IPA link|r}}
|r / rr
|र / र्र
|ر/ رّ
|{{IPA link|ɽ}}
|ṛ
|ड़
|ڑ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!''[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]] trill [[Aspiration (phonetics)|aspirated]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|{{IPA link|ɽʱ}}
|ṛh
|ढ़
|ڑھ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!''voiced tap<ref name="rhotic">{{IPAslink|ɾ}} can surface as a trill {{IPAblink|r}} in word-initial and syllable-final positions. Geminate {{IPAslink|ɾː}} is always a trill.</ref>''
|
|
|
|
|{{IPA link|ɾ}}
|r
|र
|ر
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Fricative consonant|''Fricative'']]
![[Voicelessness|''voiceless'']]
|{{IPA link|f}}
|f
|फ़
|ف
|{{IPA link|s}}
|s
|स
|س
|([[ʂ]])
|ṣ
|ष
|شؕ
|{{IPA link|ʃ}}
|ś
|श
|ش
|
|
|
|
|({{IPA link|x}})
|x
|ख़
|خ
| rowspan="3" |{{IPA link|ɦ}}
| rowspan="3" |h
| rowspan="3" |ह
| rowspan="3" |ہ
|-
![[Voice (phonetics)|''voiced'']]
| rowspan="2" |{{IPA link|ʋ}}~{{IPA link|w}}
| rowspan="2" |v / w
| rowspan="2" |व
| rowspan="2" |و
|{{IPA link|z}}
|z
|ज़
|ز
|
|
|
|
|({{IPA link|ʒ}})
|zh
|झ़
|ژ
|
|
|
|
|({{IPA link|ɣ}})
|ġ
|ग़
|غ
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Approximant consonant|''Approximant'']]
|{{IPA link|l}}
|l
|ल
|ل
|
|
|
|
|{{IPA link|j}}
|y
|य
|ی
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

==Morphology==
{{see also|Hindustani declension}}

===Nouns===
Hindustani distinguishes two [[grammatical gender|genders]] (masculine and feminine), two noun types ([[count noun|count]] and non-count), two [[grammatical number|numbers]] (singular and plural), and three [[grammatical case|case]]s ([[direct case|nominative]], [[oblique case|oblique]], and [[vocative case|vocative]]).<ref name="Kachru">{{cite book |last1=Kachru |first1=Yamuna |title=Hindi |date=2006 |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing |isbn=978-90-272-3812-2 }}{{page needed|date=November 2021}}</ref> Nouns may be further divided into two classes based on [[declension]], called type-I, type-II, and type-III. The basic difference between the two categories is that the former two have characteristic [[suffix|termination]]s in the nominative singular while the latter does not.{{sfn|Shapiro|2003|pp=262–263}}

The table below displays the suffix paradigms. A [[hyphen]] symbol (for the marked type-I) denotes change from the original termination to another (for example '''''laṛkā''''' to '''''laṛke''''' in the masculine singular oblique), whereas a [[Plus and minus signs|plus]] sign (for the unmarked type-II) denotes an ending which should be added ('''''seb''''' to '''''sebõ''''' in the masculine plural oblique). -Ø denotes that no suffix is added to the noun stem. The next table of noun [[declension]]s shows the above noun case paradigms in action.<ref name=":22" />
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | !! colspan="3" | ''Singular''!! colspan="3" | ''Plural''
! rowspan="2" |''Translation''
|-
! ''Nominative''!! ''Oblique''
!''Vocative''!! ''Nominative''!! ''Oblique''!! ''Vocative''
|-
! rowspan="4" |''{{abbr|m.|masculine}}''!! ''I''
| -''ā'' ''laṛkā''
| colspan="2" | -''e'' ''laṛke''
| -''e'' ''laṛke''
| -''õ'' ''laṛkõ''
| -''o'' ''laṛko''
|''boy''
|-
! rowspan="2" | ''II''
| colspan="4" | -''ī'' ''ādmī''
| -''iyõ'' ''ādmiyõ''
| -''iyo'' ''ādmiyo''
|''man''
|-
| colspan="4" | -''ū'' ''cāqū''
| -''uõ'' ''cāquõ''
| -''uo'' ''cāquo''
|''knife''
|-
! ''III''
| colspan="4" | -''Ø'' ''seb''
| +''õ'' ''sebõ''
| +''o'' ''sebo''
|''apple''
|-
! rowspan="2" |''{{abbr|f.|feminine}}''!! ''I''
| colspan="3" | -''ī, -i, -iyā'' ''laṛkī''
| -''iyā̃'' ''laṛkīyā̃''
| -''iyõ'' ''laṛkīyõ''
| -''iyo'' ''laṛkīyo''
|''girl''
|-
! ''II''
| colspan="3" | -''Ø'' ''bhāṣā''
| +''ẽ'' ''bhāṣāẽ''
| +''õ'' ''bhāṣāõ''
| +''o'' ''bhāṣāo''
|''language''
|}

'''Notes:'''
# The [[semi-consonant]] '''-y-''' is added after the noun stem before adding the declension suffix in the plural declension when the noun stem ends in a vowel.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=VAN OLPHEN|first=HERMAN|date=1975|title=Aspect, Tense, and Mood in the Hindi Verb|journal=Indo-Iranian Journal|volume=16|issue=4|pages=284–301|doi=10.1163/000000075791615397|issn=0019-7246|jstor=24651488|s2cid=161530848 }}</ref>
# A small number of marked masculine nouns like '''''kuā̃''''' display [[nasalization]] of all terminations.{{sfn|Shapiro|2003|p=262}}
# Some masculine nouns (which refer to family relations) ending in -'''ā''' do not change in the nominative plural and fall in the unmarked category. i.e. '''''pāpā''''' "father", '''''cācā''''' "[[uncle]]", '''''rājā''''' "[[king]]".{{sfn|Snell|Weightman|1989|p=24}}
# Unmarked nouns ending in '''''-ū''''' and '''''-ī''''' generally shorten this to '''''-u''''' and '''''-i''''' before the oblique (and vocative) plural terminations, with the latter also inserting the semivowel '''''y'''''.{{sfn|Snell|Weightman|1989|p=24}}{{sfn|Snell|Weightman|1989|p=43}}{{sfn|Shapiro|2003|p=263}}
# Many feminine [[Sanskrit]] loanwords such as '''''bhāṣā''''' ('language') and '''''mātā''''' (mother) end in ''-'''ā''''', therefore the ending ''-'''ā''''' is not always a reliable indicator of noun gender.{{sfn|Snell|Weightman|1989|p=24}}
# In Urdu, many Arabic words may retain their original [[Dual (grammatical number)|dual]] and [[plural]] markings. i.e. '''''vālid''''' "father" → '''''vālidain''''' "[[parent]]s".
# The ''-'''iyā''''' ending is also not always a reliable indicator of gender or noun type. Some words such as '''''pahiyā''''' ('wheel') and [[Persian language|Persian]] '''''takiyā''''' ('pillow') are masculine type-I: '''{{Transliteration|hi|pahiye}}''' ('wheels'), '''''takiye''''' ('pillows'). Feminine loanwords such as [[Arabic language|Arabic]] '''''duniyā''''' ('world') and [[Sanskrit]] '''''kriyā''''' ('action') use feminine type-II endings: '''''duniyāẽ''''' ('worlds'), '''''kriyāẽ''''' ('actions').
# [[Persian language|Perso]]-[[Arabic language|Arabic]] [[loanword|loan]]s ending in final unpronounced '''''-h''''' are handled as masculine marked nouns.{{sfn|Schmidt|2003|p=313}} Hence '''{{Transliteration|ur|bacca(h)}}''' → '''{{Transliteration|hi|baccā}}'''. The former is the Urdu spelling, the latter the Hindi. The pronunciation is '''{{Transliteration|hi|baccā}}''' in both cases.

===Adjectives===
[[Adjective]]s may be divided into '''declinable''' and '''indeclinable''' categories.<ref name="Shapiro2003p264">{{Harvcoltxt|Shapiro|2003|p=264}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Kachru|first=Yamuna|title=Hindi|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company|year=2006|isbn=90-272-3812-X|location=Philadelphia, PA|pages=65}}</ref> Declinables are marked, through termination, for the gender, number, case of the nouns they qualify. The set of declinable adjective terminations is similar but greatly simplified in comparison to that of noun terminations. Indeclinable adjectives are completely invariable, and can end in either [[consonant]]s or [[vowel]]s (including '''''ā''''' and '''''ī''' ''). A number of declinables display nasalisation of all terminations.<ref name="Shapiro2003p264" /> Nominative masculine singular form ('''''-ā''''') is the [[citation form]].

All adjectives can be used either [[Attributive adjective#Attributive.2C predicative.2C absolute.2C and substantive adjectives|attributively, predicatively, or substantively]]. Substantively they are declined as nouns rather than adjectives. The [[Semblative case|semblative postposition]] '''''sā''''' is used with adjectives for modifying or lightening their meaning; giving them an "-ish", "-esque", "like", or "quite" sense. e.g. '''''nīlā''''' "blue" → '''''nīlā sā''''' "bluish". Its emphasis is rather ambiguous, sometimes enhancing, sometimes toning down, the sense of the adjective.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Snell|Weightman|1989|p=117}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="3" |''Singular''
! colspan="3" |''Plural''
! rowspan="2" |''Translation''
|-
! ''Nominative''
!''Oblique''
!''Vocative''!! ''Nominative''
!''Oblique''
!''Vocative''
|-
! rowspan="4" | ''Declinable''
! rowspan="2" |''I''!!''{{abbr|m.|masculine}}''
| ''-ā''
''acchā''
| colspan="5" | ''-e''
''acche''
| rowspan="2" |''good''
|-
!''{{abbr|f.|feminine}}''
| colspan="6" | ''-ī''
''acchī''
|-
! rowspan="2" |''II''
!''{{abbr|m.|masculine}}''
| ''-yā̃''
''dāyā̃''
| colspan="5" | ''-yẽ''
''dāyẽ''
| rowspan="2" |''right (direction)''
|-
!''{{abbr|f.|feminine}}''
| colspan="6" | ''-yī̃''
''dāyī̃''
|-
! colspan="3" | ''Indeclinable''
| colspan="6" | ''-Ø''
''lāl''
|''red''
|}
* ''Examples of declinable (type-I) adjectives:'' '''''baṛā''''' "big", '''''choṭā''''' "small", '''''acchā''''' "good", '''''burā''''' "bad", '''''kālā''''' "black", '''''ṭhanḍā''''' "cold"..
* ''Examples of declinable (type-II) adjectives:'' '''''dāyā̃''''' ''"right (direction)", '''bāyā̃ "'''left (direction)".''
* ''Examples of indeclinable adjectives'': '''''xarāb''''' "bad", '''''sāf''''' "clean", '''''bhārī''''' "heavy", '''''murdā''''' "dead", '''''sundar''''' "beautiful", '''''pāgal''''' "crazy/mad", '''''lāl''''' "red".

====Comparatives and superlatives====
[[Comparative|Comparison]]s are made by using the [[Instrumental case|instrumental]] [[postposition]] '''''se''''' ([[#Postpositions|see below]]) the noun takes the oblique case and the combination of ''"noun + postposition"'' gets the [[instrumental case]], and words like '''''aur''''', '''''zyādā''''' ("more") and '''''kam''''' ("less") are added for relative comparisons. The word for "more" (zyādā) is optional, while "less" (kam) is required, so that in the absence of either, "more" will be inferred.
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
! Hindustani
|-
|{{interlinear|Gītā Gautam-se lambī hai|gita {than gautam} tall is|Gita is taller than Gautam.}}
|-
|{{interlinear|Gītā Gautam-se zyādā lambī hai|gita {than gautam} more tall is|Gita is taller than Gautam.}}
|-
|{{interlinear|Gītā Gautam-se adhik lambī hai|gita {than gautam} more tall is|Gita is taller than Gautam.}}
|-
|{{interlinear|Gītā Gautam-se aur lambī hai|gita {than gautam} more tall is|Gita is even more tall than Gautam.}}
|-
|{{interlinear|Gītā Gautam jitnī lambī hai|gita gautam {as much} tall is|Gita is as tall as Gautam.}}
|-
|{{interlinear|Gītā Gautam-se kam lambī hai|gita {than gautam} less tall is|Gita is less tall than Gautam.}}
|}

In the absence of an object of comparison the word for "more" is now no longer optional:
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
|-
|{{interlinear|baccā zyādā baṛā hai|kid more big is|The kid is bigger.}}
|{{interlinear|baccā adhik baṛā hai|kid more big is|The kid is bigger.}}
|{{interlinear|zyādā baṛā baccā|more big kid|The bigger kid.}}
|{{interlinear|aur baṛā baccā|more big kid|The bigger kid.}}
|-
|{{interlinear|baccā {utnā hi} lambā hai|kid {just as much} tall/long is|The kid is just as tall (as someone else).}}
|{{interlinear|{utnā hī} baṛā baccā|{just as much} big kid|The just as big kid.}}
|-
|{{interlinear|baccā kam baṛā hai|kid less big is|The kid is less big.}}
|{{interlinear|kam baṛā baccā|less big kid|The shorter kid.}}
|}

[[Superlative]]s are made through comparisons with '''''sab''''' ("all") with the [[Instrumental case|instrumental postposition]] '''''se''''' as the suffix. Comparisons using "least" are rare; it is more common to use an antonym.
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
|-
|{{interlinear|kamrā sabse sāf hai|room {than all} clean is|The room is the cleanest}}
|{{interlinear|sabse sāf kamrā|{than all} clean room|The cleanest room.}}
|-
|{{interlinear|kamrā sabse kam sāf hai|room {than all} less clean is|The room is the least clean}}
|{{interlinear|sabse kam sāf kamrā|{than all} less clean room|The least clean room}}
|-
|{{interlinear|kamrā sabse gandā hai|room {than all} dirty is|The room is the dirtiest}}
|{{interlinear|sabse gandā kamrā|{than all} dirty room|The dirtiest room.}}
|}

In Sanskritised and Persianised [[Register (sociolinguistics)|register]]s of Hindustani, comparative and superlative adjectival forms using suffixes derived from those languages can be found.<ref name="Shapiro 2003 265">{{Harvcoltxt|Shapiro|2003|p=265}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
|-
! !! English
!Sanskrit
!Persian
|-
! Comparative
| -er
| colspan="2" | -tar
|-
! Superlative
| -est
| -tam
| -tarīn
|}

===Numerals===
{{main|Hindustani numerals}}
The numeral systems of several of the Indo-Aryan languages, including Hindustani and [[Nepali language|Nepali]], are typical [[decimal]] systems, but contracted to the extent that nearly every number 1–99 is irregular.<ref>{{Citation|last=McGregor|first=Ronald Stuart|title=Outline of Hindi Grammar|pages=61–62|year=1987|edition=2nd revised|place=Oxford|publisher=Clarendon Press}}</ref> The first four, and sixth, [[Ordinal number (linguistics)|ordinal numbers]] are also irregular. The suffix ''-'''vā̃''''' marks ordinals five and seven onwards. The ordinals decline in the same way as the declinable adjectives. The suffix -'''''gunā''''' (translates as "times" as in multiplying) marks the multipliers which for the first three multipliers changes the numeral root. The collective forms of numerals take the same form as the oblique plural case for masculine nouns. They are formed by adding the suffix '''-''õ'''''''. There are two types of adverbials. The first type is formed using the suffix -'''''bārā''''' but only for the numerals 2, 3, and 4 (but it's rarely used for 3 and even more rarely for 4). The second type of adverbial is constructed periphrastically using the quantifier '''''bār''''' meaning "times" (as in turns). The adverbial "''dobārā''" could be translated as "again" or "for a second time", similarly "''tibārā''" and "''caubārā''" mean "for a third time" and "for a fourth time" respectively. However, the periphrasatic adverbial constructions "''do bār''", "''tīn bār''" etc. translate as "two times", "three times" etc. respectively.
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
|-
! ''Numeral''!! ''English''
!''Cardinals''
!''Ordinals''
!''Multipliers''
!''Collective''
! colspan="2" |''Adverbial''
!''Fractional''
|-
! ''0''
!''zero''
|''śūnyaH,'' ''sifarU''
|''śūnyavā̃H,'' ''sifarvā̃U''
|''śūnyagunā''
|''—''
|''—''
|''śūnya bār''
|''—''
|-
!''1''
!''one''
|''ek''
|''pehlā, prathamH, avvalU''
|''ekgunā''
|''—''
|''—''
|''ek bār''
|''pūrā''
|-
!''2''
!''two''
|''do''
|''dūsrā'', ''dvitīyaH'', ''domU''
|''dugnā, dogunā''
|''donõ''
|''dobārā, dubārā''
|''do bār''
|''ādhā''
|-
!''3''
!''three''
|''tīn''
|''tīsrā, tṛtīyaH'', ''somU''
|''tigunā, tīngunā''
|''tīnõ''
|''tibārā''
|''tīn bār''
|''tihāī''
|-
!''4''
!''four''
|''cār''
|''cauthā, caturthH'', ''cahāramU''
|''caugunā, cārgunā''
|''cārõ''
|''caubārā''
|''cār bār''
|''cauthāī''
|-
!''5''
!''five''
|''pā̃c''
|''pā̃cvā̃, pañcamH'', ''pãjamU''
|''pā̃cgunā'', ''pacgunā''
|''pācõ''
|''—''
|''pā̃c bār''
|''—''
|-
!''6''
!''six''
|''cheh''
|''chaṭhā, chaṭhvā̃, ṣaṣṭH'', ''šašmU''
|''chehgunā''
|''cheõ''
|''—''
|''cheh bār''
|''—''
|-
!''7''
!''seven''
|''sāt''
|''sātvā̃, saptamH'', ''haftamU''
|''sātgunā''
|''sātõ''
|''—''
|''sāt bār''
|''—''
|-
!''8''
!''eight''
|''āṭh''
|''āṭhvā̃, așțamH'', ''haštamU''
|''āṭhgunā''
|''āṭhõ''
|''—''
|''āṭh bār''
|''—''
|-
!''9''
!''nine''
|''nau''
|''nauvā̃, navā̃, navamH'', ''nahamU''
|''naugunā''
|''nauõ''
|''—''
|''nau bār''
|''—''
|-
!''10''
!''ten''
|''das''
|''dasvā̃, dašamH'', ''dahamU''
|''dasgunā''
|''dasõ''
|''—''
|''das bār''
|''dašam''
|-
!''100''
!''hundred''
|''sau, šatH, sadU''
|''sauvā̃, šatatamH, sadumU''
|''saugunā''
|''sauõ''
|''—''
|''sau bār''
|''—''
|-
!''1,000''
!''thousand''
|''sahas, sahasraH, hazārB''
|''sahasvā̃, sahasratamH, hazārumH, hazārvā̃B''
|''sahasgunā, hazārgunā''
|''sahasõ, hazārõ''
|''—''
|''sahas bār, hazār bār''
|''—''
|-
!''100,000''
!''hundred thousand''
|''lākh''
|''lākhvā̃''
|''lākhgunā''
|''lākhõ''
|''—''
|''lākh bār''
|''—''
|-
!''10,000,000''
!''ten million''
|''karoṛ, koțiH''
|''karoṛvā̃, koțitamH''
|''karoṛguna''
|''karoṛõ''
|''—''
|''karoṛ bār''
|''—''
|}
''H = Hindi; U = Urdu; B = Both but comes from Persian''

===Postpositions===
The aforementioned [[inflection]]al [[grammatical case|case]] system only goes so far on its own, and rather serves as that upon which is built a system of [[agglutinative]] [[suffix]]es or [[Grammatical particle|particle]]s known as [[postposition]]s, which parallel [[English language|English]]'s [[preposition]]s. It is their use with a noun or verb that necessitates the noun or verb taking the oblique case (though the bare oblique is also sometimes used [[adverb]]ially<ref name="Shapiro2003p266">{{Harvcoltxt|Shapiro|2003|p=266}}</ref>), and it is with them that the locus of grammatical function or "case-marking" then lies. There are eight such "one-word" primary case-marking postpositions.

==== Primary postpositions ====
{|
|
{| class="wikitable"
|+Case-markers
!''Case''
!''Marker''
!''Example''
!''English''
!''Explanation''
|-
|[[Nominative case|'''''Nominative''''']]
|''—''
|''laṛkā''
|''the boy''
|marks the subject
|-
|[[Ergative case|'''''Ergative''''']]
|''ne''
|''laṛke ne''
|''the boy''
|marks the subject for [[transitive verb]]s in their [[perfective aspect]]
|-
|[[Accusative case|'''''Accusative''''']]
| rowspan="2" |''ko''
| rowspan="2" |''laṛke ko''
|''the boy''
|marks the direct object
|-
|[[Dative case|'''''Dative''''']]
|''to the boy''
|marks the direct object; can also mark [[Quirky subject|dative subjects]]<ref name=":32">Bhatt, Rajesh (2003). Experiencer subjects. Handout from MIT course "Structure of the Modern Indo-Aryan Languages".</ref> (see also [[Dative construction#Hindustani|Dative construction § Hindustani]])
|-
|[[Instrumental case|'''''Instrumental''''']]
| rowspan="2" |''se''
| rowspan="2" |''laṛke se''
|''with the boy''
|marks the instrument of the action; "with", "using", "by"
|-
|[[Ablative case|'''''Ablative''''']]
|''from the boy''
|[[Ablative case|ablative]], and [[Perlative case|perlative]] marker; "from", "through", "along"
|-
|[[Genitive case|'''''Genitive''''']]
|''kā''
|''laṛke kā''
|''boy's''
|shows possession;
|-
|[[Inessive case|'''''Inessive''''']]
|''mẽ''
|''laṛke mẽ''
|''in the boy''
|shows something is in/inside something;
|-
|[[Adessive case|'''''Adessive''''']]
|''pe/par''
|''laṛke pe''
|''on the boy''
|shows something is on/at something;
|-
|[[Terminative case|'''''Terminative''''']]
|''tak''
|''laṛke tak''
|''till the boy''
|shows end or limit; "until", "till", "up to".
|-
|[[Semblative case|'''''Semblative''''']]
|''sā''
|''laṛke sā''
|''boy-ish''
|shows resemblance and similarity; "like", "similar to", "resembles","-esque", "-ish".
|}
|
{| class="wikitable"
|+Genitive & Semblative Marker Declension
! rowspan="2" |'''''Case'''''
! colspan="2" |''{{abbr|m.|masculine}}''
! colspan="2" |''{{abbr|f.|feminine}}''
|-
!'''''Singular'''''
!'''''Plural'''''
!'''''Singular'''''
!'''''Plural'''''
|-
|'''[[Nominative case|''Nominative'']]'''
| ''-ā''
| ''-e''
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" | ''-ī''
|-
|'''[[Oblique case|''Oblique'']]'''
| colspan="2" | ''-e''
|}
|}
* Out of these 8 postpositions, the [[Genitive case|genitive]] and [[Semblative case|semblative]] postpositions '''''kā''''' & '''''sā''''' decline to agree with the [[Grammatical gender|gender]], [[Grammatical number|number]], and [[Grammatical case|case]] of the object it shows possession of and the object whose semblance is described.
* For some verbs like '''''bolnā''''' (to speak/say), the speaker can use both the [[Instrumental case|instrumental]] marker '''''se''''' and the [[Accusative case|accusative]]/[[Dative case|dative]] marker '''''ko'''''. For example, '''''rāhul se bolo''''' and '''''rāhul ko bolo''''' both translate to the same ''"Say it to Rahul.".'' However, the nuance expressed by both are different, instrumental marker '''''se''''' has a softer tone to it. '''''rāhul se bolo''''' is more like a suggestion in form of an imperative while '''''rāhul ko bolo''''' is an order.
* Beyond the list above, there is a large range of compound postpositions, constructed majoritarily from the genitive marker '''''kā''''' (in its oblique cases '''''ke''''' & '''''kī''''') plus an adverb. When using with pronouns, these all the compound postpositions can only be used with the genitive oblique case pronouns and the genitive '''''kī/ke''''' must be omitted before attaching them with the genitive oblique case.

==== Secondary postpositions ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Compound
Postpositions
!Explanation
!Compound
Postpositions
!Explanation
|-
!''kī taraf''
|[[Orientative case|orientative]] marker; "towards",
!'''''ke bāre'''''
|"concerning (something)"
|-
!''ke andar''
|[[Inessive case|inessive]] marker; "inside",
!''ke bād''
|[[Antessive case|antessive]] marker; "after"
|-
!''ke bāhar''
|[[Elative case|elative]] marker "outside"
!''ke pās''
|[[Adessive case|adessive]] marker; "near"
|-
!''ke baġal''
|[[Adessive case|adessive]] marker "adjacent"
!''ke jaisā''
|[[Semblative case|semblative]] marker, "like" "similar to"
|-
!''ke āge''
|[[Apudessive case|apudessive]] marker; "in front of, ahead of",
!''ke liye''
|[[Benefactive case|benefactive]] marker; "for"
|-
!''ke ūpar''
|[[Superessive case|superessive]] marker; "on top of, above"
!''ke sāmne''
|[[postessive case]] "facing, opposite, in front", etc.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Snell|Weightman|1989|pp=80–81}}</ref>
|-
!''ke nīce''
|[[Subessive case|subessive]] marker; "beneath, below"
!''ke pīche''
|[[Pertingent case|pertingent]] marker; "behind"
|-
!''ke binā/baġair''
|[[Abessive case|abessive]] marker; "without"
!''ke dvārā/zariye''
|[[Perlative case|perlative]] marker; "via, through, by"
|}
Some compound postpositions do not have the genitive marker as their primary postposition, such as:
{| class="wikitable"
!Compound
Postpositions
!Explanation
|-
!''tak mẽ''
| [[limitative]] marker "within"
|}

==== Tertiary postpositions ====
Some other compound postpositions with two secondary postpositions (called tertiary postposition) can be constructed by adding primary postpositions to some of the compound postpositions shown above.
{| class="wikitable"
!Compound
Postpositions
!Marker
!Explanation
|-
!''ke bāre mẽ''
|"about"
|''"regarding/concerning/about something"''
|-
!''ke bād mẽ''
|[[Antessive case|antessive]] marker; "after (emphatic)"
|''"(in a sequence) something is after something"''
|-
!''ke sāth mẽ''
|[[Sociative case|sociative]] marker; "with (emphatic)"
|''"something is along/together with something else"''
|-
!''ke nīce mẽ''
|[[Subessive case|subessive]] marker; "beneath, below (emphatic)"
|''"location of something is below something else"''
|-
!''kī vajah se''
|[[Causal case|causal]] marker, "because of"
|''"something happens/ed because of (fault of) something else"''
|-
!''ke pīche se''
|[[Postelative case|postelative]] marker; "from behind"
|''"motion/movement from behind something"''
|-
!''ke andar se''
|[[Inessive case|inessive]] marker; "inside",
|''"motion/movement from inside something"''
|-
!''ke āge se''
|"from in front"
|''"motion/movement from in front of something"''
|-
!''ke pās se''
|[[Ablative case|adelative]] marker; "from near (something)"
|''"motion/movement near something"''
|-
!''ke nīce se''
|[[Subessive case|subessive]] marker; "beneath, below"
|''"motion/movement from below something"''
|-
!''ke ūpar se''
|[[Delative case|delative]] marker; "from above"
|''"motion/movement from above something"''
|-
!''ke ūpar ko''
|[[Sublative case|sublative]] marker;
|''"motion/movement onto a surface"''
|-
!''kī taraf ko''
|"towards [a direction] (emphatic)"
|''"motion/movement towards a direction"''
|}

===Pronouns===

====Personal and non-personal pronouns====
Hindustani has [[personal pronoun]]s for the first and second persons, while for the third person [[demonstrative]]s are used, which can be categorised [[Deixis|deictically]] as proximate and non-proximate.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Shapiro|2003|pp=264–265}}</ref> '''''tū''''', '''''tum''''', and '''''āp''''' are the three ''2P'' pronouns, constituting a threefold scale of sociolinguistic formality: respectively, ''intimate'', ''familiar'', and ''formal''. The ''2P'' intimate conjugations are grammatically singular while the ''2P'' familiar and formal conjugations are grammatically plural.<ref name="Shapiro 2003 265" /> For the non-personal pronouns (demonstrative, relative, and interrogative) the plural forms are also the formal forms.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Snell|Weightman|1989|p=21}}</ref><ref name=":222">{{Cite book|last=Shapiro|first=Michael C.|title=A Primer of Modern Standard Hindi|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|year=2003a|isbn=81-208-0475-9|location=New Delhi|pages=265}}</ref> [[Pronoun]]s in Hindustani do not distinguish [[Grammatical gender|gender]] however they distinguish the [[Direct case|nominative]], [[Oblique case|oblique]], and the common [[Accusative case|accusative]]/[[dative]] [[grammatical case]]s. The latter-most, often called a set of [[Contraction (grammar)|contracted]] forms, is used synonymously with the dative/accusative pronoun constructed from the oblique case by suffixing the dative/accusative [[postposition]] '''''ko'''''. So, for e.g., '''''mujhe''''' and '''''mujhko''''' are synonymous dative/accusative pronouns.

The ''1P'' and ''2P'' pronouns (except the formal ''2P'' pronoun '''''āp''''') have their own distinctive genitive forms '''''merā''''', '''''hamārā''''', '''''terā''''', & '''''tumhārā''''' unlike the non-personal pronouns whose genitive forms are constructed employing the [[oblique case]] pronoun to which the genitive postposition '''''kā''''' is suffixed ('''''OBL''. + ''kā'''''). The personal pronouns (except the formal 2P '''''āp''''') colloquially can also take the genitive oblique case before primary postpositions. So, instead of '''''mujhe''''' or '''''mujhko''''', the [[Periphrasis|periphrastic]] construction '''''mere ko''''' is fairly commonly heard as a synonym to '''''mujhe'''/'''mujhko''''' in colloquial speech.

To construct the [[Ergative case|ergative]] case pronouns, the ergative postposition '''''ne''''' is suffixed to the nominative case forms rather than the oblique case forms for the personal pronouns, while the ''[[demonstrative]]'', ''[[Relative pronoun|relative]]'', and ''[[Interrogative word|interrogative]]'' pronouns have unique ergative oblique case forms to which '''''ne''''' gets suffixed. So, rather than '''*''mujh-ne''''' and '''*''tujh-ne''''', it's '''''maĩ-ne''''' and '''''tū-ne''''', and for the non-personal pronouns (e.g., for demonstrative plural) it's '''''inhõ-ne''''' and '''''unhõ-ne'''.'' The ''1P'' plural and the ''2P'' familiar pronouns also have an emphatic ergative case form which respectively are '''''hamī̃ne''''' and '''''tumhī̃ne''''' which are derived using the exclusive emphatic particle '''''hī''''' as '''''ham + hī + ne''''' and '''''tum + hī + ne'''.'' For the rest of the personal pronouns, the inclusive emphatic particle '''''hī''''' must come after the pronoun in ergative case and never between the pronoun and the postposition '''''ne'''''. So, rather than '''*''maĩ-hī-ne''''', it's [[Periphrasis|periphrastically]] constructed as '''''maĩne hī'''.'' As for the non-personal pronouns, both ways of constructing the emphatic forms are grammatically valid. So, for e.g. the demonstrative proximal singular emphatic pronoun '''''isīne''''' and '''''isne hī''''' are synonymous. The emphatic forms for the relative pronouns are constructed [[Periphrasis|periphrastically]] as well, but they instead use the inclusive emphatic particle '''''bhī'''.'' So, the emphatic form of the relative singular ergative pronoun '''''jisne''''' is '''''jisne bhī''''' meaning "whoever" and not '''''*jis-bhī-ne''''', which not a valid construction.

Compound postpositions must be used with the genitive oblique cases when using them with the personal pronouns (except the ''2P'' formal '''''āp'''''). So, when using the compound postposition '''''ke andar –''' "inside"'', '''*''mujh-ke andar''''' and '''*''mujh andar''''' are grammatically invalid constructions and instead it should be '''''mere andar –''''' ''"inside me"''. The compound postpositions that have the primary postposition '''''kī''''' in place of '''''kā''''' must have the genitive oblique case declined to the feminine gender. So, when using the postposition '''''kī taraf''''' – "towards", it should be '''''merī taraf''''' and not '''''*mere taraf.'''''

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" rowspan="4" |Case
! colspan="5" |[[Personal pronoun|Personal]]
|-
! colspan="2" |1st person
! colspan="3" |2nd person
|-
! rowspan="2" |{{abbr|sg.|singular}}
! rowspan="2" |{{abbr|pl.|plural}}
!{{abbr|sg.|singular}}
! colspan="2" |{{abbr|sg.|singular}} & {{abbr|pl.|plural}}
|-
!Intimate
!Familiar
!Formal
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Nominative case|Nominative]]
|''maĩ''
|''ham''
|''tū''
|''tum''
|''āp''
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Ergative case|Ergative]]
!Regular
|''maĩne''
|''hamne''
|''tūne''
|''tumne''
|''āpne''
|-
!Emphatic
|''—''
|''hamī̃ne''
|''—''
|''tumhī̃ne''
|''—''
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Dative case|Dative]]
| rowspan="2" |''mujhe''
| rowspan="2" |''hamẽ''
| rowspan="2" |''tujhe''
| rowspan="2" |''tumhẽ''
| rowspan="2" |''āpko''
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Accusative case|Accusative]]
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Oblique case|Oblique]]
!Regular
|''mujh''
|''ham''
|''tujh''
|''tum''
|''āp''
|-
!Emphatic
|''mujhī''
|''hamī̃''
|''tujhī''
|''tumhī̃''
|''—''
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" rowspan="4" |Case
! colspan="4" |[[Demonstrative pronouns|Demonstrative]]
! colspan="2" |[[Relative pronoun|Relative]]
! colspan="2" |[[Interrogative word|Interrogative]]
|-
! colspan="8" |3rd person
|-
! colspan="2" |Proximal
! colspan="2" |Non-proximal
! rowspan="2" |{{abbr|sg.|singular}}
! rowspan="2" |{{abbr|pl.|plural}}
! rowspan="2" |{{abbr|sg.|singular}}
! rowspan="2" |{{abbr|pl.|plural}}
|-
!{{abbr|sg.|singular}}
!{{abbr|pl.|plural}}
!{{abbr|sg.|singular}}
!{{abbr|pl.|plural}}
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Nominative case|Nominative]]
!Literary
|''yah''<ref name=":5">Hindi only. Urdu singular and plural forms remain the same in both the literary forms and colloquial forms.</ref>
|''ye''
|''vah''<ref name=":5" />
|''ve''<ref name=":5" />
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |''jo''
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |''kaun, kyā''
|-
!Colloquial
| colspan="2" |''ye''
| colspan="2" |''vo''
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Ergative case|Ergative]]
!Regular
|''isne''
|''inhõne''
|''usne''
|''unhõne''
|''jisne''
|''jinhõne''
|''kisne''
|''kinhõne''
|-
!Emphatic
|''isīne''
|''inhī̃ne''
|''usīne''
|''unhī̃ne''
|''—''
|''—''
|''kisīne''
|''kinhī̃ne''
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Dative case|Dative]]
| rowspan="2" |''ise''
| rowspan="2" |''inhẽ''
| rowspan="2" |''use''
| rowspan="2" |''unhẽ''
| rowspan="2" |''jise''
| rowspan="2" |''jinhẽ''
| rowspan="2" |''kise''
| rowspan="2" |''kinhẽ''
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Accusative case|Accusative]]
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Oblique case|Oblique]]
!Regular
|''is''
|''in''
|''us''
|''un''
|''jis''
|''jin''
|''kis''
|''kin''
|-
!Emphatic
|''isī''
|''inhī̃''
|''usī''
|''unhī̃''
|''—''
|''—''
|''kisī''
|''kinhī̃''
|}

{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3" rowspan="4" |Case
! colspan="4" |[[Possessive pronouns|Possessive]] & [[Genitive case|Genitive]]
|-
! colspan="2" |1st Person
! colspan="2" |2nd Person
|-
! rowspan="2" |{{abbr|sg.|singular}}
! rowspan="2" |{{abbr|pl.|plural}}
!{{abbr|sg.|singular}}
!{{abbr|sg.|singular}} & {{abbr|pl.|plural}}
|-
!Intimate
!Familiar
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Nominative case|Nominative]]
! rowspan="3" |{{abbr|m.|masculine}}
!{{abbr|sg.|singular}}
|''merā''
|''hamārā''
|''terā''
|''tumhārā''
|-
!{{abbr|pl.|plural}}
| rowspan="2" |''mere''
| rowspan="2" |''hamāre''
| rowspan="2" |''tere''
| rowspan="2" |''tumhāre''
|-
![[Oblique case|Oblique]]
!{{abbr|sg.|singular}} & {{abbr|pl.|plural}}
|-
![[Nominative case|Nominative]]
! rowspan="2" |{{abbr|f.|feminine}}
!{{abbr|sg.|singular}} & {{abbr|pl.|plural}}
| rowspan="2" |''merī''
| rowspan="2" |''hamārī''
| rowspan="2" |''terī''
| rowspan="2" |''tumhārī''
|-
![[Oblique case|Oblique]]
!{{abbr|sg.|singular}} & {{abbr|pl.|plural}}
|}

;Note:
# Postpositions are treated as [[bound morpheme]]s after pronouns in Hindi, but as separate words in Urdu.<ref name="Schmidt2003p293">{{Harvcoltxt|Schmidt|2003|p=293}}</ref>
# The varying forms for the demonstrative nominative case pronouns constitute one of the small number of grammatical differences between Hindi and Urdu. In Hindi, '''yah''' "this" / '''ye''' "these" / '''vah''' "that" / '''ve''' "those" are considered the literary pronoun set while in Urdu, '''ye''' "this, these" / '''vo''' "that, those" is the only pronoun set.
# The above [[#Postpositions|section on postpositions]] noted that '''ko''' (the dative/accusative case) marks direct objects if [[definiteness|definite]]. As "the most specific thing of all is an individual", persons (or their pronouns) nearly always take the dative case or postposition.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Snell|Weightman|1989|p=68}}</ref>
# It is very common practice to use plural pronouns (and their accompanying conjugation) in formal situations, thus '''tum''' can be used in the second person when referring to one person. Similarly, some speakers prefer plural '''ham''' over singular '''maĩ'''. This is usually not quite the same as the "[[Pluralis majestatis|royal we]]"; it is rather colloquial.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Snell|Weightman|1989|p=106}}</ref>

==== Reflexive pronouns ====
'''''apnā''''' is a (genitive) [[reflexive pronoun]]: "my/your/etc. (own)".<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Snell|Weightman|1989|p=79}}</ref> Using non-reflexive and reflexive together gives emphasis; e.g. '''''merā apnā''''' "my (very) own".<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Snell|Weightman|1989|p=80}}</ref> '''''xud''''', '''''āp''''', and '''''svayam''''' are some (nominative; non-genitive) others: "my/your/etc.-self".<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Snell|Weightman|1989|p=198}}</ref> Bases for oblique usage are usually '''''apne''' (self)'' or '''''apne āp''' (automatically)''. The latter alone can also mean "of one's own accord"; '''''āpas mẽ''''' means "among/between oneselves".<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Snell|Weightman|1989|p=199}}</ref>
{|
|
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |''Reflexive Pronouns''
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |''Case''
!''Singular''
!''Plural''
!''Singular''
!''Plural''
! rowspan="2" |''Translation''
|-
! colspan="2" |''Masculine''
! colspan="2" |''Feminine''
|-
! rowspan="4" |'''''Undeclinable'''''
! colspan="2" rowspan="4" |'''''Nominative'''''
'''''&'''''

'''''Oblique'''''
| colspan="4" |''xud''
|''self''
|-
| colspan="4" |''svayam''
|''self''
|-
| colspan="4" |''apne āp''
|''by oneself, automatically''
|-
| colspan="4" |''āpas mẽ''
|''among oneselves''
|-
! rowspan="3" |'''''Declinable'''''
! colspan="2" |'''''Nominative'''''
|''apnā''
| rowspan="2" |''apne''
| rowspan="3" |''apnī''
| rowspan="2" |''apnī''
| rowspan="3" |''of one's own''
|-
! rowspan="2" |'''''Oblique'''''
!'''''with noun'''''
| rowspan="2" |''apne''
|-
!'''''sans noun'''''
|''apnõ''
|''apniyõ''
|}

|}

==== Indefinite quantifier pronouns ====
'''''koī''''' and '''''kuch''''' are [[indefinite pronoun]]s/[[Quantifier (linguistics)|quantifier]]s. As pronouns, '''''koī''''' is used for [[Animacy|animate]] singular ("someone") and '''''kuch''''' for animate plural and inanimates ("something").<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Snell|Weightman|1989|p=88}}</ref> As quantifiers/adjectives '''''koī''''' is used for singular [[count noun]]s and '''''kuch''''' for [[mass noun]]s and plural count nouns. '''''koī''''' takes the form '''''kisī''''' in the oblique. The form '''''kaī''''' is a [[Grammatical number#paucal|paucal]] equivalent to '''''koī''''', being used in the context of "several" or "a few" things.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Snell|Weightman|1989|p=89}}</ref> '''''kuch''''' can also act as an [[adverb]], qualifying an adjective, meaning "rather". '''''koī''''' preceding a number takes the meaning of "about, approximately". In this usage it does not oblique to '''''kisī'''''.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Snell|Weightman|1989|p=90}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |''Indefinite quantifier''
''pronouns''
! colspan="2" |''nominative''
! colspan="2" |''oblique''
! rowspan="2" |''Translation''
|-
!''animate''
!''inanimate''
!''animate''
!''inanimate''
|-
! rowspan="2" |''singular''
!'''''with noun'''''
| rowspan="2" |''koī''
|''kuch''
| rowspan="2" |''kisī''
|''kisī''
| rowspan="2" |''someone,''
''something''
|-
!'''''sans noun'''''
|''—''
|''—''
|-
! rowspan="2" |''paucal''
!'''''with noun'''''
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |''kuch''
| colspan="2" |''kuch''
| rowspan="2" |''some''
|-
!'''''sans noun'''''
|''kuchõ''
|''—''
|-
! rowspan="2" |''plural''
!'''''with noun'''''
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |''kaī''
| colspan="2" |''kaī''
| rowspan="2" |''several''
|-
!'''''sans noun'''''
|''kaiyõ''
|''—''
|}

====Adverbial pronouns====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | !! rowspan="2" |''Interrogative''!! rowspan="2" |''Relative''!! colspan="2" |''Demonstrative''
|-
! ''Proximal''!! ''Distant''
|-
! rowspan="4" |''Undeclinable''
!''Time''
|{{tooltip|2=when?|''kab''}}||{{tooltip|2=when|''jab''}}
|{{tooltip|2=now|''ab''}}||{{tooltip|2=then|''tab''}}
|-
!''Direction''
|{{tooltip|2=whither?|''kidhar''}}||{{tooltip|2=whither|''jidhar''}}
|{{tooltip|2=hither|''idhar''}}||{{tooltip|2=thither|''udhar''}}
|-
!''Place''
|{{tooltip|2=where?|''kahā̃''}}||{{tooltip|2=where|''jahā̃''}}
|{{tooltip|2=here|''yahā̃''}}||{{tooltip|2=there|''vahā̃''}}
|-
!''Manner''
|''kaise''
|''jaise''
|''aise''
|''vaise''
|-
! rowspan="2" |''Declinable''
!''Quantity''
|{{tooltip|2=how much/many?|''kitnā''}}
|{{tooltip|2=as much/many|''jitnā''}}
|{{tooltip|2=this much/many|''itnā''}}
|{{tooltip|2=that much/many|''utnā''}}
|-
!''Quality''
|''kaisā''
|''jaisā''
|''aisā''
|''vaisā''
|}
'''Note:'''

* The feminine plural forms are commonly used as singular respect forms and the feminine singular forms often are used interchangeably with the feminine plural forms.
* The declension pattern followed is the same as how genitive pronouns and postpositions decline.

==== Emphatic pronouns ====
Emphatic pronouns of Hindustani are formed by combining the exclusive emphatic particle '''''hī''''' or the inclusive emphatic particle '''''bhī''''' (with the interrogatory and relative pronouns respectively) and the pronoun in their regular oblique and nominative case. Usually, combining the emphatic particles and the pronouns with end with the consonant '''-h''' form a new set of emphatic nominative case and emphatic oblique case pronouns. The rest of the pronouns can also be combined with the exclusive emphatic particle but they do not form true pronouns, but simply add the emphatic particle as an adposition after them. The Relative and Interrogatory pronouns can only take the inclusive emphatic particle '''''bhī''''' as an adposition and never the exclusive emphatic particle '''''hī.'''''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" rowspan="4" |
! colspan="5" |Personal
! colspan="4" |Demonstrative
|-
! colspan="2" |1st person
! colspan="3" |2nd person
! colspan="4" |3rd person
|-
! rowspan="2" |Singular
! rowspan="2" |Plural
!Singular
! colspan="2" |Plural
! colspan="2" |Proximal
! colspan="2" |Non-proximal
|-
!Intimate
!Familiar
!Formal
!Singular
!Plural
!Singular
!Plural
|-
! colspan="2" |Nominative
|''—''
| rowspan="2" |{{tooltip|2=we/us|''hamī̃''}}
|''—''
| rowspan="2" |{{tooltip|2=you|''tumhī̃''}}
| rowspan="2" |''—''
|''yahī''
|''—''
|''vahī''
|''—''
|-
!Oblique
!Emphatic
|{{tooltip|2=me|''mujhī''}}
|{{tooltip|2=thee|''tujhī''}}
|{{tooltip|2=this/it/he/she|''isī''}}
|{{tooltip|2=them/these|''inhī̃''}}
|{{tooltip|2=him/her/it/that|''usī''}}
|''unhī̃''
|}

===Adverbs===
Hindustani has few underived forms.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Schmidt|2003|p=322}}</ref> [[Adverb]]s may be derived in ways such as the following —

# Simply obliquing some nouns and adjectives:
#* '''''nīcā''''' "low" → '''''nīce''''' "down"
#* '''''sīdhā''''' "straight" → '''''sīdhe''''' "straight"
#* '''''dhīrā''''' "slow" → '''''dhīre''''' "slowly"
#* '''''saverā''''' "morning" → '''''savere''''' "in the morning"
#* '''''ye taraf''''' "this direction" → '''''is taraf''''' "in this direction/this way"
#* '''''kalkattā''''' "[[Calcutta]]" → '''''kalkatte''''' "to Calcutta".
# Nouns using the instrumental marker '''''se''''' "by, with, -ly":
#* '''''zor''''' "force" → '''''zor se''''' "forcefully" (lit. "with force")
#* '''''dhyān''''' "attention" → '''''dhyān se''''' "attentively" (lit. "with attention")
# Adjectives using post-positional phrases involving "way, manner":
#* '''''acchā''''' "good" → '''''acche se''''' "well" (lit. "by/in a good way")
#* '''''xās''''' "special" → '''''xās taur pe''''' "especially" (lit. "on a special way")
# Verbs in conjunctive form:
#* '''''hãs''''' "laugh" → '''''hãske''''' "laughingly" (lit. "having laughed")
#* '''''meherbānī kar''''' "do kindness" → '''''meherbānī karke''''' "kindly, please" (lit. "having done kindness")<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Snell|Weightman|1989|pp=150}}</ref>
# Formative suffixes from Sanskrit or Perso-Arabic in higher registers of Hindi or Urdu
#* Skt. '''''sambhava''''' "possible" + '''''{{IAST|-taḥ}}''''' → '''''{{IAST|sambhavataḥ}}''''' "possibly".
#* Ara. '''''ittifāq''''' "chance" + '''''-an''''' → '''''ittifāqan''''' "by chance", "coincidentally".<ref name="Shapiro2003p266" />

==Verbs==
{{main|Hindustani verbs}}

===Overview===
The Hindustani [[verb]]al system is largely structured around a combination of [[Grammatical aspect|aspect]] and [[Grammatical tense|tense]]/[[Grammatical mood|mood]]. Like the nominal system, the Hindustani verb involves successive layers of (inflectional) elements to the right of the [[Root (linguistics)|lexical base]].<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Masica|1991|p=257}}</ref>

Hindustani has 3 aspects: [[perfective]], [[habitual aspect|habitual]], and [[Continuous and progressive aspects|progressive]], each having overt morphological correlates.<ref name="Shapiro2003p266"/> These are [[participle]] forms, inflecting for [[Grammatical gender|gender]] and [[Grammatical number|number]] by way of a vowel termination, like adjectives.<ref name="Schmidt2003p323"/> The perfective, though displaying a "number of irregularities and morphophonemic adjustments", is the simplest, being just the [[Word stem|verb stem]] followed by the agreement vowel. The habitual forms from the [[imperfective]] participle; verb stem, plus -''t''-, then vowel. The continuous forms [[Periphrasis|periphrastic]]ally through [[compound verb|compound]]ing ([[#Compounds|see below]]) with the perfective of '''''rahnā''''' "to stay".

The [[Copula (linguistics)|copula]] '''''honā''''' "to be" can be put into five grammatical moods: [[indicative]], [[Presumptive mood|presumptive]], [[subjunctive]], [[contrafactual]], and [[Imperative mood|imperative]]. Used both in basic predicative/existential sentences and as [[Auxiliary verb|verbal auxiliaries]] to aspectual forms, these constitute the basis of tense and mood.

Non-aspectual forms include the [[infinitive]], the [[Imperative mood|imperative]], and the [[conjunction (grammar)|conjunctive]]. Mentioned morphological conditions such as the subjunctive, "presumptive", etc. are applicable to both copula roots for auxiliary usage with aspectual forms ''and'' to non-copula roots directly for often unspecified (non-aspectual) [[Finite verb|finite]] forms.

[[Finite verb]]al [[Agreement (linguistics)|agreement]] is with the nominative [[Subject (grammar)|subject]], except in the ''[[Transitive verb|transitive]] perfective'', where it is with the [[direct object]], with the erstwhile subject taking the [[ergative case|ergative]] construction ''-'''ne''''' (see [[#Postpositions|postpositions]] above). The perfective aspect thus displays [[split ergativity]].

Tabled below on the left are the paradigms for adjectival [[Agreement (linguistics)|concord]] (A), here only slightly different from that introduced [[#Adjectives|previously]]: the f. pl. can nasalise under certain conditions. To the right are the paradigms for [[Grammatical person|personal]] concord (P), used by the subjunctive.

{|
|-
|
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! (A) !! Sg. !! Pl.
|-
! Masc.
| ''-ā''||''-e''
|-
! Fem.
| ''-ī''||''-ī / ī̃''
|}
|
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" | (P) !! rowspan="2" | 1st
Person
! colspan="3" | 2nd Person !! colspan="4" | 3rd Person
|-
!Intimate
!Familiar
!Formal
!Proximal
!Distal
!Proximal Formal
!Distal Formal
|-
!Singular
| ''-ū̃''||''-e''
| rowspan="2" | ''-o''
| rowspan="2" |''-ẽ''
| colspan="2" | ''-e''
| colspan="2" |''-ẽ''
|-
!Plural
| ''-ẽ''|| ''doesn't exist''|| colspan="4" | ''-ẽ''
|}
|}

===Copula in Hindustani===
All the verbs in Hindustani except the verb '''''honā''''' (to be) are [[Defective verb|defective]] and cannot be conjugated into these following moods and tenses in their non-aspectual forms (or simple aspect):

* ''present indicative''
* ''imperfect indicative''
* ''presumptive mood''
* ''present subjunctive''

The verb '''''honā''''' (to be) serves as the copula whose conjugations are used to form the three aspectual (or compound) forms of verbs (habitual, perfective, and progressive). In the tables below all the conjugations of the copula '''''honā''''' (to be) are shown on the left and all the conjugations of the verb '''''karnā''''' (to do) (like which all other verbs have conjugations) are shown on the right.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ PERSONAL FORMS of "''honā'' (to be)"
|-
! rowspan="5" |mood
! rowspan="5" |tense
! colspan="6" |singular
! colspan="2" |plural
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |1P – maĩ
! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |2P – tum1
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |3P – yah/ye, vah/vo
! colspan="2" |1P – ham
|-
! colspan="2" |2P – āp1
|-
! colspan="2" |2P – tū
! colspan="2" |3P – ye, ve/vo
|-
!{{abbr|m.|masculine}}
!{{abbr|f.|feminine}}
!{{abbr|m.|masculine}}
!{{abbr|f.|feminine}}
!{{abbr|m.|masculine}}
!{{abbr|f.|feminine}}
!{{abbr|m.|masculine}}
!{{abbr|f.|feminine}}
|-
! rowspan="4" | indicative
! present
| colspan="2" |''hū̃''
| colspan="2" |''ho''
| colspan="2" |''hai''
| colspan="2" |''haĩ''
|-
! perfect
|''huā''
|''huī''
|''hue''
|''huī''
|''huā''
|''huī''
|''hue''
|''huī̃''
|-
! imperfect
|''thā''
|''thī''
|''the''
|''thī''
|''thā''
|''thī''
|''the''
|''thī̃''
|-
! future
|''hoū̃gā / hū̃gā''
|''hoū̃gī / hū̃gī''
|''hooge / hoge''
|''hoogī / hogī''
|''hoegā / hogā''
|''hoegī / hogī''
|''hoẽge / hõge''
|''hoẽgī / hõgī''
|-
! presumptive
! all
|''hū̃gā''
|''hū̃gī''
|''hoge''
|''hogī''
|''hogā''
|''hogī''
|''hõge''
|''hõgī''
|-
! rowspan="2" | subjunctive
! present
| colspan="2" |''hū̃''
| colspan="2" |''ho''
| colspan="2" |''ho''
| colspan="2" |''hõ''
|-
! future
| colspan="2" |''hoū̃''
| colspan="2" |''hoo''
| colspan="2" |''hoe''
| colspan="2" |''hoẽ''
|-
! contrafactual2
! past
|''hotā''
|''hotī''
|''hote''
|''hotī''
|''hotā''
|''hotī''
|''hote''
|''hotī̃''
|-
! rowspan="2" | imperative
! present
| colspan="2" |''—''
| colspan="2" |''hoo''
| colspan="2" |''ho''
| colspan="2" |''hoiye''
|-
! future
| colspan="2" |''—''
| colspan="2" |''honā''
| colspan="2" |''hoiyo''
| colspan="2" |''hoiyegā''
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ conjugations of "''karnā'' (to do)"
|-
! rowspan="5" |''mood''
! rowspan="5" |''tense''
! colspan="6" |''singular''
! colspan="2" |''plural''
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |1P – maĩ
! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |2P – tum1
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |3P – yah/ye, vah/vo
! colspan="2" |1P – ham
|-
! colspan="2" |2P – āp1
|-
! colspan="2" |2P – tū
! colspan="2" |3P – ye, ve/vo
|-
!{{abbr|m.|masculine}}
!{{abbr|f.|feminine}}
!{{abbr|m.|masculine}}
!{{abbr|f.|feminine}}
!{{abbr|m.|masculine}}
!{{abbr|f.|feminine}}
!{{abbr|m.|masculine}}
!{{abbr|f.|feminine}}
|-
! rowspan="2" | indicative
! perfect
|''kiyā''
|''kī''
|''kiye''
|''kī''
|''kiyā''
|''kī''
|''kiye''
|''kī̃''
|-
! future
|''karū̃gā''
|''karū̃gī''
|''karoge''
|''karogī''
|''karegā''
|''karegī''
|''karẽge''
|''karẽgī''
|-
! subjunctive
! future
| colspan="2" |''karū̃''
| colspan="2" |''karo''
| colspan="2" |''kare''
| colspan="2" |''karẽ''
|-
! contrafactual
! past
|''kartā''
|''kartī''
|''karte''
|''kartī''
|''kartā''
|''kartī''
|''karte''
|''kartī̃''
|-
! rowspan="2" | imperative
! present
| colspan="2" |''—''
| colspan="2" |''karo''
| colspan="2" |''kar''
| colspan="2" |''kariye / kījiye''
|-
! future
| colspan="2" |''—''
| colspan="2" |''karnā''
| colspan="2" |''kariyo''
| colspan="2" |''kariyegā / kījiyegā''
|}

'''''1''''' ''the pronouns '''tum''' and '''āp''' can be used in both singular and plural sense by adding plural indicator words'' <nowiki/>''like '''sab''' (all) and '''log''' (people), akin to the English pronouns '''you''''' and '''''y'all.'''''

'''''2''' the contrafactual mood serves as both the past subjunctive and the past conditional mood.''

===Compound tenses===
Periphrastic Hindustani verb forms consist of two elements. The first of these two elements is the aspect marker. The second element (the copula) is the common tense-mood marker.<ref name=":1" />

===Mood & aspects===
Hindustani has three aspects, ''Habitual aspect'', ''Perfective Aspect'' and the ''Progressive Aspect''.<ref name=":1" /> To construct the progressive aspect and forms, Hindustani makes use of the progressive participle '''''rahā''''' which is derived from the verb '''''rahnā''''' ("to stay" or "to remain"). Unlike English and many other Indo-European languages, Hindustani does differentiate between Continuous and the Progressive aspects. So, for e.g. the sentence "'''''maĩ śarṭ pahan rahā hū̃'''''" will always translate as "''I am (in the process) of wearing a shirt.''" and it can never be used to mean "''I am (already) wearing a shirt''.". In English, however, ''"I am wearing a shirt."'' can be used to mean both the idea of progressive action and a continuous action. To convey the continuous state of an action the ''perfective adjectival participle'' is employed. So, ''"I am (already) wearing a shirt."'' translates into Hindustani as "'''''maĩ śarṭ pahnā huā hū̃.'''''" All the personal compound forms of the verb '''''karnā''''' (to do) in all three aspects and all the grammatical moods are shown in the table below:
{|
|
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
| colspan="10" |'''''Compound Aspectual Forms'''''
|-
! rowspan="5" |''mood''
! rowspan="5" |''tense''
! colspan="6" |''singular''
! colspan="2" |''plural''
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |''1P – maĩ''
! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |''2P – tum1''
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |''3P – yah/ye, vah/vo''
! colspan="2" |''1P – ham''
|-
! colspan="2" |''2P – āp1''
|-
! colspan="2" |''2P – tū''
! colspan="2" |''3P – ye, ve/vo''
|-
!''{{abbr|m.|masculine}}''
!''{{abbr|f.|feminine}}''
!''{{abbr|m.|masculine}}''
!''{{abbr|f.|feminine}}''
!''{{abbr|m.|masculine}}''
!''{{abbr|f.|feminine}}''
!''{{abbr|m.|masculine}}''
!''{{abbr|f.|feminine}}''
|-
! colspan="10" |'''''HABITUAL ASPECT2'''''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''indicative'''
|'''present'''
|''kartā hū̃''
|''kartī hū̃''
|''karte ho''
|''kartī ho''
|''kartā hai''
|''kartī hai''
|''karte haĩ''
|''kartī haĩ''
|-
|'''past'''
|''kartā thā''
|''kartī thī''
|''karte the''
|''kartī thī''
|''kartā thā''
|''kartī thī''
|''karte the''
|''kartī thī̃''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''presumptive'''
|'''present'''
| rowspan="2" |''kartā hū̃gā''
| rowspan="2" |''kartī hū̃gī''
| rowspan="2" |''karte hoge''
| rowspan="2" |''kartī hogī''
| rowspan="2" |''kartā hogā''
| rowspan="2" |''kartī hogī''
| rowspan="2" |''karte hõge''
| rowspan="2" |''kartī hõgī''
|-
|'''past'''
|-
|'''subjunctive'''
|'''present'''
|''kartā hū̃''
|''kartī hū̃''
|''karte ho''
|''kartī ho''
|''kartā ho''
|''kartī ho''
|''kartā hõ''
|''kartī hõ''
|-
|'''contrafactual'''
|'''past'''
|''kartā hotā''
|''kartī hotī''
|''karte hote''
|''kartī hotī''
|''kartā hotā''
|''kartī hotī''
|''karte hote''
|''kartī hotī̃''
|-
! colspan="10" |'''''PERFECTIVE ASPECT3'''''
|-
| rowspan="3" |'''indicative'''
|'''present'''
|''—''
|''—''
|''—''
|''—''
|''kiyā hai''
|''kī hai''
|''kiye haĩ''
|''kī haĩ''
|-
|'''past'''
|''—''
|''—''
|''—''
|''—''
|''kiyā thā''
|''kī thī''
|''kiye the''
|''kī thī̃''
|-
|'''future'''
|''—''
|''—''
|''—''
|''—''
|''kiyā hoegā''
|''kī hoegī''
|''kiye hoẽge''
|''kī hoẽgī''
|-
| rowspan="3" |'''presumptive'''
|'''present'''
| rowspan="3" |''—''
| rowspan="3" |''—''
| rowspan="3" |''—''
| rowspan="3" |''—''
| rowspan="3" |''kiyā hogā''
| rowspan="3" |''kī hogī''
| rowspan="3" |''kiye hõge''
| rowspan="3" |''kī hõgī''
|-
|'''past'''
|-
|'''future'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''subjunctive'''
|'''present'''
|''—''
|''—''
|''—''
|''—''
|''kiyā ho''
|''kī ho''
|''kiye hõ''
|''kī hõ''
|-
|'''future'''
|''—''
|''—''
|''—''
|''—''
|''kiyā hoe''
|''kī hoe''
|''kiye hoẽ''
|''kī hoẽ''
|-
|'''contrafactual'''
|'''past'''
|''—''
|''—''
|''—''
|''—''
|''kiyā hotā''
|''kī hotī''
|''kiye hote''
|''kī hotī̃''
|-
! colspan="10" |'''''PROGRESSIVE ASPECT4'''''
|-
| rowspan="3" |'''indicative'''
|'''present'''
|''kar rahā hū̃''
|''kar rahī hū̃''
|''kar rahe ho''
|''kar rahī ho''
|''kar rahā hai''
|''kar rahī hai''
|''kar rahe haĩ''
|''kar rahī haĩ''
|-
|'''past'''
|''kar rahā thā''
|''kar rahī thī''
|''kar rahe the''
|''kar rahī thī''
|''kar rahā thā''
|''kar rahī thī''
|''kar rahe the''
|''kar rahī thī̃''
|-
|'''future'''
|''kar rahā hoū̃gā''
|''kar rahī hoū̃gī''
|''kar rahe hooge''
|''kar rahī hoogī''
|''kar rahā hoegā''
|''kar rahī hoegī''
|''kar rahe hoẽge''
|''kar rahī hoẽgī''
|-
| rowspan="3" |'''presumptive'''
|'''present'''
| rowspan="3" |''kar rahā hū̃gā''
| rowspan="3" |''kar rahī hū̃gī''
| rowspan="3" |''kar rahe hoge''
| rowspan="3" |''kar rahī hogī''
| rowspan="3" |''kar rahā hogā''
| rowspan="3" |''kar rahī hogī''
| rowspan="3" |''kar rahe hõge''
| rowspan="3" |''kar rahī hõgī''
|-
|'''past'''
|-
|'''future'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''subjunctive'''
|'''present'''
|''kar rahā hū̃''
|''kar rahī hū̃''
|''kar rahe ho''
|''kar rahī ho''
|''kar rahā ho''
|''kar rahī ho''
|''kar rahe hõ''
|''kar rahī hõ''
|-
|'''future'''
|''kar rahā hoū̃''
|''kar rahī hoū̃''
|''kar rahe hoo''
|''kar rahī hoo''
|''kar rahā hoe''
|''kar rahī hoe''
|''kar rahe hoẽ''
|''kar rahī hoẽ''
|-
|'''contrafactual'''
|'''past'''
|''kar rahā hotā''
|''kar rahī hotī''
|''kar rahe hote''
|''kar rahī hotī''
|''kar rahā hotā''
|''kar rahī hotī''
|''kar rahe hote''
|''kar rahī hotī̃''
|}
|-
|'''''1''''' ''the pronouns '''tum''' and '''āp''' can be used in both singular and plural sense, akin to the English pronoun '''you'''.''
|-
|'''''2''''' ''the habitual aspect of Hindustani cannot be put into future tense.''
|-
|'''''3''''' ''the perfective aspect behaves ergatively, agreeing with the object of the sentence. However, if the object is marked with the postposition '''ko''', the noun is placed in the third-person masculine singular. As personal object pronouns are always marked with '''ko''', there are no personal perfective forms.''
|-
|'''''4''''' ''unlike English in which both the continuous and the progressive aspect have the same forms, the progressive aspect of Hindustani cannot convey the continuous aspect.''
|}

===Different copulas===
The ''habitual'', ''progressive'', and ''imperfect'' aspectual participles can be used with copulas other than '''''honā''''' ''(to be)'' such as '''''rahnā''' (to stay)'', '''''ānā''' (to come)'', '''''jānā''' (to go)''.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book|last=Shapiro|first=Michael C.|title=A Primer of Modern Standard Hindi|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|year=1989|isbn=81-208-0475-9|location=New Delhi|pages=263}}</ref> These copulas can be converted into their participle forms and can be conjugated to form personal compound aspectual forms. Each of the four copulas provides a unique nuance to the aspect.
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="12" |''ASPECT''
! rowspan="2" |Translation
|-
!''Simple''
! colspan="5" |''Perfective''
! colspan="4" |''Habitual''
! colspan="2" |''Progressive''
|-
|''honā''
|''huā honā''
|''huā karnā''
|''huā rahnā''
|''huā jānā''
|''huā ānā''
|''hotā honā''
|''hotā rahnā''
|''hotā ānā''
|''hotā jānā''
|''ho rahā honā''
|''ho rahā rahnā''
|to happen
|-
|''karnā''
|''kiyā honā''
|''kiyā karnā''
|''kiyā rahnā''
|''kiyā janā''
|''kiyā anā''
|''kartā honā''
|''kartā rahnā''
|''kartā ānā''
|''kartā jānā''
|''kar rahā honā''
|''kar rahā rahnā''
|to do
|-
|''marnā''
|''marā honā''
|''marā karnā''
|''marā rahnā''
|''marā jānā''
|''marā ānā''
|''martā honā''
|''martā rahnā''
|''martā ānā''
|''martā jānā''
|''mar rahā honā''
|''mar rahā rahnā''
|to die
|}

===Participles===
The participle forms of any verb is constructed by adding suffixes to the verb root. The participle forms of the verb '''''karnā''''' ''(to do)'' are shown in the tables below:
{|
|
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
| colspan="3" |'''''Undeclinable'''''
|-
!
!Verb forms
!English equivalent
|-
!'''Infinitive'''
|''kar'''nā'''''
|to do
|-
!'''Oblique''' '''Infinitive'''
|''kar'''ne'''''
|do, doing
|-
!'''Conjunctive'''
|''kar'''ke''', kar'''kar'''''
|after/by doing
|-
!'''Progressive'''
|''kar'''te'''-kar'''te'''''
|while doing
|}
|
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
| colspan="3" |'''''Declinable'''''
|-
!'''Habitual'''
|''kar'''tā''' (sg., masc.)''
''kar'''te''' (pl., masc.)''

''kar'''tī''' (sg., pl. fem.)''

''kar'''tī̃''' (pl., fem.)''
|does/do,
used to do
|-
!'''Perfective'''
|''kiy'''ā''' (sg., masc.)''
''kiy'''e''' (pl., masc.)''

''k'''ī''' (sg., fem.)''

''k'''ī̃''' (pl., fem.)''
|did
|-
!'''Infinitive'''
|''kar'''nā''' (sg., masc.)''
''kar'''ne''' (pl., masc.)''

''kar'''nī''' (sg., fem.)''

''kar'''nī̃''' (pl., fem.)''
|to do
|-
!'''Prospective &'''
Agentive
|''kar'''nevālā''' (sg., masc.)''
''kar'''nevāle''' (pl., masc.)''

''kar'''nevālī''' (sg., pl. fem.)''

''kar'''nevālī̃''' (pl., fem.)''
|going to do
|-
!'''Perfective Adjectival'''
|''kiy'''ā-huā''' (sg., masc.)''
''kiy'''e-hue''' (pl., masc.)''

''k'''ī-huī''' (sg. fem.)''

''k'''ī-huī̃''' (pl. fem.)''
|(already) done
|-
!'''Habitual Adjectival'''
|''kar'''tā-huā''' (sg., masc.)''
''kar'''te-hue''' (pl., masc.)''

''kar'''tī-huī''' (sg., fem.)''

''kar'''tī-huī̃''' (pl., fem.)''
|while doing
|}
|}
*Declining the infinitive may be based on dialect and usually not done in more formal settings, for example '''''mujhē ye kitāb paṛhnī hai''''' versus '''''mujhē ye kitāb paṛhnā hai''''' for "I need to read this book."

===Verb forms===
A summary of all verb forms is given in the tables below. The sample verb is intransitive '''''dauṛnā''''' "to run", and the sample inflection is 3rd. masc. sg. (P = ''e'', A = ''ā'') where applicable.

{| border="1" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="1"
|-
! !!Non-aspectual !!Aspectual
|-
![[Non-finite verb|Non-finite]]
|
{|class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto"
!Root
||{{mono|*}} ||{{tooltip|2=run|''dauṛ''}}
|-
!Infinitive
||{{mono|*-nā}},
|{{tooltip|2=to run / running|''dauṛnā''}}
|-
!Oblique Infinitive
||{{mono|*-ne}}||''dauṛne''
|-
!Conjunctive
||{{mono|*-kar, *-ke}} ||{{tooltip|2=having run|''dauṛkar'', ''dauṛke''}}
|-
!Progressive
|{{mono|*-te-*-te}}
|{{tooltip|2=while running|''dauṛte-dauṛte''}}
|-
!Agentive
| rowspan="2"|{{mono|*-ne vāl-A, *-nevāl-A}} || rowspan="2" |{{tooltip|2=runner / about to run|''dauṛne vālā'', ''dauṛnevālā''}}
|-
!Prospective
|}
|
{|class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto"
|+Adjectival.
!Perfective
||{{mono|*-A (hu-A)}} ||{{tooltip|2=run|''dauṛā'' (''huā'')}}
|-
!Imperfective
||{{mono|*-t-A (hu-A)}} ||{{tooltip|2=running|''dauṛtā'' (''huā'')}}
|}
{|class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto"
|+Adverbial. Obl. of adjectival.
|-
!Imperfective
||{{mono|*-t-e (hu-e)}} ||''dauṛte hue''
|}
|-
![[Finite verb|Finite]]
|
{|class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto"
|-
!Contingent Future
||{{mono|*-P}} ||{{tooltip|2=(if ...) were to run / (then ...) will run|''dauṛe''}}
|-
!Definite Future
||{{mono|*-P-g-A}} ||{{tooltip|2=will run|''dauṛegā''}}
|}
{|class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto"
|+Imperatives<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Shapiro|2003|p=268}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Bhatia|first=Tej. K.|title=Colloquial Hindi|publisher=Routledge|year=1996|isbn=0-415-11087-4|location=Great Britain|pages=276}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="3" |Present
!Intimate
||{{mono|*}} ||''dauṛ''
|-
!Familiar
||{{mono|*-o}} ||''dauṛ'''o'''''
|-
!Formal
||{{mono|*-iye}} ||''dauṛ'''iye'''''
|-
! rowspan="3" |Future
!Intimate
|{{mono|*-iyo}}
|''dauṛ'''iyo'''''
|-
!Familiar
||{{mono|*-nā}}||''dauṛ'''nā'''''
|-
!Formal
||{{mono|*-iyegā}}||''dauṛ'''iyegā'''''
|}
|
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto"
|+Aspectuals plotted against copulas.
! colspan="2" rowspan="2"| !! Perfective !! Habitual !! Progressive
|-
|{{mono|*-A}}
|{{mono|*-t-A}}
|{{mono|* rah-A}}
|-
!Present Perfect
|{{mono|[[#endnote_10|h-?]]}}
|{{tooltip|2=has run|''dauṛā hai''}}
|{{tooltip|2=runs|''dauṛtā hai''}}
|{{tooltip|2=is running|''dauṛ rahā hai''}}
|-
!Past Perfect
|{{mono|{{tooltip|2=was; were|th-A}}}}
|{{tooltip|2=had run|''dauṛā thā''}}
|{{tooltip|2=used to run|''dauṛtā thā''}}
|{{tooltip|2=was running|''dauṛ rahā thā''}}
|-
!Subjunctive
|{{mono|[[#endnote_10|ho-P]]}}
|{{tooltip|2=(if ...) has run|''dauṛā ho''}}
|{{tooltip|2=(if ...) runs (regularly)|''dauṛtā ho''}}
|{{tooltip|2=(if ...) is running|''dauṛ rahā ho''}}
|-
!Presumptive
|{{mono|{{tooltip|2=must be|ho-P g-A}}}}
|{{tooltip|2=has presumably run|''dauṛā hogā''}}
|{{tooltip|2=presumably runs|''dauṛtā hogā''}}
|{{tooltip|2=is presumably running|''dauṛ rahā hogā''}}
|-
!Contrafactual
|{{mono|ho-t-A}}
|{{tooltip|2=(if ...) had run / (then ...) would have run|''dauṛā hotā''}}
|{{tooltip|2=(if ...) used to run / (then ...) would have run (regularly)|''dauṛtā hotā''}}
|{{tooltip|2=(if ...) had been running / (then ...) would have been running|''dauṛ rahā hotā''}}
|-
!Unspecified
|
|{{tooltip|2=ran|''dauṛā''}}
|''dauṛtā''
|
|}
|}

'''Notes'''
*Much of the above chart information derives from {{Harvcoltxt|Masica|1991|pp=292–294, 323–325}}.
*The future tense is formed by adding the suffix '''''gā''''' (~ '''''ge''''' ~ '''''gī''''') to the subjunctive, which is a contraction of '''''gaā''''' (= '''''gayā''''', perfective participle of '''''jānā''''' "to go").<ref name="Schmidt2003p323">{{Harvcoltxt|Schmidt|2003|p=323}}</ref> The future suffix, conjunctive participle, and suffix '''''vālā''''' are treated as bound morphemes in written Hindi, but as separate words in written Urdu.<ref name="Schmidt2003p293"/>
*{{note|10}}The present copula ({{mono|h-?}}) seems not to follow along the lines of the regular P system of terminations; while the subjunctive copula ({{mono|ho-P}}) is thoroughly irregular. So here are all of their forms.
*For the 1. subj. sg. copula {{Harvcoltxt|Schmidt|2003|pp=324}} and {{Harvcoltxt|Snell|Weightman|1989|pp=113, 125}} list ''hū̃'' while {{Harvcoltxt|Shapiro|2003|p=267}} lists ''hoū̃''.
*{{Harvcoltxt|Shapiro|2003|p=268}} lists the formal imperative ending as ''-'''iye''''', while {{Harvcoltxt|Schmidt|2003|p=330}} lists it as ''-'''ie''''' but ''-'''iye''''' after '''''ā''', '''o''', '''ū'''''.
*The euphonic [[Semivowel|glide]] ''y'' is inserted in perfective participles between prohibited [[vowel cluster]]s. It is historically the remnant of the old perfective marker.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Schmidt|2003|pp=324}}</ref> The clusters are '''''a + ā'', ''ā + ā'', ''o + ā''''', and '''''ī + ā''''', resulting in '''''āyā''''', '''''ayā''''', '''''oyā''''', '''''iyā'''''.<ref name="Schmidt2003p328"/> e.g. ''khā'''y'''ā/khā'''y'''e/khā'''y'''ī/khā'''y'''ī̃'' (''khā''- "eat").
*In addition, the combinations '''''ī + ī''''' and '''''i + ī''''' give '''''ī'''''.<ref name="Schmidt2003p328"/> e.g. '''''piyā'''/'''piye'''/p'''ī'''/p'''ī̃''''' (''pī-'' "drink").
*As stated, agreement in the transitive perfective is with the direct object, with the erstwhile subject taking the ergative postposition ''ne''. If however the direct object takes the postposition '''''ko''''' (marking [[definiteness]]), or if no direct object is expressed, then agreement neutralises to default m. sg. '''''-ā'''''.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Snell|Weightman|1989|p=140}}</ref>
*In this regard, there are a small number of verbs that while perhaps logically transitive still do not take ''ne'' and continue to agree with the subject, in the perfective. e.g. '''''lānā''''' "to bring", '''''bhūlnā''''' "to forget", '''''milnā''''' "to meet", etc.

*Besides supplying the copulas, '''''honā''''' "to be" can be used aspectually: '''''huā''''' "happened, became"; '''''hotā''''' "happens, becomes, is"; '''''ho rahā''''' "happening, being".
*''-'''ke''''' can be used as a colloquial alternative to ''-'''kar''''' for the conjunctive participle of any verb.
*Hindustani displays a very small number of irregular forms, spelled out in the cells below. Historically, there were many more irregular forms (e.g. '''''muā''''' for '''''marnā''''' 'to die') but most have been regularised. Notably, some dialects regularise the perfective of '''''karnā''''' to '''''karā''''' and the formal imperative of '''''kijiye''''' to '''''kariye'''''.

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="5" |Verb
! rowspan="5" |Root
! rowspan="5" | Perfective Stem <ref name="Schmidt2003p328">{{Harvcoltxt|Schmidt|2003|p=328}}</ref>
! colspan="4" rowspan="2" |Perfective Forms
! colspan="3" |Imperative<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Snell|Weightman|1989|p=64}}</ref>
! colspan="2" rowspan="5" |Subjunctive. Stem <ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Snell|Weightman|1989|pp=113, 125}}</ref>
! colspan="7" rowspan="2" |Subjunctive Forms
|-
! rowspan="4" |Intimate
! rowspan="4" |Familiar
! rowspan="4" |Formal
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Masculine
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Feminine
! colspan="3" | Singular
! colspan="4" | Plural
|-
!1st
!2nd
!3rd
! colspan="2" |2nd
!3rd
!1st
|-
! Singular || Plural
! Singular || Plural
!''mãĩ''
!''tū''
!''ye/vo''
!''tum''
!''āp''
!''ye/vo''
!''ham''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''''honā''' "to happen"''
| rowspan="2" |'''''ho-''''' || rowspan="2" |''hu-''
| rowspan="2" |''huā''
| rowspan="2" |''hue''
| rowspan="2" |''huī''
| rowspan="2" |''huī̃''
| rowspan="2" |''ho''|| rowspan="2" | ''hoo'' || rowspan="2" |''hoiye''
|'''present subjunctive'''
|''h-''
|''hū̃''
| colspan="2" |''ho''
|''ho''
| colspan="3" |''hõ''
|-
|'''future subjunctive'''
|''ho-''
|''hoū̃''
| colspan="2" |''hoe''
|''ho'o''
| colspan="3" |''hoẽ''
|-
|'''''jānā''' "to go"''
|'''''jā-'''''||''ga-''
|''gayā''
|''gaye''
|''gayī''
|''gayī̃''
|''jā''|| ''jāo''
|''jāiye''
| colspan="2" |''jā''
|''jāū̃''
| colspan="2" |''jāe''
|''jāo''
| colspan="3" |''jāẽ''
|-
|'''''karnā''' "to do"''
|'''''kar-'''''||''ki-''
|''kiyā''
|''kiye''
|''kī''
|''kī̃''
|''kar''|| ''karo'' ||''kījie''|| colspan="2" |''kar''
|''karū̃''
| colspan="2" |''kare''
|''karo''
| colspan="3" |''karẽ''
|-
|'''''denā''' "to give"''
|'''''de-'''''||''di-''
|''diyā''
|''diye''
|''dī''
|''dī̃''
|''de''||''do''||''dījie''|| colspan="2" |''d-''
|''dū̃''
| colspan="2" |''de''
|''do''
| colspan="3" |''dẽ''
|-
|'''''lenā''' "to take"''
|'''''le-'''''||''li-''
|''liyā''
|''liye''
|''lī''
|''lī̃''
|''le''||''lo''||''lījie''|| colspan="2" |''l-''
|''lū̃''
| colspan="2" |''le''
|''lo''
| colspan="3" |''lẽ''
|-
|'''''pīnā''' "to drink"''
|'''''pī-'''''||''pi-''
|''piyā''
|''piye''
|''pī''
|''pī̃''
|''pī''|| ''piyo'' ||''pījie''
| colspan="2" |''pi-''
|''piyū̃''
| colspan="2" |''piye''
|''piyo''
| colspan="3" |''piyẽ''
|}

* The irregular forms are underlined in the above table.
* There are two subjunctive stems for the verb '''''honā''''', one being regular and the other being irregular. The regular set is the ''future subjunctive forms'' and the regular ones are the as the ''present subjunctive forms''. '''''honā''''' is the only verb in Hindi to have distinct forms for the future and the present subjunctive, for all other forms there is one common subjunctive form which is used as both the present and the future subjunctive.
*However, it is '''''jā'''-'' that is used as the perfective stem in the rare instance of an intransitive verb like '''''jānā''''' being expressed passively, such as in a passivized imperative/subjunctive construction: '''''ghar jāyā jāye'''?'' "Shall [we] go home?" (lit. "Shall home be gone to [by us]?").<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Snell|Weightman|1989|p=179}}</ref>

===Set of related verbs===
Transitives are morphologically contrastive in Hindustani, leading to the existence of related verb sets divisible along such lines. While the derivation of such forms shows patterns, they do reach a level of variegation so as to make it somewhat difficult to outline all-encompassing rules. Furthermore, some sets may have as many as four to five distinct members; also, the meaning of certain members of given sets may be idiosyncratic.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Shapiro|2003|p=270}}</ref>

These below are the verb forms that a verb in Hindi can have —

# '''Intransitive'''
## '''Involitional''' — these are actions that cannot be done intentionally.
### '''Dative''' — these involitional verbs require the subject to be in the dative case.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Hong|first1=Sungok|last2=Bhatt Kumar|first2=Sunil|last3=Ranjan|first3=Rajiv|last4=Gusain|first4=Lakhan|date=|title=Hindi-Urduː Dative Subject Construction|url=https://open.lib.umn.edu/hindiurdu/chapter/grammar-notes-7-1-dative-subject-construction-i/|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref>
### '''Non-dative''' — these verbs require the verb to be in the nominative case.
## '''Volitional''' — these are actions that can be intentionally done.<ref>{{cite thesis |last1=Piepers |first1=Joske |title=Optional ergative case marking in Hindi |date=May 2016 |hdl=123456789/2440 |hdl-access=free |s2cid=197863131 }}</ref>
### '''Ergative''' — these verbs can take in the ergative case (the subject can be in the ergative case).
### '''Non-ergative''' — these verbs cannot take in the ergative case (the subject can only be in the nominative case).
# '''Transitive'''
## '''Direct''' — the subject themselves experiences the action but the subject and the object are not the same
## '''Indirect''' — the subject imparts the action onto the object, the object is the experiencer of the action, it is usually translated into English as "to make (someone/something) verb"
## '''Reflexive''' — the verb does action on the subject itself, the doer and experiencer of the action is the same subject
## '''Causative''' — the subject causes the action to happen. ''Translationː'' ''"to cause to be verbed"'', the agent takes the instrumental postposition '''''se'''''. Thus ''Y '''se''' Z '''banvānā''''' = "''to cause Z to be made by Y''" = "''to cause Y to make Z''" = "''to have Z made by Y''" = "''to have Y make Z''", etc.

Starting from direct transitive verb forms, the other verb stems i.e., intransitive, causative, reflexive, indirect stems are produced according to these following (not exhaustive) assorted rules<ref>Shapiro (2003ː pg. 270)</ref><ref>Snell & Weightman (1989ː pg. 243–244)</ref> —

# Root vowel changeː
#* '''''a → ā'''''
#* '''''u / ū → o'''''
#* '''''i / ī → e'''''
# Sometimes the root vowel change accompanies the root's final consonant changeː
#* '''''k → c'''''
#* '''''ṭ → r̥'''''
#* '''''l → Ø'''''
# Suffixation of '''''-ā''''' to form the indirect or reflexive formː
#* Root vowel changeː '''''ū/o → u; e/ai/ā/ī → i'''''
#* Insertion of [[semivowel]] '''''l''''' between such vowel-terminating stems
# Suffixation of -'''''vā''''' (in place of '''''-ā''''' where it would occur) to form the causative verb stem

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
| colspan="9" |'''''Set of related verbs'''''
|-
! rowspan="3" |''English''
''verbs''
! colspan="4" |''Intransitive''
! colspan="4" |''Transitive''
|-
! colspan="2" |'''''involitional'''''
! colspan="2" |'''''volitional'''''
! rowspan="2" |''direct''
! rowspan="2" |''indirect''
! rowspan="2" |''reflexive''
! rowspan="2" |''causative''
|-
!''non-dative''
!''dative''
!''non-ergative''
!''ergative''
|-
|''be, become''
|''honā''
|''—''
| rowspan="2" |''—''
| rowspan="2" |''—''
| rowspan="2" |''—''
| rowspan="2" |''—''
| rowspan="2" |''—''
|''—''
|-
|''happen, have''
|''—''
|''honā''
|''hovānā''
|-
|''do''
|''—''
|''—''
|''—''
|''—''
|''karnā''
|''karānā''
|''—''
|''karvānā''
|-
|''fall''
|''girnā''
|''—''
|''—''
|''—''
|''—''
|''girānā''
|''—''
|''girvānā''
|-
|''prepare''
|''bannā''
|''—''
|''—''
|''—''
|''—''
|''banānā''
|''—''
|''banvānā''
|-
|''send''
|''bhijnā''
|''—''
|'''''—'''''
|'''''—'''''
|''bhejnā''
|'''''—'''''
|''bhejānā''
|''bhijvānā''
|-
|''dance''
|''nacnā''
|''—''
|''—''
|''nācnā''
|'''''—'''''
|''nacānā''
|'''''—'''''
|''nacvānā''
|-
|''be found''
|''milnā''
| rowspan="2" |''—''
| rowspan="3" |''—''
| rowspan="3" |''—''
| rowspan="3" |''—''
|''—''
| rowspan="3" |''—''
|''—''
|-
|''unite, mix''
|''—''
|''milānā''
|''milvānā''
|-
|''receive''
|'''''—'''''
|''milnā''
|''—''
|''dilvānā''
|-
| rowspan="2" |''open''
| rowspan="2" |''khulnā''
| rowspan="2" |''—''
| rowspan="2" |''—''
| rowspan="2" |''—''
| rowspan="2" |''kholnā''
| rowspan="2" |''—''
|''khulānā''
|''khulvānā''
|-
|''kholānā''
|''kholvānā''
|-
|''learn''
|''—''
|''—''
|''—''
|''—''
|''sīkhnā''
|''sikhānā''
|''—''
|''sikhvānā''
|-
|''eat''
|''—''
|''—''
|''—''
|''—''
|''khānā''
|''khilānā''
|''—''
|''khilvānā''
|-
|''come''
| rowspan="2" |''—''
|''—''
|''anā''
| rowspan="2" |''—''
| rowspan="2" |''—''
| rowspan="2" |''—''
| rowspan="2" |''—''
| rowspan="2" |''—''
|-
|''to know how to''
|''anā''
|''—''
|-
|''drink''
|''—''
|''—''
|''—''
|''—''
|''pīnā''
|''pilānā''
|''—''
|''pilvānā''
|-
|''sell''
|''biknā''
|''—''
|''—''
|''—''
|''becnā''
|''—''
|''becānā''
|''bikvānā''
|-
|''see''
|''—''
|''dikhnā''
| rowspan="2" |''—''
| rowspan="2" |''—''
|''dekhnā''
|''dikhānā''
| rowspan="2" |''—''
|''dikhvānā''
|-
|''appear, look like''
|''dikhnā''
|''—''
|''—''
|''—''
|''—''
|-
|''look like''
|''lagnā''
| rowspan="2" |''—''
|''—''
| rowspan="3" |''—''
| rowspan="3" |''—''
|''—''
| rowspan="3" |''—''
|''—''
|-
|''stick/put together''
| rowspan="2" |''—''
|''lagnā''
| rowspan="2" |''lagānā''
| rowspan="2" |''lagvānā''
|-
|''feel, feel like''
|''lagnā''
|''—''
|-
|''tell, be called''
|''—''
|''—''
|''—''
|''kahnā''
|''—''
|''—''
|''kahlānā''
|''kahalvānā''
|-
|''say, call''
|''—''
|''—''
|''—''
|''bolnā''
|''—''
|''bulānā''
|''—''
|''bulvānā''
|-
|''sit''
|''biṭhnā''
|''—''
|''baiṭhnā''
|''—''
|''—''
|''baiṭhānā''
|''—''
|''baiṭhvānā''
|-
|''break''
|''ṭūṭnā''
|''—''
|''—''
|''—''
|''tor̥nā''
|''—''
|''tur̥ānā''
|''tur̥vānā''
|-
|''understand''
|''—''
|''—''
|''—''
|''samajhnā''
|''—''
|''samjhānā''
|''—''
|''samajhvānā''
|-
|''tear''
|''phaṭnā''
|''—''
|''—''
|''—''
|''phār̥nā''
|''—''
|''phar̥ānā''
|''phar̥vānā''
|-
|''blast, shatter''
|''phūṭnā, phaṭnā''
|''—''
|''—''
|''—''
|''phor̥nā''
|''—''
|''phor̥ānā''
|''phor̥vānā''
|-
|''beat''
|''piṭnā''
|''—''
|''—''
|''—''
|''pīṭnā''
|''—''
|''piṭānā''
|''piṭvānā''
|-
|''bathe''
|''—''
|''—''
|''—''
|''nahānā''
|''—''
|''nahlānā''
|''nahalnā''
|''nahalvānā''
|-
|''know''
|''—''
|''—''
|''—''
|''jānnā''
|''—''
|''—''
|''—''
|''janvānā''
|-
|''laugh''
|''—''
|''—''
|''hãsnā''
|''—''
|''—''
|''hãsānā''
|''—''
|''hãsvānā''
|}

===Light verbs===

[[Compound verb]]s, a highly visible feature of Hindi–Urdu grammar, consist of a verbal stem plus a [[light verb]]. The light verb (also called "subsidiary", "explicator verb", and "vector"<ref name="Shapiro2003p269">{{Harvcoltxt|Shapiro|2003|p=269}}</ref>) loses its own independent meaning and instead "lends a certain shade of meaning"<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Snell|Weightman|1989|p=154}}</ref> to the main or stem verb, which "comprises the lexical core of the compound".<ref name="Shapiro2003p269" /> While almost any verb can act as a main verb, there is a limited set of productive light verbs.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Shapiro|2003|pp=269–270}}</ref> Shown below are prominent such light verbs, with their independent meaning first outlined, followed by their semantic contribution as auxiliaries. Finally, having to do with the ''manner'' of an occurrence, compounds verbs are mostly used with completed actions and imperatives, and much less with negatives, conjunctives, and contexts continuous or speculative. This is because non-occurrences cannot be described to have occurred in a particular manner.<ref name="Snell&Weightman1989p156">{{Harvcoltxt|Snell|Weightman|1989|pp=156}}</ref> The auxiliaries when combined with the main verb provides an aspectual sense to the main verb it modifies. Light verbs such as '''''jānā''' "to go", '''ānā''' "to come", '''cuknā''''' when combined with the main verb give the formed compound verb a [[perfective aspect]], while retaining the original meaning of the main verb.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Perfective aspect compound verbs
!Light Verb
!Explanation
!Main Verb
!Examples
|-
|'''''jānā''''' "to go"
|Shows perfective aspect (completed action) of the main verb which
means gives a sense of completeness of the action, finality,

or change of state.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Snell|Weightman|1989|pp=155}}</ref>
|''1. '''ānā''' "to come"''
''2. '''khānā''' "to eat"''

''3. '''marnā''' "to die"''

''4. '''pīnā''' "to drink"''

''5. '''baiṭhnā''' "to sit"''

6. '''''honā''' "to happen"''
|''1. '''ā jānā''' "to arrive" " to have come"''
''2. '''khā jānā''' "to eat up (all/everything/completely)"''

''3. '''mar jānā''' "to be dead"''

''4. '''pī jānā''' "to drink up (all/everything/completely)" "to gulp"''

''5. '''baiṭh jānā''' "to sit down" "to have sit down"''

6. '''''ho jānā''' "to have happened (completely)" "to have finished happening"''
|-
|'''''lenā''''' "to take"
|Suggests that the (usually planned/expected) action is completed and the benefit of the action flows

towards the doer.<ref name="Snell&Weightman1989p156" /> This auxiliary verb can also be used to soften down

the tone of imperatives (commands) and usually is used to give suggestions. Nuance of planned/expected action is not present.
|''1. '''paṛhnā'''''

''2. '''karnā'''''

''3. '''calnā'''''

''4. '''mārnā'''''
|''1. '''{{IAST|paṛh lenā}}''''' "to read (for oneself/for own's desire)"
2. '''''kar lenā''''' "to do (something fully for oneself)" "to have finished doing something"

3. '''''cal lenā''''' ''"to have walked"''

4. '''''mār lenā''' "to (try to) kill (oneself)"''
|-
|'''''denā''''' "to give"
|Suggests that the (usually planned/expected) action was completed and the benefit of the action flows

away from the doer.<ref name="Snell&Weightman1989p156" /> This auxiliary verb can also be used to soften down

the tone of imperatives (commands) and usually is used to ask for favours. Nuance of planned/expected action is not present. This can also mean "to let" in the imperative – to let someone do: karne denā (oblique)
|''1. '''paṛhnā'''''

''2. '''mārnā'''''

''3. '''karnā'''''
|''1. '''{{IAST|paṛh denā}}''''' "to read (for someone)" "to read out"
2. '''''mār denā''' "to kill", "to kill off", "to murder"''

3. '''''kar denā''''' ''"to do (something completely for someone else and not oneself)"''
|-
|'''''ānā''''' "to come"
|Shows perfective aspect of the main verb which means gives

a sense of completeness of the action, finality, or change of state.

The meaning conveyed is the doer went somewhere to do something

and came back after completing the action. This can also mean "to know how to" in the indefinite/habitual present tense – to know how to do: karnā ānā
|''1. '''karnā'''''
|1. '''''kar''''' '''''ānā''' "to finish (and come back)", "to do (and return)";''
|-
|'''''cuknā''' "to have (already) completed something"''
|Shows sense of completeness of an action in the past, that the action
was already done/finished/completed by the doer sometime in the past.
|1. '''''marnā'''''
2''. '''jītnā'''''
|1. '''''mar cuknā''' "to have already died"''
2. '''''jīt cuknā''' "to have already won"''
|}

The first three light verbs in the above table are the most common of auxiliaries, and the "least marked", or "lexically nearly colourless".<ref name="Schmidt2003p337">{{Harvcoltxt|Schmidt|2003|pp=337}}</ref> The nuance conveyed by an auxiliary can often be very subtle, and need not always be expressed with different words in English translation. '''''lenā''''' and '''''denā''''', transitive verbs, occur with transitives, while intransitive '''''jānā''''' occurs mostly with intransitives; a compound of a transitive and '''''jānā''''' will be grammatically intransitive as '''''jānā''''' is.
{| class="wikitable"
!Light Verb
!Explanation
!Examples
|-
|'''''{{IAST|ḍālnā}}''''' "to throw, pour"
|Indicates an action done vigorously, decisively, violently or recklessly;<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Snell|Weightman|1989|p=220}}</ref>

it is an intensifier, showing intensity, urgency, completeness, or violence.<ref name="Schmidt2003p338">{{Harvcoltxt|Schmidt|2003|p=338}}</ref>
|1. '''''mārnā''''' "to hit/ kill" → '''''{{IAST|mār ḍālnā}}''''' "to kill (violently)"
2. '''''pīnā''''' "to drink" → '''''{{IAST|pī ḍālnā}}''''' "to drink (hastily)".
|-
|'''''{{IAST|baiṭhnā}}''''' "to sit"
|Implies an action done foolishly or stubbornly;<ref name="Snell&Weightman1989p221">{{Harvcoltxt|Snell|Weightman|1989|p=221}}</ref> shows speaker disapproval

or an impulsive or involuntary action.<ref name="Schmidt2003p338" />
|1. '''''kahnā''''' "to say" → '''''{{IAST|kah baiṭhnā}}''''' "to say something (involuntarily or by mistake)"
2. '''''karnā''''' "to do" → '''''{{IAST|kar baiṭhnā}}''''' "to do (something as a blunder)"

3. '''''{{IAST|laṛnā}}''''' "to fight" → '''''{{IAST|laṛ baiṭhnā}}''''' "to quarrel (foolishly, or without giving it second thought)".
|-
|'''''{{IAST|paṛnā}}''''' "to suddenly fall" "to lie flat"
|Connotes involuntary, sudden, or unavoidable occurrence.;<ref name="Schmidt2003p337" /> This can also mean "to have to, must" in the perfect tenses – to have to do: karnā paṛnā
|1. '''''uṭhnā''' "to get up"'' → '''''uṭh {{IAST|paṛnā}}''''' "to suddenly get up"
2. '''''girnā''''' "to fall down" → '''''gir paṛnā''''' "to collapse"
|-
|'''''{{IAST|uṭhnā}}''''' "to rise"
|Functions like an intensifier;<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Schmidt|2003|pp=337–338}}</ref> suggests inception of action or feeling,

with its independent/literal meaning sometimes showing through

in a sense of upward movement.
|1. '''''jalnā''''' "to burn" → '''''{{IAST|jal uṭhnā}}''''' "to burst into flames"
2. '''''nācnā''''' "to dance" → '''''{{IAST|nāc uṭhnā}}''''' "to break into dance".<ref name="Snell&Weightman1989p221" />
|-
|'''''{{IAST|saknā}}''''' "to be able to"
|A modal verb that indicates the capability of performing an action.
|1. '''''karnā''''' "to do" → '''''kar saknā''''' "to be able to do"
2. '''''dekhnā''''' "to see" → '''''dekh saknā''''' "to be able to see"
|-
|'''''rakhnā''''' "to keep, maintain"
|Implies a firmness of action, or one with possibly long-lasting results or implications;<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Snell|Weightman|1989|p=222}}</ref>

occurs with '''''lenā''''' and '''''denā''''', meaning "to give/take (as a loan)",

and with other appropriate verbs, showing an action performed beforehand.<ref name="Schmidt2003p338" />

It usually works almost the same as '''''cuknā''' the main difference being the nuance conveyed''

''by '''rakhnā''''' is that the action has either "''continued effect till the present time"'' or "is more

recent than the same action conveyed using the '''''cuknā'''''.". '''''cuknā''''' ''signifies distant past.''
|1. '''''dekhnā''''' "to see" → '''''dekh rakhnā''''' "to have already seen."
|-
|'''''rahnā''''' "to remain/stay"
|The continuous aspect marker '''''rahā''''' apparently originated as a compound verb with '''''rahnā''''' ("remain"):
thus '''''maĩ bol rahā hū̃''''' = "I have remained speaking" → "I have continued speaking" → "I am speaking".

However, it has lost the ability to take any form other than the imperfective, and is thus considered

to have become grammaticalized.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Masica|1991|pp=329}}</ref>
|
|}
Finally, having to do with the ''manner'' of an occurrence, compounds verbs are mostly used with completed actions and imperatives, and much less with negatives, conjunctives, and contexts continuous or speculative. This is because non-occurrences cannot be described to have occurred in a particular manner.<ref name="Snell&Weightman1989p156"/>

===Conjuncts===
Another notable aspect of Hindi–Urdu grammar is that of "conjunct verbs", composed of a [[noun]] or [[adjective]] paired up with a general verbaliser, most commonly transitive '''''karnā''''' "to do" or intransitive '''''honā''''' "to be", "to happen", functioning in the place of what in [[English language|English]] would be single unified verb. All conjunct verbs formed using '''''karnā''''' are transitive verbs and all conjunct verbs formed using the verb '''honā''' are intransitive verbs.

In the case of an adjective as the non-verbal element, it is often helps to think of '''''karnā''''' "to do" as supplementarily having the senses of "to cause to be", "to make", "to render", etc.

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! Adjective !! Conjunct !! Literal !! Meaning
|-
|'''''sāf''''' "clean"||''sāf karnā''||to do clean||to clean
|-
|'''''nyukt'''H '''/ muqarrar'''U'' "appointed"||''nyukt / muqarrar karnā''||to do appointed||to appoint
|-
|'''''band''''' "closed"||''band honā''||to be closed||to close (intransitive)
|-
|'''''xatam''''' "finished"||''xatam honā''||to be finished||to finish (intransitive)
|}

In the case of a noun as the non-verbal element, it is treated syntactically as the verb's (direct) object (never taking the '''''ko''''' marker; governing agreement in perfective and infinitival constructions), and the semantic [[Patient (grammar)|patient]] (or [[Agent (grammar)|agent]]: see '''''gālī khānā''''' below) of the conjunct verbal expression is often expressed/marked syntactically as a [[Genitive case|genitive postposition]] ('''''-kā'' ~ ''ke'' ~ ''kī''''') of the noun.<ref>{{Harv|Masica|1991|p=368}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! Noun !! Conjunct !! Conjunct + patient !! Literal !! Meaning
|-
|'''''intezār''''' "wait"||''intezār karnā''||''kisī kā intezār karnā''||to do somebody's wait||to wait for somebody
|-
|'''''istemāl''''' "use"||''istemāl karnā''||''fon kā istemāl karnā''||to do a phone's use||to use a phone
|-
|'''''bāt''''' "talk"||''bāt karnā''||''samīr kī bāt karnā''||to do Sameer's talk||to talk about Sameer
|-
|'''''gālī''''' "cuss/bad word"||''gālī khānā''||''sanam kī gālī khānā''||to eat a lover's curse||to be cursed out by one's own lover
|-
|'''''tasvīr''''' "picture"||''tasvīr khīñcnā''||''Ibrāhīm kī tasvīr khīñcnā''||to pull Ibrahim's picture||to take Ibrahim's picture
|}

With [[English language|English]] it is the verb stems themselves that are used. All English loan words are used by forming compound verbs in Hindi by using either '''''honā''''' (intransitive) or '''''karnā''''' (transitive).

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!English Verb
! Hindi Verb Stem !! Conjuncts !! Meaning
|-
| rowspan="2" |check
| rowspan="2" |'''cêk'''||''cêk honā''||to be/get checked
|-
|''cêk karnā''
|to check (someone/something)
|-
| rowspan="2" |bore
| rowspan="2" |'''bor'''||''bor honā''||to be/get bored
|-
|''bor karnā''
|to bore (someone)
|-
| rowspan="2" |apply
| rowspan="2" |'''aplāi'''
|''aplāi honā''
|to be/get applied
|-
|''aplāi karnā''
|to apply (for something)
|}

===Passive===
The [[Grammatical voice|passive]] construction is [[Periphrasis|periphrastic]]. It is formed from the perfective participle by addition of the auxiliary '''''jānā''''' "to go"; i.e. '''''likhnā''''' "to write" → '''''likhā jānā''''' "to be written". The agent is marked by the [[Instrumental case|instrumental postposition]] '''''se'''''. Furthermore, both intransitive and transitive verbs may be grammatically passivized to show physical/psychological incapacity, usually in negative sentences. Lastly, intransitives often have a passive sense, or convey unintentional action.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Schmidt|2003|p=331}}</ref>

==Syntax==

=== Word order ===
Hindustani generally has free word order, in the sense that word order does not usually signal grammatical functions in the language.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last1=Butt|first1=Miriam|title=Theoretical Perspectives on Word Order in South Asian Languages|last2=Holloway King|first2=Tracy|last3=Ramchand|first3=Gillian|publisher=CSLI Publications|year=1994|isbn=1-881526-49-6|location=Stanford, California|pages=185–199}}</ref> However, the default [[unmarked]] word order in Hindustani is [[subject–object–verb|SOV]]. It is neither purely [[Branching (linguistics)|left- nor right-branching]], and phenomena of both types can be found. The order of constituents in sentences as a whole lacks governing "hard and fast rules", and frequent deviations can be found from normative word position, describable in terms of a small number of rules, accounting for facts beyond the pale of the label of "SOV".<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Shapiro|2003|p=271}}</ref>

* Subject precedes the direct object of the sentence if both the dative and the accusative case marks the objects of a sentence. Prescriptively, the relative position is fixed in order to make it unambiguous which is the direct object and which is the indirect object in the sentence as both the dative case and the accusative case is the same in Hindustani and are marked by the same postposition '''''ko'''''.
* Attributive adjectives precede the noun they qualify by default, but can also be placed after the noun, doing that usually makes the sentence sound either more poetic or gives as stronger emphasises on the attribute that the adjective describes.
* Adverbs usually can appear either before or after the verb they qualify.
* Negative markers ('''''nahī̃''', '''na''', '''mat''''') and interrogatives precede the verb by default but can also appear after it, however the position for negation can be more flexible and the negation can occur before or after the auxiliary verbs too if the sentence has an auxiliary verb. Whenever the negation comes after the verbs instead of before the verb, it always emphasises the negation. The negation can never come before a noun.
* '''kyā''' ("what?") as the [[yes–no question]] marker occurs at the beginning or the end of a clause as its unmarked positions but it can be put anywhere in the sentence except before a verb, where it is instead interpreted as the interrogative meaning "what".<ref name=":02">{{cite journal |last1=Bhatt |first1=Rajesh |last2=Dayal |first2=Veneeta |title=Polar question particles: Hindi-Urdu kya |journal=Natural Language & Linguistic Theory |date=November 2020 |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=1115–1144 |doi=10.1007/s11049-020-09464-0 |s2cid=213719773 }}</ref> This is frequently dropped in colloquial conversation, and instead, the last word of the question has a higher pitch.

In the example below, it is shown that all word orders make sense for simple sentences, which do not have adjectives, negations and adverbs. As a general rule, whatever information comes first in the sentence gets emphasised and the information which appears at the end of a sentence gets emphasised the least.<ref name=":3">{{cite journal |last1=Patil |first1=Umesh |last2=Kentner |first2=Gerrit |last3=Gollrad |first3=Anja |last4=Kügler |first4=Frank |last5=Fery |first5=Caroline |last6=Vasishth |first6=Shravan |title=Focus, Word Order and Intonation in Hindi |journal=Journal of South Asian Linguistics |date=17 November 2008 |volume=1 |url=https://ojs.ub.uni-konstanz.de/jsal/index.php/jsal/article/view/3 }}</ref><ref name=":4">{{cite book |doi=10.1515/9783110179897.113 |chapter=Discourse Context and Word Order Preferences in Hindi |title=The Yearbook of South Asian Languages and Linguistics (2004) |year=2004 |last1=Vasishth |first1=Shravan |pages=113–128 |isbn=978-3-11-020776-7 }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="4" |[maĩ].1P.NOM.SG [baccā].kid.NOM.SG.MASC [hū̃].be.1P.SG
!
! colspan="3" |[mujhe].1P.DAT [karnā].INF.PTCP.MASC.SG [hai].be.3P.SG
|-
!
!Sentence
!Literal
!Translation
!
!Sentence
!Literal
!Translation
|-
! rowspan="6" |1.
|''maĩ baccā hū̃''
|[I] [kid] [am]
| rowspan="6" |I am a kid.
! rowspan="6" |2.
|''mujhe karnā hai''
|[to me] [to do] [is]
| rowspan="6" |I have/want to do.
|-
|''maĩ hū̃ baccā''
|[I] [am] [kid]
|''mujhe hai karnā''
|[to me] [is] [to do]
|-
|''baccā maĩ hū̃''
|[kid] [I] [am]
|''karnā mujhe hai''
|[to do] [to me] [is]
|-
|''baccā hū̃ maĩ''
|[kid] [am] [I]
|''karnā hai mujhe''
|[to do] [is] [to me]
|-
|''hū̃ maĩ baccā''
|[am] [I] [kid]
|''hai mujhe karnā''
|[is] [to me] [to do]
|-
|''hū̃ baccā maĩ''
|[am] [kid] [I]
|''hai karnā mujhe''
|[is] [to do] [to me]
|}
As long as both dative and the accusative case are not used in the sentence, the word order flexibility remains. For example, in the table below the locative and the accusative case is used in the same sentence, the word order is flexible because the markers for the locative and the accusative cases are different but in Hindustani, the marker for the accusative and the dative case are the same, which is '''ko''' for nouns and the oblique case pronouns or they have their own unique pronoun forms which are the same for dative and the accusative case.<ref name=":4" />
{| class="wikitable"
|+Translation: He/she wants/have to go [up] on that.
| colspan="4" |'''[use].he/she.DEM.DAT [uspe].that.DEM.LOC [jānā].go.INF [hai].be.3P.SG'''
|-
|''use uspe jānā hai''
|''uspe use jānā hai''
|''jānā use uspe hai''
|''hai use uspe jān̄ā''
|-
|''use uspe hai jānā''
|''uspe use hai jānā''
|''jānā use hai uspe''
|''hai use jān̄ā uspe''
|-
|''use jānā hai uspe''
|''uspe hai use jānā''
|''jānā hai use uspe''
|''hai jānā use uspe''
|-
|''use jānā uspe hai''
|''uspe hai jānā use''
|''jānā hai uspe use''
|''hai jānā uspe use''
|-
|''use hai uspe jānā''
|''uspe jānā hai use''
|''jānā uspe use hai''
|''hai uspe use jānā''
|-
|''use hai jānā uspe''
|''uspe jānā use hai''
|''jānā uspe hai use''
|''hai uspe jānā use''
|-
| colspan="4" |'''Note: All word orders make sense but each has its own nuance and specific context of usage.'''
|} '''Usage of dative/accusative noun + accusative/dative pronoun'''

When noun and pronoun are used together in a sentence and one is in accusative case while the other is in the dative case, there is no way to differentiate which one is which just by looking at the sentence. Usually in such cases, owing to the default word order of Hindi (which is SOV) which noun/pronoun comes earlier in the sentence becomes the subject of the sentence and what comes later becomes the object of the sentence.
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |1. [use].DEM.ACC [kutte-ko].dog.DAT [do].give.IMP.2P
|-
! colspan="2" |2. [use].DEM.DAT [kutte-ko].dog.ACC [do].give.IMP.2P
|-
|''use kutte-ko do''
| rowspan="6" |Either "'''Give it/him/her to the dog.'''"
or "'''Give the dog to it/him/her.'''"

(Prescriptively, what comes

first becomes the subject of the sentence)
|-
|''use do kutte-ko''
|-
|''kutte-ko use do''
|-
|''kutte-ko do use''
|-
|''do kutte-ko use''
|-
|''do use kutte-ko''
|} '''Usage of dative noun + accusative noun'''<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Spencer|first=Andrew|date=2005|title=Case in Hindi|url=http://csli-publications.stanford.edu/|publisher=CSLI Publications|pages=5}}</ref><ref name=":2" />

Nouns in Hindi are put in the dative or accusative case first having the noun in the oblique case and then by adding the postposition '''''ko''''' after it. However, when two nouns are used in a sentence in which one of them is in the accusative case and the other in the dative case, the sentence becomes ambiguous and stops making sense, so, to make sense of the sentence, one of the nouns (the one in the accusative case) is put into the nominative case and the other one is left as it is (in the dative case). The noun which is put into the nominative case is the direct object of the sentence and the other one (which has been left in the accusative case) is the indirect object of the sentence.

When both the nouns use the '''''ko''''' marker, generally, all permutations in which the nouns with the same case marker are adjacent to one another become ambiguous or convey no sense.<ref name=":0" />
{| class="wikitable"
!Sentence
!Note
!Translation
|-
|''?sā̃p-ko sapere-ko do''
|with proper intonation it makes sense<ref name=":3" />
|give the snake to the snake-charmer.
|-
|''*sā̃p-ko do sapere-ko''
|doesn't make sense
| –
|-
|''?sapere-ko sā̃p-ko do''
|with proper intonation it makes sense<ref name=":3" />
| give the snake-charmer to the snake.
|-
|''*sapere-ko do sā̃p-ko''
|doesn't make sense
| –
|-
|''*do sapere-ko sā̃p-ko''
|doesn't make sense
| –
|-
|''*do sā̃p-ko sapere-ko''
|doesn't make sense
| –
|}
Removing the '''''ko''''' from the word '''''sā̃p''''' leaves it in the ''nominative case''. Now, it acts as the ''direct object'' of the sentence and '''saperā''' becomes the ''indirect object'' of the sentence. The English translation becomes "'''''Give the snake-charmer a snake'''.''" and when the opposite is done, the English translation of the sentence becomes "'''''Give the snake a snake-charmer.'''''"
{| class="wikitable"
!Sentence
!Translation
!Sentence
!Translation
|-
|''sā̃p sapere-ko do''
| rowspan="6" |'''''Give the snake-charmer a snake'''''
|''sā̃p-ko sapere do''
| rowspan="6" |'''''Give the snake a snake-charmer'''''
|-
|''sā̃p do sapere-ko''
|''sā̃p-ko do sapere''
|-
|''sapere-ko sā̃p do''
|''sapere sā̃p-ko do''
|-
|''sapere-ko do sā̃p''
|''sapere do sā̃p-ko''
|-
|''do sapere-ko sā̃p''
|''do sapere sā̃p-ko''
|-
|''do sā̃p sapere-ko''
|''do sā̃p-ko sapere''
|}
 '''Usage of dative pronoun + accusative pronoun'''

When two pronouns are used in a sentence, all the sentences remain grammatically valid but the ambiguity of precisely telling the subject and the object of the sentence remains.<ref name=":0" /> However, just as we did above, converting one the pronoun into nominative case does not work for all pronouns but only for the 3rd person pronouns and doing that for any other pronoun will leave the sentence ungrammatical and without sense. The reason that this works only for the 3rd person pronoun because these are not really the "regular" 3rd person pronouns but are instead the demonstrative pronouns. Hindustani lacks the regular 3rd person pronouns and hence compensates for them by using the demonstrative pronouns.

So, the ambiguity cannot completely be removed in this case here, unless of course it is interpreted that what comes first becomes the subject of the sentence. The English translation becomes either "'''Give me to that/him/her/it.'''" or "'''Give me that/him/her/it.'''" depending on which pronoun appears first in the sentence.
{| class="wikitable"
!Sentence
!Translation
!Sentence
!Translation
|-
|''mujhe use do''
| rowspan="6" |'''Give me to that/him/her/it.'''
or

'''Give me that/him/her/it.'''
|''mujhe vo do''
| rowspan="6" |'''Give me that.'''
|-
|''mujhe do use''
|''mujhe do vo''
|-
|''do mujhe use''
|''do mujhe vo''
|-
|''do use mujhe''
|''do vo mujhe''
|-
|''use mujhe do''
|''vo mujhe do''
|-
|''use do mujhe''
|''vo do mujhe''
|}

===Possession===
Unlike English and many other Indo-European languages, Hindustani does not have a verb which uniquely translate to "to have" of English. Possession is reflected in Hindustani by the genitive marker '''kā''' (inflected appropriately) or the postposition '''''ke pās''''' ("near") and the verb '''''honā'''''. Possible objects of possession fall into the following four main categories in Hindustani,

# '''Fundamental possessions:''' These are possessions that are of permanent nature, which one has not obtained but got naturally and cannot be owned. These include, family relations, body parts, etc.
#*For indicating fundamental possessions, '''''kā''''' appears after the subject of the possession. With personal pronouns, this requires the use of the possessive pronoun (inflected appropriately).
# '''Non-Fundamental possessions:''' These are possessions that one has obtained or can be owned. These include possession of any object, living beings (including humans), etc.
#*For indicating non-fundamental possessions, the compound postposition '''''ke pās''''' (literally, "of near") is used. However, this postposition cannot ever be translated as "near", showing proximity.
# '''Proximal possessions:''' These are possessions that show that someone or something has something near themselves.
#*For indicating proximity of the object to the subject, the double compound postposition '''''ke''''' '''''pās mẽ''''' (literally, "of near in") is used. It translates as "nearby".
#'''Dative/Abstract possessions''': These are abstract possessions such as pain, problems, issue, wanting, happiness, etc. but sometimes it can also be used to show number of children one has (given birth to and not adopted).
#*For indicating dative possessions, the pronouns in their dative case or the dative postposition '''''ko''''' is used.

{| class="wikitable"
|+Fundamental possessions
!
!width="300px"|Sentence
!Explanation
|-
!1.
|{{interlinear|merī mā̃ hai.|my mother {there is}|I have a mother.}}
|means that your mother is still alive, and hence in a fundamental way you still possess her, as in, the relationship "she is your mother" is true.
|-
!2.
|{{interlinear|uskī do ā̃khẽ haĩ.|his two eyes {there are}|He/She has two eyes.}}
|means that a person fundamentally/naturally has two eyes. The person was born like that.
|-
!3.
|{{interlinear|mere do bacce haĩ.|mine two children {there are}|I have two children.}}
|means you are the parent of two kids. The relationship is permanent.
|-
!4.
|{{interlinear|merī nazar acchī nahī̃ hai.|mine vision good not is|My vision is not good.}}
|as vision is a fundamental property of a person and hence it cannot be owned and so the fundamental possession is used.
|}
'''Note''': The verb '''''honā''''' can be translated as "to be", "to have/possess", "to exist" or "to happen" depending on the context. The third person singular and plural conjugations depending on the context could also be translated as "there is" and "there are" respectively.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Non-fundamental possessions
!
!width="300px"|Sentence
!Explanation
|-
!1.
|{{interlinear|mere pās mā̃ hai.|mine near mother {there is}|I have a mother.}}
|means the same as the fundamental possession, but with the nuance that you and your mother are physically together or close.
|-
!2.
|{{interlinear|uske pās do ā̃khẽ haĩ.|his near two eyes {there are}|He/she has two eyes.}}
|means the same as the fundamental possession with an emphasis on the current ability of one's eyes (as opposed to blindness),
but also has an additional meaning of possession of someone else's eye.
|-
!3.
|{{interlinear|mere pās do bacce haĩ.|mine near two kids {there are}|I have two kids.}}
|means that you have kids of some other person, usually used in situations of school (teacher-student), kidnapping, etc.
|-
!4.
|{{interlinear|mere pās ek idea hai.|mine near one idea {there is}|I have an idea.}}
|means that you possess an idea. An idea occurred to you.
|}
'''Note''': Sometimes when talking about physical objects (including animals) both the fundamental and non-fundamental possessions are used interchangeably when the meaning conveyed in both cases does not lead to confusion. For example, '''''mere do kutte haĩ''''' and '''''mere pās do kutte haĩ''''' (both translating as, "I have two dogs.") are often used interchangeably when referring to pet dogs, with the sentence with the fundamental possession showing or having more emotional attachment. The reason these both are used interchangeably because it is a priori understood that the dogs in the context must be pet dogs. Same happens with the second example above on both the tables conveying the possession of eyes; it is understood that the eyes in the context are one's own. In the contexts where such a priori information is not immediately understood, these two types of possessions cannot be used interchangeably.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Proximal possessions
!
!Sentence
|-
!1.
|{{interlinear|mere {pās mẽ} mā̃ hai.|mine nearby mother {there is}|"Mother is near me." or, "I have mother near me."}}
|-
!2.
|{{interlinear|uske {pās mẽ} do kutte haĩ.|his nearby two dogs {there are}|"There are two dogs near him/her." or, "He/She/It has two dogs near him/her/it."}}
|-
!3.
|{{interlinear|mere {pās mẽ} do bacce haĩ.|mine nearby two kids {there are}|"I have two kids near me."}}
|-
!4.
|{{interlinear|mere {pās mẽ} ek ghar hai.|mine nearby one house {there is}|"I have a house near me."}}
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Dative/Abstract possessions
!
!Sentence
!Explanation
|-
! 1.
| {{interlinear
|mujhe ek dikkat hai.
|{to me} one problem {there is}
|I have a problem.}}
|since problem is an abstract noun, the dative/abstract possession is used.
|-
!2.
| {{interlinear
|use usse do bacce haĩ.
|{to him/her} {from him/her} two kids {there are}
|She has two kids with him.}}
|dative/abstract possession is used to show number of children someone has (gave birth to, and not adopted).
|-
!3.
| {{interlinear
|tujhe itnī xušī kyõ hai?
|{to you} {this much} happiness why {there is}
|Why are you so happy? ({{lit}} why do you have so much happiness?)}}
|since happiness is an abstract noun, the dative/abstract possession is used.
|}

===Relativisation===
Rather than using relative clauses after nouns, as in English, Hindustani uses correlative clauses. In Hindustani, a correlative clause can go before or after the entire clause, the adjective, the noun, the pronoun or the verb it relativises.<ref name=Dayal1996>{{cite book |doi=10.1007/978-94-011-4808-5_5 |chapter=Relativization Structures in Hindi |title=Locality in WH Quantification |series=Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy |year=1996 |last1=Dayal |first1=Veneeta |volume=62 |pages=151–186 |isbn=978-0-7923-5478-9 }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+Relative pronouns positions
!
!Sentence
!Note
|-
! 1.
| {{interlinear
|'''jo''' laṛkī khaṛī hai vo lambī hai.
|who.REL girl.FEM.SG stand.PTCP.FEM.SG be.PRS.3P.SG. she.DEM tall.ADJ.FEM.SG be.PRS.3P.SG.
|The girl '''who''' is standing, she is tall.}}
|pre-noun relative clause<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Beshears |first1=Anne |title=The Hindi correlative as an overtly pronounced index |journal=Formal Approaches to South Asian Languages |date=23 November 2016 |url=https://ojs.ub.uni-konstanz.de/jsal/index.php/fasal/article/view/109 }}</ref>
|-
! 2.
| {{interlinear
|bacca '''jo''' cillātā hai bura hai.
|kid.MASC.SG. who.REL shout.PTCP.MASC.SG be.PRS.3P.SG bad.ADJ.MASC.SG be.PRS.3P.SG
|The kid '''who''' shouts is bad.}}
|post-noun relative clause<ref name=Dayal1996/>
|-
! 3.
| {{interlinear
|vo khātā hai '''jo''' vo khātā hai.
|he.DEM eat.PTCP.MASC.SG be.PRS.3P.SG what.REL he.DEM eat.PTCP.MASC.SG be.PRS.3P.SG
|He eats '''what''' he eats.}}
|post-verb relative clause<ref name=Dayal1996/>
|-
! 4.
| {{interlinear
|karo '''jo''' karnā hai [tumko].
|do.IMP.2P.SG what.REL do.INF.PTCP be.PRS.3P.SG {}
|Do '''what''' you want/have to do.}}
|pre-verb relative clause<ref name=Dayal1996/>
|-
! 5.
| {{interlinear
|'''jo''' karo sahī karo.
|what.REL do.SUBJ.2P.SG correct.ADJ do.IMP.2P.SG
|Do right '''what''' you do.}}
|pre-verb relative clause<ref name=Dayal1996/>
|-
! 6.
| {{interlinear
|acchī̃ nahī̃ haĩ vo '''jo''' gātī̃ haĩ.
|good.ADJ.FEM.PL not.NEG be.PRS.3P.PL they.NOM.FEM. who.REL sing.PTCP.FEM.PL be.PRS.3P.PL
|Those [women] '''who''' sing are not good.}}
|post-pronoun relative clause<ref name=Dayal1996/>
|-
! 7.
| {{interlinear
|'''jo''' tum karoge sahī karoge.
|what.REL you.NOM do.FUT.MASC.2P.SG correct.ADJ do.FUT.MASC.2P.SG
|'''What(ever)''' you'll do, you'll do correct(ly)/right.}}
|pre-pronoun relative clause<ref name=Dayal1996/>
|-
! 8.
| {{interlinear
|acchī '''jo''' haī vo vo laṛkī haī.
|good.ADJ.FEM.SG who.REL be.PRS.3P.SG she.DEM that.DEM girl.NOM.SG. be.PRS.3P.SG.
|The girl '''who''' is good is her.}}
|post-adjective relative clause<ref name=Dayal1996/>
|-
! 9.
| {{interlinear
|'''jo''' acchī haī vo vo laṛkī haī.
|who.REL good.ADJ.FEM.SG be.PRS.3P.SG that.DEM she.DEM girl.NOM.SG. be.PRS.3P.SG.
|The girl '''who''' is good is her.}}
|pre-adjective relative clause<ref name=Dayal1996/>
|}
'''Note:''' The relative pronoun '''''jo''''' can be used as both relative "''what''" and relative "''who''".

===Case-marking and verb agreement===
Hindustani has [[tripartite alignment|tripartite case-marking]], which means that the subject in intransitive clauses, and the agent and the object in transitive clauses each can be marked by a distinct case form. The full set of case distinctions is however only realized in certain clause types.<ref name=Comrie>{{cite book |last=Comrie |first=Bernard |year=2013 |chapter=Alignment of Case Marking of Full Noun Phrases |editor1=Dryer, Matthew S. |editor2=Haspelmath, Martin |title=The World Atlas of Language Structures Online |place=Leipzig |publisher=Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology |chapter-url=https://wals.info/chapter/98 |access-date=26 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Verbeke |first=Saartje |year=2013 |title=Alignment and Ergativity in New Indo-Aryan Languages |place=Berlin |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton}}</ref>

In ''intransitive'' clauses, the subject is in nominative case. The verb displays [[Agreement (linguistics)|agreement]] with the subject: depending on aspect and mood, the verb agrees in gender and number, and/or person and number.<ref name=Comrie/>

{{interlinear|indent=2|abbreviations=PRF:perfective; NOM:nominative case
|laṛkā kal āyā
|boy:NOM yesterday come:PRF:MASC:SG
|'The boy came yesterday.'}}

In ''transitive'' clauses, there are three patterns:<ref>{{cite book |last=Butt |first=Miriam |year=2017 |chapter=Hindi/Urdu and Related Languages |editor1=Coon, Jessica |editor2=Massam, Diane |editor3=Travis, Lisa Demena |title=The Oxford Handbook of Ergativity |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=807–831}}</ref>

;1. Perfective clauses with animate/definite object
Fully distinctive case marking is found in perfective clauses with animate and/or definite objects. Here, the agent takes the ergative case marker ''ne'', while the object takes the accusative case marker ''ko''. The verb does not agree with either of the core arguments (agent and object), but is marked per default as third person masculine singular ('''''calāyā hai''''').{{efn|In the sample clause, the agent happens to be masculine singular, but the verb would not change even if the agent were plural or feminine.}}

{{interlinear|indent=2|abbreviations=PRF:perfective
|laṛke{{=}}ne gāṛī{{=}}ko calāyā hai
|boy:OBL{{=}}ERG car{{=}}ACC drive:PRF:MASC:SG be:PRES:3.SG
|'The boy has driven the car.'}}

;2. Perfective clauses with inanimate/indefinite object
In perfective clauses with an indefinite object, the agent keeps the ergative case marker, but the object is in nominative case. The verb agrees with the object: the perfective form '''''calāyī''' '''hai''''' is marked for feminine gender, agreeing with the gender of the object '''''gāṛī'''''.

{{interlinear|indent=2|abbreviations=PRF:perfective
|laṛke{{=}}ne gāṛī calāyī hai
|boy:OBL{{=}}ERG car drive:PRF:FEM:SG be:PRES:3.SG
|'The boy has driven a car.'}}

;3. Non-perfective clauses
In all other clause types, the agent is in nominative case and triggers agreement on the verb. The object is either in nominative case or accusative case, depending on animacy/definiteness

{{interlinear|indent=2|abbreviations=IMPF:imperfective; NOM:nominative case
|laṛkā gāṛī calātā hai
|boy:NOM car:NOM drive:IMPF:MASC:SG be:PRES:3.SG
|'The boy drives a car.'}}

The following table summarises the three basic case-marking and agreement types.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan=2 rowspan=2 |
! colspan=3 | Case marking
! colspan=2 | Verb agreement
|-
! S*
! A
! O
! transitive
! intransitive
|-
! rowspan=2 | Perfective clauses
! definite object
| nominative
| ergative
| accusative
| none
| rowspan=2 | with S
|-
! indefinite object
| nominative
| ergative
| nominative
| with O
|-
! colspan=2 | Non-perfective clauses
| nominative
| nominative
| nominative/accusative
| with A
| with S
|-
| colspan=7 | *'''S''' is the subject in intransitive clauses. '''A''' and '''O''' are the agent and the object in transitive clauses, respectively.
|}

====Differential argument marking====
{{See also|Differential argument marking}}

Hindustani, like other Indo-Aryan languages, displays differential case marking on both subjects (DSM) and [[differential object marking|objects]] (DOM).<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1016/B978-008044651-6/50015-X |chapter=Differential Case-Marking in Hindi |title=Competition and Variation in Natural Languages |year=2005 |last1=De Hoop |first1=Helen |last2=Narasimhan |first2=Bhuvana |pages=321–345 |hdl=11858/00-001M-0000-0013-1748-5 |isbn=978-0-08-044651-6 }}</ref> Diachronically, differential argument marking developed very differently for subjects and objects, but became prevalent for both in the 17th century. For subjects, it is predicate-licensed and dependent on semantics, whereas for objects it is discourse-driven.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Montaut |first1=Annie |editor1-last=Seržant |editor1-first=Ilja A. |editor2-last=Witzlack-Makarevich |editor2-first=Alena |title=Diachrony of differential argument marking |date=2018 |publisher=Language Science Press |location=Berlin |chapter=The rise of differential object marking in Hindi and related languages |chapter-url=https://langsci-press.org/catalog/view/173/1277/1051-1 |isbn=978-3-96110-085-9 }}</ref>

For subjects, on top of the previously discussed [[split ergativity]] (in which perfective case verbs take the ergative ''ne'' on the subject, while other conjugations have an unmarked subject), certain [[modal auxiliary verb]]s take different case markers for their subjects.

The most notable instance of DSM is the [[experiencer (linguistics)|experiencer dative subject]] (a type of [[quirky subject]]). Verbs indicating sensations ('''''lagnā''''' "to seem"), emotions ('''''mahsūs honā''''' "to feel"), and cognition ('''''patā honā''''' "to be known"), all license the dative case marker '''''ko''''' on their subjects. This is a cross-linguistic phenomenon.{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}}

{{interlinear|indent=2|abbreviations=PRF:perfective; NOM:nominative case; PROGːprogressive aspect
|us{{=}}ko terī bāt acchī lag rahī hai
|3.SG:OBL{{=}}DAT 2.SG:GEN talk:NOM good:FEM seem PROG:FEM be:3.SG:PRS
|'She likes what you're saying.'}}

Passive subjects taking the modal auxiliary '''''jānā''''' 'to go', usually connoting reduced agentivity, take the instrumental '''''se'''''. This construction can also be used to indicate ability.

{{interlinear|indent=2|abbreviations=PRF:perfective; NOM:nominative case
|bacce{{=}}se śīśā ṭūṭ gayā
|child:OBL{{=}}INS mirror:NOM break go:PRF:MASC:SG
|'The mirror was broken by the child.'}}

The dative '''''ko''''' indicates obligation or necessity. The modal '''''honā''''' 'to be' and '''''paṛnā''''' 'to fall' both take this on their subjects.

{{interlinear|indent=2|abbreviations=PRF:perfective; NOM:nominative case
|logõ{{=}}ko kām karnā hai
|people:OBL:PL{{=}}DAT work:NOM do:INF be:PRS:3.SG
|'The people have to work.'}}

The accusative marker '''''ko''''' is only applied when the object is definite, similar to the distinction between ''the'' and ''a(n)'' in English.

{{interlinear|indent=2|abbreviations=PRF:perfective
|maĩ{{=}}ne laṛkõ{{=}}ko bacāyā
|1.SG{{=}}ERG boy:OBL:PL{{=}}ACC save:PRF:MASC:SG
|'I saved the boys.'}}

{{interlinear|indent=2|abbreviations=PRF:perfective; NOM:nominative case
|maĩ{{=}}ne laṛke bacāye
|1.SG{{=}}ERG boy:NOM:PL save:PRF:MASC:PL
|'I saved boys.'}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== See also ==

* [[Urdu|Urdu language]]
* [[Hindi|Hindi language]]
* [[Hindi verbs]]
* [[Hindi pronouns]]
* [[Urdu alphabet]]
* [[Devanagari]]
* [[Devanagari transliteration]]
* [[Hindustani phonology]]

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

==Bibliography==
*{{Citation
|last=Masica
|first=Colin
|author-link=Colin Masica
|year=1991
|title=The Indo-Aryan Languages
|place= Cambridge
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|isbn=978-0-521-29944-2
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J3RSHWePhXwC&q=indo-aryan+languages
}}.
*{{Citation
|last=Schmidt
|first=Ruth Laila
|year=2003
|chapter=Urdu
|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jPR2OlbTbdkC&q=indo-aryan&pg=PA286
|editor1-last= Cardona
|editor1-first= George
|editor2-last= Jain
|editor2-first= Dhanesh
|title=The Indo-Aryan Languages
|publisher=Routledge
|isbn=978-0-415-77294-5
|pages=286–350
}}.
*{{Citation
|last=McGregor
|first=Ronald Stuart
|year=1995
|title=Outline of Hindi Grammar
|publisher=Clarendon Press
|place=Oxford
|edition=third
|isbn=0-19-870008-3
}}.
*{{Citation
|last=Shapiro
|first=Michael C.
|year=2003
|chapter=Hindi
|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jPR2OlbTbdkC&q=indo-aryan&pg=PA250
|editor1-last= Cardona
|editor1-first= George
|editor2-last= Jain
|editor2-first= Dhanesh
|title=The Indo-Aryan Languages
|publisher=Routledge
|isbn=978-0-415-77294-5
|pages=250–285
}}.
*{{Citation
|last1= Snell
|first1= Rupert
|last2= Weightman
|first2= Simon
|year=1989
|title=[[Teach Yourself]] Hindi
|publisher=McGraw-Hill
|edition=2003
|isbn=978-0-07-142012-9
}}.

==Further reading==
*{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/introductiontohi00shakrich#page/8/mode/2up|title=An introduction to the Hindustani language comprising a grammar, and a vocabulary, English and Hindustani : also short stories and dialogues, short stories in Persian and Nagari characters ... and military words of command, Nagari and English|author=Shakespear, John |year=1845 |publisher=London : W.H. Allen}}
*{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/grammarofurduorh00dowsiala#page/n11/mode/2up|title=A grammar of the Urdu or Hindustani language|author=Dowson, John (1820–1881)|year=1908|publisher= London : K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., ltd. 1908}} (public domain e-book) Contributed by [[University of California]] libraries
{{Navboxes
|list =
{{Hindi topics}}
{{Urdu topics}}
{{Grammars of South Asian languages}}
{{Language grammars}}
}}

<section begin="list-of-glossing-abbreviations"/><div style="display:none;">
ABBR1:meaning1
ABBR2:meaning2
</div><section end="list-of-glossing-abbreviations"/>

[[Category:Indo-Aryan grammars]]
[[Category:Hindustani language]]
[[Category:Hindi]]
[[Category:Urdu]]

List of institutions of higher education in Bihar

2026-03-11T18:02:05Z

HeikeC58098401: small update article per standard format

{{Short description|None}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{missing information|the meaning of † and †† (should be explained in a legend before the table)|date=February 2024}}
{{external links|date=February 2024}}
}}

[[Bihar]] is home to 8 [[Institutes of National Importance]], 4 [[Central University, India|Central Universities]], 20 [[State university (India)|State Universities]], 7 [[Private University|Private Universities]], 1 [[Deemed university|Deemed University]] and 4 Centrally Funded Eminent Institutes. The following is a list of institutions of higher education in [[Bihar]], [[India]].
{{TOC limit|2}}

{|class = "wikitable sortable collapsible plainrowheaders"
|-
|+Summary
|-
!scope="col" |TYPE
!scope="col" |Number
|-
!scope="row"|[[Institutes of National Importance|INI]]
|8
|-
!scope="row"|[[Central university, India|Central]]
|4
|-
!scope="row"|[[State university (India)|State]]
|20
|-
!scope="row"|[[Private university, India|Private]]
|7
|-
!scope="row"|[[Deemed university|Deemed]]
|1
|-
!scope="row"|'''Total'''
|'''40'''
|}

== Institutes of National Importance ==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"

! scope="col" |S.No
! scope="col" |University
! scope="col" |Location
! scope="col" |Type
! scope="col" |Established
! scope="col" |Specialization
! scope="col" |Source
|-

| 1
! scope="row" | [[Officers Training Academy]]
| [[Gaya, India|Gaya]]
| Indian Army
| 2011
| Pre Commissioning Training
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianarmy.nic.in/about/training-site-main/ota-gaya-army-establishments/ |title=OTA Gaya |work=indianarmy.nic.in/|access-date= 7 January 2021}}</ref>
|-

| 2
! scope="row" | [[Indian Institute of Management Bodh Gaya]]
| [[Bodh Gaya]]
| Autonomous
| 2015
| Management
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://iimbg.ac.in/ |title=IIM Bodh Gaya |work=iimbg.ac.in/|access-date= 7 January 2021}}</ref>
|-

| 3
!scope="row" | [[Indian Institute of Technology Patna]]
| [[Patna]]
| Autonomous
| 2008
| Science and Technology
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iitp.ac.in/ |title=IIT Patna |work=iitp.ac.in/ |access-date=7 January 2021}}</ref>
|-

| 4
! scope="row" | [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna]]
| [[Patna]]
| Autonomous
| 2012
| Medical
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aiimspatna.org/ |title=AIIMS Patna |work=aiimspatna.org |access-date=7 January 2021}}</ref>
|-

| 5
!scope="row" | [[National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur]]
| [[Hajipur]]
| Autonomous
| 2007
| Pharmacy
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://niperhajipur.ac.in/ |title=NIPER Hajipur |work=niperhajipur.ac.in/ |access-date=7 January 2021}}</ref>
|-

| 6
!scope="row" | [[National Institute of Technology, Patna]]
| [[Patna]]
| Autonomous
| 1886 (1924) (2004)
| Science and Technology
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nitp.ac.in/ |title=NIT Patna |work=nitp.ac.in |access-date=7 January 2021}}</ref>
|-

| 7
! scope="row" | [[Indian Institute of Information Technology, Bhagalpur]]
| [[Bhagalpur]]
| Autonomous
| 2017
| Science and Technology
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iiitbh.ac.in/ |title=Indian Institute of Information Technology, Bhagalpur|work=iiitbh.ac.in/|access-date=7 January 2021}}</ref>
|-

| 8
! scope="row" | [[Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agriculture University]]
| [[Pusa]]
| Autonomous
| 1905
| Agriculture
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agriculture University |url=https://www.rpcau.ac.in/}}</ref>
|-

| 9
! scope="row" | [[Nalanda University]]
| [[Rajgir]]
| Autonomous
| 2010
| Intellectual, Philosophical, Historical and Spiritual
| <ref name="Nalanda University">{{cite web |title=Nalanda University |url=https://nalandauniv.edu.in/}}</ref>
|}

== Central Universities ==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" |S.No
! scope="col" |University
! scope="col" |Location
! scope="col" |Type
! scope="col" |Established
! scope="col" |Specialization
! scope="col" |Permanent campus
! scope="col" class="unsortable"|Sources
|-
| 1
| [[Central University of South Bihar]]
| [[Gaya, India|Gaya]]
| [[Central University, India|Central]]
| 2009
| General
| Available
|<ref name="autogenerated1"/>
|-
| 2
| [[Nalanda University]]
| [[Rajgir]]
| [[Central University, India|Central]] and [[International university|International]]
| 2010
| Intellectual, Philosophical, Historical and Spiritual
|Available
|<ref name="Nalanda University"/>
|-
| 3
| [[Mahatma Gandhi Central University]]
| [[Motihari]]
| [[Central University, India|Central]]
| 2016
| General
| Available
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Mahatma Gandhi Central University |url=https://mgcub.ac.in/}}</ref>
|-
| 4
| [[Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agriculture University|Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University]]
|[[Samastipur]]
| [[Central University, India|Central]]
| 1905 (1970) (2016)
| Agriculture
| Available
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pusavarsity.org.in/about_pusa.php |title=Rajendra Agricultural University, Pusa Samastipur, Bihar |work=pusavarsity.org.in |access-date=28 June 2011 |publisher=[[Rajendra Agricultural University]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729134132/http://www.pusavarsity.org.in/about_pusa.php |archive-date=29 July 2013 }}</ref>
|}

== State Universities ==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" |University
! scope="col" |Location
! scope="col" |Type
! scope="col" |Established
! scope="col" |Specialization
! scope="col" |Permanent campus
! scope="col" class="unsortable"|Sources
|-
| [[Aryabhatta Knowledge University]]
| [[Patna]]
| [[State university (India)|State]]
| 2010
| Professional
| Available
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.akubihar.ac.in/ |title=AKU, Patna |work=akubihar.ac.in |access-date=28 June 2011 |publisher=Aryabhatta Knowledge University |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110924025722/http://www.akubihar.ac.in/ |archive-date=24 September 2011 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Bhupendra Narayan Mandal University]]
| [[Madhepura]]
| [[State university (India)|State]]
| 1992
| General
| Available
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bnmu.in/index.html|title=Welcome to B.N.M.U Madhepura, Bihar.|work=bnmu.in|access-date=28 June 2011|publisher=[[Bhupendra Narayan Mandal University]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721154202/http://www.bnmu.in/index.html|archive-date=21 July 2011}}</ref>
|-
| | [[Bihar Agricultural University]]
|[[Bhagalpur]]
| [[State university (India)|State]]
| 2009
| Agriculture
| Available
|<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.cub.ac.in/|title= Central University Of Bihar |work=cub.ac.in|access-date=28 June 2011|publisher=[[Central University of Bihar]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628105649/http://www.cub.ac.in/|archive-date=28 June 2011}}</ref>
|-
| [[Bihar Animal Sciences University]]
|[[Patna]]
|[[State university (India)|State]]
| 2016
| Veterinary
| Available
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.basu.org.in/ |title=Bihar Animal Sciences University – Home Page |work=basu.org.in |access-date=28 November 2018 |publisher=[[Bihar Animal Sciences University]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629140846/http://basu.org.in/ |archive-date=29 June 2011 }}</ref>
|-
| [[B. R. Ambedkar Bihar University]]
| [[Muzaffarpur]]
| [[State university (India)|State]]
| 1952
| General
| Available
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brabu.net/history.php|title=B. R. Ambedkar Bihar University|work=brabu.net|access-date=28 June 2011|publisher=[[B. R. Ambedkar Bihar University]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723033817/http://www.brabu.net/history.php|archive-date=23 July 2011}}</ref>
|-
| [[Bihar Engineering University]]
| [[Patna]]
| [[State university (India)|State]]
| 2021
| Engineering
| Temp
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/cm-nitish-kumar-bats-for-admission-of-at-least-33-3-girls-in-bihars-engineering-colleges/articleshow/99176191.cms |title=CM Nitish Kumar bats for admission of at least 33.3% girls in Bihar's engineering colleges|date=1 April 2023|newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| [[Bihar University of Health Sciences]]
| [[Patna]]
| [[State university (India)|State]]
| 2022
| Medical
| Temp
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Bihar Health Science University gets its first Vice-Chancellor|url=https://www.shiksha.com/news/medicine-health-sciences-bihar-health-science-university-gets-its-first-vice-chancellor-blogId-97639|access-date=28 June 2023}}</ref>
|-
| [[Chanakya National Law University]]
| [[Patna]]
| [[State university (India)|State]]
| 2006
| Legal
| Available
|<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.cnlu.ac.in/ |title=Welcome to the Official Website of Chankaya National Law University, Patna |work=cnlu.ac.in |access-date=28 June 2011|publisher=[[Chanakya National Law University]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[Jai Prakash University]]
| [[Chhapra]]
| [[State university (India)|State]]
| 1990
| General
| Available
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jpv.bih.nic.in/University/History.htm|title=.:: Jai Prakash Vishwavidyalaya – History::.|work=jpv.bih.nic.in|access-date=28 June 2011|publisher=[[Jai Prakash University]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110630034708/http://jpv.bih.nic.in/University/History.htm|archive-date=30 June 2011}}</ref>
|-
| [[Kameshwar Singh Darbhanga Sanskrit University]]
| [[Darbhanga]]
| [[State university (India)|State]]
| 1961
| Sanskrit
| Available
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ksdsu.edu.in/about.htm|title=Welcome to KSDSU|work=ksdsu.edu.in|access-date=28 June 2011|publisher=[[Kameshwar Singh Darbhanga Sanskrit University]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002012205/http://www.ksdsu.edu.in/about.htm|archive-date=2 October 2011}}</ref>
|-
| [[Lalit Narayan Mithila University]]
| [[Darbhanga]]
| [[State university (India)|State]]
| 1972
| General
| Available
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lnmu.bih.nic.in/ |title=Lalit Narayan Mithila Vishvidyalaya |work=lnmu.bih.nic.in |access-date=28 June 2011 |publisher=[[Lalit Narayan Mithila University]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110621050019/http://lnmu.bih.nic.in/ |archive-date=21 June 2011 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Magadh University]]
| [[Bodhgaya, India|Bodhgaya]]
| [[State university (India)|State]]
| 1962
| General
| Available
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mudde.org/|title=About|work=mudde.org|access-date=28 June 2011|publisher=[[Magadh University]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110702111108/http://www.mudde.org/|archive-date=2 July 2011}}</ref>
|-
| [[Maulana Mazharul Haque Arabic and Persian University]]
| [[Patna]]
| [[State university (India)|State]]
| 2004
| Arabic, Persian
| Available
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mmhapu.bih.nic.in/History.htm |title=Maulana Mazharul Haque Arabic and Persian University, Patna :: History |work=mmhapu.bih.nic.in |access-date=28 June 2011 |publisher=Maulana Mazharul Haque Arabic and Persian University |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703062028/http://mmhapu.bih.nic.in/History.htm |archive-date=3 July 2011 }}</ref>
|-
|[[Nalanda Open University]]
|[[Nalanda]]
|[[State university (India)|State]]
| 1987
| Distance education
| Available
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nalandaopenuniversity.com/images/about.htm|title=About us :: NOU|work=nalandaopenuniversity.com|access-date=28 June 2011|publisher=[[Nalanda Open University]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713102850/http://www.nalandaopenuniversity.com/images/about.htm|archive-date=13 July 2011}}</ref>
|-
| [[Patna University]]
| [[Patna]]
| [[State university (India)|State]]
| 1917
| General
| Available
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.patnauniversity.ac.in/about_university.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611075828/http://www.patnauniversity.ac.in/about_university.htm|archive-date=11 June 2008|title=Patna University|access-date=3 September 2011|work=patnauniversity.ac.in|publisher=Patna University}}</ref>
|-
| [[Tilka Manjhi Bhagalpur University]]
| [[Bhagalpur]]
| [[State university (India)|State]]
| 1960
| General
| Available
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tmbu.org/universityataglance.asp|title=Tilka Manjhi Bhagalpur University|work=tmbu.org|access-date=28 June 2011|publisher=[[Tilka Manjhi Bhagalpur University]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111020063811/http://www.tmbu.org/universityataglance.asp|archive-date=20 October 2011}}</ref>
|-
| [[Veer Kunwar Singh University]]
| [[Arrah]]
| [[State university (India)|State]]
| 1992
| General
| Available
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vksu-ara.org/ |title=Veer Kunwar Singh University – Home Page |work=vksu-ara.org |access-date=28 June 2011 |publisher=[[Veer Kunwar Singh University]] |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629140846/http://vksu-ara.org/ |archive-date=29 June 2011 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Patliputra University]]
| [[Patna]]
| [[State university (India)|State]]
| 2018
| General
| Temp
|<ref name="newuniv">{{Cite web |url=http://governor.bih.nic.in/ORDER/BSU-1590-14062018.pdf |title=Clarification on the issues related to the pending ... - Governor of Bihar |date=2018-06-14 |website=governor.bih.nic.in |access-date=2018-06-18}}</ref>
|-
| [[Purnea University]]
| [[Purnea]]
| [[State university (India)|State]]
| 2018
| General
| Temp
|<ref name="newuniv" />
|-
| [[Munger University]]
| [[Munger]]
| [[State university (India)|State]]
| 2018
| General
| Temp
|<ref name="newuniv" />
|}

== Private Universities ==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" |S.No
! scope="col" |University
! scope="col" |Location
! scope="col" |Type
! scope="col" |Established
! scope="col" |Specialization
! scope="col" |Permanent campus
! scope="col" class="unsortable"|Sources
|-
| 1
|[[Sandip University, Sijoul]]
|[[Madhubani, Bihar|Madhubani]]
|[[Private University|Private]]
| 2017
| General
| Available
|<ref name="State Private University in Bihar"/>
|-
| 2
| [[Amity University, Patna]]
| [[Patna]]
| [[Private university|Private]]
| 2017
| General
| Available
| <ref name="State Private University in Bihar">{{Cite web |url=https://www.ugc.ac.in/privateuniversitylist.aspx?id=4&Unitype=3 |title=State Private University in Bihar |website=www.ugc.ac.in |publisher=[[University Grants Commission (India)]] |access-date=2018-06-18}}</ref>
|-
| 3
| [[Dr. C.V. Raman University, Bihar]]
| [[Vaishali district|Vaishali]]
| [[Private university|Private]]
| 2018
| General
| Available
| <ref name="State Private University in Bihar"/>
|-
| 4
| [[Gopal Narayan Singh University]]
| [[Rohtas District|Rohtas]]
| [[Private university|Private]]
| 2018
| General
| Available
|<ref name="State Private University in Bihar"/>
|-
| 5
| [[Al-Karim University]]
| [[Katihar District|Katihar]]
| [[Private university|Private]]
| 2018
| Medical
| Available
|<ref name="State Private University in Bihar"/>
|-
| 6
| [[Mata Gujri University]]
| [[Kishanganj District|Kishanganj]]
| [[Private university|Private]]
| 2018
| Medical
| Available
|<ref name="State Private University in Bihar"/>
|-
| 7
| [[K. K. University]]
| [[Biharsharif]]
| [[Private university|Private]]
| 2017
| General
| Available
|<ref name="State Private University in Bihar"/>
|}

== Deemed University ==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" |University
! scope="col" |Location
! scope="col" |Type
! scope="col" |Established
! scope="col" |Specialization
! scope="col" |Permanent campus
! scope="col" class="unsortable"|Sources

|-
| [[Nava Nalanda Mahavihara]]
| [[Nalanda]]
| [[Deemed university|Deemed]]
| 1951 (2006)
| Buddhism and Pali
| Available
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.navnalanda.com/nava%20nalanda%20mahavihara.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208191139/http://www.navnalanda.com/nava%20nalanda%20mahavihara.html|archive-date=8 December 2008|title=Nava Nalanda Mahavihara|access-date=3 September 2011|work=navnalanda.com|url-status=usurped|publisher=Nava Nalanda Mahavihara}}</ref>
|-
|}

== Centrally Funded Eminent Institutes ==
* [[Central Institute of Plastics Engineering & Technology, Hajipur]] (CIPET Hajipur)
* [[IRIMEE|Indian Railways Institute of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering]], [[Jamalpur, Munger|Jamalpur]] (IRIMEE Jamalpur)
* [[Institute of Hotel Management, Hajipur|Institute of Hotel Management, Catering Technology & Applied Nutrition, Hajipur]]
* [[National Institute of Fashion Technology Patna]] (NIFT Patna)
* [[National Institute of Electronics and Information Technology]] (NIELIT, Patna)

== Medical Colleges ==
As of June 2018, Bihar had 14 functional medical colleges, of which 9 were owned by the state government, 3 were private medical colleges affiliated with BUHS [http://buhs.ac.in/WP/BHUEDU/Affiliated_Colleges.aspx] and two autonomous organisations – [[Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences|IGIMS]] and [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna|AIIMS Patna]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/state-to-get-13-new-medical-colleges-minister/articleshow/64768279.cms|title=State to get 13 new medical colleges: Minister|newspaper=The Times of India |date=28 June 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/bihar/vow-of-13-medical-colleges-240735|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630000051/https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/bihar/vow-of-13-medical-colleges-240735|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 30, 2018|title=Vow of 13 medical colleges}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name
! Established
! City
! University
! Type
! Permanent Campus
! Comments
! Ref.
|-
| [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna]]
| 2012
| [[Patna]]
| Autonomous
| Public
| Available
|
| <ref>{{cite web | title= AIIMS Patna | url= http://aiimspatna.org/ | access-date= 13 April 2018 | url-status= live | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120831121100/http://aiimspatna.org/ | archive-date= 31 August 2012 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences]]
| 1983
| [[Patna]]
| Autonomous
| Public
| Available
|
| <ref>{{cite web| title= Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences| url= http://www.igims.org/#| publisher= [[Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences]]| access-date= 13 April 2018| url-status= live| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180410135242/http://www.igims.org/| archive-date= 10 April 2018}}</ref>
|-
| [[Patna Medical College|Patna Medical College and Hospital]]
| 1925
| [[Patna]]
| [[Bihar University of Health Sciences]]
| Government
| Available
|
| <ref name="About PMCH">{{cite web|title=Patna Medical College and Hospital|url=https://patnamedicalcollege.edu.in/|access-date=26 November 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[Nalanda Medical College Hospital]]
| 1970
| [[Patna]]
| [[Bihar University of Health Sciences]]
| Government
| Available
|
| <ref>{{cite web| title= About College–Nalanda Medical College| url= http://nmchpatna.org/about-college/| publisher= [[Government of Bihar]]| access-date= 10 April 2018| url-status= live| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180410135402/http://nmchpatna.org/about-college/| archive-date= 10 April 2018}}</ref>
|-
| [[Anugrah Narayan Magadh Medical College and Hospital]]
| 1969
| [[Gaya (India)|Gaya]]
| [[Bihar University of Health Sciences]]
| Government
| Available
|
| <ref>{{cite web | title= Anugrah Narayan Magadh Medical College and Hospital | url= http://www.anmmc.bih.nic.in/ | publisher= [[Government of Bihar]] | access-date= 13 April 2018 | url-status= live | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180511201724/http://www.anmmc.bih.nic.in/ | archive-date= 11 May 2018 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Darbhanga Medical College and Hospital]]
| 1946
| [[Darbhanga]]
| [[Bihar University of Health Sciences]]
| Government
| Available
|
| <ref>{{cite web | title= Darbhanga Medical College | url= https://collegedunia.com/college/10368-darbhanga-medical-college-darbhanga/admission | website= collegedunia.com | access-date= 13 April 2018 | url-status= live | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180410135736/https://collegedunia.com/college/10368-darbhanga-medical-college-darbhanga/admission | archive-date= 10 April 2018 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Government Medical College, Bettiah]]
| 2008
| [[Bettiah]]
| [[Bihar University of Health Sciences]]
| Government
| Available
|
| <ref>{{cite web | title= About Us | url= http://www.gmcbettiah.org/Home | publisher= [[Government Medical College, Bettiah]] | access-date= 13 April 2018 | url-status= live | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180108012612/http://gmcbettiah.org/Home | archive-date= 8 January 2018 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College and Hospital]]
| 1970
| [[Bhagalpur]]
| [[Bihar University of Health Sciences]]
| Government
| Available
|
| <ref>{{cite web| title= Jawahar Lal Nehru Medical College Bhagalpur | url= http://www.jlnmcbgp.org/index.php?file=introduction.html | publisher= [[Government of Bihar]] | access-date= 13 April 2018}}</ref>
|-
| [[Katihar Medical College and Hospital]]
| 1987
| [[Katihar]]
| [[Al-Karim University]]
| Private
| Available
|
| <ref>{{cite web | title= Welcome to Katihar Medical College | url= http://www.kmckatihar.org/whoweare.php | publisher= Katihar Medical College | access-date= 13 April 2018 | url-status= live | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180410201712/http://www.kmckatihar.org/whoweare.php | archive-date= 10 April 2018 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Lord Buddha Koshi Medical College and Hospital]]
| 2012
| [[Saharsa]]
| [[Bihar University of Health Sciences]]
| Private
| Available
|
| <ref>{{cite web | title= Lord Buddha Koshi Medical College and Hospital | url= https://old.mciindia.org/View_College_Details.aspx?ID=540 | publisher= [[Medical Council of India]] | access-date= 13 April 2018 | url-status= live | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180411030032/https://old.mciindia.org/View_College_Details.aspx?ID=540 | archive-date= 11 April 2018 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Madhubani Medical College and Hospital]]
| 2019
| Madhubani
| [[Bihar University of Health Sciences]]
| Private
| Available
|
| <ref name="About MMCH">{{cite web| title= About MMCH| url= https://mmcworld.org/|access-date=26 November 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[http://snmih.in/ Shree Narayan Medical Institute and Hospital]
|2021
|[[Saharsa]]
|[[Bihar University of Health Sciences]]
|Private
| Available
|
|
|-
| [[Narayan Medical College and Hospital]]
| 2008
| [[Sasaram]]
| [[Veer Kunwar Singh University]]
| Private
| Available
|
| <ref>{{cite web | title= Welcome to Narayan Medical College & Hospital | url= http://nmch.ac.in/ | publisher= [[Nalanda Medical College and Hospital]] | access-date= 10 April 2018 | url-status= live | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180410135920/http://nmch.ac.in/ | archive-date= 10 April 2018 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences]]
| 1963
| Patna
| [[University of Calcutta]]
| Government
| Available
| Research Institute
| <ref>{{cite web| title= RMRI Patna| url= http://www.rmrims.org.in/Introduction.html| publisher= [[Government of India]]| access-date= 10 April 2018| url-status= live| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171013123635/http://www.rmrims.org.in/Introduction.html| archive-date= 13 October 2017}}</ref>
|-
| [[Sri Krishna Medical College and Hospital]]
| 1970
| [[Muzaffarpur]]
| [[Bihar University of Health Sciences]]
| Government
| Available
|
| <ref>{{cite web | title= Institution Information | url= https://skmedicalcollege.org/index.php | publisher= [[Sri Krishna Medical College]] | access-date= 10 April 2018 | url-status= live | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180410135728/https://skmedicalcollege.org/index.php | archive-date= 10 April 2018 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Vardhman Institute of Medical Sciences]]
| 2013
| [[Pawapuri]]
| [[Bihar University of Health Sciences]]
| Government
| Available
|
| <ref>{{cite web | title= Welcome to Vardhman Institute of Medical Sciences | url= http://vimspawapuri.org/ | publisher= [[Vardhman Institute of Medical Sciences]] | access-date= 11 April 2018 | url-status= live | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180329174908/http://vimspawapuri.org/ | archive-date= 29 March 2018 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Mata Gujri University|Mata Gujri Memorial Medical College]]
| 1990
| [[Kishanganj]]
| Mata Gujri Memorial Medical College
| Private
| Available
|
|
|-
| [[Jannayak Karpoori Thakur Medical College and Hospital, Madhepura]]
| 2020
| [[Madhepura]]
| [[Bihar University of Health Sciences]]
| Government
| Available
|
|
|-
| [[Netaji Subhas Medical College and Hospital]]
| 2020
| [[Bihta]]
| [[Bihar University of Health Sciences]]
| Private
| Available
|
|
|-
| [[Radha Devi Jageshwari Memorial Medical College and Hospital]]
| 2021
| [[Muzaffarpur]]
| [[Bihar University of Health Sciences]]
| Private
| Available
|
|
|-
| [[Government Medical College and Hospital, Purnea]]
| 2023
| [[Purnea]]
| [[Bihar University of Health Sciences]]
| Government
| Available
|
|<ref>{{Cite web | title=GOVT. MEDICAL COLLEGE, PURNEA (Bihar) | url=https://gmchpurnea.com/ | access-date=2025-09-17 | website=gmchpurnea.com}}</ref>
|}

== Ayurvedic, Unani and Homeopathy Medical Colleges Affiliated to BUHS ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name
! Established
! City
! University
! Type
! Permanent Campus
! Comments
! Ref.
|-
| [[Government Tibbi College and Hospital, Patna]]
| 1926
| [[Patna]]
| [[Aryabhatta Knowledge University]]
| Government
| Available
| [[Bachelor of Eastern Medicine and Surgery|BUMS]]
|-
| Rajkiya Ayurvedic College & Hospital
| 1926
| [[Patna]]
| [[Bihar University of Health Sciences]]
| Government
| Available
| [[Bachelor of Ayurveda, Medicine and Surgery|BAMS]]
| [https://gachpatna.org.in/]
|-
| Dayanand Ayurvedic Medical College And Hospital
| 1972
| [[Siwan, Bihar|Siwan]]
| [[Kameshwar Singh Darbhanga Sanskrit University]]
| Private
| Available
| [[Bachelor of Ayurveda, Medicine and Surgery|BAMS]]
| [https://damch.co/]
|-
| Shri Moti Singh Jageshwari Ayurved College & Hospital
| 1973
| [[Chhapra]]
| [[Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Bihar University]]
| Private
| Available
| [[Bachelor of Ayurveda, Medicine and Surgery|BAMS]]
| [https://damch.co/]
|-
| Govt. Ayodhya Shivkumari Ayurved College & Hospital
| 1946
| [[Begusarai]]
| [[Bihar University of Health Sciences]]
| Government
| Available
| [[Bachelor of Ayurveda, Medicine and Surgery|BAMS]]
| [https://gasachbgs.org/]
|-
| Swami Raghvendracharya Tridandi Ayurved Mahavidyalaya and Hospital
| 1972
| [[Gaya, India|Gaya]]
| [[Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Bihar University]]
| Private
| Available
| [[Bachelor of Ayurveda, Medicine and Surgery|BAMS]]
| [http://www.srtacollege.org/]
|-
| Salfia Unani Medical College & Hospital
| 1981
| [[Darbhanga]]
| [[Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Bihar University]]
| Private
| Available
| [[Bachelor of Eastern Medicine and Surgery|BUMS]]
| [https://www.salfiaunani.com/]
|-
| Sufia Unani Medical College Hospital & Research Centre
| 2010
| [[East Champaran]]
| [[Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Bihar University]]
| Private
| Available
| [[Bachelor of Eastern Medicine and Surgery|BUMS]]
| [https://sumchrc.ac.in/]
|-
| Z.H.Unani Medical College & Hospital
| 1979
| [[Siwan, Bihar|Siwan]]
| [[Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Bihar University]]
| Private
| Available
| [[Bachelor of Eastern Medicine and Surgery|BUMS]]
| [http://zhumch.com/]
|-
| Nezamia Unani Medical College & Hospital
| 1985
| [[Gaya, India|Gaya]]
| [[Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Bihar University]]
| Private
| Available
| [[Bachelor of Eastern Medicine and Surgery|BUMS]]
| [http://www.numchgaya.com/]
|-
| G.D. Memorial Homoeopathic Medical College & Hospital
| 2001
| [[Patna]]
| [[Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Bihar University]]
| Private
| Available
| [[Bachelor of Homeopathic Medicine and Surgery|BHMS]]
| [http://www.gdmhmch.com/index.html]
|-
| Patna Homoeopathic Medical College and Hospital
| 1961
| [[Patna]]
| [[Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Bihar University]]
| Private
| Available
| [[Bachelor of Homeopathic Medicine and Surgery|BHMS]]
| [https://phmchpatna.com/]
|-
| R.B.T.S. Govt. Homoeopathic Medical College And Hospital
| 1958
| [[Muzaffarpur]]
| [[Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Bihar University]]
| Government
| Available
| [[Bachelor of Homeopathic Medicine and Surgery|BHMS]]
| [https://rbtsghmch.in/]
|-
| Maharshi Menhi Homoeopathic Medical College and Hospital
| 1980
| [[Katihar]]
| [[Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Bihar University]]
| Private
| Available
| [[Bachelor of Homeopathic Medicine and Surgery|BHMS]]
| [http://www.mmhmch.org/]
|-
| Magadh Homoeopathic Medical College and Hospital Nalanda
| 1969
| [[Bihar Sharif]]
| [[Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Bihar University]]
| Private
| Available
| [[Bachelor of Homeopathic Medicine and Surgery|BHMS]]
| [https://www.admissioncare.co.in/list-details?listing_id=5566&title=magadh-homeopathic-medical-college]
|-
| Dr. Yadubir Sinha Homoeopathic Medical College & Hospital
| 1968
| [[Darbhanga]]
| [[Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Bihar University]]
| Private
| Available
| [[Bachelor of Homeopathic Medicine and Surgery|BHMS]]
| [http://www.dryaduvirsinhahmch.com/index.html]
|-
| R. D. Kedia Homoeopathic Medical College & Hospital
| 1979
| [[Motihari]]
| [[Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Bihar University]]
| Private
| Available
| [[Bachelor of Homeopathic Medicine and Surgery|BHMS]]
| [http://rdkhmcollege.org/index.html]
|-
| Muzaffarpur Homoeopathic Medical College & Hospital
| 1979
| [[Muzaffarpur]]
| [[Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Bihar University]]
| Private
| Available
| [[Bachelor of Homeopathic Medicine and Surgery|BHMS]]
| [http://muzaffarpurmhmch.com/]
|}

== Dental Colleges Affiliated to BUHS ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name
! Established
! City
! University
! Type
! Permanent Campus
! Comments
! Ref.
|-
| [[Patna Dental College]]
| 1960
| [[Patna]]
| [[Bihar University of Health Sciences]]
| Government
| Available
| [[Dental degree]]
| [https://www.patnadentalcollege.in/]
|-
| [[Buddha Institute of Dental Sciences and Hospital]]
| 1984
| [[Patna]]
| [[Magadh University]]
| Private
| Available
| [[Dental degree]]
| [https://www.bidsh.org/]
|-
| Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Institute of Dental Sciences & Hospital
| 1990
| [[Patna]]
| [[Magadh University]]
| Private
| Available
| [[Dental degree]]
| [https://ambedkardental.co.in/]
|-
| [[Mithila Minority Dental College and Hospital]]
| 1989
| [[Darbhanga]]
| [[Lalit Narayan Mithila University]]
| Private
| Available
| [[Dental degree]]
| [https://mmdch.org/]
|-
| Dr. S.M. Naqui Imam Dental College & Hospital
| 1989
| [[Darbhanga]]
| [[Lalit Narayan Mithila University]]
| Private
| Available
| [[Dental degree]]
|
|-
| Sarjug Dental College, Darbhanga
| 1988
| [[Darbhanga]]
| [[Lalit Narayan Mithila University]]
| Private
| Available
| [[Dental degree]]
| [https://sdch.org.in/]
|}

== Pharmacy Colleges Affiliated to BUHS ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name
! Established
! City
! University
! Type
! Permanent Campus
! Comments
! Ref.
|-
| [[Government Pharmacy Institute, Patna]]
| 1958
| [[Patna]]
| [[Bihar University of Health Sciences]]
| Government
| Available
|
| [http://gpi.ac.in/]
|-
| [[Chanakya College of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Bhojpur]]
| 2008
| [[Bhojpur district, India|Bhojpur]]
| [[Bihar University of Health Sciences]]
| Private
| Available
|
| [http://www.ccpms.in/]
|-
| Bihar College of Pharmacy
| 1979
| [[Patna]]
| [[Magadh University]]
| Private
| Available
|
| [https://biharcollegeofpharmacy.com/]
|-
| Gautam Institute of Pharmacy
| 2008
| [[Nalanda]]
| [[Bihar University of Health Sciences]]
| Private
| Available
|
| [https://gautampharmacy.com/]
|-
| SNS College of Pharmacy
| 2019
| [[Motihari]]
| [[Bihar University of Health Sciences]]
| Private
| Available
|
| [https://snscop.in/]
|}

== Nursing Colleges ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name
! Established
! City
! University
! Type
! Permanent Campus
! Ref.
|-
| [[AHS Nursing College & Hospital]]
| 2023
| [[Samastipur]]
| [[Bihar University of Health Sciences]]
| Private
| Available
| [https://ahscollege.ac.in/]
|-
| [[Alay Fatima Hai College of Nursing ]]
| 2023
| [[Patna]]
| [[Bihar University of Health Sciences]]
| Private
| Available
| [https://www.afhcn.in/]
|-
|[[Narayana Nursing College]]
| 2012
| [[Rohtas district|Rohtas]]
| [[Gopal Narayan Singh University]]
| Private
| Available
| [https://gnsu.ac.in/campus/ost]
|}

== MBA Colleges ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name
! Established
! City
! University
! Type
! Permanent Campus
! Ref.
|-
| Lalit Narayan Mishra Institute of Economic Development and Social Change, Patna
| 1973
| [[Patna]]
| [[Aryabhatta Knowledge University]]
| Government
| Available
| [https://lnmipat.ac.in/]
|-
| L.N. Mishra College of Business Management
| 1973
| [[Muzaffarpur]]
| [[Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Bihar University]]
| Government
| Available
| [https://lnmcbm.org/]
|-
| [[A N College]]
| 1956
| [[Patna]]
| [[Patliputra University]]
| Government
| Available
| [https://www.ancpatna.ac.in/]
|-
| [[Gaya College]]
| 1944
| [[Gaya, India|Gaya]]
| [[Magadh University]]
| Government
| Available
| [https://www.gayacollege.ac.in/]
|-
| Vaishali Institute of Business and Rural Management
| 1983
| [[Muzaffarpur]]
| [[Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Bihar University]]
| Private
| Available
| [https://www.vibrm.in/]
|-
| International School of Management, Patna
| 2011
| [[Patna]]
| [[All India Council for Technical Education|AICTE]]
| Private
| Available
| [https://www.ismpatna.ac.in/]
|-
| [[Catalyst Institute of Management and Advance Global Excellence]]
| 2009
| [[Patna]]
| [[Patliputra University]]
| Private
| Available
| [http://www.cimage.in/]
|-
| [[Chandragupt Institute of Management]]
| 2011
| [[Patna]]
| [[All India Council for Technical Education|AICTE]]
| Government
| Available
| [http://www.cimp.ac.in/]
|-
| [[College of Commerce, Arts and Science, Patna]]
| 1949
| [[Patna]]
| [[Patliputra University]]
| Government
| Available
| [http://cocaspatna.ac.in/]
|-
| [[J.D. Women's College]]
| 1971
| [[Patna]]
| [[Patliputra University]]
| Government
| Available
| [http://www.jdwcpatna.com/]
|-
| [[Development Management Institute]]
| 2014
| [[Patna]]
| [[All India Council for Technical Education|AICTE]]
| Government
| Available
| [https://www.dmi.ac.in/]
|-
| [[Nalanda College, Biharsharif]]
| 1870
| [[Biharsharif]]
| [[Patliputra University]]
| Government
| Available
| [http://nalandacollegepup.com/]
|-
| Magadh Professional Institute
| 2022
| [[Patna]]
| [[Aryabhatta Knowledge University]]
| Private
| Available
| [https://mpipatna.com/]
|}

== B. Ed. Government College ==
<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bansal |first=Anjani |date=20 April 2024 |title=List of B.Ed college in Bihar Government and pvt 2024 |url=https://notesnew.com/list-of-b-ed-college-in-bihar-government-and-pvt/ |access-date=20 April 2024 |website=Notesnew}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!'''Name'''
!Seat
!City
!University
|-
|'''College of Teacher Education, Gaya'''
|100
|'''Gaya'''
|Magadh University
|-
|'''Patna Training College'''
|100
|Patna
|Patna University
|-
|'''Govt. Teachers’ Training College, Near Ghantaghar Bhagalpur'''
|100
|'''Bhagalpur'''
|Tilka Manjhi Bhagalpur University
|-
|'''College of Teacher education (CET), Saharsa'''
|100
|Saharsa
|Bhupendra Narayan Mandal University
|-
|''' [[College Of Teacher Education, Turki, Muzaffarpur]], Bihar-844127'''
|100
|'''Muzaffarpur'''
|Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Bihar University
|-
|'''Govt. College of Teacher Education, Samastipur'''
|100
|'''Samastipur'''
|Lalit Narayan Mithila University
|}

== Other Degree Colleges ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name
! Established
! City
! University
! Type
! Permanent Campus
! Ref.
|-
| [[Patna College]]
| 1863
| [[Patna]]
| [[Patna University]]
| Government
| Available
| [http://patnacollege.org/]
|-
| [[T.N.B. College, Bhagalpur]]
| 1883
| [[Bhagalpur]]
| [[Tilka Majhi Bhagalpur University]]
|Government
|Available
| [http://tnbcollege.org]
|-
| [[R.D. & D.J. College, Munger]]
| 1898
| [[Munger]]
| [[Munger University]]
|Government
|Available
| [https://rddjcollege.ac.in]
|-
|[[Marwari College, Bhagalpur]]
|1941
|[[Bhagalpur]]
|[[Tilka Majhi Bhagalpur University]]
|Government
|Available
| [https://www.marwaricollegebgp.ac.in/]
|-
| [[Sunderwati Mahila College]]
| 1949
|[[Bhagalpur]]
|[[Tilka Majhi Bhagalpur University]]
|Government
|Available
|[http://www.smcollege.ac.in/]
|-
| [[Patna Science College]]
| 1927
| [[Patna]]
| [[Patna University]]
| Government
| Available
| [http://www.patnasciencecollege.org/]
|-
| [[Bihar National College]]
| 1889
| [[Patna]]
| [[Patna University]]
| Government
| Available
| [http://www.bncollegepatna.com/]
|-
| [[Jagat Narain Lal College]]
| 1960
| [[Patna]]
| [[Patliputra University]]
| Government
| Available
| [https://www.jnlcollegekhagaul.com/]
|-
| [[Mahila College, Khagaul]]
| 1972
| [[Patna]]
| [[Patliputra University]]
| Government
| Available
| [https://www.mahilacollegekhagaul.com/]
|-
| [[B.D. College, Patna]]
| 1970
| [[Patna]]
| [[Patliputra University]]
| Government
| Available
| [http://bdcollegepatna.co.in/]
|-
| [[Mirza Ghalib College]]
| 1969
| [[Gaya, India|Gaya]]
| [[Magadh University]]
| Government
| Available
| [http://mirzaghalibcollegegaya.ac.in/]
|-
| [[Sardar Patel Memorial College]]
| 1974
| [[Biharsharif]]
| [[Patliputra University]]
| Government
| Available
| [http://spmcudantpuri.ac.in/]
|-
| [[Nalanda Mahila College]]
| 1975
| [[Biharsharif]]
| [[Patliputra University]]
| Government
| Available
| [https://nalandamahilacollege.online/admissionpart1year2022/index.php]
|-
| [[G.J. College, Bihta]]
| 1958
| [[Bihta]]
| [[Patliputra University]]
| Government
| Available
| [http://gjcollegebihta.ac.in/]
|-
| [[TPS College, Patna]]
| 1960
| [[Patna]]
| [[Patliputra University]]
| Government
| Available
| [http://tpscollegepatna.org/]
|-
| [[ANS College, Barh]]
| 1951
| [[Patna]]
| [[Patliputra University]]
| Government
| Available
| [http://anscollege.ac.in/]
|-
| [[BS College, Danapur]]
| 1954
| [[Patna]]
| [[Patliputra University]]
| Government
| Available
| [http://www.bscollegedanapur.ac.in/]
|-
| [[Ganga Devi Mahila College]]
| 1971
| [[Patna]]
| [[Patliputra University]]
| Government
| Available
| [http://gdmm.co.in/]
|-
| [[MM College, Bikram]]
| 1961
| [[Patna]]
| [[Patliputra University]]
| Government
| Available
| [https://www.mmcollege.co.in/]
|-
| [[Maltidhari College, Naubatpur]]
| 1956
| [[Patna]]
| [[Patliputra University]]
| Government
| Available
| [http://www.maltidharicollege.org/]
|-
| [[RPM College, Patna]]
| 1970
| [[Patna]]
| [[Patliputra University]]
| Government
| Available
| [http://rpmcollegepatna.ac.in/]
|-
| [[Ram Krishna Dwarika College, Patna]]
| 1964
| [[Patna]]
| [[Patliputra University]]
| Government
| Available
| [http://rkdcollegepatna.org/]
|-
| [[Sri Guru Gobind Singh College, Patna]]
| 1960
| [[Patna]]
| [[Patliputra University]]
| Government
| Available
| [https://www.sggscollegepatnacity.ac.in/]
|-
| [[RLSY College, Bakhtiyarpur]]
| 1964
| [[Patna]]
| [[Patliputra University]]
| Government
| Available
| [http://www.rlsycollegebakhtiyarpur.ac.in/]
|-
| [[Ram Ratan Singh College]]
| 1957
| [[Patna]]
| [[Patliputra University]]
| Government
| Available
| [https://www.rrscollegemokama.ac.in/]
|-
| [[SMD College, Punpun]]
| 1958
| [[Patna]]
| [[Patliputra University]]
| Government
| Available
| [https://www.smdcollegepunpun.ac.in/]
|-
| [[Kisan College, Nalanda]]
| 1957
| [[Hilsa]]
| [[Patliputra University]]
| Government
| Available
| [https://www.kisancollege.ac.in/]
|-
| [[SU College, Hilsa]]
| 1957
| [[Hilsa]]
| [[Patliputra University]]
| Government
| Available
| [http://www.sucollegehilsa.ac.in/]
|-
| [[Paras Nath Kushwaha College]]
| 1978
| [[Achhua]]
| [[Patliputra University]]
| Government
| Available
| [http://pnkcollege.in/]
|-
| [[Gautam Buddha Mahila College]]
| 1953
| [[Gaya (India)|Gaya]]
| [[Magadh University]]
| Government
| Available
| {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20130914215240/http://gbmcollegegaya.org]}}
|-
| [[RLSY College Aurangabad]]
| 1971
| [[Aurangabad district, Bihar|Aurangabad]]
| [[Magadh University]]
| Government
| Available
| [http://www.rlsycollegeaurangabad.in/]
|-
| [[S.N. Sinha College, Jehanabad]]
| 1970
| [[Jehanabad]]
| [[Magadh University]]
| Government
| Available
| [http://snsinhacollege.com/index.php]
|-
| [[S.S. College, Jehanabad]]
| 1955
| [[Jehanabad]]
| [[Magadh University]]
| Government
| Available
| [https://www.sscollegejehanabad.org/]
|-
| [[Sachchidananda Sinha College]]
| 1943
| [[Aurangabad district, Bihar|Aurangabad]]
| [[Magadh University]]
| Government
| Available
| [https://www.ssinhacollege.co.in/]
|-
| [[Langat Singh College]]
| 1899
| [[Muzaffarpur]]
| [[Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Bihar University]]
| Government
| Available
| [http://www.lscollege.ac.in/]
|-
| [[Mahant Darshan Das Mahila College]]
| 1946
| [[Muzaffarpur]]
| [[Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Bihar University]]
| Government
| Available
| [http://www.mddmcollege.ac.in/]
|-
| [[Raj Narain College, Hajipur]]
| 1952
| [[Hajipur]]
| [[Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Bihar University]]
| Government
| Available
| [http://rncollegehajipur.in/]
|-
| [[Vaishali Mahila College]]
| 1971
| [[Hajipur]]
| [[Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Bihar University]]
| Government
| Available
| [https://www.vaishalimahilacollegehajipur.ac.in/]
|-
| [[Jamuni Lal College]]
| 1969
| [[Hajipur]]
| [[Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Bihar University]]
| Government
| Available
| [http://jlcollegehajipur.ac.in/]
|-
| [[Deo Chand College, Hajipur]]
| 1968
| [[Hajipur]]
| [[Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Bihar University]]
| Government
| Available
| [https://www.dccollege.ac.in/]
|-
| [[Rajendra College, Chapra]]
| 1938
| [[Chhapra]]
| [[Jai Prakash University]]
| Government
| Available
| [https://www.rcc.ac.in/]
|-
|[[Murarka College]]
|1955
|[[Sultanganj]]
|[[Tilka Manjhi Bhagalpur University]]
|Government
|Available
|[https://www.murarkacollegesult.org/]

|}

==Colleges under [[Bihar Agricultural University]] ==
The university has ten colleges:<ref>{{cite web|title=Bihar Agriculture University|url=http://www.bausabour.ac.in/|website=www.bausabour.ac.in|accessdate=3 November 2017}} Click on "Colleges".</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name
!District!! Established
|-
| Bihar agriculture college, sabour
|[[Bhagalpur district]]|| 1908
|-
| Bhola Paswan Shastri Agricultural College
| [[Purnia District]]||2011
|-
| Mandan Bharti Agriculture College, Agwanpur
|[[Saharsa district]]||2011
|-
| Nalanda College of Horticulture, Noorsarai
|[[Nalanda District]]||2006
|-
| Dr Kalam Agricultural College
|[[Kishanganj District]]||2015
|-
| Veer Kunwar Singh College of Agriculture|VKS College of Agriculture, Dumraon
| [[Buxar District]]||2011
|-
| Munger Forestry College|[[Munger Forestry College|Munger Forestry college]]
| [[Munger District]]||2022
|-
|Agriculture Business Management college
|[[Patna District]]||2021
|-
| College of Agricultural Engineering, Ara
| [[Bhojpur district, India|Bhojpur District]]||2021
|-
| College of Agricultural Biotechnology, Sabour
| [[Bhagalpur District]]||2021
|}

== Fashion, Art and Design ==
* [[A N College]], [[Patna]]
* [[Footwear Design and Development Institute]], [[Patna]] (FDDI Patna)
* [[National Institute of Fashion Technology]], [[Patna]] (NIFT Patna)

== Hotel Management ==
* [[Institute of Hotel Management, Hajipur|Institute of Hotel Management, Catering Technology & Applied Nutrition, Hajipur]]
* [https://www.ihmbodhgaya.com/ Institute of Hotel Management, BodhGaya]

== Law Colleges ==
* [[Chanakya National Law University]]
* Central university of South Bihar (school of law and governance), GAYA
* R.M.M. Law College, [[Saharsa]]
* [[Anugrah Memorial Law college]], [[Gaya (India)|Gaya]]
* B.M.T. Law College, Purnea
* [[Bidheh Law College]], [[Madhubani, India|Madhubani]]
* [[Bihar Institute of Law]], [[Patna]]
* [[Chanakya National Law University]], Patna
* [[Mahadeo Singh Law College]], Bhagalpur
* [[S.K.J. Law College]], Muzaffarpur
* [[Samastipur Law College]], Samastipur
* Vishwanath Singh Law College, [[Munger]]
* Narayan School of Law, Jamuhar, Sasaram
* RKA Law College, Begusarai

== Research Institutes ==
* [[Jagjivan Ram Institute of Parliamentary Studies & Political Research]], [[Patna]] (JRIPSPR Patna)
* [[Indian Council of Social Science Research|A N Sinha Institute of Social Studies]], [[Patna]] (ICSSR - ANSISS Patna)
* [[Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences]], [[Patna]] (ICMR - RMRIMS)
* [[Centre for Development of Advanced Computing]], [[Patna]] (C-DAC Patna)
* [[Tata Institute of Social Sciences|Centre for Development Practice and Research]], [[Patna]] (TISS - CDPR Patna)
* [[The Kashi Prasad Jayaswal research Institute]], [[Patna]] (KPJRI - Patna)
* [[Kedar Das Institute for Labour and Social Studies]], [[Patna]] (KDILSS - Patna)

== Government Engineering Colleges under Bihar Engineering University ==
There are a total of 38 government engineering colleges, located in each of the 38 districts of Bihar.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name
!District!! Established
|-
| [[Muzaffarpur Institute of Technology]]
|[[Muzaffarpur district]]|| 1954
|-
| [[Gaya College of Engineering]]
|[[Gaya district]]|| 1958 (2008)
|-
| [[Bhagalpur College of Engineering]]
|[[Bhagalpur district]]|| 1960
|-
| [[Motihari College of Engineering]]
|[[East Champaran district]]|| 1980 (2008)
|-
| [[Darbhanga Engineering College|Darbhanga College of Engineering]]
|[[Darbhanga district]]|| 1982 (2008)
|-
| [[Nalanda College of Engineering]]
|[[Nalanda district]]|| 2008
|-
| [[Loknayak Jai Prakash Institute of Technology]]
|[[Saran district]]|| 2012
|-
| [[Sitamarhi Institute of Technology]]
|[[Sitamarhi district]]|| 2016
|-
| [[Bakhtiyarpur college of engineering|Bakhtiyarpur College of Engineering]]
|[[Patna district]]|| 2016
|-
| [[Rashtrakavi Ramdhari Singh Dinkar College of Engineering]]
|[[Begusarai district]]|| 2016
|-
| [[Katihar Engineering College]]
|[[Katihar district]]|| 2016
|-
| [[Shershah College of Engineering]]
|[[Rohtas district]]|| 2016
|-
| [[BP Mandal College of Engineering]]
|[[Madhepura district]]|| 2016
|-
| [[Saharsa College of Engineering]]
|[[Saharsa district]]|| 2017
|-
| [[Supaul College of Engineering]]
|[[Supaul district]]|| 2017
|-
| [[Purnea College of Engineering]]
|[[Purnia district]]|| 2017
|-
| [[Government Engineering College, Vaishali]]
|[[Vaishali district]]|| 2018
|-
| [[Government Engineering College, Banka]]
|[[Banka district]]|| 2018
|-
| [[Government Engineering College, Jamui]]
|[[Jamui district]]|| 2018
|-
| [[Government Engineering College, Bhojpur]]
|[[Bhojpur district, India|Bhojpur district]]|| 2018
|-
| [[Government Engineering College, Siwan]]
|[[Siwan district]]|| 2018
|-
| [[Government Engineering College, Madhubani]]
|[[Madhubani district]]|| 2019
|-
| [[Government Engineering College, Arwal]]
|[[Arwal district]]|| 2019
|-
| [[Government Engineering College, Aurangabad]]
|[[Aurangabad district, Bihar|Aurangabad district]]|| 2019
|-
| [[Government Engineering College, Jehanabad]]
|[[Jehanabad district]]|| 2019
|-
| [[Government Engineering College, Khagaria]]
|[[Khagaria district]]|| 2019
|-
| [[Government Engineering College, Buxar]]
|[[Buxar district]]|| 2019
|-
| [[Government Engineering College, Sheikhpura]]
|[[Sheikhpura district]]|| 2019
|-
| [[Government Engineering College, Lakhisarai]]
|[[Lakhisarai district]]|| 2019
|-
| [[Government Engineering College, Kishanganj]]
|[[Kishanganj district]]|| 2019
|-
| [[Government Engineering College, Sheohar]]
|[[Sheohar district]]|| 2019
|-
| [[Government Engineering College, Kaimur]]
|[[Kaimur district]]|| 2019
|-
| [[Government Engineering College, Gopalganj]]
|[[Gopalganj district, India|Gopalganj district]]|| 2019
|-
| [[Government Engineering College, Munger]]
|[[Munger district]]|| 2019
|-
| [[Government Engineering College, West Champaran]]
|[[West Champaran district]]|| 2019
|-
| [[Government Engineering College, Nawada]]
|[[Nawada district]]|| 2019
|-
| [[Government Engineering College, Samastipur]]
|[[Samastipur district]]|| 2019
|-
| [[Shri Phanishwar Nath Renu Engineering College]]
|[[Araria district]]|| 2019
|}

== State Government-Aided Engineering Colleges ==

* [[Birla Institute of Technology, Patna|BIT Mesra Extension Centre]], [[Patna]]
* [[Women's Institute of Technology|Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam Women's Institute of Technology]], [[Darbhanga]]

== Private Engineering Colleges ==
* [[Buddha Institute of Technology, Gaya]]
* [[Maulana Azad College of Engineering and Technology]], [[Patna]]
* [[Millia Institute of Technology]], [[Purnea]]
* [[Moti Babu Institute of Technology]], [[Forbesganj]]
* [[Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology, Bihta]]
* [[Patna Sahib College of Engineering & Technology, Vaishali]]
* [[R.P. Sharma Institute of Technology]], [[Patna]]
* [[Vidya Vihar Institute of Technology]], [[Purnea]]
* [[Vidyadaan Institute of Technology and Management]], [[Buxar]]
* Sityog Institute of Technology, [[Aurangabad]]

== See also ==
* [[List of educational institutions in Patna]]
* [[List of educational institutes in Bhagalpur]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* UGC [https://www.ugc.ac.in/stateuniversitylist.aspx?id=4&Unitype=2]
* SBTE, BIHAR [http://www.sbtebihar.gov.in/institutes.htm]
* Shiksha.com [https://www.shiksha.com/colleges/bihar]

{{Education in India}}

[[Category:Education in Bihar]]
[[Category:Lists of universities and colleges in Bihar| Bihar]]

Lai Autonomous District Council

2026-03-08T19:47:17Z

HeikeC58098401:

{{Short description|Government Federation}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Lai Autonomous District Council
| house_type = Autonomous District Council
| body =
| houses =
| coa_pic = File:Emblem of Lai Autonomous Council.png
| coa_res =
| leader1_type = Chief Executive Member
| leader1 = C Lalsawmzuala
| party1 = [[Mizo National Front |MNF]]
| election1 =
| leader2_type = Chairman
| leader2 = C Lalmuanthanga
| party2 = [[Indian National Congress |INC]]
| election2 =
| leader3_type =
| leader3 =
| party3 =
| election3 =
| members = 29 Councillors (25 Elected + 4 Nominated)
| structure1 = India Mizoram Lai Autonomous District Council 2025.svg
| structure1_res = 300px
| political_groups1 =
'''Government (16)'''<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-12-15 |title=ZPM, MNF form alliance to run Mizoram’s Lai council |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/zpm-mnf-form-alliance-to-run-mizorams-lai-council/articleshow/125988672.cms |access-date=2025-12-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
*{{Color box|#164A99}} [[Indian National Congress|INC]] (8)
*{{Color box|#00BFFF}} [[Mizo National Front|MNF]] (8)

'''Opposition (11)'''
*{{Color box|#FFF700}} [[Zoram People's Movement|ZPM]] (6)
*{{Color box|#FF9933}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (2)
*{{Color box|#B2B2B2}} [[Independent politician|IND]] (1)

'''Nominated (4)'''
*{{Color box|#000000}} [[Candidate|NOM]] (4)
| voting_system1 = 25 [[Plurality voting system|plurality voting]]
| voting_system2 = 4 nominated
| last_election1 = 3 December 2025
| next_election1 = 2030
| session_room =
| session_res =
| session_alt =
| meeting_place = [[Lawngtlai]], [[Mizoram]]
| website = {{url|https://ladc.mizoram.gov.in/}}
}}

The '''Lai Autonomous District Council''' (LADC) is one of the three Autonomous District Councils in Mizoram state in north-east India. It covers the Lawngtlai, Bungtlang South and Sangau sub-divisions of the [[Lawngtlai district]]. It is an [[Autonomous District Council|autonomous district council]] for the [[Lai people]] living in south-eastern Mizoram.

[[File:NE Autonomous divisions of India.svg|300px|thumb|North Eastern autonomous divisions]]

The LADC's headquarters are in Lawngtlai town, which is the district capital of the Lawngtlai district.

==History==
[[File:LADC Office.jpg|thumb|300px|LADC Office]]
In 1954 the Central and Assam governments established a regional council, the Pawi Lakher Regional Council (PLRC), for the Lakher ({{Aka}} [[Mara people|Mara]]), Pawi (a.k.a. [[Lai people|Lai]]), and [[Chakma people]]s. However, the PLRC could not function properly from its beginning as there was no common language among the three tribal communities to understand each other. The first meeting was held where the language used was [[Mizo language|Lushai]], but the Chakmas and Maras hardly understood anything, and the Maras boycotted PLRC meetings in 1958. In 1972, the issue was resolved by dividing the PLRC into three regional councils before becoming district councils.<ref name="AgPlan-284">"Chakma Autonomous District Council" [http://mizoram.nic.in/aplan/app0304/detail.pdf ''Agriculture Department, Mizoram State Annual Plan 2003-2004''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721173603/http://mizoram.nic.in/aplan/app0304/detail.pdf |date=21 July 2011 }} page 284, last accessed 23 December 2010</ref>

==Structure==
The Lai Autonomous District Council has a total strength of 29 members, out of which 25 are directly elected by the people and four are nominated by the [[List of governors of Mizoram|governor]] on the recommendation of the chief executive member of the LADC.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Organisation Structure |url=https://ladc.mizoram.gov.in/page/organisation-structure |access-date=2022-05-18 |website=ladc.mizoram.gov.in |language=en}}</ref>

==Jurisdiction==
Lai Autonomous District Council has the jurisdiction in the following sub-divisions of [[Lawngtlai district]]:
* Lawngtlai Rural Development Block
* Bungtlang South Rural Development Block
* Sangau Rural Development Block

==Current members==
Constituencies under Lai Autonomous District Council and their members as of 2025 election:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sec.mizoram.gov.in/page/ge-to-ladc-2025-results|title=List of Elected Members of Lai Autonomous District Council|work=SEC Mizoram|accessdate=9 December 2025}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!style="background-color:#FFED00; color:black" colspan=6|Chairperson: C Lalmuanthanga
|-
! No.
! Constituency
! Councillor
! colspan="2" | Party
! Remarks
|-
| 1 || Sangau East || B.N. Thangpuia || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| 2 || Sangau South || J.B. Vanhoy || {{Full party name with color|Mizo National Front}}
|
|-
| 3 || Sangau West || Lalchuangliana || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| 4 || Cheural || T. Lalchhuanvawra || {{Full party name with color|Zoram People's Movement}}
|
|-
| 5 || Lungtian || Sanghuliana Mualchin || {{Full party name with color|Mizo National Front}}
|
|-
| 6 || Lungpher South || C. Lalmuanthanga || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
| 7 || Vawmbuk || T. Zakunga || {{Full party name with color|Zoram People's Movement}}
|
|-
| 8 || Bualpui West || Lalzahawma Chinzah || {{Full party name with color|Mizo National Front}}
|
|-
| 9 || Bualpui East || K. Lalchhuanpuia || {{Full party name with color|Zoram People's Movement}}
|
|-
| 10 || Lawngtlai Bazar || Lalropuia Chinzah || {{Full party name with color|Mizo National Front}}
|
|-
| 11 || Lawngtlai Vengpui || C. Ngunlianchunga || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
| 12 || Lawngtlai Chandmary || C. Lalsawmzuala || {{Full party name with color|Mizo National Front}}
|
|-
| 13 || Council Veng || Lallura Chinzah || {{Full party name with color|Zoram People's Movement}}
|
|-
| 14 || Lawngtlai College Veng || C. Hrangthianga || {{Full party name with color|Mizo National Front|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
| 15 || Lawngtlai - III || M.C. Lalbiakliana
|
|-
| 16 || Lawngtlai AOC || L.R. Dingliana Chinzah || {{Full party name with color|Zoram People's Movement}}
|
|-
| 17 || Paithar || V. Zirsanga || {{Party name with color|Independent}}
|
|-
| 18 || Diltlang South || H.C. Lalthawmliana || {{Full party name with color|Mizo National Front}}
|
|-
| 19 || Chawngte P || H.C. Lalengkima || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|
|-
| 20 || Sakeilui || Sukriti Chakma
|
|-
| 21 || M. Kawnpui || Premo Kanti
|
|-
| 22 || Bungtlang S || K. Lalramzauva || {{Full party name with color|Zoram People's Movement}}
|
|-
| 23 || Sekulh || J. Lalrawngbawla || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
| 24 || Tuithumhnar || H. Vanlaltanpuia
|
|-
| 25 || Vathuampui || C. Lalneihkhuma || {{|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
| 26 || rowspan=4| Nominated || rowspan=4| TBD || rowspan=4 style="background-color:#000000"|
| rowspan=4 align=left | [[Candidate|Nominated]]
|
|-
| 27
|
|-
| 28
|
|-
| 29
|

|}

==See also==
* [[Chakma Autonomous District Council]]
* [[Mara Autonomous District Council]]
* [[Hill tribes of Northeast India]]
* [[North Eastern Council|Sinlung Hills Council]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://ladc.mizoram.gov.in/ Lai Autonomous District Council]

{{Autonomous administrative divisions of India}}
{{Hill tribes of Northeast India}}
{{Lawngtlai District}}
{{Mizoram}}
{{Proposed states and territories of India}}

{{coord missing|Mizoram}}

[[Category:1972 establishments in Mizoram]]
[[Category:Autonomous district councils of India]]
[[Category:Lawngtlai]]
[[Category:Government of Mizoram]]

François Bayrou

2026-03-05T07:29:30Z

HeikeC58098401: General cleanup and content improvements

{{short description|Prime Minister of France from 2024 to 2025}}
{{Use British English|date=June 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = François Bayrou
| image = Bayrou Matignon (cropped).jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Official portrait, 2025
| office = [[Prime Minister of France]]
| status =
| president = [[Emmanuel Macron]]
| predecessor = [[Michel Barnier]]
| successor = [[Sébastien Lecornu]]
| term_start = 13 December 2024
| term_end = 9 September 2025
| office1 = [[Ministry of Justice (France)|Minister of Justice]]
| predecessor1 = [[Jean-Jacques Urvoas]]
| primeminister1 = [[Édouard Philippe]]
| successor1 = [[Nicole Belloubet]]
| term_start1 = 17 May 2017
| term_end1 = 19 June 2017
| office2 = [[Ministry of National Education (France)|Minister of National Education]]
| primeminister2 = [[Édouard Balladur]] [[Alain Juppé]]
| term_start2 = 29 March 1993
| term_end2 = 4 June 1997
| predecessor2 = [[Jack Lang (French politician)|Jack Lang]]
| successor2 = [[Claude Allègre]]
| office3 = [[Mayor (France)|Mayor]] of [[Pau, Pyrénées-Atlantiques|Pau]]
| predecessor3 = [[Martine Lignières-Cassou]]
| successor3 =
| term_start3 = 4 April 2014
| term_end3 =
| office4 = President of the [[Democratic Movement (France)|Democratic Movement]]
| predecessor4 = ''Position established''
| successor4 =
| term_start4 = 2 December 2007
| term_end4 =
| office5 = President of the [[European Democratic Party]]
| term_start5 = 13 July 2004
| term_end5 =
| predecessor5 = ''Position established''
| successor5 =
| office6 = President of the [[Union for French Democracy]]
| term_start6 = 25 February 1998
| term_end6 = 30 November 2007
| predecessor6 = [[François Léotard]]
| successor6 = ''Position abolished''
{{Collapsed infobox section begin|last=yes|Parliamentary offices
|titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder |embed=yes
| office7 = Member of the [[National Assembly (France)|National Assembly]] for [[Pyrénées-Atlantiques's 2nd constituency]]
| term_start7 = 19 June 2002
| term_end7 = 19 June 2012
| predecessor7 = Pierre Menjucq
| successor7 = [[Nathalie Chabanne]]
| term_start8 = 12 June 1997
| term_end8 = 21 December 1999
| predecessor8 = Pierre Laguilhon
| successor8 = Pierre Menjucq
| term_start9 = 2 April 1986
| term_end9 = 1 May 1993
| predecessor9 = ''Majority vote''
| successor9 = Pierre Laguilhon
| office10 = [[Member of the European Parliament]]
| term_start10 = 20 July 1999
| term_end10 = 20 June 2002
| constituency10 = [[France (European Parliament constituency)|France]]{{collapsed infobox section end}}
}}
{{Collapsed infobox section begin|last=yes|Local offices
|titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder |embed=yes
| office11 = [[List of presidents of departmental councils (France)|President]] of the [[Departmental Council of Pyrénées-Atlantiques|General Council of Pyrénées-Atlantiques]]
| term_start11 = 2 April 1992
| term_end11 = 23 March 2001
| predecessor11 = Henri Grenet
| successor11 = Jean-Jacques Lasserre
| office12 = Member of the [[Departmental Council of Pyrénées-Atlantiques|General Council of Pyrénées-Atlantiques]]
| term_start12 = 26 March 1982
| term_end12 = 21 March 2008
| predecessor12 = Yves Urieta
| successor12 = André Arribes
| constituency12 = Canton of Pau-Sud{{collapsed infobox section end}}
}}
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1951|5|25}}
| birth_place = [[Bordères]], [[French Fourth Republic|France]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Democratic Movement (France)|MoDem]] (since 2007)
| otherparty = [[Democratic Centre (France)|CD]] (1974–1976) [[Centre of Social Democrats|CDS]] (1976–1995) [[Democratic Force (France)|FD]] (1995–1998) [[Union for French Democracy|UDF]] (1978–2007)
| alma_mater = [[University Bordeaux Montaigne]]
| website = {{URL|bayrou.fr|Official website}}
| signature = François Bayrou signature.svg
| spouse = {{marriage|Élisabeth Perlant|1971}}
| children = 5
}}
'''François Bayrou''' ({{IPA|fr|fʁɑ̃swa bajʁu|lang|audio=LL-Q150 (fra)-Baidax-François Bayrou.wav}}; born 25 May 1951) is a French politician who served as [[Prime Minister of France]] from December 2024 to September 2025. He has presided over the [[European Democratic Party]] (EDP) since 2004 and the [[Democratic Movement (France)|Democratic Movement]] (MoDem) since 2007. A [[Centrism|centrist]], he was a candidate in the [[2002 French presidential election|2002]], [[2007 French presidential election|2007]] and [[2012 French presidential election|2012 presidential elections]].

From 1993 to 1997, Bayrou was [[Ministry of National Education (France)|Minister of National Education]] in three successive governments. He was also a member of the [[National Assembly (France)|National Assembly]] for a seat in [[Pyrénées-Atlantiques]] from 1986 to 2012 with brief interruptions and a [[Member of the European Parliament]] (MEP) from 1999 to 2002. He has been mayor of [[Pau, Pyrénées-Atlantiques|Pau]] since 2014.

It was speculated that Bayrou would be a candidate in the [[2017 French presidential election|2017 presidential election]], but he decided not to run and instead supported [[Emmanuel Macron]], who – after winning the election – named him [[Minister of State]] and [[Minister of Justice (France)|Minister of Justice]] in the [[First Philippe government|government]] headed by [[Édouard Philippe]]. On 21 June 2017, he resigned from the government amid an investigation into the MoDem's allegedly fraudulent employment of parliamentary assistants, initiated earlier that month. He was cleared of those accusations in 2024.

On 13 December 2024, he was appointed as prime minister by Emmanuel Macron after the [[Barnier government]] was brought down by a vote of [[Motion of no confidence|no confidence]].<ref>{{cite web |date=13 December 2024 |title=Job facing France's new PM Francois Bayrou is imposing at best - and few expect him to last long after Barnier's downfall |url=https://news.sky.com/story/job-facing-frances-new-pm-francois-bayrou-is-imposing-at-best-and-few-expect-him-to-last-long-after-barniers-downfall-13272647 |access-date=13 December 2024 |website=[[Sky News]] |archive-date=13 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213150857/https://news.sky.com/story/job-facing-frances-new-pm-francois-bayrou-is-imposing-at-best-and-few-expect-him-to-last-long-after-barniers-downfall-13272647 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=13 December 2024 |title=Macron's new PM Bayrou faces budget battle with fractious French parliament |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/frances-macron-names-veteran-centrist-ally-bayrou-prime-minister-2024-12-13/ |access-date=13 December 2024 |website=[[Reuters]]|archive-date=13 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213194537/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/frances-macron-names-veteran-centrist-ally-bayrou-prime-minister-2024-12-13/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-16 |title=François Bayrou – Biography, Political Career, and Legacy |url=https://elite-voices.com/francois-bayrou-biography-political-career-and-legacy/ |access-date=2025-08-28 |website=Elite Voices|archive-date=15 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250815160149/https://elite-voices.com/francois-bayrou-biography-political-career-and-legacy/ |url-status=live}}</ref> He himself was [[Bayrou government#Collapse|brought down]] by a confidence vote, and submitted his resignation on 9 September 2025. Polls had shown he had become the most unpopular prime minister under the [[French Fifth Republic|Fifth Republic]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/politique/francois-bayrou-est-il-devenu-le-premier-ministre-le-plus-impopulaire-de-la-ve-republique-20250701|title=François Bayrou est-il devenu le premier ministre le plus impopulaire de la Ve République ?|website=[[Le Figaro]]|date=3 July 2025|lang=fr}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Bayrou was born 25 May 1951 in [[Bordères]], Pyrénées-Atlantiques, a village located between [[Pau, Pyrénées-Atlantiques|Pau]] and [[Lourdes]]. He is the son of farmer Calixte Bayrou (1909–1974), [[Mouvement Républicain Populaire|MRP]] mayor of Bordères from 1947 to 1953, and Emma Sarthou (1917–2009).<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.lepoint.fr/politique/bayrou-intime-03-11-2011-1395009_20.php|title=Bayrou intime|last=Trevert|first=Émilie|date=2011-11-03|work=Le Point|access-date=2017-08-09|language=fr-FR|archive-date=9 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209032713/http://www.lepoint.fr/politique/bayrou-intime-03-11-2011-1395009_20.php|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=August 2010 |title=François Bayrou à 12 ans |url=http://www.sudouest.fr/2010/08/01/francois-a-12-ans-151349-635.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809172034/http://www.sudouest.fr/2010/08/01/francois-a-12-ans-151349-635.php |archive-date=9 August 2017 |access-date=9 August 2017 |website=SudOuest.fr}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Pascuito |first1=Bernard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EA4tDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT59 |title=Les Politiques aussi ont une mère: Fillon, Le Pen, Mélenchon, Bayrou, Valls, Macron, Le Maire, Sarkozy... Secrets de famille |last2=Biscaye |first2=Olivier |year=2017 |publisher=Albin Michel |isbn=978-2-226-42294-1 |language=fr |archive-date=19 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619191316/https://books.google.com/books?id=EA4tDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT59 |url-status=live}}</ref> Bayrou descends from an ancestry of primarily [[Occitans]] except from his maternal grandmother's side which is Irish.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/features/3632238/Family-detective.html|title=Family detective|last=Barratt|first=Nick|work=Telegraph.co.uk|access-date=9 August 2017|archive-date=21 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921121741/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/features/3632238/Family-detective.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

When Bayrou was in his youth, he developed a [[Stuttering|stutter]] which led to him attending [[Speech-language pathology|speech therapy]] for seven years.<ref>{{cite news |date=24 January 2023 |orig-date=updated; originally posted 30 January 2011 |title=François Bayrou: 'Je me suis mis à bégayer à 7-8 ans' |url=https://www.lejdd.fr/Culture/Francois-Bayrou-commente-Le-discours-d-un-roi-pour-leJDD-261425-3240134 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809171356/http://www.lejdd.fr/Culture/Cinema/Actualite/Francois-Bayrou-commente-Le-discours-d-un-roi-pour-leJDD-261425 |archive-date=9 August 2017 |work=Le JDD |language=fr-FR}}</ref> He first went to secondary school in Pau, before transferring to Bordeaux. He studied literature at university, and at the age of 23, sat the "[[agrégation]]", the highest qualifying level for teachers in senior high schools and [[Classe préparatoire aux grandes écoles|preparatory classes]] in France. Around the same time, his father was killed in a tractor accident. After studying at [[Bordères]] primary school, he obtained a baccalaureate in classical literature (French, Latin, and Greek) in 1968 from the public high school of [[Nay, Pyrénées-Atlantiques|Nay]]-[[Bourdettes]]. He continued his studies in literary preparatory classes at the Lycée Michel de Montaigne in Bordeaux, then at the University of Bordeaux-III, where in 1972 he wrote a master's thesis on [[Charles Péguy]]'s ''The Mystery of the Charity of Joan of Arc''.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Gilles Paris|title=François Bayrou|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/2002/03/13/francois-bayrou_266560_1819218.html|date=20 May 1995|newspaper=[[Le Monde]]|access-date=13 December 2024|language=fr|archive-date=15 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415110506/https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/2002/03/13/francois-bayrou_266560_1819218.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1974, he obtained the agrégation (academic qualification) in classical literature and then taught in Pau until 1979.<ref>{{Cite news|author1=[[Raphaëlle Bacqué]] |author2=Philippe Ridet |title=François Bayrou et son double |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2007/03/20/francois-bayrou-et-son-double_885485_3224.html |date=20 May 2007 |newspaper=[[Le Monde]] |access-date=13 December 2024|language=fr|archive-date=14 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214021216/https://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2007/03/20/francois-bayrou-et-son-double_885485_3224.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Bayrou married Élisabeth Perlant, also known as "Babette", in 1971.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Who's Who in European Politics|publisher=Bowker-Saur|year=1990|pages=45}}</ref> He and Perlant have five children, Hélène, Marie, Dominique, Calixte and Agnès.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xkixf|title=PoliTIC'Show #2 (1/13) > F. Bayrou - vidéo Dailymotion|date=2006-10-30|website=Dailymotion|language=en-US|access-date=2017-08-09|archive-date=14 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210314183302/http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xkixf|url-status=live}}</ref> The children were raised on the farm where Bayrou was born and where Bayrou currently lives with Perlant.

Prior to embarking on his political career, Bayrou taught history in [[Béarn]] in the French [[Pyrenees]].<ref>[[Jane Kramer|Kramer, Jane]]. "Round One", ''[[The New Yorker]]'', 23 April 2007.</ref> He has written several books on politics and history, including one on King [[Henry IV of France]]. Bayrou's hobby is raising horses. He is a practising [[Roman Catholic]] but strongly supports France's system of secularism (French: [[laïcité]]).

==Political career==
===First steps in politics: 1974–2002===
When Bayrou did not participate in [[May 68]], he was active in nonviolent movements and followed [[Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhi]] disciple, [[Lanza del Vasto]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 December 2011 |title=Douze trucs à savoir sur François Bayrou |url=http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/rue89/rue89-francois-bayrou/20111202.RUE6127/douze-trucs-a-savoir-sur-francois-bayrou.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809180317/http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/rue89/rue89-francois-bayrou/20111202.RUE6127/douze-trucs-a-savoir-sur-francois-bayrou.html |archive-date=9 August 2017 |access-date=2017-08-09 |website=L'Obs}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Charles Jaigu|title=Comment Bayrou l'« insoumis » pourrait priver Sarkozy du soutien des classes supérieures|url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/interviews-presidentielle/20070312.FIG000000120_comment_bayrou_l_insoumis_pourrait_priver_sarkozy_du_soutien_des_classes_superieures.html|date=12 March 2007|website=[[Le Figaro]]|access-date=14 December 2024|language=fr|archive-date=17 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017225235/https://www.lefigaro.fr/interviews-presidentielle/20070312.FIG000000120_comment_bayrou_l_insoumis_pourrait_priver_sarkozy_du_soutien_des_classes_superieures.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Despite his religious convictions, he did not join the [[Jeunesse Étudiante Chrétienne]]. From the early 1970s, he was a member of the Amitié Charles Péguy, which he cites as his intellectual references.<ref>{{cite news|author=Ariane Chemin|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2025/04/18/les-influences-et-le-parcours-meconnus-du-jeune-francois-bayrou_6597202_823448.html|title=Les influences et le parcours méconnus du jeune François Bayrou|newspaper=lemonde.fr|date=18 April 2025|language=fr|archive-date=18 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250418082518/https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2025/04/18/les-influences-et-le-parcours-meconnus-du-jeune-francois-bayrou_6597202_823448.html}}</ref>

He entered politics in 1974, after his agrégation in classical literature, joining the [[Democratic Centre (France)|Democratic Centre]] (CD) of [[Jean Lecanuet]], candidate in the 1965 presidential election against General de Gaulle.<ref>{{cite web|title=François Bayrou, inlassable militant d'un centre indépendant|url=https://www.publicsenat.fr/actualites/non-classe/francois-bayrou-inlassable-militant-d-un-centre-independant-55753|date=13 March 2012|work=Public Senat|access-date=14 December 2024|language=fr|archive-date=25 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525181645/https://www.publicsenat.fr/actualites/non-classe/francois-bayrou-inlassable-militant-d-un-centre-independant-55753}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=François Bayrou, son parcours politique en photos|url=https://www.lesechos.fr/politique-societe/gouvernement/francois-bayrou-son-parcours-politique-en-photos-2137695|date=13 March 2012|work=[[Les Echos (France)|Les Échos]]|access-date=14 December 2024|language=fr|archive-date=13 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213131839/https://www.lesechos.fr/politique-societe/gouvernement/francois-bayrou-son-parcours-politique-en-photos-2137695}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Guillaume Tabard|title=Bayrou, aux sources d'une ambition|url=https://www.lesechos.fr/2012/03/bayrou-aux-sources-dune-ambition-1092974|date=13 March 2012|work=[[Les Echos (France)|Les Échos]]|access-date=14 December 2024|language=fr|archive-date=14 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214181352/https://www.lesechos.fr/2012/03/bayrou-aux-sources-dune-ambition-1092974}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=14 December 2024 |archive-date=29 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231229225219/https://www.europe1.fr/politique/Francois-Bayrou-le-centre-incarne-916572 |author=Adrien Gaboulaud |date=17 February 2012 |language=fr |title=François Bayrou, le centre incarné |url=https://www.europe1.fr/politique/Francois-Bayrou-le-centre-incarne-916572 |work=[[Europe 1]]}}</ref> The party became the Centre of Social Democrats (CDS) in 1976, and François Bayrou is considered Lecanue's "scribe".

Bayrou, a member of the [[Centre of Social Democrats]] (CDS), the Christian-democratic wing of the [[Union for French Democracy]] (UDF) confederation, was elected to the General Council of the [[Pyrénées-Atlantiques]] department in 1982 in the canton of Pau-Sud, then the [[French National Assembly]] four years later.<ref>{{cite news |last=Schofield |first=Hugh |date=25 January 2012 |title=Francois Bayrou - or the power of self-belief |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-16688993 |access-date=3 June 2024 |work=BBC News |archive-date=14 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214135351/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-16688993 |url-status=live}}</ref> After the victory of the [[Rally for the Republic|RPR]]/UDF coalition in the [[1993 French legislative election|1993 legislative election]], he became Education Minister in the cabinet led by [[Édouard Balladur]]. In this post, he proposed a reform allowing local authorities to subsidise private schools, which caused massive protests and was quashed by the Constitutional Council.

In 1989, after poor results in both the [[1989 French municipal elections|municipal elections]] and the [[1989 European Parliament election in France|European Parliament elections]], Bayrou and twelve other centre-right parliamentarians including [[Philippe Séguin]], [[Michel Noir]], [[Alain Carignon]], [[Étienne Pinte]], [[Michel Barnier]], [[François Fillon]], [[Charles Millon]], [[Dominique Baudis]], [[François d'Aubert]], [[Philippe de Villiers]] and [[Bernard Bosson]] demanded reform of the system at the RPR and the UDF, criticising the most prominent politicians of these parties including former president [[Valéry Giscard d'Estaing]] and Prime Minister [[Jacques Chirac]]. They called for the formation of a new right-wing party to unite the UDF and the RPR into a single entity. Ideological differences between members of this group led to members leaving, though d'Estaing endorsed Bayrou to become UDF general secretary in 1991.<ref>{{cite news |date=16 April 2009 |title=Vingt ans après,les rénovateurs |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/politique/2009/04/16/01002-20090416ARTFIG00364-vingt-ans-apres-les-renovateurs-.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809171609/http://www.lefigaro.fr/politique/2009/04/16/01002-20090416ARTFIG00364-vingt-ans-apres-les-renovateurs-.php |archive-date=9 August 2017 |access-date=9 August 2017 |work=Le Figaro |language=fr-FR |issn=0182-5852}}</ref> With [[Bernard Bosson]] and [[Dominique Baudis]], as well as the leadership of the Centre for Social Democrats (CDS), François Bayrou also decided to support the dissident list "The Centre for Europe" in the European elections, led by [[Simone Veil]], against the RPR-UDF union list, led by the former President [[Valéry Giscard d'Estaing]].

Despite supporting Édouard Balladur's candidacy in the [[1995 French presidential election|1995 presidential election]], Bayrou remained Education Minister following Jacques Chirac's election and the formation of a new government headed by [[Alain Juppé]]. Following the majority for the [[Plural Left]] in the [[1997 French legislative election|1997 legislative election]], Bayrou returned to opposition and became president of the UDF in 1998, transforming it into a unified party rather than a union of smaller parties.

===Positioning of the UDF as a centrist party: 2002–2007===
In 2002 François Bayrou rejected proposals to merge the UDF with the [[Rally for the Republic]] (RPR), into a new entity that later became the [[Union for a Popular Movement]] (UMP). As a result, many UDF members left to join the UMP.

Bayrou was increasingly critical of the direction taken by the UMP-led government, which he described as out of touch with the average Frenchman. He denounced the ''de facto'' [[two-party system]], in which the [[French Socialist Party|Socialist Party]] and the RPR (later UMP) alternate. Instead, Bayrou called for a [[pluralism (political theory)|pluralist]] system in which other parties would also contribute.<ref>{{cite web |title=Site officiel du Mouvement Démocrate – MoDem |url=http://www.udf.org/actualites/actu_site/2006/bayrou_270406.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928003017/http://www.udf.org/actualites/actu_site/2006/bayrou_270406.html |archive-date=28 September 2007 |access-date=13 June 2010 |publisher=Udf.org |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

On 16 May 2006, Bayrou supported a [[motion of no confidence]] sponsored by Socialist deputies calling for the resignation of Prime Minister [[Dominique de Villepin]]'s government following the [[Clearstream affair]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/12/scrutins/jo0978.asp |title=ANALYSE DU SCRUTIN N° 978 – Séance du 16 mai 2006 |publisher=Assemblee-nationale.fr |access-date=14 April 2012 |archive-date=25 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525090058/http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/12/scrutins/jo0978.asp |url-status=live }}</ref> As de Villepin's UMP had an absolute majority in the National Assembly, the motion failed. Following Bayrou's support for this measure, France's television authority classified him as a member of the parliamentary opposition for timing purposes. However, after Bayrou protested, he was classified as a member of neither the majority nor the opposition.

===Second presidential campaign: 2007===
Bayrou [[2007 French presidential election|contested the presidency again in 2007]]. Most commentators had expected the election to be fought primarily between [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] and [[Ségolène Royal]] of the [[Socialist Party (France)|Parti Socialiste]]. However, Bayrou's increasing support in polls in February complicated the "Sarko-Ségo" scenario, and led to speculation that the Parti Socialiste candidate would fail to progress to the second round for a second consecutive election, following the defeat of former Prime Minister [[Lionel Jospin]] in 2002 by [[National Front (France)|National Front]] leader [[Jean Marie Le Pen]]. Ultimately, Bayrou finished in third place in the election with 18.57% of the vote (6,820,119 votes), behind Sarkozy and Royal, the best performance by the UDF in a presidential election since 1981. Bayrou declared that he could not endorse either Sarkozy or Royal in the second round, although he indicated that Sarkozy was the worse of the two.

===Foundation of the Democratic Movement: 2007–2012===
[[File:François Bayrou (4368275187).jpg|thumb|Bayrou in 2010]]
After the 2007 election, Bayrou intended to form a new centrist party, the [[Democratic Movement (France)|Democratic Movement]] (MoDem). The majority of UDF politicians did not follow him, and instead formed a rival party, the [[New Centre]], which pledged to support an alliance with the UMP. However, most of the UDF's grassroots membership remained with Bayrou and joined MoDem. In the subsequent [[2007 French legislative election|legislative elections in June 2007]], MoDem came third with 7.6% of the vote. Although an increase on the UDF share of the poll of 4.9% in the [[2002 French legislative election|2002 elections]], MoDem won only four seats, including Bayrou's own seat. The other parliamentarians elected on the party's list were [[Jean Lassalle]], [[Thierry Benoit]] (who has since left the party, to join the New Centre) and [[Abdoulatifou Aly]]. The establishment of MoDem led to the formal dismantling of the UDF alliance on 30 November.

===Third presidential election: 2012 ===
[[File:Francois Bayrou-IMG 4418.JPG|thumb|Bayrou at a meeting in Marseille in April 2012]]
On 18 August 2011, Bayrou released a book, ''2012. Etat d'urgence'', in which he discussed how and why the [[2008 financial crisis]] happened, and outlined the top priorities of his next presidential program: production and education.

François Bayrou confirmed his candidacy for the [[2012 French presidential election|2012 presidential election]] on 25 November 2011, in an interview with journalist [[Laurence Ferrari]] on her show ''Parole Directe'' on [[TF1]].<ref>{{cite web |date=25 November 2011 |title=Parole Directe-Bayrou annonce sa candidature pour la présidentielle 2012 |url=http://lci.tf1.fr/politique/bayrou-annonce-sa-candidature-pour-la-presidentielle-2012-6840598.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111204230441/http://lci.tf1.fr/politique/bayrou-annonce-sa-candidature-pour-la-presidentielle-2012-6840598.html |archive-date=4 December 2011 |access-date=5 December 2011 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

His supporters included:
* [[Jean Arthuis]], president of the [[Centrist Alliance]], president of the Senate Finance Committee (2002–2011)<ref>{{cite web |date=1 December 2011 |title=Arthuis: 'Un seul candidat pour la famille centriste!' |url=http://www.varmatin.com/article/derniere-minute/arthuis-un-seul-candidat-pour-la-famille-centriste |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130205160616/http://www.varmatin.com/article/derniere-minute/arthuis-un-seul-candidat-pour-la-famille-centriste |archive-date=5 February 2013 |access-date=5 December 2011}}</ref>
* [[Bernard Bosson]], [[Mayor (France)|Mayor]] of [[Annecy]] (1977–2007), member of the [[National Assembly (France)|National Assembly of France]] for [[Haute-Savoie]] (1986–2007)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lessorsavoyard.fr/Actualite/Annecy/2011/07/04/article_bernard_bosson_annonce_son_soutien_au_ca.shtml|title=Bernard Bosson annonce son soutien au candidat Bayrou pour la Présidentielle|date=30 June 2011|access-date=5 December 2011|archive-date=26 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426023040/http://www.lessorsavoyard.fr/Actualite/Annecy/2011/07/04/article_bernard_bosson_annonce_son_soutien_au_ca.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Pierre Albertini (politician)|Pierre Albertini]], [[Mayor (France)|Mayor]] of [[Rouen]]
* [[Anne-Marie Idrac]], Secretary of State for International Trade under [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] (2008–2010)<ref>{{cite web|last1=Quemener |first1=Soazig |url=http://www.lejdd.fr/Election-presidentielle-2012/Actualite/Anne-Marie-Idrac-rejoint-les-rangs-de-Francois-Bayrou-390935/|title=Idrac: 'Bayrou est le centriste authentique'|date=17 September 2011|access-date=5 December 2011|archive-date=28 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111128075620/http://www.lejdd.fr/Election-presidentielle-2012/Actualite/Anne-Marie-Idrac-rejoint-les-rangs-de-Francois-Bayrou-390935/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Alain Lambert]], Budget Minister (2002–2004)
* [[Daniel Garrigue]], member of the [[National Assembly (France)|National Assembly of France]] for [[Dordogne]] and former press secretary for [[Dominique de Villepin]]
* [[Jean-François Kahn]], author and former director of the newspaper ''[[Marianne (magazine)|Marianne]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lepoint.fr/politique/jean-francois-kahn-soutiendra-a-nouveau-bayrou-a-la-presidentielle-04-12-2011-1403693_20.php|title=Jean-François Kahn soutiendra à nouveau Bayrou à la présidentielle|date=4 December 2011|access-date=5 December 2011|archive-date=21 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120521091425/http://www.lepoint.fr/politique/jean-francois-kahn-soutiendra-a-nouveau-bayrou-a-la-presidentielle-04-12-2011-1403693_20.php|url-status=live}}</ref>

Bayrou was eliminated in the first round, receiving around half of his vote share from 2007; he endorsed Socialist [[François Hollande]] in the runoff.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.france24.com/en/20120504-centrist-bayrou-tactical-game-support-hollande-presidential-election-france |title=France Centrist Bayrou's tactical game in supporting Hollande |date=4 May 2012 |publisher=France 24 |access-date=18 June 2014 |archive-date=16 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116064807/http://www.france24.com/en/20120504-centrist-bayrou-tactical-game-support-hollande-presidential-election-france/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===2017 presidential election===
On 22 February 2017, Bayrou stated that he would not contest the [[2017 French presidential election|2017 presidential election]], instead endorsing the centrist candidate [[Emmanuel Macron]] of [[En Marche!]].<ref name="WillsherMacronAlliance">Kim Willsher, [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/feb/22/french-elections-centrist-bayrou-offers-alliance-with-macron French elections: Emmanuel Macron and François Bayrou form alliance] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223060600/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/feb/22/french-elections-centrist-bayrou-offers-alliance-with-macron |date=23 February 2017 }}, ''The Guardian'' (22 February 2017).</ref> The alliance surprised French political pundits and rival candidates.<ref name="WillsherMacronAlliance"/> Part of the agreement was Macron's commitment to support a clean government law proposed by Bayrou.<ref name="WillsherMacronAlliance"/> Bayrou said that France was "at extreme risk", requiring an "exceptional response",<ref name="WillsherMacronAlliance"/> adding that the alliance did not mean that MoDem would be subsumed by En Marche!<ref name="WillsherMacronAlliance"/>

=== Minister of Justice (2017) ===
On 17 May 2017, Bayrou was appointed as [[Ministry of Justice (France)|Minister of Justice]] in the [[first Philippe government]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.francetvinfo.fr/politique/gouvernement-d-edouard-philippe/desormais-ministres-philippe-le-drian-bayrou-et-darmanin-vont-devoir-demissionner-de-leurs-mandats-locaux_2195496.html|title=Désormais ministres, Philippe, Le Drian, Bayrou, Collomb et Darmanin vont devoir abandonner leurs mandats locaux|date=2017-05-17|work=Franceinfo|access-date=2017-08-09|language=fr-FR|archive-date=31 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831220218/http://www.francetvinfo.fr/politique/gouvernement-d-edouard-philippe/desormais-ministres-philippe-le-drian-bayrou-et-darmanin-vont-devoir-demissionner-de-leurs-mandats-locaux_2195496.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

''[[Le Canard enchaîné]]'' published information that Democratic Movement politician [[Marielle de Sarnez]] had been paid for work she had not actually done, embroiling Bayrou in a scandal about fictitious jobs.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.marianne.net/politique/l-ex-secretaire-de-francois-bayrou-citee-dans-l-affaire-modem|title=L'ex-secrétaire de François Bayrou citée dans l'affaire MoDem|date=2017-06-13|work=Marianne|access-date=2017-08-09|language=fr|archive-date=18 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818133625/https://www.marianne.net/politique/l-ex-secretaire-de-francois-bayrou-citee-dans-l-affaire-modem|url-status=live}}</ref> France Info later reported that MoDem had "over a dozen" fictitious jobs in the [[European Parliament]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.francetvinfo.fr/politique/francois-bayrou/assistants-parlementaires-un-ex-salarie-du-modem-affirme-qu-il-a-beneficie-d-un-emploi-fictif_2227807.html|title=INFO FRANCEINFO. Une dizaine d'employés du Modem étaient rémunérés comme assistants parlementaires européens|date=2017-06-08|work=Franceinfo|access-date=2017-08-09|language=fr-FR|archive-date=18 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818224929/http://www.francetvinfo.fr/politique/francois-bayrou/assistants-parlementaires-un-ex-salarie-du-modem-affirme-qu-il-a-beneficie-d-un-emploi-fictif_2227807.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Bayrou resigned several days before the [[2017 French legislative election|2017 legislative election]], only 35 days after he had taken the post.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/politique/2017/06/21/01002-20170621ARTFIG00053-francois-bayrou-et-marielle-de-sarnez-quittent-le-gouvernement.php|title=François Bayrou et Marielle de Sarnez quittent le gouvernement|last=Boichot|first=Loris|date=2017-06-21|work=Le Figaro|access-date=2017-08-09|language=fr-FR|issn=0182-5852|archive-date=8 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808230851/http://www.lefigaro.fr/politique/2017/06/21/01002-20170621ARTFIG00053-francois-bayrou-et-marielle-de-sarnez-quittent-le-gouvernement.php|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.francetvinfo.fr/politique/modem/assistants-parlementaires-du-modem/francois-bayrou-le-ministre-de-la-justice-annonce-qu-il-quitte-le-gouvernement-suivez-notre-direct_2246839.html|title=DIRECT. La ministre des Affaires européennes, Marielle de Sarnez, quitte le gouvernement, dans la foulée du départ de François Bayrou|date=2017-06-21|work=Franceinfo|access-date=2017-08-09|language=fr-FR|archive-date=9 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809203447/http://www.francetvinfo.fr/politique/modem/assistants-parlementaires-du-modem/francois-bayrou-le-ministre-de-la-justice-annonce-qu-il-quitte-le-gouvernement-suivez-notre-direct_2246839.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He was found not guilty of those accusations in February 2024.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/politique/modem/assistants-parlementaires-du-modem/francois-bayrou-est-relaxe-dans-l-affaire-des-assistants-parlementaires-europeens-du-modem_6346360.html|title=François Bayrou relaxé dans l'affaire des assistants parlementaires européens du MoDem, son parti condamné |date=2024-02-05|work=Franceinfo|access-date=2025-01-01|language=fr|archive-date=5 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205104305/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/politique/modem/assistants-parlementaires-du-modem/francois-bayrou-est-relaxe-dans-l-affaire-des-assistants-parlementaires-europeens-du-modem_6346360.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Later career===
In September 2020, Bayrou was appointed as high commissioner for planification by Prime minister [[Jean Castex]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gouvernement.fr/conseil-des-ministres/2020-09-03/mesures-d-ordre-individuel|title=Compte rendu du Conseil des ministres du 3 septembre 2020, Mesures d'ordre individuel|website=gouvernement.fr|accessdate=3 September 2020|archive-date=19 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919064651/https://www.gouvernement.fr/conseil-des-ministres/2020-09-03/mesures-d-ordre-individuel|url-status=live}}.</ref>

In February 2022, Bayrou created what he calls a "sponsorship bank", joined by a few hundred local officials, willing to give their signatures to candidates for the [[2022 French presidential election|presidential election]] struggling to obtain them, even if they represent a large part of the public according to opinion polls,<ref name="reuters.com">{{cite news|first=Tassilo |last=Hummel |date=27 February 2022 |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/macron-ally-offers-help-far-right-presidential-candidate-le-pen-2022-02-27/ |title=Macron ally offers help to far-right presidential candidate Le Pen |newspaper=[[Reuters]] |archive-date=28 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228074751/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/macron-ally-offers-help-far-right-presidential-candidate-le-pen-2022-02-27/|url-status=live}}</ref> including far-right candidate [[Marine Le Pen]].<ref name="reuters.com"/>

Following the appointment of [[Gabriel Attal]] as [[Prime Minister of France|Prime Minister]] in January 2024, Bayrou stated that he would not be joining the government; he had been widely expected to return to the cabinet after he was acquitted of fraud charges shortly before.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Dominique |last=Vidalon |date=8 February 2024 |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/top-ally-bayrou-says-not-joining-french-government-blow-macron-2024-02-08/ |title=Top ally Bayrou says not joining French government, in blow for Macron|newspaper=[[Reuters]] |archive-date=25 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625081616/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/top-ally-bayrou-says-not-joining-french-government-blow-macron-2024-02-08/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Prime Minister (2024–2025) ===
{{Main|Bayrou government}}
{{see also|2024–2025 French political crisis}}
[[File:Jessika Roswall & François Bayrou - 2025 (1).jpg|thumb|Bayrou meeting European commissioner [[Jessika Roswall]], in January 2025]]
On {{Date|13 December 2024}}, following the motion of [[Motion of no confidence|no confidence]] that ended [[Michel Barnier]]'s [[Barnier government|government]], Bayrou was appointed as [[Prime Minister of France|Prime Minister]] by Emmanuel Macron.<ref>{{cite web |last=Kirby |first=Paul |date=13 December 2024 |title=Macron names centrist Bayrou as French PM in bid to end political instability |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cwyx04pmnrgo |access-date=13 December 2024 |website=[[BBC]] |archive-date=13 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213121737/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cwyx04pmnrgo |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=13 December 2024 |title=From farmer to premier: who is François Bayrou, the new French prime minister? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/dec/13/from-farmer-to-premier-who-is-francois-bayrou-the-new-french-prime-minister |access-date=13 December 2024 |website=[[The Guardian]] |archive-date=13 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213181552/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/dec/13/from-farmer-to-premier-who-is-francois-bayrou-the-new-french-prime-minister |url-status=live}}</ref> The morning of the nomination, Macron reportedly informed Bayrou that he had decided against nominating him, only to revise his position when a furious Bayrou threatened to withdraw his support for the government.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.lexpress.fr/politique/exclusif-francois-bayrou-a-matignon-son-echange-inoui-avec-macron-le-choix-avorte-de-lecornu-le-coup-PEMQPF54TBASBOPAXQQTAKOGJM/|title=François Bayrou à Matignon : son échange inouï avec Macron, le choix avorté de Lecornu, le coup de fil à Le Pen|magazine=L'Express |date=13 December 2024 |lang=fr |last1=Dupont |first1=Laureline |last2=Mandonnet |first2=Eric |quote=Je suis venu avec vous pour faire de grandes choses ensemble, pas des petites choses. Si vous souhaitez faire des petites choses, je vous quitte.|archive-date=13 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213170145/https://www.lexpress.fr/politique/exclusif-francois-bayrou-a-matignon-son-echange-inoui-avec-macron-le-choix-avorte-de-lecornu-le-coup-PEMQPF54TBASBOPAXQQTAKOGJM/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

Despite his nomination, Bayrou has pledged to remain in office as Mayor of Pau,<ref>{{Cite web |title=François Bayrou se rendra au conseil municipal de Pau ce lundi et compte rester maire |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/politique/francois-bayrou-se-rendra-au-conseil-municipal-de-pau-ce-lundi-et-compte-rester-maire-16-12-2024-FOU5F6LGPJDUHFQ2PXQSKNUIHA.php |website=[[Le Parisien]] |date=16 December 2024 |language=fr |archive-date=16 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241216123847/https://www.leparisien.fr/politique/francois-bayrou-se-rendra-au-conseil-municipal-de-pau-ce-lundi-et-compte-rester-maire-16-12-2024-FOU5F6LGPJDUHFQ2PXQSKNUIHA.php |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=François Bayrou reste maire de Pau et propose de revenir sur le non-cumul des mandats |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2024/12/17/francois-bayrou-reste-maire-et-propose-de-revenir-sur-le-non-cumul-des-mandats_6452692_823448.html |date=2024-12-17 |website=[[Le Monde]] |language=fr|archive-date=17 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241217004638/https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2024/12/17/francois-bayrou-reste-maire-et-propose-de-revenir-sur-le-non-cumul-des-mandats_6452692_823448.html |url-status=live}}</ref> similarly to [[Jacques Chirac]], who served simultaneously as Prime Minister and [[Mayor of Paris]] from 1986 to 1988. Less than a week after his nomination, he faced criticism after flying to Pau on a presidential [[Dassault Falcon 7X|Falcon 7X jet]] to attend a session of the municipal council, rather than visiting [[Mayotte]], which had been heavily affected by [[Cyclone Chido]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bayrou s'est rendu au conseil municipal de Pau en jet présidentiel |url=https://reporterre.net/Bayrou-s-est-rendu-au-conseil-municipal-de-Pau-en-jet-presidentiel |date=17 December 2024 |website=[[Reporterre]] |language=fr |archive-date=17 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241217160516/https://reporterre.net/Bayrou-s-est-rendu-au-conseil-municipal-de-Pau-en-jet-presidentiel |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mayotte en miettes et François Bayrou à Pau : une faute majeure et choquante |url=https://www.liberation.fr/politique/mayotte-en-miettes-et-francois-bayrou-a-pau-une-faute-majeure-et-choquante-20241217_PHJYLRULY5FU5J5CEOYLKRZWQA/ |last=Bouchet-Petersen |first=Jonathan |date=17 December 2024 |website=[[Libération]] |language=fr |archive-date=17 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241217084843/https://www.liberation.fr/politique/mayotte-en-miettes-et-francois-bayrou-a-pau-une-faute-majeure-et-choquante-20241217_PHJYLRULY5FU5J5CEOYLKRZWQA/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title="Je n'abuse jamais des moyens de l'État": Bayrou répond aux critiques après s'être rendu à Pau en jet |url=https://www.bfmtv.com/politique/gouvernement/je-n-abuse-jamais-des-moyens-de-l-etat-bayrou-repond-aux-critiques-apres-s-etre-rendu-a-pau-en-jet_AV-202412170040.html |date=17 December 2024 |website=[[BFMTV]] |language=fr|archive-date=17 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241217062920/https://www.bfmtv.com/politique/gouvernement/je-n-abuse-jamais-des-moyens-de-l-etat-bayrou-repond-aux-critiques-apres-s-etre-rendu-a-pau-en-jet_AV-202412170040.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

On the same day, during the transfer of power with his predecessor Barnier, Bayrou recalled that he had always warned in his political life about the question of debt and public deficits and affirmed that he was facing a "[[Himalaya]] of difficulties".<ref>{{Cite news|author=Isabelle Ficek|title=François Bayrou face à un « Himalaya de difficultés » |url=https://www.lesechos.fr/politique-societe/gouvernement/francois-bayrou-face-a-un-himalaya-de-difficultes-2137812 |newspaper=[[Les Echos (France)|Les Échos]] |date=13 December 2024|language=fr|archive-date=13 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213181421/https://www.lesechos.fr/politique-societe/gouvernement/francois-bayrou-face-a-un-himalaya-de-difficultes-2137812|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Mathias Thépot|title=François Bayrou, clone néolibéral de Macron mais avec des nuances|date=13 December 2024|newspaper=Mediapart|url=https://www.mediapart.fr/journal/economie-et-social/131224/francois-bayrou-clone-neoliberal-de-macron-mais-avec-des-nuances|archive-date=13 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213211920/https://www.mediapart.fr/journal/economie-et-social/131224/francois-bayrou-clone-neoliberal-de-macron-mais-avec-des-nuances|url-status=live}}</ref> He declared that "reconciliation is necessary", quoting the [[Henry IV of France]], from Béarn like him and whose birthday it was.<ref>{{Cite news|language=fr |title=François Bayrou évoque Henri IV pour sa première prise de parole en tant que Premier ministre|url=https://www.francebleu.fr/infos/politique/francois-bayrou-evoque-henri-iv-pour-sa-premiere-prise-de-parole-en-tant-que-premier-ministre-5154522 |newspaper=francebleu.fr|date=13 December 2024|archive-date=13 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213150031/https://www.francebleu.fr/infos/politique/francois-bayrou-evoque-henri-iv-pour-sa-premiere-prise-de-parole-en-tant-que-premier-ministre-5154522|url-status=live}}</ref>

Bayrou's government was finalized on 23 December, maintaining the goal Bayrou had set of appointing his ministers before Christmas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PORTRAITS. Gouvernement de François Bayrou : qui sont les 35 ministres et ministres délégués ? |url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/politique/gouvernement-de-francois-bayrou/portraits-gouvernement-de-francois-bayrou-qui-sont-les-35-ministres-et-ministres-delegues_6970994.html |date=2024-12-24 |website=[[France Info]]|access-date=2024-12-27 |language=fr|archive-date=24 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241224124245/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/politique/gouvernement-de-francois-bayrou/portraits-gouvernement-de-francois-bayrou-qui-sont-les-35-ministres-et-ministres-delegues_6970994.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

On 30 December 2024, Bayrou visited Mayotte with several government members and announced several emergency measures to rebuild the islands' infrastructures and to resolve the [[2024 Mayotte crisis|local crisis]].<ref>{{Cite web |title="Mayotte debout" : ce qu'il faut retenir du plan présenté par François Bayrou sur l'archipel, dévasté par le cyclone Chido |url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/meteo/cyclone-ouragan/cyclone-chido-a-mayotte/mayotte-debout-ce-qu-il-faut-retenir-du-plan-presente-par-francois-bayrou-sur-l-archipel-devaste-par-le-cyclone-chido_6984881.html |date=2024-12-30 |website=[[France Info]]|access-date=2025-01-01 |language=fr|archive-date=30 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241230194245/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/meteo/cyclone-ouragan/cyclone-chido-a-mayotte/mayotte-debout-ce-qu-il-faut-retenir-du-plan-presente-par-francois-bayrou-sur-l-archipel-devaste-par-le-cyclone-chido_6984881.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

On 3 February 2025, Bayrou passed his government's budget for the year after bypassing a vote in the [[National Assembly (France)|National Assembly]] through special [[Constitution of France|constitutional powers]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20250203-french-pm-set-to-force-budget-through-parliament |title=French PM Bayrou uses special constitutional powers to force 2025 budget through parliament |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=[[France 24]] |date=3 February 2025 |archive-date=3 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250203193151/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20250203-french-pm-set-to-force-budget-through-parliament |url-status=live}}</ref> This led to two unsuccessful no-confidence motions being launched against him on 5 February<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://apnews.com/article/france-no-confidence-prime-minister-budget-bayrou-bardella-2fb48f5591135513de2e3ce049090493 |title=France's government survives a no-confidence vote and a budget is finally adopted |access-date=2025-02-06 |website=[[AP News]] |date=4 February 2025 |archive-date=6 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250206065737/https://apnews.com/article/france-no-confidence-prime-minister-budget-bayrou-bardella-2fb48f5591135513de2e3ce049090493 |url-status=live}}</ref> and 10 February.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20250210-%F0%9F%94%B4-french-pm-fran%C3%A7ois-bayrou-survives-another-no-confidence-vote-over-social-security-budget |title=French PM François Bayrou survives another no-confidence vote over social security budget |access-date=2025-02-11 |website=[[France 24]] |date=10 February 2025 |archive-date=10 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250210230916/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20250210-%F0%9F%94%B4-french-pm-fran%C3%A7ois-bayrou-survives-another-no-confidence-vote-over-social-security-budget |url-status=live}}</ref> He survived another a no-confidence motion filed by the [[Socialist Party (France)|Socialist Party]] following the failure of negotiations over pension reform on 2 July.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 July 2025 |title=French PM Bayrou survives latest no-confidence motion |url=https://www.france24.com/en/video/20250702-french-pm-bayrou-survives-latest-no-confidence-motion |access-date=2 July 2025 |website=France 24|archive-date=2 July 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250702104638/https://www.france24.com/en/video/20250702-french-pm-bayrou-survives-latest-no-confidence-motion|url-status=live}}</ref>

A long-time advocate of proportional representation for legislative elections, in April 2025 he initiated a series of consultations with political parties with a view to preparing a bill on the subject. His initiative met with strong resistance within the government majority, notably from the Republicans – whose president, [[Bruno Retailleau]], threatened to resign from his ministerial duties – and [[Édouard Philippe]]'s Horizons, who cited a risk of chronic political instability.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bruno Retailleau redit son opposition « très ferme » au scrutin proportionnel souhaité par François Bayrou|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2025/06/02/bruno-retailleau-redit-son-opposition-tres-ferme-au-scrutin-proportionnel-souhaite-par-francois-bayrou_6610264_823448.html|newspaper=Le Monde|language=fr|archive-date=2 June 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250602211241/https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2025/06/02/bruno-retailleau-redit-son-opposition-tres-ferme-au-scrutin-proportionnel-souhaite-par-francois-bayrou_6610264_823448.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Proportionnelle : la droite dégaine des projections destructrices pour le bloc central|url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/politique/proportionnelle-la-droite-degaine-des-projections-destructrices-pour-le-bloc-central-20250612|newspaper=Le Figaro|language=fr|archive-date=12 June 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250612184430/https://www.lefigaro.fr/politique/proportionnelle-la-droite-degaine-des-projections-destructrices-pour-le-bloc-central-20250612|url-status=live}}</ref> Continuing his action, Bayrou announced that a text on proportional representation would be presented after the budget work, at the end of 2025 or the beginning of 2026, and did not rule out resorting to a referendum to decide the question, standing up to his divergent partners.<ref>{{Cite web |language=fr |title=Proportionnelle : Bayrou affirme sur RTL qu'il y a "une majorité" et promet un texte pour la fin d'année ou début 2026 |url=https://www.rtl.fr/actu/politique/proportionnelle-bayrou-affirme-sur-rtl-qu-il-y-a-une-majorite-et-promet-un-texte-pour-la-fin-d-annee-ou-debut-2026-7900520095 |website=www.rtl.fr |date=29 June 2025 |archive-date=29 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250629130244/https://www.rtl.fr/actu/politique/proportionnelle-bayrou-affirme-sur-rtl-qu-il-y-a-une-majorite-et-promet-un-texte-pour-la-fin-d-annee-ou-debut-2026-7900520095|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 15 July 2025, Bayrou proposed discontinuing the observance of [[Easter Monday]] and [[V-E Day]] as public holidays as part of cost-cutting measures under the proposed 2026 budget.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 July 2025 |title=France in revolt over PM's proposition to abolish two public holidays as part of budget cuts |url=https://www.france24.com/en/france/20250716-france-in-revolt-over-pm-s-proposition-to-abolish-two-public-holidays-as-part-of-budget-cuts |access-date=16 July 2025 |website=France 24|archive-date=16 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250716181912/https://www.france24.com/en/france/20250716-france-in-revolt-over-pm-s-proposition-to-abolish-two-public-holidays-as-part-of-budget-cuts |url-status=live}}</ref> At the same time, he made the sustainability of public finances and public debt his priority. In mid-July 2025, during a press conference, he unveiled a strict plan of €43.8 billion in savings to reduce the deficit to 4.6% of GDP in 2026.<ref>{{Cite news |language=fr |title=Budget : François Bayrou abandonne la transition écologique |url=https://reporterre.net/Budget-Francois-Bayrou-abandonne-la-transition-ecologique |newspaper=Reporterre |date=16 July 2025 |archive-date=16 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250716173131/https://reporterre.net/Budget-Francois-Bayrou-abandonne-la-transition-ecologique |url-status=live}}</ref>

On 8 September 2025, the [[National Assembly (France)|National Assembly]] voted against confidence in Bayrou's government by a margin of 364 votes to 194. Several parties refused to support Bayrou due to his refusal to negotiate or compromise on his highly controversial budgetary proposal. This was the second government appointed by President Macron to be ousted in a year, and the first government in the history of the Fifth Republic to lose a self-imposed motion of confidence.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-09-08 |title=France just lost its fourth PM in two years. Here's what it means |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-09-09/what-does-francois-bayrou-confidence-vote-loss-mean-for-france/105751006 |access-date=2025-09-09 |work=ABC News |language=en-AU}}</ref> Bayrou submitted his resignation to Macron on 9 September.<ref>{{Cite web|title=France's prime minister is ousted as the nation drifts into turmoil |url=https://apnews.com/article/france-prime-minister-bayrou-macron-economy-crisis-e28574497723868f0be8b7973b84c05e |website=AP News |date=9 September 2025}}</ref>

==Political views ==
[[File:Bayrou-strasbourg.jpg|thumb|left|Bayrou in [[Strasbourg]] in 2007]]
Bayrou has been a vocal campaigner on a variety of issues, including reform of the political process, [[civil liberties]], and [[free software]] (see [[DADVSI]]). During the 2007 presidential election campaign he described the [[European Union]] as "the most beautiful construction of all humanity". He called for France to play a greater role in the [[European Union]]'s affairs, and supports the ratification of a [[European Constitution]], in a more concise and readable form than the one [[French referendum on EU constitution, 2005|voted down by the French electorate]] in 2005.<ref>{{cite web |title=François Bayrou: "L'Europe, c'est pas fait pour être mini" |url=http://www.euronews.net/index.php?page=interview&article=410650&lng=2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930231853/http://www.euronews.net/index.php?page=interview&article=410650&lng=2 |archive-date=30 September 2007 |access-date=16 March 2007 |publisher=Euronews}}</ref>

In an interview with ''[[The New York Times]]'' in 2007, Bayrou said: "I am a democrat, I am a [[Clintonism|Clintonian]], I am a man of the '[[third way]]'".<ref name="nytimes">Sciolino, Elaine. "A 'Neither/Nor' Candidate for President Alters the French Political Landscape", ''The New York Times'' (8 March 2007)</ref> He positioned himself as a centrist, although he has historic ties to the right. His platform emphasises job creation, improvement of educational standards, improved conditions in the troubled suburbs, reduced government spending, a balanced budget and a stronger European Union, with France as its ''de facto'' leader. He has also criticized China's protection of the [[Government of Sudan|Sudanese government]] from [[UN Security Council]] sanctions. Bayrou was highly critical of the [[Economic policy of the George W. Bush administration|American economic model under George Bush]] and of the unregulated free market in general. He described the United States economic model as a "survival of the fittest" system, where it was often stated that money was people's only motivation, where higher education was too expensive, and where the middle class was shrinking.<ref name="nytimes"/> Bayrou criticized the Iraq war, saying it was "the cause of chaos" in the region.<ref name="nytimes"/>
[[File:Francois bayrou close.jpg|thumb|upright|Bayrou in 2009]]

He criticized Nicolas Sarkozy's foreign policy, including the invitation of Libyan leader [[Muammar Gaddafi]] for a week-long state visit to France and the signing of military cooperation agreements with Libya.

In 2009, he criticized statements by [[Pope Benedict XVI]] claiming that condoms promote AIDS on a journey to Cameroon. Bayrou called the remarks "unacceptable", adding that "the primary responsibility, particularly of Christians, is the defence of life...This [Africa] is a continent in which tens of millions of women and men are dying."<ref>{{cite web |date=19 March 2009 |title=Le pape continue de choquer |url=http://www.leparisien.fr/societe/le-pape-continue-de-choquer-19-03-2009-448330.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717011109/http://www.leparisien.fr/societe/le-pape-continue-de-choquer-19-03-2009-448330.php |archive-date=17 July 2011 |access-date=13 June 2010 |work=Le Parisien}}</ref>

He called for France to boycott the [[2008 Summer Olympics]], due to the [[Human rights in China|poor human rights record in China]] and [[2008 Tibetan unrest|political unrest in Tibet]]. During a rally in Paris on 21 March he said that "if this drama does not stop, France would do itself credit by not coming to the Olympic Games", criticising China's opposition to sanctions against [[Sudan]] over its involvement in the humanitarian crisis in [[Darfur]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L22161580.htm|title=Reuters AlertNet – Call for Olympic boycott stirs up pre-poll France|publisher=Alertnet.org|date=22 March 2007|access-date=13 June 2010|archive-date=1 July 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701174351/http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L22161580.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

Bayrou is fluent in [[Béarnese dialect|Béarnese]] and often expresses his support for regionalism.<ref name=":0" />

In July 2025, François Bayrou declared himself in favour of the constitutional bill, providing for the autonomy of Corsica within the French Republic.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.franceinfo.fr/france/corse/corse/statut-de-la-corse-francois-bayrou-se-dit-favorable-au-projet-constitutionnel-initial-sans-tenir-compte-de-l-avis-du-conseil-d-etat_7398682.html |title=Statut de la Corse : François Bayrou se dit "favorable" au projet constitutionnel initial, sans tenir compte de l'avis du Conseil d'Etat |trans-title=Status of Corsica: François Bayrou declares himself "favorable" to the initial constitutional bill, without taking into account the opinion of the Council of State |date=25 July 2025|access-date=28 July 2025|archive-date=25 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250725144926/https://www.franceinfo.fr/france/corse/corse/statut-de-la-corse-francois-bayrou-se-dit-favorable-au-projet-constitutionnel-initial-sans-tenir-compte-de-l-avis-du-conseil-d-etat_7398682.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|language=fr|title=François Bayrou, un été sous le soleil de Matignon|newspaper=Le Monde|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2025/07/28/francois-bayrou-un-ete-sous-le-soleil-de-matignon_6624779_823448.html|date=28 July 2025|access-date=30 July 2025|archive-date=28 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250728072253/https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2025/07/28/francois-bayrou-un-ete-sous-le-soleil-de-matignon_6624779_823448.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Bétharram scandal and Bayrou's involvement===
{{main|Bétharram scandal}}

The [[Bétharram scandal]] refers to a case of child sexual abuse committed in the Catholic congregation of the [[Priests of the Sacred Heart of Jesus of Bétharram|Bétharram Fathers]], as revealed by journalistic investigations. This Catholic congregation is in full communion with Rome and has followed all of the liberal reforms of the clergy. The abuses spanned several decades and involved clergy members operating in various schools and shelters linked to the institution. François Bayrou is accused of deliberately ignoring reports of child abuse, defending an institution accused of systemic violence, and helping to obstruct the work of whistleblowers and journalists.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Antton Rouget |author2=David Perrotin |date=5 February 2025 |title=Viols sur mineurs à Bétharram : les mensonges de Bayrou pour défendre une institution catholique |url=https://www.mediapart.fr/journal/france/050225/viols-sur-mineurs-betharram-les-mensonges-de-bayrou-pour-defendre-une-institution-catholique |access-date=21 February 2025 |website=Mediapart |language=fr |archive-date=5 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250205141734/https://www.mediapart.fr/journal/france/050225/viols-sur-mineurs-betharram-les-mensonges-de-bayrou-pour-defendre-une-institution-catholique |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=Antton Rouget |author2=David Perrotin |date=21 February 2025 |title=Bétharram : le gouvernement s'attaque désormais à la lanceuse d'alerte |url=https://www.mediapart.fr/journal/france/210225/betharram-le-gouvernement-s-attaque-desormais-la-lanceuse-d-alerte |access-date=21 February 2025 |website=Mediapart |language=fr |archive-date=21 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250221191345/https://www.mediapart.fr/journal/france/210225/betharram-le-gouvernement-s-attaque-desormais-la-lanceuse-d-alerte |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Mathieu |first=Mathilde |date=15 February 2025 |title=Affaire Bétharram, réforme de la justice : la République contre ses enfants |url=https://www.mediapart.fr/journal/france/150225/affaire-betharram-reforme-de-la-justice-la-republique-contre-ses-enfants |access-date=21 February 2025 |website=Mediapart |language=fr|archive-date=15 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250215222305/https://www.mediapart.fr/journal/france/150225/affaire-betharram-reforme-de-la-justice-la-republique-contre-ses-enfants |url-status=live}}</ref>

In April 2025, Bayrou's daughter Hélène Perlant revealed<ref>{{cite web | title=Bétharram : La fille de François Bayrou, Hélène Perlant, brise le silence • FRANCE 24 | website=[[YouTube]] | url=https://www.youtube.com/shorts/aYfpNE4d1uA }}</ref> that a senior priest at Notre-Dame de Bétharram had beaten her publicly in the 1980s when she was 14. She said that she had never told her father about the assault, adding, "Bétharram was organised like a sect or a totalitarian regime, putting psychological pressure on pupils and teachers so they stayed silent." Two hundred legal complaints have been filed since February 2024 alleging physical or sexual abuse by priests and staff at Bétharram during the period 1957–2004, including an allegation of [[gang rape]] committed by two priests. Some of the complaints led to criminal charges; others exceeded the legal [[statute of limitations]] for prosecution in France.<ref>{{cite news |last=Chrisafis |first=Angelique |date=23 April 2025 |title=French PM's daughter says she was brutally beaten at scandal-hit school |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/apr/23/french-pm-francois-bayrou-daughter-helene-perlant-says-she-was-brutally-beaten-at-scandal-hit-school |access-date=23 April 2025 |work=The Guardian |issn=0261-3077|archive-date=23 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250423174920/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/apr/23/french-pm-francois-bayrou-daughter-helene-perlant-says-she-was-brutally-beaten-at-scandal-hit-school|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Astier|first=Henri|title=French PM Bayrou stunned as daughter reveals abuse at Bétharram school |publisher=BBC News|date=23 April 2025 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cvgp8kd7x18o|archive-date=23 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250423172215/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cvgp8kd7x18o|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
Bayrou is the sole author unless other names are mentioned.
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{Cite book| year = 1990 | title = La Décennie des mal-appris | publisher = Flammarion | location = [Paris] | isbn = 2-08-066472-7 }}, subject(s): Enseignement—Réforme—France—1970–, Éducation et État—France—1970–.
* {{Cite book| year = 1994 | title = Le roi libre | publisher = Flammarion | location = [Paris] | isbn = 2-08-066821-8 }} le Grand livre du mois 1994, subject(s): Henri IV (roi de France ; 1553–1610) – Biographies, France—1589–1610 (Henri IV).
* {{Cite book| year = 1995 | title = Le roi libre | publisher = France loisirs | location = Paris | isbn = 2-7242-8944-7 }}
* {{Cite book| first = Pierre | last = Letamendia | year = 1995 | title = Le Mouvement républicain populaire : le MRP : histoire d'un grand parti français | publisher = Beauchesne | location = Paris | isbn = 2-7010-1327-5 }}, preface by François Bayrou.
* {{Cite book| year = 1996 | title = Le droit au sens | publisher = Flammarion | location = Paris | isbn = 2-08-067204-5 }}, le Grand livre du mois 1996, subject(s): Politique et éducation—France—1990–, France—Conditions sociales—1981–.
* {{Cite book| first = Violaine | last = Gelly | year = 1996 | title = François Bayrou : portrait | publisher = Bartillat | location = [Étrépilly] | isbn = 2-84100-048-6 }}
* {{Cite book| year = 1996 | title = Le roi libre | publisher = Éd. J'ai lu | location = Paris | isbn = 2-277-24183-0 }}, series: J'ai lu 4183.
* {{Cite book| first = Antoine | last = Michelland |author2=Séguy, Philippe | year = 1996 | title = François Bayrou : "et si la Providence veut" | publisher = Éd. du Rocher | location = Monaco ; [Paris] | isbn = 2-268-02400-8 }}
* {{Cite book| last = France. Ministère de l'éducation nationale, de l'enseignement supérieur et de la recherche (1995–1997) | year = c. 1996 | title = Les États généraux de l'Université | publisher = ONISEP | location = Paris }}, preface by François Bayrou.
* {{Cite book| last = France. Ministère de l'éducation nationale, de l'enseignement supérieur et de la recherche (1995–1997) | year = 1996 | title = Les États généraux de l'Université : intervention de François Bayrou, ministre de l'éducation nationale, de l'enseignement supérieur et de la recherche, Grand amphithéâtre de la Sorbonne, 18 juin 1996 | publisher = [Ministère de l'éducation nationale, de l'enseignement supérieur et de la recherche] | location = [Paris] }}
* {{Cite book| year = 1997 | title = Saint-louis | publisher = Flammarion | location = [Paris] | isbn = 2-08-067208-8 }}
* {{Cite book| year = 1998 | title = Henri IV | publisher = Perrin jeunesse | location = [Paris] | isbn = 2-262-01301-2 }}, subject(s): Henri IV (roi de France ; 1553–1610 ) – Ouvrages pour la jeunesse.
* {{Cite book| year = 1998 | title = Ils portaient l'écharpe blanche : l'aventure des premiers réformés, des Guerres de religion à l'édit de Nantes, de la Révocation à la Révolution | publisher = B. Grasset | location = Paris | isbn = 2-246-55981-2 }}
* {{Cite book| title = Henri IV : le roi libre | date = 1999 | publisher = Flammarion | location = [Paris] | isbn = 2-08-067725-X }}, le Grand livre du mois 1999.
* {{Cite book| first = François | last = Bayrou |author2=Pierre-Brossolette, Sylvie | year = 1999 | title = Hors des sentiers battus : entretiens avec Sylvie Pierre-Brossolette | publisher = Hachette littératures | location = Paris | isbn = 2-01-235258-8 }}
* {{Cite book| year = 2000 | title = Ils portaient l'écharpe blanche : l'aventure des premiers réformés, des Guerres de religion à l'édit de Nantes, de la Révocation à la Révolution | publisher = Librairie générale française | location = Paris | isbn = 2-253-14779-6 }}, series: Le livre de poche 14779.
* {{Cite book| first = Nadine-Josette | last = Chaline | author-link = Nadine-Josette Chaline| year = 2000 | title = Jean Lecanuet | publisher = Beauchesne | location = Paris | isbn = 2-7010-1405-0 }}, "témoignages de François Bayrou et de Dominique Baudis", series: Politiques & chrétiens 16.
* {{Cite book| year = 2001 | title = François Bayrou, Qui êtes-vous ? Que proposez-vous ? | publisher = Archipel | location = [Paris] | isbn = 2-84187-283-1 }}, series: L'Info. Citoyenne.
* {{Cite book| year = 2001 | title = Relève | publisher = Grasset | location = [Paris] | isbn = 2-246-61821-5 }}
* {{Cite book| year = 2005 | title = Oui : Plaidoyer pour la Constitution européenne | publisher = Plon | location = [Paris] | isbn = 2-259-20183-0 }}
* {{Cite book|date=October 2006| title = Au nom du Tiers-État | publisher = Hachette | location = [Paris] | isbn = 2-01-237250-3 }}
* {{Cite book|date=March 2007| title = Projet d'Espoir | publisher = Plon | location = [Paris] | isbn = 978-2-259-20162-9 }}
* ''Abus de pouvoir'', [Paris] Plon, 2009 {{ISBN|978-2-259-20876-5}}
* ''2012, Etat d'urgence'', [Paris] Plon, 2011 {{ISBN|978-2-259-21661-6}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* {{in lang|fr}} [http://www.bayrou.fr bayrou.fr – Campaign Website]
* {{in lang|fr}} [http://www.lesdemocrates.fr lesdemocrates.fr – Website of Bayrou's party]
* {{in lang|fr}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20080107070943/http://www.france-democrate.fr/ france-democrate.fr – Website on the Democratic Movement]
* {{in lang|fr}} [https://www.youtube.com/bayrou bayrou.fr – Video Channel on YouTube]
* {{in lang|fr}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20070427215615/http://www.bayrouvideo.com/ Video François Bayrou ] (not linked to François Bayrou)
* {{in lang|fr}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20060507062439/http://www.bayroublog.com/ François Bayrou Blog] (not linked to François Bayrou)
* {{in lang|fr}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20080424052421/http://www.mouvementdemocrate.org.uk/ Site du Mouvement Democrate en Grande-Bretagne] (Website of Bayrou's party in the UK and Ireland)
* {{in lang|fr}} [http://www.lesdemocratesameriquedunord.com/ Blog du Mouvement Democrate en Amerique du Nord – Etats-Unis et Canada] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217230110/http://lesdemocratesameriquedunord.com/ |date=17 December 2014 }} (Website of Bayrou's party in North America)

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Jack Lang (French politician)|Jack Lang]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Ministry of National Education (France)|Minister of National Education]]|years=1993–1997}}
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{{s-ttl|title=[[Ministry of Justice (France)|Keeper of the Seals, Minister of Justice]]|years=2017}}
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{{s-ttl|title=[[Prime Minister of France]]|years=2024–2025}}
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{{s-ttl|title=Leader of the [[Union for French Democracy]]|years=1998–2007}}
{{s-non|reason=Position abolished}}
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{{s-new|office}}
{{s-ttl|title=Leader of the [[Democratic Movement (France)|Democratic Movement]]|years=2007–present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-prec|france}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Michel Barnier]]|as=former Prime Minister}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[French order of precedence|Order of precedence in France]] ''Former Prime Minister''}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Richard Ferrand]]|as=President of the Constitutional Council}}
{{s-end}}

{{Heads of government of France}}
{{Minister of Justice (France)}}{{Candidates in the 2002 French presidential election}}
{{Candidates in the 2007 French presidential election}}
{{Candidates in the 2012 French presidential election}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bayrou, Francois}}
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Candidates in the 2002 French presidential election]]
[[Category:Candidates in the 2007 French presidential election]]
[[Category:Candidates in the 2012 French presidential election]]
[[Category:Centre of Social Democrats politicians]]
[[Category:Democratic Force (France) politicians]]
[[Category:Union for French Democracy politicians]]
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[[Category:Deputies of the 8th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic]]
[[Category:Deputies of the 9th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic]]
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[[Category:Deputies of the 12th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic]]
[[Category:Deputies of the 13th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic]]
[[Category:European Democratic Party]]
[[Category:Members of the Bayrou government]]
[[Category:Ministers of justice of France]]
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[[Category:French Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Gandhians]]
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[[Category:State ministers of France]]
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[[Category:Presidents of French departments]]
[[Category:French people of Irish descent]]
[[Category:Prime ministers of France]]

Namo Venkatesa

2026-03-03T17:50:09Z

HeikeC58098401: stub.

{{short description|2010 film directed by Srinu Vaitla}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Namo Venkatesa
| image = Namo Venkatesha Poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Srinu Vaitla]]
| producer = Ram Achanta Gopichand Achanta [[Anil Sunkara]]
| screenplay = Srinu Vaitla
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = {{Ubl |[[Chintapalli Ramana]]}}
}}
| story = [[Gopimohan]]
| starring = [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]] [[Trisha Krishnan|Trisha]]
| music = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| cinematography = [[Prasad Murella]]
| editing = M. R. Varma
| studio = [[Suresh Productions]] 14 Reels Entertainment
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2010|1|14}}
| runtime = 152 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}

'''''Namo Venkatesa''''' ({{translation}} ''Hail Venkatesa'') is a 2010 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action comedy film]] written and directed by [[Srinu Vaitla]] from a story written by [[Gopimohan]]. Produced by 14 Reels Entertainment and [[Suresh Productions]], it stars [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]] and [[Trisha Krishnan|Trisha]] in lead roles with [[Brahmanandam]], [[Mukesh Rishi]], [[Subbaraju]], [[Jai Akash|Akash]], and [[Ali (actor)|Ali]] in supporting roles. The music was composed by [[Devi Sri Prasad]] with cinematography by [[Prasad Murella]] and editing by M. R. Varma. The film was theatrically released on 14 January 2010.

==Plot==
Venkataramana a.k.a. Venky is a [[ventriloquist]]. He is a naive and good adult, and everyone in his association usually likes him. An astrologer named Palasa predicts that if he does not get married in one month, he will be a single man forever. Venky goes to Paris as part of a group to perform for [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|NRI]]s, where he meets Paris Prasad and his gang. They fool everyone and try to avoid giving them remuneration. Venky manages them and gets his and his troops' payment. Later, Venky meets Pooja, the niece of Prasad, and falls in love. Though Pooja has no feelings for Venky, Prasad tells him that Pooja too loves him, just for fun.

Slowly, Pooja and Venky become friends, and Pooja gets an emergency call from India, where she finds out that her family, especially her grandfather arranged her marriage with Bhadrappa ([[Subbaraju]]), the son of her uncle, Changala Rayudu. She does not want to marry him and calls Prasad for help. She offers money to him if he could take her back to Paris. Prasad takes the risk as he needs money to repay the bank loan. He asks Venky for help, telling him that Pooja wants to marry him, but her family wants her to marry Bhadrappa. Venky innocently believes him and comes to Rayalaseema to take Pooja away.

There, Venky introduces himself to everyone as Praneeth and offers the partnership of a fake multimillion-dollar factory. In the hope of that partnership, everyone treats him nicely and makes minor changes in their household to please him. Prasad tells Pooja that he fooled Venky and asks her to go with his drama to escape from that place. Though she does not want to fool Venky, she reluctantly agrees to Prasad's plan as she needs to get out of there desperately. Actually, she loves an NRI named Ajay and wants to elope with him.

Finally, Venky succeeds to trick them and take Pooja and Prasad away. Pooja plans to escape with Ajay to Europe, but Venky takes them to his area in [[Hyderabad]]. He introduces his family, which includes his uncles Narayana and Malesh Yadav. Everybody receives Pooja affectionately and makes arrangements for their wedding. Prasad and Ajay try to tell them the truth but could not succeed.

Bhaddrapa's grandfather overhears the conversation of Pooja's mother with Pooja on the phone and devises a plan to call them to their village and kill Venky. They tell Pooja that they will conduct their wedding within their place and asks her to come back. However, Venky ends up coming with his full family and friends, roughly a few hundred, failing their plan to kill him. Finally, he discovers that Pooja loves Ajay and not him. Though devastated, he still wishes her happiness and saves them from their uncle's gang. Seeing his selfless love, Pooja's uncle and others stop fighting him and reconcile. At the end, however, Pooja realises that she loves Venky. Ajay understands this and leaves the decision in her hands. Finally, Pooja and Venky marry with everyone's blessings.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]] as Parvateneni "Venky" Venkataramana<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-om-namo-venkatesa/20091224.htm|title=Venkatesh shoots for Om Namo Venkatesa|date=24 December 2009|work=[[Rediff.com]]|first=Radhika|last=Rajamani|access-date=14 April 2025}}</ref> / Praneeth
* [[Trisha Krishnan|Trisha]] as Pooja
* [[Brahmanandam]] as Paris Prasad, Pooja's uncle
* [[Mukesh Rishi]] as Chengala Rayudu, Pooja's father
* [[Sumithra (actress)|Sumithra]] as Lakshmi, Pooja's mother
* [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as Malesh Yadav, Venky's uncle
* [[Giri Babu]] as Rama Chandra Murthy, Venky's father
* [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]] as Narayana, Venky's uncle
* [[Suhasini Maniratnam]] as Snehalatha, Venky's mother
* [[Telangana Shakuntala]] as Shakuntala, Venky's aunt
* [[Jaya Prakash Reddy]] as JayPrakash Garu, Bhaddrapa's grandfather
* [[Subbaraju]] as Bhaddrappa
* [[Jai Akash|Akash]] as Ajay, Pooja's friend
* [[Ali (actor)|Ali]] as Sheikh Raj
* [[M. S. Narayana]] as Palasa, an astrologist
* [[Dharmavarapu Subramanyam]] as Bhaddrappa's grandfather's brother-in-law
* [[Y. Kasi Viswanath]] as Ramanujam
* [[Master Bharath]] as Puppy
* [[Srinivasa Reddy]] as Murthy
* [[Sivannarayana Naripeddi]] as Priest
* [[Sudha (Telugu actress)|Sudha]] as Amrutham, Pooja's aunt
* [[Vinaya Prasad]] as Janaki, Pooja's aunt
* [[Pragathi (actress)|Pragathi]] as Lalita, Pooja's aunt
* Surekha Vani as Prasad's wife
* [[Jeeva (Telugu actor)|Jeeva]] as Soda Sambayya
* [[Gundu Sudharshan]] as Chary
* [[Raghu Babu]] as Srinivas
* [[Prudhviraj (Telugu actor)|Pruthvi Raj]] as Prasad's gang member
* [[Surya (Telugu actor)|Surya]] as Prasad's gang member
* [[Siva Reddy]] as Srinivas's student
* [[Kalpika Ganesh]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=2021-01-11 |title=Lockdown idea turns a YouTube hit |url=https://telanganatoday.com/lockdown-idea-turns-a-youtube-hit |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=Telangana Today |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Giridhar as Srinivas's student
* Sravan as Bhairagi
* [[Jenny (actor)|Jenny]]
* [[Satya Prakash (actor)|Satya Prakash]]
* Gemini Suresh
{{colend}}

== Production ==
85% of the shoot was complete by November 2009.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/pressmeet-namovenkatesa.html|title=Namo Venkatesa press meet|date=19 November 2009|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=14 April 2025}}</ref> Towards the end of the shoot, Venkatesh had [[chikungunya]] but still shot for two songs including the title song so that the film could release for Sankranti.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-namovenkatesa.html|title=Telugu Movie review - Namo Venkatesa|date=14 January 2010|work=Idlebrain.com|access-date=14 April 2025}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Namo Venkatesa
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| cover =
| released = 2010
| recorded =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 24:08
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| prev_title = [[Kutty (2009 film)|Kutty]]
| prev_year = 2010
| year = 2010
| next_title = [[Singam]]
| next_year = 2010
}}

The music for the film was composed by [[Devi Sri Prasad]] in his second collaboration with actor Venkatesh after ''[[Tulasi (2007 film)|Tulasi]]''. The lyrics were written by [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]. The soundtrack was released by [[Aditya Music]]. The audio launch was held at Bangkok on 5 January 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-namovenkatesa.html|title=Namo Venkatesa music launch|date=5 January 2010|work=Idlebrain.com|access-date=14 April 2025}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 24:08
| title1 = Namo Venkatesa
| extra1 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], Megha
| length1 = 4:11

| title2 = Soundarya
| extra2 = Venu
| length2 = 5:03

| title3 = Tottadoing
| extra3 = [[Benny Dayal]], [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], [[Priya Himesh]]
| length3 = 4:44

| title4 = Nee Kallalo
| extra4 = [[Sagar (singer)|Sagar]], Roshini
| length4 = 4:35

| title5 = Ding Dong
| extra5 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Priya Himesh]], Chorus
| length5 = 4:23

| title6 = Non Stop
| extra6 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Sunitha Sarathy]]
| length6 = 4:12
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[Rediff.com]]'' rated the film 2.5/5 stars and wrote, "''Namo Venkatesa'' provides wholesome fun for the family".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-namo-venkatesa/20100114.htm|title=Namo Venkatesa is fun|work=Rediff.com|first=Radhika|last=Rajamani|date=14 January 2010|access-date=14 April 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=1582560}}

{{Srinu Vaitla}}

[[Category:Films directed by Srinu Vaitla]]
[[Category:2010 action comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:2010 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2010 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Devi Sri Prasad]]
[[Category:2010 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Iceland]]

Telusu Kada

2026-03-03T09:08:12Z

HeikeC58098401: Created A Details

{{short description|2025 Indian film by Neeraja Kona}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Telusu Kada.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Neeraja Kona]]
| story = Neeraja Kona
| screenplay = Neeraja Kona
| producer = {{Plainlist|*T. G. Vishwa Prasad
*Krithi Prasad}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|* [[Siddhu Jonnalagadda]]
* [[Raashii Khanna]]
* [[Srinidhi Shetty]]}}
| cinematography = [[Gnana Shekar V. S.]]
| editing = [[Naveen Nooli]]
| music = [[Thaman S]]
| studio = People Media Factory
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2025|10|17}}
| runtime = 135 minutes<ref>{{cite web |title=Telusu Kada on Moviebuff.com |url=https://www.moviebuff.com/telusu-kada#image-47411 |website=Moviebuff.com |access-date=18 October 2025}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Telusu Kada''''' ({{Translation|You know, right?}}) is a 2025 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romantic drama]] film written and directed by debutant [[Neeraja Kona]] and produced by T. G. Vishwa Prasad and Vivek Kuchibhotla, under People Media Factory. The film features [[Siddhu Jonnalagadda]], [[Raashii Khanna]] and [[Srinidhi Shetty]]. The music was composed by [[Thaman S]]. It was released theatrically on 17 October 2025, and received mixed reviews.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devulapally |first=Aditya |date=2025-06-02 |title=Siddu Jonnalagadda's Telusu Kada to release on this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Jun/02/siddu-jonnalagaddas-telusu-kada-to-release-on-this-date |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=2 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250602143739/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Jun/02/siddu-jonnalagaddas-telusu-kada-to-release-on-this-date |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telugucinema.com/reviews/telusu-kada-review-interesting-setup-underwhelming-narration|title=Telusu Kada Review: Interesting setup, underwhelming narration|work=Telugucinema.com|date=17 October 2025|access-date=18 October 2025}}</ref>

==Plot==
Varun is a talented chef with a painful romantic past. He meets Anjali for a matrimonial alliance and they both hit it off quickly. They start to date and eventually get married. Leading a blissful life, they start to plan for a baby. However, it is revealed that Anjali is sterile but cannot carry a baby to term, devastating her. She meets an [[IVF]] specialist Dr. Raaga Kumar, who tells her about [[surrogacy]]. Furthermore, Raaga comes forward to be a surrogate for Anjali and Varun's baby herself. After Raaga's pregnancy is confirmed, Varun reveals to Anjali that Raaga is his ex-girlfriend. Varun insists that Raaga move in with them for the duration of her pregnancy and their lives start to get affected in unexpected ways.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Siddhu Jonnalagadda]] as Varun
* [[Raashii Khanna]] as Anjali, Varun's wife<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-16 |title=Actors Siddu Jonnalagadda, Raashi Khanna, and Srinidhi Shetty to enchant audiences in 'Telusu Kada' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/actors-siddu-jonnalagadda-raashi-khanna-and-srinidhi-shetty-to-enchant-audiences-in-telusu-kada/articleshow/104457255.cms |access-date=2024-11-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020203621/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/actors-siddu-jonnalagadda-raashi-khanna-and-srinidhi-shetty-to-enchant-audiences-in-telusu-kada/articleshow/104457255.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Srinidhi Shetty]] as Raaga Kumar, Varun's ex-girlfriend
* [[Harsha Chemudu]] as Abhi, Varun's best friend
* [[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]] as Raaga’s mother
* Sanjay Swaroop as Raaga’s father
* [[Rajashree (actress)|Rajashree]] as Anjali’s mother
* [[Sivannarayana Naripeddi]] as Anjali’s father
* [[Annapurna (actress)| Annapurna]] as Anjali’s grandmother
}}

== Production ==
The film was launched with a [[Muhurat shot|muhuratam]] ceremony on 18 October 2023 in [[Hyderabad]], which was attended by the film's cast, crew and other figures in Telugu cinema, including [[Nani (actor)|Nani]], [[Aadhi Pinisetty]] and [[Nithiin]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-18 |title=Neeraj Kona's 'Telusu Kada' featuring Siddu Jonnalagadda launched! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/neeraj-konas-telusu-kada-featuring-siddu-jonnalagadda-launched/articleshow/104519912.cms |access-date=2024-03-13 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn= |archive-date=2023-10-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022235326/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/neeraj-konas-telusu-kada-featuring-siddu-jonnalagadda-launched/articleshow/104519912.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Nithiin was initially supposed to star in the film but it was determined that Siddhu would be better suited for the protagonist's role.<ref>{{Cite web |last=FilmyFocus |date=2025-10-23 |title=From Nithiin To Siddu: The Journey Of Telusu Kada |url=https://filmyfocus.com/from-nithiin-to-siddu-the-journey-of-telusu-kada |access-date=2025-10-24 |website=Filmy Focus |language=en}}</ref> Although this film was to be Srinidhi Shetty's debut in [[Telugu cinema]], due to the film's lengthy production, her first Telugu release became [[HIT: The Third Case|''HIT: The Third Case'']].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-18 |title=KGF Fame Srinidhi Shetty To Mark Her Telugu Debut With Telusu Kada |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/kgf-fame-srinidhi-shetty-to-mark-her-telugu-debut-with-telusu-kada-8623790.html |access-date=2024-03-14 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=2024-03-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314164858/https://www.news18.com/movies/kgf-fame-srinidhi-shetty-to-mark-her-telugu-debut-with-telusu-kada-8623790.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Shooting commenced on 6 August 2024 in [[Hyderabad]]. A minor portion was shot in [[Ranipet]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-07 |title=Siddu Jonnalagadda starts shooting for 'Telusu Kada' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/siddu-jonnalagadda-starts-shooting-for-telusu-kada/articleshow/112337021.cms |access-date=2024-10-05 |work=The Times of India |issn= |archive-date=2024-08-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240808020750/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/siddu-jonnalagadda-starts-shooting-for-telusu-kada/articleshow/112337021.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' revealed that Siddhu had changed his appearance, trimming his hair for his role in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prakash |first=B. V. S. |date=2024-08-08 |title=Siddhu Jonnalagadda Reinvents Himself: From Flamboyant DJ Tillu to Charming Telusu Kada |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/siddhu-jonnalagadda-reinvents-himself-from-flamboyant-dj-tillu-to-charming-telusu-kada-1814974 |access-date=2024-10-05 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en |archive-date=2024-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241003125457/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/siddhu-jonnalagadda-reinvents-himself-from-flamboyant-dj-tillu-to-charming-telusu-kada-1814974 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Telusu Kadha
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Thaman S.]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 3 October 2025
| recorded = 2025
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length = 4:21
| label = [[Tips Industries|Tips]]
}}

The music was composed by [[Thaman S.]] in his first collaboration with Neeraja Kona and Siddhu Jonnalagadda. The audio rights were acquired by [[Tips Music|Tips Music Telugu]].

The first single, "Mallika Gandha", sung by [[Sid Sriram]], was released on 28 July 2025. The second single, "Sogasu Chudatharama", sung by [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]] and [[They Call Him OG|Adviteeya Vojjala]], was released on 20 September 2025. The third single, "Babai", sung by [[Ram Miriyala]], was released post the film's release on 20 October 2025.

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 12:37
| title1 = Mallika Gandha
| extra1 = [[Sid Sriram]]
| lyrics1 = [[Krishna Kanth]]
| length1 = 4:21
| title2 = Sogasu Chudatharama
| extra2 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], Adviteeya Vojjala
| lyrics2 = Krishna Kanth
| length2 = 4:16
| title3 = Babai
| extra3 = [[Ram Miriyala]]
| lyrics3 = [[Kasarla Shyam]]
| length3 = 4:00
}}

== Release ==
The film was released theatrically on 17 October 2025, coinciding with the week of [[Deepawali]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-02 |title=Siddhu Jonnalagadda's Telusu Kada Gets A Diwali Release Date |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/siddhu-jonnalagaddas-telusu-kada-gets-a-diwali-release-date-article-151773634 |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=Times Now |language=en |archive-date=2 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250602143738/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/siddhu-jonnalagaddas-telusu-kada-gets-a-diwali-release-date-article-151773634 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reception ==
Paul Nicodemus of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 3/5 stars and wrote, "The second half, though emotionally charged, falters in pace. The writing leans on convenience, and the narrative loses its rhythm, softening the impact of its central conflict."<ref>{{cite news |title=Telusu Kada Movie Review: A stylish romantic drama that dazzles early but drifts later |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/telusu-kada/movie-review/124623599.cms |work=The Times of India |date=17 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref> T. Maruthi Acharya of ''[[India Today]]'' gave it 3/5 stars and wrote, "''Telusu Kada'' is a confident debut from Neerraja Kona, exploring modern love with bold themes and strong performances. While the film engages, its emotional depth and character arcs could have been sharper."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Acharya |first1=T. Maruthi |title=Telusu Kada review: Siddu's rom-com is engaging but confusing like modern-day love |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/telusu-kada-review-siddu-jonnalagadda-rom-com-is-engaging-but-confusing-like-modern-day-love-2804653-2025-10-17 |work=India Today |date=17 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

BH Harsh of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' gave it 3/5 stars and wrote, "It is complex and messy in all the interesting and enjoyable ways, and yet it’s not messy enough. Riding high on emotions, this film needed a balanced perspective of all its key players. [...] But after all the narrative play, ''Telusu Kada'' is eventually eager to sell us easy solutions."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Harsh |first1=B. H. |title=Telusu Kada Movie Review: A complex, ambitious step in the right direction |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/review/2025/Oct/17/telusu-kada-movie-review-a-complex-ambitious-step-in-the-right-direction |work=Cinema Express |date=17 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref> Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "For a story built around three characters, the writing feels thin. [...] ''Telusu Kada'' raises questions about love, ego, and communication, but stops short of answering them with the honesty it promises."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dundoo |first1=Sangeetha Devi |title='Telusu Kada' movie review: Siddhu Jonnalagadda, Raashii Khanna, Srinidhi Shetty lead a messy drama about tangled relationships |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/telusu-kada-movie-review-neerraja-konas-telugu-film-stars-siddhu-jonnalagadda-raashii-khanna-and-srinidhi-shetty/article70173993.ece |work=The Hindu |date=17 October 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

Avad Mohammad of ''[[OTTPlay]]'' gave it 2.5/5 stars and wrote, "''Telusu Kada'' is a new-age romantic drama that has a very interesting plot and is narrated well for the most part. But it is the latter part that struggles to put its point across and makes this a film with limited appeal."<ref>{{cite news |title=Telusu Kada Review: Siddhu Jonnalagadda's film is stylish but not entertaining |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/telusu-kada-review-siddhu-jonnalagaddas-film-is-stylish-sensible-but-not-entirely-satisfying/3232382506739 |work=OTTPlay |date=17 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref> Sashidhar Adivi of ''[[Filmfare]]'' gave it 2.5/5 stars and wrote, "The narrative lacks clarity to hold the interest of the audiences, especially the second half as it features many illogical and contradictory dialogues and scenes."<ref>{{cite news |title=Telusu Kada Review: Fresh Take on Modern Relationships Let Down By Uninspired Writing |url=https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/south-movies/telusu-kada-review-fresh-take-on-modern-relationships-let-down-by-uninspired-writing-78528.amp |work=[[Filmfare]] |date=17 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

A critic from ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' gave it 2/5 stars and wrote, "Director Neeraja Kona’s biggest misstep is rushing through the romance and focusing excessively on pregnancy and childbirth sequences. [...] ''Telusu Kada'' had potential for an emotional, layered story about love, loss, and motherhood — but ends up a bland, slow-paced affair that tests your patience more than your emotions."<ref>{{cite news |title=Telusu Kada Review: A Boring Love Triangle with a Twist |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-review/telusu-kada-review-a-slow-paced-love-triangle-with-an-unexpected-twist-1910803 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=17 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref> Sruthi Ganapathy Raman of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter India]]'' wrote, "The film, on paper, revolves around a man who navigates his love for two women. But ''Telusu Kada'', in reality, is a cautionary tale about a man who is full of himself."<ref>{{cite news |title='Telusu Kada' Movie Review: A Tedious Trip To The Centre Of The Male Ego |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/theatrical/telusu-kada-movie-review-a-tedious-romance-starring-siddhu-jonnalagadda-srinidhi-shetty-and-raashii-khanna |work=The Hollywood Reporter India |date=17 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Thaman S]]
[[Category:Films set in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:People Media Factory films]]
[[Category:Telugu-language romantic drama films]]

Vash: Possessed by the Obsessed

2026-03-02T04:43:40Z

HeikeC58098401: page updated

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Distinguish|Vash (film)}}{{Infobox film
| name = VASH- Possessed by the Obsessed
| image = File:Poster_of_movie_Vash-_Possessed_by_the_Obsessed.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| director = Jagmeet singh Samundri
| story =
| producer = Ganga Mamgai
| screenplay = Jagmeet singh Samundri
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* Ganga Mamgai
* Vivek Jaitly
* [[Rituraj Singh (actor)|Rituraj Singh]]
* [[Kaveri Priyam]]
* Preeti Kochar
}}
| music = [[Mukhtar Sahota]]
| cinematography = Manoj Shaw
| editing = Jagmeet singh Samundri
| studio = Twin flame production
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2023|07|21}}{{citation needed|date=January 2024}}
| country = India
| language = [[Hindi]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Vash- Possessed by the Obsessed''''' is an Indian [[Hindi]] horror film produced by Ganga Mamgai under the banner of Twin Flame Production.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/vash-possessed-by-the-obsessed/movieshow/101696422.cms |title=Vash : Possessed By The ObsessedA |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> Directed by Jagmeet Singh Samundri, who also penned the story, screenplay, and dialogues.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/actress-ganga-mamgais-film-vash--possessed-by-the-obsessed-is-set-to-release-on-21st-july/81859955.html |title=Actress Ganga Mamgai's film Vash- Possessed by the Obsessed is set to release on 21st July |website=Ahmedabad Mirror}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
The film follows the love story of Rakshit, portrayed by Vivek Jaitly, and Aanchal, played by Ganga Mamgai. Their seemingly perfect relationship takes an ominous turn when a mysterious third person emerges, determined to ensnare Aanchal in his own world. The identity and intentions of this enigmatic individual become a source of intrigue and suspense throughout the narrative.

==Cast==
* Ganga Mamgai as Aanchal
* Vivek Jaitly as Rakshit
* [[Rituraj Singh (actor)|Rituraj Singh]] as Shashtri
* [[Kaveri Priyam]] as Pooja
* Preeti Kochar as Rakshit's mother

==Production==
Vash- Possessed by the Obsessed is produced by Ganga Mamgai<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.amarujala.com/entertainment/bollywood/ganga-mamgai-horror-film-vash-possessed-by-the-obsessed-trailer-out-know-the-release-date-here-in-detail-2023-07-12 |title=हॉरर और सस्पेंस से भरपूर वश-पॉस्स्ड बाय द ऑब्सेस्ड का ट्रेलर जारी, डर के साए में दिखीं गंगा ममगई |website=Amar Ujala}}</ref> under the banner of Twin Flame Production. Jagmeet Singh Samundri is the director,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/jagmeet-singh-samundri-says-silence-plays-an-important-role-in-his-horror-flick-vash-possessed-by-the-obsessed-527671 |title=Jagmeet Singh Samundri says silence plays an important role in his horror flick Vash Possessed By The Obsessed : The Tribune India}}</ref> as well as the writer for the story, screenplay, and dialogues. The film's cinematography is handled by Manoj Shaw, while editing is done by Jagmeet Singh Samundri. The film's music is composed by [[Mukhtar Sahota]], with lyrics penned by Ajay Garg. Notable singers such as Shalmali Khogode, [[Mohammad Irfan]], Yasir Desai, [[Palak Muchhal]], Pawani Pandey, and Sanhita Majumdar have lent their voices to the film's soundtrack. The music is released under the Zee Music company.
The film was shot at various locations including [[Dharamshala]] and [[Manali, Himachal Pradesh|Manali]]. Vash- Possessed by the Obsessed is set to release on 21 July 2023 in theatres across India. The film's distribution is handled by Jai Viratra Entertainment Limited.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://talktoiconic.com/jaiviratra-entertainment-releases-the-trailer-of-their-upcoming-supernatural-thriller-film-vash/ |title=JaiViratra Entertainment releases the trailer of their upcoming supernatural thriller film "Vash" |first=Rima |last=Das |date=12 July 2023}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2023 drama films]]
[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:2023 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]

Maharashtra Express

2026-02-25T16:23:02Z

HeikeC58098401: minor edit

{{Italic title}}{{short description|Train in India}}
{{no footnotes|date=April 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Maharashtra Express
| image=
| caption =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| locale = [[Maharashtra]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|1971|11|01}}
| operator = [[Central Railway zone|Central Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Gondia Junction}} (G)
| stops = 59
| end = [[Shri Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj Terminus|SCSMT Kolhapur]] (KOP)
| distance = {{convert|1348|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 28 hours 45 minutes
| frequency = Daily
| class = [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC 2 Tier]], [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC 3 Tier]], [[Indian Railways coaching stock|Sleeper Class]], [[Indian Railways coaching stock|General Unreserved]]
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = On-board catering, E-catering
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = No
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 11039 / 11040
| speed = {{convert|48|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map =
| map_state =
}}
The 11039 / 11040 '''Maharashtra Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|express]] train belonging to [[Indian Railways]] that run between {{stnlnk|Gondia Junction}} and [[SCSMT Kolhapur]] in India. It operates as train number 11040 from Gondia Junction to SCSMT Kolhapur and as train number 11039 in the reverse direction.

It holds the current record for the longest distance covered in one state as its entire run of {{convert|1348|km|abbr=on}} is entirely within [[Maharashtra]] [http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-trivia.html]

This train is named after the state of Maharashtra. Although its name puts it in the league of trains named after their states .i.e. [[Kerala Express]], [[Tamil Nadu Express]], [[Andhra Pradesh Express]] etc., it does not connect the state & national capitals.

==Coaches==

The 11039/11040 Gondia–Kolhapur Maharashtra Express presently has 1 [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC 2 Tier]], 4 [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC 3 Tier]], 8 [[Indian Railways coaching stock|Sleeper Class]] & 5 [[Indian Railways coaching stock|General Unreserved]] LHB coaches.

It does not carry a [[pantry car]] coach.

As with most train services in India, coach composition may be amended at the discretion of Indian Railways depending on demand.

==Service==

The 11039 Gondia–Kolhapur Maharashtra Express covers the distance of {{convert|1348|km|0|abbr=on}} in 28 hours 45 mins averaging {{convert|46.82|km/h|0|abbr=on}} & 28 hours 25 mins as 11040 Kolhapur–Gondia Maharashtra Express averaging {{convert|47.37|km/h|0|abbr=on}}.

As its average speed in both directions is below {{convert|55|km/h|0|abbr=on}}as per Indian Railways rules, it does not have an [[Express trains in India|express]] surcharge.

It reverses direction at {{stnlnk|Pune Junction}}.

==Traction==

As the route is fully electrified, a [[Electric Loco Shed, Bhusawal|Bhusawal Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-4]] electric loco hauls the train from Gondia to Kolhapur and vice versa.

== Routing ==

The 11039/11040 Maharashtra Express runs from Kolhapur via {{stnlnk|Miraj Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Karad}}, {{stnlnk|Satara}}, {{stnlnk|Pune Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Daund Chord Line}}, {{stnlnk|Ahilyanagar}}, {{stnlnk|Manmad Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Jalgaon Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Bhusaval Junction}},{{stnlnk|Shegaon}}, {{stnlnk|Akola Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Badnera Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Wardha Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Nagpur Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Bhandara Road}} to {{stnlnk|Gondia Junction}}

==Time table==

11040 Gondia–Kolhapur Maharashtra Express leaves Gondia Junction on a daily basis and reaches Kolhapur the next day.

11039 Kolhapur–Gondia Maharashtra Express leaves Kolhapur on a daily basis and reaches Gondia Junction the next day.

==External links==
* http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-trivia.html

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 1971]]

Geology of the British Indian Ocean Territory

2026-02-24T02:33:41Z

HeikeC58098401: Done

{{Short description|none}} 
The '''geology of the [[British Indian Ocean Territory]]''' comprises the [[Chagos Archipelago]] — the above water portion of the [[Great Chagos Bank|Chagos Bank]]. Formed from hotspot volcanism, the Chagos Bank was separated from the [[Nazareth Bank]], which is administered by [[Mauritius]], 36 million years ago by activity on the Central Indian Ridge. Aside from plate boundaries, the region is one of the most seismically active and earthquakes have caused subsidence of some islands.

Described by Charles Darwin as "a ledge of brecciated coral rocks projecting seawards from the outer shore," the Chagos Archipelago has unusual [[conglomerate (geology)|conglomerate]] platforms. The islands lack [[Eemian]] age carbonates, which are present in the Seychelles Islands for reasons that are not clear—hypothesized to include local storm erosion.<ref name="researchgate">{{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230751432|date=2005-01-14|title= Reef and island formation and Late Holocene sea-level changes in the Chagos islands|author=A. Eisenhauer, G. A. Heiss, C. R. C. Sheppard, W.-C. Dullo|access-date=2018-11-01}}</ref>

The offshore waters around the archipelago contain deep-sea ferromanganese nodules, with globular, dendritic and laminated microstructures formed from iron-manganese oxide.<ref name="sciencedirect">{{cite journal|title=Petrogenesis of ferromanganese nodules from east of the Chagos Archipelago, Central Indian Basin, Indian Ocean|journal=Marine Geology|volume=157|issue=3–4|pages=145–158|doi=10.1016/S0025-3227(98)00156-X|year=1999|last1=Banerjee|first1=Ranadip|last2=Roy|first2=Supriya|last3=Dasgupta|first3=Somnath|last4=Mukhopadhyay|first4=Subir|last5=Miura|first5=Hiroyuki|bibcode=1999MGeol.157..145B }}</ref>
Due to the US military presence on the island, the US Geological Survey has conducted water resource analysis since 1984.

The islands of the Chagos Archipelago are mainly low and flat, mainly not reaching two meters above sea level.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/british-indian-ocean-territory/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117034125/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/british-indian-ocean-territory/|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 17, 2021|title=South Asia :: British Indian Ocean Territory — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency|website=www.cia.gov|access-date=2019-03-30}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Asia topic|Geology of}}

[[Category:Geology of South Asia]]
[[Category:Geology of dependent territories of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Geology of the Indian Ocean]]

Mission: Impossible – Fallout

2026-02-23T03:29:58Z

HeikeC58098401:

{{Short description|2018 film by Christopher McQuarrie}}
{{Featured article}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2024}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mission: Impossible – Fallout
| image = MI – Fallout.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Christopher McQuarrie]]
| writer = Christopher McQuarrie
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[Mission: Impossible (1966 TV series)|Mission: Impossible]]''|[[Bruce Geller]]}}
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* [[Tom Cruise]]
* [[J. J. Abrams]]
* Christopher McQuarrie
* Jake Myers
}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* Tom Cruise
* [[Henry Cavill]]
* [[Ving Rhames]]
* [[Simon Pegg]]
* [[Rebecca Ferguson]]
* [[Sean Harris]]
* [[Angela Bassett]]
* [[Vanessa Kirby]]
* [[Michelle Monaghan]]
* [[Alec Baldwin]]
}}
| cinematography = [[Rob Hardy (cinematographer)|Rob Hardy]]
| editing = [[Eddie Hamilton]]
| music = [[Lorne Balfe]]{{efn|''Mission: Impossible'' Theme composed by [[Lalo Schifrin]]}}
| studio = {{Plainlist|
* [[Paramount Pictures]]
* [[Skydance Media|Skydance]]
* TC Productions
* [[Bad Robot]]
}}
| distributor = Paramount Pictures
| released = {{Film date|2018|7|12|Paris|2018|7|27|United States}}
| runtime = 147 minutes
| country = United States
| language = English
| budget = $178–180 million
| gross = $791.1 million
}}

'''''Mission: Impossible – Fallout''''' is a 2018 American action [[spy film]] written and directed by [[Christopher McQuarrie]]. It is the sequel to ''[[Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation]]'' (2015) and the sixth installment in the [[Mission: Impossible (film series)|''Mission: Impossible'' film series]]. The ensemble cast includes [[Tom Cruise]], [[Henry Cavill]], [[Ving Rhames]], [[Simon Pegg]], [[Rebecca Ferguson]], [[Sean Harris]], [[Angela Bassett]], [[Vanessa Kirby]], [[Michelle Monaghan]], and [[Alec Baldwin]]. Set two years after the events of ''Rogue Nation'', ''Fallout'' follows [[Impossible Missions Force]] agent [[Ethan Hunt]] (Cruise) and his team in their efforts to prevent a nuclear attack by terrorist Solomon Lane (Harris) and the mysterious extremist John Lark.

Work on a sequel to ''Rogue Nation'' commenced before its 2015 release. The series' first returning director, McQuarrie intended for ''Fallout'' to better explore Ethan's character and emotions, believing previous entries had left him primarily a cipher for audiences, and to test the limits of Ethan's abilities, morality, and personal relationships. The script was brief, only 33 pages, serving as an outline driven primarily by the interesting filming locations and allowing for improvisation and significant changes to scenes throughout filming. [[Principal photography]] began in April 2017, on a $178–180 million budget, in Paris, continuing on to London, New Zealand, Norway, and the United Arab Emirates by early 2018. Filming was delayed for several months after Cruise broke his ankle during a stunt, significantly inflating the budget while the production waited for his return but also providing McQuarrie the opportunity to further develop unfinished scenes in the script.

''Mission: Impossible – Fallout'' premiered in Paris on July 12, 2018, and was theatrically released in the United States on July 27. The film garnered universal acclaim, particularly for its standout setpieces, and received several awards. It also broke box office records for the series and grossed $791.1 million worldwide, making it the highest-grossing film in the ''Mission: Impossible'' series and the [[2018 in film|eighth-highest-grossing film of 2018]]. ''Fallout'' was followed by two sequels: ''[[Mission: Impossible – Dead Reckoning Part One]]''{{efn-lr|Later retitled ''Mission: Impossible – Dead Reckoning''.<ref name=DeadlineStreamingRelease/>}} (2023) and ''[[Mission: Impossible – The Final Reckoning]]'' (2025).

== Plot ==

Two years after the capture of rogue British agent Solomon Lane,{{efn-lr|name=RN|As depicted in ''[[Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation]]'' (2015)}} his terrorist network, the Syndicate, has reorganized as the Apostles, a terror-for-hire group. They are recruited by extremist "John Lark" to acquire three [[Pit (nuclear weapon)|plutonium cores]] for nuclear bombs he will use to dismantle the existing world order.

[[Impossible Missions Force]] (IMF) agent [[Ethan Hunt]] fails to recover the cores in [[Berlin]] after the Apostles take his teammate [[Luther Stickell]] hostage; Ethan chooses to save Luther, allowing the Apostles to steal the cores. Ethan, Luther, and teammate Benji Dunn capture Lark's nuclear weapons specialist, Nils Delbruuk, and trick him into providing schematics for Lark's bombs. [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA) [[CIA director|director]] Erika Sloane confronts Ethan and IMF secretary Alan Hunley over the team's failure to recover the plutonium. She insists on sending her agent, August Walker, with them to find the cores, directing him to consider anyone expendable.

Ethan and Walker perform a [[High-altitude military parachuting|HALO jump]] above [[Paris]] and infiltrate a nightclub where Lark is to purchase the cores from arms broker Alanna Mitsopolis. They approach a man who they believe to be Lark but after an intense fight in the men's restroom, Ethan's ally [[MI6]] agent, Ilsa Faust, intervenes and kills the man to save Ethan. Assuming Lark's identity, Ethan meets Mitsopolis, who gives him one core, explaining that the Apostles will deliver the others after he attacks a police convoy and liberates its prisoner, Lane. Meanwhile, Walker gives Sloane evidence suggesting Ethan is the real Lark.

Ethan deviates from the plan and rams the truck carrying Lane into the [[Seine]] to protect its police escort from Mitsopolis's mercenaries. He leads the police away while Benji and Luther secure Lane and thwarts an assassination attempt on Lane by Ilsa. Meeting with Ethan, Ilsa explains that MI6 assigned her to kill Lane to prevent foreign governments from interrogating him and prove her loyalty after working undercover as a Syndicate agent.{{efn-lr|name=RN}} She was ordered to protect Lark and ensure Lane's escape, but disobeyed to protect Ethan.

The team brings Lane to London for the exchange, but Hunley confronts them with Walker's evidence. The team tricks Walker into admitting he is Lark, and Sloane sends a CIA unit to arrest them all. However, the Apostles intervene, and in the ensuing gunfight, Walker kills Hunley and escapes alongside Lane. Ethan gives chase until Walker reveals he has located Julia—Ethan's ex-wife, who was sent into hiding to protect her from his enemies{{efn-lr|Julia was introduced in ''[[Mission: Impossible III]]'' (2006), and her death had been faked before the events of the following film, ''[[Mission: Impossible – Ghost Protocol]]'' (2011)<ref name="THRRomance" />}}—and threatens her life. Walker is unable to kill Ethan, as Lane is withholding the remaining cores until he can take revenge on Ethan.

Ethan, Benji, Luther, and Ilsa track Lane and Walker to a medical camp near the [[Siachen Glacier]] in [[Kashmir]], treating a smallpox outbreak orchestrated by the Apostles. Ilsa deduces that Lane will use the bombs to irradiate the water supplies of bordering India, Pakistan, and China, threatening billions of people. Benji explains the bombs operate as a circuit, meaning defusing one bomb will trigger the other unless the detonator is first disabled. At the camp, Ethan discovers Julia and her new husband are leading the medical team at the request of an anonymous donor, implied to be Walker. The bomb countdown is started, and Walker leaves with the detonator by helicopter, while Lane remains behind to die. Luther and Julia work together to defuse one bomb, while Ilsa and Benji subdue Lane and begin defusing the second.

Meanwhile, Ethan hijacks a helicopter and crashes it into Walker's, causing both helicopters to crash on a cliff, leaving one suspended over the edge by its cargo hook. Ethan releases the hook, which impales and kills Walker, before disarming the detonator. The wounded Ethan is recovered to the medical camp by Sloane, who has Lane returned to MI6, freeing Ilsa. Ethan apologizes to Julia for the perils he has put her in, but she expresses gratitude for his efforts to safeguard the world and her new life. Ilsa and Ethan share a moment together as narration by Sloane praises him for caring about every individual life.

== Cast ==
{{multiple image
| total_width = 500
| direction = horizontal
| align = right
| footer = [[Tom Cruise]], [[Rebecca Ferguson]] (both pictured in 2018), and [[Henry Cavill]] (2019)
| image1 = Tom Cruise in 2018 (cropped).jpg
| alt1 = A photograph of Tom Cruise
| image2 = Rebecca Ferguson in 2018.jpg
| alt2 = A photograph of Rebecca Ferguson
| image3 = Henry Cavill (48418063617) (cropped)(1).jpg
| alt3 = A photograph of Henry Cavill
}}

* [[Tom Cruise]] as [[Ethan Hunt]]: A highly skilled, determined, and self-sacrificing IMF agent<ref name="MovieWebCast" /><ref name="TheVergeCast" />
* [[Henry Cavill]] as August Walker: A ruthless and burly CIA assassin<ref name="ScreenRantCast" /><ref name="StandardAugust" />
* [[Ving Rhames]] as [[Luther Stickell]]: An expert computer hacker and loyal friend to Ethan<ref name="MovieWebCast" />
* [[Simon Pegg]] as Benji Dunn: A skillful IMF technician and Ethan's friend<ref name="MovieWebCast" />
* [[Rebecca Ferguson]] as Ilsa Faust: A cunning and capable MI6 agent<ref name="TheVergeCast" /><ref name="ScreenRantCast" /><ref name="InverseCast" />
* [[Sean Harris]] as Solomon Lane: A clinical ex-MI6 agent turned rogue international terrorist<ref name="InverseCast" /><ref name="NerdistCast" />
* [[Angela Bassett]] as Erika Sloane: The pragmatic deputy director of the CIA, and Hunley's former assistant<ref name="TheVergeCast" /><ref name="ScreenRantBassett" />
* [[Vanessa Kirby]] as Alanna Mitsopolis: A high-level European arms broker and con artist known as The White Widow<ref name="MovieWebCast" /><ref name="TheVergeCast" /><ref name="EWKirbyInt" />
* [[Michelle Monaghan]] as Julia: A doctor and Ethan's ex-wife who went into hiding from his enemies<ref name="ScreenRantCast" /><ref name="SlateJulia" /><ref name="FloridaTimesJulia" />
* [[Alec Baldwin]] as Alan Hunley: The former CIA director now serving as the IMF secretary<ref name="ScreenRantCast" />


The rest of the cast includes [[Wes Bentley]] as Erik, Julia's fellow doctor, and husband;<ref name="THRThemes" /> [[Frederick Schmidt]] as Zola, Alanna's gangster brother;<ref name="ScreenRantCast" /> [[Liang Yang]] as the decoy John Lark;<ref name="SlashYang" /> and [[Kristoffer Joner]] as Nils Delbruuk, Lark's nuclear weapons expert.<ref name="ScreenRantNilsBlitz" /><ref name="TheAtlanticBlitz" /> [[Alix Bénézech]] portrays a Parisian policewoman;<ref name="ConnexionAlix" /> and [[Caspar Phillipson]] appears as the European.<ref name="BFICast" /> ''Fallout'' also features cameo appearances by news host [[Wolf Blitzer]] portraying himself (in actuality a disguise worn by Dunn);<ref name="ScreenRantNilsBlitz" /><ref name="TheAtlanticBlitz" /> disc jockey [[DJ Harvey]] as himself;<ref name="BillboardHarvey" /> and director [[Christopher McQuarrie]] voices Ethan's mission briefing.<ref name="THRHomeVideo" />

== Production ==
=== Development ===
A sixth entry in the ''[[Mission: Impossible (film series)|Mission: Impossible]]'' film series—based on the [[Mission: Impossible (1966 TV series)|1966 TV series of the same name]]—began development shortly before the successful release of the fifth entry, ''[[Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation]]'', in July{{nbsp}}2015.{{efn|Attributed to multiple references:<ref name="July2015Variety" /><ref name="Aug2015Variety" /><ref name="IndependentJuly15" /><ref name="Guardian1966" />}} That month, the series' lead actor Tom Cruise announced that filming was planned to begin by August{{nbsp}}2016, as production studios [[Paramount Pictures]] and [[Skydance Media]] wanted a quick turnaround on the sequel.<ref name="July2015Variety" /><ref name="Aug2015Variety" /><ref name="IndependentJuly15" />

In November, [[Christopher McQuarrie]], writer and director for ''Rogue Nation'', confirmed he would return to both roles, marking the first time in the series that a director would lead more than one installment.<ref name="Variety2015" /><ref name="Deadline2015" /><ref name="THRDark" /> McQuarrie was initially reluctant to return, having found filming of ''Rogue Nation'' difficult, partly because of the complicated stunt sequences and the expectations to exceed those segments in a sequel. He was also conscious that fans had come to expect a different director with each installment. Cruise, however, wanted McQuarrie to lead the sequel.<ref name="THRDark" /> McQuarrie, Cruise (via his TC Productions company), [[J. J. Abrams]] (via [[Bad Robot]]), and Jake Myers served as ''Fallout''{{'}}s producers; Skydance executives David Ellison, [[Don Granger]], and Dana Goldberg were executive producers. Paramount Pictures and Skydance Media provided the film's finance.{{efn|Attributed to multiple references:<ref name="BFICast" /><ref name="ReutersPrediction" /><ref name="VarietyFilmDate" /><ref name="VarietyBOPredict" /><ref name="ReviewVariety" /><ref name="MWebTCProd" /><ref name="VarietyBadRobot" />}} Chinese film company [[Alibaba Pictures]] provided investment financing in exchange for serving as a local marketing partner in China.<ref name="THRAlibaba" />

=== Writing ===
[[File:Christopher McQuarrie 2022.jpg|upright|thumb|alt=A photo of Christopher McQuarrie|Director and writer [[Christopher McQuarrie]] in 2022]]
McQuarrie wrote the screenplay for ''Mission: Impossible – Fallout'' but collaborated with Cruise on developing the narrative. Cruise was particularly interested in resolving the long-running narrative between Ethan and his wife Julia (Michelle Monaghan) which began in ''[[Mission: Impossible III]]'' (2006) and had received an ambiguous resolution in the fourth film, ''[[Mission: Impossible – Ghost Protocol]]'' (2011).<ref name="THRRomance" /><ref name="THRDark" /><ref name="Collider50things" /> Fans often asked Cruise about Julia's fate and he wanted to provide them with closure which could also serve as ''Fallout''{{'}}s primary emotional narrative arc.<ref name="THRDark" /><ref name="Collider50things" /><ref name="FSRCommentary" /> Cruise and McQuarrie agreed in their early conversations that the film should end with Julia and Ethan completing their story together.<ref name="FSRCommentary" />

McQuarrie aimed to delve deeper into Ethan's emotions and motivations to foster a stronger emotional connection with the audience. He noted that in previous films, Ethan was somewhat enigmatic, leaving viewers to guess his thoughts. McQuarrie wanted to change that by clearly revealing Ethan's deepest fears and thoughts.<ref name="THRDark" /><ref name="IndependentQuarrie" /> As part of this, the original primary narrative involved Ethan assuming Lark's identity for most of the film, forcing him to portray a villainous alter ego and face moral quandaries tasking him with performing "horrible things" to preserve the greater good.<ref name="THRDark" /><ref name="IndependentQuarrie" /> Cruise supported the idea, and it remained part of the script for some time until McQuarrie determined it made ''Fallout'' too long, sacrificed action for intellectualism, reduced focus on the supporting characters, and prevented him from including many of the traditional elements fans expected from the ''Mission: Impossible'' series.<ref name="THRDark" />

Several abandoned ideas from ''Rogue Nation'' were resurrected for ''Fallout,'' including Lane challenging Ethan by asking, "Your mission should you choose to accept it ... did you ever choose not to?", and a motorcade sequence involving Lane which evolved into the Paris heist. McQuarrie and Cruise had discussed wanting to break Lane out of prison in a sequel. The "mousetrap" sequence, in which Ethan, Luther, and Benji trick Delbruuk into revealing details of Lark's bombs, was also intended for ''Rogue Nation'' but McQuarrie could not make it work within that film's narrative. He wanted the audience to experience what would happen if the antagonist actually won and how Ethan would feel in response.<ref name="THRDark" />

A central character was to be killed off during the opening scene of Ethan attempting to purchase the plutonium cores, but McQuarrie did not want to kill Luther or Benji as he did not believe the rest of the film could recover from those deaths. He chose to kill William Brandt (portrayed by [[Jeremy Renner]] in ''Ghost Protocol'' and ''Rogue Nation''), but the actor declined to return.<ref name="ColliderRenner" /> McQuarrie wrote with a self-imposed rule that the female characters could not be helpless, which initially made it challenging to place them in difficult situations, like having Ilsa captured by Lane. Eventually, he justified it by ensuring she frees herself without help from a man.<ref name="THRDark" /><ref name="Collider50things" /><ref name="FSRCommentary" />

According to ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'', unspecified issues with the script risked derailing the project altogether in July{{nbsp}}2016, delaying the start of filming from November{{nbsp}}2016 to January{{nbsp}}2017.<ref name="THRHalted" /><ref name="DisputeResolved" /> The final script was only 33 pages long. McQuarrie felt this worked for ''Mission: Impossible'' films, where a broad outline for locations, sets, and actors is provided, but scenes are adjusted, added, or removed based on how events unfold during filming. He was primarily focused on finding interesting locations to create a "great-looking spy movie".<ref name="THRHomeVideo" /><ref name="THRDark" />

=== Casting ===
[[File:Michelle Monaghan (42734734175) (cropped).jpg|upright|left|thumb|alt=A photo of Michelle Monaghan|[[Michelle Monaghan]] in 2018]]
''Fallout'' features Cruise, Baldwin, Harris, Ferguson, Pegg, and Rhames reprising their roles from previous ''Mission: Impossible'' films.<ref name="VarietyFilmDate" /> A dispute over Cruise's pay in August{{nbsp}}2016 further stalled pre-production, and though resolved by September, it caused several months of further delay in filming from January{{nbsp}}2017.<ref name="THRHalted" /><ref name="DisputeResolved" /> Cruise wanted to be paid more than the $11–13 million he received for ''[[The Mummy (2017 film)|The Mummy]]'' (2017) as well as receiving gross points, a percentage of the initial box office gross received by Paramount and Skydance before any disbursements to the other financial partners are paid.{{efn|Attributed to multiple references:<ref name="THRHalted" /><ref name="VarietyMummySalary" /><ref name="THRHalted2" /><ref name="VarietyinBlack" />}} Michelle Monaghan was confirmed to join the cast in June{{nbsp}}2017, reprising her role as Julia for the first time in seven years.<ref name="THRPremiere" /><ref name="DeadlineMonaghan" /> Ferguson's ''Rogue Nation'' contract included an [[Option contract|option]] clause that allowed the studio to commit her to reprise her role as Ilsa Faust in a sequel.<ref name="Variety2015" /> She enjoyed portraying a strong woman and embraced performing her own stunts when possible.<ref name="IndependentFergusonB" /> While concurrently filming scenes for ''[[The Kid Who Would Be King]]'' (2019), Ferguson was pregnant during early filming of ''Fallout''.<ref name="IndependentFergusonB" /><ref name="IndependentFerguson" />

Sean Harris had initially wanted the Solomon Lane character to die in ''Rogue Nation'' but returned for ''Fallout'', becoming the series' first recurring villain.<ref name="InverseCast" /><ref name="FSRCommentary" /> McQuarrie and Cruise had determined that killing Lane was not the right choice for ''Rogue Nation'' as they already had future ideas for him.<ref name="FSRCommentary" /> Alec Baldwin agreed to reprise his role as Alan Hunley on the condition that the character be killed off.<ref name="Collider50things" /><ref name="FSRCommentary" /> Renner declined to reprise his role as William Brandt, in part because he was committed to filming ''[[Avengers: Infinity War]]'' (2018)—although he ultimately did not appear in that film—but he had also been displeased with the frequent script changes in the previous films that interfered with his spending time with his family.<ref name="ColliderRenner" />

''Fallout'' introduces Vanessa Kirby as Alanna Mitsopolis, the White Widow. The character, alongside her brother Zola, are the children of Max, an arms dealer from the original film, ''[[Mission: Impossible (film)|Mission: Impossible]]'' (1996).<ref name="FSRCommentary" /><ref name="VarietyMax" /><ref name="BFIReview" /> Kirby followed a strict exercise regimen to prepare for performing some of her own stunts and regularly ran with a personal trainer.<ref name="EWKirbyInt" /> Kirby was concurrently filming the [[Netflix]] series ''[[The Crown (TV series)|The Crown]]'', which required her to film during the day in London before traveling by [[Eurostar]] train to Paris for ''Fallout''.<ref name="EWKirbyInt" />

Cavill joined the cast in March{{nbsp}}2017. He suggested Walker's mustache-and-stubble aesthetic, and McQuarrie rewrote the character to better match Cavill's dry sense of humor.<ref name="THRCavillInt" /><ref name="THRCavillJoins" /> An unnamed well-known actor was originally set to play the decoy John Lark as a surprise cameo, but in preliminary tests, he was unable to keep pace with Cruise and Cavill during a fight scene between their three characters in a Parisian bathroom. As such, the actor was replaced with stuntman Liang Yang.<ref name="SlashYang" /><ref name="THRCavillInt" /> The police officer encountered on the street by the IMF team was written as a man, but Cruise recommended swapping the gender as he felt a woman (Alix Bénézech) would make the scene more emotionally impactful.<ref name="Collider50things" /><ref name="FSRCommentary" /> Actor [[Siân Brooke]] was also cast in an undisclosed role that was cut from the finished film.<ref name="VarietyFilmDate" /><ref name="VarietyBrooke" />

=== Filming ===
{{multiple image
| total_width = 500
| direction = horizontal
| align = right
| footer = ''Mission: Impossible – Fallout'' was filmed in Paris, France, and [[Queenstown, New Zealand|Queenstown]], New Zealand, which stood in for [[Kashmir]].
| image1 = La Tour Eiffel vue de la Tour Saint-Jacques, Paris août 2014 (2).jpg
| alt1 = A photo of Paris
| image2 = Queenstown 1 (8168013172).jpg
| alt2 = A photo of Queenstown, New Zealand
}}

[[Principal photography]] began on April 8, 2017, in Paris, France.<ref name="VarietyFilmDate" /><ref name="DeadlineFilmingBegin" /> ''Fallout'' was primarily photographed on [[35 mm movie film]] using [[Kodak]] analog [[film stock]] and [[Panavision cameras#Panaflex Millennium|Panavision Millennium XL]] cameras which were lightweight and easily switched between handheld and steadicam modes. Aerial scenes were filmed digitally using Panavision DXL cameras because cinematographer [[Rob Hardy (cinematographer)|Rob Hardy]] considered it impractical to repeatedly land the aircraft to reload the film stock.<ref name="BritishCinematog"/>

The helicopter carrying the imprisoned Lane was filmed atop the Paris Ministry of Finance. The helicopter weighed {{cvt|14|MT|kg}}, but the helipad was only rated to hold four so the pilot hovered the craft imperceptibly above the pad's surface.<ref name="FSRCommentary" /> As the sequence moves under a bridge along the Seine, the area was draped with {{cvt|300|ft|m}} of silk to conceal events from onlookers and paparazzi, and the guns used were silent with gunfire being added in [[post-production]].<ref name="Collider50things" /><ref name="FSRCommentary" /> As Ethan and Walker escape in a truck, different parts of the sequence were filmed alternately in clear and rainy weather, but McQuarrie did not believe viewers would notice.<ref name="FSRCommentary" /> ''Fallout'' was also filmed at the [[Trocadéro, Paris|Trocadéro]] and [[Palais-Royal]].<ref name="THRPremiere" /><ref name="MensJournal" />

In late May, the production moved to New Zealand for 6–8 weeks, primarily to film ''Fallout''{{'}}s final act.<ref name="ProVideoCoalition" /> The opening nightmare wedding sequence (filmed at [[Milford Sound]]) between Julia and Ethan was among the first scenes filmed to accommodate Monaghan's conflicting schedule on ''[[The Path (TV series)|The Path]]'' (2015–2018). Baldwin was intended but unavailable to portray the minister and was replaced by Harris.<ref name="THRHomeVideo" /><ref name="Collider50things" /><ref name="FSRCommentary" /> There was only an hour on a specific day to film the scene, but the typical clement weather had turned cloudy and cold, making the actors' breath visible. McQuarrie decided this worked for the nightmare sequence, as the warm-looking background contrasting with the visible breath signaled to the audience that something was wrong from the start.<ref name="THRDark" /> McQuarrie wanted a warmer visual color tone for ''Fallout'' to visually convey it as a major summer film, but the delayed production meant scenes would be filmed in locations during the winter. He only wanted the scene of Ethan waking up following the nightmare to appear cold to represent Ethan's lonely existence. Hardy found this cliché, so he made the set look cold while lighting it warmly. Because the abandoned building used for filming was already cold, Cruise was surrounded by heaters that gave him a red glow.<ref name="THRDark" />

The Kashmir sequences were filmed in [[Queenstown, New Zealand|Queenstown]].<ref name="Collider50things" /> India was extensively scouted to film Kashmir scenes there because McQuarrie wanted ''Fallout'' to have a more political narrative, but he could not secure permission to film there.<ref name="HinduTimes" /> For the camp scenes, Julia was scripted to have a baby, but McQuarrie opted to remove this only two days before her scenes were filmed. There were only five hours of daylight for each filming day, so the set was arranged to give Monaghan the best natural light for her character's reveal.<ref name="Collider50things" /> The schedule only allowed Cruise eight minutes to film his side of the conversation between Ethan and Julia.<ref name="Collider50things" /> In ''Fallout''{{'}}s final scene, Ferguson improvised Ilsa whispering something unintelligible to Julia. The film ends with a shot of Ethan in a medical bed. The planned ending was longer, but the camera ran out of film, and the resulting flash of white was used as a transition to the credits. Cruise was reluctant to end ''Fallout'' this way, but McQuarrie felt the film was already too long and the improvised ending fitting.<ref name="THRHomeVideo" />

[[File:Norway Preikestolen.jpg|thumb|left|alt=A photograph of Pulpin Rock overlooking the river below|[[Preikestolen|Pulpit Rock]], Norway, is the location of the final battle between [[Ethan Hunt]] and August Walker.]]
The production relocated to London in early July, filming in locations such as [[Blackfriars Bridge]] and [[Tate Modern]].<ref name="ProVideoCoalition" /><ref name="BBCOverallRecep" /> Cavill's mustache became a source of conflict when he needed to reprise his role as [[Superman (DC Extended Universe)|Superman]] for reshoots of ''[[Justice League (film)|Justice League]]'' (2017) and had to be clean-shaven. McQuarrie, unwilling to let Cavill shave unless compensated, requested $3 million from the ''Justice League'' production to cover the costs of digitally re-adding Cavill's facial hair back for ''Fallout'' until it regrew. Paramount eventually intervened and refused permission altogether, necessitating the mustache to be digitally removed for ''Justice League''.<ref name="EmpireMustache" />

In August, Cruise broke his right ankle after colliding with a wall during a stunt jump between buildings for a foot pursuit scene.{{efn|Attributed to multiple references:<ref name="THRDark" /><ref name="ProVideoCoalition" /><ref name="DeadlineInjury" /><ref name="THRInjury" /><ref name="ColliderInjury" />}} Cruise completed the scene and moved off camera before acknowledging his injury; the footage was used in ''Fallout''.<ref name="Collider50things" /><ref name="FSRCommentary" /><ref name="THRInjury" /> Production was expected to shut down for two to three months while Cruise recovered.<ref name="DeadlineInjury" /> McQuarrie used the hiatus to improve underdeveloped scenes around the pursuit as they lacked compelling drama, some filming locations had not yet been secured, such as [[St Paul's Cathedral]], and Benji's interactions with Ethan were still being determined.<ref name="THRDark" /> Editor [[Eddie Hamilton]] and his team also began processing existing footage to save time later.<ref name="ProVideoCoalition" /><ref name="THRInjury" />

Cruise focused on rehabilitation due to concerns that too long a delay would force ''Fallout'' to miss its planned July 27, 2018, release date. He was not fully recovered when he returned to filming in October, after 7–8 weeks.{{efn|Attributed to multiple references:<ref name="THRHomeVideo" /><ref name="Collider50things" /><ref name="FSRCommentary" /><ref name="IndependentFerguson" /><ref name="DeadlineInjury" /><ref name="THRInjury" /><ref name="ColliderInjury" />}} He filmed several scenes with his injured ankle, including completing the foot pursuit, the meeting in London between the IMF (the scene takes place around a table so that Cruise and Baldwin—who was awaiting double hip replacement surgery—could lean on it for relief), and the climactic cliff-top battle between Ethan and Walker on [[Preikestolen|Pulpit Rock]], Norway, filmed in November.{{efn|Attributed to multiple references:<ref name="THRHomeVideo" /><ref name="Collider50things" /><ref name="FSRCommentary" /><ref name="ProVideoCoalition" /><ref name="NorwegianReward" />}}

The limited script outline allowed for many scenes to be added, developed, or removed throughout filming.<ref name="THRHomeVideo" /> The initial meeting between Ethan and Walker was re-shot because Walker's role had evolved throughout filming. Similarly, a planned confrontation between Ilsa and Alanna was removed because of the well-received chemistry between Cruise and Kirby during a riverside dialogue scene.<ref name="THRHomeVideo" /><ref name="Collider50things" /> The scene, in which Ethan is gifted one of the cores by Alanna, was added only days before it was filmed as McQuarrie had struggled to explain how only two cores remained by the finale.<ref name="Collider50things" /> The opening scene, in which the cores are stolen, was reworked to add banter between Cruise and his teammates because the intended suspenseful tone was not making for an interesting scene.<ref name="Collider50things" /> Principal photography officially concluded on February 22, 2018.<ref name="ProVideoCoalition" /><ref name="ColliderFinished" />

=== Visual effects and stunts ===
''Fallout''{{'}}s approximately 2,000 visual effects shots were supervised by Jody Johnson and developed by DNEG, Bluebolt, One of Us, Lola, The Third Floor, and Blind.<ref name="VFXMag" /> The majority of their work contributed to realizing the three main action sequences—the High Altitude Low Opening (HALO) jump, and the Paris and helicopter chases.<ref name="VFXMag" /> This also involved cleanup such as concealing cameras and crew reflected in mirrors during the bathroom fight. Other contributions included adding digital cars and backgrounds in some public spaces where the area had been blocked off to avoid paparazzi.<ref name="VFXMag" />

The HALO jump over Paris was planned over a year and filmed after principal photography. Filming took place in the United Arab Emirates as it was the only area that would legally allow them to perform the stunt.<ref name="FSRCommentary" /><ref name="Deadlineopening" /><ref name="USAHALO" /> One of the world's largest wind tunnels was built to train for the sequence, and though the facility was also considered for filming, McQuarrie and Cruise found it looked unrealistic.<ref name="FSRCommentary" /><ref name="VFXMag" /><ref name="EWHALO" /> Cruise performed the single-take stunt 106 times, including practice jumps, falling at speeds of {{cvt|200|to|220|mph|kph}} from {{cvt|25000|to|30000|ft|m}} from a [[Boeing C-17 Globemaster III]] accompanied by a camera operator.{{efn|Attributed to multiple references:<ref name="VarietyBOPredict" /><ref name="FSRCommentary" /><ref name="Deadlineopening" /><ref name="USAHALO" /><ref name="ReviewLATimes" />}} To prepare for each jump, Cruise inhaled pure oxygen for 20 minutes to avoid decompression sickness. His helmet also provided oxygen and was designed to clearly show his face to enhance the realism.<ref name="USAHALO" /><ref name="EWHALO" /> Each jump allowed only three minutes of filming per day, as it was filmed close to sunset, allowing just enough light to see the actors clearly.<ref name="FSRCommentary" /><ref name="VFXMag" /><ref name="EWHALO" /> This resulted in three successful takes.<ref name="USAHALO" /> CGI vapor was added to Cruise's helmet, and DNEG digitally replaced the desert background with a stormy Parisian landscape and inserted the [[Grand Palais]] where Ethan lands. Matching the camera movements to the digital backdrop was difficult, requiring fifteen tracking artists to make necessary adjustments.<ref name="Collider50things" /><ref name="VFXMag" />

The motorbike segment, in which Ethan rides the wrong way against seventy stunt drivers around the [[Arc de Triomphe]], was filmed in 90 minutes early on a Sunday morning when it could be closed due to light traffic.<ref name="ProVideoCoalition" /><ref name="ReviewLATimes" /> Ethan crashing his motorcycle and being thrown from the vehicle was a practical stunt. The bike was fixed to a hydraulic rig synchronized to the movement of the car with which it collides, while Cruise, attached to a cable, was lifted away at the point of impact.<ref name="VFXMag" />

The helicopter pursuit was filmed in Norway and New Zealand.{{efn|Attributed to multiple references:<ref name="THRHomeVideo" /><ref name="Collider50things" /><ref name="FSRCommentary" /><ref name="VFXMag" />}} Cruise insisted on filming Ethan's rope climb up to a flying [[Airbus]] BK17 helicopter even though McQuarrie considered it uninteresting.<ref name="FSRCommentary" /><ref name="THRCavillInt" /> For the following scene in which Ethan commandeers the craft, Cruise earned a pilot's license in 12 days and spent about 18 months training for the stunt.<ref name="Collider50things" /><ref name="VFXMag" /> Variations were filmed showing Ethan having either little or no knowledge about flying to provide options in post-production.<ref name="Collider50things" /> Cavill leant out of his own craft in {{cvt|0|C|F}} winds firing a [[M249 light machine gun]]; he received weapons training from McQuarrie's brother, Doug.<ref name="THRCavillInt" /><ref name="MilitaryTimesDoug" /> The helicopter noise prevented Cavill from hearing any instructions, and he improvised much of his performance.<ref name="THRCavillInt" /> The helicopter chase resulted in 70 hours of footage which was edited to just 7.5 minutes.<ref name="THRHomeVideo" /> The scene of Ethan's helicopter crashing into Walker's was a CGI effect combined with a practical chopper body (designed by Neil Corbould). Ethan's craft was suspended from a wire between two cranes at Hagrid's Hill, [[Leavesden Studios]] in England, allowing it to travel {{cvt|100|ft|m}} before crashing. The scene was enhanced by DNEG to add snow, extend helicopter blades, and hang Walker's helicopter from the face of Pulpit rock as a practical model was disallowed due to risks of damaging the rock face. Safety wires and cranes were removed from Cruise and Cavill as their characters fought atop the rock.<ref name="VFXMag" /> Walker's facial disfigurement from the crash was suggested by Cruise five days before the scene was filmed and involved a prosthetic appliance.<ref name="Collider50things" />

=== Post-production ===
McQuarrie considered the theatrical cut to be the definitive version of the film, saying any deleted scenes were those whose inclusion could not be justified.<ref name="THRDark" /> Deleted scenes included Benji, disguised as Lane, expositing to Walker, and Mitsopolis singing in her initial appearance, which McQuarrie believed undermined the tension. Her introductory speech was a combination of existing footage not showing her singing and reshot footage.<ref name="Collider50things" /> Scenes of Ilsa and Ethan kissing were filmed, one scripted and one improvised, but McQuarrie felt they weakened her character, removed future potential romantic tension, and interfered with Ethan's unresolved relationship with Julia.<ref name="THRDark" /> A multi-page scripted scene explaining Ilsa's and Ethan's relationship was trimmed to one line: "You should've come with me."<ref name="Collider50things" /> Ilsa was also introduced earlier in the Parisian club but this was changed to her surprise appearance saving Ethan in the club bathroom.<ref name="Collider50things" /> A scene of Walker reaching for his gun when confronted by the female French police officer was filmed in post-production to add tension.<ref name="Collider50things" /><ref name="FSRCommentary" /> Hunley's death had not been confirmed when the scene was filmed but the filmmakers determined it was the correct choice. Cruise suggested his final line, "Go", which Baldwin recorded on his phone at home.<ref name="Collider50things" /><ref name="FSRCommentary" /> Baldwin was also intended to narrate the opening mission briefing but McQuarrie replaced him because he found Baldwin's voice was too "velvety".<ref name="THRHomeVideo" />

The "what if" scenarios in previous ''Mission: Impossible'' films visualized how their plans would play out with explanatory narration. However, McQuarrie chose not to include narration in the scene portraying the hypothetical future of Ethan attacking Lane's police convoy and fatally injuring an officer. The absence of narration aimed to keep the audience uncertain about the scene's reality, allowing the narrative to emphasize the darker actions required of Ethan while disguised as Lark.<ref name="THRDark" /><ref name="Collider50things" />

Shortly after filming concluded, a 170-minute cut was screened for about 70 of the cast's and crew's friends and family at the [[Soho Hotel]], London. Hamilton described a positive reaction tempered with clear improvements that needed to be made. New versions were screened every two weeks for American [[test audience]]s thereafter.<ref name="ProVideoCoalition" /> The ending where Lane is given to Mitsopolis was intended as the final scene because Cruise did not want to end with Ethan in a medical bed, but test audiences preferred the latter option. McQuarrie intercut both scenes instead, ending with Ethan.<ref name="Collider50things" /> Blood was also added digitally to the decoy Lark's death because the audiences did not find the scene humorous without it.<ref name="FSRCommentary" /> More footage was filmed based on feedback about seven weeks after principal photography, but feedback was consistent in improving the film's pace. By the fourth screening, McQuarrie and Hamilton reduced the runtime to 147 minutes which earned the highest audience scores, becoming the theatrical cut. The studio requested further trims to reduce the runtime, but each attempt received lower scores. Permission was secured to play the opening studio logos at double speed to save some time.{{efn|Attributed to multiple references:<ref name="Collider50things" /><ref name="FSRCommentary" /><ref name="ProVideoCoalition" /><ref name="RottenTomatoesScore" /><ref name="AVRuntime" />}}

The final budget for ''Mission: Impossible – Fallout'' is estimated at $178–$180 million, with another $150 million allocated for promotion and distribution.<ref name="VarietyinBlack" /><ref name="THRInjury" /> The delays caused by Cruise's injury inflated the budget to about $250–$260 million, including paying to retain the cast and crew in the interim. Most of these costs were repaid by the film's insurance.<ref name="DeadlineInjury" /><ref name="THRInjury" /><ref name="ColliderInjury" />

=== Music ===
{{Main|Mission: Impossible – Fallout (soundtrack)}}
The ''Mission: Impossible – Fallout'' [[Film score|score]] was composed by [[Lorne Balfe]].<ref name="VarietyBalfe" /><ref name="VFScore" /><ref name="ColliderBalfe" /> He was recommended to McQuarrie by Paramount head of music [[Randy Spendlove]], and already had connections with producer Jake Myers as well as Paramount and Skydance.<ref name="ColliderBalfe" /> The score was written over eight to nine months.<ref name="VarietyBalfe" /><ref name="VFScore" /><ref name="ColliderBalfe" /> Balfe's writing office was adjacent to the editing room, allowing him and McQuarrie to collaborate and experiment with rapid changes in the score to match the edits. McQuarrie only used Balfe's score when reviewing scenes as he did not like using the standard process of placeholder [[temp music]].<ref name="ColliderBalfe" /> The 90-minute score was recorded over 30 days at two large London stages, using 300 musicians that included 100 string players, 80 choristers, 42 brass players, 14 drummers, 12 bongo players, and a few woodwind players.<ref name="VarietyBalfe" /> Balfe based each piece of the score on the original ''Mission: Impossible'' television series theme. He found writing for the mission briefing scene the most difficult because it had to support the tone of the scene without overwhelming the expository dialogue.<ref name="ColliderBalfe" />

== Release ==
=== Marketing ===
[[File:Mission Impossible - Fallout Cast at the Screening (42922591624).jpg|thumb|alt=A photograph of cast and crew from Mission Impossible: Fallout|The cast and crew of ''Mission: Impossible – Fallout'' at a promotional screening of the film in July 2018.]]
The title, ''Mission: Impossible – Fallout'', was announced in January{{nbsp}}2018.<ref name="EmpireTitle" /> About $140{{space}}million was spent on the film's global marketing campaign which focused on behind-the-scenes featurettes promoting the film's depiction of realistic stunt and action sequences instead of CGI.<ref name="Deadlineopening" /><ref name="DeadlineIntMarkets" /><ref name="THRMarketing" /> The first [[Trailer (promotion)|trailer]] debuted during [[Super Bowl LII]] in February 2018 (receiving 24.6{{nbsp}}million views by July),<ref name="THRMarketing" /> and the HALO jump scene was promoted at [[CinemaCon]] and the [[2018 NBA Finals]], as well as being shown on [[YouTube]] and running before theatrical screenings of every number{{space}}1 theatrical film for 14 weeks. Paramount published a virtual reality version of the jump on [[Oculus VR]], YouTube's VR channel, and [[Facebook]]'s Entertainment and 360° pages.<ref name="Deadlineopening" /> ''Fallout'' was also promoted throughout the [[2018 FIFA World Cup]], and at international airports.<ref name="Deadlineopening" /><ref name="DeadlineIntMarkets" />

''[[Deadline Hollywood]]'' reported the film had about 245{{space}}million [[social media]] impressions across the actors' individual pages, Facebook, [[Twitter]], YouTube, and [[Instagram]], exceeding the typical 168{{space}}million for an action-adventure film. Paramount's parent company [[Viacom (2005–2019)|Viacom]] promoted ''Fallout'' with different content across most of its own global television networks, including a 30-minute Making-of special, and Cruise personally promoted the film in markets such as the UK, Tokyo, and Seoul.<ref name="Deadlineopening" /> ''Fallout'' also received the most promotional partner funding in the franchise with $135{{space}}million spent worldwide.<ref name="Deadlineopening" /> This included [[Amazon Prime]], [[BMW]], [[Kärcher]], [[Airbus]], [[Shell plc|Shell]], [[LG]], [[M&M's]], and [[Uber]], as well as an [[ESPN]] promo with [[James Harden]], a [[Visa Inc.|Visa]] screening program/partnership, and an ''[[American Ninja Warrior]]'' themed episode.<ref name="Deadlineopening" /><ref name="DeadlineIntMarkets" />

Media analyst Jeff Bock said that, as in 2017, there was a deluge of sequels but 2018's offerings were ones audiences actually wanted to watch, including ''[[Ant-Man and the Wasp]]'', ''[[Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom]]'', ''Mission: Impossible – Fallout'', and ''[[The First Purge]]''.<ref name="TheWrapBOPredict" /><ref name="DeadlineBOPostMortem" /> Pre-release estimates suggested ''Mission: Impossible – Fallout'' would earn $48–$65{{space}}million during its opening weekend in the United States and Canada, and $75–$80{{space}}million from 36 other countries for a weekend total of $135{{space}}million.{{efn|Attributed to multiple references:<ref name="ReutersPrediction" /><ref name="VarietyBOPredict" /><ref name="BOMproj" /><ref name="DEADproj" />}} Industry tracking showed 82% of audiences polled were aware of the film, with 42% showing "definite interest" in it.<ref name="VarietyBOPredict" />

=== Box office ===
{{See also|2018 in film}}
The premiere of ''Mission: Impossible – Fallout'' took place at the [[Palais de Chaillot]], in Paris, on July 12, 2018, with a UK premiere the following day.<ref name="THRPremiere" /><ref name="StraitsFRUKPremieres" /> ''Fallout'' was released in the United States and Canada on July 27. During its opening weekend, the film grossed $61.2{{space}}million from 4,836 theaters—an average of $13,961 per theater—making it the number{{space}}one film of the weekend, ahead of ''[[Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again]]'' ($15.1{{space}}million) and ''[[The Equalizer 2]]'' ($14{{space}}million), both in their second weekends.<ref name="BOMWeek1JUL2729" /> This included $7.5{{space}}million from 406 [[IMAX]] screen previews or 12% of the weekend total gross, with a series-best $6{{space}}million grossed from Thursday night previews (a record later broken by ''[[Mission: Impossible – Dead Reckoning Part One]]'' (2023) with $7{{space}}million).{{efn|Attributed to multiple references:<ref name="Deadlineopening" /><ref name="BOMproj" /><ref name="APOpening" /><ref name="THRMITFR"/>}} The weekend total figure gave ''Fallout'' the highest 3-day opening in the franchise, ahead of ''[[Mission: Impossible 2]]''{{'}}s (2000) $57.8{{space}}million, and later beaten by ''[[Mission: Impossible – The Final Reckoning]]'' (2025) with $64{{space}}million. ''Fallout''{{'}}s opening weekend also represented Cruise's second-highest of his career, behind ''[[War of the Worlds (2005 film)|War of the Worlds]]'' (2005) $64.8{{space}}million.{{efn|Attributed to multiple references:<ref name="ReutersPrediction" /><ref name="Deadlineopening" /><ref name="Deadline7" /><ref name="THRMITFR"/>}}

It retained the number{{space}}one position in its second weekend with a gross of $35.3{{space}}million (the highest-grossing second weekend in the franchise), ahead of the debuts of ''[[Christopher Robin (film)|Christopher Robin]]'' ($24.6{{space}}million) and ''[[The Spy Who Dumped Me]]'' ($12.1{{space}}million).<ref name="BOMWeek2AUG35" /><ref name="Deadline2ndWKND" /> It fell to the number{{space}}two position in its third weekend with a gross of $19.4{{space}}million, behind the debut of ''[[The Meg]]'' ($45.4{{space}}million) and ahead of ''Christopher Robin'' ($13{{space}}million).<ref name="BOMWeek3AUG1012" /><ref name="Deadline3rdWKND" /> Although ''Fallout'' never reclaimed the number{{space}}one position, it remained in the top ten-highest-grossing films for a total of 8 weeks, grossing a total of $220.2{{space}}million.<ref name="BOMOverall" /> This made ''Fallout'' the eighth-highest-grossing film of 2018, ahead of ''Ant-Man and the Wasp'' ($216.6{{space}}million) and behind ''[[Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle]]'' ($232.5{{space}}million).<ref name="BOMTopof2018" />

Outside of the U.S. and Canada, ''Fallout'' overperformed against projections to gross $94.6{{space}}million during its opening weekend in 36 countries, including the UK, Russia, Spain, South Korea, Latin America, and most of Asia.<ref name="BOMproj" /><ref name="DEADproj" /> This gave a cumulative worldwide gross of $155.8{{space}}million, surpassing ''Rogue Nation''{{'}}s $131.5{{space}}million worldwide opening weekend.{{efn|Attributed to multiple references:<ref name="Deadlineopening" /><ref name="DeadlineIntMarkets" /><ref name="VarietyMission7" /><ref name="VarietyBOChina" />}} ''Fallout'' opened at number{{space}}one in 29 countries, its highest grosses originating from Korea ($24.9{{space}}million), the UK ($9.5{{space}}million), India ($8.2{{space}}million), Taiwan ($5.4{{space}}million), and Mexico ($4.9{{space}}million).<ref name="DeadlineIntMarkets" /> The film opened in a further 20 countries by the end of August including China and Japan.<ref name="BOMproj" /><ref name="DEADproj" /> In total, ''Fallout'' grossed $571{{space}}million in these markets, including China ($181.2{{space}}million), South Korea ($49.8{{space}}million), Japan ($42.4{{space}}million), the UK ($31.1{{space}}million), France ($27.1{{space}}million), Germany ($15.9{{space}}million), India ($15.9{{space}}million), Taiwan ($14.6{{space}}million), Australia ($14.2{{space}}million), and Mexico ($11.9{{space}}million).<ref name="BOMInternational" />

Worldwide, ''Fallout'' grossed $791.1{{space}}million, making it the highest-grossing film in the franchise, and the eighth-highest-grossing film of the year, ahead of ''[[Deadpool 2]]'' ($734.5{{space}}million) and behind ''[[Venom (2018 film)|Venom]]'' ($856.1{{space}}million).<ref name="DeadlineBOPostMortem" /><ref name="VarietyMission7" /><ref name="BOMWorldwide" /> Those involved with the film and rival studios estimated that ''Fallout'' would have to earn $560–$650 million before it would become profitable.<ref name="VarietyinBlack" /> Analysis by ''[[Deadline Hollywood]]'' suggested that it was not expected to generate a profit until its home media release.<ref name="Deadlineopening" /> This was partly because of those involved who were guaranteed a share of the initial box office gross, including Cruise, Abrams, and Skydance, which reduced the profits returned to Paramount.<ref name="VarietyinBlack" />

=== Home media ===
The film [[Mission: Impossible - Fallout (soundtrack)|soundtrack]] was released digitally and on [[compact disc]] in July 2018.<ref name="FilmTracksAlbums" /> ''Mission: Impossible – Fallout'' was released as a digital download in November 2018, followed in December with [[Ultra HD Blu-ray|4K Ultra HD Blu-ray]], [[Blu-ray]], and [[DVD-Video|DVD]] releases.{{efn|Attributed to multiple references:<ref name="THRHomeVideo" /><ref name="DeciderHomeVideo" /><ref name="GameSpotHomeRelease" /><ref name="HiDefDigestHomeVideo" />}} All versions except the DVD contain special features including audio commentaries by McQuarrie, Cruise, Balfe, and Hamilton, "Behind the ''Fallout''" – a 7-part documentary covering the film's production and characters – deleted scenes, storyboards, and the film's trailer.<ref name="THRHomeVideo" /><ref name="GameSpotHomeRelease" /> ''Fallout'' was also released in a collection alongside the five previous ''Mission: Impossible'' films.<ref name="GameSpotHomeRelease" /> The soundtrack received a [[Phonograph record|vinyl record]] release in July 2019.<ref name="SlashFilmVinyl" />

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===
[[File:Vanessa Kirby at the 2024 Toronto International Film Festival 08 (Cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|alt=A photograph of Vanessa Kirby|Critics singled out the stand-out performance of [[Vanessa Kirby]] with praise (pictured in 2024)]]
''Mission: Impossible – Fallout'' received critical praise, and was among the most critically acclaimed films of 2018, with 53 critics placing it among the year's top 10 films.{{efn|Attributed to multiple references:<ref name="BBCOverallRecep" /><ref name="GuardianCrit" /><ref name="MetaCriticTop10" /><ref name="OverallIndieW"/><ref name="OverallIndependent"/><ref name="OverallTHR"/><ref name="OverallRadioTimes"/><ref name="OverallWrap"/>}} The website [[Rotten Tomatoes]] reported that 98% of 444 critics gave the film a positive review, making it the highest rated ''Mission: Impossible'' film. The website's consensus reads: "Fast, sleek, and fun, ''Mission: Impossible – Fallout'' lives up to the 'impossible' part of its name by setting yet another high mark for insane set pieces in a franchise full of them."<ref name="RottenTomatoesScore" /> On [[Metacritic]], the film has a weighted average score of 87 out of 100, based on 60 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".<ref name="Metacritic" /> Audiences polled by [[PostTrak]] gave ''Fallout'' an 84% overall positive score with 65% recommending it, and [[CinemaScore]] reported filmgoers gave it an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale, the highest response in the franchise.<ref name="Deadlineopening" /><ref name="BOMproj" />

[[Richard Roeper]] and [[Stephanie Zacharek]], among others, praised ''Fallout'' as one of, if not the best films in the franchise.{{efn|Attributed to multiple references:<ref name="ReviewTimeOut" /><ref name="ReviewChicagoSunTimes" /><ref name="ReviewTimeCom" /><ref name="ReviewIndieWire" /><ref name="ReviewEbert" /><ref name="ReviewTheWrap" />}} ''[[RogerEbert.com]]''{{'}}s Brian Tallerico and [[IndieWire]]{{'}}s David Ehrlich described it as one of the best action films ever made, comparing it favorably to ''[[Die Hard]]'' (1988) and ''[[Mad Max: Fury Road]]'' (2015).<ref name="ReviewIndieWire" /><ref name="ReviewEbert" /> The action sequences were praised by critics such as [[Leonard Maltin]] and [[Peter Travers]], particularly for the realism provided by Cruise performing his own stunts.{{efn|Attributed to multiple references:<ref name="BFIReview" /><ref name="ReviewEbert" /><ref name="ReviewEW" /><ref name="ReviewMaltin" /><ref name="ReviewRS" /><ref name="ReviewTHR" />}} Writing for ''[[PopMatters]]'', J.R. Kinnard said the closing action sequence in Kashmir set the new standard for extravagant action sequences, although [[Michael Phillips (critic)|Michael Phillips]] considered the violence in the sequence to be excessive.<ref name="ReviewPop" /><ref name="ReviewChicagoTrib" />

Writing for ''[[Salon.com]]'', Matthew Rozsa found the narrative predictable but enjoyable.<ref name="ReviewChicagoSunTimes" /><ref name="ReviewSalon" /> He praised the introspection of the "intriguing" moral dilemma concerning Hunt's dedication to preserving life and the greater good despite the personal costs to himself.<ref name="ReviewSalon" /> Writing for ''[[Time Out (magazine)|Time Out]]'', Dan Jolin wrote that McQuarrie returning as director gave ''Fallout'' an evolved narrative continuity lacking in previous installments,<ref name="ReviewTimeOut" /> although ''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]''{{'}}s Sam Adams criticized the seemingly improvisational nature of some scenes that left some narrative threads abandoned. In particular, Adams lamented "provocative" ideas that are posited and ignored, such as the villains' plans to bomb [[holy city|holy cities]].<ref name="ReviewSlate" /> Critics such as [[James Berardinelli]] and [[Peter Bradshaw]] favorably compared the film and the ''Mission: Impossible'' series to the [[James Bond|''James Bond'' film series]].<ref name="ReviewChicagoSunTimes" /><ref name="ReviewReelViews" /><ref name="ReviewGuardian" /> ''[[USA Today]]''{{'}}s Brian Truitt and ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]''{{'}}s Chris Nashawaty said ''Fallout''{{'}}s combination of exotic locations, espionage, and action had successfully established the series as the standard for international action-adventure films, and Cruise as the modern [[James Bond (literary character)|James Bond]].<ref name="ReviewEW" /><ref name="ReviewUSAToday" />

Cruise's performance was praised by critics such as Maltin and the ''[[Chicago Reader]]''{{'}}s J.R. Jones,{{efn|Attributed to multiple references:<ref name="ReviewChicagoSunTimes" /><ref name="ReviewTheWrap" /><ref name="ReviewMaltin" /><ref name="ReviewChicagoReader" />}} with Kinnard, Rozsa, and Jolin commending his commitment to performing his own stunts.<ref name="ReviewTimeOut" /><ref name="ReviewPop" /><ref name="ReviewSalon" /> Reviews suggested that Cruise's stunt work was a significant aspect of the series' appeal.{{efn|Attributed to multiple references:<ref name="ReviewPop" /><ref name="ReviewChicagoReader" /><ref name="ReviewWAPO" /><ref name="ReviewSightSound" />}} Roeper wrote that Cruise successfully embodied Ethan's world-weary cynicism yet unwavering determination to combat those who would harm innocents.<ref name="ReviewChicagoSunTimes" /> Cavill's performance was described as "wooden" and uninteresting by Kinnard and ''[[The Washington Post]]''{{'}}s Ann Hornaday,<ref name="ReviewPop" /><ref name="ReviewWAPO" /> although Hornaday said his physical presence made him a suitable foil for Ethan.<ref name="ReviewWAPO" /> Roeper wrote that Cavill's performance fit Walker's persona as someone lacking humanity.<ref name="ReviewChicagoSunTimes" />

Phillips and ''[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]]''{{'}}s Helen O'Hara, among others, praised the returning cast of Rhames, Pegg, Baldwin, and Harris, while lamenting the film's focus on Ethan left little room to develop their characters.{{efn|Attributed to multiple references:<ref name="ReviewChicagoSunTimes" /><ref name="ReviewSalon" /><ref name="ReviewWAPO" /><ref name="ReviewEmpire" /><ref name="ReviewVanityFair" />}} Zacharek wrote that Pegg and Rhames made Cruise more relatable by association,<ref name="ReviewTimeCom" /> although Kinnard felt that Pegg's humor and Harris's "delightfully wicked" portrayal were underused.<ref name="ReviewPop" /> Ferguson was praised by reviewers such as ''[[Screen Daily]]''{{'}}s Tim Grierson and Berardinelli for her smart, formidable, and captivating performance<ref name="ReviewScreen" /><ref name="ReviewVillageVoice" /><ref name="ReviewVulture" /> and "palpable" romantic chemistry with Cruise.<ref name="ReviewReelViews" /><ref name="ReviewVillageVoice" /> [[David Edelstein]] said that she upstaged the other cast as the franchise's standout character.<ref name="ReviewVulture" /> Kirby was also well received by critics such as [[Kenneth Turan]] for her captivating and engaging portrayal that provided some of the film's more interesting moments.{{efn|Attributed to multiple references:<ref name="ReviewLATimes" /><ref name="ReviewRS" /><ref name="ReviewWAPO" /><ref name="ReviewVulture" />}}

=== Accolades ===
At the [[72nd British Academy Film Awards]] in 2018, ''Mission: Impossible – Fallout'' was nominated for [[BAFTA Award for Best Sound|Best Sound]] ([[Gilbert Lake (sound engineer)|Gilbert Lake]], [[James Mather (sound editor)|James H. Mather]], Christopher Munro, and [[Mike Prestwood Smith]]).<ref name="THRBAFTA" /> For the [[44th People's Choice Awards]], the film was nominated for Action Movie of 2018 and Movie of 2018, as well as Action Movie Star of 2018 and Male Movie Star of 2018 (both Cruise).<ref name="THRPeoplesChoice" /> ''Fallout'' won [[Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Action Movie|Best Action Movie]] at the [[24th Critics' Choice Awards]] and was nominated for [[Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Visual Effects|Best Visual Effects]].<ref name="THRCriticsChoice" /> At the [[45th Saturn Awards]], ''Fallout'' was named [[Saturn Award for Best Action or Adventure Film|Best Action or Adventure Film]] and was nominated for [[Saturn Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] (Cruise), [[Saturn Award for Best Writing|Best Writing]] (McQuarrie), and [[Saturn Award for Best Special Effects|Best Special Effects]] (Andrew Booth, Neil Corbould, Huw J. Evans, and Jody Johnson).<ref name="ColliderSaturn" /><ref name="DeadlineSaturn" /><ref name="SlashSaturn" />

The stunt crew were nominated for [[Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Motion Picture|Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Motion Picture]] at the [[25th Screen Actors Guild Awards]].<ref name="DeadlineSAGAward" /> Jody Johnson and Eddie Hamilton won respective awards for Best Visual Effects and Best Film Editing from the [[Seattle Film Critics Society]]; Rob Hardy and Lorne Balfe received separate nominations for Best Cinematography and Best Original Score, and the film received a nomination for Best Picture.<ref name="SeattleFC" /><ref name="SeattleFC2" /> The 2019 [[Location Managers Guild Awards]] gave awards for Outstanding Locations in Contemporary Films (David Campbell-Bell and Ben Piltz) and Outstanding Film Commission (KJ Jennings – Film Otago Southland).<ref name="VarietyLOCAwards" />

== Thematic analysis ==
=== Morality and sacrifice ===
''Fallout'' delves into Ethan's moral struggles as he grapples with the weight of saving countless lives. Originally, McQuarrie envisioned Ethan adopting the Lark persona for the majority of ''Fallout'', forcing him into morally gray acts to safeguard the greater good.<ref name="THRDark" /><ref name="IndependentQuarrie" /><ref name="ReviewRS" /> The title ''Fallout'' was chosen both to represent the literal nuclear threat and the fallout of Ethan's actions.<ref name="ColliderTitle" /> Critic Matthew Rozsa wrote that ''Fallout'' challenges Ethan to face the repercussions of his well-intentioned decisions, particularly his unwavering stance against sacrificing innocent lives. His dilemma lies in caring deeply about every individual, both his strength and vulnerability.{{efn|Attributed to multiple references:<ref name="ReviewRS" /><ref name="ReviewChicagoTrib" /><ref name="ReviewSalon" /><ref name="EbertAnalysis" />}}

According to analysis by ''[[RogerEbert.com]]'', some characters see Ethan's refusal to sacrifice lives unnecessarily as his greatest asset. However, Ethan regularly gives little value to his own life, entering into one dangerous situation after another.<ref name="EbertAnalysis" /> ''Fallout'' elucidates that a man like Hunt continuously endangers his life and opts to undertake impossible missions because he possesses the ability to save people and cannot bear the thought of allowing deaths through his own inaction.{{efn|Attributed to multiple references:<ref name="ReviewVariety" /><ref name="ReviewEbert" /><ref name="ReviewEmpire" /><ref name="EbertAnalysis" />}} Critic Peter Debruge posited that Ethan's steadfast, heroic persona serves a dual purpose narratively and practically, leveraging Cruise's public image as a moralistic cinema star who portrays characters with a conscience and steadfast convictions.<ref name="ReviewVariety" />

''Fallout'' also explores the toll Ethan's life takes on him and those close to him.<ref name="ReviewVariety" /><ref name="ReviewScreen" /> Debruge observed that Ethan's marriage to Julia falters, partly because she realizes his duty to protect the world outweighs his commitment to her.<ref name="THRThemes" /><ref name="ReviewEbert" /> Critic Nick Allen points out that unlike typical tropes, such as motivating the male protagonist through the death of a loved one, as seen in ''[[Casino Royale (2006 film)|Casino Royale]]'' (2006) and ''[[The Dark Knight]]'' (2008), the ''Mission: Impossible'' series, including ''Fallout'', sidesteps this narrative convention.<ref name="THRRomance" /> As ''Fallout'' concludes, the evolving nature of their relationship is evident, revealing that Julia has forged her own path independently, without waiting for Ethan, symbolizing growth for both characters.<ref name="THRRomance" /><ref name="THRThemes" /> Due to Ethan's established connection with Julia, his dynamic with Ilsa remains primarily platonic, allowing Ilsa to be portrayed as a fully developed character distinct from her relationship with Ethan.<ref name="THRRomance" /> Ilsa, depicted as Ethan's equal in the world of espionage, possesses the capability to protect herself in perilous situations, relieving Ethan from compromising his career for a romantic relationship.<ref name="THRRomance" /><ref name="THRThemes" />

In contrast to Ethan's self-sacrificing nature, his adversaries are indifferent to life, viewing the current world order as corrupt and in need of destruction. Their ideology dictates that great suffering must be inflicted to achieve an even greater peace.{{efn|Attributed to multiple references:<ref name="THRThemes" /><ref name="ReviewVariety" /><ref name="ReviewChicagoTrib" /><ref name="ReviewSalon" />}} Lane's motivations are fueled by a desire for vengeance against Ethan, intending to inflict suffering by placing Julia and Ethan's friends at the center of a potential nuclear explosion.<ref name="THRThemes" /> Walker represents the antithesis of Ethan's measured approach, described as a "hammer" who achieves his objectives regardless of collateral damage. Tallerico reflects on how ''Fallout'' prompts a consideration between Ethan's ethical approach and Walker's ruthless efficiency.<ref name="ReviewEbert" />

=== Aging ===
Film professor Lisa Purse examined the cultural perceptions of, and media interest in, Cruise's relatively youthful appearance compared to his age (56-years-old when ''Fallout'' was released). His commitment to real stunts and physicality contrasts against the age-related decline typically seen in his aging action star contemporaries.{{sfn|Purse|2017|pp=7-20}} Professor Kelvin Ke Jinde's considered age to be typically associated with decline and decay but also representing maturity and personal growth which, aided by the longevity of the ''Mission: Impossible'' series, allowed the Ethan character to evolve over several decades and reshape the representation of the ageing hero.{{sfn|Jinde|2022|p=18}} Purse acknowledges Cruise's access to advanced health regimens inaccessible to the average person but emphasizes his performances, defying aging stereotypes by showcasing dynamic physical prowess.{{sfn|Purse|2017|pp=7-20}}

Ke Jinde and Dr Glen Donnar delve into the resurgence of aging action stars like [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]], [[Sylvester Stallone]], and [[Bruce Willis]], reviving '80s action franchises characterized by simplistic, violence-driven portrayals of hyper-masculinity.{{sfn|Jinde|2022|pp=8–9}}{{sfn|Donnar|2021|p=243}} Jinde observes the evolution in representations of aging heroes, especially Ethan in the ''Mission: Impossible'' series. The modern aging hero focuses on social connections, self-sacrifice, and action beyond violence, reshaping the perception of mature heroes.{{sfn|Jinde|2022|p=18}} This transformation involves sacrifices such as Ethan's choice to end his relationship with Julia and forgo a settled family life, driven by his sense of responsibility to the world.{{sfn|Jinde|2022|p=16}}

Donnar's analysis focuses on how attention is diverted from the spectacle of these stars' once idealized, younger, muscular bodies, with an emphasis on oversized weaponry, fetishized vehicles, and even digital recreations of their younger forms.{{sfn|Donnar|2021|p=243}} According to Donnar, Cruise never possessed the same hypermuscular form of actors like Schwarzenegger or Stallone, instead presenting a smaller, leaner, and sexualized appearance.{{sfn|DeAngelis|2021|p=279}}{{sfn|Donnar|2021|pp=245–246}} As Cruise aged, and his physical appearance could no longer serve as primarily a subject of physical objectification as it had in his youth, discussion shifted to emphasize and celebrate his stunt work.{{sfn|DeAngelis|2021|p=279}}{{sfn|Donnar|2021|pp=245–246}}

=== Fake news ===
Analysts Rebecca Keegan and Matt Miller analyzed an early scene in which the IMF trick Nils Delbruuk into divulging information about Lark's bombs through a fabricated news broadcast, drawing parallels between this fictional scenario and real-world concerns about the rise of [[fake news]].<ref name="VanityFairFakeNews" /><ref name="EsquireFakeNews" />{{sfn|Lamb|2018|p=95}} They emphasized the contemporary challenges to journalistic integrity, including political criticisms, organized misinformation, declining public trust, and the struggle to discern truth from fiction. Incorporating real news figures like Wolf Blitzer in a Hollywood action film adds an element of realism but also sparks ethical concerns, potentially risking damage to journalistic credibility.<ref name="VanityFairFakeNews" /><ref name="EsquireFakeNews" /> Deborah Potter, a former network correspondent, and Duy Linh Tu, a journalism professor, voiced apprehensions regarding the implications of this cameo appearance.<ref name="VanityFairFakeNews" /><ref name="EsquireFakeNews" />

== Legacy ==
=== Modern reception ===
As of the release of the eighth installment, ''Mission: Impossible – The Final Reckoning'', in 2025, ''Fallout'' remains the highest-grossing installment in the series,<ref name="THRCavillInt" /> and is the highest-critically rated entry according to aggregated scores by Rotten Tomatoes and Metacritic.<ref name="RTSeries" /><ref name="MCCruiseFilmography" /> Among the films in the ''Mission: Impossible'' franchise, ''Fallout'' is frequently ranked as the best installment, only occasionally ranking second behind ''Ghost Protocol'', ''Rogue Nation'', or ''Dead Reckoning''.{{efn|Attributed to multiple references:<ref name="BestMIEsquire" /><ref name="BestMIIndiewire" /><ref name="BestMITHR" /><ref name="BestMIParade" /><ref name="BestMIRT" /><ref name="BestMIUSAToday" /><ref name="BestMIMensHealth" /><ref name="BestMIDOG" /><ref name="BestMIVulture" /><ref name="BestMICollider" /><ref name="BestMIVariety" /><ref name="BestMIStuff" /><ref name="BestMIGSpot" />}} Cavill's August Walker has also been repeatedly listed as among the top three ''Mission: Impossible'' antagonists, alongside Solomon Lane and Owen Davian (''Mission: Impossible III'').{{efn|Attributed to multiple references:<ref name="BestVillainCBR" /><ref name="BestVillainCollider" /><ref name="BestVillainMovieWeb" /><ref name="BestVillainSRant" /><ref name="BestVillainCine" /><ref name="BestVillainNerdist" />}} A retrospective assessment by ''[[/Film]]'' stated that a protagonist is only as memorable as his antagonist, highlighting Walker as a great villain because of his imposing physicality and charm.<ref name="SlashFilmWalkerLegacy" /> McQuarrie mentioned that he received "endless grief" from fans on social media for killing off Walker.<ref name="THRCavillInt" />

In the years since its release, several publications, such as ''[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]]'', [[IndieWire]], and ''[[Time Out (magazine)|Time Out]]'', have highlighted ''Fallout'' as a standout entry in the action and spy genres.{{efn|Attributed to multiple references:<ref name="ReviewIndieWire" /><ref name="BestActionComplex" /><ref name="BestActionEmpire" /><ref name="BestActionEsquire" /><ref name="BestActionIndiewire" /><ref name="BestActionMovieweb" /><ref name="BestActionGlobe" /><ref name="BestActionMensJourn" /> <ref name="BestActionGameSpot" /><ref name="BestActionJoeIE" /><ref name="BestActionCollider1" /><ref name="BestActionCollider2" /><ref name="BestActionCollider3" /><ref name="BestActionTimeOut" /><ref name="BestActionDOG" />}}{{efn|Attributed to multiple references:<ref name="BestSpyCollider" /><ref name="BestSpyGlamour" /><ref name="BestSpyScreenRant" /><ref name="BestSpyVulture" /><ref name="BestSpyEsquire" /><ref name="BestSpyIndiewire" />}}

In 2025, it was one of the films voted for the "Readers' Choice" edition of ''[[The New York Times]]''{{'}} list of "The 100 Best Movies of the 21st Century," finishing at number 172.<ref>{{cite web |title=Readers Choose Their Top Movies of the 21st Century |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2025/movies/readers-movies-21st-century.html |website=The New York Times |access-date=2 July 2025}}</ref>

=== Cultural influence ===
A scene of Cavill pumping or "reloading" his biceps in preparation during the bathroom fight with the decoy Lark became an [[Internet meme]].{{efn|Attributed to multiple references:<ref name="FSRCommentary" /><ref name="ReviewChicagoSunTimes" /><ref name="YahooBiceps" /><ref name="MensHealthBiceps" /><ref name="TorontoSunBiceps" />}} Cavill improvised the motion to warm up his muscles due to soreness after three weeks of filming the scene. When no one remarked on the move, he thought it had looked out of place and did not repeat it until McQuarrie asked him to keep doing it.{{efn|Attributed to multiple references:<ref name="ReviewChicagoSunTimes" /><ref name="YahooBiceps" /><ref name="MensHealthBiceps" /><ref name="GRadarBiceps" />}} In 2020, ''Fallout'' was among the action films director [[James Gunn]] recommended people watch during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref name="IGNGunn" /> Cavill would again reference the "reloading" scene in a [[cameo appearance]] as a version of the [[Marvel Comics]] character [[Logan (film character)|Logan / Wolverine]] in the [[Marvel Cinematic Universe]] (MCU) film ''[[Deadpool & Wolverine]]'' (2024).<ref name="CavillReloadReference">{{cite web|url=https://www.gamesradar.com/entertainment/marvel-movies/deadpool-and-wolverines-script-references-henry-cavills-iconic-mission-impossible-arm-reloading-scene-and-it-actually-made-it-into-the-movie/|title= Deadpool and Wolverine's script references Henry Cavill's iconic Mission: Impossible arm reloading scene – and it actually made it into the movie|work=[[GamesRadar+]]|first1=Bradley|last1=Russell|date=December 2, 2024|access-date=May 23, 2025}}</ref>

== Sequels ==
{{Main|Mission: Impossible – Dead Reckoning Part One{{!}}''Mission: Impossible – Dead Reckoning Part One''|Mission: Impossible – The Final Reckoning{{!}}''Mission: Impossible – The Final Reckoning''}}
''Mission: Impossible – Fallout'' was followed by ''Mission: Impossible – Dead Reckoning Part One'' (2023). It features many of the same cast and crew including Cruise, Rhames, Pegg, Ferguson, and Kirby reprising their roles, as well as McQuarrie as director and writer. ''Dead Reckoning Part One'' also introduces [[Hayley Atwell]] as an ally to Ethan, and [[Esai Morales]] as his old rival who is working for a rogue artificial intelligence known as The Entity.<ref name="ColliderDeadReckoning" /> Another sequel, ''Mission: Impossible – The Final Reckoning'', was released in 2025.<ref name="DeadlineEighth" /> Though further sequels are planned,<ref name="MovieWebSequels" /><ref name="SydneySequels" /> Cruise has confirmed that ''The Final Reckoning'' would be his final portrayal of Ethan Hunt in the franchise.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Chuba |first=Kirsten |date=May 18, 2025 |title=Tom Cruise Intends to Keep Making Movies Into His 100s: "I Will Never Stop" |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/tom-cruise-making-movies-into-100s-mission-impossible-1236220928/ |access-date=May 23, 2025 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>

== Footnotes ==
{{notelist-lr}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name="APOpening">{{cite web |url=https://www.apnews.com/3d33efa866ac4a38830e4180d427f382 |title=Box Office Top 20: New ''Mission: Impossible'' Hits No. 1 |website=[[Associated Press]] |date=July 30, 2018 |access-date=August 1, 2018 |archive-date=August 1, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801124208/https://apnews.com/3d33efa866ac4a38830e4180d427f382 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Aug2015Variety">{{cite web|last=McNary|first=Dave|author-link=Dave McNary|title=''Mission: Impossible 6'': Paramount Backs Tom Cruise For Another Sequel|url=https://variety.com/2015/film/news/mission-impossible-6-tom-cruise-paramount-1201555090/|access-date=September 6, 2023|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=August 2, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190409102237/https://variety.com/2015/film/news/mission-impossible-6-tom-cruise-paramount-1201555090/|archive-date=April 9, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="AVRuntime">{{cite web|last=Dowd |first=A.A. |title=''Fallout'' May Be The Most Breathlessly Intense ''Mission: Impossible'' Adventure Yet |url=https://www.avclub.com/fallout-may-be-the-most-breathlessly-intense-mission-i-1827872096 |access-date=November 16, 2023|website=[[The A.V. Club]] |date=July 25, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127095035/https://www.avclub.com/fallout-may-be-the-most-breathlessly-intense-mission-i-1827872096 |archive-date=January 27, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="BBCOverallRecep">{{cite web |title=Critics Rave About Tom Cruise's ''Mission: Impossible – Fallout'' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-44818446 |website=[[BBC News]] |date=July 13, 2018 |access-date=August 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528090645/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-44818446 |archive-date=May 28, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="BestActionComplex">{{cite web|url=https://www.complex.com/pop-culture/a/complex/best-action-movies|title=The Best Action Movies Of All Time|website=[[Complex Networks]]|date=|first=|last=|access-date=November 30, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230904213156/https://www.complex.com/pop-culture/a/complex/best-action-movies|archive-date=September 4, 2023|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="BestActionEmpire">{{cite web|url=https://www.empireonline.com/movies/features/best-action-movies/|title=The 50 Best Action Movies|website=[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]]|date=May 24, 2023|access-date=November 30, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123004554/https://www.empireonline.com/movies/features/best-action-movies/|archive-date=November 23, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="BestActionEsquire">{{cite web |url=https://www.esquire.com/uk/culture/film/a32608333/best-action-movies/ |title=Liven Up Your Evening With 38 Of The Best Action Films Ever Made |website=[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]] |date=June 16, 2023 |first1=Tom |last1=Nicholson |first2=Murray |last2=Clark |access-date=November 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129165653/https://www.esquire.com/uk/culture/film/a32608333/best-action-movies/ |archive-date=November 29, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="BestActionIndiewire">{{cite web |url=https://www.indiewire.com/feature/best-action-movies-1201839320/ |title=The 55 Best Action Movies Of The 21St Century |website=[[IndieWire]] |date=September 27, 2023 |first1=Christian |last1=Zilko |first2=Kate |last2=Erbland |first3=Alison |last3=Foreman |access-date=November 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006053935/https://www.indiewire.com/feature/best-action-movies-1201839320/ |archive-date=October 6, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="BestActionMovieweb">{{cite web |url=https://movieweb.com/best-action-movies-ever/ |title=40 Best Action Movies Of All Time, Ranked |website=[[MovieWeb]] |date=November 7, 2022 |first1=Benjamin |last1=Hathaway |first2=Matt |last2=Mahler |first3=Patrick |last3=Hayes |first4=Sean |last4=Shuman |first5=Soniya |last5=Hinduja |first6=Danilo |last6=Raul |access-date=November 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127153033/https://movieweb.com/best-action-movies-ever/ |archive-date=November 27, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="BestActionGlobe">{{cite web |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/film/article-best-action-movies-barry-hertz/ |title=The 21 Best Action Movies Of All Time |website=[[The Globe and Mail]] |date=July 1, 2023 |first=Barry |last=Hertz |access-date=November 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108145613/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/film/article-best-action-movies-barry-hertz/ |archive-date=November 8, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="BestActionMensJourn">{{cite web |url=https://www.mensjournal.com/entertainment/best-action-movies |title=The 60 Best Action Movies Of All Time, Ranked |website=[[Men's Journal]] |date=August 29, 2023 |first=Matt |last=Jusim |access-date=November 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201223301/https://www.mensjournal.com/entertainment/best-action-movies |archive-date=December 1, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="BestActionGameSpot">{{cite web |url=https://www.gamespot.com/gallery/the-20-best-action-movies-the-2010s-had-to-offer/2900-4146/ |title=The 20 Best Action Movies the 2010s Had To Offer |website= |date=October 27, 2023 |first1=Eddie |last1=Makuch |first2=Terry |last2=Terrones |access-date=November 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121165001/https://www.gamespot.com/gallery/the-20-best-action-movies-the-2010s-had-to-offer/2900-4146/ |archive-date=November 21, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="BestActionJoeIE">{{cite web |url=https://www.joe.ie/movies-tv/one-best-action-films-last-five-years-among-movies-tv-tonight-2-726439 |title=One Of The Best Action Films Of The Last Five Years Is Among The Movies On TV Tonight |website=[[Joe (website)|Joe]] |date=2021 |first=Stephen |last=Porzio |access-date=November 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120221105/https://www.joe.ie/movies-tv/one-best-action-films-last-five-years-among-movies-tv-tonight-2-726439 |archive-date=November 20, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="BestActionCollider1">{{cite web |url=https://collider.com/best-action-movies-all-time-ranked/ |title=30 Best Action Movies Of All Time, Ranked |website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]] |date=April 20, 2023 |first=Jeremy |last=Urquhart |access-date=November 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029153003/https://collider.com/best-action-movies-all-time-ranked/ |archive-date=October 29, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="BestActionCollider2">{{cite web |url=https://collider.com/best-action-movies-last-decade-rotten-tomatoes/ |title=The 10 Highest-Rated Action Movies Of The Last Decade, According To Rotten Tomatoes |website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]] |date=July 20, 2023 |first=Diego |last=Pineda Pacheco |access-date=November 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230901135130/https://collider.com/best-action-movies-last-decade-rotten-tomatoes/ |archive-date=September 1, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="BestActionCollider3">{{cite web|url= https://collider.com/best-over-the-top-action-movies-2010s/|title= 15 Over-the-Top Action Movies That Defined The 2010s|website= [[Collider (website)|Collider]]|date= December 5, 2022|first= Jeremy|last= Urquhart|access-date= November 30, 2023|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230924133524/https://collider.com/best-over-the-top-action-movies-2010s/|archive-date= September 24, 2023|url-status= live}}</ref>

<ref name="BestActionTimeOut">{{cite web |url=https://www.timeout.com/film/the-101-best-action-movies-ever-made |title=101 Best Action Movies Of All Time |website= |date=September 19, 2023 |first1=Joshua |last1=Rothkopf |first2=Phil |last2=De Semlyen |first3=Matthew |last3=Singer |first4=Helen |last4=Gynell |access-date=November 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200828134924/https://www.timeout.com/film/the-101-best-action-movies-ever-made |archive-date=August 28, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="BestActionDOG">{{cite web |url=https://www.denofgeek.com/movies/best-action-movies-of-the-last-15-years/ |title=Best Action Movies Of The Last 15 Years |date=July 29, 2022 |first1=David |last1=Crow |first2=Don |last2=Kaye |first3=Gene |last3=Ching |first4=Kirsten |last4=Howard |first5=Mike |last5=Cecchini |first6=Rosie |last6=Fletcher |website=[[Den of Geek]] |access-date=November 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206070441/https://www.denofgeek.com/movies/best-action-movies-of-the-last-15-years/ |archive-date=December 6, 2022 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="BestMIEsquire">{{cite web |url=https://www.esquire.com/entertainment/movies/g36504562/best-mission-impossible-movies-tom-cruise-ranked/ |title=Every ''Mission: Impossible'' Movie, Ranked |website=[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]] |date=July 13, 2023 |first=Chris |last=Nashawaty |access-date=November 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203125512/https://www.esquire.com/entertainment/movies/g36504562/best-mission-impossible-movies-tom-cruise-ranked/ |archive-date=December 3, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="BestMIIndiewire">{{cite web |url=https://www.indiewire.com/features/best-of/mission-impossible-movies-ranked-1201987784/ |title=''Mission: Impossible'' Movies, Ranked Worst To Best |website=[[IndieWire]] |date=July 15, 2023 |first1=Kate |last1=Erbland |first2=Wilson |last2=Chapman |access-date=November 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202230531/https://www.indiewire.com/features/best-of/mission-impossible-movies-ranked-1201987784/ |archive-date=December 2, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="BestMITHR">{{cite web |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/mission-impossible-movies-ranked-dead-reckoning-1235530361/ |title=All 7 ''Mission: Impossible'' Movies Ranked, Including ''Dead Reckoning Part One'' |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=July 13, 2023 |first=James |last=Hibberd |access-date=November 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118114719/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/mission-impossible-movies-ranked-dead-reckoning-1235530361/ |archive-date=November 18, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="BestMIParade">{{cite web |url=https://parade.com/686048/samuelmurrian/we-ranked-all-six-mission-impossible-movies-including-fallout/ |title=All Seven ''Mission: Impossible'' Movies, Ranked from Best to Worst |website=[[Parade (magazine)|Parade]] |date=July 14, 2023 |first=Samuel R. |last=Murrian |access-date=November 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118114744/https://parade.com/686048/samuelmurrian/we-ranked-all-six-mission-impossible-movies-including-fallout/ |archive-date=November 18, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="BestMIRT">{{cite web |url=https://editorial.rottentomatoes.com/guide/all-mission-impossible-movies-ranked/ |title=All Mission: Impossible Movies Ranked |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |access-date=November 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129002335/https://editorial.rottentomatoes.com/guide/all-mission-impossible-movies-ranked/ |archive-date=November 29, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="BestMIUSAToday">{{cite web |url=https://eu.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/movies/2023/07/12/every-mission-impossible-movie-ranked/70401806007/ |title=''Mission: Impossible''? We Rank Every Movie (Even ''Dead Reckoning'') From Worst To Best |website=[[USA Today]] |date=July 12, 2023 |first=Brian |last=Truitt |access-date=November 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716023449/https://eu.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/movies/2023/07/12/every-mission-impossible-movie-ranked/70401806007/ |archive-date=July 16, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="BestMIMensHealth">{{cite web |url=https://www.menshealth.com/entertainment/g44505925/mission-impossible-movies-ranked/ |title=Every High-Octane ''Mission: Impossible'' Movie, Ranked |website=[[Men's Health]] |date=July 14, 2023 |first=Evan |last=Romano |access-date=November 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125153123/https://www.menshealth.com/entertainment/g44505925/mission-impossible-movies-ranked/ |archive-date=November 25, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="BestMIDOG">{{cite web |url=https://www.denofgeek.com/movies/mission-impossible-movies-ranked-from-worst-to-best/ |title=''Mission: Impossible'' Movies Ranked From Worst To Best (Including ''Dead Reckoning Part One'') |website=[[Den of Geek]] |date=July 14, 2023 |first=David |last=Crow |access-date=November 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118114719/https://www.denofgeek.com/movies/mission-impossible-movies-ranked-from-worst-to-best/ |archive-date=November 18, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="BestMIVulture">{{cite web |url=https://www.vulture.com/article/best-mission-impossible-movies.html |title=''Mission: Impossible'' Movies, Ranked |website=[[Vulture (website)|Vulture]] |date=July 13, 2023 |first=Keith |last=Phipps |access-date=November 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118114719/https://www.vulture.com/article/best-mission-impossible-movies.html |archive-date=November 18, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="BestMICollider">{{cite web |url=https://collider.com/mission-impossible-movies-ranked/ |title="Should You Choose To Accept It..." All 7 ''Mission: Impossible'' Movies, Ranked |website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]] |date=June 8, 2023 |first=Jeremy |last=Urquhart |access-date=November 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029153011/https://collider.com/mission-impossible-movies-ranked/ |archive-date=October 29, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="BestMIVariety">{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/lists/mission-impossible-movies-ranking/mission-impossible-fallout-2018-3/ |title=Every ''Mission: Impossible'' Movie, Ranked From Worst To Best |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=July 12, 2023 |first=Joe |last=Leydon |access-date=November 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209201901/https://variety.com/lists/mission-impossible-movies-ranking/mission-impossible-fallout-2018-3/ |archive-date=December 9, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="BestMIStuff">{{cite web |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/entertainment/stuff-to-watch/300920279/the-ultimate-ranking-of-tom-cruises-mission-impossible-movies-so-far |title=The Ultimate Ranking Of Tom Cruise's ''Mission: Impossible'' Movies (So Far) |website=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]] |date=July 4, 2023 |first=James |last=Croot |access-date=November 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818110457/https://www.stuff.co.nz/entertainment/stuff-to-watch/300920279/the-ultimate-ranking-of-tom-cruises-mission-impossible-movies-so-far |archive-date=August 18, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="BestMIGSpot">{{cite web |url=https://www.gamespot.com/gallery/every-mission-impossible-movie-ranked/2900-4809/ |title=Every Mission: Impossible Movie, Ranked |website=[[GameSpot]] |date=July 13, 2023 |first=Kevin |last=Wong |access-date=November 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717102904/https://www.gamespot.com/gallery/every-mission-impossible-movie-ranked/2900-4809/ |archive-date=July 17, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="BestSpyCollider">{{cite web |url=https://collider.com/best-spy-movies-that-arent-james-bond-imdb/#39-mission-impossible---fallout-39-2018 |title=15 Best Spy Movies That Aren't James Bond, Ranked According To IMDb |website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]] |date=March 10, 2023 |first=Luc |last=Haasbroek |access-date=November 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208090006/https://collider.com/best-spy-movies-that-arent-james-bond-imdb/#39-mission-impossible---fallout-39-2018 |archive-date=December 8, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="BestSpyGlamour">{{cite web |url=https://www.glamourmagazine.co.uk/gallery/best-spy-movies |title=11 Best Spy Movies That Will Give You A License To Thrill |website=[[Glamour (magazine)|Glamour]] |date=October 28, 2023 |first=Jabeen |last=Waheed |access-date=November 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121140503/https://www.glamourmagazine.co.uk/gallery/best-spy-movies |archive-date=November 21, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="BestSpyScreenRant">{{cite web|url=https://screenrant.com/best-spy-secret-agent-movies-of-all-time/#bridge-of-spies-2015|title=The 29 Best Spy Movies Of All Time|website=[[Screen Rant]]|date=May 6, 2020|first=Zachary|last=Moser|access-date=November 30, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831235440/https://screenrant.com/best-spy-secret-agent-movies-of-all-time/#bridge-of-spies-2015|archive-date=August 31, 2023|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="BestSpyVulture">{{cite web |url=https://www.vulture.com/article/best-spy-movies-ranked.html |title=The 50 Best Spy Movies Of All Time |website=[[Vulture (website)|Vulture]] |date=March 14, 2019 |first=Keith |last=Phipps |access-date=November 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207204303/https://www.vulture.com/article/best-spy-movies-ranked.html |archive-date=December 7, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="BestSpyEsquire">{{cite web |url=https://www.esquire.com/uk/culture/film/a6990/the-10-best-spy-films-of-all-time/ |title=The 38 Greatest Spy Films Of All Time |website=[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]] |date=October 3, 2023 |first1=Tom |last1=Ward |first2=Tom |last2=Nicholson |first3=Johnny |last3=Davis |first4=Nick |last4=Pope |access-date=November 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127095716/https://www.esquire.com/uk/culture/film/a6990/the-10-best-spy-films-of-all-time/ |archive-date=November 27, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="BestSpyIndiewire">{{cite web |url=https://www.indiewire.com/feature/best-spy-movies-espionage-films-260852/ |title=The 20 Best Spy Movies, From ''Enemy Of the State'' To ''North by Northwest'' |website=[[IndieWire]] |date=August 24, 2023 |first=Alison |last=Foreman |access-date=November 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121140459/https://www.indiewire.com/feature/best-spy-movies-espionage-films-260852/ |archive-date=November 21, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="BestVillainCBR">{{cite web|url=https://www.cbr.com/mission-impossible-best-villains/#august-walker|title=10 Best Villains In The ''Mission: Impossible'' Franchise|website=[[Comic Book Resources]]|date=July 15, 2023|first=Jordan|last=Iacobucci|access-date=November 30, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920183407/https://www.cbr.com/mission-impossible-best-villains/#august-walker|archive-date=September 20, 2023|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="BestVillainCollider">{{cite web|url=https://collider.com/mission-impossible-best-villains-ranked/#solomon-lane|title=''Mission Impossible'': The 10 Best Villains Of The Franchise, Ranked|website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]|date=July 5, 2023|first=Jessie|last=Nguyen|access-date=November 30, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712150940/https://collider.com/mission-impossible-best-villains-ranked/#solomon-lane|archive-date=July 12, 2023|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="BestVillainMovieWeb">{{cite web|url=https://movieweb.com/mission-impossible-movie-villains/#solomon-lane-mdash-mission-impossible---rogue-nation|title=''Mission: Impossible'': Best Villains In The Franchise, Ranked|website=[[MovieWeb]]|date=June 24, 2022|first=Will|last=Sayre|access-date=November 30, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802174909/https://movieweb.com/mission-impossible-movie-villains/#solomon-lane-mdash-mission-impossible---rogue-nation|archive-date=August 2, 2023|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="BestVillainSRant">{{cite web|url=https://screenrant.com/mission-impossible-movie-villains-ranked/#august-walker|title=10 ''Mission Impossible'' Villains Ranked|website=[[Screen Rant]]|date=July 9, 2023|first=Dhruv|last=Sharma|access-date=November 30, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922175852/https://screenrant.com/mission-impossible-movie-villains-ranked/#august-walker|archive-date=September 22, 2023|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="BestVillainCine">{{cite web |url=https://www.cineworld.co.uk/static/en/uk/blog/mission-impossible-villains-ranked-ethan-hunt-greatest-nemesis |title=''Mission: Impossible'' Villains Ranked |website=[[Cineworld]] |date=July 12, 2023 |first=Sean |last=Wilson |access-date=November 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713022313/https://www.cineworld.co.uk/static/en/uk/blog/mission-impossible-villains-ranked-ethan-hunt-greatest-nemesis |archive-date=July 13, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="BestVillainNerdist">{{cite web |url=https://nerdist.com/article/all-mission-impossible-villains-bad-guys-ranked-worst-to-best-performances-actors-character-motives-weapons-reviewed/ |title=Every ''Mission: Impossible'' Villain Ranked From Worst To Best |website=[[Nerdist]] |date=July 13, 2023 |first=Michael |last=Walsh |access-date=November 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801115457/https://nerdist.com/article/all-mission-impossible-villains-bad-guys-ranked-worst-to-best-performances-actors-character-motives-weapons-reviewed/ |archive-date=August 1, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="BFICast">{{cite web |title=''Mission: Impossible Fallout'' (2018) |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/5bb09594b7f68 |website=[[British Film Institute]] |access-date=August 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802192612/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/5bb09594b7f68 |archive-date=August 2, 2023 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<ref name="BFIReview">{{cite web |first= |last= |title=''Mission: Impossible – Fallout'' Review: Tom Cruise Defies Gravity (And Age) |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/reviews-recommendations/mission-impossible-fallout-tom-cruise-defies-gravity |website=[[British Film Institute]] |date= 6 August 2018|access-date=August 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801131700/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/reviews-recommendations/mission-impossible-fallout-tom-cruise-defies-gravity |archive-date=August 1, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="BillboardHarvey">{{cite web|first=|last=|title=DJ Harvey Plays Himself In ''Mission Impossible: Fallout''|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/dj-harvey-mission-impossible-fallout-cameo-8465880/|website=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|date=|access-date=August 1, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802192612/https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/dj-harvey-mission-impossible-fallout-cameo-8465880/|archive-date=August 2, 2023|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="BOMInternational">{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/releasegroup/gr248533509/?ref_=bo_ydw_table_8|title=''Mission: Impossible – Fallout''|website=[[Box Office Mojo]]|access-date=August 16, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824123547/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/releasegroup/gr248533509/?ref_=bo_ydw_table_8|archive-date=August 24, 2023|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="BOMOverall">{{cite web |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl2449573377/weekend/?ref_=bo_rl_tab#tabs |title=''Mission: Impossible – Fallout'' |website=[[Box Office Mojo]] |access-date=August 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815214910/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl2449573377/weekend/?ref_=bo_rl_tab#tabs |archive-date=August 15, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="BOMTopof2018">{{cite web |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/year/2018/ |title=Domestic Box Office For 2018 |website=[[Box Office Mojo]] |access-date=August 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130113154847/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/yearly/chart/?view2=worldwide |archive-date=January 13, 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="BOMproj">{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/news/?id=4420&p=.htm|title=''Mission: Impossible – Fallout'' Poised To Deliver The Franchise's Best Opening Weekend|website=[[Box Office Mojo]]|date=July 26, 2018|first=Brad|last=Brevet|access-date=August 2, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728101400/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/news/?id=4420&p=.htm|archive-date=July 28, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="BOMWeek1JUL2729">{{cite web |title=Domestic 2018 Weekend 30 July 27–29, 2018 |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/weekend/2018W30/?ref_=bo_rl_table_1 |website=[[Box Office Mojo]] |access-date=August 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802222511/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/weekend/2018W30/?ref_=bo_rl_table_1 |archive-date=August 2, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="BOMWeek2AUG35">{{cite web |title=Domestic 2018 Weekend 31 August 3–5, 2018 |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/weekend/2018W31/?ref_=bo_rl_table_2 |website=[[Box Office Mojo]] |access-date=August 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802222511/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/weekend/2018W31/?ref_=bo_rl_table_2 |archive-date=August 2, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="BOMWeek3AUG1012">{{cite web |title=Domestic 2018 Weekend 32 August 10–12, 2018 |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/weekend/2018W32/?ref_=bo_rl_table_3 |website=[[Box Office Mojo]] |access-date=August 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802222514/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/weekend/2018W32/?ref_=bo_rl_table_3 |archive-date=August 2, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="BOMWorldwide">{{cite web |title=2018 Worldwide Box Office |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/year/world/2018/ |website=[[Box Office Mojo]] |access-date=August 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801135142/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/year/world/2018/ |archive-date=August 1, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="BritishCinematog">{{cite web |first=Ron|last=Prince |title=Top Gun |url=https://britishcinematographer.co.uk/rob-hardy-bsc-mission-impossible-fallout/ |website=British Cinematographer |date=2019 |access-date=April 5, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402224207/https://britishcinematographer.co.uk/rob-hardy-bsc-mission-impossible-fallout/ |archive-date=April 2, 2024 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="ColliderBalfe">{{cite web |first=Adam |last=Chitwood |title=''Mission: Impossible – Fallout'' Composer Lorne Balfe On Crafting An Epic Score |url=https://collider.com/mission-impossible-fallout-lorne-balfe-interview/ |website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]] |date=July 30, 2018 |access-date=August 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810163411/https://collider.com/mission-impossible-fallout-lorne-balfe-interview/ |archive-date=August 10, 2022 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="ColliderDeadReckoning">{{cite web |first=Aidan |last=Kelley |title=''Mission: Impossible – Dead Reckoning Part 2'': Release Date, Cast, Filming, and Everything We Know So Far |url=https://collider.com/mission-impossible-dead-reckoning-part-2-release-date-cast-filming/ |website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]] |date=July 18, 2023 |access-date=August 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817142344/https://collider.com/mission-impossible-dead-reckoning-part-2-release-date-cast-filming/ |archive-date=August 17, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Collider50things">{{cite web |first=Adam |last=Chitwood |title=''Mission: Impossible – Fallout'': 50 Things We Learned From The Audio Commentary |url=https://collider.com/mission-impossible-fallout-trivia/ |website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]] |date=December 4, 2018 |access-date=August 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817213315/https://collider.com/mission-impossible-fallout-trivia/ |archive-date=August 17, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="ColliderSaturn">{{cite web |first=Vinnie |last=Mancuso |title=''Avengers: Endgame'', ''Game of Thrones'' Lead the 2019 Saturn Awards Nominations |url=https://collider.com/saturn-awards-nominations-2019/ |date=July 16, 2019 |website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]] |access-date=August 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716042350/http://collider.com/saturn-awards-nominations-2019/ |archive-date=July 16, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="ColliderFinished">{{cite web |first=Matt |last=Goldberg |title=''Mission: Impossible – Fallout'' Finally Wraps Principal Photography |url=https://collider.com/mission-impossible-6-wraps-filming/ |date=February 22, 2018 |website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]] |access-date=September 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525043715/https://collider.com/mission-impossible-6-wraps-filming/ |archive-date=May 25, 2022 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="ColliderInjury">{{Cite web |url=https://collider.com/tom-cruise-mission-impossible-6-injury/ |title=Tom Cruise Gets Back To Work On ''Mission: Impossible 6'' After Set Injury |date=October 4, 2017 |website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]] |access-date=September 13, 2023 |first=Haleigh |last=Foutch |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018103513/http://collider.com/tom-cruise-mission-impossible-6-injury |archive-date=October 18, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="ColliderRenner">{{Cite web |url=https://collider.com/why-jeremy-renner-isnt-in-mission-impossible-fallout/ |title=Jeremy Renner Turned Down A Juicy Cameo In ''Mission: Impossible – Fallout''|date=August 1, 2018 |website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]] |access-date=October 4, 2023 |first=Adam|last=Chitwood |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101065902/https://collider.com/why-jeremy-renner-isnt-in-mission-impossible-fallout/ |archive-date=November 1, 2022 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="ColliderTitle">{{Cite web |url=https://collider.com/mission-impossible-6-title-fallout-explained/ |title=''Mission: Impossible 6'' Writer/Director Christopher McQuarrie Explains The New Title |date=January 25, 2018 |website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]] |access-date=December 14, 2023 |first=Adam|last=Chitwood |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109214439/https://collider.com/mission-impossible-6-title-fallout-explained/ |archive-date=January 9, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="ConnexionAlix">{{cite web |first= |last= |title=Cruise And Clint... Rising Star Is Picked By The Best |url=https://www.connexionfrance.com/article/Mag/Culture/Cruise-and-Clint-rising-star-is-picked-by-the-best |website=[[The Connexion]] |date= |access-date=August 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802192614/https://www.connexionfrance.com/article/Mag/Culture/Cruise-and-Clint-rising-star-is-picked-by-the-best |archive-date=August 2, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="DEADproj">{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2018/07/tom-cruise-mission-impossible-fallout-worldwide-opening-1202432976/|title=''Mission: Impossible – Fallout'' Targets Possible $135M+ Global Record Opening For Tom Cruise Franchise|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|publisher=[[Penske Business Media]]|date=July 25, 2018|first1=Nancy|last1=Tartaglione|first2=Anthony|last2=D'Alessandro|access-date=July 25, 2018|archive-date=July 27, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727064844/https://deadline.com/2018/07/tom-cruise-mission-impossible-fallout-worldwide-opening-1202432976/|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="DeadlineBOPostMortem">{{cite web |url=https://deadline.com/2019/01/highest-grossing-movie-studios-2018-record-international-global-box-office-market-share-chart-analysis-2019-forecast-1202528459/ |title=2018's Record Box Office: Highlights From The Overseas Profit Center & What's Ahead For 2019 – Global Studio Chart |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=January 10, 2019 |first=Nancy |last=Tartaglione |access-date=August 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803172240/https://deadline.com/2019/01/highest-grossing-movie-studios-2018-record-international-global-box-office-market-share-chart-analysis-2019-forecast-1202528459/ |archive-date=August 3, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Deadlineopening">{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2018/07/tom-cruise-mission-impossible-fallout-opening-weekend-1202434739/|title=''Mission'' Accomplished: ''Fallout'' $61M+ Opening Reps Record For Tom Cruise Franchise – Sunday|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=July 29, 2018|first=Anthony|last=D'Alessandro|access-date=August 1, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323062004/https://deadline.com/2018/07/tom-cruise-mission-impossible-fallout-opening-weekend-1202434739/|archive-date=March 23, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Deadline2ndWKND">{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2018/08/tom-cruise-mila-kunis-box-office-mission-impossible-fallout-christopher-robin-spy-who-dumped-me-1202439507/|title=''Mission'' Notches Best 2nd Weekend For Franchise With $35M; ''Christopher Robin'' No Eeyore With $25M – Sunday Box Office|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=August 5, 2018|first=Anthony|last=D'Alessandro|access-date=August 15, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018131800/https://deadline.com/2018/08/tom-cruise-mila-kunis-box-office-mission-impossible-fallout-christopher-robin-spy-who-dumped-me-1202439507/|archive-date=October 18, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Deadline3rdWKND">{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2018/08/august-audiences-get-hooked-on-meg-shelling-out-44m-45m-early-sunday-am-box-office-1202444210/|title=''Meg'' Makes More Moola: Updated $45M+ Opening Reps Record Debut For Director Jon Turteltaub – Box Office|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=August 12, 2018|first=Anthony|last=D'Alessandro|access-date=August 15, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116072354/https://deadline.com/2018/08/august-audiences-get-hooked-on-meg-shelling-out-44m-45m-early-sunday-am-box-office-1202444210/|archive-date=November 16, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Deadline7">{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2023/07/mission-impossible-dead-reckoning-tom-cruise-box-office-opening-1235439165/|title=''Mission: Impossible – Dead Reckoning Part One'' Sets Franchise 5-day U.S. Opening Record With $80M – Sunday Am Update|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=July 16, 2023|first=Anthony|last=D'Alessandro|access-date=August 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716051509/https://deadline.com/2023/07/mission-impossible-dead-reckoning-tom-cruise-box-office-opening-1235439165/|archive-date=July 16, 2023|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="DeadlineIntMarkets">{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2018/07/mission-impossible-fallout-opening-weekend-mamma-mia-incredibles-2-global-international-box-office-1202435956/|title=''Mission: Impossible – Fallout'' Ignites Record $92M Overseas/$153.5M Global Bow – International Box Office|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=July 29, 2018|first=Nancy|last=Tartaglione|access-date=August 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116072828/https://deadline.com/2018/07/mission-impossible-fallout-opening-weekend-mamma-mia-incredibles-2-global-international-box-office-1202435956/|archive-date=November 16, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="DeadlineSAGAward">{{cite web |url=https://deadline.com/2018/12/sag-awards-nominations-full-list-sag-award-nominees-1202518339/ |title=SAG Awards Nominations: ''A Star Is Born'', ''Mrs. Maisel'', ''Ozark'' Lead Way – The Full List |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |last=Hipes |first=Patrick |date=December 12, 2018 |access-date=August 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181213124408/https://deadline.com/2018/12/sag-awards-nominations-full-list-sag-award-nominees-1202518339/ |archive-date=December 13, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="DeadlineSaturn">{{cite web |first=Geoff |last=Boucher |title=Saturn Awards: ''Spider-Man'' Star Tom Holland Wins For Third Year In A Row |url=https://deadline.com/2019/09/saturn-awards-2019-winners-list-jon-favreau-kevin-feige-stan-lee-1202734450/ |date=September 13, 2019 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |access-date=August 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190914235350/https://deadline.com/2019/09/saturn-awards-2019-winners-list-jon-favreau-kevin-feige-stan-lee-1202734450/ |archive-date=September 14, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Deadline2015">{{cite web|last=Pedersen|first=Erik|title=Christopher McQuarrie Back To Write & Direct ''Mission: Impossible 6''|url=https://deadline.com/2015/11/christopher-mcquarrie-mission-impossible-6-director-writer-1201646710/|access-date=August 31, 2023|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=30 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826071644/https://deadline.com/2015/11/christopher-mcquarrie-mission-impossible-6-director-writer-1201646710/|archive-date=August 26, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="DeadlineFilmingBegin">{{cite web |last=Calvario |first=Liz |title=''Mission: Impossible 6'' Officially Starts Production |url=https://deadline.com/2017/04/mission-impossible-6-begins-production-director-announces-christopher-mcquarrie-1202065823/ |access-date=September 6, 2023 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=9 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723202009/https://deadline.com/2017/04/mission-impossible-6-begins-production-director-announces-christopher-mcquarrie-1202065823/ |archive-date=July 23, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="DeadlineInjury">{{cite web|last=Fleming|first=Mike Jr.|title=Tom Cruise Stunt Injury Shuts Down ''M:I 6 – Mission Impossible''|url=https://deadline.com/2017/08/tom-cruise-broken-ankle-mission-impossible-stunt-injury-movie-shutdown-three-months-1202150039/|access-date=September 13, 2023 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=August 16, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816235347/https://deadline.com/2017/08/tom-cruise-broken-ankle-mission-impossible-stunt-injury-movie-shutdown-three-months-1202150039/ |archive-date=August 16, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="DeadlineMonaghan">{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2017/06/michelle-monaghan-returning-for-mission-impossible-6-1202112701/|date=June 13, 2017|title=Michelle Monaghan Returning For ''Mission: Impossible 6''|first=Patrick|last=Hipes|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|access-date=June 13, 2017|archive-date=January 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103044154/http://deadline.com/2017/06/michelle-monaghan-returning-for-mission-impossible-6-1202112701/|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="DeadlineEighth">{{cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |title=''Mission: Impossible 8'' Jumps To 2025; ''A Quiet Place: Day One'' Goes To Summer In 2024 Theatrical Shake-Up Due To Actors Strike |url=https://deadline.com/2023/10/mission-impossible-dead-reckoning-part-2-quiet-place-day-one-actors-strike-1235580981/ |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |access-date=November 28, 2023 |date=October 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119172435/https://deadline.com/2023/10/mission-impossible-dead-reckoning-part-2-quiet-place-day-one-actors-strike-1235580981/ |archive-date=November 19, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=DeadlineStreamingRelease>{{cite web|title=''Mission: Impossible – Dead Reckoning'' Sets Streaming Date On Paramount+, Drops ''Part One'' From Title |url=https://deadline.com/2024/01/mission-impossible-dead-reckoning-streaming-date-paramount-plus-1235796726/|last=Petski|first=Denise|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=January 18, 2024|access-date=January 18, 2024|archive-date=January 18, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118213319/https://deadline.com/2024/01/mission-impossible-dead-reckoning-streaming-date-paramount-plus-1235796726/|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="DeciderHomeVideo">{{cite web |first=Brett |last=White |title=New Movies On Demand: ''Mission: Impossible–Fallout'', ''Peppermint'', ''The Nun'', And More |url=https://decider.com/2018/11/23/new-on-vod-mission-impossible-fallout-the-nun-peppermint/ |website=[[Decider (website)|Decider]] |date=November 23, 2018 |access-date=August 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817205237/https://decider.com/2018/11/23/new-on-vod-mission-impossible-fallout-the-nun-peppermint/ |archive-date=August 17, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="DisputeResolved">{{cite web|last=Kit|first=Borys|title=Tom Cruise Closes ''Mission: Impossible 6'' Deal, Preproduction To Resume (Exclusive)|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/tom-cruise-closes-mission-impossible-929294|access-date=September 17, 2016|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=September 16, 2016|archive-date=August 20, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820113228/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/tom-cruise-closes-mission-impossible-929294|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="EbertAnalysis">{{cite web |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/features/bright-walldark-room-january-2019-the-year-of-the-death-wish-by-fran-hoepfner |title=Bright Wall/Dark Room January 2019: The Year Of The Death Wish By Fran Hoepfner |website=[[RogerEbert.com]] |date=January 15, 2019 |access-date=November 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120221239/https://www.rogerebert.com/features/bright-walldark-room-january-2019-the-year-of-the-death-wish-by-fran-hoepfner |archive-date=November 20, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="EsquireFakeNews">{{cite web |url=https://www.esquire.com/entertainment/movies/a22603245/wolf-blitzer-mission-impossible-fallout/ |title=Wolf Blitzer Actually Had the Craziest Stunt of ''Mission: Impossible — Fallout'' |website=[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]] |date=July 31, 2018 |first=Matt |last=Miller |access-date=November 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802192654/https://www.esquire.com/entertainment/movies/a22603245/wolf-blitzer-mission-impossible-fallout/ |archive-date=August 2, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="EmpireTitle">{{Cite web |url=https://www.empireonline.com/movies/news/mission-impossible-6-officially-named-fallout/ |title=''Mission Impossible 6'' Officially Named ''Fallout'' |last=Travis |first=Ben |date=January 25, 2018 |website=[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]] |access-date=November 16, 2023 |archive-date=February 25, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180225184820/https://www.empireonline.com/movies/news/mission-impossible-6-officially-named-fallout/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="EmpireMustache">{{cite web|url=https://www.empireonline.com/movies/news/mission-impossible-fallout-director-originally-agreed-henry-cavill-shave-moustac/|title=''Mission Impossible Fallout'' Director Originally Agreed For Henry Cavill To Shave Moustache For Justice League|first=Ben|last=Travis|website=[[Empire (film magazine)|Empire]]|date=August 1, 2018|access-date=November 8, 2023 |archive-date=August 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802163912/https://www.empireonline.com/movies/news/mission-impossible-fallout-director-originally-agreed-henry-cavill-shave-moustac/|url-status=live}}/</ref>

<ref name="EWKirbyInt">{{cite web |first= |last= |title=Vanessa Kirby Says Filming ''Mission: Impossible — Fallout'' Was 'Nearly The Death' Of Her |url=https://ew.com/movies/2018/07/26/vanessa-kirby-mission-impossible-fallout-crown/ |website=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |date= |access-date=August 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801131005/https://ew.com/movies/2018/07/26/vanessa-kirby-mission-impossible-fallout-crown/ |archive-date=August 1, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="EWHALO">{{cite web | url = https://ew.com/movies/2018/06/03/tom-cruise-mission-impossible-fallout-halo-jump-stunt/ | title = Watch Tom Cruise Film A Crazy HALO Jump For ''Mission: Impossible — Fallout'' | first = Maureen Lee | last = Lenker | date = June 3, 2018 | access-date = June 3, 2018 | magazine = [[Entertainment Weekly]] | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190327122613/https://ew.com/movies/2018/06/03/tom-cruise-mission-impossible-fallout-halo-jump-stunt/ | archive-date = March 27, 2019 | url-status = live }}</ref>

<ref name="FilmTracksAlbums">{{cite web |first=Christian |last=Clemmensen |title=''Mission: Impossible – Fallout'' |url=https://www.filmtracks.com/titles/mission_imp6.html |website=[[Filmtracks.com]] |date=October 25, 2018 |access-date=August 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810170904/https://www.filmtracks.com/titles/mission_imp6.html |archive-date=August 10, 2022 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="FloridaTimesJulia">{{cite web|first= |last= |title=Movie Review: ''Mission'' Accomplished: ''Fallout'' Is The Action Movie To End All Action Movies |url=https://eu.jacksonville.com/story/entertainment/movies/2018/07/25/movie-review-mission-accomplished-fallout-is-action-movie-to-end-all-action-movies/11292767007/ |website=[[The Florida Times-Union]] |date= |access-date=August 1, 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20231002195205/https://www.jacksonville.com/story/entertainment/movies/2018/07/25/movie-review-mission-accomplished-fallout-is-action-movie-to-end-all-action-movies/11292767007/ |archive-date=October 2, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="FSRCommentary">{{cite web |first=Rob |last=Hunter |title=51 Things We Learned From The ''Mission: Impossible – Fallout'' Commentary |url=https://filmschoolrejects.com/mission-impossible-fallout-commentary/ |website=[[Film School Rejects]] |date=December 7, 2018 |access-date=August 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802232805/https://filmschoolrejects.com/mission-impossible-fallout-commentary/ |archive-date=August 2, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="GameSpotHomeRelease">{{cite web |first=Chris |last=Reed |title=''Mission: Impossible – Fallout'' Special Bonus Features And Buying Guide: 4K UHD, Blu-Ray, DVD, Digital |url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/mission-impossible-fallout-special-bonus-features-/1100-6463508/ |website=[[GameSpot]] |date=December 5, 2018 |access-date=August 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817205232/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/mission-impossible-fallout-special-bonus-features-/1100-6463508/ |archive-date=August 17, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="GRadarBiceps">{{cite web |url=https://www.gamesradar.com/mission-impossible-henry-cavill-reloading-arms/ |title=Henry Cavill Finally Reveals The Origins Behind His Iconic 'Arm Reloading' Scene In ''Mission: Impossible'' |website=[[GamesRadar+]] |date=October 28, 2022 |first=Bradley |last=Russell |access-date=November 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930213633/https://www.gamesradar.com/mission-impossible-henry-cavill-reloading-arms/ |archive-date=September 30, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Guardian1966">{{cite web |first=AA|last=Dowd|title=Why ''Mission: Impossible'' Is The Best Franchise In Hollywood |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2023/jul/13/mission-impossible-tom-cruise |website=[[The Guardian]] |date=July 13, 2023 |access-date=December 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204015456/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2023/jul/13/mission-impossible-tom-cruise|archive-date=December 4, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="GuardianCrit">{{cite web |first=Benjamin |last=Lee |title=Summer 2018 Box Office: What Can We Learn From The Hits And Misses? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2018/aug/28/2018-movies-films-best-worst-box-office-performance-summer |website=[[The Guardian]] |date=August 28, 2018 |access-date=August 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803172005/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2018/aug/28/2018-movies-films-best-worst-box-office-performance-summer |archive-date=August 3, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="HiDefDigestHomeVideo">{{cite web |first=M. Enois |last=Duarte |title=''Mission: Impossible – Fallout'' – 4K Ultra HD Blu-ray |url=https://ultrahd.highdefdigest.com/62075/missionimpossiblefallout4kultrahdbluray.html |website=High-Def Digest |date=November 27, 2018 |access-date=August 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817205238/https://ultrahd.highdefdigest.com/62075/missionimpossiblefallout4kultrahdbluray.html |archive-date=August 17, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="HinduTimes">{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/hollywood/mission-impossible-fallout-was-on-the-hunt-for-a-more-political-story-hence-kashmir/story-Onv2ZGEh5Ws1PoUFXdDOLN.html|title=''Mission Impossible Fallout'' Was On The Hunt For A More Political Story, Hence Kashmir|website=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=July 12, 2018|access-date=December 13, 2023 |archive-date=July 12, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712145647/https://www.hindustantimes.com/hollywood/mission-impossible-fallout-was-on-the-hunt-for-a-more-political-story-hence-kashmir/story-Onv2ZGEh5Ws1PoUFXdDOLN.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="IGNGunn">{{cite web|first=Matt |last=Fowler |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/james-gunn-recommends-54-action-movies-to-cure-the-quarantine-blues |title=James Gunn Recommends 54 Action Movies To Cure The Quarantine Blues|website=[[IGN]] |date=April 18, 2020 |access-date=November 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200617225642/https://www.ign.com/articles/james-gunn-recommends-54-action-movies-to-cure-the-quarantine-blues |archive-date=June 17, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="IndependentFergusonB">{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/rebecca-ferguson-the-snowman-interview-mission-impossible-scandi-noir-6-isla-faust-a7998786.html|title=Rebecca Ferguson: 'I Guess It Can Become A Niche Playing Strong Women'|website=[[The Independent]]|date=October 13, 2017|first=Clarisse|last=Loughrey|access-date=December 9, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415171209/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/rebecca-ferguson-the-snowman-interview-mission-impossible-scandi-noir-6-isla-faust-a7998786.html|archive-date=April 15, 2022|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="IndependentFerguson">{{cite web|first=Alexandra |last=Pollard |title=Rebecca Ferguson: 'We Were On Set, A Hand Slipped Onto My Arse – I Said, "Don't Ever F***Ing Touch Me Again"' |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/rebecca-ferguson-interview-kid-who-would-be-king-mission-impossible-fallout-rogue-nation-a8781331.html |website=[[The Independent]] |date=February 17, 2019 |access-date=August 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802232759/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/rebecca-ferguson-interview-kid-who-would-be-king-mission-impossible-fallout-rogue-nation-a8781331.html |archive-date=August 2, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="IndependentQuarrie">{{cite web |first=Clarisse |last=Loughrey |title=''Mission Impossible 6'': Michelle Monaghan Will Return As Ethan Hunt's Wife |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/mission-impossible-6-michelle-monaghan-julia-meade-hunt-ethan-tom-cruise-release-date-a7788961.html |website=[[The Independent]] |date=June 14, 2017 |access-date=August 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801135932/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/mission-impossible-6-michelle-monaghan-julia-meade-hunt-ethan-tom-cruise-release-date-a7788961.html |archive-date=August 1, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="IndependentJuly15">{{cite web |first=Christopher |last=Hooton |title=''Mission: Impossible 6'': Tom Cruise Is Already Working On A Follow-up To ''Rogue Nation'' |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/mission-impossible-6-tom-cruise-is-already-working-on-a-followup-to-rogue-nation-10425972.html |website=[[The Independent]] |date=July 30, 2015 |access-date=September 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831194735/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/mission-impossible-6-tom-cruise-is-already-working-on-a-followup-to-rogue-nation-10425972.html |archive-date=August 31, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="InverseCast">{{cite web |first= |last= |title=All The ''Mission: Impossible – Fallout'' Series Easter Eggs You Need To Know |url=https://www.inverse.com/article/47481-mission-impossible-fallout-easter-eggs-you-need-to-know |website=[[Inverse (website)|Inverse]] |date= 27 July 2018|access-date=August 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801115455/https://www.inverse.com/article/47481-mission-impossible-fallout-easter-eggs-you-need-to-know |archive-date=August 1, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=July2015Variety>{{cite web|last=McNary|first=Dave|author-link=Dave McNary|title=Tom Cruise Announces Plans For ''Mission: Impossible 6''|url=https://variety.com/2015/film/news/tom-cruise-mission-impossible-6-1201552683/|access-date=September 6, 2023|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=July 29, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626212928/http://variety.com/2015/film/news/tom-cruise-mission-impossible-6-1201552683/|archive-date=June 26, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Metacritic">{{cite web|url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/mission-impossible-fallout|title=''Mission: Impossible – Fallout'' Reviews|website=[[Metacritic]]|access-date=August 23, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129233215/https://www.metacritic.com/movie/mission-impossible-fallout|archive-date=November 29, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="MetaCriticTop10">{{cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/feature/film-critics-list-the-top-10-movies-of-2018 |title=Best Of 2018: Film Critic Top Ten Lists |website=[[Metacritic]] |access-date=August 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190429134048/https://www.metacritic.com/feature/film-critics-list-the-top-10-movies-of-2018 |archive-date=April 29, 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<ref name="MovieWebCast">{{cite web |first= |last= |title=''Mission: Impossible – Dead Reckoning Part One'' Cast And Character Guide |url=https://movieweb.com/mission-impossible-7-dead-reckoning-part-one-cast-characters/ |website=[[MovieWeb]] |date= 12 July 2023|access-date=August 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802092914/https://movieweb.com/mission-impossible-7-dead-reckoning-part-one-cast-characters/ |archive-date=August 2, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="MovieWebSequels">{{Cite web|last=Dick|first=Jeremy|access-date=August 17, 2023|title=Christopher McQuarrie Says ''Mission: Impossible'' Series Won't End With Dead Reckoning|url=https://movieweb.com/mission-impossible-not-ending-dead-reckoning/|website=[[MovieWeb]]|date=June 18, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620001207/https://movieweb.com/mission-impossible-not-ending-dead-reckoning/|archive-date=June 20, 2023|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="MCCruiseFilmography">{{cite web|url=https://www.metacritic.com/person/tom-cruise/|title=Tom Cruise|website=[[Metacritic]]|date=September 27, 2015|access-date=June 5, 2025 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250605220150/https://www.metacritic.com/person/tom-cruise/ |archive-date=June 5, 2025|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="MensHealthBiceps">{{cite web |url=https://www.menshealth.com/uk/entertainment/a41828005/henry-cavill-reload-biceps-warmup-mission-impossible/ |title=Henry Cavill Finally Explains Why He 'Reloaded' His Biceps in 'Mission: Impossible – Fallout' |website= |date=November 2022 |first= |last= |access-date=November 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115070930/https://www.menshealth.com/uk/entertainment/a41828005/henry-cavill-reload-biceps-warmup-mission-impossible/ |archive-date=November 15, 2022 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="MensJournal">{{cite web |url=https://www.mensjournal.com/travel/the-mission-impossible-guide-to-paris-according-to-a-location-scout |title=The ''Mission: Impossible—Fallout'' Guide To Paris |website=[[Men's Journal]] |date=September 6, 2018 |first=Charles |last=Thorp |access-date=December 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202090412/https://www.mensjournal.com/travel/the-mission-impossible-guide-to-paris-according-to-a-location-scout/ |archive-date=February 2, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="MilitaryTimesDoug">{{cite web |url=https://www.militarytimes.com/off-duty/military-culture/2018/08/15/mission-impossible-fallout-director-discusses-navy-seals-influence-on-new-movie/ |title=''Mission: Impossible – Fallout'' Director Discusses Unique Navy SEAL Influence On New Movie |website=[[Military Times]] |date=August 15, 2018 |first=Jon |last=Simkins |access-date=November 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204104718/https://www.militarytimes.com/off-duty/military-culture/2018/08/15/mission-impossible-fallout-director-discusses-navy-seals-influence-on-new-movie/ |archive-date=December 4, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="MWebTCProd">{{cite web |url=https://movieweb.com/why-tom-cruises-the-mummy-is-his-worst-film/|title=Why Tom Cruise's 2017 Box Office Bomb Is Easily His Worst Film of All Time |first=David |last=Grove |website=[[MovieWeb]] |date=July 12, 2023 |access-date=December 14, 2023 |archive-date=August 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816223827/https://movieweb.com/why-tom-cruises-the-mummy-is-his-worst-film/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="NerdistCast">{{cite web |first= |last= |title=Every ''Mission: Impossible'' Villain Ranked From Worst To Best |url=https://nerdist.com/article/all-mission-impossible-villains-bad-guys-ranked-worst-to-best-performances-actors-character-motives-weapons-reviewed/ |website=[[Nerdist]] |date= |access-date=August 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801115457/https://nerdist.com/article/all-mission-impossible-villains-bad-guys-ranked-worst-to-best-performances-actors-character-motives-weapons-reviewed/ |archive-date=August 1, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="NorwegianReward">{{cite web |url=https://blog.norwegianreward.com/en/travel/pulpit-rock-mission-impossible/ |title=Visit Norway's Epic Pulpit Rock As Seen On ''Mission: Impossible – Fallout'' |website=[[Norwegian Reward]] |date=July 8, 2020 |access-date=December 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209214210/https://blog.norwegianreward.com/en/travel/pulpit-rock-mission-impossible/ |archive-date=December 9, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="OverallIndieW">{{Cite web |last=Sharf |first=Zack |date=March 26, 2020 |title=''Mission: Impossible'' Director Brian De Palma Rejected Making Sequels: 'One of These Is Enough' |url=https://www.indiewire.com/features/general/brian-de-palma-rejected-tom-cruise-pitch-mission-impossible-sequel-1202220713/ |access-date=November 29, 2024 |website=[[IndieWire]]|language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240712215529/https://www.indiewire.com/features/general/brian-de-palma-rejected-tom-cruise-pitch-mission-impossible-sequel-1202220713/ |archive-date=July 12, 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="OverallIndependent">{{Cite web |first=Jacob |last=Stolworthy |date=January 23, 2020 |title=The Cast of ''Mission: Impossible 7'' Has Been Officially Assembled |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/mission-impossible-7-cast-tom-cruise-top-gun-maverick-avengers-release-date-a9298041.html |access-date=July 12, 2024 |website=[[The Independent]] |language=en |archive-date=October 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022003711/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/mission-impossible-7-cast-tom-cruise-top-gun-maverick-avengers-release-date-a9298041.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="OverallTHR">{{Cite web |last=Kit |first=Borys |date=January 14, 2019 |title=Christopher McQuarrie Signs on for Two New ''Mission: Impossible'' Movies |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-features/christopher-mcquarrie-talks-direct-new-mission-impossible-movies-1176012/ |access-date=July 12, 2024 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |language=en-US |archive-date=January 17, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117124314/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-features/christopher-mcquarrie-talks-direct-new-mission-impossible-movies-1176012/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="OverallRadioTimes">{{Cite web |first=Huw |last=Fullerton |title=Critics Are Raving About the New ''Mission: Impossible'' Movie |url=https://www.radiotimes.com/movies/critics-are-raving-about-the-new-mission-impossible-movie/ |date=July 12, 2018|access-date=July 12, 2024 |website=[[Radio Times]] |language=en-GB |archive-date=October 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003052608/https://www.radiotimes.com/movies/critics-are-raving-about-the-new-mission-impossible-movie/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="OverallWrap">{{Cite web |last=Fuster |first=Jeremy |date=July 25, 2018 |title=Can ''Mission: Impossible - Fallout'' Ride Critical Acclaim to Box Office Success? |url=https://www.thewrap.com/can-mission-impossible-fallout-ride-critical-acclaim-box-office-success/ |access-date=July 12, 2024 |website=[[TheWrap]] |language=en-US |archive-date=May 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520194429/https://www.thewrap.com/can-mission-impossible-fallout-ride-critical-acclaim-box-office-success/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="ProVideoCoalition">{{cite web |url=https://www.provideocoalition.com/aotc-hamilton-fallout/ |title=Art Of The Cut With Mission: Impossible – Fallout's Eddie Hamilton, Ace By Steve Hullfish |website=ProVideo Coalition |date=July 28, 2018 |first=Steve |last=Hullfish |access-date=December 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202202504/https://www.provideocoalition.com/aotc-hamilton-fallout/ |archive-date=December 2, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="ReutersPrediction">{{cite web |title=Box Office: ''Mission Impossible – Fallout'' Rocketing To $59 Million Debut |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-boxoffice-idUSKBN1KJ0M3 |website=[[Reuters]] |date=July 29, 2018 |access-date=August 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802195250/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-boxoffice-idUSKBN1KJ0M3 |archive-date=August 2, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="ReviewChicagoReader">{{cite web |url=https://chicagoreader.com/film/mission-impossible-fallout/ |first=J.R. |last=Jones |title=''Mission: Impossible — Fallout'' |website=[[Chicago Reader]] |date=June 27, 2018 |access-date=August 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824105401/https://chicagoreader.com/film/mission-impossible-fallout/ |archive-date=August 24, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="ReviewChicagoSunTimes">{{cite web |url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/entertainment/mission-impossible-fallout-review-tom-cruise-henry-cavill/ |first=Richard |last=Roeper |title=''Mission: Impossible — Fallout'' Lifts Tom Cruise Franchise To Dizzying Heights |website=[[Chicago Sun-Times]] |date=July 26, 2018 |access-date=August 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824105403/https://chicago.suntimes.com/entertainment/mission-impossible-fallout-review-tom-cruise-henry-cavill/ |archive-date=August 24, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="ReviewChicagoTrib">{{cite web |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/movies/sc-mov-mission-impossible-review-0723-story.html |first=Michael |last=Phillips |title=''Mission: Impossible — Fallout'' Review: We Choose To Accept It |website=[[Chicago Tribune]] |date=July 17, 2018 |access-date=August 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824105400/https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/movies/sc-mov-mission-impossible-review-0723-story.html |archive-date=August 24, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="ReviewEbert">{{cite web |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/mission-impossible---fallout-2018 |first=Brian |last=Tallerico |title=''Mission: Impossible – Fallout'' |website=[[RogerEbert.com]] |date=July 27, 2018 |access-date=August 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824105401/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/mission-impossible---fallout-2018 |archive-date=August 24, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="ReviewEmpire">{{cite web |url=https://www.empireonline.com/movies/reviews/mission-impossible-fallout-review/ |first=Helen |last=O'Hara |title=''Mission: Impossible – Fallout'' Review |website=[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]] |date=July 13, 2018 |access-date=August 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824105403/https://www.empireonline.com/movies/reviews/mission-impossible-fallout-review/ |archive-date=August 24, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="ReviewEW">{{cite web|url=https://ew.com/movies/2018/07/12/mission-impossible-fallout-review/|title=''Mission: Impossible – Fallout'' Is Insanely Great|website=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|last=Nashawaty|first=Chris|access-date=August 24, 2023|date=July 12, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412203640/https://ew.com/movies/2018/07/12/mission-impossible-fallout-review/|archive-date=April 12, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="ReviewGuardian">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2018/jul/12/mission-impossible-fallout-review-tom-cruise-remains-a-pneumatic-treat|title=''Mission Impossible: Fallout'' Review: Tom Cruise Remains A Pneumatic Treat|website=[[The Guardian]]|last=Bradshaw|first=Peter|access-date=August 24, 2023|date=July 12, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329221622/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2018/jul/12/mission-impossible-fallout-review-tom-cruise-remains-a-pneumatic-treat|archive-date=March 29, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="ReviewIndieWire">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiewire.com/2018/07/mission-impossible-fallout-review-tom-cruise-best-action-movie-1201983552/|title=''Mission: Impossible — Fallout'' Review: Tom Cruise And Christopher McQuarrie Deliver One Of the Best Action Movies Ever Made|first=David|last=Ehrlich|website=[[IndieWire]]|date=July 12, 2018|access-date=August 24, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105034638/https://www.indiewire.com/2018/07/mission-impossible-fallout-review-tom-cruise-best-action-movie-1201983552/|archive-date=January 5, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="ReviewLATimes">{{cite web |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-mission-impossible-fallout-review-20180712-story.html |first=Kenneth |last=Turan |title=Review: Tom Cruise Returns, Crazy Stunts And All, In ''Mission: Impossible — Fallout'' |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=July 13, 2018 |access-date=August 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824105402/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-mission-impossible-fallout-review-20180712-story.html |archive-date=August 24, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="ReviewMaltin">{{cite web |url=https://leonardmaltin.com/mission-impossible-tom-cruise-is-really-good-at-running/ |first=Leonard |last=Maltin |title=''Mission: Impossible'' — Tom Cruise Is Really Good At Running |website=[[leonardmaltin.com]] |date=July 27, 2018 |access-date=August 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824105401/https://leonardmaltin.com/mission-impossible-tom-cruise-is-really-good-at-running/ |archive-date=August 24, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="ReviewPop">{{cite web|last=Kinnard|first=J.R.|website=[[PopMatters]]|url=https://www.popmatters.com/mission-impossible-fallout-christopher-mcquarrie-2589697866.html|title=Is Tom Cruise's Ethan Hunt Ready to Let It Go? ''Mission: Impossible – Fallout''|date=July 25, 2018|access-date=August 24, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726110656/https://www.popmatters.com/mission-impossible-fallout-christopher-mcquarrie-2589697866.html|archive-date=July 26, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="ReviewReelViews">{{cite web |url=https://www.reelviews.net/reelviews/mission-impossible-fallout |first=James |last=Berardinelli |author-link=James Berardinelli |title=''Mission: Impossible – Fallout'' (United States, 2018) |website=[[ReelViews]] |date=July 25, 2018 |access-date=August 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824105403/https://www.reelviews.net/reelviews/mission-impossible-fallout |archive-date=August 24, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="ReviewRS">{{cite web |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/tv-movies/tv-movie-reviews/mission-impossible-fallout-movie-review-699564/ |first=Peter |last=Travers |title=''Mission: Impossible – Fallout'' Review: Tom Cruise Runs, Jumps, Flies – And Delivers |website=[[Rolling Stone]] |date=July 16, 2018 |access-date=August 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824105401/https://www.rollingstone.com/tv-movies/tv-movie-reviews/mission-impossible-fallout-movie-review-699564/ |archive-date=August 24, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="ReviewSalon">{{cite web |url=https://www.salon.com/2018/07/27/mission-impossible-fallout-tom-cruise-action-spectacle-delivers-high-level-summer-fun/ |first=Matthew |last=Rozsa |title="''Mission: Impossible — Fallout''": Tom Cruise Action Spectacle Delivers High-level Summer Fun |website=[[Salon.com]] |date=July 27, 2018 |access-date=August 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825171108/https://www.salon.com/2018/07/27/mission-impossible-fallout-tom-cruise-action-spectacle-delivers-high-level-summer-fun/ |archive-date=August 25, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="ReviewSlate">{{cite web |url=https://slate.com/culture/2018/07/mission-impossible-fallout-starring-tom-cruise-reviewed.html |first=Sam |last=Adams |title=The New ''Mission: Impossible'' Understands The Secret Of The Franchise's Action Sequences |website=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |date=July 12, 2018 |access-date=August 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824105402/https://slate.com/culture/2018/07/mission-impossible-fallout-starring-tom-cruise-reviewed.html |archive-date=August 24, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="ReviewScreen">{{cite web |url=https://www.screendaily.com/reviews/mission-impossible-fallout-review/5130873.article |first=Tim |last=Grierson |title=''Mission: Impossible – Fallout'': Review |website=[[Screen Daily]] |date=July 12, 2018 |access-date=August 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731112921/https://www.screendaily.com/reviews/mission-impossible-fallout-review/5130873.article |archive-date=July 31, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="ReviewSightSound">{{cite web|url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/features/tom-cruise-mission-impossible-franchise|first=Nick|last=Pinkerton|title=Thrill Of The Hunt: Tom Cruise And The ''Mission: Impossible'' Franchise|website=[[Sight & Sound]]|date=August 6, 2018|access-date=August 24, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802012622/https://www.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/features/tom-cruise-mission-impossible-franchise|archive-date=August 2, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="ReviewTheWrap">{{cite web|url=https://www.thewrap.com/mission-impossible-fallout-cruise-ing-bruising-action-jam-packed-six-quel/|title=''Mission Impossible: Fallout'' Film Review: Cruise-ing For Bruising Action In This Jam-Packed Six-Quel|website=[[TheWrap]]|last=Abele|first=Robert|access-date=August 24, 2023|date=July 12, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506035344/https://www.thewrap.com/mission-impossible-fallout-cruise-ing-bruising-action-jam-packed-six-quel/|archive-date=May 6, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="ReviewTHR">{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/mission-impossible-fallout-review-1126693|title=''Mission: Impossible – Fallout'' Film Review|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|last=McCarthy|first=Todd|access-date=August 24, 2023|date=July 12, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105230220/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/mission-impossible-fallout-review-1126693|archive-date=November 5, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="ReviewTimeCom">{{cite web |url=https://time.com/5349500/mission-impossible-fallout/ |first=Stephanie |last=Zacharek |title=''Mission: Impossible—Fallout'' May Be The Best Since The Original |website=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=July 26, 2018 |access-date=August 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824105401/https://time.com/5349500/mission-impossible-fallout/ |archive-date=August 24, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="ReviewTimeOut">{{cite web |url=https://www.timeout.com/movies/mission-impossible-fallout |first=Dan |last=Jolin |title=''Mission: Impossible – Fallout'' |website=[[Time Out (magazine)|Time Out]] |date=July 17, 2018 |access-date=August 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824105401/https://www.timeout.com/movies/mission-impossible-fallout |archive-date=August 24, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="ReviewUSAToday">{{cite web |url=https://eu.usatoday.com/story/life/movies/2018/07/24/mission-impossible-fallout-review-tom-cruise-gets-his-bond/822030002/ |first=Brian |last=Truitt |title=Tom Cruise Gets His Bond On In A Big Way For Daring ''Mission: Impossible – Fallout'' |website=[[USA Today]] |date=July 24, 2018 |access-date=August 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716000559/https://eu.usatoday.com/story/life/movies/2018/07/24/mission-impossible-fallout-review-tom-cruise-gets-his-bond/822030002/ |archive-date=July 16, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="ReviewVariety">{{cite web |last=Debruge |first=Peter |url=https://variety.com/2018/film/reviews/mission-impossible-fallout-review-1202872043/ |title=Film Review: Tom Cruise in ''Mission: Impossible — Fallout'' |date=July 12, 2018 |access-date=August 24, 2023 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702194818/https://variety.com/2018/film/reviews/mission-impossible-fallout-review-1202872043/ |archive-date=July 2, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="ReviewVanityFair">{{cite web |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2018/07/mission-impossible-fallout-tom-cruise-movie-review |first=Richard |last=Lawson |title=''Mission: Impossible — Fallout'' Is The Best Action Movie Of The Year |website=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]] |date=July 12, 2018 |access-date=August 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217040237/https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2018/07/mission-impossible-fallout-tom-cruise-movie-review |archive-date=December 17, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="ReviewVulture">{{cite web |url=https://www.vulture.com/2018/07/tom-cruise-suffers-for-you-in-mission-impossible-fallout.html |first=David |last=Edelstein |title=Tom Cruise Suffers Hard For You In ''Mission: Impossible — Fallout'' |website=[[Vulture (website)|Vulture]] |date=July 23, 2018 |access-date=August 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824105400/https://www.vulture.com/2018/07/tom-cruise-suffers-for-you-in-mission-impossible-fallout.html |archive-date=August 24, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="ReviewVillageVoice">{{cite web |url=https://www.villagevoice.com/mission-impossible-fallout-is-sex/ |first=Bilge |last=Ebiri |title="''Mission: Impossible — Fallout''" Is Sex |website=[[The Village Voice]] |date=July 23, 2018 |access-date=August 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824105403/https://www.villagevoice.com/mission-impossible-fallout-is-sex/ |archive-date=August 24, 2023 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<ref name="ReviewWAPO">{{cite web |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/goingoutguide/movies/mission-impossible--fallout-is-big-convoluted-and-exhausting-its-also-good/2018/07/24/2920a0b2-8b84-11e8-85ae-511bc1146b0b_story.html |first=Ann |last=Hornaday |title=''Mission: Impossible — Fallout'' Is Big, Convoluted And Exhausting. It's Also Good. |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=July 24, 2018 |access-date=August 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012202912/https://www.washingtonpost.com/goingoutguide/movies/mission-impossible--fallout-is-big-convoluted-and-exhausting-its-also-good/2018/07/24/2920a0b2-8b84-11e8-85ae-511bc1146b0b_story.html |archive-date=October 12, 2022 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="RottenTomatoesScore">{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/mission_impossible_fallout|title=''Mission: Impossible – Fallout'' (2018)|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|access-date=August 23, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712221032/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/mission_impossible_fallout|archive-date=July 12, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="RTSeries">{{cite web|url=https://editorial.rottentomatoes.com/guide/all-mission-impossible-movies-ranked/ |title=All ''Mission: Impossible'' Movies Ranked|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|access-date=November 30, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250601114514/https://editorial.rottentomatoes.com/guide/all-mission-impossible-movies-ranked/ |archive-date=June 1, 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="SlashFilmWalkerLegacy">{{cite web|url=https://www.slashfilm.com/1160695/henry-cavills-dedication-to-mission-impossible-fallout-changed-the-way-his-character-was-written/|title=Henry Cavill's Dedication To ''Mission: Impossible – Fallout'' Changed The Way His Character Was Written|website=[[/Film]]|date=January 14, 2023|first=|last=|access-date=November 30, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705125301/https://www.slashfilm.com/1160695/henry-cavills-dedication-to-mission-impossible-fallout-changed-the-way-his-character-was-written/|archive-date=July 5, 2023|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="ScreenRantBassett">{{cite web |first= |last= |title=Angela Bassett Interview – ''Mission: Impossible – Fallout'' |url=https://screenrant.com/mission-impossible-fallout-angela-bassett-interview/ |website=[[Screen Rant]] |date= 28 July 2018|access-date=August 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801130057/https://screenrant.com/mission-impossible-fallout-angela-bassett-interview/ |archive-date=August 1, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="ScreenRantCast">{{cite web |first= |last= |title=''Mission: Impossible – Fallout'' Cast & Character Guide |url=https://screenrant.com/mission-impossible-6-cast-character-guide/ |website=[[Screen Rant]] |date= 27 July 2018|access-date=August 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801115455/https://screenrant.com/mission-impossible-6-cast-character-guide/ |archive-date=August 1, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="ScreenRantNilsBlitz">{{cite web|first=|last=|title=Wolf Blitzer & Kristoffer Joner Interview: ''Mission: Impossible – Fallout''|url=https://screenrant.com/wolf-blitzer-kristoffer-joner-interview-mission-impossible-fallout/|website=[[Screen Rant]]|date=28 November 2018|access-date=August 1, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802192612/https://screenrant.com/wolf-blitzer-kristoffer-joner-interview-mission-impossible-fallout/|archive-date=August 2, 2023|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="SeattleFC">{{cite web|url=http://seattlefilmcritics.com/2018/12/10/the-favourite-leads-the-2018-seattle-film-critics-society-nominations/|title=''The Favourite'' Leads The 2018 Seattle Film Critics Society Nominations|website=[[Seattle Film Critics Society]]|date=December 10, 2018|access-date=August 19, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181211100205/http://seattlefilmcritics.com/2018/12/10/the-favourite-leads-the-2018-seattle-film-critics-society-nominations/|archive-date=December 11, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="SeattleFC2">{{cite web|url=http://seattlefilmcritics.com/2018/12/17/roma-named-best-picture-of-2018-by-seattle-film-critics-society/|title="''Roma''" Named Best Picture Of 2018 By Seattle Film Critics Society|website=[[Seattle Film Critics Society]]|date=December 17, 2018|access-date=August 19, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217224405/http://seattlefilmcritics.com/2018/12/17/roma-named-best-picture-of-2018-by-seattle-film-critics-society/|archive-date=December 17, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="SlashSaturn">{{cite web |first=Ethan |last=Anderton |title=45th Saturn Awards Nominations: ''Avengers: Endgame'' Leads With 14 Nods, ''Game Of Thrones'' Tops TV Category |url=https://www.slashfilm.com/567741/2019-saturn-awards-nominations/ |date=July 16, 2019 |website=[[/Film]] |access-date=August 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230819193839/https://www.slashfilm.com/567741/2019-saturn-awards-nominations/ |archive-date=August 19, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="SlashFilmVinyl">{{cite web |first=Chris |last=Evangelista |title=''Mission: Impossible – Fallout'' Vinyl Soundtrack Coming From Mondo |url=https://www.slashfilm.com/567275/mission-impossible-fallout-vinyl-soundtrack/ |website=[[/Film]] |date=June 24, 2019 |access-date=August 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810171719/https://www.slashfilm.com/567275/mission-impossible-fallout-vinyl-soundtrack/ |archive-date=August 10, 2022 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="SlashYang">{{cite web|first=|last=|title=''Mission: Impossible — Fallout''{{'}}s Bathroom Scene Took An 'Uncomfortably Long' Time To Film|url=https://www.slashfilm.com/1304115/mission-impossible-fallouts-bathroom-scene-took-uncomfortably-long-time-to-film/|website=[[/Film]]|date=3 June 2023|access-date=August 1, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802192612/https://www.slashfilm.com/1304115/mission-impossible-fallouts-bathroom-scene-took-uncomfortably-long-time-to-film/|archive-date=August 2, 2023|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="SlateJulia">{{cite journal |title=Get Ready For ''Mission: Impossible—Fallout'' With This Recap Of The Entire Series (From Michelle Monaghan's Character's Perspective) |url=https://slate.com/culture/2018/07/get-ready-for-mission-impossible-fallout-with-this-recap-of-the-entire-series-from-michelle-monaghans-characters-perspective.html |website=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |date= 28 July 2018|access-date=August 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801135139/https://slate.com/culture/2018/07/get-ready-for-mission-impossible-fallout-with-this-recap-of-the-entire-series-from-michelle-monaghans-characters-perspective.html |archive-date=August 1, 2023 |url-status=live |last1= Dessem|first1= Matthew}}</ref>

<ref name="StandardAugust">{{cite web |author-first1=Jennifer|author-last1=Ruby|title=Henry Cavill Admits He Was 'Oblivious To The Levels Of Danger' While Shooting Terrifying Stunts For ''Mission: Impossible – Fallout'' |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/showbiz/celebrity-news/henry-cavill-admits-he-was-oblivious-to-the-levels-of-danger-while-shooting-terrifying-stunts-for-mission-impossible-fallout-a3888506.html |website=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |date= 17 July 2018|access-date=August 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801215617/https://www.standard.co.uk/showbiz/celebrity-news/henry-cavill-admits-he-was-oblivious-to-the-levels-of-danger-while-shooting-terrifying-stunts-for-mission-impossible-fallout-a3888506.html |archive-date=August 1, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="StraitsFRUKPremieres">{{cite web |first= |last= |title=In Pictures: Premiere Of ''Mission: Impossible – Fallout'' In London And Paris |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/multimedia/photos/in-pictures-premiere-of-mission-impossible-fallout-in-london-and-paris |website=[[The Straits Times]] |date= 15 July 2018|access-date=August 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802193904/https://www.straitstimes.com/multimedia/photos/in-pictures-premiere-of-mission-impossible-fallout-in-london-and-paris |archive-date=August 2, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="SydneySequels">{{cite web|url=https://www.smh.com.au/culture/movies/tom-cruise-celebrates-birthday-at-australian-premiere-of-mission-impossible-20230703-p5dlch.html|title={{'}}''Oppenheimer'' Then ''Barbie''{{'}}: Tom Cruise Picks Side In Box Office Battle|website=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|last=Mitchell|first=Thomas|date=July 3, 2023|access-date=August 17, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704132725/https://www.smh.com.au/culture/movies/tom-cruise-celebrates-birthday-at-australian-premiere-of-mission-impossible-20230703-p5dlch.html|archive-date=July 4, 2023|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="TheAtlanticBlitz">{{cite web|first=|last=|title=A ''Mission: Impossible'' Fake-Out for the Ages|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2018/12/wolf-blitzer-cameo-mission-impossible-fallout-christopher-mcquarrie/578998/|website=[[The Atlantic]]|date=28 December 2018|access-date=August 1, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419012742/https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2018/12/wolf-blitzer-cameo-mission-impossible-fallout-christopher-mcquarrie/578998/|archive-date=April 19, 2023|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="TheVergeCast">{{cite web |first= |last= |title=In ''Mission: Impossible – Fallout'', Being The Good Guy Has Serious Consequences |url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/7/12/17566014/mission-impossible-fallout-review-tom-cruise |website=[[The Verge]] |date= 12 July 2018|access-date=August 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801115455/https://www.theverge.com/2018/7/12/17566014/mission-impossible-fallout-review-tom-cruise |archive-date=August 1, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="TheWrapBOPredict">{{cite web |first=Jeremy |last=Fuster |title=Summer Box Office Preview: Will Marvel Mania Be Enough To Boost Hollywood's Fortunes? |url=https://www.thewrap.com/summer-box-office-preview-2018-marvel/ |website=[[TheWrap]] |date=May 1, 2018 |access-date=August 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802235317/https://www.thewrap.com/summer-box-office-preview-2018-marvel/ |archive-date=August 2, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="THRBAFTA">{{Cite web |date=February 10, 2019 |title=BAFTA Awards: ''The Favourite'' Dominates With 7 Wins, But ''Roma'' Claims Top Prize |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/bafta-award-winners-2019-complete-list-1178566/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190211002045/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/bafta-award-winners-2019-complete-list-1178566/ |archive-date=February 11, 2019 |access-date=December 15, 2023 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>

<ref name="THRCriticsChoice">{{Cite web |last=Crist |first=Allison |date=January 13, 2019 |title=Critics' Choice Awards: ''Roma'', ''Americans'', ''Mrs. Maisel'' Top Winners |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/2019-critics-choice-awards-winners-list-full-1172261/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114153323/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/2019-critics-choice-awards-winners-list-full-1172261/ |archive-date=January 14, 2019 |access-date=December 15, 2023 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>

<ref name="THRDark">{{cite web |first= |last= |title=''Mission: Impossible'' Director Christopher Mcquarrie On The Dark Plotline Cut From ''Fallout'' |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/mission-impossible-tom-cruise-pushed-a-dark-plot-was-cut-1130744/ |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date= 30 July 2018|access-date=August 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801133401/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/mission-impossible-tom-cruise-pushed-a-dark-plot-was-cut-1130744/ |archive-date=August 1, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="THRPremiere">{{cite web |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/mission-impossible-fallout-cast-how-paris-inspired-latest-action-packed-installment-1126779 |title=The ''Mission Impossible — Fallout'' Cast On How Paris Inspired the Latest Action-Packed Installment |first=Rhonda |last=Richford |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=July 12, 2018 |access-date=August 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211081743/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/amp/news/mission-impossible-fallout-cast-how-paris-inspired-latest-action-packed-installment-1126779 |archive-date=December 11, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="THRRomance">{{cite web |first=Nick |last=Allen |title=The Refreshing Romance Of ''Mission: Impossible — Fallout'' |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/mission-impossible-fallout-ending-is-surprisingly-feminist-1130514/ |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date= 31 July 2018|access-date=August 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801133558/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/mission-impossible-fallout-ending-is-surprisingly-feminist-1130514/ |archive-date=August 1, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="THRThemes">{{cite web |first=Josh |last=Weiss |title=''Mission: Impossible — Fallout'' Is The End Of An Era |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-features/how-mission-impossible-fallout-ending-revitalizes-franchise-1130191/ |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date= 29 July 2018|access-date=August 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802193457/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-features/how-mission-impossible-fallout-ending-revitalizes-franchise-1130191/ |archive-date=August 2, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="THRHomeVideo">{{cite web |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-features/best-mission-impossible-fallout-blu-ray-commentary-revelations-1163302/ |title=10 ''Mission: Impossible — Fallout'' Blu-Ray Commentary Revelations |first=Brian |last=Davids |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=November 21, 2018 |access-date=August 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817214236/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-features/best-mission-impossible-fallout-blu-ray-commentary-revelations-1163302/ |archive-date=August 17, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="THRInjury">{{cite web|last=Siegel|first=Tatiana|title=''Mission: Impossible — Fallout'' Budget Soars After Tom Cruise Injury, Raising Box-Office Stakes|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/mission-impossible-fallout-budget-hits-series-high-tom-cruise-injury-1129554|access-date=July 25, 2018|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=July 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725172047/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/mission-impossible-fallout-budget-hits-series-high-tom-cruise-injury-1129554|archive-date=July 25, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="THRHalted">{{cite web|last=Kit|first=Borys|title=Tom Cruise ''Mission: Impossible 6'' Pay Dispute Halts Preproduction|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/tom-cruise-mission-impossible-6-921148|access-date=September 28, 2023|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=August 19, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216072234/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/tom-cruise-mission-impossible-6-921148|archive-date=December 16, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="THRHalted2">{{cite web|last=Couch |first=Aaron |title=Is ''Mission: Impossible 6'' Necessary? |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/mission-impossible-6-filming-delayed-tom-cruise-pay-dispute-921477/ |access-date=September 28, 2023|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=August 22, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606073616/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/mission-impossible-6-filming-delayed-tom-cruise-pay-dispute-921477/ |archive-date=June 6, 2023|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="THRAlibaba">{{cite web |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/alibaba-pictures-promote-mission-impossible-fallout-china-1135364/|title=Alibaba Pictures To Promote ''Mission: Impossible — Fallout'' In China |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=August 15, 2018 |access-date=December 14, 2023 |archive-date=June 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606095953/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/alibaba-pictures-promote-mission-impossible-fallout-china-1135364/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="THRCavillInt">{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/feature/henry-cavill-interview-witcher-superman-1235044553/|title=Why Henry Cavill Basically Already Is James Bond|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=November 10, 2021|first=James|last=Hibberd|access-date=November 30, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127230857/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/feature/henry-cavill-interview-witcher-superman-1235044553/|archive-date=November 27, 2023|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="THRCavillJoins">{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/henry-cavill-joins-cast-mission-impossible-6-986929/|title= Henry Cavill Joins Cast Of ''Mission: Impossible 6''|website= [[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=March 16, 2017|first=Patrick |last=Shanley |access-date=December 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022085105/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/henry-cavill-joins-cast-mission-impossible-6-986929/ |archive-date=October 22, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="THRMarketing">{{cite web |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/mission-impossible-fallout-marketing-banks-daredevil-action-scenes-1129735/ |title=''Mission: Impossible — Fallout'' Marketing Banks On Daredevil Action Scenes |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=July 25, 2018 |first=Chris |last=Thilk |access-date=December 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202203541/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/mission-impossible-fallout-marketing-banks-daredevil-action-scenes-1129735/ |archive-date=December 2, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="THRPeoplesChoice">{{Cite web |last=Nordyke |first=Kimberly |date=November 11, 2018 |title=People's Choice Awards: Complete List of Winners |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/2018-peoples-choice-awards-winners-complete-list-winners-1153630 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181112060136/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/2018-peoples-choice-awards-winners-complete-list-winners-1153630 |archive-date=November 12, 2018 |access-date=March 10, 2024 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>

<ref name="THRMITFR">{{Cite web |last=McClintock|first=Pamela |date=May 25, 2025 |title=''Lilo & Stitch'' Blows Up Memorial Day Box Office With $183M Bow, ''Mission: Impossible'' Nabs Series-Best $77.5M |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/lilo-stitch-mission-impossible-reckoning-record-box-office-1236228391/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250528235617/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/lilo-stitch-mission-impossible-reckoning-record-box-office-1236228391/ |archive-date=May 28, 2025 |access-date=May 31, 2025|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>

<ref name="TorontoSunBiceps">{{cite web |url=https://torontosun.com/entertainment/movies/mission-impossible-fallout-henry-cavills-arm-gun-reload-scene-was-improvised |title=''Mission: Impossible – Fallout'': Henry Cavill's Arm Gun Reload Scene Was Improvised |website=[[Toronto Sun]] |date=July 20, 2018 |first=Mark |last=Daniell |access-date=November 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127133813/https://torontosun.com/entertainment/movies/mission-impossible-fallout-henry-cavills-arm-gun-reload-scene-was-improvised |archive-date=January 27, 2022 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="USAHALO">{{cite web | url = https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/movies/2018/04/26/tom-cruises-insane-mission-impossible-high-altitude-plunge/552942002/ | title = Tom Cruise Details Insane ''Mission: Impossible'' Jump Stunt At 25,000 Feet, Done 106 Times | first = Bryan | last = Alexander | date = April 26, 2018 | access-date = June 3, 2018 | website = [[USA Today]] | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180728124604/https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/movies/2018/04/26/tom-cruises-insane-mission-impossible-high-altitude-plunge/552942002/ | archive-date = July 28, 2018 | url-status = live }}</ref>

<ref name="VarietyBrooke">{{cite web |first= |last= |title=''Sherlock'' Star Sian Brooke Joins Tom Cruise In ''Mission: Impossible 6'' (Exclusive) |url=https://variety.com/2017/film/news/mission-impossible-6-sian-brooke-tom-cruise-1202014953/ |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=March 23, 2017 |access-date=August 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030195811/http://variety.com/2017/film/news/mission-impossible-6-sian-brooke-tom-cruise-1202014953/ |archive-date=October 30, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="VarietyBOChina">{{cite web |last=Rubin |first=Rebecca |url=https://variety.com/2018/film/box-office/box-office-mission-impossible-fallout-tops-international-box-office-china-1202924794/ |title=''Mission: Impossible – Fallout'' Tops International Box Office With $77 Million In China |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=September 2, 2018 |access-date=August 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803165901/https://variety.com/2018/film/box-office/box-office-mission-impossible-fallout-tops-international-box-office-china-1202924794/ |archive-date=August 3, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="VarietyBOPredict">{{cite web|last=McNary|first=Dave|author-link=Dave McNary|url=https://variety.com/2018/film/news/mission-impossible-fallout-box-office-prediction-1202868679/|title='Box Office: ''Mission: Impossible – Fallout'' Shooting For $60 Million-Plus Launch|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=July 9, 2018|access-date=August 1, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190109223220/https://variety.com/2018/film/news/mission-impossible-fallout-box-office-prediction-1202868679/|archive-date=January 9, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="VarietyFilmDate">{{cite web |first= |last= |title=Michelle Monaghan To Reunite With Tom Cruise For ''Mission: Impossible 6'' |url=https://variety.com/2017/film/news/michelle-monaghan-mission-impossible-6-1202464612/ |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date= 13 June 2017|access-date=August 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801133801/https://variety.com/2017/film/news/michelle-monaghan-mission-impossible-6-1202464612/ |archive-date=August 1, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="VarietyinBlack">{{cite web |first1=Rebecca |last1=Rubin |last2=Lang |first2=Brent |title=What ''Mission: Impossible – Fallout'' Needs To Make Tom Cruise's Latest Assignment A Box Office Hit |url=https://variety.com/2018/film/box-office/mission-impossible-fallout-box-office-profit-1202892628/ |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=August 3, 2018 |access-date=August 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803221659/https://variety.com/2018/film/box-office/mission-impossible-fallout-box-office-profit-1202892628/ |archive-date=August 3, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="VarietyLOCAwards">{{Cite web|title=''Mission: Impossible – Fallout'' and ''Roma'' Win LMGI Awards For Motion Pictures|url=https://variety.com/2019/artisans/awards/chernobyl-mission-impossible-fallout-and-roma-win-lmgi-awards-for-motion-pictures-1203344199/|last=Caranicas|first=Peter|date=September 21, 2019|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|access-date=August 19, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206141812/https://variety.com/2019/artisans/awards/chernobyl-mission-impossible-fallout-and-roma-win-lmgi-awards-for-motion-pictures-1203344199/|archive-date=December 6, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="VarietyMission7">{{cite web |first=Rebecca |last=Rubin |title=Box Office: ''Mission: Impossible 7'' Falls Short Of Expectations With $56 Million Debut, Collects $80 Million Over Five Days |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/box-office/mission-impossible-7-box-office-opening-weekend-falls-short-1235671300/ |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=July 16, 2023 |access-date=August 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716164643/https://variety.com/2023/film/box-office/mission-impossible-7-box-office-opening-weekend-falls-short-1235671300/ |archive-date=July 16, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="VarietyBalfe">{{cite web |first=Jon |last=Burlingame |title=Mission Improbable: The Impossible Task Of Rebooting An Iconic Movie Theme |url=https://variety.com/2018/music/news/mission-impossible-theme-score-fallout-1202887006/ |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=June 26, 2018 |access-date=August 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831144324/https://variety.com/2018/music/news/mission-impossible-theme-score-fallout-1202887006/ |archive-date=August 31, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Variety2015">{{cite web|last=Kroll|first=Justin|title=Christopher McQuarrie Eyeing Return For ''Mission: Impossible 6'' (Exclusive)|url=https://variety.com/2015/film/news/mission-impossible-6-christopher-mcquarrie-1201644952/|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=November 19, 2015|access-date=August 31, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170927033840/http://variety.com/2015/film/news/mission-impossible-6-christopher-mcquarrie-1201644952/|archive-date=September 27, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="VarietyMummySalary">{{Cite web |last=Lang |first=Brent |date=May 8, 2018 |title=Leonardo DiCaprio, Jennifer Lawrence And Other Star Salaries Revealed |url=https://variety.com/2018/film/news/celebrity-salaries-daniel-craig-jennifer-lawrence-leonardo-dicaprio-1202801717/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618152314/https://variety.com/2018/film/news/celebrity-salaries-daniel-craig-jennifer-lawrence-leonardo-dicaprio-1202801717/ |archive-date=June 18, 2018 |access-date=February 26, 2023 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref>

<ref name="VarietyBadRobot">{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2023/theater/news/jj-abrams-bad-robot-theater-division-1235545403/|title=J.J. Abrams' Bad Robot Forms Theater Division |first=Rebecca |last=Rubin |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=March 7, 2023 |access-date=December 14, 2023 |archive-date= June 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627012324/https://variety.com/2023/theater/news/jj-abrams-bad-robot-theater-division-1235545403/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="VarietyMax">{{cite web |first=Angelique |last=Jackson |title=''Mission: Impossible 7'': Everything We Know About Tom Cruise's Latest Death-Defying Installment ''Dead Reckoning Part One'' |url=https://variety.com/2022/film/features/mission-impossible-7-tom-cruise-dead-reckoning-plot-date-cast-1235467205/ |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=December 22, 2022 |access-date=March 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324140224/https://variety.com/2022/film/features/mission-impossible-7-tom-cruise-dead-reckoning-plot-date-cast-1235467205/ |archive-date=March 24, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="VFScore">{{cite web |last1=Lawson |first1=Richard |title=Mission: Impossible — Fallout Is the Best Action Movie of the Year |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2018/07/mission-impossible-fallout-tom-cruise-movie-review |website=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]] |access-date=July 15, 2018 |date=July 12, 2018 |archive-date=December 17, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217040237/https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2018/07/mission-impossible-fallout-tom-cruise-movie-review |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="VFXMag">{{cite web|url=http://vfxvoice.com/planes-paris-masks-and-mirrors-the-vfx-of-mission-impossible-fallout/|title=Planes, Paris, Masks And Mirrors: The VFX of ''Mission: Impossible – Fallout'' |website=VFXVoice| date=August 28, 2018|access-date=November 13, 2023 |first=Ian|last=Failes|archive-date=December 17, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217040244/http://www.vfxvoice.com/planes-paris-masks-and-mirrors-the-vfx-of-mission-impossible-fallout/|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="VanityFairFakeNews">{{cite web |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2018/07/mission-impossible-fallout-wolf-blitzer |title=''Mission: Impossible—Fallout''{{'}}s Wolf Blitzer Cameo And The Possible Perils Of Fake Fake News |website=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]] |date=July 27, 2018 |first=Rebecca |last=Keegan |access-date=November 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802140340/https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2018/07/mission-impossible-fallout-wolf-blitzer |archive-date=August 2, 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="YahooBiceps">{{cite web |url=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/henry-cavill-explains-meme-worthy-arm-reload-moment-mission-impossible-fallout-150028708.html |title=Henry Cavill Explains Meme-Worthy 'Arm Reload' Moment From ''Mission: Impossible – Fallout'' |website=[[Yahoo!]] |date=July 26, 2018 |first=Kevin |last=Polowy |access-date=November 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331013103/https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/henry-cavill-explains-meme-worthy-arm-reload-moment-mission-impossible-fallout-150028708.html |archive-date=March 31, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

}}

=== Works cited ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |title=Starring Tom Cruise (Contemporary Approaches to Film And Media Series) |chapter=Aging For Life |last=DeAngelis|first=Michael |url= |publisher=[[Wayne State University Press]] |location=[[Detroit]], [[Michigan]] |date=March 23, 2021 |isbn=978-0-8143-4717-1 |pages=279–296}}
* {{cite book |title=Starring Tom Cruise (Contemporary Approaches to Film And Media Series) |chapter=Starring Tom Cruise As (Desperately Defying) Aging Action Star |last=Donnar|first=Glen |url= |publisher=[[Wayne State University Press]] |location=[[Detroit]], [[Michigan]] |date=March 23, 2021 |isbn=978-0-8143-4717-1 |pages=243–261}}
* {{cite journal |last=Jinde |first=K.K. |date=November 24, 2022 |title=Tom Cruise As Ethan Hunt: Virtuous Masculinity And Ageing Heroes In Geriaction Cinema |journal=Gender and Action Films 2000 and Beyond |publisher=[[Emerald Publishing Limited]] |location=[[Leeds]], [[England]] |pages=7–20 |url=https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-80117-518-020221003 |access-date= |isbn=978-1-80117-519-7 |issn= |oclc= |doi=10.1108/978-1-80117-518-020221003 |url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite journal |last=Lamb |first=Brett |date=September 2018 |title=False Witnesses: Fact And Fiction In The Age Of Fake News |journal=[[Screen (journal)|Screen Education]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=[[Oxford]], [[England]] |pages=94–99 |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/2279761360 |access-date= |issn= |oclc= |id={{ProQuest|2279761360}} |archive-date=December 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216002306/https://www.proquest.com/docview/2279761360 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite journal |last=Purse |first=Lisa |date=May 1, 2017 |title=Confronting The Impossibility Of Impossible Bodies: Tom Cruise And The Ageing Male Action Hero Movie |journal=Revisiting Star Studies |publisher=[[Oxford Academic]] |location=[[Oxford]], [[England]] |pages=7–20 |doi=10.3366/edinburgh/9781474404310.003.0009 |url=https://doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474404310.003.0009 |access-date= |isbn=978-1-4744-0431-0 |s2cid=228160519 |issn= |oclc= |doi-access=free }}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* {{official website}}
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{TCMDb title}}

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Jatra (theatre)

2026-02-08T05:20:55Z

HeikeC58098401: add layout and fixed typos

{{Short description|Folk-theatre form of Bengali theatre}}
{{About|||Jatra (disambiguation)}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
[[File:Jatra_theatre.jpg|thumb|A theatrical Jatra performance]]
'''Jatra''' ({{langx|bn|যাত্রা}}) is a popular folk-theatre from [[Bengali theatre]] and [[Odia theatre]], spread throughout most of Eastern areas of the [[Indian subcontinent]], including [[Bangladesh]] and Indian states of [[West Bengal]], [[Assam]], [[Odisha]] and [[Tripura]].<ref name=jat/><ref name=came/><ref name=con/><ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/301606/Jatra Jatra] ''[[Britannica.com]]''.</ref> As of 2005, there were some 55 troupes based in [[Calcutta]]'s old Jatra district, [[Chitpur#Chitpur Road|Chitpur Road]] and all together, {{Transliteration|or|jatra}} is a $21m-a-year industry, performed on nearly 4,000 stages in West Bengal alone,<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/pop_ups/05/south_asia_india0s_changing_folk_theatre/html/2.stm Jatra 2] ''[[BBC News]]'', 2005.</ref> where in 2001, over 300 companies employed over 20,000 people, more than the local film industry and urban theatre.<ref name=ro/>

The word {{Transliteration|or|jatra}} means journey or going. The origin of {{Transliteration|or|jatra}}, intrinsically a musical theatre form, is traditionally credited to the rise of [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu|Sri Chaitanya]]'s [[Bhakti movement]], wherein Chaitanya himself played [[Rukmini]] in the performance of ''Rukmini Haran'' ("The abduction of the Charming Rukmini") from [[Krishna]]'s life story, a first definite presentation of this theatrical spectacle. The performance, which lasted through the night in 1507 AD.,<ref name=hist/> has been described in ''[[Chaitanya Bhagavata]]'', Chaitanya's [[hagiography]] by a disciple [[Vrindavana Dasa Thakura]].<ref>[http://www.yakshagana.com/re-apr02-2.htm Jatra – Folk Theater Of India By Balwant Gargi]</ref> Though there are evidences of existence of a form of singing called the 'Carya', which was popular between the 9th and the 12th centuries in Bengal, which existed in Odisha simultaneously as the popular '''Chārjya Pada''<nowiki/>' form.<ref>[http://india.gov.in/knowindia/jatra.php Jatra] ''National Portal of India''.</ref> {{Transliteration|or|Jatra}} performances resemble the [[Nautanki]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]], the [[Tamasha]] of [[Maharashtra]] and [[Bhavai]] of [[Gujarat]].

Though its birthplace lies in the religious landscape, replete with various [[Bhakti]] movements of [[Hinduism]], by the end of the 19th century it was replaced by morally didactic content, and eventually became secular, when it gained entry into urban [[Proscenium|proscenium theatre]]s during [[Bengal Renaissance]]. The survival of the form over such a vast period of rapidly changing social milieu, while catering to a heterogeneous audience, has been credited to its innate malleability and ways of adapting to changing social dynamics, and thus staying not just relevant and alive, but also thriving.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOlNv8MAXIEC&q=jatra&pg=RA2-PA488 Jatra] ''The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music'', by Alison Arnold. Published by Taylor & Francis, 2000. {{ISBN|0-8240-4946-2}}. ''Page 488''.</ref> In Odisha, content of Jatra is often based on rural social issues and devotional Odia literature. ''Geetinātya'' is a type of theatre in Odisha which encourages playfront performance, i.e. singing and acting are combined. Here, singer-cum-actors come for performance.

==Jatra performances==
[[File:Jatra Posters.jpg|thumb|Posters of Jatra in [[Kolkata]], a unique example of local pop art]]
{{Transliteration|or|Jatras}} are usually epic four-hour-long plays, preceded by a musical concert often lasting an hour, used to attract audiences. The dramatic performance itself is liberally interspersed dramatic monologues, songs and duet dance routines on the folk tunes, which often serve as scene transitions and sometimes mark the end of an act. {{Transliteration|or|Jatra}} plays are usually performed on stages that are [[Theatre in the round|open on all sides]] in open-air arenas. The stage often had minimal or no furniture or props, it was rather seen as a neutral space, free to be given a meaning befitting the scene, this technique continued even when {{Transliteration|or|jatra}} started getting performed in [[proscenium theatre]]s. Sets, props and lighting came in much later, when its started interacting with Western theatre in the late 19th century, as urban educated youth started joining the {{Transliteration|or|jatra}} tradition.<ref name=came/>

The cast is predominantly male, whose members also play the female parts, though since the 19th century, female actors started joining the cast. Actors often joined the troupes at a young age, and worked their way up the hierarchy of roles, and strive for virtuoso acting and are judged on their vocal prowess, as this determines their ability to capture a large audience with thundering dialogue deliveries and improvised dialogues. The modern version of {{Transliteration|or|jatra}}, features loud music, harsh lighting and dramatic props played on giant outdoor stages, and actors are hired for a season under written contracts. Sometimes ramps are built around the stage and used for dramatic effects as in [[Kabuki]] plays.
{{Transliteration|or|Jatras}} are often very melodramatic with highly stylised delivery and exaggerated gestures and orations. Music being the key element of the {{Transliteration|or|jatra}}, much attention is placed on its selection, popular tunes are created and incorporated. Musicians sit on two sides of the stage, carrying [[Dholak]], [[pakhawaj]], harmonium, [[tabla]], flute, cymbals, trumpets, behala (violin) and clarinet, all used to heighten the overall dramatic effect of performances that are already frenzied, plus most of the singing is done by the actors themselves. Many of the songs were based on classical [[Ragas]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=8EGUpX1O0hoC&dq=The+Yatras:+or+popular+drama+of+Bengal&pg=RA3-PA79 Dance Drama – Yatra] ''Arts of India: Architecture, Sculpture, Painting, Music, Dance and Handicraft'', by Krishna Chaitanya. Published by Abhinav Publications, 1987. {{ISBN|81-7017-209-8}}. ''pp. 79''.</ref> A generic character, unique to {{Transliteration|or|jatra}} and part of most {{Transliteration|or|jatra}} performances even today, is the [[allegorical]] figure called ''Bibek'' or Vivek (Conscience); it performs the function of a moral guardian, commenting on actions of actors and their consequences, sometimes it elaborates on the feelings of different characters, and often steps into a scene unannounced and presents an alternate or philosophical point of view, and all done through singing, something which is done by the chorus in a [[Greek tragedy]]. Like Conscience, a character called niyati (Fate) often played by a woman, while commenting on the scene, foretells or warns the actors of impending dangers. Another distinct feature of {{Transliteration|or|jatra}} is that the plays begin with the climax, a device used to captivate the attention of the audience.<ref name=came/><ref name=wor>[https://books.google.com/books?id=COkXM9n7KUcC&dq=Jatra+bengal&pg=PA134 India – Jatra] ''The World Encyclopedia of Contemporary Theatre: Asia/Pacific'', by Don Rubin. Published by Taylor & Francis, 2001. {{ISBN|0-415-26087-6}}. ''Page 133-134''.</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=WTkCI62oXjEC&dq=Jatra+bengal&pg=RA1-PA164 Jatra, Bangladesh, India] ''Acting: An Encyclopedia of Traditional Culture'', by Beth Osnes, Sam Gill. Published by ABC-CLIO, 2001. {{ISBN|0-87436-795-6}}. ''Page 164''.</ref>
The {{Transliteration|or|jatra}} season begins in the autumn, around September, around [[Durga Puja]] the beginning of harvest season, when the travelling troupe head out to interior rural regions, and ends before the [[Monsoon]] sets in, and the beginning of the planting season, around June. Performances of {{Transliteration|or|jatras}} are commonplace after festivities and religious functions, ceremonies in traditional households, and fairs, throughout the region, where these troupes get invited in advance.<ref>[http://ccrtindia.gov.in/theatreforms.htm Theatre Forms of India – Jatra] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515113554/http://ccrtindia.gov.in/theatreforms.htm |date=15 May 2013 }} ''Centre for Cultural Resources and Training, [[Govt.]] of [[India]]''.(CCRT).</ref>

==History==
The recent origins of the {{Transliteration|or|jatra}} can be traced back to rise of [[Vaishnavism]], and the [[Bhakti movement]] especially in [[Krishnaism]], in the 16th century, propelled by the advent of mystic [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]]. The ''Krishna Jatra'', evolved through the devotional singing and dancing of the followers of the Krishna Bhakti movement, inspired by [[Raslila]] and dramatic poetry like, ''[[Gita Govinda]]'' written by [[Jayadeva]] in the 12th century and ''[[Chandidas#Srikrishna Kirtan|Srikrishna Kirtan]]'' by [[Chandidas]] in the 15th century. Historians also mention, the existence of ''Nata Gita'', an [[operatic]] folk drama for in medieval Bengal, filled with singing, dancing and music sans dialogue, which provided an early model for the ''Krishna Jatra''.<ref name=hist/>

In an era, when there were no theatre houses or fixed stages in Bengal, {{Transliteration|or|jatra}} evolved its idiom in {{Transliteration|or|jatras}} or religious processions (yatra) of devotees that moved from one place to another singing and dancing to the tunes of [[kirtan]] or religious songs, often amongst them were artists, adept in singing and dancing, who would often enact scenes from mythology. Later these troupes found place on moving [[Tableau vivant|tableaux]], which became part of the processions organised on special occasions such [[Rath Yatra]]. Gradually these small plays started being performed also at the end of the processions, and on open arenas, known as ''asar'' in Bengali, surrounded by people on all sides. In time, these open-air stages became the mainstay of these plays, though the name stuck with the genre; and as it evolved it absorbed all the prevalent folk traditions of music, dance and singing, be it Jhumur, Gambhira, Gajangan, or Panchali into its folds, to create a new template for folk theatre in the coming centuries.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=KnPoYxrRfc0C&dq=The+Yatras:+or+popular+drama+of+Bengal&pg=PA4634 Yatra] ''Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature'', by Mohan Lal, various. Published by [[Sahitya Akademi]], 1992. {{ISBN|81-260-1221-8}}. ''Page 4634''.</ref><ref>''History of modern Bengali literature: nineteenth and twentieth centuries''
By Asitkumar Bandyopadhyaya. Published by Modern Book Agency, 1986. ''Page 125-126''.</ref>
[[File:A jatra actor prepares before the performance, Sunderbans.jpg|thumb|A {{Transliteration|or|jatra}} actor prepares before the performance, [[Sunderbans]].]]
After Chaitanya, his followers like [[Sri Ramananda Raya|Ramananda Rai]] and [[Rupa Goswami]] wrote plays based on the life of Sri Krishna, and many received royal patronage as well, like from the King of [[Puri]], Prataprudradeva, which helped this form evolve further. Gradually this evolved into performances of traditional mythological plays with stories of Rama ({{Transliteration|or|Ram jatra}}), Sita, Krishna and Shiva ({{Transliteration|or|Shiv jatra}}), taken from the [[Ramayan]], [[Mahabharat]], [[Puranas]], various historical tales and folklore. Soon the form was adopted by devotees of other Bhakti cults, like [[Chandi]] devotees brought in ''[[Mangal-Kāvya|Chandi Mangal]]'', a narrative poem by Mukunda Chakravarti, to start {{Transliteration|or|Chandi Jatra}}, the [[Behula]] myth gave rise to {{Transliteration|or|Bhasan Jatra}}, while a [[Manasa]] serpent myth took form of the ''Bisahara Yatra''<ref name=pano>[https://books.google.com/books?id=6ZrjC24PuDQC&dq=Jatra+bengal&pg=PA198 Jatra] ''History of Indian Theatre: Loka Ranya Panorama of Indian Folk Theatre'', by Manohar Laxman Varadpande. Published by Abhinav Publications, 1987. {{ISBN|81-7017-278-0}}. ''Page 197''.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Bhattacharya |first=Asutosh |year=1965 |title=The Serpent as a Folk-Deity in Bengal |journal=Asian Folklore Studies |volume=24 |issue=1 |page=10 |doi=10.2307/1177595 |jstor=1177595 |quote=The principal Bengali snake-story or the narrative of Chand Sadagar in its various forms ... has been adopted for folk-amusement: viz, Bhasan Yatra, a popular drama;}}</ref>

The {{Transliteration|or|jatra}} movement gradually moved to the urban areas, and even brought literary works to the rural masses which were predominantly illiterate at the time, this meant that the plot, storyline and narrative remained simple, and often [[didactic]].<ref>[http://bengalonline.sitemarvel.com/bengali-folklore.asp?art=jatra Folk Theatre: Jatra]</ref> Another development that occurred in the 19th century was its departure from the {{Transliteration|or|Krishna Jatra}} format of musical, as dances were introduce which were to become staple in the coming years, and prose dialogues and free verse speech soon made inroads into this traditional theatre format, giving rise to {{Transliteration|or|Natun Jatra}}, or the New Jatra.<ref name=hist>[https://books.google.com/books?id=6ZrjC24PuDQC&dq=Jatra+bengal&pg=PA198 Jatra] ''History of Indian Theatre: Loka Ranya Panorama of Indian Folk Theatre'', by Manohar Laxman Varadpande. Published by Abhinav Publications, 1987. {{ISBN|81-7017-278-0}}. ''Page 198''.</ref><ref>[http://www.indiaprofile.com/religion-culture/jatras.htm Jatras – Fiery Dramas Mesmerizing Dialogues] ''indiaprofile.com''.</ref> Another new trend in {{Transliteration|or|jatra}} during this period was introduction of secular themes, in what was traditionally a religious theatre.

In the early 20th century, at the onset of the [[Indian independence movement]], jatra which had already experienced its artistic and popularity peak in the previous century, now evolved yet again, with the changing tide of Indian milieu. It took on political themes and became a vehicle of political satire and protest, and was called {{Transliteration|or|swadesi jatra}}. It began to reflect the rise current of social and political awareness, and depicted far ranging social themes from Mahatama Gandhi's anti-untouchability movement to the [[nonviolence|non-violence movement]] in the coming decades, many of the {{Transliteration|or|jatra}} plays opposing colonialist ideologies, oppression and eulogising patriots were even banned by the British.<ref name=wor/> This was also the time, when Communism was taking roots in Bengal, and {{Transliteration|or|jatras}} increasingly saw dramatisation of the life of [[Lenin]], and portrayal communist ideologies and thought.<ref name=ro>[https://books.google.com/books?id=sNuFKx8r9H4C&dq=Jatra+bengal&pg=PA84 Yatra] ''Indian theatre: theatre of origin, theatre of freedom'', by Ralph Yarrow. Published by Routledge, 2001. {{ISBN|0-7007-1412-X}}.''Page 84''.</ref> During [[World War II]], [[Indian People's Theatre Association]] (IPTA) used {{Transliteration|or|jatra}} to garner support of [[Communist Party of India|Communist Party]] amongst the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]], when Germany invaded Russia. Even after the war, noted directors like [[Utpal Dutt]] continued to use the {{Transliteration|or|jatra}} element in urban theatre of IPTA, as did [[Sombhu Mitra]] with his [[Bohurupee]] Company.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Sv7Uk0UcdM8C&dq=Jatra+bengal&pg=PA44 Jatra] ''Pop Culture India!: Media, Arts, and Lifestyle'', by Asha Kasbekar. Published by ABC-CLIO, 2006. {{ISBN|1-85109-636-1}}. ''Page 44''.</ref> When the art form travelled to the [[Tripura]] region, with its performers, it gave birth to the [[Kokborok drama]], amongst the [[Kokborok]] speaking population of the region.

With the rise of Western theatre in [[Bengal]] it acquired the themes of political protest and social radicalism, and finally fell into disrepute in the post War era, and especially after the entry of Radio and television and the rise of upmarket theatre industry, though it continued to exist in the rural areas. {{Transliteration|or|Jatra}} remained a living tradition of musical theatre, and some of the popular {{Transliteration|or|jatra}} songs got recorded and became popular Bengali songs, once more ever widening audience base, also scripts of old {{Transliteration|or|jatras}} found their way into books, and newspapers started reserving space for {{Transliteration|or|jatra}} discussion.<ref>''Music of eastern India: vocal music in Bengali, Oriya, Assamese, and Manipuri, with special emphasis on Bengali'', by Sukumara Rai, Published by Firma K. L. Mukhopadhyay, 1973. ''Page 58''.</ref>

This revival seen in the recent decades, started in the early 1960s, with various theatre groups experimenting with the {{Transliteration|or|jatra}} form, and started attracting serious theatre patrons along with official recognition. 1961, saw the first {{Transliteration|or|Jatra}} festival organised in Kolkata and every year since, and in 1968, Phanibhusan Bidyabinod became the first {{Transliteration|or|jatra}} artist to receive the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]. Earlier most {{Transliteration|or|jatra}} companies were owned by actor-managers or singers, today most are owned by businesses and are more prone to commercialisation, both in the content as well as in presentation. Even today, in majority the presentation style still is inspired by cinemas of the regions and television soaps, many a times reflected in the risque content.<ref name=jat>[https://books.google.com/books?id=au_Vk2VYyrkC&dq=Jatra&pg=PA307 Jatra] ''South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia : Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka'', by Peter J. Claus, Sarah Diamond, Margaret Ann Mills. Published by Taylor & Francis, 2003. {{ISBN|0-415-93919-4}}. ''Page 307''.</ref><ref name=came>[https://books.google.com/books?id=ttnH5W9qoBAC&dq=Jatra+bengal&pg=PA89 Jatra] ''The Cambridge guide to Asian theatre'', by James R. Brandon, Martin Banham. Published by Cambridge University Press, 1997. {{ISBN|0-521-58822-7}}. ''Page 89-91''.</ref><ref name=con>[https://books.google.com/books?id=maGU4ziPQJQC&dq=Jatra&pg=PA133 Eastern regions] ''The world encyclopedia of contemporary theatre'', by Don Rubin, Chua Soo Pong, Ravi Chaturvedi. Published by Taylor & Francis, 2001. {{ISBN|0-415-26087-6}}.''Page 133''.</ref> Yet, within its musical theatre genre {{Transliteration|or|jatra}} remains highly adaptable and rapidly evolving form. Several {{Transliteration|or|jatras}} today pick contemporary news events like the London bombings, 9/11 or the war in Iraq, and highlight local issues as well. Further as productions are often put up within a month, a clear advantage over theatre and film, {{Transliteration|or|jatras}} remain topical by drawing upon current imagery of the populace, like when [[Phoolan Devi]] became notorious the 80s, a play staged by the same name gained immense popularity not to mention big revenue.<ref name=pano/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061115011102/http://www.yakshagana.com/re-apr02-1.htm Jatra – Folk Theater Of India, (a Detailed Study)] by [[Balwant Gargi]]
* ''The Bengali Drama: Its Origin and Development'', by P. Guha-Thakurta. Routledge, 2001. {{ISBN|0-415-24504-4}}. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=PnIh1m-gHf8C&dq=Jatra+bengal&pg=PA20 Chapter 4: The Yatra as Acted]''
* [http://www.galli.in/2014/03/jatra-soumya-sankar-bose.html Jatra : A work on retired Jatra Artistes ] by [[Soumya Sankar Bose]]

==External links==
{{Commons category|Jatra (theatre)}}
* {{cite book |last=Khatun |first=Shahida |year=2012 |chapter=Jatra |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Jatra |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}
* [https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/pop_ups/05/south_asia_india0s_changing_folk_theatre/html/1.stm In pictures: India's changing folk theatre] at ''[[BBC News]]''.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110716221454/http://www.theatrebangla.com/journal_show.php?val=13&&show=1 Paschim Banga Jatra Akademi, website]

{{Bengali Theatre}}

{{West Bengal}}

[[Category:Culture of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Theatre in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Bengali theatre]]
[[Category:Theatre in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Culture of Bengal]]
[[Category:Musical theatre]]
[[Category:Folk culture of West Bengal]]

Syed Ahmad Ali

2026-02-05T04:51:06Z

HeikeC58098401: quick correct citations and improved wording

{{short description|Senior officer of the Indian Army (born 1954)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}

{{More footnotes|date=August 2016}}

{{Infobox military person
| name = Syed Ahmad Ali
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1954|8|10|df=y}}
| birth_place = Allahabad
| allegiance = {{IND}}
| branch = [[Indian Army]]
| serviceyears = 35 Years
| rank = [[File:Brigadier of the Indian Army.svg|25px]] [[Brigadier]]
| unit = [[Kumaon Regiment]]
| awards = [[File:Sena Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Sena Medal]]
}}

'''Brigadier Syed Ahmad Ali''' is a retired senior officer of the [[Indian Army]]. He was the former [[Pro-vice-chancellor|pro-vice chancellor]] of [[Aligarh Muslim University]] from 26 September 2012 to 16 May 2017. He is the director of Jahangirabad Educational Institute of Technology.

==Biography==
Ahmad Ali was born on 10 August 1954 in [[Allahabad]]. His father, Syed Mahbub Ali, was a social reformer and [[zamindar]]. Ahmad Ali completed his primary education at [[St. Joseph's College, Allahabad]] where he completed his Indian School Certificate in 1972. He continued his education in Govt. Inter College, Allahabad. In 1976, he graduated from [[Allahabad University]] and qualified for the [[Combined Defence Services Examination]] conducted by the [[Union Public Service Commission]]. He subsequently joined the [[Indian Army]] and was commissioned into the Infantry [[Kumaon Regiment]] in 1977. For his distinguished services during [[Kargil War|Operation Vijay]], he received the [[Sena Medal]].

He obtained a master's degree in defence studies from Chennai University in 1990 and another in management sciences from [[Osmania University]] in 2002.

==References==
<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://twocircles.net/2012sep26/brigadier_ahmad_ali_takes_over_provice_chancellor_amu.html#.VdDrDLJViko |title=Brigadier Ahmad Ali takes over as Pro-Vice Chancellor of AMU |website=TwoCircles.net |date=2012-09-26 |accessdate=2016-08-21}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.muslimissues.com/amu-pvc-brigadier-retd-syed-ahmad-ali-visits-mit/ |title=AMU PVC Brigadier (Retd.) Syed Ahmad Ali Visits MIT |publisher=Muslim Issues |date= |accessdate=2016-08-21}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ummid.com/news/2015/January/06.01.2015/committee-for-urdu.html |title=High level committee to survey, study status and development of Urdu |website=Ummid.com |date=2015-01-06 |accessdate=2016-08-21}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radianceweekly.com/328/9490/a-made-up-religion-is-it/2012-10-14/inside-india/story-detail/brigadier-ahmad-ali-takes-over-as-pro-vc-of-amu.html |title=Brigadier Ahmad Ali Takes Over As Pro-Vc Of Amu |website=Radianceweekly.com |date= |accessdate=2016-08-21}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://myamu.in/gallery/pvc-brigadier-retd-syed-ahmad-ali-presenting-memento-dr-ashraf-khandr-syed-masarrat-ali-mrs- |title=PVC Brigadier (Retd.) Syed Ahmad Ali Presenting A Memento Dr. Ashraf Khan, Dr. Syed Masarrat Ali, Mrs. HomairaNaseem And Dr. Noma | My AMU |website=Myamu.in |date=2015-06-05 |accessdate=2016-08-21}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://twocircles.net/2015may12/1431437164.html#.VdDr27JVikp |title=Saadat Hasan Manto not limited only to Urdu: Brig Syed Ahmad Ali, AMU PVC |website=TwoCircles.net |date=2015-05-12 |accessdate=2016-08-21}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |author= |url=http://www.educationanalysis.in/demo1/news/ambassador-of-jordan-visits-amu |title=Ambassador of Jordan Visits AMU |website=Educationanalysis.in |date= |accessdate=2016-08-21 |archive-date=22 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822075749/http://www.educationanalysis.in/demo1/news/ambassador-of-jordan-visits-amu |url-status=dead }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/aligarh-muslim-university-amu-syed-ahmad-ali-117199-2012-09-26 |title=Brig Ali is AMU pro-vice chancellor : News |website=Indiatoday.intoday.in |date=2012-09-27 |access-date=2016-08-21 |archive-date=27 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827150242/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/education/story/aligarh-muslim-university-amu-syed-ahmad-ali/1/222475.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://post.jagran.com/Brigadier-Syed-Ahmad-Ali-takes-over-as-new-ProVice-Chancellor-of-AMU-1348737473 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304062609/http://post.jagran.com/Brigadier-Syed-Ahmad-Ali-takes-over-as-new-ProVice-Chancellor-of-AMU-1348737473 |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 March 2016 |title=Brigadier Syed Ahmad Ali takes over as new Pro-Vice Chancellor of AMU - States |website=Post.jagran.com |date=2012-09-27 |accessdate=2016-08-21}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentid=20150513243578 |title=Aligarh and Aligarians | Opinion | Saudi Gazette |website=www.saudigazette.com.sa |access-date=14 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150731000842/http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentid=20150513243578 |archive-date=31 July 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.napcon2014.com/committee.php |title=Welcome to NAPCON 2014 |website=www.napcon2014.com |access-date=14 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015231457/http://www.napcon2014.com/committee.php |archive-date=15 October 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite news|last=Ahmad |first=Tufail |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/columns/Sir-Syeds-message-of-reform-lost/2013/10/23/article1849811.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812184319/http://www.newindianexpress.com/columns/Sir-Syeds-message-of-reform-lost/2013/10/23/article1849811.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 August 2014 |title=Sir Syed's message of reform lost |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=2013-10-23 |accessdate=2016-08-21}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/campus-rumpus/1187979/ |title=Campus rumpus - Indian Express |website=Archive.indianexpress.com |date=2013-10-28 |accessdate=2016-08-21}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nvonews.com/amu-pvc-brig-ali-visits-harvard-medical-school/ |title=AMU PVC, Brig. Ali visits Harvard Medical School – Northern Voices Online |website=Nvonews.com |date=2015-06-11 |accessdate=2016-08-21}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiaeducationdiary.in/Showinternational.asp?newsid=34776 |title=Stage Set for Federation of Aligarh Alumni Association's XIV Annual Convention on June 12-14, 2015 in Houston, TX, USA | Latest Educational News around the Globe |website=Indiaeducationdiary.in |date=2015-06-07 |accessdate=2016-08-21 |archive-date=2 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702094648/http://indiaeducationdiary.in/Showinternational.asp?newsid=34776 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiatomorrow.net/eng/demand-for-anti-conversion-law-against-indian-constitution-amu-meet |title=Demand for anti-conversion law against Indian Constitution: AMU meet |website=Indiatomorrow.net |date= 23 December 2014|accessdate=2016-08-21}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.batori.in/health/2015/02/06/aligarh-muslim-university-two-day-international-symposium-breast-gyn-pathology/ |title=Aligarh Muslim University organizes two day International Symposium on "Breast and GYN Pathology" - Batori |website=Batori.in |date=2015-02-06 |accessdate=2016-08-21}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |url=http://amuchemistry.in/committees.html |title=International Conference & Workshop: Contact Us |website=amuchemistry.in |access-date=14 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035806/http://amuchemistry.in/committees.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sjcallahabad.org/alumni.aspx |title=St. Joseph's College, Allahabad |website=Sjcallahabad.org |date= |accessdate=2016-08-21}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sjcallahabad.org/images/Old%20boys%20directory.pdf |title=Old boys list |website=Sjcallabad.org |accessdate=2016-08-21 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924102229/http://www.sjcallahabad.org/images/Old%20boys%20directory.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian Army}}

{{Indian Army arms and services}}

{{Aligarh Muslim University}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ali, Syed Ahmad}}

[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Heads of universities and colleges in India| ]]
[[Category:Aligarh Muslim University people]]
[[Category:University of Allahabad alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Army personnel]]
[[Category:Osmania University alumni]]

Jorasanko

2026-01-20T16:17:12Z

HeikeC58098401:

{{About|the neighbourhood Jorasanko|ancestral home of the Tagore family|Jorasanko Thakur Bari}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement



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|official_name =
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|other_name =
|settlement_type =Neighbourhood in Kolkata (Calcutta) 
|image_skyline = Jorasanko Thakur Bari.jpg
|imagesize =
|image_caption = [[Jorasanko Thakur Bari]], the ancestral house of [[Rabindranath Tagore]], now a campus of [[Rabindra Bharati University]] (RBU).
|image_flag =
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'''Jorasanko''' is a neighbourhood of [[North Kolkata]], in [[Kolkata district]], West Bengal, India. It is so called because of the two (''jora'') wooden or bamboo bridges (''sanko'') that spanned a small stream at this point.

==History==
Apart from the distinguished seat of the [[Tagore family]], traditionally known as the [[Jorasanko Thakur Bari]], it was also home of the Singhas (including [[Kaliprasanna Singha]]), the Pals (including [[Kristo Das Pal|Krishnadas Pal]]), and the families of Dewan Banarasi Ghosh, Gokul Chandra Daw, Narsingha Chandra Daw, Prafulla Chandra Gain, Tarak Nath Pramanik and Chandramohan Chatterji. "The area thus became the cradle of Bengal Renaissance."<ref name = "Nair">Nair, P. Thankappan in ''The growth and Development of Old Calcutta'' in ''Calcutta, the Living City'', Vol I, edited by Sukanta Chaudhuri, pp. 15–17, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|0-19-563696-1}}.</ref> It was earlier known as Mechuabazar.<ref name = "Deb">Deb, Chitra, ''Jorasanko and the Thakur Family'', in ''Calcutta, the Living City'', Vol I, edited by Sukanta Chaudhuri, pp. 64–66, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|0-19-563696-1}}</ref>
[[File:Jorasanko.jpg|thumb|Jorasanko Thakurbari]]

The earliest list of thanas (police stations) in Kolkata was prepared in 1785 for both police and municipal administration. Jorasanko was one of the 31 thanas then recorded.<ref name = "Nair"/>

Amongst the institutions in Jorasanko are – [[Adi Brahmo Samaj]], the Jorasanko Bharati Natya Samaj, the Kalikata Haribhakti Pradayani Sabha, the Minerva Library and [[Oriental Seminary]].<ref name = "Nair"/> The Oriental Seminary, founded in 1829, was one of the earliest privately-run, modern educational institutions in Kolkata. It was open to middle and lower middle-class Hindu boys only.<ref>Kopf, David, ''The Brahmo Samaj and the Shaping of the Modern Indian Mind'', p. 49, Princeton University Press.</ref>

[[Rabindra Bharati University]], the third university in Kolkata, was set up in 1962 in the Tagore family's house at Jorasanko, primarily as a centre for music and fine arts, but extended subsequently to arts and humanities.<ref>Chaudhuri, Sukanta, in ''Education in Modern Calcutta'' in ''Calcutta, the Living City'', Vol II, edited by Sukanta Chaudhuri, p. 205, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|0-19-563697-X}}.</ref>

In 1888, one of the 25 newly organized police section houses was located in Jorasanko.<ref>Nair, P.Thankappan, ''The Growth and Development of Old Calcutta'', in ''Calcutta, the Living City'', Vol. I, pp. 18–19, Edited by Sukanta Chaudhuri, Oxford University Press, 1995 edition.</ref>

Jorasanko was historically an important centre of the shell industry in Kolkata, but it has been on the decline in recent years.<ref>{{cite web|title=A little more help needed but…|url=http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?clid=23&id=180393&usrsess=1|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926214512/http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?clid=23&id=180393&usrsess=1|archive-date=26 September 2007|access-date=2007-04-24|work=Bengal Plus|publisher=The Statesman, 10 April 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Shell Craft of West Bengal|url=http://www.craftandartisans.com/shell-craft-of-west-bengal.html|access-date=2007-04-24|work=Crafta and artisans of India|publisher=Craftsandartisans.com|archive-date=22 April 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070422190140/http://www.craftandartisans.com/shell-craft-of-west-bengal.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Rabindra Sarani==
Jorasanko is located on Rabindra Sarani (earlier Chitpore Road).<ref>Cotton, H.E.A., ''Calcutta Old and New'', first published 1909, revised edition 1980, p 283, General Printers and Publishers Pvt Ltd.</ref> Some people refer to the entire stretch through which Chitpore Road ran as [[Chitpur|Chitpore or Chitpur]]; that also includes Jorasanko.

==Theatre==
A pair of theatres, both named Jorasanko Natyashala, were established in Jorasanko by the Bengalis in the 1800s. The first only lasted for a single play, [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare's]] ''[[Julius Caesar (play)|Julius Caesar]]'', which was staged on 3 May 1854.<ref>{{cite book|last=Mukhopadhyay|first=Ganesh|title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh|publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]|year=2012|editor1-last=Islam|editor1-first=Sirajul|editor1-link=Sirajul Islam|edition=Second|chapter=Theatre Stage|editor2-last=Jamal|editor2-first=Ahmed A.|chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Theatre_Stage}}</ref>

The second was established in the home of [[Ganendranath Tagore]] in 1865. The first significant play staged there was ''Krishnakumari'', written by Bengali playwright [[Michael Madhusudan Dutta]]. Playwright [[Jyotirindranath Tagore]] acted in the production.<ref>Bannerjee, Hiranmay, ''Thakurbarir Katha'', {{in lang|bn}}, p.103 , Sishu Sahitya Sansad.</ref> When the theatre was first established, [[Cross-gender acting|female roles were played by men]], although this practice gradually died out.<ref name = "Deb"/> Finding a dearth of Bengali-language plays to stage, Ganendranath held a contest to promote Bengali playwrights. He offered a prize of 200 [[Indian rupee|rupees]] (then a large sum) to the winner, and paid for the printing of 1000 copies. ''Nabanatak'' by [[Ramnarayan Tarkaratna]] won the first prize.<ref>Bannerjee, Hiranmay, p. 219.</ref><ref>Sengupta, Subodh Chandra and Bose, Anjali (editors), 1976/1998, ''Sansad Bangali Charitabhidhan'' (Biographical dictionary) Vol I, {{in lang|bn}}, p. 127, {{ISBN|81-85626-65-0}}</ref>

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map 
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| zoom = 15 
| label = Jorasanko
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===Police district===
Jorasanko police station is part of the [[Divisions of Kolkata Police|Central division]] of [[Kolkata Police]]. It is located at 16, Bal Mukund Malkar Road, Kolkata-700007.<ref name="police">{{cite web| url = http://www.kolkatapolice.gov.in/division.asp?ID=1&Division=C |title = Kolkata Police |work = Central Division | publisher= KP| access-date = 9 March 2018}}</ref>

[[Taltala#Police district|Taltala Women police station]] covers all police districts under the jurisdiction of the Central division i.e. Bowbazar, Burrabazar, Girish Park, Hare Street, Jorasanko, Muchipara, New Market, Taltala and Posta.<ref name="police"/>

==Transport==
===Road===
Jorasanko is surrounded by Kalakar Street on the west, [[Mahatma Gandhi Road, Kolkata|MG Road]] on the south, [[Chittaranjan Avenue]] on the east and Kali Krishna Tagore Street-[[Vivekananda Road]] on the north. Rabindra Sarani passes through the middle of the locality from north to south. Many buses and auto-rickshaws ply along these roads.<ref>Google maps</ref>

===Train===
[[Burra Bazar railway station]] on [[Kolkata Circular Railway]] line is the nearest railway station. [[Sealdah Station]], one of the major railway-terminals of the city, is also located nearby.

==Gallery==
<gallery> image: Jatra Posters.jpg|Posters adorn the offices of Jatra groups
image: Oriental Seminary.jpg|[[Oriental Seminary]]
image: Sugar Cane.jpg|[[Sugarcane juice|Sugar Cane]] for sale for [[Rath Yatra]] on a Jorasanko footpath
image: Litho printer.jpg|A litho printer at work – a Jorasanko speciality </gallery>

== Notable people ==

* [[Radhanath Sikdar]] (1813-1870), [[mathematician]] known for calculating the height of [[Mount Everest]]

==References==
{{commons category}}
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikivoyage-inline|Kolkata/North Kolkata}}

{{Kolkata neighbourhoods}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Tagore family]]

Water resources in India

2026-01-13T22:15:03Z

HeikeC58098401:

{{Short description|none}}
[[File:India annual rainfall map en.svg|thumb|Annual average rainfall in India]]
[[File:India flood zone map.svg|thumb|Rivers and flood prone areas in India]]
India receives an average annual precipitation of {{convert|1170|mm|in}}, amounting to approximately {{convert|4000|km3|mi3}} of rainfall or about {{convert|1720|m3}} of freshwater each year.<ref name=fao1/> The country accounts for 18% of the world's population but has access to only about 4% of the world's water resources. One of the proposed measures to address India's water challenges is the [[Indian rivers interlinking project|Indian Rivers Interlinking Project]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://greencleanguide.com/2013/09/13/national-water-policy/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130917053712/http://greencleanguide.com/2013/09/13/national-water-policy/|archivedate=September 17, 2013|title=National Water Policy|date=September 13, 2014|website=greencleanguide.com}}</ref>

Approximately 80% of India's land area receives rainfall of {{convert|750|mm|in}} or more annually. However, the distribution of rainfall is uneven, both temporally and geographically. Most rainfall occurs during the [[Monsoon of India|monsoon]] season, from June to September, with the northeastern and northern regions receiving significantly higher rainfall compared to the western and southern parts of the country.

Apart from rainfall, the melting of snow in the Himalayas after winter contributes to the flow of northern rivers, though the extent varies. In contrast, southern rivers exhibit greater seasonal variability in water flow. The Himalayan basin, in particular, experiences periods of flooding during some months and [[Water scarcity in India|water scarcity]] in others.

Despite India's extensive river network, the availability of safe, clean drinking water and adequate water for irrigation remains a persistent challenge. This shortage is partly due to the limited utilisation of the country's surface water resources. As of 2010, India harnessed only {{convert|761|km3|mi3}}, or 20%, of its renewable water resources, with a significant portion sourced through unsustainable groundwater extraction.<ref>{{cite web |title=India is running out of water|url=https://graphics.reuters.com/INDIA-ENVIRONMENT-WATER/0100B2C41FD/index.html |accessdate=13 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Brown |first=Lester R. |date=19 November 2013 |title=India's dangerous 'food bubble' |url=https://www.latimes.com/opinion/la-xpm-2013-nov-29-la-oe-brown-india-food-bubble-famine-20131129-story.html |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131218120818/http://articles.latimes.com/2013/nov/29/opinion/la-oe-brown-india-food-bubble-famine-20131129 |archive-date=18 December 2013 |url-status=live |access-date=13 July 2014}} [http://www.earth-policy.org/plan_b_updates/2013/update119 Alt URL]</ref>

Of the total water withdrawn from rivers and groundwater, approximately {{convert|688|km3|mi3}} were allocated for irrigation, {{convert|56|km3|mi3}} for municipal and drinking water purposes, and {{convert|17|km3|mi3}} for industrial applications.<ref name="fao1">{{cite web|title=India - Rivers Catchment |url=http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/IND/IND-CP_eng.pdf |accessdate=13 July 2016}}</ref>

A significant portion of India falls under a tropical climate, which remains favourable for agriculture throughout the year due to warm and sunny conditions, provided a reliable water supply is available to offset the high rate of [[evapotranspiration]] from cultivated land.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nicra-icar.in/nicrarevised/images/Books/Potential%20Evapotranspiration%20estimation.pdf|title=Potential Evapotranspiration estimation for Indian conditions|accessdate=23 June 2016}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> While the country's overall water resources are sufficient to meet its needs, the temporal and spatial variability in water availability necessitates the [[Indian rivers interlinking project|interlinking of rivers]] to bridge these supply gaps.<ref name="cwc">{{cite web|url=http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/webpages/statistics.html |title=India's Water Resources|accessdate=23 June 2016}}</ref>

Approximately 1,200 billion cubic metres of water currently flow unused into the sea annually, even after accounting for the moderate environmental and [[Dissolved load|salt-export]] requirements of all rivers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Publications/IWMI_Research_Reports/PDF/pub083/RR83.pdf|title=Spatial variation in water supply and demand across river basins of India|author=IWMI Research Report 83|accessdate=23 June 2016|archive-date=16 July 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100716164514/http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Publications/IWMI_Research_Reports/PDF/pub083/RR83.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ensuring [[food security]] in India is closely linked to achieving [[water security]], which, in turn, depends on [[energy security]]. Adequate and reliable electricity supply is essential to power the water-pumping infrastructure required for the successful implementation of the [[Talk:Kalpasar Project|rivers interlinking project]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thestatesman.com/news/opinion/when-neighbours-become-enemies/165052.html |title=India's problem is going to be water not population|website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]|accessdate=21 September 2016}}</ref>

Instead of relying on large-scale, centralised water transfer projects, which require significant time and resources to yield results, a more cost-effective alternative is the widespread use of shade nets over cultivated lands. This approach can enhance the efficient utilisation of locally available water resources throughout the year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://agricoop.nic.in/sites/default/files/midhPPT10.pdf |title=Protected Cultivation|accessdate=23 June 2018}}</ref>

Plants utilise less than 2% of the total water for metabolic processes, while the remaining 98% is lost through [[transpiration]], primarily for cooling purposes. The installation of shade nets or [[polytunnel]]s, designed to withstand diverse weather conditions, can significantly reduce [[Potential evapotranspiration|evaporation]] by reflecting excessive and harmful sunlight, thereby preventing it from directly impacting the cropped area.

==Drought, floods and shortage of drinking water==
{{see also|Indian states ranking by drinking water|Water scarcity in India}}
The precipitation pattern in India exhibits significant variation across regions and throughout the calendar year. A substantial portion of the country's rainfall, approximately 85%, occurs during the summer months, primarily due to the monsoon rains in the Himalayan catchments of the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna basin. The northeastern region of India receives considerably heavier rainfall compared to the northwestern, western, and southern parts of the country.

The unpredictable onset of the annual monsoon, often characterised by prolonged dry spells and fluctuations in seasonal and annual rainfall, poses a significant challenge.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/how-india-sees-the-coming-crisis-of-water-and-is-preparing-for-it-3049950/ |title= How India sees the coming crisis of water — and is preparing for it |date= 26 September 2016 |accessdate=30 September 2016}}</ref> Vast areas of the country remain uncultivated due to [[Water scarcity in India|local water scarcity]] or poor water quality.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/wasteland_atlas.asp |title= Waste lands atlas of India, 2011 |accessdate=30 May 2016}}</ref> India experiences alternating cycles of drought and flood years, with the western and southern regions being particularly prone to rainfall deficits and high variability. These conditions cause severe distress, especially for small and marginal farmers and rural communities.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Publications/IWMI_Research_Reports/PDF/pub170/rr170.pdf |title=Mapping Multiple Climate-related Hazards in South Asia |accessdate=30 July 2017}}</ref>

The reliance on erratic rainfall, coupled with inadequate irrigation infrastructure in certain regions, often leads to crop failures and, in extreme cases, farmer suicides. Despite the abundance of rainfall during the monsoon season (June to September), several areas face drinking water shortages during other parts of the year. In some years, excessive rainfall results in devastating floods, causing widespread disruption and damage.<ref name="cwc.gov.in">{{cite web|url=http://www.cwc.gov.in/main/downloads/FFM.2200-2291.27112012.pdf|title= State wise flood damage statistics in India|accessdate=2013-01-04}}</ref>

==Surface and groundwater storage==
{{See also|Johad}}
India currently stores only 6% of its annual rainfall, amounting to approximately {{convert|253|e9m3}}, whereas developed countries strategically store up to 250% of their annual rainfall in arid river basins.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/IHD2015_final.pdf |title=Integrated hydrological data book (page 65) |accessdate=29 May 2016 |archive-date=2 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402104009/http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/IHD2015_final.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

India heavily depends on groundwater resources, which support over 50% of the irrigated area, facilitated by the installation of nearly 20 million tube wells. To harness river waters and promote groundwater recharge, the country has constructed approximately 5,000 major and medium-sized dams, barrages, and similar structures.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Headworks_(Dam,_Barrage,Weir,_Anicut,_Lift) |title=List of riverwise dams and barrages |accessdate=29 May 2014 |archive-date=28 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528221639/http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Headworks_(Dam,_Barrage,Weir,_Anicut,_Lift) |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The 59 most significant dams collectively offer a gross storage capacity of {{convert|170|e9m3}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/New%20NRLD.pdf|title=National register of dams in India|accessdate=19 July 2016|archive-date=20 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920223122/http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/new%20nrld.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Currently, about 15% of India's food production relies on rapidly depleting [[Water resources|groundwater reserves]]. As the era of large-scale groundwater exploitation nears its end, there will be an increasing need for a shift towards surface water supply systems to meet agricultural and domestic water demands.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2008/06/25/000333037_20080625020800/Rendered/PDF/443760PUB0IN0W1Box0327398B01PUBLIC1.pdf |title=India's water economy bracing for a turbulent future, World Bank report, 2006|accessdate=29 May 2014}}</ref>

India is not facing a depletion of water resources; rather, a significant portion of its water flows out to the sea without being fully utilised for its potential benefits.<ref>{{cite web |title=India is not running out of water, water is running out of India|date=26 March 2017|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/opinion/op-ed/260317/by-invitation-india-is-not-running-out-of-water-water-is-running-out-of-india.html|accessdate=9 July 2018}}</ref> The construction of land-based water reservoirs is highly expensive, primarily due to the costs associated with land acquisition, property compensation, and rehabilitation. To address the need for adequate water storage, [[coastal reservoir|coastal freshwater reservoir]]s constructed in the sea near river deltas offer a viable and cost-effective solution. This approach avoids issues related to land and forest submergence, making it a socially and economically favourable option for water conservation and management.<ref name="cre" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Efficacy of coastal reservoirs to address India's water shortage by impounding excess river flood waters near the coast (pages 49 and 19)|url=http://ojs.udspub.com/index.php/jsupp/issue/viewIssue/51/4|accessdate=9 July 2018|archive-date=26 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234122/http://ojs.udspub.com/index.php/jsupp/issue/viewIssue/51/4|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=International Association for Coastal Reservoir Research|url=http://iacrr.org/publications|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234508/http://iacrr.org/publications|url-status=usurped|archive-date=July 26, 2018|accessdate=9 July 2018}}</ref>

==Hydro power potential==
{{See also|Hydroelectric power in India}}
Indian rivers possess significant hydropower potential, particularly as they descend from their source mountains, including the [[Himalayas]], [[Western Ghats]], [[Aravalli Range|Aravali Range]], [[Vindhya Range|Vindhya Mountains]], and [[Eastern Ghats]], before their waters are consumed or flow into the sea.

The available hydropower potential varies over time, influenced by advancements in technology, the development of alternative power sources, changing priorities, and other limitations. Additionally, [[pumped-storage hydroelectricity]] potential can be economically developed by constructing embankment canals in conjunction with freshwater coastal reservoirs. This approach allows for the simultaneous harnessing of water resources to meet multiple needs while enhancing energy storage capabilities.<ref name="cre">{{Cite journal |last=Sasidhar |first=Nallapaneni |date=May 2023 |title=Multipurpose Freshwater Coastal Reservoirs and Their Role in Mitigating Climate Change |url=https://www.ijee.latticescipub.com/wp-content/uploads/papers/v3i1/A1842053123.pdf |access-date=2023-05-23 |journal=Indian Journal of Environment Engineering |issn=2582-9289 |volume=3 |issue=1|pages=30–45 |doi=10.54105/ijee.A1842.053123 |s2cid=258753397 }}</ref>

==Rivers==
{{Main article|List of major rivers of India|Indian Rivers Inter-link}}
[[File:India Map based on Survey of India rivers.PNG|thumb|right|240px|Map of India based on survey of [[List of major rivers of India|rivers of India]].]]
The major rivers of India are as follows:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/WRIS.html|title=River basin maps in India|accessdate=29 May 2014|archive-date=8 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140608152615/http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/WRIS.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Rivers flowing into the [[Bay of Bengal]]: [[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra]], [[Ganges]], [[Mahanadi]], [[Godavari River|Godavari]], [[Krishna River|Krishna]], [[Kaveri]]
* Rivers flowing into the [[Arabian Sea]]: [[Indus River|Indus]], [[Narmada River|Narmada]], [[Tapti River|Tapti]]

==Lakes==
{{See also|List of lakes in India}}
The notable lakes in India include:
* [[Pulicat Lake]]
* [[Kolleru Lake]]
* [[Pangong Tso]]
* [[Chilika Lake]]
* [[Kuttanad|Kuttanad Lake]]
* [[Sambhar Salt Lake]]
* [[Pushkar Lake]]

==Wetlands==
{{See also|Johad|List of Ramsar sites in India}}
India is a signatory to the [[Ramsar Convention]], an international treaty aimed at the conservation and sustainable use of wetlands.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiawaterportal.org/node/18315 |title=Wet lands atlas of India 2011|accessdate=29 May 2016}}</ref>

==Water supply and sanitation==
{{main|Water supply and sanitation in India}}
Water supply and sanitation in India remain inadequate, despite long-standing efforts by various levels of government and local communities to improve coverage. Although investment in water and sanitation has been low by international standards, it has increased significantly since the 2000s, and access to these services has also expanded. For instance, rural sanitation coverage, which was estimated at 1% in 1980, reached 21% in 2008.<ref name="JMP">UNICEF/WHO [[Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation]] estimate for 2008 based on 2006 [[Demographic and Health Survey]], the 2001 census, other data, and the extrapolation of previous trends to 2010. See [http://www.wssinfo.org/datamining/tables.html JMP tables] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323055730/http://wssinfo.org/datamining/tables.html |date=2010-03-23 }}</ref><ref name="health_11thplan">{{cite web|url=http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/planrel/fiveyr/11th/11_v2/11v2_ch3.pdf|author=Planning Commission of India|author-link=Planning Commission of India|title=Health and Family Welfare and AYUSH : 11th Five Year Plan|accessdate=2010-09-19|archive-date=2012-05-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515094731/http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/planrel/fiveyr/11th/11_v2/11v2_ch3.pdf|url-status=dead}}, p. 78</ref> Similarly, the proportion of Indians with access to improved sources of water rose from 72% in 1990 to 88% in 2008.<ref name="JMP"/>

However, local government institutions responsible for operating and maintaining infrastructure are often considered weak and lack the financial resources to effectively carry out their responsibilities. Moreover, no major city in [[India]] is known to have a continuous water supply,<ref name="dpreview">{{cite web|url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/0,,contentMDK:20980493~pagePK:146736~piPK:146830~theSitePK:223547,00.html|title=Development Policy Review|publisher=World Bank|accessdate=2010-09-19}}</ref> and an estimated 72% of Indians still lack access to improved sanitation facilities.

Despite adequate average rainfall in India, large areas are prone to water scarcity and drought conditions. Additionally, there are many places where the quality of groundwater is poor. Another significant issue lies in the interstate distribution of rivers. The water supply to 90% of India's territory is provided by interstate rivers, leading to an increasing number of conflicts between states and across the country regarding water-sharing issues.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://greencleanguide.com/2011/07/19/water-scarcity-and-india/ |title=Water scarcity and India « For the Changing Planet |website=greencleanguide.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110924062622/http://greencleanguide.com/2011/07/19/water-scarcity-and-india/ |archive-date=2011-09-24}}</ref>

Several innovative approaches to improving water supply and sanitation have been tested in India, particularly in the early 2000s. These include demand-driven approaches in rural water supply since 1999, [[community-led total sanitation]], public-private partnerships to enhance the continuity of urban water supply in Karnataka, and the use of micro-credit for women to improve access to water.

==Water quality issues==
When sufficient [[Dissolved load|salt export]] from a [[river basin]] to the sea is not ensured in an attempt to fully harness river water, it leads to the closure of the river basin. As a result, the available water in the downstream areas becomes [[Saline water|saline]] and/or [[alkaline water|alkaline]]. Land irrigated with such saline or alkaline water gradually turns into [[Soil salinity control|saline]] or [[alkali soil]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237403006 |title=River basin development phases and implications of closure |last1=Keller |first1=Jack |last2=Keller |first2=Andrew |last3=Davids |first3=Grant |date=January 1998| accessdate=25 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Publications/IWMI_Research_Reports/PDF/pub001/REPORT01.PDF|title=The New Era of Water Resources Management: From "Dry" to "Wet" Water Savings|author1=David Seckler|accessdate=5 June 2016|archive-date=17 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101117163347/http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Publications/IWMI_Research_Reports/PDF/pub001/REPORT01.PDF|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Publications/IWMI_Research_Reports/PDF/pub003/REPORT03.PDF|title=Integrated Water Resource Systems: Theory and Policy Implications|author1=Andrew Keller|author2=Jack Keller|author3=David Seckler|accessdate=5 January 2014|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233639/http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Publications/IWMI_Research_Reports/PDF/pub003/REPORT03.PDF|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Alkali soils have very poor water percolation, which leads to [[waterlogging (agriculture)|waterlogging]] issues. The spread of alkali soils forces farmers to cultivate only crops like [[rice]] or [[Poaceae|grasses]], as the soil has low productivity for other crops and tree [[plantation]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://extension.oregonstate.edu/umatilla/mf/sites/default/files/pnw597-e.pdf|title=Managing irrigation water quality|author=Oregon State University, USA|accessdate=28 August 2012}}</ref> In saline soils, [[cotton]] is a preferred crop compared to many others, as most crops show poor yields under such conditions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://222065430381538974.weebly.com/uploads/1/1/5/2/11520542/irrigation_water_quality_-_salinity_-_derm.pdf|title=Irrigation water quality—salinity and soil structure stability |accessdate=5 January 2016}}</ref> In the northeastern states, high soil acidity caused by excessive rainfall negatively affects agricultural productivity.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/environment/extreme-rainfall-acidifies-land-in-india-s-northeastern-states-62330|title=Extreme rainfall acidifies land in India's northeastern states|date=29 November 2018 |accessdate=2 December 2018}}</ref>

[[Indian rivers interlinking project|Interlinking water-surplus rivers]] with water-deficit rivers is essential for the long-term sustainable productivity of river basins. This measure helps mitigate human-induced impacts on rivers by ensuring adequate salt export to the sea through [[environmental flow]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/agri-business/india-on-verge-of-looming-soil-crisis-report/article9985289.ece|title=India on verge of looming soil crisis: Report|date=7 December 2017 |accessdate=7 December 2017}}</ref> Additionally, [[baseflow]]s in rivers must be restored by curbing excessive groundwater extraction and augmenting surface water through canals. Such measures will help achieve adequate salt export to the sea and preserve water quality in river basins.

==Water disputes==
{{Main article|Interstate River Water Disputes Act}}
There is intense competition for the available water in several interstate rivers, including the [[Kaveri River water dispute|Kaveri]], [[Krishna Water Disputes Tribunal|Krishna]], [[Godavari Water Disputes Tribunal|Godavari]], [[Vamsadhara River|Vamsadhara]], [[Mandovi River|Mandovi]], [[Ravi River|Ravi-Beas-Sutlej]], [[Narmada River|Narmada]], [[Tapti River|Tapti]], and [[Mahanadi]], among the riparian states of India. This competition arises due to the absence of water augmentation from surplus rivers such as the Brahmaputra, the [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] tributaries of the [[Ganges|Ganga]], and the west-flowing coastal rivers of the [[Western Ghats]].

==Water pollution==
{{main|Water pollution in India}}
Out of India's 3,119 towns and cities, only 209 have partial wastewater treatment facilities, and just 8 have full [[wastewater treatment]] facilities (WHO, 1992){{update inline|date=May 2019}}.<ref>Russell Hopfenberg and David Pimentel [http://www.oilcrash.com/articles/populatn.htm HUMAN POPULATION NUMBERS AS A FUNCTION OF FOOD SUPPLY] oilcrash.com Retrieved on- February 2008</ref> A total of 114 cities discharge untreated [[sewage]] and partially cremated bodies directly into the [[Ganges River]].<ref>National Geographic Society. 1995. Water: A Story of Hope. Washington (DC): National Geographic Society</ref> Downstream, this untreated water is used for drinking, bathing, and washing.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/Report%20on%20River%20Stretches%20For%20Restoration%20Of%20Water%20Quality.pdf |title=River Stretches for Restoration of Water Quality, MoEF |accessdate=15 September 2018 |archive-date=24 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124055413/http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/Report%20on%20River%20Stretches%20For%20Restoration%20Of%20Water%20Quality.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> This situation is common for many rivers across India, although the Ganges River is comparatively less polluted.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cpcbenvis.nic.in/water_quality_data.html# |title= Water Quality Database of Indian rivers, MoEF |accessdate=15 September 2016}}</ref>

===Ganga===
{{main|Pollution of the Ganges}}
The Ganges River is the largest river in India. Its extreme pollution affects approximately 600 million people living near its banks. The river water begins to show signs of pollution as it enters the plains, with commercial exploitation increasing in proportion to population growth.

The towns of [[Gangotri]] and [[Uttarkashi]] exemplify this trend. Until the 1970s, Gangotri was a small settlement with only a few huts occupied by [[Sadhu|sadhus]]. However, in recent years, the population of Uttarkashi has increased significantly, reflecting the broader impact of urbanisation and human activities on the river’s ecosystem.

===[[Yamuna]]===
{{main|Yamuna}}
The Yamuna is one of the few sacred rivers in India, revered by many as a goddess. However, the river has come under extreme stress due to the exponential rise in the number of tourists and pilgrims, coupled with the growing population along its banks.

As a result of this rapid increase in human activity, the Yamuna has become severely polluted. The pollution has reached such an alarming level that the Government of India launched the [[Yamuna Action Plan]] to address and mitigate the river’s degradation.

==Water security==
In India, there is intense competition for water resources from all interstate rivers, except the [[Brahmaputra River]], among the riparian states. Additionally, water-sharing disputes extend to neighbouring countries, including Nepal, China, Pakistan, Bhutan, and Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite web |title=India's water economy bracing for a turbulent future, World Bank report, 2006 |url=http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2008/06/25/000333037_20080625020800/Rendered/PDF/443760PUB0IN0W1Box0327398B01PUBLIC1.pdf |access-date=29 May 2015}}</ref>

A vast area of the [[Indian subcontinent]] experiences a tropical climate, which is favourable for agriculture due to warm and sunny conditions. However, a perennial water supply is essential to meet the high [[evapotranspiration]] rates from cultivated land.

Although the overall water resources in the subcontinent are sufficient to meet its needs, gaps in water supply persist due to the temporal and spatial variability of water distribution among states and neighbouring countries. Bridging these gaps is crucial for ensuring equitable water access and sustainable resource management.

There is [[Interstate River Water Disputes Act|intense competition for the water]] from interstate rivers such as the [[Kaveri River water dispute|Kaveri]], [[Krishna Water Disputes Tribunal|Krishna]], [[Godavari Water Disputes Tribunal|Godavari]], [[Vamsadhara River|Vamsadhara]], [[Mandovi River|Mandovi]], [[Ravi River|Ravi-Beas-Sutlej]], [[Narmada River|Narmada]], [[Tapti River|Tapti]], and [[Mahanadi]] among the riparian states of India. This competition is primarily due to the lack of water augmentation from surplus rivers such as the Brahmaputra, the [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] tributaries of the [[Ganges|Ganga]], and the west-flowing coastal rivers of the [[Western Ghats]].

During the intense summer season, when rainfall is minimal, all river basins experience severe water shortages, affecting even the basic drinking water needs of people, cattle, and wildlife.

Water security can be achieved alongside [[energy security]], as linking surplus water areas with water-deficit regions through lift canals, pipelines, and other infrastructure will require a significant amount of electricity.<ref>{{cite news |last=Brown |first=Lester R. |date=November 29, 2013 |title=India's dangerous 'food bubble' |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |url=https://www.latimes.com/opinion/la-xpm-2013-nov-29-la-oe-brown-india-food-bubble-famine-20131129-story.html |access-date=July 13, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131218120818/http://articles.latimes.com/2013/nov/29/opinion/la-oe-brown-india-food-bubble-famine-20131129 |archive-date=December 18, 2013}} [http://www.earth-policy.org/plan_b_updates/2013/update119 Alt URL]</ref>

== Awareness and campaigns ==
In 2019, the Indian [[Malayalam cinema|short film]] ''The Big Bang,'' written and directed by Lal Bijo, addressed the issue of water consumption. The film portrays a young man who is unaware of the value of water. One day, while attempting to collect water, he hears strange sounds nearby, becomes frightened, and runs away. The film highlights the importance of water conservation through its symbolic narrative.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2019-11-21 |title=Short take on a grave issue |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/211119/short-take-on-a-grave-issue.html |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Water resource topics of India==
{{anchor| Topic | Topics}}

* [[History of water supply and sanitation]]
** [[Johad#Similar|Ancient water conservation techniques]]
** [[Sanitation of the Indus Valley Civilisation|Water supply and sanitation in the Indus-Saraswati Valley Civilisation]]
** [[History of stepwells in Gujarat]]
** [[Sanitation in ancient Rome]]
** [[Traditional water sources of Persian antiquity]]

* Water resources in India
** [[National Water Policy]] of India
** [[Groundwater in India]]
** [[Irrigation in India]]
** [[List of rivers of India by discharge]]
*** [[List of dams and reservoirs in India]]
*** [[Indian Rivers Inter-link]]
*** [[Interstate River Water Disputes Act]]
*** [[List of national waterways in India|National Waterways of India]]

* [[Water scarcity in India]]
** [[Indian states ranking by drinking water]]
** [[Johad#Similar|Water conservation in India]]
** [[Kalpasar Project]]

==See also==

* [[Environment of India]]
* [[Dissolved load|List of rivers by dissolved load]]
* [[List of drainage basins by area]]
* [[List of rivers by discharge]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/topics/earth/features/india_water.html|title=NASA Satellites Unlock Secret to Northern India's Vanishing Water|last=Cook-Anderson|first=Gretchen|date=12 August 2009|publisher=NASA|accessdate=26 November 2010|archive-date=18 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618202327/https://www.nasa.gov/topics/earth/features/india_water.html|url-status=dead}}
* [https://www.theguardian.com/environment/gallery/2012/oct/09/childrens-eyes-earth-photography-in-pictures#/?picture=397396825&index=17 Children's Eyes on Earth 2012 photography contest – in pictures] Peaceful Co-existence Guardian 9 October 2012

{{DEFAULTSORT:Water In India}}
[[Category:Water in India| ]]

Sakal

2026-01-08T07:17:00Z

HeikeC58098401: expanded information also and fixed typos

{{Short description|Indian daily newspaper}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox newspaper
| name = Sakal
| logo = Sakal Masthead.jpg
| logo_size = 225px
| image = [[File:Sakal Newspaper's First Issue.jpg|225px|Daily Sakal's first issue. Published on 1 January 1932.|border]]
| caption = "Rise of the future newspaper" (उदय भविष्यपत्राचा)
| type = Daily newspaper
| format = [[Broadsheet]]
| founded = 1 January 1932
| owners = Sakal Media Group<ref name="auto">[http://sakalmediagroup.com/about-us/management/ Official website of Sakal Media Group] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240430144800/http://sakalmediagroup.com/about-us/management/ |date=30 April 2024 }} (Accessed on 24 September 2013)</ref>
| chief_editor = Rahul Gadpale
| headquarters = 595, Budhwar Peth, [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| language = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| circulation = 1,064,721 daily<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.auditbureau.org/files/JD%202022%20Highest%20Circulated%20(across%20languages).pdf|title=Highest Circulated Dailies, Weeklies & Magazines amongst Member Publications (across languages) |publisher=[[Audit Bureau of Circulations (India)|Audit Bureau of Circulations]]|access-date= 28 July 2023}}</ref>
| circulation_date = 2022
| sister_newspapers = Sakal Times Agrowon
| website = https://www.esakal.com/
}}

'''Sakal''' (lit. ''“Morning”'') is a Marathi daily newspaper published by the [[Sakal Media Group]]. Founded by [[Nanasaheb Parulekar|Nanasaheb Parulekar]] in 1932, Sakal currently has a daily circulation of approximately 1.1 million copies, distributed across major cities including Pune and [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Panchbhai |first=Manaswi |date=2025-09-11 |title=Sakal Newspaper Becomes Most Widely Read in Maharashtra, Ranked Among India’s Top 10 Newspapers |url=https://www.thebridgechronicle.com/pune/sakal-top-newspaper-maharashtra-abc-ranking |access-date=2025-11-06 |website=The Bridge Chronicle |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
''Sakal'' originated during the pre-independence nationalist period.<ref name=Jeffrey>{{Cite journal|last=Jeffrey|first=Robin|title=Marathi: Big Newspapers Are Elephants|jstor=4405111 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly|year=1997|volume=32|issue=8|pages=384–388}}</ref> Its founder, Nanasaheb Parulekar, was influenced by [[Newspapers in the United States|American newspapers]] during his time at [[Columbia University]]. Although it was started as part of the nationalist cause, the Sakal newspaper transitioned, after Indian independence, into a commercially viable publication by focusing on local and rural issues around Pune.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goel |first=Karuna |date=2016 |title=“A Critical Study & Review of Marathi News Papers in Pune Region” |journal=Online International Interdisciplinary Research Journal |volume=6 |issue=6 |pages=1}}</ref>

By the 1960s, Sakal had appointed full-time correspondents, each equipped with a phone, in every town in its coverage area. It organized training camps for journalists, promotions, and cultural events for readers, and published letters to the editor on its front page.<ref name="Jeffrey" />

Under Nanasaheb Parulekar, the paper was described as maintaining political neutrality and endorsing candidates for local, state, or national elections when deemed suitable.{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}

When Nanasaheb Parulekar died in 1973, the paper continued operating with practices established during his tenure. It survived the initial changes brought by advancements in newspaper technology and continued for over 10 years. [[Pratap Govindrao Pawar|Pratap Pawar]] joined the board of Sakal in 1985.<ref name="rishabhdara.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.rishabhdara.com/sc/view.php?case=20050|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002130409/http://www.rishabhdara.com/sc/view.php?case=20050|url-status=usurped|archive-date=2 October 2013|title=SMT. CLAUDE-LILA PARULEKAR versus M/S. SAKAL PAPERS PVT. LTD. & ORS|website=rishabhdara.com|access-date=9 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Pal|first1=R|title=Smt. Claude-Lila Parulekar vs M/S. Sakal Papers Pvt. Ltd. & Ors on 18 March, 2005|url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1594596/|website=/indiankanoon.org|access-date=28 April 2016}}</ref> Pawar converted the paper into a [[public limited company]] in 1989, becoming its managing director.<ref>{{Cite web| title=A Critical Study & Review of Marathi News Papers in Pune Region | url=http://www.oiirj.org/oiirj/nov-dec2016/28.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418200752/http://www.oiirj.org/oiirj/nov-dec2016/28.pdf | archive-date=2021-04-18}}</ref> As of 2025, Pawar is chairman of the group.{{citation needed|date=December 2025}}

===List of editors===
* N. B. Parulekar – 1 January 1932 to 31 December 1943
* Ramchandra Balawant (also known as Babasaheb Ghorpade) – 1 January 1944 to 20 February 1951
* N. B. Parulekar – 21 February 1951 to 8 January 1973
* Shridhar (S. G. Mungekar)– 9 January 1973 to 9 February 1985
* V. D. Ranade – 10 February 1985 to 30 April 1987
* S. K. Kulkarni – 1 May 1987 to 31 July 1987
* Vijay Kuwalekar – 1 August 1987 to 7 August 2000
* Anant Dixit – 8 August 2000 to 15 July 2005
* Yamaji Malkar – 16 July 2005 to 9 May 2009
* [[Uttam Kamble]] – 10 May 2009 to 31 July 2012 (Editor in Chief)
* Shriram Pawar – 1 August 2012 to 28 February 2018 (Editor in Chief)
* Nand Kumar Sutar - 1 May 2013 to 16 June 2019 (Executive Editor)
* Rahul Gadpale – 1 March 2018 – to date (Editor in Chief)

== Operations ==
Abhijit Pawar is currently the managing director of the group.<ref name="auto" /> In 2021, the group launched Agrowon, described as the first and only agriculture daily. The official website states that it is the "first media company to organize events & exhibitions as well as the first media group to implement 6-sigma processes across the company." The company recently launched 515 agriculture marts in [[Maharashtra]] under the name of Agrowon Agrotech.<ref>[https://theoutreach.in/pune-based-consultancy-to-launch-indias-first-agri-collective/ Pune based consultany to launch India's first agri collective] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211110101954/https://theoutreach.in/pune-based-consultancy-to-launch-indias-first-agri-collective/ |archive-date=10 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.agrowonmart.com/home/about-us/index.html |title=Helping Farmers With Smart Solution {{!}} Sakal Media Group {{!}} Agrowon Mart |website=www.agrowonmart.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211110111925/https://www.agrowonmart.com/home/about-us/index.html |archive-date=10 November 2021}}</ref>

==Events==
The group organizes events and activities that target a variety of sectors such as education, agriculture, travel-tourism, and business. Its international event, 'EDUCON', serves as a forum for Vice-Chancellors from across India to present their vision for Indian higher education.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.educationnewsindia.com/2011_09_11_archive.html|title=Educationnewsindia.com|website=educationnewsindia.com|access-date=9 April 2018}}</ref> Other events include Property Mahayatra, Education Mahayatra, MPL, Pune Shopping Festivals, Family Health, Sakal Edugain, Sakal Investneet, Sakal Vastu, and Sakal Shagun. The Group has established clubs for specific audiences, such as Madhurangan (मधुरांगण) for women, Young Buzz and Sakal NIE (Newspaper in Education), and Family Doctor Club.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}

===Pune Bus Day===
Pune Bus Day was an event organized by Sakal Media Group. The initiative, led by company managing director Abhijit Pawar, aimed to address traffic congestion in [[Pune]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/transformation-through-respect-5-questions-with-abhijit-pawar/articleshow/50352917.cms|title=Transformation Through Respect: 5 Questions with Abhijit Pawar|website=Business Insider}}</ref> For Pune Bus Day, Sakal Media Group aimed to arrange 1,500 buses to supplement the existing fleet of 1,650 PMPML buses, demonstrating how using a sufficient number of buses with high frequency could potentially reduce traffic congestion. The tagline for the initiative was "Come, let's travel by PMPML bus on 1 November 2012". At the time,{{when|date=August 2024}} the perceived lack of sufficient buses prompted commuters to opt for private vehicles, contributing to issues like traffic congestion, vehicular pollution, and accidents. According to a study conducted by city-based NGO Parisar in 2009–10, the bus service run by the Pune Mahanagar Parivahan Mahamandal Limited (PMPML) was found to be comparatively expensive, with lower service quality and a higher breakdown rate when compared to transport utilities in Mumbai, Chennai, Bengaluru, and Delhi.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}

A web portal developed by a Pune-based IT company provided information about bus routes and other details, utilizing real-time information on bus schedules from the PMPML.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}

=== Pune Half Marathon ===
The Pune Half Marathon is another event organized by the Sakal Media Group. The event was launched in 2018 with a focus on promoting wellness and fitness among Pune residents. The second event was held on 22 December 2019, and saw participation from over 20,000 runners.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sakaltimes.com/myfa-sports/bajaj-allianz-pune-half-marathon-sees-massive-turnout-44485|title=Bajaj Allianz Pune Half Marathon sees massive turnout|website=Sakal Times|date=24 December 2019}}</ref> US Olympian [[Janet Cherobon-Bawcom]] was the event ambassador for the 2019 race, which focused on supporting the Indian running community.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/athletics/us-olympian-cherobon-bawcom-joins-pune-half-marathon-as-ambassador/articleshow/72085265.cms|title=US Olympian Janet Cherobon-Bawcom joins Pune Half Marathon as ambassador|website=The Times of India|date=16 November 2019 }}</ref>

The first event in 2018 collaborated with [[Jack Daniels (coach)|Jack Daniels]], a former Olympic medalist described as a prominent running coach. The event collaborated with Daniels' project, "The RUN Smart Project", which devised free training plans for participants. Daniels provided training talks and mentored aspects of the event execution.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sakaltimes.com/sports/dr-jack-daniels-conduct-workshop-pune-26492|title=Dr Jack Daniels to conduct workshops in Pune|website=Sakal Times|date=17 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/pune-half-marathon-returns-to-be-held-on-december-22/1658372|title=Pune Half Marathon returns on December 22|website=Outlook India}}</ref> In addition, American runner [[Ryan Hall (runner)|Ryan Hall]] was the event ambassador for Pune Half Marathon 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/others/you/get-ready-get-set-and-go/articleshow/66658700.cms|title=Ready, get, set and go|website=Pune Mirror}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sakaltimes.com/pune/ryan-hall-be-city-pune-half-marathon-28765|title=Ryan Hall to be in city for Pune Half Marathon|date=6 December 2018}}</ref>

[[Bajaj Group|Bajaj Allianz]] were the title sponsors for the first two editions of the race.

==Publications==
The Group's publications include the English-language daily (which replaced ''The Maharashtra Herald''), ''Gomantak'', and ''Gomantak Times'', Marathi and English language dailies published from Goa, respectively. ''Agrowon'' is a daily dedicated to agriculture. The group also publishes several supplements, such as Pratibimb, Young Buzz, positive (Financial supplement), and Job Buzz.
Sakal also has a book publishing division that covers various subjects, including health, entertainment, sports, spiritual, and children's literature. Published titles include ''Ayurvediya Garbhsanskar'' by Shri. Balaji Tambe and ''Timeless Inspirator'' edited by Dr. Raghunath Mashelkar, as well as a comic strip book of [[Chintoo]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pawar |first1=Abhijit |title=News and Publishing {{!}} Sakal Media Group |url=https://www.sakalmediagroup.com/media-businesses/news-and-publishing/ |website=Sakal Media Group Website}}</ref>[[File:Tanishka Logo.jpg|thumb|Tanishka Logo]]

=== Magazines ===
{{Unreferenced section|date=May 2025}}
Sakal Group publishes several magazines, such as ''Sakal Saptahik'' (सकाळ साप्ताहिक). According to a 2010 Indian Readership Survey, Saptahik Sakal was the most popular magazine in Maharashtra.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=IRS 2010 Q1: Top Regional Magazines |url=https://www.bestmediainfo.com/2010/08/irs-2010-q1-top-magazines-in-regional-markets/ |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=bestmediainfo.com |language=en}}</ref> Tanishka (तनिष्का) is a monthly magazine for women, and ''Premier'' (प्रीमियर) is a monthly magazine covering the entertainment industry.

==Sakal Social Foundation==
{{Unreferenced section|date=May 2025}}
Sakal Social Foundation is a social initiative wing of the Group that works primarily in Maharashtra, focusing on areas such as health, poverty, education, environment, and governance.

==Controversies==
In 2005, the [[Supreme Court of India]] ruled against Sakal in a case involving the unauthorized transfer of shares belonging to the late Claude-Lila Parulekar, daughter of the founder. In conclusion, the court ordered the company to pay ₹3 crore rupees in compensation.<ref>{{cite news |date=12 April 2005 |title=SC orders Sakal to pay Rs 3 crore to its director |url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/sc-orders-sakal-to-pay-rs-3-crore-to-its-director/208594/ |access-date=9 April 2018 |newspaper=Business Standard |location=India |agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref><ref name="rishabhdara.com" /><ref name="Aggarwal1989">{{cite book |author=S. K. Aggarwal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hDmn6LI_ZDEC&pg=PA228 |title=Media Credibility |publisher=Mittal Publications |year=1989 |isbn=978-81-7099-157-1 |pages=227–235}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Newspapers in India}}

[[Category:Marathi-language newspapers]]
[[Category:Newspapers established in 1932]]
[[Category:Newspapers published in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Mass media in Pune]]
[[Category:Mass media in Nagpur]]
[[Category:1932 establishments in India]]

Shagun Parihar

2026-01-05T13:21:21Z

HeikeC58098401: Created Data

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}

{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Shagun Parihar.jpg
| office = Member of [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Kishtwar Assembly constituency|Kishtwar]]
| predecessor = [[Sunil Kumar Sharma (Jammu and Kashmir)|Sunil Kumar Sharma]]
| term_start = 8 October 2024
| term_end =
| profession = Politician
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}

'''Shagun Parihar''' is an Indian politician from Jammu & Kashmir. She is a [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly|Member of the Jammu & Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] from [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]], representing [[Kishtwar Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bharatiya Janta Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=BJP's Shagun Parihar, whose father was killed in terror attack, wins in Kishtwar |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/jammu-and-kashmir-election-2024-bjp-shagun-pariha-wins-kishtwar-assembly-seat-2613390-2024-10-08 |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Kishtwar Election Result 2024 Live Update: Assembly Winner, Leading, MLA, Margin, Candidates |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/kishtwar-election-result-2024-live-update-9077434.html |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Shagun, Shamima and Sakina: Three women elected to Jammu and Kashmir Assembly">{{cite news |date=9 October 2024 |title=Shagun, Shamima and Sakina: Three women elected to Jammu and Kashmir Assembly |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/shagun-shameema-and-sakina-three-women-elected-to-jammu-and-kashmir-assembly-101728452076537.html |access-date=13 October 2024}}</ref><ref name="BJP's New Face Shagun Parihar Wins From Kishtwar">{{cite news|title=BJP's New Face Shagun Parihar Wins From Kishtwar |url=https://timelinedaily.com/elections/bjps-new-face-shagun-parihar-wins-from-kishtwar |access-date=14 October 2024 |date=8 October 2024 |language=en}}</ref> At the age of 29 years, She is the youngest winner in the [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]].<ref name="ET">{{cite news |date=9 October 2024|title=Meet Shagun Parihar: Youngest winner of Jammu and Kashmir assembly polls with a past marred by tragedy|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/jammu-kashmir/meet-shagun-parihar-youngest-winner-of-jammu-and-kashmir-assembly-polls-with-a-past-is-marred-by-tragedy/articleshow/114074965.cms|newspaper=Economic Times|access-date= 18 October 2024}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Shagun's father Ajit Parihar, a BJP functionary and her uncle Anil were killed by [[Hizbul Mujahideen]] terrorists in 2018, just days before the panchayat elections. However, she continued with her studies and at the time of her election to the Legislative Assembly, she was also pursuing her [[PhD]].<ref name="ET"/>

== Electoral performance ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Election !! Constituency !! colspan="2"|Party !! Result !! Votes % !! Opposition Candidate !! colspan="2"|Opposition Party !! Opposition vote %|| Ref
|-
|[[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]||[[Kishtwar Assembly constituency|Kishtwar]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||{{Won}}||48.00%||Sajjad Ahmed Kichloo||{{party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}}||47.14%||<ref>{{cite news|website=Election Commission of India|title=J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 - Bandipora|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|access-date=10 October 2024|date=8 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241010072117/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|archive-date=10 October 2024}}</ref>
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024 Jammu & Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Parihar, Shagun}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:1995 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Kishtwar district]]
[[Category:Women members of the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]

== External links ==
{{Commons Category}}

{{JammuKashmir-BJP-politician-stub}}

1996 Indian Federation Cup final

2025-12-23T21:11:11Z

HeikeC58098401: Created New Data!

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox football match
| title = 1996 Indian Federation Cup final
| image =
| caption =
| event = [[1996 Indian Federation Cup]]
| team1 = [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
| team1score = 2
| team2 = [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]]
| team2score = 1
| details = '''After [[Golden goal#Association football|golden goal]] [[Overtime (sports)#Association football|extra time]]'''
| date = 11 August 1996
| stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium]]
| city = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal, India|West Bengal]]
| man_of_the_match1a = [[Tushar Rakshit]]
| referee = Ravi Shekhar (Maharashtra) <ref name="report">{{cite news |first=Novy|last=Kapadia|title=East Bengal's Federation Cup successes|url= https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/east-bengals-federation-cup-successes |work=Sportskeeda |date=7 October 2012 |access-date=8 June 2021 }}</ref>
| attendance =
| weather =
| previous = 1995
| next = [[1997 Indian Federation Cup final|1997]]
}}
The '''1996 Indian Federation Cup final''' was the 19th final of the [[Federation Cup (India)|Indian Federation Cup]], the top knock-out competition in [[India]], and was contested between Kolkata giant [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] and [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]] of Goa on 11 August 1996.

East Bengal won the final 2–1 courtesy of a [[Golden goal]] by [[Raman Vijayan]] in the extra-time to claim their fourth Federation Cup title.<ref name="final">{{cite web|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/1996-97fedcup.html|title=19th "Kalyani Black Label" Federation Cup 1996:|work=IndianFootball.de|access-date=8 June 2021|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri}}</ref>

==Route to the final==
{{see also|1996 Indian Federation Cup}}

===East Bengal===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;margin-left:1em;float:right; font-size:85%;"

!scope=col width="80" | Round
!scope=col width="120" | Opposition
!scope=col width="80" | Score
|-
!scope=row style="text-align:center"| R16
|[[Air India FC|Air India]]
| 2–1
|-
!scope=row style="text-align:center"| Quarter-final
| Border Security Force
| 1–1 (4–3 pen)
|-
!scope=row style="text-align:center"| Semi-final
| Kerala Police
| 3–0
|}
East Bengal entered the [[1996 Indian Federation Cup]] as the runner's up of the tournament's previous edition. In the pre-quarter-final, they faced [[Air India FC|Air India]] in their opening match and won 2–1. In the quarter-final, East Bengal faced Border Security Force and in a thriller of a game, won 4–3 in the penalty shootout after the game ended 1–1 after 120 minutes. [[Raman Vijayan]] scored the only goal for East Bengal. In the semi-final, East Bengal faced Kerala Police and won the match handsomely by 3–0 with a brace from Vijayan as they reached the final.<ref name="final"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india97.html|title=19th Federation Cup 1996|work=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation|accessdate=8 June 2021}}</ref>

===Dempo===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;margin-left:1em;float:right; font-size:85%;"

!scope=col width="80" | Round
!scope=col width="120" | Opposition
!scope=col width="80" | Score
|-
!scope=row style="text-align:center"| R16
| Delhi Mughals
| 4–0
|-
!scope=row style="text-align:center"| Quarter-final
| [[Mohun Bagan]]
| 0–0 (5-3 pen)
|-
!scope=row style="text-align:center"| Semi-final
| [[JCT FC|JCT Mills]]
| 3–1
|}

In the pre-quarter-finals, Dempo faced Delhi Mughals and won it 4–0. In the quarter-final, they faced Kolkata giants [[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan]] and after 120 minutes the game ended 0–0 and Dempo won 5–3 via penalty shootout to reach the last four of the tournament. In the Semi-final, they faced the reigning champions [[JCT FC|JCT Mills]]; defeated them 3–1 to reach the final.<ref name="final"/>

==Match==
===Details===
{{footballbox
|date=11 August 1996
|time=17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|report=
|team2=[[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]]
|score= 2–1
|agget=yes
|goals1=[[Tushar Rakshit]] {{goal|14|}} [[Raman Vijayan]] {{golden goal|107}}
|goals2=Camilo Goncalves {{goal|16}}
|stadium=[[Salt Lake Stadium]], [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=100,000 (est.)
|referee=Ravi Shekhar (Maharashtra)}}

{| width=92%
|-
|{{Football kit
|pattern_b = _EastBengal_12_13_Home
|pattern_la =
|pattern_ra =
|pattern_sh =
|pattern_so = _2 gold stripes
|leftarm = FFDF00
|body = FFDF00
|rightarm = FF0000
|shorts = 000000
|socks = FF0000
|title = East Bengal
}}
|{{Football kit
| pattern_la = _blueborder
| pattern_b = _bluecollar
| pattern_ra = _blueborder
| pattern_sh =
| pattern_so =
| leftarm = ffffff
| body = ffffff
| rightarm = ffffff
| shorts = ffffff
| socks = ffffff
| title = Dempo
}}
|}

{| width="100%"
|valign="top" width="40%"|
{| style="font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
|colspan="4"|
|-
!width="25"| !!width="25"|
|-
|GK || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Hemanta Dora]]
|-
|LB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Subir Ghosh
|-
|CB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Debjit Ghosh]]
|-
|CB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Debasish Pal Chowdhury || || {{suboff|12}}
|-
|RB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Ilyas Pasha
|-
|RM || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Ranjan Dey
|-
|CM || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Tushar Rakshit]] ([[Captain (association football)|c]])
|-
|CM || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Basudeb Mondal
|-
|LM || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Amit Das
|-
|ST || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Raman Vijayan]]
|-
|ST || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Prashanta Chakraborty || || {{suboff|76}}
|-
|colspan=4|'''Substitutes:'''
|-
|DF || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Arumugam Saravanan || || {{subon|12}}|| ||{{suboff|100}}
|-
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Tauseef Jamal || || {{subon|76}}
|-
|MF || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Ansari Abdul Hamid || || {{subon|100}}
|-
|colspan=4|'''Manager:'''
|-
|colspan="4"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Monoranjan Bhattacharya]]
|}
|valign="top"|
|valign="top" width="50%"|
{| style="font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align=center
|colspan="4"|
|-
!width="25"| !!width="25"|
|-
|GK || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Dominic D'Souza
|-
|RB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Matthew Rodrigues || {{suboff|76}}
|-
|CB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Sunmani Singh
|-
|CB || ||{{flagicon|NGA}} Christopher Kem
|-
|LB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Xavier Colaco
|-
|LM || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Valentino Ezuego
|-
|CM || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Shanta Kumar || {{suboff|61}}
|-
|RM || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Itocha Singh
|-
|ST || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Camilo Goncalves ([[Captain (association football)|c]])
|-
|ST || ||{{flagicon|IND}} P Manohoran
|-
|ST || ||{{flagicon|NGA}} Lullu Nwike || {{suboff|75}}
|-
|colspan=4|'''Substitutes:'''
|-
|MF || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Marcus Carvalho || {{subon|61}}
|-
|DF || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Agnolo Miranda || {{subon|76}}
|-
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Mahesh Singh || {{subon|75}}
|-
|colspan=4|'''Manager:'''
|-
|colspan="4"|{{flagicon|IND}} Socorro Coutinho
|}
|}
{| width=100% style="font-size: 90%"
|
'''Hero of the Match:''' [[Tushar Rakshit]] (East Bengal)<ref name="final"/>

|style="width:60%; vertical-align:top;"|
'''Match rules'''
*90 minutes.
*30 minutes of [[Overtime (sports)#Association football|extra time]] if necessary.
*[[Golden goal]] ends game.
*[[Penalty shoot-out (association football)|Penalty shoot-out]] if scores still level.
|}

==See also==
* [http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/1996-97fedcup.html 19th "Kalyani Black Label" Federation Cup 1996]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Federation Cup (India)}}
{{1996-97 in Indian football}}
{{SC East Bengal}}

[[Category:East Bengal Club matches]]
[[Category:Dempo SC matches]]
[[Category:Indian Federation Cup finals]]

Keshavrao Bhole

2025-12-05T09:44:51Z

HeikeC58098401: added a biography

{{Short description|Indian musician (1896–1967)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Keshav Vaman Bhole
| image = Keshavrao Bhole.gif
| birth_date = {{birth date|1896|5|23|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Amravati]], [[Maharashtra]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1977|11|9|1896|5|23|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Pune]], Maharashtra, India
| occupation = Music composer
| spouse = [[Jyotsna Keshav Bhole]]
}}

'''Keshav Vaman Bhole''' (23 May 1896 – 9 November 1977), also known as '''Keshavrao Bhole''', was an Indian music composer, critic, and music director.<ref>{{cite book
| last1 = Datta | first1 = Amaresh
| title = Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: A-Devo
| volume = 1
| publisher = [[Sahitya Akademi]]
| year= 1987
| isbn = 9788126018031
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC&q=keshavrao+bhole&pg=PA507}}
</ref> He is known for his association with the [[Prabhat Film Company]] and for his writings on music theory and practitioners.

==Early life and background==
Keshav Vaman Bhole was born on 23 May 1896 in [[Amravati]], [[Maharashtra]]. Born into a family of music enthusiasts, his father, Vamanrao, was a player of the ''satar'', though he died before Bhole was born. Bhole's mother was also a skilled singer. Despite the loss of his father, the musical environment of his household fostered an early interest in the arts.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999">{{cite wikisource |last1=Navelkar |first1=V. R. |editor-first1=Tanaji |editor-last1=Halarnkar |editor-link1=Tanaji Halarnkar |others= |title=Konkani Vishwakosh |trans-title=Konkani Encyclopaedia |wslink=Page:Konkani Viswakosh Vol3.pdf/487 |type= |edition= |series= |pages=487 |volume=3 |year=1999 |publisher=[[Goa University]] |location=Goa |language=gom |wslanguage=gom }}</ref>

During his childhood, Bhole began his musical education by listening to gramophone records. He considered the singer Goharjan to be his "mental teacher" and also studied the songs of Bai Johrabai. He received formal guidance from his elder brother, the playwright Vasudev Bhole, who instructed him on the nuances of performance, including the progression of [[Raga|ragas]] and the importance of clear pronunciation. Bhole was further influenced by the singing of [[Vishnu Digambar Paluskar]].<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

==Career==
Bhole moved to [[Mumbai]] to pursue doctoral studies. During his time there, he established a reputation as a singer, composer, and music critic. He was associated with notable vocalists such as [[Bal Gandharva]] and [[Manji Khan]].<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

===Theater and film===
In the theater circuit, Bhole composed music for the play ''Andhalachi Shaala'', produced by the theater company Natya-Manvantar.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

In 1933, he joined the [[Prabhat Film Company]] as a music director. His filmography includes compositions for several productions, including:
* ''Amritmanthan''
* ''[[Sant Tukaram (film)|Sant Tukaram]]''
* ''[[Kunku (film)|Kunku]]''
* ''Sant Gyaneshwar''
* ''Chandrasena''
* ''Maza Mulga''
* ''Pahu Re Kiti Waat''
* ''Sant Sakhu''<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

Later in his career, he served as a music director for [[All India Radio]] (Aakashvani) at both the Mumbai and [[Pune]] stations.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

==Literary works==
Bhole was a prolific writer on the subject of music, often publishing under the pseudonyms "Ekalavya" and "Shuddhsarang". Under the name Ekalavya, he contributed articles regarding elite singers to the weekly publication ''Vasundhara''. These columns were compiled into the book ''Today's Famous Singers'' (1933), which was later reissued as ''Sangitache Mankari'' (1949).<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

His other published works include:
* ''Awazachi Duniya'' (1948)
* ''Astaai'' (1962)
* ''Vasantkakachi Patre'' (1964)
* ''Maze Sangeet'' (1964)
* ''Antra'' (1967)
* ''Je Athavate Te'' (1972)<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

==Personal life==
While living in Mumbai, he married Durgabai Kelekar, who was originally from [[Goa]]. She later became known as [[Jyotsna Bhole]]. Keshav Vaman Bhole died in Pune on 9 November 1977.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb person}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhole, Keshav Vaman}}
[[Category:1896 births]]
[[Category:1977 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian musicians]]

Child development in India

2025-12-05T04:03:23Z

HeikeC58098401: put up data

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use British English|date=June 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}

[[File:Mother and Child - New Delhi - India (12770541934).jpg|thumb|right|A mother and child in New Delhi.]]
'''Child development in India''' is the Indian experience of [[Biology|biological]], [[Psychology|psychological]], and emotional changes that children experience as they grow into adults. [[Child development]] has a major influence on the [[Health in India|health of people in India]], both individually and nationally.

Children constitute a significant part of the national [[disease burden]] of India.<ref name="Thimmadasiah 2020">{{cite journal |last1=Thimmadasiah |first1=N Bangalore |last2=Joshi |first2=TK |title=India: country report on children's environmental health. |journal=Reviews on Environmental Health |date=13 January 2020 |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=27–39 |doi=10.1515/reveh-2019-0073 |pmid=31926103|bibcode=2020RvEH...35...27B |s2cid=210158493 }}</ref> [[Environmental health]] problems such as [[List of pollution-related diseases|pollution-related diseases]] and challenges with [[water supply and sanitation in India]] are difficult to fix and have a large impact on children.<ref name="Thimmadasiah 2020"/> Many children in India do not receive [[vaccine]]s, making them vulnerable to various [[infectious diseases]].

Forty percent of children in India experience [[malnutrition in India|malnutrition]] or [[stunted growth]] due to lack of access to healthy meals.<ref name="Pappachan 2017">{{cite journal |last1=Pappachan |first1=B |last2=Choonara |first2=I |title=Inequalities in child health in India. |journal=BMJ Paediatrics Open |year=2017 |volume=1 |issue=1 |article-number=e000054 |doi=10.1136/bmjpo-2017-000054 |pmid=29637107|pmc=5862182 }}</ref> Programs such as the [[Midday Meal Scheme]] are working to combat childhood hunger in India.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gharge |first1=Shivani |last2=Vlachopoulos |first2=Dimitris |last3=Skinner |first3=Annie M. |last4=Williams |first4=Craig A. |last5=Iniesta |first5=Raquel Revuelta |last6=Unisa |first6=Sayeed |date=January 11, 2024 |title=The effect of the Mid-Day Meal programme on the longitudinal physical growth from childhood to adolescence in India |journal=PLOS Global Public Health |volume=4 |issue=1 |article-number=e0002742 |doi=10.1371/journal.pgph.0002742 |doi-access=free |issn=2767-3375 |pmc=10783765 |pmid=38206897 }}</ref> Research suggests that children of [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|scheduled castes]] showed significantly more rates of malnutrition than those of [[forward caste]]s, resulting in stunted child development at a rate exceeding that of sub-Saharan Africa.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mudur |first1=G.S. |title=India-Africa 'paradox': SC-ST 'hidden divide' clue to stunting puzzle |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/india-africa-paradox-sc-st-hidden-divide-clue-to-stunting-puzzle/cid/2059041 |publisher=The Telegraph (India)}}</ref>

==Markers of childhood development==
Optimal child development starts before [[Conception (biology)|conception]] and is dependent on adequate [[nutrition]] for mother and child; protection from threats; provision of learning opportunities; and caregiver interactions that are stimulating, responsive, and emotionally supportive.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WHO {{!}} Nurturing care for early childhood development: Linking survive and thrive to transform health and human potential |url=https://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/child/nurturing-care-framework/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920175818/http://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/child/nurturing-care-framework/en/ |archive-date=20 September 2017 |access-date=11 June 2020 |website=WHO}}</ref> Common markers used by researchers and experts in the statistical examination of childhood development include age, income, and locality. Applied to Indian child development, all three markers indicate major challenges.

In India, there are also children's health issues related to [[gender inequality in India|gender inequality]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Subramanian |first1=Samyukta |date=15 October 2019 |title=India's policy on early childhood education |url=https://www.brookings.edu/research/indias-policy-on-early-childhood-education/ |website=[[Brookings Institution]]}}</ref> [[female infanticide in India|female infanticide]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sahni |first1=M |last2=Verma |first2=N |last3=Narula |first3=D |last4=Varghese |first4=RM |last5=Sreenivas |first5=V |last6=Puliyel |first6=JM |date=21 May 2008 |title=Missing girls in India: infanticide, feticide and made-to-order pregnancies? Insights from hospital-based sex-ratio-at-birth over the last century. |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=3 |issue=5 |bibcode=2008PLoSO...3.2224S |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0002224 |pmc=2377330 |pmid=18493614 |doi-access=free |article-number=e2224}}</ref> and certain aspects of [[child marriage in India|child marriage]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nour |first1=NM |year=2009 |title=Child marriage: a silent health and human rights issue. |journal=Reviews in Obstetrics & Gynecology |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=51–6 |pmc=2672998 |pmid=19399295}}</ref>

===Age===

==== First 1,000 days ====
The first 1,000 days are considered a critical period in child development in need of planning to give children the best possible start.<ref name="Chellaiyan 2020">{{cite journal |last1=Chellaiyan |first1=VG |last2=Liaquathali |first2=F |last3=Marudupandiyan |first3=J |title=Healthy nutrition for a healthy child: A review on infant feeding in India. |journal=Journal of Family & Community Medicine |year=2020 |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=1–7 |doi=10.4103/jfcm.JFCM_5_19 |pmid=32030072|pmc=6984033 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The general recommendation for babies is that they should [[breastfeed]] soon after birth to get [[colostrum]],<ref name="Chellaiyan 2020"/> but some factors prevent Indian mothers from giving colostrum to their newborns, including the risk of [[maternal mortality in India|maternal mortality]] and [[Taboo|social taboo]].<ref name="Chellaiyan 2020"/> The first 1,000 days of life are also considered critical because of the adaptability of children's brains during this period and the difficulty of reversing early deficits as children grow older.<ref>{{Cite book |author1=National Research Council (US) Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Integrating the Science of Early Childhood Development |title=From Neurons to Neighborhoods |last2=Shonkoff |first2=J. P. |last3=Phillips |first3=D. A. |date=13 November 2000 |isbn=978-0-309-06988-5 |doi=10.17226/9824 |pmid=25077268}}</ref>{{Clarify|reason=This statement needs to be linked clearly to child development in India.|date=November 2025}}

==== Early childhood ====
[[Early childhood]] is the stage in human development that occurs between [[Infant|infancy]] and approximately six years of age,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Starting Strong |date= |title=Early Childhood Development in India – Guide for funders and charities |url=https://www.thinknpc.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Starting_strong.pdf |website=New Philanthropy Capital}}</ref> although some definitions extend early childhood development (ECD) to age eight to account for changes that occur during a child's transition into primary level education.<ref>{{cite book |last1=World Health Organization |url=https://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/child/Improving_Early_Childhood_Development_WHO_Guideline_Summary__.pdf |title=Improving Early Childhood Development: WHO guideline |date=2020 |publisher=World Health Organization |location=Geneva, Switzerland |page=1 |access-date=21 October 2020}}</ref>

Optimal development in early childhood can be disrupted by various adversities in a child's environment and relationships with caregivers. These adversities vary in intensity and include such issues as violence in the home, neglect, abuse, lack of opportunity for play and cognitive stimulation, and parental ill health.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cronholm |first1=Peter F. |last2=Forke |first2=Christine M. |last3=Wade |first3=Roy |last4=Bair-Merritt |first4=Megan H. |last5=Davis |first5=Martha |last6=Harkins-Schwarz |first6=Mary |last7=Pachter |first7=Lee M. |last8=Fein |first8=Joel A. |date=September 2015 |title=Adverse Childhood Experiences |journal=American Journal of Preventive Medicine |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=354–361 |doi=10.1016/j.amepre.2015.02.001 |issn=0749-3797 |pmid=26296440}}</ref><ref name="Walker 145–157">{{Cite journal |last1=Walker |first1=Susan P |last2=Wachs |first2=Theodore D |last3=Meeks Gardner |first3=Julie |last4=Lozoff |first4=Betsy |last5=Wasserman |first5=Gail A |last6=Pollitt |first6=Ernesto |last7=Carter |first7=Julie A |date=January 2007 |title=Child development: risk factors for adverse outcomes in developing countries |journal=The Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9556 |pages=145–157 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(07)60076-2 |issn=0140-6736 |pmid=17223478 |s2cid=11120228}}</ref> Although childhood development is considered a key factor in achieving the ambitious goals of global sustainable development,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Daelmans |first1=Bernadette |last2=Darmstadt |first2=Gary L |last3=Lombardi |first3=Joan |last4=Black |first4=Maureen M |last5=Britto |first5=Pia R |last6=Lye |first6=Stephen |last7=Dua |first7=Tarun |last8=Bhutta |first8=Zulfiqar A |last9=Richter |first9=Linda M |date=January 2017 |title=Early childhood development: the foundation of sustainable development |journal=The Lancet |volume=389 |issue=10064 |pages=9–11 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31659-2 |issn=0140-6736 |pmid=27717607 |s2cid=205983467}}</ref> 45% of Indian children under three years old have been reported to experience [[Stunted growth|stunting]], a measure of chronic malnutrition.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Vart |first1=Priya |last2=Jaglan |first2=Ajay |last3=Shafique |first3=Kashif |date=5 June 2015 |title=Caste-based social inequalities and childhood anemia in India: results from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS) 2005–2006 |journal=BMC Public Health |volume=15 |issue=1 |page=537 |doi=10.1186/s12889-015-1881-4 |issn=1471-2458 |pmc=4456806 |pmid=26044618 |s2cid=18616090 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

In 2008, there were an estimated 158 million children under the age of six in India generally suffering from poor nutrition and health care,<ref>{{Citation |title=Foreword |date=31 December 2008 |work=The State of the World's Children 2008 |page=3 |series=State of the World's Children |publisher=UN |doi=10.18356/c8d42ffb-en |isbn=978-92-1-059754-8}}</ref> with a later study finding that around one in 10 Indian children experienced [[Diarrhea|diarrhoea]]; almost one in six, fever; and half of children younger than three, deprivation of full [[Immunization|immunisation]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Vart |first1=Priya |last2=Jaglan |first2=Ajay |last3=Shafique |first3=Kashif |date=5 June 2015 |title=Caste-based social inequalities and childhood anemia in India: results from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS) 2005–2006 |journal=BMC Public Health |volume=15 |issue=1 |page=537 |doi=10.1186/s12889-015-1881-4 |issn=1471-2458 |pmc=4456806 |pmid=26044618 |s2cid=18616090 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The danger of such a health scenario that exposure to multiple adversities poses a cumulative detrimental burden to the well-being of Indian children, especially those in low- and middle-income communities,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Walker |first1=Susan P |last2=Wachs |first2=Theodore D |last3=Grantham-McGregor |first3=Sally |last4=Black |first4=Maureen M |last5=Nelson |first5=Charles A |last6=Huffman |first6=Sandra L |last7=Baker-Henningham |first7=Helen |last8=Chang |first8=Susan M |last9=Hamadani |first9=Jena D |last10=Lozoff |first10=Betsy |last11=Gardner |first11=Julie M Meeks |date=October 2011 |title=Inequality in early childhood: risk and protective factors for early child development |journal=The Lancet |volume=378 |issue=9799 |pages=1325–1338 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(11)60555-2 |issn=0140-6736 |pmid=21944375 |s2cid=14964512}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last1=Wachs |first1=Theodore D. |title=The Nature and Impact of Risk and Protective Influences on Children's Development in Low-Income Countries |date=15 January 2013 |work=Handbook of Early Childhood Development Research and Its Impact on Global Policy |pages=85–122 |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199922994.003.0005 |isbn=978-0-19-992299-4 |last2=Rahman |first2=Atif}}</ref> and they can develop brain damage.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Africa's Future, Africa's Challenge |date=22 January 2008 |isbn=978-0-8213-6886-2 |editor-last=Garcia |editor-first=Marito H. |doi=10.1596/978-0-8213-6886-2 |editor2-last=Pence |editor2-first=Alan |editor3-last=Evans |editor3-first=Judith}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Center on the Developing Child at Harvard University |url=https://46y5eh11fhgw3ve3ytpwxt9r-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/From_Best_Practices_to_Breakthrough_Impacts-4.pdf |title=From Best Practices to Breakthrough Impacts: A Science-Based Approach to Building a More Promising Future for Young Children and Families |date=2016 |publisher=Harvard University |location=Cambridge (MA) |page=15 |access-date=21 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117102623/https://46y5eh11fhgw3ve3ytpwxt9r-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/From_Best_Practices_to_Breakthrough_Impacts-4.pdf |archive-date=17 November 2020}}</ref>

A 2017 study reported that 57% of newborns in their first 1,000 days in India transition on time from [[breastfeeding]] to nutritious solid food; 48% get meals frequently enough; 33% have enough food variety for nutrition; and 21% get adequate meals overall.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Aguayo |first1=Víctor M. |date=October 2017 |title=Complementary feeding practices for infants and young children in South Asia. A review of evidence for action post-2015 |journal=Maternal & Child Nutrition |volume=13 |issue=Suppl 2 |doi=10.1111/mcn.12439 |pmc=6865921 |pmid=29032627 |article-number=e12439}}</ref>

Of all countries, India has the highest number of deaths of children under age five.<ref name="Shrivastwa 2016">{{cite journal |last1=Shrivastwa |first1=Nijika |last2=Gillespie |first2=Brenda W. |last3=Lepkowski |first3=James M. |last4=Boulton |first4=Matthew L. |date=September 2016 |title=Vaccination Timeliness in Children Under India's Universal Immunization Program |journal=The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal |volume=35 |issue=9 |pages=955–960 |doi=10.1097/INF.0000000000001223 |pmid=27195601 |s2cid=4585001}}</ref> Most of these deaths are from [[vaccine-preventable diseases]].<ref name="Shrivastwa 2016" /> The [[BCG vaccine]] against [[tuberculosis]] and [[leprosy]] 31% of children get on time and 87% get by age 5;<ref name="Shrivastwa 2016" /> the [[DPT vaccine]] against [[diphtheria]], [[pertussis]], and [[tetanus]], 19% get on time and 63% by age 5;<ref name="Shrivastwa 2016" /> and the [[meningococcal vaccine]] against [[meningococcal disease]] 34% get on time and 76% by age 5.<ref name="Shrivastwa 2016" />

====Preadolescence====
[[Preadolescence]] is the period when [[early childhood]] ends and [[puberty]] begins. India's [[Midday Meal Scheme]] has been a major success in nutrition for school-age children, providing a daily hot and healthy meal to 100 million children.<ref name="Ramachandran 2019">{{cite journal |last1=Ramachandran |first1=P |date=June 2019 |title=School Mid-day Meal Programme in India: Past, Present, and Future. |journal=Indian Journal of Pediatrics |volume=86 |issue=6 |pages=542–547 |doi=10.1007/s12098-018-02845-9 |pmid=30637675 |s2cid=58541996}}</ref> Current trends in the programme are adapting the meals based on research to meet more specific nutritional needs.<ref name="Ramachandran 2019" /> Since the 1970s, India has also had [[food fortification]] programmes to prevent [[vitamin A deficiency]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=G |first1=R |last2=Gupta |first2=A |year=2015 |title=Fortification of foods with vitamin D in India: strategies targeted at children. |journal=Journal of the American College of Nutrition |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=263–72 |doi=10.1080/07315724.2014.924450 |pmid=25790322 |s2cid=52804739}}</ref> with the result that this problem is much less nowadays.<ref name="Greiner 2019">{{cite journal |last1=Greiner |first1=Ted |last2=Mason |first2=John |last3=Benn |first3=Christine Stabell |last4=Sachdev |first4=H. P. S. |date=14 January 2019 |title=Does India Need a Universal High-Dose Vitamin A Supplementation Program? |url=https://findresearcher.sdu.dk/ws/files/157802777/Does_India_need_universal_high_dose_vitamin_A_final_.pdf |journal=The Indian Journal of Pediatrics |volume=86 |issue=6 |pages=538–541 |doi=10.1007/s12098-018-02851-x |pmid=30644040 |s2cid=58654408}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Awasthi |first1=S |last2=Peto |first2=R |last3=Read |first3=S |last4=Clark |first4=S |last5=Pande |first5=V |last6=Bundy |first6=D |last7=DEVTA (Deworming and Enhanced Vitamin A) |first7=team. |date=27 April 2013 |title=Vitamin A supplementation every 6 months with retinol in 1 million pre-school children in north India: DEVTA, a cluster-randomised trial. |journal=Lancet |volume=381 |issue=9876 |pages=1469–77 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)62125-4 |pmc=3647148 |pmid=23498849}}</ref>

Although girls need education and preparedness at this time for [[menstrual hygiene management]],<ref name="Sharma 2020">{{cite journal |last1=Sharma |first1=S |last2=Mehra |first2=D |last3=Brusselaers |first3=N |last4=Mehra |first4=S |date=19 January 2020 |title=Menstrual Hygiene Preparedness Among Schools in India: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of System-and Policy-Level Actions. |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=17 |issue=2 |page=647 |doi=10.3390/ijerph17020647 |pmc=7013590 |pmid=31963862 |doi-access=free}}</ref> and those who are prepared have better developmental outcomes,<ref name="Sharma 2020" /> a 2020 study reported that half the girls in India got their first information only after their [[menarche|first menstrual cycle]].<ref name="Sharma 2020" />

===Income===
[[Child poverty|Children in poverty]] are more likely to experience health problems due to their lack of immediate access to health care. Although regular access to [[primary care]] from a doctor improves health outcomes for children,<ref name="Zuhair 2017">{{cite journal |last1=Zuhair |first1=Mohd |last2=Roy |first2=Ram Babu |date=14 December 2017 |title=Socioeconomic Determinants of the Utilization of Antenatal Care and Child Vaccination in India |journal=Asia-Pacific Journal of Public Health |volume=29 |issue=8 |pages=649–659 |doi=10.1177/1010539517747071 |pmid=29237280 |s2cid=20590408}}</ref> those in impoverished families in India are less likely to have access to medical care, which among other challenges prevents their receiving important vaccinations.<ref name="Zuhair 2017" /> Medical problems associated with poverty also include issues in [[oral health]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Peres |first1=MA |last2=Macpherson |first2=LMD |last3=Weyant |first3=RJ |last4=Daly |first4=B |last5=Venturelli |first5=R |last6=Mathur |first6=MR |last7=Listl |first7=S |last8=Celeste |first8=RK |last9=Guarnizo-Herreño |first9=CC |last10=Kearns |first10=C |last11=Benzian |first11=H |last12=Allison |first12=P |last13=Watt |first13=RG |title=Oral diseases: a global public health challenge. |journal=Lancet |date=20 July 2019 |volume=394 |issue=10194 |pages=249–260 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31146-8 |pmid=31327369|hdl=10072/412320 |s2cid=197604973 |url=https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10079507/3/Watt%20Lancet%20paper%201%20revised%20-%20clean%201%20copy.pdf }}</ref>

Poverty presents particular challenges in India for [[street children in India|street children]] ,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nigam |first1=S |year=1994 |title=Street children of India – a glimpse. |journal=Journal of Health Management |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=63–7 |pmid=12289892}}</ref> [[Child labour in India|child workers]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Srivastava |first1=Rajendra N. |date=28 August 2019 |title=Children at Work, Child Labor and Modern Slavery in India: An Overview |journal=Indian Pediatrics |volume=56 |issue=8 |pages=633–638 |doi=10.1007/s13312-019-1584-5 |pmid=31477640 |s2cid=201751620}}</ref> and [[Child trafficking in India|trafficked children]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dhawan |first1=J |last2=Gupta |first2=S |last3=Kumar |first3=B |year=2010 |title=Sexually transmitted diseases in children in India. |journal=Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology |volume=76 |issue=5 |pages=489–93 |doi=10.4103/0378-6323.69056 |pmid=20826987 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

Kerala organized [[poverty reduction]] programs and, after that, had better children's health,<ref name="Pappachan 2017" /> with the result that the Kerala model has been examined as an example of what might work elsewhere in India.<ref name="Pappachan 2017" />

=== Locality ===
Children in India are significantly affected by [[environmental health]] problems,<ref name="Thimmadasiah 2020" /> but challenges such as air pollution, [[water pollution]], [[health effects of pesticides]], and [[water supply and sanitation in India|sanitation]] require government-level planning to fix and are challenging to address.<ref name="Thimmadasiah 2020" /> [[Urbanization in India|Urbanisation in India]] has been increasing more quickly than many cities have been able to handle, and within cities there is great financial disparity in access to health care.<ref name="Sharma 2016">{{cite journal |last1=Sharma |first1=J |last2=Osrin |first2=D |last3=Patil |first3=B |last4=Neogi |first4=SB |last5=Chauhan |first5=M |last6=Khanna |first6=R |last7=Kumar |first7=R |last8=Paul |first8=VK |last9=Zodpey |first9=S |date=December 2016 |title=Newborn healthcare in urban India. |journal=Journal of Perinatology |volume=36 |issue=s3 |pages=S24–S31 |doi=10.1038/jp.2016.187 |pmc=5144125 |pmid=27924107}}</ref> Children in slums often lack vaccine protection in particular.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=S |last2=Sahu |first2=D |last3=Agrawal |first3=A |last4=Vashi |first4=MD |date=July 2018 |title=Ensuring childhood vaccination among slums dwellers under the National Immunization Program in India – Challenges and opportunities. |journal=Preventive Medicine |volume=112 |pages=54–60 |doi=10.1016/j.ypmed.2018.04.002 |pmid=29626558 |s2cid=4879865}}</ref>

A 2012 nutrition study in the state of Maharashtra found that household and family access to food had become less of a problem, but having a variety of nutritious food was a common challenge.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chandrasekhar |first1=S. |last2=Aguayo |first2=Víctor M. |last3=Krishna |first3=Vandana |last4=Nair |first4=Rajlakshmi |title=Household food insecurity and children's dietary diversity and nutrition in India. Evidence from the comprehensive nutrition survey in Maharashtra |journal=Maternal & Child Nutrition |date=October 2017 |volume=13 |issue=Suppl 2 |article-number=e12447 |doi=10.1111/mcn.12447|pmid=29032621 |pmc=6866156 }}</ref> A report on the state of Haryana recommended access to cleaner-burning fuel to improve children's health through improved household [[air quality]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pillarisetti |first1=A |last2=Jamison |first2=DT |last3=Smith |first3=KR |last4=Mock |first4=CN |last5=Nugent |first5=R |last6=Kobusingye |first6=O |last7=Smith |first7=KR |title=Disease Control Priorities, Third Edition (Volume 7): Injury Prevention and Environmental Health |chapter=Household Energy Interventions and Health and Finances in Haryana, India: An Extended Cost-Effectiveness Analysis |date=27 October 2017 |pages=223–237 |doi=10.1596/978-1-4648-0522-6_ch12 |pmid=30212113|isbn=978-1-4648-0522-6 }}</ref>

==Programme intervention==
A 2017 study reported that India's government has policy and delivery systems favorable for achieving improvements in child nutrition,<ref name="Avula 2017">{{cite journal |last1=Avula |first1=Rasmi |last2=Oddo |first2=Vanessa M. |last3=Kadiyala |first3=Suneetha |last4=Menon |first4=Purnima |title=Scaling-up interventions to improve infant and young child feeding in India: What will it take? |journal=Maternal & Child Nutrition |date=October 2017 |volume=13 |issue=Suppl 2 |article-number=e12414 |doi=10.1111/mcn.12414|pmid=29032618 |pmc=6866129 |s2cid=20148659 |doi-access=free }}</ref> such as the aforementioned Midday Meal Scheme; but challenges include financing, research, and urban capacity for such programmes.<ref name="Avula 2017" /> The efforts of several privately funded organizations, including the [[Aga Khan Foundation]], have also had a positive impact on early childhood development in India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Early Childhood Development in India {{!}} Aga Khan Development Network|url=https://www.akdn.org/where-we-work/south-asia/india/early-childhood-development-india|access-date=11 June 2020|website=akdn.org}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Environmental health]]
* [[First 1,000 days]]
* [[Malnutrition in India]]
* [[Poverty in India]]
* [[Vaccination in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Child development]]
[[Category:Childhood in India]]
[[Category:Children's health in India]]

Begumpet metro station

2025-12-01T07:06:37Z

HeikeC58098401:

{{Distinguish|Begumpet railway station}}
{{Short description|Metro station in Hyderabad, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Begumpet
| symbol = m
| symbol_location = hyderabad
| type = {{Hyderabad Metro Infobox station line|line = Blue}}
| style = Hyderabad Metro
| image = [[File:Begumpet Metro Station.jpg|250px]]
| address = Near Lifestyle Building, Kundanbagh Colony, [[Begumpet]], [[Hyderabad]]—500016.<ref name=h>{{cite web|url=https://www.ltmetro.com/metro-stations/|website=ltmetro.com|title=Metro Stations|accessdate=2020-02-07}}</ref>
| coordinates = {{coord|17|26|15|N|78|27|24|E|display=inline,title}}
| line = {{rcb|Hyderabad Metro|b|route}}
| other = [[File:Indian Railways Suburban Railway Logo.svg|20px|up|link=Hyderabad MMTS]] {{stnlnk|Begumpet|}}
| structure = [[Elevated railway|Elevated]], [[Double-track railway|Double track]]
| platforms = 2 (2 [[side platforms]])
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks = 2
| parking =
| bicycle =
| baggage_check =
| opened = {{start date and age|df=yes|2017|November|29}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified =
| accessible =
| code =
| owned =
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{ adjacent stations| system = Hyderabad Metro| line = Blue| left = Ameerpet |right = Prakash Nagar}}
| map_type = India Hyderabad#India Telangana#India
| map_dot_label = Begumpet metro station
| map_size = 300
| map_caption = Location in Hyderabad
}}

'''Begumpet''' ( also known as '''SBI Begumpet Metro Station''') Metro Station is located on the [[Blue Line (Hyderabad Metro)|Blue Line]] of the [[Hyderabad Metro]] in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/hyderabad-metro-to-commission-line-up-to-hitec-city-by-yearend/article25429345.ece|title=Hyderabad metro to commission line up to Hitec City by year end}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/hyderabad-metro-stations-we-keenly-await/article23759328.ece|title=Hyderabad metro stations we keenly await}}</ref> It is near to [[Begumpet railway station]], Kundan Bagh, Country Club, Life style, Meena Bazaar Ext, Green park Hotel and Green lands road.<ref name=h/>

==History==
It was opened on 29 November 2017.

==The station==
===Structure===
Begumpet elevated metro station is situated on the [[Hyderabad Metro#Lines|Blue Line]] of [[Hyderabad Metro]].<ref name=h/>

===Facilities===
The stations have staircases, elevators and escalators from the street level to the platform level which provide easy and comfortable access. Also, operation panels inside the elevators are installed at a level that can be conveniently operated by all passengers, including differently-abled and elderly citizens.<ref name="h"/>

===Station layout===
;'''Street Level''': This is the first level where passengers may park their vehicles and view the local area map.<ref name=ltmetro>{{cite web|url=https://www.ltmetro.com/metro-stations/#1527065034617-3dc1ce80-fe9e|website=ltmetro.com|title=Metro Stations|accessdate=2020-02-07}}</ref>

;'''Concourse level''': Ticketing office or Ticket Vending Machines (TVMs) is located here. Retail outlets and other facilities like washrooms, ATMs, first aid, etc., will be available in this area.<ref name=ltmetro/>

;'''Platform level ''': This layer consists of two platforms. Trains takes passengers from this level.<ref name=ltmetro/>

{| border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;vertical-align:top;border-top:solid 1px gray;" rowspan=4;|'''L1 Platforms'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|{{small|[[Side platform]], doors will open on the left}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=150|Platform '''2'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=390|{{0|→}} {{rcb|Hyderabad Metro|b|yes}} toward [[Nagole metro station|Nagole]] ([[Prakash Nagar metro station|Invesco Prakash Nagar]]) →
|-
|Platform '''1'''
|← {{rcb|Hyderabad Metro|b|yes}} toward [[Raidurg metro station|Raidurg]] ([[Ameerpet metro station|Ameerpet]]) '''''Change at the next station for '''{{color box|#{{rcr|Hyderabad Metro|Red}}; font-size:100%|[[Red Line (Hyderabad Metro)|'''Red Line''']]|}}''
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;text-align:center;" colspan=2|{{small|[[Side platform]], doors will open on the left}}
|-
|style="vertical-align:top"|'''M'''
|style="vertical-align:top"|Mezzanine
|style="vertical-align:top"|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray; vertical-align:top" width=50 |'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray; vertical-align:top" width=100 |Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray; vertical-align:top" width=420 |Exit/Entrance
|}

==Entrances/exits==
* '''A''': [[Begumpet Railway Station]] {{access icon|15px|Wheelchair user access}}
* '''B''': Kundan Bagh Road / Country Club {{access icon|15px|Wheelchair user access}}

==See also==
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Hyderabad]]
*[[Transport in Hyderabad]]
*[[List of rapid transit systems]]
*[[List of metro systems]]
}}

{{Portal bar|Hyderabad|Trains|Transport|Engineering}}

==References==
{{reflist|1}}
{{Hyderabad Metro|blue line=yes}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2017]]
[[Category:Hyderabad Metro stations]]

{{Telangana-railstation-stub}}

Puducherry–Kanniyakumari Weekly Express

2025-11-11T10:00:35Z

HeikeC58098401: added bio

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Puducherry–Kanniyakumari Weekly Express
| image =Kanniyakumari Pondy Express.jpg
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| locale =
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2013|07|18}}
| last =
| operator = [[Southern Railway zone]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Puducherry}} (PDY)
| stops = 21
| end = {{stnlnk|Kanniyakumari}} (CAPE)
| distance = {{convert|700|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 15h 30m
| frequency = Weekly
| class = AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper class, General Unreserved
| seating = No
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = On-board catering E-catering
| observation = Enlarged windows
| entertainment = No
| baggage = Below the seats
| other facilities= Below the seats
| stock = 1 [[ICF coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification = Yes
| trainnumber = 16861/16862
| speed = {{convert|45|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, including halts
| map =
| map_state =
}}

The '''Puducherry–Kanniyakumari Weekly Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|Express]] train belonging to [[Southern Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Puducherry}} and {{stnlnk|Kanniyakumari}} in India. It is currently being operated with 16861/16862 train numbers on a weekly basis.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2014/dec/15/southern-railway-reschedules-some-trains-694453.html | title=Southern Railway Reschedules Some Trains | date=15 December 2014 | newspaper=The New Indian Express | access-date=3 January 2019}}</ref><ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/More-coaches-to-be-added-to-trains-running-in-Tamil-Nadu/articleshow/45437652.cms More coaches to be added to trains running in Tamil Nadu]</ref><ref>[http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=2530&did=141812936516475A65ACD5527861FBCD383B2B9F0ADDE.web107 TEMPORARY AUGMENTATION OF TRAINS, CHANGES IN PATTERN OF TRAIN SERVICES & SUPERFAST ‘JANSADHARAN’ BI-WEEKLY SPECIAL TRAINS BETWEEN SANTRAGACHI - CHENNAI CENTRAL ]</ref> It is the first express train that ran on the gauge converted route of [[Manamadurai–Virudhunagar line]]. Later [[Silambu Express]] extended from [[Karaikkudi Junction railway station|Karaikudi Junction]] via this route till {{stnlnk|Sengottai}}.

== Service==

The 16861/Puducherry–Kanniyakumari Weekly Express has an average speed of 45 km/h and covers 700 km in 15h 30m. The 16862/Kanniyakumari–Puducherry Weekly Express has an average speed of 45 km/h and covers 700 km in 15h 30m.

== Routes and major halts ==

* {{stnlnk|Puducherry}}
* [[Villupuram Junction railway station|Viluppuram junction]]
* [[Cuddalore Port Junction railway station|Cuddalore port junction]]
* [[Chidambaram railway station|Chidambaram]]
* [[Mayiladuthurai Junction railway station|Mayiladuthurai Junction]]
* [[Kumbakonam railway station|Kumbakonam]]
* {{stnlnk|Thanjavur Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Tiruchirappalli Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Pudukkottai}}
*[[Karaikkudi Junction railway station|Karaikudi Junction]]
* {{stnlnk|Sivaganga}}
* {{stnlnk|Manamadurai Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Aruppukkottai}}
* {{stnlnk|Virudhunagar Junction}}
* [[Satur Railway station|Sattur]]
* {{stnlnk|Kovilpatti}}
* [[Tirunelveli Junction railway station|Tirunelveli Junction]]
* [[Nagercoil Junction railway station|Nagercoil Junction]]
* [[Kanniyakumari Terminus railway station|Kanniyakumari Terminus]]

== See also ==

* [[Puducherry railway station]]
* [[Kanniyakumari railway station]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/5435 16861/Puducherry–Kanniyakumari Weekly Express] India Rail Info
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/6655 16862/Kanniyakumari–Puducherry Weekly Express] India Rail Info

{{Railways in Southern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Puducherry-Kanniyakumari Weekly Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Puducherry]]
[[Category:Transport in Kanyakumari]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Puducherry]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2013]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

National Highway 45C (India, old numbering)

2025-10-13T18:15:28Z

HeikeC58098401: Redirect page

#REDIRECT [[National Highway 24 (India)]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R with history}}
}}

Joe Kinnear

2025-09-16T11:26:56Z

HeikeC58098401: added a stub!

{{Short description|Irish football manager and player (1946–2024)}}
{{for|the Australian footballer|Joe Kinnear (Australian footballer)}}
{{pp-pc}}
{{Use Hiberno-English|date=July 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{infobox football biography
| name = Joe Kinnear
| image = Joe Kinnear Hull City v. Newcastle United 1.png
| upright = 0.8
| caption = Kinnear in 2009
| full_name = Joseph Patrick Kinnear<ref name="PFA 351">{{cite book | last = Hugman | first = Barry J | title = The PFA Premier & Football League Players' Records 1946–2005 | publisher = Queen Anne Press | year = 2005 | page = 351 | isbn = 1-85291-665-6 }}</ref>
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1946|12|27|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Dublin]], Ireland
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2024|04|07|1946|12|27|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Mill Hill]], [[London]], England<ref>{{cite news |title='The Joe sparkle' – How football star Kinnear used love of sport to fight dementia |url=https://www.enfieldindependent.co.uk/news/24232053.obituary-ex-spurs-joe-kinnear-dies-mill-hill-care-home/ |access-date=8 April 2024 |work=Enfield Independent |date=4 April 2024|first=Mike|last=Brooke|publisher=Newsquest Media Group}}</ref>
| height =
| position = [[Defender (association football)|Defender]]
| youthyears1 = 1964–1965
| youthclubs1 = [[St Albans City F.C.|St Albans City]]
| years1 = 1965–1975
| clubs1 = [[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.|Tottenham Hotspur]]
| caps1 = 196
| goals1 = 2
| years2 = 1975–1976
| clubs2 = [[Brighton & Hove Albion F.C.|Brighton & Hove Albion]]
| caps2 = 16
| goals2 = 1
| totalcaps = 212
| totalgoals = 3
| nationalyears1 = 1967–1975
| nationalteam1 = [[Republic of Ireland national football team|Republic of Ireland]]
| nationalcaps1 = 26
| nationalgoals1 = 0
| manageryears1 = 1983
| managerclubs1 = [[Al-Shabab (UAE)|Al-Shabab]] (assistant manager)
| manageryears2 = 1984
| managerclubs2 = [[India men's national football team|India]]
| manageryears3 = 1987
| managerclubs3 = [[Nepal national football team|Nepal]]
| manageryears4 = 1989
| managerclubs4 = [[Doncaster Rovers F.C.|Doncaster Rovers]] (caretaker)
| manageryears5 = 1992–1999
| managerclubs5 = [[Wimbledon F.C.|Wimbledon]]
| manageryears6 = 2001–2003
| managerclubs6 = [[Luton Town F.C.|Luton Town]]
| manageryears7 = 2004
| managerclubs7 = [[Nottingham Forest F.C.|Nottingham Forest]]
| manageryears8 = 2008–2009
| managerclubs8 = [[Newcastle United F.C.|Newcastle United]]
| manageryears9 = 2013–2014
| managerclubs9 = [[Newcastle United F.C.|Newcastle United]] (Director of Football)
}}

'''Joseph Patrick Kinnear''' (27 December 1946 – 7 April 2024) was an Irish professional [[Association football|football]] manager and player. As a [[defender (association football)|defender]], Kinnear spent the majority of his career spanning ten seasons with [[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.|Tottenham Hotspur]] and one with [[Brighton & Hove Albion F.C.|Brighton & Hove Albion]]. With Tottenham he won the [[FA Cup]], the [[EFL Cup|League Cup]] twice, the [[FA Community Shield|Charity Shield]], and the [[UEFA Europa League|UEFA Cup]]. After Spurs, Kinnear played for Brighton for the 1975–76 season. Having been born in [[Dublin]], Kinnear played and was [[cap (sport)|cap]]ped 26 times for the [[Republic of Ireland national football team|Republic of Ireland national team]]. After his playing career, he managed [[India men's national football team|India]], [[Nepal national football team|Nepal]], [[Doncaster Rovers F.C.|Doncaster Rovers]], [[Wimbledon F.C.|Wimbledon]], [[Luton Town F.C.|Luton Town]], [[Nottingham Forest F.C.|Nottingham Forest]], and [[Newcastle United F.C.|Newcastle United]].

==Early life==
Kinnear moved to England at the age of eight. His father died when Kinnear was young and his mother brought up five children on a [[Council house|council]] estate in [[Watford]].<ref name="Guardian1">{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2008/dec/28/newcastleunited-premierleague | title=Kinnear: A man you can swear by | work=The Guardian | date=28 December 2008 | access-date=24 June 2013 | first=Jon|last=Henderson | archive-date=17 April 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417113652/https://www.theguardian.com/football/2008/dec/28/newcastleunited-premierleague | url-status=live }}</ref> Kinnear captained his school and the Hertfordshire team and was noticed by [[St Albans City F.C.|St Albans City]].{{sfn|Goodwin|1992|pp=219–220}}

==Club career==
Kinnear made an impression as a player with St Albans City.<ref name=Guardian1/> His talent as a defender was recognised and, in 1963, aged 17, he moved to [[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.|Tottenham Hotspur]] as an amateur footballer.<ref name=Guardian1/> Learning his footballing skills under the managership of [[Bill Nicholson (footballer)|Bill Nicholson]],<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/bring-back-entertainers-joe-kinnear-1478942 | title=Bring back The Entertainers: Joe Kinnear | work=ChronicleLive| date=20 December 2008 | publisher=Trinity Mirror North East|access-date=25 June 2013 | first= Lee|last=Ryder | archive-date=22 February 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222052014/http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/bring-back-entertainers-joe-kinnear-1478942 | url-status=live }}</ref> Kinnear made his Tottenham debut on 8 April 1966 in a 4–1 home defeat by [[West Ham United F.C.|West Ham United]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sporting-heroes.net/football/tottenham-hotspur-fc/joe-kinnear-7582/1964-65-1974-75_a15960/ | title=Joe Kinnear | work=Sporting Heroes | access-date=24 June 2013 | archive-date=23 February 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223091334/http://www.sporting-heroes.net/football/tottenham-hotspur-fc/joe-kinnear-7582/1964-65-1974-75_a15960/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.westhamstats.info/westham.php?west=5&ham=2487&united=08_Apr_1966 | title=Game played on 8 April 1966 | work=West Ham Stats | access-date=24 June 2013 | archive-date=3 November 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103025942/http://www.westhamstats.info/westham.php?west=5&ham=2487&united=08_Apr_1966 | url-status=live }}</ref> Kinnear had just played his first international game and three days later, in February 1967, [[Phil Beal]] broke his arm, which put him out of the rest of the season. This allowed Kinnear to play more regular football for Tottenham in the right back position and, by the end of the season, he went on to play in the [[FA Cup Final 1967|1967 FA Cup final]], beating [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]], a game Tottenham won 2–1.{{sfn|Goodwin|1992|pp=219–220}}<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/competitions/premier-league/3868093/When-Harry-Redknapp-first-met-Joe-Kinnear...-it-was-a-very-long-time-ago.html | title=When Harry (Redknapp) first met Joe (Kinnear)... it was a very long time ago | work=The Telegraph | date=20 December 2008 | access-date=25 June 2013 | first=Duncan|last=White | archive-date=21 March 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140321122143/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/competitions/premier-league/3868093/When-Harry-Redknapp-first-met-Joe-Kinnear...-it-was-a-very-long-time-ago.html | url-status=live }}</ref> Kinnear made almost 200 league appearances for Tottenham, scoring two league goals. He won four major honours during his time at the club:<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.11v11.com/players/joe-kinnear-27809/ | title=Players — Joe Kinnear | work=11v11.com | access-date=25 June 2013 | archive-date=7 November 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107031411/http://www.11v11.com/players/joe-kinnear-27809/ | url-status=live }}</ref> the FA Cup in 1967; the [[1971–72 UEFA Cup|UEFA Cup in 1972]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.11v11.com/matches/tottenham-hotspur-v-wolverhampton-wanderers-17-may-1972-217518/ | title=Tottenham Hotspur v Wolverhampton Wanderers, 17 May 1972 | work=11v11.com | access-date=25 June 2013}}</ref> and the [[Football League Cup]] on two occasions (in [[1971 Football League Cup Final|1971]]<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.11v11.com/matches/aston-villa-v-tottenham-hotspur-27-february-1971-29252/ | title=Aston Villa v Tottenham Hotspur, 27 February 1971 | work=11v11.com | access-date=25 June 2013 | archive-date=22 February 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222190617/http://www.11v11.com/matches/aston-villa-v-tottenham-hotspur-27-february-1971-29252/ | url-status=live }}</ref> and [[1973 Football League Cup Final|1973]]).<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.11v11.com/matches/norwich-city-v-tottenham-hotspur-03-march-1973-29495/ | title=Norwich City v Tottenham Hotspur, 3 March 1973 | work=11v11.com | access-date=25 June 2013 | archive-date=22 February 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222191937/http://www.11v11.com/matches/norwich-city-v-tottenham-hotspur-03-march-1973-29495/ | url-status=live }}</ref> In 1975, he moved to Brighton, where he made 16 appearances before retiring aged 30.

==International career==
Kinnear was [[Cap (sport)|capped]] 26 times by the [[Republic of Ireland national football team|Republic of Ireland]], scoring no goals.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.soccerscene.ie/sssenior/player.php?id=184 | title = Joe Kinnear Player Profile | access-date = 14 February 2009 | archive-date = 19 September 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120919013013/http://www.soccerscene.ie/sssenior/player.php?id=184 | url-status = live }}</ref> His debut came in the 2–1 defeat by [[Turkey national football team|Turkey]] on 22 February 1967.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.soccerscene.ie/sssenior/matchdetails.php?id=111 |title=Turkey vs. Republic of Ireland – 22 February 1967 |publisher=SoccerScene.ie |date=22 February 1967 |access-date=19 June 2013 |archive-date=3 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120803061242/http://www.soccerscene.ie/sssenior/matchdetails.php?id=111 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Managerial career==

===Asia===
After his retirement from football in 1977, Kinnear spent five years in [[Sharjah (emirate)|Sharjah]] in the United Arab Emirates managing [[Sharjah FC|Sharjah]] and [[Al-Shabab (UAE)|Al-Shabab]] (alongside [[Dave Mackay (footballer born 1934)|Dave Mackay]]),<ref name=football>{{Cite news |title = Magpies turn to Kinnear |url = http://www.football365.com/story/0,17033,8652_4197700,00.html |publisher = Football365 |date = 26 September 2008 |access-date = 26 September 2008 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080929003310/http://www.football365.com/story/0%2C17033%2C8652_4197700%2C00.html |archive-date = 29 September 2008}}</ref> also spending time coaching in Malaysia.<ref>{{cite news |title = Division Three 1975–1976 |url = http://www.wsc.co.uk/content/view/452/29/ |work = When Saturday Comes |date = August 2007 |access-date = 29 September 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081007110328/http://www.wsc.co.uk/content/view/452/29/ |archive-date = 7 October 2008 |url-status = dead}}</ref> He spent three months coaching [[India men's national football team|India]]<ref name=football/> and one year coaching [[Nepal national football team|Nepal]],<ref>{{Cite news |title = Nepal Remembers Joe Kinnear |url = http://china.goal.com/en/Articolo.aspx?ContenutoId=885514 |publisher = Goal.com |date = 28 September 2008 |access-date = 29 September 2008}}{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> later returning to England to assist Mackay at [[Doncaster Rovers F.C.|Doncaster Rovers]].<ref>{{cite news |agency=Press Association|title=Former Ireland defender Joe Kinnear dies aged 77 | work=BreakingNews.ie | date=7 April 2024 | url=https://www.breakingnews.ie/sport/former-wimbledon-manager-joe-kinnear-dies-aged-77-1610370.html | access-date=8 April 2024}}</ref>

===Wimbledon===
Kinnear briefly took charge of Doncaster after Mackay's departure in 1989, but was replaced by [[Billy Bremner]] after a consortium completed their takeover of the club.<ref name=football/> Kinnear was appointed reserve team manager of [[Wimbledon F.C.|Wimbledon]] later that year before being appointed manager at the club following [[Peter Withe]]'s dismissal in January 1992. Kinnear led the Dons to a 6th-place finish in the [[Premier League]] in the [[1993–94 FA Premier League|1993–94 season]].<ref name="AFCW">{{cite web | title=Tribute to Joe Kinnear | website=AFC Wimbledon | date=8 April 2024 | url=https://www.afcwimbledon.co.uk/news/2024/april/tribute-to-joe-kinnear/ | access-date=9 April 2024}}</ref> He was voted [[Premier League Manager of the Month]] three times by the end of the season as Wimbledon finished above more established teams including [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]], [[Aston Villa F.C.|Aston Villa]], [[Everton F.C.|Everton]] and [[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.|Tottenham Hotspur]].<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.premierleague.com/match/914| title=Matchweek 40| publisher=Premier League| access-date=19 August 2020| archive-date=7 August 2020| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807095520/https://www.premierleague.com/match/914| url-status=live}}</ref>

[[1994–95 FA Premier League|The next season]] Kinnear continued to defy the odds and Wimbledon finished 9th in the league.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.premierleague.com/match/1376| title=Matchweek 37| work=Premier League| access-date=19 August 2020| archive-date=27 November 2020| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127235229/https://www.premierleague.com/match/1376| url-status=live}}</ref>

It was reported that Kinnear turned down the chance to replace [[Jack Charlton]] as manager of the [[Republic of Ireland national football team|Republic of Ireland national team]] in 1996 because the [[Football Association of Ireland|FAI]] did not offer him enough money.<ref>{{cite web | title=Kinnear turned down Ireland interview | work=Irish Examiner | date=17 January 2003 | url=https://www.irishexaminer.com/sport/soccer/arid-30084656.html | access-date=8 April 2024 | archive-date=8 April 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408071847/https://www.irishexaminer.com/sport/soccer/arid-30084656.html | url-status=live }}</ref> Kinnear then guided Wimbledon to semi-finals in both of the major domestic cup competitions in 1997 as well as finishing 8th in the [[1996–97 FA Premier League|Premier League]].<ref name=AFCW/> When Wimbledon were taken over by new Norwegian owners after the end of that season, it was widely reported that Kinnear would be axed as manager in favour of Norwegian coach [[Åge Hareide]], but no change happened and Kinnear remained as manager for a further two seasons.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/doubts-over-the-future-of-kinnear-1255716.html?CMP=ILC-refresh | title=Doubts over the future of Kinnear | work=The Independent | first=Alan | last=Nixon | date=13 June 1997 | access-date=22 August 2017 | archive-date=13 September 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913093227/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/doubts-over-the-future-of-kinnear-1255716.html?CMP=ILC-refresh | url-status=live }}</ref>

Kinnear continued in his role as Wimbledon until he suffered a heart attack before a league game against [[Sheffield Wednesday F.C.|Sheffield Wednesday]] in March 1999. He stood down in June of that year and was replaced at Wimbledon by [[Egil Olsen]].<ref name=football/><ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.theguardian.com/football/1999/jun/03/newsstory.sport4 |title = Wimbledon set for Scandinavian invasion |work = The Guardian |date = 3 June 1999 |access-date = 27 October 2008 |first = Jon |last = Brodkin |archive-date = 7 May 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140507215303/http://www.theguardian.com/football/1999/jun/03/newsstory.sport4 |url-status = live }}</ref> Wimbledon were relegated from the Premier League [[1999–2000 FA Premier League|the following season]].<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.premierleague.com/match/3277| title=Matchweek 37| work=Premier League| access-date=19 August 2020| archive-date=2 January 2021| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102090538/https://www.premierleague.com/match/3277| url-status=live}}</ref>

===Luton Town===
Before returning to football management with [[Luton Town F.C.|Luton Town]], Kinnear was a front runner to replace [[Martin O'Neill]] at [[Leicester City F.C.|Leicester City]],<ref>{{Cite news |url = https://www.theguardian.com/football/2000/jun/01/newsstory.sport11 |title = What now for Leicester? |work = The Guardian |date = 1 June 2000 |access-date = 10 October 2008 |first = Sean |last = Ingle |archive-date = 9 May 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140509013922/http://www.theguardian.com/football/2000/jun/01/newsstory.sport11 |url-status = live }}</ref> and also considered taking over the struggling [[Sheffield Wednesday F.C.|Sheffield Wednesday]].<ref name="guardian_swfc">{{Cite news |url = https://www.theguardian.com/football/2001/mar/17/newsstory.sport1 |title = Kinnear back where he belongs |work = The Guardian |date = 17 March 2001 |access-date = 10 October 2008 |first = Roy |last = Collins |archive-date = 13 April 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230413233710/https://www.theguardian.com/football/2001/mar/17/newsstory.sport1 |url-status = live }}</ref> Instead, Kinnear would be briefly involved as [[director of football]] at [[Oxford United F.C.|Oxford United]] during the [[2000–01 in English football|2000–01 season]].<ref name="guardian_luton">{{Cite news |url = https://www.theguardian.com/football/2001/feb/08/newsstory.sport4 |title = Firefighter Kinnear makes Luton his latest rescue mission |work = The Guardian |date = 8 February 2001 |access-date = 10 October 2008|first = Ian |last = Prior |archive-date = 9 May 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140509224724/http://www.theguardian.com/football/2001/feb/08/newsstory.sport4 |url-status = live }}</ref> In January 2001, he resigned, reportedly because of poor health.<ref name="guardian_luton" /> Kinnear's lack of input at Oxford was seen as the real reason behind his move away.<ref name="guardian_swfc" /> Just a few weeks later he was handed a similar role at Luton Town,<ref name="guardian_luton" /> who were battling against relegation from what was then the [[Football League Second Division|Second Division]], as were Oxford. On arrival, Kinnear demoted then-manager [[Lil Fuccillo]] and appointed himself manager of the team.

He could not save the club from relegation, despite purchasing striker [[Steve Howard]] for £50,000 on transfer deadline day. In the summer of 2001, Kinnear released the majority of the relegated squad, and brought in a number of his own men over the course of the season, including future captains [[Kevin Nicholls]] and [[Chris Coyne]], along with winger [[Jean-Louis Valois]]. The team stormed to promotion under Kinnear's guidance, finishing runners-up to [[Plymouth Argyle F.C.|Plymouth Argyle]] in the Hatters' first promotion in 20 years.<ref>{{cite web | last=Simmonds | first=Mike | title=Tributes flood in as former Luton, Newcastle and Wimbledon manager Joe Kinnear dies | work=Luton Today | date=7 April 2024 | url=https://www.lutontoday.co.uk/sport/football/luton-town/tributes-flood-in-as-former-luton-newcastle-and-wimbledon-manager-joe-kinnear-dies-4582401 | access-date=8 April 2024 | archive-date=7 April 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407211006/https://www.lutontoday.co.uk/sport/football/luton-town/tributes-flood-in-as-former-luton-newcastle-and-wimbledon-manager-joe-kinnear-dies-4582401 | url-status=live }}</ref>

The next season was disappointing for the Hatters, as they were expected to compete for promotion, but in the end they only managed a 9th-place finish. In May 2003 the club was sold to a consortium, led by [[John Gurney (football chairman)|John Gurney]], which led to Kinnear and his assistant [[Mick Harford]] being sacked in mysterious circumstances, citing a [[Northampton Town F.C.|Northampton Town]] employee's signature on the letters which confirmed the dismissal.<ref name="guardian_luton_sale">{{cite news |url = https://www.theguardian.com/football/2004/mar/19/sport.georginaturner |title = Hatters putting mad spell behind them |work = The Guardian |date = 19 March 2004 |access-date = 10 October 2008 |first = Georgina |last = Turner |archive-date = 13 September 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140913002034/http://www.theguardian.com/football/2004/mar/19/sport.georginaturner |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.theguardian.com/football/2003/jun/10/newsstory.sport8 |title = Luton directors quit as far-fetched merger is mooted |work = The Guardian |date = 10 June 2003 |access-date = 27 October 2008 |first = Michael |last = Walker |archive-date = 1 December 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161201224228/https://www.theguardian.com/football/2003/jun/10/newsstory.sport8 |url-status = live }}</ref>

===Nottingham Forest===
Kinnear was out of work until [[Nottingham Forest F.C.|Nottingham Forest]] offered him the manager's job in February 2004, taking over from [[Paul Hart]].<ref name="guardian_forest_app" /> Forest were in the bottom third of the league table when he took over, but he would have an immediate impact on the club.<ref name="guardian_forest_app">{{Cite news |url = https://www.theguardian.com/football/2004/feb/11/newsstory.sport6 |title = Forest turn to man who narrowly missed out on post in 1999 |work = The Guardian |date = 11 February 2004 |access-date = 10 October 2008 |first = David |last = Plummer |archive-date = 13 April 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230413233710/https://www.theguardian.com/football/2004/feb/11/newsstory.sport6 |url-status = live }}</ref> Kinnear was able to get the club up to 14th position by the end of the [[2003–04 in English football|2003–04 season]].<ref name="Championship">{{cite web| url=https://uk.soccerway.com/national/england/championship/2003-2004/regular-season/r529/| title=Championship| work=Soccerway| access-date=19 August 2020| archive-date=9 April 2023| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409155925/https://uk.soccerway.com/national/england/championship/2003-2004/regular-season/r529/| url-status=live}}</ref> The following [[2004–05 in English football|season]] began with talk of promotion,<ref>{{Cite news |url = https://www.theguardian.com/football/2004/sep/20/match.sport13 |title = Kinnear wields axe on Reid |work = The Guardian |date = 20 September 2004 |access-date = 10 October 2008 |first = John |last = Ashdown |archive-date = 16 September 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140916201749/http://www.theguardian.com/football/2004/sep/20/match.sport13 |url-status = live }}</ref> but would go badly for Forest and Kinnear, with just four wins from the first 23 games in the league that year. A 3–0 defeat by rivals [[Derby County F.C.|Derby County]] at [[Pride Park Stadium|Pride Park]],<ref name="guardian_forest" /> signalled the end for Kinnear, with his resignation coming on 16 December 2004.<ref name="guardian_forest">{{cite news |url = https://www.theguardian.com/football/2004/dec/16/newsstory.championship200405 |title = Kinnear quits City Ground |work = The Guardian |date = 16 December 2004|agency=Press Association |access-date = 10 October 2008 |archive-date = 17 September 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140917100530/http://www.theguardian.com/football/2004/dec/16/newsstory.championship200405 |url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="bbc_forest">{{Cite news |title = Kinnear resigns as Forest manager |url = https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/n/nottm_forest/4101833.stm |publisher = BBC Sport |date = 16 December 2004 |access-date = 26 September 2008 |archive-date = 13 January 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160113014118/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/n/nottm_forest/4101833.stm |url-status = live }}</ref> Nottingham Forest were 22nd in the [[EFL Championship|Championship]] table following Kinnear's departure, the club appointed [[Mick Harford]] to take over as interim manager. Forest would ultimately be relegated at the end of the season,<ref name="Championship"/> after [[Gary Megson]] had been appointed as the full-time replacement to Kinnear.<ref>{{Cite news|date=10 January 2005|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/n/nottm_forest/4160373.stm|title=Forest appoint Megson as manager|publisher=BBC Sport|access-date=4 May 2007|archive-date=8 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408070646/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/n/nottm_forest/4160373.stm|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Newcastle United (2008–09)===
Kinnear was without a club following his departure from Nottingham Forest for almost four years and had not been involved in the top flight since 1999, there were rumours about joining several clubs during this time including [[Queens Park Rangers F.C.|QPR]].<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/tm_headline=qpr-set-to-go-for-joe%26method=full%26objectid=18642260%26siteid=89520-name_page.html |title = QPR set to go for Joe |work = Mirror Online|date = 19 February 2007 |access-date = 10 October 2008 |archive-date = 21 February 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070221041606/http://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/tm_headline=qpr-set-to-go-for-joe%26method=full%26objectid=18642260%26siteid=89520-name_page.html |url-status = live|first=Aidan|last=Magee }}</ref> On 26 September 2008, Kinnear was named as the interim manager of [[Premier League]] side [[Newcastle United F.C.|Newcastle United]] until the end of October,<ref>{{Cite news |title = Magpies name Kinnear interim boss |url = https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/n/newcastle_united/7637836.stm |publisher = BBC Sport |date = 26 September 2008 |access-date = 28 November 2008 |archive-date = 27 September 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080927102513/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/n/newcastle_united/7637836.stm |url-status = live }}</ref> following the shock resignation of [[Kevin Keegan]] who had publicly berated the owners and directors of the club, suggesting corruption and lack of clarity over who was in charge of the squad.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/n/newcastle_united/7593683.stm |title=Keegan resigns as Newcastle boss |publisher=BBC Sport |date=4 September 2008 |access-date=19 August 2020 |archive-date=11 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211133357/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/n/newcastle_united/7593683.stm |url-status=live}}</ref> The initial one-month period was extended for an additional month, keeping Kinnear at [[St James' Park]] until the end of December.<ref>{{Cite news |url = http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5jqyHSjcWHTiQIA9OkbitUdQIV2FQ |title = Kinnear to sign extension with Newcastle |agency = Agence France-Presse |date = 24 October 2008 |access-date = 24 October 2008 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121008090549/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5jqyHSjcWHTiQIA9OkbitUdQIV2FQ |archive-date = 8 October 2012}}</ref>

On 2 October 2008, Kinnear launched a verbal tirade at the ''[[Daily Mirror]]'' journalist Simon Bird, calling him a "[[cunt]]".<ref name="uncensored rant">{{cite news |title = Audio: Hear Joe Kinnear's full unbleeped, uncensored rant at Daily Mirror man Simon Bird |url = https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/2008/10/03/audio-hear-joe-kinnear-s-full-unbleeped-uncensored-rant-at-daily-mirror-man-simon-bird-115875-20770121/ |work = Mirror Online|date = 3 October 2008 |access-date = 3 October 2008 |archive-date = 11 December 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081211132522/http://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/2008/10/03/audio-hear-joe-kinnear-s-full-unbleeped-uncensored-rant-at-daily-mirror-man-simon-bird-115875-20770121/ |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title = I have had a million pages of crap written about me. I'm ridiculed for no reason. I'm defenceless |url = https://www.theguardian.com/football/2008/oct/03/newcastleunited.premierleague |work = The Guardian |date = 3 October 2008 |access-date = 3 October 2008|archive-date = 13 February 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140213061003/http://www.theguardian.com/football/2008/oct/03/newcastleunited.premierleague |url-status = live }}</ref>
He swore over 50 times in the first five minutes of the interview.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/22961704 |title=Joe Kinnear at Newcastle: What is it like to work with him? |publisher=BBC Sport |date=19 June 2013 |access-date=19 August 2020 |archive-date=14 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191114053459/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/22961704 |url-status=live }}</ref> The club's press officer tried to order the assembled journalists not to publish any extracts from the tirade, but Kinnear himself gave the journalists permission to write up whatever they wanted from his remarks. Later in the interview, he announced that he would no longer deal with the national media while he was Newcastle manager, and that he would only speak to local newspapers from then on, with first team coach [[Chris Hughton]] handling all other interviews.<ref name="uncensored rant"/> Following the rant, Kinnear was nicknamed 'JFK' as in Joe 'Fucking' Kinnear.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.shieldsgazette.com/sport/nostalgia/the-story-behind-that-foul-mouthed-joe-kinnear-rant-at-newcastle-united-2999656|title=The story behind THAT foul-mouthed Joe Kinnear rant at Newcastle United|work=Shields Gazette|accessdate=7 April 2024|archive-date=7 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407191617/https://www.shieldsgazette.com/sport/nostalgia/the-story-behind-that-foul-mouthed-joe-kinnear-rant-at-newcastle-united-2999656|url-status=live|publisher=National World Publishing}}</ref>

Kinnear's first two games in charge, against Everton and [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]], both ended as 2–2 draws.<ref>{{cite news | last=Barder | first=Russell | title=Everton 2–2 Newcastle | publisher=BBC Sport | date=5 October 2008 | url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/eng_prem/7639486.stm | access-date=8 April 2024 | archive-date=27 December 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227033446/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/eng_prem/7639486.stm | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last=Whyatt | first=Chris | title=Newcastle 2–2 Man City | publisher=BBC Sport | date=20 October 2008 | url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_prem/7665104.stm | access-date=8 April 2024 | archive-date=16 February 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090216145553/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/eng_prem/7665104.stm | url-status=live }}</ref> Kinnear's first win at Newcastle was against [[West Bromwich Albion F.C.|West Bromwich Albion]]. Newcastle won the match 2–1, with the first goal coming from [[Joey Barton]], who was making his first starting appearance for Newcastle since being released from prison during the summer.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://uk.eurosport.yahoo.com/28102008/58/premier-league-barton-returns-newcastle-win.html |title=Barton returns as Newcastle win |work=EuroSport –Yahoo! |date=28 October 2008 |access-date=28 October 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081101195705/http://uk.eurosport.yahoo.com/28102008/58/premier-league-barton-returns-newcastle-win.html |archive-date=1 November 2008 }}</ref> He then followed this up with a surprise win against fifth-placed Aston Villa to lift Newcastle off the foot of the table and out of the relegation zone. Two goals from [[Obafemi Martins]] secured the 2–0 victory.<ref>{{cite web | title=Newcastle 2–0 Aston Villa | publisher=BBC Sport | date=3 November 2008 | url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_prem/7684775.stm | access-date=8 April 2024 | archive-date=22 March 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322222854/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/eng_prem/7684775.stm | url-status=live }}</ref>

On 31 October 2008, Kinnear stated that 22 November would be "D–Day" with regards to the sale of Newcastle United and his position as manager.<ref>{{Cite news |url = http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,11678_4436089,00.html |title = Kinnear – Toon set for D-day |publisher = Sky Sports |date = 31 October 2008 |access-date = 31 October 2008 |archive-date = 3 November 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081103071834/http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,11678_4436089,00.html |url-status = live }}</ref> This turned out to be untrue, as Kinnear was confirmed as being in charge for another month after Newcastle's 0–0 draw with [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]].<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.theguardian.com/football/2008/nov/24/premierleague-chelsea-newcastle |title = Newcastle suffocation leaves Scolari longing for breathing space |work = The Guardian |date = 24 November 2008 |access-date = 24 November 2008|first = Dominic |last = Fifield |archive-date = 9 March 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160309171353/http://www.theguardian.com/football/2008/nov/24/premierleague-chelsea-newcastle |url-status = live }}</ref> On 28 November, Kinnear was named as the permanent manager of Newcastle until the end of the 2008–09 season.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://uk.eurosport.yahoo.com/28112008/58/premier-league-kinnear-stay-newcastle.html |archive-url = https://archive.today/20081201135413/http://uk.eurosport.yahoo.com/28112008/58/premier-league-kinnear-stay-newcastle.html |url-status = dead |archive-date = 1 December 2008 |title = Kinnear to stay at Newcastle |publisher = EuroSport –Yahoo! |date = 28 November 2008 |access-date = 28 November 2008}}</ref>

Kinnear continued his event-filled season in charge by getting sent off on 6 December after a confrontation with referee [[Mike Riley (referee)|Mike Riley]] during a 2–2 draw with [[Stoke City F.C.|Stoke City]], having been up by two goals for most of the match.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://uk.eurosport.yahoo.com/06122008/58/premier-league-stoke-hold-newcastle.html |title=Stoke hold Newcastle |publisher=EuroSport – Yahoo! |date=6 December 2008 |access-date=6 December 2008 }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> After that disappointing draw with Stoke, they followed with wins against [[Portsmouth F.C.|Portsmouth]] and [[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.|Tottenham Hotspur]], which was Newcastle's fifth consecutive league victory against the North London team.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.11v11.com/teams/newcastle-united/tab/opposingTeams/opposition/Tottenham%20Hotspur | title=Newcastle United football club: record v Tottenham Hotspur | publisher=11v11.com | access-date=1 September 2013 | archive-date=18 October 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018094641/http://www.11v11.com/teams/newcastle-united/tab/opposingTeams/opposition/Tottenham%20Hotspur | url-status=live }}</ref>

Following a 5–1 defeat by [[Liverpool F.C|Liverpool]] on 28 December, Kinnear re-affirmed his belief that the Newcastle squad lacked strength in depth – with the manager having fielded a makeshift side due to injuries and suspensions resulting from the 2–1 Boxing Day defeat by [[Wigan Athletic F.C.|Wigan Athletic]] – and stated that he was looking to improve the side with transfers in the January window.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,11678_4718073,00.html |title = Kinnear Looking to Strengthen |publisher = Sky Sports |date = 29 December 2008 |access-date = 11 February 2009 |archive-date = 3 February 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090203220136/http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,11678_4718073,00.html |url-status = live }}</ref> In January, Kinnear secured the signings of [[Peter Løvenkrands]],<ref>{{cite web | last=Waugh | first=Chris | title=Peter Lovenkrands: Without Newcastle fans' love, I wouldn't have coped | work=The Athletic | date=25 May 2020 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/1830533/2020/05/25/peter-lovenkrands-without-the-newcastle-fans-love-i-wouldnt-have-coped/ | access-date=8 April 2024 | archive-date=15 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815222659/https://theathletic.com/1830533/2020/05/25/peter-lovenkrands-without-the-newcastle-fans-love-i-wouldnt-have-coped/ | url-status=live }}{{subscription required}}</ref> [[Kevin Nolan]]<ref>{{cite web | title=Newcastle sign Kevin Nolan for £4m from Bolton | work=The Telegraph | date=30 July 2020 | url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/newcastle-united/4398427/Newcastle-sign-Kevin-Nolan-for-4m-from-Bolton.html | access-date=8 April 2024 | archive-date=8 April 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408071847/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/newcastle-united/4398427/Newcastle-sign-Kevin-Nolan-for-4m-from-Bolton.html | url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Ryan Taylor (footballer, born 1984)|Ryan Taylor]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Ryan's Taylor-Made For Toon | publisher=Newcastle United FC | date=2 February 2009 | url=https://www.nufc.co.uk/news/archive/ryans-taylor-made-for-toon-joe/ | access-date=8 April 2024 | archive-date=8 April 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408071838/https://www.nufc.co.uk/news/archive/ryans-taylor-made-for-toon-joe/ | url-status=live }}</ref> The latter had been signed in a part exchanged deal with [[Charles N'Zogbia]]. N'Zogbia had frequently stated in the press, via his agent, that he wished to leave after Kinnear mispronounced his name during an interview in which he called him "insomnia".<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/9-clangers-dropped-joe-kinnear-6671869 | title=9 clangers dropped by Joe Kinnear while at Newcastle United | work=The Chronicle | date=4 February 2014 | access-date=19 August 2020 | archive-date=26 January 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126201746/https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/9-clangers-dropped-joe-kinnear-6671869 | url-status=live }}</ref> He also stated that he would not consider a return to Newcastle as long as Kinnear was the manager.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/n/newcastle_united/7859723.stm | title=Kinnear embroiled in N'Zogbia row | publisher=BBC Sport | date=30 January 2009 | access-date=21 June 2013 | archive-date=23 June 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623061014/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/n/newcastle_united/7859723.stm | url-status=live }}</ref> [[Shay Given]] was also sold to [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] for £7m.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2009/feb/01/newcastle-united-shay-given-manchester-city-transfer-completed | title=Given signs for City in £7m deal | work=The Telegraph | date=1 February 2009 | access-date=21 June 2013| archive-date=16 October 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016061702/http://www.theguardian.com/football/2009/feb/01/newcastle-united-shay-given-manchester-city-transfer-completed | url-status=live }}</ref>

On 7 February 2009, Kinnear was taken to hospital after feeling ill, hours before Newcastle's away game against West Brom.<ref>{{cite news |first=Rob|last=Stewart |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/newcastle-united/4602403/Newcastles-Joe-Kinnear-to-undergo-triple-heart-bypass.html |title=Newcastle's Joe Kinnear to undergo triple heart bypass |work=The Telegraph |access-date=19 August 2020 |date=12 February 2009 |archive-date=8 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108203857/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/newcastle-united/4602403/Newcastles-Joe-Kinnear-to-undergo-triple-heart-bypass.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The club stated that it was just precautionary and that [[Chris Hughton]] would take charge of the team. Newcastle won 3–2, their first win since Christmas.<ref>{{cite news | last=Chowdhury | first=Saj | title=West Brom 2–3 Newcastle | publisher=BBC Sport | date=7 February 2009 | url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/eng_prem/7867084.stm | access-date=8 April 2024 | archive-date=23 December 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223132258/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/eng_prem/7867084.stm | url-status=live }}</ref> It was later announced Kinnear would require a heart bypass operation<ref>{{cite news |url = https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/n/newcastle_united/7876467.stm |title = Kinnear set for heart operation |publisher = BBC Sport |date = 11 February 2009 |access-date = 11 February 2009 |archive-date = 10 February 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090210074336/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/n/newcastle_united/7876467.stm |url-status = live }}</ref> and that [[Alan Shearer]] would take over the managerial role for the remainder of the season.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/n/newcastle_united/7975700.stm|title=Shearer confirmed as Magpies boss |access-date=2 April 2009|date=1 April 2009|publisher=BBC Sport| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090402012857/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/n/newcastle_united/7975700.stm| archive-date= 2 April 2009 | url-status=live}}</ref> Joe Kinnear's contract officially expired at Newcastle on 30 May 2009.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/7979550.stm | publisher=BBC Sport| title=Shearer determined to keep Newcastle up | date=2 April 2009 | access-date=6 May 2010 | archive-date=5 April 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090405135859/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/7979550.stm | url-status=live }}</ref>

===Director of Football at Newcastle United (2013–2014)===
On 16 June 2013, in a series of telephone interviews Kinnear claimed he had been appointed as [[director of football]] for Newcastle United.<ref>{{cite news |first=Dominic|last= Fifield |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2013/jun/16/joe-kinnear-newcastle-director-of-football |title=Joe Kinnear stuns Newcastle fans by returning as director of football |work=The Guardian |access-date=19 June 2013 |date=16 June 2013 |archive-date=24 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130824121326/http://www.theguardian.com/football/2013/jun/16/joe-kinnear-newcastle-director-of-football |url-status=live }}</ref> In a [[Talksport]] interview over the telephone on 17 June 2013, Kinnear stated he had replaced "Derek Lambesi" (mispronouncing the name of [[Derek Llambias]]) as the club's director of football, had signed [[Dean Holdsworth]] at Wimbledon for £50,000 (actually £650,000), sold [[Robbie Earle]] (who retired a year after Kinnear left), signed goalkeeper [[Tim Krul]] when he was previously manager (Krul was actually signed by Graeme Souness three years prior) and had been awarded the LMA Manager of the Year award three times despite only winning the award once. He also incorrectly stated he had never been previously sacked.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.talksport.co.uk/radio/andy-goldsteins-sports-bar/130617/joe-kinnear-his-newcastle-return-alan-pardew-and-toon-media-199848 |title=Radio: Joe Kinnear on his Newcastle return, Alan Pardew and the Toon media |date=17 June 2013 |publisher=Talksport |access-date=19 June 2013 |archive-date=20 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620015106/http://www.talksport.co.uk/radio/andy-goldsteins-sports-bar/130617/joe-kinnear-his-newcastle-return-alan-pardew-and-toon-media-199848 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/newcastle-united/10126824/Joe-Kinnears-radio-interview-blunders-the-truth-behind-his-outrageous-claims.html |title=Joe Kinnear's radio interview blunders: the truth behind his outrageous claims |work=The Telegraph |date=18 June 2013 |access-date=31 August 2013 |archive-date=20 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320102919/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/newcastle-united/10126824/Joe-Kinnears-radio-interview-blunders-the-truth-behind-his-outrageous-claims.html |url-status=live|first=Luke|last= Edwards }}</ref> Kinnear claimed to have signed [[John Hartson]] on a free when he in fact paid £7.5 million for the striker. He also mispronounced the names of [[Yohan Cabaye]], [[Hatem Ben Arfa]], [[Shola Ameobi]] and others in the Talksport interview.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2013/jun/18/newcastleunited-alan-pardew|title=Joe Kinnear's TalkSport interview: the full transcript|date=18 June 2013|work=The Guardian|access-date=18 June 2013|archive-date=4 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004224849/http://www.theguardian.com/football/2013/jun/18/newcastleunited-alan-pardew|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/newcastle-united/10126492/Joe-Kinnear-the-proper-football-guy-gets-off-to-a-bad-start-at-Newcastle-after-cringeworthy-radio-interview.html|title=Joe Kinnear 'the proper football guy' gets off to a bad start at Newcastle after cringeworthy radio interview|date=18 June 2013|work=The Telegraph|access-date=18 June 2013|first=Luke|last=Edwards|archive-date=20 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620214624/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/newcastle-united/10126492/Joe-Kinnear-the-proper-football-guy-gets-off-to-a-bad-start-at-Newcastle-after-cringeworthy-radio-interview.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The appointment, a three-year contract, was confirmed by Newcastle United on 18 June.<ref>{{cite news|agency=Press Association|title=Joe Kinnear appointed at Newcastle despite shambolic radio interview|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2013/jun/18/joe-kinnear-newcastle-appointment-shambolic-interview|access-date=18 June 2013|work=The Guardian|date=18 June 2013|archive-date=13 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813135034/http://www.theguardian.com/football/2013/jun/18/joe-kinnear-newcastle-appointment-shambolic-interview|url-status=live}}</ref> The confusion around Kinnear's appointment to the role was criticised by former club chairman [[Freddy Shepherd]] in an interview with [[BBC Sport]].<ref>{{cite news|publisher=BBC Sport|title=Newcastle United: Freddy Shepherd calls for more clarity|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/22978880|access-date=18 June 2013|date=20 June 2013|archive-date=23 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623044739/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/22978880|url-status=live}}</ref> Kinnear drew criticism when the 2013 summer transfer window closed with Kinnear failing to make a single permanent signing,<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.express.co.uk/sport/football/429070/No-one-will-sign-for-Joe-Kinnear-says-Newcastle-great-Rob-Lee|title = No one will sign for Joe Kinnear, says Newcastle great Rob Lee|date = 13 September 2013|access-date = 2 February 2014|archive-date = 19 February 2014|publisher=Reach|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140219004203/http://www.express.co.uk/sport/football/429070/No-one-will-sign-for-Joe-Kinnear-says-Newcastle-great-Rob-Lee|url-status = live|work=Express Online}}</ref> lone recruit [[Loïc Rémy]] having been signed on loan from [[Queens Park Rangers F.C.|Queens Park Rangers]]. This criticism intensified at the end of the 2014 winter transfer window with Kinnear failing again to make a permanent signing, this after the £20 million sale of midfielder Yohan Cabaye, with [[Luuk de Jong]] having been brought in on loan from [[Borussia Mönchengladbach]].<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://metro.co.uk/2014/01/21/kicking-out-joe-kinnear-would-be-best-transfer-window-deal-newcastle-united-could-do-4272001/|title = Kicking out Joe Kinnear would be best transfer Newcastle could do|date = 21 January 2014|access-date = 2 February 2014|archive-date = 28 January 2014|publisher=Associated Press|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140128235419/http://metro.co.uk/2014/01/21/kicking-out-joe-kinnear-would-be-best-transfer-window-deal-newcastle-united-could-do-4272001/|url-status = live|work=Metro}}</ref>

On 3 February 2014, Kinnear resigned from his position of director of football at Newcastle.<ref name=resNUFC2014>{{cite web |title = Club Statement: Joe Kinnear |publisher = Newcastle United FC |date = 3 February 2014 |url = http://www.nufc.co.uk/articles/20140203/club-statement-joe-kinnear_2281670_3652469 |access-date = 3 February 2014 |archive-date = 8 February 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140208031759/http://www.nufc.co.uk/articles/20140203/club-statement-joe-kinnear_2281670_3652469 |url-status = live }}</ref>

==Personal life and death==
In 2021, it was announced that since 2015 Kinnear had been living with [[vascular dementia]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11095/12414531/joe-kinnear-former-newcastle-and-wimbledon-manager-living-with-dementia-since-2015/|title=Joe Kinnear: Former Newcastle and Wimbledon manager living with dementia since 2015|date=22 September 2021|agency=PA Media|access-date=22 September 2021|archive-date=22 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922204725/https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11095/12414531/joe-kinnear-former-newcastle-and-wimbledon-manager-living-with-dementia-since-2015|url-status=live}}</ref> He died from complications of the disease on 7 April 2024, at the age of 77.<ref>{{cite news |last1=O'Brien |first1=Josh |title=Ex-Newcastle manager Joe Kinnear dies aged 77 surrounded by his family |url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/news/breaking-joe-kinnear-dead-77-32532627 |work= Mirror Online|access-date=7 April 2024|publisher=Reach |date=7 April 2024 |archive-date=7 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407182207/https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/news/breaking-joe-kinnear-dead-77-32532627 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Joe Kinnear obituary, footballer and manager |url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/article/joe-kinnear-obituary-footballer-and-manager-n5gqg5pnn |access-date=8 April 2024 |work=The Times |date=8 April 2024}}{{subscription required}}</ref>
After his death, his family donated his brain to a study researching a possible link between dementia and having a career in professional football. It was confirmed that Kinnear had [[chronic traumatic encephalopathy]] which had led to his dementia and eventual death.<ref>{{cite web | title=Joe Kinnear's daughter says heading contributed to his death | website=BBC Sport | date=24 June 2024 | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/articles/cn000nzggyjo | access-date=25 June 2024}}</ref>

==Career statistics==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ Appearances and goals by club, season and competition<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/history/history_azofplayers.html |title = Tottenham Hotspur A–Z Player Profiles |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090415215517/http://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/history/history_azofplayers.html |archive-date = 15 April 2009|publisher=Tottenham Hotspur FC}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.topspurs.com/thfc-fp-index.htm | title = A–Z Player Profiles|work=TopSpurs.com | access-date = 9 October 2008 | archive-date = 19 June 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180619163707/http://www.topspurs.com/thfc-fp-index.htm | url-status = live }}</ref>
|-
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="3"|League
!colspan="2"|[[FA Cup]]
!colspan="2"|[[EFL Cup|League Cup]]
!colspan="2"|Europe
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
|rowspan="11"|[[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.|Tottenham Hotspur]]
|[[1965–66 Tottenham Hotspur F.C. season|1965–66]]
|[[Football League First Division|First Division]]
|8 ||0 || || || || || || || ||
|-
|[[1966–67 Tottenham Hotspur F.C. season|1966–67]]
|First Division
|20 ||0 || || || || || || || ||
|-
|[[1967–68 Tottenham Hotspur F.C. season|1967–68]]
|First Division
|31 ||1 || || || || || || || ||
|-
|[[1968–69 Tottenham Hotspur F.C. season|1968–69]]
|First Division
|24 ||0 || || || || || || || ||
|-
|[[1969–70 Tottenham Hotspur F.C. season|1969–70]]
|First Division
|9 ||0 || || || || || || || ||
|-
|[[1970–71 Tottenham Hotspur F.C. season|1970–71]]
|First Division
|35 ||0 || || || || || || || ||
|-
|[[1971–72 Tottenham Hotspur F.C. season|1971–72]]
|First Division
|21 ||0 || || || || || || || ||
|-
|[[1972–73 Tottenham Hotspur F.C. season|1972–73]]
|First Division
|24 ||1 || || || || || || || ||
|-
|[[1973–74 Tottenham Hotspur F.C. season|1973–74]]
|First Division
|7 ||0 || || || || || || || ||
|-
|[[1974–75 Tottenham Hotspur F.C. season|1974–75]]
|First Division
|17 ||0 || || || || || || || ||
|-
!colspan="2"|Total
!196!!2!!24!!0!!20!!0!!18!!0!!258!!2
|-
|[[Brighton & Hove Albion F.C.|Brighton & Hove Albion]]
|[[1975–76 Brighton & Hove Albion F.C. season|1975–76]]
|[[Football League Third Division|Third Division]]
|16||1|| || || || || || || ||
|-
!colspan="3"|Career total
!212||3|| || || || || || || ||
|}

==Managerial statistics==
:Source:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.soccerbase.com/managers/manager.sd?manager_id=765 |title=Joe Kinnear's managerial career |work=Soccerbase|access-date=4 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106161212/http://www.soccerbase.com/managers/manager.sd?manager_id=765 |archive-date=6 November 2012 |url-status=live|publisher=CenturyComm }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.doncasterrovers.co.uk/history/ManagersStats1.htm |title=Doncaster Rovers – the managers |publisher=Doncaster Rovers FC |access-date=8 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101026125610/http://www.doncasterrovers.co.uk/history/ManagersStats1.htm |archive-date=26 October 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.statto.com/football/teams/doncaster-rovers/1988-1989/results |title=Doncaster Rovers 1988–1989: Results |work=Statto.com |access-date=8 January 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726222728/http://www.statto.com/football/teams/doncaster-rovers/1988-1989/results |archive-date=26 July 2013 }}</ref>

{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center"
|+ Managerial record by team and tenure
|-
!rowspan=2|Team
!rowspan=2|From
!rowspan=2|To
!colspan=5|Record
|-
!{{abbr|P|Matches played}}!!{{abbr|W|Matches won}}!!{{abbr|D|Matches drawn}}!!{{abbr|L|Matches lost}}!!{{abbr|Win %|Win percentage}}
|-
|align=left|[[India men's national football team|India]]
|align=left|1983
|align=left|1984
{{WDL|13|4|0|9|decimals=1}}
|-
|align=left|[[Nepal national football team|Nepal]]
|align=left|1987
|align=left|1987
{{WDL|11|6|3|2|decimals=1}}
|-
|align=left|[[Doncaster Rovers F.C.|Doncaster Rovers]]
|align=left|March 1989
|align=left|June 1989
{{WDL|11|1|3|7|decimals=1}}
|-
|align=left|[[Wimbledon F.C.|Wimbledon]]
|align=left|19 January 1992
|align=left|30 May 1999
{{WDL|364|130|109|125|decimals=1}}
|-
|align=left|[[Luton Town F.C.|Luton Town]]
|align=left|8 February 2001
|align=left|23 May 2003
{{WDL|122|56|28|38|decimals=1}}
|-
|align=left|[[Nottingham Forest F.C.|Nottingham Forest]]
|align=left|10 February 2004
|align=left|16 December 2004
{{WDL|44|15|15|14|decimals=1}}
|-
|align=left|[[Newcastle United F.C.|Newcastle United]]
|align=left|26 September 2008
|align=left|7 February 2009
{{WDL|18|4|8|6|decimals=1}}
|-
!colspan=3|Total
{{WDLtot|583|216|166|201|decimals=1}}
|}

==Honours==
===Player===
'''Tottenham Hotspur'''
*[[FA Cup]]: [[1966–67 FA Cup|1966–67]]<ref>{{cite book |first1=Leslie |first2=Jack |last1=Vernon |last2=Rollin |title=Rothmans Football Yearbook 1977–78 |year=1977 |publisher=Brickfield Publications Ltd |location=London |isbn=0354-09018-6 |page=491}}</ref>
*[[Football League Cup]]: [[1970–71 Football League Cup|1970–71]], [[1972–73 Football League Cup|1972–73]]
*[[FA Charity Shield]]: [[1967 FA Charity Shield|1967]] (shared)
*[[UEFA Cup]]: [[1971–72 UEFA Cup|1971–72]]

===Manager===
'''Nepal'''
*[[South Asian Games]] runner-up: [[Football at the 1987 South Asian Games|1987]]

'''Luton Town'''
*[[Football League Third Division]] runner-up: [[2001–02 Football League Third Division|2001–02]]

'''Individual'''
*[[LMA Manager of the Year]]: 1994
*[[Premier League Manager of the Month]]: [[1993–94 FA Premier League#Managers of the Month|September 1993]], March 1994, April 1994, [[1996–97 FA Premier League#Monthly awards|September 1996]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.premierleague.com/managers/609/Joe-Kinnear/overview |title=Manager profile: Joe Kinnear |publisher=Premier League |access-date=14 September 2018 |archive-date=14 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914172401/https://www.premierleague.com/managers/609/Joe-Kinnear/overview |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book |title=The Spurs Alphabet |first=Bob |last=Goodwin |isbn=0-9514862-8-4 |publisher=ACL & Polar Publishing (UK) |year=1992}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Joe Kinnear}}
*{{Soccerbase}}
*{{soccerbase (manager)|765|Joe Kinnear}}

{{Navboxes
|title= Managerial positions
|list1=
{{India national football team managers}}
{{Nepal national football team managers}}
{{Wimbledon F.C. managers}}
{{Luton Town F.C. managers}}
{{Nottingham Forest F.C. managers}}
{{Newcastle United F.C. managers}}
}}
{{League Managers Association Manager of the Year}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kinnear, Joe}}
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:Men's association football defenders]]
[[Category:Brighton & Hove Albion F.C. players]]
[[Category:Expatriate football managers in the United Arab Emirates]]
[[Category:India national football team managers]]
[[Category:Luton Town F.C. managers]]
[[Category:Nepal national football team managers]]
[[Category:Newcastle United F.C. managers]]
[[Category:Nottingham Forest F.C. managers]]
[[Category:English Football League managers]]
[[Category:Premier League managers]]
[[Category:Republic of Ireland men's association footballers]]
[[Category:Republic of Ireland association football managers]]
[[Category:Republic of Ireland expatriate association football managers]]
[[Category:Republic of Ireland men's international footballers]]
[[Category:Association footballers from Dublin (city)]]
[[Category:English Football League players]]
[[Category:Tottenham Hotspur F.C. players]]
[[Category:Wimbledon F.C. managers]]
[[Category:Newcastle United F.C. non-playing staff]]
[[Category:Expatriate football managers in Nepal]]
[[Category:UEFA Europa League–winning players]]
[[Category:Irish expatriate sportspeople in India]]
[[Category:Irish expatriate sportspeople in England]]
[[Category:Irish expatriate sportspeople in Nepal]]
[[Category:Irish association football coaches]]
[[Category:Deaths from vascular dementia]]
[[Category:Irish expatriate sportspeople in the United Arab Emirates]]
[[Category:Deaths from dementia in England]]
[[Category:Footballers from Watford]]
[[Category:20th-century Irish sportsmen]]

Gul Sanobar

2025-08-20T06:13:26Z

HeikeC58098401:

{{about|the Indian television series|the fairy tale|What the Rose did to the Cypress}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=April 2023}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=April 2023}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox television
| alt_name = An Epic Saga of Love
| creator = Dhirubhai Gohil
| runtime = 22.5 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| network = [[DD National]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|1999}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2000}}
| num_episodes = 52
| language = Hindi Urdu
| num_seasons = 1
| editor = Shiva Sharma
| genre = Fantasy
| writer = Farooq Barelvi
| screenplay =
| story =
| director = [[Sunil Agnihotri]]
| producer = Rupesh D. Gohil
| company = Utopia Productions
| executive_producer =
| theme_music_composer = Rais Bharti
| composer =
| location =
| based_on = [[Arabian Nights]]
| image =
| budget =
| opentheme = "Gul Sanobar" by Anwar
}}

'''''Gul Sanobar''''' is an Indian fantasy adventure television series created by Dhirubhai Gohil which aired on [[DD National]] from 1999 to 2000. It is based on the Persian legend of [[What the Rose did to the Cypress|''Gul o Sanaubar'']] and the ''[[Arabian Nights]]''.

==Cast==
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
*[[Aasif Sheikh|Asif Sheikh]] as Shehzada Tamaas of Hindustan
* Seema Kapoor as Mehrangez
*[[Parikshit Sahni]] as Sultan of Hindustan
*[[Ranjeet]] as Veer Singh the commander of Hindustan
*[[Vindu Dara Singh]] as Turki
*[[Saeed Jaffrey|Saeed Jaffery]] as Sultan of Iran
*[[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]]
*[[Vinod Kapoor]]
*[[Nimai Bali|Nimay Bali]] as Jhigala
*[[Deep Dhillon|Deep Dhilon]] as Zargam
*[[Shiva Rindani|Shiva]] as Ziyaak
*[[Firoz Khan|Arjun (Firoz Khan)]] as Almaas
*[[Mamik Singh]] as Changez
*[[Sheeba Akashdeep]] as Zeenat
{{div col end}}

==Episodes==
Source:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLsghVoM85wcG4y9NkKdbbxIirsaUZy8if|title=Gul Sanobar Full Episodes HD - गुल सनोबर I Arabian Nights|last=|first=|date=2018-11-19|website=YouTube|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>
# The return of Prince Taimas
# Execution of Kabul Prince
# Escaped prisoners
# The arrogant queen
# Unsolved mystery of Gul Sanobar
# The torture of queen Mehrangez
# Search for absconding prisoners
# Declare of war on Turkistan
# The beginning of war
# Capture of Zighala
# The evil blood
# The mystery of stone statue
# Death of Veer Singh

==Home media==
RDG Productions Pvt. Ltd. re-released the show on its YouTube channel starting from 2018.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|8237244}}

[[Category:Indian historical television series]]
[[Category:Doordarshan original programming]]
[[Category:Television series based on One Thousand and One Nights]]
[[Category:DD National original programming]]
[[Category:Fantasy adventure television series]]

Ramanlal Patkar

2025-08-01T17:03:40Z

HeikeC58098401: added new entry

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}

'''Ramanlal Patkar''' (born 1952)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Patkar Ramanlal Nanubhai(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- UMBERGAON (ST)(VALSAD) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Gujarat2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=4940 |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Gujarat]]. He is a six time member of the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] from Umbergaon Assembly constituency, which is a reserved seat for Scheduled Tribe community, in [[Valsad district]]. He won the [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shah |first=Ghanshyam |date=1976-03-01 |title=The 1975 Gujarat Assembly Election in India |url=https://doi.org/10.2307/2643544 |journal=Asian Survey |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=270–282 |doi=10.2307/2643544 |issn=0004-4687|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Live |first=A. B. P. |date=2022-12-08 |title=Umbergaon Election 2022 Final Results Live: Bjp Candidate Patkar Ramanlal Nanubhai Wins From Umbergaon , Details Inside |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/umbergaon-election-result-2022-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-result-winner-loser-tally-bjp-congress-aap-gujarat-assembly-election-result-news-1568347 |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Patkar is from [[Umbergaon]],Valsad district, Gujarat. He is the son of Nanubhai Patkar. He passed Class 9 in 1965 at J.N.C. High School, [[Maroli]], and later discontinued his studies.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Patkar won from [[Umbergaon Assembly constituency]] representing the Bharatiya Janata Party in the 2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election. He polled 110,088 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Naresh Valvi of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 64,786 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenDec2022/ConstituencywiseS06182.htm?ac=182 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131174020/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenDec2022/ConstituencywiseS06182.htm?ac=182 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=results.eci.gov.in |url-status=live }}</ref> He first became an MLA from Umbergaon seat, winning the [[1995 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]] and went on to retain the seat in the [[1998 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1998 Assembly election]] for BJP. After a setback in 2002, he won three more times representing BJP to become a six time MLA.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Umbergaon Election and Results 2017, Candidate list, Winner and Runner-up |url=https://www.elections.in/gujarat/assembly-constituencies/umbergaon.html |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=Elections in India}}</ref> He won the [[2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2007 Assembly election]], and the [[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]] for BJP by a margin of 28,299 votes. He later retained the seat in the [[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]] by a margin of 41,690 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Umbergaon Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Patkar Ramanlal Nanubhai of BJP wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/umbergaon-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-6561811.html |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patkar, Ramanlal}}
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 1995–1998]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 1998–2002]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2007–2012]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2012–2017]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:People from Valsad district]]

Vaadikkadu, Pudukkottai

2025-05-18T20:14:56Z

HeikeC58098401: Created New Info

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{refimprove|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Vaadikkadu
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = ta
| other_name =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pudukkottai district|Pudukkottai]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Aranthangi Taluk|Aranthangi]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Village Panchayat
| governing_body =
| leader_title = Panchayat President
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 773
| population_as_of = 2007
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 614624
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| coordinates =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
}}

''' Vaadikkadu ''' is a village in the
[[Aranthangi block|Aranthangi]] [[revenue block]] of [[Pudukkottai district]],
[[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2011 |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |access-date=May 18, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=2022-07-11}}</ref>

== Demographics ==

As per the 2007 census, Vaadikkadu had a total population of 773

with 394 males and 374 females.

== Demographics Climate==

{| class="wikitable" |
|-
! || '''Summer''' || '''Winter'''
|-
| |Max. || style="background:#f60; color:#000;"|{{convert|37|°C|F}} || style="background:#f96; color:#000;"|{{convert|34|°C|F}}
|-
| Min. || style="background:#ffc; color:#000;"|{{convert|21|°C|F}} || style="background:#cff; color:#000;"|{{convert|18|°C|F}}
|}

{{Geographic Location
|title = '''Destinations from Vaadikkadu'''
|Northwest = [[Maramadakki, Pudukkottai|Maramadakki]]
|North = [[Avanathankkottai]]
|Northeast = [[Poovatrakudi]]
|West = [[Silattur]]
|Centre = Vaadikkadu
|East = [[Peravoorani, Rajendrapuram|Peravoorani]]
|Southwest = [[Karaikudi]]
|South = [[Aranthangi]]
|Southeast = [[Manamelkudi]]
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Pudukkottai district]]

Shamsul Islam (author)

2025-05-17T08:19:12Z

HeikeC58098401:

{{Short description|Indian author, academic}}{{Infobox person
| name = Shamsul Islam
| birth_date = 1947
| alma_mater = [[Delhi University]]
| occupation = author, academic, and activist
}}

'''Shamsul Islam''' is an Indian author, academic, and activist known for his work on the intersection of religion, politics, and history in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indore Auditorium Cancels Ex Professor's Event, Says "Government Order" |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/indore-auditorium-cancels-professor-shamsul-islam-event-says-governments-orders-2844488 |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> He is a retired professor of political science from the [[Delhi University|University of Delhi]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr Shamsul Islam, Author, Retired professor of Political Science, Delhi University, News, Photos and Videos |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/conclave-mumbai/2023/speaker-profile/2441122 |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> where he taught from 1973 to 2013. He has been particularly vocal about the rise of communalism and the distortion of historical narratives, especially in the context of Hindu-Muslim relations in India.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-02-17 |title=Kannada translation of Shamsul Islam's book to be released today |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/kannada-translation-of-shamsul-islams-book-to-be-released-today/article67858215.ece |access-date=2024-08-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Left Islamophobia: A Critique of Shamsul Islam's writing on Tablighi Jamaat |url=https://www.milligazette.com/news/7-analysis/16896-left-islamophobia-a-critique-of-shamsul-islams-writing-on-tablighi-jamaat/ |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=The Milli Gazette — Indian Muslims Leading News Source |language=en}}</ref> His work often critiques the ideological underpinnings of the Hindu nationalist movement,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shamsul Islam |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/profile/author/Shamsul-Islam/ |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=Frontline |language=en}}</ref> particularly its attempts to rewrite Indian history in a way that marginalizes minority communities.<ref>{{Cite web |last=MuslimMirror |date=2024-04-27 |title=84th Anniversary of Anti-Pakistan 1940 Azad Muslim Conference of Indian Muslims |url=https://muslimmirror.com/eng/84th-anniversary-of-anti-pakistan-1940-azad-muslim-conference-of-indian-muslims/ |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=Muslim Mirror |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
He was born in 1948 in India. He pursued his higher education at the [[Delhi University|University of Delhi]], where he later became a professor of political science.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhat |first=Prajwal |date=2023-09-09 |title=ABVP protests against academic Shamsul Islam in Mangalore University calling him 'anti-Hindu' |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/karnataka/abvp-protests-against-academic-shamsul-islam-in-mangalore-university-calling-him-anti-hindu |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kasbe |first=Raosaheb |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e0f5xwEACAAJ |title=Decoding the RSS: Its Tradition and Politics |date=2019 |publisher=LeftWord Books |isbn=978-81-940778-2-4 |language=en}}</ref> His academic journey and early life experiences influenced his critical perspectives on political and social issues in India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharathi |first=Vartha |title=Renowned researcher, author Dr. Shamsul Islam, to deliver BV Kakkilaya Inspired Oration 2023 |url=https://english.varthabharati.in/karavali/renowned-researcher-author-dr-shamsul-islam-to-deliver-bv-kakkilaya-inspired-oration-2023 |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=english.varthabharati.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Wahab |first=Ghazala |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SbduzgEACAAJ |title=Born a Muslim: Some Truths about Islam in India |date=2021 |publisher=Aleph Book Company |isbn=978-93-90652-16-7 |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Shamsul Islam taught political science at the University of Delhi from 1973 to 2013. During his tenure, he became known for his critical stance against [[Hindutva]], religious bigotry, and the persecution of women, Dalits, and minorities.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-02 |title=Shamsul Islam – Janata Weekly |url=https://janataweekly.org/author/shamsulislam/ |access-date=2024-08-21 |language=en-US}}</ref> His work spans various forms of writing, including books, articles, and street plays.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-09-25 |title=Shamsul Islam {{!}} Read All The Stories Written by Shamsul Islam. |url=https://indianexpress.com/profile/columnist/shamsul-islam/ |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Possamai |first1=Adam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u3S1BQAAQBAJ&q=shamsul+islam+author |title=The Sociology of Shari'a: Case Studies from around the World |last2=Richardson |first2=James T. |last3=Turner |first3=Bryan S. |date=2014-12-04 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-09605-6 |language=en}}</ref>

He has been actively involved in street theatre, founding one of India's oldest and most active street theatre groups, Nishant.<ref>{{Cite web |title=भारत छोड़ो आंदोलन 1942 से ग़द्दारी की कहानी : आरएसएस और सावरकर की ज़बानी |url=https://www.hastakshep.com/column/Quit-India-Movement-story-of-betrayal-since-1942-RSS-and-Savarkar |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=www.hastakshep.com/ |language=en}}</ref> He has performed in over 6,000 street plays across various countries, addressing issues like caste persecution, gender bias, and religious intolerance.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DHNS |title=Kannada translations of two books with opposite views of Savarkar released |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/kannada-translations-of-two-books-with-opposite-views-of-savarkar-released-2900079 |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

== Literary contribution ==
Below is a list of some of his notable literary works:

* ''Religious Dimensions of Indian Nationalism: A Study of RSS''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Islam |first=Shamsul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gx5R9D_JpQEC&q=shamsul+islam+author |title=RSS Primer: Based on Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh Documents |date=2010 |publisher=Pharos Media & Publishing |isbn=978-81-7221-039-7 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Savarkar myths and Facts''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Islam |first=Shamsul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rNxGvlOoUvsC&q=shamsul+islam+author |title=Savarkar Myths and Facts |date=2006 |publisher=Media House |isbn=978-81-7495-234-9 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Know the RSS: Based on Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh's Documents''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Islam |first=Shamsul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-_v7jwEACAAJ |title=Know the RSS: Based on Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh Documents |date=2017 |publisher=Pharos |isbn=978-81-7221-071-7 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Cultural Nationalism: The RSS' Agenda''
* ''Indian Freedom Struggle and RSS''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Islam |first=Shamsul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gNcEtAEACAAJ |title=Indian Freedom Movement & RSS: A Story of Betrayal |date=2017 |publisher=Pharos Media & Publishing Pvt Limited |isbn=978-81-7221-085-4 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Golwalkar’s We or Our Nationhood Defined: A Critique''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Islam |first=Shamsul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zoQMAQAAMAAJ&q=shamsul+islam+author |title=Golwalkar's We Or Our Nationhood Defined: A Critique |date=2006 |publisher=Pharos Media & Pub. |isbn=978-81-7221-030-4 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Hindutva and Fascism''
* ''Savarkar, Sita Ram Goel, and the Swadeshi Fascists''
* ''Muslim Against Partition: Revisiting the Legacy of Azad, Ansari, and Chhotani''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Islam |first=Shamsul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uTMFkAEACAAJ |title=Muslims Against Partition: Revisiting the Legacy of Allah Bakhsh and Other Patriotic Muslims |date=2015 |publisher=Pharos Media & Publishing Pvt Limited |isbn=978-81-7221-067-0 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Communal Rage in Secular India''
* ''RSS School Texts and the Murder of Mahatma Gandhi''
* ''Democracy versus Communalism: Right-Wing Politics in India''
* ''RSS and Modi: An Untold Story ''
* ''Hindu Nationalism and the Indian Constitution''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Islam |first=Shamsul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JkqIzwEACAAJ |title=Hindu Nationalism and Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh |date=2022 |publisher=Pharos Media & Publishing Pvt Limited |isbn=978-81-7221-123-3 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''The Muslim Nationalism Myth: Causes and Consequences''

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Islam, Shamsul}}
[[Category:Indian writers]]
[[Category:Indian male writers]]
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian academics]]
[[Category:Indian activists]]

G. Lalbiakvela

2025-04-04T00:47:13Z

HeikeC58098401: put up a details

{{Short description|Indian cricketer (born 1988)}}
{{use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = G Lalbiakvela
| image = G.Lalbiakvela.jpg
| fullname =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1988|1|28|df=yes}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right arm medium
| role =

| club1 =
| year1 =
| clubnumber1 =
| club2 =
| year2 =
| clubnumber2 =

| date = 3 October 2019
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1159753.html ESPNcricinfo
}}
'''G Lalbiakvela''' (born 28 January 1988) is an Indian [[cricket]]er.<ref name="Bio">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1159753.html |title=G Lalbiakvela |access-date=3 October 2019 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> He made his [[List A cricket|List A]] debut on 19 September 2018, for [[Mizoram cricket team|Mizoram]] in the [[2018–19 Vijay Hazare Trophy]].<ref name="LA">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1156794.html |title=Plate Group, Vijay Hazare Trophy at Nadiad, Sep 19 2018 |access-date=3 October 2019 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> He made his [[first-class cricket|first-class]] debut on 1 November 2018, for Mizoram in the [[2018–19 Ranji Trophy]].<ref name="FC">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1156952.html |title=Plate Group, Ranji Trophy at Dimapur, Nov 1-3 2018 |access-date=3 October 2019 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> He made his [[Twenty20]] debut on 21 February 2019, also for Mizoram, in the [[2018–19 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]].<ref name="T20">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1157103.html |title=Group D, Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy at Cuttack, Feb 21 2019 |access-date=3 October 2019 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cricinfo|id=1159753}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lalbiakvela, G}}
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Mizoram cricketers]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Mizoram]]

{{India-cricket-bio-1988-stub}}