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M. Babu

2026-05-07T04:44:20Z

HectorOtoole:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = M. Babu
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 12 May 2021
| term_end = 6 May 2026
| constituency = [[Cheyyur Assembly constituency|Cheyyur]]
| party = [[Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi]]
| predecessor = R. T. Arasu
| successor = E. Rajasekar
| image =
}}

'''M. Babu,''' also known as Panaiyur Babu, is an Indian Politician [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He was elected from [[Cheyyur Assembly constituency|Cheyyur]] as a [[Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi]] candidate in 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title= Form 21E (Return of Election) |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211222083235/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC034.pdf |url= https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC034.pdf|access-date= 24 Apr 2022 |archive-date=22 Dec 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Cheyyur Election Result |url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a034|access-date= 24 Apr 2022}}</ref>

==Electoral performance ==
{{transcluded section|source=Cheyyur Assembly constituency}}
{{trim|{{#section-h:Cheyyur Assembly constituency|2021}}}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Babu, M}}
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kanchipuram district]]
[[Category:Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{TamilNadu-politician-stub}}

Avijit Sen

2026-05-06T16:28:16Z

HectorOtoole: New Basic Post First Draft.

{{Short description|Indian film director, editor and screenwriter}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Avijit Sen
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Avijit Sen at IFFI Goa in 2022.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Sen in 2022
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 6 September 1976
| birth_place = [[Birati]], [[West Bengal]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Film director|Screenwriter|Editor|Cinematographer|Professor}}
| education = Birati High School
| alma_mater = [[Satyajit Ray Film and Television Institute]]
| years_active = 2006–present
| spouse =
| children =
| parents =
| relatives =
}}

'''Avijit Sen''' ({{IPAc-en|oʊ|v|ɪ|j|ɪ|θj|_|ʃ|ɛ|n}}; born 6 September 1976) is an Indian film director, editor and screenwriter who predominantly works in the [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali Film Industry]]. Known for directing [[Drama (film and television)#Misidentified categories|family drama]] and [[Drama (film and television)#Type/genre combinations|social drama films]] which incorporate deep emotions and social message, he is one of the highest paid directors in Bengali Cinema and a recipient of the Best Director Award at [[Filmfare Awards Bangla]], [[Anandalok Puraskar]] and others.

Sen started his career as a director and writer for popular Bengali reality shows including [[Didi No. 1]] and [[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Bangla]].<ref>{{cite news |title=অডিশন শুরু, মার্চে 'ডান্স বাংলা ডান্স', মিঠুন না দেব, কে মহা বিচারক? জানালেন অভিজিৎ |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/srabanti-chatterjee-subhashree-ganguly-mouni-roy-may-be-the-judge-of-dance-bangla-dance-new-season-dgtl/cid/1551075 |access-date=24 April 2025 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=5 October 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> In 2021 he directed ''[[Tonic (2021 film)|Tonic]]'', making his debut in the Bengali film industry. It earned him critical acclaim and emerged as the highest-grossing Bengali film of 2021.<ref name="BO2021">{{cite news |title=Bengali film 'Tonic' to stream on Zee5 from February 18 |url=https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/bengali-film-tonic-to-stream-on-zee5-from-february-18-455101 |access-date=7 April 2025 |work=[[WION]] |date=22 February 2022 |quote=Tonic is the highest grossing Bangla film of 2021}}</ref> Then he directed ''[[Projapoti (2022 film)|Projapoti]]'' in 2022. It became his most successful film as it emerged as the highest-grossing Bengali film of 2022 and one of the highest-grossing Bengali films of all time.<ref name="BO2022">{{cite news |title=Dev and Mithun Chakraborty's 2022 blockbuster Projapati to get a sequel |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/avijit-sens-2022-blockbuster-projapati-starring-dev-and-mithun-chakraborty-to-get-a-sequel/cid/2074880 |access-date=7 April 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=2 January 2025 |quote=Projapati earned over Rs 13 crore, thereby emerging as the highest grossing Bengali film of the year.}}</ref> This was followed by ''[[Pradhan (film)|Pradhan]]'' in 2023, which emerged as the second highest-grossing Bengali film of 2023.<ref name="BO2023">{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Suksham |title=Pradhan OTT release date Hoichoi: When to watch Paran B's Bengali film |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/binge/pradhan-ott-release-date-hoichoi-when-to-watch-paran-bs-bengali-film-639189.html |access-date=7 April 2025 |work=[[Indiatimes]] |date=1 August 2024}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Avijit Sen was born on 6 September 1976 in [[Birati]], [[West Bengal]]. He grew up in Birati and continues to reside there, in his ancestral house. He completed his primary schooling from Uttarayan Shishu Vidyalaya and secondary schooling from Birati High School. Sen took interest in performing stage acts from his school life. Besides performing in his school plays, he used to be the editor for his school magazine, which was rolled out once in a year. He wrote as well as directed his first stage act while he was in the tenth grade.

After school, he joined a local theatre group in Birati and later also worked with another theatre group "Shudrag". He used to participate in theatrical acts and plays held across the country in cities including [[Delhi]], [[Pune]], [[Bangalore]], [[Mumbai]] and [[Allahabad]]. Sen graduated in film-making from [[Satyajit Ray Film and Television Institute]] in 2004. He worked as an editor in an animation company before his admission into the SRFTI in 2001. He also served as the faculty in-charge at the Editing Department of the [[Film and Television Institute of India]]. After that he also served as a full-time lecturer at [[St. Xavier's College, Kolkata]]. After working as a lecturer at St. Xavier's College, he joined [[Zee Bangla]] in 2009 and worked in the marketing department of films. In 2010, he got his first major breakthrough as a director after he conceived the concept of [[Didi No. 1]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Acharya |first1=Anindita |title=Storytelling through cinema |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/k-reers/storytelling-through-cinema-543214 |access-date=16 April 2025 |work=Millennium Post |date=6 December 2023}}</ref>

== Career ==
=== Early career ===
In the initial days of his film-making career, he worked as an associate with [[Rajkumar Hirani]]. Sen met Hirani through [[Arghyakamal Mitra]], who was then looking for an assistant director cum editor for his upcoming film. Eventually, he assisted Hirani in ''[[Lage Raho Munna Bhai]]'' and ''[[3 Idiots]]'', besides working as the costume designer for those films.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Acharya |first1=Anindita |title='Never thought my film would release alongside Rajkumar Hirani' |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/features/never-thought-my-film-would-release-alongside-rajkumar-hirani-545264 |access-date=16 April 2025 |work=Millennium Post |date=22 December 2023}}</ref>

Sen started his career as a director and writer for popular Bengali reality shows including [[Dadagiri Unlimited]], [[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Bangla]], [[Dance Bangla Dance]], [[Didi No. 1]] and Tumi Je Amar.<ref>{{cite news |title=A television show celebrated 1000 th episode recently |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/a-television-show-celebrated-1000-th-episode-recently/articleshow/115927000.cms |access-date=24 April 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=3 December 2024}}</ref> He has directed all episodes of [[Dadagiri Unlimited]] and [[Dance Bangla Dance]] from 2023, and the other three shows from their inaugural seasons.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sen |first1=Avijit |title=অনুরাগিনী হিরের আংটি নিয়ে সেটে! লজ্জায় লাল 'দাদা', যেন 'ধরণী, দ্বিধা হও' দশা |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/director-avijit-sen-reveals-many-unknown-aspects-of-sourav-ganguly-on-his-birthday-dgtl/cid/1529438 |access-date=24 April 2025 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=8 July 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> Presently as of 2025, he continues directing all the above-mentioned reality shows besides working as a film director.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Shamayita |title=Dadagiri 10: Is low TRP the reason behind the early closure of Sourav Ganguly's reality show? Director Avijit Sen clarifies |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/dadagiri-10-is-low-trp-the-reason-behind-the-early-closure-of-sourav-gangulys-reality-show-director-avijit-sen-clarifies/c137bd4ae3245 |access-date=6 April 2025 |work=[[HT Media|OTTplay]] |date=5 May 2025}}</ref>

=== Film directorial debut and success ===
Sen has collaborated with RayChaudhuri as the producer for all his further films.<ref>{{cite news |title=Actor Dev, director Abhijit Sen, and producer Atanu Roy Chowdhury, known for hits like Tonic, Projapati, and Pradhan, were set to collaborate on the film Pratiksha |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/pratiksha-dev-abhijit-sen-and-atanu-roy-chowdhurys-film-pushed-till-march/470e7ad2d1342 |access-date=23 April 2025 |work=[[HT Media|OTTplay]] |date=26 October 2024}}</ref> ''[[Tonic (film)|Tonic]]'' marked Avijit Sen's directorial debut in films. The film was widely applauded and appreciated for its light comedy, simple storyline, vibrant locales and chemistry between Dev and Paran Bandyopadhyay.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Irani |first1=Shaheen |title=Tonic review: Dev Adhikari-Paran Bandopadhyay's film is a journey that heals the tired soul |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/tonic-review-dev-adhikari-paran-bandopadhyays-film-is-a-journey-that-heals-the-tired-soul/38412ac2a4747 |access-date=18 April 2025 |work=[[HT Media|OTTplay]] |date=21 February 2022}}</ref> It emerged as the [[List of Indian Bengali films of 2021|highest-grossing Bengali film of 2021]] and garnered him critical acclaim.<ref name="BO2021"/> At the [[5th Filmfare Awards Bangla]], the film won the [[Filmfare Award Bangla for Best Film|Best Film]] and [[Filmfare Award Bangla for Best Actor|Best Actor]] ([[Paran Bandyopadhyay]]) Awards and also earned him the Best Debut Director Award.<ref>{{cite news |title=Winners of the Joy Filmfare Awards Bangla 2021 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-of-the-joy-filmfare-awards-bangla-2021_-52721-1.html |access-date=18 April 2025 |work=[[Filmfare]] |date=29 March 2022}}</ref>

His next directorial was ''[[Projapoti (2022 film)|Projapati]]'' in 2022. He got the idea about the core concept of the film, after he read an article in a newspaper about a retired teacher who married at an old age, just to have a companion by his side, in old age.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Arindam |title=Film-maker Avijit Sen on the success of Projapati |url=https://t2online.in/goodlife/tech/film-maker-avijit-sen-on-the-success-of-projapati/260917 |access-date=16 April 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|t2 Online]] |date=13 January 2023}}</ref> The film was applauded as an emotional family entertainer that highlights the social issues, although the ending melodrama was bemoaned.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Shamayita |title=Projapati review: Mithun Chakraborty and Dev present a heartwarming entertainer and question social convention |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/projapati-review-mithun-chakraborty-and-dev-present-a-heartwarming-entertainer-and-question-social-convention/df3e2af457942 |access-date=19 April 2025 |work=[[HT Media|OTTplay]] |date=24 December 2022}}</ref> It became his most successful film and emerged as the [[List of Indian Bengali films of 2022|highest-grossing Bengali film of 2022]] as well as one of the highest grossing Bengali films of all time.<ref name="BO2022"/> It won the "Most Popular Film" and "Most Popular Actor" ([[Mithun Chakraborty]]) Award at the [[6th WBFJA Awards]].<ref>{{cite news |title=WBFJA AWARD 2023 : সিনেমার সমাবর্তন অনুষ্ঠানে চাঁদের হাট, সেরা অভিনেতা-অভিনেত্রীর পুরস্কার উঠল কার ঝুলিতে |url=https://bangla.asianetnews.com/entertainment/bengali-cinema/wbfja-award-2023-dev-win-the-best-actors-award-check-out-the-winner-list-brd/photoshow-ry8bpfo |access-date=23 April 2025 |work=[[Asianet News]] |date=9 January 2023 |language=bn}}</ref>

In 2023, he directed ''[[Pradhan (film)|Pradhan]]'', which emerged as the [[List of Indian Bengali films of 2023|second highest-grossing Bengali film of 2023]].<ref name="BO2023"/> A social drama, the film was praised for its commercial approach while keeping close to the Bengali culture instead of displaying over the top scenes like most commercial potboilers.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Goswami |first1=Ranita |title=Pradhan Film Review: দুর্নীতির ধর্মপুরে 'মসিহা' দেব, সৌমিতৃষার সঙ্গে রোম্যান্স কতটা জমল? কেমন হল 'প্রধান'? |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/superstar-dev-soham-chakraborty-soumitrisha-kundu-starrer-pradhan-film-review-read-it-31703315599887.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226084713/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/superstar-dev-soham-chakraborty-soumitrisha-kundu-starrer-pradhan-film-review-read-it-31703315599887.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 December 2023 |access-date=23 April 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=23 December 2023 |language=bn}}</ref> It won the "Most Popular Film" and "Most Popular Actor" ([[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]]) Award at the [[7th WBFJA Award]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cinemar Somabarton Awards 2024: List of Winners |url=https://cinemarsomabarton.com/award-2024.php |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=cinemarsomabarton.com}}</ref> His next directorial ''[[Projapati 2]]'', which is a sequel to his 2022 film ''Projapati'', was announced on 1 January 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title=বড়দিনে উড়বে 'প্রজাপতি 2', এবার দেবের নায়িকা কে ? - PROJAPOTI 2 |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bn/!entertainment/which-actress-will-act-opposite-of-dev-in-his-upcoming-film-projapoti-2-west-bengal-news-wbs25010501046 |access-date=23 April 2025 |work=[[ETV Network|ETV Bharat]] |date=5 January 2025 |language=bn}}</ref> It was released in the theatres on 25 December 2025, coinciding with [[Christmas]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Majumder |first1=Rahul |title=একে 'রঘু ডাকত'-এ রক্ষা নেই, দোসর 'প্রজাপতি ২'! দেব-মিঠুনের নয়া ছবির হাল-হদিশ দিলেন অতনু রায়চৌধুরী |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/atanu-roychowdhuri-talks-about-his-upcoming-movie-projapati-2-starring-dev-and-mithun-chakraborty-ent-113543 |access-date=22 April 2025 |work=[[Aajkal]] |date=2 January 2025 |language=bn}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{|class="wikitable"
|+Key
|style="background:#FFFFCC;"|
{{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 100%"
! Year
! Film
! Director
! Writer
! Language
! Notes
! {{Refh}}
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Tonic (film)|Tonic]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| rowspan="5" | Bengali
| Marked his debut as a director in Bengali films
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhanja |first1=Sandipta |title=Tonic Review: দেবের সঙ্গে পাল্লা দিয়ে অভিনয় পরাণের |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/dev-paran-bandopadhyay-starrer-tonic-film-review/ |access-date=19 April 2025 |work=[[Indian Express]] |date=21 December 2021 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Majumder |first1=Suparna |title=Tonic Film Review: বড়দিনের আগেই সিনেমা হলে 'টনিক', কেমন হল দেব-পরাণের যুগলবন্দি? পড়ুন রিভিউ |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/film-review/tonic-review-dev-and-paran-bandopadhyay-starrer-film-released-in-cinema-halls/ |access-date=8 April 2025 |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |date=24 December 2021 |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Projapati]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=বসু |first1=শতরূপা |title=কেমন হল দেব-মিঠুনের 'প্রজাপতি'? জানাচ্ছে আনন্দবাজার অনলাইন |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/review-of-bengali-film-projapati-dgtl/cid/1394109 |access-date=8 April 2025 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=24 December 2022 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Shamayita |title=Dev and Avijit Sen pray at Kasi Viswanath Temple while shooting for Projapoti in Varanasi |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/dev-and-avijit-sen-pray-at-kasi-viswanath-temple-while-shooting-for-projapoti-in-varanasi/1c008b1af9906 |access-date=8 April 2025 |work=[[HT Media|OTTplay]] |date=3 August 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Pradhan (film)|Pradhan]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Niyogi |first1=Agnivo |title=Pradhan: Dev and Avijit Sen's third collaboration is a compelling social drama |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/pradhan-dev-and-avijit-sens-third-collaboration-is-a-compelling-social-drama/cid/1989474 |access-date=8 April 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=26 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Das |first1=Santanu |title=Pradhan movie review: Dev shines in Avijit Sen's earnest and sincere cop drama |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/pradhan-movie-review-dev-cop-drama-avijit-sen-101703314119730.html |access-date=8 April 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=23 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|''[[Projapati 2]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| 
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kanji |first1=Subhasmita |title=Dev-Projapati 2: 'প্রতীক্ষা' নয়, অভিজিৎ-অতনু-দেব ত্রয়ীর নতুন ছবির নাম 'প্রজাপতি ২'! কবে আসছে ছবি? |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/dev-announced-his-new-film-avijit-sen-directorial-film-name-will-be-projapati-2-not-pratiksha-31735743138793.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250421211314/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/dev-announced-his-new-film-avijit-sen-directorial-film-name-will-be-projapati-2-not-pratiksha-31735743138793.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 April 2025 |access-date=8 April 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=1 January 2025 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Torsha |title=নতুন বছরে দেব-অভিজিৎ-অতনুর নতুন উপহার, আসছে 'প্রজাপতি'-র সিক্যুয়াল |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/dev-atanu-roy-chowdhury-abhijit-sen-new-film-projapati-2-announced-entertainment-news-tollywood-1113401 |access-date=8 April 2025 |work=[[ABP Ananda]] |date=2 January 2025 |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|2026
|{{Pending film|Tonic 2}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|}

== Filmmaking style ==
In the initial days of his film-making career, he worked as an associate with Rajkumar Hirani. He assisted him in ''[[Lage Raho Munna Bhai]]'' and ''[[3 Idiots]]'', besides working in a few commercial shoots. He attributes his style of film-making as one which is inspired from Rajkumar Hirani. He mentioned in an interview that he got his knack of telling relatable human stories from Hirani, who told him that well scripted life stories always appeal to human emotions.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ghoshal |first1=Sharmistha |title=Debutant filmmaker Avijit Sen talks about his film Tonic starring Dev and Paran Bandyopadhyay |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/international/interviews/2022/Jan/03/debutant-filmmaker-avijit-sen-talks-about-his-film-tonic-starring-dev-and-paran-bandyopadhyay-28794.html |access-date=6 April 2025 |work=[[Indian Express|Cinema Express]] |date=3 January 2022}}</ref>

His films are centered around the issues persistent in our everyday life and the sufferings faced by a common man in the society owing to those issues. All of his stories display deep emotional attachment and detachments among the various relations in a family. His films are usually not centered around a conventional lead "hero and heroine" but focus on the cavernous bonding between the lead hero and one to two senior parallel lead characters. Vivid backgrounds and vibrant cinematographic shots, coupled with closeup shots and monologues with specific focus on the emotions displayed by the characters are a signature style of his movies. The story also includes several other actors, who play pivotal roles of close relatives or acquaintance of the leads. Actors like Biswajit Sen and Kharaj Mukherjee are present in all of his films to add to the humour quotient of the films.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Arindam |title=The blockbuster trio of Dev, Avijit Sen and Atanu Raychaudhuri have come together with the new film Pradhan |url=https://t2online.in/music/western/the-blockbuster-trio-of-dev,-avijit-sen-and-atanu-raychaudhuri-have-come-together-with-the-new-film-pradhan/386456 |access-date=16 April 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|t2 Online]] |date=25 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Avijit Sen calls Dev natural actor, says Mithun Chakraborty's eyes speak more than words |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/avijit-sen-calls-dev-natural-actor-says-mithun-chakrabortys-eyes-speak-more-than-words/articleshow/97118233.cms |access-date=23 April 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=19 January 2023}}</ref>

== Recurring collaborations ==
Sen has collaborated with [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]] as the lead actor in all of his films. [[Ambarish Bhattacharya]], [[Biswanath Basu]], [[Koneenica Banerjee]] and [[Kharaj Mukherjee]] have played supporting roles in most the films while Sujay Datta Ray has been the editor. Only people with two or more collaborations are listed.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:80%;width: 100%"
|- style="vertical-align:bottom;"
! Films !! [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]]
![[Mithun Chakraborty]]!! [[Ambarish Bhattacharya]] !! [[Biswanath Basu]] !! [[Koneenica Banerjee]] !! [[Mamata Shankar]] !! [[Kharaj Mukherjee]] !! [[Kanchan Mullick]] !! [[Paran Bandopadhyay]] !![[Anupam Roy]] !! Rathijit Bhattacharjee !! Sujay Datta Ray !! [[Gopi Bhagat]]
|-
|'''[[Tonic (2021 film)|''Tonic'']]''' (2021)
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|'''[[Projapoti (2022 film)|''Projapati'']]''' (2022)
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|'''[[Pradhan (film)|''Pradhan'']]''' (2023)
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|''[[Projapati 2|'''Projapati 2''']]'' (2025)
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== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 100%"
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Film
! Result
! {{Refh}}
|-
|rowspan="4"|2022
|rowspan="2"|[[5th Filmfare Awards Bangla]]
|Filmfare Award Bangla for Best Director
|rowspan="4"|''[[Tonic (film)|Tonic]]''
|{{nom}}
|rowspan="2"|<ref>{{cite news |title='Boronbabur bondhu' & Tonic get Filmfare Bangla best film award |url=https://theprint.in/india/boronbabur-bondhu-tonic-get-filmfare-bangla-best-film-award/880623/ |access-date=18 April 2025 |work=[[ThePrint]] |date=20 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
|Filmfare Award Bangla for Best Debut Director
|{{won}}
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[Anandalok Puraskar]]
|Anandalok Puraskar for Best Director
|{{nom}}
|rowspan="2"|<ref>{{cite news |title=Memorable moments from Anandalok Puraskar 2022 |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/events/memorable-moments-from-anandalok-puraskar-2022/cid/1866732 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=25 May 2022}}</ref>
|-
|Anandalok Puraskar for Most Promising Director
|{{won}}
|-
|rowspan="3"|2023
|rowspan="2"|[[6th Filmfare Awards Bangla]]
|Filmfare Award Bangla for Best Director
|rowspan="3"|''[[Projapoti (2022 film)|Projapoti]]''
|{{nom}}
|rowspan="2"|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Barman |first1=Teesta |title=Joy Filmfare Awards Bangla 2022 Winners List: বল্লভপুর থেকে প্রজাপতি, দোস্তজী থেকে চিনার পাতা, বাংলা ফিল্মফেয়ারে জয়ীদের তালিকা |url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/entertainment/complete-list-of-joy-filmfare-awards-bangla-2022-winners-tes-1014219.html |access-date=18 April 2025 |work=[[News18]] |date=11 March 2023 |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Filmfare Award Bangla for Best Story
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[6th WBFJA Awards]]
|West Bengal Film Journalists' Association Award for Most Promising Director
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Priyanka |title=WBFJA Awards 2023: বাংলার সাংবাদিকদের বিচারে সেরা অভিনেতা দেব, জনপ্রিয় অভিনেতা মিঠুন, গায়ক অরিজিৎ! |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/wbfja-awards-2023-winner-list-dev-mithun-win-best-actors-award-aparajito-and-dostojee-jointly-win-best-film-award-31673196904842.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119065157/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/wbfja-awards-2023-winner-list-dev-mithun-win-best-actors-award-aparajito-and-dostojee-jointly-win-best-film-award-31673196904842.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 January 2023 |access-date=18 April 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=8 January 2023 |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|[[7th Filmfare Awards Bangla]]
|Filmfare Award Bangla for Best Director
|''[[Pradhan (film)|Pradhan]]''
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Priyanka |title=Filmfare Bangla 2024 Winner List: বাংলাদেশের ফারিণের কাছে হার সৌমিতৃষার,জোড়া সম্মান অনুপমের;সেরা অভিনেতা প্রসেনজিৎ |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/filmfare-bangla-2024-winner-list-prosenjts-shesh-pata-won-8-awards-big-win-for-anupam-roy-arijit-soumitrisha-lost-31711764092255.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718133627/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/filmfare-bangla-2024-winner-list-prosenjts-shesh-pata-won-8-awards-big-win-for-anupam-roy-arijit-soumitrisha-lost-31711764092255.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 July 2024 |access-date=21 April 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=30 March 2024 |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|2365474}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sen, Avijit}}
[[Category:Bengali film directors]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Indian film editors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:Satyajit Ray Film and Television Institute alumni]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards Bangla winners]]
[[Category:Films directed by Avijit Sen]]

Bosch (company)

2026-05-03T19:29:45Z

HectorOtoole: New - done

{{Short description|German engineering and technology company}}
{{Redirect2|BOSCH|Bosch Corporation|other uses|Bosch (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Robert Bosch GmbH
| logo = 
| logo_size = 250px
| image = BoschRenningen-pjt.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| image_caption = Corporate Sector Research and Advanced Development in [[Renningen]], Germany
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| foundation = {{start date and age|df=yes|1886|11|15}}
| location = Robert-Bosch-Platz 1, 70839 [[Gerlingen]], [[Baden-Württemberg]], Germany
| founder = [[Robert Bosch]]
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = [[Stefan Hartung]] ([[Chief executive officer|CEO]], [[Chief technology officer|CTO]], and [[Chief digital officer|CDO]])
| industry = [[Conglomerate (company)|Conglomerate]]
| products = {{hlist|[[Automotive parts]]|[[power tools]]|[[security systems]]|[[home appliances]]|[[engineering]]|[[electronics]]|[[cloud computing]]|[[Internet of things|IoT]]}}
| revenue = {{Decrease}} {{Euro|90.34[[1,000,000,000|B]]|link=yes}} (2024)<ref name="Annual Report 2024">{{cite press release |title=Annual Report 2024 |date=2025 |publisher=Robert Bosch GmbH|url= https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/bosch_group/our_figures/pdf/bosch-annual-report-2024.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20250508105525/https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/bosch_group/our_figures/pdf/bosch-annual-report-2024.pdf |archive-date=2025-05-08 |archive-format=PDF |access-date=23 December 2025}}</ref>
| operating_income = {{Decrease}} {{Euro|2.796B}} (2024)<ref name="Annual Report 2024" />
| net_income = {{Decrease}} {{Euro|1.332B}} (2024)<ref name="Annual Report 2024" />
| assets = {{Increase}} {{Euro|112.76B}} (2024)<ref name="Annual Report 2024" />
| equity = {{Increase}} {{Euro|49.99B}} (2024)<ref name="Annual Report 2024" />
| num_employees = 417,859 (2024)<ref name="Annual Report 2024" />
| owners = {{Plainlist|
* [[Robert Bosch Stiftung]] (94%)
* Bosch family (5%)
}}
| subsid = {{Plainlist|
* [[BSH Hausgeräte]]
* [[ETAS]]
* [[Bosch Rexroth]]
}}
| website = {{Official URL}}
}}

'''Robert Bosch GmbH''' ({{IPAc-en|b|ɒ|ʃ}}; {{IPA|de|bɔʃ|lang|Robert Bosch GmbH.ogg}}), commonly known as '''Bosch''' (styled '''BOSCH'''), is a German [[Multinational corporation|multinational]] [[engineering]] and [[technology company]] headquartered in [[Gerlingen]], [[Baden-Württemberg]], Germany. The company was founded by [[Robert Bosch]] in [[Stuttgart]] in 1886.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.britannica.com/money/Bosch-GmbH |title=Bosch GmbH |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |date=23 December 2025 |access-date=23 December 2025}}</ref> Bosch is 94% owned by the [[Robert Bosch Stiftung]], a charitable institution.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.bosch.com/company/ |title=Company overview |publisher=Bosch |date=31 December 2024 |access-date=23 December 2025}}</ref> Although the charity is funded by owning the vast majority of shares, it has no voting rights and is involved in health and social causes unrelated to Bosch's business.

Bosch's core operating areas are spread across four business sectors: mobility (hardware and software), consumer goods (including [[BSH Hausgeräte|household appliances]] and power tools), industrial technology (including [[Bosch Rexroth|drive and control]]), and energy and building technology.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/bosch_group/our_figures/pdf/bosch-today-2018.pdf |title=Bosch Today 2018 |date=22 May 2018 |work=Bosch Global |access-date=22 May 2018 |archive-date=23 May 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180523095844/https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/bosch_group/our_figures/pdf/bosch-today-2018.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Bosch is the [[List of the largest automotive suppliers|largest automotive supplier]] in the world.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-01-30 |title=Top Auto Supplier Bosch Sees Tough Markets Persisting Until 2027 |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2026-01-30/top-auto-supplier-bosch-sees-tough-markets-persisting-until-2027 |access-date=2026-03-31 |work=Bloomberg News}}</ref> From 2025 onwards, it faced economic issues due to a decline in global German auto sales.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Autozulieferer: „Schmerzhaftes Jahr“ – Bosch-Chef verkündet Gewinneinbruch|url=https://www.handelsblatt.com/unternehmen/industrie/autozulieferer-schmerzhaftes-jahr-bosch-chef-verkuendet-gewinneinbruch/100195152.html|website=www.handelsblatt.com|date=2026-01-30|access-date=2026-01-30|language=de|first=Martin-W.|last=Buchenau}}</ref>

==History==
===1886–1920===
[[File:Robert Bosch mit Hut 1888 - 10031.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Robert Bosch]], founder of the company]]

The company began in Stuttgart-West as the ''{{lang|de|Werkstätte für Feinmechanik und Elektrotechnik|italic=no}}'' (Workshop for Precision Mechanics and Electrical Engineering) on 15 November 1886.<ref>{{cite book |last=Theiner |first=Peter |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=d0i9DwAAQBAJ |title=Robert Bosch: An Entrepreneur in an Age of Extremes |date=2019-10-15 |publisher=C.H. Beck |isbn=978-3-406-74146-3}}</ref> From 1897, Bosch started installing [[Ignition magneto|magneto ignition]] devices into [[automobile]]s and became a supplier of an ignition system. In 1902, the chief engineer at Bosch, [[Gottlob Honold]], unveiled the high-voltage magneto ignition system with a [[spark plug]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The beginnings 1886–1905 |url=https://www.bosch.com/stories/1886-1905-from-first-workshop-to-factory/ |department=Bosch Global |publisher=Robert Bosch |access-date=12 May 2019}}</ref>

In 1901, Bosch opened its first factory in Stuttgart.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bosch |url= https://www.companieshistory.com/bosch/ |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=CompaniesHistory.com}}</ref> In 1906, the company produced its 100,000th magneto. In the same year, Bosch introduced the eight-hour day for workers. In 1910, the Feuerbach plant was founded near Stuttgart, where Bosch began producing generators and headlights (Bosch-Light) in 1914. The motorization of road traffic led to the company's rapid growth after 1900. Bosch had a workforce of 45 in 1901, which grew to more than 1,000 by 1908.<ref name="Bosch">{{cite book |last1=Bähr |first1=Johannes |url= http://dx.doi.org/10.17104/9783406683602 |title=Bosch |last2=Erker |first2=Paul |date=2015 |publisher=C.H. Beck |isbn=978-3-406-68360-2 |doi=10.17104/9783406683602}}</ref>

Bosch's international development began in 1898 with the opening of a branch in London, followed the next year by Paris, Vienna, and Budapest. By 1909, Bosch was represented by trading partners on every continent. Bosch opened the first factory outside Germany in Paris in 1905 and the first on another continent in 1912 in Springfield, Massachusetts (USA). In 1913, Bosch founded an apprentice workshop to recruit young people for the production of automotive electrics.<ref name="Bosch" />

In 1917, Bosch was transformed into a corporation and remained so until 1937, when Robert Bosch regained sole ownership by purchasing back his shares. In the process, the company became a limited liability company (GmbH).<ref name="Bosch"/>

=== 1920s–1940s ===
After the First World War, Bosch lost most of its international holdings, including its US factories. The company had to rebuild its global activities. This included expansion in South America and Asia. In 1922, Illies & Company established a sales office for Bosch in Calcutta, India. In the years that followed, Bosch concluded contracts in Asia with sales partners in Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, and Indonesia, as well as on the American continents with partners in Mexico, Peru, Colombia, and Ecuador.<ref name="Bosch"/>

In the 1920s, Bosch expanded its product range to include numerous automotive technology products essential for cars, such as electric horns (1921), windshield wipers (1926), and direction indicators ("trafficator", 1927). In 1927, Bosch launched injection pumps for diesel engines. Bosch purchased the gas appliances production facility from Junkers & Co. in 1932 as a part of a diversification strategy. In 1932, the company developed its first electric drill and presented its first car radio. In 1933, Bosch introduced its first electric refrigerator for private households.<ref name="Bosch" />

====Effect of Nazi regime====
Like most German businesses at the time, Bosch had links to the ruling [[Nazi Party]]. Prior to [[World War II]], Bosch under the direction of the Nazi Party began relocating armament production to Germany's interior. Bosch founded two factories in 1935 and 1937: Dreilinden Maschinenbau GmbH in [[Kleinmachnow]] and Feinmechanische Industrie GmbH (later Trillke-Werke GmbH) in [[Hildesheim]], for armament production. These factories were built secretly and in close cooperation with the Nazi authorities.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.translatetheweb.com/?from=&to=en&dl=en&ref=trb&a=https%253A%252F%252Fwww.stuttgarter-zeitung.de%252Finhalt.unternehmen-im-dritten-reich-robert-bosch-und-der-doppelte-spagat.dd553a40-57df-4ae8-a88d-3a46b7106081.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131171817/https://www.translatetheweb.com/?from=&to=en&dl=en&ref=trb&a=https%253A%252F%252Fwww.stuttgarter-zeitung.de%252Finhalt.unternehmen-im-dritten-reich-robert-bosch-und-der-doppelte-spagat.dd553a40-57df-4ae8-a88d-3a46b7106081.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=31 January 2020 |title=Companies in the Third Reich: Robert Bosch and the double balancing act |last=Heller |first=Michael |date=12 January 2014 |website=stuttgarter-zeitung.de |publisher=Stuttgarter-Zeitung |access-date=31 January 2020 |quote=Many forced labourers worked at the Bosch plants. Bähr and Erker estimate the total number at 20,000 forced labourers, including 1,200 concentration camp inmates. At the end of 1944, the share of forced labourers in the workforce was around 33 percent; in the whole of German industry it was about 25 percent in August 1944. It cannot be said that the forced labourers at Bosch fared better than elsewhere. Especially in the factories far from Stuttgart, such as in Kleinmachnow near Berlin or in Langenbielau (Bielawa) in Silesia, there were attacks. 'The Russian workers and prisoners of war were subjected to arbitrary acts and denunciations contrary to all the principles of the company, and concentration camp prisoners were brutally abused at the Langenbielau plant,' the historians write.}}</ref> In 1937, Bosch AG became a limited liability company ([[Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung|GmbH]]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bosch {{!}} Science Museum Group Collection |url=https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/people/ap7762/bosch |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk |language=en}}</ref>

The Bosch subsidiary Dreilinden Maschinenbau GmbH (DLMG) in Kleinmachnow employed around 5,000 people, more than half of whom were [[Forced labour under German rule during World War II|forced labourers]], prisoners of war, and female concentration camp prisoners, including many women from the [[Warsaw Uprising]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Virtual Museum of the Holocaust and the Resistance – Irena Matusiak: Cookbooks and diaries |url= https://library.mcmaster.ca/archives/virtualmuseum/mod1-3.html |website=library.mcmaster.ca}}</ref> During the [[World War II|Second World War]], there were at least 3,000 workers in the mechanics division at the Bosch Hildesheim factory, almost all of them from nearby occupied countries; there were only 200 recorded German workers.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bergerson |first1=Andrew Stuart |title=Ordinary Germans in Extraordinary Times: The Nazi Revolution in Hildesheim |date=14 October 2004 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-11123-4 |page=218 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=rGTL30QmPhsC&pg=PA218}}</ref> In the last years of the war, all new German tanks included starter elements from the Bosch factory in Hildesheim. Bosch had a monopoly position in the outfitting of German Luftwaffe aircraft.<ref name="AIRSCIENCE">{{cite book |title=Air Science: Introduction to aviation |date=1953 |publisher=U.S. Air University, Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps |location=Montgomery |page=48 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=jJmlcqjKdNkC&pg=PA48 |quote=Even more poorly dispersed was aircraft magneto production, as the Bosch plant located at Stuttgart produced all the magnetos for the German military machine.}}</ref>

===21st century===
In 2001, Bosch acquired ''Mannesmann Rexroth AG'', which they later renamed to ''[[Bosch Rexroth|Bosch Rexroth AG]]''.<ref>{{cite web |date=2003-02-05 |title=Changing of the guard at Bosch Rexroth Corp. |url= https://www.controleng.com/changing-of-the-guard-at-bosch-rexroth-corp/ |access-date=2025-10-25 |work=Control Engineering}}</ref> In the same year, the company opened a new testing center in Vaitoudden, close to [[Arjeplog]] in north Sweden. A new development center for automotive engineering, in [[Abstatt]], Germany was constructed shortly after.<ref>{{cite web |date=2002-08-05 |title=Germany: Bosch 'tops off' new R&D centre |url= https://www.just-auto.com/news/germany-bosch-tops-off-new-rd-centre/ |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=Just Auto |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2002, Bosch acquired Philips CSI, which at the time was manufacturing a broad range of professional communication and security products and systems including [[Closed-circuit television|CCTV]], congress, and public address systems.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.building.co.uk/philips-csi-sold-to-bosch/1020783.article |title=Philips CSI sold to Bosch |date=12 August 2002 |website=building.co.uk |access-date=23 December 2025}}</ref> In the 2000s the company developed the electric hydraulic brake, common rail fuel injection with piezo-injectors, digital car radio with a disc drive, and the cordless screwdriver with a [[lithium-ion battery]] in 2003. In 2004, Bosch bought Sigpack Systems from [[SIG Combibloc Group|SIG]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=100 years of innovation in the packaging industry |url=https://process-technology-online.com/top-news/news/100-years-of-innovation-in-the-packaging-industry/ |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=Process technology online - Konradin-Verlag Robert Kohlhammer|date=7 September 2006}}</ref>

Bosch received the {{lang|de|Deutsche Zukunftspreis}} ({{gloss |German Future Prize}}) from the German president in 2005 and 2008. A new development center was planned in 2008 in [[Renningen]]. In 2014, the first departments moved to the new center, while the remaining departments followed in 2015. In 2006, Bosch acquired [[Telex Communications]] and [[Electro-Voice]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bosch Acquires Telex Communications |url= https://www.assemblymag.com/articles/84431-bosch-acquires-telex-communications |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=assemblymag.com}}</ref> In 2009, Bosch invested about {{Euro|3.6{{nbsp}}[[1,000,000,000|billion]]|link=yes}} in research and development.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bosch registers most patents in company history |url= https://www.reliableplant.com/Read/12038/bosch-registers-most-patents-in-company-history |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=www.reliableplant.com |language=en}}</ref> Approximately 3,900 patents are published per year. In addition to increasing energy efficiency by employing renewable energies, the company plans to invest in new areas such as [[biomedical engineering]].
*{{timeline-event |date=2012 |event=Purchased [[SPX Corporation|SPX Service Solutions]]<ref>{{cite press release|url= https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/bosch-completes-acquisition-of-spx-corporations-service-solutions-business-181982761.html |title=Bosch completes acquisition of SPX Corporation's Service Solutions business |agency=PR Newswire|access-date=4 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.reuters.com/article/spxservice-robertbosch-antitrust-idUSL1E8MQ1FJ20121126 |title=FTC approves Bosch buy of SPX Service Solutions, with conditions | work=[[Reuters]] | date=November 26, 2012}}</ref>}}
*{{timeline-event |date=2012 |event=Bosch sold its foundation brakes activities to [[KPS Capital Partners]], which led to the establishment of [[Chassis Brakes International]]<ref>{{cite web|url= https://europe.autonews.com/article/20120111/ANE/301109737/bosch-sells-brake-unit-to-kps-capital-partners |title=Bosch sells brake unit to KPS Capital Partners|date=11 January 2012 |work=Automotive News Europe|access-date=4 February 2020}}</ref>}}
*{{timeline-event |date=2013 |event=Bosch announced it would exit its solar business<ref>{{cite news | url= https://www.forbes.com/sites/williampentland/2013/03/25/bosch-shuts-down-solar-business-suffers-steep-losses/ | title=Bosch Shuts Down Solar Business, Suffers Steep Losses | first=William | last=Pentland | work=[[Forbes]] | date=March 25, 2013 | url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
*{{timeline-event |date=2014 |event=Bosch takes over 100% of the shares from the former BSH Bosch and [[BSH Hausgeräte|Siemens Hausgeräte GmbH]] joint venture (home appliances)<ref>[http://www.siemens.com/press/pool/de/pressemitteilungen/2014/corporate/AXX20140968e.pdf]. Siemens and Bosch, 22 September 2014.</ref>}}
*{{timeline-event |date=2014 |event=Bosch received the 2014 US Smart Partner award for Physical Security from [[Ingram Micro|Ingram Micro Inc.]]<ref>By Press Release, Security Info Watch. "[http://www.securityinfowatch.com/press_release/12024529/bosch-receives-2014-smart-partner-award-for-physical-security-from-ingram-micro Bosch recognized as a top-performing U.S. technology company by Ingram Micro]." 4 December 2014. 8 December 2014.</ref>}}
*{{timeline-event |date=2015 |event=Bosch takes over 100% of the shares of the former ZF Lenksysteme (Steering Systems) GmbH joint venture (was 50/50 with [[ZF Friedrichshafen]])}}
*{{timeline-event |date=2015 |event=Bosch purchases Seeo, Inc, a start-up working on solid-state lithium-ion batteries.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://fortune.com/2015/08/27/bosch-buys-battery-startup-seeo/ |title=Bosch is buying Silicon Valley battery startup Seeo |first1=Katie |last1=Fehrenbacher |website=Fortune |access-date=4 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-seeo-m-a-robert-bosch-idUSKCN0QX1IS20150828 |title=Bosch acquires U.S. electric car battery developer Seeo | first1=Edward | last1=Taylor | first2=Eric | last2=Auchard | editor-first=Keith | editor-last=Weir | work=[[Reuters]] | date=28 August 2015}}</ref>}}

In May 2019, Bosch said it planned to reach [[carbon neutrality]] by 2020 by investing in clean electricity and a [[carbon offset]] program.<ref>{{cite news |last1=McGee |first1=Patrick |title=Bosch says it will be carbon-neutral in 2020 |url=https://www.ft.com/content/da91dabe-723d-11e9-bbfb-5c68069fbd15 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/da91dabe-723d-11e9-bbfb-5c68069fbd15 |archive-date=10 December 2022 |work=[[Financial Times]] |date=9 May 2019 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> In July 2019, Bosch sold its packaging machinery business unit to [[CVC Capital Partners]], which was subsequently rebranded to Syntegon.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 July 2019 |title=Bosch agrees to sell packaging unit to buyout firm CVC |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/business/bosch-agrees-to-sell-packaging-unit-to-buyout-firm-cvc-idUSKCN1U711L/ |access-date=26 October 2025 |work=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bosch Packaging Technology rebrands as Syntegon |url=https://packagingeurope.com/bosch-packaging-technology-rebrands-as-syntegon/6892.article |access-date=2025-10-26 |website=Packaging Europe |language=en}}</ref> Bosch has formed a strategic alliance with the [[Technische Universität Darmstadt]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tu-darmstadt.de/xchange/kooperation/formen_der_kooperation/index.de.jsp |title=Strategische Partnerschaften |work=[[Technische Universität Darmstadt]] |language=de}}</ref> In the first quarter of 2020, Bosch was certified as being carbon neutral, across more than 400 sites, worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rachel |first=Cooper |date=13 May 2021 |title=Torsten Kallweit on how Bosch closed the gap between ambition and action to become carbon neutral |url=https://www.climateaction.org/climate-leader-interviews/torsten-kallweit-on-how-bosch-closed-the-gap-between-ambition-and-action-to?vgo_ee=KNb7K7yRcdJ2ywmXQ8qL7Lmj1v0DrHgsT4YXUDN5M0Y%3D |access-date=26 October 2025 |website=Climate Action}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bosch announces unprecedented carbon neutral timeframe |url=https://www.isepglobal.org/articles/bosch-announces-unprecedented-carbon-neutral-timeframe |access-date=2025-10-26 |website=www.isepglobal.org}}</ref> In 2020, Bosch funded the creation of a report entitled ''Decarbonising Road Transport: There Is No Silver Bullet'', which contained disputed information about the environmental performance of [[electric vehicles]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2020/dec/02/aston-martin-pr-firm-anti-electric-vehicle-study |first1=Jillian |last1=Ambrose |title=Aston Martin in row over 'sock puppet PR firm' pushing anti-electric vehicle study |website=The Guardian |date=2 December 2020}}</ref>

In January 2021, Volkswagen filed a {{USD|1.2-billion|link=yes}} class-action against Bosch and [[Continental AG]] in the United States after VW was forced to reduce production due to a lack of automotive microchips.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/volkswagen-looks-claim-damages-suppliers-over-chip-shortages-2021-01-24/ | title=Volkswagen looks to claim damages from suppliers over chip shortages | work=[[Reuters]] | first=Michael | last=Nienaber |date=24 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://europe.autonews.com/automakers/vw-may-seek-damages-bosch-and-conti-over-chip-shortages |title=VW may seek damages from Bosch and Conti over chip shortages |work=Automotive News Europe |date=24 January 2021}}</ref> On 26 January 2021, the US Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit affirmed that Bosch won on all claims.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.clearygottlieb.com/news-and-insights/news-listing/bosch-secures-win-in-vw-dealers-proposed-1-2-billion-class-action|title=Bosch Secures Win in VW Dealers Proposed $1.2 Billion Class Action |work=Cleary Gottlieb |date=26 January 2021}}</ref> In June 2021, Bosch opened a newly built semiconductor manufacturing plant in which it invested {{USD|1.2{{nbsp}}billion}}, its largest-ever spending on a single project.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-07|title=Bosch opens German chip plant, its biggest-ever investment |first1=Douglas |last1=Busvine |url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/bosch-opens-german-chip-plant-its-biggest-ever-investment-2021-06-07/|access-date=2021-06-11|website=Reuters}}</ref> In April 2022, Bosch acquired Five.ai, a [[vehicular automation]] startup.<ref>{{cite web |first1=Ingrid |last1=Lunden |title=Bosch picks up Five.ai after the self-driving startup pivoted to B2B and then put itself up for sale |url=https://techcrunch.com/2022/04/12/bosch-picks-up-five-ai-after-the-self-driving-startup-that-pivoted-to-b2b-put-itself-up-for-sale/ |access-date=2022-04-15 |website=TechCrunch |date=12 April 2022}}</ref> Also in April 2022, Bosch acquired Arioso Systems, a [[Dresden]]-based MEMS micro speaker producer, added to Bosch Sensortec GmbH.<ref>{{cite web |title=Evertiq - Bosch expands sensor business via acquisition |url=https://evertiq.com/design/51780 |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=evertiq.com}}</ref>

In July 2022, Bosch announced plans to invest {{Euro|3{{nbsp}}billion}} into its semiconductor chip production and [[research and development]] (R&D) over the next four years, including opening new facilities for manufacturing a computer chip development in [[Dresden]] and [[Reutlingen]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Wheatley |first=Mike |url=https://siliconangle.com/2022/07/14/germanys-bosch-invest-e3-billion-chip-manufacturing-research/ |title=Germany's Bosch to invest {{Euro|3{{nbsp}}billion}} in chip manufacturing and research |work=SiliconANGLE |publisher=SiliconANGLE Media |date=2022-07-14 |accessdate=2022-07-17}}</ref> China is both a market and a manufacturing location for Bosch. In 2023, Bosch had 58,000 employees in China and group sales of CNY 139.1 billion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bosch (China) Investment Ltd. - MarkLines Automotive Industry Portal |url=https://www.marklines.com/en/top500/bosch-china-investment#:~:text=-In%202023,%20Bosch%20Group's%20sales,in%20China%20was%20nearly%2058,000. |access-date=2025-10-26 |website=www.marklines.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bosch Leverages Its China Innovations to Bolster Global Business, Country President Says |url=https://www.yicaiglobal.com/news/bosch-supports-its-global-business-with-china-made-products-and-tech-china-president-says |access-date=2025-10-26 |website=www.yicaiglobal.com |language=en}}</ref> In September 2023, Bosch acquired TSI Semiconductors, a [[Roseville, California|Roseville]]-headquartered [[silicon carbide]] (SiC) power device manufacturer.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Flaherty |first=Nick |date=2023-09-04 |title=Bosch completes acquisition of assets of TSI Semiconductors |url=https://www.eenewseurope.com/en/bosch-completes-acquisition-of-assets-of-tsi-semiconductors/ |access-date=2023-09-04 |website=eeNews Europe}}</ref>

In August 2025, Bosch acquired the heating and air conditioning operations of [[Johnson Controls]] for {{USD|8{{nbsp}}billion}}.<ref>{{Cite press release | url=https://www.johnsoncontrols.com/media-center/news/press-releases/2025/08/01/johnson-controls-completes-sale-of-residential-and-light-commercial-hvac-business | title=Johnson Controls completes sale of residential and light commercial HVAC business | publisher=[[Johnson Controls]] | date=August 1, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | last1=Burger | first1=Ludwig | last2=Tanna | first2=Shivani | title=Bosch to buy Johnson Controls air-conditioning assets in $8 billion deal | url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/deals/johnson-controls-sell-heating-ventilation-assets-bosch-67-bln-deal-2024-07-23/ | work=[[Reuters]] |date=23 July 2024}}</ref> In September 2025, the company announced plans to cut 13,000 jobs at its auto parts business, representing 3% of its global workforce, in stages by 2030 as it relies more on [[artificial intelligence]].<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/business/retail-consumer/bosch-cut-five-digit-number-additional-jobs-says-handelsblatt-2025-09-25/ | title=Bosch to cut 13,000 jobs to bring down costs in tough autos market | first1=Ludwig | last1=Burger | first2=Ilona | last2=Wissenbach | first3=Matthias | last3=Williams | editor-first1=Rachel | editor-last1=More | editor-first2=Hugh | editor-last2=Lawson | work=[[Reuters]] | date=September 25, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.euronews.com/business/2025/09/26/germanys-bosch-to-cut-13000-jobs-at-its-auto-parts-business | title=Germany's Bosch to cut 13,000 jobs at its auto-parts business | first=Eleanor | last=Butler | work=[[Euronews]] | date=September 26, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.wsj.com/business/bosch-plans-to-cut-13-000-jobs-by-end-of-2030-fbfc6046 | title=Bosch Plans to Cut 13,000 Jobs Amid AI Push | first=Aimee | last=Look | work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] | date=September 25, 2025 | url-access=subscription}}</ref> Bosch won the [[German Future Prize]] again in late 2025, for developing a zero-emission fuel-cell power module to power heavy vehicles. The system transforms hydrogen and oxygen to electrical energy, emitting only water vapor, when using green hydrogen.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2025-12-18 |title=Bosch Commissions First In-House Electrolyzer with Hybrion Stacks - Fuelcellsworks |url=https://fuelcellsworks.com/2025/12/18/clean-energy/throwback-thursday-story-bosch-commissions-its-first-in-house-electrolyzer-with-hybrion-electrolysis-stacks |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=fuelcellsworks.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-11-20 |title=Bosch Wins German Future Prize for Fuel-Cell Module |url=https://theevreport.com/bosch-wins-german-future-prize-for-fuel-cell-module |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=The EV Report |language=en-US}}</ref>

In January 2026, the company was reported to be among the top 30 global investors into [[Research and development|R&D]] in 2025,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Growth in EU private R&D investment slows {{!}} Science{{!}}Business |url=https://sciencebusiness.net/news/eu-budget/growth-eu-private-rd-investment-slows |access-date=2026-04-01 |website=sciencebusiness.net |language=en}}</ref> while the Bosch Group's profits had reduced by almost half in the same fiscal year, with more than 20,000 job cuts in Germany by 2030, primarily in the mobility division.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nach Gewinneinbruch: Bei Bosch könnten noch mehr Stellen wegfallen|url=https://www.tagesschau.de/wirtschaft/unternehmen/bosch-gewinneinbruch-bilanz-100.html|website=tagesschau.de|access-date=2026-01-30|language=de|first=Christof Gaißmayer und Tim Kukral|last=SWR}}</ref>

==Business divisions==
===Mobility===
The mobility division is the largest, in terms of revenue. The Bosch 2024 global annual report, showed that this division accounted for 61% of global revenues of {{Euro|90.3{{nbsp}}billion}}.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Annual report |url=https://www.bosch.com/company/annual-report/ |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=Bosch Global |language=en}}</ref> This division creates solutions for vehicles and fleet management, developing software, vehicle electronics, logistics management solutions, driver assistance and safety systems and vehicle energy systems such as thermal performance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bosch Mobility |url=https://www.bosch-mobility.com/en/ |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=www.bosch-mobility.com}}</ref> The mobility division is active in powertrain systems, but has evolved to include hydrogen storage, electric propulsion, automated driving and connectivity.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lampinen |first=Megan |date=2024-05-06 |title=What’s guiding the evolution of Bosch’s Mobility business? |url=https://www.automotiveworld.com/articles/whats-guiding-the-evolution-of-boschs-mobility-business/ |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=Automotive World |language=en-GB}}</ref>

Since 2022, this division is going through a comprehensive transformation process due to rapid technological advancements that are affecting the sector.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Navigating the Automotive Transformation at Bosch {{!}} FTI |url=https://www.fticonsulting.com/insights/articles/interview-navigating-automotive-transformation-bosch-mobility |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=www.fticonsulting.com}}</ref> Bosch Mobility is developing advanced driver assistance system software, cameras and sensors that they are overlaying with artificial intelligence.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jake |first=Groves |date=23 October 2025 |title=Meet Bosch’s next big thing: generative AI driving your car |url=https://www.carmagazine.co.uk/car-news/tech/bosch-ai-adas/ |access-date=25 October 2025 |website=Car}}</ref> In 2025, this divisions production was affected by geo-political decisions that led to exports of [[Nexperia]]'s finished products being banned,<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2025 |title=Bosch warns production at risk as Nexperia dispute hits auto suppliers |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2025/10/24/bosch-warns-production-at-risk-as-nexperia-dispute-hits-auto-suppliers |access-date=2025-10-26 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> which affected the supply chain of the automotive sector.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Nexperia Chip Crisis, Explained - Z2Data |url=https://www.z2data.com/insights/the-nexperia-chip-crisis-explained |access-date=2025-10-26 |website=www.z2data.com |language=en}}</ref> By December 2025 Bosch Mobility was announcing an AI extension platform, developed with technology partners, that allows existing vehicle cockpit systems to be upgraded to incorporate advanced AI without the requirement to change existing hardware and system infrastructure.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-19 |title=Bosch targets €2bn sales with AI cockpit systems by 2030 |url=https://www.automotiveworld.com/news/bosch-targets-e2bn-sales-with-ai-cockpit-systems-by-2030/ |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=Automotive World |language=en-GB}}</ref>

===Consumer goods===
Consumer Goods contributed 22% of total Bosch Group sales in 2024.<ref name=":0" /> The Consumer Goods business division includes [[BSH Hausgeräte]] GmbH, which offers energy-efficient, and increasingly connected household appliances. Its products include washing machines, tumble dryers, refrigerators, freezers, stoves and ovens, and dishwashers. Small appliances include [[vacuum cleaner]]s, [[Coffeemaker|coffee makers]], and [[food processor|food processors.]] BSH Hausgerate is the largest manufacturer of home appliances in Europe.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 May 2024 |title=Managing Director, Hakan Mandali, describes how BSH continues to lead manufacturing at the crossroads of Europe and Asia |url=https://manufacturing-today.com/news/managing-director-hakan-mandali-describes-how-bsh-continues-to-lead-manufacturing-at-the-crossroads-of-europe-and-asia/ |access-date=25 November 2025 |website=Manufacturing Today}}</ref>

The Professional and DIY Power Tools division manufactures power tools and accessories, and measuring technology. This includes tools such as [[hammer drill]]s, cordless screwdrivers and [[Jigsaw (power tool)|jigsaws]]. This division also makes gardening equipment such as [[Lawn mower|lawnmowers]], [[hedge trimmer]]s, and [[pressure washing|high-pressure cleaners]]. One of the division's focal points is high-performance cordless tools.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Products and services |url=https://www.bosch-pt.com/ww/en/products-and-services/ |access-date=2025-10-26 |website=Bosch Power Tools |language=en}}</ref> In 2019, they were ranked as the largest power tools manufacturer in the world, based on 2018 revenue.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sekulich |first=Tony |date=2019-10-08 |title=Top Ten Power Tool Manufacturers in the World |url=https://www.tharawat-magazine.com/facts/top-ten-power-tool-brands-in-the-world/ |access-date=2025-10-26 |website=Tharawat Magazine |language=en-GB}}</ref> In 2025, Bosch announced it would close two of the power tools manufacturing sites based in Germany in 2026 due to economic factors affecting the construction sector and consumer confidence, with production moving to alternative locations to improve efficiency.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bosch Power Tools shuts German plants by 2026, union vows to fight {{!}} Caliber.Az |url=https://caliber.az/en/post/bosch-power-tools-shuts-german-plants-by-2026-union-vows-to-fight |access-date=2025-10-26 |website=caliber.az |language=en}}</ref> Bosch is also a manufacturer of [[electric bicycle]]s,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hunger |first=Mike |date=2023-09-22 |title=Bosch Performance Line CX Gen 4 - in our big ebike motor group test |url=https://ebike-mtb.com/en/bosch-performance-line-cx-review/ |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=E-MOUNTAINBIKE Magazine}}</ref> offering motors and systems connected to e-bikes such as batteries, displays, and digital services. The eBike Systems division was established in 2009.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hX99GEcjNis |title=How Bosch is Dominating the E-bike industry!! Bosch E-bike System |date=2024-09-08 |last=eBike Inspection |access-date=2025-05-17 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

Brands in this sector include [[Dremel]], [[Siemens]] (under licence), [[Constructa-Neff]], [[Gaggenau Hausgeräte]], and [[Thermador]].

It is noteworthy that Bosch consumer products are sometimes considered best-in-breed, such as evaluation of [[Dishwasher|dishwashers]] in 2025 where Bosch-brand machines took the top 4 (and top 5 of 6) evaluations by [[Consumer Reports]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Ho |first=Pang-Chieh |date=2026 |title=Find a Great Dishwasher for Less |department=Product Update |magazine=[[Consumer Reports]] |page=25 |volume=91 |issue=1 (January-February)}} ''Paper copy consulted.''</ref>

===Energy and building technology===
The Energy and Building Technology business sector generated {{Euro|7.5{{nbsp}}billion}} of total Bosch Group sales in 2024.<ref name=":0" /> Its Building Technologies division (formerly Security Systems) has two areas of business: the global product business for security and communications, and the regional integrator business. The latter offers services for building security, energy efficiency, and building automation in selected countries. Both units focus on commercial applications. The products encompass video surveillance, intrusion detection, fire detection, and voice-alarm systems, as well as access control and professional audio and conference systems.

The ''[[Bosch Thermotechnik|Thermotechnik GmbH]]'' Thermotechnology division offers systems for [[air conditioning]], hot water, and decentralized energy management. It provides heating systems and energy management for residential buildings, water heaters, and commercial and industrial heating and air-conditioning systems. The Bosch Global Service Solutions division offers outsourcing for business processes and services, primarily for customers in the automotive, travel, and logistics industries and in information and communications technology. Within Bosch, it also provides shared-service functions. Robert Bosch Smart Home GmbH offers web-enabled, app-controlled products for the home. Brands within this sector included [[Dynacord]], [[Telex Communications|Telex]], [[Worcester, Bosch Group|Worcester Bosch]], [[Electro-Voice]], and [[Junkers]]. In 2025, the security/communications/conference systems business unit, which included brands Electro-Voice and Dynacord, was sold to Triton Partners, an investment firm, based in Duke Street, London to be operated as Keenfinity Group.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-01|title=Sale of KEENFINITY Group, formerly Bosch’s security/comm tech business, completed.|url=https://www.securitysystemsnews.com/article/sale-of-keenfinity-group-formerly-bosch-s-security-comm-tech-business-completed|access-date=2025-10-26|website=Security Systems News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-03 |title=Sale of Keenfinity Group, which includes Bosch, Electro-Voice and Dynacord, completed |url=https://www.inavateonthenet.net/news/article/sale-of-keenfinity-group-which-includes-bosch-electrovoice-and-dynacord-completed |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=Inavate Magazine |language=en}}</ref>

===Industrial technology===
In 2024, the Industrial Technology business sector generated roughly 7% of total Bosch Group sales.<ref name=":0" /> The sector includes the [[Bosch Rexroth|Drive and Control Technology division]], whose products include customized drive, control, and linear motion for factory automation, plant construction and engineering, and mobile machinery. In addition, the Bosch Connected Industry business unit, which develops software and carries out Industry 4.0 projects for internal and external customers, has been part of the Industrial Technology business sector since the start of 2018.

[[Bosch Rexroth]] sits within this division and has a "focus on hydraulics, automation, and additional manufacturing technologies".<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2025 |title=Bosch Rexroth breaks ground on 50,000-sq.-ft. facility in Pennsylvania |url=https://www.thefabricator.com/thefabricator/news/shopmanagement/bosch-rexroth-breaks-ground-on-50000-sq-ft-facility-in-pennsylvania |access-date=25 November 2025 |website=The Fabricator}}</ref> In 2025, Bosch Rexroth was partnering with Hyroad Energy and GenH2, to develop a "zero-loss liquid hydrogen refueling station in the United States", which will utilise Bosch Rexroth's Liquid Hydrogen CryoPump technology.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hyroad Energy Partners with Bosch Rexroth and GenH2 on First-Ever Zero-Loss Liquid Hydrogen Refueling Station |url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/hyroad-energy-partners-with-bosch-rexroth-and-genh2-on-first-ever-zero-loss-liquid-hydrogen-refueling-station-302422696.html |access-date=2025-11-25 |website=www.prnewswire.com |language=en}}</ref>

===Other business areas===
The Bosch Group operates in other business areas that are not assigned to a particular sector.<ref name="Bosch Today">{{cite web |title=Bosch Today 2019 |url=https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/bosch_group/our_figures/pdf/bosch-today-2019.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512114410/https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/bosch_group/our_figures/pdf/bosch-today-2019.pdf |archive-date=12 May 2019 |access-date=12 May 2019 |publisher=Robert Bosch GmbH}}</ref> Bosch Healthcare Solutions GmbH is a wholly owned subsidiary of Robert Bosch GmbH, established in 2015, that provides products and services in the area of healthcare and medical technology. In March 2020, Bosch Healthcare developed a [[COVID-19 testing]] tool that provided results within two and a half hours that was performed directly at the point of care.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-bosch/bosch-develops-corona-test-tool-to-detect-virus-in-under-three-hours-idUSKBN21D129/ | title=Bosch develops Corona test tool to detect virus in under 3 hours | first=Edward | last=Taylor | editor-first=Scot W. | editor-last=Stevenson | work=[[Reuters]] | date=March 26, 2020}}</ref>

The Grow Platform GmbH is the legal entity of Grow and a 100% subsidiary of the Bosch corporation. Grow is an internal start-up incubator. This has been renamed Bosch Business Innovations, is led by Axel Deniz and aims to build up to 20 new start-ups by 2030.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://bosch-business-innovations.com/ |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=Bosch Business Innovations |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rivera |first=Fernando Moncada |date=2025-12-18 |title=Bosch plans to build up to 20 new startups in the next four years - |url=https://globalventuring.com/corporate/europe/bosch-plans-to-build-up-to-20-new-startups-in-the-next-four-years/ |access-date=2025-12-19}}</ref> Robert Bosch Venture Capital GmbH (Rbvc, also known as Bosch Ventures) is the corporate venture capital company of the Bosch Group. RBVC invests worldwide in innovative [[Startup company|start-up companies]]. Its investment activities focus on technology companies working in areas of business of current and future relevance for Bosch, above all, automation and electrification, energy efficiency, enabling technologies, and healthcare systems. RBVC also invests in services and business models as well as new materials that are relevant to the above-mentioned areas of business.<ref>{{cite web |title=Company Overview of Robert Bosch Venture Capital GmbH |url=https://www.rbvc.com/ |website=RBVC Homepage |access-date=11 Feb 2023}}</ref>

==Locations==
[[File:Bosch Headquarter Stuttgart.JPG|thumb|Headquarters in [[Gerlingen]], Germany]]
[[File:Bosch Feuerbach IT Campus.jpg|thumb|IT campus in Stuttgart-Feuerbach, Germany]]
Through a complex network of over 468 subsidiaries and regional entities, the company operates in over 60 countries worldwide. Including sales and service partners, Bosch's global manufacturing, engineering, and sales network covers nearly every country in the world. At 125 locations across the globe, Bosch employs roughly 90,100 associates in research and development.

===Britain===
In the UK, Bosch has its corporate head office in [[Denham, Buckinghamshire]], and employs circa. 6,300 people. There are 30 Bosch Group locations throughout the country, including 10 manufacturing sites.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bosch in the UK |url=https://www.bosch.co.uk/our-company/bosch-in-the-united-kingdom/ |website=Bosch in the United Kingdom |access-date=12 May 2019}}</ref> Alongside sales and support functions for all Bosch business sectors in the region, the company also manufactures boiler systems, mobile hydraulics, as well as packaging machinery alongside lawn and garden products in the UK.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bosch.co.uk/media/our_company/2017_uk_factsheet.pdf |title=Bosch UK Factsheet 2018|date=12 May 2019|website=Bosch UK|access-date=12 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512123127/https://www.bosch.co.uk/media/our_company/2017_uk_factsheet.pdf|archive-date=12 May 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> In March 2019, Bosch opened its London Connectory, a [[Shoreditch]]-based "co-innovation space" open to partners from the public, private, and academic sectors, from start-ups to multinational organizations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bosch.co.uk/news-and-stories/stories/keeping-london-on-the-move/index-2.html|title=Keeping London on the move |website=Bosch in the United Kingdom |access-date=12 May 2019}}</ref>

===Americas===
[[File:Robert Bosch Ltda - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Company headquarters in Latin America located in Brazil]]
In North America, Robert Bosch LLC (a wholly owned Bosch subsidiary) has corporate headquarters in [[Farmington Hills, Michigan]] and [[Plymouth, Michigan]]. Three Research Technology Centers are located in [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]], [[Sunnyvale, California]], and [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]].<ref name="urlBosch - Bosch Research and Technology Center">{{cite web |url=http://www.bosch.us/content/language1/html/rtc.htm |title=Bosch – Bosch Research and Technology Center |access-date=18 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218112718/http://www.bosch.us/content/language1/html/rtc.htm |archive-date=18 December 2014}}</ref> Factories and distribution facilities are located in [[Mt. Prospect, Illinois]]; [[Hoffman Estates, Illinois]]; [[Broadview, Illinois]]; [[Kentwood, Michigan]]; [[Warren, Michigan]]; [[Owatonna, Minnesota]]; [[Waltham, Massachusetts]]; [[Clarksville, Tennessee]]; [[Anderson, South Carolina]]; [[Charleston, South Carolina]]; [[New Bern, North Carolina]]; and 11 other cities. There are also two corporate sites in [[Brazil]] and ten in Mexico. A central purchasing office for all divisions of Bosch Group is located in Broadview, Illinois. In North America, Bosch employs about 41,000 people in over 100 locations, generating {{USD|17.4{{nbsp}}billion}} in annual sales.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bosch.us/our-company/bosch-in-the-usa/ | title=Bosch in the USA | publisher=Bosch}}</ref>

In May 2015, Bosch Security Systems opened a distribution center in [[Greer, South Carolina]]. The distribution center adds more than 50 new associates in the state and will receive, store and ship more than 50,000 different products for video surveillance, intrusion and fire detection, access control and management systems and professional audio and conference systems.<ref>Greer Today. "[http://greertoday.com/greer-sc/bosch-celebrates-opening-greer-distribution-center/2015/05/06/ Bosch celebrates opening Greer distribution center]." 6 May 2015. 14 May 2015.</ref> In 2017, Bosch launched its first co-creation IoT innovation space in the world, the Connectory. A partnership with [[1871 (company)|1871]], it is located within the [[Merchandise Mart]] in downtown [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]].

===India===
Bosch entered India in 1922, when Illies & Company set up a sales office in [[Calcutta]]. For three decades, the company operated in the Indian market only through imports. In 1951, the Motor Industries Company Ltd. (MICO) was founded, with Bosch instantly buying 49% of its stock. MICO became the sole distributor and, after the Indian state implemented restrictive import regulations, a factory was set up at Adugodi, Bangalore in 1953, to manufacture various products with Bosch licensing. From this point onward, vocational training took place as well, culminating in the creation of a Vocational Centre in 1960. By 1961, 2,000 people worked at the Bangalore plant, which had already started an export business, and 57.5% of MICO shares had been bought by Bosch. This was followed by increased investments into MICO plants in India in the late 1960s and early 1970s; a second plant was installed in Nasik in 1969–1971, and a third in Naganathapura in 1988. In the late 1980s, the second-largest contingent of Bosch employees outside of Germany was based in India until eventually, in 2008, MICO was renamed Bosch Limited.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hoffmann|first=Josefine|year=2020|title=Agreements and Achievements – MICO in the German Bosch Archive|url=https://www.projekt-mida.de/reflexicon/agreements-and-achievements-mico-in-the-german-bosch-archive/|journal=MIDA Archival Reflexicon|pages=3–4|issn=2628-5029|via=MIDA 1706–1989}}</ref>

[[File:Bosch store, RR Nagar, Bangalore (2026).jpg|thumb|right|A Bosch store in [[RR Nagar]], Bangalore (2026)]]

Bosch India has a turnover of over {{USD|3{{nbsp}}billion}} and over 31,000 employees spread across 10 locations and 7 application development centers. Approximately 84% of Bosch India revenues come from its automotive business, with the remaining 16% split between its non-automotive businesses that include packaging, energy and building, power tools, and consumer retail.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Bosch-enters-healthcare-space-in-India/articleshow/40929482.cms |title=Bosch enters healthcare space in India |website=The Times of India |date=26 August 2014 |access-date=30 July 2016}}</ref> Bosch also has R&D facilities in [[Pune]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Coimbatore]], and [[Bangalore]], India. This is Bosch's largest R&D operation outside its home market of Germany.<ref name="LiveMint">{{cite news|last=Mishra|first=Ashish K.|date=6 November 2014|title=Bosch's long tryst with India|publisher=Live Mint|url=http://www.livemint.com/Home-Page/JF92JSrZa9H3o4pXWb44HI/Boschs-long-tryst-with-India.html|access-date=4 August 2017}}</ref> In September 2014, Bosch announced the launch of a locally developed [[Eyewash|eye-irrigation fluid]] in India. The company's new eye screening and detection system offers a combination of hardware and software and provides affordable eye care. Bosch India is listed on the Indian [[stock exchange]]s and has a [[market capitalization]] of over {{USD|12{{nbsp}}billion}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/india/stockpricequote/auto-ancillaries/bosch/B05|title=Bosch Share Price, Bosch Stock Price, Bosch Ltd. Stock Price, Share Price, Live BSE/NSE, Bosch Ltd. Bids Offers. Buy/Sell Bosch Ltd. news & tips, & F&O Quotes, NSE/BSE Forecast News and Live Quotes |website=moneycontrol.com |access-date=24 October 2019}}</ref> In 2022, Bosch's engineering and software arm Robert Bosch Engineering and Business Solutions (abbreviated as RBEI), changed its name to Bosch Global Software Technologies.<ref>{{cite news|date=4 January 2022|title=RBEI is now Bosch Global Software Technologies|work=Hindu Business Line |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/rbei-is-now-bosch-global-software-technologies/article38114213.ece |access-date=18 January 2022}}</ref>

==Previous joint ventures==

===BSH Hausgeräte===
{{main|BSH Hausgeräte}}

BSH Hausgeräte GmbH, in which Bosch acquired all shares in 2014<ref>{{Cite news |last=Alessi |first=Christopher |date=2014-09-22 |title=Siemens to Sell 50% Stake in Appliance Joint Venture to Bosch for $3.85 Billion |url=http://online.wsj.com/articles/siemens-to-sell-50-stake-in-appliance-joint-venture-to-bosch-for-3-85-billion-1411373379 |access-date=2025-11-25 |work=Wall Street Journal |language=en-US |issn=0099-9660}}</ref>, is one of the world's top three companies in the household appliances industry. In Germany and [[Western Europe]], BSH is the market leader. It includes the principal brand names ''Bosch'' and ''Siemens'', ''[[Gaggenau Hausgeräte GmbH|Gaggenau]]'', ''[[Balay (Spanish company)|Balay]]'', ''Neff'', ''Thermador'', ''[[Constructa (company)|Constructa]]'', ''Viva'' and ''Ufesa'' brands, and further six regional brands. Bosch household appliances for the North American market are mainly manufactured at its factory near [[New Bern, North Carolina]].

===EM-motive===
[[Daimler AG]] and Bosch established a 50:50 joint venture (JV) to develop and manufacture electric motors in 2011. The JV, called EM-motive GmbH, manufactures traction motors for electric, fuel cell and extended-range vehicles at a facility in Hildesheim, Germany.<ref>{{cite web |title=Daimler, Bosch finalize EM-motive electric motor joint venture |url=https://www.autoblog.com/2011/09/20/daimler-bosch-finalize-em-motive-electric-motor-joint-venture/?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvLnVrLw&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAANikm9fGzeM222webGC3Rf5BdBQpKeYx5HFU9_wSoHVXK7ZnLico4zE3LgqGXgSbLHLzGIYQS2qbp48ZwG-841cmA1zCMILol5fOZl8q_CKCqbB20ml1LEFO9iL7YNIVRl-9IpuPRrjFwjewDm5Gp1rQ8EDdR3jfk4diwuZPoJdJ |website=Autoblog |access-date=12 May 2019}}</ref> In 2019, Bosch acquired the remaining shares and assumed full control of the company.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bosch buys out Daimler's stake in electric motor JV |url=https://europe.autonews.com/suppliers/bosch-buys-out-daimlers-stake-electric-motor-jv |website=Automotive News Europe |access-date=12 May 2019 |date=24 January 2019}}</ref>

===Purolator filters===
Bosch co-owned [[Purolator Filters]] in a [[joint venture]] with Mann+Hummel until 2013. In 2013 the Mann+Hummel Group acquired Bosch's stake.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mann+Hummel Takes Over Purolator Filters Joint Venture from Bosch |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20130327006132/en/MANNHUMMEL-Takes-Purolator-Filters-Joint-Venture-Bosch |work=Business Wire |date=27 March 2013 |access-date=21 June 2019}}</ref>

===SB LiMotive===
{{main|SB LiMotive}}

In June 2008 Bosch formed SB LiMotive, a 50:50 joint company with [[Samsung|Samsung SDI]].<ref>Sam Abuelsamid, Auto Blog. "[http://www.autoblog.com/2008/06/17/bosch-and-samsung-to-team-up-on-battery-development/ Bosch and Samsung to team up on battery development]." 27 June 2008. Retrieved 1 February 2017.</ref> The company held a ceremony for a 28.000 m<sup>2</sup> lithium-ion battery cell manufacturing plant in September 2009 and it is scheduled to start production for [[Hybrid electric vehicle|hybrid vehicles]] in 2011 and for [[electric vehicle]]s in 2012. The plant will generate 1,000 jobs in [[Ulsan]], Korea in addition to the 500 employees in Korea, Germany, and the United States. SB LiMotive was officially ended in September 2012 with both companies focusing on automotive batteries alone.

==Current joint ventures==
===Static ADAS Calibration===
In October 2020, Bosch and [[Mitchell International]] paired up to develop the MD-500, a wireless tablet that repair planners can use to link directly to OEM repair procedures from Diagnostic Trouble Codes (DTCs), automatically upload pre-scan and post-scans, and write estimates and calibration reports. Bosch and Mitchell launched the MD-TS21, a target system that permits repair facilities to quickly and accurately calibrate blind-spot monitors, front-facing camera, and radar sensors in automobile models with [[Advanced driver-assistance systems|ADAS]], in February 2021.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/bosch-and-mitchell-introduce-new-target-system-for-static-adas-calibration-301221018.html |title=Bosch and Mitchell Introduce New Target Systems for Static ADAS Calibration|date=3 February 2021 |work=Cision}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.tomorrowstechnician.com/bosch-and-mitchell-collaborate-on-new-tool/ |title=Bosch and Mitchell Collaborate On New Tool|date=22 October 2020 |work=Tomorrow's Tech}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bodyshopbusiness.com/bosch-mitchell-introduce-new-target-system-for-static-adas-calibration/ |title=Bosch, Mitchell Introduce New Target System for Static ADAS Calibration|date=3 February 2021 |work=Body Shop Business}}</ref>

==Corporate affairs==
Robert Bosch GmbH is 94% owned by the Robert Bosch Stiftung, a charitable foundation. While most of the profits are invested into the corporation to build for the future and sustain growth, nearly all of the profits distributed to shareholders are devoted to humanitarian causes.
{{Tree chart/start|align=center|summary=Bosch structure}}
{{Tree chart||fam||sti||ikg|fam=Bosch family<br />5% ownership<br />7% of total votes|sti=Robert Bosch Stiftung<br />GmbH<br />94% ownership<br />no voting rights|ikg=Robert Bosch<br />Industrietreuhand KG<br />0.01% ownership<br />93% of total votes}}
{{Tree chart|||`|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|'|}}
{{Tree chart||||||gmb||||gmb=Robert Bosch GmbH<br />Capital funds: {{Euro|1.2{{nbsp}}billion}}}}
{{Tree chart/end}}

The [[Robert Bosch Stiftung]] (''Robert Bosch Foundation'') owns 94% of the [[share (finance)|shares]] of ''Robert Bosch GmbH'', but no voting rights. The ''Robert Bosch Industrietreuhand KG'' (''Robert Bosch Industrial [[trust company|Trust]] [[Kommanditgesellschaft|KG]]''), with old members of the company management, agents of the Bosch family, and other eminent people from the industry (such as Jürgen Hambrecht, CEO of [[BASF]]), have 93% of the votes, but no shares (0.01%). The remaining 5% of shares and 7% of voting rights are held by the descendants of the company founder Robert Bosch.<ref>[http://www.bosch-stiftung.de/content/language1/html/389.asp Robert Bosch Stiftung: Über uns]. Retrieved 11 August 2008.</ref> Bosch invests 9% of its revenue on research and development, nearly double the industry average of 4.7%.<ref>{{cite news |last=Muller |first=Joann |date=28 November 2005 |title=Parts for the Sensitive Car |url=https://www.forbes.com/forbes/2005/1128/204_print.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060905084934/http://www.forbes.com/forbes/2005/1128/204_print.html |archive-date=5 September 2006 |work=Forbes}}</ref>

===Finances===
{| class="wikitable float-left sortable" style="text-align:right;"
|-
! Year !! Revenue (in million €) !! Profit after tax (in million €) !! Number of Employees
|-
| 1973<ref name="gb1982">{{cite web|access-date=2023-01-22 |author=Robert Bosch GmbH |format=PDF; 3,7 MB |title=Geschäftsbericht 1982 |url=https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/bosch_group/our_figures/publication_archive/pdf_1/gb1982_de.pdf}}</ref> || 3,303 || 56.8 || 113,023
|-
| 1974<ref name="gb1982" /> || 3,618 || 46.0 || 115,171
|-
| 1975<ref name="gb1984">{{cite web|access-date=2023-01-22 |author=Robert Bosch GmbH |format=PDF; 4,4 MB |title=Geschäftsbericht 1984 |url=https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/bosch_group/our_figures/publication_archive/pdf_1/gb1984_de.pdf}}</ref> || 3.723 || 70.0 || 105.553
|-
| 1976<ref name="gb1984" /> || 4,253 || 114.5 || 105,827
|-
| 1977<ref name="gb1984" /> || 4,683 || 122.7 || 110,459
|-
| 1978<ref name="gb1984" /> || 4,918 || 114.5 || 117,754
|-
| 1979<ref name="gb1984" /> || 5,524 || 87.9 || 120,487
|-
| 1980<ref name="gb1984" /> || 6,038 || 90.0 || 121,384
|-
| 1981<ref name="gb1984" /> || 6,621 || 92.5 || 112,869
|-
| 1982<ref name="gb1984" /> || 7,062 || 92.5 || 112,154
|-
| 1983<ref name="gb1984" /> || 8,245 || 124 || 127,992
|-
| 1984<ref name="gb1984" /> || 9,394 || 228 || 131,882
|-
| 1985<ref name="gb1986">{{cite web|access-date=2023-01-22 |author=Robert Bosch GmbH |format=PDF; 4,0 MB |title=Geschäftsbericht 1986 |url=https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/bosch_group/our_figures/publication_archive/pdf_1/gb1986_de.pdf}}</ref> || 10,851 || 206 || 140,374
|-
| 1986<ref name="gb1986" /> || 11,105 || 220 || 147,378
|-
| 1987<ref name="gb1988">{{cite web|access-date=2023-01-22 |author=Robert Bosch GmbH |format=PDF; 3,7 MB |title=Geschäftsbericht 1988 |url=https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/bosch_group/our_figures/publication_archive/pdf_1/gb1988_de.pdf}}</ref> || 12,969 || 422 || 161,343
|-
| 1988<ref name="gb1988" /> || 14,150 || 283 || 165,732
|-
| 1989<ref name="gb1990">{{cite web|access-date=2023-01-22 |author=Robert Bosch GmbH |format=PDF; 4,4 MB |title=Geschäftsbericht 1990 |url=https://assets.bosch.com/media/de/global/bosch_group/our_figures/publication_archive/pdf_1/gb1990.pdf}}</ref> || 15,639 || 320 || 174,742
|-
| 1990<ref name="gb1990" /> || 16,271 || 286 || 179,636
|-
| 1991<ref name="gb1992">{{cite web|access-date=2023-01-22 |author=Robert Bosch GmbH |format=PDF; 4,8 MB |title=Geschäftsbericht 1992 |url=https://assets.bosch.com/media/de/global/bosch_group/our_figures/publication_archive/pdf_1/gb1992.pdf}}</ref> || 17,179 || 276 || 181,498
|-
| 1992<ref name="gb1992" /> || 17,605 || 262 || 177,183
|-
| 1993<ref name="gb1994">{{cite web|access-date=2023-01-22 |author=Robert Bosch GmbH |format=PDF; 2,3 MB |title=Geschäftsbericht 1994 |url=https://assets.bosch.com/media/de/global/bosch_group/our_figures/publication_archive/pdf_1/gb1994.pdf}}</ref> || 16,601 || 218 || 164,506
|-
| 1994<ref name="gb1994" /> || 17,628 || 262 || 156,464
|-
| 1995<ref name="gb1996">{{cite web|access-date=2023-01-22 |author=Robert Bosch GmbH |format=PDF; 2,3 MB |title=Geschäftsbericht 1996 |url=https://assets.bosch.com/media/de/global/bosch_group/our_figures/publication_archive/pdf_1/gb1996.pdf}}</ref> || 18,327 || 281 || 158,372
|-
| 1996<ref name="gb1996" /> || 21,038 || 256 || 172,359
|-
| 1997<ref name="gb1998">{{cite web|access-date=2023-01-22 |author=Robert Bosch GmbH |format=PDF; 1,9 MB |title=Geschäftsbericht 1998 |language=de |url=https://assets.bosch.com/media/de/global/bosch_group/our_figures/publication_archive/pdf_1/gb1998.pdf}}</ref> || 23,955 || 848 || 179,719
|-
| 1998<ref name="gb1998" /> || 25,735 || 435 || 188,017
|-
| 1999<ref name="gb2008">{{cite web|access-date=2023-01-22 |author=Robert Bosch GmbH |format=PDF; 3,1 MB |title=Geschäftsbericht 2008 |language=de |url=https://assets.bosch.com/media/de/global/bosch_group/our_figures/publication_archive/pdf_1/gb2008.pdf |page=20}}</ref> || 27,906 || 460 || 194,000
|-
| 2000<ref name="gb2008" /> || 31,556 || 1,380 || 197,000
|-
| 2001<ref name="gb2008" /> || 34,029 || 650 || 218,000
|-
| 2002<ref name="gb2008" /> || 34,977 || 650 || 226,000
|-
| 2003<ref name="gb2008" /> || 36,357 || 1,100 || 229,000
|-
| 2004<ref name="gb2008" /> || 38,954 || 1,870 || 234,000
|-
| 2005<ref name="gb2008" /> || 41,461 || 2,450 || 249,000
|-
| 2006<ref name="gb2008" /> || 43,684 || 2,170 || 258,000
|-
| 2007<ref name="gb2008" /> || 46,320 || 2,850 || 268,000
|-
| 2008<ref name="gb2008" /> || 45,127 || 372 || 283,000
|-
| 2009<ref name="gb2018">{{cite web|access-date=2023-01-22 |author=Robert Bosch GmbH |format=PDF; 4,5 MB |title=Geschäftsbericht 2018 |url=https://assets.bosch.com/media/de/global/bosch_group/our_figures/publication_archive/pdf_1/gb2018.pdf}}</ref> || 38,174 || -1,214 || 275,000
|-
| 2010<ref name="gb2018" /> || 47,259 || 2,489 || 276,000
|-
| 2011<ref name="gb2018" /> || 51,494 || 1,820 || 295,000
|-
| 2012<ref name="gb2018" /> || 44,703 || 2,304 || 273,000
|-
| 2013<ref name="gb2018" /> || 46,068 || 1,251 || 280,000
|-
| 2014<ref name="gb2018" /> || 48,951 || 2,637 || 286,000
|-
| 2015<ref name="gb2018" /> || 70,607 || 3,537 || 369,000
|-
| 2016<ref name="gb2018" /> || 73,129 || 2,374 || 384,000
|-
| 2017<ref name="gb2018" /> || 78,066 || 3,294 || 403,000
|-
| 2018<ref name="gb2018" /> || 78,465 || 3,574 || 407,000
|-
| 2019<ref name="gb2021">{{cite web|access-date=2023-01-22 |author=Robert Bosch GmbH |format=PDF; 8,1 MB |title=Geschäftsbericht 2021 |url=https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/bosch_group/our_figures/pdf/bosch-geschaeftsbericht-2021.pdf}}</ref> || 77,721 || 2,060 || 408,000
|-
| 2020<ref name="gb2021" /> || 71,494 || 749 || 395,000
|-
| 2021<ref name="gb2021" /> || 78,748 || 2,499 || 400,000
|-
| 2022<ref name="gb2022">{{cite web|access-date=2023-06-29 |author=Robert Bosch GmbH |format=PDF; 9,6 MB |title=Geschäftsbericht 2022 |url=https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/bosch_group/our_figures/pdf/bosch-geschaeftsbericht-2022.pdf}}</ref> || 88,210 || 1,838 || 421,000
|-
|2023<ref name="gb2023">{{cite web|access-date=2024-04-19 |author=Robert Bosch GmbH |date=2024-04-18 |format=PDF; 8,6 MB |title=Geschäftsbericht 2023 |url=https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/bosch_group/our_figures/pdf/bosch-geschaeftsbericht-2023.pdf}}</ref>
| 91,596 || 2,640 || 429,416
|-
|2024<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2025-05-08 |date=2025-05-08 |format=PDF; 5,8 MB |language=de |title=Robert Bosch GmbH: Geschäftsbericht 2024 |url=https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/bosch_group/our_figures/pdf/bosch-geschaeftsbericht-2024.pdf}}</ref>
|90,345
|1,332
|417,859
|}

==Controversies==
===Role in emission cheating software===
In 2006, [[Volkswagen]] asked Bosch for help in developing software for their emission defeat devices. Volkswagen is one of Bosch's biggest customers. Volkswagen engineers provided specifications to Bosch, who wrote the code. Bosch was concerned about the legality of the software and asked Volkswagen to assume responsibility if the fraud was discovered, but Volkswagen refused.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ewing |first=Jack |date=1 February 2017 |title=Supplier's Role Shows Breadth of VW's Deceit |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/01/business/bosch-vw-diesel-settlement.html |access-date=5 February 2017 |newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Starting in 2008, Bosch supplied 17 million motor control and mixture control devices containing illegal software to various manufacturers, domestically and globally. The automobiles fitted with Bosch's devices emitted more nitrogen oxides than allowed under regulations.<ref name="forbesdieselgate">{{cite news |last=Levin |first=Doron |date=23 May 2019 |title=German Parts Maker Bosch Gets Off With Relatively Light $100 Million Fine From VW Dieselgate |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/doronlevin/2019/05/23/german-parts-maker-bosch-gets-off-with-relatively-light-100-million-fine-from-vw-dieselgate/?sh=197a82521f28 |work=Forbes}}</ref><ref name="eurodiesel">{{cite news |date=23 May 2019 |title=Bosch pays 90-million-euro fine over diesel scandal |url=https://www.dw.com/en/bosch-pays-90-million-euro-fine-over-diesel-scandal/a-48843405 |work=DW}}</ref>

On 1 February 2017, Bosch agreed to pay US consumers {{USD|327.5{{nbsp}}million}} as compensation for its role in devising the software.<ref>{{cite news |last=McGee |first=Patrick |date=1 February 2017 |title=Bosch reaches $328m settlement in VW emissions scandal |url=https://www.ft.com/content/964a2f72-e898-11e6-967b-c88452263daf |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/964a2f72-e898-11e6-967b-c88452263daf |archive-date=10 December 2022 |access-date=5 February 2017 |newspaper=Financial Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Shepardson |first=David |date=1 February 2017 |title=VW, Robert Bosch agree to pay $1.55 billion to settle U.S. diesel claims |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-volkswagen-emissions-idUSKBN15G3NX |work=Reuters}}</ref> Bosch also provided emissions software for over 100,000 Fiat Chrysler's [[List of VM Motori engines#A 630 DOHC|3.0 L V6 diesel engine]] and [[Jeep Grand Cherokee|Grand Cherokee]] SUVs and agreed to pay affected consumers {{USD|27.5{{nbsp}}million}} as part of a broader settlement in January 2019.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shepardson |first1=David |date=10 January 2019 |title=Fiat Chrysler agrees to $800 million U.S. diesel-emissions settlement |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-fiatchrysler-emissions/fiat-chrysler-agrees-to-u-s-diesel-emissions-settlement-worth-nearly-800-million-idUSKCN1P41WV |access-date=11 January 2019 |work=Reuters}}</ref> In May 2019, Bosch paid another {{USD|100-million}} fine for its connection to the [[Volkswagen emissions scandal|Dieselgate]] scandal.<ref name="forbesdieselgate" /><ref name="eurodiesel" />

===Violations of international sanctions during the Russian invasion of Ukraine===
In March 2022, German engineering firm Bosch faced allegations of violating [[international sanctions during the Russian invasion of Ukraine]] after Ukrainian authorities reported finding Bosch components in Russian military vehicles.<ref>{{Cite web |first1=Nik |last1=Martin |title=Bosch probed over Russia sanctions violations — report |url=https://www.dw.com/en/bosch-faces-probe-over-possible-russia-sanctions-violations-report/a-61173586 | work=[[Deutsche Welle]] | date=March 18, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/germany-probes-possible-exports-dual-use-goods-by-bosch-spiegel-2022-03-18/ |title=Germany probes possible exports of dual-use goods by Bosch – Spiegel | work=[[Reuters]] |date=March 18, 2022}}</ref> In April 2024, the Russian government placed Bosch's Russian subsidiary under the temporary management of a Gazprom entity, citing responses to Western hostilities.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-04 |title=Putin transferred Ariston and Bosch assets in Russia to Gazprom |website=[[Ukrainian National News]] |url=https://unn.ua/en/news/putin-transferred-ariston-and-bosch-assets-in-russia-to-gazprom |access-date=2024-12-05 }}</ref> Additionally, reports have surfaced indicating that Bosch, along with other companies, has been selling appliances intended for the Ukrainian market in Russia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bosch, Delonghi and Philips sell appliances made for Ukraine in Russia - Kommersant |url=https://mind.ua/en/news/20274263-bosch-delonghi-and-philips-sell-appliances-made-for-ukraine-in-russia-kommersant |access-date=2024-12-05 |website=Mind.ua}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Continental AG]]
* [[Knorr-Bremse]]
* [[Siemens]]

==Literature==
* Johannes Bähr, Paul Erker: ''Bosch – Geschichte eines Weltunternehmens''. (Bosch – the story of a global company). [[C. H. Beck|C.H. Beck Verlag]], Munich 2013 in German

==References==
{{Reflist |30em}}

==External links==
* {{Official website}}
* {{PM20|FID=co/003322|TEXT=Documents and clippings about|NAME=}}

{{Subject bar |auto=y |portal1=Germany|portal2=Company}}
{{Bosch}}
{{Power tool manufacturers}}
{{Automotive industry in Germany}}
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Neha Nair

2026-04-30T00:49:13Z

HectorOtoole: starting

{{Short description|Indian playback singer}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| image =
| name = Neha Nair
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], India
| website =
| native_name =
| birth_name =
| instrument =
| spouse = {{marriage|Yakzan Gary Pereira|2013}}
| genre =
| occupation = Singer
| associated_acts = Yakzan Gary Pereira<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/Composing-is-easy-when-we-work-together/articleshow/45749897.cms|title = Composing is easy when we work together - Times of India| newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref><br>[[Avial (band)|Avial]]<br>Vidwan<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/music/vidwan-band-folk-electro-alternate-rock-chenda-neha-nair-anoop-mohandas.html|title='Vidwan' waves lashing against the crowd}}</ref>
| years_active = 2002–present
}}

'''Neha Nair ''' is an Indian [[playback singer]] and [[composer]].<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Neha-Nair-and-Yakzan-turn-film-music-composers/articleshow/42456541.cms|title = Neha Nair and Yakzan turn film music composers|date = 15 September 2014|access-date = 16 March 2015|newspaper = Times of India}}</ref> Her debut was a duet with Job Kurian in the film ''[[Ritu (2009 film)|Ritu]]'', with music composed by [[Rahul Raj]].<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.jocalling.com/2011/04/interview-neha-s-nair/|title = Interview: Neha S Nair|date = 11 April 2011|accessdate = 16 March 2015}}</ref> She is a guest singer in the Malayalam rock band [[Avial (band)|Avial]].<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2018/jul/29/breaking-gender-barriers-in-melody-making-malayalam-music-composers-sayanora-philip-and-neha-nair-1849086.html|title= Breaking gender barriers in melody making: Malayalam music composers Sayanora Philip and Neha Nair|date= 29 July 2018|work=The Indian Express}}</ref>

==Personal life==
She currently resides in Thiruvananthapuram with her Husband{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}.

==Career==
She was introduced by composer [[Rahul Raj]] with the song ''Cindrella'', from the film [[Ritu (2009 film)|Rithu]]. Her next break came through the song ''Premikkumbol'' from [[Salt N' Pepper]], composed by [[Bijibal]]. She received the IMFA award for best female playback singer for the song{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}. Her notable songs include ''Melle Kollum, Neeyo, Chillane'' from [[22 Female Kottayam]]; ''Thaazhvaram, Nithya Sahaya Nathe'' from [[Thira (film)|Thira]]; ''Mandarakatte, Kanadooram'' from [[5 Sundarikal]]; '' Thithithara, Aarambathu'' from [[Second Show]] etc.
She has also composed music for a few films like [[Iyobinte Pusthakam]], [[Driving Licence (film)|Driving Licence]], [[Under World|Under world]], Nadikar, etc. with musician Yakzan Gary Pereira.

== Discography ==
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m3db.com/lyric-singer/25765|title = നേഹ എസ് നായർ ആലപിച്ച ഗാനങ്ങൾ}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.malayalachalachithram.com/listsongs.php?md=3995|title = List of Malayalam Songs composed by Yakzan Gary Pereira}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://malayalasangeetham.info/songs.php?tag=Search&musician=Yakzan%20Gary%20Pereira&limit=2&cl=1|title = List of Malayalam Songs by Musician Yakzan%2520Gary%2520Pereira,Cl 1}}</ref>

=== As music composer ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Film
! Songs
! Score
! Notes
|-
| 2013
| ''[[5 Sundarikal]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| Composed songs and score of 2 segments (''Sethulakshmi'' and ''Aami'') with Yakzan Gary Pereira
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Iyobinte Pusthakam]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| Co-composed with Yakzan Gary Pereira;<br>[[Kerala State Film Award – Special Mention|Kerala State Film Award (Special Mention)]] for Music Direction
|-
| rowspan=2|2017
| [[Parava (film)|''Parava'']]
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
| Co-credited for score with [[Rex Vijayan]], [[Sekhar Menon]] and Yakzan Gary Pereira
|-
| ''[[Mayanadi]]''
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
| Co-credited for score with [[Rex Vijayan]] and Yakzan Gary Pereira
|-
| rowspan=3|2018
| [[Street Lights (film)|''Street Lights'']]
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
| Co-credited for score with Yakzan Gary Pereira
|-
| ''[[Sudani from Nigeria]]''
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
| Co-credited for score with [[Rex Vijayan]], Kishan Mohan and Yakzan Gary Pereira
|-
|''Humans of someone''
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
| 1 song; Co-composed with Yakzan Gary Pereira
|-
| rowspan=4|2019
| ''[[Thamaasha]]''
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
| Co-credited for score with [[Rex Vijayan]] and Yakzan Gary Pereira
|-
| ''[[Oru Njayarazhcha]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| 1 song; Co-composed with Yakzan Gary Pereira
|-
| [[Under World|''Under world'']]
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| rowspan="10" | Co-credited with Yakzan Gary Pereira
|-
| [[Driving Licence (film)|''Driving License'']]
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|-
|2020
| ''[[Halal Love Story]]''
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
|-
| rowspan="4" |2021
|[[Love (Malayalam film)|''Love'']]
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|-
| ''[[Aarkkariyam]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
|-
| [[Tsunami (2021 film)|''Tsunami'']]
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|-
| ''Sumesh&Ramesh''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |2022
|[[Naaradan (film)|''Naaradhan'']]
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|-
|[[Vaashi (2022 film)|''Vaashi'']]
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|-
|''[[1001 Nunakal]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|-
|2023
|''[[Momo in Dubai]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|Two songs and score, Co-credited with Yakzan Gary Pereira
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
|''[[Nadikar]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|Co-credited with Yakzan Gary Pereira
|-
|[[Rifle Club (film)|''Rifle Club'']]
|{{No}}
|{{Yes}}
|Co-credited for score with [[Rex Vijayan]] and Yakzan Gary Pereira
|}

=== As playback singer ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Song !! Film !! Co-singer(s) !! Music director/ Composer
|-
| 2009
|''Cindrella''
| [[Ritu (2009 film)|Rithu]]
| [[Job Kurian]] ||[[Rahul Raj]]
|-
|2010
|''Swarnathin''
|[[Nirakazhcha]]
|[[Vijay Yesudas]]
|S. Jayakumar
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2011 || ''Premikkumpol''<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://kochigallan.com/neha-s-nair/|title = Interview with Neha S Nair|date = 23 February 2011|accessdate = 16 March 2015|url-status = dead|archiveurl = https://archive.today/20150316171238/http://kochigallan.com/neha-s-nair/|archivedate = 16 March 2015}}</ref> || [[Salt N' Pepper]] || [[P Jayachandran]] || [[Bijibal]]
|-
| ''Irul Nananju''
| rowspan="2" |[[Yakshi – Faithfully Yours|Yakshi - Faithfully Yours]]
|Sangeeth
| rowspan="2" |Aravind Chandrasekhar
|-
| ''Manjukaalam''
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|2012
|''Melle Kollum''
| rowspan="3" |[[22 Female Kottayam]]
|Job Kurien
|[[Rex Vijayan]]
|-
|''Chillaane''<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://gaana.com/artist/neha-nair|title = Neha Nair - Gaana|accessdate = 16 March 2015}}</ref>
|[[Avial (band)|Tony John]]
|[[Avial (band)|Avial]]
|-
|''Neeyo''
|[[Bijibal]]
|[[Bijibal]]
|-
| rowspan="8" |2013
|''Shalabhamaayi''
|[[English: An Autumn in London|English]]
|
|[[Rex Vijayan]]
|-
|''Nithya Sahaaya Naadhe''
| rowspan="2" |[[Thira (film)|Thira]]
|
|rowspan=2|[[Shaan Rahman]]
|-
|''Thaazhvaaram''
|Hishaam Abdul Wahab
|-
|''Annoru Naal''
| rowspan="2" |[[Kunthapura]]
|Rahul Nambeesan
|rowspan=2|TK Vimal
|-
|''Kanmaniye''
|Ranjin Raj Varma
|-
|''Snehithane''
|[[Rose Guitarinaal]]
|
|[[Shahabaz Aman]]
|-
|''Kaanaadooram''
| rowspan="2" |[[5 Sundarikal]]
|
|rowspan=2|Yakzan Gary Pereira
|-
|''Mandaarakkaatte''
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |2014
|''Maane''
| rowspan="6" |[[Iyobinte Pusthakam]]
|Anil Ram
|rowspan=6|Neha Nair&Yakzan Gary Pereira
|-
|''Raave''
|[[Haricharan]]
|-
|''Aloshy Theme''
|
|-
|''Martha's Theme''
|
|-
|''Rawther Theme''
|
|-
|''Chemban Theme''
|
|-
|''Ennumen Karalile''
|8.20
|Anoop Mohandas
|Vidwan Band
|-
|2015
|''Pathukke Entho''
|[[Kanal (2015 film)|Kanal]]
|
|[[Ouseppachan]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |2017
|''Minnunnunde mulla pole''
|[[Tharangam (2017 film)|Tharangam]]
|
|Aswin Renju
|-
|''Uyirin Nadhiye''
| rowspan="2" |[[Mayanadhi]]
|[[Rex Vijayan]]
|rowspan=2|Rex Vijayan
|-
|''Kiliye''
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |2018
|''Ponnum kasavitta''
|[[Queen (2018 film)|Queen]]
|
|[[Jakes Bejoy]]
|-
|''Kinav Kondu''
|[[Sudani From Nigeria]]
|[[Rex Vijayan]]
|Rex Vijayan
|-
|''Ranam Title Track''
|[[Ranam (2018 film)|Ranam]]
|Jakes Bejoy, Ajay Shravan
|[[Jakes Bejoy]]
|-
|''Oduvile theeyayi''
|[[Varathan]]
|rowspan=3|[[Sushin Shyam]]
|rowspan=3|Sushin Shyam
|-
|''Nilapakshi'' - Happy Version
|rowspan=2|[[Maradona (2018 film)|Maradona]]
|-
|''Nilapakshi'' - Sad Version
|-
|''Hopelessly Yours''
|Humans of someone
|
|Neha Nair&Yakzan Gary Pereira
|-
| rowspan="5" |2019
|''Parayuvaan''
|[[Ishq (2019 film)|Ishq]]
|[[Sid Sriram]]
|[[Jakes Bejoy]]
|-
|''Arike Naam''
| rowspan="3" |[[Under World]]
|[[Sachin Warrier]], [[Remya Nambeesan]]
|rowspan=3| Neha Nair&Yakzan Gary Pereira
|-
|''Kaalavum Maari''
|[[Murali Gopi]]
|-
|''Paravakal''
|[[Sooraj Santhosh]]
|-
|''Masala Chaya''
|[[Thamaasha]]
|
|[[Rex Vijayan]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |2020
|''Raat''
| rowspan="3" |[[Trance (2020 film)|Trance]]
|[[Sneha Khanwalkar]]
|rowspan=2|Jackson Vijayan
|-
|''Yesuvinte''
|
|-
|''Trance Title track''
|Lee
|[[Vinayakan]]
|-
| rowspan="6" |2021
|''Sa Ma Ga Re Sa''
| rowspan="2" |[[Tsunami (2021 film)|Tsunami]]
|[[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]], [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]], [[Suresh Krishna (actor)|Suresh Krishna]], [[Aju Varghese]], [[Balu Varghese]], [[Lal (actor)|Lal]], Unni Karthikeyan
|Neha Nair&Yakzan Gary Pereira, [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]]
|-
|''Aaraanu''
|
|Neha Nair&Yakzan Gary Pereira
|-
|''Kanvaathil''
|Roy
|Rakhil Shoukath Ali Rajesh
|Munna P. M.
|-
|''Pakaliravukalam''
|[[Kurup (film)|Kurup]]
|
|[[Sushin Shyam]]
|-
|''Neeyum Njanum''
| rowspan="2" |Sumesh&Ramesh
|Sangeeth
| rowspan="2" |Neha Nair&Yakzan Gary Pereira
|-
|''Kinavil''
|
|-
|2023
|''Nilavuthulli''
|[[Kunjamminis Hospital]]
|[[Arvind Venugopal]]
|[[Ranjin Raj]]
|-
|2024
|''Nayattu Prarthana''
|''[[Rifle Club (film)|Rifle Club]]''
|[[Rex Vijayan]]
|[[Rex Vijayan]]
|}

=== As lyricist ===
* ''Kaanaa Dooram'' - [[5 Sundarikal]]

==Awards==

* 2015 - [[Kerala State Film Award – Special Mention]] for [[Iyobinte Pusthakam]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/news/just-in/state-film-awards-mammootty-nivin-pauly-dulquer-manju-.html/|title=State Film Awards: Nazriya, Nivin, Sudhev bag top honours|date=10 August 2015|newspaper=Malayala Manorama|accessdate=11 August 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811120054/http://english.manoramaonline.com/news/just-in/state-film-awards-mammootty-nivin-pauly-dulquer-manju-.html|archivedate=11 August 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nair, Neha}}
[[Category:Malayalam-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1980s births]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Bang Baang

2026-04-24T16:54:21Z

HectorOtoole: New The Data Initial Version

{{short description|Web series (2021)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox television
| alt_name = Bang Baang – The Sound Of Crimes
| image = Bang Baang.jpg
| caption = Promotional poster
| genre = [[Action film|Action]] and crime
| creator = [[Ekta Kapoor]]<br>[[ALTBalaji]]
| developer =
| writer = Chirag Salian <br> Abhishek Garg
| story = Chirag Salian <br> Abhishek Garg
| director = Shraddha Pasi <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/bang-baang-is-not-a-brainless-action-drama-mr-faisu-7160670/|title= Tell us about your experience when you gave your first shot. |date=27 January 2021|website=Indian Express |access-date=1 February 2021}}</ref>
| creative_director = Nisha Acharya
| starring = Faisal Shaikh<br>[[Ruhi Singh]]<br>[[Ratnakar Upadhayay]]
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 10
| executive_producer = Ashwarya Vats
| cinematography =
| editor = Vikas Sharma <br> Vinay Malu
| camera =
| runtime = 22 Minutes
| company = [[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]]
| network = [[ALTBalaji]]<br>[[ZEE5]]
| released = {{Start date|2021|01|25|df=y}}
}}

'''''Bang Baang – The Sound of Crimes''''' is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language murder and suspense drama web series streaming on [[ZEE5]] and [[ALTBalaji]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Mr. Faisu & Ruhi Singh starrer Bang Baang's trailer is out now!|url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/mr-faisu-ruhi-singh-starrer-133757054.html?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAAJXwuwW40QwPTquVHhNaBYHltN1d_wDD5ZJGq6Xw7wKNboab3XIZiuGqLotQnrKSmvM90747EIHBGzr3azwTlhHMSbLkRp2j0gS_wcnLHBJT615Q5-Ijx7iPqVVqa_gEqyKfKYnk7ia0VCwSNqB4cy_lkvxCnM7xBUBOx-h-zaAd|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=15 February 2021|website=}}</ref> The lead roles in this web series are played by Mr. Faisu and Ruhi Singh, Ashu Yadav, who are also the internet celebrities of India. It released on 25 January 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Bang Baang is not a brainless action drama: Mr Faisu|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/bang-baang-is-not-a-brainless-action-drama-mr-faisu-7160670/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307130556/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/bang-baang-is-not-a-brainless-action-drama-mr-faisu-7160670/ |archive-date=7 March 2021 |access-date=15 February 2021|website=}}</ref> It is directed by Shraddha Pasi Jairath, produced by Akshay BP Singh of Spacewalkker Films, and co-produced by Dayanand Shetty.

== Plot ==
A dead body is found in the lands of Udaipur where Inspector Meera is awarded the responsibility to solve the case. The daughter of the Royals of [[Udaipur]] goes missing five years ago. The clues found while investigating this dead body makes everyone believe that is the dead body of Princess Ramona. On this corpse, a scarf is found that hints towards Raghu being involved in the murder.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Bang Baang Review, Box Office Result, Hit Or Flop On OTT?|url=https://www.bollywoodcrazies.com/bang-baang-review-box-office-result-hit-or-flop-on-ott/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126051653/https://www.bollywoodcrazies.com/bang-baang-review-box-office-result-hit-or-flop-on-ott/ |archive-date=26 January 2021 |access-date=16 February 2021|website=}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* Faisal Shaikh as Raghu<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Mr. Faisu & Ruhi Singh's Introduction Videos From Bang Baang – The Sound of Crimes Out, Watch!|url=https://www.koimoi.com/television/mr-faisu-ruhi-singhs-introduction-videos-from-bang-baang-the-sound-of-crimes-out-watch/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111075930/https://www.koimoi.com/television/mr-faisu-ruhi-singhs-introduction-videos-from-bang-baang-the-sound-of-crimes-out-watch/ |archive-date=11 January 2021 |access-date=15 February 2021|website=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Mr Faisu to make his acting debut with Bang Baang|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/mr-faisu-to-make-his-acting-debut-with-bang-baang-the-sound-of-crimes-6577533/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901021244/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/mr-faisu-to-make-his-acting-debut-with-bang-baang-the-sound-of-crimes-6577533/ |archive-date=1 September 2020 |access-date=15 February 2021|website=}}</ref>
* [[Ruhi Singh]] as Meera<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=ALTBalaji launches Mr. Faisu with Ruhi Singh on OTT with 'Bang Baang'|url=https://www.glamsham.com/ott/web-news/ekta-kapoor-delighted-to-give-mr-faisu-and-ruhii-singh-a-break|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119112218/https://www.glamsham.com/ott/web-news/ekta-kapoor-delighted-to-give-mr-faisu-and-ruhii-singh-a-break |archive-date=19 January 2021 |access-date=15 February 2021|website=}}</ref>
* Aman Gandotra as Rohan
* Ratnakar Upadhayay as Vikram<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ratnakar Upadhayay|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm12514907/|access-date=2021-04-24|website=IMDb|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Gurpreet Bedi]] as Monisha
* Sharik Khan as vinay, Raghu's friend
* Shreya Gupto as Ramona
* Gargi Sawant as Shimona
* Amit Jairath as Jatin
*Prachi Vaishnav as Poonam <ref>{{Cite web|title=Prachi Vaishnav to join ALTBalaji's Bang Bang|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/digital/prachi-vaishnav-join-altbalaji-s-bang-bang-201022|access-date=2021-03-22|website=Tellychakkar.com|language=en}}</ref>
*Semal Bhatt as Ajay

== Episodes ==
{{Episode table|overall= |title= |director= |airdate= |airdateR=|country=In |episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Welcome To Udaipur
|DirectedBy = Shraddha Pasi
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|01|25|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Meera drops from her engagement party when she gets the news about a dead body. She finds an unsettling connection with the discovered corpse. Raghu gets a warning message asking him to not return to Udaipur. Is Raghu also one of the culprits of Ramona’s murder?

|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = And They Meet Again
|DirectedBy = Shraddha Pasi
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|01|25|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = The Dhanraj family is in shock and completely broken with the news of Ramona’s death. Meanwhile, Meera’s investigation leads her to the prime suspect in Ramona’s murder. Raghu misleads the Police trail by visiting his friend’s place, Ajay.

|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = The Rear Window Game
|DirectedBy = Shraddha Pasi
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|01|25|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Meera visits Ajay’s house buy finds Tanya there. Tanya is Ajay’s neighbour who tells Meera everything that happened last night. Monisha assigns a task to Raghu by threatening him. Raghu and Meera find a package hidden by Ajay but lost it during the attack. They find Ajay’s dead body in a suitcase on a trail to find him.

|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Fly Before You Die
|DirectedBy = Shraddha Pasi
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|01|25|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Raghu suspects that Monisha has planned the attack. Meera follows Raghu to a market in Udaipur. Monisha kidnaps Meera and Raghu, but the duo escapes somehow from this. After a while, Monisha is followed to a cottage where her dead body is found.

|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = The Infamous Reunion Party
|DirectedBy = Shraddha Pasi
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|01|25|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Monisha is killed and the Raghu is caught as a prime suspect. He is interrogated as a suspect for killing Monisha. He reaches the reunion party location where he tells Meera and Rohan about all the events that happened that night. At the same time, the forensic lab catches fire before Polic could ascertain Ramona’s DNA result.

|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = She Is Back!
|DirectedBy = Shraddha Pasi
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|01|25|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Dhanraj family is furious about continuous failure in catching Ramona’s killers. Meera reaches Mumbai to arrest Raghu but gets involved in Pari’s rescue operation. A threatening note terrifies Shimona, in between all this. Is Princess Ramona hiding something?

|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|Title = Mask Man Revealed
|DirectedBy = Shraddha Pasi
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|01|25|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Raghu is trying to find the identity of the masked man. In a pretext, Raghu meets Ritesh Mehra and follows him to a secluded house. He overhears a conversation between Ritesh and Siddharth. Meera, on the other hand, is with Shimona when someone fires at her and Siddharth Mehra loses his life.

|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 8
|Title = Who's Next?
|DirectedBy = Shraddha Pasi
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|01|25|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = When Siddharth dies, Ramona’s case is closed. Raghu, however, finds evidence to prove that the princess is alive. A new clue leads to him and Meera to Princess’s hideout.

|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 9
|Title = The Deadly Treasure Hunt
|DirectedBy = Shraddha Pasi
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|01|25|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Raghu is finding and chasing the masked man. Rohan helps Meera hack Princess Ramona’s laptop. They find Ramona’s video message and understand the events of the reunion party. Raghu locks Meera and Rohan in a secret room at gunpoint.

|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 10
|Title = Final Bang Baang
|DirectedBy = Shraddha Pasi
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|01|25|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Raghu finds out the identity of the mastermind who planned attacks on Meera. Dhanraj tries to flee from the city. The mastermind and his accomplice are defeated at the end in an adrenaline-rush chase through the city.

|LineColor =
}}
}}

== Reception ==

=== Critical reception ===
Kunal Kothari from IndiaForums says that Bang Baang is a juvenile attempt but a whistle-worthy guilty pleasure for everyone or anyone. He also says that the movie has too many twists and turns but it all makes the series very predictable. IndiaForums rated Bang Baang at 1.5/5 stars.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Review: 'Bang Baang' tries too much but ends up being predictable & unimpressive|url=https://www.indiaforums.com/article/review-bang-baang-tries-too-much-but-ends-up-being-predictable-unimpressive_173191|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126194419/https://www.indiaforums.com/article/review-bang-baang-tries-too-much-but-ends-up-being-predictable-unimpressive_173191 |archive-date=26 January 2021 |access-date=15 February 2021|website=}}</ref>

As per Binged team, It has underwhelming climax and juvenile suspense as per the review by binged team. The Binged rating for Bang Baang is 3/10.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Bang Baang Review: A Clean Show For Once, But Utterly Run Of The Mill|url=https://www.binged.com/reviews/bang-baang-hindi-web-series-review/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126181743/https://www.binged.com/reviews/bang-baang-hindi-web-series-review/ |archive-date=26 January 2021 |access-date=15 February 2021|website=}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt13155198/ ''Bang Baang''] on [[IMDb]]
*[https://www.altbalaji.com/show/bang-baang/340 ''Bang Baang''] on [[ALTBalaji]]
*[https://www.zee5.com/zee5originals/details/bang-baang/0-6-3055 ''Bang Baang''] on [[ZEE5]]

[[Category:Action web series]]
[[Category:Indian web series]]
[[Category:Hindi-language web series]]

Maalavika Sundar

2026-04-23T05:02:17Z

HectorOtoole:

{{Short description|Indian playback singer and actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Maalavika Sundar
| image =
| caption =
| native_name =
| alias =
| birth_name = Maalavika Sundar
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1988|05|07|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Mettur]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| death_date =
| occupation = {{Hlist| Singer | musician | Actor}}
| years_active = 2000–present
| spouse = {{Marriage| Ashwin Kashyap Raghuraman|2021}}
| parents = 
| awards =
| website =
| module =
}}

'''Maalavika Sundar''' is an Indian playback singer and actress, who works in predominately Tamil cinema.<ref>{{Cite web |title=சூப்பர் சிங்கர் மாளவிகா வருங்கால கணவருடன் லிப்லாக்! போட்டோ படுவைரல் |url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tv/news/super-singer-maalavika-sundar-liplock-photo-goes-viral/articleshow/87592849.cms |access-date=2024-06-09 |website=Samayam Tamil |language=ta |archive-date=2024-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240609163816/https://tamil.samayam.com/tv/news/super-singer-maalavika-sundar-liplock-photo-goes-viral/articleshow/87592849.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> She participated in the reality show, ''[[Super Singer 3]]'',<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-01-29 |title=Music, French fries and giggles - The Hindu |newspaper=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Music-French-fries-and-giggles/article14477887.ece |access-date=2024-06-09 |archive-date=2023-01-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129020216/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Music-French-fries-and-giggles/article14477887.ece |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> in 2010 which was aired in [[Star Vijay]] and ''[[Indian Idol]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Idol 9 25 March 2017 episode recap: Maalavika Sundar gets eliminated, L V Revanth lands into top 3! {{!}} India.com |url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/indian-idol-9-25-march-2017-episode-recap-maalavika-sundar-gets-eliminated-l-v-revanth-lands-into-top-3-1962057/ |access-date=2024-06-09 |website=www.india.com |language=en |archive-date=2024-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240609164430/https://www.india.com/entertainment/indian-idol-9-25-march-2017-episode-recap-maalavika-sundar-gets-eliminated-l-v-revanth-lands-into-top-3-1962057/ |url-status=live }}</ref> She made her acting debut with the film ''[[Velvet Nagaram]]'' in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gowda |first=Dese |date=2023-07-17 |title=Ballads of fusion: Playback singer Maalavika Sundar speaks about need for carnatic fusion music |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2023/Jul/17/ballads-of-fusion-playback-singer-maalavika-sundar-speaks-about-need-for-carnatic-fusion-music-2595537.html |access-date=2024-06-09 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=2024-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605091840/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2023/Jul/17/ballads-of-fusion-playback-singer-maalavika-sundar-speaks-about-need-for-carnatic-fusion-music-2595537.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Correspondent |first=D. C. |date=2018-06-12 |title=Vijay Sethupathi unveils first look of Varu |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/120618/vijay-sethupathi-unveils-first-look-of-varu.html |access-date=2024-06-09 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en |archive-date=2024-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240609163804/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/120618/vijay-sethupathi-unveils-first-look-of-varu.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Early life ==
Maalavika stated classical music with Srimathi Padmavathi Ananthagopalan younger sister of [[Lalgudi Jayaraman]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Purushothaman |first=Kirubhakar |date=2016-12-26 |title=Exploring all avenues |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/television/261216/exploring-all-avenues.html |access-date=2024-06-09 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en |archive-date=2024-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605092105/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/television/261216/exploring-all-avenues.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Maalavika Sundar married Ashwin Kashyap Raghuraman he is an entrepreneur.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-10 |title='Found The Perfect Love Story At 33': Singer Malavika Sundar Is Engaged |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/in-insta-post-super-singer-malavika-sundar-shares-she-is-engaged-4427321.html |access-date=2024-06-09 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=2024-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240609161809/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/in-insta-post-super-singer-malavika-sundar-shares-she-is-engaged-4427321.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-11-12 |title=Super Singer Maalavika Sundar ties the knot |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/super-singer-maalavika-sundar-ties-the-knot/articleshow/87659667.cms |access-date=2024-06-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-04-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427215336/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/super-singer-maalavika-sundar-ties-the-knot/articleshow/87659667.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=அருள்குமார் |first=அபிநயா எஸ் |date=2021-11-02 |title=அவருக்கு வயசு கம்மி.. சூப்பர் சிங்கர் மாளவிகா சுந்தர் சொன்ன சீக்ரெட்.. |url=https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/super-singer-malavika-sundar-going-to-get-knot-soon-23961 |access-date=2024-06-09 |website=tamil.abplive.com |language=ta |archive-date=2024-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240609162059/https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/super-singer-malavika-sundar-going-to-get-knot-soon-23961 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Career ==
Maalavika worked as a carnatic singer before her film career.<ref name="TOI"/> She made her debut as a playback singer with the folk song "Dang Dang" for ''[[Manam Kothi Paravai]]'' (2012), and the song's popularity earned her the name "Dang Dang" Malavika.<ref name="TOI"/> She went on to sing several other songs notably "Karuppu Nerathazhagi" from ''[[Komban]]'' (2015) and "Gum Zaare" for ''[[Kadavul Irukaan Kumaru]]'' (2016).<ref name="TOI"/>

== Discography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Film
!Song
!Composer(s)
!Language
!
|-
| rowspan="1" |2012
|''[[Manam Kothi Paravai]]''
|"Dang Dang"
|[[D. Imman]]
|Tamil
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2014
|''[[Kochadayan]] ''
|"Engal Kochadayan"
|[[A. R. Rahman]]
|Tamil
|
|-
|''[[Sutta Pazham Sudatha Pazham]]''
|"Gonganikka"
|Karthik Acharya
|Tamil
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2015
|''[[Komban]]''
|"Karuppu Nerathazhagi"
| rowspan="3" |[[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
|Tamil
|
|-
|''[[Eetti]]''
|"Kuiyyo Muiyyo"
|Tamil
|
|-
|''[[Kaaval (2015 film)|Kaaval]]''
|"Aadu Annatha"
|Tamil
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2016
|''[[Maari (film)|Mass]]''
|"Thappale Unna"
|[[Anirudh Ravichander]]
|Telugu
|
|-
|''[[Kaaviya Thalaivan (2014 film)|Premaalayam]] ''
|"Arjunuda "
|[[A. R. Rahman]]
|Telugu
|Dubbed version
|-
|''[[Kadavul Irukaan Kumaru]]''
|"Gum Zaare"
| rowspan="2" |[[G.V. Prakash Kumar]]
|Tamil
|
|-
|[[Pencil (film)|''Pencil'']]
|"LED Kannala"
|Tamil
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2017
|''[[Kadhal Kasakuthaiya]]''
|"Amma Chellam"
|[[Dharan Kumar]]
|Tamil
|
|-
|''[[Mupparimanam]]''
|"Sokki Poraandi"
|[[G.V.Prakash Kumar]]
|Tamil
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
|[[Jackpot (2019 film)|''Jackpot'']]
|"Naa Jilla Kedi"
|[[Vishal Chandrasekar]]
|Tamil
|
|-
|''[[100% Kadhal]]''
|"Kannum Kannum Plus"
|[[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
|Tamil
|
|-
|2022
|[[DSP (film)|''DSP'']]
|"Nalla Irumaa "
|[[D. Imman]]
|Tamil
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2023
|''[[Raid (2023 film)|Raid]]''
|"En Vaazhvin Thoorigai"
|[[Sam C. S.]]
|Tamil
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Dasara (film)|''Dasara'']]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Listen To Popular Malayalam Audio Song 'Dhoom Dhaam Dhosthay' Sung By Santosh Hariharan, Maalavika Sundar And Santhosh Narayanan {{!}} Malayalam Video Songs - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/malayalam/listen-to-popular-malayalam-audio-song-dhoom-dhaam-dhosthay-sung-by-santosh-hariharan-maalavika-sundar-and-santhosh-narayanan/videoshow/103845000.cms |access-date=2024-06-09 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=2024-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240609161809/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/malayalam/listen-to-popular-malayalam-audio-song-dhoom-dhaam-dhosthay-sung-by-santosh-hariharan-maalavika-sundar-and-santhosh-narayanan/videoshow/103845000.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |"Dhoom Dhaam"
| rowspan="2" |[[Santhosh Narayanan]]
|[[Malayalam]]
|Dubbed version
|-
|[[Kannada]]
|Dubbed version
|-
|''[[Munthirikkaadu]]''
|"Paithiyam Pudikka"
|A. K. Priyan
|Tamil
|
|-
|''[[Vela (film)|Vela]]''
|"Ennile Iruntha"
| rowspan="2" |[[Sam C. S.]]
|[[Malayalam]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2025
|''[[Dilruba (film)|Dilruba]]''
|"Kanna Nee"
|Telugu
|
|-
|[[Tuk Tuk (film)|''Tuk Tuk'']]
|"Alala"
|Santhu Omkar
|Telugu
|
|-
|2026
|''[[Vaazha II: Biopic of a Billion Bros]]''
|"Thooki"
|Arcado
|Malayalam
|
|}

=== Independent tracks & album ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title !! Notes
!Ref.
|-
| 2018 || ''Hazrat Amir Khusrau Main Toh Piya Se Naina Lara Aayi Re'' || composed by Vinod Krishnan || <ref>{{Cite web |last=Raghuvanshi |first=Alka |date=2018-01-25 |title=Appealing to the intellect and the heart |url=https://www.asianage.com/life/more-features/250118/appealing-to-the-intellect-and-the-heart.html |access-date=2024-06-09 |website=The Asian Age |archive-date=2024-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240609164739/https://www.asianage.com/life/more-features/250118/appealing-to-the-intellect-and-the-heart.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2021 || ''Vaa Sakhi'' || || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Spotify |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/0ruxVnGeg913Z1nV3skxLn?si=RwXXCL4QTzaid5BI6j5BQA |access-date=2024-06-09 |website=open.spotify.com |archive-date=2024-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240609161208/https://open.spotify.com/album/0ruxVnGeg913Z1nV3skxLn?si=RwXXCL4QTzaid5BI6j5BQA |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Laisram |first=Romal |date=2021-05-28 |title=Maalavika Sundar's first indie single re-emphasises her love for all things classical |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2021/May/28/maalavika-sundars-first-indie-single-re-emphasisesher-love-for-all-things-classical-33859.html |access-date=2024-06-09 |website=Indulgexpress |language=en |archive-date=2024-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240609163804/https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2021/May/28/maalavika-sundars-first-indie-single-re-emphasisesher-love-for-all-things-classical-33859.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3"|2023 || ''IIT Saarang'' || || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Spotify |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/56E9coIrHbNIAhfsmBOBRM?si=fjJ1yWSgR06GbgqTz-_aKA |access-date=2024-06-09 |website=open.spotify.com |archive-date=2024-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240609161209/https://open.spotify.com/album/56E9coIrHbNIAhfsmBOBRM?si=fjJ1yWSgR06GbgqTz-_aKA |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''Amoodhamooru'' || || <ref>{{Citation |title=Amoodhamooru |date=2023-09-29 |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/0NdD4nbfiFf35fh6rtBfPb |access-date=2024-06-09 |language=en |archive-date=2024-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240609161209/https://open.spotify.com/album/0NdD4nbfiFf35fh6rtBfPb |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''Carnatic Cajoling'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Spotify |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/2BhLtUna0pmsgA5YqqCVwx?si=StHyvPnwTX2KCdRPPEN3Mg |access-date=2024-06-09 |website=open.spotify.com}}</ref>
|-
| 2024 || ''Gara Shayana Vibho'' || || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Spotify |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/3rcvyEcBp7IESywRBmuNLW?si=-uITdS9pQJ-ICSGSSMi6WQ |access-date=2024-06-09 |website=open.spotify.com}}</ref>
|}

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Shows
!Role
!Ref.
|-
|2010
|''[[Super Singer 3]]''
| Contestant
|<ref name="TOI">{{Cite news |date=2018-01-06 |title=Today, youngsters can reach out to music directors by doing covers: Maalavika Sundar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/today-youngsters-can-reach-out-to-music-directors-by-doing-covers-maalavika-sundar/articleshow/62381773.cms |access-date=2024-06-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2024-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240609164736/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/today-youngsters-can-reach-out-to-music-directors-by-doing-covers-maalavika-sundar/articleshow/62381773.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2017
|''[[Indian Idol]]''
| Contestant
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anushka Sharma turns love messenger for Malvika Sundar |url=https://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/170316-anushka-sharma-turns-love-messenger-malvika |access-date=2024-06-09 |website=www.radioandmusic.com |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|7228370}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sundar, Maalavika}}
[[Category:Carnatic singers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Women Carnatic singers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Bharathinagar Assembly constituency

2026-04-21T12:27:05Z

HectorOtoole: New First Post W/ Sources.

{{Short description|Former constituency in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bharathinagar
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Bangalore district|Bangalore]]
| division = [[Bangalore division|Bangalore]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bangalore Central Lok Sabha constituency|Bangalore Central]]
| constituency_no =
| established = 1967
| reservation = None
| abolished = 2008
| electors =
}}

'''Bharathinagar Assembly constituency''' was one of the 225 constituencies in the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] of [[Karnataka]], a southern state of [[India]]. It was also part of [[Bangalore Central Lok Sabha constituency]]. It was abolished in 2008 and to form a new Assembly seat territorially, called [[Sarvagnanagar Assembly constituency|Sarvagnanagar]].<ref>[http://elections.traceall.in/vidhan-sabha-assembly-election-results/Bharathinagar-in-Karnataka Sitting and previous MLAs from Bharathinagar Assembly Constituency]</ref><ref name="Delimitation Order, 1967">{{Cite news|title=Delimitation Order, 1967|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=October 3, 2017 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3944-delimitation-orders-1967/?do=download&csrfKey=0b2221561611a85eb71f11c2d55ebfeb}}</ref><ref name="Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008">{{Cite news|title= Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=October 3, 2017|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || M. A. Amalorpavam || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || D. Poosalingam || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || rowspan="2" | [[Michael Fernandes (politician)|Michael Fernandes]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
|-
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || rowspan="2" | [[K. J. George]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|-
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || N. Rajanna || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || Alexander. J || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || Nirmal Surana || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Bharathinagar <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Nirmal Surana |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 27,867 |percentage = 44.22% |change = {{increase}}26.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Alexander. J |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 22,986 |percentage = 36.48% |change = {{decrease}}0.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. Rajanna |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 8,361 |percentage = 13.27% |change = {{increase}}2.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Francis Jackson |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,622 |percentage = 2.57% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ruth Manorama |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,026 |percentage = 1.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,881 |percentage = 7.75% |change = {{decrease}}8.45 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 63,027 |percentage = 49.83% |change = {{decrease}}2.17 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 63,018}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 126,479 |ref = |change = {{increase}}2.47 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}7.66 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Bharathinagar <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Alexander. J |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 23,466 |percentage = 36.56% |change = {{increase}}18.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. Pradeep Kumar Reddy |party = Janata Dal (United) |votes = 13,067 |percentage = 20.36% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Narayanagowda |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 11,276 |percentage = 17.57% |change = {{increase}}5.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. Rajanna |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 7,220 |percentage = 11.25% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Paree |party = Independent politician |votes = 7,187 |percentage = 11.20% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = V. A. Pugazhendi |party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes = 850 |percentage = 1.32% |change = {{decrease}}11.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Harbansingh |party = Independent politician |votes = 690 |percentage = 1.07% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,399 |percentage = 16.20% |change = {{increase}}0.98 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 64,189 |percentage = 52.00% |change = {{decrease}}4.18 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 64,189}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 123,434 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.84 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Dal |swing = {{increase}}2.88 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Bharathinagar <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = N. Rajanna |party = Janata Dal |votes = 20,232 |percentage = 33.68% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. J. Victor |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 11,086 |percentage = 18.45% |change = {{decrease}}39.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = V. Pugazhandi |party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes = 7,810 |percentage = 13.00% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[K. J. George]] |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 7,642 |percentage = 12.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Philomena Peris |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 7,202 |percentage = 11.99% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Michael Fernandes (politician)|Michael Fernandes]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,113 |percentage = 3.52% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shanthakumar |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,282 |percentage = 2.13% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. Mahadevan |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 927 |percentage = 1.54% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Karunakaran |party = Janata Party |votes = 627 |percentage = 1.04% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,146 |percentage = 15.22% |change = {{decrease}}22.62 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 60,921 |percentage = 56.18% |change = {{decrease}}0.36 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 60,079}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 842 |percentage = 1.38% |change = {{decrease}}2.21 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 108,431 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}6.05 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}23.85 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Bharathinagar <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[K. J. George]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 36,198 |percentage = 57.53% |change = {{increase}}14.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Suryanarayana Rao |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 12,387 |percentage = 19.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. Rajanna |party = Janata Party |votes = 10,021 |percentage = 15.93% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ibrahimkhan |party = All-India Muslim League |votes = 1,975 |percentage = 3.14% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. Samuel |party = Independent politician |votes = 842 |percentage = 1.34% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. J. Abraham |party = Independent politician |votes = 444 |percentage = 0.71% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Pushparajan |party = Independent politician |votes = 442 |percentage = 0.70% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 23,811 |percentage = 37.84% |change = {{increase}}30.16 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 65,262 |percentage = 56.54% |change = {{increase}}2.23 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 62,921}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 2,341 |percentage = 3.59% |change = {{increase}}2.58 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 115,418 |ref = |change = {{increase}}20.79 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}14.43 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Bharathinagar <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[K. J. George]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 22,141 |percentage = 43.10% |change = {{increase}}12.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Michael Fernandes (politician)|Michael Fernandes]] |party = Janata Party |votes = 18,195 |percentage = 35.42% |change = {{decrease}}5.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = V. Shivashankar |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,264 |percentage = 10.25% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Sundar |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,925 |percentage = 9.59% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jaga |party = Independent politician |votes = 529 |percentage = 1.03% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,946 |percentage = 7.68% |change = {{decrease}}2.43 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 51,896 |percentage = 54.31% |change = {{decrease}}6.07 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 51,370}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 526 |percentage = 1.01% |change = {{decrease}}0.71 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 95,556 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.76 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}2.60 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Bharathinagar <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Michael Fernandes (politician)|Michael Fernandes]] |party = Janata Party |votes = 20,369 |percentage = 40.50% |change = {{increase}}11.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[K. J. George]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 15,285 |percentage = 30.39% |change = {{increase}}27.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. Poosalingam |party = Independent politician |votes = 11,806 |percentage = 23.47% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. R. Prakash |party = Independent politician |votes = 845 |percentage = 1.68% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sathyanarayana |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 568 |percentage = 1.13% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. G. Mohammed Adam |party = Independent politician |votes = 447 |percentage = 0.89% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,084 |percentage = 10.11% |change = {{increase}}8.84 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 51,173 |percentage = 60.38% |change = {{decrease}}4.63 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 50,295}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 878 |percentage = 1.72% |change = {{increase}}0.03 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 84,745 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.84 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}11.11 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Bharathinagar <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Michael Fernandes (politician)|Michael Fernandes]] |party = Janata Party |votes = 14,106 |percentage = 29.39% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Muniswamy. M |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 13,498 |percentage = 28.12% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. Poosalingam |party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes = 9,434 |percentage = 19.66% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Padmanabhan. R |party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes = 5,709 |percentage = 11.89% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mohamad Dastagir |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,089 |percentage = 4.35% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gangaraj. H. D |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 1,566 |percentage = 3.26% |change = {{decrease}}31.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. Bhashkaran |party = Independent politician |votes = 844 |percentage = 1.76% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jayaram Alias Massay. M |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 401 |percentage = 0.84% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 608 |percentage = 1.27% |change = {{decrease}}4.84 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 48,821 |percentage = 65.01% |change = {{increase}}12.14 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 47,997}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 824 |percentage = 1.69% |change = {{increase}}1.69 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 75,103 |ref = |change = {{increase}}0.46 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{decrease}}11.56 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Bharathinagar <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = D. Poosalingam |party = Independent politician |votes = 15,810 |percentage = 40.95% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. Sharada |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 13,450 |percentage = 34.84% |change = {{increase}}1.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. Bhashkaran |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,769 |percentage = 9.76% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Sunder Raj |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 3,724 |percentage = 9.65% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Jayaram Alias Musay |party = Independent politician |votes = 565 |percentage = 1.46% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. C. G. Paul |party = Independent politician |votes = 345 |percentage = 0.89% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. P. Mir Chandani |party = Independent politician |votes = 319 |percentage = 0.83% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Krishnakant Mishra |party = Independent politician |votes = 319 |percentage = 0.83% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. S. Mases |party = Swatantra Party |votes = 303 |percentage = 0.78% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,360 |percentage = 6.11% |change = {{increase}}5.35 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 39,527 |percentage = 52.87% |change = {{increase}}0.76 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 38,604}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 74,756 |ref = |change = {{increase}}15.02 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}7.80 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Bharathinagar <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = M. A. Amalorpavam |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 10,808 |percentage = 33.15% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. Poosalingam |party = Independent politician |votes = 10,560 |percentage = 32.39% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. Bhashkaran |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,379 |percentage = 13.43% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. S. Raj |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,941 |percentage = 12.09% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. A. Michael |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,811 |percentage = 5.55% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. R. Murthy |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,107 |percentage = 3.40% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 248 |percentage = 0.76% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 33,869 |percentage = 52.11% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 32,606}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 64,993 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==

* [[Bangalore district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{Coord|12.49|77.03|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Politics of Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Mysore State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{India-constituency-stub}}
{{BangaloreUrban-geo-stub}}

Ramagiri, Tirupati district

2026-04-21T01:19:59Z

HectorOtoole: Adding New Place From Scratch...

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ramagiri
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|13.405426|N|79.76671|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Chittoor]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Mandal]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Pitchatur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]],
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Ramagiri''' is one of the villages in [[Pitchatur]] Mandal, Chittoor District, [[Andhra Pradesh]] State in India.<ref>[http://indiawater.gov.in/IMISWeb/Reports/RWS/Physical/R10_11/ListOfHabitationsStatewise.aspx?Blockid=9m2zAlsrC4ANRZEjGQNgOw%3D%3D&StateName=Yfxke6InwdaGZ2Ubja5Ghw%3D%3D&Stateid=%2Bkkyqd2im4s%3D&FinYear=&Condition=C1vk7hCvBn4%3D&DistrictName=t%2BVMhOhK93sWkZDqqJtNug%3D%3D&DistrictId=PHcEaOECqqY%3D] Ramagiri village shown in List of Habitations-Source-Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation, [[Government of India]]</ref> Ramagiri is located 76.85 km distance from its District Main City Chittoor.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Villages in Chittoor district]]

Sojitra Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:22:12Z

HectorOtoole: created a info v1

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Gujarat State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sojitra
| mla = [[Vipulkumar Patel | Vipulkumar Vinubhai Patel ]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = Gujarat
| district = [[Anand district|Anand]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Anand Lok Sabha constituency|Anand]]
| established = 2007
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:220898}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 18 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|2}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 114
}}

'''Sojitra''' is one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].<ref name=gjceo>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS & Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly Constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |format=PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> It is part of [[Anand district|Anand]] district.

==List of segments==
This assembly seat represents the following segments<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent|date=12 December 2006|website=Election Commission of India|publisher=Delimitation Commission of India|pages=2–31|format=PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=|access-date=12 February 2017}}</ref>

# Sojitra Taluka - Balinta, Dali, Devataj, Kasor, Limbali, Palol, Piplav, Virol, Runjal, Kothavi, Isnav, Bantwa, Dabhou, Deva Talpad, Gada
# Tarapur Taluka - Dugari, Fatepura, Chikhaliya, Gorad, Jalla, Khada, Malpur, Mota, Tol, Varsada, Adruj, Changada
# Petlad Taluka (Part) Villages – Silvai, Amod, Shekhadi, Pandoli, Nar, Sansej, Ramodadi, Manpura, Manej, Khadana, Kaniya, Danteli, Bhurakui, Sundara, Dhairyapura, Vadadala, Dharmaj

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!Picture
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|Rohit Ambalal Ashabhai
|
|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|Punambhai Madhabhai Parmar
|
|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| [[Punam Parmar]]<ref name=election2017/> ||
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| [[Vipulkumar Patel|Vipulkumar Vinubhai Patel]]||
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}

|}

==Election results==
=== 2022 ===
<section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly election, 2022]]: Sojitra Assembly constituency }}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Vipulkumar Patel]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=87300|percentage=56.47|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Poonambhai Madhabhai Parmar|party=Indian National Congress|votes=57781|percentage=37.37|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Manubhai Ranchhodbhai Thakor|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=3460|percentage=2.24|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above]]|party=None of the above|votes=2766|percentage=1.79|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=|percentage=19.1|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:217225}}
|ref=<ref name="Gujarat Elections ECI">{{cite web |title=Gujarat Legislative Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Legislative Assembly Election, 2017]]: Sojitra<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Punam Parmar
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 65000
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Vipulkumar Patel]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=63000|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2012]]}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |format=PDF |title=Gujarat Assembly Elections - 2012 : Statistical Report |publisher=Cep.gujarat.gov.in |accessdate=2015-06-05 |archive-date=26 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126215052/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Punambhai Madhabhai Parmar|party=Indian National Congress|votes=65,210|percentage=47.13|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Vipulkumar Patel | Vipulkumar Vinubhai Patel]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=65,048|percentage=47.01|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=162|percentage=0.12|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=138,376|percentage=78.12|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|

|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Anand district}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat|state=expanded}}
{{Gujarat elections|state=collapsed}}

{{coord|22.54|72.72|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Anand district]]
[[Category:Politics of Gujarat]]
[[Category:2007 establishments in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2007]]

Antonio Francisco Xavier Alvares

2026-04-17T14:52:17Z

HectorOtoole: New Initial Article More To Come

{{No footnotes|date=March 2026}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2014}}
{{Infobox saint
| name = Antonio Francisco Xavier Alvares or Alvares Mar Julius
| image = Juliusthirumeni.jpg
| imagesize =
| alt = Alvares Mar Julius
| caption =
| titles = First Metropolitan of Goa and Ceylon
| birth_date = {{birth date|1836|04|29|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Verna, Goa]], [[Portuguese India]]
| home_town =
| residence =
| death_date = {{death date and age|1923|09|23|1836|04|24|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Ribandar]], Goa, Portuguese India
| venerated_in = [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]]
| canonized_place =
| major_shrine = St. Mary's Orthodox Syrian Church, Ribandar, Goa
| feast_day = 23 September
| attributes =
| patronage = Poor and Ill
| issues =
| suppressed_date =
| suppressed_by =
| influences =
| influenced =
| tradition =
| major_works =
| module =
{{Ordination
| denomination = [[Malankara Church|Malankara]] [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]]
| name = Alvares
| ordained deacon by =
| date of diaconal ordination =
| place of diaconal ordination =
| ordained priest by =
| date of priestly ordination =
|place of priestly ordination =
| consecrated by =
| co-consecrators =
| date of consecration =
| place of consecration =
| elevated by =
| date of elevation =
| sources =
| alternate name = Alvares
| bishop 1 = [[Joseph René Vilatte]]
| consecration date 1 = 29 May 1892
}}
}}

'''Antonio Francisco Xavier Alvares''' ('''Alvares Mar Julius''') (29 April 1836 – 23 September 1923) was initially a [[Priesthood (Catholic Church)|priest]] in the [[Roman Catholic Church]] in Goa.{{efn|name=NameVar|Sometimes his surname is mistakenly spelled "Alvare'''z'''" instead of the standard Portuguese form "Alvare'''s'''".}} He joined the [[Malankara Church|Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]] and was elevated to [[Metropolitan bishop|Metropolitan]] of Goa, Ceylon and Greater India in the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church.<ref name="Kiraz2007">{{cite journal|journal=Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies|location=Piscataway, NJ|publisher=Beth Mardutho: The Syriac Institute and Gorgias Press|issn=1097-3702|last1=Kiraz|first1=George A|author-link1=George Kiraz|volume=7|issue=2|date=Jul 2004|page=158|title=The Credentials of Mar Julius Alvares, Bishop of Ceylon, Goa and India Excluding Malabar|url=http://www.bethmardutho.org/images/hugoye/volume7/hv7n2kiraz.pdf|access-date=8 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040823181903/http://syrcom.cua.edu/Hugoye/Vol7No2/HV7N2Kiraz.html|archive-date=23 August 2004|url-status=dead}}</ref>


==Early life==
Alvares was born to a [[Goan Catholic]] family in [[Verna, Goa]], [[Portuguese India]].<ref name="StAlveres">
{{cite web
|website=StAlvares.com
|title=His Grace Alvares Mar Julius Metropolitan
|url=http://www.stalvares.com/docs/about.php|access-date=30 June 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928121615/http://www.stalvares.com/docs/about.php|archive-date=28 September 2007|url-status=dead}}
</ref>

==Priesthood==
Alvares was ordained a Roman Catholic priest in 1862 or 1864 by Bishop Walter Steins SJ, Vicar Apostolic in Bombay. Alvares began his ministry in the Archdiocese of Goa under the [[Archbishop of Goa]]. The [[Portuguese Crown]] claimed these territories by virtue of old privileges of [[Padroado]] (papal privilege of royal patronage granted by popes beginning in the 14th century). The more modern Popes and the [[Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith]] separated these areas and reorganised them as [[apostolic vicariate]]s ruled by non-Portuguese bishops, since the English rulers wished to have non-Portuguese bishops.

Successive Portuguese governments fought against this, terming this as unjustified aggression by later Popes against the irrevocable grant of Royal Patronage to the Portuguese Crown, an agitation that spread to the Goan patriots, subjects of the Portuguese Crown.

When, under [[Pope Pius IX]] and [[Pope Leo XIII]], the hierarchy in British India was formally reorganised independently of Portugal but with Portuguese consent, a group of pro-Padroado Goan Catholics in [[Bombay]] united under the leadership of Dr. Pedro Manoel Lisboa Pinto and Alvares as the [[Society for the Defense of the Royal Patronage]] and agitated against the [[Holy See]], the British India government and the Portuguese government in opposition to these changes.{{cn|date=March 2026}}

==Uniting with Orthodox Church==
Their agitation failed to reverse the changes. Angry with the Portuguese government, the group broke away from the Catholic Church and joined the [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]].

==Bishop==
Alvares was [[consecration|consecrated]] as '''Mar Julius I''', on 29 July 1889, by the Orthodox Bishop of [[Kottayam]], [[Athanasius Paulose|Paulose Mar Athanasios]] to be [[Archbishop]] of autocephalous [[Latin Church|Latin Rite]] of Ceylon, Goa, and India.<ref name=BOCUK>{{cite web |url= https://britishorthodox.org/glastonburyreview/issue-122-an-apostle-of-faith-hope-and-charity/ |title= H.G. Mar Julius Alvares Metropolitan of Ceylon, Goa and India: An Apostle of ‘Faith, Hope and Charity |author= |date= |website= British Orthodox Church |publisher= |access-date= 27 January 2026 |quote=}}</ref>

While he was a priest of the Catholic Church, he was in search of the true Biblically Christian One, Holy, Catholic, and Apostolic Church. He was against the false devotion and religious exhibitionism. He objected to the Concordat of the Pope and interference of the Government in the Church administration. He could not withstand the harassment meted out to him by the ecclesiastical and civil powers. He went to Western and Eastern Churches and finally joined the [[Malankara Church|Malankara]] [[Syrian Orthodox Church|Orthodox Syrian Church]]. Credited with good faith and piety and true regard for others, he was consecrated as bishop by [[Joseph Mar Dionysius|Joseph Mar Dionysius V]], [[Gregorios of Parumala|Geevarghese Mar Gregorios of Parumala]], [[Mar Paulose Ivanios Murimattathilof Kandanadu]] and [[Mar Athanasios (Kadavil)]] in [[Kottayam Old Seminary]] on 29 July 1889. He was elevated to Metropolitan Archbishop of Goa-India-Ceylon(Presently Brahmavar) Diocese of the Malankara Church

When [[Joseph René Vilatte]] was soliciting for consecration by a bishop with orders recognised by the Catholic Church, he was guided{{By whom|date=July 2010}} to Alvares. Alvares, together with Mar Athanasios Paulose (d. 1907), Bishop of Kottayam, and Saint Geevarghese Mar Gregorios of Parumala (d. 1902), Bishop of Niranam (and later of Thumpamon), consecrated Vilatte in 1892 in [[Colombo]], [[British Ceylon]] and named him "Mar Timotheos, Metropolitan of North America," most probably with the blessings of [[Patriarch|Patriarch of Antioch]] [[Ignatius Peter IV]].

Alvares has a [[cathedral]] under the [[Syriac Orthodox Church]] in [[Colombo]], [[British Ceylon]]. Alvares had lived in Colombo, Sri Lanka, for a significant time which is why he ended up having a Cathedral at this location. Alvares had also lived in the twin villages of [[Brahmavar]] and [[Calianpur|Kalianpur]], Karnataka, which is now where [[The Evangelistic Association of the East]] has a number of churches and has been doing extensive [[mission work]] to support the descendants of Alvares converts from his initial missions in these areas and also to continue his [[missionary work]]. Alvares died of dysentery in Ribandar, Goa and was buried there.<ref name="StAlveres" />

==In Portuguese Goa==
Since Alvares was not allowed by the rulers to work freely in Goa.<ref name="Cheeran2009">
{{cite book|location=Kottayam|publisher=K.V. Mammen Kottackal Publishers|last=Cheeran|first=Joseph|translator=Annie David|title=The Indian Orthodox Church of St. Thomas, AD 52-2009|edition=2nd|year=2009|oclc=768294822|page=306|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aIlPAQAAIAAJ}}
</ref> he was mostly based in Canara region of Karnataka with the main base at Brahmavar. Along with Roque Zephrin Noronha, he worked among the people along the west coast of India from Mangalore to Bombay. About 5000 families joined the [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]].<ref name=BOCUK /> He ordained Joseph Kanianthra, Lukose Kannamcote and David Kunnamkulam at Brahmawar on 15 October 1911.

Alvares and Pinto continued their efforts to draw many Goans from the Imperial Church and to Orthodoxy. The [[Brahmavar (Goan) Orthodox Church]] (BOC) failed in this goal, for outside this group very few Goans moved to this sect.

==In British Ceylon==
Alvares was in Ceylon (Sri Lanka) for more than five years. While there he consecrated Vilatte as bishop in the presence of Mar Gregorios of Parumala in 1892.

The denomination that consecrated Vilatte was a part of the [[Indian Orthodox Church]] that had a Latin Rite patrimony. [[V. Nagam Aiya]] wrote, in ''[[Travancore State Manual]]'', that Alvares "describe[d] his Church as the Latin branch of the [[Indian Orthodox Church]]."<ref name="Aiya1906">{{Source-attribution|sentence=yes|{{cite book|location=[[Thiruvananthapuram|Trivandrum]], IN|publisher=[[Travancore]] Government Press|last=Aiya|first=V. Nagam|author-link=V. Nagam Aiya|title=Travancore State Manual|oclc=827203062|year=1906|volume=2|page=200|hdl=2027/umn.31951p00335772y?urlappend=%3Bseq=242|url=http://hdl.handle.net/2027/umn.31951p00335772y?urlappend=%3Bseq=242|access-date=14 May 2013}}}} Here, the surname Alvares is spelled Alvarez.</ref>

The Holy See sought to consolidate two co-existing jurisdictions, the [[Padroado]] jurisdiction and the Congregation for Propagation of the Faith jurisdiction.<ref name="AER1899">{{Source-attribution|{{cite journal|location=New York, NY|publisher=American Ecclesiastical Review|journal=[[American Ecclesiastical Review]]|lccn=46037491|oclc=9059779|volume=21|issue=1|date=Jul 1899|pages=1–13|title=Recent Schismatical Movements Among Catholics in the United States|author=s.n. |url=https://archive.org/download/americanecclesia21cathuoft/americanecclesia21cathuoft.pdf|access-date=5 March 2013|archive-url=https://archive.org/details/americanecclesia21cathuoft|archive-date=18 May 2007|url-status=live}}}}</ref>{{rp|page=6}} The Padroado was the privilege of patronage extended to [[Portugal]] which granted the right of designating candidates for episcopal and other offices and [[benefice]]s in Africa and the [[East Indies]]; in addition, it was an exchange of a portion of ecclesiastical revenues for missionaries and endowments to religious establishments in those territories. In time it was seen by the Holy See as an obstacle to missions: the Portuguese government failed to observe the conditions of the agreement; disagreed about the extent of the patronage by claiming the agreement was restricted by [[Pope Alexander VI]]'s [[Bulls of Donation]] and [[Treaty of Tordesillas]] while Rome maintained the agreement was restricted to conquered countries; and, contested papal appointments of missionary bishops or [[vicars apostolic]] made without its consent, in countries which were never subject to its dominion.<ref name="Brucker1911">{{Catholic|inline=1|volume=12|last=Brucker|first=Joseph|wstitle=Protectorate of Missions}}</ref> As part of the transition, churches served by [[Goan Catholic]] priests remained under the jurisdiction of the [[Patriarch of the East Indies]] until 1843. Later, this transition was delayed and extended until 1883-12-31. In [[British Ceylon]], it ended in 1887 with the appearance of a papal decree that placed all Catholics in the country under the exclusive jurisdiction of the bishops of the island. That measure met resistance. Alvares and Dr. Pedro Manoel Lisboa Pinto founded in [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]], an association for the defence of the Padroado. Then, according to G. Bartas, in {{lang|fr|Échos d'Orient}}, they complained that the new diocese and vicariates were headed, almost exclusively, by [[Ethnic groups in Europe|European]] prelates and missionaries, and petitioned the Holy See for the creation of a purely native hierarchy. Bartas did not state if there was a response, but wrote that Alvares settled the difficulty by reinventing himself as the head of his schism, appearing in Ceylon, and settling into the main old Goan Portuguese churches in the village of Parapancandel.{{Clarify|post-text=(place name)|date=June 2013}}<ref name="Bartas1904">{{Source-attribution|{{cite journal|location=Paris|publisher=Institut Francais des Etudes Byzantines|journal=Échos d'Orient|lccn=sc82003358|volume=7|issue=49|date=Nov 1904|last=Bartas|first=G|title=Coup d'oeil sur l'Orient greco-slave|language=fr|pages=371–372|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E5QQAAAAYAAJ&q=Alvarez&pg=PA371|doi=10.3406/rebyz.1904.3573|url-access=subscription}}}} Here, the surname Alvares is spelled Alvarez.</ref> Alvares was a [[Roman Catholic Brahmin]].{{efn|
Aiya and Richards use ''brahman'';<ref name="Aiya1906">{{Source-attribution|sentence=yes|{{cite book|location=[[Thiruvananthapuram|Trivandrum]], IN|publisher=[[Travancore]] Government Press|last=Aiya|first=V. Nagam|author-link=V. Nagam Aiya|title=Travancore State Manual|oclc=827203062|year=1906|volume=2|page=200|hdl=2027/umn.31951p00335772y?urlappend=%3Bseq=242|url=http://hdl.handle.net/2027/umn.31951p00335772y?urlappend=%3Bseq=242|access-date=14 May 2013}}}} Here, the surname Alvares is spelled Alvarez.</ref><ref name="Richards1908">{{cite book|location=London|publisher=Bemrose & Sons|last=Richards|first=William J|title=The Indian Christians of St. Thomas: otherwise called the Syrian Christians of Malabar|year=1908|oclc=5089145|url=https://archive.org/download/cu31924029361379/cu31924029361379.pdf|access-date=17 February 2013|archive-url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924029361379|archive-date=26 June 2008|url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|page=64}} a member of the first of the four castes of Hinduism, a sacerdotal class.<ref>{{Wiktionary-inline|brahman}}</ref>
Pearson uses ''[[brahmin]]'';<ref name="Pearson2007">{{cite book|location=London; New York|publisher=Routledge|last=Pearson|first=Joanne|title=Wicca and the Christian Heritage: Ritual, sex and magic|year=2007|isbn=978-0-203-96198-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Au_paUclEZkC|access-date=3 May 2013}}</ref>{{rp|page=129}} a broader term that also includes a scholar, teacher, priest, intellectual, researcher, scientist, knowledge-seeker, or knowledge worker.<ref>{{Wiktionary-inline|brahmin}}</ref>
}} Aiya wrote that Alvares, an educated man and the editor of a Catholic journal, was a priest in the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Goa and Daman|Metropolitan Archdiocese of Goa]]. Failing to maintain amicable relations with the Patriarch of the East Indies, Alvares left the {{abbr|RCC|Roman Catholic Church}} and joined Mar Dionysius the Metropolitan in [[Kottayam]] who consecrated Alvares as bishop.<ref name="Aiya1906" />{{efn|Marx and Blied noted that Fortescue believed Alvares was consecrated by the reformed group.<ref name="MarxBlied1942a">{{cite journal|location=Milwaukee, WI|publisher=Alumni Association of St. Francis Seminary|journal=The Salesianum|issn=0740-6525|volume=37|issue=1|date=January 1942|pages=1–8|title=Joseph Rene Vilatte|last1=Marx|first1=Joseph A|last2=Blied|first2=Benjamin J|hdl=2027/wu.89064467475}}</ref>{{rp|page=7}}<ref name="Fortescue1913" />}} Later, he returned with the title of Alvares Mar Julius ''Archbishop of Ceylon, Goa and the Indies'', and involved in his schism about 20 parishes in the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Jaffna]] and in the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Colombo]] on the island.<ref name="Bartas1904" /><ref name="MarxBlied1942a" />{{rp|page=6}}

Michael Roberts, in ''Sri Lanka Journal of Social Science'', describes three groups within early nationalism in British Ceylon. The most prominent group, "ultra-moderate constitutionalists", with culture and [[value system]] significantly [[westernised]], whose main goal was greater participation in government; the second group, "mild-radicals", represented by leaders like Pinto, was a [[labour movement]] with [[political radicalism]] and interest in more radical trade unions; the third group, "religio-cultural revitalists", [[traditional values]] [[Sinhalese people|Sinhalese]] [[Buddhism in Sri Lanka|Buddhists]] "which expressed militant objection to changes produced by Western penetration." Roberts wrote all three groups interacted with the others and had indigenous, [[Indian people|Indian]], and [[Burgher people]] among members, in a complex social tapestry whose members also changed group affiliations over time.<ref name="Roberts1981">{{cite journal|location=Colombo |publisher=Social Science Research Centre, National Science Council of Sri Lanka |journal=Sri Lanka Journal of Social Science |issn=0258-9710 |volume=4 |issue=2 |year=1981 |last=Roberts |first=Michael |title=Hobgoblins, low-country Sinhalese plotters, or local elite chauvinists? |pages=83–126 |url=http://dl.nsf.ac.lk/bitstream/1/5012/1/JSS4_2_83.pdf |access-date=21 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219030128/http://dl.nsf.ac.lk/bitstream/1/5012/1/JSS4_2_83.pdf |archive-date=19 December 2013 |url-status=live |df=dmy }}</ref>{{rp|page=88}} A strike at the largest publisher in [[Colombo]], influenced by Pinto's propaganda, took place in September 1893. The next day, Pinto became president of the newly formed printers union. "The main grievances of the printers included low pay and bad working and living conditions."<ref name="ColinThome1985">{{cite journal|location=Colombo |publisher=Dutch Burgher Union of Ceylon |journal=Journal of the Dutch Burgher Union of Ceylon |oclc=29656108 |volume=62 |issue=1–4 |date=Jan–Dec 1985 |title=The Portuguese Burghers and the Dutch Burghers of Sri Lanka |last=Colin-Thome |first=Percy |pages=199, 216 |url=http://www.dutchburgherunion.org/journals/vol_61_70/JDBU%20Vol%2062%20No%201-4%20-%201985(1).pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629134543/http://www.dutchburgherunion.org/journals/vol_61_70/JDBU%20Vol%2062%20No%201-4%20-%201985(1).pdf |archive-date=29 June 2015 |url-status=live |df=dmy }}</ref>{{rp|page=199}}{{efn|See {{cite book|location=Durham, NC|publisher=Duke University Press|last=Jayawardena|first=Kumari|title=The rise of the labor movement in Ceylon|year=1972|isbn=0-8223-0268-3|pages=93–97}}<ref name="ColinThome1985" />{{rp|pages=199, 216}}}}

According to Peter-Ben Smit, in ''Old Catholic and Philippine Independent Ecclesiologies in History'', the [[Union of Utrecht (Old Catholic)|Union of Utrecht]]'s (UU) [[International Old Catholic Bishops' Conference]] (IBC) discussed a {{abbr|ICMoC|Independent Catholic Mission of Ceylon}} request for admission in 1902. Smit observed that past "experiences had made ... the {{abbr|IBC|International Old Catholic Bishops' Conference}} cautious, which in his opinion was a reason for the failure of contacts with groups in ... Ceylon ... and other countries to develop into relationships of full communion."<ref name="Smit2011">{{cite book|location=Leiden|publisher=Brill|series=Brill's Series in Church History|issn=1572-4107|volume=52|last=Smit|first=Peter-Ben|title=Old Catholic and Philippine Independent Ecclesiologies in History: The Catholic Church in every place|year=2011|isbn=978-9004206472|pages=50, 180–285|doi=10.1163/9789004214989_004|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rE3HEeoXJNsC&pg=PA197}}</ref>{{rp||pages=193,196}} ''La Croix'', ''Catholic Messenger'' of Ceylon reported that the Alvares schism ended in 1902.<ref>
{{cite news|location=Paris|newspaper=La Croix|issn=0242-6412|language=fr|date=12 July 1902|page=3|title=La fin d'un schisme aux Indes|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k219764v/f3.image|access-date=16 September 2013}}
</ref> Bartas did not recount the significance of Alvares' ideology,{{efn|For Alvares' [[swadeshi movement|swadeshi]] mindset see {{cite news|location=Panaji, IN|publisher=Navhind Papers & Publications|work=Navhind Times|edition=online|oclc=60632493|date=29 April 2012|last=Kamat|first=Pratima P|title=Remembering H G Alvares: Mar Julius|url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/panorama/remembering-h-g-alvares-mar-julius|access-date=3 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220225717/http://www.navhindtimes.in/panorama/remembering-h-g-alvares-mar-julius|archive-date=20 December 2013|url-status=dead}}}} he only noted that the schism, around 1902, intended to convert corporately, to eastern orthodoxy. The cathedral in Colombo had one priest, Alvares, fairly advanced in age. He and his parishioners asked the [[Holy Synod]] of the [[Church of Greece]], in [[Athens]], to accept them under its jurisdiction and to send them an officiating priest preaching in Latin and English. Bartas wrote:
{{blockquote|A Greek Orthodox priest, delegated by the Holy Synod in Athens, to celebrate the Latin Mass and deliver the English sermons, in an independent Catholic Church of Ceylon in the cathedral of the priest who became Archbishop of Goa Indo-Ceylon by the grace of a Jacobite bishop of Malabar; that is the answer to a purely indigenous hierarchy, that ... Pinto and Alvarez demanded so loudly at the beginning of their schism!<ref name="Bartas1904" />|sign=|source=}}
But the Greek Holy Synod reflected on information provided by the [[Archimandrite]] Germain Kazakis, head of the Orthodox settlement of [[Calcutta]], in addition to the parishioners' application in which they declared themselves Orthodox but still held Roman Catholic liturgies, sacraments, and devotions. According to Smit, "presumably seeing an analogy between the respective emergences of the two churches," Stephen Silva, the {{abbr|ICMoC|Independent Catholic Mission of Ceylon}} secretary, complained to [[Gregorio Aglipay]] of the [[Philippine Independent Church]] in 1903 that the {{abbr|ICMoC|Independent Catholic Mission of Ceylon}} "cannot get sufficient priests to work independently of Rome."<ref name="Smit2011" />{{rp|page=258}} Bartas wrote, in 1904 that the Greek Holy Synod "will undoubtedly continue to defer its response" under these conditions.<ref name="Bartas1904" /> Smit mentioned that the {{abbr|ICMoC|Independent Catholic Mission of Ceylon}} also failed to create "a relationship with the Greek Orthodox Church in the 1910s."<ref name="Smit2011" />{{rp|page=258}} In 1913, [[Adrian Fortescue]] described Alvares' faction, in ''[[The Lesser Eastern Churches]]'', as "chiefly famous for the begging letters they write and the doubt they cause to people who receive these letters as to who exactly they may be."<ref name="Fortescue1913">{{cite book|location=London|publisher=[[Catholic Truth Society]]|last=Fortescue|first=Adrian|author-link=Adrian Fortescue|title=The Lesser Eastern Churches|year=1913|oclc=551695750|page=372|url=https://archive.org/download/lessereasternchu00fortuoft/lessereasternchu00fortuoft.pdf|access-date=17 February 2013|archive-url=https://archive.org/details/lessereasternchu00fortuoft|archive-date=21 June 2006|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Apostle of charity==
{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2013}}
In 1871, he started a charitable association in Panaji to render help to the poor, beginning with wandering beggars. After a few years he extended the association to other cities in Goa. During the last ten years of his life he concentrated his activities in Panaji. He worked with the poor and destitute as well as [[leprosy|lepers]] and [[tuberculosis]] patients.<ref name=BOCUK />{{explain|reason=Was this supported by a colonial government to isolate leprosy and tuberculosis victims?|date=December 2013}} He was a [[beggar]] without an income. One day Alvares requested a shopkeeper for a contribution, but the shopkeeper spat in the bowl. Without getting angry, Alvares said, "All right, I shall keep this for me. Now, give something for the poor." The shopkeeper contributed generously.

==Excommunication from the Roman Catholic Church==
After joining the Orthodox Church, Alvares was [[excommunicated]] from the Roman Catholic Church.<ref name=SL1>{{cite web |url= https://san-luigi.org/2013/09/23/90th-anniversary-of-the-passing-of-mar-julius-i-alvarez/ |title= 90th anniversary of the passing of Mar Julius I Alvarez |last= Kersey |first= John |date= 23 September 2013 |website= The Abbey-Principality of San Luigi and the Catholicate of the West |publisher= |access-date= 27 January 2026 |quote=}}</ref> He was persecuted by the Catholic Church and the Portuguese Government.<ref name=BODC1 /><ref>{{cite book
|last=Daniel|first=David
|title=St Thomas Christians
|page=245
}}{{Place missing|date=December 2013}}{{Publisher missing|date=December 2013}}{{Year missing|date=December 2013}}
</ref> Though he was advised by some of his old friends to reunite with the Catholic Church, especially when he was very sick, he refused and stuck to his Orthodox faith.

==Death==
Alvares died of [[dysentery]] on 23 September 1923 in Ribandar hospital, a charitable institution.<ref name=BODC1>{{cite web |url= https://bodc.in/spiritual-father-details/eyJpdiI6IkVabkVTMzN0ZEQ3bEQ3ZjkydGpmUWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiVXdSa1huN01JUWpUZkVOWHM3WERaQT09IiwibWFjIjoiNDZiNDAzYTBmYzgzZDlhOTIwOWMwYTM0OWZmYTM0N2NiZTk3NjI1ZTcwMDk4NGMwYTY1MGEyODJjMTk2ODllZSIsInRhZyI6IiJ9 |title= Late Lamented H.G. Alvares Mar Julius |last= |first= |date= |website= Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church (Diocese of Bombay) |publisher= |access-date= 27 January 2026 |quote=}}</ref>

==Veneration==

[[Image:Holy Cross.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Alvares' grave prior to disinterment|Alvares' grave prior to disinterment]]
In 1927, his bones were collected by his friends and admirers{{Who|date=July 2010}}, placed in a lead box and reburied, under a marble slab. The slab was inscribed with the inscription "{{lang|pt|Em Memoria De Padre Antonio Francisco Xavier Alvares}}, {{sic|Di|ue|expected=Quem|nolink=y}} {{lang|pt|Foi Mui Humanitario Missionario E Um}} {{sic|Gra|de|expected=Grande|nolink=y}} {{lang|pt|Patriota}}" (In memory of priest Antonio Francisco Xavier Alvares, who was very humanitarian missionary and a great patriot) and the largest cross in the cemetery.<ref name=BODC1 />

In 1967, John Geevarghese, the first resident Vicar of St. Mary's Orthodox Church, Goa, rediscovered the forgotten grave of Alvares, and brought Metropolitan Mathews Mar Athanasios of the Outside Kerala Diocese to Goa to conduct services befitting an Orthodox bishop at the burial site.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://alvaresthirumeni.in/former-vicars|title=Former Vicars|publisher = St Mary's Orthodox Syrian Church}}</ref> A small church was constructed in Ribandar and, in 1979, Alvares' remains were disinterred and placed in the church by Metropolitan Philipose Mar Theophilos of the Bombay diocese.
[[Image:Goa Ribandar Church 1.JPG|thumb|right|alt=St. Mary's Orthodox Syrian church in Ribandar|St. Mary's Orthodox Syrian church, Ribandar. The location of Alvares' entombed remains]]
When the St. Mary's church was reconstructed in the same place, Alvares' remains were moved to the present [[ossuary]] which was specially made on the side of the [[altar]] by Moran Mar [[Baselios Mar Thoma Mathews II]], [[Catholicos of the East and Malankara Metropolitan|Catholicos of the East]], on 6 October 2001.

Alvares' remains are entombed at St. Mary's Orthodox church in Ribandar.<ref name=BODC1 /> Although the congregation was small, the Brahmavar Orthodox Community has survived almost a century after Alvares' death. His dukrono (memorial feast) is celebrated at St. Mary's Orthodox Syrian church in Ribandar during the week of 23 September every year.<ref name=SL1 /><ref name=BODC1 />

== Works or publications ==

*{{cite book|last=Alvares |first=A F X |author-link=Antonio Francisco Xavier Alvares|display-authors=0 |year=1898 |title=Universal Supremacy in the Church of Christ ... Abridged from the original in Portuguese |location=Colombo |publisher=Clifton Press |oclc=771049027}} <ref name=SL1 />
*{{cite book|location=Ceylon|publisher=Victoria Press|last=Alvares|first=A F X|author-link=Antonio Francisco Xavier Alvares|display-authors=0|title=Directions for the Treatment of Cholera ...|year=1896|edition=2nd|type=pamphlet|oclc=771049026}} <ref name=SL1 />

Alvares was also involved with several newspapers, including ''O Progresso de Goa'', ''The Times of Goa'', ''A Cruz'', ''A Verdade'' and ''O Brado Indiano''.<ref name=BOCUK />


==Notes and references==

===Notes===
{{Notelist}}

===References===
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|last1=Alexander |first1=George |last2=Philip |first2=Ajesh |year=2018 |title=Western rites of syriac-malankara orthodox churches |edition=1st |publisher=OCP Publications |isbn=978-1387803163 }}
*{{cite book|location=[[Panaji|Panjim]], IN|publisher=Azevedo|last=Azevedo|first=Carmo|title=Patriot & Saint: The life story of Father Alvares/Bishop Mar Julius I|lccn=88905901|oclc=556945748|year=1988|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8kDkAAAAMAAJ|access-date=12 May 2013}}
*{{cite news|location=[[Panaji]], IN|publisher=Navhind Papers & Publications|work=[[Navhind Times]]|edition=online|oclc=60632493|date=29 April 2012|last=Kamat|first=Pratima P|title=Remembering H G Alvares: Mar Julius|url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/panorama/remembering-h-g-alvares-mar-julius|access-date=3 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220225717/http://www.navhindtimes.in/panorama/remembering-h-g-alvares-mar-julius|archive-date=20 December 2013|url-status=dead}}


*{{cite book|location=New Delhi|publisher=Oxford University Press|series=SOAS studies on South Asia
|last=Pinto|first=Rochelle
|title=Between empires: print and politics in Goa|year=2007|isbn=978-0195690477|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0l6cAAAAMAAJ
}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Alvares, Antonio Francisco Xavier}}
[[Category:19th-century Indian Roman Catholic priests]]
[[Category:Scholars from Goa]]
[[Category:People from Verna, Goa]]
[[Category:1836 births]]
[[Category:1923 deaths]]
[[Category:Christian missionaries in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Colonial Goa]]
[[Category:People acquitted of treason]]
[[Category:People excommunicated by the Catholic Church]]
[[Category:Oriental Orthodox missionaries]]
[[Category:Converts to Oriental Orthodoxy from Roman Catholicism]]

Patrick Spens, 1st Baron Spens

2026-04-11T13:16:12Z

HectorOtoole: Adding The Details First Draft...

{{Short description|British lawyer, judge and Conservative politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[The Right Honourable]]
| name = The Lord Spens
| honorific_suffix = [[Order of the British Empire|KBE]] [[Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council|PC]] [[King's Counsel|QC]]
| image = Patrick Spens, 1st Baron Spens, in 1950.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Spens in 1950
| order1 = [[Chief Justice of India]]
| term_start1 = 1943
| term_end1 = 1947
| monarch1 = [[George VI of the United Kingdom|George VI]]
| prime_minister1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Srinivas Varadachariar]] {{small|(acting)}}
| successor1 = [[H. J. Kania]]
| order2 = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Kensington South (UK Parliament constituency)|Kensington South]]
| term_start2 = 23 February 1950
| term_end2 = 18 September 1959
| prime_minister2 =
| predecessor2 = [[Richard Law, 1st Baron Coleraine|Richard Law]]
| successor2 = [[William Roots]]
| order3 = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Ashford (UK Parliament constituency)|Ashford]]
| term_start3 = 17 March 1933
| term_end3 = 1943
| prime_minister3 =
| predecessor3 = [[Michael Knatchbull, 5th Baron Brabourne|Michael Knatchbull]]
| successor3 = [[Edward Percy Smith]]
| birth_name = William Patrick Spens
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1885|08|09}}
| birth_place = [[Glasgow]], [[Lanarkshire]], [[Scotland]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1973|11|15|1885|08|09}}
| death_place = [[Maidstone]], [[Kent]], [[England]]
| party = [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
| alma_mater = [[New College, Oxford]]
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|Hilda Mary Bowyer|15 September 1913|5 March 1962|end=d}}
* {{marriage|Kathleen Annie Fedden Dodds|25 May 1963}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Spens, Baron (UK, 1959)|url=http://www.cracroftspeerage.co.uk/spens1959.htm|website=Cracoft's Peerage|accessdate=25 April 2017}}</ref>
}}
| children =
}}

'''William Patrick Spens, 1st Baron Spens''', [[Order of the British Empire|KBE]], [[Privy Council of the United Kingdom|PC]], [[King's Counsel|QC]] (9 August 1885 – 15 November 1973) was a British lawyer, judge and [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] politician. He served as [[Chief Justice of India]] from 1943 to 1947.

== Biography ==
Spens was the eldest of the six children of Nathaniel Spens, a chartered accountant and managing director of state liquidation, born in [[Glasgow]] and of [[Frimley]], [[Surrey]], and Emily Jessie Connal.<ref>[http://www.1901censusonline.com/ 1901 census] Retrieved 2013-07-16</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=pcdPAAAAcAAJ&dq=%22nathaniel+spens%22&pg=PA495 ''The Scottish Nation; or the Surnames, Families, Literature, Honours and Biographical History of the People of Scotland''] William Anderson (1867), A Fullarton, Edinburgh</ref><ref>''[[The London Gazette]]'' 21 July 1891 p 3894</ref> His parents were of [[Scotland|Scottish]] descent. Spens was educated at [[Rugby School|Rugby]] and [[New College, Oxford]], and was called to the Bar by the [[Inner Temple]] in 1910. He served in the [[First World War]] as an adjutant in the 5th battalion of the [[Queen's Royal Regiment]]. After the war Spens started practising as a lawyer and became a [[King's Counsel]] (KC) in 1925. He unsuccessfully contested [[St Pancras South West (UK Parliament constituency)|St Pancras South West]] in the 1929 general election, but was elected for [[Ashford (UK Parliament constituency)|Ashford]] in 1933. In 1943 Spens was unexpectedly appointed [[Chief Justice of India]]. He retained this post until 1947.

He served from 1947 to 1948 as chairman of the tribunal set up to arbitrate between Indian judges disagreeing over the concept and substance of the [[Partition of India]] which had been announced by [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Lord Mountbatten]] and was being detailed by Sir [[Cyril Radcliffe]]'s two boundary commissions (one for [[Bengal]], one for present-day [[Pakistan]]).<ref>Smitha, F. [http://www.fsmitha.com/h2/ch23brit.htm The US and Britain in Asia, to 1960]. MacroHistory website, 2001.</ref><ref>Read, A. and Fisher, D. (1997). The Proudest Day: India's Long Road to Independence. New York: Norton pp 440-470</ref>

Spens returned to [[United Kingdom|Britain]] in 1949, and the following year he was elected as [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] (MP) for [[Kensington South (UK Parliament constituency)|Kensington South]]. He stood down from Parliament in its recall for the [[1959 United Kingdom general election|1959 general election]].

Spens was [[Knight Bachelor|knighted]] in 1943, appointed a [[Order of the British Empire|KBE]] in 1948 and admitted to the [[Privy Council of the United Kingdom|Privy Council]] in 1953. After his retirement from the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] in 1959 he was raised to the peerage as '''Baron Spens''', of Blairsanquhar in the [[Fife|County of Fife]].

Spens married firstly Hilda Mary, daughter of Wentworth Grenville Bowyer, in 1913. They had two sons, and a daughter. Patricia Mary Spens was born in 1919, and joined the Special Operations Executive (SOE) in 1942.<ref>https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C17244065</ref>

After his first wife's death in 1962 he married secondly Kathleen Annie Fedden, daughter of Roger Dodds. Lord Spens died in November 1973, aged 88. He was succeeded in the barony by his eldest and only surviving son, [[William Spens, 2nd Baron Spens|William]].

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
*Blake, Lord, Nicholls, C. S (editors). ''The Dictionary of National Biography, 1971-1980''. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986.
*Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). ''Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage'' (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990, {{Page needed |date=February 2013}}

== External links ==
* {{Hansard-contribs | mr-william-spens | Patrick Spens }}

{{S-start}}
{{s-par|uk}}
{{succession box
| title = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Ashford (UK Parliament constituency)|Ashford]]
| years = [[1933 Ashford by-election|1933]]–[[1943 Ashford by-election|1943]]
| before = [[Michael Knatchbull, 5th Baron Brabourne|Michael Knatchbull]]
| after = [[Edward Percy Smith]]
}}
{{succession box
| title = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Kensington South (UK Parliament constituency)|Kensington South]]
| years = [[1950 United Kingdom general election|1950]]–[[1959 United Kingdom general election|1959]]
| before = [[Richard Law, 1st Baron Coleraine|Richard Kidston Law]]
| after = [[William Lloyd Roots]]
}}
{{s-reg|uk}}
{{s-new | creation }}
{{s-ttl
| title = [[Baron Spens]]
| years = 1959–1973
}}
{{s-aft | after = [[William Spens, 2nd Baron Spens|William Spens]] }}
{{S-end}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Spens, Patrick}}
[[Category:1885 births]]
[[Category:1973 deaths]]
[[Category:Nobility from Glasgow]]
[[Category:People educated at Rugby School]]
[[Category:Alumni of New College, Oxford]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of World War I]]
[[Category:Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Chairmen of the 1922 Committee]]
[[Category:Chief justices of India]]
[[Category:British people in British India]]
[[Category:Queen's Royal Regiment officers]]
[[Category:Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1931–1935]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1935–1945]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1950–1951]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1951–1955]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1955–1959]]
[[Category:UK MPs who were granted peerages]]
[[Category:Hereditary barons created by Elizabeth II]]

Gujarati people

2026-04-09T14:34:38Z

HectorOtoole: expand citations as per guidelines and updated info per sources

{{Short description|Indo-Aryan ethnolinguistic group}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2015}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Gujaratis
| native_name =
| image = [[File:Traditional Folk dance garba dress.jpg|250px]]
| caption = Gujaratis in traditional [[Garba (dance)|garba]] attire
| population = '''{{Circa|60 million}}'''<ref>{{cite journal|title=Narendra Modi between Hindutva and subnationalism: The Gujarati asmita of a Hindu Hriday Samrat|first1=Christophe|last1=Jaffrelot|date=2016-05-09|pages=196–217|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis Group]]|journal=India Review|volume=15|issue=2|doi=10.1080/14736489.2016.1165557|s2cid=156137272}}</ref>
| region1 = India
| pop1 = 55,492,554<ref name="1971-2001">{{Cite report|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf|title=Census of India: Comparative speaker's strength of Scheduled Languages-1951, 1961, 1971, 1981, 1991, 2001 and 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627064326/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf |archive-date=27 June 2018}}</ref>
| region2 = United States
| pop2 = 455,292<ref>{{cite web|last1= Dietrich|first1=Sandy|last2= Hernandez|first2=Erik|series=American Community Survey Reports|title=Language Use in the United States: 2019
|website=United States Census Bureau |date=August 2022|url=https://www.census.gov/library/publications/2022/acs/acs-50.html}}</ref>
| region3 = Canada
| pop3 = 209,410<ref name="gujarati2021"/>{{efn|name=population}}
| region4 = United Kingdom
| pop4 = 189,000<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/language/bulletins/languageenglandandwales/census2021 |title=Language, England and Wales: Census 2021
|author= |date=2022 |website=Office for National Statistics |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}
</ref>
| region5 = Australia
| pop5 = 81,334<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/people-and-communities/cultural-diversity-census/2021/Cultural%20diversity%20data%20summary.xlsx|title=Census of Population and Housing: Cultural Diversity Data Summary|website=Australian Bureau of Statistics|access-date=}}</ref>
| region6 = New Zealand
| pop6 = 22,200<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.stats.govt.nz/assets/Uploads/2018-Census-totals-by-topic/Download-data/2018-census-totals-by-topic-national-highlights.xlsx|title=New Zealand|website=Stats New Zealand|access-date=2021-12-30}}</ref>
| langs = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| religions = '''Majority''':<br/>[[File:Om.svg|15px]] [[Hinduism]]<br>'''Minority''':<br>{{hlist|[[File:Star and Crescent.svg|15px]] [[Islam]]|[[File:Jain Prateek Chihna.svg|12px]] [[Jainism]]|}}
| related = {{hlist|[[Saurashtra people]]|[[Kutchi people]]|other [[Indo-Aryan peoples]]}}
}}
The '''Gujarati people''', or '''Gujaratis''', are an [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] [[ethnolinguistic group]] native to the Indian state of [[Gujarat]]. They primarily speak [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], an Indo-Aryan language. Gujaratis have [[Gujarati diaspora|diaspora]] across India as well in a large number of countries around the world.<ref>{{cite book|author1=M. K. Gandhi|title=Hind Swaraj: Indian Home Rule|date=2014|publisher=Sarva Seva Sangh Prakashan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=29hvBgAAQBAJ&q=swaraj,+gujaratis|access-date=11 December 2015|isbn=9789383982165}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Minahan|first1=James B.|title=Ethnic groups of South Asia and the Pacific : an encyclopedia|date=2012|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=Santa Barbara, Calif.|isbn=978-1598846591|page=90|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=abNDLZQ6quYC&q=gujaratis,+indian+independence&pg=PA90|access-date=12 December 2015|quote=Anti-British sentiment led to a strong Gujarati participation in the Indian independence movement.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Yagnik|first1=Achyut|last2=Sheth|first2=Suchitra|title=The shaping of modern Gujarat : plurality, Hindutva, and beyond|date=2005|publisher=Penguin Books|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-0144000388|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wmKIiAPgnF0C&q=shaping+of+modern+gujarat|access-date=12 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Gujarati communities across the globe : memory, identity and continuity|date=2012|publisher=Trentham Books|others=Mawani, Sharmina., Mukadam, Anjoom A.|isbn=9781858565026|location=Stoke-on-Trent|oclc=779242654}}</ref>

==Geographical locations==
Despite significant migration primarily for economic reasons, most Gujaratis in India live in the state of [[Gujarat]] in Western India.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=A. Didar|last2=Rajan|first2=S. Irudaya|title=Politics of Migration: Indian Emigration in a Globalised World|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317412243|page=141|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VgbgCgAAQBAJ&q=GUJARATIS,+ECONOMIC+MIGRATIONS&pg=PA138|language=en|quote=Gujarat has a very strong history of migration. The ancient Gujaratis were known for their trading with other countries. The Mercantile caste of western India, including Gujarat, has participated in overseas trade for many centuries and, as new opportunities arose in different parts of the British Empire, they were among the first to emigrate... The Gujarati Diaspora community is well known for their legendary entrepreneurship.|date=6 November 2015}}</ref> Gujaratis also form a significant part of the populations in the neighbouring metropolis of [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region|Mumbai]] and [[union territory]] of [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]], formerly [[Portuguese Empire|colonial possessions]] of [[Portugal]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bhargava|editor1=S.C. Bhatt |editor2=Gopal K.|title=Daman & Diu|date=2006|publisher=Kalpaz publ.|location=Delhi|isbn=978-81-7835-389-0|page=17|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3IWXh-6zDe8C&q=daman+and+diu,+portuguese&pg=PA18|access-date=4 February 2015}}</ref> There are very large Gujarati immigrant communities in other parts of India, most notably in [[Mumbai]],<ref>{{cite book|last1=Blank|first1=Jonah|title=Mullahs on the Mainframe: Islam and Modernity Among the Daudi Bohras|publisher=The University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-05677-7|page=47|quote=Modern-day Mumbai is the capital of the state of Maharashtra, but until the creation of this state in 1960 the city has always been as closely linked to Gujarati culture as it has been to Marathi culture. During most of the colonial period, Gujaratis held the preponderance of economic and political power.|date=15 March 2002}}</ref> [[Pune]], [[Delhi]], [[Kolkata]], [[Chennai]], [[Bangalore]]<ref>{{cite book|author1=Raymond Brady Williams|title=A New Face of Hinduism: The Swaminarayan Religion|publisher=Cambridge University Press 1984|isbn=978-0-521-25454-0|page=117|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AHI7AAAAIAAJ&q=Oman,+gujaratis&pg=PA170|access-date=4 February 2015|date=15 March 1984}}</ref> and other cities like [[Kochi]].<ref name="cc">{{cite web | url=http://www.countercurrents.org/shaji230607.htm | title=Rubber Boom Raises Hope Of Repatriates | publisher=Counter Currents | access-date=16 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article191293.ece |title=Gujarat should learn from Kerala - The New Indian Express |access-date=16 February 2015 |archive-date=17 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117035914/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article191293.ece |url-status=dead }}</ref> All throughout history.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Edward A. Alpers|title=Ivory and Slaves: Changing Pattern of International Trade in East Central Africa|date=1975|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-02689-6|page=88|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uKYYwVTyOm0C&q=virji+vora&pg=PA88|access-date=4 February 2015|quote=In the early 1660s, Surat merchants had 50 ships trading overseas, and the wealthiest of these, Virji Vora had an estate valued at perhaps 8 million rupees...}}</ref> Gujaratis have earned a reputation as merchants, industrialists and business [[entrepreneur]]s<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mehta|first1=Makrand|title=Indian merchants and entrepreneurs in historical perspective : with special reference to shroffs of Gujarat, 17th to 19th centuries|date=1991|publisher=Academic Foundation|location=Delhi|isbn=978-8171880171|pages=21, 27|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9lz3gNDMbWEC&q=gujarati+business,+ancient&pg=PA21|access-date=29 October 2015|quote=The Gujarat region situated in the western part of India is known for its business activities since ancient times. The region has been agriculturally fertile and it also contains a long sea-coast enabling the merchants to undertake overseas trade. Thevenot held the Gujarati merchants in high esteem. Commending them for their skills in the currency business he states that he saw some 15000 banians in Ispahan, the capital of Persia operating exclusively as money-lenders and sharafs. He compared them with the Jews of Turkey and pointed out that they had their own residential settlements at Basra and Ormuz where they had constructed their temples.}}</ref> and have therefore been at forefront of migrations all over the world, particularly to regions that were part of the [[British Empire]] such as [[Fiji]], [[Hong Kong]], [[British Malaya|Malaya]], [[Singapore]], [[East Africa]], and [[South Africa]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Kalpana Hiralal|title=Indian Family Businesses in Natal, 1870 – 1950|publisher=Natal Society Foundation 2010|url=http://www.natalia.org.za/Files/38/Natalia%2038%20pp27-37%20C.pdf|access-date=4 February 2015}}</ref> Diasporas and transnational networks in many of these countries date back to more than a century.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Poros|first1=Maritsa V.|title=Modern Migrations Gujarati Indian Networks in New York and London.|date=2010|publisher=Stanford University Press|location=Palo Alto|isbn=978-0804775830|page=10|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Twg4HqWJ65sC&q=gujaratis,+transnational+network&pg=PA16|quote=However, Gujaratis have been migrating as part of wide-ranging trade diasporas for centuries, long before capitalist development became concentrated in Europe and the United States.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author1=Vinay Lal|title=Diaspora Purana: The Indic Presence in World Culture|url=https://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/Diaspora/indic_presence.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031002225600/http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/Diaspora/indic_presence.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 October 2003|access-date=22 October 2015|quote=Most historians, even those who have sought to move away from the narratives furnished by the framework of colonial knowledge, are unable to begin their narrative of the Indian diaspora before the nineteenth century, but the Gujaratis had justly established a diasporic presence in the early part of the second millennium. So renowned had the Gujaratis become for their entrepreneurial spirit, commercial networks, and business acumen that a bill of credit issued by a Gujarati merchant would be honored as far as 5,000 miles away merely on the strength of the community's business reputation. They traversed the vast spaces of the Indian Ocean world with confidence, and a Gujarati pilot guided [[Vasco da Gama]]'s ship to India... Under Portuguese rule, the Indian Ocean trading system went into precipitous decline, and not until the nineteenth century did the Gujarati diaspora find a new lease of life. Gujarati traders migrated under the British dispensation in large numbers to Kenya, Tanganyika, South Africa, and Fiji, among other places, and Mohandas Gandhi, himself a Gujarati, has recorded that the early political proceedings of the Indian community in South Africa were conducted in the Gujarati language. In East Africa their presence was so prominent that banknotes in Kenya, before the country acquired independence, had inscriptions in Gujarati. Khojas, or Gujarati Ismailis, flourished and even occupied positions as teachers and educators in Muslim countries around the world.}}</ref> In recent decades, larger numbers of Gujaratis have migrated to [[English-speaking world|English-speaking countries]] such as the [[United States]] (especially [[New Jersey]]), [[United Kingdom]], [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]], and [[Canada]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Seeing Krishna in America The Hindu Bhakti Tradition of Vallabhacharya in India and Its Movement to the West.|date=2014|publisher=McFarland Publishing|isbn=9780786459735|pages=48, 49|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BWQMBAAAQBAJ&q=gujarati+migration,+america&pg=PA49|access-date=24 October 2015|quote=Among Gujaratis, emigration from India has a long history that has also affected Pushtimargiyas. As a seacoast mercantile population, the migration patterns of Gujaratis are ancient and may extend back over two millennia.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author1=Peggy Levitt|title=Towards an Understanding of Transnational Community Forms and Their Impact on Immigrant Incorporation|url=https://migration.ucdavis.edu/rs/more.php?id=47|website=research & seminars|access-date=25 October 2015|quote=In the Indian case, though organizational arrangements encourage U.S. and sending-country involvements, and the community displays high levels of economic and political integration, the goals of participation in home-country groups, the requirements of membership, and the insular social milieu in which participation occurs, reinforces homeland ties. Gujaratis may become the most transnational of groups because they assimilate selectively into the U.S. and maintain strong sending-country attachments}}</ref>

==History==
{{Main|History of Gujarat}}

[[File:Ludovico-di-Varthema-King-of-Khambat-16th-century-India.jpg|thumb|The king of Cambay (in present-day Gujarat) from "Figurae variae Asiae et Africae," a 16th-century Portuguese manuscript in the Casanatense Library in Rome (Codex Casanatense 1889)]]
In anthropological surveys conducted in India about 60% of the people claim that their community is a migrant to their state or region. In Gujarat that number is around 70%. In the state, 124 Hindu communities out of 186 claim a migrant past. For example, the [[Audichya Brahmins]] claim migration from present day Uttar Pradesh. With Muslims in Gujarat, 67 out of 86 communities claim a migrant past.<ref name="YājñikaSheth2005">{{cite book|author1=Acyuta Yājñika|author2=Suchitra Sheth|title=The Shaping of Modern Gujarat: Plurality, Hindutva, and Beyond|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wmKIiAPgnF0C&pg=PR9|year=2005|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-400038-8|pages=2–3}}</ref>

Early European travellers like [[Ludovico di Varthema]] (15th century) travelled to Gujarat and wrote on the people of Gujarat. He noted that [[Jainism in Gujarat|Jainism]] had a strong presence in Gujarat and opined that Gujaratis were deprived of their kingdom by Mughals because of their kind heartedness. His description of Gujaratis was:<ref>André Wink (1997) ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=75FlxDhZWpwC&q=heathens&pg=PA434 Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: The Slavic Kings and the Islamic conquest]'', BRILL {{ISBN|90-04-10236-1}} pp.355–356</ref>

{{cquote|...a certain race which eats nothing that has blood, never kills any living things... and these people are neither moors nor heathens... if they were baptized, they would all be saved by the virtue of their works, for they never do to others what they would not do unto them.}}

In 1790 and 1791, an epidemic devastated numerous parts of Gujarat during which 100,000 Gujaratis were killed in [[Surat]] alone.<ref>{{cite book|page=193|title=Eighteenth-Century Gujarat: The Dynamics of Its Political Economy, 1750-1800|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=En_heITTXCoC&pg=PA193|author=Ghulam A. Nadri|isbn=978-9004172029|year=2009|publisher=BRILL }}</ref>

An outbreak of [[bubonic plague]] in 1812 has been claimed to have killed about half the Gujarati population.<ref name="PetersenChen2017">{{cite book|author1=Eskild Petersen|author2=Lin Hwei Chen|author3=Patricia Schlagenhauf-Lawlor|title=Infectious Diseases: A Geographic Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VPEjDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA8|date=14 February 2017|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-1-119-08573-7|page=8}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=July 1906 |title=The Indian Medical Gazette July 1906 |journal= |issue=The Indian Medical Gazette |s2cid=33053536 }}</ref>

===Gujarati mercantile history===
Ports on the western coast of India have been engaged in trade for millennia. During the medieval and early modern period, ports in Gujarat such as [[Diu, India|Diu]], [[Surat]], [[Mandavi]], [[Cambay]], and [[Porbandar]] became important. Gujarati merchants operating from these ports operated not only in the Indian Ocean in the west but also in Southeast Asia. It is estimated that there were 1000 Gujarati merchants resident in [[Malacca]] in fifteenth century with a thousand others operating in the [[Bay of Bengal]] and [[Indonesian archipelago]]. Most of the Gujarati traders were Muslims but there were Hindu and Jains too despite religious prohibitions.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=McPherson |first=Kenneth |date=1988 |title=Maritime Passenger Traffic in the Indian Ocean Region Before the Nineteenth Century |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/41562611 |journal=The Great Circle |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=49–61 |jstor=41562611 |issn=0156-8698}}</ref> Gujarati merchants operating in Southeast Asia were primarily involved exporting India cotton to Southeast Asia in exchange for spices from the islands which were then exported to Persia. Surat was the principal port for this trade.<ref>Tracy, J. D. (1999). Asian Despotism? Mughal Government as Seen From the Dutch East India Company Factory in Surat. Journal of Early Modern History, 3(3), 256-280. {{doi|10.1163/157006599X00260}}</ref> Gujaratis played a big part in the Indian ocean trade. The Portuguese explorer [[Vasco de Gama]] noted presence of Muslim and Hindu navigators and merchants from Gujarat in [[Zanzibar]] and [[Pemba Island|Pemba]] and along the [[East Africa]] coast in towns such as [[Kilwa]], [[Bagamoyo]], [[Mombasa]] and [[Malindi]].<ref name="jstor.org">{{Cite journal |last=Mehta |first=Makrand |date=2001 |title=Gujarati Business Communities in East African Diaspora: Major Historical Trends |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4410637 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=36 |issue=20 |pages=1738–1747 |jstor=4410637 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref> International trade by Gujarati merchants increased with the advent of the Gujarat Sultanate at the beginning of the 1400s. The trade involved gold, ivory and [[Slavery in India|slaves]] from Africa in exchange for cotton and glass beads from India.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alpers |first=Edward A. |date=1976 |title=Gujarat and the Trade of East Africa, c. 1500-1800 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/217389 |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=22–44 |doi=10.2307/217389 |jstor=217389 |issn=0361-7882|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The important Gujarati traders active in the Indian Ocean trade at different periods of history included Jains; Hindu Bhatias and Lohanas; Muslim Khojas, Memons, and Bohras; and the Parsee communities.<ref name="jstor.org"/> The Jains were active during the Solannki period trading with Arabian and Red sea ports. The Portuguese also preferred Jains to the Arab traders.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Maloni |first=Ruby |date=2003 |title=Straddling the Arabian Sea: Gujarati Trade with West Asia 17th and 18th Centuries |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44145498 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=64 |pages=622–636 |jstor=44145498 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref>

==Social stratification==
Orthodox Gujarati society, which was [[mercantile]] by nature,<ref>{{cite web|title=Gujarat & India Same, Different But Same|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/gujarat-india-same-different-but-same/290783|website= outlookindia.com|date=5 February 2022 |quote=A historically mercantile culture, widespread influence of non violent Jainism, for the diluted casteism and an intrinsic irreverence makes society and polity in Gujarat different from other Indian states. Centre-right in their economic leaning, people here naturally gravitate towards leaner governments with high standards of governance... Absence of local rulers’ courts meant that trade-mercantile guilds ran affairs and administration. The kind of socio-cultural influence that pervaded the feudal kingdoms of Rajasthan etc was absent in Gujarat. The trade guilds were akin to the influential mercantile guilds of Belgium and the Netherlands, which contributed to making the Dutch world leaders in finance. In Gujarat, this cascaded into a strong entrepreneurial culture. As the English philosopher Bertrand Russell puts it, governments which consist of mercantilists tend to be more prudent in running the administration.}}</ref> was historically organised along [[ethno-religious]] lines and shaped into existence on the strength of its [[Mahajan]] ("[[guilds in India|guild]] assemblies"),<ref>{{cite book|last1=Jacobsen|first1=Knut A.|title=Routledge Handbook of Contemporary India|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317403586|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=--9WCgAAQBAJ&q=mahajan,+gujarati&pg=PA275|language=en|date=11 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Pearson|first1=Michael Naylor|title=Merchants and Rulers in Gujarat: The Response to the Portuguese in the Sixteenth Century|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520028098|url=https://archive.org/details/merchantsrulersi0000pear|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/merchantsrulersi0000pear/page/124 124]|language=en|quote=Mahajan means different things in different parts of India; it can refer to an individual banker, a money-lender, a merchant, or an unspecified "great man". In Gujarat it usually meant a body representing a group of people engaged in the same commercial occupation, a governing council with an elected or occasionally hereditary headman...|date=1 January 1976}}</ref> and for its institution of Nagarsheth ("head of the guild assembly"); a 16th-century [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] system akin to medieval European [[guilds]] which self-regulated the mercantile affairs of multi-ethnic, multi-religious communities in the Gujarati [[bourgeoisie]] long before municipal state politics was introduced.<ref>{{cite news|title=Going global|url=https://www.economist.com/news/christmas-specials/21683983-secrets-worlds-best-businesspeople-going-global|newspaper=The Economist|date=19 December 2015|quote=Whereas one religion, Protestantism, has often been associated with the rise of Anglo-Saxon capitalism, Gujarati capitalism was much more a fusion of influences. Ethnic and religious diversity became a source of strength, multiplying the trading networks that each community could exploit. Pragmatism and flexibility over identity, and a willingness to accommodate, perhaps inherited from the mahajans, are strong Gujarati traits, argues Edward Simpson of the School of Oriental and African Studies at the University of London. Gujaratis have been adept at remaining proudly Gujarati while becoming patriotically British, Ugandan or Fijian—an asset in a globalised economy.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Sundar|first1=Pushpa|title=Business and Community: The Story of Corporate Social Responsibility in India|publisher=SAGE Publications India|isbn=9788132111535|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=seiICwAAQBAJ&q=mahajan,+gujarati&pg=PA55|language=en|quote=The merchants were organized into mahajans or guilds with hereditary seths. A mahajan could include merchants of different religions and there was no strict segregation of religious, social, and occupational functions.|date=24 January 2013}}</ref> Historically, Gujaratis belonging to numerous faiths and [[castes]], thrived in an inclusive climate surcharged by a degree of [[cultural syncretism]], in which Hindus and [[Jains]] dominated occupations such as [[Banker|shroff]]s and brokers whereas, [[Gujarati Muslims|Muslims]], [[Hindu]]s and [[Parsi]]s largely dominated sea shipping trade. This led to religious [[interdependence]], tolerance, [[Cultural assimilation|assimilation]] and [[community cohesion]] ultimately becoming the hallmark of modern-day Gujarati society.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Rai|first1=Rajesh|last2=Reeves|first2=Peter|last3=Pro|first3=Visiting Professor Coordinator South Asia Studies Programme Peter Reeves|title=The South Asian Diaspora: Transnational Networks and Changing Identities|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781134105953|page=41|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bwJD2WBNtNMC&q=gujarat+muslims,+shipping&pg=PA41|language=en|quote=For Banias and Muslims there was a clear division of commercial activities based on religious persuasions and canonical injunctions. For example, Muslim merchants did not deal in printed textiles with motifs of living creatures on it, while these were procured by the Bania and Jain brokers. On the other hand Bania and Jain merchants would not deal in the trade of animals while Muslims did not have any problems with such trade. Similarly, Muslim merchants dominated the shipping trade and many were big ship-owners. The nakhudas and the lascars were also primarily from the Muslim community. On the other hand, some of the Banias and the Jains were prominent merchants and they organized an extensive trade from Gujarat to other parts of Asia. Thus, two forms of trade which formed the shipping and commerce were controlled by these two major communities of Gujarati merchants. For both these communities their relationship necessitated mutual understanding and interdependence in commercial matters so that they could play a complementary role in advancing their trading interests|date=25 July 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Malik|first1=Ashish|last2=Pereira|first2=Vijay|title=Indian Culture and Work Organisations in Transition|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317232025|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hCUFDAAAQBAJ&q=gujarati,+society&pg=PA190|language=en|quote=He found that Gujaratis are highly family-oriented valuing family network and highly familial. They are also spiritualistic, religious and relationship oriented, attaching importance to co-operation. They are accepted to be materialistic. Panda, on the basis of empirical evidence, has named the society as 'collectivist familial (clannish) society'. Further, Gujarati society is found to have a high social capital. The dominant cultural characteristics identified from this study, which are essentially 'familial', 'co-operative' and 'non-hierarchical' (democratic) are consistent with Joshi's findings.|date=20 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Berger|first1=Peter|last2=Heidemann|first2=Frank|title=The Modern Anthropology of India: Ethnography, Themes and Theory|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1134061112|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sBgLb8XIGR8C&q=gujaratis,+uk,+anthropology+of+india&pg=PA84|language=en|quote=Gujaratis continuously redefine and contest caste and hiearchical values in a competitive pluralistic social environment. In post-colonial Gujarat, the merchant culture and its values of purity and economic wealth have prevailed over plural notions of hierarchy (Tambs-Lyche 1982)|date=3 June 2013}}</ref>

===Religion===
The Gujarati people are predominantly [[Hindu]]. There are also minority communities of [[Gujarati Muslims|Muslims]], [[Jainism|Jains]], [[Christianity in India|Christians]], [[Sikhism|Sikhs]], [[Buddhism|Buddhists]], [[Zoroastrianism|Parsis]], [[History of the Jews in India|Jews]], and followers of the [[Baháʼí Faith]] amongst the Gujaratis.<ref name=religion>{{cite web|title=Gujarat Religion Census 2011|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/religion/state/24-gujarat.html|website=Census of India, 2011|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Anjali H. Desai|title=India Guide Gujarat|publisher=India Guide Publications|isbn=9780978951702|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gZRLGZNZEoEC&pg=PA37|language=en|year=2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Globalisation, diaspora and belonging : exploring transnationalism and Gujarati identity|others=Mawani, Sharmina,, Mukadam, Anjoom A.|isbn=9788131606322|location=Jaipur|oclc=871342185|last1 = Mawani|first1 = Sharmina|last2 = Mukadam|first2 = Anjoom A.|year = 2014}}</ref>

===Hindu communities===
The major communities in Gujarat are farmers and livestock herders (such as [[Patidar]], [[Koli people|Koli]], [[Rabari]], [[Bharvad]], [[Ahir]]), traders (such as [[Bania (caste)|Bania]], [[Bhatia caste|Bhatia]], [[Soni (caste)|Soni]]), sailor and seafood exporters (such as [[Kharwa caste|Kharwa]]), artisan and business communities (such as [[Kumhar|Prajapati]], [[Varaiya]], [[Mochi (Hindu)|Mochi]]), [[Brahmin]] communities (such as [[Joshi]], [[Anavil]], [[Nagar Brahmin|Nagar]], [[Modh]], [[Shrimali]]), genealogists (such as [[Barot (caste)|Barot]]), [[Kshatriya]] communities (such as [[Koli people|Koli]] [[Thakor]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IWrTs5yt1DkC&q=Thakore&pg=PA1363|title=Gujarat|date=2003|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=9788179911068|language=en}}</ref> [[Bhanushali]], [[Karadiya Rajput|Karadia]], [[Nadoda Rajput|Nadoda]], [[Jadeja]], [[Dabhi]], [[Chudasama (Rajput clan)|Chudasama]], [[Mer people|Maher]], [[Lohana]]), Tribal communities (such as [[Bhils]], [[Meghwal]], [[Gamit]], [[Konkani people|Konkani]], [[Varli people|varli]]) and Devipujak (such as Dataniya, Dantani, [[Chunara]], [[Patni Computer Systems|Patni]]).{{Citation needed|date=February 2020}}

===Muslim communities===
{{further|Gujarati Muslims}}
The majority of Gujarati Muslims are [[Sunni Muslim]]. Minority communities include [[Twelver]], [[Nizari Ismailis|Nizari]] Ismailis, [[Daudi Bohra]], [[Khoja]], Pathans, Shaikhs, Maliks.

==Diaspora==
{{main article|Gujarati diaspora}}
Gujaratis have a long tradition of seafaring and a history of overseas migration to foreign lands, to [[Yemen]]<ref>{{cite book|author1=Pedro Machado|title=Ocean of Trade: South Asian merchants, Africa and the Indian Ocean, {{circa|1750 - 1850}}|date=2014|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-07026-4|page=20|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ODfJBAAAQBAJ&q=gujaratis,+kuwait&pg=PA20|access-date=4 February 2015|quote=Hindu Vaniya networks from Kathiawar, in particular, operated prominently in the region, and directed their trade primarily to Yemen, and Hadramawt. They were also active in the early eighteenth century in the southern Red Sea, where Mocha and other ports such as Aden provided them with their principal markets}}</ref> [[Oman]]<ref>{{cite book|author1=Cordell Crownover|title=Ultimate Handbook Guide to Muscat : (Oman) Travel Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BRDGBAAAQBAJ&q=Oman,+gujaratis&pg=PP6|access-date=4 February 2015|quote=As an important port-town in the Gulf of Oman, Muscat attracted foreign tradesman and settlers, such as the Persians, the Balochs and Gujaratis.|date=5 October 2014}}</ref> [[Bahrain]],<ref>{{cite book|author1=Andrew Gardner|title=City of Strangers: Gulf Migration and the Indian Community in Bahrain|date=1969|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-0-8014-7602-0|page=77|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5QTI_GG8cB0C&q=gujaratis,+in+bahrain&pg=PA77|access-date=4 February 2015|quote=Other Indian groups with a long-standing presence in Bahrain include the Gujarati businessmen whose enterprises historically centered on the trade of gold; the Bohra community, an Indian Muslim sect with a belief system particularly configured around business...}}</ref> Kuwait, [[Zanzibar]]<ref>{{cite book|author1=Ababu Minda Yimene|title=An African Indian Community in Hyderabad: Siddi Identity, Its Maintenance and Change|date=2004|isbn=978-3-86537-206-2|pages=66, 67|publisher=Cuvillier Verlag |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DigPvwHTqJ4C&q=gujaratis+in+england,+19th+century&pg=PA67|access-date=4 February 2015|quote=Some centuries later, the Gujarati merchants established permanent trading posts in Zanzibar, consolidating their influence in the Indian Ocean... Gujarati Muslims, and their Omani partners, engaged in a network of mercantile activities among Oman, Zanzibar and Bombay. Thanks to those mercantile Gujarati, India remained by far the principal trading partner of Zanzibar.}}</ref> and other countries in the [[Persian Gulf]]<ref>{{cite book|author1=Irfan Habib|title=Economic History of Medieval India, 1200-1500|isbn=978-81-317-2791-1|page=166|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K8kO4J3mXUAC&q=gujarati+merchants,+Iran&pg=PA166|access-date=4 February 2015|quote=In the Persian Gulf, Hurmuz (Hormuz), was the most important entrepot for the international exchange for goods which were either bartered or purchased with money. The rise of Hurmuz in the thirteenth century followed the decline of the neighbouring entrepot of Qays, where there was a community of Gujarati Bohra merchants|year=2011|publisher=Pearson Education India }}</ref> since a mercantile culture resulted naturally from the state's proximity to the Arabian Sea.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Paul R. Magocsi|title=Encyclopedia of Canada's Peoples|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-0-8020-2938-6|page=631|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dbUuX0mnvQMC&q=mercantile,+gujaratis&pg=PA631|access-date=4 February 2015|quote=Gujarat's proximity to the Arabian Sea has been responsible for the ceaseless mercantile and maritime activities of its people. Through the ports of Gujarat, some of which date back to the dawn of history, trade and commerce flourished, and colonizers left for distant lands.|year=1999}}</ref> The countries with the largest Gujarati populations are Pakistan, United Kingdom, United States, Canada and many countries in Southern and East Africa.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Gujaratis in the West: evolving identities in contemporary society|date=2007|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Pub|others=Mukadam, Anjoom A., Mawani, Sharmina.|isbn=9781847183682|location=Newcastle, UK|oclc=233491089}}</ref> Globally, Gujaratis are estimated to constitute around 33% of the Indian diaspora worldwide and can be found in 129 of 190 countries listed as sovereign nations by the [[United Nations]].<ref>{{cite news|author1=Chidanand Rajghatta|title=Global Gujaratis: Now in 129 nations |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nri/nris-in-news/global-gujaratis-now-in-129-nations/articleshow/45748322.cms |website=The economic times|date=4 January 2015 |quote=A lot of the spread worldwide took place after a pit-stop in East Africa, right across the sea from Gujarat. When Idi Amin turfed out some 100,000 Indians (mostly Gujaratis) from Uganda in 1972, most of them descended on Britain before peeling off elsewhere.}}</ref> [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Non Resident Gujaratis]] (NRGs) maintain active links with the homeland in the form of business, [[remittances|remittance]], [[philanthropy]], and through their political contribution to state governed domestic affairs.<ref>{{cite news|author1=Premal Balan & Kalpesh Damor|title=Thanks to NRIs, 3 small Gujarat villages each have Rs 2,000cr bank deposits|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Thanks-to-NRIs-3-small-Gujarat-villages-each-have-Rs-2000cr-bank-deposits/articleshow/47698445.cms|website=the times of india|date=17 June 2015 |access-date=26 October 2015|quote=No wonder bank hoardings flashing interest rates for NRI deposits (up to 10%) is a common sight in these villages. "Some villages in Kutch like Madhapar and Baladia have very high NRI deposits. To the best of our knowledge, this is the highest in the country," said K C Chippa, former convener of the State Level Banker's Committee (SLBC) Gujarat. Between them, Madhapar, Baladia and Kera have 30 bank branches and 24 ATMs.}}</ref><ref name=piyush>{{cite news|author1=Piyush Mishra|title=NRI deposits in Gujarat cross Rs 50K crore mark|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/NRI-deposits-in-Gujarat-cross-Rs-50K-crore-mark/articleshow/47889249.cms|website=the times of India|date=July 2015 |access-date=26 October 2015|quote=Gujaratis form 33% of the Indian diaspora and Gujarat is among the top five states in the country in terms of NRI deposits. RBI data shows there was a little over $115 billion (about Rs 7 lakh crore) in NRI accounts in India in 2014-15, with Gujarat accounting for 7.78% of the kitty.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Fernandez-Kelly|editor1-first=Patricia|editor2-last=Portes|editor2-first=Alejandro|title=The State and the Grassroots: Immigrant Transnational Organizations in Four Continents|publisher=Berghahn Books|isbn=9781782387350|page=99|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zyjfCQAAQBAJ&q=gujaratis,+NRGs,+politics&pg=PA99|access-date=26 October 2015|date=1 July 2015}}</ref>

Gujarati parents in the diaspora are not comfortable with the possibility of their language not surviving them.<ref name=lang>{{cite book|title=Language in South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O2n4sFGDEMYC&pg=PA531|page=531|first1=Braj B.|last1=Kachru|first2=Yamuna|last2=Kachru|first3=S. N.|last3=Sridhar|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2008|isbn=9781139465502}}</ref> In a study, 80% of [[Malayali]] parents felt that "children would be better off with English", compared to 36% of [[Kannada people|Kannada]] parents and only 19% of Gujarati parents.<ref name=lang/>

===Pakistan===
{{Main|Demographics of Pakistan}}
Significant Gujarati communities existed here before 1947 Partition of India. Many of them migrated after the [[Partition of India]] and subsequent [[Pakistan movement|creation of Pakistan]] in 1947. These Pakistani Gujaratis belong mainly to the [[Ismailism|Ismāʿīlī]], [[Khoja]], [[Dawoodi Bohra]], [[Chundrigar]], [[Sunni Bohra|Charotar Sunni Vohra]], [[Khatri|Khatri Muslims]] [[Kutchi Memon]]s and [[Memons (Kathiawar)|Khatiawari Memons]]; however, many Gujaratis are also a part of Pakistan's small [[Hinduism in Pakistan|Hindu community]]. A number of them belong to the [[Dalit]] community.<ref>Gazdar, Haris, and Hussain Bux Mallah. "Traditional municipal sweepers in Faisalabad and Karachi." (2022).[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Hussain-Mallah/publication/365729102_Traditional_municipal_sweepers_in_Faisalabad_and_Karachi/links/63807cba48124c2bc66b1381/Traditional-municipal-sweepers-in-Faisalabad-and-Karachi.pdf]</ref><ref>Boivin, Michel. "The Hindus in Sindh." Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Editor-in-Chief: Knut A. Jacobsen Associate Editors: Helene Basu, Angelika Malinar, and Vasudha Narayanan (2023).[https://hal.science/hal-03959098/]</ref>

Estimated to number 3.5 million they virtually all live in [[Karachi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Naimat |date=3 October 2018 |title=Karachi's Gujarati speaking youth strive to revive Jinnah's language |url=https://www.arabnews.pk/node/1381116/pakistan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250111213426/https://www.arabnews.pk/node/1381116/pakistan |archive-date=11 January 2025 |website=[[Arab News]] |quote=Out of the 50 million Gujarati-speaking people in the world, around 3.5 million live in Karachi and these include top industrialists, businessmen and owners of big media houses.}}</ref> Community leaders estimate that it roughly amounts to some 15% of Karachi's total population, while also highlighting the dire state of the Gujarati language in the country, with only two newspapers, ''Vatan'' and ''[[Millat]]'', still serving the community.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ur Rehman |first=Zia |date=18 August 2015 |title=With a handful of subbers,two newspapers barely keeping Gujarati alive in Karachi |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/57104-with-a-handful-of-subberstwo-newspapers-barely-keeping-gujarati-alive-in-karachi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250704140116/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/57104-with-a-handful-of-subberstwo-newspapers-barely-keeping-gujarati-alive-in-karachi |archive-date=4 July 2025 |website=[[The News International]]}}</ref>

===United States===
{{main|Gujarati Americans}}
[[File:India Square JC jeh.JPG|thumb|Gujaratis have achieved a high [[demographic profile]] in many urban districts worldwide, notably in [[India Square]], or ''[[Gujarati Americans|Little Gujarat]]'', in [[Bombay, Jersey City|Bombay]], [[Jersey City, New Jersey|Jersey City]], [[New Jersey]], USA, within the [[Indians in the New York City metropolitan area|New York City Metropolitan Area]], as large-scale immigration from India continues into [[New York City|New York]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dhs.gov/yearbook-immigration-statistics-2013-lawful-permanent-residents|title=Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2013 Supplemental Table 2|publisher=U.S. Department of Homeland Security|access-date=18 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dhs.gov/yearbook-immigration-statistics-2012-legal-permanent-residents|title=Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2012 Supplemental Table 2|publisher=U.S. Department of Homeland Security|access-date=5 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dhs.gov/files/statistics/publications/LPR11.shtm|title=Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2011 Supplemental Table 2|publisher=U.S. Department of Homeland Security|access-date=5 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dhs.gov/files/statistics/publications/LPR10.shtm|title=Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2010 Supplemental Table 2|publisher=U.S. Department of Homeland Security|access-date=5 July 2013}}</ref> with the largest metropolitan Gujarati population outside of India.]]
The United States has the second-largest [[Gujarati diaspora]] after Pakistan. The highest concentration of the population of over 200,000 is in the [[Indians in the New York City metropolitan area|New York City Metropolitan Area]], notably in the growing Gujarati diasporic center of [[India Square]] in [[Jersey City, New Jersey|Jersey City]], [[New Jersey]], and [[Edison Township, New Jersey|Edison]] in [[Middlesex County, New Jersey|Middlesex County]] in [[Central New Jersey]]. Significant immigration from India to the United States started after the landmark [[Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Keely|first1=Charles B.|title=Effects of the immigration act of 1965 on selected population characteristics of immigrants to the United States|journal=Demography|date=May 1971|volume= 8|issue=2|pages=157–169|doi=10.2307/2060606|jstor=2060606|pmid=5163987|s2cid=36538373|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Khandelwal|first1=MS|title=The politics of space in South asian Diaspora, Chapter 7 Indian immigrants in Queens, New York City: patterns of spatial concentration and distribution, 1965–1990 - Nation and migration: - books.google.com|date=1995|publisher=University of Pennsylvania|location=Philadelphia, USA|isbn=978-0-8122-3259-2|page=179|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bvTHlLRZL8UC&q=+Immigration+and+Nationality+Act+of+1965+india+united+states+gujarat&pg=PA178|access-date=20 June 2015}}</ref> Early immigrants after 1965 were highly educated professionals. Since US immigration laws allow sponsoring immigration of parents, children and particularly siblings on the basis of family reunion, the numbers rapidly swelled.<ref name="ClarkeClarke1990">{{cite book|author1=Colin Clarke|author2=Ceri Peach|author3=Steven Vertovec|title=South Asians Overseas: Migration and Ethnicity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jet6JOYjZ4wC&pg=PA197|date=26 October 1990|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-37543-6|page=198}}</ref> A number of Gujarati are twice or thrice-migrant because they came directly from the former British colonies of East Africa or from East Africa via Great Britain respectively.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Rangaswamy|first1=Padma|title=Indian Americans|date=2007|publisher=Chelsea House|location=New York|isbn=9780791087862|page=[https://archive.org/details/indianamericans0000rang/page/55 55]|edition=2007 Hardcover|url=https://archive.org/details/indianamericans0000rang|url-access=registration|quote=gujarati.}}</ref> Given the Gujarati propensity for business enterprise, a number of them opened shops and motels. While they may make up only around 0.1% of the population in the United States, Gujarati Americans control over 40% of the [[hospitality industry|hospitality]] market in the country, for a combined net worth of over US$40 billion and employing over one million employees.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Baum |first1=Joel A.C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=23bcHnkX3bUC&pg=PA31 |title=Multiunit organization and multimarket strategy |last2=Greve |first2=Henrich R. |date=15 June 2001 |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |isbn=978-0-7623-0721-0 |edition= |volume=18 |location=New York |pages=33–48 |doi=10.1016/S0742-3322(2001)18 |issn=0742-3322}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Virani |first1=Aarti |title=Why Indian Americans Dominate the U.S. Motel Industry |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2012/06/11/why-indian-americans-dominate-the-u-s-motel-industry/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702201038/https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2012/06/11/why-indian-americans-dominate-the-u-s-motel-industry/
|archive-date= 2 July 2012 |access-date=2 February 2015 |website=[[The Wall Street Journal]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author1=Hiral Dholakia-Dave|title=42% of US hotel business is Gujarati|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/42-of-US-hotel-business-is-Gujarati/articleshow/2191584.cms|website=The Times of India|access-date=5 February 2015|date=18 October 2006|quote=Gujaratis, mainly Patels, now own 21,000 of the 53,000 hotels and motels in the US. It makes for a staggering 42% of the US hospitality market, with a combined worth of $40 billion.}}</ref> Gujaratis, especially the Patidar Samaj, also dominate as franchisees of fast food restaurant chains such as [[Subway (restaurant)|Subway]] and [[Dunkin' Donuts]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Rangaswami|first1=Padma|title=Namaste America: Indian Immigrants in an American Metropolis|date=2000|publisher=Pennsylvania State University press|location=University park, PA, USA|isbn=978-0271--01980-2|page=285}}</ref>

===Europe===
====United Kingdom====
{{Main article|British Gujaratis}}
[[File:Neasden Temple - Shree Swaminarayan Hindu Mandir - Power Plant.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|right|The [[Neasden Temple|Swaminarayan Temple]] in Neasden, London, the largest Hindu temple in Europe]]

The third largest overseas diaspora of Gujaratis, after [[Pakistan]] and United States, is in the United Kingdom. At a population of around 600,000 Gujaratis form almost more than half of the Indian community who live in the UK (1.2 million). Gujaratis first went to the UK in the 19th century with the establishment of the [[British Raj]] in India. Prominent members of this community such as [[Shyamji Krishna Varma]] played a vital role in exerting political pressure upon colonial powers during the [[Indian independence movement]].<ref name="ukncgo.org">{{cite web |title=Gujaratis in Britain: Profile of a Dynamic Community |url=http://ukncgo.org/gujaratis_britain.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204230146/http://ukncgo.org/gujaratis_britain.html |archive-date=4 February 2015 |access-date=4 February 2015 |website=NATIONAL CONGRESS OF GUJARATI ORGANISATIONS (UK)}}</ref>

Gujaratis in Britain are regarded as affluent middle-class peoples who have assimilated into the milieu of British society.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Derek Laud|title=The Problem With Immigrants|date=2015|publisher=Biteback Publishing|isbn=978-1849548779|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GR8mBgAAQBAJ&q=Gulu+Lalvani,+gujarati&pg=PT104|access-date=5 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author1=Shastri Ramachandaran|title=India has much to learn from Britain and Germany|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/column-india-has-much-to-learn-from-britain-and-germany-2001769|website=dnaindia.com|access-date=22 October 2015|quote=Britain places high value on the power of commerce. After all, its political and military dominance when Britannia ruled the waves was founded on its trading power. The Gujaratis know this better than many others, which explains their prosperity and success in the UK.}}</ref> They are celebrated for revolutionising the corner shop, and energising the British economy which changed Britain's antiquated retail laws forever.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Chitra Unnithan|title=Family is key to success of Gujarati businessmen in Britain|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Family-is-key-to-success-of-Gujarati-businessmen-in-Britain/articleshow/13401987.cms|website=The Times of India|access-date=4 February 2015|date=23 May 2012|quote=British Gujaratis were also more successful than other minority communities in Britain because they had already tasted success in Africa. The book also says that Gujarati Hindus have become notably successful public citizens of contemporary, capitalistic Britain; on the other hand, they maintain close family links with India. "British Gujaratis have been successful in a great variety of fields. Many younger Gujaratis took to professions rather than stay behind the counter of their parents' corner shops, or they entered public life, while those who went into business have not remained in some narrow commercial niche," says the book.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author1=Sudeshna Sen|title=How Gujaratis changed corner shop biz in UK|url=http://blogs.economictimes.indiatimes.com/LettersfromLondon/how-gujaratis-changed-corner-shop-biz-in-uk/|website=The Economic Times|access-date=4 February 2015|date=8 January 2013|quote="What most people don't get is that those who took the Arab dhows in the 17th and 18th century to leave their villages and set up life in an alien land were already an entrepreneurial and driven minority, in search of a better life. They communicated that hunger to their children," says Raxa Mehta, director at Nomura, based in Tokyo and first generation child of Kenyan Indian parents. So it doesn't surprise the Gujaratis that they did well in Britain – it only surprises the Brits and Indians. The Gujaratis are a trader community. As Manubhai says, they always left the fighting to the others. If there's one diaspora community that East African Asians model themselves on, it's the Jews. Except of course, the Jews get more publicity than they do.}}</ref> Demographically, Hindus form a majority along with a significant number of [[Jain]]s and Muslims,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Rodger|first1=R|last2=Herbert|first2=J|title='Narratives of South Asian women in Leicester 1964 - 2004', no. 2, pp..|journal=Oral History|date=2008|volume=36|issue=2|pages=554–563|url=http://www.research.ed.ac.uk/portal/files/15509392/RODGER_Narratives_of_South_Asian_Muslim_Women_in_Leicester_1964_2004.pdf}}</ref> and smaller numbers of [[Christianity in Gujarat|Gujarati Christians]].<ref>{{cite web|title=London's Gujarati Christians celebrate milestone birthday|url=http://www.eauk.org/current-affairs/media/press-releases/londons-gujarati-christians-celebrate-milestone-birthday.cfm|website=www.eauk.org}}</ref> They are predominantly settled in metropolitan areas like [[Greater London]], [[East Midlands]], [[West Midlands (region)|West Midlands]], [[Lancashire]] and [[Yorkshire]].<ref name="ukncgo.org" /> Cities with significant Gujarati populations include [[Leicester]] and London boroughs of [[London Borough of Harrow|Harrow]], [[London Borough of Barnet|Barnet]] and [[London Borough of Brent|Brent]]. There is also a small, but vibrant Gujarati-speaking Parsi community of [[Zoroastrians]] present in the country, dating back to the bygone era of [[Dadabhai Navroji]], [[Shapurji Saklatvala]] and [[Pherozeshah Mehta]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Malik |first1=K.N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r1tuAAAAMAAJ&q=gujarati,+upper+class,+britain |title=India and Britain: Recent Past and Present Challenges |last2=Robb |first2=Peter |publisher=Allied Publishers |year=1994 |isbn=9788170233503 |location=New Delhi |access-date=5 February 2015}}</ref> Both Hindus and Muslims have established caste or community associations, temples, and mosques to cater for the needs of their respective communities. A well known temple popular with Gujaratis is the [[BAPS]] [[Neasden Temple|Swaminarayan Temple]] in Neasden, London. A popular mosque that caters for the Gujarati Muslim community in Leicester is the [[Masjid Umar, Leicester|Masjid Umar]]. Leicester has a Jain Temple that is also the headquarters of Jain Samaj Europe.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jain Samaj Europe |url=http://www.jaincentreleicester.com/our-history.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150123211249/http://www.jaincentreleicester.com/our-history.asp |archive-date=23 January 2015 }}</ref>

Gujarati Hindus in the UK have maintained many traditions from their homeland. The community remains religious with more than 100 temples catering for their religious needs. All major Hindu festivals such as [[Navratri]], Dassara, and [[Diwali]] are celebrated with a lot of enthusiasm even from the generations brought up in UK. Gujarati Hindus also maintain their caste affiliation to some extent with most major castes having their own community association in each population center with significant Gujarati population such as Leicester and London suburbs. [[Patel|Patidars]] form the largest community in the diaspora including Kutch Leva Patels,<ref>{{cite web|title=Shree Kutch Leva Patel Community (UK)|url=http://www.sklpc.com/|website=sklpc.com/}}</ref> followed closely by [[Lohanas]] of [[Saurashtra people|Saurashtra]] origin.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Eliezer Ben Rafael, Yitzhak Sternberg|title=Transnationalism: Diasporas and the Advent of a New (Dis)order|isbn=978-90-04-17470-2|page=531|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QmpgywaZrrgC&q=gujarati+patidars,+lohanas,+UK&pg=PA531|access-date=4 February 2015|year=2009|publisher=BRILL }}</ref> Gujarati [[Rajputs]] from various regional backgrounds are affiliated with several independent British organisations dependent on caste such as Shree Maher Samaj UK,<ref>{{cite web|title=Shree Maher Samaj UK|url=http://www.maheronline.org/centres/shree-maher-samaj-uk|website=maheronline.org/|access-date=3 April 2015}}</ref> and the Gujarati Arya Kshatriya Mahasabha-UK.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gujarati Arya Kshatriya Mahasabha-UK|url=http://www.gakm.co.uk/?p=about|website=gakm.co.uk/?p=about|access-date=3 April 2015}}</ref>

Endogamy remains important to Gujaratis in UK with the existence of matrimonial services specifically dedicated to their community.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pemberton |first1=Trevor J. |last2=Li |first2=Fang-Yuan |last3=Hanson |first3=Erin K. |last4=Mehta |first4=Niyati U. |last5=Choi |first5=Sunju |last6=Ballantyne |first6=Jack |last7=Belmont |first7=John W. |last8=Rosenberg |first8=Noah A. |last9=Tyler-Smith |first9=Chris |last10=Patel |first10=Pragna I. |date=September 2012 |title=Impact of restricted marital practices on genetic variation in an endogamous Gujarati group |journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology |volume=149 |issue=1 |pages=92–103 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.22101 |issn=0002-9483 |pmc=3436606 |pmid=22729696 |bibcode=2012AJPA..149...92P }}</ref> The Gujarati Muslim society in the UK have kept the custom of Jamat Bandi, literally meaning communal solidarity. This system is the traditional expression of communal solidarity. It is designed to regulate the affairs of the community and apply sanctions against infractions of the communal code. Gujarati Muslim communities, such as the [[Ismāʿīlī]], Khoja, [[Dawoodi Bohra]], [[Sunni Bohra]], and Memon have [[caste]] associations, known as jamats that run mosques and community centers for their respective communities.<ref>[http://www.gujaratimuslimmarriage.com Gujarati Muslim Marriage] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020172455/http://www.gujaratimuslimmarriage.com/ |date=20 October 2016 }}, a dedicated service to assist Gujarati Muslims to marry within the community.</ref>

====Belgium====
Two Gujarati business communities, the [[Palanpur]]i Jains and the Kathiawadi Patels from Surat, have come to dominate the diamond industry of [[Belgium]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Backman|first1=M|last2=Butler C|first2=C|title=BIG in Asia - Understanding Asia's Overseas Indians|url=https://archive.org/details/biginasia25strat0000back|url-access=registration|date=2003|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|location=London|isbn=978-0-230-00027-8|doi=10.1057/9781403914484_4}}</ref> They have largely displaced the [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox Jewish]] community which previously dominated this industry in Belgium.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://theconversation.com/the-rise-and-rise-of-belgiums-indian-diamond-dynasties-32332|title=The rise and rise of Belgium's Indian diamond dynasties|date=16 October 2014|first=Kathryn|last=Lum|publisher=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]]}}</ref>

====Portugal====
The 1961 takeover of Portuguese Goa by India made life difficult for the Indian population in the then Portuguese colony of Mozambique. The independence of Mozambique like in other African countries led to many Gujaratis to move to Portugal.<ref name="digitalcommons.butler.edu">Baumann, M.B., 1998. The Hindu Presence in Europe and Implications of Interfaith Dialogue. Journal of Hindu-Christian Studies, 11(1), p.8.[https://digitalcommons.butler.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1181&context=jhcs]</ref> Many Hindu Gujaratis have moved from Portugal to Great Britain since the 1990s.<ref>Lourenço, I., 2013. From Goans to Gujaratis: a study of the Indian community in Portugal.[https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/29463/CARIM-India-2013%20-%2001.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y]</ref>

===Canada===
[[File:Gujarati Canadians (2021).jpg|thumb|Gujarati percent in Canadian province/territory, 2021 census]]
Canada, just like its southern neighbour, is home to a large Gujarati community. As per the [[2021 Canadian census]], Gujarati Canadians number approximately 210,000 and account for roughly 0.6% of Canada's population.<ref name="gujarati2021"/>{{efn|name=population}} The majority of them live in [[Greater Toronto Area|Toronto and its suburbs]] - home to the second largest Gujarati community in North America, after the [[New York Metropolitan Area]]. Gujarati Hindus are the second largest linguistic/religious group in Canada's Indian community after [[Punjabi people|Punjabi Sikhs]], and Toronto is home to the largest Navratri [[Dandiya Raas|raas garba]] festival in North America.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.torontogarba.com/|title=Toronto Garba: North America's Largest Raas-Garba|website=www.torontogarba.com|access-date=29 June 2018}}</ref> The Muslim [[Ismaili]] [[Khoja]] form a significant part of the Canadian diaspora estimated to be about 80,000 in numbers overall.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Al Noor Kassum|title=Africa's winds of change : memoirs of an international Tanzanian|date=2007|publisher=I.B. Tauris|location=London|isbn=978-1-84511-583-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p2H121rsH7cC&q=ismaili+population+of+canada&pg=PA69|access-date=6 February 2015}}</ref> Most of them arrived in Canada in the 1970s as either refugees or [[Ugandans in Canada|immigrants from Uganda]] and other countries of [[East Africa]].<ref>{{cite thesis|last1=Versi|first1=Salima|title=Make This Your Home: The Impact of Religion on Acculturation: The Case of Canadian Khoja Nizari Isma'ilis from East Africa|date=13 August 2010 |url=http://qspace.library.queensu.ca/handle/1974/5967|publisher=Queens University|access-date=5 February 2015|type=thesis }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author1=Ajit Jain|title='Gujarati diaspora integral to state's success'|url=http://theindiandiaspora.com/news-details/diaspora-news/subprimary_news/gujarati-diaspora-has-contributed-to-gujarats-success.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118180551/http://theindiandiaspora.com/news-details/diaspora-news/subprimary_news/gujarati-diaspora-has-contributed-to-gujarats-success.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=18 November 2015|website=theindiandiaspora.com|access-date=22 October 2015|quote=According to him "It was a very warm discussion. PM Modi knows Canada well because we have been such active participants in Vibrant Gujarat for over 18 years now. He also knows very well how strong the Gujarati diaspora is in Canada. It may be up to one quarter of all the Indo-Canadians in this country, and so their success has been part of Gujarat's success." And "the prime minister (of India) recognizes that," Alexander stated emphatically.}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Gujarati Canadians by [[Provinces and territories of Canada|province and territory]] (1991−2021){{efn|name=population|Statistic includes all speakers of the [[Gujarati language]], as many [[Immigrant generations|multi-generation]] individuals do not speak the language as a [[Mother-tongue|mother tongue]], but instead as a [[Second language|second]] or [[Third language acquisition|third language]].}}
! rowspan="2" |Province/<br>territory
! colspan="2" |2021<ref name="gujarati2021">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=17 August 2022 |title=Knowledge of languages by age and gender: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810021701 |access-date=12 October 2022 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |2016<ref name="gujarati2016">{{cite web|url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Geo2=&Code2=&SearchText=Canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=1&type=0|title=Census Profile, 2016 Census Canada [Country] and Canada [Country]|date=8 February 2017}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |2011<ref name="gujarati2011">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=27 November 2015 |title=NHS Profile, Canada, 2011 |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Data=Count&SearchText=Canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&A1=All&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1 |access-date=12 September 2022 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |2006<ref name="gujarati2006">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=1 May 2020 |title=2006 Census Topic-based tabulations Various Languages Spoken (147), Age Groups (17A) and Sex (3) for the Population of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2006 Census - 20% Sample Data |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/tbt/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=89189&PRID=0&PTYPE=88971,97154&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=705&Temporal=2006&THEME=70&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= |access-date=12 September 2022 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |2001<ref name="gujarati2001">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=23 December 2013 |title=2001 Census Topic-based tabulations Various Non-official Languages Spoken (76), Age Groups (13) and Sex (3) for Population, for Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2001 Census - 20% Sample Data |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/English/census01/products/standard/themes/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=1&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=1&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=55664&PRID=0&PTYPE=55430&S=0&SHOWALL=No&SUB=0&Temporal=2006&THEME=41&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= |access-date=12 September 2022 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1996<ref name="gujarati1996">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=4 June 2019 |title=Data tables, 1996 Census Population Able to Speak Various Non-official Languages (73), Showing Age Groups (13A) and Sex (3), for Canada, Provinces, Territories and Federal Electoral Districts (1996 Representation Order), 1996 Census (20% Sample Data) |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/English/census96/data/tables/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=1&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=1&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=13640&PRID=0&PTYPE=89103&S=0&SHOWALL=No&SUB=0&Temporal=2006&THEME=6&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= |access-date=12 September 2022 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1991<ref name="gujarati1991">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=3 April 2013 |title=1991 Census: The nation Knowledge of languages |url=https://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.676075/publication.html |access-date=12 September 2022 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>{{rp|184}}
|-
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
|-
|[[File:Flag of Ontario.svg|15px]] [[Ontario]]
|143,240
|{{Percentage | 143240 | 14031755 | 2 }}
|103,890
|{{Percentage | 103890 | 13242160 | 2 }}
|87,805
|{{Percentage | 87805 | 12722060 | 2 }}
|76,910
|{{Percentage | 76910 | 12028900 | 2 }}
|53,485
|{{Percentage | 53485 | 11285545 | 2 }}
|40,605
|{{Percentage | 40605 | 10642790 | 2 }}
|32,110
|{{Percentage | 32110 | 9977055 | 2 }}
|-
|[[File:Flag of Alberta.svg|15px]] [[Alberta]]
|24,780
|{{Percentage | 24780 | 4177720 | 2 }}
|18,005
|{{Percentage | 18005 | 3978145 | 2 }}
|11,875
|{{Percentage | 11875 | 3610185 | 2 }}
|9,170
|{{Percentage | 9170 | 3256355 | 2 }}
|8,685
|{{Percentage | 8685 | 2941150 | 2 }}
|8,025
|{{Percentage | 8025 | 2669195 | 2 }}
|6,545
|{{Percentage | 6545 | 2519180 | 2 }}
|-
|[[File:Flag of British Columbia.svg|15px]] [[British Columbia|British<br>Columbia]]
|14,340
|{{Percentage | 14340 | 4915940 | 2 }}
|11,500
|{{Percentage | 11500 | 4560235 | 2 }}
|9,325
|{{Percentage | 9325 | 4356205 | 2 }}
|10,410
|{{Percentage | 10410 | 4074385 | 2 }}
|10,520
|{{Percentage | 10520 | 3868870 | 2 }}
|10,080
|{{Percentage | 10080 | 3689755 | 2 }}
|8,120
|{{Percentage | 8120 | 3247505 | 2 }}
|-
|[[File:Flag of Quebec.svg|15px]] [[Quebec]]
|10,640
|{{Percentage | 10640 | 8308480 | 2 }}
|7,950
|{{Percentage | 7950 | 7965450 | 2 }}
|7,485
|{{Percentage | 7485 | 7815950 | 2 }}
|7,155
|{{Percentage | 7155 | 7435905 | 2 }}
|7,005
|{{Percentage | 7005 | 7125580 | 2 }}
|5,450
|{{Percentage | 5450 | 7045085 | 2 }}
|4,040
|{{Percentage | 4040 | 6810300 | 2 }}
|-
|[[File:Flag of Saskatchewan.svg|15px]] [[Saskatchewan]]
|6,965
|{{Percentage | 6965 | 1103200 | 2 }}
|3,320
|{{Percentage | 3320 | 1070560 | 2 }}
|765
|{{Percentage | 765 | 1018310 | 2 }}
|320
|{{Percentage | 320 | 953850 | 2 }}
|310
|{{Percentage | 310 | 963150 | 2 }}
|385
|{{Percentage | 385 | 976615 | 2 }}
|405
|{{Percentage | 405 | 976040 | 2 }}
|-
|[[File:Flag of Manitoba.svg|15px]] [[Manitoba]]
|6,535
|{{Percentage | 6535 | 1307190 | 2 }}
|3,905
|{{Percentage | 3905 | 1240700 | 2 }}
|1,460
|{{Percentage | 1460 | 1193095 | 2 }}
|960
|{{Percentage | 960 | 1133515 | 2 }}
|550
|{{Percentage | 550 | 1103700 | 2 }}
|480
|{{Percentage | 480 | 1100295 | 2 }}
|735
|{{Percentage | 735 | 1079395 | 2 }}
|-
|[[File:Flag of Nova Scotia.svg|15px]] [[Nova Scotia|Nova<br>Scotia]]
|1,475
|{{Percentage | 1475 | 955855 | 2 }}
|240
|{{Percentage | 240 | 908340 | 2 }}
|105
|{{Percentage | 105 | 910620 | 2 }}
|230
|{{Percentage | 230 | 903090 | 2 }}
|115
|{{Percentage | 115 | 897570 | 2 }}
|150
|{{Percentage | 150 | 899970 | 2 }}
|140
|{{Percentage | 140 | 890950 | 2 }}
|-
|[[File:Flag of New Brunswick.svg|15px]] [[New Brunswick|New<br>Brunswick]]
|765
|{{Percentage | 765 | 759195 | 2 }}
|110
|{{Percentage | 110 | 730710 | 2 }}
|105
|{{Percentage | 105 | 739900 | 2 }}
|175
|{{Percentage | 175 | 719650 | 2 }}
|85
|{{Percentage | 85 | 719710 | 2 }}
|85
|{{Percentage | 85 | 729630 | 2 }}
|105
|{{Percentage | 105 | 716495 | 2 }}
|-
|[[File:Flag of Prince Edward Island.svg|15px]] [[Prince Edward Island|Prince Edward<br>Island]]
|325
|{{Percentage | 325 | 150485 | 2 }}
|5
|{{Percentage | 5 | 139685 | 2 }}
|5
|{{Percentage | 5 | 138435 | 2 }}
|0
|{{Percentage | 0 | 134205 | 2 }}
|0
|{{Percentage | 0 | 133385 | 2 }}
|0
|{{Percentage | 0 | 132855 | 2 }}
|0
|{{Percentage | 0 | 128100 | 2 }}
|-
|[[File:Flag of Newfoundland and Labrador.svg|15px]] [[Newfoundland and Labrador|Newfoundland<br>and Labrador]]
|255
|{{Percentage | 255 | 502095 | 2 }}
|70
|{{Percentage | 70 | 512250 | 2 }}
|50
|{{Percentage | 50 | 509950 | 2 }}
|50
|{{Percentage | 50 | 500605 | 2 }}
|85
|{{Percentage | 85 | 508080 | 2 }}
|70
|{{Percentage | 70 | 547160 | 2 }}
|110
|{{Percentage | 110 | 563935 | 2 }}
|-
|[[File:Flag of Yukon.svg|15px]] [[Yukon]]
|65
|{{Percentage | 65 | 39585 | 2 }}
|50
|{{Percentage | 50 | 35110 | 2 }}
|0
|{{Percentage | 0 | 33655 | 2 }}
|0
|{{Percentage | 0 | 30190 | 2 }}
|0
|{{Percentage | 0 | 28520 | 2 }}
|0
|{{Percentage | 0 | 30650 | 2 }}
|0
|{{Percentage | 0 | 27660 | 2 }}
|-
|[[File:Flag of the Northwest Territories.svg|15px]] [[Northwest Territories|Northwest<br>Territories]]
|25
|{{Percentage | 25 | 40380 | 2 }}
|15
|{{Percentage | 15 | 41135 | 2 }}
|15
|{{Percentage | 15 | 41040 | 2 }}
|20
|{{Percentage | 20 | 41055 | 2 }}
|10
|{{Percentage | 10 | 37100 | 2 }}
|0
|{{Percentage | 0 | 64125 | 2 }}
|10
|{{Percentage | 10 | 57430 | 2 }}
|-
|[[File:Flag of Nunavut.svg|15px]] [[Nunavut]]
|10
|{{Percentage | 10 | 36600 | 2 }}
|10
|{{Percentage | 10 | 35580 | 2 }}
|5
|{{Percentage | 5 | 31765 | 2 }}
|0
|{{Percentage | 0 | 29325 | 2 }}
|10
|{{Percentage | 10 | 26665 | 2 }}
|N/A
|N/A
|N/A
|N/A
|-
![[File:Flag of Canada.svg|15px]] Canada
! 209,410
! {{Percentage | 209410 | 36328480 | 2 }}
! 149,045
! {{Percentage | 149045 | 34460065 | 2 }}
! 118,950
! {{Percentage | 118950 | 33121175 | 2 }}
! 105,395
! {{Percentage | 105395 | 31241030 | 2 }}
! 80,835
! {{Percentage | 80835 | 29639030 | 2 }}
! 65,345
! {{Percentage | 65345 | 28528125 | 2 }}
! 54,210
! {{Percentage | 54210 | 26994045 | 2 }}
|}

{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religious breakdown of Gujarati Canadians (2021)<ref name="religion2021">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=10 May 2023 |title= Religion by ethnic or cultural origins: Canada, provinces and territories and census metropolitan areas with parts |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/cv.action?pid=9810034101 |access-date=4 May 2024 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>{{efn|name=Religion2021|Religious breakdown proportions based on "Gujarati" ethnic or cultural origin response on the [[2021 Canadian census|2021 census]].<ref name="religion2021"/>}}
|label1 = [[Hinduism]]
|value1 = 75.6
|color1 = Orange
|label2 = [[Islam]]
|value2 = 16.0
|color2 = Green
|label3 = [[Irreligion]]
|value3 = 3.1
|color3 = Black
|label4 = [[Christianity]]
|value4 = 1.1
|color4 = DodgerBlue
|label5 = [[Sikhism]]
|value5 = 0.4
|color5 = DarkKhaki
|label6 = Others
|value6 = 3.8
|color6 = grey
}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Gujarati Canadian demography by religion
! rowspan="2" |Religious group
! colspan="2" |2021<ref name="religion2021">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=10 May 2023 |title= Religion by ethnic or cultural origins: Canada, provinces and territories and census metropolitan areas with parts |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/cv.action?pid=9810034101 |access-date=4 May 2024 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>{{efn|name=Religion2021}}
|-
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
|-
| [[Hinduism]]
| 27,950
| {{Percentage | 27950 | 36970 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Islam]]
| 5,915
| {{Percentage | 5915 | 36970 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Irreligion]]
| 1,140
| {{Percentage | 1140 | 36970 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Christianity]]
| 425
| {{Percentage | 425 | 36970 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Sikhism]]
| 145
| {{Percentage | 145 | 36970 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Buddhism]]
| 15
| {{Percentage | 15 | 36970 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Mythologies of the indigenous peoples of the Americas|Indigenous spirituality]]
| 10
| {{Percentage | 10 | 36970 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Judaism]]
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 36970 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Major religious groups|Other]]
| 1,365
| {{Percentage | 1365 | 36970 | 2 }}
|-
! Total Gujarati Canadian responses
! 36,970{{efn|name=Religion2021}}
! {{Percentage | 36970 | 209410 | 2 }}
|-
! Total Gujarati Canadian population
! 209,410{{efn|name=population}}
! {{Percentage | 209410 | 209410 | 2 }}
|}
{{clear}}

===East Africa===
Former British colonies in East Africa had many residents of [[South Asian]] descent. The primary immigration was mainly from Gujarat and to a lesser extent from Punjab. They were brought there by the [[British Empire]] from [[British India|India]] to do [[clerk|clerical]] work in Imperial service, or unskilled and semi-skilled manual labour such as construction or farm work. In the 1890s, 32,000 labourers from British India were brought to the then British East African colonies under indentured labour contracts to work on the construction of the [[Uganda Railway]] that started in the Kenyan port city of [[Mombasa]] and ended in [[Kisumu]] on Kenyan side of [[Lake Victoria]]. Most of the surviving Indians returned home, but 6,724 individuals decided to remain in the [[African Great Lakes]] after the line's completion.

Many Asians, particularly the Gujaratis, in these regions were in the trading businesses. They included Gujaratis of all religions as well many of the castes and Quoms. Since the representation of Indians in these occupations was high, stereotyping of Indians in Kenya, Uganda, and Tanganyika as shopkeepers was common. A number of people worked for the British run banks. They also worked in skilled labour occupations, as managers, teachers and administrators. Gujarati and other South Asians had significant influence on the economy, constituting 1% of the population while receiving a fifth of the national income. For example, in Uganda, the [[Nanji Kalidas Mehta|Mehta]] and [[Muljibhai Madhvani|Madhvani]] families controlled the bulk of the manufacturing businesses. Gated ethnic communities served elite healthcare and schooling services. Additionally, the tariff system in Uganda had historically been oriented toward the economic interests of South Asian traders.<ref name="Journal of Modern African Studies">{{cite book|title= JSTOR}}<[https://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/160072?uid=3739936&uid=2129&uid=2&uid=70&uid=4&uid=3739256&sid=21101589093047 Expulsion of a minority: essays on Ugandan Asians.]></ref> One of the oldest [[Jainism|Jain]] overseas diaspora was of Gujarat. Their number was estimated at 45,000 at the independence of the East African countries in the early 1960s.<ref name="google26">{{citation |last1=Gregory|first1=Robert G.|title=Quest for equality: Asian politics in East Africa, 1900-1967|date=1993|publisher=Orient Longman Limited|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-0-863-11-208-9|page=26|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vl8tMabf5KUC&pg=PA1 }}</ref> Most members of this community belonged to Gujarati speaking Halari Visa Oshwal Jain community originally from the [[Jamnagar]] area of [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]].<ref name="google26"/><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Mehta|first1=Makrand|title=Gujarati Business Communities in East African Diaspora: Major Historical Trends|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|date=2001|volume=36|issue=20|pages=1738–1747|jstor=4410637}}</ref>

The countries of East Africa gained independence from Britain in the early 1960s. At that time most Gujarati and other Asians opted to remain as British Subjects. The African politicians at that time accused Asians of economic exploitation and introduced a policy of Africanization. The 1968 Committee on "Africanisation in Commerce and Industry" in Uganda made far-reaching Indophobic proposals. A system of work permits and trade licences was introduced in 1969 to restrict the role of Indians in economic and professional activities. Indians were segregated and discriminated against in all walks of life.<ref name="Amin-Indophobia">{{cite journal |title=General Amin and the Indian Exodus from Uganda |first=Hasu H. |last=Patel |journal=Issue: A Journal of Opinion |volume=2 |issue=4 |year=1972 |pages=12–22 |doi=10.2307/1166488 |jstor=1166488 }}</ref> During the middle of the 1960s many Asians saw the writing on the wall and started moving either to UK or India. However, restrictive British immigration policies stopped a mass exodus of East African Asians until Idi Amin came to power in 1971. He exploited pre-existing Indophobia and spread propaganda against Indians involving stereotyping and scapegoating the Indian minority. Indians were stereotyped as "only traders" and "inbred" to their profession. Indians were labelled as "dukawallas" (an occupational term that degenerated into an anti-Indian slur during Amin's time), and stereotyped as "greedy, conniving", without any racial identity or loyalty but "always cheating, conspiring and plotting" to subvert Uganda. Amin used this propaganda to justify a campaign of "de-Indianization", eventually resulting in the expulsion and ethnic cleansing of Uganda's Indian minority.<ref name="Amin-Indophobia"/>

====Kenya====
Gujarati and other Indians started moving to the Kenya colony at the end of the 19th century when the British colonial authorities started opening up the country with the laying down of the [[railroad]]s. A small colony of merchants, however, had existed on the port cities such Mombasa on the Kenyan coast for hundreds of years prior to that.<ref>{{cite news|author1=Parth Shastri|title=US researcher looks for Gujarati influence in Kenya and East Africa|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/US-researcher-looks-for-Gujarati-influence-in-Kenya-and-East-Africa/articleshow/46816299.cms|website=the times of india|date=5 April 2015 |access-date=28 October 2015|quote=During British ascendancy, the early Gujarati-speaking traders were predominantly Muslims—Khoja, Bhora, and Ithna Asheri. They were quickly followed by Patel, Lohana, Bhatia and Oshawal. "Community was a major factor. It both energized Indian identity and simultaneously prevented Indians from coming together as a political whole except in times of dire crisis," Misha says.}}</ref> The immigrants who arrived with the British were the first ones to open up businesses in rural Kenya a century ago. These dukanwalas or shopkeepers were mainly Gujarati (Mostly Jains and Hindus and a minority of Muslims). Over the following decades the population, mainly Gujarati but also a sizeable number of Punjabi, increased in size. The population started declining after the independence of Kenya in the 1960s. At that time the majority of Gujaratis opted for British citizenship and eventually moved there, especially to cities like [[Leicester]] or [[London]] suburbs. Famous Kenyans of Gujarati heritage who contributed greatly to the development of East Africa include [[Thakkar Bapa]], [[Manu Chandaria]],<ref name="premchand">{{cite news| title=Forbes India Magazine – Experiences of the Indian Diaspora in Africa| date=26 August 2009| url=http://business.in.com/article/magazine-extra/experiences-of-the-indian-diaspora-in-africa/3762/0| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521183935/http://business.in.com/article/magazine-extra/experiences-of-the-indian-diaspora-in-africa/3762/0| url-status=dead| archive-date=21 May 2011}}</ref>

====Uganda====
{{Main|Indians in Uganda}}
There is a small community of people of Indian origin living in Uganda, but the community is far smaller than before 1972 when Ugandan ruler Idi Amin expelled most Asians, including Gujaratis.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ugandan Asians are part of Britain's secret weapon for success|url=http://blogs.new.spectator.co.uk/2012/12/ugandan-asians-are-part-of-britains-secret-weapon-for-success/|website=spectator.co.uk|access-date=28 October 2015|quote=In 1997, Ugandan President Museveni invited the displaced Asians to return home. And while some returned to sort out their affairs, very few went back for good.|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151110012925/http://blogs.new.spectator.co.uk/2012/12/ugandan-asians-are-part-of-britains-secret-weapon-for-success/|archive-date=10 November 2015}}</ref> In the late 19th century, mostly [[Sikhs]], were brought on three-year contracts, with the aid of Imperial British contractor [[Alibhai Mulla Jeevanjee]] to build the [[Uganda Railway]] from Mombasa to Kisumu by 1901, and to [[Kampala]] by 1931. Some died, while others returned to India after the end of their contracts, but few chose to stay. They were joined by Gujarati traders called "passenger Indians",<ref>{{cite web|last=Hiralal|first=Kalpana|title=Indian Family Businesses in Natal, 1870–1950|url=http://natalia.org.za/Files/38/Natalia%2038%20pp27-37%20C.pdf|publisher=Natal Society Foundation|access-date=25 August 2021}}</ref> both Hindu and Muslim free migrants who came to serve the economic needs of the indentured labourers, and to capitalise on the economic opportunities.

After the 1972 expulsion, most Indians and Gujaratis migrated to the United Kingdom. Due to the efforts of the [[Aga Khan]], many Khoja Nizari Ismaili refugees from Uganda were offered asylum in Canada.<ref>{{cite web|title=Out of Africa: Thousands of Ismaili Muslims expelled from their African homelands in the 1970s have thrived in Canada|url=http://www.canada.com/calgaryherald/news/observer/story.html?id=4d43f2e2-2ccf-4234-96f4-35e853c20679|website=www.canada.com|publisher=Calgary Herald|access-date=28 October 2015|quote=Through the efforts of the Aga Khan, other countries agreed to take in the refugees, and they were scattered over the world. Britain took in 20,000, the U.S. took 50,000, and 75,000 came to Canada... Ladha said Canada's role in taking in the refugees has earned the praise of the Aga Khan for its treatment of refugees and its multiculturalism. "The Aga Khan is a great admirer of Canada's multicultural policies," said Ladha. As a result, he's putting $4 million toward a global centre for pluralism in Ottawa, with the Canadian government providing $3 million..|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117035913/http://www.canada.com/calgaryherald/news/observer/story.html?id=4d43f2e2-2ccf-4234-96f4-35e853c20679|archive-date=17 January 2016}}</ref>

====Tanzania====
{{Main|Indians in Tanzania}}
Indians have a long history in [[Tanzania]] starting with the arrival of Gujarati traders in the 19th century.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Anna Greenwood|author2=Harshad Topiwala|title=Indian Doctors in Kenya, 1895-1940: The Forgotten History Cambridge Imperial and Post-Colonial Studies Series|date=2015|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|page=25|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r5gMCgAAQBAJ&q=gujaratis,+kenya&pg=PA25|quote=The Gujaratis comprised a large number of the traders drawn from the Western Indian port province of Gujarat (including Kutch) who had had long historical trading links with Zanzibar. Their presence meant that from very early on Zanzibar became demographically colonised by a religiously and ethnically diverse Gujarati speaking population of Ismaili Khojas, Bhoras, Suni Memons, Hindu Vaniyas and the Parsis. Frustratingly for historians this group of immigrants left few records, but it is widely agreed that they were the ancestors of the communities of Indian traders that the British encountered when they arrived in Zanzibar and the East Coast of Africa at the end of the nineteenth century.|isbn=9781137440532}}</ref> There are currently over 50,000 people of Indian origin in Tanzania. Many of them are traders and they control a sizeable portion of the Tanzanian economy. They came to gradually control the trade in [[Zanzibar]]. Many of the buildings constructed then still remain in [[Stone Town]], the focal trading point on the island.

===South Africa===
The Indian community in South Africa is more than 150 years old and is concentrated in and around the city of [[Durban]].<ref>{{cite web|author1=Robin David|title=Rainbow Nation's colourful Indians|url=http://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/On-the-bounce/rainbow-nation-s-colourful-indians/|website=Times of India|access-date=5 February 2015|date=4 July 2010|quote=Gujaratis of Durban, who came to South Africa mainly from Surat and Saurashtra, have gone a step further and are keeping their unique Gujarati identity alive as well. Most of them arrived as traders soon after the first Indian labourers were brought in to work on sugarcane fields in the 1860s and have carved out a unique niche for themselves.}}</ref> The vast majority of immigrant pioneer Gujaratis who came in the latter half of the 19th century were ''passenger Indians'' who paid for their own travel fare and means of transport to arrive and settle South Africa, in pursuit of fresh trade and career opportunities and as such were treated as [[British subject]]s, unlike the fate of a class of Indian indentured labourers who were transported to work on the sugarcane plantations of [[Natal Colony]] in dire conditions. Passenger Indians, who initially operated in Durban, expanded inland, to the South African Republic ([[South African Republic|Transvaal]]), establishing communities in settlements on the main road between [[Johannesburg]] and Durban. After wealthy [[Gujarati Muslim]] merchants began experiencing discrimination from repressive colonial legislation in [[Colony of Natal|Natal]],<ref name="saHistoryIndianTimeline">{{cite web |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/pages/chronology/special-chrono/governance/indian-history.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606163436/http://www.sahistory.org.za/pages/chronology/special-chrono/governance/indian-history.html|archive-date=6 June 2011 |title=Timeline|access-date=24 November 2011}}</ref> they sought the help of one young lawyer, [[Mahatma Gandhi]] to represent the case of a [[Umar Hajee Ahmed Jhaveri|Memon]] businessman. [[Umar Hajee Ahmed Jhaveri]] was consequently elected the first president of the [[South African Indian Congress]].
Indians in South Africa could traditionally be bifurcated as either indentured labourers (largely from Tamil Nadu, with smaller amounts from UP and Bihar) and merchants (exclusively from Gujarat).

Indians have played an important role in the [[Internal resistance to apartheid|anti-apartheid movement]] of South Africa.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mehta|first1=Nalin|last2=Mehta|first2=Mona G.|title=Gujarat beyond Gandhi identity, society and conflict|date=2011|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=978-1317988359|page=161|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NfraAAAAQBAJ&q=gujaratis,+indian+independence&pg=PA161|access-date=12 December 2015|quote=Mobility remains a feature of Gujaratis. While apartheid may have sought to keep people in a mould, Gujaratis kept resisting this through their caste, class, and national mobility.}}</ref> Many were incarcerated alongside [[Nelson Mandela]] following the [[Rivonia Trial]], and many became martyred fighting to end racial discrimination.

===Mozambique===
In the second half of the 1800s, many Gujarati Hindus belonging to the Vaniya community migrated to the South of [[Mozambique]], in particular to the provinces of [[Inhambane]] and [[Lourenço Marques]] to run businesses. This was followed by migration of Hindus of various artisan castes from [[Diu, India|Diu]] to the region. Later in 1800s, immigration restrictions imposed by the colonial authorities in neighbouring South Africa and the [[Boer republic]] made Mozambique the preferred destination for many Gujarati Hindus from the [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] (namely, Rajkot and Porbandar) and Surat regions.<ref>BASTOS, J., 2003. In Search of Hidden Meanings: Identity Processes and Strategies from a triple point-of-view. Berckeley University, comunicação pessoal (texto policopiado).</ref><ref>Bastos, S., 2005. Indian transnationalisms in colonial and postcolonial Mozambique. African Migrations: Historical Perspectives and Contemporary Dynamics, special issue. Stichproben: Vienna Journal of African Studies, 8, pp.277-306.[https://stichproben.univie.ac.at/fileadmin/user_upload/p_stichproben/Artikel/Nummer08/15_Bastos.pdf]</ref>

The 1961 takeover of Portuguese Goa by India made life difficult for the Indian population in the then Portuguese colony of Mozambique. The independence of Mozambique like in other African countries led to many Gujaratis to move to Portugal.<ref name="digitalcommons.butler.edu"/>

===Oman===
{{Main|Indians in Oman}}
[[Oman]], holding a strategically important position at the mouth of the [[Persian Gulf]], has been the primary focus of trade and commerce for medieval Gujarati merchants for much of its history and Gujaratis, along with various other ethnic groups, founded and settled its capital port city, [[Muscat, Oman|Muscat]].<ref>{{cite web|author1=Willem Floor|title=The Persian Gulf: Muscat – City, Society and Trade|url=http://www.magepublishers.com/persian-gulf-muscat-city-society-trade/|website=Mage Publishers|access-date=5 February 2015|quote=Muscat, the capital city of present day Oman, has had a long history as an Indian Ocean port at the mouth of the Persian Gulf. International trade brought about a mix of various ethnic and religious groups including, besides Arabs, Africans, Baluchis, Mekranis, Sindis, Gujaratis, Persians, and many others. At the turn of the twentieth century fourteen languages could be heard spoken in the city.}}</ref> Some of the earliest Indian immigrants to settle in Oman were the [[Bhatia caste|Bhatia]]s of [[Kutch]], who have had a powerful presence in Oman dating back to the 16th century.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Khalid M. Al-Azri|title=Social and Gender Inequality in Oman: The Power of Religious and Political Tradition.|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-67241-2|page=50|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eb6Pgy1Q0vQC&q=bhatias,+oman&pg=PA50|access-date=5 February 2015|quote=Hindus had settled in Oman by the sixteenth century, and from at least the early nineteenth century Omani commerce and trade has been conducted by Hindu Banyans of Bhatia caste deriving from Kutch in Gujarat.}}</ref> At the turn of the 19th century, Gujaratis wielded enough clout that [[Faisal bin Turki, Sultan of Muscat and Oman|Faisal bin Turki]], the great-grandfather of the current ruler, spoke Gujarati and [[Swahili language|Swahili]] along with his native Arabic<ref>{{cite magazine|author1=Hugh Eakin|title=In the Heart of Mysterious Oman|url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2014/aug/14/heart-mysterious-oman/|website=The New York Review of Books|access-date=5 February 2015|date=14 August 2014}}</ref> and Oman's sultan Syed Said (1791-1856) was persuaded to shift his capital from Muscat to [[Zanzibar]], more than two thousand miles from the Arabian mainland, on the recommendation of Shivji Topan and Bhimji families who lent money to the Sultan.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Bharat Yagnik|title=Oman was Gujaratis' first stop in their world sweep|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Oman-was-Gujaratis-first-stop-in-their-world-sweep/articleshow/45737586.cms|website=The Times of India|access-date=5 February 2015|date=3 January 2015}}</ref> In modern times, business tycoon Kanaksi Khimji, from the famous Khimji family of Gujarat<ref>{{cite book|author1=Marc Valeri|title=Oman : politics and society in the Qaboos state|date=2009|publisher=C. Hurst|location=London|isbn=978-1-85065-933-4|page=42|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MKzlyho2KQkC&q=khimji+family,+gujarat&pg=PA42|access-date=5 February 2015|quote=One of these families is another Banyan one, known today as Khimji, whose ancestor came to Oman around 1870 from Gujarat. The family business grew during the Second World War, when it became the Sultan's most important contractor: the Khimji group was the exclusive supplier of the royal palace, and was granted the monopoly and distribution of food products in the Dhofar region.}}</ref> was conferred title of [[Sheikh]] by the Sultan, the first ever use of the title for a member of the Hindu community.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Runa Mukherjee Parikh|title=World's only Hindu Sheikh traces his roots to Gujarat|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Worlds-only-Hindu-Sheikh-traces-his-roots-to-Gujarat/articleshow/19995680.cms|website=The Times of India|access-date=5 February 2015|date=11 May 2013|quote="We see achievements as milestones in the quest for excellence. We just want to be the best," says the 77-year-old tycoon, Kanaksi Khimji. Not sales and volumes, Khimji believes that the most important measure of success for his family's business is how far it has helped advance the national development plans laid out by Oman's Sultan Qaboos bin Said. In fact, Khimji with his Indian roots was one of the first to embrace Omanisation, a directive to train and empower Omani professionals. Such a rare honour makes Khimji the most distinguished Indian in this Middle Eastern country.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Alpers|first1=Edward A.|title=The Indian Ocean in World History|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199721795|page=106|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=suLQCwAAQBAJ&q=gujarati,+oman&pg=PA106|language=en|quote=Gujarati merchants enjoyed a special place in the political economy of an emerging Omani Empire in the Western Indian Ocean, while as British-protected subjects they became the advance guard of British imperial presence in both the Gulf and eastern Africa north of the Portuguese possessions. Already by this time Omani customs collection, which was farmed out on five-year contracts to the highest bidder, was in the hands of a Kachchhi Hindu trader named Mowjee Bhimani whose family maintained control of the Masqat farm into the 1840s.|date=31 October 2013}}</ref> The Muscati Mahajan is one of the oldest merchants associations founded more than a century ago.<ref>{{cite web|title=Muscat Early History|url=http://www.bhatiamahajan.com/muscat--middle-east.html|website=bhatia mahajan|access-date=5 February 2015|archive-date=5 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205215327/http://www.bhatiamahajan.com/muscat--middle-east.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Hoerder|first1=Dirk|title=Migrations and Belongings|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674281318|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2BahAwAAQBAJ&q=GUJARATIS,+ECONOMIC+MIGRATIONS&pg=PA106|language=en|quote=The Western trade had, for example, led to settlement of merchants from the Gulf of Kutch and from Jamnagar in Zanzibar. In view of local hostility to intermingling, the merchants brought in wives, and a community emerged by 1860s. Its five to six thousand Hindus and Muslims fragmented, however, along ethnoreligious and occupational lines: Baluchi as soldiers of the Omani sultan, Memons from Sind in shipping and fishing, Parsi merchants, Hindu trading castes - Baniyas, Bhatias, Lohanas, and Shia Muslims, as well as Daudi Bohoras, Ismaili Khojas, Isthnasteris, and [[Goan Catholics]]. Ethnoreligious-professional traditions framed agency: Hindus usually returned when they had accumulated savings and wealth, whereas Muslims stayed and formed families... In the frame of dependencies between colonizer and colonies, the Gujarati enclave, protected by the Omani sultanate, did in the 1870s, become a conduit for British influence and, over time for British ascendancy. Distinct vertical links of each of the South Asian ethnoreligious groups to the British in Mumbai hindered horizontal Indian-cultured homogenization in the community. Mumbai's commercial expansion resulted in increased Gujarati in-migration, and Gujarati became the community's lingua franca. The privileged and thus distinct status granted by the Omani sultanate prevented indigenization.|year=2014}}</ref>

===Southeast Asia===
Gujaratis had a flourishing trade with Southeast Asia in the 15th and 16th centuries, and played a pivotal role in establishing [[Islam]] in the region.<ref>{{cite news|title=Gujarat helped establish Islam in SE Asia|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/ampnbspGujarat-helped-establish-Islam-in-SE-Asia/articleshow/11262585.cms|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|last=Prabhune|first=Tushar|location=[[Ahmedabad]]|date=27 December 2011}}</ref> Miller (2010) presented a theory that the indigenous scripts of [[Sumatra]] ([[Indonesia]]), [[Sulawesi]] (Indonesia) and the [[Philippines]] are descended from an early form of the [[Gujarati script]]. [[Tomé Pires]] reported a presence of a thousand Gujaratis in [[Malacca]] ([[Malaysia]]) prior to 1512.<ref name="Miller2010">{{cite journal|last1=Miller|first1=Christopher|title=A Gujarati Origin for Scripts of Sumatra, Sulawesi and the Philippines|journal=Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society|volume=36|issue=1|year=2010|pages=276|issn=2377-1666|doi=10.3765/bls.v36i1.3917|doi-access=free}}</ref> The Gujarati language continues to be spoken in Singapore and Malaysia.<ref name=e25>{{e25|guj}}</ref><ref name="pr">{{Cite web |url=http://www.pressreader.com/malaysia/the-sun-malaysia/20150225/281831462182561 |title=Journey of enrichment |via=PressReader |access-date=29 June 2018}}</ref>

====Hong Kong====
Gujaratis also dominate the diamond trade in the city. As of 2012 350 diamond firms in Hong Kong were owned by Gujaratis.
<ref>{{Cite news|first=Melvyn |last=Thomas |date=2012|publisher=timesofindia|location=India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Gujarat-glitter-on-Hong-Kong-business/articleshow/12564796.cms |title=Gujarat glitter on Hong Kong business|access-date=7 April 2012}}</ref>

====Malaysia====
{{Main|Gujarati Malaysian}}
There estimated around 31,500 Gujarati in Malaysia. Most of this community work as traders and settled in the urban parts of Malaysia like Melaka, George Town, Kuala Lumpur and Ipoh.<ref name=pr/>

==== Fiji ====
Gujaratis in Fiji represent an important trading community within the large Indian population.<ref>Prasad, K. K. (1978). The Gujaratis of Fiji, 1900-1945 : a study of an indian immigrant trader community (T). University of British Columbia. Retrieved from https://open.library.ubc.ca/collections/ubctheses/831/items/1.0094513[https://open.library.ubc.ca/soa/cIRcle/collections/ubctheses/831/items/1.0094513{{Dead link|date=November 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}]</ref>

==Culture==
{{Main|Culture of Gujarat}}

===Literature===
{{main|Gujarati literature|}}
[[File:Guj Script Mahatma Gandhi 1.png|thumb|upright=0.95|Excerpt from "[[My experiments with truth]]" - the [[autobiography]] of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] in its original Gujarati.]]
[[Kavi Kant]], [[Kalapi]] and [[Mareez|Abbas Abdulali Vasi]] are Gujarati language poets. [[Ardeshar Khabardar]], Gujarati-speaking Parsi who was president of [[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]] was a nationalist poet. His poem, ''Jya Jya Vase Ek Gujarati, Tya Tya Sadakal Gujarat'' (Wherever a Gujarati resides, there forever is Gujarat) depicts Gujarati ethnic pride and is widely popular in Gujarat.<ref name="Williams1984">{{cite book|author=Raymond Brady Williams|title=A New Face of Hinduism: The Swaminarayan Religion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AHI7AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA170|access-date=18 August 2014|year=1984|publisher=CUP Archive|isbn=978-0-521-27473-9|pages=170–}}</ref>

[[Bhagwan Swaminarayan|Swaminarayan]] paramhanso, like Bramhanand, Premanand, contributed to Gujarati language literature with prose like [[Vachanamrut]] and poetry in the form of [[bhajans]]. [[Kanji Swami]] a spiritual mystic who was honoured with the title, '[[Koh-i-Noor]] of [[Kathiawar]]' made literary contributions to [[Jain]] philosophy and promoted [[Ratnatraya]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Poojya Gurudeve Shree Kanji Swami|url=http://www.mangalayatan.com/gurudevshri.html|website=mangalayatan.com|access-date=19 November 2015|quote=He read many Shwetambar Scriptures and preached in so impressed way that people called him ‘Kohinoor of Kathiawad’|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119223839/http://www.mangalayatan.com/gurudevshri.html|archive-date=19 November 2015}}</ref>

Gujarati theatre owes a lot to bhavai. [[Bhavai]] is a musical performance of stage plays. Ketan Mehta and [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]] explored artistic use of bhavai in films such as ''[[Bhavni Bhavai]]'', ''[[Oh Darling! Yeh Hai India]]'' and ''[[Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam]]''. Dayro (gathering) involves singing and conversation reflecting on human nature.

Gujarati language is enriched by the Adhyatmik literature written by the Jain scholar, [[Shrimad Rajchandra]] and Pandit Himmatlal Jethalal Shah. This literature is both in the form of poetry and prose.<ref>{{cite web|title=Shrimad Rajchandra – A spiritual gem|url=http://www.rajsaubhag.org/category/spiritual/foundations/shrimad-rajchandra/|website=www.rajsaubhag.org|access-date=27 October 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140825134936/http://www.rajsaubhag.org/category/spiritual/foundations/shrimad-rajchandra/|archive-date=25 August 2014}}</ref>

===Cuisine===
{{Main|Gujarati cuisine}}
[[File:Vedhmi.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.9|''Vedhmi'' is a sweet lentil stuffed [[Roti|chapati]].]]
Gujarati food has famously been described as "the haute cuisine of vegetarianism" and meals have a subtle balance of sweet, tart and mild hot sensations on the palate.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Jung|first1=Jeffrey Aldford & Naomi Duguid; photographs by Jeffrey Aldford & Naomi Duguid; additional photographs by Richard|title=Mangoes & curry leaves culinary travels through the great subcontinent|date=2005|publisher=Artisan|location=New York|isbn=9781579655655|page=14|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K5viC1KaoBUC&q=meat+eating+in+gujarat&pg=PA14|access-date=24 October 2015}}</ref> Gujarati Jains, as well as many Hindus and [[Buddhists]] in Gujarat, are vegetarian. However, many Gujarati Hindu communities such as [[Ghanchi]], Koli Patel, and [[Kharwa caste|Kharwa]] consume fish as part of their diet.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=K.S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Cy_-FXW9BQC&dq=ghanchi++fish&pg=PR11 |title=People of India: Gujarat |publisher=Popular Prakashan |year=2003 |isbn=81-7991-104-7 |volume=22 |location=Mumbai, India |pages=397, 652, 694}}</ref> [[Christians]], and Muslims have traditionally eaten a variety of meats and seafood, although [[Muslim]]s don't eat pork and Hindus don't eat beef.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Zahir Janmohamed|title=Butter Chicken in Ahmedabad|url=http://india.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/08/20/butter-chicken-in-ahmedabad/|website=[[The New York Times]]|date=20 August 2013|access-date=24 October 2015|quote=But attitudes are changing, according to Mr. Dauwa. "More people, especially businessmen from China and Japan, are visiting Gujarat and many of them want non-vegetarian food," he said. "And also, Gujaratis are becoming wealthier, and when they live abroad they pick up nonvegetarian eating habits."|author1-link=The Racist Sandwich}}</ref> [[Gujarati cuisine]] follows the traditional Indian full meal structure of rice, cooked vegetables, [[dal|lentil dal]] or curry and ''[[roti]]''. The different types of flatbreads that a Gujarati cooks are [[rotli]] or [[chapati]], [[Bhakri|bhakhri]], puri, thepla, rotla, dhebara, maal purah, and puran-pohli. Popular snacks such as [[Khaman]], [[Dhokla]], Dhokli, dal-dhokli, [[Undhiyu]], [[Jalebi]], fafda, [[Chevda|chevdoh]], Muthia, Bhajia, Patra, bhusu, locho, sev {{Not a typo|usal}}, fafda gathiya, vanela gathiya and [[Sev mamra]], Sev Khaman, Dabeli are traditional Gujarati dishes savoured by many communities across the world.<ref>{{cite web|title=Western Indian Food: An explosion of Flavour|url=http://blog.mapsofindia.com/india/western-indian-food-an-explosion-of-flavour/|website=mapsofindia|access-date=27 October 2015}}</ref>

[[Khichdi]] — a mix of rice and [[mung dal]], cooked with spice — is a popular and nutritious dish which has regional variations. Quite often the khichdi is accompanied by [[Kadhi]]. It is found satisfying by most Gujaratis, and cooked very regularly in most homes, typically on a busy day due to its ease of cooking. It can also become an elaborate meal such as a [[thali]] when served with several other side dishes such as a vegetable curry, yogurt, [[Indian cuisine|sabzi]] shaak, onions, mango pickle and [[papad]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hajratwala|first1=Bhanu|title=Gujarati kitchen : family recipes for the global palate|date=2011|publisher=Westland|location=Bangalore|isbn=9789380658490|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vTjBfwzuEYgC&q=gujarati+food+khichdi}}</ref>

Spices have traditionally been made on grinding stones, however, since villages have seen rapid growth and industrialisation in recent decades, today people may use a blender or grinder. People from north Gujarat use dry red chili powder, whereas people from south Gujarat prefer using green chili and coriander in their cooking. There is no standard recipe for Gujarati dishes, however the use of tomatoes and [[lemons]] is a consistent theme throughout Gujarat.<ref name="10 Best Gujarati Recipes">{{cite web|title=10 Best Gujarati Recipes|url=http://food.ndtv.com/lists/10-best-gujarati-recipes-695837|website=ndtv.com|access-date=27 October 2015}}</ref>
Traditionally Gujaratis eat [[mukhwas]] at the end of a meal to enhance digestion, and desserts such as ''aam shrikhand'' made using [[mango]] salad and hung [[curd]] are very popular.<ref name="10 Best Gujarati Recipes"/> In many parts of Gujarat, drinking [[chaas]] (chilled [[buttermilk]]) or soda after lunch or dinner is also quite common.

Surti delicacies include [[ghari (sweet)|ghari]] which is a puri filled with [[khoa]] and nuts that is typically eaten during the festival [[Chandani Padva]]. [[Khambhat]] delicacies include famous [[sutarfeni]] — made from fine strands of sweet dough (rice or maida) garnished with pistachios, and ''halwasan'' which are hard squares made from broken wheat, khoa, nutmeg and [[pistachios]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Darra Goldstein|title=The Oxford Companion to Sugar and Sweets Oxford Companions Series|date=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0199313396|page=358|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jbi6BwAAQBAJ&q=gujarat,+cornstarch,+custard&pg=PA358}}</ref> A version of English [[custard]] is made in Gujarat that uses [[cornstarch]] instead of the traditional eggs. It is cooked with cardamom and [[saffron]], and served with fruit and sliced almonds.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sitafal basundi|url=http://www.khanakhazana.com/recipes/view.aspx?id=6361|website=khana khazana|access-date=25 October 2015}}</ref> Gujarati families celebrate [[Sharad Purnima]] by having dinner with doodh-pauva under moonlight.<ref>{{cite book|title=Passing on the Culture in the Diaspora: Inter-generational Communication of Cultural Identity Amongst Gujaratis in the USA.|date=2007|page=113|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j5n5JDDhCZkC&q=gujarati+food,+doodh+pauva&pg=PA113|access-date=25 October 2015|isbn=9780549413127}}</ref>

===Folk dance and music===
The folk dances of Gujarat are [[Garba (dance)|Garba]], [[Dandiya]], [[Padhar dance|Padhar]], [[Tippani Dance|Tippani]], Dangi, etc. which are done during festivals.<ref name="IToday">{{cite web | title=Notes make a culture|last=Patil|first=Vatsala | website=India Today| date=13 February 2015 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20150223-notes-make-a-culture-817538-2015-02-13 | access-date=3 October 2022}}</ref>
[[File:Navratri Garba.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Women and men performing [[Garba (dance)|Garba]] as part of [[Navaratri]] celebrations in the city of Ahmedabad]]
[[File:Mer Dandiya.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|[[Mer people|Mer]] [[Dandiya]], a sword dance performed by the martial communities of [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]]]]

=== Gujarati folklore ===
Folklore is an important part of Gujarati culture. The folktales of Kankavati are religious in nature because they sprung from the ordinary day-to-day human cycle of life independent of, and sometimes deviating from the scriptures. They are part of the Hindu rituals and practices for marriage, [[Simantonnayana|baby shower]], [[Nāmakaraṇa|naming ceremony]], the harvest and death, and are not merely religious acts but they reflect the lived life of people in rural and urban societies. The anthologies of Dadaji Ni Vato and Raang Chhe Barot are pragmatic with practical and the esoteric wisdom. Saurashtra Ni Rasdhar is a collection of love legends and depicts every shade of love and love is the main emotion which makes human world beautiful because it calls forth patience, responsibility, sense of commitment and dedication. Also the study of Meghani's works is quintessential because he was a trailblazer in exploring the vast unexplored heritage of Gujarati folklore. His folktales mirror the milieu of Gujarat, dialects, duhas, decors, humane values, sense of sacrifice and spirit of adventure, enthusiasm and, of course, the flaws in people. Meghani's folktales are verbal miniature of Gujarati culture.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Soni|first=vandana|date=2014|title=A Translation of Jhaverchand Meghani's Nontranslated Folk Tales from Gujarati into English with a Critical Evaluation|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/123916/11/11_chapter%206.pdf|pages=484}}</ref>

==Images==
<gallery>
File:Nagar Brahmins (9969683734).jpg|[[Nagar Brahmins]] in western India (c. 1855–1862)
File:Bhattias (9938720746).jpg|[[Bhatia caste|Bhatia]]s in western India (c. 1855–1862)
File:Goojerattee Brokers (9806490963).jpg|[[Bania (caste)|Gujarati brokers]] in western India (c. 1855–1862)
File:Goojerattee Accountants (9806454294).jpg|[[Banker|Gujarati accountants]] in western India (c. 1855–1862)
File:Rajpoots (9938614386).jpg|[[Rajputs]] in western India (c. 1855–1862)
File:Parsees (9806963583).jpg|[[Parsis]] in western India (c. 1855–1862)
File:Parsee Priests (9806503805).jpg|[[Parsi]] priests in western India (c. 1855–1862)
File:Lohannas (9805958365).jpg|[[Lohanas]] in western India (c. 1855–1862)
File:Bohoras (9738294552).jpg|[[Bohra clan|Bohras]] in western India (c. 1855–1862)
File:Banians of Damnaggar (Kutch) (9938983803).jpg|[[Bania (caste)|Banians]] of Damnaggar (Kutch)
File:Kojahs (9727943566).jpg|[[Khoja]]s of Western India ca. 1855-1862
File:Mehmans (9727923226).jpg|[[Memon people|Memon]] men - photographs of Western India Series 1855-1862
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[List of people from Gujarat]]
* [[Gujarati diaspora]]
* [[Jethwa|Jethwa Rajputs]]
* [[Rajputs of Gujarat]]
* [[Dharasana Satyagraha]]
* [[Navnirman Andolan]]
* [[Mahagujarat Movement]]
*[[Hind Swaraj or Indian Home Rule]]
* [[Genetic studies on Gujarati people]]
*[[Memons (Kathiawar)|Khatiawari Memons]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{reflist|group=nb}}

==Further reading==
*{{Cite book
| editor-last = Jhaveri
| editor-first = Krishanlal Mohanlal
| year = 2003
| title = The Gujaratis: The People, Their History, and Culture
| place = New Delhi
| publisher = Cosmo Publications
}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}

{{Gujarat}}
{{Social groups of Gujarat}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gujarati People}}
[[Category:Gujarati people| ]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Social groups of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Culture of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Culture of Kollam]]
[[Category:Indigenous peoples of South Asia]]
[[Category:Indo-Aryan peoples]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language writers]]
[[Category:Cultural assimilation]]
[[Category:Indian industrialists]]

Bhagwandin Kushwaha

2026-04-04T03:46:26Z

HectorOtoole: New New Details Basic Info

{{Short description|Former member of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Bhagwandin Kushwaha
| image = File:Bhagwandin Kushwaha.jpg
| image_upright = .6
| caption =
| birth_date = 1941
| birth_place =
| office1 = Member of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Derapur Assembly constituency|Derapur]]
| term_start1 = 1977
| term_end1 = 1991
| predecessor =
| successor4 = [[Devendra Singh (politician)|Devendra Singh]]
| party = [[Janata Dal]]
| other_party =
| alma_mater =
| parents =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
| spouse =
| children =
}}
'''Bhagwandin Kushwaha''' was an Indian politician from [[Uttar Pradesh]], who was elected to [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] for four times from the [[Derapur Assembly constituency]] of the [[Kanpur Dehat district]]. He was a [[socialist]] leader who served as a member of several political parties founded on the ideology of socialism. These included [[Lok Dal]], [[Janata Dal]], [[Janata Party]] and [[Janata Party (Secular)]].

==Life and political career==
Kushwaha was a resident of Sithmara village of the Derapur block, located in Kanpur Dehat district of Uttar Pradesh. He started his political career as the village head. Born to Lalta Prasad Kushwaha in the year 1941, he was reported to be a ground level leader, who liked to work between the people. On 14 March 1957, he was married to Sushila Devi.<ref name=up>{{cite web|url=https://uplegisassembly.gov.in/Members/pdfs/10th_vs_sadashya_parichay.pdf#page=257|title=10th Vidhan Sabha members|website=Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|accessdate=27 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/kanpur-dehat/derapur/news/bhagwandin-kushwaha-was-a-four-time-mla-from-sikandra-he-himself-used-to-go-among-the-people-without-holding-the-public-court-129347772.html|title=एक विधायक जो करते थे रोडवेज बस से सफर:भगवानदीन कुशवाहा चार बार रहे सिकंदरा से विधायक, जनता दरबार न लगाकर खुद जाते थे लोगों के बीच |website=Dainik Bhaskar|date=29 January 2022 |accessdate=27 October 2024}}</ref>

He entered the state level politics in the year 1977, when he was elected to [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] for the first time on the symbol of [[Janata Party]]. He defeated Ram Pal Singh Yadav, who was the runner up candidate and contested in this election as a member of [[Indian National Congress]]. In 1980 elections, Kushwaha became a member of [[Janata Party (Secular)]] led by [[Charan Singh]]. He defeated Nek Chand Pandey of Indian National Congress and was elected to the legislative assembly for the second time. In 1985, he became the MLA for the third time by defeating Ram Narain Tripathi of Indian National Congress. In the 1985 elections, Kushwaha contested as a candidate of [[Lok Dal]].He reached the peak of his political career in 1989 by defeating Chaudhary Ram Pal Singh of Indian National Congress and becoming the MLA for fourth time from Derapur Assembly constituency. In the 1989 elections, he was a member of [[Janata Dal]] political party.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uplegisassembly.gov.in/Members/pdfs/9th_vs_sadashya_parichay.pdf#page=248|title=9th Vidhan Sabha members|website=Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|accessdate=27 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://uplegisassembly.gov.in/Members/pdfs/8th_vs_sadashya_parichay.pdf#page=238|title=8th Vidhan Sabha members|website=Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|accessdate=27 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://uplegisassembly.gov.in/Members/pdfs/7th_vs_sadashya_parichay.pdf#page=246|title=7th Vidhan Sabha members|website=Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|accessdate=27 October 2024}}</ref>

In the 1991 elections, the political career of Kushwaha witnessed a downfall. He was pushed to third position in this election with [[Devendra Singh (politician)|Devendra Singh]] of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] retaining the Derapur seat and [[Janata Party]] candidate Ram Das Pal becoming the runner-up. Kushwaha contested as [[Janata Dal]] candidate in this election.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uplegisassembly.gov.in/Members/pdfs/11th_vs_sadashya_parichay.pdf#page=171|title=11th Vidhan Sabha members|website=Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|accessdate=27 October 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1977–1980]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1980–1985]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1985–1989]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1989–1991]]
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Lok Dal politicians]]
[[Category:People from Kanpur Dehat district]]
[[Category:Janata Party politicians]]
[[Category:Janata Party (Secular) politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Simultala railway station

2026-04-01T08:42:11Z

HectorOtoole: created basic post more to come

{{Short description|Railway station in Jamui district, Bihar, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date= October 2025}}
{{Infobox station
| name = SIMULTALA
| style = Indian Railways
| type = [[File:Indian Railways Suburban Railway Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] station
| image = Simultala railway station in Bihar 01.jpg
| caption = Simultala railway station entrance
| address = Simultala, [[Jamui district]], [[Bihar]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|24.7135657|N|86.5422359|E|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|242|m|}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| tracks = Broad gauge
| structure = Standard (on ground station)
| platforms = 2
| parking = No
| status = {{color|green|Active}}
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = STL
| zone = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Asansol}}
}}
| classification = '''NSG-5'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Eastern Railway – Asansol Division |url=https://er.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,6,443,528,537 |publisher=Eastern Railway, Government of India |access-date=8 September 2025}}</ref>
| opened =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = 1996–97<ref name=elec>{{cite web|title=History of Electrification|url=http://www.irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html|work=information published by CORE (Central Organisation for Railway Electrification)|publisher=CORE (Central Organisation for Railway Electrification)|access-date=1 April 2012}}</ref>
| former = [[East Indian Railway Company|East Indian Railway]]
| passengers =
| map_type = India Bihar
| map_dot_label = Simultala railway station
| map_size = 300
| map_caption = Location in Bihar
| line = [[Howrah–Delhi main line]]
| other =
| accessible =
| route_map = {{Asansol–Patna section}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-caption = Interactive map
| map_state = collapsed
}}

'''Simultala railway station''' (station code: '''STL)''' is a railway station on the [[Howrah–Delhi main line]] under the [[Asansol railway division]] of the [[Eastern Railway zone]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=List of Stations on Asansol division |url=https://er.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,6,443,528,537 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918055842/https://er.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,6,443,528,537 |archive-date=18 September 2024 |access-date=2025-09-20 |website=er.indianrailways.gov.in |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Simultala Railway Station Map/Atlas ER/Eastern Zone - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/simultala-stl/591 |access-date=2025-10-27 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref> The station serves Simultala and its nearby areas and it's situated between Telwa Bazar Halt and Ghorparan railway station of [[Jamui district]] of [[Bihar]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=SNS |date=2024-10-25 |title=Asansol division's Simultala station set for revamp |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/bengal/asansol-divisions-simultala-station-set-for-revamp-1503357426.html |access-date=2025-10-27 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Simultala (STL) Railway Station: Station Code, Schedule & Train Enquiry - RailYatri |url=https://www.railyatri.in/stations/simultala-stl |access-date=2025-10-27 |website=www.railyatri.in}}</ref> Both Express and EMU trains have scheduled halts here.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-12 |title=सिमुलतल्ला स्टेशन पर 6 ट्रेनों का ठहराव, यात्रियों व पर्यटन को बड़ी सौगात |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/deogarh/story-indian-railways-announces-train-stops-at-simultala-station-for-enhanced-connectivity-201757627015750.html |access-date=2025-10-27 |website=www.livehindustan.com |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jamui News: सिमुलतला के लिए खुशखबरी... 13 मार्च से स्टेशन पर रुकेगी यह सुपरफास्ट ट्रेन, पढ़ लीजिए सही टाइम टेबल - Jamui News Sealdah Ballia Express will stop at Simultala railway station from 13th March |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/jamui-jamui-news-sealdah-ballia-express-will-stop-at-simultala-railway-station-from-13th-march-23671546.html |access-date=2025-10-27 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Live Trains at SIMULTALA (STL) Railway Station : etrain.info |url=https://etrain.info/station/Simultala-STL/live |access-date=2025-10-27 |website=etrain.info |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-11 |title=सिमुलतला स्टेशन पर रुकेगी छह मेल व एक्सप्रेस ट्रेन, 14 सितंबर से सुविधा |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/jamui/six-mail-and-express-trains-will-stop-at-simultala-station |access-date=2025-10-27 |website=Prabhat Khabar |language=hi}}</ref>

==Facilities==
The station has two platforms, which are linked by a foot overbridge. Basic passenger facilities include a ticket counter, platform sheds and a drinking water supply.<ref name=":2" /> However the station is being redeveloped under the [[Amrit Bharat Station Scheme]]. Upon completion, Simultala will feature upgraded platforms, new foot overbridges, lifts, escalators, improved waiting rooms, dormitory and enhanced passenger amenities comparable to those at major railway stations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-03 |title=अमृत भारत योजना के तहत सिमुलतला रेलवे स्टेशन का बदलेगा कायाकल्प |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/jamui/story-rejuvenation-of-simultala-railway-station-will-change-under-amrit-bharat-yojana-8253128.html |access-date=2025-10-27 |website=www.livehindustan.com |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-03 |title=Redevelopment work of Simultala Railway Station is in full swing – Details inside |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/railways-redevelopment-work-of-simultala-railway-station-is-in-full-swing-details-inside-3354534/ |access-date=2025-10-27 |website=The Financial Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-06 |title=Which are the 508 railway stations to be revamped? See full list here |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-narendra-modi-laid-foundation-stone-for-redevelopment-of-508-railway-stations-full-list-latest-update-101691286293581.html |access-date=2025-10-27 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Asansol railway division]]
* [[Eastern Railway zone]]
* [[Howrah–Delhi main line]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Asansol railway division]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Jamui district]]

{{India-railstation-stub}}

India–Palau relations

2026-03-31T15:19:21Z

HectorOtoole: new!

{{Infobox Bilateral relations|India–Palau|India|Palau|map=India_Palau_Locator.png}}
Diplomatic relations between [[India]] and [[Palau]] were established in 1995. The Embassy of India in [[Manila]], [[Philippines]], is concurrently accredited to Palau.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indembassymanila.in/eoi.php?id=ContactInfo|title=Contact Us|website=Embassy of India, Manila, Philippines|language=en|access-date=16 April 2017|archive-date=25 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025231928/http://www.indembassymanila.in/eoi.php?id=ContactInfo|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== History ==
Since the establishment of diplomatic relations in April 1995, the two countries have conducted regular consultation and dialogue through the small island developing states (SIDS) forum of the [[United Nations]], of which Palau is a member. The country is also a member of the [[Pacific Islands Forum]], of which India is an official dialogue partner. Bilateral relations received a boost following the initiation of the [[Forum for India–Pacific Islands Cooperation]] by the [[Narendra Modi]] government in 2014.<ref name="MEA2016">{{cite web |date=9 February 2016 |title=India - Republic of Palau Relations |url=http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Palau_09_02_2016.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429113201/http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Palau_09_02_2016.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2016 |access-date=16 April 2017 |website=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India}}</ref><ref name="JagranJosh" /> A Palauan delegation including Health Minister Gregorio Ngirmang and other senior officials attended the first India-Forum for Pacific Island Countries (FIPIC) Summit hosted in Suva, Fiji on 19 November 2014 by Prime Minister Modi.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Pratibha|first1=Jyoti|title=Samoa PM Coming Here|url=http://fijisun.com.fj/2014/11/17/samoa-pm-coming-here/|website=Fiji Sun|access-date=17 April 2017|location=Suva|date=17 November 2014}}</ref><ref name="JagranJosh">{{cite web|title=Second Forum for India-Pacific Islands Cooperation (FIPIC) Summit held in Jaipur|url=http://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/second-forum-for-indiapacific-islands-cooperation-fipic-summit-held-in-jaipur-1440570425-1|website=Jagran Josh|access-date=16 April 2017|date=26 January 2015}}</ref>

Indian Ambassador to Palau (resident in Manila) Rajeet Mitter represented India at Palau's independence day celebrations in May 2009.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mvariety.com/regional-news/20755-india-palau-to-strengthen-diplomatic-ties|title=India, Palau to strengthen diplomatic ties|last=Carreon|first=Bernadette H.|date=7 October 2009|website=Marianas Variety|language=en-gb|access-date=2017-04-16}}</ref> Palau voted for India's candidature for a Non-Permanent Seat on the UN Security Council for the year 2011–12.<ref name="MEA2016" />

President [[Tommy Remengesau]] led a Palaun delegation to attend the 2nd Summit of Forum for India Pacific Islands Cooperation (FIPIC) held in [[Jaipur]] on 21 August 2015.<ref name="AnnualReport2015-16"/><ref>{{Cite news |date=21 August 2015 |title=PM Narendra Modi inaugurates FIPIC summit; stresses on potential in ocean economy |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-pm-narendra-modi-inaugurates-fipic-summit-stresses-on-potential-in-ocean-economy-2116917 |access-date=2017-04-16 |work=dna - Daily News & Analysis |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/pm-modi-to-attend-second-fipic-summit-in-jaipur-today-115082100122_1.html|title=PM Modi to attend second FIPIC summit in Jaipur today|last=ANI|date=2015-08-21|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2017-04-16}}</ref> Remengesau also held bilateral discussion with Prime Minister Modi on the sidelines of the summit. He sought an agreement on medical exchange with India, which would help the Palaun government reduce health care costs by sending patients to India for treatment instead of other countries.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 August 2015 |title=Palau poised to sign cost cutting medical referral deal with India |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-08-17/palau-poised-to-sign-cost-cutting-medical-referral/6701794 |access-date=2017-04-16 |website=ABC News |language=en-AU}}</ref>

Minister of State, Ministry of Science and Technology, & Ministry of Earth Sciences [[Y.S. Chowdary]] represented India at Remengesau's oath-taking ceremony to begin his fourth term as president on 19 January 2017. Following the ceremony, President Remengesau informed Chowdary that Palau would support India's candidature for a permanent seat in the [[UN Security Council]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Republics of Palau, Micronesia to support India's Candidature for UN Permanent membership|url=http://www.yschowdary.com/republics-of-palau-micronesia-to-support-indias-candidature-for-un-permanent-membership/|website=yschowdary.com|access-date=16 April 2017|archive-date=28 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928160923/http://www.yschowdary.com/republics-of-palau-micronesia-to-support-indias-candidature-for-un-permanent-membership/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Trade==
Bilateral trade between India and Palau is small due to Palau's small population and poor air connectivity with major transit points. Palau has direct air connectivity only with Manila and Guam.<ref name="MEA2016" /> Bilateral trade between the two countries totaled US$170,000 in 2007-08 and rose to $800,000 in 2014–15. Trade rose significantly to $3.72 million in 2015–16, as result of exports of ships, boats and floating structures from Palau to India. India exported $200,000 worth of goods to Palau and imported $3.70 million in 2015–16. India imports from Palau rose from $100,000 the previous fiscal. The main commodity exported by India to Palau is pharmaceuticals. India's only imports from Palau were electrical machinery and equipment in 2014–15, and ships, boats and floating structures in 2015–16.<ref>{{cite web |title=Total Trade |url=https://tradestat.commerce.gov.in/eidb/default.asp |access-date=17 April 2017 |website=Ministry of Commerce, Government of India |language=en}}</ref>

At the 2nd FIPIC Summit, Prime Minister Modi announced that a FIPIC Trade Office would be opened at the FICCI premises in New Delhi. The trade office, named the FIPIC Business Accelerator, was officially opened on 7 September 2015. The Confederation of Indian Industries (CII) has also established a dedicated department at its headquarters in New Delhi focusing on boosting trade with Pacific Island Countries.<ref>{{cite web |date=December 2016 |title=Page 1 of 3 INDIA - SAMOA BILATERAL RELATIONS |url=http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Samoa_Dec_2016.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908221425/http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Samoa_Dec_2016.pdf |archive-date=8 September 2017 |access-date=15 April 2017 |website=Ministry of External Affairs}}</ref>

===Shipping===
The Palau International Ship Registry (PISR) has offices in India, and many Palau-flagged vessels originate from India.<ref>{{cite web|title=Palau ship registry expands to Greece|url=http://www.radionz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/322560/palau-ship-registry-expands-to-greece|website=[[Radio New Zealand]] |access-date=16 April 2017|language=en-nz|date=17 January 2017}}</ref> On 28 February 2017, the Madras High Court ordered the arrest of Palau-flagged ship TB ''Parasea One''. The ships's owner, Dubai-based Paradigm Seastar Ltd, had failed to pay {{INRConvert|78|l}} as dues for failing to complete a shipment on behalf of Mangalore-based Roy Lexim which had chartered the vessel to carry construction materials from Singapore to Male.<ref>{{cite news |date=28 February 2017 |title=Madras HC orders arrest of Palau-flagged ship |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/madras-hc-orders-arrest-of-palau-flagged-ship/articleshow/57396744.cms |access-date=16 April 2017 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Cultural relations ==
Palau issued a limited edition collectors' coin depicting the Hindu god [[Venkateswara]] on 16 April 2014, the day of Chaitra Purnima. This was the first coin featuring a Hindu deity to be issued by a country other than India. The silver coins are studded with six [[Swarovski crystals]] and a diamond. Palau issued 1,111 coins of 1 ounce and 511 coins of 3 ounces, with a face value of $5 and $20 respectively. Each coin was encased in specially designed boxes with LED lights inside and shaped like a small temple.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tirupati Balaji goes global with coins from Palau|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tirupati-balaji-goes-global-with-coins-from-palau/article5599431.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=21 January 2014|access-date=16 April 2017|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=20 January 2014 |title=Tirupati Balaji goes international, Pacific island nation of Palau to issue coins |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/tirupati-balaji-goes-international-pacific-island-nation-of-palau-to-issue-coins/1219374/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028060958/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/tirupati-balaji-goes-international-pacific-island-nation-of-palau-to-issue-coins/1219374/ |archive-date=28 October 2023 |access-date=16 April 2017 |website=The Indian Express |language=en-gb |agency=PTI}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=20 January 2014 |title=Tirupati Balaji goes international, Palau govt to issue coins |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Tirupati-Balaji-goes-international-Palau-govt-to-issue-coins/articleshow/29107010.cms |access-date=16 April 2017 |website=The Times of India |agency=PTI}}</ref>

As of February 2016, around 20 Indian citizens reside in Palau. The Taj Palau is only Indian restaurant on the island.<ref name="MEA2016" /><ref>{{cite book|last1=Cook|first1=Ben|title=Federated States of Micronesia and Palau|date=2010|publisher=Other Places Publishing|isbn=9780982261934|page=204|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZjOX7ySEURYC|access-date=16 April 2017|language=en}}</ref>

==Foreign aid==
India provided a grant of $150,000 to procure kitchen equipment for the Palau National Hospital and $100,000 to procure a boat and two pick-up trucks in 2008. Another $100,000 was provided in June 2010 for procurement of computers, and $100,000 in August 2011 for IT and computer up-gradation in Palauan Government offices and diplomatic missions.<ref>{{cite web|title=India - Republic of Palau Relations|url=http://mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Palau_January_2015_eng.pdf|website=Ministry of External Affairs|access-date=16 April 2017|date=January 2015}}</ref> In June 2014, India provided a grant of $168,000 to assist Palau in hosting the 45th Pacific Islands Forum. India donated $50,000 towards disaster relief in the damage caused by Super-[[Typhoon Haiyan]] in March 2014.<ref name="MEA2016" />

India announced that it would provide a grant-in-aid of US$100,000 annually to each of the 14 Pacific Island countries, including Palau, at the Post Forum Dialogue partner meeting in 2006.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iDg9oAkwsXAC|title=Asia in the Pacific Islands: Replacing the West|date=2007|publisher=The University of the South Pacific|isbn=9789820203884|page=275|language=en|last1=Crocombe|first1=R. G.|access-date=17 April 2017}}</ref> The amount was increased to US$125,000 annually from 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Tuvalu_2015_07_07.pdf|title=India-Tuvalu Relations|date=7 July 2015|website=Ministry of External Affairs|access-date=18 April 2017}}</ref> At the first FIPIC Summit on 19 November 2014, Prime Minister Modi announced numerous steps that India would take to improve relations with Pacific Island countries, including Palau, such as easing visa policies, increase in grant-in-aid to Pacific Island Countries to $200,000 each annually, and several measures to boost bilateral trade and aid in the development of the Pacific Island countries.<ref>{{cite web|title=India – Tonga Relations|url=http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Tonga_15_01_2016.pdf|website=Ministry of External Affairs|access-date=15 April 2017|date=January 2016}}</ref>

India donated $10,000 to help fund a new office for the Palau Track and Field Association. The Association officially inaugurated the new office on 15 February 2017.<ref>{{cite web|title=Inside Palau NOC 2017 - Palau National Olympic Committee - SportsTG|url=http://websites.sportstg.com/assoc_page.cgi?c=2-3853-0-0-0&news_task=DETAIL&articleID=52592626|website=SportsTG|access-date=16 April 2017|language=en}}</ref>

Citizens of Palau are eligible for scholarships under the [[Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation Programme]].<ref name="MEA2016" /> Palauan diplomats attended a special training course for diplomats from Pacific Island Countries organized by the Foreign Service Institute and held in Palau in May 2015.<ref name="AnnualReport2015-16">{{cite web|title=Annual Report 2015-16|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Uploads/PublicationDocs/26525_26525_External_Affairs_English_AR_2015-16_Final_compressed.pdf|website=Ministry of External Affairs|access-date=16 April 2017|location=New Delhi|date=2016}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Foreign relations of India]]
*[[Foreign relations of Palau]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Foreign relations of India}}
{{Foreign relations of Palau}}

[[Category:Bilateral relations of Palau]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of India|Palau]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:India-Palau relations}}

Seityasen Singh Irom

2026-03-26T12:06:28Z

HectorOtoole: created a bio w/ refs - done

{{short description|Indian footballer (born 1992)}}
{{Western name order|Irom Seityasen Singh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Seityasen Singh
| image = Setiyasen Singh.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Seityasen with [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]] in 2021
| fullname = Seityasen Singh Irom
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1992|3|12|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Manipur]], India
| height = {{convert|1.78|m|abbr=on}}<ref name="soccerway">{{soccerway|setyasen-singh/394638}}</ref>
| position = [[Winger (association football)|Winger]]
| currentclub =
| clubnumber =
| years1 = 2011–2015
| clubs1 = [[Royal Wahingdoh F.C.|Royal Wahingdoh]]
| caps1 = 18
| goals1 = 6
| years2 = 2015
| clubs2 = → [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]] (loan)
| caps2 = 6
| goals2 = 1
| years3 = 2016
| clubs3 = [[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar]]
| caps3 = 8
| goals3 = 0
| years4 = 2016
| clubs4 = [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
| caps4 = 9
| goals4 = 2
| years5 = 2017
| clubs5 = → [[DSK Shivajians F.C.|DSK Shivajians]] (loan)
| caps5 = 10
| goals5 = 0
| years6 = 2017–2018
| clubs6 = [[Delhi Dynamos FC|Delhi Dynamos]]
| caps6 = 12
| goals6 = 1
| years7 = 2018–2019
| clubs7 = [[NorthEast United]]
| caps7 = 0
| goals7 = 0
| years8 = 2019–2022
| clubs8 = [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
| caps8 = 25
| goals8 = 1
| years9 = 2021–2022
| clubs9 = → [[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]] (loan)
| caps9 = 3
| goals9 = 0
| years10 = 2024-2025
| clubs10 = [[Southern Sporting Union]]
| caps10 = 1
| goals10 = 0
| years11 = 2025–
| clubs11 = [[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]]
| caps11 = 1
| goals11 = 0
| nationalyears1 = 2015–2018
| nationalteam1 = [[India national football team|India]]
| nationalcaps1 = 5
| nationalgoals1 = 0
| pcupdate = 19:55, 28 January 2025 (IST)
| ntupdate = 16:42, 11 September 2021(UTC)
}}
{{Meitei name|Irom|Seityasen|Singh}}

'''Seityasen Singh Irom''' ({{langx|mni|Irom Seityasen Singh}}, born 12 March 1992) is an [[India]]n professional [[association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[Winger (association football)|winger]] for [[I-League 2]] club [[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]].

==Club career==
===Royal Wahingdoh===
On 19 September 2011 Seityasen made his professional debut in the [[2011 Indian Federation Cup|Federation Cup]] against [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]] for [[Royal Wahingdoh F.C.|Royal Wahingdoh]] who were then in the [[I-League 2|I-League 2nd Division]]. The Royals created a major upset beating their fancied rivals 2–1 with Seityasen captaining Wahingdoh, and scoring the first goal.<ref>{{cite news|author=Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/Wahingdoh-stun-Churchill-Brothers-in-Federation-Cup/articleshow/10044013.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707033820/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-19/top-stories/30175164_1_churchill-brothers-chenco-wahingdoh |url-status=live |archive-date=2012-07-07 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title= Wahingdoh stun Churchill Brothers in Federation Cup |access-date=2012-03-25}}</ref> He was then an important part of Wahingdoh's [[2011 I-League 2nd Division]] squad where they qualified for the [[2011 I-League 2nd Division final round|final round]] but failed to qualify to the I-League in the final round. He then participated in the [[2012 I-League 2nd Division]] for Wahingdoh, where he scored twice in the group stages thus helping his team qualify to the [[2012 I-League 2nd Division final round]] again.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kolkatafootball.com/aiff_2nd_divn_ileague_2012/cuttack.html|title=AIFF 2nd Divn. I-League|website=www.kolkatafootball.com|access-date=9 July 2021|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204031/https://www.kolkatafootball.com/aiff_2nd_divn_ileague_2012/cuttack.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In the final round, it is only known that Seityasen appeared 8 times scoring thrice, but could not help his side gain promotion.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kolkatafootball.com/aiff_2nd_divn_ileague_2012/final.html|title=AIFF 2nd Divn. I-League - 2012 |website=www.kolkatafootball.com|access-date=9 July 2021|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624212421/https://www.kolkatafootball.com/aiff_2nd_divn_ileague_2012/final.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In the [[2013 I-League 2nd Division]], he scored thrice but could not help his team qualify for the final round in a disappointing season.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kolkatafootball.com/ileague_2nd_2013/index.html|title=ileague 2nd divn -2013 |website=www.kolkatafootball.com|access-date=9 July 2021|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203527/https://www.kolkatafootball.com/ileague_2nd_2013/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Finally, during the [[2014 I-League 2nd Division]], he scored three times to help his team qualify for the I-League.

Seityasen played his first game of the new season in the [[2014-15 Indian Federation Cup|Federation Cup]] against [[Mumbai F.C.|Mumbai]] in a 2–1 win.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=6110 |title=Welcome to All India Football Federation |access-date=7 May 2015 |archive-date=28 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228200315/https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=6110 |url-status=live }}</ref> He would then make his [[I-League]] debut against [[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]] and scored his first goal of the [[2014-15 I-League|2014-15]] season from a [[Jackichand Singh]] assist in a match they won by 2–1 scoreline.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2015/01/18/india/i-league/lajong-sc/royal-wahingdoh-fc/1980973/|title=Shillong Lajong vs. Royal Wahingdoh - 18 January 2015 - Soccerway|website=int.soccerway.com|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060748/http://int.soccerway.com/matches/2015/01/18/india/i-league/lajong-sc/royal-wahingdoh-fc/1980973/|url-status=live}}</ref> On 27 January 2015, he scored the winner against [[Bharat FC]] in the 64th minute to give his side third win in a row. The young winger scored his first hat-trick in the I-League on 3 May 2015, when he netted thrice against [[Salgaocar F.C.]] in a match played in Shillong. [[Royal Wahingdoh]] won the tie 4–2.<ref>{{cite news |author=Nabarun Goswami |url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/royal-wahingdoh-vs-salgaocar/1981066?ICID=HP_FM_2 |title=Seityasen's hat-trick piles pressure on Bagan and Bengaluru |publisher=Goal.com |access-date=2015-05-03 |archive-date=10 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310083436/http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/royal-wahingdoh-vs-salgaocar/1981066?ICID=HP_FM_2 |url-status=live }}</ref>

====NorthEast United (loan)====
In July 2015, Seityasen Singh was auctioned to play for [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]] in the [[2015 Indian Super League]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Noronha |first=Anselm |title=Cavin Lobo to Kerala, Keegan Pereira to Mumbai and the comprehensive Indian Super League Draft |url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/136/india/2015/07/10/13460302/cavin-lobo-to-kerala-keegan-pereira-to-mumbai-and-the?ICID=SP_HN_1 |work=Goal.com |date=10 July 2015 |access-date=10 July 2015 |archive-date=24 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124162437/https://www.goal.com/en-india/news/136/india/2015/07/10/13460302/cavin-lobo-to-kerala-keegan-pereira-to-mumbai-and-the?ICID=SP_HN_1 |url-status=live }}</ref> Representing NorthEast United in the 2015 Indian Super League campaign, he was one of the 10 Indian players who were part of the auction. He picked up 4 Emerging Player of The Match Awards and received another National Team call-up for his excellent performances.

===Salgaocar===
On 7 January 2016, Salgaocar confirmed that they have signed Royal Wahingdoh's star winger Seityasen Singh for 1 year.<ref>{{cite web |last=Mergulhao |first=Marcus |title=Salgaocar hope for rub of the green in I-League |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Salgaocar-hope-for-rub-of-the-green-in-I-League/articleshow/50474581.cms |work=timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ |date=7 January 2016 |access-date=7 January 2016 |archive-date=21 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180121142822/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Salgaocar-hope-for-rub-of-the-green-in-I-League/articleshow/50474581.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> On 24 January, Seityasen made his league debut, coming-on as 38th-minute substitute for Alesh Sawant in an away match against Mumbai FC at the Cooperage Stadium.

===DSK Shivajians===
On 1 January 2017, [[DSK Shivajians]] confirmed that they have signed [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]'s star winger Seityasen Singh sign for DSK Shivajians (loan).

===NorthEast United===
On June 30, 2017, NorthEast retained Seityasen for third season of Hero ISL from end of loan from [[DSK Shivajians]].

===Delhi Dynamos===
On 23 July 2017, [[Delhi Dynamos FC]] confirmed that they have signed [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]'s star winger Seityasen Singh.

===NorthEast United===
On 1 July 2018, [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]] confirmed that they have signed [[Delhi Dynamos FC|Delhi Dynamos]]'s winger Seityasen Singh.

===Kerala Blasters FC===
On 17 August 2019, [[Kerala Blasters]] confirmed that they have signed Seityasen Singh on a one-year deal. He made 10 appearances during the [[2019–20 Kerala Blasters FC season|2019-20]] season of [[Indian Super League]] and scored his first goal for the club against [[Hyderabad FC]].

In September 2020, it was confirmed that Seityasen has extended his contract with the Blasters till 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Exclusive {{!}} Seityasen Singh To Extend His Stay With Kerala Blasters|url=https://iftwc.com/seityasen-singh-contract-extension-kerala-blasters/|access-date=2020-09-07|website=IFTWC - Indian Football Team for World Cup|date=4 September 2020 |language=en-US|archive-date=27 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027070850/https://iftwc.com/seityasen-singh-contract-extension-kerala-blasters/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Seityasen was included in the Kerala Blasters squad for the [[2021 Durand Cup]], where he appeared in all three matches for the club throughout the tournament.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sportstar|first=Team|title=Durand Cup 2021: Kerala Blasters FC announces squad|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/durand-cup-2021-kerala-blasters-fc-announces-squad-fixtures-ivan-vukomanovic-jeakson-singh/article36254591.ece|access-date=2021-11-22|website=Sportstar|date=2 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref> He played his first match of the 2021–22 Indian Super League season against defending champions Mumbai City FC on 19 November 2021 as a substitute for [[Álvaro Vázquez]] in the 83rd minute of the game which they won 0–3 at full-time.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sportstar|first=Team|title=ISL 2021-22 Highlights Mumbai City FC vs Kerala Blasters: KBFC secures 3-0 victory against the Islanders|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/2021-2022/news/isl-live-mcfc-vs-kbfc-mumbai-city-fc-vs-kerala-blasters-fc-live-score/article37987782.ece|access-date=2021-12-21|website=Sportstar|date=19 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

==== Hyderabad FC (loan) ====
On 29 December, Kerala Blasters announced the loan departure of Seityasen to [[Hyderabad FC]] for the rest of the season.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sportstar|first=Team|title=ISL 2021: Hyderabad FC signs Seityasen Singh on loan from Kerala Blasters|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/2021-2022/news/isl-2021-hyderabad-fc-signs-seityasen-singh-on-loan-from-kerala-blasters/article38066131.ece|access-date=2021-12-29|website=Sportstar|date=29 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Sportstar|first=Team|title=ISL 2021-22: Hyderabad signs Seityasen Singh on loan from Kerala till end of season|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/2021-2022/news/isl-2021-22-hyderabad-signs-seityasen-singh-on-loan-from-kerala-football/article38066266.ece|access-date=2021-12-29|website=Sportstar|date=29 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

==International career==
On 11 June 2015, Singh made his debut for the [[India national football team]] in the [[2018 FIFA World Cup qualification – AFC second round|2018 FIFA World Cup qualifier]] against [[Oman national football team|Oman]].

==Career statistics==
===Club===
''As of matches played till 30 March 2022''<ref name="soccerway"/>


{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:100%; text-align:center;"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="3"|League
!colspan="2"|Federation Cup
!colspan="2"|Durand Cup
!colspan="2"|[[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]]
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Division!!pps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
| rowspan="1"| [[Royal Wahingdoh F.C.|Royal Wahingdoh]]
|[[2014-15 in Indian football|2014–15]]
|[[I-League]]||18||6||4||0||0||0||–||–||22||6
|-
|[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|[[2015 Indian Super League|2015]]
|[[Indian Super League]]||6||1||0||0||–||–||–||–||6||1
|-
| rowspan="1"|[[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar]]
|[[2015-16 I-League|2015–16]]
|[[I-League]]||8||0||2||0||–||–||–||–||10||0
|-
|[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|[[2016 Indian Super League|2016]]
|[[Indian Super League]]||9||2||0||0||–||–||–||–||9||2
|-
|[[DSK Shivajians F.C.|DSK Shivajians]]
|[[2016-17 I-League|2017]]
|[[I-League]]||10||0||0||0||–||–||–||–||10||0
|-
|[[Delhi Dynamos FC|Delhi Dynamos]]
|{{nowrap|[[2017–18 Indian Super League|2017–18]]}}
| rowspan="6" |[[Indian Super League]]||11||1||0||0||–||–||–||–||11||1
|-
|[[Northeast United FC|Northeast United]]
|[[2018–19 Indian Super League|2018–19]]||0||0||0||0||–||–||–||–||0||0
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|[[2019–20 Kerala Blasters FC season|2019–20]]
|10
|1
|0
|0
|–
|–
|–
|–
|10
|1
|-
|[[2020–21 Kerala Blasters FC season|2020–21]]
|12
|0
|0
|0
|–
|–
|–
|–
|12
|0
|-
|[[2021–22 Kerala Blasters FC season|2021–22]]
|3
|0
|0
|0
|3
|0
|–
|–
|6
|0
|-
|[[2022–23 Kerala Blasters FC season|2022–23]]
|0
|0
|0
|0
|–
|–
|–
|–
|0
|0
|-
! colspan="2" |Kerala Blasters FC total
!25
!1
!0
!0
!3
!0
!–
!–
!28
!1
|-
|[[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]] (loan)
|[[2021–22 Hyderabad FC season|2021–22]]
|[[Indian Super League]]
|3
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|–
|–
|3
|0
|-
! colspan="3" | Career total
!90!!11!!6!!0!!3!!0!!0!!0!!99!!11
|}

===International===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!National team!!Year!!Apps!!Goals
|-
|rowspan="4"|[[India national football team|India]]
|2015||2||0
|-
|2016||1||0
|-
|2017||1||0
|-
|2018||1||0
|-
!colspan="2"|Total!!5!!0
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kerala Blasters FC squad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Seityasen}}
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:1992 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Footballers from Manipur]]
[[Category:Royal Wahingdoh FC players]]
[[Category:I-League 2 players]]
[[Category:I-League players]]
[[Category:Salgaocar FC players]]
[[Category:Indian Super League players]]
[[Category:NorthEast United FC players]]
[[Category:Men's association football wingers]]
[[Category:Kerala Blasters FC players]]
[[Category:Odisha FC players]]
[[Category:India men's international footballers]]
[[Category:DSK Shivajians FC players]]
[[Category:Hyderabad FC players]]

Inter-State Migrant Workmen (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act, 1979

2026-03-26T09:12:41Z

HectorOtoole: stub!

{{More footnotes|date=May 2020}}

{{use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox legislation
| short_title = Inter-State Migrant Workmen (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act, 1979
| imagesize = 100
| long_title = An Act to regulate the employment of inter-State migrant workmen and to provide for their conditions of service and for matters connected therewith.
| citation = [http://labour.nic.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/ActsandRules/Service_and_Employment/The%20Inter-State%20Migrant%20Workmen%20(Regulation%20of%20Employment%20and%20Conditions%20of%20Service)%20Act,%201979.pdf Act No. 30 of 1979]
| enacted_by = [[Parliament of India]]
| date_assented = 11 June 1979
| date_commenced = 1 June 1987
| repealed_by = [[Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code, 2020]]
| status = repealed
}}

The '''Inter-State Migrant Workmen (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act, 1979''' was an [[Act of Parliament|Act]] of the [[Parliament of India]] enacted to regulate the condition of service of inter-state labourers in [[Indian labour law]]. The Act's purpose was to protect workers whose services are requisitioned outside their native states in India. Whenever an employer faces shortage of skills among the locally available workers, the act created provisions to employ better skilled workers available outside the state. The act was replaced by the [[Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code, 2020]]

==Background==
The employment system of interstate migrant labour was an exploitative system prevalent more or less all over India. It was rampantly institutionalized in Orissa and in some other states. In Orissa the migrant labour (called dadan labour locally) through contractors or agents (called Sardars / Khatedars) are sent for work outside the state in large construction projects. This system lends itself to various abuses. Sardar promising at the time of recruitment that wages would be calculated on piece rate basis would not be settled every month as promised. Once the worker came under clutches of the contractor he took him to a far off place on payment of railways fare only. No working hours were fixed for interstate migrant workers and they had to work on all the days in a week under extremely bad working conditions.{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}}

Twenty eighth State Labour Ministers conference held on 21-10-1976 recommended for setting up of a small compact committee to examine all issues and suggest measures for eliminating the abuses prevalent in the interstate workers deployment. The compact committee which was constituted in February 1977, recommended the enactment of a separate central legislation to regulate the employment of interstate migrant workers as it was felt the provisions of the [[Contract Labour (Regulation and Abolition) Act 1970]],<ref>{{cite web|url= http://pblabour.gov.in/pdf/acts_rules/contract_labour_regulation_and_abolition_act_1970.pdf|title= Contract labour regulation and abolition act 1970, GoI|access-date= 17 February 2013|archive-date= 17 April 2012|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120417101009/http://pblabour.gov.in/pdf/acts_rules/contract_labour_regulation_and_abolition_act_1970.pdf|url-status= dead}}</ref> even after necessary amendments would not adequately take care of the variety of malpractices indulged in by the principal employers/contractors/Sardars/Khatedars etc. and the required facilities to be provided to these workmen in view of the peculiar circumstances in which they are working.

The recommendations of compact committee had been examined in consultation with the state governments and the relevant central ministries, Interstate Migrant Workmen (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act, 1979<ref>{{cite web|url= http://labour.nic.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/ActsandRules/Service_and_Employment/The%20Inter-State%20Migrant%20Workmen%20(Regulation%20of%20Employment%20and%20Conditions%20of%20Service)%20Act,%201979.pdf|title= Interstate migrant workmen act 1979 |access-date=17 February 2013}}</ref> was passed by both houses of Parliament and [[President of India]] gave his assent on 11-06-1979.

This Act makes provision for availing with the onsite services of interstate workers by the contractors / establishments to overcome only the temporary shortage of required skilled workers in a state. The purpose of this act is not to encourage interstate migration of workers against the interests of local workers as the principal employers would have to incur more cost in deploying interstate workers.

==Contents==

===Rights of interstate workers===
In addition to the general labour laws applicable to all workers, the interstate workers are entitled with
*equal or better wages for the similar nature & duration of work applicable for the local workmen or stipulated minimum wages under [[the Minimum Wages Act, 1948]] whichever is more,
*displacement allowance (Section 14),
*home journey allowance (Section 15) including payment of wages during the period of journey,
*suitable residential accommodation and medical facilities free of charge on mandatory basis.
*Termination of employment after the contract period without any liability.
*Right to lodge compliant with the authorities within three months of any incident, accident, etc.

===Role of contractors===
Registration of all contractors who employs or employed five or more Interstate Migrant Workmen on any day of the preceding 12 months.
*Furnish the details of workmen periodically in such forms as prescribed by state government.
*Maintain the registers indicating the details of interstate workers and make available for scrutiny by the statutory authorities.
*Issue of passbook affixed with a passport-sized photograph of the workman indicating the name and the place of the establishment where the worker is employed, the period of employment, rates of wages, etc. to every inter-state migrant workman.
*Reporting by the contractor the incidence of fatal accident or serious injury of such workman to the specified authorities of both the States and also the next of kin of the workman.
*Liable for the prescribed punishments for violations committed under this Act.

===Role of principal employers===
*Registration of all principal employers who employs or employed directly or indirectly five or more Interstate Migrant Workmen on any day of the preceding 12 months.
*Maintain the registers indicating the details of interstate workers and make available for scrutiny by the statutory authorities.
*Every principal employer shall nominate a representative duly authorized by him to be present at the time of disbursement of wages by the contractor and it shall be the duty of such representative to certify the amounts paid as wages in such manner and may be prescribed.
*Principal employer shall be liable to bear the wages and other benefits to interstate workers in case of failure by the contractor to effect the same.
*Liable for the prescribed punishments for violations committed under this Act.

===Role of state governments===
*Appointment of inspectors to oversee implementation of this act.
*Appointment of registration officers to grant and revoke registration of contractors / principal employers / establishments.
*Appointment of licensing officers to grant, suspend and revoke licenses to contractors / principal employers / establishments
*Making rules for carrying out the purposes of this Act subject to the condition of previous publication
*Entertaining appeals from the aggrieved parties and disposal of the same as per this Act

==Actual implementation==
As per the census of the year 1991, nearly 20 million people migrated to other states seeking livelihood. Within a decade, the number of interstate migrants doubled to 41,166,265 persons as per the census figures of 2001. It is estimated that there are at present around 80 million migrants of which, 40 million are in the construction industry, 20 million are domestic workers, 12 million working in illegal mines otherwise called “small scale quarries”, etc.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.icsw.org/doc/Migrant-workers-B-K-Sahu.doc|title= Magnitude of interstate migration of workmen|access-date= 17 February 2013|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140616220314/http://www.icsw.org/doc/Migrant-workers-B-K-Sahu.doc|archive-date= 16 June 2014|url-status= dead}}</ref>
Since the stipulations of this act are not implemented in true spirit by the state governments, more and more interstate workers are deployed in miserable working conditions at wages far below the prevailing local wages.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.hindu.com/2007/03/13/stories/2007031302250300.htm |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070315221738/http://www.hindu.com/2007/03/13/stories/2007031302250300.htm |url-status= dead |archive-date= 15 March 2007 |work= [[The Hindu]] |title= Plight of interstate migrant workers|date= 2007-03-13 |access-date=17 February 2013}}</ref> The vested interest of labour departments in collusion with the principal employers /contractors is the main stumbling block to implement this act which is hurting the interests of the local workmen and the improvement in their living standards.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=23797 |title= Prosecutions under the Act in year 2004 -05, GoI |access-date=17 February 2013}}</ref>

==Proposed amendment==
The Interstate Migrant Workers (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Amendment Bill, 2011 is proposed to make this Act gender neutral by amending its title and replacing the word ‘workman and workmen’ by the words ‘worker and workers’ respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://164.100.47.134/lsscommittee/Labour/computer-bill.pdf1.pdf|title=Standing committee on labour, fifteenth lok sabha, GoI,|year=2010|access-date=17 February 2013}}{{Dead link|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> However, the lawmakers have not thought of bringing additional provisions to implement this Act strictly with more accountability and punishments for violations.

===Possible improvements===
*All interstate workers should be registered in [[gram panchayat]] or municipality or corporation compulsory.
*All interstate workers shall be provided with the benefits of Public Distribution System (PDS) Cards to avoid buying food grains and kerosene at higher prices. [[Indian identity card|Adhar identity card]] shall be made compulsory for the interstate workers.
*The remuneration to interstate workers shall be deposited in their bank accounts and not by cash by the contractors
*Every state government shall mandatorily operate an [[internet portal]] indicating the registered principal employers, contractors, establishments and interstate workmen details including Adhar card data for general public information and verification. The details of interstate workmen shall be uploaded by the principal employers and contractors promptly. Non compliance by the principal employers or contractors is treated as violation of the Act and liable for punishment.
*No contractor shall deploy the workers outside the state without getting registered in that state. All the details of the interstate workers deployment outside the state shall be made available to the state authorities promptly.
*The state government authorities shall conduct mandatory yearly audit of all employers / contractors in a state regarding deployment of interstate workers and submit yearly compliance status or implementation report to the state assembly for their scrutiny.
* The ongoing [[Finance Commission of India|finance commission]] shall give weight age in devolution of central government funds to the states which are giving more employment to interstate workers as they are ahead in [[demographic transition]]. Demographic transition of a state is a real index & status of all round human and economical development.

==Social problems==
More and more interstate workers deployment is bringing social and cultural tensions in the states which are created on linguistic basis. Interstate workers being under the hold of their employers are scared of associating with local workers in ameliorating their living standards and working conditions. Many times interstate workers are reluctant to learn speaking in local majority language and to understand the local customs. Some times in the guise of interstate workers, interstate thieves / robbers / dacoits commit theft, murders, etc. creating law and order problems.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/article2937874.ece |title= Bank robbery attempt by interstate migrants |access-date=17 February 2013}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Indian labour law]]
*[[UK labour law]]
*[[Constitution of India]]
*[[List of Indian federal legislation]]
*[[Illegal immigration in India]]
*[[Illegal Migrants (Determination by Tribunal) Act (IMDT)]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[http://labour.nic.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/ActsandRules/Service_and_Employment/The%20Inter-State%20Migrant%20Workmen%20(Regulation%20of%20Employment%20and%20Conditions%20of%20Service)%20Act,%201979.pdf Interstate Migrant Workmen Act 1979]

[[Category:Indian labour law]]
[[Category:Acts of the Parliament of India 1979]]
[[Category:Inter-state disputes in India]]
[[Category:Internal migration in India]]
[[Category:Demographic history of India]]
[[Category:1979 in labor relations]]
[[Category:Migrant workers]]

Dhana 51

2026-03-25T18:33:50Z

HectorOtoole: Started a data...

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Dhana 51
| image = Dhana 51.jpg
| director = [[Surya Kiran (director)|Surya Kiran]]
| writer = Surya Kiran
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = [[B. V. S. Ravi|Ravi]]<br />Surya Kiran
}}
| producer = M. L. Kumar Chowdary
| starring = [[Sumanth]]<br />[[Saloni Aswani]]<br />[[Mukesh Khanna]]
| cinematography = S. Arun Kumar
| editing = [[Marthand K. Venkatesh]]
| music = [[Chakri (music director)|Chakri]]
| studio = Sri Keerthi Creations
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|df=y|2005|1|14}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Dhana 51''''' is a 2005 Indian Telugu-language romantic action film<ref name=sify>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/dhana-51-imagegallery-movies-jdwmDyaejccsi.html|title=Dhana 51|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=14 June 2022|archive-date=4 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204001243/https://www.sify.com/movies/dhana-51-imagegallery-movies-jdwmDyaejccsi.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> directed by [[Surya Kiran (director)|R. Soorya Kiran]] and starring [[Sumanth]] and [[Saloni Aswani]] with [[Mukesh Khanna]] in a negative role. Structural similarities were found between the plot of this movie and the 2008 Kannada film ''[[Bindaas (2008 film)|Bindaas]]'' penned by [[Janardhana Maharshi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/dec/08review-pp.htm|title=Paramesha Paanwala is a laugh riot|author=R G Vijayasarathy|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=8 December 2008|access-date=14 June 2022|archive-date=14 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614172712/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/dec/08review-pp.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{Colbegin}}
*[[Sumanth]] as Dhananjay a.k.a. Dhana
*[[Saloni Aswani]] as Lakshmi
*[[Mukesh Khanna]] as Mahesh Chandra
*[[Tanikella Bharani]]
*[[Dharmavarapu Subramanyam]] as Dhana's father
*Rajakumar
*[[Mallikarjuna Rao (actor)|Mallikarjuna Rao]]
*[[Kanta Rao]]
*[[Ali (actor)|Ali]]
* Delhi Rajeswari
* Radha Kumar
*[[Gautam Raju]]
*[[Gundu Hanumantha Rao]]
*[[Surya Kiran (director)|Surya Kiran]] (guest appearance)
*[[Kaveri (actress)|Kalyani]] (guest appearance)
{{Colend}}

== Production ==
After the success of ''[[Satyam (2003 film)|Satyam]]'', [[Surya Kiran (director)|R. Soorya Kiran]], Sumanth and [[Chakri (composer)|Chakri]] reunited for this film.<ref name=idlebrain>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-dhana51.html|title=Dhana 51 - audio function - Telugu Cinema - Sumanth, Saloni - Soorya Kiran|website=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=14 June 2022|archive-date=3 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203083508/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-dhana51.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The title was changed from ''51'' to ''Dhana 51'' because Sumanth's previous films named after the hero's character (''Satyam'' and ''[[Gowri (2004 film)|Gowri]]'') were box office successes. This film marks the Telugu debut of Mumbai-based [[Saloni Aswani]] and ''[[Shaktimaan]]''-fame [[Mukesh Khanna]].<ref name=sify/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/jul/22/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-saloni.htm|title=Saloni Aswani in Telugu film Maryada Ramanna|date=22 July 2010|work=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=14 June 2022|archive-date=6 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106113229/http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/jul/22/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-saloni.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/pressmeet-dhana51.html|title=Telugu Cinema - Pressmeet - Dhana 51 - Sumanth, Saloni|website=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=14 June 2022|archive-date=3 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203083532/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/pressmeet-dhana51.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
Music by Chakri.<ref name=idlebrain/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://southmp3.org/dhana-51-songs/ |title=Dhana 51 Songs Download | Dhana 51 Naa Songs Telugu |date=29 March 2020 |access-date=14 June 2022 |archive-date=18 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220618042227/https://southmp3.org/dhana-51-songs/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
*"Aravirisina Mogga" – Chakri
*"Avunanave Avunani" - [[P. Unnikrishnan]]
*"China Goda" – [[Kousalya (singer)|Kousalya]], [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
*"Dhana 51" – Soorya Kiran, Vasu, Vishwa, Lahari
*"I Am In Love" – Anitha
*"Kovaa Kovaa" – Balaji, Gowri Srinivas, Matin, Pallavi, Ravi Varma, Soorya Kiran, Vasu, Kameshwari

== Release and reception==
The film released on 14 January 2005 coinciding with [[Sankranthi]].<ref name=sify/>

Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' gave the film a rating of 2.5 out of 5 and opined that "''Dhana 51'' suffers with inadequate screenplay, uneven narration and confused characterization. ''Dhana 51'' is most unexpected from a director who made his debut with ''Satyam'' film".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-dhana51.html|title=Dhana 51 - Telugu cinema Review - Sumanth, Saloni|website=Idlebrain.com|access-date=14 June 2022|archive-date=3 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203142327/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-dhana51.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Ravi Kalaga of ''Full Hyderabad'' wrote that "A remake in the essence, albeit with changes in the locations, songs, sidekicks and vocations of the actors, ''Dhana'' is essentially a cut-copy-paste version of their earlier enterprise [Satyam], with new fonts and colors (literally!)".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/dhana-51/telugu/dhana-51-movie-reviews-1279-2.html|title=Dhana 51 review: Dhana 51 (Telugu) Movie Review|work=Full Hyderabad|first=Ravi|last=Kalaga|access-date=14 June 2022|archive-date=3 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203191949/https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/dhana-51/telugu/dhana-51-movie-reviews-1279-2.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|0929607}}

[[Category:Films scored by Chakri]]
[[Category:2005 Telugu-language films]]
{{2000s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Thawe Junction railway station

2026-03-21T18:15:44Z

HectorOtoole: created new details w/ sources

{{Short description|Railway station in Muzaffarpur, Bihar, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2015}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|50px]]<br />{{font color|blue|THAWE JUNCTION}}
| symbol =
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] station
| native_name_lang =
| style = Indian Railways
| image = {{Photomontage|
| photo2a= Thawe Jn 1.png
| photo1a= Thawe Jn 2.png
| size = 250
| spacing = 0
| color = white
| color_border = transparent
}}
| image_caption =
| address = [[Gopalganj, Bihar]]
| country = [[File:Flag of India.svg|20px]] [[India]]
| coordinates ={{coord|26.4389|N|84.3949|E|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|57|m|ft}}
| line =
| other =
| structure = Standard (on ground station)
| platform = 3
| tracks = 5
| bicycle = {{rint|bicycle}} {{color|red|Not Available}}
| parking = {{rint|parking}} {{color|green|Available}}
| connections = City bus, [[auto rickshaw]], taxi, cab service
| opened = {{start date and age|1910}}
| closed =
| rebuilt = 2025 under [[Amrit Bharat Station Scheme]]
| electrified = {{start date and age|2006}}, [[25 kV AC]]
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = THE
| zone = [[North Eastern Railway zone]]
| division = [[Varanasi railway division]]
}}
| owned = [[North Eastern Railway zone]]
| operator = [[Indian Railways]]
| architectural_style = [[Modern architecture|Modern]] (after Redevelopment)
| status = {{color|green|Functioning}}
| former = East Indian Railway
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_rank =
| pass_system =
| map_type = India#India Bihar#
| map_dot_label = '''Thawe Junction'''
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in [[Gopalganj, Bihar|Gopalganj]]##Location in India
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-caption = Interactive map of Thawe Junction
| mapframe-custom = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-align=center|frame-width=300|frame-height=180|zoom=14|type=point|marker=rail}}
}}
'''Thawe Junction railway station (sometimes pronounced Thawen)''' is a medium-sized village in the [[Gopalganj district, India|Gopalganj district]] of the Indian state of [[Bihar]]. Located about 6 kilometers southwest of the district headquarters [[Gopalganj, Bihar|Gopalganj]], Thawe is a popular pilgrimage site for Hindu devotees due to the presence of the notable [[Devi]] temple, [[Thawe Mandir]]. The village is also served by Thawe Junction railway station, a key railway station under the [[North Eastern Railway zone]] of Indian Railways. The station connects several important regional lines and facilitates travel to major cities such as Lucknow, Gorakhpur, Patna, and Tatanagar.
<ref name="PatnaPress-AmritBharatFlagoff">“Gopalganj Gets Direct Delhi Link as First Amrit Bharat Express Departs From Thawe Junction”, *Patna Press*, 29 September 2025. Retrieved [date you accessed it].</ref>

== Redevelopment ==

'''Thawe Junction railway station''' has been redeveloped under the Government of India’s '''[[Amrit Bharat Station Scheme]]''' (ABSS), which aims to modernize major railway stations across the country by enhancing infrastructure, aesthetics, and passenger amenities.

The redevelopment project was completed at an estimated cost of ₹11.75 crore. The inauguration of the station’s upgraded facilities took place in 2023 and was part of a nationwide event in which Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] virtually inaugurated 103 redeveloped railway stations across 18 states.<ref name="PatnaPress‑ThaweMakeover">“Bihar’s Thawe Junction Station Gets A Modern Makeover Under Amrit Station Yojana”, *Patna Press*, 20 May 2025. Retrieved [access date you viewed it].</ref>
=== Key features of the redevelopment ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Redevelopment details at Thawe Junction
! Feature !! Description
|-
| '''Station building''' || Construction of a modern 400 square metre station building
|-
| '''Circulating area''' || Expanded to 1,030 square metres to improve passenger movement
|-
| '''Platforms''' || Platforms 1, 2, and 3 were expanded and upgraded
|-
| '''Passenger shelters''' || 28-bay sheds installed; additional large shed for weather protection
|-
| '''Platform surfacing''' || Kota stone paving on Platform 1
|-
| '''Waiting room''' || Renovated with new furniture and local artwork
|-
| '''Amenities''' || Addition of water coolers, ceiling fans, food stalls, and international-standard signage
|-
| '''Assistance counter''' || Establishment of a "Sahayog" (help) counter
|-
| '''Parking facilities''' || Dedicated parking for two-wheelers and four-wheelers
|-
| '''Approach road''' || Upgraded with a formal entrance gate and pedestrian pathways
|} <ref name="TOI‑PMInaugRailStations">“PM to inaugurate two railway stations on May 22”, *The Times of India*, 19 May 2025. Retrieved [access date].</ref>

== Major trains ==
The following trains halt at '''Thawe Junction railway station'''. The list excludes special trains (number starting with '0'):

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Major trains at Thawe Junction (THE)
! Train No. !! Train Name !! From – To !! Days of Operation !! Departure Time
|-
| 19410 || Gorakhpur–Ahmedabad Express || Thawe Jn – Sabarmati BG || Mon, Sat || 01:00
|-
| 75104 || THE–CPR DMU || Thawe Jn – Chhapra || Daily || 04:15
|-
| 55113 || SV–THE Passenger || Siwan Jn – Thawe Jn || Daily || Arrives 05:20
|-
| 15113 || GTNR–CPR Express || Gomti Nagar – Chhapra || Daily || 06:05
|-
| 19046 || Tapti Ganga Express || Thawe Jn – Surat || Tue, Wed, Fri, Sat, Sun || 05:40
|-
| 55115 || THE–CPJ Passenger || Thawe Jn – Kaptanganj Jn || Daily || 05:40
|-
| 15080 || GKP–PPTA Express || Gorakhpur – Patliputra || Daily || 06:50
|-
| 75103 || CPR–THE DMU || Chhapra – Thawe Jn || Daily || Arrives 08:25
|-
| 75105 || THE–JEA DMU || Thawe Jn – Nakaha Jungle || Daily || 08:55
|-
| 55036 || GKC–SV Passenger || Gorakhpur Cant – Siwan Jn || Daily || 09:20
|-
| 55110 || CI–THE Passenger || Chhapra Kacheri – Thawe Jn || Daily || Arrives 09:25
|-
| 55105 || CI–THE Passenger || Chhapra Kacheri – Thawe Jn || Daily || Arrives 10:00
|-
| 18182 || THE–TATA Express || Thawe Jn – Tatanagar || Wed, Thu, Sat, Sun || 10:10
|-
| 55107 || THE–CPJ Passenger || Thawe Jn – Kaptanganj Jn || Daily || 10:30
|-
| 55112 || THE–MHC Passenger || Thawe Jn – Masrakh || Daily || 10:30
|-
| 55116 || CPJ–THE Passenger || Kaptanganj Jn – Thawe Jn || Daily || Arrives 11:25
|-
| 55109 || THE–CI Passenger || Thawe Jn – Chhapra Kacheri || Daily || 11:50
|-
| 55037 || SV–THE Passenger || Siwan Jn – Thawe Jn || Daily || Arrives 13:25
|-
| 55038 || THE–SV Passenger || Thawe Jn – Siwan Jn || Daily || 14:05
|-
| 55104 || CI–THE Passenger || Chhapra Kacheri – Thawe Jn || Daily || Arrives 16:05
|-
| 55108 || CPJ–THE Passenger || Kaptanganj Jn – Thawe Jn || Daily || Arrives 16:15
|-
| 55106 || THE–CI Passenger || Thawe Jn – Chhapra Kacheri || Daily || 16:35
|-
| 55103 || THE–CI Passenger || Thawe Jn – Chhapra Kacheri || Daily || 17:00
|-
| 18181 || TATA–THE Express || Tatanagar – Thawe Jn || Tue, Wed, Fri, Sat || Arrives 17:15
|-
| 03215 || PNBE–THE Express || Patna Jn – Thawe Jn || Daily || Arrives 17:40
|-
| 55111 || MHC–THE Passenger || Masrakh – Thawe Jn || Daily || Arrives 17:45
|-
| 55035 || SV–GKC Passenger || Siwan Jn – Gorakhpur Cant || Daily || 18:20
|-
| 03216 || THE–PNBE Special || Thawe Jn – Patna Jn || Daily || 18:25
|-
| 55114 || THE–SV Passenger || Thawe Jn – Siwan Jn || Daily || 19:30
|-
| 15079 || PPTA–GKP Express || Patliputra – Gorakhpur || Daily || 20:20
|-
| 19409 || SBIB–Thawe Express || Sabarmati BG – Thawe Jn || Fri, Sun || Arrives 20:30
|-
| 19045 || Tapti Ganga Express || Surat – Thawe Jn || Mon, Tue, Thu, Fri, Sat || Arrives 20:55
|-
| 15114 || CPR–GTNR Express || Chhapra – Gomti Nagar || Daily || 21:45
|-
| 75106 || GKP–THE DMU || Gorakhpur – Thawe Jn || Daily || Arrives 23:45
|}

==See also==
* [[Thawe Mandir]]
* [[Gopalganj district, India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Railways in Bihar}}
{{Railway stations in Bihar}}

[[Category:Railway junction stations in Bihar]]
[[Category:Varanasi railway division]]
[[Category:Transport in Bihar]]

{{Bihar-railstation-stub}}

Dr. Biju

2026-03-14T09:32:50Z

HectorOtoole:

{{Short description|Indian film director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Dr. Biju
| image = Dr. Biju.jpg
| caption = Dr. Biju in 2010
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1971|05|31}}
| birth_place = [[Kudassanad]], [[Alappuzha]], [[Kerala]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = {{Flatlist|
* Film director
* doctor
}}
| yearsactive = 2005–present
| spouse = Vijayasree P
| domesticpartner =
| children = 1
| parents =
| website = {{URL|drbiju.in}}
}}

'''Bijukumar Damodaran''', known mononymously as '''Dr. Biju''', is an Indian [[film director]] and [[screenwriter]]. He is best known for films such as ''[[Saira (film)|Saira]]'' (2005), ''[[Veettilekkulla Vazhi]]'' (2010), ''[[Akasathinte Niram]]'' (2012), ''[[Perariyathavar]]'' (2013), ''[[Valiya Chirakulla Pakshikal]]'' (2016), ''[[Sound of Silence (2017 film)|Sound of Silence]]'' (2017), ''[[Painting Life]]'' (2018) and ''[[Veyilmarangal]]'' (2019).

Biju has received three [[National Film Awards (India)|National Film Awards]], and his films have been screened at multiple international film festivals and won numerous awards including the Golden Goblet Award for Best Artistic Achievement at the Shanghai Film Festival 2019. His films were screened at festivals including Cannes, Montreal, Shanghai, Telluride, Moscow, Cairo, Iran (Fajr), Eurasia, Almaty, Jeonju, Tallinn, Oporto, Dhaka, IFFK and IFFI.

== Career ==
Biju debuted into films as writer and director with ''[[Saira (film)|Saira]]'' (2005). It was first part of terrorism trilogy and in 2007 premiered at the [[Cannes International Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=K|first1=Bhumika|title=I make films for myself|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/interview-with-bijukumar-damodaran/article6768003.ece|accessdate=20 November 2016|work=The Hindu|date=8 January 2015|language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author1=Meenakshi Shedde|title=Bollywood and the minority question|url=http://www.forbesindia.com/printcontent/42335|accessdate=20 November 2016|work=Forbes India Magazine|date=16 February 2016}}</ref> His second film ''Raman'' (2008) was selected at [[Cairo International Film Festival]] (2009) in the ''Incredible India'' category. ''[[Veettilekkulla Vazhi]]'' (''The Way Home''; 2010) was last film of the trilogy and earned a [[National Film Awards (India)|National Film Award]] for best [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam film]] in 2010.<ref>{{cite news|author1=Meghna George|title='Veettilekkulla Vazhi is at par with world cinema'|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-interview/20110819.htm|accessdate=20 November 2016|work=Rediff|date=19 August 2011}}</ref>

His fourth film ''[[Akasathinte Niram]]'' (''Color of Sky''; 2012), was premiered at 15th [[Shanghai International Film Festival]] in the International competition section.<ref>{{cite news|author1=Vijay G|title=The only Indian film at Shanghai film festival|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-the-only-indian-film-at-shanghai-film-festival/20120720.htm|accessdate=20 November 2016|work=Rediff|date=20 July 2012}}</ref> Biju's next film, ''[[Perariyathavar]]'' (''Names Unknown'', 2014) received two National Film Awards in 2014 for the Best Actor and Best film on Environment conservation, and was screened at the [[Montreal World Film Festival]] (2014).<ref>{{cite news|title='Perariyathavar' an art film on garbage dumping|url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/perariyathavar-an-art-film-on-garbage-dumping-726342.html|accessdate=20 November 2016|work=News18|date=16 November 2014}}</ref>

In 2015, he directed ''[[Valiya Chirakulla Pakshikal]]'' (''Birds With Large Wings''; 2015) which was premiered at [[United Nations]], [[Geneva]] as a part of the [[United Nations Environment Programme]],<ref>{{cite news|author1=Deepika Jayaram|title=Valiya Chirakulla Pakshikal screened at Geneva - Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Valiya-Chirakulla-Pakshikal-screened-at-Geneva/articleshow/49768026.cms|accessdate=20 November 2016|work=The Times of India|date=12 November 2015}}</ref> and received National Film Award (2015) for the Best film on Environment conservation.<ref>{{cite news|title=63rd National Film Awards: Top acting honours for Amitabh Bachchan, Kangana Ranaut|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/63rd-national-film-awards-baahubali-best-film-amitabh-bachchan-best-actor-kangana-wins-best-actress/|accessdate=20 November 2016|work=The Indian Express|date=28 March 2016}}</ref> His 2016 film ''[[Kaadu Pookkunna Neram]]'' (''When The Woods Bloom'') was premiered at the [[Eurasia International Film Festival]], [[Asia Pacific Screen Awards]], [[International Film Festival of Kerala]], and the Montreal World Film Festival, in 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=James|first1=Anu|title=Watch Kaadu Pookkunna Neram trailer featuring Indrajith Sukumaran, Rima Kallingal|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/watch-kaadu-pookkunna-neram-trailer-featuring-indrajith-sukumaran-rima-kallingal-703084|accessdate=20 November 2016|work=International Business Times, India Edition|date=8 November 2016|language=en}}</ref>

In 2016, his next film ''[[Kaadu Pookkunna Neram]]'' premiered at [[Montreal World Film Festival]] (2016). In 2017, Dr.Biju directed his first non-Malayalam in Pahari, Hindi and Tibetan languages. The film ''[[Sound of Silence (2017 film)]]'' (2017) won the Best Director award at [[Kolkata International Film Festival]] (2017).<ref name="23Calcutta">{{cite news|work=Outlook|title=Los Perros' gets the Best Film award in KIFF international - Outlook|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/los-perros-gets-the-best-film-award-in-kiff-international/1190897 |access-date=1 February 2023}}</ref>

In 2018, Dr.Biju directed a film in English language titled ''[[Painting Life]]'' (2018). The film premiered at [[Montreal World Film Festival]] (2018). In 2019 Dr.Biju's tenth film ''[[Veyilmarangal]]'' (2019) premiered at [[Shanghai International Film Festival]] (2019). The film won the Golden Goblet award for outstanding artistic achievement.<ref name="Shanghai">{{cite news|newspaper= The New Indian Express|title=Veyilmarangal' wins acclaim at Shanghai International Film Festival|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2019/jun/25/veyilmarangal--wins-acclaim-at-shanghai-intl-film-festival-1994794.html |access-date=1 February 2023}}</ref>

In 2020, he directed the film ''House of Orange Trees'' which premiered at the Kolkata International Film Festival 2020. His next film ''The Portraits'' (2021) premiered at the Moscow International film festival 2021. In 2021 he directed his first film in Telugu language titled ''Sthalam'' (The Land). The film premiered at Dhaka International Film festival 2023.

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Original title
! English title
! Language
|-
| 2005
| ''[[Saira (film)|Saira]]''
| ''Saira''
| [[Malayalam]]
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Raman (film)|Raman]]''
| ''Travelogue of Invasion''
| Malayalam, [[English language|English]]
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Veettilekkulla Vazhi]]''
| ''The Way Home''
| rowspan="5" | Malayalam
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Akasathinte Niram]]''
| ''Colour of Sky''
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Perariyathavar]]''
| ''Names Unknown''
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Valiya Chirakulla Pakshikal]]''
| ''Birds With Large Wings''
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Kaadu Pookkunna Neram]]''
| ''When The Woods Bloom''
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Sound of Silence (2017 film)|Sound of Silence]]''
| ''Sound of Silence''
| Hindi, [[Pahari language|Pahari]]
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Painting Life]]''
| ''Painting Life''
| English
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Veyilmarangal]]''
| ''Trees Under the Sun''
| rowspan="3" | Malayalam
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Orange Marangalude Veedu]]''
| ''House Of Orange Trees''
|-
| 2021
| ''The Portraits''
| ''The Portraits''
|-
| 2022
| ''Sthalam''
| ''The Land''
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Adrishya Jalakangal]]''
| ''Invisible Windows''
| Malayalam
|-
| 2025
| ''[[Papa Buka]]''
| ''Papa Buka''
| [[Tok Pisin]]
|}

== Awards and honours ==

; [[National Film Awards]]

{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Category
! Film
! Result
! Note
|-
| 2010
| [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Malayalam|Best Feature Film in Malayalam]]
| ''[[Veettilekkulla Vazhi]]'' (The way home)<ref>{{cite news|author1= Times of India|title=National Awards 2010 Winners- Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/national-awards-winners/2010/108}}</ref>
| Won
|
|-
| 2013
| [[National Film Award for Best Film on Environment Conservation/Preservation|Best Film on Environmental Conservation]]
| ''[[Perariyathavar]]'' (Names Unknown)<ref>{{cite news|author1= Deccan Chronicle|title=Winners of the prestigious 61st National Film Awards are...- Deccan Chronicle|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140416/entertainment-bollywood/article/winners-prestigious-61st-national-film-award-are}}</ref>
| Won
| The film also won Best Actor Award to actor [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]]
|-
| 2015
| [[National Film Award for Best Film on Environment Conservation/Preservation|Best Film on Environmental Conservation]]
| ''[[Valiya Chirakulla Pakshikal]]'' (Birds with large wings)<ref>{{cite news|author1= Deccan Chronicle|title=It's raining awards for M-town- Deccan Chronicle|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/290316/it-s-raining-awards-for-m-town.html}}</ref>
| Won
|
|}

; International Awards

{| class="wikitable"
! Award
! Film Festival/Organization
! Year
! Nominated work
! Result
|-
| Golden Goblet award for Outstanding Artistic Achievement<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gokul M. G. |title='Love is all i return' |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/viral-and-trending/080719/love-is-all-i-return.html |access-date=1 February 2023 |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=8 July 2019}}</ref><ref name="Shanghai"/>
| 22nd Shanghai International Film Festival
| 2019
| [[Veyilmarangal]] (Trees Under The Sun)
| Won
|-
| Jury Prize for Best Film
| Festival des cinémas indiens de Toulouse/Toulouse Indian Film Festival, France
| 2020
| [[Veyilmarangal]] (Trees Under The Sun)
| Won
|-
| NETPAC Award for Best Malayalam Film<ref>{{cite news |title='They Say Nothing Stays the Same' and 'Jallikattu' win big at IFFK |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2019/12/13/iffk-2019-final-aards-jallikattu-lijo-jose-they-say-nothing-stays-same-odagiri.html |access-date=1 February 2023 |work=Malayala Manorama |date=13 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|newspaper= The Hindu|title=Suvarna Chakoram at IFFK for Japanese film 'They Say Nothing Stays the Same-The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/suvarna-chakoram-at-iffk-for-japanese-film-they-say-nothing-stays-the-same/article30300739.ece |access-date=1 February 2023}}</ref>
| International Film Festival of Kerala
| 2019
| [[Veyilmarangal]] (Trees Under The Sun)
| Won
|-
| Best International Feature Film Award<ref>{{cite web|website= Onlookersmedia.in |title=Veyilmarangal Wins yet another international award-Onlookersmedia|date=23 December 2020 |url= http://onlookersmedia.in/latestnews/veyilmarangal-wins-yet-another-international-award/ |access-date=1 February 2023}}</ref>
| Chongqing Pioneer Art Film Festival, China
| 2020
| [[Veyilmarangal]] (Trees Under The Sun)
| Won
|-
| Life Award<ref>{{cite web |title=AWARDS IMAGINEINDIA 2022 |date=October 2022 |url=https://imagineindiafestival.com/awards-2022/ |publisher=Imagine India International Film Festival |access-date=1 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128114154/https://imagineindiafestival.com/awards-2022/ |archive-date=28 November 2022}}</ref>
| Imagineindia International Film Festival, Madrid, Spain
| 2022
| The Portraits
| Won
|-
| Critics award
| Rajasthan International Film Festival, India
| 2022
| [[The Portraits]]
| Won
|-
| Prémio da Crítica (Critics award)<ref>{{cite web |title=Fantasporto 2019: Conheça os Vencedores |date=9 March 2019 |url=https://www.centralcomics.com/fantasporto-2019-vencedores/ |publisher=Central Comics |access-date=1 February 2023 |language=Portuguese}}</ref>
| 39th Oporto International film festival, Portugal,
| 2019
| [[Painting Life]]
| Won
|-
| Best Screen Play Award
| Aurangabad International film festival
| 2019
| [[Painting Life]]
| Won
|-
| Best Director<ref name="23Calcutta"/>
| 23rd Kolkata International Film Festival India
| 2017
| [[Sound Of Silence]]
| Won
|-
| Best Film<ref>{{cite web |title=ഓറഞ്ച് മരങ്ങളുടെ വീട് സിൻസിനാറ്റി ഇന്ത്യൻ ഫിലിം ഫെസ്റ്റിവലിലേക്ക്!; സന്തോഷം പങ്കിട്ട് സംവിധായകൻ! |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/movie-news/director-bijukumar-damodarans-house-of-orange-trees-has-been-selected-to-indian-film-festival-cincinnati-ohio/articleshow/84553484.cms |website=Samayam |access-date=2 February 2023 |language=ml |date=19 July 2021}}</ref>
| Indian Film Festival Cincinnati Ohio, USA
| 2017
| [[Sound Of Silence]]
| Won
|-
| Special Jury Mention<ref>{{cite news |title=Kyrgyz and Kannada films bag top honours |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/kyrgyz-and-kannada-films-bag-top-honours/articleshow/57073074.cms |access-date=1 February 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=10 February 2017}}</ref>
| Bangalore International Film Festival, India
| 2017
| [[Kaadu Pookkunna Neram]] (When The Woods Bloom)
| Won
|-
| World Humanitarian Award<ref>{{cite news |last1=Steve Persall |title=Tampa resident Dr. A.K. Pillai wins Indian National Film Award |url=https://www.tampabay.com/tampa-resident-dr-ak-pillai-wins-indian-national-film-award/2279116/ |access-date=1 February 2023 |work=Tampa Bay Times |date=26 May 2016}}</ref>
| Jakarta World Humanitarian Award
| 2015
| [[Valiya Chirakulla Pakshikal]] (Birds With Large Wings)
| Won
|-
| Best Film
| Indian International Film Festival Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| 2016
| [[Valiya Chirakulla Pakshikal]] (Birds With Large Wings)
| Won
|-
| Best Director
| Indian International Film Festival Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| 2016
| [[Valiya Chirakulla Pakshikal]] (Birds With Large Wings)
| Won
|-
| Best Screenplay
| Indian International Film Festival Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| 2016
| [[Valiya Chirakulla Pakshikal]] (Birds With Large Wings)
| Won
|-
| Best Film on Global Message
| Jaipur International film festival
| 2015
| [[Perariyathavar]] (Names Unknown)
| Won
|-
| Best Screenplay award<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jim Luce |title=NY Indian American Film Festival Triumphant in 13th Year |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/ny-indian-american-film-f_b_3337037 |access-date=1 February 2023 |work=The Huffington Post |date=25 May 2013}}</ref>
| New York Indian Film Festival, USA
| 2013
| [[Akasathinte Niram]] (Color of Sky)
| Won
|-
| NETPAC Award for Best Malayalam Film<ref>{{cite news |last1=Unni R. Nair |title=15th Iffk concludes |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/15th-iffk-concludes/ |access-date=1 February 2023 |work=The Indian Express |date=31 December 2010}}</ref>
| 15th International Film Festival of Kerala
| 2010
| [[Veettilekkulla Vazhi]] (The Way Home)
| Won
|-
| Signis Award – Commendation<ref>{{cite web |title=Winners Announced at Annual ZIFF Awards Ceremony |url=https://africultures.com/murmures/?no=7524 |publisher=Africultures |access-date=1 February 2023}}</ref>
| Zanzibar International Film Festival, Tanzania
| 2011
| Veettilekkulla Vazhi (The Way Home)
| Won
|-
| Best Director<ref name="IIIFF 2011">{{cite web |last1=Shekhar Hooli |title=Veettilekkulla Vazhi win three awards at Imagine Film Fest |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2011/veettilekkulla-vazhi-win-3-awards-iiiff-150611-aid0062.html?story=1 |publisher=Filmibeat |access-date=1 February 2023 |date=15 June 2011}}</ref>
| 10Th Imagine India International Film Festival Madrid, Spain
| 2011
| [[Veettilekkulla Vazhi]] (The Way Home)
| Won
|-
| Best Film<ref name="IIIFF 2011"/>
| 10Th Imagine India International Film Festival Madrid, Spain
| 2011
| [[Veettilekkulla Vazhi]] (The Way Home)
| Won
|}

; [[Kerala State Film Awards]]
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Category
! Film
! Result
|-
| 2010
| [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Article on Cinema|Best Article on Cinema]]<ref name="Kerala State Film Award 2000 to 2012">{{Cite web |url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards4.htm |title=State Film Awards (2000–12) |publisher=[[Kerala State Chalachitra Academy]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707210332/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards4.htm |archive-date=7 July 2015 |url-status=dead |access-date=1 February 2023}}</ref>
| "Kollaruthu Samvidhayakare"
| Won
|-
| 2011
| [[Kerala State Film Award – Special Jury Award|Special Jury Award]]<ref name="Kerala State Film Award 2000 to 2012"/>
| [[Akasathinte Niram]] (Color of Sky)
| Won
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=3373269|name=Bijukumar Damodaran}}
{{Dr. Biju}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Biju}}
[[Category:Indian film directors]]
[[Category:Indian homeopaths]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]
[[Category:Malayalam screenwriters]]
[[Category:National Film Award (India) winners]]
[[Category:Film people from Kerala]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Yogmaya Neupane

2026-03-11T05:45:19Z

HectorOtoole: updated page

{{Short description|Nepalese activist (1867–1941)}}
{{Infobox philosopher|birth_date={{Birth year|1867}}|birth_place=Majhuwabesi, [[Nepaledada]], [[Bhojpur, Nepal|Bhojpur]], [[Nepal]]|caption=Portrait by anonymous artist, 2017|death_date={{death date and age|1941|7|5|1867|4|1|df=y}}|death_place=[[Arun River (China–Nepal)|Arun River]], [[Bhojpur, Nepal|Bhojpur]], [[Nepal]]|image=Yogmaya Neupane Artists Impression.jpg|name=Yogmaya Neupane|native_name={{Native name|ne|योगमाया न्यौपाने|paren=no}}}}

'''Yogmaya Neupane''' ({{langx|ne|योगमाया न्यौपाने}}) (1867–1941) was a religious leader, women's rights activist and poet based in [[Bhojpur District, Nepal|Bhojpur district]] of [[Nepal]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://epaper-archive.ekantipur.com/kantipur/showtext_ajax.aspx?boxid=1335921&parentid=32068&issuedate=1372013|title=Courageous Reformer "साहसी सुधारक"|last=Bhandari|first=Lekhnath|date=2013-07-13|work=Article in Ekantipur|others=Date confirmed by the Yogamaya Shakti Pith Tapobhumi Bikash Tatha Vikas Sanstha.|access-date=2016-03-31|via=Kantipur Daily}}{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Yogmaya is considered to be among the pioneer female poets in Nepal with her only published book of poems, the ''Sarwartha Yogbani'' (''{{langx|ne|सर्वार्थ योगवाणी}}'') considered to be her most notable contribution.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FW6qAAAAQBAJ|title=Women's Roles in Asia|last1=Nadeau|first1=Kathleen M.|last2=Rayamajhi|first2=Sangita|date=2013-06-11|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9780313397493|language=en}}</ref>

Yogmaya's poems are set around the time when Nepal was ruled by the [[Rana dynasty|Rana regime]] and when India was ruled under the [[British Raj|British Raj]]. Her style, characterized by the cultural and political oppression of the time was distinctly original and courageously outspoken. Despite putting a significant focus on the Hindu religious context as a religious leader, her poems and activism themes heavily revolved on female and minority rights in the region, which appealed to a lot of people around the time. In her later years, her activities were heavily monitored by the government and her works were banned by the authorities under the command of the Rana rulers and despite the persecution of her group, she is notable for opting to remain in Nepal and spending her last days around her birthplace in Eastern Nepal. It is also regarded that Yogmaya founded the first organization of Nepali women, the Nari Samiti for women's rights in 1918, which was considered to be the main lobby behind the abolition of the sati in Nepal in 1920.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2011-05-01/in-focus-yogmaya-who-gave-her-life-fighting-rana-atrocities.html|title=In focus: Yogmaya, who gave her life fighting Rana atrocities|website=kathmandupost.ekantipur.com|access-date=2016-03-31}}</ref>

Yogmaya's activism begun after she declared renunciation and returned to Nepal. With the authorities increasingly harsh towards Yogmaya and her group of supporters, as well as, unwilling to reform their brutal and corrupt approach to governance, Yogmaya and 67 of her disciples committed the biggest mass suicide (Jal-Samadhi) in Nepali history by jumping into the [[Arun River (China–Nepal)|Arun River]] in 1941.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Women Participation In Nepali Labour Movement|last=Pandey|first=Binda|publisher=GEFONT-Nepal|year=2011|isbn=978-99933-329-2-3|location=Nepal|pages=21}}</ref> In January 2016, the Nepal Government issued a postage stamp recognizing her contributions.

== Biography ==

=== Early life and family (1867–1872) ===
Yogmaya was born into a [[Brahmin]] family in Majhuwabeshi, [[Nepaledada]] at 1867. She was born as the eldest child and the only daughter from her parents, father Shrilal Upadhyaya Neupane and mother Chandrakala Neupane, among three children.<ref name=":0" />

According to the prevalent Brahmin customs of the period, Yogmaya was married off by her parents to a boy named Manorath Koirala, when she was just 7 years old. However, throughout her stay with her in-laws, she had a hard time adjusting in the home, and it's believed that she was a victim of domestic violence. Around her mid-teen years, Yogmaya decided to flee from the abusive house and return to her maternal home. However, Yogmaya wasn't easily welcomed at home by her father and her community, and they instead insisted on her returning to her in-laws. But with the in-laws refusing to accept her back in their home, her father hesitatingly decided to let her stay at his house.

There are two contrasting assumptions about the fate of Yogmaya's husband Manorath Koirala. The popularly narrated versions mention him dying at age 10 and Yogmaya consequently being a child widow, attributing her widowed status to be the reason behind her in-law's barrage of abuses.<ref name=":1" /> However, some modern literature around Yogmaya state that she was actually never a child widow and her husband instead married another woman after Yogmaya escaped the home.<ref>{{Cite web|title=योगमाया बाल विधवा थिइनन् !|url=https://baahrakhari.com/news-details/30613/2017-07-04|website=बाह्रखरी|language=ne|access-date=2020-05-07}}</ref>

=== Migration to Assam and re-marriage (1872–1917) ===
In her mid-teen years, despite being a single woman in the highly conservative and repressive Brahmin society of the time, Yogmaya secretly developed a relationship with a neighborhood Brahmin boy with the surname Kandel (name unidentified). Yogmaya decided to flee from her home at Bhojpur and she later married her lover at [[Assam]]. After over a decade of being together, its believed that Yogmaya separated from her second husband and left with her daughter. Some sources mention her second husband dying, while others mention the two actually separating in good terms. Some literature mention her marrying a third husband with the surname Dotel after the demise of her second husband. Historians have disputed about whether Yogmaya gave birth to two daughters or one, but the existence of Nainakala Neupane as her daughter has been recorded.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.peacewomen.org/content/nepal-yogmaya-neupane-nepals-first-female-revolutionary|title=NEPAL: Yogmaya Neupane: Nepal's First Female Revolutionary|date=2015-02-03|website=PeaceWomen|language=en|access-date=2019-02-17|archive-date=2019-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217142811/https://www.peacewomen.org/content/nepal-yogmaya-neupane-nepals-first-female-revolutionary|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=ओजस्वी नारी योगमाया न्यौपाने र उनको सम्बन्धका आयामहरु (जीवन वृत र योगदानका प्रसंगहरु) From the book बहुमुखी व्यक्तित्वकी धनी योगमाया by Pawan Alok|last=Neupane|first=Dr. Kedar|publisher=Nepal Shrastha Samaj|year=2014|isbn=978-9937-2-6977-3|location=Kathmandu|pages=15–21}}</ref>

=== Renunciation and return to Nepal (1917) ===
After deciding that she had enough of marriages and the worldly ways, Yogmaya decided to adopt a life of [[renunciation]] and live the rest of her life as an [[Asceticism|ascetic]]. While it was fairly common for males to become ascetics in the Hindu society during the time, it was very rare for females being so. Yogmaya then returned to Nepal with her daughter Nainakala to her home village at Majhuwabesi and handed over daughter Nainakala to her brother Agnidhar Neupane and sister-in-law Ganga. She hence gave up all her responsibilities and fully assumed the life of an ascetic. It was during this period that Yogmaya began composing her religious poems. Analysis of her earlier themes has pointed out scholars to assume that Yogmaya was heavily influenced by the principles of reformist Hindu leader [[Dayananda Saraswati]], who had gained immense popularity across India when Yogmaya resided in Assam.<ref name=":2" />

=== Ascetic journey within Nepal (1917–1918) ===
Yogmaya later commenced her ascetic journey across different parts of Nepal. During her journey she came in contact with many renowned religious leaders, including Swargadwari Mahaprabhu Abhayananda Second, who was highly appreciative of her devotion and thus guided her with the Yogic spiritual education under the [[:ne:जोसमनी मत|Joshmani saint tradition]]. After her journey, Yogmaya decided to vigorously practice her meditative [[Sādhanā|Sadhana]] by returning to her home village.<ref name=":2" />

=== Return to Majhuwabesi, popularity of activism and opposition of local feudal lords (1918–1930) ===
Yogmaya practiced some extremely difficult [[meditation]] techniques during her Sadhana, including meditating for days on end near fire during summers and then without thickly covered clothes inside cold caves during winters. Sometimes she would even meditate while fasting and only drinking water for several weeks. At other times, she would meet with people and her relatives to whom she would recite her poems. Unlike anything the people in Majhuwabesi had ever heard or known, her poems influenced many locals and her following steadily began to grow. One of her disciples, Bhim Bahadur Basnet later constructed a hut for Yogmaya and also compiled her poems and later published them from [[Sikkim]].

The tragedies and discrimination faced by Yogmaya in her pre-ascetic life heavily defined her outlook on the injustices present in the Nepali Hindu society. Despite being a follower and preacher of Hindu spiritual philosophy, she felt that the patriarchal society around the time was unfairly discriminatory towards women and in the case of Nepal, towards the lower economic class as well. Her poems attempted to make the masses around Bhojpur aware of such underlying discrimination, which resonated with large number of locals. Following the publication of her poems, people from as far away as Darjeeling and Kathmandu began to become her disciples.

Although Yogmaya's teachings easily influenced many underprivileged and politically isolated masses, many local feudalistic landlords belonging to the Basnet lineage, as well as, local people close to the central administrators in Kathmandu considered the ascetic and her followers a threat to their patriarchal privileges and vehemently started opposing her. Ultimately, her activism and popularity gained the attention of the administrators of the brutal Rana Regime as well.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

=== Contact with the state (1930–1936) ===
Yogmaya believed that the administration had become extremely corrupt and had added to misery of the common people by not adhering to the Dharma, despite propagating to the public that they adhered to the Hindu religious code. She also openly criticized the bureaucrats who were thriving from bribery and denying people even the basic rights through her poems. With a view to promote and preach her ideas as well convince the administrators in [[Kathmandu]] to change their discriminatory and corrupt policies Yogmaya sent one of her disciples Premnarayan Bhandari to Kathmandu in 1931, who later began to be known popularly by the masses in Kathmandu as Hareram Prabhu. The then Prime Minister of Nepal, [[Juddha Shumsher Jang Bahadur Rana|Juddha Shumsher Rana]] also decided to meet Bhandari following which he gave a spoken assurance to adhere to the holy vow of truth and sent him to give the message to Yogmaya. However, the administrators didn't reform any of their brutal and corrupt techniques in the next four years. Dejected by the attitude of the rulers in Kathmandu, Yogmaya once again sent Bhandari to Kathmandu in 1936 and then later that year the leader herself came to Kathmandu with her daughter. She was welcomed by Juddha Shumsher during her visit there, where he reportedly asked what she wanted and in response Yogmaya replied 'the alms of the holy order of truth and justice' (in Nepali: सत्य धर्मको भिक्षा). The prime minister gave her his assurance again, but didn't implement any concrete reform as her group had expected. Then, before leaving the Kathmandu Valley, Yogmaya handed a 24-point appeal to the prime minister detailing the reforms she and her followers wanted to see in the country. This alarmed Juddha Shumsher and his followers, who began seeing Yogmaya as a threat to their political establishment and so made special preparations to send her back to Bhojpur that year.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />

=== Dissatisfaction with the state and threat of mass suicide on pyre (1936–1939) ===
Dissent against Rana Regime had begun to increase in the late 1930s, primarily influenced by the [[Indian independence movement|Freedom Movement]] in India. As a response, the then government resorted to using more brutal techniques against dissidents. The reforms demanded by Yogmaya and her followers were repeatedly ignored by the state and the activities of her group was consistently being monitored. In 1935, Yogmaya began publicly opposing the corrupt and brutal administration. She declared that it was time to establish a new era by destroying the injustices, superstitions and corrupt practices that had taken hold of the Nepali society. She further declared that she didn't wish to be entangled in the changing era as she was already nearing [[salvation]] and she thus was soon willfully going to sacrifice herself in the name of god.

In the pretext of [[Juddha Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana|Juddha Shumser]] not fulfilling his assurances, Yogmaya made a plan to sacrifice herself by sitting on a giant pyre along with 240 willful disciples in a ritual called the Agni Samadhi and thus commanded her followers to post a public appeal to the common people for any kind of alms they could give to her group by the Kartik Shukla Purnima. She also sent personal appeals for alms to Madhav Shumsher, the then head administrator of Dhankuta district and Juddha Shumser.

With the administrators not paying heed to her appeal yet again, Yogmaya set the date for her sacrifice to November 12, 1938 and publicly began making preparations for the same.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Heir to a Silent Song: Two Rebel Women of Nepal|last=Aziz|first=Barbara Nimri Aziz|publisher=CNAS|year=2001|isbn=99933-52-13-6|location=Kathmandu|pages=33–72}}</ref>

=== Interference by the state and arrest of her followers (1939–1941) ===
Fearing a mass reprisal if the mass sacrifice was allowed to happen, Juddha Shumser ordered the disruption of the event by deploying around 500 security personnel to the event venue on November 11, following which 11 male disciples were jailed at [[Dhankuta]] while most female participants of the disrupted agni samadhi ritual, including Yogmaya and Nainakala were kept in close arrest in the Radhakrishna Temple at Bhojpur. The administrators released the female members from detention after three months, while most of the male followers were released from jail three years later in April 1941.<ref name=":0" />

=== Mass suicide (Jal Samadhi) (1941) ===
After the release of all her disciples Yogmaya decided to continue with her self-sacrificing plans, but this time she ordered to keep the plans an in-group secret. She set the new date of the event to July 5, 1941, which was the day of the holy [[Shayani Ekadashi|Harisayani Ekadasi]] and personally allowed only a select group of disciples to join in with her. The religious ritual for the Jal Samadhi began on the night of July 4, 1941 and in the morning of July 5 at around 4AM, Yogmaya led the ritualistic mass suicide by climbing on a rock placing a plate with firelit oil lamps on her head at the banks of the raging [[Arun River, China-Nepal|Arun River]]. After Yogmaya, 65 of her disciples then jumped in the river in succession on that day and the next day two more of her disciples followed suit. Ultimately, the total death count from the event stood at 68.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://www.soscbaha.org/activities/lectures/lecture-series/196-lecture-series-xlix.html|title=Lecture Series XLIX—Michael Hutt: 'The Iconisation of Yogmaya Neupane'|last=Administrator|website=www.soscbaha.org|access-date=2016-03-31|archive-date=2016-04-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415033849/http://www.soscbaha.org/activities/lectures/lecture-series/196-lecture-series-xlix.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
[[File:Yogmaya Stamp Nepal Government.jpg|alt=Yogmaya Neupane stamp|thumb|315x315px|Sample of official stamp published by the Nepal Government for use in public domain in 2017.]]
Yogmaya and her daughter Nainakala were illiterate. Her poems were compiled and published by her literate disciples.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jagadishrana.com/publications/women-writers-of-nepal/|title=Women Writers of Nepal {{!}} Jagadish Rana|website=www.jagadishrana.com|access-date=2016-03-31|archive-date=2016-05-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503234933/http://www.jagadishrana.com/publications/women-writers-of-nepal/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In fact, the Yogbani is considered to be a small part of her poem collections, which she continued to compose until the year of her Jal Samadhi.

News and materials on Yogmaya and the mass suicide were aggressively censored by the Rana Regime until they were overthrown in 1951. However, even during the [[Revolution of 1951|first multi-party democracy era (1951–1960)]] and the [[Panchayat (Nepal)|Panchayat Era (1960–1990)]], mention about Yogmaya's activities were generally discouraged by the state. Yet, her disciples, who were scattered around [[Bhojpur District, Nepal|Bhojpur]], [[Khotang District|Khotang]] and [[Sankhuwasabha District|Sankhuwasabha]] continued the tradition locally through the 1990s. Some of Yogmaya's disciples, mostly female, also lived in the Manakamana Temple in [[Tumlingtar]].

After travel restrictions for foreign visitors to Nepal were gradually lifted around the Panchayat Era, scholars from outside Nepal also began pursuing Yogmaya. After the 1980s, notable Western scholars, including [[Barbara Nimri Aziz]] and [[Michael Hutt (orientalist)|Michael Hutt]] researched and published their literary works based on Yogmaya.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Shakti Yogmaya: A tradition of dissent in Nepal|last=Aziz|first=Barbara Nimri|publisher=Volkerkundemuseum der Universitat Zurich|year=1993|location=Zurich|pages=19–29}}</ref><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />

Topics on Yogmaya have been also included in the curriculum in specific Social Science based disciplines in different universities in Nepal including [[Sociology]], [[Anthropology]] and [[Women's studies|Women's Studies]].

A local organization has also been formed in Bhojpur by relatives and locals of Yogmaya Neupane called the ‘Yogamaya Shakti Pith Tapobhumi Bikash Tatha Vikas Sanstha’, to promote her work and activities as well as preserve the places where Yogmaya spent a significant time during her ascetic life around Nepaledada and [[Dingla]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/Yogamaya-210023792451567/info?tab=page_info|title=Yogamaya|website=www.facebook.com|access-date=2016-03-31}}</ref>

On November 16, 2016, the [[Government of Nepal|Nepal Government]] issued a postal stamp in recognition of her contributions to the history of Nepal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/210023792451567/photos/a.214410862012860.45598.210023792451567/885449848242288/?type=3|title=Yogamaya - हुलाक सेवा विभागले याेजमायाकाे नाममा यस वर्ष... {{!}} Facebook|website=www.facebook.com|access-date=2016-03-31}}</ref> In 2025 , a government-initiated institution called '''Yogmaga Ayurveda University''' dedicated to preserving and promoting [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] healing traditions, including [[Ayurveda]], Sowa-rigpa, and yoga.<ref>https://www.collegenp.com/college/vidushi-yogmaya-himalayan-ayurveda-university</ref>

The Nepali novelist [[Neelam Karki Niharika]] was awarded the top prize in the 2018 edition of the [[Madan Puraskar]] for her biographical novel ''[[Yogmaya (novel)|Yogmaya]]''. Nepal-based playwright Tanka Chaulagain later adopted the storyline of the book to create a theater play which was initially screened at Shilpee Theater in Kathmandu in June 2019.

==Further reading==
* ''Shakti Yogmaya: A Tradition of Dissent in Nepal'' by Barbara Nimri Aziz. Tribhuvan University's Centre for Nepal and Asian Studies, 1993<ref name=arun>[http://www.nepalitimes.com/issue/56/Culture/9198 The ascetic of the Arun]</ref>
* ''Heir to a Silent Song: Two Rebel Women of Nepal'' by Barbara Nimri Aziz. TU-CNAS, 2001
* ''Spiritualism and Religious Fervor in Sarvartha Yogbani'' by Dipesh Neupane. Pursuits: A Journal of English Studies, July 2012
*''Amar Jyoti Yogmaya'' by Dipesh Neupane, Kathmandu, 2018
* ''The Synthesis between Social Protest and Nirguna Bhakti in Yogmaya’s Sarvartha Yogbani'' by Dipesh Neupane, Tribhuvan University (2015)

==References==
<references/>
{{lists of poets |state=collapsed}}
{{Nepalese Women Writers|state=collapsed}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Neupane, Yogmaya}}
[[Category:Nepalese activists]]
[[Category:Nepalese women activists]]
[[Category:1860 births]]
[[Category:1941 suicides]]
[[Category:1941 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Bhojpur District, Nepal]]
[[Category:Suicides in Nepal]]
[[Category:Nepalese women poets]]
[[Category:Mass suicides]]
[[Category:Hindu female religious leaders]]
[[Category:20th-century Nepalese writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Nepalese women writers]]
[[Category:19th-century Nepalese poets]]
[[Category:Suicides by drowning]]
[[Category:Khas people]]
[[Category:Nepali-language poets]]
[[Category:19th-century women poets]]

Gurinder Singh

2026-03-07T14:01:57Z

HectorOtoole: basic adjust layout and fixed typos

{{Short description|Radha Soami Satsang Beas satguru (1954-)}}
{{Other people}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| alias = Baba Ji
| name = Gurinder Singh Dhillon
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|year=1954|month=8|day=1|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Moga, Punjab]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| image = Baba Gurinder Singh 8x10.jpg
| period = 1990–present
| predecessor = [[Charan Singh (guru)|Charan Singh]]
| post = [[Sant (religion)|Sant]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.rssb.org/}}
| spouse = {{marriage|Shabnam Dhillon||27 November 2019|end=died}}
| parents =
| children = 2
| religion = [[Sant Mat]] [[Radha Soami]]
}}

'''Gurinder Singh Dhillon''', also known as '''Baba Ji''' to his followers, is the [[guru|spiritual head]] of [[Radha Soami Satsang Beas]] (RSSB). He succeeded [[Charan Singh (guru)|Charan Singh]], his uncle, in 1990.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=oVQUAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Gurinder+Singh%22++Radha+Soami+Satsang+Beas&dq=%22Gurinder+Singh%22++Radha+Soami+Satsang+Beas&lr=&cd=3 The encyclopedia of cults, sects, and new religions] James R. Lewis - 1998 - Page 395</ref>

==Biography==
Gurinder Singh was born on 1 August 1954 into a family of the [[Dhillon]] clan who were followers of the [[Radha Soami Satsang Beas]]. His parents were Gurmukh Singh Dhillon and Mahinder Kaur.{{cn|date=May 2022}}

He was educated at the [[Lawrence School, Sanawar]], in the Shimla Hills of [[Himachal Pradesh]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.radhasoamiji.in/babaji.html |title=Sardar Gurinder Singh |website=radhasoamiji.in |access-date=14 March 2012}}</ref> and obtained his bachelor's degree in Commerce from [[Panjab University]], [[Chandigarh]]. He was in [[Spain]] working before returning to India to accept his nomination as the next spiritual head of RSSB in 1990. He has two sons, namely Gurpreet Singh Dhillon and Gurkirat Singh Dhillon. <ref>{{Cite web |title=RSSB.org |url=http://www.rssb.org/philosophy.php |access-date=5 March 2011 |archive-date=11 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110411115406/http://rssb.org/philosophy.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Spiritual discourses==
The Dera, located in [[Beas City|Beas]], Punjab, is the designated home of the organisation's [[spiritual leader]]. Large crowds visit on selected days, usually weekends, to hear discourses from him. He also gives [[Satsang]] at other major centres of RSSB in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rssb.org/satsang_schedules.html|title=Satsang Programme|website= RSSB Official|access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref> He tours the various RSSB centres outside of India during April to August.{{Citation needed|date = July 2020}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://rssb.org/ Radha Soami Satsang Beas]
*[http://scienceofthesoul.org/ Science of the Soul Research Centre]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Gurinder}}
[[Category:Surat Shabd Yoga]]
[[Category:Sant Mat gurus]]
[[Category:Lawrence School, Sanawar alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1954 births]]

Thiruvarul

2026-03-04T04:50:37Z

HectorOtoole: Revised and enhanced article content

{{Long plot|date=September 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Thiruvarul.jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = [[R. Thyagarajan (director)|R. Thyagaraajan]]
| producer = [[Sandow M. M. A. Chinnappa Thevar]]
| starring = [[A. V. M. Rajan]]<br />[[Jaya Guhanathan|Jaya]]
| music = [[Kunnakudi Vaidyanathan]]
| studio = [[Dhandayuthapani Films]]
| released = {{Film date|1975|12|26|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Thiruvarul''''' ({{Translation|Muruga's blessing}}) is a 1975 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[devotional film]] starring [[A. V. M. Rajan]], [[Jaya Guhanathan|Jaya]], [[Nagesh]], [[Major Sundarrajan]] and [[Thengai Srinivasan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thiruvarul |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/thiruvarul-18603/cast-crew |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727130101/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/thiruvarul-18603/cast-crew |archive-date=27 July 2022 |access-date=2019-06-11 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref> The film was directed by [[R. Thyagarajan (director)|R. Thyagarajan]] and produced by [[Dhandayuthapani Films]]. Music was by [[Kunnakudi Vaidyanathan]] and lyrics were by [[Kannadasan]]. [[Kirupanandha Variyar]] did a cameo in the film as himself. It was released on 26 December 1975.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 December 1975 |title=டிசம்பர் 26ம் தேதியில் வெளியான படங்கள்... |url=https://screen4screen.com/news/26-december-movies |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210064931/https://screen4screen.com/news/26-december-movies |archive-date=10 December 2023 |access-date=2023-12-11 |website=Screen 4 Screen |language=ta}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Kumara Devan and Ponnan are best friends. Kumara Devan is an ardent devotee of Muruga to the extent where he believes he was born to be a devotee of Muruga. Ponnan is a practical man and also a devotee. Ponnan's life was saved by Kumara Devan during an accident and they are as close and inseparable as brothers. Life goes on with Ponnan getting Kumara Devan one job after another which he keeps losing thanks to him forgetting everything when he hears or sees Muruga. Finally, he joins the job of breaking stones in temple building activity. He sees corruption there when the contractor/caretaker, shortchanges the workers. He is also ostracized when he objects to keeping the lord waiting for the caretaker to come and start the pooja on time. One thing leads to another and he is expelled from the city.

He goes to kill himself on [[Marudhamalai (temple)|marudhamalai]]. A peacock blocks his jump and makes him fall near a tree. The roots of the tree pour out water over his face and he wakes up to see Lord Muruga's statue. He stays there and starts worshiping him day and night singing songs. The songs are overheard by a record company owner. He offers him a job as a singer. Devan becomes a successful and famous singer and starts building the temple for his god. [[Thengai Srinivasan|Thengai Sreenivasan]] is a contractor building the temple who cheats Devan which gets caught by Ponnan who takes over as Devan's manager. During a chance meeting, he meets Valliammai who once saved his respect by loaning him a quarter of a rupee. He offers to marry her learning that she is a die hard fan of him.

Trouble starts in the form of her mother. She first blocks the temple pooja saying that her son-in-law built the temple and they have to wait for him. When Devan learns of this, he loses his temper and later, they meet Major Sundarrajan, now as a pauper. Valliammai's mother, having experienced poverty thanks to her husband being an ardent devotee who gave his all to God, tries to control Devan through her daughter. She interferes in his program booking which he does free if it is a temple by charging exorbitant amount without Devan's knowledge. She steals a couple of gold blocks Devan had bought to make armor for his god. She steals half the diamonds Devan has bought to make [[vel]] for Muruga. Ponnan saves her hide by taking the blame but she eventually gets caught.

When she justifies that they were ruined thanks to similar nature of her husband, Devan points out that they are leading a rich and luxurious life thanks to God's grace attained by her husband's selfless service. Things escalate when Kirupananda Variyar comes to ask for donation but is forced to return empty handed by Valliammai and her mother. They come to a point where Devan goes to hit Valliammai and she swears on Muruga that he should never touch her. He leaves her with the property saying she chose the property over him and she can have it instead of him. He also says it was his god who elevated him from someone who did not have a quarter of a rupee to someone who can do temple services for 4 lakhs. He also challenges that his god will elevate him to someone who would do service for 40 lakhs. He leaves the house.

Valliammai realizes her mistake and goes to the temple. She gives off all her jewels and money to the temple and prays to the God for return of her marital bliss. The Vel that devan had donated falls over her when a peacock flies in. Devan saves her by removing her from the path without realizing it is his wife. When he does, he goes on to attempt to kill himself for having broken a promise made in the lord's name. Kirupananda Variyar interferes and makes Devan see that it was God's intention that he should rejoin with his wife and live together as the place he touched her was a temple and the reason he touched her can be attributed to peacock & Vel, both God's attributes. Right then, Gopalakrishnan comes and gives him an amount of 5 lakhs as an advance for an overseas contract worth 40 lakhs for his songs. Valliammai truly realizes the power of Devan's devotion, faith and drops the money at the lord's feet and joins Devan in his devotional work.

== Cast ==

* [[A. V. M. Rajan]] as Kumara Devan
* [[Jaya Guhanathan|Jaya]] as Valliammai
* [[Major Sundararajan]] as Kandhasamy, former caretaker of temple
* [[Thengai Srinivasan]] as Fraudulent Contractor
* [[Nagesh]] as Ponnan, Kumara Devan's dearest friend
* [[Sukumari]] as Alameluammal, Valliammai's mother
* [[Kirupanandha Variyar|Kirupananda Variyar]] as himself
* [[Sandow M. M. A. Chinnappa Thevar|Sandow M.M.A Chinnappa Devar]] as Variyar's assistant
* Udayppa Devar as [[Pambatti Siddhar]]
* [[V. Gopalakrishnan (actor)|V. Gopalakrishnan]] as Kumaran Gramaphone company owner

== Soundtrack ==
Soundtrack was composed by [[Kunnakudi Vaidyanathan]] and the lyrics were by [[Kannadasan]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thiruvarul (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/ar/album/thiruvarul-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1386201581 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220725112425/https://music.apple.com/ar/album/thiruvarul-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1386201581 |archive-date=25 July 2022 |access-date=25 July 2022 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Engum Thirinthu
| extra1 = [[T. M. Soundararajan]]
| title2 = Kandhan Kaaladiyai
| extra2 = T. M. Soundararajan
| title3 = Kandukondain
| extra3 = T. M. Soundararajan
| title4 = Maalai Vanna Maalai
| extra4 = [[P. Susheela]]
| title5 = Malaigalil Sirantha
| extra5 = [[Sirkazhi Govindarajan]]
| title6 = Marudha Malai
| extra6 = P. Susheela, T. M. Soundararajan
| title7 = Maruthamalaikku
| extra7 = T. M. Soundararajan
| title8 = Thangam Perithendru
| extra8 = P. Susheela
| title9 = Ulagangal Yaavum
| extra9 = T. M. Soundararajan
}}

== Critical reception ==
Kanthan of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised the performances of the actors, the cinematography and the music.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=காந்தன் |date=18 January 1976 |title=திருவருள் |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1976/jan/18-01-1976/p23.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220725112017/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1976/jan/18-01-1976/p23.jpg |archive-date=25 July 2022 |access-date=25 July 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=23 |language=ta}}</ref> Naagai Dharuman of ''Navamani'' praised the acting, music, dialogues, cinematography and direction.<ref>{{cite news |last=தருமன் |first=நாகை |date=4 January 1976 |title=திருவருள் |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_22_4_17/4.jp2/full/1000,1486/0/default.jpg |access-date=11 November 2025 |work=Navamani |pages=4 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref>
== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{R. Thyagarajan (director)}}

[[Category:1975 Indian films]]
[[Category:1975 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1975 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by R. Thyagarajan (director)]]
[[Category:Films scored by Kunnakudi Vaidyanathan]]
[[Category:Hindu devotional films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films produced by Sandow M. M. A. Chinnappa Thevar]]

Annadammula Anubandham

2026-03-03T20:22:16Z

HectorOtoole: add intro for accuracy to improve readability

{{short description|1975 film}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Annadammula Anubandham
| image = Annadammula Anubandham poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| writer = [[Gollapudi Maruti Rao]] {{small|(dialogues)}}
| story = [[Salim–Javed]]
| producer = M. Peethambaram
| director = S. D. Lal
| starring = [[N. T. Rama Rao]]<br />[[Murali Mohan]]<br />[[Nandamuri Balakrishna]]<br />[[Latha (actress)|Latha]]
| music = [[K. Chakravarthy|K. Chakravarthi]]
| cinematography = Sekar-Singh
| editing = E. A. Dhandapani
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Yaadon Ki Baaraat]]''|[[Nasir Hussain]]}}
| studio = Gajalakshmi Chitra
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1975|7|04}}
| runtime = 150 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}
'''''Annadammula Anubandham''''' ({{translation|Sibling's Relationship}}) is 1975 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Action film|action]] [[drama film]], produced by the makeup artist M. Peethambaram and directed by S. D. Lal. The film stars [[N. T. Rama Rao]], [[Murali Mohan]], [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]], [[Latha (actress)|Latha]], and music composed by [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthi]]. It is a remake of the [[Hindi]] film ''[[Yaadon Ki Baaraat]]'' (1973).<ref>[https://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-popular/60-bollywood-films-remade-in-south-indian-film-industry/]</ref> The film was a box office hit.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bale |first=Sneha |date=10 June 2020 |title=Birthday Special: 16 Facts You Should Know About Tollywood 'Legend' Nandamuri Balakrishna |url=https://www.zee5.com/zeekannada/birthday-special-16-facts-you-should-know-about-tollywood-legend-nandamuri-balakrishna/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920120006/https://www.zee5.com/zee5news/birthday-special-16-facts-you-should-know-about-tollywood-legend-nandamuri-balakrishna |archive-date=20 September 2022 |access-date=3 August 2020 |website=[[ZEE5]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Vijay, Anand, and Naveen are brothers. On their father Venu Gopal's birthday, their mother Lakshmi teaches them a song titled ''Aanaati Hrudayala,'' which they hold dear. Once, Venu Gopal witnesses a robbery by a masked gangster, Parasuram. To protect his identity, Parasuram slaughters Venu Gopal and Lakshmi. Vijay and Anand watch the deaths with horror. Parusuram shoots at them, and they escape with the help of the kind-hearted Parasuram's henchman, John. But they get separated, while their maternal aunt whisks Naveen.

Years roll by, and Vijay becomes a gallant on a crime spree around the city and joins an assistant, Devadas. Still, his parents' assassination haunts him. An elderly Ramaiah rears Anand, while Naveen becomes a famous pop singer who always offsets his brothers with their family songs. The Police eventually apprehended John, sentenced to 15 years. Vijay anxiously awaits his return. Soon after, he gets acquainted with John's daughter, Geeta, without knowing her identity, and both come closer. Anand's love of his life is Sunitha / Sony, daughter of a millionaire Chandra Shekar, and Naveen falls for his co-singer. The brothers meet several times yet do not recognize each other.

Once Vijay saves Anand and Sony from Parasuram's son Shekar, discerning Vijay's caliber, Parasuram appoints him as a white knight, and he courageously succeeds in their several tasks. Meanwhile, John is released, and Vijay chases him and recognizes him as their helper in childhood. Now, John conveys that the only way to find Parasuram is by wearing two shoes of different sizes, 8 and 9, respectively. John toils and uncovers Parasuram, but he slays him. Before dying, he writes a letter to Vijay regarding Parasuram's whereabouts.

Parasuram exploits Vijay to seize Sony for her father's treasure instead of the letter when Vijay seeks Sony's help and keeps her in their custody. At that point, Vijay notices Parasuram's shoes and identifies him as the murderer of his parents. At the same time, Naveen conducts his program in the hotel where Anand is also present; as usual, he calls his brothers, which Anand receives, but Vijay keeps silent as his presence may harm them. Parallelly, Vijay makes Sony accessible; a dead-heat situation occurs after that. Parasuram kidnaps Anand & Naveen for the treasure. At last, Vijay plays a trick, protects his brothers, and eliminates Parasuram. The film ends with the reunion of the brothers.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
*[[N. T. Rama Rao]] as Vijay
*[[Murali Mohan]] as Anand
*[[Nandamuri Balakrishna]] as Naveen
*[[Latha (actress)|Latha]] as Sunitha/ Sony
*[[Kanchana (actress)|Kanchana]] as Geetha
*[[Jayamalini]] as Dancer
*[[M. Prabhakar Reddy|Prabhakar Reddy]] as Parasuram
*[[Giri Babu]] as Sekar
*[[A. V. M. Rajan]] as Venugopal Rao
*[[Rajanala Kaleswara Rao|Rajanala]] as Jailer
*[[Raja Babu (actor)|Raja Babu]] as Devadas
*[[Raavi Kondala Rao]] as Manager Ramaiah
*Thyagaraju as John
*[[S. V. Ramadas|Ramadas]] as Ranjith
*Bhimaraju as Montin
*K. K. Sarma as Anand's friend
*Chidatala Appa Rao
*[[Chitti Babu Punyamurthula|Chitti Babu]]
*Pushpalata as Lakshmi
*[[Mallikarjuna Rao (actor)|Mallikarjuna Rao]]
*Anitha
*Sujatha
*Aparna
*Vani
{{colend}}

== Soundtrack ==
Music composed by [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anna Thammulla Anubandam (1975)-Song_Booklet |url=https://indiancine.ma/documents/CLK/info |access-date=31 January 2022 |website=Indiancine.ma}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!S. No!!Song title !! Lyrics !!Singers !!length
|-
|1
|"Aanaati Hrudayala" (F)
|[[C. Narayana Reddy]]
|[[P. Susheela]]
|4:05
|-
|2
|"Gulabi Puvvai"
|Dasarathi
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], P. Susheela
|3:24
|-
|3
|"Andamaina Pilla"
|[[Daasarathi Krishnamacharyulu|Daasarathi]]
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Susheela
|4:29
|-
|4
|"Aanadu Tholisari"
|Daasarathi
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[P. Susheela]]
|4:04
|-
|5
|"Kaugililo Vuyyala"
|Daasarathi
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki
|5:27
|-
|6
|"Aanaati Hrudayala" (M)
|C. Narayana Reddy
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[V. Ramakrishna]]
|4:14
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=7152694}}

[[Category:1970s masala films]]
[[Category:1975 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1975 Indian films]]
[[Category:1975 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by S. D. Lal]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. Chakravarthy]]
[[Category:Films set in hotels]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Hindi films]]

Nashik Lok Sabha constituency

2026-03-03T18:13:51Z

HectorOtoole: starting

{{short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Nashik Lok Sabha
| type = LS
| map_image ={{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Maharashtra/Nashik.map}}
| map_caption =Nashik Lok Sabha Constituency map
| map_alt =
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| established = 1952
| assembly_cons = [[Sinnar Assembly constituency|Sinnar]]<br>[[Nashik East Assembly constituency|Nashik East]]<br>[[Nashik Central Assembly constituency|Nashik Central]]<br>[[Nashik West Assembly constituency|Nashik West]]<br>[[Deolali Assembly constituency|Deolali]]<br>[[Igatpuri Assembly constituency|Igatpuri]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Rajabhau_Waje.jpg
| mp = [[Rajabhau Waje]]
| party = {{Party index link|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
| electors =
| preceded_by = [[Hemant Godse]]
}}
'''Nashik''' Lok Sabha constituency is one of the 48 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies of [[Maharashtra]] state in western [[India]].

==Vidhan Sabha segments==
Presently, after the implementation of delimitation of the parliamentary constituencies in 2008, Nashik Lok Sabha constituency comprises the following six [[Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) segments:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/erollsum.php|title=List of ACs and PCs|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101215120931/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/erollsum.php|archive-date=15 December 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
! No
! Name
! District
! Member
! colspan="2" | Party
! colspan=2 |Leading<br/>{{small|(in 2024)}}
|-
|120
|[[Sinnar Assembly constituency|Sinnar]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Nashik district|Nashik]]
|[[Manikrao Kokate]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|-
| 123
|[[Nashik East Assembly constituency|Nashik East]]
|[[Rahul Uttamrao Dhikale|Rahul Dhikale]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|-
|124
|[[Nashik Central Assembly constituency|Nashik Central]]
|[[Devayani Farande]]
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|-
|125
|[[Nashik West Assembly constituency|Nashik West]]
|[[Seema Mahesh Hiray|Seema Hiray]]
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|-
|126
|[[Deolali Assembly constituency|Deolali]] (SC)
|[[Saroj Ahire]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party|rowspan=2}}
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)|rowspan=2}}
|-
|127
|[[Igatpuri Assembly constituency|Igatpuri]] (ST)
|[[Hiraman Khoskar]]
|-
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{|class ="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Name
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1951 Indian general election|1952]]
|[[G H Deshpande|Govind Deshpande]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|[[Bhaurao Gaikwad]]
|{{Full party name with color|Scheduled Castes Federation}}
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|[[G H Deshpande|Govind Deshpande]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|1963^
|[[Yashwantrao Chavan]]
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|rowspan="2"|[[B. R. Kavade]]
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|[[Vithalrao Hande]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}" |
|[[Peasants and Workers Party of India|Peasants and Workers Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|[[Pratap Wagh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|[[Muralidhar Mane]]
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|[[Daulatrao Aher]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|[[Vasant Pawar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|[[Rajaram Godase]]
|{{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|[[Madhavrao Patil]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|[[Uttamrao Dhikale]]
|{{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[Devidas Anandrao Pingale|Devidas Pingale]]
| {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[Sameer Bhujbal]]
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Hemant Godse]]
| {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Rajabhau Waje]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}" |
| [[Shiv Sena (UBT)]]
|}

==Election results==

===General election 2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: [[Nashik]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)
| candidate = [[Rajabhau Waje]]
| votes = 6,16729
| percentage = 49.85
| change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Shiv Sena
| candidate = [[Hemant Godse]]
| votes = 454,728
| percentage = 36.75
| change = {{down}}13.47
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi
| candidate = Karan Gaikar
| votes = 47,193
| percentage = 3.81
| change = {{down}}6.01
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Independent
| candidate = Shantigiri Maharaj
| votes = 44,524
| percentage = 3.60
| change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
| votes = 162,001
| percentage = 13.09
| change = {{down}}12.95
}}
{{Election box turnout|
| votes = 12,37,204
| percentage = 60.94
| change = {{up}}1.41
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
| winner = Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)
| loser = Shiv Sena
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Nashik]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Shiv Sena
| candidate = [[Hemant Godse]]
| votes = 563,599
| percentage = 50.23
| change = {{decrease}}2.50
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Nationalist Congress Party
| candidate = [[Sameer Bhujbal]]
| votes = 271,395
| percentage = 24.19
| change = {{decrease}}8.58
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = [[Manikrao Kokate]]
| votes = 134,527
| percentage = 11.99
| change = {{new}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Vanchit Bahujan Aghadi
| candidate = Pavan Pawar
| votes = 109,981
| percentage = 9.81
| change = {{new}}
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
| votes = 292,204
| percentage = 26.04
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
| votes = 11,22,092
| percentage = 59.53
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
| winner = Shiv Sena
| loser =
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: Nashik}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Shiv Sena
| candidate = [[Hemant Godse]]
| votes = 494,735
| percentage = 52.77
| change = {{increase}}28.68
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Nationalist Congress Party
| candidate = [[Chhagan Bhujbal]]
| votes = 307,399
| percentage = 32.79
| change = {{decrease}}3.55
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Maharashtra Navnirman Sena
| candidate = Pradeep Pawar
| votes = 63,050
| percentage = 6.73
| change = {{decrease}}26.25
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Dinkar Dharma Patil
| votes = 20,896
| percentage = 2.23
| change = {{decrease}}0.54
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
| candidate = Tanaji Jaibhave
| votes = 17,154
| percentage = 1.83
| change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = [[Vijay Pandhare]]
| votes = 9,672
| percentage = 1.03
| change = N/A
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
| votes = 187,336
| percentage = 19.98
| change = {{increase}}16.62
}}
{{Election box turnout|
| votes = 937,405
| percentage = 58.82
| change = {{increase}}13.47
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
| winner = Shiv Sena
| loser = Nationalist Congress Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: Nashik}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Nationalist Congress Party
| candidate = [[Sameer Bhujbal]]
| votes = 238,706
| percentage = 36.34
| change = {{decrease}}10.51
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Maharashtra Navnirman Sena
| candidate = [[Hemant Godse]]
| votes = 216,674
| percentage = 32.98
| change = {{New}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Shiv Sena
| candidate = Datta Gaikwad
| votes = 158,251
| percentage = 24.09
| change = {{Decrease}}20.47
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Sudhirdas Maharaj
| votes = 17,980
| percentage = 2.74
| change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Rajendra Kadu
| votes = 7,982
| percentage = 1.22
| change = N/A
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
| votes = 22,032
| percentage = 3.36
| change = {{Increase}}1.07
}}
{{Election box turnout|
| votes = 656,892
| percentage = 45.35
| change = N/A
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
| winner = Nationalist Congress Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections]]: Nashik}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Nationalist Congress Party
| candidate = [[Devidas Anandrao Pingale|Devidas Pingale]]
| votes = 307,612
| percentage = 46.85
| change = NA
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Shiv Sena
| candidate = Dashrath Patil
| votes = 292,555
| percentage = 44.56
| change = NA
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Communist Party of India
| candidate = Radheshyam Gunjal
| votes = 17,831
| percentage = 2.72
| change = NA
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Gajiram Pawar
| votes = 15,457
| percentage = 2.35
| change = NA
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Vimaltai Avhad
| votes = 7,917
| percentage = 1.21
| change = NA
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
| votes = 15,058
| percentage = 2.29
| change = NA
}}
{{Election box turnout|
| votes = 656,525
| percentage = 43.12
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
| winner = Nationalist Congress Party
| loser = Shiv Sena
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 1999===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Indian general elections]]: Nashik}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Shiv Sena
| candidate = [[Uttamrao Dhikale]]
| votes = 303,084
| percentage = 38.9
| change = NA
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Nationalist Congress Party
| candidate = [[Madhavrao Patil]]
| votes = 266,272
| percentage = 34.2
| change = NA
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Gopalrao Gulave
| votes = 148,346
| percentage = 19.1
| change = NA
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
| votes = 36,812
| percentage = 4.7
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
| votes = 778,284
| percentage = 57.9
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
| winner = Shiv Sena
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 1998===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Indian general election]]: Nashik}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Madhavrao Patil]]
| votes = 381,300
| percentage = 57.19
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Shiv Sena
| candidate = [[Rajaram Godase]]
| votes = 278,908
| percentage = 41.83
| change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
| votes = 102,392
| percentage = 15.36
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
| votes = 666,781
| percentage = 51.65
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Shiv Sena
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 1996===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1996 Indian general election]]: Nashik}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Shiv Sena
| candidate = [[Rajaram Godase]]
| votes = 295,044
| percentage = 47.41
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Vasant Pawar]]
| votes = 221,505
| percentage = 35.59
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh
| candidate = Nivrutti Awhad
| votes = 78,435
| percentage = 12.60
| change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
| votes = 73,539
| percentage = 11.82
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
| votes = 622,326
| percentage = 48.58
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
| winner = Shiv Sena
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 1991===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1991 Indian general election]]: Nashik}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Vasant Pawar]]
| votes = 310,247
| percentage = 57.81
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Daulatrao Aher]]
| votes = 168,881
| percentage = 31.47
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Janata Dal
| candidate = Dattatray Katkade
| votes = 45,511
| percentage = 8.48
| change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
| votes = 141,366
| percentage = 26.34
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
| votes = 536,639
| percentage = 50.72
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 1989===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1989 Indian general election]]: Nashik}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Daulatrao Aher]]
| votes = 287,267
| percentage = 51.06
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Muralidhar Mane]]
| votes = 256,614
| percentage = 45.61
| change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
| votes = 30,653
| percentage = 5.45
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
| votes = 562,644
| percentage = 54.84
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 1984===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1984 Indian general election]]: Nashik}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Muralidhar Mane]]
| votes = 197,428
| percentage = 45.16
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Indian Congress (Socialist)
| candidate = Pralhad Patil Karad
| votes = 159,882
| percentage = 36.57
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Ramrao Hire
| votes = 37,615
| percentage = 8.60
| change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
| votes = 37,546
| percentage = 8.59
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
| votes = 437,177
| percentage = 56.51
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 1980===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1980 Indian general election]]: Nashik}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Pratap Wagh]]
| votes = 204,155
| percentage = 53.47
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Indian National Congress (U)
| candidate = Vinayakrao Patil
| votes = 157,900
| percentage = 41.36
| change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
| votes = 46,255
| percentage = 12.11
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
| votes = 381,796
| percentage = 53.42
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
| winner = Indian National Congress

| loser = Peasants and Workers Party of India
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 1977===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1977 Indian general election]]: Nashik}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Peasants and Workers Party of India
| candidate = [[Vithalrao Hande]]
| votes = 164,258
| percentage = 50.33
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Baburao Thakre
| votes = 153,017
| percentage = 46.89
| change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
| votes = 11,241
| percentage = 3.44
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
| votes = 326,346
| percentage = 54.70
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
| winner = Peasants and Workers Party of India
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 1971===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1971 Indian general election]]: Nasik}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Indian National Congress (R)
| candidate = [[B. R. Kavade]]
| votes = 208,898
| percentage = 74.15
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Bharatiya Kranti Dal
| candidate = Dhairyashilrao Pawar
| votes = 63,157
| percentage = 22.42
| change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
| votes = 145,741
| percentage = 51.73
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
| votes = 281,736
| percentage = 57.35
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser =
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 1967===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1967 Indian general election]]: Nasik}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[B. R. Kavade]]
| votes = 155,632
| percentage = 56.60
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Republican Party of India
| candidate = [[Bhaurao Gaikwad]]
| votes = 119,325
| percentage = 43.40
| change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
| votes = 36,307
| percentage = 13.20
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
| votes = 274,957
| percentage = 65.79
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser =
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 1962===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1962 Indian general election]]: Nasik}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Govind Hari Deshpande|Govind Deshpande]]
| votes = 110,242
| percentage = 57.67
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Republican Party of India
| candidate = [[Bhaurao Gaikwad]]
| votes = 50,588
| percentage = 26.46
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Praja Socialist Party
| candidate = Namdeo Pagare
| votes = 18,679
| percentage = 9.77
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Independent politician
| candidate = Ramchandra Bhoye
| votes = 11,666
| percentage = 6.10
| change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
| votes = 59,654
| percentage = 31.21
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
| votes = 191,175
| percentage = 54.18
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Scheduled Castes Federation
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 1957===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1957 Indian general election]]: Nasik}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Scheduled Castes Federation
| candidate = [[Bhaurao Gaikwad]]
| votes = 85,437
| percentage = 48.44
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Govind Hari Deshpande|Govind Deshpande]]
| votes = 74,068
| percentage = 41.99
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Independent politician
| candidate = Savleram Lilke
| votes = 16,879
| percentage = 9.57
| change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
| votes = 11,369
| percentage = 6.45
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
| votes = 176,384
| percentage = 48.13
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
| winner = Scheduled Castes Federation
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 1951===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1951 Indian general election]]: Nasik Central}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Govind Hari Deshpande|Govind Deshpande]]
| votes = 89,261
| percentage = 43.50
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Socialist Party (India, 1948)
| candidate = Narayanrao Zodge
| votes = 45,600
| percentage = 22.22
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Kamgar Kisan Paksha
| candidate = Gopal Saundarkar
| votes = 26,885
| percentage = 13.10
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Peasants and Workers Party of India
| candidate = Shankar Bodhale
| votes = 15,051
| percentage = 7.34
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Communist Party of India
| candidate = Karbhari Wagh
| votes = 14,383
| percentage = 7.01
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad
| candidate = Vishnu Kelkar
| votes = 8,427
| percentage = 4.11
| change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
| votes = 43,661
| percentage = 21.28
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
| votes = 205,175
| percentage = 53.17
| change =
}}
{{Election box win with party link|
| winner = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Nashik district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20191010055402/https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/maharashtra/nashik/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Nashik lok sabha constituency election 2019 results details]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{Nashik district}}
{{coords|20.0|73.8|display=title}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Nashik district]]

Lily (2023 film)

2026-03-03T09:18:45Z

HectorOtoole: starting

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Lily
| image = Lily film poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name = 
| director = Sivam
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = K Babu Reddy<br />G Satish Kumar
| starring = Baby Neha<br/>Baby Pranitha Reddy<br />Master Vedanth Varma
| narrator =
| cinematography = Rajkumar
| editing = Lokesh Kumar Kadali
| music = Anto Francis
| studio = 
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2023|7|7}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Lily''''' is a 2023 Indian Telugu-language [[children's film]] directed by Sivam in his directorial debut. The film was announced and promoted as the first film in the genre to have a [[Pan-Indian film|pan-Indian]] release.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rev |date=2023-03-29 |title=The First Pan Indian Children's Film Press Meet Has Been Held Today |url=https://theprimetime.in/the-first-pan-indian-childrens-film-press-meet-has-been-held-today/ |access-date=2024-01-26 |website=News Portal |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530202500/https://theprimetime.in/the-first-pan-indian-childrens-film-press-meet-has-been-held-today/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It stars Neha, Pranitha Reddy, Vedanth, [[Rajveer]] in the lead roles; the cast also includes [[Rajeev Pillai]] in a special appearance.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-29 |title=Pan-Indian children's film Lily gears up for release |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2023/mar/29/pan-indian-childrens-film-lily-gears-up-for-release-41689.html |access-date=2023-05-30 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en |archive-date=2023-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530202459/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2023/mar/29/pan-indian-childrens-film-lily-gears-up-for-release-41689.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It was produced by K Babu Reddy and G Sathish Kumar under Gopuram Studios.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-13 |title=పాన్ ఇండియా మూవీ లిల్లీ.. ట్రైల‌ర్ రిలీజ్ |url=https://www.prabhanews.com/importantnews/first-pan-india-children-film-directer-shivam/ |access-date=2023-05-30 |website=Prabha News |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530202500/https://www.prabhanews.com/importantnews/first-pan-india-children-film-directer-shivam/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-03-13 |title=Lily Telugu Trailer {{!}} తొలి పాన్‌ ఇండియా చిల్డ్రన్‌ మూవీ లిల్లీ.. ఆకట్టుకుంటోన్న ట్రైలర్‌ |url=https://www.ntnews.com/cinema/first-pan-india-children-film-lily-telugu-trailer-is-out-now-1002456 |access-date=2023-05-30 |website=www.ntnews.com |language=te-IN |archive-date=2023-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530202459/https://www.ntnews.com/cinema/first-pan-india-children-film-lily-telugu-trailer-is-out-now-1002456 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lily becomes the first children's film to get a pan-Indian release |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2023/mar/25/lily-becomes-the-first-childrens-film-to-get-a-pan-indian-release-41499.html |access-date=2024-01-26 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=25 March 2023 |language=en |archive-date=2024-01-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116165858/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2023/mar/25/lily-becomes-the-first-childrens-film-to-get-a-pan-indian-release-41499.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Plot ==
Of her group of friends, including Lily and Vedanth, Divya is the only orphan. Her foster mother, Deva, lives poorly. When Divya is taken to a hospital after having fainted, and diagnosed with [[leukemia]], her friends and Deva wonder how they will afford the costs of her treatment.

== Cast ==
* Neha as Lily
* Pranitha Reddy as Divya
* Vedanth as Vedanth
* Rajveer as Deva
* Michelle Shah as Dr.Aparna
* [[Rajeev Pillai]] as Rajeev

== Promotion ==
[[Dil Raju]] launched the Telugu trailer of the film on 13 March 2023 in Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2023-03-13 |title=Telugu audience always appreciates children's movies with good content... Dil Raju at Lily Trailer Launch |url=https://industryhit.com/t/telugu-audience-always-appreciates-childrens-movies-with-good-content-dil-raju-at-lily-trailer-launch/ |access-date=2023-05-30 |website=IndustryHit.Com |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530202500/https://industryhit.com/t/telugu-audience-always-appreciates-childrens-movies-with-good-content-dil-raju-at-lily-trailer-launch/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Ragini Dwivedi]] launched the Kannada trailer on 23 March.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-23 |title=ಪ್ಯಾನ್ ಇಂಡಿಯಾ ಲೆವೆಲ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ಮಕ್ಕಳ ಸಿನಿಮಾ ನಿರ್ಮಾಣ; ಸಾಥ್ ನೀಡಿದ ನಟಿ ರಾಗಿಣಿ |url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/lily-pan-india-movie-songs-and-trailer-released-by-ragini-dwivedi/articleshow/98932961.cms |access-date=2023-05-30 |website=Vijay Karnataka |language=kn |archive-date=2023-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530202459/https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/lily-pan-india-movie-songs-and-trailer-released-by-ragini-dwivedi/articleshow/98932961.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-03-23 |title=Lily Pan India Movie: ಮಕ್ಕಳ ಬಾಯಿಂದ ಹೊಮ್ಮಲಿದೆ ಮಾನವೀಯ ಮೌಲ್ಯ.. ಐದು ಭಾಷೆಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಬಿಡುಗಡೆ ಆಗ್ತಿದೆ ಮಕ್ಕಳ ಚಿತ್ರ 'ಲಿಲ್ಲಿ' |url=https://kannada.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/children-s-film-lilly-to-be-released-in-five-languages-181679544713157.html |access-date=2023-05-30 |website=Kannada Hindustan Times |language=kn |archive-date=2023-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530202502/https://kannada.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/children-s-film-lilly-to-be-released-in-five-languages-181679544713157.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Release ==
The film was released in five languages ([[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Kannada]], [[Malayalam]] and [[Hindi]]).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anil |first=Revathy |date=2023-03-29 |title=The First Pan Indian Children's Film Press Meet Has Been Held Today |url=https://theprimetime.in/the-first-pan-indian-childrens-film-press-meet-has-been-held-today/ |access-date=2023-05-30 |website=News Portal |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530202500/https://theprimetime.in/the-first-pan-indian-childrens-film-press-meet-has-been-held-today/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reception ==
The film received very mixed reviews at ''[[Sakshi (magazine)|Sakshi]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/lily-movie-review-and-rating-telugu-1684729|title=Lily Movie Review: 'లిల్లీ' సినిమా రివ్యూ|date=6 July 2023|website=Sakshi|access-date=27 January 2024|archive-date=8 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708130828/https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/lily-movie-review-and-rating-telugu-1684729|url-status=live}}</ref> The director stated the film was receiving good response and that he aimed to show it to students of all schools in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-09 |title='తొలి పాన్‌ ఇండియా బాలల చిత్రం 'లిల్లీ'గా గుర్తుండిపోతుంది' |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/director-shivam-talks-about-lily-movie-1688053 |access-date=2024-01-26 |website=Sakshi |language=te |archive-date=2024-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126192132/https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/director-shivam-talks-about-lily-movie-1688053 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=26938297}}

[[Category:Indian children's drama films]]
[[Category:2020s children's drama films]]
[[Category:Films about friendship]]
[[Category:Films shot in India]]
[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:2023 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]
[[Category:2023 children's films]]

1952 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election

2026-02-27T22:31:31Z

HectorOtoole: New First Data W/ Infobox

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1952 Mysore Legislative Assembly election
| country = India
| type = parliamentary
| vote_type = Popular 
| ongoing = no
| election_date = 26 March 1952
| elected_members =
| next_election = 1957 Mysore Legislative Assembly election
| next_year = 1957
| seats_for_election= All 99 seats in the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Mysore Legislative Assembly]]
| majority_seats = 50
| registered =
| turnout = 50.38%

| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=K. C. Reddy.jpg|bSize=110|cWidth=90|cHeight=110|oLeft=10|oTop=04}}
| leader1 = [[K. Chengalaraya Reddy]]
| party1 = Indian National Congress
| leader_since1 =
| leaders_seat1 =
| seats1 = 74
| popular_vote1 = 12,76,318
| percentage1 = 46.35%

| image2 = <div style="width:100px;"><span style="line-height:100px; vertical-align:center; text-align:center; color:{{party color|Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party}}; font-size:30px;"> '''KMPP'''</span></div>
| leader2 =
| party2 = Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party
| leader_since2 =
| leaders_seat2 =
| seats2 = 8
| popular_vote2 = 3,91,653
| percentage2 = 14.22%

| map_image =
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map =
| map_caption =

| title = [[Chief Minister of Karnataka|Chief Minister]]
| before_election = [[K. Chengalaraya Reddy]]
| after_election = [[K. Hanumanthaiah]]
| after_party = Indian National Congress
}}
[[File: India Administrative Divisions 1951.svg|thumb|Indian administrative divisions, as of 1951]]
Elections to the [[Vidhan Sabha|Legislative Assembly]] of the Indian state of [[Mysore State|Mysore]] were held on 26 March 1952. 394 candidates contested for 99 seats in 80 constituencies in the Assembly. There were 19 two-member constituencies and 61 single-member constituencies, accounting for 99 seats.<ref name="MYSECI1951"/>

==Results==
<section begin=Results />{{election table|title=Summary of results of the 1952 Mysore Legislative Assembly election<ref name="MYSECI1951">{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MYSORE.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Mysore | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14}}</ref> |sortable=yes}}
!colspan=8|[[File:India Mysore Legislative Assembly 1952.svg]]
|- style="background-color:#E9E9E9; text-align:center;"
! class="unsortable" |
! Political party !! Flag !! Seats <br /> Contested !! Won !! % of <br /> Seats !! Votes !! Vote %
|- style="background-color: #90EE90;"
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[File:Flag of Indian National Congress.png|70px]]
| 99 || 74 || 74.75 || 12,76,318 || 46.35
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party}}
|
| 59 || 8 || 8.08 || 3,91,653 || 14.22
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Socialist Party (India, 1948)}}
|
| 47 || 3 || 3.03 || 240390 || 8.73
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Scheduled Caste Federation}}
| [[File:Flag of various Republican Parties of India.svg|70px]]
| 7 || 2 || 2.02 || 47,916 || 1.74
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
| [[File:CPI-banner.svg|70px]]
| 5 || 1 || 1.01 || 25,116 || 0.91
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Independent (politician)}}
|
| 154 || 11 || 11.11 || 7,10,359 || 25.79
|- class="unsortable" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"
! colspan = 3| Total seats
! 99 !! style="text-align:center;" |Voters !! 54,66,487 !! style="text-align:center;" |Turnout !! 27,53,870 (50.38%)
|}<section end=Results />

==List of Successful Candidates==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Constituency No
!Seat No
!Constituency
!Winner
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" style="background-color:grey" | [[Kolar district|<span style="color:white;">'''Kolar District'''</span>]]
|-
| 1
|1
| [[Malur Assembly constituency|Malur]]
! H. C. Linga Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 2
|2
| [[Bangarapet Assembly constituency|Bangarapet]]
! [[K. Chengalaraya Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="2"| 3
|3
| rowspan="2" | [[Kolar Gold Field Assembly constituency|Kolar Gold Fields]]
! P. M. Swamidorai
| {{Full party name with color|Republican Party of India}}
|-
|4
! [[K. S. Vasan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| rowspan="2"| 4
|5
| rowspan="2" | [[Mulbagal Srinivasapur Assembly constituency|Mulbagal Srinivasapur]]
! T. Channaiah
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|6
! G. Narayana Gowda
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|5
|7
|[[Bagepalli Gudibanda Assembly constituency|Bagepalli Gudibanda]]
![[B. V. Narayana Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Socialist Party (India, 1948)}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 6
|8
| rowspan="2" | [[Chintamani Assembly constituency|Chintamani]]
! M. C. Anjaneya Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
|9
! Narayanappa
| {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| 7
|10
| [[Kolar Assembly constituency|Kolar]]
! K. Pattabhiraman
| {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 8
|11
| rowspan="2" | [[Sidlaghatta Chickballapur Assembly constituency|Sidlaghattta-Chikkaballapur]]
! A. Muniyappa
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|12
! G. Papanna
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 9
|13
| [[Gauribidanur Assembly constituency|Gowribidanur]]
! N. C. Nagiah Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" style="background-color:grey" | [[Tumkur district|<span style="color:white;">'''Tumkur District'''</span>]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | 10
|14
| rowspan="2" | [[Pavagada Assembly constituency|Pavagada]]
! [[Mali Mariyappa]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|15
! C. T. Hanumanthiah
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 11
|16
| rowspan="2" | [[Koratagere-Madhugiri Assembly constituency|Koratagere-Madhugiri]]
! R. Chennigaramiah
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|17
! Mudduramiah
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 12
|18
| [[Huliyurdurga Assembly constituency|Huliyurdurga]]
! N. Huchmasthi Gowda
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 13
|19
| [[Kunigal Assembly constituency|Kunigal]]
! T. N. Mudlagiri Gowda
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 14
|20
| [[Tumkur City Assembly constituency|Tumkur]]
! [[MV Rama Rao|M. V. Rama Rao]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 15
|21
| [[Kora Assembly constituency|Kora]]
! B. C. Nanjundaiah
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 16
|22
| [[Sira Assembly constituency|Sira]]
! B. N. Ramegowda
| {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| 17
|23
| [[Gubbi Assembly constituency|Gubbi]]
! C. M. Annayyappa
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|18
|24
|[[Turuvekere Assembly constituency|Turuvekere]]
![[B. Hutche Gowda]]
| {{Full party name with color|Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party}}
|-
| 19
|25
| [[Tiptur Assembly constituency|Tiptur]]
! T. G. Thimmegowda
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 20
|26
| [[Chikkanayakanahalli Assembly constituency|Chiknayakanahalli]]
! C. H. Lingadevaru
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" style="background-color:grey" | [[Bangalore Urban district|<span style="color:white;">'''Bangalore District'''</span>]]
|-
| 21
|27
| [[Malleshwaram Assembly constituency|Malleswaram]]
! V. R. Naidu
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 22
|28
| [[Gandhi Nagar, Karnataka Assembly constituency|Gandhinagar]]
! D. Venkatesh
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 23
|29
| [[Chamrajpet Assembly constituency|Chamarajpet]]
! R. Anantharaman
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 24
|30
| [[Basavanagudi Assembly constituency|Basavangudi]]
! [[P. R. Ramaiya]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 25
|31
| [[Cubbonpet Assembly constituency|Cubbonpet]]
! B. M. Seenappa
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 26
|32
| [[Halasuru Assembly constituency|Halasuru]]
! M. Palaniyappan
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 27
|33
| [[St. John's Hill Assembly constituency|St. John's Hill]]
! V. M. Mascarenhas
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 28
|34
| rowspan="2" | [[Bangalore North Assembly constituency|Bangalore North]]
! R. Munisamaiah
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|35
! K. V. Byregowda
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 29
|36
| [[Doddaballapur Assembly constituency|Doddaballapura]]
! [[T. Siddalingaya]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 30
|37
| rowspan="2" | [[Nelamangala Assembly constituency|Nelamangala]]
! K. Prabhakar
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|38
! D. M. Govindaraju
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 31
|39
| [[Magadi Assembly constituency|Magadi]]
! S. Siddappa
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 32
|40
| rowspan="2" | [[Bangalore South Assembly constituency|Bangalore South]]
! B. T. Kemparaj
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|41
! A. V. Narasimha Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 33
|42
| rowspan="2" | [[Hosakote Anekal Assembly constituency|Hosakote Anekal]]
! Lakshmidevi Ramanna
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|43
! H. T. Puttappa
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 34
|44
| [[Ramanagara Assembly constituency|Ramanagaram]]
! [[Kengal Hanumanthaiah]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 35
|45
| [[Kankanahalli Assembly constituency|Kankanahalli]]
! K. G. Thimmegowda
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 36
|46
| [[Virupakshipura Assembly constituency|Virupakshipura]]
! S. Kariappa
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 37
|47
| [[Channapatna Assembly constituency|Channapatna]]
! V. Venkatappa
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" style="background-color:grey" | [[Mandya district|<span style="color:white;">'''Mandya District'''</span>]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | 38
|48
| rowspan="2" | [[Malavalli Assembly constituency|Malavalli]]
! M. C. Chikkalingaiah
| {{Full party name with color|Republican Party of India}}
|-
|49
! B. P. Nagaraja Murthy
| {{Full party name with color|Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party}}
|-
| 39
|50
| [[Maddur Assembly constituency|Maddur]]
! H. K. Veeranna Gowda
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 40
|51
| [[Mandya Assembly constituency|Mandya]]
! K. V. Shankaregowda
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 41
|52
| [[Shrirangapattana Assembly constituency|Srirangapatna]]
! [[Kalastavadi Puttaswamy|K. Puttaswamy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 42
|53
| [[Pandavapura Assembly constituency|Pandavapura]]
! B. Y. Neelegowda
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 43
|54
| [[Nagamangala Assembly constituency|Nagamangala]]
! M. Shankaralinge Gowda
| {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| 44
|55
| [[Krishnarajpete Assembly constituency|Krishnarajpete]]
! S. M. Lingappa
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" style="background-color:grey" | [[Mysore district|<span style="color:white;">'''Mysore District'''</span>]]
|-
| 45
|56
| [[Mysore City North Assembly constituency|Mysore City North]]
! [[T. Mariappa]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 46
|57
| [[Mysore City South Assembly constituency|Mysore City South]]
! B. Narayanaswamy
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 47
|58
| [[Mysore Taluk Assembly constituency|Mysore Taluk]]
! Shivananje Gowda
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="2"| 48
|59
| rowspan="2" | [[Nanjangud Assembly constituency|Nanjangud]]
! M. Linganna
| {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
|60
! M. Madaiah
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|49
|61
|[[T. Narasipur Assembly constituency|T Narsipur]]
![[S. Srinivasa Iyengar (Mysore State)|S. Srinivasa Iyengar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 50
|62
| rowspan="2" | [[Yelandur Assembly constituency|Yelandur]]
! [[B. Rachaiah]]
| {{Full party name with color|Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party}}
|-
|63
! [[M. Rajasekara Murthy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
|51
|64
|[[Chamarajanagar Assembly constituency|Chamarajanagar]]
![[U. M. Madappa]]
| {{Full party name with color|Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party}}
|-
| 51
|65
| [[Hunasuru Assembly constituency|Hunasuru]]
! [[D. Devaraj Urs]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 52
|66
| rowspan="2" | [[Gundlupet Heggadadevanakote Assembly constituency|Gundlupet Heggadadevanakote]]
! Siddiah alias Kunniah
| {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
|67
! H. K. Shivarudrappa
| {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| 53
|68
| [[Krishnarajanagara Assembly constituency|Krishnarajanagar]]
! S. H. Thammaiaya
| {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| 55
|69
| [[Periyapatna Assembly constituency|Periyapatna]]
! S. M. Mariyappa
| {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" style="background-color:grey" | [[Hassan district|<span style="color:white;">'''Hassan District'''</span>]]
|-
| 56
|70
| [[Holenarasipur Assembly constituency|Holenarasipur]]
! A. G. Ramachandra Rao
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 57
|71
| [[Arkalgud Assembly constituency|Arkalgud]]
! G. A. Thimmappa Gowda
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 58
|72
| [[Channarayapatna Assembly constituency|Channarayapatna]]
! K. Lakkappa
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 59
|73
| [[Javagal Assembly constituency|Javagal]]
! B. Chikkanna
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 60
|74
| [[Arsikere Assembly constituency|Arsikere]]
! K. Panchaksharaiah
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|61
|75
|[[Hassan Assembly constituency|Hassan]]
!D. R. Kari Gowda
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |62
|76
| rowspan="2" |[[Belur Assembly constituency|Belur]]
![[B. N. Boranna Gowda]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|77
![[H. K. Siddaiah]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" style="background-color:grey" | [[Chikmagalur district|<span style="color:white;">'''Chikmagalur District'''</span>]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |63
|78
| rowspan="2" |[[Chikmagalur Mudigere Assembly constituency|Chikmagalur Mudigere]]
!'''[[B. L. Subbamma]]'''
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|79
!'''[[G. Puttaswamy]]'''
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|64
|80
|[[Kadur Assembly constituency|Kadur]]
!'''[[Y. M. Chandrashekaraiah]]'''
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|65
|81
|[[Bhadravati Assembly constituency|Bhadravati]]
!'''[[B. Madhavachar]]'''
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" style="background-color:grey" |<span style="color:white;">'''Shimoga and Chikmagalur district'''</span>
|-
|66
|82
|[[Tirthahalli Koppa Assembly constituency|Tirthahalli Koppa]]
!'''[[Kadidal Manjappa]]'''
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" style="background-color:grey" | [[Shimoga district|<span style="color:white;">'''Shimoga District'''</span>]]
|-
|67
|83
|[[Tarikere Assembly constituency|Tarikere]]
![[T. Nagappa]]
| {{Full party name with color|Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party}}
|-
|68
|84
|[[Shimoga Assembly constituency|Shimoga]]
!'''[[S. R. Nagappa Setty]]'''
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|69
|85
|[[Channagiri Assembly constituency|Channagiri]]
![[L. Siddappa]]
| {{Full party name with color|Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party}}
|-
|70
|86
|[[Honnali Assembly constituency|Honnali]]
!'''[[H. S. Rudrappa]]'''
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 71
|87
| rowspan="2" | [[Soraba Shikaripur Assembly constituency|Soraba Shikaripur]]
! [[H. Siddaiah]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|88
! Ganga Nayak
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|72
|89
|[[Sagar Hosanagar Assembly constituency|Sagar Hosanagar]]
![[Shantaveri Gopala Gowda]]
| {{Full party name with color|Socialist Party (India, 1948)}}
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" style="background-color:grey" | [[Chitradurga district|<span style="color:white;">'''Chitradurga District'''</span>]]
|-
|73
|90
|[[Harihar Assembly constituency|Harihar]]
![[H. Siddhaveerappa]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|74
|91
|[[Davanagere Assembly constituency|Davanagere]]
![[Ballari Siddamma]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|75
|92
|[[Hosadurga Assembly constituency|Hosadurga]]
![[G. Basappa]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|76
|93
|[[Molakalmuru Assembly constituency|Molakalmuru]]
![[A. Bhimappa Naik]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |77
|94
| rowspan="2" |[[Hiriyur Assembly constituency|Hiriyur]]
![[T. Hanumiah]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|95
![[V. Masiyappa]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|78
|96
|[[Chitradurga Assembly constituency|Chitradurga]]
![[Mulka Govinda Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Socialist Party (India, 1948)}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |79
|97
| rowspan="2" |[[Holalkere Assembly constituency|Holalkere]]
![[G. Sivappa]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|98
![[G. Duggappa]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|80
|99
|[[Jagalur Assembly constituency|Jagalur]]
![[Mushir Ul Mulk J. Mohamed Imamsab]]
| {{Full party name with color|Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party}}
|}

==State reorganization==
On 1 November 1956, Mysore state was enlarged by the addition of [[Coorg State]], the [[Kollegal]] taluk of the Coimbatore district and the [[South Kanara]] district (except the [[Kasaragod]] taluk) of [[Madras State]], the districts of Raichur and Gulbarga from western [[Hyderabad State]] and the [[Kannada]] speaking districts of Dharwar, Bijapur, North Kanara, and Belgaum, (except the Chandgad taluk of Belgaum district) from southern [[Bombay State]] under [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956]]. The Siruguppa taluk, the Bellary taluk, the Hospet taluk, and a small area of the Mallapuram sub-taluk were detached from the Mysore State.<ref name="1955ReorgStates">{{cite web | url=http://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/1955_7/42/reorganisation_of_statesthe_approach_and_arrangements.pdf | title=Reorganisation of States, 1955 | publisher=The Economic Weekly | date=15 October 1955 | accessdate=25 July 2015}}</ref> This resulted in an increase in assembly constituencies from 80 with 99 seats to 179 with 208 seats in 1957 assembly elections.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-20 |title=Karnataka 1957 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3772-karnataka-1957/ |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=Election Commission of India |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Mysore State]]
* [[1951–52 elections in India]]
* [[1957 Mysore Legislative Assembly election]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Karnataka elections}}

[[Category:State Assembly elections in Karnataka]]
[[Category:1952 State Assembly elections in India|Mysore]]
[[Category:March 1952 in Asia]]
[[Category:Government of Mysore]]

Nandaa

2026-02-25T11:32:20Z

HectorOtoole: done

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nandaa
| image = Actor Nandha at the Athithi Audio Launch.jpg
| caption = Actor Nandaa at the Athithi Audio Launch
| birth_name = Govind Sendrampalayam Durairaj
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1977|09|09|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Coimbatore]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Actor, voice actor, producer
| years_active = 1997–present
| spouse = {{marriage|Vidya Rupa<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/news/2013/actor-nanda-marriage-photos-114551.html|title=Actor Nandha's marriage photos|website=filmibeat |date=15 July 2013}}</ref>|2013}}
| children = 1
}}

'''Nandaa Dorairaj''' is an Indian actor, producer who primarily works in [[Tamil films]]. He made his debut in ''[[Mounam Pesiyadhe]]'' (2002) and later appeared in other films such as ''[[Eeram]]'' (2009).<ref name="eeram">{{cite news|last1=Malathi|first1=Rangarajan|title=Water, water everywhere … -- Eeram|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/water-water-everywhere-eeram/article659914.ece|accessdate=27 August 2016|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=18 September 2009|language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Early life==
Nandaa Dorairaj was born as Govind Durairaj in [[Coimbatore]] to Durairaj and Rani. He has a younger brother Karthik and is the grandson of former Union minister [[M. Kannappan]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2007-12-18|title=05-04-03|url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/interviews/2003/may/05-04-03.htm|access-date=2021-06-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218133252/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/interviews/2003/may/05-04-03.htm|archive-date=18 December 2007}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Nandaa married Vidyaroopa in 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sandesh|date=2013-07-15|title=Actor Nandha's marriage photos|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/news/2013/actor-nanda-marriage-photos-114551.html|access-date=2021-06-14|website=www.filmibeat.com|language=en}}</ref>

==Career==

He was spotted by producer [[S. Thanu]] during his family function. In 1998, he joined the [[M.G.R. Government Film and Television Training Institute|Film Institute]] in Chennai and obtained a diploma in acting after a one-year course.<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=Kalki|language=ta|access-date=14 February 2024|url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2003-05-18/page/88/mode/2up|pages=88–89|title=சாக்லேட் கனவுகள்!|date=18 May 2003}}</ref> He first signed up to star in a project titled ''Enna Solla Pogirai'' opposite [[Gayathri Raguram]], but the film was later stalled.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2004-06-03|title=Enna Solla Pogirai|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/entertainment/filmplus/enna.asp|access-date=2021-06-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040603235347/http://www.chennaionline.com/entertainment/filmplus/enna.asp|archive-date=3 June 2004}}</ref> He made his debut in 2002 with the movie ''[[Mounam Pesiyadhe]]'' along with [[Suriya]] and [[Trisha Krishnan]] by film director [[Ameer Sultan|Ameer]]. Director Ameer was looking for a cheerful and well built hero to play the co-role with [[Suriya]]. Nandhaa immediately fit the criteria and was therefore selected for the role. ''[[Punnagai Poove]]'' in 2003, showed him as a full-time hero. In 2005, he acted in ''[[Selvam (2005 film)|Selvam]]''. In a freak mishap, he suffers an injury on his head and he forgets all about his past. Nandha playing a confused youth has given a good and matured performance. Donning a tricky character.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Selvam review. Selvam Tamil movie review, story, rating|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/selvam-review-tamil-movie-7546|access-date=2021-06-14|website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref> In 2006, he appeared in two movies as ''[[Kodambakkam (film)|Kodambakkam]]'' and ''[[Aanivaer]]''. He play in action film, ''[[Agaram (film)|Agaram]]'' (2007). The film was released to positive reviews.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Agaram review. Agaram Tamil movie review, story, rating|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/agaram-review-tamil-movie-7216|access-date=2021-06-14|website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref> Followed by ''[[Urchagam]]'' (2007).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Urchagam|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/urchagam-review-tamil-pclwuAgfgbgie.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412115049/http://www.sify.com/movies/urchagam-review-tamil-pclwuAgfgbgie.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 April 2019|access-date=2021-06-14|website=Sify|language=en}}</ref>

His movie ''[[Eeram]]'' (2009) was a hit produced by director [[S. Shankar]]. Following the success of ''Eeram'', director Shankar again cast him in his production for the second time in ''[[Anandhapurathu Veedu]]'' (2010), directed by [[Naga (director)|Naga]]. Then he starred alongside [[Jiiva]] in ''[[Vanthaan Vendraan]]'' (2011). He starred in ''[[Vellore Maavattam]]'' (2011), in which he played a cop. After two years without movies, Nandha became an action hero in movies as ''[[Athithi (2014 film)|Athithi]]'' (2014), ''[[Katham Katham]]'' (2015), ''[[Adhibar]]'' (2015) and ''[[Kallaattam]]'' (2016). In 2018 again after ''Mounam Pesiyadhe'', he starred alongside Suriya in ''[[Thaana Serndha Kootam]]'' directed by [[Vignesh Shivan]] for studio green productions, which turned out to be a success.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Subramanian|first=Anupama|date=2018-01-13|title=Thaana Serndha Kootam movie review: An enjoyable affair|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/130118/thaana-serndha-kootam-movie-review-an-enjoyable-affair.html|access-date=2021-06-14|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref> He has also been starred in a web series produced by Ekta Kapoor for Balaji teleflims which was Tamil s first web series directed by Kaushik.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tamilstar.com/news-id-actor-nandhas-new-attempt-nandha-27-05-1718822.htm |title=Actor Nandha's new attempt - Tamilstar.com |website=www.tamilstar.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171006024619/http://www.tamilstar.com/news-id-actor-nandhas-new-attempt-nandha-27-05-1718822.htm |archive-date=2017-10-06}}</ref> The next is ''[[Zhagaram]]'' (2019) the adventure thriller film. Nandha who plays Akhilan is very fit and passes off as a young man quite convincingly and lends authenticity to the role of the reluctant treasure hunter.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zhagaram review. Zhagaram Tamil movie review, story, rating|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/zhagaram-review-tamil-movie-22618|access-date=2021-06-14|website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref> In 2020, he acted as dual roles in ''[[Vaanam Kottatum]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-19|title=After Mani Ratnam's Vaanam Kottatum, it's Atharvaa's cop thriller for popular actor Nandha|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/after-mani-ratnams-vaanam-kottatum-its-atharvaas-cop-thriller-for-popular-actor-nandha.html|access-date=2021-06-14|website=Behindwoods}}</ref>

==Filmography==

===Actor===
;Films
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:100%;"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes
|-
|rowspan="1"| 2002 || ''[[Mounam Pesiyadhe]]'' || Kannan ||
|-
|rowspan="1"| 2003 || ''[[Punnagai Poove]]'' || Venkat ||
|-
|rowspan="1"| 2005 || ''[[Selvam (2005 film)|Selvam]]'' || Selvam (Kannan) ||
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2006 || ''[[Kodambakkam (film)|Kodambakkam]]'' || Sugavannan ||
|-
| ''[[Aanivaer]]'' || Nandha ||
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2007 || ''[[Agaram (film)|Agaram]]'' || Thiru ||
|-
| ''[[Urchagam]]'' || Ganesh ||
|-
|rowspan="1"| 2009 || ''[[Eeram]]'' || Balakrishnan || Nominated, [[Vijay Award for Best Villain]]
|-
|rowspan="1"| 2010 || ''[[Anandhapurathu Veedu]]'' || Bala ||
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2011 ||''[[Vanthaan Vendraan]]'' || Ramana ||
|-
| ''[[Vellore Maavattam]]'' ||ASP Muthukumar IPS ||
|-
|rowspan="1"| 2014 || ''[[Athithi (2014 film)|Athithi]]'' || Madhiazhagan ||
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2015 || ''[[Katham Katham]]'' || SI Nandha ||
|-
| ''[[Adhibar]]'' || David ||
|-
|rowspan="1"| 2016 || ''[[Kallaattam]]'' || Thamizh ||
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Thaana Serndha Kootam]]'' || Inspector Vetrivel ||
|-
|rowspan="1"| 2019 || ''[[Zhagaram (film)|Zhagaram]]'' || Akhilan ||
|-
|rowspan="1"| 2020 || ''[[Vaanam Kottatum]]'' || Baskaran, Natrayan ||
|-
|rowspan="1"| 2021 || ''[[Paramapadham Vilayattu]]'' || Tamizhselvan ||
|-
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Year !! Show !! Role
! Channel!! Notes
|-
|1997||''Premi''|| Govind
| ||Episode 18<ref>{{Citation|title=Premi Episode 18 {{!}} Kavithalayaa|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AUdmlNRkNwA|language=en|access-date=2021-06-14}}</ref>
|-
|2017||''[[Maya Thirrai]]'' ||
| ||
|-
|2019||''[[Iru Dhuruvam (web series)|Iru Dhuruvam]]'' || Viktor || [[SonyLIV]] || Web Series
|-
|2021
|[[Survivor Tamil (season 1)|''Survivor Tamil'']]
|Participant
|[[Zee Tamil]]
|10th Voted out
|-
|2023||''[[Iru Dhuruvam (season 2)|Iru Dhuruvam 2]]'' || Viktor || [[SonyLIV]] || Web Series
|-
|-
|2024||''[[Snakes and Ladders (2024 TV series)|Snakes and Ladders]]'' || Chezhiyan || [[Amazon Prime Video]] || Web Series
|-
|}

===Dubbing artist===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Year !! Film !! Actor !! Notes
|-
| 2014 || ''J. C. Daniel'' || [[Prithviraj Sukumaran|Prithviraj]] ||Tamil version of Malayalam film ''[[Celluloid (film)|Celluloid]]''
|-
|}

===Producer===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Title !! Notes
|-
| 2018–2019 || ''[[Sun Naam Oruvar]]'' || [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] show
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Laththi]]'' ||
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|3831055}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nandaa}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Tamil male actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Actors from Coimbatore]]
[[Category:Male actors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:M.G.R. Government Film and Television Training Institute alumni]]

New R. S. J. Public School

2026-02-21T06:58:34Z

HectorOtoole: Adding The Entry W/ Refs...

{{Orphan|date=August 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox school
| name = New R. S. J. Public School
| native_name =
| latin_name =
| logo = [[File:NRSJPS Logo vector.svg|frameless]]
| seal_image =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Logo of New R. S. J. Public School
| motto = Forward Ever
| song = [[s:School Song of New R. S. J. Public School|"We belong to New R. S. J. P. S."]]
| motto_translation =
| location =
| address = Ustapur - Mahmoodabad, Chhatnag Road
| region = [[Jhusi]]
| city = [[Prayagraj]]
| county =
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| province =
| postal_code =
| zipcode =
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|25.407532|81.918885|display=inline,title|region:IN_type:edu}} (School located in Chhatnag, Jhusi)
{{Coord|25.426997|81.911375|region:IN_type:edu}} (School located in Vasant Vihar, Jhusi)
{{Coord|25.384218823486762|82.07438541328996|region:IN_type:edu}} (School located in Saidabad, Prayagraj)
| schooltype = [[Private school|Private]]
| established = {{Start date|2001|03|26|df=y}}
| school_board = [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]
| free_label1 = Affiliation number (Chhatnag Branch)
| free_text1 = 2131041<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sports.cbseacademic.in/India/states.asp?states=UP |title=CBSE Affiliated Schools in UP |accessdate=5 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130129184034/http://sports.cbseacademic.in/India/states.asp?states=UP |archive-date=29 January 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="CBSE Website">{{cite web | url=http://cbseaff.nic.in/SchoolDir/appviewdir.aspx?affno=2131041 |title=Details of School Affiliated to Central Board of Secondary Education: New R.S.J. Public School |publisher=[[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]] | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814084753/http://cbseaff.nic.in/SchoolDir/appviewdir.aspx?affno=2131041 | archive-date=14 August 2014 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
| free_label2 = School Code (Chhatnag Branch)
| free_text3 = 2133584<ref name="saras.cbse.gov.in">{{Cite web |title=Affiliation Status for Saidabad branch. |url=https://saras.cbse.gov.in/saras/AffiliatedList/AfflicationDetails/2133584 |access-date=2023-06-02 |website=saras.cbse.gov.in}}</ref>
| free_label3 = Affiliation number (Saidabad Branch)
| free_text2 = 54507
| principal = Suman Jaiswal<ref>{{cite news |agency=[[Times News Network]] |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-02/allahabad/29612830_1_meritorious-students-city-students-three-students |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108100020/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-02/allahabad/29612830_1_meritorious-students-city-students-three-students |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 January 2014 | title=Impressive results in city | date=2 June 2011 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] | accessdate=8 January 2014}}</ref><ref>[https://www.inextlive.com/uttar-pradesh/allahabad/prayagraj-will-be-witness-to-the-new-world-record-allahabad-227313 "प्रयागराज के नाम होगा पांचवां व‌र्ल्ड रिकॉर्ड"], ''iNext Live'', 28 November 2019 {{in lang|hi}}</ref>
| headmaster = Arun Raha
| grades = Nursery–Grade 12
| enrollment = more than 2,500 (as of 2013){{citation needed|date=January 2016}}
| avg_class_size = 40
| ratio =
| system =
| classes_offered =
| language =
| schedule_type =
| schedule =
| hours_in_day = 6 hours <br />(8:00 am – 2:00 pm)
| classrooms =
| campuses =
| campus = [[Rural area|Rural]]
| campus_size = {{convert|2.9|acre|ha}}
| area =
| campus_type =
| campus_Bound =
| houses = 4: red, yellow, blue, green
| colours = [[Maroon]] {{color box|maroon}} <br> [[White]] {{color box|white}} <br>[[Black]] {{color box|black}}
| website =
| footnotes =
| picture =
| picture_caption =
}}

[[File:3D Sketch of front of New R. S. J. Public School Senior Secondary.jpg|thumb|Front of school, image created in Google Sketch by a student]]
'''New R. S. J. Public School''' (initialised as '''NRSJPS''', the abbreviation standing for '''Recreational Study Junction'''), is a secular co-educational [[English medium]] private school located in [[Jhusi]], [[Prayagraj]], [[India]].<ref>[http://www.publicinfopath.com/india/uttar-pradesh/19422-new-rsj-public-school/ New R.S.J. Public School], CBSE Schools Allahabad, Public Infopath, retrieved 14 January 2014.</ref>

== School ==
The school branch at Chhatnag runs from Class Nursery to Class Twelve. A branch at Vasant Vihar, Jhusi, Allahabad, runs from Class Nursery to Class Five. The third branch of the school was established in 2016<ref name="saras.cbse.gov.in">{{Cite web |title=Affiliation Status for Saidabad branch. |url=https://saras.cbse.gov.in/saras/AffiliatedList/AfflicationDetails/2133584 |access-date=2023-06-02 |website=saras.cbse.gov.in}}</ref> at Saidabad, Prayagraj.<ref>[https://newrsj.in/Saidabad/ Official website for Saidabad Branch], New R.S.J. Public School, retrieved 2 June 2023.</ref>

The school has a [[house system]] of four houses (red, yellow, blue and green),<ref name="nrsjps3">{{Cite web|author = NRSJPS|url = http://www.nrsjps.com/page.php?id=3|title = Academic|year = 2013|accessdate = 15 January 2014 |url-status = dead|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140110024558/http://www.nrsjps.com/page.php?id=3|archivedate = 10 January 2014}}</ref> which compete in events including an annual three-day sports contest.<ref>[https://www.jagran.com/news/state-8580487.html "प्रतियोगिता में बच्चों ने दिखाए दमखम"], ''[[Dainik Jagran]]'', 3 December 2011 {{in lang|hi}}</ref>

== Campus ==
The school campus at Chhatnag covers an area of {{convert|2.937|acre|ha}}.<ref name = "database"/> The campus features a playground with an area of 9250 square meters,<ref name = "database"/> an 800 m track, and a [[basketball]] court.<ref name=facilities/> For student safety and security, the school has a single gate entry/exit as well as modern fire detection and suppression equipment.<ref name=facilities>[http://www.newrsj.in/Facilities.php Facilities], New R. S. J. Public School Allahabad, retrieved 15 June 2014.</ref>

The school has its own fleet of buses, each with a driver, conductor, mobile phone, and fire-extinguisher.<ref name=facilities/>

The school at Chhatnag is divided into three wings: a junior school wing (Class Nursery to Class U.K.G.), a middle school wing (Class 1 to class 8), and a senior school wing (Class 9 to Class 12).<ref name = "nrsjps3"/>

== Facilities ==
The school has laboratories for computer science, mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology and social studies. The library, which has separate junior and senior sections and is divided into sections by focus, has a total of 3,500 books, 300 [[reference books]], two periodicals, and four [[magazine]]s.<ref name = "database">{{Cite web|url = http://www.publicinfopath.com/india/uttar-pradesh/19422-new-rsj-public-school/#tab-2 |title = New R.S.J. Public School|accessdate = 15 January 2014}}</ref> Students have access to at least 4 newspapers every day.<ref name=facilities/> A language lab, including audiovisual materials, operates in the library.

Classrooms are equipped with interactive whiteboards.<ref name =facilities/> The school has a [[language lab]] in the library, art classes including dance (Indian and Western), music (Indian and Western), theater, and performing arts; a [[bookstore]] and [[stationery]] shop; and an [[Hospital|infirmary]].<ref name =facilities/> The school also conducts medical check-ups. There are school trips, and an annual function which has included dramatic and dance performances and a model parliament.<ref name=":1">"विद्यार्थियों ने स्कूल में लगाईं संसद - न्यू आरएसजे के वार्षिक समारोह में बच्चोंने जमकर किया धमाल", ''Dainik Jagran'', 8 April 2009 {{in lang|hi}}</ref>

===Laboratories===
<gallery>
File:Biology Lab 1.jpg|Biology lab
File:Computer Lab 01.jpg|Computer lab
</gallery>

===School buildings and grounds===
<gallery>
File:Way to main gate.jpg|Entrance drive
File:School Main Gate.jpg|Main gate
File:Class 1-8 Building 2.jpg|Class 1-8 Building
File:Class 9-12 Building 1.jpg|Class 9-12 Building 1
File:Admin Office and Fee Counter.jpg|Administrative offices
File:Parents Waiting Room.jpg|Parents' waiting area
File:Junior Wing Playground.jpg|Junior Wing and playground
File:School Campus 2.jpg|Overview of campus
File:School Mini Garden.jpg|Plantings
</gallery>

== Sports ==

The school offers basketball, badminton, [[Football (soccer)|football]], and cricket, and has a 200-metre athletic track. [[Taekwondo]] is taught for self-defence, and instruction in yoga is also provided.<ref name =facilities/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline|New R. S. J. Public School}}
*[[s:Category:New R. S. J. Public School|Media related to New R. S. J. Public School]] on [[Wikisource]]

[[Category:Private schools in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Primary schools in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Education in Prayagraj district]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2001]]
[[Category:2001 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

Lakshmi Chandrashekar

2026-02-08T09:20:57Z

HectorOtoole: rework page for consistency after review

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Lakshmi Chandrashekar
| image = Lakshmi Chandrashekar 1.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name = Lakshmi
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Karnataka]], India
| alma_mater = [[Postgraduate education|Postgraduate]] in English ([[University of Mysore]]) and<br />Postgraduate in English ([[University of Leeds]], UK)
| native_name =
| occupation = {{hlist|Film actress|English teacher}}
| years_active =
| othername =
| parents =
| spouse =
| children =
}}

'''Lakshmi Chandrashekar''' is an Indian actress in the [[Kannada film industry]], and a [[Theatre of India|theatre]] artist in Karnataka, India. Some of the notable films of Lakshmi Chandrashekar as an actress include ''[[Atithi (2002 film)|Atithi]]'' (2002), ''[[Avasthe]]'' (1987), ''[[S. P. Sangliyana Part 2]]'' (1990).<ref>{{cite web |title=ನಾಟಕ ಮಾಡಿದ್ದು ನನಗಾಗಿ: ಲಕ್ಷ್ಮೇ ಚಂದ್ರಶೇಖರ್‌ |url=https://vijaykarnataka.indiatimes.com/lavalavk/weekly-magazine/lakshmi-chandrashekar/articleshow/55629334.cms |website=The Times of India |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180120000859/https://vijaykarnataka.indiatimes.com/lavalavk/weekly-magazine/lakshmi-chandrashekar/articleshow/55629334.cms |archivedate=20 January 2018 }}</ref>

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Work
! Credits
! Category
! Result
! Ref
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2014
| style="text-align:left;"| Karnataka Nataka Academy's Awards
| style="text-align:left;"| Drama and theatre roles
| style="text-align:left;"| ''Actress''
| style="text-align:left;"| Honorary
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Lakshmi Chandrashekar among nataka academy award winners |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/lakshmi-chandrashekar-among-nataka-academy-award-winners/article6616705.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |date=20 November 2014 |accessdate=20 November 2014 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110210524/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/lakshmi-chandrashekar-among-nataka-academy-award-winners/article6616705.ece |archivedate=10 November 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Amin Painter, Lakshmi Chandrasekhar receive Nataka Academy Award |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/amin-painter-lakshmi-chandrasekhar-receive-nataka-academy-award/article6755348.ece |publisher=Chiloka.com |date=5 January 2015 |accessdate=5 January 2015 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180609095955/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/amin-painter-lakshmi-chandrasekhar-receive-nataka-academy-award/article6755348.ece |archivedate=9 June 2018 }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2002
| style="text-align:left;"| Aryabhata Awards
| style="text-align:left;"| Grihabhanga ''(Television series)''
| style="text-align:left;"| ''Actress''
| style="text-align:left;"| Best Actress
| {{won}}
|
|-
|}

== Career ==
Lakshmi Chandrashekar has been part of more than 10 films and 35 drama plays in [[Kannada]] and English, with drama '' 'Singarevva mattu Aramane' '' playing in national and international [[Arts festival|drama festivals]] and in universities and conferences on [[Feminism|women's issues]]. She was part of Kannada television series '' '[[Mayamruga]]' '','' '[[Manthana]]' '' etc.

== Selected filmography ==
{{colbegin}}
# ''[[Kiragoorina Gayyaligalu]]'' (2016)
# ''[[Tananam Tananam]]'' (2006)
# ''[[Beru (film)|Beru]]'' (2005)
# ''[[Atithi (2002 film)|Atithi]]'' (2002)
# ''[[Mathadana]]'' (2001)
# ''[[Avasthe]]'' (1987)
{{colend}}

== Drama Works ==
{{quote box|align=right|width=246px|quote="In place of oil, she uses honey and applies it to the baby and in place of honey, she uses oil and mixes it with tea" |source=— Lakshmi Chandrashekar, on the [[Tragicomedy|tragiccomedy]] drama ''Eddelu'', speaking with [[Bangalore Mirror]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Chinwag with...Laxmi Chandrashekhar |url=http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/lounge//articleshow/21261925.cms? |website=The Times of India |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310202834/http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/lounge//articleshow/21261925.cms |archivedate=10 March 2018 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>}}

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" |Drama play
! scope="col" |Role
! scope="col" |Ref
|-
|'''*'''''Singarevva mattu Aramane''<br /><div style="font-size:85%">(Meaning: Singarevva and the palace; Based on<br />[[Chandrashekhara Kambara]]'s [[Chandrashekhara Kambara#Novels|novel]])</div> || ''Singarevva'' ||<ref>{{cite web |title=Abba! What a habba |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/12/11/stories/2003121100220100.htm |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180609095955/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/12/11/stories/2003121100220100.htm |archivedate=9 June 2018 |website=[[The Hindu]] |date=11 December 2003 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=One-woman play draws accolades at Bahuroopi |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2005/12/14/stories/2005121404200200.htm |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180609095956/http://www.thehindu.com/2005/12/14/stories/2005121404200200.htm |archivedate=9 June 2018 |website=[[The Hindu]] |date=14 December 2005 }}</ref><br /><ref>{{cite web |title=Singaravva Mattu Aramane Kriyative Theatre's Shodashi Festival |url=http://www.rangashankara.org/home/rangatest/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=18&Itemid=32&favm=2014-02-12 |website=rangashankara.org |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308232225/http://www.rangashankara.org/home/rangatest/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=18&Itemid=32&favm=2014-02-12 |archivedate=8 March 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=This two-year-old Bangalore startup makes books talk |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report-this-two-year-old-bangalore-startup-makes-books-talk-1768083 |website=Daily News and Analysis |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180309001531/http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report-this-two-year-old-bangalore-startup-makes-books-talk-1768083 |archivedate=9 March 2018 }}</ref>
|-
|'''*'''''Kittalemane Kaveri'' <br /><div style="font-size:85%">(Meaning: Orange Villa's Kaveri; A [[monodrama]], of the<br />[[Film adaptation|adaptation]] of novel ''[[Stella Kon#Work|Emily of Emerald Hill]]'' by [[Stella Kon]]</div> || ''Kaveri'' ||<ref>{{cite news |title=Children display their business acumen at Makkala Sante |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/children-display-their-business-acumen-at-makkala-sante/article5224150.ece |website=The Hindu |date=10 October 2013 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012170810/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/children-display-their-business-acumen-at-makkala-sante/article5224150.ece |archivedate=12 October 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=In the city |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/241310/in-city.html |website=Deccan Herald |date=11 April 2012 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308232045/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/241310/in-city.html |archivedate=8 March 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Nataka Kar-Nataka |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/nataka-kar-nataka/72473 |website=mid-day.com |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308231950/https://www.mid-day.com/articles/nataka-kar-nataka/72473 |archivedate=8 March 2018 }}</ref><br /><ref>{{cite web |title=A clash of cultures |url=http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/articleshow/34080371.cms?prtpage=1 |website=The Times of India |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308233602/http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/articleshow/34080371.cms?prtpage=1 |archivedate=8 March 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kitthale Mane Kaaveri |url=http://www.rangashankara.org/home/rangatest/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=18&Itemid=32&favm=2011-01-13 |website=rangashankara.org |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308232458/http://www.rangashankara.org/home/rangatest/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=18&Itemid=32&favm=2011-01-13 |archivedate=8 March 2018 }}</ref><br /><ref>{{cite web |title=Dr. Sinduvalli Ananthamurthy Memorial Theatre Fest from 'Morrow |url=http://www.bangalorefirst.in/?tag=professor-h-s-shivaprakash-theatrist-poet-and-director-of-rabindranath-tagore-chair-in-berlin |website=bangalorefirst.in |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180309054015/http://www.bangalorefirst.in/?tag=professor-h-s-shivaprakash-theatrist-poet-and-director-of-rabindranath-tagore-chair-in-berlin |archivedate=9 March 2018 }}</ref>
|-
|'''*'''''Gundaayana'' <br /><div style="font-size:85%">(Meaning: Gunda's story; A [[monologue]] comedy, based on<br />[[Narayana Kasturi|Na Kasthuri's]] "Chakradrushti" meaning [[Degree (angle)|360°]] [[Visual perception|vision]])</div> || ''Multirole'' ||<ref>{{cite web |title=A laugh riot |url=http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/lounge/Kriyative-Theatre-Gundaayana-Laxmi-Chandrashekar-Ranga-Shankara/articleshow/29866647.cms |website=The Times of India |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180309055456/http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/lounge/Kriyative-Theatre-Gundaayana-Laxmi-Chandrashekar-Ranga-Shankara/articleshow/29866647.cms |archivedate=9 March 2018 }}</ref><br /><ref>{{cite web |title=Gundaayana |url=http://www.rangashankara.org/home/rangatest/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=18&Itemid=32&favm=2010-12-29 |website=rangashankara.org |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308231513/http://www.rangashankara.org/home/rangatest/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=18&Itemid=32&favm=2010-12-29 |archivedate=8 March 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Modern Indian drama: an anthology |url=https://www.cse.iitk.ac.in/users/amit/books/deshpande-2004-modern-indian-drama.html |website=cse.iitk.ac.in |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308232802/https://www.cse.iitk.ac.in/users/amit/books/deshpande-2004-modern-indian-drama.html |archivedate=8 March 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/TOIBG/2010/02/08/TOIBG_2010_2_8_27.pdf |website=The Times of India |title=TOI Repository}}{{dead link|date=April 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
|-
|'''*'''''Eddelu'' and ''Medea'' <br /><div style="font-size:85%">(Two short plays based on monologues of [[Dario Fo]] and <br />[[Franca Rame]])</div> || ''Medea'' ||<ref>{{cite web |title=Woman's world |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2005/06/01/stories/2005060100710400.htm |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180609095955/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2005/06/01/stories/2005060100710400.htm |archivedate=9 June 2018 |website=[[The Hindu]] |date=1 June 2005 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=newsletter |url=http://www.rangashankara.org/newsletter/july-05/july_05.htm |website=rangashankara.org |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014021634/http://rangashankara.org/newsletter/july-05/july_05.htm |archivedate=14 October 2007 }}</ref><br />
|-
|'''*'''''Heegadre Hege?'' <br /><div style="font-size:85%">(Meaning: What if it happens like this?; A comedy, based <br />on articles of [[T. Sunandamma]])</div> || ''Sarasamma'' ||<ref>{{cite news |title=Kriyative's Heegadre Hege hits a hundred |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/kriyatives-heegadre-hege-hits-a-hundred/article2583722.ece |website=The Hindu |date=30 October 2011 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180609095955/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/kriyatives-heegadre-hege-hits-a-hundred/article2583722.ece |archivedate=9 June 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Heegadre Hege? |url=http://www.rangashankara.org/home/rangatest/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=18&Itemid=32&favm=2010-12-30 |website=rangashankara.org |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180311021132/http://www.rangashankara.org/home/rangatest/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=18&Itemid=32&favm=2010-12-30 |archivedate=11 March 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The TimeOut Mint Planner |url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/3qcIM2UxtqSGHhMAzNVGeK/The-TimeOut-Mint-Planner.html |website=livemint.com |date=21 April 2011 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310140019/http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/3qcIM2UxtqSGHhMAzNVGeK/The-TimeOut-Mint-Planner.html |archivedate=10 March 2018 }}</ref>
|-
|'''*'''''Aadaddella Olithe...?'' <br /><div style="font-size:85%">(Meaning: Whatever happened is for good?; A comedy, <br />based on articles of T. Sunandamma)</div> || ''Bhageerathi'' ||<ref>{{cite news |title='Aadaddella Olithe' is back! |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/aadaddella-olithe-is-back/article2776168.ece |website=The Hindu |date=4 January 2012 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180609095955/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/aadaddella-olithe-is-back/article2776168.ece |archivedate=9 June 2018 }}</ref>
|-
|'''*'''''Ratnan Parpancha'' <br /><div style="font-size:85%">(Meaning: Ratna's world; Based on collective work of [[G. P. Rajarathnam|Rajarathnam]])</div> || ''Multirole'' ||<ref>{{cite news |title=Ratnan Parpancha is a tribute to GP Rajaratnam |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/theatre/Ratnan-Parpancha-at-Ranga-Shankara/articleshow/31735062.cms |website=The Times of India |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310142921/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/theatre/Ratnan-Parpancha-at-Ranga-Shankara/articleshow/31735062.cms |archivedate=10 March 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kriyative theatre to present Ratnan Parpancha |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/kriyative-theatre-to-present-ratnan-parpancha/article6489578.ece |website=The Hindu |date=10 October 2014 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180609091419/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/kriyative-theatre-to-present-ratnan-parpancha/article6489578.ece |archivedate=9 June 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ratnan Parpancha |url=http://www.rangashankara.org/home/rangatest/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=18&Itemid=32&favm=2009-04-14 |website=rangashankara.org |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180311021217/http://www.rangashankara.org/home/rangatest/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=18&Itemid=32&favm=2009-04-14 |archivedate=11 March 2018 }}</ref>
|-
|'''*'''''Hennallave!''<br /><div style="font-size:85%">(Meaning: Reason 'cause she's a woman)</div> || ''Multirole'' ||<ref>{{cite news |title=Under the rain tree, Schedule |url=https://www.undertheraintreefestival.com/schedule |newspaper=The Hindu |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308232313/https://www.undertheraintreefestival.com/schedule |archivedate=8 March 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Arts festival that's all about women |url=http://cms.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2017/oct/31/arts-festival-thats-all-about-women-1688650.html |website=The New Indian Express |date=31 October 2017 |accessdate=31 October 2017 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308232401/http://cms.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2017/oct/31/arts-festival-thats-all-about-women-1688650.html |archivedate=8 March 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Solo play |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/30914/solo-play.html |website=Deccan Herald |date=16 October 2009 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308232535/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/30914/solo-play.html |archivedate=8 March 2018 }}</ref><br /><ref>{{cite web |title=Hennallave! |url=http://www.rangashankara.org/home/rangatest/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=18&Itemid=32&favm=2014-05-15 |website=rangashankara.org |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308232251/http://www.rangashankara.org/home/rangatest/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=18&Itemid=32&favm=2014-05-15 |archivedate=8 March 2018 }}</ref>
|-
|'''*'''''Dustin Bayi'' <br /><div style="font-size:85%">Based on a short story by Gopalakrishna Aithal</div> || ''Dustinbai'' ||<ref>{{cite web |title=Ratnan Parpancha |url=http://bengaluru.citizenmatters.in/3695-dustin-bai-great-performance-weak-direction-3695 |website=bengaluru.citizenmatters.in |date=4 January 2012 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310200834/http://bengaluru.citizenmatters.in/3695-dustin-bai-great-performance-weak-direction-3695 |archivedate=10 March 2018 }}</ref>
|-
|'''*'''''Sahebara Sarkeetu'' <br /><div style="font-size:85%">(Meaning: Officer's circuit; Based on M.R.Srinivasa Murthy's <br />novel [[Rangannana Kanasina Dinagalu]])</div> || ''Multirole'' ||<ref>{{cite news |title=Sahebara Sarkeetu has 30 roles played by 7 actors |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/theatre/Sahebara-Sarkeetu-at-Ranga-Shankara/articleshow/39226100.cms |website=The Times of India |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180609095955/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/theatre/Sahebara-Sarkeetu-at-Ranga-Shankara/articleshow/39226100.cms |archivedate=9 June 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=INDIA SHOWS |url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/india/regional/Sahebara-Sarkeetu-108082/videos |website=broadwayworld.com |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310201130/https://www.broadwayworld.com/india/regional/Sahebara-Sarkeetu-108082/videos |archivedate=10 March 2018 }}</ref><br /><ref>{{cite web |title=Sahebara Circuit |url=http://www.rangashankara.org/home/rangatest/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=18&Itemid=32&favm=2016-04-10 |website=rangashankara.org |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180311021311/http://www.rangashankara.org/home/rangatest/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=18&Itemid=32&favm=2016-04-10 |archivedate=11 March 2018 }}</ref>
|-
|'''*'''''The Lady minus Macbeth'' <br /><div style="font-size:85%">Based on [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare's]] [[Lady Macbeth]]</div> || ''Macbeth'' ||<ref>{{cite web |title=Fest '12 Sat, 27 Oct Nov '12 |url=http://www.rangashankara.org/home/rangatest/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=16 |website=rangashankara.org |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180311021428/http://www.rangashankara.org/home/rangatest/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=16 |archivedate=11 March 2018 }}</ref>
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Bollywood}}
*[[List of people from Karnataka]]
*[[Kannada cinema|Cinema of Karnataka]]
*[[List of Indian film actresses]]
*[[Cinema of India]]
{{clear}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*{{IMDb name|4429567|Lakshmi Chandrashekar}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chandrashekar, Lakshmi}}
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kannada actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Actresses from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada theatre]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Anjan Chatterjee

2026-02-06T05:37:59Z

HectorOtoole: typo fix

{{Short description|Indian hotelier (born 1960)}}
{{For|the neuroscientist|Anjan Chatterjee (neuroscientist)}}
{{BLP sources|date=August 2021}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Anjan Chatterjee<br/>অঞ্জন চট্টোপাধ্যায়
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1960|02|16|df=y}}
| birth_place = New Delhi, India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = [[Hotel]]ier
| spouse = Suchhanda Chatterjee
| website =
| footnotes =
| known_for = Establishing the [[Speciality Restaurants Limited|Mainland China]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?autono=312553|title=Shanghai surprise |author=Shobhana Subramanian|work=Business Standard|date=5 February 2008|accessdate=1 May 2009}}</ref>
| children = Avik Chatterjee (Son)
Harshita Chatterjee Deshpande (Daughter)
}}

'''Anjan Chatterjee''' ({{langx|bn|অঞ্জন চট্টোপাধ্যায়}}) (born 16 February 1960) is an Indian [[hotel]]ier and founder of [[Speciality Restaurants Limited]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Subhro Saha|date=29 April 2009|title=Food & fun zone this Puja- Restaurateur ties up with British firm|work=The Telegraph|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090429/jsp/calcutta/story_10839073.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605131631/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1090429/jsp/calcutta/story_10839073.jsp|archive-date=5 June 2011|accessdate=1 May 2009}}</ref>

==Biography==
Anjan was born on 16 Feb 1960 and he grew up in many places in India. He went to Modern School in Delhi and completed graduation from Ravenshaw College, [[Cuttack, India|Cuttack]]. Then he did his hotel management degree from Institute of Hotel Management and Catering Technology, Kolkata. His father Snehamoy Chatterjee was director in Jute Agricultural Research Institute near Kolkata. Anjan spent around 6 years (from 1978 to 1984) in the staff quarter of this Institute Shaheb Bagan.

After graduating from Institute of Hotel Management and Catering Technology, Kolkata, in 1982, Anjan joined [[Taj Hotels Resorts and Palaces|Taj Group of Hotels]] in Mumbai.<ref name="indiaretailing whoswho">[https://www.indiaretailing.com/2020/02/07/whos-who/anjan-chatterjee-founder-chairman-managing-director-speciality-restaurants-ltd/ Anjan Chatterjee, Founder, Chairman & Managing Director, Speciality Restaurants Ltd.], ''Indiaretailing.com'', 7 February 2020</ref> Then he joined [[Ananda Publishers|ABP Group]] in the marketing department. In 1985, he started his own advertising agency, Situations Advertising.

In 1992, Anjan started his first restaurant named ''Only Fish'' (now Oh! Calcutta) in Mumbai.<ref name="indiaretailing whoswho"/> In 1995, he started the speciality Chinese restaurant brand ''[[Speciality Restaurants Limited|Mainland China]]'' in Sakinaka area in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite news|date=4 April 2008|title=Speciality Group to expand|work=Business Standard|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?autono=318984|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607151951/http://www.business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?autono=318984|archive-date=7 June 2011|accessdate=1 May 2009}}</ref>

Anjan Chatterjee started the companies [[Speciality Restaurants Limited|Mainland China]], [[Mainland China Asia Kitchen]],<ref>Soumitra Bose, [https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-if-you-think-people-will-stop-eating-chinese-food-then-ban-maggi-first-says-mainland-china-founder/357311 The Word 'China' Has Nothing To Do With India's Love For Chowmein: Mainland China Restaurant Founder], ''Outlookindia.com'', 24 July 2020</ref> [[Oh! Calcutta]], [[Sigree]], [[Sigree Global Grill]] – Powai<ref>{{cite web|title=Sigree Powai|url=http://www.burrp.com/mumbai/sigree-global-grill-powai-listing/366628}}</ref> & Malad in Mumbai, Pune & Bangalore & Kolkata, [[Cafe Mezzuna]], Haka, [[Flame & Grill]], Machaan, [[Sweet Bengal]], and [[Mobifeast]].

In 2012, his holding company Specialty Restaurant Limited went public.<ref name="indiaretailing whoswho"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chatterjee, Anjan}}
[[Category:People from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Indian hoteliers]]
[[Category:People from New Delhi]]

{{Asia-hotel-stub}}

List of leaders of the opposition in the Kerala Legislative Assembly

2026-02-03T14:30:01Z

HectorOtoole:

{{short description|Leader of Opposition of the Indian state of Kerala}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox political post
| post = Leader of Opposition of Kerala
| insignia = File: Emblem of Kerala state Vector.svg
| insigniasize = 100px
| insigniacaption = Seal of the [[Government of Kerala]]
| image = VD Satheesan.jpg
| imagesize = 200px
| incumbent = [[V. D. Satheesan]]
| incumbentsince = 22 May 2021
| appointer = [[Governor of Kerala]]
| appointer_qualified =
| style = [[The Honourable]]
| status = [[Leader of Opposition]]
| member_of = [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
| termlength = 5 years
| inaugural = [[P. T. Chacko]] <small>(1957–1959)</small>
| formation = {{start date and age|df=yes|1957|04|05}}
| abbreviatio
REPORTS TO =
| deputy = [[P. K. Kunhalikutty]]
| residence = Cantonment House, [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| seat = [[Kerala Niyamasabha]]
| precursor =[[Ramesh Chennithala]]
| salary =
| website =
| body =
}}

The post of [[Leader of the Opposition]] in the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] has been held by 11 politicians since the Assembly was established in 1957. All have belonged to either the [[Indian National Congress]], the [[Communist Party of India]] or the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]. The current Leader of the Opposition, since May 2021, is [[V. D. Satheesan]]. [[V. S. Achuthanandan]] has served as [[Leader of the Opposition]] for 15 non-consecutive years which makes him the longest serving leader of the opposition in [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]].

== List of opposition leaders of Kerala ==
'''Key'''

{{Party index link|Indian National Congress}} {{Party index link|Communist Party of India}} {{Party index link|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! rowspan=2|SL No.
! rowspan="2" | Portrait
! rowspan="2" | Name
! rowspan="2" |Constituency
! rowspan=2 colspan=2|Party
! colspan=2| Term of office
! rowspan="2" |Assembly
! rowspan="2" |'''Chief Minister'''
! rowspan="2" |'''Term of office'''
|- style="height: 60px;"
! style=|From
! style=|To
|-
|'''1'''
|[[File:P. T. Chacko (image).png|100x100px]]
|[[P. T. Chacko]]
| Vazhoor
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|5 April 1957
|31 July 1959
|1st (1957-59)
|[[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]]
| {{ayd|1957|4|5|1959|7|31}}
|-
|'''2'''
|[[File:E._M._S._Namboodiripad.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]]
|[[Pattambi (State Assembly constituency)|Pattambi]]
|[[Communist Party of India]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
|22 February 1960
|10 September 1964
|2nd (1960-64)
|[[Pattom Thanu Pillai]]
[[R. Sankar]]
| {{ayd|1960|2|22|1964|9|10}}
|-
|'''3'''
|[[File:Karunakaran_Kannoth.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[K. Karunakaran]]
|Mala
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|6 March 1967
|1 November 1969
| rowspan="2" |3rd (1967-70)
|[[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]]
| {{ayd|1967|3|6|1969|11|1}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |'''(2)'''
| rowspan="3" |[[File:E._M._S._Namboodiripad.jpg|100x100px]]
| rowspan="3" |[[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Pattambi (State Assembly constituency)|Pattambi]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| rowspan="3" width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
|1 November 1969
|1 August 1970
| rowspan="2" |[[C. Achutha Menon]]
| {{ayd|1969|11|1|1970|8|1}}
|-
|4 October 1970
|25 March 1977
|4th (1970-77)
| {{ayd|1970|10|4|1977|3|25}}
|-
|[[Alathur Assembly constituency|Alathur]]
|25 March 1977
|22 February 1978
| rowspan="4" |5th (1977-79)
|[[K. Karunakaran]]
[[A. K. Antony]]
| {{ayd|1977|3|25|1978|2|22}}
|-
|'''(3)'''
|[[File:Karunakaran_Kannoth.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[K. Karunakaran]]
|Mala
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|23 February 1978
|13 August 1979
|[[A. K. Antony]]
[[P. K. Vasudevan Nair]]
| {{ayd|1978|2|23|1979|8|13}}
|-
|'''4'''
|
|[[T. K. Ramakrishnan]]
|[[Thrippunithura Assembly constituency|Thrippunithura]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
|13 August 1979
|11 October 1979
|[[P. K. Vasudevan Nair]]
| {{ayd|1979|8|13|1979|10|11}}
|-
|'''5'''
|[[File:P.K._Vasudevan_Nair.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[P. K. Vasudevan Nair]]
|[[Alappuzha Assembly constituency|Alappuzha]]
|[[Communist Party of India]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
|11 October 1979
|1 December 1979
|[[CH Mohammed Koya]]
| {{ayd|1979|10|11|1979|12|1}}
|-
|'''(3)'''
|[[File:Karunakaran_Kannoth.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[K. Karunakaran]]
|Mala
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|25 January 1980
|20 October 1981
| rowspan="2" |6th (1980-82)
|[[E. K. Nayanar]]
| {{ayd|1980|1|25|1981|10|20}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''6'''
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Ek_nayanar.jpeg|100x100px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[E. K. Nayanar]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Malampuzha (State Assembly constituency)|Malampuzha]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| rowspan="2" width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
|28 December 1981
|17 March 1982
| rowspan="2" |[[K. Karunakaran]]
| {{ayd|1981|12|28|1982|3|17}}
|-
|24 May 1982
|25 March 1987
|7th (1982-87)
| {{ayd|1982|5|24|1987|3|25}}
|-
|'''(3)'''
|[[File:Karunakaran_Kannoth.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[K. Karunakaran]]
|Mala
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|26 March 1987
|17 June 1991
|8th (1987-91)
|[[E. K. Nayanar]]
| {{ayd|1987|3|26|1991|6|17}}
|-
|'''(6)'''
|[[File:Ek_nayanar.jpeg|100x100px]]
|[[E. K. Nayanar]]
| [[Thrikaripur Assembly constituency|Thrikaripur]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| rowspan="2" width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
|24 June 1991
|29 February 1992
| rowspan="2" |9th (1991-96)
|[[K. Karunakaran]]
| {{ayd|1991|6|24|1992|2|29}}
|-
|'''7'''
|[[File:Vs_achutanandann.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[V. S. Achuthanandan]]
|[[Mararikulam Assembly Constituency|Mararikulam ]]
|1 March 1992
|9 May 1996
|[[K. Karunakaran]]
[[A. K. Antony]]
| {{ayd|1992|3|1|1996|5|9}}
|-
|'''8'''
|[[File:AK Antony at Ponnani.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[A. K. Antony]]
| [[Cherthala (State Assembly constituency)|Cherthala]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|20 May 1996
|13 May 2001
|10th (1996-2001)
|[[E. K. Nayanar]]
| {{ayd|1996|5|20|2001|5|13}}
|-
|'''(7)'''
|[[File:Vs_achutanandann.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[V. S. Achuthanandan]]
|[[Malampuzha (State Assembly constituency)|Malampuzha]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
|17 May 2001
|12 May 2006
|11th (2001-06)
|[[A. K. Antony]]
[[Oommen Chandy]]
| {{ayd|2001|5|17|2006|5|12}}
|-
|'''9'''
|[[File:Oommen Chandy, Chief Minister of Kerala.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Oommen Chandy]]
|[[Puthuppally (State Assembly constituency)|Puthuppally]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|18 May 2006
|14 May 2011
|12th (2006-11)
|[[V. S. Achuthanandan]]
| {{ayd|2006|5|18|2011|5|14}}
|-
|'''(7)'''
|[[File:Vs_achutanandann.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[V. S. Achuthanandan]]
|[[Malampuzha (State Assembly constituency)|Malampuzha]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} |
|18 May 2011
|20 May 2016
|13th (2011-16)
|[[Oommen Chandy]]
| {{ayd|2011|5|18|2016|5|20}}
|-
|'''10'''
|[[File:Ramesh Chennithala profile 02.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Ramesh Chennithala]]
||[[Haripad (State Assembly constituency)|Haripad]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="2" width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
|25 May 2016
|20 May 2021
|14th (2016-21)
| rowspan="2" |[[Pinarayi Vijayan]]
| {{ayd|2016|5|25|2021|5|20}}
|-
|'''11'''
|[[File:VD SATHEESAN.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[V. D. Satheesan]]
|[[Paravur (State Assembly constituency)|Paravur]]
|22 May 2021
|''[[Incumbent]]''
|15th (2021-)
| {{ayd|2021|5|22}} 
|}

== Leaders of opposition who have served as chief minister ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!S.No.
!Name
!No: of terms as chief minister
!Tenure as chief minister
!No: of terms served as leader of the opposition
!Tenure as leader of the opposition
|-
|1.
|E.M.S. Namboodiripad
|2
|1957-59, 1967-69
|4
|1960-64, 1969-70, 1970-77, 1977-78
|-
|2.
|K. Karunakaran
|4
|1977, 1981-82, 1982-87, 1991-95
|4
|1967-69, 1978-79, 1980-81, 1987-91
|-
|3.
|A.K. Antony
|3
|1977-78, 1995-96, 2001-04
|1
|1996-2001
|-
|4.
|P.K. Vasudevan Nair
|1
|1978-79
|1
|1979
|-
|5.
|E.K. Nayanar
|3
|1980-81, 1987-91, 1996-2001
|3
|1981-82, 1982-87, 1991-92
|-
|6.
|Oommen Chandy
|2
|2004-06, 2011-16
|1
|2006-11
|-
|7.
|V.S. Achuthanandan
|1
|2006-11
|3
|1992-96, 2001-06, 2011-16
|}

E.M.S. Namboodiripad, A.K. Antony, E.K. Nayanar, Oommen Chandy and P.K. Vasudevan Nair first served as Chief Ministers before occupying the post of Leader of the Opposition.

K. Karunakaran and V.S. Achuthanandan served as Leader of the Opposition before donning the mantle of Chief Ministership.

P.T. Chacko, T.K. Ramakrishnan, Ramesh Chennithala and incumbent Leader of the Opposition V.D. Satheesan have not served as Chief Minister. Conversely, [[Pattom A. Thanu Pillai]], [[R. Sankar]], [[C. Achutha Menon]], [[C. H. Mohammed Koya]] and incumbent Chief Minister [[Pinarayi Vijayan]] have not served as Leader of the Opposition.

== Statistics ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type="number" |{{Tooltip|No.}}
! rowspan="2" |Name
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |Length of term
! rowspan="2" |No: of terms
|-
!Terms
!Total years in office
|-
! data-sort-value="1" |1
|{{Sortname|V. S.|Achuthanandan}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
|1992-96, 2001-06, 2011-16
|14 years, 65 days
|3
|-
!2
|[[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]/[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
|1960-64, 1969-70, 1970-77, 1977-78
|12 years, 220 days
|4
|-
! data-sort-value="2" |3
|{{Sortname|K.|Karunakaran}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|1967-69, 1978-79, 1980-81, 1987-91
|8 years, 118 days
|4
|-
!4
|[[E. K. Nayanar]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
|1981-82, 1982-87, 1991-92
|5 years, 270 days
|3
|-
! data-sort-value="4" |5
|{{Sortname|Oommen|Chandy}}
| rowspan="5" |[[Indian National Congress|'''INC''']]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|2006-11
|4 years, 361 days
|1
|-
!6
|[[Ramesh Chennithala]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|2016-21
|4 years, 360 days
|1
|-
!7
|{{Sortname|A. K.|Antony}}
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|1996-2001
|4 years, 358 days
|1
|-
!8
|'''[[V. D. Satheesan]]'''
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|'''2021 onwards'''
|'''{{ayd|22 May 2021}}'''
|'''1'''
|-
!9
|[[P. T. Chacko]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|1957-59
|2 years, 117 days
|1
|-
! data-sort-value="8" |10
|[[T. K. Ramakrishnan]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
|1979
|60 days
|1
|-
! data-sort-value="11" |11
|{{Sortname|P. K. Vasudevan|Nair}}
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
|1979
|51 days
|1
|}

==Timeline==
{{#tag:timeline|
ImageSize = width:1000 height:auto barincrement:15
PlotArea = top:10 bottom:50 right:200 left:20
AlignBars = late

Colors =

id:cpi value:rgb(1,0,0) legend: CPI
id:inc value:rgb(0,0.748,1) legend: INC
id:cpm value:rgb(1,0.114,0.082) legend: CPI(M)
id:gray1 value:gray(0.8)
id:gray2 value:gray(0.9)

Define $today = {{#time:d/m/Y}}

DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy
Period = from:01/01/1956 till:$today
TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal
ScaleMinor = gridcolor:gray2 unit:year increment:1 start:1956
ScaleMajor = gridcolor:gray1 unit:year increment:5 start:1956

Legend = columns:4 left:150 top:24 columnwidth:150

TextData =
pos:(20,27) textcolor:black fontsize:M
text: Political Party

BarData =
bar:Chacko
bar:Namboodiripad
bar:Karunakaran
bar:Ramakrishanan
bar:VasudevanNair
bar:Nayanar
bar:Achuthanandan
bar:Antony
bar:Chandy
bar:Chennithala
bar:Satheesan

PlotData =
width:5 align:left fontsize:S shift:(5,-4) anchor:till

bar:Chacko
from: 05/04/1957 till: 31/07/1959 color:inc text:"[[P.T. Chacko]]"
fontsize:10
bar:Namboodiripad
from: 22/02/1960 till: 10/09/1964 color:cpi
from: 01/11/1969 till: 01/08/1970 color:cpm
from: 04/10/1970 till: 22/02/1978 color:cpm text:"[[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]]"
fontsize:10
bar:Karunakaran
from: 06/03/1967 till: 01/11/1969 color:inc
from: 23/02/1978 till: 13/08/1979 color:inc
from: 25/01/1980 till: 20/10/1981 color:inc
from: 26/03/1987 till: 17/06/1991 color:inc text:"[[K. Karunakaran]]"
fontsize:10
bar:Ramakrishanan
from: 13/08/1979 till: 11/10/1979 color:cpm text:"[[T.K. Ramakrishnan]]"
fontsize:10
bar:VasudevanNair
from: 11/10/1979 till: 01/12/1979 color:cpi text:"[[P.K.Vasudevan Nair]]"
bar:Nayanar
from: 28/12/1981 till: 17/03/1982 color:cpm
from: 24/05/1982 till: 25/03/1987 color:cpm
from: 24/06/1991 till: 29/02/1992 color:cpm text:"[[E. K. Nayanar]]"
fontsize:10
bar:Achuthanandan
from: 01/03/1992 till: 09/05/1996 color:cpm
from: 17/05/2001 till: 12/05/2006 color:cpm
from: 18/05/2011 till: 20/05/2016 color:cpm text:"[[V. S. Achuthanandan]]"
fontsize:10
bar:Antony
from: 20/05/1996 till: 13/05/2001 color:inc text:"[[A. K. Antony]]"
fontsize:10
bar:Chandy
from: 18/05/2006 till: 14/05/2011 color:inc text:"[[Oommen Chandy]]"
fontsize:10
bar:Chennithala
from: 25/05/2016 till: 20/05/2021 color:inc text:"[[Ramesh Chennithala]]"
fontsize:10
bar:Satheesan
from: 22/05/2021 till: $today color:inc text:"[[V.D. Satheesan]]"

}}

==See also==
* [[Kerala Council of Ministers]]
* [[Deputy Chief Ministers of Kerala]]
* [[Chief Ministers of Kerala]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{refbegin}}
* {{Citation|title=Chief Ministers, Ministers, and Leaders of Opposition of Kerala|last=|publisher=Secratriat of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|Kerala Legislature]]|year=2018|location=[[Thiruvananthapuram]]|url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/14kla/chief%20ministers,%20ministers,%20leaders%20of%20opposition.pdf}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book|title=Mathrubhumi Yearbook Plus - 2019|publisher=P. V. Chandran, Managing Editor, Mathrubhumi Printing & Publishing Company Limited, Kozhikode|year=2018|location=Kozhikode|last=Chandran |first=VP |edition=Malayalam }}
* {{cite book|author=Menon, A. Sreedhara |title=A Survey of Kerala History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FVsw35oEBv4C|year=2007|publisher=DC Books|isbn=9788126415786}}
{{refend}}

{{Current Indian opposition leaders}}
{{United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
{{Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
{{Kerala topics}}
{{Kerala}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Leaders of the opposition in Kerala| ]]
[[Category:Lists of people from Kerala]]
[[Category:Kerala politics-related lists]]
[[Category:Lists of leaders of the opposition of Indian states and territories|Kerala Legislative Assembly]]

Chote Tara ka Bada Gadar

2026-01-30T00:46:06Z

HectorOtoole: Made redirect

#REDIRECT[[List_of_ZEE5_original_programming#2025]]

Mahindra University

2026-01-22T17:37:34Z

HectorOtoole: done

{{Short description|Private university in Telangana, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Mahindra University
| image = Mahindra University.svg
| image_size = 200px
| motto =
| established = {{start date and age|2014}}
| type = [[Private University|Private]]
| endowment =
| chancellor = [[Anand Mahindra]]
| vice_chancellor = Dr. Yajulu Medury
| president =
| city = [[Hyderabad]]
| state = [[Telangana]]
| country = [[India]]
| coor =
| publictransit =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| staff =
| website = {{URL|https://www.mahindrauniversity.edu.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Mahindra University''' is an Indian [[private university]] located in [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], [[India]], founded by [[Mahindra Group]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ugc.ac.in/privateuniversitylist.aspx?id=XFZZk9EXT+YiQvFQFQBUVw==&Unitype=So1CNBLvrigKjpQTxHMrAQ== | title=State Private University Telangana| publisher=[[University Grants Commission (India)]] | accessdate=3 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.livemint.com/education/news/mahindra-group-launches-university-for-interdisciplinary-learning-11595570187704.html | title=Mahindra Group launches university for interdisciplinary learning | publisher=Livemint | date=24 July 2020 | accessdate=3 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.businesstoday.in/current/corporate/mahindra-group-launches-university-in-hyderabad-for-interdisciplinary-programmes/story/410944.html | title=Mahindra Group launches university in Hyderabad for interdisciplinary programmes | publisher=Business Today | work=E Kumar Sharma | date=24 July 2020 | accessdate=3 January 2021}}</ref> Mahindra University is sponsored by Mahindra Educational Institutions (MEI), a subsidiary of [[Tech Mahindra]], an IT MNC under the [[Mahindra Group]].{{citation needed|date=May 2022}} University has majorly 5 different school - School of Law, École Centrale School of Engineering, School of Management, School of Education and School of Media.<ref name="l847">{{cite web | title=Anand Mahindra commits over Rs 500 cr for Mahindra University | website=MSN | date=24 November 2024 | url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/money/markets/anand-mahindra-commits-over-rs-500-cr-for-mahindra-university/ar-BB1kyskD?apiversion=v2&noservercache=1&domshim=1&renderwebcomponents=1&wcseo=1&batchservertelemetry=1&noservertelemetry=1 | access-date=24 November 2024}}</ref>

== History ==
In 2024, the university received 103 acres land and 17 buildings with built-up area of 1,261,149 sq.ft. in Hyderabad, Telangana from [[Tech Mahindra]] as a cash consideration of Rs 535 crore.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-20 |title=Tech Mahindra receives approval to sell 103 acres land in Hyderabad to Mahindra University for Rs 535 crore |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/industry-tech-mahindra-receives-approval-to-sell-103-acres-land-in-hyderabad-to-mahindra-university-for-rs-535-crore-3587498/ |access-date=2025-10-31 |website=The Financial Express |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{URL|https://www.mahindrauniversity.edu.in/|Official site}}

{{Mahindra Group}}
{{Universities in Telangana}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Mahindra University]]
[[Category:Private universities in India]]
[[Category:2020 establishments in Telangana]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2020]]
[[Category:Mahindra Group]]

Ankush (kabaddi)

2026-01-05T22:14:27Z

HectorOtoole: New First Stub First Draft

{{Short description|Indian Kabaddi player}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Ankush
| nationality = Indian
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2003|6|30|df=y}}
| country = India
| sport = [[Kabaddi]]
| position = Defender, left corner
| league = [[Pro Kabaddi League]]
| team = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Men's [[Kabaddi]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|Junior World Kabaddi Championship}}
{{MedalGold | 2nd Junior World Kabaddi Championship|2023 [[Urmia]],([[Iran]])}}
| show-medals = yes
}}
'''Ankush Rathee''', known [[mononym]]ously as '''Ankush,''' (born 30 June 2003) is an Indian professional [[Kabaddi]] player who plays as a defender in the [[Pro Kabaddi League]] for [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]. He was the best defender in the [[2022 Pro Kabaddi League|Pro Kabaddi League Season-9]]. He was part of the Indian team that won the gold medal at the 2023 2nd Junior World Kabaddi Championship, [[Urmia]] ([[Iran]]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=2nd Junior World Kabaddi Champions |url=https://www.prokabaddi.com/news/junior-world-kabaddi-championship-2023-india-crowned-champions#:~:text=2nd%20Junior%20World%20Kabaddi%20Championship%202023%3A%20India%20crowned%20as%20champions,over%20Iran%20in%20the%20Final&text=The%202nd%20edition%20of%20the,41%2D33%20in%20the%20Final.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=जूनियर कबड्डी विश्व चैंपियनशिप में भारत ने रचा इतिहास, ईरान को हराकर जीता खिताब |url=https://hindi.thebridge.in/kabaddi/india-win-junior-kabaddi-world-championship-title-created-history-40222}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=जूनियर वर्ल्ड कबड्डी चैंपियनशिप के लिए भारतीय मेंस टीम का ऐलान |url=https://khelnow.com/hindi/2023-02-hindi-kabaddi-indian-squad-for-2nd-junior-kabaddi-world-championship-2023}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Ankush<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pro Kabaddi League inspires lot of young kids: Jaipur Pink Panthers' Ankush |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/others/pro-kabaddi-league-inspires-lot-of-young-kids-jaipur-pink-panthers-ankush20230825191425/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pro Kabaddi League inspires lot of young kids: Jaipur Pink Panthers' Ankush |url=https://www.zee5.com/articles/pro-kabaddi-league-inspires-lot-of-young-kids-jaipur-pink-panthers-ankush}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pro Kabaddi Season 10's Biggest Surprise: Meet the Young Guns Narender and Ankush! FanFrisk Exclusive |url=https://fanfrisk.com/pro-kabaddi-season-10-biggest-surprise-2023/}}</ref> was born in [[rohtak]], [[Haryana]]. He started playing [[kabaddi]] in early age.

== Career ==

In [[2021–22 Pro Kabaddi League|Pro Kabaddi Season-8]]-, Ankush made debut as a new young player in [[Bengaluru Bulls]]; However, got no playtime. In [[2022 Pro Kabaddi League|Pro Kabaddi Season-9]] he was bought by [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]. Ninth Season of Pro Kabaddi League was turning point for Ankush. He scored 89 tackle points in 24 matches. He was the best defender of [[2022 Pro Kabaddi League]]. In February 2023, he was selected to play 2nd Junior World Kabaddi Championship, took place in [[Urmia]], [[Iran]]. He played as captain in the championship and won the championship. he played 37th national games for the Sports Control Board at [[Goa]] in October,2023 and won the nationals. currently, Ankush is playing [[2023–24 Pro Kabaddi League|2023-24 Pro Kabaddi League]] for [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ankush in Pro Kabaddi League |url=https://jaipurpinkpanthers.com/squad/player/70}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [[Pro Kabaddi League|PKL Profile]] of player [https://www.prokabaddi.com/players/ankush-profile-3574]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ankush}}
[[Category:2003 births]]
[[Category:Pro Kabaddi League players]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kabaddi players from Haryana]]
[[Category:Indian male kabaddi players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

{{India-kabaddi-bio-stub}}

Prabhakar Menon

2025-12-06T15:15:20Z

HectorOtoole: Adding First Info W/ Sources

{{Short description|Indian diplomat}}

'''Prabhakar Menon''' (born 28 July 1943) is a retired Indian diplomat who served in the [[Indian Foreign Service]] for over three decades. His career included ambassadorships to several countries, a key advisory role to Prime Minister [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]], and leadership in international disarmament efforts as the first Chairman of the Executive Council of the [[Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons]] (OPCW).

==Business career==
From 1968 to 1973, he was employed in [[Hong Kong]].{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}

From 1974 to 1975 he was Business Officer in [[Hanoi]].<ref name="FotW"/>

From 1975 to 1980 he was Deputy Secretary of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (India).{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}

From 1980 to 1982, he was Director (Foreign Secretary’s Office).<ref name="FotW"/>

==Diplomatic service==
In 1981 the government of [[Indira Gandhi]] asked for another assignment for George Brevard Griffin (1916–2010), counsellor at the US mission in New Delhi, who was already in [[Calcutta]] during the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]].<ref>P. V. Narasimha Rao's statement in [[Lok Sabha]] 08 September 1981: Mr. Griffin was till recently the Deputy Chief of Mission in the US Embassy in Kabul. After a careful evaluation of Mr. Griffin's activities during his earlier posting in India, the Government of India requested the United States to reassign him to another post. Government's intention was to avoid the likelihood of friction being...</ref><ref name="FotW"/> In 1981 Prabhakar Menon was appointed an officer at the Indian mission to [[Washington D. C.]] but the government of [[Ronald Reagan]] did not accept him.<ref>{{cite web |title=Khobragade faceoff - Throwback to a 1981 Indo-US diplomatic spat {{!}} ummid.com |url=https://ummid.com/news/2014/January/10.01.2014/india-us-1981.html |website=ummid.com |access-date=19 September 2024 |date=2014-01-10}}</ref><ref name="FotW"/>

From 1982 to 1985 he was ambassador in [[East Berlin]].<ref>NEW AMBASSADORS NAMED — New Delhi, l Aug— Miss [[Arundhati Ghose]], now ambassador to the Republic of Korea, has been appointed ambassador to the German Democratic Republic, succeeding Mr T. Prabhakar Menon.</ref>

Prabhakar Menon was ambassador to [[Dakar]] ([[Senegal]]) from 1986 to 1989.<ref>{{cite web |title=List of ambassadors of India to Senegal |url=https://embassies.info/IndianEmbassyinDakarSenegal/diplomats |website=embassies.info |access-date=19 September 2024 |date=24 August 2024}}</ref>

In 1989 he was the ambassador and deputy permanent representative of India to the [[United Nations]].<ref name="FotW">{{cite web |title=PDF Reminiscences of a 'Fly on the Wall' |url=http://associationdiplomats.org/Publications/ifaj/Vol8/8.3/8.3-ORAL%20HISTORY.pdf |website=associationdiplomats.org |access-date=21 September 2024}}</ref>

From 1992 to 1996, Ambassador Prabhakar Menon was advisor on foreign affairs to Prime Minister Shri P. V. Narasimha Rao, while posted as Joint Secretary (Prime Minister’s Office).<ref name="FotW"/>

Until 1996 he was liaison secretary to [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]].<ref>Prabhakar Menon, joint secretary in the Prime Minister's office (PMO), has been appointed ambassador to Netherlands, an official release said in New Delhi on April 11.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=92-96 Prabhakar Menon served as advisor on foreign affairs to Prime Minister Shri P. V. Narasimha Rao, while he was posted as Joint Secretary (Prime Minister's Office) from 1992 to 1996. |url=https://www.associationdiplomats.org/Publications/ifaj/Vol8/8.3/8.3-ORAL%20HISTORY.pdf |website=www.associationdiplomats.org |access-date= |date=}}</ref>

From 1996 to 1999 he was ambassador in [[The Hague]], permanent representative to the [[OPCW]] and chairman of this body.<ref>{{cite web |title=The End of Chemical Weapons |url=https://stanleycenter.org/common-ground/the-end-of-chemical-weapons/ |website=Stanley Center for Peace and Security |access-date=19 September 2024 |language=en |date=2 September 1997}}</ref>

From 2001 to 2003 he was ambassador in [[Dublin]] (Ireland).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rajan |first1=K. V. |title=The Ambassador's Club |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9uKWeNc3pGUC&q=menon |publisher=Harper Collins |access-date=19 September 2024 |language=en |date=18 May 2012|isbn=978-93-5029-472-7 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Menon, Prabhakar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:Indian Foreign Service officers]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to East Germany]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Senegal]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Ireland]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Permanent representatives of India to the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons]]

North East India Christian Council

2025-11-18T12:45:51Z

HectorOtoole: Adding The Article From Scratch...

{{Short description|Protestant ecumenical council}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
'''North East India Christian Council (NEICC)''' is a Protestant ecumenical council of North East India, affiliated to the [[National Council of Churches in India]] as one of the regional councils in the year 1939.<ref name="nccindia">{{cite web|url=http://www.nccindia.in/nccinew/index.php/regional-christan-councils|title=Regional Christian Councils|publisher=nccindia.in|accessdate=2014-06-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204215434/http://www.nccindia.in/nccinew/index.php/regional-christan-councils|archive-date=4 December 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==History==
The North East India Christian Council (NEICC) was established on 23 November 1937 by the [[American Baptist Churches|American Baptist Mission]]; the Santal Mission of the Northern Churches; the [[Grossner Evangelical Lutheran Church|Gossner Evangelical Lutheran Mission]]; the Co-operative Baptist Mission of North America- "the Mid Mission", the [[London Missionary Society|English Baptist Mission]] South Lushai Hills; the [[Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee)|Church of God]]; the [[Presbyterian Church of India|Welsh Presbyterian Mission]]; and the [[Church of North India]].

==Organization ==

===Office Bearers ===

The Office Bearers are for a term of two years, except the General Secretary whose term is four years. The present Office Bearers for the term 2024-2026 are:

# President: Rev. S.R. Dkhar, Khasi Jaintia Presbyterian Church Synod Mihngi
# Vice President: Rev. Kamson Rongphar, Karbi Anglong Baptist Convention
# Vice President: Rev. Lalfakzuala, Mizoram Presbyterian Church Synod
# General Secretary: Rev. Dr. Ramengliana, Manipur Presbyterian Church Synod
# Treasurer: Rev. I. Khyriem, Church of God (Ekklesia)

===Committees ===

The council has the following Committees:
# Executive Committee
# Working Committee

Six Standing Committees as the following:
# Christian Home and Stewardship Committee
# Church Union Committee
# Mission & Evangelism Committee
# Peace and Justice Committee
# Theological Education Committee
# Trust Management Committee.

===Youth and Women Assembly===

The council has Women and Youth Assembly called NEICCWA and NEICCYA having separate functions and administration under the guidance of the NEICC. Each of them meets every two years in Biennial Assembly. Women Assembly has full-time Secretary and run a hostel for women. Both the assemblies often organize various programs for its members.

===Annual Session/Biennial Session===

The Council meets once every two years in a Biennial Session in the third week of May in which each member Church and associate members send their representatives according to the basis of representation made by the council.

==Union Christian College (UCC)==
The NEICC runs a college called, ‘the Union Christian College’ at Umiam Khwan ([[Barapani]]), [[Ri Bhoi]] district, [[Meghalaya]], 27 km away from Shillong. It is fully residential and co-educational. It offers courses in Arts and Science and Commerce streams. It has been placed under the Deficit System of the Government of Meghalaya. A Chaplain and a Doctor is also posted to care for spiritual and physical life of the community. The college is affiliated to [[North Eastern Hill University]] (NEHU).

==UCC Higher Secondary School==
Alongside the Union Christian College, NEICC also runs UCC Higher Secondary School offering Arts and Science streams.

==NEICC Day of Prayer==
All affiliated bodies observe the NEICC Day of Prayer, that falls annually on the third Sunday of October. Prayers are offered for the life and ministry of NEICC, sermons are preached on a selected theme for that day and special offerings are collected for NEICC funds. In some cities, Pulpit Exchange programs are practiced where preachers of NEICC units would go and preach in the pulpits of other denominations. This practice is highly beneficial for the promotion of unity and mutual understanding among the units.

== Membership ==
Membership is open to any Protestant church in North East India with a membership of 5000 and above, that is recommended by a unit which is nearest to the applying body. At present, there are 55 units, 37 churches and 18 para-church organizations. The following is the list of NEICC as it stands in 2022:

=== Member Churches ===
# Assam Baptist Convention (ABC), Assam
# Baptist Church of Mizoram (BCM), Mizoram
# Biateram Presbyterian Church Synod (BPCS), Assam
# Bodo Evangelical Lutheran Church (BELC), Assam
# Cachar Hill Tribes Synod (CHT), Assam
# Church of God (Meghalaya & Assam) (COGMA), Meghalaya
# Church of God (Ecclesia)(COGE), Meghalaya
# Church of North India, North East India (CNI-NEI), Meghalaya
# Council of Baptist Churches in NEI (CBCNEI), Assam
# Christ National Church (CNC), Meghalaya
# Evangelical Assembly Church (EAC), Manipur
# Evangelical Church of Maraland (ECM), Mizoram
# Evangelical Free Church of India (EFCI), Manipur
# Evangelical Churches Association (ECA), Manipur
# Garo Baptist Convention (GBC), Meghalaya
# Gossner Evangelical Lutheran Church (GELC), Assam
# Lairam Jesus Christ Baptist Church (LIKBK), Mizoram
# Independent Church of India (ICI), Manipur
# Isua Krista Kohhran (IKK), Mizoram
# Karbi Anglong Baptist Convention (KABC), Assam
# Karbi Anglong Presbyterian Church Synod(KAPC), Assam
# Khasi Jaintia Presbyterian Synod Sepngi(KJPSS), Meghalaya
# Khasi Jaintia Presbyterian Synod Mihngi(KJPSM), Meghalaya
# Lower Assam Baptist Fellowship (LABF), Assam
# Manipur Baptist Convention (MBC), Manipur
# Manipur Presbyterian Church Synod(MPS), Manipur
# Mizoram Presbyterian Church Synod(MPCS), Mizoram
# Nagaland Baptist Church Council (NBCC), Nagaland
# North Bank Baptist Christian Association (NBBCA), Assam
# Northern Evangelical Lutheran Church (NELC), Assam
# Presbyterian Independent Church of NEI(PICNEI), Assam
# Reformed Presbyterian Church, North Eastern India(RPCNEI), Manipur
# Ri-Bhoi Presbyterian Church Synod(RBPS), Meghalaya
# The Salvation Army, India Eastern Territory(SAIET), Mizoram
# Tripura Baptist Christian Union (TBCU), Tripura
# Tripura Presbyterian Church Synod (TPCS), Tripura
# Zou Presbyterian Church Synod (ZPCS), Manipur

=== Associate Units ===
# Association of Theologically Trained Women in India (ATTWI), Mizoram Branch
# Church's Auxiliary for Social Action, North East India (CASA), Guwahati
# Friends Missionary Prayer Band (FMPB), Shillong
# India Campus Crusade for Christ (CCC), Bairasal
# India Every Home Crusade North East India (IEHC-NEI), Shillong
# Mizo Theological Association (MTA), Aizawl
# North East Centre for Training and Research (NECTAR), Shillong
# NEI Christian Endeavour (NEICE), Shillong
# NEI Committee on Relief and Development (NEICORD), Shillong
# North East India Harvest Network(NEIHN), Shillong
# Serving in Missions North East India (SIMNEI), Shillong
# Shillong Christian Youth Organisation & Conference (SCYO &C), Shillong
# Students Christian Movement, Meghalaya Zone (SCMM)
# The Leprosy Mission, Mizoram (TLM), Aizawl
# Thlarau Bo Zawngtute (TBZ), Aizawl.
# World Vision of India, NEI, (WVI) Guwahati
# Young Men Christian Association (YMCA NEI ), Guwahati
# Zoram Evangelical Fellowship (ZEF), Aizawl

*****

==See also==
* [[Council of Baptist Churches in North-East India]]
* [[National Council of Churches in India]]
* [[List of Christian denominations in North East India]]

==External links==
*[http://www.nccindia.in/ nccindia.in Website of National Council of Churches in India]
*www.neiccshillong.in Website of North East India Christian Council

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Meghalaya}}

{{Churches in India}}

[[Category:Churches in India]]
[[Category:Northeast India]]
[[Category:Christian organisations based in India]]

Dharmesh Prasad Varma

2025-11-12T07:35:35Z

HectorOtoole: Started a data...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1944|12|18}}
| birth_place = [[Bettiah]], West Champaran, [[Bihar]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency = [[Bettiah (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bettiah]]
| term_start = 1989
| term_end = 1991
| predecessor = Manoj Pandey
| successor = [[Faiyazul Azam]]
| office1 = Member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Sikta Assembly constituency|Sikta]]
| term_start1 = 1980
| term_end1 = 1989
| predecessor1 = [[Faiyazul Azam]]
| successor1 = [[Faiyazul Azam]]
| party = [[Janata Dal]]
| spouse = unmarried
| father = Amresh Prasad Varma
| relations = [[Dilip Varma]] (brother)
| source = https://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/3447.htm
}}

'''Dharmesh Prasad Varma''' is an Indian politician from [[Bihar]] who represented [[Bettiah Lok Sabha constituency|Bettiah]] in the [[Lok Sabha]] from 1989 to 1991. He previously served as member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] from [[Sikta Assembly constituency|Sikta]] on [[Janata Party]] ticket from 1980 to 1989.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sikta Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/sikta-bihar-assembly-constituency |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref> He contested [[2014 Indian general election]] on [[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]] ticket from [[Valmiki Nagar Lok Sabha constituency|Valmiki Nagar]] only to lose to [[Satish Chandra Dubey]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Former MP Dharmesh Verma finds himself pitted against younger brother from Valmiki Nagar seat in Bihar |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/highlights/story/dharmesh-prasad-verma-aap-brother-dilip-verma-valmiki-nagar-bettiah-janata-dal-united-192529-2014-05-12 |website=India Today }}</ref> He contested [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015 Bihar election]] from [[Sikta Assembly constituency|Sikta]] on [[Samajwadi Party]] ticket but lost to [[Khurshid Urf Firoj Ahmad|Firoj Ahmad]] of the [[JDU]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dharmesh Prasad Varma(Samajwadi Party(SP)):Constituency – SIKTA(WEST CHAMPARAN) – Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=https://myneta.info/bihar2015/candidate.php?candidate_id=2072 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Verma was born in a [[Kayastha]] family.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Verma |first=Ravindra Kumar |date=1991 |title=Caste and Bihar Politics |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41498247 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=26 |issue=18 |pages=1142–1144 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref>

== References ==

<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Varma, Dharmesh Prasad}}
[[Category:India MPs 1989–1991]]
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Bihar]]
[[Category:People from Bettiah]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1980–1985]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1985–1990]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Janata Dal (United) politicians]]

{{Bihar-JDU-politician-stub}}

UTV HD (India)

2025-10-07T07:32:54Z

HectorOtoole: Redirect article

#REDIRECT [[Star Gold Network#Star Gold 2]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R with possibilities}}
}}
[[Category:Movie channels in India]]
[[Category:Defunct television channels in India]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 2018]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations disestablished in 2023]]

Palakkad MEMU Shed

2025-09-21T02:44:04Z

HectorOtoole:

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox railway depot
| name = Palakkad MEMU Car Shed
| depot_logo =
| logo_caption =
| image = MEMU passing.jpg
| image_alt =
| caption = MEMU
| location = [[Palakkad Junction railway station]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|10.8025579|76.6448605|type:railwaystation|display=inline,title}}
| owner = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Southern Railway zone]]
| depotcode = MEMU PGT
| type = [[Mainline Electric multiple unit]]
| opened = {{Start date and age|2011|01|01|df=yes|p=yes|br=yes}}
| closed = 
| original =
| pregrouping =
| postgrouping =
| roads = 
| rollingstock = [[MEMU]]
| routes = {{abbrlink|SRR|Shoranur Junction}}–{{abbrlink|CAN|Kannur railway station}}<small>''175.3 km''</small><br>{{abbrlink|PGTN|Palakkad Town railway station}}–{{abbrlink|ED|Erode Junction}}<small>''160.4 km''</small><br>{{abbrlink|SRR|Shoranur Junction}}–{{abbrlink|CBE|Coimbatore Junction}}<small>''155.6 km''</small><br>{{abbrlink|PGT|Palakkad Junction}}–{{abbrlink|ERS|Ernakulam Junction}}<small>''149.4 km''</small><br>{{abbrlink|PGTN|Palakkad Town railway station}}–{{abbrlink|CBE|Coimbatore Junction}}<small>''58 km''</small>
}}

'''Palakkad MEMU Car Shed''' is an ISO certified [[motive power depot]] facility for maintaining [[MEMU]] rakes, situated at [[Palakkad]] in the [[India]]n [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[Kerala]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140521190910/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article1477726.ece More Memu sheds sought in Railway Budget]</ref> It is one of the four [[MEMU]] rake maintenance sheds serving the [[Southern Railway zone]] of the [[Indian Railways]] and the first MEMU Shed in Kerala.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/passenger-bodies-from-kerala-seek-a-better-deal-from-railway/article67867464.ece |title=Passenger bodies from Kerala seek a better deal from Railway |website=The Hindum |date=2024-02-20 |access-date=2025-01-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-03-23 |title=Ernakulam-Thrissur MEMU service gets off the blocks |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/ernakulamthrissur-memu-service-gets-off-the-blocks/article4542320.ece |access-date=2025-01-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== History ==
Railway proposed [[MEMU]] Car sheds in [[Palakkad]] and [[Kollam]] in 2008's Indian Railway Budget.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/rs74crore-memu-shed-project-awaits-nod/article5459991.ece Rs.74-crore MEMU shed project awaits nod]</ref> [[Palakkad]] [[MEMU]] shed inaugurated on 1 January 2011.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140521190910/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article1477726.ece More Memu sheds sought in Railway Budget]</ref> The [[Kollam MEMU Shed]] was formally commissioned on 1 December 2013, five years after its completion.<ref>MEMU Maintenance Work Begins in Kollam ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140320120836/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/MEMU-Maintenance-Work-Begins-in-Kollam/2013/12/02/article1923204.ece#.UyqylNLHm-0 Kollam MEMU Shed]''</ref>

'''<u>Routes</u>'''

66601/66602 Erode -Coimbatore--Erode.

66603/66604 Coimbatore-Shoranur- Coimbatore.

66605/66606 Coimbatore-Palakkad town -Coimbatore .

66607/66608 Erode-Palakkad town-Erode.

66609/66610 Palakkad -Ernamkulam-Palakkad

66611/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/66620 -Coimbatore-Mettupalayam-Podannur-Coimbatore.

== See also ==
* [[Palakkad]]
* [[Palakkad Junction railway station]]
* [[Palakkad Town railway station]]
* [[Palakkad district]]
* [[Jolarpettai–Shoranur line]]
* [[Shoranur–Mangalore section|Shoranur–Mangalore line]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Palakkad railway division |state=expanded}}
{{Indian Railways |state=collapsed}}
{{Railways in Southern India}}

[[Category:Electric railway depots in India]]
[[Category:Palakkad railway division|†]]
[[Category:2011 establishments in Kerala]]

Sigappu Nada

2025-09-14T18:06:14Z

HectorOtoole: created new pg w/ refs - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox newspaper
| name = {{Lang|ta-latn|Sigappu Nada}} ('Red Tape')<br />({{langx|ta|சிகப்பு நாடா}})
| logo = SN logo eng.png
| caption = The 16 March 2005 front page of ''Sigappu nada''
| type = Weekly magazine, [[website]]
| format = [[Book]], [[website]]
| owners = R. Prathap Chander
| founder = P. Kailai Mannan
| publisher = R. Prathap Chander
| editor = R. Prathap Chander<ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite web|url= http://sigappunada.com/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%88-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF/|title=Prathap the current editor of Sigappunada Tamil magazine|work=sigappunada|accessdate=14 May 2016}}</ref>
| founded = {{start date|1970|01|20|df=yes}}
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| headquarters = [[Velachery]], Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
| RNI = 17884/70
| website = {{URL|http://www.sigappunada.com}}
}}
'''{{Lang|ta-latn|Sigappu Nada}}''' (Tamil) ({{langx|ta|சிகப்பு நாடா}}) is a [[Tamil language|Tamil]] weekly [[investigative journalism]] [[magazine]] published by R. Prathap Chander. The first issue was published on 20 January 1970.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://rni.nic.in/display_details.asp?regn=17884|title=Sigappu Nada weekly magazine launch day|date=20 January 1970|work=RNI|accessdate=12 August 2016}}</ref> The web edition of {{Lang|ta-latn|Sigappu Nada}} was launched on 1 June 2016.

==History==
''Sigappu nada'' (சிகப்பு நாடா) was founded in [[Chennai]] on 20 January 1970 as a monthly, by P. Kailai Mannan. It was an investigative journalism magazine that brings out the scams and crimes inside and outside government.

==Name==
The magazine is named {{Lang|ta-latn|Sigappu Nada}} ({{langx|ta|சிகப்பு நாடா}}) because the most confidential documents of government offices are kept in a file bound with [[red tape]]. This secret files and scams in government are issued in {{Lang|ta-latn|Sigappu Nada}}. It created an impact among corrupt government officials.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gujNYPcNETMC&q=sigappunada&pg=PA109|title=Sigappu nada brings out corruption in judiciary|date=20 January 1970|work=Law of Contempt of Court in India|isbn=9788126903597|accessdate=12 August 2016|last1=Balasankaran Nair|first1=K.}}</ref>

==Notice issued==
According to the Contempt of Courts Act 1971, a notice was issued against the founder of {{Lang|ta-latn|Sigappu Nada}} (P. Kumaraswamy alias Kalai Mannan) regarding his article about corruption by four judges of Madras High Court in a judgement.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gujNYPcNETMC&q=sigappunada&pg=PA109|title=notice issued against sigappu nada author for contempt of court|date=20 January 1970|work=Law of Contempt of Court in India|isbn=9788126903597|accessdate=12 August 2016|last1=Balasankaran Nair|first1=K.}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Tamil Language Magazines]]
* [[Tamil Language Media]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://sigappunada.com/ sigappu nada website]

[[Category:1970 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Magazines established in 1970]]
[[Category:Mass media in Chennai]]
[[Category:Monthly magazines published in India]]
[[Category:News magazines published in India]]
[[Category:Tamil-language magazines]]
[[Category:Weekly magazines published in India]]

Chiru language

2025-08-19T11:12:39Z

HectorOtoole: further refine lead for consistency also as per guidelines

{{Short description|Sino-Tibetan language spoken in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{multiple|
{{more citations|date=July 2024}}
{{citation style|date=July 2024}}}}

{{Infobox language
| name = Chiru
| altname = Rem
| nativename = {{lang|cdf|Rem}}
| states = [[India]]
| region = [[Manipur]]
| ethnicity = [[Chiru people]]
| speakers = 8,599
| date = 2011
| ref = e18
| familycolor = Sino-Tibetan
| fam2 = [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]]
| fam3 = [[Kuki-Chin–Naga languages|Kuki-Chin–Naga]]
| fam4 = [[Kuki-Chin languages|Kuki-Chin]]
| fam5 = [[Northwestern Kuki-Chin languages|Northwestern]]
| iso3 = cdf
| glotto = chir1283
| glottorefname = Chiru
}}

'''Purum''' is a [[Kuki-Chin languages|Kuki-Chin]] language, belonging to the [[Northwestern Kuki-Chin languages|Northwestern]] or "Old Kuki" subfamily.<ref>
{{citation |last=Peterson |first=David |chapter=On Kuki-Chin subgrouping |editor1=Picus Sizhi Ding |editor2=Jamin Pelkey |title=Sociohistorical linguistics in Southeast Asia: New horizons for Tibeto-Burman studies in honor of David Bradley |pages=191–192 |location=Leiden |publisher=Brill |year=2017 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gwEtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA191 |ref={{sfnref|Peterson, On Kuki-Chin subgrouping|2017}}}}
</ref>
spoken in [[Manipur]] and [[Assam]]. The Chiru population numbers approximately 8,599. It is an endangered language spoken in only three districts of India: [[Kangpokpi district|Kangpokpi]], [[Noney district|Noney]] districts of Manipur and [[Cachar district|Cachar]] district of Assam. The speakers of this language use [[Meitei language]] as their second language (L2).<ref>{{ethnologue26|mni|Meitei}}</ref>
The Chiru language is neither used in schools nor in radio or mass media. Older people read and write in Meitei language. The younger generation of Chiru speakers prefers the Latin script.

The Chirus are one of the earliest inhabitants of [[Manipur]] and [[Assam]]. [[Cheitharol Kumbaba]], the Royal Chronicle of Manipur mentioned that King Meidingu Chalamba defeated the Chirus in 1554. This proves that the Chirus had settled in Manipur long before this period. It was also mentioned in the Royal Chronicles of Manipur that an incidence of Meitei King's incursion on Nungsai Chiru Village occurred on 22nd day of Wakching (December–January) 1729 during the reign of [[Gharib Nawaz (Manipur)|Maharaja Garibniwaz]] ([[Cheitharol Kumbaba]]: 1989:90). In spite of the considerably long period of their settlement in the two states (Manipur and Assam), the population of Chiru native speakers is shockingly very low. The growth rate of their population was extremely steady. This might be due to high mortality rate and low birth rate in the previous centuries.

The domain of language use for Chiru is very limited. The usage of Chiru by Chiru native speakers is specifically confined only at home domain and within the community among the native speakers. The language proficiency of Chiru native speakers ranges from bilingual to multilingual. The native speakers in [[Manipur]] have high proficiency in [[Meitei language]] ([[Manipuri language]]) and those in [[Assam]] have high proficiency in [[Hmar languages|Hmar]], [[Meitei language]] and [[Sylheti language|Sylheti Bengali]]. Chiru speakers in Manipur generally speak [[Meitei language]], [[Hindi]] or [[English language|English]] while those of Assam speak [[Hmar languages|Hmar]], [[Sylheti language|Sylheti Bengali]], [[Meitei language]] or [[Hindi]] at the time of interaction with non-Chiru speakers. The Chiru native speakers in Manipur usually speak either [[Meitei language]] or [[Hindi]] in the market place, office etc. Moreover, they also speak Paior Thwhen they interact with, and speakers respectively. On the other hand, Chiru speakers of Assam speak [[Sylheti language|Sylheti Bengali]], [[Meitei language]] or [[Hmar languages|Hmar]] in the market places, offices or anywhere outside home domain. It is painful to mention that Chiru of Assam has not been recognized by the government of Assam. They are rather recognized as Hmar. Chiru is neither used in schools nor in radio or mass media. Even the children normally become bilingual at the minimum age of 5 since they acquire the second language in schools.<ref>{{cite conference |last1=Awan |first1=Mechek Sampar |first2=Mary |last2=Kim |year=2018 |title=Nature and Extent of Endangerment in Chiru |conference=6th International Conference on Endangered and Lesser-Known Languages, Central Institute of Indian Languages, Mysuru}}</ref>

==Geographical distribution==
Chiru is spoken in the following locations of [[Northeast India]] (''[[Ethnologue]]'').<ref>{{cite journal |last=Awan |first=Mechek Sampar |date=October 2014 |url=http://www.languageinindia.com/oct2014/awanchirufinal.pdf |title=Segmental Phonology of Chiru |journal=Language in India |issn=1930-2940 |volume=14 |issue=10}}</ref>
*[[Manipur]]
**[[Tamenglong district]]: Lamdangmei and Dolang villages
**[[Kangpokpi district]]: Kangchup, Thangzing, Sadu (Thangthilon), Bungte, Nungsai, Dolang Khunou, and Uran villages
**[[Churachandpur district]]: Charoi Khullen village
**[[Thoubal district]]: Waithou Chiru
**[[Bishnupur district]]
*[[Assam]]: Budon Village, [[Cachar district]] (a village near Jiribam)
*[[Nagaland]] (scattered)

==Phonology==
===Consonants===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|+Consonants{{sfn|Awan|2017|p=70}}
! colspan=2| !! [[Labial consonant|Labial]] !! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] !! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]] !! [[Velar consonant|Velar]] !! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! rowspan=3|[[Stop consonant|Stop]] !! [[Tenuis consonant|Tenuis]]
| {{IPAlink|p}} || {{IPAlink|t}} || {{IPAlink|c}} || {{IPAlink|k}} || {{IPAlink|ʔ}}
|-
! [[Aspirated consonant|Aspirated]]
| {{IPAlink|pʰ}} || {{IPAlink|tʰ}} || || {{IPAlink|kʰ}} ||
|-
! [[Voiced consonant|Voiced]]
| {{IPAlink|b}} || {{IPAlink|d}} || || ||
|-
! colspan=2|[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| {{IPAlink|m}} || {{IPAlink|n}} || || {{IPAlink|ŋ}} ||
|-
! rowspan=2|[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]] !! [[Voiceless consonant|Voiceless]]
| || {{IPAlink|s}} || || || {{IPAlink|h}}
|-
![[Voiced consonant|Voiced]]
| {{IPAlink|v}} || {{IPAlink|z}} || || ||
|-
! colspan=2|[[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
| || {{IPAlink|l}} || || ||
|-
! colspan=2|[[Trill consonant|Trill]]
| || {{IPAlink|r}} || || ||
|}

===Vowels===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|+Vowels{{sfn|Awan|2017|p=56}}
! !! [[Front vowel|Front]] !! [[Central vowel|Central]] !! [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
| {{IPAlink|i}} || || {{IPAlink|u}}
|-
! [[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
| {{IPAlink|e}} || || {{IPAlink|o}}
|-
! [[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
| {{IPAlink|ɛ}} || {{IPAlink|ə}} || {{IPAlink|ɔ}}
|-
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
| || {{IPAlink|a}} ||
|}

* {{IPAslink|ə}} does not occur in the final position.{{sfn|Awan|2017|p=60}}
* All other vowels can occur in initial, medial, and final positions.{{sfn|Awan|2017|pp=61-62}}
* Chiru also has six diphthongs: {{IPAslink|ai̯}}, {{IPAslink|ei̯}}, {{IPAslink|ɛi̯}}, {{IPAslink|ɔi̯}}, {{IPAslink|oi̯}}, and {{IPAslink|ui̯}}.{{sfn|Awan|2017|p=57}}
* {{IPAslink|ɛi̯}} and {{IPAslink|oi̯}} do not occur word-initially.{{sfn|Awan|2017|p=69}}

===Tone===
Chiru has two [[register tones]]: low and high.{{sfn|Awan|2017|p=91-92}}

== See also ==
* [[Meitei language]]
* [[Barman language]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* {{Cite thesis |last=Awan |first=Mechek Sampar |title=Phonology and Morphology of Chiru |degree=PhD |publisher=Assam University |year=2017 |location=Silchar |hdl=10603/369122}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite journal |last=Awan |first=Mechek Sampar |year=2019 |title=Agreement system in Chiru |journal=Himalayan Linguistics |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=78–90 |doi=10.5070/H918143310|doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Haokip |first=Pauthang |year=2011 |title=The languages of Manipur: A case study of the Kuki-Chin languages |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/292351979 |journal=Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=85–118 |doi=10.32655/LTBA.34.1.03 }}
* {{Cite thesis |last=Singh |first=Salam Brojen |title=Chiru Grammar |publisher=Manipur University |year=2007 |location=Canchipur}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Shailendra Kumar |title=Linguistic Ecology: Manipur |last2=Suantak |first2=Khawlsonkim |publisher=EBH Publishers |year=2011 |isbn=9789380261508 |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=Shailendra Kumar |location=Guwahati |pages=285–292 |chapter=Epilogue |oclc=777343488}}

{{Sino-Tibetan languages}}
{{Kuki-Chin–Naga languages}}
{{Languages of Northeast India}}
{{Hill tribes of Northeast India}}

[[Category:Languages of Manipur]]
[[Category:Languages of Nagaland]]

Sector 70, Mohali

2025-07-19T23:34:53Z

HectorOtoole: created a bio needs work - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sector 70
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Sector
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Punjab
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| coordinates = {{coord|30.6977448|N|76.7154429|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref =
| area_footnotes =
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| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 160071
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 0172
| registration_plate = PB 65
| blank1_name_sec1 =
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Sector 70''' is a residential and historical sector located in [[Mohali]], Punjab. It is covered with [[Mattaur]], Sector 71, [[Sohana]], Sector 69 and [[Sector 61, Mohali|Phase 7, Mohali]]. There are many parks, around 10, in locality among which famous is Musical Fountain Park for evening stroll and recreation activities.<ref>''GMADA removes encroachment from Musical Fountain Park Sector 70'': Retrieved from The Tribune: Dated 22, July, 2013</ref> There are many residential complex, apartments and societies.

A historical [[Gurdwara]] named [[Gurdwara Mata Sunder Kaur]], commemorates visit of [[Mata Sundari]], [[Baba Deep Singh]] and [[Bhai Mani Singh]], is situated in locality and managed by [[Budha Dal]].<ref>''Gurudwara Shri Mata Sunder Kaur Ji Sahib, Mohali'': Retrieved from [http://www.historicalgurudwaras.com/India/Punjab/Mohali/GurudwaraMataSundarKaurJiMohali/gallery.php Historical Gurdwaras] website</ref> Adjacent Mattaur village, also known as Komagata Maru Nagar is famous for hosting of All India Congress session in 1975 where Mrs Indra Gandhi also attended the session.<ref>''Historical village cries for care'': Retrieved from [http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20021031/region.htm The Tribune, Chandigarh] Thursday, 31 October 2002</ref>

==Residential Societies==
[[File:Guru Tegh Bahadur Complex, Sector 70 Mohali.jpg|thumb|250px|Guru Tegh Bahadur Complex]]
Following are list of societies present in this sector:
* C-DAC Housing complex (only for C-DAC staff)
* Guru Tegh Bahadur Housing Complex (Society) - The oldest and first ever construction in sector done by [[Housefed|Housefed, Punjab]].
* Mundi Complex
* Rishi Apartment<ref>''Rishi Apartments is a well established apartment in Sector - 70, Mohali'':Retrieved from [http://www.mittalgroup.co.in/Real+Estate/Residential/Rishi+Apartments+Mohali+Punjab/default.aspx Mittal Group] website</ref>
* Ivory Towers<ref>''300 families of the Ivory Towers residential complex in Sector 70'': Retrieved from [http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/chandigarh/asked-for-financial-details-mohali-sec-70-flat-residents-threaten-to-sue/article1-1237614.aspx Hindustan Times] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108112351/http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/chandigarh/asked-for-financial-details-mohali-sec-70-flat-residents-threaten-to-sue/article1-1237614.aspx |date=8 January 2015 }}: Dated 7/7/2014)</ref>
* LIG House
* MIG Houses
* HIG Houses
* [http://www.indianewscalling.com/news/11804-homeland-group-a-leading-real-estate-company-gave-a-sneak-preview-of-homeland-heights-at-a-glitteri.aspx Homeland Heights]
* Mayfair

==Facilities==
* BSNL Telephone Exchange
* GMADA Community Centre
* CDAC Hostel

===Banks===
* [[Punjab National Bank]]
* [[Oriental Bank of Commerce]]
* [[Federal Bank]]
* [[ICICI Bank]]
* [[State Bank of India]]
*[[Kotak Mahindra Bank]]
*[[HDFC Bank]]
*[[Yes Bank]]
*[[Indus Bank]]

===Healthcare===
* Amar Hospital
* [[Regional Spinal Injury Center]]

===Education===
* St. Isher Singh Public School
* Saupins School
* Vivek High School<ref>''HT-- C-fore Top Schools Survey: Topper going strong even as field widens'': Retrieved from [https://web.archive.org/web/20150402151118/http://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/ht-c-fore-top-schools-survey-topper-going-strong-even-as-field-widens/article1-1295015.aspx Hindustan Times], SAS Nagar| Updated: 10 December 2014</ref>
* Ashmah International School

===Religious===
* Gurdwara Mata Sunder Kaur
* Gurdwara Singh Sabha, Sector 70
* Shiv Narain Mandir, Mattaur
* Noorani Masjid, Mattaur
* Gurdwara Singh Shaheedan, Sohana

==Access==
Sector 70 is situated on Himalaya Marg, on Chandigarh-[[Sohana]] road and Mohali Bypass road. It is well connected with road, rail and air. The nearest airports are [[Chandigarh Airport]] and railway station at Industrial Area - Phase 9. It is entry point from all sides of Punjab towards Mohali Bus Stand. Auto rickshaw are easily available for commuting. A few [[Chandigarh Transport Undertaking|CTU]] local buses also available connecting [[PGI (Mohali)|PGI]] and [[Landran]].<ref>Retrieved from CTU Official Website: Routemap [http://chdctu.gov.in/PDF/cturoutes.pdf Route Description]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mohali}}

[[Category:Mohali]]
[[Category:Sectors of Mohali]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Mohali]]

Yeshwantgad

2025-05-08T10:15:15Z

HectorOtoole: added info

{{Use Indian English|date=April 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2014}}
{{Infobox military installation
|name = Yeshwantgad
|partof = [[Maharashtra]]
|location = [[Ratnagiri district]], Maharashtra, India
|image =
|caption =
|map_type = India Maharashtra
|map_size =
|map_alt =
|map_caption = Yeshwantgad in Maharashtra
|type =
|coordinates = {{coord|16.629700|73.357252|type:landmark|display=inline}}
|code =
|built =
|builder =
|materials =
|height =
|used =
|demolished =
|condition =
|ownership = {{flagicon|India}} [[Government of India]]
|open_to_public =
|controlledby =
|garrison =
|current_commander =
|commanders =
|occupants =
|battles =
|events =
|image2 =
|caption2 =
}}

'''Yeshwantgad''' also spelt as '''Yashwantgad''' is an island [[fortification]] off the coast of Maharashtra in [[Ratnagiri district]].<ref name="fof">{{cite web|url=http://www.fortsofsahyadri.friendsofforts.com/list_of_maharashtraforts.htm|title=Friends of Forts|access-date=2009-02-01}}</ref> It is built on the [[Rajapur, Maharashtra|Rajapur]] creek with the sea on one side. On three sides it was protected by a ditch which can no longer be seen. On the fourth side there was a wall with 17 bastions. Now the walls are in a ruined condition. Its gate was on the eastern side. A ship (HMS Outram sank here on 1 January 1817 after which a lighthouse at nearby Jaitapur was built. Other than this no notable historical events took place here.<ref name="coastal">{{cite book|last=Naravane |first=M.S.|publisher=APH Publishing|date=1998|edition=Illustrated|pages=73|isbn=81-7024-910-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k59aVCIlFB8C&dq=yeshwantgad&pg=PA73|title=The maritime and coastal forts of India|access-date=2009-03-19}}</ref>

== References ==
{{portal|Islands}}
{{reflist}}

{{Forts in Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Forts in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Islands of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Ratnagiri district]]
[[Category:Forts in Ratnagiri district]]
[[Category:Islands of India]]
[[Category:Uninhabited islands of India]]

Mukhtaruddin Ahmad

2025-03-29T18:40:58Z

HectorOtoole: article

{{Short description|Indian literary critic and Writer (1924–2010)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mukhtaruddin Ahmad Arzoo
| image = Dr.Mukhtaruddin-Ahmed.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1924|11|14}}
| birth_place = Zafar Manzil, [[Azimabad]], [[Patna district]], Bihar
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2010|06|30|1924|11|14}}
| death_place = [[Aligarh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| signature = Prof Mukhtar Ud Din Ahmad Arzoo Autograph Urdu.jpg
}}

'''Mukhtaruddin Ahmad Arzoo''' (14 November 1924 – 30 June 2010) was an Indian literary critic and Writer of Urdu language. He was former Dean of Faculty of Arts at [[Aligarh Muslim University]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=قندیل |date=2022-04-28 |title=نقشِ مختار: پروفیسر مختارالدین احمد آرزو کے وقیع علمی ، تحقیقی اور تبصراتی مضامین - شکیل رشید |trans-title=Mukhtaruddin Ahmed Arzoo's scholarly, research and commentary essays |url=https://qindeelonline.com/naqshe-mukhtar-review-by-shakeel-rasheed/ |access-date=2024-10-18 |website=قندیل - Qindeel |language=ur}}</ref> He was appointed as the lecturer in the Department of Arabic at Aligarh Muslim University in 1953. He was the founding Vice Chancellor of [[Maulana Mazharul Haque Arabic and Persian University]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=TwoCircles.net |date=2010-06-30 |title=Prof. Mukhtaruddin Ahmad Arzoo passes away |url=https://twocircles.net/2010jun30/prof_mukhtaruddin_ahmad_arzoo_passes_away.html |access-date=2024-10-18 |website=TwoCircles.net |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Milli Gazette |url=https://www.milligazette.com/Archives/01122001/23.htm |access-date=2024-10-18 |website=www.milligazette.com}}</ref> He was appointed as the Senior Fellow at [[Royal Aal al-Bayt Institute for Islamic Thought]], Jordan in 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Professor Mukhtaruddin Ahmed |url=https://www.milligazette.com/Archives/2004/16-30Sep04-Print-Edition/163109200411.htm |access-date=2024-10-18 |website=www.milligazette.com}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Ahmad was born into a religious family of Maulana Zafaruddin Bihari Qadri Razvi, a disciple of [[Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi|Imam Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi]] on 14 November 1924 at [[Azimabad]] in Bihar.{{Sfn|Mahuli|2005|p=95}}<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Usmani |first=Afzal |date=2021-09-21 |title=Prof. Mukhtaruddin Ahmad 'Arzoo {{!}} Aligarh Movement |url=http://aligarhmovement.com/aligarians/mukhtaruddin_arzoo |access-date=2024-10-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921100835/http://aligarhmovement.com/aligarians/mukhtaruddin_arzoo |archive-date=2021-09-21 }}</ref> They are a claimed descendant of [[Malik Ibrahim Bayu|Malik Ibrahim Baya]] of Bihar Sharif.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Siddiqi |first=Ather H. |date=2021-09-21 |title=Professor Mukhtar Uddin Ahmad "Arzoo" : Professor Ather H. Siddiqi {{!}} Aligarh Movement |url=http://aligarhmovement.com/mukhtaruddin_arzoo_athar_siddiqi |access-date=2024-10-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921145554/http://aligarhmovement.com/mukhtaruddin_arzoo_athar_siddiqi |archive-date=2021-09-21 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Naqvi |first=Noorul Hasan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VZ2fAAAAMAAJ |title=Muhammad College Se Muslim University Tak |publisher=Educational Lake House |year=2001 |pages=411 |language=ur |trans-title=From Muhammad College to Muslim University}}</ref>

He completed his education till Maulvi and Alimiyat under his father at Madrasa Shamsul Huda, Patna.<ref name=":1" />

== Literary works ==

* {{Cite book |last=Arzu |first=Mukhtar Uddin Ahmad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v19OQwAACAAJ |title=The Aligarh Urdu magazine: Ghalib number |date=1949 |publisher=Muslim University Press |language=ur}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ahmad |first=Mukhtaruddin |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/halat-e-zindagi-unknown-author-ebooks-1 |title=Halat-e-Zindagi-e-Abdul Haq |publisher=Sahitya Academy |location=Delhi |language=ur}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ahmad |first=Mukhtaruddin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3MVzAAAAIAAJ |title=Abdul Haq: Maker of Indian Literature |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |year=1992 |isbn=978-81-7201-023-2 |location=New Delhi |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ahmad |first=Mukhtaruddin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2a8tAQAAIAAJ |title=Naqd-e-Ghalib |publisher=Anjuman-e-Taraqqi-e-Urdū |year=1956 |location=Delhi |language=ur}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ahmad |first=Mukhtaruddin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CzuI0AEACAAJ |title=An Introduction to and Analysis of the Leiden MS of Jamharat Al-Islām by Muslim B. Maḥmūd Al S̲h̲ayzarī, and a Critical Edition of Hitherto Unpublished Passages from Writers and Poets Down to the Fourth Century A.H., with Annotations |publisher=[[University of Oxford Press]] |year=1956 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ahmad |first=Mukhtaruddin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HsuDHAAACAAJ |title=Maḥmūd ibn ʻAlī al-Ustādār aẓ-Ẓāhirī |publisher=[[Aligarh Muslim University|Muslim Yūnīvarsiṭī Press]] |year=1960 |location=Aligarh |language=ur}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ahmad |first=Mukhtaruddin |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/meer-ali-al-katib-ka-ek-shahkar-mukhtaruddin-ahmad-ebooks |title=Meer Ali al-Katib Ka Ek Shahkar |language=ur}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Ahmad |first1=Mukhtaruddin |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/nazr-e-arshi-ebooks-2 |title=Nazr-e-Arshi |last2=Ram |first2=Malik |publisher=Majlis Nazr-e-Arshi |year=1965 |location=New Delhi |language=ur}}
* {{Cite book |last=Rizvi |first=Sayyad Azeez Husain |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/hayat-e-zafar-azeez-husain-rizvi-ebooks |title=Hayat-e-Zafar |publisher=Anjuman Barkat Raza |year=2009 |editor-last=Ahmad |editor-first=Mukhtaruddin |location=Mumbai |language=ur}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ahmad |first=Mukhtaruddin |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/mohammad-bin-ali-al-ustadar-al-zahiri-mukhtaruddin-ahmad-ebooks |title=Mohammad bin Ali al-Ustadar al-Zahiri |publisher=Idara-e-Uloom-e-Islamia |year=1960 |location=Aligarh |language=ur}}

== Awards and honours ==

* Certificate of Honour from President of India<ref name=":0" />
* [[Ghalib Award]] (1983)<ref name=":0" />
* Sir Syed Lifetime Achievement Award<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}
=== Bibliography ===

* {{Cite book |last=Ram |first=Malik |author-link=Malik Ram |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/nazr-e-mukhtar-ebooks |title=Nazr-e-Mukhtar |publisher=Majlis Nazr-e-Mukhtar |year=1988 |location=New Delhi |language=ur}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Zarrin |first=Drakhshan |title=Mukhtaruddin Ahmad aarzooki Urdu Khidmat |journal=Khuda Bakhsh Library Journal Patna Jan.-Mar. 2013 |publisher=[[Khuda Baksh Oriental Library]]}}
* {{Cite book |last=Mahuli |first=Shahid |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/prof-mukhtaruddin-ahmad-mohaqqiq-aur-danishwar-ebooks |title=Professor Mukhtaruddin Ahmad: Mohaqqiq Aur Danishwar |publisher=Ghalib Institute |year=2005 |location=New Delhi |language=ur}}
* {{Cite thesis |last=Zubair |first=Mohammad |title=Mukhtar Ud Din Arzoo Bahiseyat Muhaqiqe |publisher=[[University of Delhi]] |hdl=10603/376451 |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10603/376451}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Ashraf |first=Chaudhary Tauqir |title=پروفیسر مختار الدین احمد : ماہر غالبیات |trans-title=Prof. Mukhtaruddin Ahmed: Dominionist |url=https://ojs.lgu.edu.pk/index.php/nooretahqeeq/article/view/1296 |journal=Noor-e-Tahqeeq |date=2020 |volume=4 |issue=15 |pages=106–118 |via=[[Lahore Garrison University]]}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.rekhta.org/authors/mukhtaruddin-ahmad/profile Mukhtaruddin Ahmad] on [[Rekhta (website)|Rekhta]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ahmad, Mukhtaruddin}}
[[Category:1924 births]]
[[Category:2010 deaths]]
[[Category:Writers from Bihar]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Aligarh Muslim University]]

Jerome D'Souza

2025-03-26T21:17:18Z

HectorOtoole: Content refreshed with new edits

{{Short description|Indian Jesuit priest (1897–1977)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
'''Jerome D'Souza''', [[Society of Jesus|SJ]] (6{{nbsp}}August 1897{{snd}}12{{nbsp}}August 1977) was an Indian [[Jesuit]] priest, educationist, writer and member of the [[Constituent Assembly of India|Indian Constituent assembly]] (1946–50).<ref name="Parliamentofindia.nic.in">{{cite web |url=http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/debates/vol1p1.htm |title=CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY OF INDIA – Volume I |newspaper=Parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/debates/vol1p1.htm |date= |last= |accessdate=28 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160706203405/http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/debates/vol1p1.htm |archive-date=6 July 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[File:Jerome D'Souza 2 (1897-1977).jpg|thumb|Jerome D'Souza]]

==Early years and formation==
Born in the [[Mulki, Karnataka|Moolki]] town of [[Mangalore]] in the erstwhile [[South Canara]] district of [[British India]], to a [[Catholic]] family cultivating intellectual interest, Jerome was soon at home in several local languages. He did his secondary schooling at [[St. Aloysius College (Mangalore)]] and college studies in [[St. Joseph's College, Tiruchirapalli|St. Joseph's College]] ([[Tiruchirapalli]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India). Completing finally the English Literature course at the [[University of Madras]] (Chennai) he first taught a year at St Joseph's College, Trichy, before deciding to enter the [[Society of Jesus]] (29 May 1921). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Fr Jerome D'Souza: A pioneering Mangalorean Jesuit |url=https://konkancatholic.com/fr-jerome-dsouza-a-pioneering-mangalorean-jesuit/ |access-date=2025-02-14 |website=KONKANCATHOLIC.COM |language=en}}</ref>

He then went through the usual Jesuit training, doing his theological studies with the French Jesuits in [[Belgium]] at the end of which he was ordained [[Catholic priest|priest]] on 30 August 1931 ([[Enghien]], Belgium). He hailed from the [[Mangalorean Catholic]] community.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jerome D'Souza |url=https://www.constitutionofindia.net/members/jerome-dsouza-2/ |access-date=2025-02-14 |website=Constitution of India |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Educationist in Tamil Nadu==
Back in India in 1933, he was appointed professor in his alma mater, the [[St. Joseph's College, Tiruchirapalli|St Joseph's College]] of Trichy of which he became within a few years, rector and president. An able administrator, Jerome was also a convincing [[orator]]. He soon attracted the attention of Sir [[C. Rajagopalachari]] (known as Rajaji), the then president of the [[Indian National Congress]]. Transferred in 1942 to the [[Loyola College, Chennai|Loyola College]] of Chennai (formerly Madras), to be its rector and later its Principal,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raghavan |first=Vikram |date=26 January 2020 |title=The forgotten founders of India |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/the-forgotten-founders-of-india/articleshow/73617916.cms?from=mdr |access-date=28 February 2025 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> D'Souza soon became involved in the legal establishment of the [[University of Madras]] (Chennai). When the time came to form an assembly that would draw a constitution for the country—the independence of India was near—D'Souza's name was proposed by Rajagopalachari to the Madras legislative assembly. He was elected to represent them at the constituent assembly of Delhi.

==Member of the Indian Constituent Assembly==
At the assembly (1946 to 1950), along with the Protestant leader [[Harendra Coomar Mookerjee|H.C. Mukherjee]], D'Souza ensured the rights of the minorities (especially of worship and education) were fully protected by the proposed text and the right to practice and propagate one's religion were included in the constitution as fundamental rights of all citizens of India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-08 |title=Pride of Kanara; True Son of India, Fr Jerome D'Souza SJ |url=https://www.jaaindia.com/news/book-release-function-%E2%80%9Cpride-kanara-true-son-india-fr-jerome-d%E2%80%99souza-sj%E2%80%9D |access-date=2025-02-14 |website=www.jaaindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Statesman and diplomat==
In Delhi he soon gained the trust and admiration of [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], the first prime minister of independent India who often consulted him in educational matters and used his oratorical skill. At the instance of Nehru he was also involved in delicate diplomatic negotiations:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jerome D'Souza: The man who helped shape India's freedom book - Living in Faith |url=https://www.livingfaith.in/daily-reflection/jerome-dsouza-the-man-who-helped-shape-indias-freedom-book/?srsltid=AfmBOor1QRO83ZtrAMkrlEDrQnuQ6xjS_5sDJJaFD4Nhq_MDQpMRg2uS |access-date=2025-02-14 |website=www.livingfaith.in |language=en-US}}</ref>
* He negotiated with the [[Holy See|Vatican]] the termination of the Portuguese [[Padroado]] system that was giving to [[Portugal]] an undue say in the appointment of [[bishops]] in India.
* He was involved in the negotiations with the [[French government]] leading ultimately to a peaceful transfer of the French colonial settlements ([[Chandannagar]], [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]], etc.) to the new Independent India.
* On four occasions D'Souza was member of the Indian delegation to the [[United Nations|UNO]]'s yearly general session.
* His command of French, Spanish, Italian and German languages, besides English opened him many doors and he was often invited to give talks and lectures on Indian culture, history and politics, in various parts of the world.

==Indian Social Institute==
At the request of the [[Superior General of the Society of Jesus]], D'Souza founded in [[Pune]] (India) the [[Indian Social Institute]] (now in New-Delhi, 10, Institutional Area, Lodhi Road New Delhi), and started publishing a journal ''Social Action in 1951'' that has nowadays is a large circulation in social and academic circles. He became its first Director (1951–1956). Later, in 1957, D'Souza was made the Assistant and adviser of the Superior General of the Jesuits ([[Jean-Baptiste Janssens]]) for Indian and Asian affairs. He returned to India in 1968 and spent his last years writing articles and books, giving lectures and courses. He died in Madras in 1977. Jerome D'Souza was one of the best known [[Jesuits]] of his times. Still many gratefully visit his tomb at Christ the King Church, in [[Loyola College, Chennai]] campus.

==Recognition==
[[File:Jerome D'Souza 1997 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|D'Souza on a 1997 stamp of India]]
In 1997, the Indian government issued a stamp to commemorate his birth centenary.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jerome D'Souza, SJ |url=https://www.manresa-sj.org/stamps/1_DSouza.htm |access-date=2025-02-14 |website=www.manresa-sj.org}}</ref>

==Writings==
* ''Sardar Panikkar and the Christian Missions'', Tiruchi, 1957.
* ''The Church and Civilization'', Garden City, 1967
* ''Speeches and Writings'', Madras, 1972.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*SUNDARAM, V.L.: ''A great Indian Jesuit'', Anand, 1986.

==External links==
{{Commons category|Jerome D'Souza}}
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=dcDhYz8vUKcC&q=christians+in+secular+india Jerome D'Souza's role in Constituent Assembly]

{{Subject bar |portal1= Biography |portal2= Catholicism |portal3= India}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dsouza, Jerome}}
[[Category:1897 births]]
[[Category:1977 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Jesuits]]
[[Category:Konkani people]]
[[Category:Mangaloreans]]
[[Category:Christian clergy from Mangalore]]
[[Category:Members of the Constituent Assembly of India]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Loyola College, Chennai]]

Local Kung Fu

2024-11-29T10:51:10Z

HectorOtoole:

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Local Kung Fu
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| director = [[Kenny Basumatary]]
| producer = Durlov Baruah
| writer = Kenny Basumatary
| starring = {{Plain list|
* [[Kenny Basumatary]]
* Sangeeta Nair
* Utkal Hazowary
* Kabindra Das
}}
| music = {{Plain list|
* Tony
* Nabarun Paul
* Utkarsh Dhotekar
* Diganta Gogoi
}}
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio = Kenny Studios
| distributor = KK Films
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|09|27}}
| runtime = 83 Minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| budget = [[Indian rupee|INR]] 95,000 (~[[USD]] {{To USD round| 95000 | IND | year=2013 | sf=2}}) <ref name="a" />
| gross = [[Indian rupee|INR]] 18,00,000 (~[[USD]] {{To USD round| 1800000 | IND | year=2013 | sf=2}})
}}
'''''Local Kung Fu''''' is an [[Independent film|indie]] [[Assamese language|Assamese]] [[Kung fu film|kung fu]] [[Martial arts film|martial arts]]-[[comedy film|comedy]] film directed by [[Kenny Basumatary]] and the second [[Assamese film]] to have a [[nation]]wide [[Film release|release]]. It has also been [[Dubbing (filmmaking)|dubbed]] as [[India]]’s first [[kung fu film]]. The film is the first installment in the [[Local Kung Fu (film series)|Local Kung Fu film series]] and was produced by Durlov Baruah. A spiritual sequel, [[Local Kung Fu 2]], was released on 19 April 2017.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/i-am-not-the-first-to-depict-a-gay-character-says-assamese-filmmaker-basumatary/article18189720.ece | title=Interview with Kenny Deori Basumatary, director of Assamese movie 'Local Kung Fu 2' | newspaper=The Hindu | date=22 April 2017 | last1=Purkayastha | first1=Debasree }}</ref> A third and direct sequel, Local Kung Fu 3, was released on 5 September 2024.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://theprint.in/feature/third-sequel-to-assamese-martial-arts-comedy-local-kung-fu-released/2254569/ | title=Third sequel to Assamese martial arts-comedy 'Local Kung Fu' released | website=[[ThePrint]] | date=5 September 2024 }}</ref> The plot revolves around Charlie, "an ordinary boy from [[Guwahati]] with a delicate [[stomach]]"; his girlfriend; and a number of madcap characters.<ref name="a">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/theres-kung-fu-in-the-air/article5167612.ece |title=There's Kung Fu in the air|work=The Hindu |date=2013-09-25 |accessdate=2014-03-10}}</ref><ref name="b">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/Local-Kung-Fu-hits-perception-barrier/articleshow/23506802.cms |title='Local Kung Fu' hits perception barrier|work=The Times of India|date=2013-10-04 |accessdate=2014-03-10}}</ref>

==Plot==
Charlie lives with his uncle, a kung fu tutor, and his cousin, Johnny, in [[Guwahati]]. He recently shifted from [[Tezpur]], due to his girlfriend, Sumi, being sent away to Guwahati in an attempt by her family to keep them apart. Sumi is now living with her uncle, aunt and their daughter.

Charlie arrives at Sumi's house and introduces himself as 'Montu' (a potential future husband of Sumi, whom Sumi had chased away earlier) to her uncle, Bhobananda Das. A local gang, headed by Dulu, a [[Kung Fu|kung fu]] enthusiast, intends to open a Liquor shop, but Bhobananda Das, an [[Central Board of Excise and Customs#Hierarchy|Excise Inspector]], declines to give them the required license, due to the location being in front of a [[Preschool|pre-school]] institute. The gang tries to bribe him, which Das refuses. The gang tries to cough up information from rival gang on how to bring Das around, but it turns out that Das had declined their bribes as well, and they say that Das is incorruptible and stubborn. The gang resorts to threatening his family. When they threaten Sumi, Charlie intervenes. In retaliation, Dulu and his gang beat up Charlie.

On the other hand, Johnny is being pressured by his two friends, Bonzo and KK, into consuming alcohol and tobacco. Charlie learns of Johnny's intoxication and decides to inform and complain to Bonzo and KK's parents. In a twist, Bonzo and KK have no parents, and their brother/foster parent turns out to be Dulu. Dulu is amused at finding Charlie at his house, whom he had encountered before in a fight. Nonetheless, he allows Charlie to explain the purpose of his visit. Dulu punishes his brothers. Charlie inadvertently bumps into Bhobananda Das and the real Montu simultaneously. Bhobananda learns the truth about Charlie masquerading as Montu and reprimands both Charlie and Montu. Later, Charlie make amends with Sumi's uncle.

Bonzo and KK seek vengeance on Charlie, but they, themselves, are thrashed. In return, Dulu challenges Charlie to a fight. Charlie sets the term that if he wins, Dulu and his gang will stop interfering in his and Sumi's families. Dulu agrees and states that if Charlie loses, he will leave [[Guwahati]] forever. In preparation for the fight, Charlie begins to learn and improve his [[Wing Chun]] and [[taekwondo]] under the tutelage of his uncle. In the final showdown, Charlie arrives to fight one on one with Dulu. After a long and toilsome fight, Charlie manages to defeat Dulu, thus ending their feud.

==Cast==
* [[Kenny Basumatary]] as Charlie
* Sangeeta Nair as Sumi Das
* Utkal Hazowary as Dulu
* Kabindra Dass as Bhobananda Das
* Bonny Deori as Bonzo
* Johnny Deori as Johnny
* Ronnie Deori as KK
* Bibhash Singha as Tansen
* Amar Singha Deori as Charlie's Uncle
* Manab Saikia as Koku
* Tony Deori Basumatary as Montu

==Reception==
The movie grossed approximately 19 times its production budget.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.eastmojo.com/opinion/2024/09/08/local-kung-fu-3-left-me-wondering-where-assamese-cinema-is-heading/ | title=Local Kung Fu 3 left me wondering where Assamese cinema is heading | date=8 September 2024 }}</ref>

===Accolades===
''Local Kung Fu'' was [[Nomination|nominated]] for best Assamese film in the inaugural [[Filmfare Awards East|Filmfare awards for the Eastern region]]. [[Kenny Basumatary]] was nominated for best [[film director|director]].

==Sequel==
A spiritual sequel, ''[[Local Kung Fu 2]]'' was released on 19 April 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thereel.scroll.in/835053/cult-assamese-film-local-kung-fu-has-a-sequel-and-one-of-its-characters-is-proudly-gay|title=Cult Assamese film 'Local Kung Fu' has a sequel – and one of its characters is proudly gay|work=[[Scroll.in]]|last=Saikia|first=Arunabh|date=20 April 2017}}</ref> [[Local Kung Fu 3]], the film's direct sequel, was released on 5 September 2024.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt3214218}}
* [http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/RhLJ05sEZCgiljV0XeIruI/Kenny-Basumatary--Everybody-loves-kung-fu-fighting.html Everybody Loves Kung Fu]
* [http://awards.filmfare.com/assam/best-film.php Best Assamese film in the inaugural Filmfare awards]

[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:Films set in Assam]]
[[Category:2010s Assamese-language films]]

Toli Choopulone

2024-11-25T07:18:59Z

HectorOtoole: small adjust section based on references additionally and improved wording

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Anurag Agrawal (medical scientist)

2024-10-06T13:23:23Z

HectorOtoole: New The Stub Needs Work

{{Short description|Indian pulmonologist (born 1972)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Anurag Agrawal
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1972}}
| birth_place = India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| spouse = Anjali Agrawal
| fields = {{ublist | [[Pulmonology]] | [[Mitochondria]] | [[Artificial Intelligence in Medicine]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[Ashoka University]] | [[Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology]] | Baylor College of Medicine| University of Delhi}}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi]] | [[Baylor College of Medicine]] | [[University of Delhi]]}}
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Studies on [[Lung diseases]]
| awards = {{ublist| 2010 Lady Tata Young Researcher Award | 2014 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] | 2015 [[National Bioscience Award for Career Development|N-BIOS Prize]]}}
}}
{{distinguish|Anurag Agrawal (ecologist)}}
'''Anurag Agrawal''' (born 1972) is an Indian pulmonologist, medical researcher, Dean of the Trivedi School of Biosciences at [[Ashoka University]], and the former director of the [[Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology]], a [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research|CSIR]] institution. Known for his studies on [[lung diseases]], Agrawal has been a senior fellow of the [[Department of Biotechnology|DBT]]-[[Wellcome Trust]]. The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards for his contributions to Medical Sciences in 2014.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx | title=View Bhatnagar Awardees | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref> He is also a recipient of the [[National Bioscience Award for Career Development]] of the [[Department of Biotechnology]] which he received in 2015 and the 2020 [https://sunpharmasciencefoundation.net/research_awards Sun Pharma Science Foundation] award in Medical Sciences (Clinical Research).

== Biography ==
[[File:AIIMS central lawn.jpg|thumb|AIIMS Delhi]]
Anurag Agrawal joined the [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi]] in 1989 for his MBBS after which he moved to the US for his residency at the [[Baylor College of Medicine]] where he also worked as a fellow at the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care and as an assistant professor.<ref name="Wellcome DBT - View Main - Profile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.wellcomedbt.org/fellowsprofile/dr-anurag-agrawal-253 |title=Wellcome DBT - View Main - Profile |date=2018-01-05 |website=www.wellcomedbt.org |language=en |access-date=2018-01-05}}</ref> In 2004, he enrolled for his doctoral studies at the [[Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute]] of the [[University of Delhi]] from where he secured a PhD in 2007. Subsequently, he joined the [[Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology]] (IGIB) of the [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] and served as the director.<ref name="Dr. Anurag Agrawal Director CSIR-IGIB">{{Cite web |url=https://www.igib.res.in/?q=director |title=Dr. Anurag Agrawal Director CSIR-IGIB |date=2018-01-05 |website=www.igib.res.in |language=en |access-date=2018-01-05}}</ref> In 2022, he joined [[Ashoka University]] as the Dean, Biosciences and Health Research, heading the [https://tsb.ashoka.edu.in Trivedi School of Biosciences].

Agrawal's research covers the fields of [[lung diseases]], [[asthma]] and functional issues related to [[mitochondria]] and he is credited with establishing a functional link between the three diseases, thereby elucidating how [[stem cells]] donated mitochondrial cells to human lung cells that had turned dysfunctional.<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{Cite web |url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/Detail.aspx?AID=501 |title=Brief Profile of the Awardee |date=2018-01-05 |publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize |access-date=2018-01-05}}</ref> He is involved in [[translational research]] on disorders such as [[obesity]], asthma and [[diabetes]].<ref name="Anurag Agrawal - Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR)">{{Cite web |url=https://www.igib.res.in/?q=AnuragAgrawal |title=Anurag Agrawal - Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR) |date=2018-01-05 |website=www.igib.res.in |language=en |access-date=2018-01-05}}</ref> His interest in the interface of emerging technologies such as genomics and artificial intelligence with biology and medicine, led to his serving as co-chair of the Lancet and Financial Times commission on governing health futures 2030 and as a member of 'Responsible AI' subgroup of the Global Partnership for Artificial Intelligence (GPAI).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.governinghealthfutures2030.org/about-us/meet-the-co-chairs-and-commissioners/ | title=Meet the Co-Chairs and Commissioners - Growing up 2030 in a digital world | date=17 October 2021 }}</ref><ref>[https://gpai.ai/projects/responsible-ai/gpai-responsible-ai-wg-report-2022.pdf Responsible AI Working Group Report]</ref> During the COVID-19 pandemic, he led discovery of the Delta variant, served as co-chair of the World Health Organization (WHO) Technical Advisory Group for SARS CoV2 viral evolution and also as a member of the pathogens project of the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists.<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1126/science.abj9932 | title=Genomic characterization and epidemiology of an emerging SARS-CoV-2 variant in Delhi, India | year=2021 | last1=Dhar | first1=Mahesh S. | last2=Marwal | first2=Robin | last3=Vs | first3=Radhakrishnan | last4=Ponnusamy | first4=Kalaiarasan | last5=Jolly | first5=Bani | last6=Bhoyar | first6=Rahul C. | last7=Sardana | first7=Viren | last8=Naushin | first8=Salwa | last9=Rophina | first9=Mercy | last10=Mellan | first10=Thomas A. | last11=Mishra | first11=Swapnil | last12=Whittaker | first12=Charles | last13=Fatihi | first13=Saman | last14=Datta | first14=Meena | last15=Singh | first15=Priyanka | last16=Sharma | first16=Uma | last17=Ujjainiya | first17=Rajat | last18=Bhatheja | first18=Nitin | last19=Divakar | first19=Mohit Kumar | last20=Singh | first20=Manoj K. | last21=Imran | first21=Mohamed | last22=Senthivel | first22=Vigneshwar | last23=Maurya | first23=Ranjeet | last24=Jha | first24=Neha | last25=Mehta | first25=Priyanka | last26=A | first26=Vivekanand | last27=Sharma | first27=Pooja | last28=Vr | first28=Arvinden | last29=Chaudhary | first29=Urmila | last30=Soni | first30=Namita | journal=Science | volume=374 | issue=6570 | pages=995–999 | pmid=34648303 | pmc=7612010 | bibcode=2021Sci...374..995D | s2cid=235311098 | display-authors=1 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.who.int/groups/technical-advisory-group-on-sars-cov-2-virus-evolution/about | title=Technical Advisory Group on SARS-CoV-2 Virus Evolution }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://thebulletin.org/pathogens-project/ | title=Pathogens Project: Creating the Framework for Tomorrow's Pathogen Research }}</ref>

== Awards and honors ==
Agrawal received the Lady Tata Young Researcher Award in 2010,<ref name="Dr. Anurag Agrawal Director CSIR-IGIB" /> the same year as he was selected for the Swarnajayanthi fellowship of the Department of Biotechnology.<ref name="Swarna Jayanthi Fellowship">{{Cite web |url=http://dst.gov.in/sites/default/files/List_SJF_2009-10.pdf |title=Swarna Jayanthi Fellowship |date=2018-01-05 |publisher=Department of Science and Technology |access-date=2018-01-05}}</ref> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], one of the highest Indian science awards in 2014.<ref name="Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners">{{Cite web |url=http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf |title=Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners |date=2017-10-17 |publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research |access-date=2017-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043957/http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A year later, he received the [[National Bioscience Award for Career Development]] for the year 2015.<ref name="Awardees of National Bioscience Awards for Career Development">{{Cite web |url=http://dbtindia.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/list_of_bioscience_awardees.pdf |title=Awardees of National Bioscience Awards for Career Development |date=2016 |publisher=Department of Biotechnology |access-date=2017-11-20 |archive-date=4 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304191331/http://dbtindia.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/list_of_bioscience_awardees.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> He is also a recipient of the senior fellowship of the [[Wellcome Trust]] [[Department of Biotechnology|DBT]] India Alliance.<ref name="Wellcome DBT - View Main - Profile" /> He received the 2020 [https://sunpharmasciencefoundation.net/research_awards Sun Pharma Science Foundation] award in Medical Sciences (Clinical Research).

== Selected bibliography ==

List of publications: https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=zmebD9QAAAAJ&hl=en

* {{Cite journal |last1=Aich |first1=Jyotirmoi |last2=Mabalirajan |first2=Ulaganathan |last3=Ahmad |first3=Tanveer |last4=Agrawal |first4=Anurag |last5=Ghosh |first5=Balaram |date=2012-06-06 |title=Loss-of-function of inositol polyphosphate-4-phosphatase reversibly increases the severity of allergic airway inflammation |journal=Nature Communications |language=En |volume=3 |pages=877 |doi=10.1038/ncomms1880|pmid=22673904 |bibcode=2012NatCo...3..877A |doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Sinha |first1=A. |last2=Krishnan |first2=V. |last3=Sethi |first3=T. |last4=Roy |first4=S. |last5=Ghosh |first5=B. |last6=Lodha |first6=R. |last7=Kabra |first7=S. |last8=Agrawal |first8=A. |date=2012-02-01 |title=Metabolomic signatures in nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of exhaled breath condensate identify asthma |journal=European Respiratory Journal |language=en |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=500–502 |doi=10.1183/09031936.00047711 |issn=0903-1936 |pmid=22298617|doi-access=free }}

== See also ==
{{portal|India|Medicine}}
* [[Stem cell therapy]]
* [[Respirometry]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{Google Scholar id |RWR2iU4AAAAJ}}
*{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iM1SICKcaa0 |title=Eureka with Anurag Agrawal |date=13 April 2015 |publisher=[[Rajya Sabha TV]] |format=YouTube video |access-date=2018-01-05}}

{{Authority control}}

{{SSBPST recipients in Medical Science}}
{{N-BIOS Laureates 2010–2019}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Agrawal, Anurag}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Medical Science]]
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian medical researchers]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian pulmonologists]]
[[Category:Indian medical writers]]
[[Category:All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:Baylor College of Medicine alumni]]
[[Category:Baylor College of Medicine faculty]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Delhi University]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:N-BIOS Prize recipients]]

State Highway 81 (Bihar)

2024-08-25T19:49:33Z

HectorOtoole: Starting some bio and citations

{{Short description|Road in Bihar, India}}

{{Infobox road
|country = IND
|type = SH
|route = 81
|state = Bihar
|alternate_name =
|maint = [[Bihar State Road Development Corporation]] (BSRDC)
|length_km = 83.25
|length_round =
|direction_a = North
|terminus_a = [[Sakaddi]] (Bhojpur district)
|junction =
|direction_b = South
|terminus_b = [[Nasriganj]] (Rohtas district)
}}

'''State Highway 81''' ('''SH-81''') is a 83.25 Km long state highway in [[Bihar]], India.<ref name="nic">{{cite web|url=http://www.rcd.bih.nic.in/SH-List-New.htm|website=rcd.bih.nic.in|title=Road Construction department Bihar state official website|access-date=2022-11-11}}</ref> It covers two major districts ([[Bhojpur district, India|Bhojpur]] and [[Rohtas district|Rohtas]]) of Bihar. This state highway starts from [[Sakaddi]] near [[Arrah]] and ends at [[Nasriganj]] near [[Dehri|Dehri-on-Sone]] and [[Daudnagar]]. SH-81 is also known as the '''Sakaddi-Sahar-Nasriganj''' road.

==Route==
The route of SH-81 from north to south direction is as follows:

* [[Sakaddi]]
* [[Kulharia]] railway station
* Chandi
* [[Jalpura Tapa]]
* Akhgaon
* [[Sandesh, Bihar|Sandesh]]
* [[Sahar, Bihar|Sahar]] (near [[Arwal]])
* [[Nasriganj]]

'''Note:'''
* from [[Sakaddi]], [[National Highway 922 (India)|NH-922]] move west towards [[Arrah]] & [[Buxar]]; or east towards [[Koilwar]], [[Bihta]], [[Danapur]] & [[Patna]].
* from Nasriganj, [[State Highway 15 (Bihar)|SH-15]] moves south towards [[Dehri|Dehri-on-Sone]]
* from Nasriganj, [[National Highway 120 (India)|NH-120]] move east towards [[Daudnagar]] & [[Gaya, India|Gaya]]; or north-west towards [[Bikramganj]] & [[Dumraon]].

==Junctions==
* {{jct|NH|922|country=IND}} at [[Sakaddi]]
* {{jct|NH|120|country=IND}} at [[Nasriganj]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:State highways in Bihar]]
[[Category:Transport in Bihar]]
[[Category:Roads in Bihar|State Highways]]
[[Category:Bihar-related lists|State Highways]]